Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ABNF in ACL2

Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) is a standardized formal grammar notation used in several Internet syntax specifications. This paper describes (i) a formalization of the syntax and semantics of the ABNF notation and (ii) a verified parser that turns ABNF grammar text into a formal representation usable in declarative specifications of parsers of ABNF-specified languages. This work has been developed in the ACL2 theorem prover. 1 Problem, Contribution, and Related Work Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) is a standardized [12,18] formal grammar notation used in several Internet syntax specifications [8,13,21,16,11,10]. Since inadequate parsing may enable security exploits such as HTTP request smuggling [13, Section 9.5], formally verified parsers of ABNF-specified languages are of interest. It is important to ensure that the formal specifications against which the parsers are verified are faithful to the ABNF grammars. The work described in this paper contributes to this goal by providing: 1. A formalization of the syntax and semantics of the ABNF notation. 2. A verified parser that turns ABNF grammar text (e.g. the grammar of HTTP [13,8]) into a formal representation usable in declarative specifications of parsers (e.g. an HTTP parser). Since the syntax of ABNF itself is specified in ABNF, the approach to implement and verify this ABNF grammar parser should be applicable to other parsers of ABNF-specified languages, e.g. to an HTTP parser. The approach may also provide general ideas for building a tool that automatically generates, from suitable ABNF grammars, verified parsers with independently checkable proofs. This work has been developed in the ACL2 theorem prover [3]. The development is available [1, books/kestrel/abnf] and thoroughly documented [2, abnf]. The development also includes a growing collection of operations on ABNF grammars, e.g. to check their well-formedness and to compose them, but this paper does not discuss these operations. The author is not aware of other formalizations of the ABNF notation. Existing work on verified parsing [19,7,17] is based on different grammar notations, 1 Some of the development’s excerpts in this paper are slightly simplified for brevity. and thus not directly applicable to ABNF parsing without trusted translations of notation. The APG parser generator [22] generates parsers from ABNF grammars, but without correctness proofs.
Gestures of the abstract: Do speakers use space consistently and contrastively when gesturing about abstract concepts?

Speakers perform manual gestures in the physical space nearest them, called gesture space. We used a controlled elicitation task to explore whether speakers use gesture space in a consistent way (assign spaces to ideas and use those spaces for those ideas) and whether they use space in a contrastive way (assign different spaces to different ideas when using contrastive speech) when talking about abstract referents. Participants answered two questions designed to elicit contrastive, abstract discourse. We investigated manual gesture behavior. Gesture hand, location on the horizontal axis, and referent in corresponding speech were coded. We also coded contrast in speech. Participants’ overall tendency to use the same hand (t(17) = 13.12, p = . 001, 95% CI [. 31, . 43], d = 2.53) and same location (t(17) = 7.47, p = . 001, 95% CI [. 27, . 47], d = 1.69) when referring to an entity was higher than expected frequency. When comparing pairs of gestures produced with contrastive speech to pairs of gestures produced with non-contrastive speech, we found a greater tendency to produce gestures with different hands for contrastive speech: (t(17) = 4.19, p = . 001, 95% CI [. 27, . 82], d = 1.42). We did not find associations between dominant side and positive concepts or between left, center, and right space and past, present, and future, respectively, as predicted by previous studies. Taken together, our findings suggest that speakers do produce spatially consistent and contrastive gestures for abstract as well as concrete referents. They may be using spatial resources to assist with abstract thinking, and/or to help interlocutors with reference tracking. Our findings also highlight the complexity of predicting gesture hand and location, which appears to be the outcome of many competing variables.
Wavelet Thresholding for Image Noise Reduction

It is reasonable to assume that an image will have complex, nonstationary and space variant grayscale distribution especially when pixel by pixel distributions are considered. However, one can assume that the grayscale distribution will look stationary in the images decomposed at different scales. This is reasonable since, every object has some evident feature in some specific scale space although it may be invisible in other scale space. By the wavelet transform and multi-scale method, the most of the grayscale information can be obtained in large scale image, and the edge can be detected in detailed images at different scales. In this paper, we will propose changed thresholding method based on wavelet analysis of the decomposed image from a wavelet decomposed image of an appropriate scale.
Viable data channels for large anti-DDoS systems

