Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS IN THE INNER ZONE OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS RELAXATION AFTER MAJOR EARTHQUAKES

Transient deformation resulting from postseismic stress relaxation in underlying viscoelastic layers is examined. The main purpose of the present study is to understand spatial and temporal modes of postseismic deformation especially due to strike-slip faulting with a realistic geometry. The fault size as well as the viscoelastic structure of the earth proved to have large effects on the amount of postseismic deformation. Therefore, it should be taken into serious consideration in modeling the faulting. It is noteworthy that the concentration of shear strain into the near field continues long after the faulting. This strain concentration is similar to the preseismic strain accumulation and is contrary to the coseismic strain release. The viscoelastic structure of the earth, however, is hard to determine solely by the surface measurements performed at long time intervals. Crustal movements in the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan, in particular, those associated with the 1927 Tango earthquake of M=7.5, are then investigated in connection with postseismic stress relaxation. The discrepancies between the observed and calculated postseismic deformations can be reduced if the effect of tectonic stress is added to the calculated deformation field. It is widely accepted that the basic model to explain the physical behavior of the earth's crust and upper mantle generally consists of three layers with different rheological properties; namely, the uppermost elastic and brittle lithosphere, the intervenient ductile asthenosphere with low viscosity, and the substratum with relatively high viscosity. In addition, it is also recognized that there exist considerable regional heterogeneities in both thicknesses and properties of the layered structure of the earth. These heterogeneities probably characterize the mode of accumulation and release of tectonic stress in the region, and this mode is reflected in the crustal movements and seismic activity peculiar to the region.
Potentials for Platooning in U.S. Highway Freight Transport

Smart technologies enabling connection among vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure as well as vehicle automation to assist human operators are receiving significant attention as a means for improving road transportation systems by reducing fuel consumption – and related emissions – while also providing additional benefits through improving overall traffic safety and efficiency. For truck applications, which are currently responsible for nearly three-quarters of the total U.S. freight energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, platooning has been identified as an early feature for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) that could provide significant fuel savings and improved traffic safety and efficiency without radical design or technology changes compared to existing vehicles. A statistical analysis was performed based on a large collection of real-world U.S. truck usage data to estimate the fraction of total miles that are technically suitable for platooning. In particular, our analysis focuses on estimating “platoonable” mileage based on overall highway vehicle use and prolonged high-velocity traveling, and established that about 65% of the total miles driven by combination trucks from this data sample could be driven in platoon formation, leading to a 4% reduction in total truck fuel consumption. This technical potential for “platoonable” miles in the United States provides an upper bound for scenario analysis considering fleet willingness and convenience to platoon as an estimate of overall benefits of early adoption of connected and automated vehicle technologies. A benefit analysis is proposed to assess the overall potential for energy savings and emissions mitigation by widespread implementation of highway platooning for trucks.
A Structure Theorem for Rationalizability with Application to Robust Predictions of Refinements

Rationalizability is a central solution concept of game theory. Economic models often have many rationalizable outcomes, motivating economists to use refinements of rationalizability, including equilibrium refinements. In this paper we try to achieve a general understanding of when this multiplicity occurs and how one should deal with it. Assuming that the set of possible payoff functions and belief structures is sufficiently rich, we establish a revealing structure of the correspondence of beliefs to sets of rationalizable outcomes. We show that, for any rationalizable action a of any type, we can perturb the beliefs of the type in such a way that a is uniquely rationalizable for the new type. This unique outcome will be robust to further small changes. When multiplicity occurs, then we are in a "knife-edge" case, where the unique rationalizable outcome changes, sandwiched between open sets of types where each of the rationalizable actions is uniquely rationalizable. As an immediate application of this result, we characterize, for any refinement of rationalizability, the predictions that are robust to small misspecifications of interim beliefs. These are only those predictions that are true for all rationalizable strategies, that is, the predictions that could have been made without the refinement. Copyright The Econometric Society 2007.
Distributional Outcomes in Canada in the 1990 s

