Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Phobia: Identification of Clinically Meaningful Differences

i Declaration . iii List of Publications, Conference Presentations and Awards . iv Acknowledgements . vi List of Tables . viii List of Figures . x Abbreviations and Terminology . xi Preface: Why Study Avoidant Personality Disorder? xv CHAPTER ONE – PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS OF PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY DISORDER . 1 Chapter overview . 1 1.1 Avoidant personality disorder and social phobia: similar but different or “useless duplication”? 1 1.2 Aims and hypotheses of this thesis . 2 1.2.1 Hypotheses developed for testing . 3 1.3 Historical context: classification in psychiatry and concepts of personality and personality disorder . 3 1.3.1 Classification in psychiatry . 4 1.3.2 Difficulties in establishing diagnostic validity in psychiatry . 5 1.4 Character, temperament, personality, personality disorder . 6 1.4. 1 Character . 8 1.4. 2 Temperament . 8 1.4. 3 Personality. 10 1.4. 3.1 Models of personality . 10 1.4. 3.2 AVPD as active detachment from others, with hypersensitivity to rejection . 13 1.4. 4 Personality disorder . 13 1.4. 5 “Illness” versus personality disorder . 15 1.5 Alternative models of definition and classification of personality . 16 1.5. 1 Dimensional models. 16 1.5. 2 Hybrid models . 17 1.5. 3 Newer models . 18 1.6 Conclusions . 19 CHAPTER TWO – AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER AND SOCIAL PHOBIA . 20 Chapter overview . 20 2.1 The clinical and economic relevance of social phobia and avoidant personality disorder . 20 2.2 Historical context . 21 2.2.1 Early descriptions of AVPD (1910-1960s) . 22 2.2.2 Early descriptions of SP; Marks, 1960s . 23 2.2.3 Millon, 1969; AVPD . 23 2.2.4 DSM-III 1980. 24 2.2.5 DSM-III-R 1987. 24 2.2.6 DSM-IV 1994 . 25 2.3 Social phobia . 25 2.3.1 Criteria for social phobia . 25 2.3.2 Nature, course and prevalence of social phobia. 26 2.3. 3 Aetiology. 27 2.3. 4 Treatment and outcome. 29 2.4 Avoidant personality disorder . 29 2.4. 1 Definition of the disorder . 29 2.4. 2 Syndromic description . 30 2.4. 3 Epidemiology and course of avoidant personality disorder . 31 2.4. 4 Family history . 31 2.4. 5 Burden of disease and comorbidity . 32 2.5 Aetiology of AVPD . 32 2.5. 1 Theories based on the nature and quality of parental relationships . 32 2.5. 1.1 Attachment theory . 33 2.5. 1.2 Cognitive and cognitive-behavioural theories . 34 2.5. 1.3 Effects of childhood experience on personality development (not specifically based on attachment theory) . 35 2.5. 1.4 Temperament . 37 2.5. 1.5 Genetic factors . 38 2.5. 2 Treatment and outcome. 39 2.6 Challenges in the current conceptualisation of social anxiety disorders . 40 2.6. 1 The social anxiety spectrum. 40 2.6. 2 Is shyness part of a social anxiety continuum? 41 2.6. 3 The relationship between SP and AVPD . 41 2.7 Alternatives to the severity continuum hypothesis . 43 2.8 Conclusions . 44 CHAPTER THREE – ATTACHMENT STYLE AND AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. 46 Chapter overview . 46 Note to chapter . 47 3.
Production and perception of acoustic signals in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) : contextual use of social signals and recognition of artificial labels

