Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation, governance and agglomeration: making links in city-region research

Abstract This paper provides an overview and synthesis of debates pertaining to the development of city-regions and their applicability to the UK space economy. The purpose is to make links to advance both international academic debates and realpolitik policy knowledge concerns. The paper, firstly, traces the multifarious and at times disconnected academic discussions around the concepts of regionalism, city-regionalism and localism in the UK. Secondly, it considers the contemporary academic debates on the city-region, focusing in particular on those applicable to the current UK policy context. Given that city-regions are increasingly seen as the principal (and often unquestioned) consolidating spatial scale for economic and social development, the paper, thirdly, probes on the silent and missing aspects of the prescribed city-region approach, connecting and contributing in turn to concerns with building inclusive-growth.
Risk of subsequent primary cancer among prostate cancer patients in Bavaria, Germany

As the prevalence of prostate cancer in Germany is increasing, the issue of subsequent primary cancer (SPC) becomes more relevant. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk and its changes over time of developing SPC among prostate cancer patients compared with the general male population in Bavaria, southern Germany. Utilizing data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry Bavaria, the risk of SPC was evaluated in 59 259 men with prostate cancer diagnosed between 2002 and 2008 who contributed 159 892 person–years. The relative and absolute risk of developing SPC were calculated using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the excess absolute risk. Changes in the risk were examined by plotting the SIR and its 95% confidence interval against time after the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The overall risk of SPC was significantly increased by 14% compared with the general male population. With regard to specific cancer types, a significantly increased risk of SPC was found for the urinary bladder, kidney, pancreas, melanoma of skin, leukemia, myeloma, brain/nervous system, renal pelvis/ureter, thyroid, and the small intestine. The absolute risk of SPC for most cancer types, however, was below 10 cases per 10 000 person–years. A significantly decreased risk of SPC was found in the lung/bronchus and the liver. Although detection bias cannot be excluded as a contributing factor for our results, we recommend continuing follow-up care of prostate cancer patients particularly with respect to SPC of the urinary system as a precaution.
A Survey on Sequence Creation in Cognitive Networks

Intelligent (Cognitive) radio networks have a large communication spectrum. This is dynamic in nature. This leads to the necessity for main central channel where two nodes can talk to each other and conclude on the parameters for information exchange between each other, for this they need to meet on a pre-decided channel to communicate, this channel where the decisions are made should be decided by making use of the full available spectrum. In order to reduce collisions and also to make use of the entire available spectrum, a protocol must be devised. ETCH (An efficient channel hopping based MAC layer protocol) is proposed for communication establishment between cognitive radio networks. Two other protocols, Synchronous-ETCH and asynchronousETCH, assuming the presence of global clock synchronization and one without the assumption of existence of a global clock
Differential, Tissue-specific, Transcriptional Regulation of Apolipoprotein B Secretion by Transforming Growth Factor β*

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is required for the assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. ApoB synthesis is constitutive, and post-translational mechanisms modulate its secretion. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) increased apoB secretion in both differentiated and nondifferentiated Caco-2 cells and decreased secretion in HepG2 cells without affecting apolipoprotein A-I secretion. TGF-β altered apoB secretion by changing steady-state mRNA levels and protein synthesis. Expression of SMAD3 and SMAD4 differentially regulated apoB secretion in these cells. Thus, SMADs mediate dissimilar secretion of apoB in both the cell lines by affecting gene transcription. We identified a 485-bp element, 55 kb upstream of the apob gene that contains a SMAD binding motif. This motif increased the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in Caco-2 cells treated with TGF-β or transfected with SMADs. Hence, TGF-β activates SMADs that bind to the 485-bp intestinal enhancer element in the apob gene and increase its transcription and secretion in Caco-2 cells. This is the first example showing differential transcriptional regulation of theapob gene by cytokines and dissimilar regulation of one gene in two different cell lines by TGF-β. In this regulation, the presence of cytokine-responsive motif in the tissue-specific enhancer element confers cell-specific response.
Multi-objective optimal design of an axial flux permanent magnet wheel motor for electric scooters

This paper proposes a systematic process of a multi-objective optimal design of an axial-flux permanent-magnet motor for electric scooters. In the preliminary design, the zero-dimensional magnetic circuit model is used to determine the numbers of slots and poles and the initial size of the motor according to the driving requirements of scooter. In the optimal design process, the one-dimensional magnetic circuit model with an effective air-gap distribution function is used while searching a set of motor parameters that minimize torque ripple and maximize torque and torque density. The final design is verified and refined by the 3-dimensioanl finite element method. Experimental results on a motor prototype show that the proposed design process results in an axial-flux permanentmagnet motor with a high torque density for electric scooters.
Effects of cortical ablation on the neurotoxicity and receptor binding of kainic acid in striatum

