Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THE DENSITY OF CO-OCCURING BIVALVES ( MYA ARENARIA) AND DEEP-BURROWING POLYCHAETES ( NEREIS VIRENS) ON BENTHIC FLUXES AND THE CONCENTRATIONS OF AMMONIUM AND SOLUBLE SULFIDES IN SEDIMENT POREWATER

Increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance events, such as periodic hypoxia and trawling, have caused dramatic changes in benthic invertebrate communities in many coastal regions. In order to predict the effects of disturbance on ecosystem function, it is necessary to improve understanding of how changes in invertebrate density and species composition affect benthic geochemical cycling. I used laboratory microcosms to test the effects of recolonization of previously defaunated sediments by deep-burrowing polychaetes (Nereis virens) and suspension-feeding bivalves (Mya arenaria) on porewater ammonium and soluble-sulfide concentrations as well as benthic fluxes of oxygen and nutrients: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate + nitrite, or DIN), dissolved silicate (Si), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). I added single and two-species treatments including a range of densities comparable to densities common for shallow estuaries. I sampled porewater and measured fluxes under both dark and light conditions one month after organism addition. Effects of N. virens on porewater chemistry were significantly greater than M. arenaria, but even the lowest density of each organism lowered porewater ammonium and soluble-sulfide concentrations significantly relative to defaunated controls. However, increasing density had little additional effect on porewater. Benthic oxygen and nutrient fluxes generally increased between low and high densities. However fluxes of DIN and SRP were higher in controls than in lowdensity treatments and fluxes of SRP were significantly lower in N. virens treatments than M. arenaria treatments. This suggests that whether organisms would increase or decrease nutrient availability depends on density and that the ratio of DIN:SRP release depends on species composition. Macrofaunal respiration and excretion of ammonium and SRP appeared to account for most of the increased nutrient flux. Mya arenaria also stimulated significant increases in benthic gross primary production (GPP) and corresponding decreases in ammonium, SRP, and Si fluxes in the light relative to the dark. N. virens had no effect on GPP but enhanced both nitrate and Si flux significantly in the light, probably by increasing ventilation. Changes in porewater solute concentrations and benthic flux rates in two-species treatments were generally greater than expected based on single-species treatments, and the deviation of observed from expected values increased with density. This suggests that niche complimentarity could influence the effects of these organisms on elemental cycling and that effects become more important with increasing density.
ASSESSING PREDICTORS OF SMOKING CESSATION: AN APPLICATION OF SIGNAL DETECTION METHODOLOGY

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. Yet, when people are able to quit, the negative effects of smoking to their health diminish over time. For this reason, it is important for behavioral scientists to understand the mechanisms which underly smoking cessation. In this study, signal detection analysis was used to determine which baseline characteristics of 602 smokers were best able to discriminate those who had quit smoking from those who had not six and eighteen months later. Variables included in this analysis were chosen based on prior research showing that they were correlated with smoking cessation. These included variables from the Transtheoretical model, and also addiction and perceived stress. Three algorithms were developed using signal detection methodology which identified subgroups of individuals who were highly likely and unlikely to quit smoking. The variables which were consistently able to discriminate outcome for certain subgroups were perceived stress, and variables from the Transtheoretical model such as selfefficacy, the benefits of smoking , and the experiential processes of change . These findings have implications as to which subgroups have particular low rates of smoking cessation and what types of interventions may be most effective to help these individuals quit. A step-care approach to interventions using the Transtheoretical model based on subgroup characteristics is suggested.
Theory of the Main Lipid Bilayer Phase Transition

