Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring errors and non‐participation in a nation‐wide study of stillbirth

BACKGROUND An observational study in which data are being collected by an anonymous questionnaire is an alternative when an intervention cannot be investigated by a controlled clinical trial. If used, measuring errors and non-participation may decrease validity. METHODS We compared data retrieved with an anonymous questionnaire in a nation-wide study on stillbirth with information from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. In the original study population with 759 women, four groups were formed comprising participants and non-participants among subjects (stillbirth in 1991) and controls (live birth the same year). To assess misclassification, we compared information provided by the questionnaire to the data for the corresponding group in the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Comparing background information on participants and non-participants elucidated misrepresentation. RESULTS The figures from the questionnaire and the register were almost identical for hypertension, albumin and sugar in the urine during pregnancy, while anemia and tiredness were reported more often in the questionnaire. Similar results were found in the two data sources regarding the type and frequency of analgesia during the delivery, birth order, gender and weight of the index child. On average, all women reported a larger number of gestation weeks in the questionnaire than was indicated in the register-based information. A higher percentage of the participants than the non-participants, both among subjects and controls, were born in Sweden, had Swedish citizenship and were married or cohabiting. CONCLUSION Information on many variables derived from an anonymous questionnaire can be used in a scientific context. The validity of a study in the investigated population would probably be enhanced if it were restricted to subjects born in Sweden.
Coronary artery spasm and dobutamine stress echocardiography.

AIMS The aim of this article was to assess whether abnormal dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) can be due to a dobutamine-induced coronary spasm in patients with angiographically documented vasospastic coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Between January 2004 and April 2008, we prospectively evaluated all patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) referred to the echocardiography laboratory for dobutamine stress tests (6061 examinations). Those with abnormal DSE underwent coronary angiogram with a systematic methylergometrine intracoronary injection in the case of absence of significant coronary stenosis or spontaneous occlusive coronary spasm. Patients who had spontaneous occlusive coronary spasm or positive methylergometrine test, but no significant stenoses, were ultimately included in this study. About 581 patients had abnormal DSE, among them only 20 (3.4%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 15 males and 5 females, and mean age was 64.35 years (range 52-85); 8 patients had a known history of CAD and all of them had at least two established cardiovascular risk factors. The culprit vessel was the left anterior descending artery in 10 cases (50%), right coronary artery in 8 cases (40%), and left circumflex in 2 cases (10%). There was a systematic correspondence between the culprit arteries and dobutamine-induced wall motion abnormality territories. No complications occurred during examination or during the provocation test. All the patients were discharged with a calcium channel blocker and were doing well after 13 months of mean follow-up. CONCLUSION Coronary artery spasm can be induced at DSE, but is a rare finding; it could, though, be clinically relevant as it may partly explain some erroneously labelled 'false-positive' examinations. Methylergometrine provocation test is a safe and advisable approach in such situations.
Phylogeny of the scathophagidae (Diptera, calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.

The family Scathophagidae constitutes, together with members of the families Muscidae, Fannidae, and Anthomyiidae, the Muscoidea superfamily. The species Scathophaga stercoraria has been used extensively to investigate questions in animal ecology and evolution, particularly as a model system for studies of sperm competition and life history evolution. However, no phylogenetic studies have ever been performed on the Scathophagidae and the relationships within this family remain unclear. This study represents a molecular approach aimed at uncovering the phylogenetic relationships among 61 species representing 22 genera of Scathophagidae. A fragment of the terminal region of the mitochondrial gene COI (subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene) was sequenced in scathophagid species covering a wide geographic area, as well as a diverse spectrum of ecological habitats. Several clades grouping different genera and species have been identified, but the resolution power of the COI was insufficient to establish the exact relationships between these clades. The molecular data confirm the existence of a group consisting of the genera Delina, Chylizosoma, and Americina, which could represent the subfamily Delinae. Concerning the controversial position of the genus Phrosia, our data clearly suggest that it should be removed from the Delinae and placed within the genus Cordilura. Monophyly of most genera was confirmed, except for the genus Scathophaga, which should be divided into several different taxa.
The Burden of Rotavirus Disease in Denmark 2009–2010

