Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The distribution of wealth in the U.S. and Spain: the role of socio-economic factors

The literature has typically found that socio-economic factors (age, education, income, labor status, household structure) are irrelevant to explain the large cross-country disparities in wealth. As a result, institutions and other unobserved factors have received all the credit. Here, we propose to focus on one type of wealth inequality, the part of overall wealth inequality that is explained by parental background and inheritances (inequality of opportunity -IOin wealth). By means of a counterfactual decomposition method (DiNardo et al., 1996), we show that imposing the distribution of socio-economic factors in the U.S. (2016) into Spain (2014) has little effect on overall wealth inequality. However, socio-economic factors play an important role when wealth IO is considered. Moreover, the Shapley decomposition shows that the distribution of age, education and income in the U.S. contribute to increase wealth IO in the counterfactual, whereas the opposite happens with the distribution of labor status and household structure. These results are robust to different types of wealth (total, financial or real state), inequality indices (MLD or Gini coefficient), IO measures (absolute or relative) and samples (total or above 55 years).
Role of Myo-Inositol in Treatment of Young Females Affected By Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Quasi Experimental Study

Objective: To determine the effects of Myo- inositol in young females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study Design and Setting: This was a quasi-experimental study and was conducted in United Medical and Dental College and Creek General Hospital from January 2017 to January 2018. Methodology: Total 100 patients were recruited based on the specific inclusion criteria of PCO diagnosed by symptoms (body mass index, menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne) biochemical markers (fasting insulin, random blood sugar) and ultrasound findings. Each subject in the study group was given sachet (Myo- inositol 2000mg and folic acid 400ug) once a day dissolved in glass of water for duration of 6 months. Improvement in symptoms, biochemical markers and ultrasound findings were reassessed after the completion of 6 months duration. The SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. The paired T test was used to assess the effects of Myo-Inositol before treatment and after six months of treatment. Result: The significant relation (0.001) was observed between the intervention and PCO and its related symptoms. An evident effect was noticed in each individual after the intervention was provided to them. The relatable symptoms such as irregularities in menses, hirsutism,weight and insulin resistance were reduced by significant ratio. Conclusion: Myo – inositol has proven to be effective in reducing the PCO and its relatable symptoms in young females. Despite the limitations, enough evidence was collected that indicated a significant effect of the intervention
Effect of Acetylation on Water Adsorption of Two Tropical Wood Species

Acetylation is an esterification process that aiming to replace hydroxyl groups with acetyl groups in the wood. The existence of acetyl group is expected to reduce water adsorption and stabilize wood dimension consequently.This study examined water adsorption on the two acetylated tropical wood species i.e. Anthocephalus chinensis and Calophyllum sp.Using isotherm method.The results show that water adsorption in wood of Anthocephalus is effectively reduced even at the smallest weight percentage gain, while in Calophyllum sp. , it is effectively reduced at 10% weight percentage gain. The water adsorption varies by the relative humidity and it forms sigmoid model from the lowest (11%) to the highest (97%) of humidity. Acetylation, tropical wood, hygroscopic, water adsorption Anthocephalus chinensis Calophyllum Anthocephalus Calophyllum ABSTRAK Proses asetilasi bertujuan mensubstitusi gugus hidroksil dalam kayu dengan gugus asetil. Dengan meningkatnya gugus asetil dalam kayu diharapkan mampu mengurangi kemampuan kayu menyerap molekul air sehingga dimensi kayunya menjadi lebih stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari penyerapan uap air pada kayu yang sudah diasetilasi. Studi dilakukan terhadap dua jenis kayu tropis yaitu: dan sp. Pengujian penyerapan uap air dilakukan dengan metode isotherm menggunakan desikator dan larutan yang memiliki sifat higroskopis. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kayu yang diasetilasi secara efektif mampu mengurangi penyerapan uap air walaupun pada tingkat penambahan berat yang paling rendah. Pada kayu sp. penyerapan uap air berkurang secara nyata pada penambahan berat 10%. Penyerapan uap air bervariasi tergantung dari kelembaban kondisi pengujian dan membentuk model sigmoid dari kelembaban terendah (11%) sampai tertinggi (97%). Kata kunci: Asetilasi, kayu tropis, higroskopis, penyerapan, uap air
The Dynamics of Spatial Inequality and Polarisation in Iran By

