Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrieving Channel Reciprocity for Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission with Joint Processing

In time division duplex coordinated multi-point transmission with joint processing (CoMP-JP) systems, the uplink-downlink channels are no longer reciprocal. Due to the difficulty of antenna calibration among the coordinated base stations (BSs), practical downlink channels differ from uplink channels by multiplicative ambiguity factors, which lead to severe performance degradation. In this paper, we propose an inter-BS antenna calibration strategy to facilitate downlink CoMP-JP transmission, whose basic idea is to estimate the ambiguity factors. To establish the observation equations for estimation, an extra uplink training frame except for the regular uplink and downlink frames is introduced, and existing signalling framework of limited feedback can also be reused. To improve the estimation performance, we can either select multiple users or employ multiple frames of one user to assist the calibration. After establishing the observation equations respectively with uplink training or limited feedback, the weighted least square criterion is used for estimation. We proceed to analyze and compare the mean square errors of the estimators, and provide a principle to select the users for assisting calibration. Simulation results show that the channel reciprocity is largely retrieved by the proposed antenna calibration strategy, which provides substantial throughput gain over the CoMP-JP systems without inter-BS calibration.
Mixtures of IBM Model 2

Mixture modelling is a standard pattern classi(cid:12)cation technique. However, in statistical machine translation, the use of mixture modelling is still un-explored. Two main advantages of the mixture approach are (cid:12)rst, its (cid:13)ex-ibility to (cid:12)nd an appropriate tradeo(cid:11) between model complexity and the amount of training data available and second, its capability to learn speci(cid:12)c probability distributions that better (cid:12)t subsets of the training dataset. This latter advantage is even more important in statistical machine translation, since it is well known that most of the current translation models proposed have limited application to restricted semantic domains. In this paper, we describe a mixture extension of the IBM model 2 along with the maximum likelihood estimation of its parameters through the EM algorithm and a dynamic-programming decoding algorithm for this mixture model. Preliminary experiments carried out on the Tourist task show that the mixture extension conveys a decrease in word-error rate of up to 15%.
Space, Time, and Host Evolution Facilitate Coexistence of Competing Bacteriophages: Theory and Experiment

We present a joint experimental/theoretical investigation into the roles of spatial structure and time in the competition between two pathogens for a single host. We suggest a natural mechanism by which competing pathogens can coexist when host evolution and competitive dynamics occur on similar timescales. Our experimental system consisted of a single bacterial host species and two competing bacteriophage strains grown on agar plates, with a serial transfer of samples of the bacteriophage population to fresh host populations after each incubation cycle. The experiments included two incubation times and two transfer protocols that either maintained or disrupted the spatial structure of the viruses at each transfer. The same bacteriophage acted as the dominant competitor under both transfer protocols. A striking difference between the treatments is that the weak competitor was able to persist in the long‐incubation experiments but not in the short‐incubation experiments. Mathematical and experimental evidence suggest that coexistence is due to the appearance of resistant mutant host cells that provide a transient “spatiotemporal refuge” for the weaker competitor. Our mathematical model is individual based, captures the stochastic spatial dynamics down to the level of individual cells, and helps to explain the differences in behavior under the various experimental conditions.
Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum on myrtaceous tree seedlings

R. N. Pitkethley Animal Industry & Agriculture Branch, Department of the Northern Territory, Darwin, N.T. 5790 A disease of myrtaceous tree seedlings caused by the fungus Cyfindrocladium qulnaueseptetum Boedijn & Reitsma (conidial state of Calonectria autnqueseptete Figue iredo & Namekata) occurred in a forestry nursery at Darwin during the 1975-76 summer wet season. Symptoms of the disease comprise leaf spots (Fig . 1), leaf blight and seedling blight. The leaf spots are irregular to circular, mostly 2-6mm in diameter, with brown centres and red margins. Microscopic examination revealed sporulation of the fungus on leaf lesions and on the stems of blighted seedlings.
Myostatin, a transforming growth factor‐β superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct

Myostatin is a secreted growth and differentiating factor (GDF‐8) that belongs to the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) superfamily. Targeted disruption of the myostatin gene in mice and a mutation in the third exon of the myostatin gene in double‐muscled Belgian Blue cattle breed result in skeletal muscle hyperplasia. Hence, myostatin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in both mice and cattle. Previous published reports utilizing Northern hybridization had shown that myostatin expression was seen exclusively in skeletal muscle. A significantly lower level of myostatin mRNA was also reported in adipose tissue. Using a sensitive reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique and Western blotting with anti‐myostatin antibodies, we show that myostatin mRNA and protein are not restricted to skeletal muscle. We also show that myostatin expression is detected in the muscle of both fetal and adult hearts. Sequence analysis reveals that the Belgian Blue heart myostatin cDNA sequence contains an 11 nucleotide deletion in the third exon that causes a frameshift that eliminates virtually all of the mature, active region of the protein. Anti‐myostatin immunostaining on heart sections also demonstrates that myostatin protein is localized in Purkinje fibers and cardiomyocytes in heart tissue. Furthermore, following myocardial infarction, myostatin expression is upregulated in the cardiomyocytes surrounding the infarct area. Given that myostatin is expressed in fetal and adult hearts and that myostatin expression is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after the infarction, myostatin could play an important role in cardiac development and physiology. J. Cell. Physiol. 180:1–9, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloud Computing: Analysis of Various Platforms