Background: This study sought to determine the incidence and the burden of severe diarrheal disease in Denmark with emphasis on rotavirus (RV) disease. Methods: This study was designed as a national prospective disease surveillance of children <5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Denmark during March 2009 to April 2010, using rapid RV and adenovirus antigen detection. Results: A total of 3100 hospitalizations annually among Danish children <5 years of age can be attributed to acute gastroenteritis and 1210 (39%) of these to RV disease. The majority of RV-associated hospitalizations occur among children ≤24 months of age (RV-associated hospitalization rate: 7.7/1000 children ≤24 months of age and 3.8/1000 children <5 years of age). Although the well-known seasonal pattern of RV was evident with a peak during the spring months of March through April, our active surveillance demonstrated RV-associated hospitalizations throughout the year. Genotyping of a subset of RV-samples demonstrated high frequency of G1 (39%) and G4 (32%). Adenovirus was detected in 350 acute gastroenteritis-associated hospitalizations (11.2%). Conclusion: In conclusion, we present national disease burden data on severe cases of gastroenteritis and specifically RV-associated disease and demonstrate that RV is indeed ubiquitous in the population and can be considered a major health burden among young Danish children.
Typing of Mutans Streptococci by Arbitrarily Primed PCR in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment

The aim of this study was to clarify the genotypic stability of mutans streptococci (MS) longitudinally during orthodontic treatment. Plaque samples were obtained from the supragingival smooth surface of the upper right teeth at four stages: prior to and after 1, 3 and 6 months of orthodontic treatment. Levels of total viable count, total streptococci and MS in dental plaque of 17 patients were recorded. Streptococci isolated from dental plaque samples were identified as MS on the basis of their morphological and biochemical properties. DNA was prepared from 713 strains of MS and the strains were then identified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) again. Arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) fingerprinting was applied in determining the genotypes of MS. The results indicated that levels of total viable count, total streptococci and MS increased significantly after the fixed appliances were bonded. A maximum of 3 different genotypes were found in an individual. All the genotypes were found again after the application of the fixed appliances in 17 patients. A new AP-PCR typing pattern was found after the application of fixed appliances for 1 month in patient 1. That strain was not detected either prior to or after 3, or 6 months of treatment. The result indicated that the MS clones were very stable during orthodontic treatment.
The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia: Issues of Quality and Equity

Fifteen years after the statement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), work began on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). International meetings including the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in June 2012 and A Million Voices: The World We Want in 2013 convened to discuss which development goals would be targeted in the years after 2015. The resulting 17 goals were ultimately contained in the SDGs via the UN Sustainable Development Summit in 2015. In these statements, sustainable development means “improving human and planetary well-being. ” Continuing the unfi nished targets in the MDGs, the SDGs promise growth and development extending to future generations. Most of all, the process of realizing the development goals, as well as results in the process, are explicitly stated. The education goal is listed fourth in the SDGs stated as “[E]nsure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. Impressively, every aspect related to education and learning is included for sustainable development. All stages of education during the lifelong period including early childhood care and education (ECCE), nine years of basic education including primary and lower secondary schooling and technical vocational education and training (TVET), tertiary education, and non-formal education for both youth and adults are considered for development; every aspect of unequal, unjust, discriminatory, violent, ineffi cient, and ineffective approaches are to be eliminated; furthermore, each country should make every effort to mobilize strong support administratively and fi nancially. More importantly, skills development fit for job opportunity and learning outcomes through school education are pinpointed as major accountable indicators to relate educational The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia: Issues of Quality and Equity
Whole-Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis Tü3298

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus epidermidis Tü3298 is a frequently used laboratory strain, known for its production of epidermin and absence of the icaABCD operon. We report the whole-genome sequence of this strain, a 2.5-kb genome containing 2,332 genes.
Weathering the Storm: Accountability Implications for Flood Relief and Recovery from a Local Government Perspective

This paper investigates the role of accounting and the nature of accountability from the perspective of local government managers in the context of multiple flood events. The flood events occurred in the State of Victoria, Australia during 2010&#8208;11, and rural regions were the most severely affected by this natural disaster. The findings demonstrate that convoluted governance and extensive State and Federal Government funding arrangements resulted in some confusion among local councils and communities as to their eligibility for, and the timing of, financial support. Within this context, the study findings revealed how, as the first point of contact for local residents, small rural shires with limited financial and human capacity used accounting to address the impact of a natural disaster on a personal level.
Inhibition of chloride self‐exchange with stilbene disulphonates in depolarized skeletal muscle of Rana temporaria.