DDos attacks are an increasingly common thread. Various companies offer DDoS protection as a service, like CloudFlare and Akamai. Companies that intend to protect themselves can choose from a wide range of commercial solutions, usually in the form of (expensive) appliances. Not all companies have budget for these kinds of systems. In an attempt to help mitigate DDoS attacks, the “anti-ddos” project, also known as “OSAS”, was spawned [1] [2]. This project aims to both provide an affordable, open source, DDoS mitigation solution and to improve the level of expertise in the problem domain by providing acamedic researchers with data to work with. The project is still in its infancy and thus most of the system still needs to be designed and created. This research will focus on the communication between the main components within the proposed system and do so in light of the feasability of the anti-ddos project’s goals. For example, collected data may first need to be anonymized before being made available for public research. The named “main components” have not yet very strictly been defined so the research will hinge loosely around what the anti-ddos project has produced so far. In any case, the results may be equally applicable to similar systems.
Demand for Redistribution in South Africa

This paper studies changes in demand for redistribution in South Africa between 1996 and 2001 (and 2007) based on data from the World Values Survey. In this period, mean demand for redistribution of Black South Africans decreased by almost one point on a 1-10 scale, a magnitude comparable to the difference between Finnish and U.S. demand for redistribution. This decrease concerns both poor and rich Blacks, with the largest absolute fall coming from the (few) black rich. We then explore whether a number of potential explanations are consistent with the observed changes. There was no increase in redistribution or employment prospects in this period that could account for the overall decrease in demand. However, we find that increased prospects for upward mobility for university educated blacks are consistent with the decrease of demand for richer blacks. For the poor, two potential explanations are consistent with our data. A first is based on the idea that the relevant reference group for determining demand in South Africa is not the whole nation but one's "race" group. In this way, improvements in the overall quality of life for Blacks between 1996 and 2001 relative to other groups could have dampened demand. A second concerns the impact of a changing ANC discourse from redistribution to growth in the mid-1990s. Focusing on African Blacks, we find that in 1996 demand of ANC supporters was higher than of non-supporters whereas in 2001 it was lower. The demand of trade union members – whose leaders had not changed their discourse on redistribution remained constant. 1 Eva Wegner acknowledges the Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation for funding her work.
Influence of Existing Defects on Mechanical Properties of NC Lining

The mechanical properties of the lining are directly affected by defects such as voids behind the lining and insufficient thickness of the lining. In order to quantitatively evaluate this effect, the mechanical behavior of the lining under the influence of the void behind the lining, the insufficient thickness of the lining, and the combination of the two kinds of defects are adopted by the 1/5 scale model test. Based on the experimental research, numerical calculation models based on the CDP model for defect lining are established, with the effects of load direction, stratum stiffness, defect location, defect type, and degree on the mechanical behavior of the lining analyzed by the numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical results show that the void weakens the stiffness of the lining. As the void range increases, the lining becomes more deformable and its bearing capacity decreases with the “S” curve. Thinning significantly reduces the deformation properties of the lining and the bearing capacity and stiffness of the thinned section. The lining bearing capacity decreases linearly with the increase of the thinning ratio, when the load is applied at the thinning. With the influence of combined defects on the load-displacement curve of the lining fluctuating drastically, the mechanical properties of the lining are significantly reduced. The bearing capacity of lining decreases with the increase of composite defects in a “S” shape. The effect of void and lining thinning on the lining bearing capacity increases with the increase of the stiffness of the formation. The loss rate equation of the concrete lining bearing capacity under the influence of existing defects is established by using the L-M nonlinear regression analysis, a provision of scientific guidance for the safety evaluation of the defect lining.
The Stability and Growth Pact form the Perspective of the New Member States: Not That Stupid and Not That Special