Fortunately, the day when it was necessary to argue the biological relevance of fundamental physical and chemical studies on pure syn­ thetic lipid bilayers is past, and space will not be devoted to flogging that dead horse. The lipid bilayer phase transition (to be abbreviated LBPT), often called the gel to liquid crystal phase transition, appears to have direct biological relevance (1-5). Even if it did not, it is neverthe­ less a striking physical event, the study of which leads to a better understanding of the structure of biological membranes. In addition, the theoretical study of phase transitions in lipid bilayers is an interesting chemical physics problem in its own right and not just a problem for routine application of theoretical methods developed for simpler sys­ tems. The emphasis of this review is upon the lipid systems for which the most detailed and quantitative experimental and theoretical studies can be performed; the lecithin (phosphatidylcholine, abbreviated PC) bi­ layers with saturated and homogeneous hydrocarbon chains are the preeminent system, although a number of studies involving variations in the lipid molecules are mentioned. This review is not concerned with the proliferation of phases that occur at low water content (6a) or with the theory of self-assembly of the lipids into a bilayer in contrast to micellar forms (6b). Furthermore, this review is more concerned with equilibrium properties of the LBPT than with the dynamics of molecular motions. Even with these restrictions, the subject is a large one, and the author apologizes for omissions due to lack of space or oversight. Because this is an interdisciplinary area that attracts readers and authors from a variety of backgrounds with different perspectives, there has been confusion in evaluating the advances of different theories and
Isosymmetric structural phase transitions : phenomenology and examples

Structural phase transitions ('type 0') in which there is no change of space group or of the occupied Wyckoff sites contrast with others in which diffusionless transformation can occur in a single step between higher-and lower-symmetry space groups (type I), through a low-symmetry transition state between relatively higher-symmetry initial and final structures (type II), and those where the mechanism is necessarily more complex (type III). A phenomenological model shows that type 0 transitions are necessarily first order, and may terminate at a critical point. The corresponding supercritical behaviour is a 'crossover' or 'diffuse transition' in which there is no discontinuity in any free-energy derivative. However, the location of the crossover is precisely defined at a minimum in the second derivative of the free energy with respect to a suitable order parameter. Isosymmetric transitions and/or crossovers occur in important mineralogical systems (pyroxenes, feldspars and carbonates) and non-linear optic materials (KTiOPO 4 ). Non-monotonic variation of free-energy derivatives around the crossover can have a serious effect on the locations and slopes of phase equilibria in pressure-temperature space. Interaction between non-symmetry-breaking and symmetry-breaking order parameters appears to play a major role in stabilizing low-symmetry clinopyroxene and anorthite feldspar phases.
Large photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized ZnO solar cells

ZnO photoanodes were fabricated using nanocrystalline pastes and their N719-sensitization led to a high short-circuit photocurrent density of 18.11 mA cm−2 and a solar energy conversion efficiency of 6.58% (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm−2).
Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Cu2O -Nanowire Arrays Electrodeposited into Anodic Alumina Membranes

Perfectly aligned nanowire arrays of polycrystalline Cu 2 O were grown by template-pulsed electrodeposition from a cupric acetate-sodium acetate bath into anodic alumina membranes (AAM). The photoelectrochemical behavior of arrays with different nanowire lengths (0.5 μm and 2 μm) was investigated in neutral solution, and the results compared to those pertaining to Cu 2 O films grown with the same procedure. Although all samples displayed the same indirect bandgap (∼ 1.9 eV), differences were observed both in photocurrent intensity and sign. The latter changed with potential and wavelength in different ways for nanowires and films, revealing a different defect concentration in the two cases.
PENGARUH MUSIK DAN LINGKUNGAN BELAJAR TERHADAP SISWA

Learning requires a proper learning atmosphere so that learning objectives can be achieved. The right learning environment can be seen from the learning environment. The learning environment should be designed as comfortable as possible so that students can follow the lessons well. Conducive learning environment needs to be created by teachers. Create a learning environment can use many methods, one of which is to use the music. This refers to the type of student learning is the type of audio learning, the type of learning that use certain music. Conducive learning environment and the use of certain music contribute to the implementation of learning.
Noise coupling between through-silicon vias and active devices for 20/14-nm technology nodes

