Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Livelihood Patterns of the Tibetan Refugees in Kathmandu

This Study entitled as “Livelihood Pattern of the Tibetan Refugees in Nepal” (A Case Study of the Samdupling in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee Camp in Boudha- Jorpati) aims to discover the livelihood patterns of Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee’s Camp in Boudha-Jorpati. The paper intends to examine the problems confronted by Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp and Khampa Refugee’s Camp. The study itself is conducted with the objectives of describing the present socio-economic status of Tibetan refugees dwelling in aforementioned camps located inside the Kathmandu valley and Lalitpur. This write-up not only deals with different livelihood aspects of Tibetan refugees but also compares the livelihood of two camps to list out the social, economic and political problems affecting their livelihood. However, this study is mainly based on the primary information and the data which were collected using the techniques of household survey and sampling survey, along with questionnaire and interview during the several field visits to camps. The paper concludes by stating that government intervention is required to resolve the issues affecting the livelihood of Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees’ problems required a political yet humanitarian resolution. The government needs to decide on whether to endow the citizenship or refugee card to the refugees who have been deprived of the both, or opt for the third-party settlement. For that Tibetans refugees also need to cooperate and coordinate with the refugees department under the Ministry of the Home Affair, Government of Nepal
Neutron‐diffraction study of cubic ErC0.6 in the temperature range 1.6–296 K

Neutron‐diffraction measurements have shown that the form of ErC0.6 that has a cubic, NaCl‐type structure is paramagnetic above 90 K, exhibiting a free Er3+ moment. Below 90 K, ErC0.6 becomes a ferromagnet with a saturation moment of 2.5 Bohr magnetons (only 28% of the maximum free‐ion moment), indicating a large crystal‐field effect. By measuring the preferential crystallite orientation induced by the applied magnetic field, the direction of the ferromagnetically ordered moment was found to be parallel to the 〈100〉 axis. A ferromagnetic, short‐range ordering coexists with the ferromagnetic long‐range ordering at temperatures down to 1.6 K.
Standardization of Food Composition Databases for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): General Theoretical Concept

EPIC is a prospective cohort study on diet and cancer involving 480 000 subjects from nine European countries. In order to establish the relationship between nutrient intakes and disease, standardized food composition databases are needed. In the absence of already existing comparable European nutrient database(s), an ad hoc approach was developed to standardize the EPIC databases. New matrices were built using information as collected from the EPIC study subjects in order to overcome the difficulty of reducing the systematic differences between food lists in national databases. In the EPIC databases, the foods lists, vertical axes, are based on information derived from standardized computerized 24-h diet recalls collected from 35 000 subjects. The criteria of selection and level of detail on foods reported in the EPIC databases are therefore highly standardized between countries. In addition, reported recipes are systematically broken down into ingredients to optimize the comparison between countries. For the nutrient list, horizontal axes, the number, mode of expression, definition, unit and methods of analysis are fixed. The compilation of nutrients, nutrient value cells, is carried out using standardized sources of nutrient data or algorithms. Depending on whether the food is common or country-specific, the same or country-specific source of values will be used. This approach addresses some methodological issues, which may have implications for future priorities and development of food composition tables.
Prediction of Explosive Performance Properties of z-DBBD and Its Isomers by Quantum Chemical Computations

Theoretical studies have been performed on TACOT, its benzofuroxan derivative z-DBBD, and three different isomers of z-DBBD. The corrected absolute and relative total energies of the geometry-optimized structures were calculated at the theoretical level of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). The bond dissociation energies were correlated with sensitivity. Mulliken electronegativities (χM) and chemical hardness (η) were obtained by employing frontier molecular orbitals at the HF/6-31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) theoretical level. Detonation performance analyses for z-DBBD (4,11-dinitro[1,2,5]-oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3′,4′:4,5]benzotriazolo-[2,1-a]benzotriazol-6-ium inner salt 1,8-dioxide), its presently considered isomers, and TACOT were performed. The results showed that the performance of all compounds (compounds 1–4) was as good as that of RDX. The power index results showed that z-DBBD and its isomers were better than TACOT, RDX, and HMX. Compounds 1–4 are all reasonable candidates for high-energy-density materials (HEDMs).
An Efficient Methodology to Sort Large Volume of Data

—Sorting is a basic data processing technique that is used in all day-day applications. To cope up with technological advancement and extensive increase in data acquisition and storage, Sorting requires improvement to minimize time taken for processing, response time and space required for processing. Various sorting techniques have been proposed by researchers but the applicability of those techniques for large volume of data is not assured. The main focus of this work is to propose a new sorting technique titled Neutral Sort, to reduce the time taken for sorting and decrease the response time for a large volume of data. Neutral Sort is designed as an enhancement to Merge Sort. The advantages and disadvantages of existing techniques in terms of their performance, efficiency and throughput are discussed and the comparative study shows that Neutral sort drastically reduces time taken for sorting and hence reduces the response time.
State—Time—Space Superstructure-Based MINLP Formulation for Batch Water-Allocation Network Design

