Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation and magnitude re‐evaluation of the 1955 Zheduotang earthquake, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

Rupture lengths and displacements of historical earthquakes are significant components of the accurate magnitude estimates required for understanding fault behaviour and earthquake recurrence patterns. Along the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, 36 large historical earthquakes have been recorded during the past ~700 years, many of which still require detailed investigation. In this study, we reinvestigated the coseismic surface rupture produced by the 1955 M 7.5 Zheduotang earthquake. The Zheduotang Fault, which is the source fault of the 1955 event, is one of the main faults of the central Xianshuihe fault zone, with a left‐lateral strike‐slip rate of 3.4 mm/year according to our measurements and the ages of offset terraces. High‐resolution Google Earth images and field observations reveal that the surface ruptures of this earthquake were characterized by left‐lateral offsets of gullies, animal paths, alluvial terraces, and fans. The coseismic surface rupture length caused by the 1955 earthquake could be up to ~43 km, with mainly horizontal displacements of 0.6–1.7 m. Based on empirical relationships between magnitude and coseismic surface rupture length for large earthquakes, the magnitude of the 1955 Zheduotang earthquake is re‐evaluated to be MW 7.0. Our study demonstrates the necessity of re‐evaluating previous magnitude estimates of historical earthquakes in western China.
Factors that influence albuminuria among type 2 diabetes mellitus at primary healthcare clinics in Negeri Sembilan 2007.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and major cause of chronic renal disease. Chronic renal disease can be prevented if known risk factors were been early detected. Albuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of chronic renal disease. Objectives of this study is to identify the incidence of albuminuria and relationship between albuminuria with socio demographic and clinical factors such as blood sugar control, blood pressure control, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia. Methodology: Data been collected from patient’s record that been regularly follow up at Primary Healthcare Clinics in Negeri Sembilan. Duration of study follow up was from the date of they been diagnosed of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 until detection of albuminuria or 1st July 2007,end date of data collection then survival analysis been done. Result: Majority of study population was female 60.9% and Malay 69.7%. Mean age was 59.9 ± 10.7 and duration having Diabetes Mellitus was 7.0 ± 6.3 years. Only 22% achieved optimum glucose (HbA1c < 6.5%), controlled blood preassure 130/80 mmHg 42.3%, level of cholesterol <4.5 mmol/L only 22.7 %, 11.4% of patients having ideal body weight < 23 kg/m2. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 was 24.4 cases per 1000 population. The median of follow up duration was 22 years; with minimum follow up was 7 months and maximum 42 years. Survival analysis showed that the median of free albuminuria among cases was 22 years (CI 95%:16.5 – 27.4). The log rank test showed no significant relationship between high blood pressure, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia with albuminuria. This study noted that the occurrence of albuminuria seems to be higher among those were hypertensive (26.6%), and excessive body mass index (24.7%). Conclusion: Percentage of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patient that achieved optimum clinical target still very low. Early detection of albuminuria is very important as preventive measure of diabetes nephropathy. Good blood pressure control and ideal bodyweight also prevent of occurring diabetes nephropathy complication.
The Effect of Calcium to Maize Seedlings under Drought Stress

Global warming brings a series of problems, including the worsening of drought stress worldwide. This paper aims to find optimal Calcium-using strategies in realistic events of drought stress. Maize seedlings were grown in solutions with differing Ca2+ concentrations, and PEG6000 was used to simulate drought stress. Several physiological indexes were measured to determine the effect of Calcium ions on maize seedlings under drought stress. Results show that a calcium concentration of 10 mM yields best results under both normal and drought conditions, but the lower calcium concentration of 2 mM may be more favorable in short-term drought stress situations.
Priority questions for biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean biome: Heterogeneous perspectives across continents and stakeholders

The identification of research questions with high relevance for biodiversity conservation is an important step towards designing more effective policies and management actions, and to better allocate funding among alternative conservation options. However, the identification of priority questions may be influenced by regional differences in biodiversity threats and social contexts, and to variations in the perceptions and interests of different stakeholders. Here we describe the results of a prioritization exercise involving six types of stakeholders from the Mediterranean biome, which includes several biodiversity hotspots spread across five regions of the planet (Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Australia). We found great heterogeneity across regions and stakeholder types in the priority topics identified and disagreement among the priorities of research scientists and other stakeholders. However, governance, climate change, and public participation issues were key topics in most regions. We conclude that the identification of research priorities should be targeted in a way that integrates the spectrum of stakeholder interests, potential funding sources and regional needs, and that further development of interdisciplinary studies is required. The key questions identified here provide a basis to identify priorities for research funding aligned with biodiversity conservation needs in this biome.
The Dynamics and Impact of Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia: Insights from Sustained Investigations in the Northern California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

