Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain Availability Is the Key Parameter for Optimising the Permeability of Central Nervous System Drugs

Drug disposition across the blood ‐brain barrier is frequently determined by measuring the distribution coefficient of drug between brain and plasma in vivo or by predicting the distribution coefficient from in vitro experiments. To render the distribution coefficient between brain and plasma (B/P ratio) a useful parameter for lead optimisation, it needs to be complemented with a measure of brain tissue binding, because it has been shown that only the free concentration of a drug in the brain relates to its pharmacodynamics. Methods for assessing drug disposition and brain tissue binding were reviewed and a new concept of brain availability has been introduced. Drug availability in the brain is defined as the product of the B/P ratio and the unbound fraction of drug in the brain. An easily accessible brain efficacy scale is introduced based on the proposed brain availability. Brain efficacy is defined as the ratio of brain availability over the drug’s inhibition constant. This relates the drug’s ability to penetrate the brain to its potency. Hence, this efficacy scale provides a new means of ranking drug candidates according to their dose-independent effect in the brain.
Sapstain and Mold Control on Radiata Pine Lumber: Laboratory and Field Tests of Selected Fungicides

Abstract The susceptibility of radiata pine sapwood to fungal attack and the ability of selected fungicides to control colonization of sapstain and mold fungi on green radiata pine sapwood were evaluated. Radiata pine sapwood was highly susceptible to fungal staining, suggesting that prompt application of fungicides after sawing is essential for preventing fungal colonization. The ability of commercial fungicides to prevent fungal discoloration on radiata pine sapwood was assessed using an accelerated 6-week test on small samples in the laboratory, and in field tests using bulk-piled boards exposed outdoors for 6 weeks during summer rainy season. In laboratory tests, Hylite extra provided excellent protection against fungal discoloration even at the lowest concentrations. Hylite clear, Britewood S, and NP-1 Plus provided good short-term protection (2 to 4 weeks), but higher chemical loadings were required for long-term protection (6 weeks). Woodguard produced little or no protection over the test periods. In field tests, Kathon 893 provided markedly superior protection at the concentration of 0.5 percent or higher. NP-1 Plus provided relatively good protection at all concentrations evaluated. Hylite extra was effective only for short-term protection (2 to 4 weeks) at all concentrations tested, but higher solution strengths were needed for longterm protection.
Can't See the Forest for the Stream? In-stream Processing and Terrestrial Nitrogen Exports

Abstract There has been a long-term decline in nitrate (NO3−) concentration and export from several long-term monitoring watersheds in New England that cannot be explained by current terrestrial ecosystem models. A number of potential causes for this nitrogen (N) decline have been suggested, including changes in atmospheric chemistry, insect outbreaks, soil frost, and interannual climate fluctuations. In-stream removal of NO3− has not been included in current attempts to explain this regional decline in watershed NO3− export, yet streams may have high removal rates of NO3−. We make use of 40 years of data on watershed N export and stream N biogeochemistry from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) to determine (a) whether there have been changes in HBEF stream N cycling over the last four decades and (b) whether these changes are of sufficient magnitude to help explain a substantial proportion of the unexplained regional decline in NO3− export. Examining how the tempos and modes of change are distinct for upland forest and stream ecosystems is a necessary step for improving predictions of watershed exports.
XTROAD: THE TWEET EXTRACTION METHOD FOR PROFILING ROAD AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS

Twitter contains many natural language text elements that can be used for many purposes. One purpose is to produce the information about road and traffic conditions. The goal of this research is to propose a new extraction method for Indonesia Twitter text called xTRoad. By applying the xTRoad method, the national roads at Jakarta city could be identified by the other roadways nearby those which are connected in the particular region. The identification of the road and traffic conditions is completed in less than four minutes. The obtained information has the attributes of time, date, day, road names, incidents, weather and traffic conditions. All elements can be used to form the profile of road and traffic conditions. The results of this study showed that the obtained profiles have many dimensions such as the congestion conditions per thirty minutes, the types of barriers that occur on national roads, the trend of traffic jam in 24 hours, etc. The similarity level for comparison between the traffic conditions from the extracted text and video data has an accuracy of 62.8%.
Domestic and sexual violence

was of high quality; (3) several unique features of the warehouse—including determination of race and ethnicity, geocoding of residential addresses, coding of injury severity, and identification of multiple events for an individual (e.g., crashes, hospitalizations); and (4) an ongoing effort to link the NJ-SHO to NJ Medicaid/Medicare data. Significance of Contributions The resulting NJ-SHO warehouse is one of the most comprehensive and rich injury data warehouses to date. It is fully primed to support collaborative studies on a host of high-priority injury topics.
The Absorption of Ammonia Through the Rumen of the Sheep

