Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysing the Role of Visions, Agency, and Niches in Historical Transitions in Watershed Management in the Lower Mississippi River

This paper analyses five major transitions in watershed management in the Lower Mississippi River from the early 19th century to the present. A conceptual framework is developed for analysing the role of visions, agency, and niches in water management transitions and applied to a historical case on water management in the Lower Mississippi River. It is shown that water management regimes change over time and that major transitions were preceded by niches, in which new visions were developed and empowered. The case shows that: (i) emerging visions play an important role in guiding transitions; (ii) agency enables the further diffusion of visions and niches; (iii) vision champions play an important role in transitions, but are not decisive; (iv) each transition has led to an extension of the number of societal functions provided, which has led to more complex water management regimes in which functions are combined and integrated; and (v) external landscape factors are important, as they can lead to awareness and urgency in important decision making processes.
Application of Color and Size Measurement in Food Products Inspection

Color and size are external aspects considered by consumers in purchasing a food product and are used in food product inspection using computer vision. This paper reviews recent applications of color and size measurement in food product inspection using computer vision. RGB, HSI, HSL, HSV, La*b spaces and color index are widely used to measure color in food product inspection. Color features, including value, mean, variance, and standard deviation of each channel in a color space are widely used in food product inspection. The applications of color measurement in food product inspection are for grading, detection of anomaly or damage, detection of specific content and evaluation of color changes. Length, width, thickness, average radius, Feret’s diameter, area, perimeter, volume, and surface area are common size measurements in food product inspection. The applications of size measurement in food product inspection are for estimating size, sorting, grading, detect unwanted objects or defects, and measurement of physical properties.
The semantics of English Borrowings in Arabic Media Language: The case of Arab Gulf States Newspapers

The present paper investigates the semantics of English loanwords in Arabic media language (AML). The loanword data are collected from a number of Arab Gulf states newspapers (AGSNs). They are analyzed semantically from the points of view of semantic change, semantic domains, and the phenomenon of synonymy resulting from lexical borrowing. The semantic analysis has revealed that AML borrowings from English occur in fifteen distinctive semantic domains. Domains that are related to terms of technical and scientific nature are found ranking much higher (9% - 18%) than those domains containing nontechnical elements (1% - 8%) with the computer and technology category (18%) is the most dominant domain. Almost all common mechanisms of semantic change (extension, restriction, amelioration, pejoration, and metaphorical extension) are found at work in the context of AML borrowings. The tendency of semantic change in the overwhelming majority of AML borrowings is towards restriction. Factors like need, semantic similarity, and factors of social and psychological considerations (e.g. prestige, taboo) seem to be the potent factors at interplay in semantic change. The first two, i.e. need and semantic similarity, are the most common reasons in most types of semantic change. The problem of synonymy lies in those loanwords that have “Arabic equivalents” in the language. The study claims that this phenomenon could be attributed to the two simultaneous processes of lexical borrowing and ? istiqa:q (the modern efforts of deriving equivalent neologisms).
Yield Responses to Planting Density for US Modern Corn Hybrids: A Synthesis-Analysis

Identifying an optimal plant density is a critical management decision for corn (Zea mays L.) production. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the grain yield responses to plant density (yield–density relationship), (ii) identify best fitted yield–density response curves, and (iii) explore genotype (G) ́ environment (E) interaction effect on yield–density response models. Analysis was conducted on meta-data (124,374 observations) gathered from 22 US states and 2 Canadian provinces, diverse sites (E), for years from 2000–2014 on multiple hybrids (G). Yield data were further grouped into four yield environments (low [LY], <7 Mg ha-1; medium [MY], 7–10 Mg ha-1; high [HY], 10–13 Mg ha-1; and very high [VHY], >13 Mg ha-1 yielding groups). Primary outcomes from this analysis were: (1) strong G ́ E interaction; (2) a quadratic model best fitted yield–density relationship; (3) four contrasting yield–density responses identified as dominant in each yield productivity environment, i.e., a declining, a constant, an increasing, and ever-increasing type; (4) the yield productivity environment varied for the different corn comparative relative maturity (CRM) groups, i.e., the LY environment for long-maturing hybrids matched with a MY or HY environment for short maturing hybrids; and (5) maximum yielding plant density (MYPD) was lower but maximum yield was greater for longversus short-maturing hybrids. In summary, optimal plant density should be decided based on detailed G ́ E analysis of production conditions that include factors such as CRM, yield productivity environment (weather–soil ́ management practices), and site information. Y. Assefa, P.V. V. Prasad, and I.A. Ciampitti, Dep. of Agronomy, Kansas State Univ., 2004 Throckmorton Plant Science Center, Manhattan, KS 66506; P. Carter, M. Hinds, G. Bhalla, R. Schon, M. Jeschke, and S. Paszkiewicz, DuPont Pioneer, 7100 NW 62nd Ave., Johnston, IA 50131. Assigned to Associate Editor Jeff Melkonian. Received 8 Apr. 2016. Accepted 5 June 2016. *Corresponding author (ciampitti@ksu.edu). Abbreviations: CRM, corn relative maturity; E, environment; G, genotype; HY, high yielding; LY, low yielding; M, management; MY, medium yielding; VHY, very high yielding; MYPD, maximum yielding planting density; RMSE, root mean square error. Published in Crop Sci. 56:2802–2817 (2016). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.04.0215 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published July 28, 2016
Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce

The tissue heat-balance method (Cy and the heat-dissipation method (Granier) were compared in three Scots pines and two Norway spruces in a forest in central Sweden. The Granier system measured up to 50% lower sapflow than the Cy system at high flow rates. New coefficients for the Granier system were estimated, based on sapflow density from the Cy measurements. Wi- thout compensation, natural temperature gradients may cause large errors in measurements made by the Granier system. By using a hori- zontal reference sensor, no compensation was necessary. It was also shown that radial flow patterns must be considered when calculating total tree sapflow. Transpiration of two adjacent stands, one measured by the Granier method and the other by the Cy method, sho- wed good agreement internally and with total evaporation measured by the eddy-correlation method.
Étude des lacunes dans la surveillance d’une petite éclosion de rougeole à Toronto, Canada

Début 2015, une éclosion de dix cas confirmés de rougeole s’est produite à Toronto, en Ontario. Dans le cadre de l’intervention contre l’éclosion, le personnel du Bureau de santé publique de Toronto a mené des activités traditionnelles et complémentaires d’enquête sur les cas. Malgré ces efforts considérables, et contrairement à de nombreuses éclosions précédentes de rougeole au Canada, ni le cas source ni aucun lien épidémiologique confirmé entre les cas n’ont pu être identifiés. L’enquête sur l’éclosion a mis en lumière des lacunes potentielles dans la surveillance actuelle de la rougeole et des suggestions d’approches à adopter pour les enquêtes ultérieures : utilisation systématique des médias sociaux et d’autres ressources horodatées pour approfondir l’enquête sur les cas, communication ciblée précoce et répétée avec les partenaires de soins primaires pour améliorer la détection des cas, et efforts continus pour accroître et maintenir une couverture vaccinale suffisante pour interrompre la transmission de la maladie. Affiliations 1 Contrôle des maladies transmissibles, Bureau de santé publique de Toronto, Toronto (Ontario)
Studying the Factors Which Delay Management Accounting Changes (Case Study of Iranian Manufacturing Firms)

Firms competing in competitive markets face some technological changes and more demands of customers as the competition grows based on market globalization. All these changes affect firms' management accounting systems. This leads firms to change their management accounting system in which some factors make delay in the process of management accounting changes. We have considered seven factors which make delay in management accounting changes. This research tries to study these factors. Research method in this study is descriptive-survey in which researcher has been benefited from questionnaire and interview techniques. In questionnaire testing, Friedman test has been used to exam the uniformity of variables and then kruskal-wallis test to evaluate the effect of firm size on research independent variables. Research findings show a broad uniformity of the effects of research seven independent variables and then the results of Kruskal –Wallis test indicate the effects of all variables on management related Problems except for the variable No, 4.
Screening, Diagnosis and Therapy of Endometrial Carcinoma, A Look at Controversies

Introduction: Despite a long history of disease and great efforts in research, there is no practical and accurate system to know true precancerous lesions, so there is a limitation to prevention of endometrial cancer. Screening is controversial. Diagnosis is possible only after curettage and histopathology. Therapy is varied. Objectives: To get information related to screening, diagnosis and therapy of endometrial carcinoma. Methodology: Literature search was done with a range of search engines, pubmed, database, google and other databases to get information relevant to the objectives and personal experience was added.
Crucial Factors for the Application of Functional Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials in Energy and Environmental Applications

This special issue of C—Journal of Carbon Research is dedicated to “Functional Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials”. It contains contributions reporting on the synthesis of nanoporous carbons for the adsorption of proteins, their applications in electrochemical energy storage/conversion, and on the characterization/modification of their surface chemistry. Nanoporous carbon-based materials are widely researched, but at the same time, the field is still full of unutilized potential. The atomic construction of the carbon framework, pore sizes, pore geometries, presence of heteroatoms, particle size and shape, and many other “internal screws” are available; in the end, the high potential of carbon-based materials will only be fully explored if the interplay of these crucial factors is precisely controlled. This article is a summary of what we consider important for future targeted improvement of porous carbon nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications.
On the Virasoro algebra as reduced Poisson submanifold of a Kac-Moody algebra on the circle