Lesions of the cerebral cortex alter striatal neuronal vulnerability to locally injected kainic acid. Whereas extensive lesions involving the frontal‐parietal‐occipital cortex are most effective, lesions limited to the frontal or to the dorsal‐lateral parietal cortex offer partial protection. The extensive cortical lesions are associated with selective, marked reductions in the presynaptic markers for glutamatergic afferents in striatum. The protective effects of decortication appear between 6 and 24 hours the lesion and are maintained up to 30 days after decortication. Whereas decortication results in only a transient reduction of specific receptor binding of [3H] kainic acid to striatal membranes, lesion of striatal intrinsic neurons with kainic acid causes a delayed but marked reduction in specific binding of the ligand. Coadministration of L‐glutamic acid (1 μmole) with kainic acid (9 nmoles) partially restores the neurotoxic action of kainic acid in the decorticate striatum; GABA, alanine, and proline (1 μmole) are ineffective with regard to restoring kainate's toxicity for striatal GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that afferent input exerts a permissive effect on the neurotoxic action of kainic acid and that neurotoxicity may involve a cooperative interaction between kainic acid at specific receptors on vulnerable neurons and synaptically released endogenous neurotransmitters, in particular L‐glutamic acid.
Barriers to the Success of Women’s Income Generating Activities

This book tries to examine the Barriers to the Success of Women’s Income Generating Activities in Rural Tanzania: A Cultural Perspective.In Tanzania rural women entrepreneurs contribute significantly to economic development although their contribution has not been studied in any great depth.It has been found that women in rural areas still run undersized enterprises and most of their businesses are small individual enterprises (SIEs) and not SMEs.Women encounter distinct barriers like lack of financial support,lack of networks,lack of education,limited market, lack of access to MFIs,lack of education and knowledge of running a business and lack of governmental support were uncovered to be the problems in this work.Further cultural barriers were also identified where women still encounter discriminatory treatment in their communities due to their ascribed roles,constraining their entrepreneurial success.Cultural barriers have led them to fear performing entrepreneurial activities which interfere with their household chores and being the major barriers hindering women from performing better in their IGAs.The book is also suitable students in marketing and entrepreneurship issues.
Detecting specific learning disabilities

A child needs education to mold how it sees and learns the world. We have to cater their needs and help them learn, but 1 in 10 children suffer from a learning disability and 1 in 20 people are affected all over the world. Children suffering from a learning disability might face difficulties with reading, writing or mathematics but they excel in other areas of interests. It is in the interest of the society and especially the parents to identify the problem early in the development of the child and steer him/her towards a preferred field. The lack of proper detection and assistance in the earlier stages of development of the child will pertain to him/her being in a constant state of distress and mentally vulnerable. They might lose their sense of self worth and blame themselves for their situation. The model being proposed is a Web-based tool incorporating machine learning techniques (Decision trees) for predicting whether children (8–10 years) are at a risk of having Specific Learning Disability by showing the areas of learning disability on the basis of the clinical information and research.
Intraday Market-Wide Ups/Downs and Returns

Using stock market data over 16 years for Chinese stock markets and over 3 years for U.S. stock markets, this study explores the explanatory power of early intraday market-wide up and down movements to the subsequent intraday returns within the same trading day. As compared to the closing of the previous trading day, we introduce two intraday market-wide up/down indicators in terms of the index return and the proportional difference in the numbers of stocks moving upwards to downwards at each minute. A time series analysis shows an economically and statistically significant positive relation between the intraday indicators and the subsequent intraday returns of the market indices. Intraday trading strategies that exploit this intraday relationship lead to monthly returns of 4.1% in the Chinese market and 2.8% in the U.S. market. In addition, the strategies are more profitable in markets with high activity of individual investors (i.e., high trading value, low trading volume per transaction, small-cap, high B/M ratio, low institutional ownership, low price, and high number of shareholders). The results indicate that simple intraday market-wide up/down movements in the earlier trading affect the sentiment of retail investors, resulting in market movements in the same direction within the trading day.
Immunogenetic Factors of Predisposition to Duodenal Ulcer in Caucasian Population of Western Siberia