Although a through-silicon via (TSV) is widely used in three-dimensional integrated circuit systems, one of its major design challenges is noise coupling between TSVs and active devices. This paper investigates noise coupling between TSVs and active devices for 20/14-nm technology nodes. The effect of variations of structural parameters on noise coupling was examined using a three-dimensional full-wave electromagnetic field solver and its result was explained. Additionally, transient analysis on coupling noise was conducted with Synopsys TCAD. Furthermore, a combined strategy employing doped signal TSVs and ‘bare’ ground TSVs was proposed and compared with conventional signal/ground schemes. Demonstrated to improve noise isolation effectively, the proposed strategy is inherently advantageous to circuits of advanced technology nodes compared with other noise isolation schemes, for it demands no modification of the original circuit design, placement and routing.
Carbon Nanotube, Carbon Black and Copper Nanoparticle Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for Amino Acid Determination

Screen-printed electrodes have been used for the determination of amino acids, focussing particularly on tryptophan, following different surface modifications by carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black (CB) and copper nanoparticles. The modified electrodes were characterised by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Detection by square wave voltammetry was improved by further surface modification with copper nanoparticles, exhibiting efficient electrocatalytic activity towards amino acid oxidation with high sensitivity, stability and long shelf-life. The applicability of a low-cost, robust carbon black substrate using the synergetic electrocatalytic effect provided by copper nanoparticles for amino acid sensing is demonstrated.
Terminal end‐group efficiency for the nematic phase using model bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes

The synthesis is reported of new liquid crystals incorporating the 1,4‐disubstituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring and a series of substituents in a terminal position on the molecular core. The nature of the terminal substituent is varied from apolar with a small dipole moment to polar with a strong dipole moment. The angle of the dipole moment with respect to the molecular axis is also varied. An updated order of terminal group efficiency for substituents in a terminal position for the nematic phase is provided. The bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring shields halogen substituents in a lateral position on phenyl rings attached to the bicyclooctane ring to a small degree and reduces the steric efects of these substituents, giving rise to high relative nematic–isotropic transition temperatures.
Comment on "Tropospheric temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery in the 21st century" by Hu et al. (2011)

Abstract. In a recent paper Hu et al. (2011) suggest that the recovery of stratospheric ozone during the first half of this century will significantly enhance free tropospheric and surface warming caused by the anthropogenic increase of greenhouse gases, with the effects being most pronounced in Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes. These surprising results are based on a multi-model analysis of CMIP3 model simulations with and without prescribed stratospheric ozone recovery. Hu et al. suggest that in order to properly quantify the tropospheric and surface temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery, it is necessary to run coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models with stratospheric ozone chemistry. The results of such an experiment are presented here, using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model coupled to a three-dimensional ocean model. In contrast to Hu et al., we find a much smaller Northern Hemisphere tropospheric temperature response to ozone recovery, which is of opposite sign. We suggest that their result is an artifact of the incomplete removal of the large effect of greenhouse gas warming between the two different sets of models.
Temperature dependence of lattice parameters of langasite single crystals

To determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of trigonal langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) the two independent lattice parameters a and c are measured over a temperature range of 800 °C using X‐ray diffraction on single crystal samples. From the given nonlinear temperature dependence the linear and quadratic thermal coefficients of expansion α11, β11 and α33, β33 for the two lattice parameters a and c could be deduced. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of chlorinated phenols, phenoxyphenols and dibenzofurans around wood preserving facilities

Abstract Until presently chlorophenol containing wood preservative has been widely used in Finland to protect timber, lumber, plywood and fiberboard against rot and bluestaining fungi at saw mills. We analysed soil, ground water, runoff and workers' urine at several saw mills for the presence of the various chemical components of the commercial wood preservative. We found serious local contamination of soil with chlorophenols and also with the minor, potentially very toxic minor constituents of the commercial product, namely polychlorinated phenoxyphenols and dibenzofurans. Chlorophenols were observed to contaminate soil at great depth. Ground water, surface water and also workers' urine was found contaminated by chlorophenols. Polychlorinated phenoxyphenols and dibenzofurans were found in great quantity (equal or close to that of chlorophenols) in the topmost 5cm of soil at the sawmill area, but these compounds had not penetrated into the soil at such great depth as did chlorophenols.
Hydrogen bonding in complexes of adenosine and 4‐thiouridine: a low‐temperature NMR study

