Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the Dual Nature of Hyaluronan in the Tumor Microenvironment

Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan with a simple structure but diverse and often opposing functions. The biological activities of this polysaccharide depend on its molecular weight and the identity of interacting receptors. HA is initially synthesized as high molecular-weight (HMW) polymers, which maintain homeostasis and restrain cell proliferation and migration in normal tissues. These HMW-HA functions are mediated by constitutively expressed receptors including CD44, LYVE-1, and STABILIN2. During normal processes such as tissue remodeling and wound healing, HMW-HA is fragmented into low molecular weight polymers (LMW-HA) by hyaluronidases and free radicals, which promote inflammation, immune cell recruitment and the epithelial cell migration. These functions are mediated by RHAMM and TLR2,4, which coordinate signaling with CD44 and other HA receptors. Tumor cells hijack the normally tightly regulated HA production/fragmentation associated with wound repair/remodeling, and these HA functions participate in driving and maintaining malignant progression. However, elevated HMW-HA production in the absence of fragmentation is linked to cancer resistance. The controlled production of HA polymer sizes and their functions are predicted to be key to dissecting the role of microenvironment in permitting or restraining the oncogenic potential of tissues. This review focuses on the dual nature of HA in cancer initiation vs. resistance, and the therapeutic potential of HA for chemo-prevention and as a target for cancer management.
Advancing ecohydraulics and ecohydrology by clarifying the role of their component interdisciplines

Abstract Increasing awareness of the complexity of river ecosystems has led to the emergence of integrative disciplines that combine topics in river physical and ecological processes, exemplified by the disciplines of ecohydrology, hydroecology and ecohydraulics. However, the names of these disciplines are often referred to interchangeably without attention paid to their meaning. This ambiguity impairs the efficient development and widespread promotion of these fields of study and their applications. To address this issue, we strive to clarify the definitions and contributions of the different disciplines. This is done by exploring their interrelationships and providing a reference for the integration of disciplines in these evolving fields. Finally, we advocate for ecohydrology and ecohydraulics to be considered complementary, and not duplicative, disciplines within river science. We further argue that awareness of their similarities and differences is important to address key issues in river science and to ensure ecohydraulics finds its positioning with respect to other disciplines, as well as current and emerging societal and scientific challenges, such as climate change.
393 NEUROADRENERGIC DYSFUNCTION ALONG THE DIABETIC CONTINUUM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN OBESE METABOLIC SYNDROME SUBJECTS

Background: Neuroadrenergic function in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients is poorly characterized, particularly in the early stages of disease, before the onset of peripheral neuropathy. We therefore compared sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity at rest and during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in obese metabolic syndrome (MetS) subjects classified using WHO criteria as glucose intolerant (IGT) or treatment naïve T2D. Design and methods: Untreated subjects (17 IGT, 17 T2D) matched for age (mean 59 ± 1 yr), gender, body mass index (32.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2) and family history of diabetes were studied. We measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by microneurography, whole-body noradrenaline kinetics by isotope dilution, neuronal noradrenaline re-uptake as the steady state tritiated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol to tritiated noradrenaline ratio (3H-DHPG: 3H-NA), insulin sensitivity by euglycaemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (M/I) and MetS components. Results: T2D subjects had higher resting MSNA burst incidence (67 ± 4 versus 55 ± 3 bursts per 100 heartbeats, P = 0.05) and arterial noradrenaline levels (264 ± 33 versus 167 ± 16 pg/ml, P = 0.02), lower plasma noadrenaline clearance (by 17%, P = 0.03) and reduced neuronal re-uptake compared with IGT subjects (by 46%, P = 0.04). Moreover, noradrenaline spillover responses to glucose ingestion were significantly blunted in T2D subjects. The M/I value independently predicted whole-body noadrenaline spillover (r = −0.47, P = 0.008), whilst fasting insulin level related to neuronal noradrenaline re-uptake (r = −0.35, P = 0.047). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that progression to T2D is associated with increased central sympathetic drive, blunted sympathetic responsiveness and altered noradrenaline disposition.
Satellite-based monitoring of forest cover change in indonesia using google earth engine from 2000 to 2016

The Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a cloud computing system providing data analysis platform with various satellite based observation data and other earth observation datasets. Therefore, application of the GEE enable us to analyze terrestrial environemtal changes in an effective way. This study aims to test GEE capability to monitor forest cover change in Indonesia from 2000 to 2016 by performing raster and vector manipulations using Landsat-based forest cover datasets. Deforestation is one of the most important environmental problem in Indonesia, and monitoring of forest cover changes is urgent task for environmental protection. The found that GEE is very effective to analyze large amount of remote sensing data quickly, and estimated forest cover area in 2000 and its interannual variations in Indonesia. Factors affecting land cover in Indonesia will be elaborated in further detail in this paper.
Factors Affecting the Livelihood Outcomes of Households in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

the vulnerability context and formal regulations and informal social constraints Adaptation strategies of households in developing countries for extreme weather events and socio-economic livelihood diversity Livelihood strategies of households in each agro-ecological sub-region are not only affected by their ability to access livelihood capital sources but also by soil-related factors, accessing to water resources, market, production Abstract: We explore factors affecting household livelihoods in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam based on the Department for International Development (DFID)’s approach to sustainable livelihoods. We use the data from Vietnam General Statistics Office (GSO)’s Household Living Standards Survey in 2016. Observed data on livelihood assets are standardized according to the scale [0,1] and the value of livelihood results varies from 1 to 7, and the To bit regression model is used to determine the influencing factors. The result shows there is a positive impact of human capital, social capital and natural capital on farm livelihoods. The study also suggests that the ability to save and access to loans has a different effect on household livelihoods. That farm households save money instead of investing in production and business activities puts their livelihood results at a disadvantage. Meanwhile, accessing to loans has a positive impact on household livelihoods. The characteristics of housing, assets for daily life and regular expenditures for housing, electricity, water and domestic waste have not yet created many sources of household livelihoods. Farmers' purchase of durable goods during the year helps them achieve livelihoods results and generate more revenue in the future.
Geochemical characteristics and organic matter enrichment of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian black shale in Nanchuan area, Sichuan Basin

The enrichment of organic matter in black shale is a controversial issue among the researchers and critical problem in the exploration of shale gas. In order to understand the relationship between sedimentary environment and organic matter accumulation in black shale of Wufeng Formation. Longmaxi Formation and limestone of Guanyinqiao Bed, multiple geochemical method, such as organic carbon, major and trace elements, are tested from the Nanchuan section. Research results show that the organic carbon is enriched in the middle to upper part of Wufeng Formation and the bottom of Longmaxi Formation. Ba and P contents exhibit a high primary productivity during Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in Sichuan basin. Redox proxies (V/Cr, Ni/Co) indicate that Wufeng Formation deposited in an anoxic environment and Longmaxi Formation deposited in euxinic condition, but Guanyinqiao Bed was predominated by oxic-dysoxic environment during the sedimentation. The poor relation between TOC and Ba, suggests primary productivity are not the major factors controlling the enrichment of organic matter, but an anoxic environment is the predominant condition causing the accumulation and preservation of organic matter suggested by a positive correlation between TOC and redox proxies.
Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed‐phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. II: Multilayer cloud

Results are presented from an intercomparison of single‐column and cloud‐resolving model simulations of a deep, multilayered, mixed‐phase cloud system observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. This cloud system was associated with strong surface turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as cold air flowed over the open Arctic Ocean, combined with a low pressure system that supplied moisture at mid‐levels. The simulations, performed by 13 single‐column and 4 cloud‐resolving models, generally overestimate liquid water path and strongly underestimate ice water path, although there is a large spread among models. This finding is in contrast with results for the single‐layer, low‐level mixed‐phase stratocumulus case in Part I, as well as previous studies of shallow mixed‐phase Arctic clouds, that showed an underprediction of liquid water path. These results suggest important differences in the ability of models to simulate deeper Arctic mixed‐phase clouds versus the shallow, single‐layered mixed‐phase clouds in Part I. The observed liquid‐ice mass ratios were much smaller than in Part I, despite the similarity of cloud temperatures. Thus, models employing microphysics schemes with temperature‐based partitioning of cloud liquid and ice masses are not able to produce results consistent with observations for both cases. Models with more sophisticated, two‐moment treatment of cloud microphysics produce a somewhat smaller liquid water path closer to observations. Cloud‐resolving models tend to produce a larger cloud fraction than single‐column models. The liquid water path and cloud fraction have a large impact on the cloud radiative forcing at the surface, which is dominated by long‐wave flux. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A new crustal shear-velocity model in Southwest China from joint seismological inversion and its implications for regional crustal dynamics