view changed as obser-ABSTRACT. Coastal upwelling ecosystems around the world are defined by wind-generated currents that bring deep, nutrient-rich waters to the surface ocean where they fuel exceptionally productive food webs. These ecosystems are also now understood to share a common vulnerability to ocean acidification and hypoxia (OAH). In the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), reports of marine life die-offs by fishers and resource managers triggered research that led to an understanding of the risks posed by hypoxia. Similarly, unprecedented losses from shellfish hatcheries led to novel insights into the coastal expression of ocean acidification. This work revealed insights into the expression of OAH as coupled environmental stressors, their temporal and spatial variability, and impacts on species, ecological communities, and fisheries. Sustained investigations also deep-ened the understanding of connections between climate change and the intensification of hypoxia, and are beginning to inform the ecological and eco-evolutionary processes that can structure responses to the progression of ocean acidification and other pathways of global change. Moreover, because the severity of the die-offs and hatchery failures and the subsequent scientific understanding combined to galvanize public attention, these scientific advances have fostered policy advances. Across the CCLME, policymakers are now translating the evolving scientific understanding of OAH into new management actions.
Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Stunting Among Under five Children in Ethiopia

Introduction: Stunting is a major health problem in children under-five years in many low and middle income countries around the world. This study was aimed to identify factors associated with stunting among under five age children in Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used for the analysis. The statistical models that suit the hierarchical data such as variance components model, random intercept model, and random coefficients model were used to analyze the data. Results: This study revealed that among the under-five children considered in the study around 37.1% children was stunted. Age of children, region, place of residence, wealth index, mothers BMI, incidence of diarrhea in the last two weeks before survey and mother and husband/partner educational level were found to be significant predictors for stunting. Conclusions: Multilevel logistic regression shows that there is heterogeneity or cross-regional variation in stunting. Further this model implies that there exist considerable differences in stunting among regions and a model with a random coefficient is more appropriate to explain the regional variation than a model with fixed coefficients or empty model with random effects. Keywords: Multilevel model, under five children; Stunting DOI : 10.7176/FSQM/89-01 Publication date : August 31st 2019
Transient Anomalous Diffusion and Advective Slowdown of Bedload Tracers by Particle Burial and Exhumation

The process of burial and exhumation of bedload particles within a certain depth of the riverbed leads to vertical exchange of particles, which significantly affects the characteristics of streamwise bedload transport. In this paper, we revisit the classic active layer formulation and extend it by incorporating the burial and exhumation through conceptualizing the fluctuations of bed surface as the relative vertical movement of buried tracer particles in the substrate layer (i.e., we change the static reference system to the fluctuating riverbed surface). We theoretically demonstrate, for the first time, the emergence of the transient anomalous diffusion (both superdiffusion and subdiffusion) and power‐law advective slowdown at the intermediate timescales, which are induced by the nonequilibrium transport as characterized by the inhomogeneous vertical mixing of tracers due to particle burial and exhumation. Neglecting the ballistic regime at extremely short times, at small and large timescales, the transport regimes show normal diffusion. This result further implies that for the most typical fluvial riverbed with finite vertical exchange depth (i.e. nonaggrading or nondegrading bed), the subdiffusion of bedload tracers for large timescale transport may still be transient, which will eventually converge to the normal diffusion as time increases. Comparing the obtained analytical solutions with available numerical results as well as field observations, we show that the proposed formulation can capture well anomalous diffusion and the power‐law slowdown of the advective velocity of bedload tracers at intermediate timescales, and more importantly the transition from anomalous to normal diffusion at large timescales.
Monitoring upstream fish passage through a Mississippi River lock and dam reveals species differences in lock chamber usage and supports a fish passage model which describes velocity‐dependent passage through spillway gates