NMR experiments were performed on the association of the two sugar‐protected nucleosides 2′‐deoxy‐4‐thiouridine and 2′‐deoxyadenosine in solution. Using an aprotic CDClF2–CDF3 solvent mixture, low‐temperature measurements allowed the observation of individual hydrogen‐bonded complexes in the slow exchange regime. 2D NOE experiments acquired at 128 K show the preferential formation of a ternary complex with two thiouridine nucleosides simultaneously bound at the Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen site of adenosine at all molar ratios. There is no indication of the 4‐thiocarbonyl group involved as proton acceptor in a hydrogen bond to the adenine base to a significant extent. A more downfield chemical shift together with a smaller 1J(N,H) scalar coupling of the Watson–Crick‐bound imino proton in specifically 3‐15N‐labeled thiouridine points to a stronger Watson–Crick than the Hoogsteen hydrogen bond. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and magnetostructural studies of amine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are synthesized through co precipitation method by using the new generation base diisopropylamine (DIPA) which electrostatically complexes with iron ions, reduces them and subsequently caps the nanoparticle. Coating of DIPA on the surface of the nanoparticles was confirmed through FTIR and TG-DTA. We investigate the effect of reaction time as well concentration of DIPA on the particle size and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Effect of concentration of DIPA on particle size reveals that the nanocrystallite size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles increases to its maximum (the increase is nominally 5.2 nm to 8.5 nm) and then reduces (3.2 nm). Particle size and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are also influenced by reaction time; in general as the reaction time increases the particle size increases. The lattice parameter of iron oxide nanoparticles varies from ∼8.32 to ∼8.39 A with reaction time. From magnetic measurements, superparamagnetism of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was confirmed. The results clearly suggest that the magneto-structural properties of Fe3O4 (or any ferrite) can be easily tuned by using DIPA.
CO/CO2 Study of High Performance La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3–δ Reversible SOFC Electrodes

In this study, we demonstrate that the La0.3Sr0. 7Fe0.7Cr0. 3O3–δ (LSFCr) perovskite, examined here as a CO/CO2 fuel electrode material intended for symmetrical, reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) applications, is both high performing and stable towards CO2 electrolysis (SOEC mode) and the oxidation of CO (SOFC mode). To demonstrate this, symmetrical LSFCr/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSFCr cells were evaluated electrochemically by using both DC (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic) and AC (impedance) techniques. The cells were tested at 800 °C using either 90% CO2:10% CO or 70% CO2:30% CO at the fuel electrode and air flowing to the O2 electrode. From the open circuit impedance data, the polarization resistance, measured at 800 °C in a 90% CO2:10% CO and 70% CO2:30% CO gas composition, was 1.3 Ω cm2 and 0.9 Ω cm2, respectively. Both the CV and polarized impedance data showed that the cell performance is higher during the electrolysis of CO2 than for the oxidation of CO. Furthermore, the cell showed a very stable activity during CO2 electrolysis, with a degradation rate of only 0.057 mV h−1 after ca. 135 h of galvanostatic testing at –100 mA cm−2 in 90% CO2:10% CO at 800 °C.
USAGE OF SOME AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS IN THE REMOVAL OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