Southwest (SW) China is located in a transition site from the active Tibetan Plateau to the stable Yangtze craton, which has complicated tectonic deformation and severe seismic hazards. We combine data from ambient noise, teleseismic body and surface waves, and petroleum wells to better constrain the crustal shear-velocity structure in SW China. We jointly invert the Rayleigh wave dispersion (5–40 s period), Rayleigh wave ZH ratio (20–60 s period), and P-wave receiver function for 114 permanent stations with a stepwise linearized joint inversion method. Compared to previous tomography results, we observe higher shear velocity in the sedimentary rocks within the Sichuan Basin, which is consistent with sonic logging measurements. Our model reveals widespread low-velocity zones in the mid-lower crust, and their boundaries correlate well with major fault systems. Between two main mid-crustal low-velocity channels, a prominent high-velocity region surrounded by earthquakes is observed in the inner zone of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) and around the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault zone. These observations are comparable to regional tomography results using very dense arrays. Based on the results, we suggest that mid-lower crustal ductile flow and upper-crustal rigid fault movement play equally important roles in controlling the regional deformation styles and earthquake distribution in SW China. Our results also resolve thick crust-mantle transition zones beneath the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the inner zone of the ELIP due to ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ crust-mantle interactions, respectively. Our new model can serve as a reference crustal model of future high resolution model construction in SW China.
Temporal Variability in the Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Surface North Atlantic: 15 Years of Ship of Opportunity Data

Ocean biological processes play an important role in the global carbon cycle via the production of organic matter and its subsequent export. Often, this flux is assumed to be in steady state; however, it is dependent on nutrients introduced to surface waters via multiple mechanisms, some of which are likely to exhibit both intra‐annual and interannual variability leading to comparable variability in ocean carbon uptake. Here we test this variability using surface (5 m) inorganic nutrient concentrations from voluntary observing ships and satellite‐derived estimates of chlorophyll and net primary production. At lower latitudes, the seasonality is small, and the monthly averages of nitrate:phosphate are lower than the canonical 16:1 Redfield ratio, implying nitrogen limitation, a situation confirmed via a series of nutrient limitation experiments conducted between Bermuda and Puerto Rico. The nutrient seasonal cycle is more pronounced at higher latitudes, with clear interannual variability. Over a large area of the midlatitude North Atlantic, the winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 had nitrate values more than 1μmol L−1 higher than the 2002–2017 average, suggesting that during this period, the system may have shifted to phosphorus limitation. This nitrate increase meant that, in the region between 31° and 39° N, new production calculated from nitrate uptake was 20.5g C m−2 in 2010, more than four times higher than the median value of the whole observing period. Overall, we suggest that substantial variability in nutrient concentrations and biological carbon uptake occurs in the North Atlantic with interannual variability apparent over a number of different time scales.
Mapping and Characterization of Martian Intercrater Bedrock Plains: Insights Into Resurfacing Processes in the Martian Cratered Highlands

We have produced a map of the Martian highlands that identifies and delineates flat, areally expansive regions of lithified material (bedrock plains) using orbit‐based thermal measurements. We performed morphological and spectral analyses to infer their mechanical properties and determine compositional differences from the surrounding unlithified materials. We tested a previously noted relationship between bedrock plains and olivine spectral detections with quantitative olivine abundance modeling. Finally, we created a catalogue of process‐related landforms (e.g., layering, sinuous ridges, and raised lobate surfaces) associated with bedrock plains. These investigations were used to interpret potential bedrock plain origins. We found that bedrock plains commonly contain multiple morphologically and spectrally distinct subunits. Many bedrock plain surfaces are moderately to heavily degraded, with an apparent susceptibility to aeolian erosion. These properties are consistent with friable clastic materials. Bedrock plains are generally basaltic in composition. They are compositionally distinct from their surroundings, in nearly all cases due to variations in mafic mineralogy. Olivine enrichments associated with bedrock plains are common but not ubiquitous. Olivine enrichments within plain subunits were typically less than 10% above the surrounding, unlithified surface materials. These enrichments could have arisen from mineral fractionation processes during the bulk transport and erosional deflation of clastic materials. Some bedrock plains show strong evidence for fluvial deposition, especially in the Terra Sabaea region. Finally, in addition to clastic bedrock plains, a cluster of bedrock plains in central Terra Cimmeria contain subunits that show evidence for emplacement via effusive volcanism.
A gender geography of intentional homicide within and outside of the family: Male and female murders in Europe, the US and Canada (2003–15)

Using the most recent and unpublished international data provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, we discuss the geography of male and female homicides in Europe, the US and Canada during the period 2003–15. We observe declining trends in mortality for both male and female homicide in most of these countries. For within-family homicides, geographical differences are much less pronounced compared with those occurring outside the family, especially if the victim is a woman and the perpetrator is the partner or former partner. Only for men is the risk of being the victim of a homicide committed by a family member greater where the risk of being killed by someone outside the family is also higher.
Subaqueous debrites of the Grand ConglomÉrat Formation, Democratic Republic of Congo: A model for anomalously thick Neoproterozoic: “Glacial” diamictites