ABSTRACT A total of 47 Caucasian duodenal ulcer patients and 680 healthy persons were investigated for HLA antigens of classes I and II. HLA antigens of the A, B series were sought using the microlymphocy-totoxicity test, and HLA-DRBI was analysed by polymerase chain reaction. The study found associations of duodenal ulcer with HLA-A10, -B41 and different combinations of these alleles, whereas HLA-A9 was found to be protective. A relative risk of peptic ulcer was 3.03 in HLA-A10 (pcor<0.05), and 7.78 in HLA-B41 (p<0.00l). The allele frequency A9 was higher in healthy controls (30.15%) than in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients with duodenal ulcer (10.64%, RR=3.50, pcor<0.05). The study showed that frequencies of alleles HLA-DR7 and HLA-A1/B12 were higher in Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer patients with family history of peptic ulcer (RR=4.00 and RR= 11.92, respectively p<0.05). These data suggest that HLA may influence duodenal ulcer susceptibility and resistance, and according to the high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in Siberian population (87.5%), this may occur through a non-HP infection pathway. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2001; 60: 258-263)
FesM, a Membrane Iron-Sulfur Protein, Is Required for Cyclic Electron Flow around Photosystem I and Photoheterotrophic Growth of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 70021[w]

While it is known that cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is an important pathway of photosynthetic electron transfer for converting light energy to chemical energy, some components of cyclic electron flow remain to be revealed. Here, we show that fesM, encoding a novel membrane iron-sulfur protein, is essential to cyclic electron flow in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The FesM protein is predicted to have a cAMP-binding domain, an NtrC-like domain, a redox sensor motif, and an iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S) motif. Deletion of fesM (fesM-D) led to an inability for Synechococcus cells to grow in the presences of glycerol and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Photoheterotrophic growth was restored by a complete fesM gene present on a replicable plasmid. A mutant fesM gene encoding a truncated FesM protein lacking the cAMP domain failed to restore the phenotype, suggesting this domain is important to the function of FesM. Measurements of reduction of P700+ and the redox state of interphotosystem electron carriers showed that cells had a slower rate of respiratory electron donation to the interphotosystem electron transport chain, and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in fesM-D was impaired, suggesting that FesM is a critical protein for respiratory and cyclic electron flow. Phosphatase fusion analysis showed that FesM contains nine membrane-spanning helices, and all functional domains of FesM are located on the cytoplasmic face of the thylakoid membranes.
Change in alcohol consumption and risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease.

OBJECTIVE--To examine the association between alcohol consumption and mortality from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease with a focus on differentiating between long term abstainers and more recent non-drinkers. DESIGN--Cohort study of changes in alcohol consumption from 1965 to 1974 and mortality from all causes and ischaemic heart disease during 1974-84. SETTING--Population based study of adult residents of Alameda County, California. SUBJECTS--2225 women and 1845 men aged 35 and over in 1965. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Alcohol consumption in 1964 and 1974 and mortality from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease during 1974-84. RESULTS--There was a significantly higher risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease in women who gave up drinking between 1965 and 1974 than in women who continued to drink (relative risk 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 2.66, and 2.75, 1.44 to 5.23, for all causes and ischaemic heart disease respectively). A significant increase in risk was not seen in men who gave up drinking (1.32, 0.87 to 2.01, and 0.95, 0.41 to 2.20, respectively). Among men, long term abstainers compared with drinkers were at increased risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease, though the associations were not significant (1.40, 0.98 to 2.00, and 1.40, 0.76 to 2.58, for all causes and ischaemic heart disease respectively). CONCLUSION--Some of the increased risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease associated with not drinking in women seems to be accounted for by higher risks among those who gave up drinking. Men who are long term abstainers may also be at an increased risk of death. The heterogeneity of the non-drinking group should be considered when comparisons are made with drinkers.
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: clinical and laboratory study of 2 cases

ABSTRACT‐ Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is an unusual disease, clinically characterized by dementia, cataracts, progressive cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and multiple xanthomas of tendons and other tissues. It was first described in 1937, and in 1968 the storage of cholesterol and cholestanol in the tissues was demonstrated. About 30 cases have been reported. The authors of the present communication report 2 cases in siblings with parental consanguinity. They showed mental impairment and cataract, and multiple xanthomas; in 1 case, pyramidal signs were detected in the 4 limbs associated with a rise of the vibration‐sense thresholds in the feet. The diagnosis was confirmed in both cases by greatly increased cholestanol levels in the blood serum, bile and in a tendon xanthoma. Cholesterol concentrations in the blood serum and bile were normal although increased in the xanthoma. One case had a gallstone. Computerized tomography showed hyperdense nodules in the cerebellar hemispheres of one patient, and a calcified parietal nodule in his sister. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is discussed. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid is in course in both patients.
Effets économiques du paludisme et de la pneumonie à Madagascar