In this paper we show how the Lie-Poisson structure on the dual of the Virasoro algebra can be obtained through a standard Poisson reduction process performed on a Kac-Moody algebra on the circle. We use the geometrical idea of the process to establish some relation between transverse structures on both Poisson manifolds.
HOW SOIL FORMING PROCESSES DETERMINE SOIL-BASED VITICULTURAL ZONING

The aim of this study was to elucidate the soil forming processes of representative vineyard soils, and to discuss the implications on a soil-based viticultural zoning at very detailed scale. The study area is located in Priorat, Penedes and Conca de Barbera viticultural areas (Catalonia, North-eastern Spain). The studied soils belong to representative soil map units determined at 1:5,000 scale, according to Soil Taxonomy classification. The soil forming processes, identified through morphological and micromorphological analyses, have significant effects on some soil properties. For example, the different processes of clay accumulation in soils developed from granodiorites in Priorat or gravel deposits in Conca de Barbera, are primarily responsible for significant differences in clay content, available water capacity and cation exchange capacity. These soils properties, especially those related to soil moisture regime, have a direct influence on vineyard management and grape quality. However, soil forming processes are not always reflected on soil classification, especially in soils modified by man. We show that climate or geology alone cannot be used in viticultural zoning at very detailed scale, unless soil forming processes are taken into account.
Avoiding low-oxygen environments: oxytaxis as a mechanism of habitat selection in a marine invertebrate

Oxygen-poor habitats are increasingly common in aquatic environments. Human activities are accelerating the spread of oxygen-poor environments, yet the way in which larvae avoid low-oxygen conditions remains poorly resolved. For organisms with a sessile or sedentary adult phase, habitat selection is crucial, and many organisms show sophisticated responses to various habitat cues during colonization. Whether oxygen availability serves as such a cue is unknown, yet increasingly, it seems that oxygen is an essential limiting resource in some systems. In a series of experiments, we manipulated oxygen levels during dispersal and colonization in larvae of the model marine invertebrate Bugula neritina in the laboratory. We found that, in the presence of lower oxygen levels, larvae reduce the time spent in habitat exploration and that they delay settlement. We also found that larvae avoid hypoxic water (positive oxytaxis)-the first such demonstration for marine larvae. All of these behaviors may decrease the likelihood of colonizing low-oxygen habitats in nature. Our results suggest that marine invertebrate larvae, in this species at least, can use oxygen availability as an initial cue for habitat selection but that additional factors (e.g. biofilms) determine settlement patterns.
Emerging Issues inAntibiotic Resistant Infections in Long-Term Care Facilities

Managingpatientsinfectedwithantibiotic resistantbacteriais becomingone ofthe majorclinicalobstacles facing physicianswhotreatpatients in long-term carefacilities (LTCFs). Penicillin-resistantpneumococci(PRP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE), gram-negativebacteriathatproduce extended-spectrum and ampC-type{3-lactamase enzymes,and quinolone-resistantgram-positive andgram-negative bacteria are the majorresistantpathogensthatareemerging in these settings. Themechanismsresponsiblefor the evolution oftheseantibiotic resistant organisms (molecular rearrangement of penicillin bindingproteingenes,acquisition ofa mobilegeneticelement, andpointmutationthatalterthe active site)arereviewed. Vancomycin intermediateStaphylococcus aureus (VISA) and multidrugeffluxpumps in gram-negative bacteria arealsothreatening our mostpotentantimicrobials. Aggressive screening, education, antibiotic-control measures, and immunizationareadvocatedas importantpreventive measures. The combinedeffortsofthe medicaldirectors, infection-controlpersonnel; and administrators areneededto stemthisproblem.
Uniqueness of the Fock quantization of scalar fields and processes with signature change in cosmology

We study scalar fields subject to an equation of the Klein-Gordon type in nonstationary spacetimes, such as those found in cosmology, assuming that all the relevant spatial dependence is contained in the Laplacian. We show that the field description—with a specific canonical pair—and the Fock representation for the quantization of the field are fixed indeed in a unique way (except for unitary transformations that do not affect the physical predictions) if we adopt the combined criterion of (a) imposing the invariance of the vacuum under the group of spatial symmetries of the field equations and (b) requiring a unitary implementation of the dynamics in the quantum theory. Besides, we provide a spacetime interpretation of the field equations as those corresponding to a scalar field in a cosmological spacetime that is conformally ultrastatic. In addition, in the privileged Fock quantization, we investigate the generalization of the evolution of physical states from the hyperbolic dynamical regime to an elliptic regime. In order to do this, we contemplate the possibility of processes with signature change in the spacetime where the field propagates and discuss the behavior of the background geometry when the change happens, proving that the spacetime metric degenerates. Finally, we argue that this kind of signature change leads naturally to a phenomenon of particle creation, with exponential production.
Welfare Competition in Norway