Nearly 200 fish were released below Lock and Dam 2 (LD2) in the Upper Mississippi River and tracked to determine both whether and how they passed through this structure, and if passage could be explained using a computational fish passage model (FPM) which combines hydraulics with fish swimming performance. Fish were either captured and released downstream of LD2 in Pool 3 or captured in Pool 2 (upstream of LD2) and displaced below LD2. Tagged fish were tracked using 13 archival receivers located across LD2. Approximately 90% of all fish approached LD2 many times with the displaced species likely attempting to home. Of 112 common carp, 26% passed through LD2 with 15% (most) going through the lock and 6% through the spillway gates. Similar values were seen for bigmouth buffalo. In contrast, although 42% of 31 channel catfish passed through the lock, only 3% went through the gates. Finally, of 22 walleye, only 14% passed through the lock and none through the gates. Ninety percent of all documented passages through the spillway gates occurred when the gates were out of the water and water velocities through these gates were at their lowest levels, an attribute described and predicted by the FPM at LD2. This study strongly suggests that fish passage through spillway gates of LDs is determined by water velocity and can be predicted with a FPM, whereas passage through locks is determined by species‐specific behavioural preferences. Both attributes could be exploited to reduce passage of invasive carp at certain locations.
Refugee Camp Monitoring and Environmental Change Assessment of Kutupalong, Bangladesh, Based on Radar Imagery of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2

Approximately one million refugees of the Rohingya minority population in Myanmar crossed the border to Bangladesh on 25 August 2017, seeking shelter from systematic oppression and persecution. This led to a dramatic expansion of the Kutupalong refugee camp within a couple of months and a decrease of vegetation in the surrounding forests. As many humanitarian organizations demand frameworks for camp monitoring and environmental impact analysis, this study suggests a workflow based on spaceborne radar imagery to measure the expansion of settlements and the decrease of forests. Eleven image pairs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2, as well as a digital elevation model, were used for a supervised land cover classification. These were trained on automatically-derived reference areas retrieved from multispectral images to reduce required user input and increase transferability. Results show an overall decrease of vegetation of 1500 hectares, of which 20% were used to expand the camp and 80% were deforested, which matches findings from other studies of this case. The time-series analysis reduced the impact of seasonal variations on the results, and accuracies between 88% and 95% were achieved. The most important input variables for the classification were vegetation indices based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter intensity, but topographic parameters also played a role.
The Use and Misuse of Income Data and the Rarity of Extreme Poverty in the United States

Recent research suggests that rates of extreme poverty, defined as living on either less than $2 or $4 per-person per-day, are high and rising in the United States. We re-examine the rate of extreme poverty using the rich data in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), generally thought to have the most accurate survey income data in the U.S. In addition to income, the SIPP provides information on hours worked, assets, hardships, and other household characteristics. We link these data to IRS Form 1040, W-2 and 1099-R information returns, and program data on SNAP, public and subsidized housing benefits, SSI, and OASDI. We find that accounting for in-kind transfers, errors in earnings reports, errors in transfer reports, and substantial assets means that less than 10% of households with survey-reported money incomes below $2/person/day are actually extreme poor. Of the households remaining in extreme poverty, 90% are single individuals. Several of the largest misclassified groups appear to be at least middle class based on material hardship, housing characteristics, tax data, and other variables. Given the low recent level of extreme poverty, it cannot have risen substantially due to welfare reform as many have argued. * Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Social Security Administration, any agency of the Federal Government or the NBER. While this work was not subject to formal Census Bureau content review, Census staff reviewed all statistical output to ensure that no confidential information was disclosed. We are grateful for comments from Luke Shaefer, James Spletzer, Scott Winship, James Ziliak, participants in seminars at the Institute for Research on Poverty, the American Enterprise Institute, the Conference in Honor of Joseph Altonji’s 65 Birthday, and the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Charles Koch Foundation, and the SSA through grant #5-RRC08098400-10 to the NBER as part of the SSA Retirement Research Consortium.
The mechanisms for reducing olanzapineinduced weight gain/obesity by betahistine: clinical implications

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . V STATEMENT FOR THE STYLE OF THE THESIS . VII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED AS PART OF THE THESIS . VIII STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS . XIII TABLE OF CONTENTS . XIV LIST OF FIGURES . XVIII LIST OF TABLE. XVIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . XIX CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . 6 2.
The area frame: a sampling base of establishment surveys

Area frame methodology has fonned one of the cornerstones of probability sampling for several decades. While area frames are frequently used in urban settings for household surveys and population censuses, those with a rural focus have proved valuable for targeting farm establishments to provide basic statistics on agriculture and ecological resources. Cotter and Nealon outline the advantages and disadvantages of area frame methodology. They state that area frames are highly versatile sampling frames providing statistically sound estimates based on complete coverage of land area. Although costly to build they are generally slow to become outdated. However, area frame sampling is generally less efficient than list sampling for targeting any individual item and is inadequate for estimating rare populations.
Comparison of Passive Microwave Data with Shipborne Photographic Observations of Summer Sea Ice Concentration along an Arctic Cruise Path

Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) has been studied extensively using passive microwave (PM) remote sensing. This technology could be used to improve navigation along vessel cruise paths; however, investigations on this topic have been limited. In this study, shipborne photographic observation (P-OBS) of sea ice was conducted using oblique-oriented cameras during the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summer of 2016. SIC and the areal fractions of open water, melt ponds, and sea ice (Aw, Ap, and Ai, respectively) were determined along the cruise path. The distribution of SIC along the cruise path was U-shaped, and open water accounted for a large proportion of the path. The SIC derived from the commonly used PM algorithms was compared with the moving average (MA) P-OBS SIC, including Bootstrap and NASA Team (NT) algorithms based on Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) data; and ARTIST sea ice, Bootstrap, Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative, and NASA Team 2 (NT2) algorithms based on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) data. P-OBS performed better than PM remote sensing at detecting low SIC (< 10%). Our results indicate that PM SIC overestimates MA P-OBS SIC at low SIC, but underestimates it when SIC exceeds a turnover point (TP). The presence of melt ponds affected the accuracy of the PM SIC; the PM SIC shifted from an overestimate to an underestimate with increasing Ap, compared with MA P-OBS SIC below the TP, while the underestimation increased above the TP. The PM algorithms were then ranked; SSMIS-NT and AMSR2-NT2 are the best and worst choices for Arctic navigation, respectively.
Autogenic Erosional Surfaces in Fluvio-deltaic Stratigraphy from Floods, Avulsions, and Backwater Hydrodynamics

Erosional surfaces set the architecture of fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy, and they have classically been interpreted in terms of changes in boundary conditions such as climate, tectonics, and base level (allogenic forces). Intrinsic dynamics of sedimentary systems (autogenic dynamics) can also create a rich stratigraphic architecture, and a major knowledge gap exists in parsing the relative roles of autogenic versus allogenic processes. Emerging theoretical and experimental work suggests that backwater hydrodynamics play an important role in driving transient channel incision in river deltas, even those experiencing net aggradation. Here, we identify and quantify two autogenic mechanisms that produce broad erosional surfaces in fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy, namely, floods and avulsions. Using a simple mass-balance model for single-threaded delta channel systems, we show that flood-induced scours begin near the shoreline, and avulsion-induced scours begin at the avulsion site, and both propagate upstream over a distance that scales with the backwater length, bed slope, and bed grain size. We also develop scaling relationships for the maximum scour depths arising from these mechanisms, which are functions of characteristic flow depth and formative flood variability. We test our theoretical predictions using a flume experiment of river delta evolution governed by persistent backwater hydrodynamics under constant relative sea level. Results indicate that autogenic dynamics of backwater-mediated deltas under conditions of constant base level can result in stratigraphic surfaces and shoreline trajectories similar to those often interpreted to represent multiple sea-level cycles. Our work provides a quantitative framework to decouple autogenic and allogenic controls on erosional surfaces preserved in fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy.
Effects of diabetes and aging on posture and acceleration thresholds during lateral translations

Research Objectives: One source of falls in the elderly may be an inability to sufficiently adjust to transient postural perturbations or slips. Identifying useful predictors of fall potential, as well as factors that affect the ability of an individual to detect a movement o f the standing support surface may provide insight into postural stability and methods to increase stability in elders. To do this, acceleration thresholds to short, precise, lateral platform translations and the resultant psychophysical responses of adults with early Type 2 diabetes to age-matched controls and young adults were measured. Methods: Using an innovative SUP-FALLS platform, short (1 ,2 ,4 ,8 ,and 16mm) lateral perturbations were presented to 21 individuals — 9 young adults, 6 neurologically intact elder adults, and 6 elders with diabetes using a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) protocol. All subjects underwent Iower-limb nerve conduction velocity determination, air conduction velocity testing, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament thresholds, the Mini Mental Status Exam, and reaction time tests to touch, tone and high acceleration, 4mm super-threshold perturbations. Results: All three groups had significantly different thresholds at all small (< 4mm) movement lengths, with the diabetic neuropathy group having a markedly higher acceleration threshold (P<0.001); the healthy elderly, which, in turn, had markedly higher thresholds than young adults. Patients with neuropathy had significantly higher reaction times to platform
Comprendre la science du lidar

Le LIDAR (light detection and ranging) est une méthode de télédétection optique active. Des lasers de plus en plus performants ont conduit à la formidable expansion des applications LIDAR dans les domaines géophysiques et industriels. On utilise des lasers impulsionnels pour la mesure de distance (télémétrie) à laquelle s’ajoutent des mesures de composition atmosphérique ou marine, de vitesse et de réflectivité des cibles (terrain, végétation, bâti urbain).