The mathematical technique presented in this work deals with one step design of single- and multicontaminant batch water-allocation network (WAN), where batch production, water-reuse subsystems, and wastewater-treatment subsystems are all taken into account. In the first place, a flexible schedule model combining the merits of discrete and continuous time formulations is introduced to integrate batch production and WAN. Then, two novel state−time−space (STS) superstructures incorporating all basic elements (i.e., states, tasks, equipment, and time) are adopted to capture all production schemes and batch WAN configurations. Specifically, by adding novel components in the original superstructure, a series of optimal network structures with multistage splitting and mixing options which have never been contained within previous superstructure can be easily generated. Finally, a reliable optimization strategy, where deterministic and stochastic searching techniques are combined, is suggested to deal with the r.
Antipsychotics, Psychotic Disorders, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

The use of psychotropic medications, namely antipsychotic medications have become increasingly prevalent in the treatment of a variety of mental illnesses and prior to initiation assessments that consist of the risks versus benefits must be heavily weighed. These medications can improve people’s conditions and factors such as preference, tolerability, adverse effects, and treatment outcomes should be considered with each individual.
Effects of surfactants on the morphology of composite polymer particles produced by two-stage seeded emulsion polymerization

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–polystyrene (PS) composite polymer particles were synthesized in the presence of a surfactant by two-stage seeded emulsion polymerization. The first stage was the synthesis of PMMA particles by soapless emulsion polymerization; the second stage was the synthesis of the PMMA–PS composite polymer particles with the PMMA particles as seeds. In the second stage of the reaction, three kinds of surfactants—sodium laurate sulfate (SLS), polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20)—were used to synthesize the PMMA–PS composite particles. Both the properties and concentrations of the surfactants influenced the morphology of the composite particles significantly. Core–shell composite particles, with PS as the shell and PMMA as the core, were synthesized in the presence of a low concentration of the hydrophilic surfactant SLS. This result was the same as that in the absence of the surfactant. However, a low concentration of Tween 20 led to composite particles with a core/strawberry-like shell morphology; the core region was a PS phase, and the strawberry-like shell was a PS phase dispersed in a PMMA phase. With an increase in the concentration of SLS, the morphology of the composite particles changed from core (PMMA)–shell (PS) to core (PS)–shell (PMMA). Moreover, the effects of a high concentration of Tween 20 or Span 20 on the morphology of the PMMA–PS composite particles were investigated in this study. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2224–2236, 2005
Optical characterization of In0.27Ga0.73Sb and InxAl1−xAsySb1−y epitaxial layers for development of 6.2-Å-based heterojunction bipolar transistors

Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) has been employed to assess the crystalline quality and obtain the band gap energies of (InAs∕AlSb∕GaSb) 6.2-A-based ternary and quaternary epitaxial layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These alloys are employed in low power, high frequency heterojunction bipolar transistors. Strong emission between 0.5 and 1.1eV attributed to band edge recombination was observed from In0.27Ga0. 73Sb and InxAl1−xAsySb1−y layers deposited on both GaSb and GaAs substrates with the best material obtained for substrate temperatures between 350 and 400°C. The PL energies observed for the InAlAsSb epitaxial films are ∼300meV less than the band gaps predicted for this system. Most notably, a much higher bowing parameter value (∼1.8eV) is required to model the dependence of the InAlAsSb PL energies on alloy composition.
Experimental structure factor of solutions of randomly branched polymers

Des solutions diluees de phases sol produites lors d'une reaction de gelification de polystyrene sont etudiees par diffusion lumineuse et neutronique. La comparaison des facteurs de structure mesures sur des echantillons fractionnes ou non fractionnes permet de separer les effets de dispersion en tailles et les proprietes conformationnelles des especes ramifiees. Les resultats montrent que, dans une solution diluee, le comportement de ces objets est plutot en accord avec celui attendu pour des amas de percolation gonfles
A localization threshold for macromolecular quasispecies from continuously distributed replication rates

Localization in the space of mutant sequences of an equilibrium distribution of independently self‐replicating macromolecules or quasispecies, as described by the deterministic evolution equations of Eigen (1971) is necessary for a dynamically stable, finite population and simple Darwinian selection of a particular genotype. In this work, the localization properties are investigated as a functional of the probability distribution (possibly continuous) of replication rates for the different mutants, including the neutral mutation extreme. The central result is the existence and evaluation of a threshold sequence length (for fixed monomer copying fidelity) below which the quasispecies is localized with unit probability around the particular mutant with maximum replication rate. This localization threshold differs in two respects from the error threshold of Eigen, which it confirms in the limit of identical superiority of the wild type over all other mutant replication rates: It is independent of mutant popu.
Simultaneous supercritical fluid derivatization and extraction