This article examines the Canadian labour market during the 1990s and contrasts it to prior decades, with a special focus on distributional outcomes. It discusses changes in relative earnings between groups, changes in relative labour market outcomes of women and older workers, changes in earnings and income inequality and changes in low income. The labour market in the 1990s is thought to have differed in many ways from earlier decades. Such differences can influence income levels and distributions and the relative earnings of various groups. For example, the “new economy” spurred on by the computer-technology revolution and expanding international trade has created new opportunities for many people, but also may have left behind less-skilled workers. New employment relationships have become increasingly common, as reflected in the growing number of self-employed workers. The very rapid growth in the educational attainment of workers, particularly among younger women and older workers, has certainly influenced relative earnings, and likely resulted in firms significantly altering their production processes. This in turn influences the relative wages of the less-skilled and highly skilled workers through shifts in labour demand. Changes in public institutions and transfer programs have no doubt affected the incomes of less well-off Canadians. Finally, all these factors have occurred in the context of slow macroeconomic growth, at least for the first half of the decade. This article asks two questions: How has this environment affected the relative pay of various workers and the distribution of income among families? What groups of workers have gained and lost as a result of these changing patterns of work? Our primary objective is to present results on the distribution of income in Canada, which we hope will serve as a useful introduction to this subject. This article is descriptive in nature and draws on previously reported findings from many different sources. The article focuses on four topics: (1) earnings and income inequality, (2) the relative earnings of the young and old and the T H E R E V IE W O F E C O N O M IC P E R F O R M A N C E A N D S O C IA L P R O G R E S S | 2 0 0 1 Distributional Outcomes in Canada in the 1990s
The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, "Tertiary", Cenozoic): Auxiliary Sections and Correlation

The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary was defined at the base of the boundary clay at a section near El Kef, Tunisia, but the outcrop became quite deteriorated. In order to better characterize the boundary and to solve problems of correlation, several auxiliary sections are designed and described in detail including: Ain Settara and Elles in Tunisia, Caravaca and Zumaya in Spain, Bidart in France and El Mulato and Bochil in Mexico. These sections are the most continuous, expanded and representative of marine sedimentation in areas proximal and distal to the Chicxulub meteorite impact site. In addition, these sections are classical, very well known, physically accessible, have been exhaustively studied and allow a very detailed global correlation. The correlation criteria used were the meteorite impact evidence (Ir anomaly, Ni-rich spinel, etc.) and the mass extinction of planktic micro- and nannofossils. Furthermore, it was proposed that the K/Pg boundary is marked exactly by the moment of the meteorite impact, which implies that all the sediments generated by the impact belong to the Paleogene. While in distal areas to the impact site the K/Pg boundary coincides with a millimetre-thick rusty layer, in proximal areas the K/Pg boundary correlates to the base of a metre-thick Clastic Unit, including a thick calcareous breccia in the sections closer to the impact crater.
NSAIDs and enantiomers of flurbiprofen target γ-secretase and lower Aβ42 in vivo

Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that long-term use of NSAIDs is associated with a reduced risk for the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, 20 commonly used NSAIDs, dapsone, and enantiomers of flurbiprofen were analyzed for their ability to lower the level of the 42-amino-acid form of amyloid β protein (Aβ42) in a human H4 cell line. Thirteen of the NSAIDs and the enantiomers of flurbiprofen were then tested in acute dosing studies in amyloid β protein precursor (APP) transgenic mice, and plasma and brain levels of Aβ and the drug were evaluated. These studies show that (a) eight FDA-approved NSAIDs lower Aβ42 in vivo, (b) the ability of an NSAID to lower Aβ42 levels in cell culture is highly predicative of its in vivo activity, (c) in vivo Aβ42 lowering in mice occurs at drug levels achievable in humans, and (d) there is a significant correlation between Aβ42 lowering and levels of ibuprofen. Importantly, flurbiprofen and its enantiomers selectively lower Aβ42 levels in broken cell γ-secretase assays, indicating that these compounds directly target the γ-secretase complex that generates Aβ from APP. Of the compounds tested, meclofenamic acid, racemic flurbiprofen, and the purified R and S enantiomers of flurbiprofen lowered Aβ42 levels to the greatest extent. Because R-flurbiprofen reduces Aβ42 levels by targeting γ-secretase and has reduced side effects related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), it is an excellent candidate for clinical testing as an Aβ42 lowering agent.
Environmental pressure rather than ongoing hybridization is responsible for an altitudinal cline in the morphologies of two oaks