1. The inhibition of 36Cl efflux with stilbene disulphonates, SD, has been studied under conditions of chloride equilibrium in depolarized fibre bundles from frog semitendinosi. The chosen probes were the aminoreactive derivative SITS and the derivative DNDS with no aminoreactive group. SD were added to the medium during 36Cl efflux allowing the estimation of fractional inhibition after a single 36Cl loading. 2. Both probes inhibited chloride self‐exchange reversibly within the pH range 5.5‐9.5 under study. 3. At SD concentrations above the half‐inhibition concentration the inhibition reached a steady level with a time lag equal to that required for extracellular fluid change. The time constant for reversibility upon the removal of SD increased with decreasing pH, but rapid reversibility always appeared upon an increase of pH to 7.2. These findings suggest that SD may enter the membrane at low pH, but that the inhibitory action is confined to superficial membrane sites. 4. The inhibitory power of both probes showed a pronounced pH dependence, pK approximately 7. The half‐inhibition concentration increased about 6‐7 times when pH was lowered one unit from the pK value. 5. The apparent affinity of SITS to the transport system was about 5 times higher than that of DNDS. The apparent dissociation constants at neutral pH were 8.5 x 10(‐5) M (SITS) and 4.5 x 10(‐4) M (DNDS). Both probes showed a maximal inhibition close to 100% at neutral pH and approximately 85% at pH 5.5. 6. The inhibition depended on the chloride concentration in a way consistent with competitive inhibition in both neutral and acid media. 7. The results are consistent with the classical model of anion transport in frog muscle, suggesting that SD and chloride may compete for binding to a site with increasing anion affinity upon protonation; the results do not, however, exclude that the conductive and the non‐conductive chloride transport modes in frog muscle are mediated by separate SD‐sensitive transport pathways.
Liver and Kidney on Chips: Microphysiological Models to Understand Transporter Function

Because of complex cellular microenvironments of both the liver and kidneys, accurate modeling of transport function has remained a challenge, leaving a dire need for models that can faithfully recapitulate both the architecture and cell‐cell interactions observed in vivo. The study of hepatic and renal transport function is a fundamental component of understanding the metabolic fate of drugs and xenobiotics; however, there are few in vitro systems conducive for these types of studies. For both the hepatic and renal systems, we provide an overview of the location and function of the most significant phase I/II/III (transporter) of enzymes, and then review current in vitro systems for the suitability of a transporter function study and provide details on microphysiological systems that lead the field in these investigations. Microphysiological modeling of the liver and kidneys using “organ‐on‐a‐chip” technologies is rapidly advancing in transport function assessment and has emerged as a promising method to evaluate drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Future directions for the field are also discussed along with technical challenges encountered in complex multiple‐organs‐on‐chips development.
Specific Interaction of Golgi Coatomer Protein α-COP with Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate*

The phosphoinositide binding selectivity of Golgi coatomer COPI polypeptides was examined using photoaffinity analogs of the soluble inositol polyphosphates Ins(1,4,5)P3, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, and InsP6, and of the polyphosphoinositides PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4)P2. Highly selective Ins(1,3,4,5)P4-displaceable photocovalent modification of the α-COP subunit was observed with ap-benzoyldihydrocinnamide (BZDC)-containing probe, [3H]BZDC-Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. A more highly phosphorylated probe, [3H]BZDC-InsP6probe labeled six of the seven subunits, with only β, β′, δ, and ε-COP showing competitive displacement by excess InsP6. Importantly, [3H]BZDC-triester-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, the lipid with the same phosphorylation pattern as Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, showed specific, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-displaceable labeling of only α-COP. Labeling by the PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 photoaffinity probes was less intense and showed no discrimination based on PtdInsP n ligand. Thus, both the D-3 and D-5 phosphates are critical for the α-COP-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 interaction, suggesting an important role for this polyphosphoinositide in vesicular trafficking.
Teachers' Knowledge of Children's Strategies for Equal Sharing Fraction Problems.

In this exploratory study, we documented teachers’ knowledge of children’s mathematical thinking as they engaged in the task of anticipating children’s strategies for an equal sharing fraction problem. To elicit an array of knowledge, 18 teachers were deliberately selected with a variety of numbers of years participating in professional development focused on children’s mathematical thinking. We characterized the flexibility of teachers’ knowledge by the number of valid and distinct strategies teachers anticipated and the degree to which these strategies reflected strategies research has shown children typically use. We argue that this flexibility is necessary for teachers to engage in instructional practices that are responsive to children’s mathematical thinking.
Psychiatric Morbidity and Correlates in Postpartum Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: A range of psychological disorders occur in women in the postpartum period apart from the traditional blues, postpartum depression and psychosis. These include obsession of infanticide, PTSD, morbid preoccupations regarding child birth and disorders of mother-infant relationships, though they are under emphasized. Methods: it is a cross-sectional study conducted in the tertiary maternity care hospital. A total of 152 study subjects were interviewed on MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) and GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) within 2 weeks after delivery. Results: The psychiatric morbidity was seen in 67 (44%) of the study subjects. About 26% of subjects had Depressive disorder NOS. Obsessive harm to the child, Panic disorder, Social phobia were the other disorders identified. There were no cases of Mania, Bipolar disorder, psychosis, post traumatic stress disorder or substance use disorder diagnosed across the sample. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score averaged 87.8. Statistically significant association was seen to be present between psychiatric illness and number of previous still births and dead children before this delivery (P = 0.045). Conclusions: The study reveals that psychiatric co-morbidity is very common in the postpartum period and can be detected as early as first week after delivery. Social phobia identified as a common association is a new finding and needs further replication. It needs a larger sample with a prospective assessment to generalize the findings of our study.
Data fusion: remote sensing for target detection and tracking

