Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: Results from Thunder Project II*

ObjectivePatients frequently display behaviors during procedures that may be pain related. Clinicians often rely on the patient’s demonstration of behaviors as a cue to presence of pain. The purpose of this study was to identify specific pain-related behaviors and factors that predict the degree of behavioral responses during the following procedures: turning, central venous catheter insertion, wound drain removal, wound care, tracheal suctioning, and femoral sheath removal. DesignProspective, descriptive study. SettingMultiple units in 169 hospitals in United States, Canada, England, and Australia. PatientsA total of 5,957 adult patients who underwent one of the six procedures. InterventionsNone. Measurements and Main ResultsA 30-item behavior observation tool was used to note patients’ behaviors before and during a procedure. By comparing behaviors exhibited before and during the procedure as well as behaviors in those with and without procedural pain (as noted on a 0–10 numeric rating scale), we identified specific procedural pain behaviors: grimacing, rigidity, wincing, shutting of eyes, verbalization, moaning, and clenching of fists. On average, there were significantly more behaviors exhibited by patients with vs. without procedural pain (3.5 vs. 1.8 behaviors; t = 38.3, df = 5072.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–1.8). Patients with procedural pain were at least three times more likely to have increased behavioral responses than patients without procedural pain. A simultaneous regression model determined that 33% of the variance in amount of pain behaviors exhibited during a procedure was explained by three factors: degree of procedural pain intensity, degree of procedural distress, and undergoing the turning procedure. ConclusionsBecause of the strong relationship between procedural pain and behavioral responses, clinicians can use behavioral responses of verbal and nonverbal patients to plan for, implement, and evaluate analgesic interventions.
Coping Humour, Stress, and Cognitive Appraisals

This study investigated relationships between sense of humour and cognitive appraisals and reappraisals of a potentially stressful event. Cognitive appraisals for an academic examination were obtained at several points in time. Consistent with our predictions, individuals with high scores on the Coping Humour scale appraised the exam as more of a positive challenge than did low humour individuals. In their reappraisals, high humour subjects' ratings of importance and positive challenge were positively related to performance on the exam, whereas for low humour subjects this relationship was negative. In predicting their performance on the next exam, high humour subjects adjusted their expectations on the basis of performance on the previous exam, whereas low humour subjects did not. In addition, humour was negatively related to both perceived stress and dysfunctional standards for self-evaluation. Overall, these results support the proposal that a sense of humour may facilitate coping and adjustment. Resume L'etude en question portait sur Ies relations entre le sens de l'humour et Ies appreciations et reappreciations cognitives d'une situation pouvant engendrer du stress. Les sujets ont fourni a plusieurs moments des appreciations cognitives d'un examen qu'ils devaient passer dans le cadre de leurs etudes. Comme nous l'avions predit, Ies sujets ayant obtenu des scores eleves dans l'echelle de mesure de l'humour face ii I'adaptation consideraient davantage l'examen comme un defi positif quc nc le faisaient les sujets ayant moins le sens de l'humour. En cc qui concerne la reappr£ciation, les points attribues a I'importance de l'examen ct au defi positif par Ies sujets ayant un grand sens de l'humour ctaient correles positivement au resultat de l'examen, alors que la correlation etait negative dans le cas des sujets ayant moins d'humour. Pour predire leur rendement au prochain examen, les sujets ayant un grand sens dc l'humour ont ajuste leurs attentcs en fonction du resultat de l'examen precedent, ce que n'ont pas fait les autres sujets. De plus, l'humour etait correle negativement au stress pergu par les sujets et aux normes dysfonctionnelles dans le cas de l'auto-evalua tion. tin general, les resultats confirment l'idee que le sens de l'humour peut faciliter I'adaptation.
Changes in ankle joint proprioception resulting from strips of athletic tape applied over the skin.

OBJECTIVE In part, the believed effectiveness of taping in preventing injuries may be in the increased proprioception that it provides through stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of strips of athletic tape applied over the skin of the ankle in improving ankle joint movement and position perception. DESIGN AND SETTING The study consisted of a single-group, repeated-measures design, where all subjects were tested under all conditions presented in a fully randomized order. Testing was performed in the biomechanics laboratory at Marquette University. SUBJECTS Twenty healthy males (mean age = 20.3 +/- 1.5 yr) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS Ankle joint movement and position perception for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion were tested using a specially designed apparatus. Each individual was tested with and without two 12.7-cm (5-inch) strips of tape applied in a distal-proximal direction directly to the skin in front of and behind the subject's talocrural joint. RESULTS Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) models. Our results indicate that under the nonweightbearing condition, taping significantly improved (p < .05) the ability of the subjects to perceive ankle joint position, especially for a 10 degrees plantar-flexed position. In the weightbearing condition, the use of tape did not significantly alter (p > .05) the ability of the subjects to perceive ankle position. Similarly, taping did not alter ankle movement perception in either the weightbearing or nonweightbearing condition (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that increased cutaneous sensory feedback provided by strips of athletic tape applied across the ankle joint of healthy individuals can help improve ankle joint position perception in nonweightbearing, especially for a midrange plantar-flexed ankle position.
Extinction of Contextual Cocaine Memories Requires Cav1.2 within D1R-Expressing Cells and Recruits Hippocampal Cav1.2-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms

Exposure to cocaine-associated contextual cues contributes significantly to relapse. Extinction of these contextual associations, which involves a new form of learning, reduces cocaine-seeking behavior; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We report that extinction, but not acquisition, of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice increased Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel mRNA and protein in postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in drug–context associations. Moreover, viral-mediated deletion of Cav1.2 in the dorsal hippocampus attenuated extinction of cocaine CPP. Molecular studies examining downstream Cav1.2 targets revealed that extinction recruited calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaMK)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to the hippocampal PSD. This occurred in parallel with an increase in phosphorylation of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit at serine 831 (S831), a CaMKII site, along with an increase in total PSD GluA1. The necessity of S831 GluA1 was further demonstrated by the lack of extinction in S831A GluA1 phosphomutant mice. Of note hippocampal GluA1 levels remained unaltered at the PSD, but were reduced near the PSD and at perisynaptic sites of dendritic spines in extinction-resistant S831A mutant mice. Finally, conditional knock-out of Cav1.2 in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing cells resulted in attenuation of cocaine CPP extinction and lack of extinction-dependent changes in hippocampal PSD CaMKII expression and S831 GluA1 phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate an essential role for the hippocampal Cav1.2/CaMKII/S831 GluA1 pathway in cocaine CPP extinction, with data supporting contribution of hippocampal D1R-expressing cells in this process. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Cav1.2 channels in extinction of contextual cocaine-associated memories. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Continued drug-seeking behavior, a defining characteristic of cocaine addiction, can be precipitated by contextual cues, yet the molecular mechanisms required for extinction of these context-specific memories remain poorly understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel and selective role of the Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel and its downstream signaling pathway in the hippocampus that mediate extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We additionally provide evidence that supports a role of Cav1.2 within dopamine D1 receptor-expressing cells of the hippocampus for extinction of cocaine CPP. Therefore, these findings reveal a previously unknown role of Cav1.2 channels within the hippocampus and in D1 receptor-expressing cells in extinction of cocaine-associated memories, providing a framework for further exploration of mechanisms underlying extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior.
Impact of Interest Rates on Foreign Direct Investment : Case Study Sierra Leone Economy

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seeing as one of the engines that ignite economic growth in recent years in developing countries. This study aim to examine the impact of interest rate on FDI flow in Sierra Leone, as the government of Sierra Leone has made tremendous effort after the civil war ended in 2001 to attract more foreign investment through the implementation of favorable foreign investment policies. Using econometrics techniques to run multiple regression time series data for the period of 1985 to 2012 in which diagnostic test was carried out in order to make the model fit and free from all spuriousness and make result valuable. The main findings were; trade openness (TO) and exchange rates (ER) are the key determinants of FDI flow having positive significant signs in Sierra Leone. Others variables, such as inflation, gross domestic products (GDP) and interest rate (IR), were found to be insignificant factors causing the variability of FDI flows. Finally we accept the null hypothesis that; high interest rate has no effect on FDI flow in Sierra Leone. For policy recommendation, government should support the private sector to mobilize domestic resources for productive investment, increase openness to foreign trade, fight corruption, improve the energy and infrastructure to attract foreign investment, maintain single digit inflation figure, promote production through boosting employment to build up GDP and finally to limit exchange rate fluctuation. Keywords; Foreign Direct Investment, domestic economy, interest rate, Sierra Leone.
Worsening of steatosis and fibrosis progression

We read with great interest the article by Castera and colleagues ( Gut 2003; 52 :288–92) and acknowledge the finding that worsening of steatosis in chronic hepatitis C is associated with fibrosis progression. However, in our view there are no data supporting a casual role for this statistical association or any specific relation of this finding to chronic hepatitis C. Firstly, the authors provide no explanation as to why steatosis worsened in patients under consideration. Overweight, diabetes, and alcohol consumption are the main causes of steatosis in Western countries and major causes of fibrotic liver disease. There are no data throughout the study indicating whether patients in whom steatosis worsened simply gained weight or developed any …
Specifying Software: A Hands-On Introduction