Cloud computing is fundamentally altering the expectations for how and when computing, storage, and networking resources should be allocated, managed, consumed, and allow users to utilize services globally. Due to the powerful computing and storage, high availability and security, easy accessibility and adaptability, reliable scalability and interoperability, cost and time effective cloud computing is the top, needed for current fast growing business world. A client, organization or a trade that adopting emerging cloud environment can choose a well suitable infrastructure, platform, software, and a network resource, for any business, where each one has some exclusive features and advantages. The authors first develop a comprehensive classification for describing cloud computing architecture. This classification help in survey of several existing cloud computing services developed by various projects globally such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Sun and Force.com and by using this survey’s results the authors identified similarities and differences of the architecture approaches of cloud computing.
Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament

To identify estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament, immunohistochemical localization of both estrogen and progesterone receptors was performed in 17 specimens of human anterior cruciate ligament. All ligament specimens were obtained at surgery. Thirteen specimens were from women, and four were from men: the average age was 57 years (range, 18–78 years). Eleven specimens (from nine women and two men) came from total knee replacements for osteoarthritis of the knee; three (from two women and one man). from reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament; two (both from women). from medial meniscectomies: and one (from a man), from an amputation secondary to chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. An immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies to the estrogen and progesterone receptors was employed to identify estrogen and progesterone target cells in the anterior cruciate ligament. Staining of both receptors was demonstrable in 14 specimens, and in the remaining three specimens less than 15% of the cells were stained. Both estrogen and progesterone receptors were localized to synoviocytes in the synovial lining, fibroblasts in the anterior cruciate ligament stroma, and cells in the blood vessel walls of the ligament. This demonstration of receptors for estrogen and progesterone in the cells of anterior cruciate ligament suggests that female sex hormones may have an effect on its structure and composition.
Mining closed and maximal frequent embedded subtrees using length-decreasing support constraint

This paper presents algorithm SCCMETreeMiner which can find all closed and maximal frequent embedded subtrees using length-decreasing support constraint. SCCMETreeMiner combines the rightmost path expansion scheme and projection technique to construct pattern growth space, and uses several techniques proposed in the paper to prune the branches of the enumeration trees that do not correspond to closed or maximal frequent subtrees under length-decreasing support constraint. The performance of the algorithm is studied through extensive experiments by using various length-decreasing support constraints and datasets. All experimental results show that our algorithm is effective and efficient, and it generates more concise result set, which is irredundant and interesting to users.
Effect of CB154 on serum hormone level and lactogenesis in dairy cows.

During two weeks prepartum, one hundred mg of 2-Br-α-ergocryptine (CB154), a potent prolactin inhibitor, was subcutaneously administered to dairy cows 8 to 10 times. Simultaneous injections of an antiserum to bovine prolactin around parturition were also given to a CB154-administered cow. The serum prolactin (PRL) level decreased to less than 2ng/ml immediately after the commencement of CB154 injection, and the low level continued until calving. PRL surge near parturition which usually emerged in normal calving, completely disappeared. The low serum PRL level continued till at least two weeks after calving. No reduction of serum growth hormone and triiodothyronine levels was detected. Lactogenesis was more or less suppressed by CB154 administration. The mean milk production in three cows during a week postpartum was 58.5% of that of the previous lactation. It took 30 to 50 days to attain the milk yield of the previous lactation. In the cow administered with CB154 and an antiserum to bovine PRL simultaneously, the milk production reduced to 43.7% of that of the previous lactation. The milk production was not achieved to that of the previous lactation even on the 50th day after calving. The concentrations of total milk protein, IgG, and β-lactoglobulin in colostrum and milk from the cows treated with CB154 were significantly higher than those from the control cows. On the contrary, the concentration of a-lactalbumin in colostrum from the cows given CB154 was 40% of that the control cows (p<0.001). The concentrations of lactose and a-lactalbumin on the 6th day postpartum were also significantly lower than those of the control cows. These results indicate that the suppression of PRL secretion around parturition after CB154 treatment induces the reduction of syntheses of a-lactalbumin, lactose and the depression of milk production during lactogenesis.
Enhancement by prostaglandin E2 of bradykinin activation of embryonic rat sensory neurones.