Le paludisme et la pneumonie constituent encore des problemes de sante publique dans les pays a faible revenu, dont Madagascar. Toutefois, si le paludisme a recu plus d’attention et vu ses programmes de lutte renforces depuis la creation du Fonds mondial en 2002, la pneumonie quant a elle est souvent negligee. Cependant, depuis peu, l’Unicef, s’appuyant sur les resultats encourageants obtenus au niveau communautaire dans la lutte contre le paludisme, pousse a l’integration du depistage et de la prise en charge de la pneumonie au niveau communautaire. Pour appuyer ce plaidoyer, des etudes d’impact et de type cout-efficacite sont necessaires pour verifier que cette strategie est bien efficace et efficiente. C’est l’objet du chapitre 4 de cette these qui etudie l’experience pilote menee par l’Unicef dans le district d’Antalaha. Nous montrons que ce programme a eu un impact notable sur la prise en charge du paludisme et de la pneumonie. Toutefois, la qualite de cette prise en charge est encore remise en question. Cela indique que, avant de decider d’une mise a l’echelle, ce programme merite d’etre revise pour l’ameliorer. Outre la perte de bien-etre, le paludisme et la pneumonie ont un cout financier d’abord, economique, ensuite. Un des arguments de plaidoyer est alors de montrer, s’il y en a, les effets economiques des deux maladies. C’est l’objet des chapitres 2 et 3 avec une application a Madagascar. Auparavant, le sous-bassement theorique du lien entre sante et revenu ou developpement economique est presente dans le premier chapitre.
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Arsenene: A First-Principle Study

Properties of sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) adsorbed on different types of arsenenes (pristine, boron-, and nitrogen-doped arsenene) are studied with the first-principle approach, which is based on the density functional theory. Adsorption energy, adsorption distance, Hirshfeld charge, and <italic>I–V</italic> characteristic are calculated. The results demonstrate that NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> exhibit a chemisorption character on boron-doped arsenene (B-arsenene) while a physisorption character on pristine and nitrogen-doped arsenene (P- and N-arsenene) with moderate adsorption energy. Moreover, analysis of density of state shows a positive change of electronic property when the two gas molecules are adsorbed on pristine/doped arsenenes. According to the <italic>I–V</italic> characteristic curves, N-arsenene can be treated as an excellent sensing material for SO<sub>2</sub> gas sensor. Meanwhile, P-arsenene has a potential application in the NO<sub>2</sub> gas sensor.
Probabilistic Active Learning of Functions in Structural Causal Models

We consider the problem of learning the functions computing children from parents in a Structural Causal Model once the underlying causal graph has been identified. This is in some sense the second step after causal discovery. Taking a probabilistic approach to estimating these functions, we derive a natural myopic active learning scheme that identifies the intervention which is optimally informative about all of the unknown functions jointly, given previously observed data. We test the derived algorithms on simple examples, to demonstrate that they produce a structured exploration policy that significantly improves on unstructured base-lines.
Early Revascularization in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

A BSTRACT Background The leading cause of death in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction is cardiogenic shock. We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate early revascularization in patients with cardiogenic shock. Methods Patients with shock due to left ventricular failure complicating myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to emergency revascularization (152 patients) or initial medical stabilization (150 patients). Revascularization was accomplished by either coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was performed in 86 percent of the patients in both groups. The primary end point was mortality from all causes at 30 days. Six-month survival was a secondary end point. Results The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 66±10 years, 32 percent were women, and 55 percent had been transferred from other hospitals. The median time to the onset of shock was 5.6 hours after infarction, and most infarcts were anterior in location. Ninety-seven percent of the patients assigned to revascularization underwent early coronary angiography, and 87 percent underwent revascularization; only 2.7 percent of the patients assigned to medical therapy crossed over to early revascularization without clinical indication. Overall mortality at 30 days did not differ significantly between the revascularization and medical-therapy groups (46.7 percent and 56.0 percent, respectively; difference, ¡9.3 percent; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference, ¡20.5 to 1.9 percent; P=0.11). Six-month mortality was lower in the revascularization group than in the medical-therapy group (50.3 percent vs. 63.1 percent, P=0.027). Conclusions In patients with cardiogenic shock, emergency revascularization did not significantly reduce overall mortality at 30 days. However, after six months there was a significant survival benefit. Early revascularization should be strongly considered for patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. (N Engl J Med 1999;341:625-34.)
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effects of Age, Education, and Gender on the Boston Naming Test

The effects of age, education, and gender on visual confrontation naming using the 60-item Boston Naming Test (BNT) were studied in 1111 “normal” elderly (ages 50–101) and 61 younger adults (ages 20–49). Significantly poorer mean BNT scores and increasing variability (measured in standard deviations) were found with successively older age groups and with lower educational levels even after stratification on the demographic variables. There was a non-significant trend for males to score slightly higher than females. Age declines on the BNT were considerably greater for this cross-sectional data than for the longitudinal data we previously reported.