(30) Gubchon, 0. ; Gonnord, M. F. ; Zakarla, M. ; Beaver, L. A,: Siouffi, A. M. Chmmatographia 1983, 17, 121. (31) Bushey, M. M. ; Jorgenson, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 978. (32) Llu, Z. ; Phillips, J. J. Chromatogr. Scl. 1991, 29, 227. (33) Vanmarcke, E. Random Fields: Analysls and Synthesis; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1983. (34) Tuckwell, H. C. Nementary Applications of Probablllfy Theory: Chapman and Hall: London, 1968. (35) Giddlngs, J. C. ; Keller, R . A. J. Chromatogr. 1959, 2 , 626. (36) Oros, F. J.; Davis, J. M. J. Chromatogr. 1991, 550, 135. (37) Green, J. R. : Margerlson, D. Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data ; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1978. (38) Ross, S. M. Introduction to FTobabiiIfy Models, 2nd 4. : Academic Press: New York. 1980. (39) Thomas. G. B. , Jr. Calculus end Analytic Geomeby, alternate ed.; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1972. (40) Nyhoff, L. ; Leestma, S. FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists; Macmillan: New York, 1965. (41) Dahiqulst, G. ; BJGrck, A. Numerical Methods; PrentlcaHall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1974.
Numerical Calculation of Optical Properties of Linear Nano-Graphite Particles

Using the discrete dipole approximation method, the absorption, scattering, extinction efficiency factor and differential scattering cross section of four kinds of nano-graphite particles under different incident angle are numerical calculated, the result shown that the value of the absorption, scattering, extinction efficiency factor and differential scattering cross section of linear nano-graphite particles are symmetric on the incident angle. There are the same variation tendency of absorption and extinction efficiency factor changed with the incident angle, when the incident light parallel with the linear nano-graphite particles, both the absorption and extinction are the strongest, and when the incident light perpendicular the linear nano-graphite particles, both the absorption and extinction are the weakest. The variation tendency of scattering efficiency factor changed with incident angle depended on the number of single graphite and the arrangement of linear nano-graphite particles. The value of differential scattering cross section is the smallest while the incident light parallel with the linear nano-graphite particles, however, the biggest while the incident light perpendicular the linear nano-graphite particles.
Effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth, and nutrient uptake of corn

The effect of crude oil pollution of soil on the growth of plants and uptake of nutrients was investigated by growing corn (Zea mays L.) on a soil polluted by crude petroleum. The levels of the crude oil application varied from 0 to 10.6 percent by weight of soil. Three corn crops were raised in succession, each for a period of 6 weeks, in the same soil. The yeilds and plant contents of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, and Mn were determined. The soil was analyzed for organic C, total and available N, extractable P, and exchangeable K, Ca, Fe and Mn after each cropping. Germination and yields were drastically reduced as the level of pollution increased. At 4.2 percent crude oil pollution level, the average reductions were 50 percent and 92 percent in germination and yield, respectively. The amount of organic C, total N, and exchangeable K, Fe, and Mn increased in the soil with level of crude oil addition, while extractable P, NO/sub 3/-N, and exchangeable Ca were reduced. The poor growth was attributed to suffocation of the plants caused by exclusion of air by the oil or exhaustion of oxygen by increased microbial activity, interference with plant-soil-watermore » relationships, and toxicity from sulfides and excess available Mn produced during the decomposition of the hydrocarbons. « less
Measurement of the silicon dioxide concentration in hafnium silicate gate dielectrics with a total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

As complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices continue to scale along the rapid pace of Moore’s law, gate dielectric materials with significantly higher dielectric constant (k=10–25) are being evaluated as replacements for conventional silicon dioxide, SiO2 (k=3.9), and silicon oxynitride. This allows for the introduction of a physically thicker film with lower leakage current and with capacitance equivalent to a thinner (1.0 nm and below) SiO2 layer (Schlom and Haeni, 2002; Wilk et al., 2001; Kingon et al., 2001). Although binary metal oxide films such as HfO2 and ZrO2 exhibit higher permittivity than their corresponding silicates and aluminates, alloyed with various molecular percents of SiO2 or Al2O3, respectively, they are compromised by lower onset of crystallization temperature which contributes a higher degree of interfacial microroughness and increased gate leakage current due to dislocations and oxygen vacancies generated along grain boundaries. Accordingly, development of hafnium silicate has been the subject of intense investigation as an advanced gate dielectric thin film designed to meet the device manufacturing requirements of thermal stability in direct contact with substrate silicon and metal gate electrode materials. In this paper, we present results corresponding to the utilization of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) as a quick, accurate, nondestructive technique for hafnium silicate composition determination based on detection of the Hf:Si ratio of (HfO2)x(SiO2)1−x, where x varies over the range 0.2–1.0.
α-Adrenoceptor Agonists Produce Ca 2+ Oscillations in Isolated Rat Aorta : Role of Protein Kinase C