Introduction Part I. Algorithms: 1. Specifying algorithms 2. Verifying algorithms: basic techniques 3. Verifying algorithms: some examples 4. Additional verification techniques Part II. Data Representations: 5. Data representation: a case study 6. Data representation: additional examples Part III. Language Recognizers: 7. Basic concepts 8. State-transition diagrams 9. Regular languages 10. Context-free languages 11. Parsing 12. A taste of computability theory Appendix A: programming language reference Appendix B: hints for selected exercises Index.
Electronic Cigarettes in the Media

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are an increasingly popular source of nicotine and an increasingly popular topic in the media. Concerns about potential hazards associated with e-cigarette use and advertising, especially to adolescents, have led to studies on e-cigarettes in both traditional media (TV, mail, print, and outdoor advertising) and social media (websites, social networking sites, blogs, and e-mails). This review presents a narrative description of available studies related to e-cigarettes in the media. These articles have focused on promotion in both traditional and social media across a broad range of topics and have concentrated on target audiences, smoking cessation, harm reduction, and advertising. E-cigarette advertising is the most frequent topic in the published articles. Identifying the target audience also is a common objective in articles. The representation of e-cigarettes as a “healthier alternative” to traditional cigarettes and their use as a “smoking cessation aid” are main themes presented through all types of media.
Probability analysis for CMOS floating gate faults

The electrical behavior of a floating gate MOS transistor is mask-topology-dependent, i.e. floating on different sites of interconnection may result in different fault behavior. In this paper, we present a net-oriented deterministic approach to compute the probability of different open faults on each net, by taking into account the process defect statistics and mask layout data. The open faults causing floating gates are classified into three types, i.e. (1) open causes floating gates of p-channel transistors, (2) open causes floating gates of n-channel transistors, and (3) open causes floating gates of both p-channel transistors and n-channel transistors. For each net the probabilities of floating gate faults (1), (2) and (3) are obtained. The results of the analysis can be used as guidelines for designing more reliable and testable circuits, adopting more accurate fault models, introducing effective testing strategies. <<ETX>>
A simple and rapid technique for postelectrophoretic detection of proteases using azocasein

Azocasein, diffused into gels after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, provides a useful substrate for simple and rapid protease detection. After electrophoresis, the gels are incubated in an azocasein solution, immersed in trichloroacetic acid and then treated with NaOH. Proteolytic zones appear as uncolored bands on an orange background. The gels can be stored in trichloroacetic acid for months. This technique gives good results with serine proteases, acid proteases and metalloproteases. The method can be used under nondenaturing conditions and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sensitivity of this method is at the submicrogram protein level for trypsin.
Stereocontrolled syntheses of kainoid amino acids from 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadienes using tandem radical addition-homoallylic radical rearrangement.

[reaction; see text] N-Boc syn-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(alkyl or aryl)sulfonyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2. 1]hept-5-enes serve as precursors in syntheses of the neuroexcitants 3-(carboxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 43, alpha-kainic acid 12, alpha-isokainic acid 14, and alpha-dihydroallokainic acid 77. The key step in these syntheses is the intermolecular radical addition of 2-iodoethanol to a N-Boc 2-(alkyl or aryl)sulfonyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2. 1]heptadiene 7 to induce nitrogen-directed homoallylic radical rearrangement. Oxidative cleavage of the resulting 2-azabicyclo[2.2. 1]hept-5-enes provide straightforward access to polysubstituted pyrrolidines and, in particular, an efficient entry to the kainoid amino acids.
Celiac disease as a model of gastrointestinal inflammation.

Celiac disease is a food hypersensitivity disorder of a chronic inflammatory nature. The disease has an auto-immune component represented by disease-specific autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TG2). The lesion in the small intestine is characterized by villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells, both in the epithelium and in the lamina propria. The condition is frequent in Western societies affecting about in 100 to 300 individuals, not all affected have subjective symptoms. this disorder.Theceliac
Study of recognizing human motion observed from an arbitrary viewpoint based on decomposition of a tensor containing multiple view motions