Adsorption experiments were carried out using different biosorbent to adsorb some heavy metals from wastewater samples (industrial and domestic wastewater). In this work four agricultural residues rice hull, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw were examined as sorbent to remove Zn (II), Cd (II) and Fe (II) from wastewater samples. To modify their sorptive characteristics sorbents were treated with 0.1 M HNO 3 . Batch adsorption studies show that the modified rice hull and sawdust show a great ability for extracting metallic ions from wastewater samples as compared with the other sorbents. Sorption capacity of modified rice hull was significantly, in most cases, higher than the modified sawdust. In general, treated sawdust and rice hull sorbed the maximum amount of ions in all wastewater samples. In the column procedure, the removal percentage of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Fe (II) by modified rice hull and sawdust was significantly higher than the removal percentage of these metals by batch procedure. The results showed that the rice hull and sawdust were found to be an attractive low cost alternative for the treatment of wastewater. A good efficiency to remove toxic metal ions was achieved by usage of such by-product.
The Role of Retinoic Acid and Notch in the Symmetry Breaking Instabilities for Axon Formation

A mathematical model analogous to a devised model of biological pattern formation (Rauch and Millonas, 2004) is proposed to investigate the effects of Retinoic Acid(RA) and activated Notch1 (i.e., Notch1 intracellular domain, NICD) on neurite outgrowth in N2a cells. The model consists of reaction-diffusion systems with feedback loops. Here we consider RA as an external signal with a positive feedback and activated Notch as an inhibitory signal in a negative feedback loop. In our model the perturbations introduced by diffusion terms destabilize the balance between the positive and the negative feedback loops. Consequently, the symmetry between the neurites (transmembrane proteins) breaks and one of them starts growing faster than the other neurites (Andersen and Bi, 2000). The conditions for the existence of symmetry breaking instabilities are established by linear analysis. We show that these conditions are dependent on the strength of the feedback loops. We hypothesize an interaction between Notch and RA signaling pathways. This interaction is considered as a perturbation to the systems. On the basis of numerical results, we present a bifurcation analysis for the cases of perturbed and unperturbed systems. Numerical solutions are presented and used for further predictions. The analytical and numerical outcomes of the model are explored along with laboratory experimentations.
ZnO Hierarchical Micro/Nanoarchitectures: Solvothermal Synthesis and Structurally Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

A novel ZnO hierarchical micro/nanoarchitecture is fabricated by a facile solvothermal approach in an aqueous solution of ethylenediamine (EDA). This complex architecture is of a core/shell structure, composed of dense nanosheet‐built networks that stand on a hexagonal‐pyramid‐like microcrystal (core part). The ZnO hexagonal micropyramid has external surfaces that consist of a basal plane (000${\bar 1}$) and lateral planes {0${\bar 1}$11}. The nanosheets are a uniform thickness of about 10 nm and have a single‐crystal structure with sheet‐planar surfaces as {2${\bar 1}\,{\bar 1}$0} planes. These nanosheets interlace and overlap each other with an angle of 60° or 120°, and assemble into a discernible net‐ or grid‐like morphology (about 100 nm in grid‐size) on the micropyramid, which shows a high specific surface area (185.6 m2 g−1). Such a ZnO micro/nanoarchitecture is new in the family of ZnO nanostructures. Its formation depends on the concentration of the EDA solution as well as on the type of zinc source. A two‐step sequential growth model is proposed based on observations from a time‐dependent morphology evolution process. Importantly, such structured ZnO has shown a strong structure‐induced enhancement of photocatalytic performance and has exhibited a much better photocatalytic property and durability for the photodegradation of methyl orange than that of other nanostructured ZnO, such as the powders of nanoparticles, nanosheets, and nanoneedles. This is mainly attributed to its higher surface‐to‐volume ratio and stability against aggregation. This work not only gives insight into understanding the hierarchical growth behaviour of complex ZnO micro/nanoarchitectures in a solution‐phase synthetic system, but also provides an efficient route to enhance the photocatalytic performance of ZnO, which could also be extended to other catalysts, such as the inherently excellent TiO2, if they are of the same hierarchical micro/nanoarchitecture with an open and porous nanostructured surface layer.