The purpose of this paper is to examine the fiscal characteristics of the new members in the light of the criticisms levelled against the SGP and to see in what ways their initial conditions differ from those faced by the current euro zone countries in the runup to EMU. There are substantial differences in the starting fiscal position of the new members. Overall, because of the lower debt levels and greater yield convergence already achieved, the new members will be able to rely less on gains from yield convergence than the current eurozone members were able to do in the run-up to EMU. EU accession will also have a negative net impact on the budgets of the new members in the early years of membership. We also look at the cyclical sensitivities of the budgets and find that in the new members the smoothing capacity of the automatic stabilizers might be weaker than in the current euro zone members. Some of the policy implications of these findings are discussed. JEL Classification numbers: E61, H6, H87
Are similar control processes implemented during single and dual language production? Evidence from switching between speech registers and languages

Abstract To investigate whether similar control processes are used during single and dual language production, we compared register switching (formal and informal speech in the same language) vs. language switching (French and English). The results across two experiments showed a positive correlation of overall register- and language-switch costs and similar formal French switch costs across the two switching tasks. However, whereas increasing the cue-to-stimulus interval resulted in a reduction of language-switch costs, register-switch costs were unaffected by the interval manipulation. This difference in switch-cost pattern indicates that control processes are not entirely identical during single and dual language production.
OTT_A_233435 11271..11280

*These authors contributed equally to this work Background: E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) is oncogenic and dysregulated in various malignancies. Complex networks involving microRNAs (miRNAs) and E2F3 regulate tumorigenesis and progression. However, the potential roles of E2F3 and its target miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are rarely reported. Methods: E2F3 expression was detected in human NPC tissues and cell lines through quantitative real-time PCR. NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated in vitro by colony forming, cell counting kit-8, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays. Publicly available database software was used to explore the target miRNAs of E2F3. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the direct relationship. The function of miRNAs in vivo was investigated by using a tumor xenograft model. Results: E2F3 was upregulated in NPC cell lines and tissues, and its exotic expression promoted NPC cell invasion and migration. E2F3 was identified as a target of miR-432, which restrained NPC cell invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments revealed that miR-432 repressed the invasion and migration potential of NPC cells by modulating E2F3 expression. Conclusion: miRNA-432 suppressed the malignant biological behavior of NPC cells by targeting E2F3. This study provided further insights into NPC prognosis and treatment.
How does Consumers’ Emotion Affect Visual Attention Patterns in Online Shopping Environments? – Emphasis on Eye-Tracking Approach

It is widely known that consumers' emotion causes unique online behavior in the online shopping websites. This study tackles this issue by considering three emotional types such as positive, negative, and neutral emotion as influence factors with which consumer’s online shopping behaviour may change. We adopt an eye-tracking approach to scrutinize consumers’ visual patterns with their state of emotions, which is very rare in literature. Empirical results revealed that consumers with positive emotion tend to view multiple types of information without being drawn to specific information. Those with negative emotion paid more visual attentions to product return/exchange conditions, and seller information. They were keenly interested in shopping risks-related information, which is in line with emotion literature. Key-Words: Consumer Emotion, Online shopping behavior, Eye-tracking, Consumer’s visual attention
ROLES OF CREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL LIVELIHOOD AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN MANGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE

Successive Nigerian governments have made great efforts toward the improvement of rural welfare through poverty alleviation. These efforts translated into the establishment of several rural development programmes including Agricultural Credit Guaranteed Scheme (ACGS) and Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NARCDB). This study is an assessment of the roles of these financial institutions in improving the lives of the rural people of Mangu Local Government in Plateau state in terms of provision of credit to enable adoption of technologies. The specific objectives were to identify the technologies available to the people, examine farmers’ accessibility to the credit facilities and determine the extent to which accessibility of credit facilities has helped adoption of innovation in the area. A total of 106 respondents were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Data were analysed using percentages and frequency distribution. The results of the analysis show that 87.5% of the respondents agreed that very few of the technologies available were adopted because of financial constraints. Also, 80.0% indicated that it was quite difficult to access the credit due delay in document processing (41.96%, unattainable collaterals (27.68% and other corrupt practices 25%). He financial institutions helped the very few to adopt technologies that were capital intensive by providing the required credit. It was concluded based on the findings that the establishment of credit institutions has not helped the Mangu people much, because of the inaccessibility of the facilities. Consequently, it is recommended that farmers in this area should reduce their dependence on the formal financial/credit institutions by adopting technologies that are less capital intensive or alternatively form their own traditional credit systems. Technology development for farmers should take into account the social and economic capacity of the people to have the desired impact on the people.
Experimental evaluation of modular antenna arrays at 28 GHz under the presence of human body