In a contact zone between related taxa, phenotypic variation can result from genetic and/or environmental gradients. This study aimed to clarify the cause of phenotypic variation in leaf morphology of two Quercus crispula varieties—crispula (QCC) and mongolicoides (QCM)—in their contact zone along an altitudinal gradient. We measured 6 morphological traits of leaves and recorded genotypes of 13 nuclear microsatellite loci for 48 individuals in the contact zone and 24 individuals in each of the reference populations of QCC and QCM. We constructed a model explaining the phenotypic variation (leaf morphology) in relation to environmental (altitude) and genetic (ancestry from the reference population) gradients. Both morphological and genetic markers distinguished the two varieties in the reference populations well. We were able to confirm the power of both morphological and genetic markers. Individuals within the contact zone population had intermediate ancestry that was slightly biased to QCM ancestry, and the distribution of their morphologies overlapped with those of the two varieties in the reference populations. The effect of altitude on leaf morphological traits was significant, while that of ancestry was not. Distributions of ancestry and interclass heterozygosity in the contact zone population resembled those in F2 or later generation hybrids. These results indicate that in the contact zone between QCC and QCM, there is no ongoing hybridization, but environmental pressure has created an altitudinal gradient in morphological traits through phenotypic plasticity and/or variation in functional genes.
Some counterexamples to Sobolev regularity for degenerate Monge-Amp\`{e}re equations

We construct a counterexample to $W^{2,1}$ regularity for convex solutions to $$\det D^2u \leq 1, \quad u|_{\partial \Omega} = 0$$ in two dimensions. We also prove a result on the propagation of singularities in two dimensions that are logarithmically slower than Lipschitz. This generalizes a classical result of Alexandrov and is optimal by example.
Biomimicked high-aspect-ratio hierarchical superhydrophobic polymer surfaces

There is an abundance of plant surfaces in nature, which inspires scientific community to replicate and prepare artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. However, most of these studies are limited to low-aspect-ratio structures as found in petals and leaves. In this study, the authors chose Canna indica, a garden plant belonging to Cannaceae family, as a model plant. The C. indica seedpods possess high-aspect-ratio multiscale structures and also show superhydrophobic behavior. These high-aspect-ratio hierarchical structures as found in C. Indica seedpod were then successfully replicated by replica molding in different polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF)-based xerogel. These biomimicked polymer surfaces exhibit superhydrophobicity as confirmed by water contact angle measurement. The original seedpod shows water contact angle of 151°, while negative PDMS and RF gel replica with high-aspect-ratio structural patterns show water contact angle of 146 and 155°, respectivel.
Práticas alimentares de estudantes universitários da área da saúde, de acordo com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira

Introduction: Dietary practices are influenced by the environment. When entering higher education, university students may change their eating habits by developing new behaviors and social relationships in this new phase of life. Objective: To evaluate the dietary practices of first-semester university students enrolled health sciences courses at a federal institution of higher education, according to the recommendations of the Guia Alimentar para a Populacao Brasileira [Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian population]. Methods: Cross-sectional study with university students from health sciences courses of a public institution of higher education. Dietary practices were assessed using the scale developed and validated by Gabe and Jaime (2019). Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and health status were assessed. Data analysis comprised frequency distribution and bivariate analysis. Results: In total, 148 students were interviewed, of whom 58.1% were women, and 61.5% were 20 years of age or younger, with ages ranging from 18 to 31 years. Inadequate dietary practices were observed in 23.7% students, 52.0% showed risky practices and 24.3% adequate practices. The sum of the risk and inadequacy categories was represented by 75.7% students. Men had a higher frequency of risky dietary practices (64.5%), and women had a higher frequency of inadequate dietary practices (29.1%) (p = 0.033). Conclusion: A high frequency (75.7%) of inadequate dietary practices was observed in the university students. The comparison between explanatory variables and dietary practices showed a positive association between the sex and dietary practices of the students.
Number of Cysteine Interactions with the Activity in GRX Family

Grx families are small proteins that are present in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, and in a few viruses, most species have several glutaredoxin isoforms. This study primarily aims a comparative analysis on the duplication of amino acids and its effect on protein function and interaction with the active site. The second active-site cysteine or non-catalytic cysteine affects the reactivity of the catalytic cysteine. Most of the proteins can form an intramolecular the disulfide between cysteines of the two active sites, which could play the role of a protective mechanism for the cell. The non-catalytic cysteine is unnecessary for deglutathionylation reaction or a true catalytic intermediate formed during the reduction of particular disulfide substrates or in particular conditions or compartments where glutathione levels are insufficient to support Grx regeneration. However, all these factors can be influenced by differences in the expression pattern and subcellular localization.
Sustainability Condition of Open Innovation: Dynamic Growth of Alibaba from SME to Large Enterprise