This paper analyses the extent and dynamics of inequality amongst the provinces of Iran. It reviews various theoretical propositions for possible convergence and divergence and argues that while the evidence from the more developed countries supports the case of convergence the empirical evidence for developing countries is ambiguous at best. Straight and population weighted measures of inequality are used to see the evolvement of inequality amongst the provinces of Iran with respect to two indicators of income and consumption with a rural and urban break up. Polarisation in distribution depicts a disturbing picture for urban areas and this is traced around a few proposed dimensions. The results reveal a close cluster of the provinces in Iran drifting behind the rest of the provinces.
The investigation of valid criteria for hospitalization and discharge in patients with limb cellulitis: a prospective cohort study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a valid model for patients’ admission or discharge from emergency services to improve the health system and reduce costs.Methods: This study was carried out using a prospective cohort method. The study population was patients with limb cellulitis referring to the emergency department of Peymanieh hospital. In this research, the study participants were separated into two groups based on the duration of hospitalization (hospital stay less than 24 hours or longer than 24 hours), then the patients were again separated into 4 groups based on the classification of the the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST) guideline, which in each of these groups the mean age, gender, and the prevalence of underlying diseases were identified and the final outcome for each group was determined after one week from the visit to the hospital.Results: Peripheral vascular disease, history of injection drug use, immunodeficiency and congenital immune deficiency had a significant relationship with the rate of hospitalization and recurrence. There was a significant relationship between class 1 disease and hospitalization for less than 24 hours, classes 2 and 3, and hospitalization for more than 24 hours (P < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between grade 1 disease and non-recourse, grade 3 and recurrence within one week after initiation of the treatment (P < 0.001). But there was no relationship between grade 2 and grade 4 and the referral of the patient after treatment.Conclusion: Corset Scale is a reliable scale for assessing the severity of the disease to determine the process of cellulite treatment for outpatient or hospitalization.
Mass Appraisal Certification Standards – The Spatial Dimension

The mass appraisal process is used to determine property values in many jurisdictions around the world as a basis for taxation and has been for a considerable time. The need to be able to transparently demonstrate the fairness and equity of this process is of prime importance to both government and the taxpayer. Currently this is primarily achieved in Australia and New Zealand through a series of assessment ratio studies based on standards established by the International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO). Both United States and Australasian jurisdictions have started to spatially represent aspects of their mass appraisal process in order to improve the auditing function which leads to the certification for use as a taxation base. Against the broad background of international practice this paper investigates the spatial interpolation of the sales price to the assessed value ratio as a way of contributing to the quality control and assurance of the fiscal cadastre. This is considered through a case study of the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia.
Institutions and Incentives for R&D: Implications for L.A.C. Economies

This study evaluates the role of intellectual property rights, fiscal incentives, and public funding in supporting research and development (R&D) activities, with particular attention to R&D activities in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. The study bases its evaluations on case studies of individual countries and on cross-country empirical analyses. The study initially compares R&D activities in LAC to other regions (for example, U.S., Europe, East Asia) and finds the level of R&D activity in LAC to be comparatively low. The study then proceeds to examine how different R&D policies might impact on R&D activities in LAC. Strong conclusions are hard to draw given the limitations with the theory and empirical evidence, but the evaluations seem to suggest the following. First, a strengthening of intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights, will likely impact significantly on R&D and total factor productivity in LAC. Secondly, the success of fiscal incentives for R&D is not as clear for the LAC region, unless inefficiencies in the system of public finance can be dealt with. Thirdly, public R&D funding has the potential to stimulate private R&D, but currently the size of the public research sector in LAC may be “too large” from an efficiency point of view. A greater balance is needed between public and private R&D. Thus, an R&D matching grant program which raises public and private R&D spending in tandem (and coordinates them) will likely be a good starting point. Acknowledgments: I wish to thank Luis Guasch and Prita Subramanian for helpful discussions. I alone remain responsible for all errors and/or omissions.
Regional Development Strategy of E-economy Case Study For Vojvodina

The main objective of this paper was discuss the causes of weak results of the implementation of e-technologies and the development of e-economy and e-business in Vojvodina (area in Serbia which has the status of NUTS-2 region with a high degree of institutionally regulated autonomy in the field of public regulation of economy and economic development). The National Statistics Office reports on the use of information and communication technology in households and enterprises, carried out annually since 2006. was the starting point for this paper. They were complemented by author’s research on their technological and economic efficiency. The analysis indicates that the state of IT infrastructure resources is much better than its effectiveness, especially according to the criteria of the European model an endogenous and sustainable regional development. Results of research suggests that the reasons can be found in the fact that the current institutional arrangement (national, regional and local public administration and research system) and especially the current political and cultural model does not show enough interest and ability to assist enterprises in implementing e-technology and the development of e-business as a component of globalization of business activities.
The Value Relevance of Earnings and Cash Flows: Evidence from Thailand