The goal of this thesis is to develop and test an experimental method for characterising antenna arrays for mobile phones at 28 GHz under the presence of the user. Previous studies were based merely on computer simulations, or on measurements with actual humans, where repeatability is an unsolved issue. Antenna measurements with a human phantom have now been carried out and analysed for the first time. For their validation, simulation methods for characterising mm-wave mobile phone antennas under the presence of a human body, and the detailed evaluation process are presented here, including spherical coverage and total array gain. Utilising the presented simulation methods, a simplified human phantom is designed, validated, and manufactured. The electrical properties of human tissues are well known, and different material recipes to mimic human skin were reported in previous studies. Based on these, we created a polyethylene-based skin-like material with electrical properties similar as in human skin. This material was used as a surface for the final human phantom. This phantom was then used in radiation-pattern measurements at 28 GHz. Two planar 2 × 2 dual-polarised antenna arrays were designed and manufactured. As expected, the design of the microstrip-feed line network was crucial in the design of the antenna arrays, especially the mutual coupling needs to be low to ensure the designed operation of the arrays. Antenna radiation pattern measurements, both in free space and with the human phantom, were carried out in an anechoic chamber. The losses of feed cables and connectors were de-embedded by calculating suitable amplitude correction terms that normalize differences between measured and simulated free-space element patterns. The phantom measurements were performed with both antenna arrays, and after mathematical beam-forming with a suitable amount of element-phasing cases, the spherical coverage of each array was calculated. Element radiation patterns and spherical coverage of both antenna arrays under the presence of the human phantom were compared to the simulations. In the spherical coverage CDFs of both arrays, the difference between measured and simulated peak gain is 1 2 dB, and the difference between measured and simulated median gain level is 0.6 2 dB. This comparison shows that the proposed experimental method for characterising mm-wave mobile antenna arrays in the presence of the user is feasible. One test array also was measured twice with the phantom and the maximum difference between spherical coverage CDFs was 1 dB proving good repeatability of the proposed experimental method.
Effect of Combining the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Enable Occupation in a Client with Depression: A Case Study in Home-Visiting Support

Introduction: Few reports describe interventions combining the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) although both are important in enabling occupation for a client with depression. We outline the therapy process conducted by an occupational therapist combining the COPM with CBT to enable occupation for a client with depression. Methods: A single-system research design was implemented. The intervention was based on behavioral activation, and the cognitive restructuring was divided into three phases: baseline (Phase I), intervention 1 (Phase II), and intervention 2 (Phase III). Baseline consisted of behavioral activation only. In intervention 1, the COPM was used in addition to the baseline action. In intervention 2, cognitive restructuring was conducted in addition to intervention 1. Results: There was no significant difference in the client’s frequency per week of going out in Phase II compared with Phase I ( p = 0.062), but the rate increased significantly in Phase III compared with Phase II by binomial test ( p = 0.002). As assessed by the COPM, the performance and satisfaction scores for going out were 4 and 3 at the 5th week, but they improved to 7 and 6 at the 17th week. Conclusion: Combining the COPM with CBT significantly increased the frequency of going out that a client with depression hoped to attain. The present intervention might facilitate enabling occupation for clients with depression. Our findings suggested that in clients with depressive symptoms, enabling occupation is possible by combining the COPM with CBT.
Hope Theory and Its Relation to Depression: A Systematic Review

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of Hope Theory to depression, allowing the exploration of new knowledge and tools that may help in its respective treatment. Methods: This is a systematic review, conducted between March and April 2018, using PubMed, LILACs, MEDLINE, SciELO and PsycINFO databases to search for articles in Portuguese and English published in the last five years. Results: Two hundred and ninety articles were found, being selected seven that met the established criteria. Depressive symptoms were related to low scores of hope. Hope was perceived as both a protective factor of mental health and a factor of better therapeutic prognosis. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the Theory of Hope can be a psychological support for the treatment of depression as both as a protective factor for mental health and as a better therapeutic prognosis.