As part of an ongoing research program in data fusion applied to the multisensor environment for iceberg detection on the east coast of Canada, this paper describes the efforts to use modeling of iceberg movement to perform iceberg detection data fusion. Data fusion and sensor combination are integral parts of a cost effective ice management regime for safe offshore oil and gas recovery programs. This paper addresses data fusion in the form of associations of detections to create tracks from multiple sensor sweeps of an area. The Coupled Ice Ocean (CIO) Model of Iceberg Kinematics from the Canadian Ice Services (CIS) is used as a maneuvering model to the tracking process. The fusion system was tested using iceberg detections from the 2003 ice season. All data were collected in the Grand Banks area of Newfoundland, Canada.
Herpes Murine Model as a Biological Assay to Test Dialyzable Leukocyte Extracts Activity

Human dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLEs) are heterogeneous mixtures of low-molecular-weight peptides that are released on disruption of peripheral blood leukocytes from healthy donors. DLEs improve clinical responses in infections, allergies, cancer, and immunodeficiencies. Transferon is a human DLE that has been registered as a hemoderivate by Mexican health authorities and commercialized nationally. To develop an animal model that could be used routinely as a quality control assay for Transferon, we standardized and validated a murine model of cutaneous HSV-1 infection. Using this model, we evaluated the activity of 27 Transferon batches. All batches improved the survival of HSV-1-infected mice, wherein average survival rose from 20.9% in control mice to 59.6% in Transferon-treated mice. The activity of Transferon correlated with increased serum levels of IFN-γ and reduced IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. Our results demonstrate that (i) this mouse model of cutaneous herpes can be used to examine the activity of DLEs, such as Transferon; (ii) the assay can be used as a routine test for batch release; (iii) Transferon is produced with high homogeneity between batches; (iv) Transferon does not have direct virucidal, cytoprotective, or antireplicative effects; and (v) the protective effect of Transferon in vivo correlates with changes in serum cytokines.
Enhanced Angiogenesis and Reduced Contraction in Thrombospondin-2–null Wounds Is Associated With Increased Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and −9, and Soluble VEGF

Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) is an inhibitor of angiogenesis with pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on endothelial cells. Mice deficient in this matricellular protein display improved recovery from ischemia and accelerated wound healing associated with alterations in angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. In this study, we probed the function of TSP2 by performing a detailed analysis of dermal wounds and wound-derived fibroblasts. Specifically, we analyzed incisional wounds by tensiometry and found no differences in strength recovery between wild-type and TSP2-null mice. In addition, analysis of full-thickness excisional wounds by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick-end labeling stain and MIB-5 immunohistochemistry revealed similar numbers of apoptotic and proliferating cells, respectively. In contrast, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor were increased in wounds of TSP2-null mice. Evaluation of the ability of TSP2-null wound fibroblasts to contract collagen gels revealed that it was compromised, even though TSP2-null wounds displayed normal myofibroblast content. Therefore, we conclude that the lack of TSP2 leads to aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling, increased neovascularization, and reduced contraction due in part to elevated levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9. These observations provide in vivo supporting evidence for a newly proposed function of TSP2 as a modulator of extracellular matrix remodeling.
Current trends of nursing doctoral education in Europe

Background: Nursing doctoral education has advanced nursing science and provided a basis for evidence-based nursing practice in Europe. Purpose: To describe my perspective on the current trends of nurse doctoral education in Europe and offer suggestions for African nursing doctoral education. Methods: The development of nursing doctorates in Europ eis explored and compared briefly with that of the USA. Results/Observation: Three different approaches to doctoral education in Europe are traditional PhD, professional doctorates and doctorates by publish works, and theymerit careful examination for nursing doctoral education in Africa. Conclusion: From the lessons learned in European doctoral education for nursing, the traditional PhD programme would be the most appropriate model for Africa. However, for this to happen there needs to be capacity building to establish a critical mass of properly credentialed faculty members with active programs of funded research, international collaborations and publications in high quality peer reviewed journals.