39 Introduction Earnings are the important measure of firm performance and used by many users. For example, earnings are used by firms to assess management performance and set up executive compensation plans. They are also used by creditors to determine debt covenants, and by investors to make investing decisions. Earnings are the bottom line items, which are the results of revenue recognition and matching principles. International Accounting Standard (IAS) No. 18, Revenue, identifies the revenue recognition principle, which requires revenues to be recognized only when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity (IASB 2009b). The matching principle requires expenses associated directly with revenues to be recognized in the same period when revenue is recognized. The accrual basis plays an important role in reducing the timing and matching problems that may incur from using cash basis and enable earnings to closely reflect firm performance.
Innovativeness in the Sri Lankan Plantation Sector: Influence of Leadership Style and Organisational Culture

Leadership style, organisational culture and organisational innovativeness are topics which have been mostly conducted in isolation and this study endevours to bridge the gap by in investigating all three constructs in a single context. The objective of this study was to investigate impact of leadership styles on organisational innovativeness in the Sri Lankan plantation sector, with organisational culture as the mediating variable. Data collected using disproportionate, stratified random sampling method of 235 estate managers through a self administered questionnaire. The findings of the study discovered the relationship between the study variables The most significant contribution of this study is probably the unchanged practices in the one and a half century-old industry which have been passed down from one generation of estate managers to another contributing to ditoriation of the vital planytaion sector. Findings of this study largely support the hypothesized relationships proposed in the research framework and clearly provide a guide to understand, develop and implement a strategy of the components of organisational innovativeness through the most effective combination of leadership styles in deriving at a conducive environment in the plantation sector.
Effects of Paclobutrazol ( PP333) on Free Endogenous Hormones Concentration in the Leaves of Rice and Wheat Seedling

Hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate effects of paclobutrazol ( PP333) on free endogenous hormones concentration in the leaves of rice and wheat seedling. Results showed that free endogenous IAA and GA1/3 concentration in the leaves of rice and wheat seedling was negative correlation, and free endogenous ZRs and ABA concentration was positive correlation with concentration of paclobutrazol. These showed that the balance and interaction of multi - hormones was one of regulation mechanisms of paclobutrazol ( PP333) to the growth of plant.
ON f-STATISTICAL CONVERGENCE IN RANDOM 2-NORMED SPACES

The idea of f -statistical convergence was introduced in Aizpuru et al. [2] and since then several generalizations and applications of this concept have been investigated by various authors. Recently Gürdal and Özgür [12] and Borgohain [4] studied f -statistical convergence in probabilistic normed space, and the generalized statistical convergence via moduli in normed space, respectively. In this paper we propose to study f -statistical convergence in random 2-normed space which seems to be a quite new and interesting idea.
Review on the Effect of Handling, Slaughtering Process and Transport on Welfare of Animals and Meat Quality in Ethiopia

The current review was initiated to encourage the government of Ethiopia, stakeholders, and policymakers about the substantial effects of handling, slaughtering process, and transportation on welfare and meat quality of farm animals of animals. In Ethiopia, until this review was made, there is no comprehensive legislation, rules, or regulations articulated for farm animals’ welfare during rearing, transport, and slaughter. Hence, the welfare of animals was not taken into consideration and often constrained by high levels of poverty, cultural perceptions and beliefs, lack of training and knowledge of animal handling, inadequate transport, and slaughter facilities. The most common farm animal transport system was on the foot from a rural area to a nearby market and then by vehicle to the urban area. During transport, farm animals were exposed to several potential stressors like trip distance, design of vehicle, animal standing orientation, loading and unloading facilities, and temperature fluctuations that affect the welfare, quality, and shelf life of meat and meat products. Aversive ways of handling farm animals, including improper use of sticks, pushing, pulling, and beating them on their head and body frequently by handlers and slaughtering them without stunning, were common practices. This aversive way of handling also causes carcass damage such as bruising, hemorrhages, skin blemishes, blood splash, and broken bones. Therefore, from this review, it has been recommended that, in order to improve animal welfare and thereby meat quality that has been affected by improper handling, transport, and slaughter, the government of Ethiopia is strongly encouraged to endorse inclusive animal welfare jurisdictive acts that would protect animal sentience, define animal welfare in line with OIE standards, and prohibit animal brutality. Creating awareness for stakeholders, particularly for handlers about behavioral principles, proper handling of farm animals, basic concept and role of good animal welfare, and its significant impact on the quality of meat is also imperative.
THE IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ON TRADE FLOW OF GOODS IN VIETNAM1