Very thick (> 1 km) successions of matrix-supported conglomerates (diamictites) are a very distinctive component of many Neoproterozoic basins. Classically interpreted as glacially deposited sedimentary rocks, their thickness has been seen as requiring exceptional depositional conditions such as world-wide “panglacial” climates. The Neoproterozoic Grand Conglomérat Formation (GC) of Katanga Province, southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, is a 1.8-km-thick diamictite succession hosting one of the world's largest stratiform copper deposits. Examination of more than 300 km of recently acquired large diameter (up to 4 inches, 10.2 cm) core identifies the diamictites of the GC as debrites that accumulated as part of a deep-water “mass-transport complex” in a tectonically active and volcanically influenced anoxic rift basin. Detailed sedimentological descriptions of debrite facies and their lateral and vertical variability permits new insights into processes of debris-flow formation and transport, and their wider paleoenvironmental and paleotectonic significance. A genetic model is herein presented that highlights the importance of slumping and subaqueous downslope mixing of basin-margin fan-delta gravels, fault breccias, volcanic debris from contemporaneous basaltic fissure eruptions with basinal muds, and the downslope ponding of flows in narrow fault-bounded depocenters. Preservation of such an exceptionally thick subaqueously deposited debrite-dominated mass transport complex lacking any evidence of shallow-water deposition, requires rapid subsidence. Any direct sedimentary evidence of a glacial influence on sedimentation in the wider basin hinterland (if present) has been destroyed and homogenized by mass flow. Indirect evidence of a cold-climate setting is possibly expressed as lonestones in laminated turbidite facies dropped by either glacial or seasonal ice, and by exceptionally rare scratched clasts that may have been striated subglacially. Descriptions and interpretations presented here provide clues to the origin of other unusually thick debrite and turbidite successions elsewhere in other Neoproterozoic basins; their primary paleoenvironmental significance is that they appear to record ponding and focusing of mass flows in narrow, rapidly subsiding fault-bounded depocenters, rather than any unique glacial paleoclimate.
Adaptive causes of among-individual differences in behaviour

An exciting area in behavioural ecology focuses on understanding why animals exhibit consistent among-individual differences in behaviour (animal personalities). Animal personality has been proposed to emerge as an adaptation to individual differences in state variables, leading to the question of why individuals differ consistently in state. Recent theory emphasizes the role that positive feedbacks between state and behaviour can play in producing consistent among-individual covariance between state and behaviour, hence statedependent personality. We review the role of feedbacks in recent models of adaptive personalities, and provide guidelines for empirical testing of model assumptions and predictions. We discuss the importance of the mediating effects of ecology on these feedbacks, and provide a roadmap for including state–behaviour feedbacks in behavioural ecology research. Published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution DOI: 10.1016/j.tree. 2014.11. 004
SGLT2 Inhibitor and DPP4 Inhibitor Co-Administration In Type 2Diabetes -Are We Near The Promised Land?

Diabetes is progressive disease needing multiple drugs for achieving and maintaining good glycemic control. The drugs with different mechanisms of action are administered either alone or as fixed dose combinations. Usually the combined effect of each is less than the added effect except with Metformin DPP-4 inhibitor combination because they seldom complement/synergise each other’s action. More of such effective drug combinations that provide glycemic control are needed. SGLT 2 inhibitor, when combined with DPP4 inhibitor has the potential to be that ideal combination. Both of these drugs address different pathophysiological mechanisms for hyperglycemia and when combined provide reductions in HbA1c level with no inherent risk of hypoglycaemia. Genitourinary infection, a major hindrance with SGLT 2 inhibitor use are potentially reduced when it is combined with DPP4 inhibitor, which also can counteract the increase in glucagon level produced by the former. Cost, differing applicability in patients with renal dysfunction and limited clinical experience restricts the universal application of this combination as first line agents.
Treatment of Heteroptics after Cerebral Palsy with Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells into Cerebral Ventricle in Infants: 7 Case Report

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of human neural stem cells transplantation on severe visual disability infants after cerebral palsy. Methods Cells obtained from the forebrain of an 11-week-old abortive fetus were cultured and expanded for 15 days, then injected into cerebral ventricle of 7 patients. Results Their vision of 4 patients improved, as well as changes of flash visual evoked potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging in a few days after transplantation. Conclusion Neural stem cells transplantation may benefit in some CP children with severe visual disability.