In sheep amtesthetized with chloralose, the transport of ammonia across t,he rumen epithelium increases with the concentration gradient at pH 6· . ~. The movement of volatile fatty acids across the rumen epithelium at pH 6·5 increases the t,ransport of ammonia. The effects both of ammonia concentration and of the movement,s of the fatty acids on the transport of ammonia were so reduced at pH 4-·5 that they were either absent or within experimental errol".
Physiology and Genetics of Submergence Tolerance in Rice

We review a multidisciplinary approach to improve flooding tolerance in rice and, specifically, tolerance of complete submergence. Environmental characterizations in India and Thailand suggest that limited gas diffusion and, sometimes, low irradiance are the most important factors contributing to plant mortality. This supports the view that submergence tolerance of rice seedlings is related to maintenance of energy supply partly through fast rates of alcoholic fermentation which require high levels of carbohydrates. In germinating seeds, rates of coleoptile elongation during anoxia are highly correlated with rates of alcoholic fermentation and carbohydrate supply for energy production. In older seedlings, survival during submergence is highly correlated with carbohydrate supply. Optimization of growth vs. maintenance processes affects survival because elongation growth competes for energy and carbohydrate reserves essential for maintenance processes. This was demonstrated by experiments using: (a) cultivar comparisons, (b) growth regulators and (c) dwarf-mutants. Hence, submergence tolerance of 14-d-old rice seedlings can increase by up to 98 % during 10 d submergence when elongation growth is reduced in these three ways. This is consistent with the observation that submergence tolerance and elongation ability rarely occur in the same genotype. Plant breeding has produced elite lines with up to four-fold greater yields and submergence tolerance equal to the world's most tolerant cultivars, but successful introduction of these elite lines in the field is elusive. Recent production of double haploid populations differing in submergence tolerance permitted testing of the physiological and genetic linkage of traits, or genes, with submergence tolerance. Genetics research with segregating populations of 15- to 50d-old seedlings demonstrated (a) there is one dominant gene for submergence tolerance and (b) this gene is present in three out of four of the world's most tolerant rice cultivars. This suggests that a common factor related to tolerance of limited gas diffusion, (e.g. one of the enzymes of alcoholic fermentation) may be responsible for genotypic differences in submergence tolerance of rice. An alternative possibility is that a gene for a transcription factor is involved in the expression of a multiple gene cascade that confers submergence tolerance. C 1997 Annals of Botany Company
Perennial forage legume growth in acidic soils from the major series of the Appalachian Hill‐Lands

Abstract The lack of highly effective forage legume symbioses is thought to be a major constraint to the renovation of acidic soils of the Appalachian region for pasture use. A growth chamber experiment was initiated with 14 fresh soils, each of a different series, from diverse sites within the region to determine the need for rhizobial inoculation, and the soil chemical properties limiting growth, of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Effective, naturalized populations of rhizobia producing acceptable (>50% maximum) shoot growth were found in few of the soils. Commercial rhizobial mixtures were effective in producing similarly acceptable growth in three soils for alfalfa and red clover, but only in one soil for white clover and birdsfoot trefoil. Soil rankings based on asymbiotic shoot growth were similar for all species, particularly when only the better soils were considered, and changed li.
Estrogen Receptor α Has a Functional Role in the Mouse Rete Testis and Efferent Ductules1

Abstract Previous studies of the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (αERKO) in the male mouse demonstrate that the rete testis and efferent ductules are targets of estrogen. Because the αERKO mouse lacks a functional estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) throughout development, it was not known whether the morphological and physiological abnormalities observed in the αERKO male were due to developmental defects or to dysfunctions concurrent with the lack of ERα in the tissue. This study was designed to determine if treatment of normal wild-type (WT) mice with the pure antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, (ICI) could reproduce the morphological characteristics seen in αERKO mice. Thirty-day-old male mice were treated for 35 days with either castor oil or ICI. Age-equivalent αERKO mice were used for comparison. Light microscopic examinations of the reproductive tracts revealed dramatic changes in the efferent ductules of treated mice: a 1.7-fold increase in luminal diameter, a 56% reduction in epithelial cell height, a 60% reduction in brush boarder height of nonciliated cells, and an apparent reduction of the number of observable lysosomes and endocytotic vesicles. Testes of ICI-treated mice showed swollen rete testes area (6.5 times larger than control) and a 65% reduction in rete testis epithelium height. However, there were no significant changes in body and testis weights. These results indicate that ER blockage with ICI in WT mice results in morphological changes of the efferent ductules resembling those seen in αERKO siblings of the same age. Based on this study, we conclude that ERα has a functional role in the mouse reproductive tract and the aberrant morphology observed in the efferent ductules of the αERKO mouse is likely the result of a concurrent response to the lack of functional ERα, and not solely due to the lack of ERα during early developmental times.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF CELOSIA CRISTATA LEAF EXTRACTS