This study analyzes the effect of free trade agreement (FTA) on merchandise export of Vietnam by applying gravity model. The model is evaluated on a sample of 185 countries in the period 1990-2012 using country level data for total export value of goods. In order to deal with multilateral resistance terms in the model, the study employs the fixed-effect model to control for unobservable factors. Due to zero-export value in data set, the export-plus-one model, the multiplicative form of gravity model and adjusted sample selection model (SSM) are used to solve the zero-value in export between Vietnam and trading partners. Previous research argues for the lack of exclusion restriction in using SSM proposed by Heckman (1979), the paper proves that sample selection approach is more efficient than the other two models. The results from the study find out that Vietnam have positive relationship with the trade outflow. This finding is supported by the previous papers testing the impact of AFTA on the trade flow.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions towards the Use of Digital Technologies in Schools

Technology that has been rapidly developing in this current era has changed our way of life, including the method of teaching which is slowly being shifted to the modern way of teaching while still pertaining the traditional method of teaching. Many students know how to use digital technologies while some are still awkward in using digital technologies. Pre-service teachers need to be aware of this matter. Thus, it is important to investigate the perception of the pre-service teachers towards the use of digital technologies as the teachers are going to lead learners towards the current era. This study aims to investigate on the perception of the pre-service teachers towards the use of digital technologies in schools. The researcher conducted this study at ukm with fpend students as the sample of population. A quantitative approach is used in this study which is by distributing survey questionnaire to the subjects. Utaut model is used as the theoretical framework. Findings show that performance expectancy and social influences have a significant relationship with the pre-service teachers’ behavioural intention in using digital technologies at schools. Whereas facilitating conditions show a significant relationship with the pre-service teachers’ behaviour in using the digital technologies. This study contributes to becoming future guidelines and references for further research on the same topic background.
EFFECTS ON THE FETAL CHOLINERGIC BASAL FOREBRAIN FO LLOWING MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION

MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION by Lorelei Pratt A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Biological Sciences written under the direction of Dr. G. Miller Jonakait and approved by ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Newark, New Jersey
PREM Note 128 Economic Participation Girls Women.indd

The challenge of lagging employment rates for young women The rapid progress of many countries toward gender equality in education has been welldocumented. Of 106 countries, 83 achieved the Millennium Development target of parity in primary and secondary education by 2005; only 19 countries, most in sub-Saharan Africa, are off track to meet the target of gender equality in primary and secondary school enrollment by 2015. While the progress on meeting targets for gender equality in education is laudable, in many countries it is not being followed up by successful schoolto-work transitions. Of particular concern are adolescents and young adults who neither work nor study (henceforth referred to as “inactive”). Across all world regions (see figure 1), young women aged 20–24 have significantly higher rates of inactivity than young men. The gaps between young women and young men are substantial. In South Asia, the region with the largest gap, 64 percent of young women neither work nor study, while only 5 percent of young men are inactive. Latin America is another region with a large gap: 34 percent for young women and only 7 percent for young men. The statistics on inactivity do not include individuals who work without pay in familyowned businesses or who are self-employed, but they do include those—mostly young women—who perform domestic tasks within the household. The argument is not that all inactive young women should enter the labor market in order to maximize growth and accelerate poverty reduction. For some inactive young women, the welfare-maximizing choice may be to return to school or to continue performing household tasks. The critical question, of course, is who in the household is doing the maximization. Amartya Sen has noted that it may be difficult to formulate a clear notion of “individual welfare” in societies in which family identity is very strong. Even in such societies, he argues that it is reasonable to conceptualize an individual’s well-being in terms of his or her functionings and capabilities—that is, “what he or she is able to do or be” (Sen, 1990). Andrew Morrison and Shwetlena Sabarwal, PRMGE
Corruption and Capital Growth: Identification of Bribery by the Firm

The existence of the contradiction between the ‘grease the wheel’ hypothesis and the ‘sand the wheel’ hypothesis encouraged this study. Some studies that support the grease the wheel hypothesis stated that corruption can reduce inefficiency and facilitate the establishment of businesses that can increase capital and economic growth, especially in countries with weak governance systems. By developing Ramsey's economic growth theory, this study found that corruption actually worsened the economy, because of the inefficiency it caused. This study also employs more in-depth empirical analysis in Asian countries using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) methods with an instrument variable. The results found that corruption can reduce the share of capital to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and also reduce the growth of capital, especially in countries that have weak institutional systems. Hence, this study supports the sand the wheel hypothesis and encourages the eradication of corruption. JEL Classification: D63, D73, O11