We investigated the relationship between tension development and the cytosolic free Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]1) in responses to norepinephrine (NE) and selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, UK14, 304 of the endothelium-denuded rat aorta loaded with fura PE-3. NE (3×10-8 M) evoked a rapid increase in [Ca2+]1 followed by slight decreasing to a steady state level and produced a contraction. After the NE-induced increase in [Ca2+]1 had reached a maximum, the [Ca2+]1 showed persistent oscillations. The Ca2+ oscillations were super-imposed on the sustained increase in [Ca2+]1 . UK14, 304 (3×10-6 M) also evoked an increase in [Ca2+]1 and produced a contraction. However, the UK14, 304-induced effect on [Ca2+]1 was characterized by pronounced oscillations, and the amplitude of the sustained increase in [Ca2+]1 was less than that seen with NE. Protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro31-8220 (3×10-6 M) and verapamil (10-5 M) abolished both NE- and UK14, 304-evoked Ca2+ oscillations. UK14, 304-induced contractions were also strongly inhibited by Ro31-8220 and verapamil. However, NE-induced contractions were partly inhibited by these inhibitors. The sustained increases in [Ca2+]1 evoked NE and UK14, 304 were not significantly inhibited by Ro31-8220 and verapamil. These results suggest that NE and UK14, 304 produce Ca2+ oscillations during sustained contractions in rat aorta. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist, UK14, 304-induced sustained contraction and Ca2+ oscillations may be due to PKC activation and opening of voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels.
Strategies Adopted by Principals to Motivate Teachers: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division, In Ndian Division of Cameroon

This descriptive survey investigated the strategies used by principals to motivate teachers in Secondary schools in Ekomdo Titi Sub Division, Ndian Division of the South West Region of Cameroon. It intended to answer one research question; “What strategies do principals in secondary schools in Ekondo Titi Sub Division use to motivate teachers? Data were collected from 140 teachers and 7 principals through the use of a questionnaire made up of structured items and were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Open-ended items were thematically analyzed. The strategies used by principals to motivate teachers in Secondary schools include issuing certificates of recognition; assigning teachers to represent principals in official meetings; awarding prizes for hard work; recommending teachers for promotion and involving teaching in decision making that affects them. Based on these findings it was recommended as follows: principals need to adopt practices that show they trust teachers, promote greater collaboration between teachers, give timely feedbacks and serve as role models.
Comparative Killing Activity of Different Nanoparticles and Nano-composites Based on Dermanyssus gallinae

Silver (Ag NPs) and magnetite nanoparticles (MANPs) were synthesized and characterized using Xray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. XRD, XRF and Raman spectroscopy results of MANPs and Ag NPs confirmed their synthesis without any undesired impurities from synthesis method. TEM, SEM and AFM images of Ag NPs illustrated homogenous spherical particles with the size of about 5 nm, while MANPs had spherical to semi-cubic with the size of 20 nm. Both silver-essential oils and magnetite-essential oils nanocomposites were synthesized by sonochemical method with the ratio of 1:1. In-vitro contact effect of commercial plant essential oil mixture with synthetic silver and magnetite nanoparticles was studied. Comparative killing study was carried out by direct contact spray of groups of saline, silver nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticles, essential oils, silver-essential oil nanocomposite, and magnetite-essential oil nanocomposite on poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae). Activity and changes occurred were examined under stereomicroscope for 3 h. Interestingly, highest killing activity was obtained with silver-essential oil nanocomposite and silver nanoparticles in comparison with magnetite nanoparticles, essential oil and magnetite-essential oil nanocomposite. As a result, silver-essential oil nanocomposite and silver nanoparticles could be beneficial and involved in D. gallinae (red mite) control strategies in poultry industry.
Influence of Short Helical Tape on Local Convective Heat Transfer and Thermal Performance Characteristics in Turbulent Decaying Swirl Flow

This paper reports the experimental investigation of local convective heat transfer enhancement, flow friction and thermal performance factor behaviors in the tube fitted with the short helical tapes (SHTs) acting as decaying swirl flow generators. The tapes with three different helical tape angles (? = 90°, 135° and 180°) and three different channel numbers (N = 2, 3 and 4 channels) were tested under the uniform wall heat flux condition. The performance of each tape is compared with the performance of the plain tube subject to the same pumping power. The experimental results show that the heat transfer rates and friction factors of the tube with SHTs are respectively in range of 1.15 to 1.9 and 1.49 to 2.31 times of those in the plain, corresponding to thermal performances between 0.98 and 1.46. The correlations for Nusselt number (Nu) as a function of Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), helical tape angle (? ) and the number of channel (N) are also developed.