Local redistribution policy creates incentives for welfare migration that may result in 'underprovision' or even a 'race to the bottom'. This paper evaluates the empirical importance of welfare competition. Our contribution is to separate between the policy decision and the actual welfare benefit payments and to introduce income distribution as a determinant of welfare policy. Utilizing spatial econometric methods we find statistical significant strategic interaction between local governments for both the welfare benefit norm decided by the local council and the expected welfare benefits of a standardized person. No robust relationship is found between inequality and welfare benefits and thus we offer no strong support for the Romer-Meltzer-Richard hypothesis. We conclude that there is a geographic pattern in welfare benefits. This does not necessarily imply underprovision, since the grant financing of the local governments may generate overall excessive public spending.
Mechanical reliability of silica optical fiber: a case study for a biomedical application

The mechanical reliability of optical fiber used in certain biomedical applications is extremely important because failure of the fiber during use might be fatal for the patient. Therefore, prediction of the lifetime of the fiber both in storage and during service is necessary before the fiber can be safely used. In this paper we study two commercially available optical fibers designed specifically for high power laser delivery. The fatigue parameters calculated from static fatigue data are used to estimate the maximum allowed stress that ensures survival for the deign life of the fiber. This work properly accounts for uncertainty in the predictions; uncertainty which arises not only from scatter in the experimental data, but also from uncertainty in the form of kinetics model to use for extrapolation (i.e. power law, exponential, etc.). This paper thus provides an outline for making lifetime predictions for a critical applications involving relatively short lengths of fiber, that does not bind in any questionable assumptions.
Managing the Challenges of Subsurface Drip Irrigation

This paper will discuss from a conceptual standpoint many of the challenges of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Topics will include soil water redistribution as affected by soil type and soil characteristics, nutrient availability, differential crop response, system installation concerns, and system maintenance issues. The paper and presentation will summarize material obtained by the author in preparing for a recent book chapter concerning SDI and will also show examples of the challenges as a tool to broaden their conceptual understanding.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND ACTION IN AN ARTIFICIAL, EVOLVED AGENT: REACTIVE INHIBITION

We analyzed the mechanisms for selective attention and action in an artificial, evolved agent. Our analysis shows the agent selectively responds to targets through reactive inhibition of nontarget items. Reactive inhibition, in which suppression of nontargets is in proportion to their salience, has been previously shown to be a means of selection in people. Our results suggest that reactive inhibition may be a fundamental process in selective control of action.
Digital Gaming, Sport and Gender

ABSTRACT This paper has developed out of ongoing research into the associated patterns of sport and digital gaming interests and participation. Specifically, this paper presents the major findings of a questionnaire based survey distributed to undergraduate students at Sheffield's two universities, and a number of follow up interviews. Contrary to popular perceptions, this research finds no evidence to suggest that participating in digital gaming can have a negative effect on levels of sports participation. Moreover, the paper argues that, for some, digital gaming may increase their interest and knowledge of sport, and can prove for many a popular source of conversation that can cross‐cut and inform conversations on sport. However, contrary to many previous studies, this research indicates that there continues to be distinct gender differences in gaming patterns.
A Case of Acquired Methymalonic Aciduria Secondary to a Subclinical MaternalPernicious Anaemia

Inherited methylmalonic acidurias are a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the genes encoding methylmalonyl CoA mutase and proteins involved in cobalamin (Vitamin B12) metabolism. Methylmalonic aciduria can also arise as a result of severe cobalamin deficiency. We report the case of a male infant presenting at 5 months of age with a cobalamin sensitive methylmalonic aciduria, pancytopaenia, developmental delay, failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly and hypotonia. MRI brain imaging showed reduced white matter quantity and maturity. The cause was investigated and discovered to be a maternal subclinical pernicious anaemia. A rapid clinical improvement was made upon initiation of B12 supplementation. At follow up aged 18 months weight was above the 91st centile and height between the 75th and 90th. Although no delay in fine motor or social skills was noted at 18 month assessment, gross motor and language delay persisted and may reflect central nervous system damage due to the initial B12 deficiency. Methylmalonic aciduria is relatively frequently detected in patients with lack of dietary B12. If careful assessment of the diet does not provide the answer, it is important to perform laboratory investigations even if no clinical signs or symptoms of pernicious anaemia can be detected. Cobalamin deficiency is common due to dietary restriction or malabsorption. As severe maternal cobalamin deficiency during pregnancy and breastfeeding can lead to devastating effects on the child, universal screening of cobalamin level in pregnancy should be considered.