Research Question: Open innovation and the open business model exaggerate complexity (a transaction cost) in addition to the realization of emergence and its lock-in. Within a short period, Alibaba has become one of the global top e-commerce companies with several open innovation business models. Our research question was: “How could Alibaba become a global top e-commerce company in China in such a short time? ” Research Method: We chose a deep interview method, participatory observation, and meta-analysis to answer this research question. Research Result: Alibaba has applied global, creative e-commerce business models through open innovation in a short time. In addition, it has overcome complexity—i.e., the cost of open innovation and the force that breaks down a company—through an open innovation-friendly culture. This is a “Jack-Ma style consumer confidence and new Guanxi culture”, a new and strong Chinese corporate culture. Alibaba has also undergone the expansion of its open business model feedback loop platform. This study investigated the expanded open business model feedback loop platform, the continuously strengthened open-innovation-friendly culture, and complexity, with the latter being the cost of open innovation, which was controlled by an open-innovation-friendly culture and open business model feedback loop.
Ultrasound biofeedback in pronunciation teaching and learning

Ultrasound imaging is an important and increasingly accessible tool for visualizing the speech articulators in pronunciation teaching and learning. In this paper, we start with an overview of the importance of pronunciation in language learning and teaching, and of speech visualization as a tool for supporting pronunciation work in this context. We then briefly introduce ultrasound imaging as a speech visualization tool and review the history of ultrasound biofeedback in speech research, from clinical studies to second language studies. We follow this with an introduction to some of the available ultrasound systems and their pros and cons and to relevant methodological considerations. We end with a summary of the value of speech visualization in the context of pronunciation teaching and learning.
DR AF T Architectures for Fast and Flexible Software Routers

Network experiments contribute greatly to advancements in computer networks. Scientific prototypes being at the heart of this research should be able to reflect realistic conditions of current and future network environments. Only recently, specialized software frameworks such as DPDK or netmap have shown that handling 100 million packets per second is possible on affordable commodity server hardware. Building on this development, we designed MoonRoute, a flexible framework for building software routers with the ability to reuse existing components. MoonRoute also allows for quick prototyping of individual components in the packet processing pipeline of a software router with the Lua scripting language. Based on this framework, we discuss a proposed architecture for high-speed software routers. Our reference implementation of this architecture can saturate multiple 10 Gbit/s Ethernet ports with minimum-sized packets. These properties of our architecture make MoonRoute an attractive framework for conducting network experiments, investigating new components and applying them to network bandwidths of 40 Gbit/s and beyond. MoonRoute, including the reference router implementation, runs on Linux and is available as free software under the MIT license. CCS Concepts •Networks → Network experimentation;
Accumulation of lipid peroxide-derived, toxic α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (E)-2-pentenal, acrolein and (E)-2-hexenal in leaves under photoinhibitory illumination

Lipid peroxide-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (2-alkenals) are potent toxins that inhibit enzymes in the Calvin cycle and in the mitochondrial photorespiratory pathway. Production of 2-alkenals in illuminated leaves and their participation in cellular damages have been suggested from the observation that the transgenic tobaccos overexpressing 2-alkenal reductase (AER), a 2-alkenal-detoxifying enzyme, showed tolerance to strong light. In order to identify the involved 2-alkenal species, we here analyzed the leaf aldehyde compositions in the AER-overproducing tobaccos and wild type (SR1), and compared their changes under photoinhibitory light. Aldehydes were extracted from the leaves at an early stage of photoinhibition, derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and analyzed on reversed-phase HPLC. In dark-adapted leaves of these tobacco lines, more than 40 carbonyl species were found, of which 17 were identified. In SR1 leaves, 2-alkenals such as (E)-2-pentenal, acrolein, and (E)-2-hexenal were increased by 70–290% after 30 min-illumination. In the leaves of AER-tobaccos, light-dependent increase of these 2-alkenals was apparently lower. Thus the production of highly reactive 2-alkenals in leaves was enhanced under photooxidative stress. The tolerance to strong light due to the overexpression of AER can be explained by the scavenging of these species.
Temporal Analysis of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Fluctuations at Pasir Gudang, Malaysia

Ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are closely related in the atmosphere. In ambient air, these pollutants always fluctuated depending on their emission sources and meteorological influences. The paper is aims to gain insight understanding of the monthly temporal variation of O3 and NOx concentrations to enable proper control strategies against these pollutants. One-year monitoring records from 1st January to 31st December 2009 of O3 and NOx at Pasir Gudang, were obtained from Department of Environmental Malaysia. Temporal analysis of O3 and NOx concentration fluctuation during annual and monthly were assessed using time series and scatter plots. The annual variations of O3 concentrations were negatively correlated with annual variation of NO and NO2 concentrations. Results suggest that NO concentration are higher than O3 and NO2 especially in May 2009. However, zero exceedences were recorded in the studied period for all pollutants against the Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guidelines.