We propose a Tensor Decomposition based algorithm that recognizes the observed action performed by an unknown person and unknown viewpoint not included in the database. Our previous research aimed motion recognition from one single viewpoint. In this paper, we extend our approach for human motion recognition from an arbitrary viewpoint. To achieve this issue, we set tensor database which are multi-dimensional vectors with dimensions corresponding to human models, viewpoint angles, and action classes. The value of a tensor for a given combination of human silhouette model, viewpoint angle, and action class is the series of mesh feature vectors calculated each frame sequence. To recognize human motion, the actions of one of the persons in the tensor are replaced by the synthesized actions. Then, the core tensor for the replaced tensor is computed. This process is repeated for each combination of action, person, and viewpoint. For each iteration, the difference between the replaced and original core tensors is computed. The assumption that gives the minimal difference is the action recognition result. The recognition results show the validity of our proposed method, the method is experimentally compared with Nearest Neighbor rule. Our proposed method is very stable as each action was recognized with over 75% accuracy.
New approach of testing the effect of heat stress on eggshell quality: mechanical and material properties of eggshell and membrane

1. The effect of high temperature on eggshell quality was investigated by measuring the mechanical and material properties of shell and membranes. 2. Heat exposure resulted in a decrease in zootechnical performance and eggshell thickness, increase in egg breakage, and unchanged egg shape index. 3. The static stiffness (K stat), dynamic stiffness (K dyn) and modulus of elasticity of the eggshell were not significantly affected by high temperature. Membrane prolongation increased significantly while membrane attachment strength and breakage strength tended to decrease and increase, respectively. The relationships between these variables were changed by high temperature. 4. Neither K stat nor K dyn could give a reasonable explanation for the changed eggshell quality induced by heat stress. The decreased eggshell thickness and changed properties of shell membrane may be responsible, at least partially, for the decreased shell quality of eggs from heat-stressed hens.
The Effect of Full‐Face Broadband Light Treatments Alone and in Combination With Bilateral Crow's Feet Botulinum Toxin Type A Chemodenervation

BACKGROUND Broadband light (BBL; Intense Pulsed Light; Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) is a powerful, nonablative, light-based technology that targets melanin and hemoglobin and stimulates the formation of collagen and elastin. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A; BOTOX; Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) treatment of the lateral periocular region relaxes the vertical fibers of the orbicularis oculi and results in softening of the lateral orbital crow's feet rhytides and widening of the palpebral aperture. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of full-face BBL in combination with BTX-A and BBL alone in female subjects with Fitzpatrick I–III skin types, Glogau II–III rhytides, and significant associated facial lentigines and telangiectasia. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized study of 30 women with moderate to severe crow's feet rhytides. Half of the subjects were treated with BTX-A and BBL and the other half with BBL alone. Their response was assessed clinically and photographically. Skin biopsies of the temporal skin were taken from two subjects in each group and were stained with Masson trichrome. RESULTS Patients treated with a combination of BTX-A and BBL experienced a better response to treatment, both at rest and on maximum smile, as well as a slightly improved response in associated lentigines, telangiectasia, pore size, and facial skin texture compared with patients who received BBL treatment alone. Skin biopsies showed an increase in dermal collagen in each group. CONCLUSIONS The patients in this study benefited from both treatments. Although BBL led to a remarkable improvement in full-face telangiectasias, lentigines, and skin texture, the improvement increased in all categories with combination therapy. In addition, an added improvement in the full-face aesthetic with both BTX-A and BBL therapy combined was obvious. These results suggest that both treatments—although evidently complementary—may also act synergistically to produce optimal clinical effects, revolutionizing the treatment of facial aging.
Recovery of adult oligodendrocytes is preceded by a “lag period” accompanied by upregulation of transcription factors expressed in developing young cells

Cell cultures prepared from oligodendrocytes directly obtained from adult rat brain are composed of mature cells that lose their cell processes and myelin membrane during their isolation and therefore represent a very useful model to investigate the factors that could stimulate their recovery. We have observed that mature oligodendrocytes isolated from adult animals remain as round cells that lack processes for the first 3–4 days in culture. At the end of this lag period, however, the majority of the adult oligodendrocytes show a remarkable recovery, rapidly growing complex and extensive cell processes. Interestingly, the end of this lag period is accompanied by a dramatic upregulation in the expression of thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (TR). The functional importance of this increase in TR levels is supported by the observation that the majority of the cells cultured in the presence of T3 show significantly more extensive and complex process outgrowth than the control cells in cultures lacking this hormone. In addition, this reactivation of the adult cells was also preceded by an increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cyclic AMP‐response element binding protein (CREB), two transcription factors that together with TR appear to play important roles in the control of neonatal oligodendrocyte development. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that upregulation of these proteins may be part of the metabolic changes that occur during the lag period required for recovery of the adult oligodendrocytes. These observations raise the question of whether these transcription factors may play any significant role during remyelination after demyelinating lesions of adult CNS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.