1. The capacity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to enhance the excitatory response elicited by bradykinin in embryonic rat sensory neurones grown in culture was investigated using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording technique. 2. The focal application of bradykinin (BK) produced a small concentration‐dependent depolarization that was associated with an inward current and was described by a ligand‐binding isotherm having an EC50 of 230 nM. Typically the depolarization was accompanied by action potentials (APs). 3. After pretreatment with 1 microM PGE2 for 10 min, the number of APs elicited by 100 nM BK was increased by about 3‐fold. However, PGE2 had no effect on the amplitude of either the BK‐elicited depolarization or inward current. The addition of 1 or 10 microM PGE2 had no effect on the resting membrane potential. 4. In all neurones exhibiting PGE2‐enhanced excitability, there was a decrease in the amount of injected current necessary to elicit an AP. 5. The enhanced excitability was not due to repeated exposure to BK since neither the amplitude of the BK‐evoked depolarization nor the number of APs was altered by the application of BK at 2 min intervals over a period of 30 min. 6. These results are consistent with the notion that PGE2 acts directly on sensory neurones to enhance the response to chemical excitatory agents, like BK, by lowering the AP firing threshold. The PGE2‐mediated sensitization does not result from an alteration of the resting potential or modulation of the neuronal response to the chemical agonist.
LCL VSC Converter for High-Power Applications

This paper studies an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) voltage-source converter (VSC) ac/dc converter concept which can be employed as high-power static converter. The converter is designed to have fault current near or below the rated value under the dc-side short circuits. This is very important for applications with HVDC and, in particular, with high-power dc transmission networks. This converter is composed of an ac/dc insulated-gate bipolar transistor-based VSC converter and a passive LCL circuit. A transformer is not required since LCL circuit can achieve voltage stepping. The converter parameters are designed to have optimal response during the faults, good controllability, and to minimize converter losses. A detailed model is developed on the PSCAD platform for a 500-MW test system. The simulation confirms capability to independently control active and reactive power and demonstrates favorable fault responses. The transient fault current peaks are not significant and can be overcome with slight overrating.
Spatial orientation of the vestibular system: dependence of optokinetic after-nystagmus on gravity.

1. Monkeys received optokinetic stimulation at 60 degrees/s about their yaw (animal vertical) and pitch (animal horizontal) axes, as well as about other head-centered axes in the coronal plane. The animals were upright or tilted in right-side-down positions with regard to gravity. The stimuli induced horizontal, vertical, and oblique optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). OKN was followed by optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN), which was recorded in darkness. 2. When monkeys were tilted, stimulation that generated horizontal or yaw axis eye velocity during OKN induced a vertical or pitch component of slow phase velocity during OKAN. This has been designated as "cross-coupling" of OKAN. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the system generating OKAN were found as a function of tilt. They were determined by use of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to minimize the mean square error between the output of a model of OKAN and the data. 3. The eigenvector associated with yaw OKAN (yaw axis eigenvector) was maintained close to the spatial vertical regardless of the angle of tilt. The eigenvector associated with pitch OKAN (pitch axis eigenvector) was always aligned with the body axis. The data indicate that velocity storage can be modeled by a piecewise linear system, the structure of which is dependent on gravity and the yaw axis eigenvector, which tends to align with gravity. 4. Yaw axis eigenvectors were also determined by giving optokinetic stimulation about head-centered axes in the coronal plane with the animal in various angles of tilt. A technique using a spectral analysis of residuals was developed to estimate whether yaw and pitch OKAN slow phase velocities decayed concurrently at the same relative rate and over the same time course. The eigenvectors determined by this method were in agreement with those obtained by analyzing OKAN elicited by yaw OKN. 5. During yaw OKN with the animal in tilted positions, the mean vector of the ensuing nystagmus was closer to the body axis than to the spatial vertical. This suggests that there is suppression of the cross-coupled pitch component during OKN. The direction of the stimulus may be utilized to suppress components of velocity storage not coincident with the direction of stimulus motion. 6. There were similarities between the monkey eigenvectors and human perception of the spatial vertical, and the mean of eigenvectors for upward and downward eye velocities overlay human 1-g perceptual data. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mechanism of lipoxygenase inactivation by the linoleic acid analogue octadeca-9,12-diynoic acid.