Development of anthelmintic s from medicinal plants might be served as an alternative sourc e for the conventional anthelmintic drugs. The present study was attempted to assess the possible a n thelmint ic activity for chloroform , methanol and aqueous extract of Celosia cristata leaves . Two different concentration s (100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml) of these extracts were used to determine the paralysis and mortality of earthworms, Pheretima posthuma and the results were compared with standard anthelmintic drug , albendazole (100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml). Worms placed in b oth aqueous and methanol extracts of C. c ristata showed significant paralysis and leads mortality in dose dependent manner. Chloroform extract showed no significant activity against the worms. The results revealed that the aqueous extract had high er significant anthelmintic activity than methanol extract. The preliminary phytochemical analysis on the extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds and tannins, which m ight be responsible for the anthelmintic activity.
Phytochemical Extraction and Antimicrobial Efficiency of Crude Leaf Extract of Medicinal Plant Cascabela thevetia

Cascabela thevetia (L.) belongs to the family Apocynaceae and commonly called as yellow oleander (captain cook tree). This significant medicinal plant was subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial investigations. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extracts showed the existence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tanins, coumarins and reducing sugars in the leaves. Hexane, chloroform, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested human pathogens. Chloroform and methanol extracts showed highest activity against the tested human pathogens, while other extracts showed lowest activity. Locally these leaves are used against skin diseases and their juice cures menstrual disorders and leaf possesses laxative, purgative and narcotic properties. The bioactive compounds showing these antimicrobial activities could be isolated and recognized to build up a new drug of pharmaceutical importance.
Effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on the carbon sequestration of a forest ecosystem in the boreal zone

Global warming and nitrogen deposition are expected to modify the carbon sequestration of boreal forests, causing feedback to atmospheric CO2 and climate. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate change and various N deposition rates on C sequestration of a forest ecosystem. The study uses a gap-type forest model for a managed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in conditions representing southern Finland. Model computations indicated that, for both current and changed (+4°C and +10% in precipitation) climatic conditions, increased levels of N deposition from 6 to 12 kg·ha-1 per year increased C uptake by 4-6.5%. Total C stock (vegetation, litter, and soil organic matter) was 11% higher for current level of N deposition than without deposition. Changed climate resulted in a 10% higher C stock of the vegetation but 30% lower C stock in the forest soil. Consequently, the total C stock in forests was decreased because of the greater decline in soil C stock. The combined effects of .
Gβγ Subunits Mediate Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by the Tyrosine Kinase Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (*)

The receptors for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin are related heterotetrameric proteins which, like the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, possess intrinsic ligand-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity. In Rat 1 fibroblasts, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase via the IGF1 receptor and the Gi-coupled receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), but not via the EGF receptor, is sensitive both to pertussis toxin treatment and to cellular expression of a specific Gβγ subunit-binding peptide. The IGF1, LPA, and EGF receptor-mediated signals are all sensitive to inhibitors of tyrosine protein kinases, require p21ras activation, and are independent of protein kinase C. These data suggest that some tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors (e.g. IGF1 receptor) and classical G protein-coupled receptors (e.g. LPA receptor) employ a similar mechanism for mitogenic signaling that involves both tyrosine phosphorylation and Gβγ subunits derived from pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins.
Dietary supplementation of β-glucan improves growth performance, the innate immune response and stress resistance of red sea bream, Pagrus major

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemented diets with β-glucan (BG) at four levels [0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3) and 1000 (D4) mg BG kg−1] on red sea bream, Pagrus major. The obtained results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, body protein content, lysozyme activity and tolerance against low-salinity stress test in all BG-supplemented groups when compared with BG-free group. Furthermore, D4 group resulted in a significant increase in feed efficiency ratio, protein gain, protein and lipid digestibilities, serum bactericidal activity and peroxidase content when compared with D1 group (P < 0.05). Haematocrit and plasma protein content in D3 group were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, BG supplementation decreased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in D2 group and reactive oxygen metabolites in D2, D3 and D4 groups when compared with D1 group. Following low-salinity stress test, significantly higher amounts of secreted mucus were observed in fish fed D2 and D4 diets than those from fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of BG improves growth, stress resistance and immune response of P. major.
Heritable Pleiotropic Effects of the Nectarine Mutant from Peach

Additional index words. Prunus persica, fruit size, fruit color, fruit sugars, fruit organic acids Abstract. Peach-to-nectarine mutations are associated with broad pleiotropic effects. The present study addresses the heritability of nectarine-spe cific effects in three hybrid families. A comparison of peach and nectarine siblings showed that nectarine fruit were smaller (less fresh weight), rounder, darker, redder, and had higher levels of sugars and organic acids. These heritable characteristics are similar to effects of spontaneous peach-to-nectarine mutations described previously. Peach-to-nectarine mutations are accompanied by broad pleio- tropic effects (Wen et al., 1994) and are inherited as though controlled by a single recessive gene (Blake, 1932). The term pleiotropic is used because it is unlikely that so many quantitative fruit characters change with a peach to nectarine mutation or that so many characters could be closely linked to the nectarine gene in inheritance. The broad observations by Darwin (1893), De Candolle (1884), Downing (1845), Hedrick (1917), Hesse (1975), and Oberle and Nicholson (1953) include descriptions of nectarines as being smaller, firmer, redder, and sweeter than peaches and also as differing in other aspects of flavor and aroma. A thorough quanti- fication of these pleiotropic effects accompanying peach-to-nec- tarine mutations is described by Wen et al. (1994). The present work extends these analyses to determine which traits are co- inherited with the nectarine character in siblings from three hybrid families.
Aeration of corals by sleep‐swimming fish

The morphology of branching corals effectively blocks impinging currents. Weak flows in the colony’s inner sections can hinder some of the corals’ basic physiological functions. At night, high respiration by the coral and the absence of photosynthesis by the symbiotic algae sometimes generate severe hypoxia near coral branches. Nevertheless, branching corals thrive in flow‐protected areas. Many of them host resident fish that seek shelter between their branches during the night. In situ observations using an infrared‐sensitive video camera revealed that, unlike crevice‐dwelling fishes, which sleep motionless, fish (Dascyllus marginatus, D. aruanus, and Chromis viridis) that spend the night in living hard corals (Stylophora pistillata, Acropora spp., Pocillopora spp., and Seriatopora spp.) exhibit a unique sleep‐swimming mode that is characterized by energetic, high‐frequency fin motions. In the reef, the presence of fish in the coral S. pistillata increased gypsum dissolution and, hence, mass transfer, by ~17% compared with colonies without fish. The extent to which the fish enhanced water replenishment in the inner zone of the coral was assessed in the laboratory using oxygen measurements. In the absence of fish, oxygen levels near the coral tissues (~1 mm) rapidly declined, reaching 10–30% of ambient levels, which was much lower than the nearly steady levels of 60–80% when sleep‐swimming fish were present. Individual sleep‐swimming fish were spatially separated across the coral, so that most of the coral’s inner zone was frequently ventilated. This common, yet so‐far overlooked mutualistic relationship is unique by the virtue of its effect, the active modulation of hydrodynamic conditions, and its operation during the sleep of the active animal. The modulation of hydrodynamic conditions by the fish can mitigate flow limitation on the growth and survival of branching corals.
Ornaments or offspring: costs to reproductive success restrict sexual selection processes

If, in their partner choice, males seek direct benefits (fecund females), the result will be selection for traits indicating female quality rather than for arbitrary (Fisherian) traits. However, the costs of developing and maintaining the sexually selected traits (ornaments) may reduce the resources available to the female for allocation to reproduction and hence result in lower reproductive success per brood. This hitherto unrecognized fecundity cost of sexually selected traits will constrain both the potency of sexual selection mechanisms and the degree of elaboration of sexually selected traits in females, and can also apply to males which invest in their offspring: sexual selection becomes self-limiting. The fitness implications of these costs are examined for both sexes in a variety of mating and parental care patterns. Sexual selection acting on both sexes may lead to either dimorphism or monomorphism, the latter being the case when the quality indicators chosen by both sexes coincide. Ways of evasion or reduction of these reproductive costs of allocations to sexually selected traits include using different resource components for the ornament and for reproduction, or partitioning the two allocations in time.
CHANGES IN PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN NICOTIANA SPECIES AS A RESPONSE TO WOUNDING AND VIRAL INFECTION

The quantitative and qualitative changes in phenolic compounds were compared in Nicotiana spp. plants that were either wounded or infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) containing satellite RNA. Significant changes in total phenolic (TP) content were analysed in N. megalosiphon, N. glutinosa and N. tabacum var. Samsun at four different time intervals. The highest decrease of TP was detected in wounded N. megalosiphon plants while the highest increase was detected in infected N. megalosiphon plants. Depending on treatment and time, a significant increase or decrease of caffeic acid, quercetin or kaempferol was detected in the investigated species. The strongest increase in quercetin concentration was observed in infected N. glutinosa. The largest number of significant changes of caffeic acid, quercetin and kaempferol concentration in the analysed time intervals was observed in infected N. megalosiphon plants. The defence response to wounding in all investigated Nicotiana species resulted in a significant decrease of detected phenolic content. The detected changes in phenolics in virus-infected plants were characteristic for each species, suggesting that each species activates a different defence response to viral infection. The observed changes of phenolics are obvious responses to wounding and viral infection, which could likely be involved in activating a distinct defence response to a specific stress.