During the irreversible inactivation of soybean Fe(III)-lipoxygenase [Fe(III)-LOX] by octadeca-9,12-diynoic acid (ODYA), significant quantities of 11-oxooctadeca-9,12 diynoic acid (11-oxo-ODYA) are formed [Nieuwenhuizen, W. F. , et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 10538-10545]. To elucidate the inactivation mechanism, a quantitative study into the relationship between the inactivation and 11-oxo-ODYA formation was carried out. The following observations were made (1) LOX (0.84 microM) was completely inactivated by 10 to 80 microM ODYA. However, at ODYA concentrations greater than 100 microM, LOX was only partially inactivated, and there was no inactivation at all at ODYA concentrations above 750 microM. The average number of turnovers in which 11-oxo-ODYA was formed increased from 1.2 to 12 when the ODYA concentration increased from 1 to 50 microM and then decreased again to 1.2 at 1000 microM ODYA. (2) The enzyme that was not irreversibly inactivated by ODYA was in the Fe(III) form at ODYA concentrations below 10 microM but in the Fe(II) form at ODYA concentrations greater than 100 microM. (3) In the presence of 750 microM ODYA and 25 microM 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid, all of the enzyme was inactivated. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that the dioxygenation product of ODYA is 11-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-diynoic acid (11-HP-ODYA), which can convert Fe(II)-LOX into its Fe(III) form. However 11-HP-ODYA is converted into 11-oxo-ODYA, which cannot perform the oxidation. It is proposed that the inactivating agent is either 11-HP-ODYA or the 11-peroxy-octadeca-9,12-diynoic acid radical (11-peroxy-ODYA radical), formed from the ODYA radical and O2. The oxidation of Fe(II)-LOX into its Fe(III) form as well as the inactivation of Fe(III)-LOX is competitively inhibited by ODYA
Surface‐to‐subsurface velocity projection for shallow water currents

Sea surface currents in coastal oceans are accessible to continuous direct observations by shore-based high-frequency Doppler radar systems. Inferring current structure in shallow water from such surface current observations is attempted. The approach assumes frictionally dominated flow and vertically varying current velocity on the scale of the Ekman boundary layer. The approximation of the velocity variation with depth is consequently derivable in terms of orthogonal basis functions from the sea surface kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions; specifically, the viscous momentum and shear equations evaluated at the sea surface. The inference procedure developed is demonstrated with sea surface data obtained in the coastal High-Resolution Remote Sensing Experiment on the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras. Despite uncertainties in the surface measurements, qualitative agreement is obtained between the inferred subsurface current and the current measured in situ. The sensitivity of the inference to the measurement uncertainties as well as to the model assumptions is investigated, and the inferred result is found to be generally robust.
Chlorophyll a extraction from freshwater algae — a reevaluation

In this study, two extracting methods (sonication and dispersing) and three solvents (90% acetone, N,N′-dimethylformamide and methanol) were compared for their ability to extract chlorophyll a of freshwater phytoplankton. Measurements were performed with both spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that (i) cell disruption is essential and that (ii) the method of cell disruption and solvent applied differed significantly. Dispersing in acetone surpassed all other combinations. Sonication in N,N′-dimethylformamide was found less effective. N,N′-dimethylformamide and methanol seem to promote the formation of degradation products (chlorophyllide a, allomer, epimer and phaeophytin a) which lead to overestimates of chlorophyll a of about 10% by means of spectrophotometry.
Auxiliary Particle Filter-Based Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Rolling Bearing

Rolling bearing's running state has an important influence on the health condition of rotate machinery. This work focuses on the remaining useful life prediction of the rolling bearing. An auxiliary particle filter-based predictor for rolling bearing is presented. The energy spectrum feature of vibration signal is selected as the representation of system degraded states. The wavelet packet decomposition is employed to extract the energy spectrum feature of rolling bearing. The process of prediction includes two stages: the energy spectrum feature is extracted firstly; and then auxiliary particle filter (APF) is trained by using degraded energy spectrum states; APF-based predictor is constructed in the end. Based on an experiment platform of rolling bearing life, a whole life cycle data set of vibration signal is collected for evaluating the performance of the presented APF-based predictor. The classical particle filter (PF) is utilized for comparing with the proposed method. The investigation results indicate that the proposed method can efficiently forecast the remaining useful life of the rolling bearing and has higher accuracy than PF-based predictor.
Direct Imaging Based Seam Tracking for Welding Control

In this paper a method for seam tracking in automated welding systems using direct imaging with advanced signal processing rather than optical filtering is presented. Optimal algorithms for prefiltering, edge detection and segmentation have been searched for. A variation of the FIR median hybrid (FMH) filter proved to be the best solution for the prefiltering task. Edge detection is performed using Sobel 3times3 convolution mask. A new variation of Hough transform called angle limited Hough transform is presented for segmentation. The results show that direct imaging with advanced image processing can provide accurate and reliable measurement of groove edges. The developed system requires less hardware than traditional laser stripe triangulation systems and therefore reduces the cost of automatic seam tracking.