Studies on animal bioacoustics, traditionally relying on non-human primate and songbird models, converge towards the idea that social life appears as the main driving force behind the evolution of complex communication. Comparisons with cetaceans is also particularly interesting from an evolutionary point of view. They are indeed mammals forming complex social bonds, with abilities in acoustic plasticity, but that had to adapt to marine life, making habitat another determining selection force. Their natural habitat constrains sound production, usage and perception but, in the same way, constrains ethological observations making studies of captive cetaceans an important source of knowledge on these animals. Beyond the analysis of acoustic structures, the study of the social contexts in which the different vocalizations are used is essential to the understanding of vocal communication. Compared to primates and birds, the social function of dolphins’ acoustic signals remains largely misunderstood. Moreover, the way cetaceans’ vocal apparatus and auditory system adapted morphoanatomically to an underwater life is unique in the animal kingdom. But their ability to perceive sounds produced in the air remains controversial due to the lack of experimental demonstrations. The objectives of this thesis were, on the one hand, to explore the spontaneous contextual usage of acoustic signals in a captive group of bottlenose dolphins and, on the other hand, to test experimentally underwater and aerial abilities in auditory perception. Our first observational study describes the daily life of our dolphins in captivity, and shows that vocal signalling reflects, at a large scale, the temporal distribution of social and non-social activities in a facility under human control. Our second observational study focuses on the immediate context of emission of the three main acoustic categories previously identified in the dolphins’ vocal repertoire, i.e. whistles, burst-pulses and click trains. We found preferential associations between each vocal category and specific types of social interactions and identified context-dependent patterns of sound combinations. Our third study experimentally tested, under standardized conditions, the response of dolphins to human-made individual sound labels broadcast under and above water. We found that dolphins were able to recognize and to react only to their own label, even when broadcast in the air. Apart from confirming aerial hearing, these findings go in line with studies supporting that dolphins possess a concept of identity. Overall, the results obtained during this thesis suggest that some social signals in the dolphin repertoire can be used to communicate specific information about the behavioural contexts of the individuals involved and that individuals are able to generalize their concept of identity for human-generated signals.
Criminal records and college admissions: A modified experimental audit

This article considers the effect of criminal records on college admissions. Most colleges require criminal history information on their applications, suggesting that an applicant’s criminal history could be a significant impediment to accessing the benefits of higher education. We conducted a modified experimental audit to learn whether criminal records affect admissions decisions. Matched same-race pairs of tester applications were sent to a national sample of non-elite four-year colleges, with both testers applying as either Black or White. Within each pair, one application signaled a prior low-level felony conviction when required by the application. Consistent with research on employment, the rejection rate for applicants with felonies was 2½ times the rate of our control testers. But unlike the large racial differences observed in employment, we find smaller racial differences in admissions decisions. Nevertheless, Black applicants with criminal records who disclosed their records were particularly penalized at colleges with high campus crime rates. We address implications for reentry, racial progress, and the college “Ban the Box” movement. We suggest colleges consider narrowing the scope of such inquiries or removing the question altogether – particularly when it conflicts with the goals of these institutions, including reducing the underrepresentation of students of color.
What Works: Learning Outcomes Due to Design Variations in Community College Student Success Courses

Background/Context Based on well-established evidence that certain student success skills and college knowledge are closely associated with academic achievement, persistence, and completion, community colleges increasingly implement various types of first-year student success courses and programs. However, by looking only at the distal impact of program participation, the question of whether these programs actually influence those mediating skills of college success has scarcely been investigated in the higher education literature, let alone which program features may be determining factors. Purpose/Objective This study examined the scope and design of community college student success courses to address which program features relate to learning objectives of student success skills, college knowledge, and engagement. Population/Participants/Subjects Participants were students and instructors drawn from 47 student success course sections at 42 public community colleges in 24 states, representing all U.S. geographic regions. Research Design The study adopted a multimodal research design, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods while primarily relying on quantitative analysis. Data Collection and Analysis Students in selected student success course sections completed a pre- and postsurvey. Instructors participated in a structured interview and provided course syllabi. Course design information was quantitized and merged with student-level data to model variation in learning outcomes as a function of course features, according to an activity theory conceptual framework. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Conclusions Findings from this research point to several recommendations for practice by highlighting the reality that one term may be too little to learn some student success skills and that particular features of course designs may result in unintended adverse effects. Results indicate that structural elements are the most impactful features and that the skills-based curricular features that receive the most attention may be in fact the least influential features in realizing desired skills and knowledge outcomes. The study points to methodological ways forward to further explore and unpack the relationship between success course design features and educational outcomes.
The Effect of Application Features and Commitment on Trust and E-Loyalty of Consumers Using Online Hotel and Flight Booking

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of application features and commitment on trust and e-loyalty of consumers using online hotel and flight booking. The samples used in the study were collected from 385 respondents through the offline questionnaires. The statistics used in the data analysis were descriptive statistics which are percentage, mean, standard deviation and the inferential statistics used to test the hypothesis are simple linear regression analysis. The result of this research showed that the most of respondents were female between the ages of 26-33 years old with bachelor’s degree. Moreover, the most of respondents were the private company employee with the income of 15,000- 30,000 Baht. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the importance of creating loyalty by focusing on both hedonic and utilitarian features which effects to customer loyalty. Affective commitment and calculative commitment are also influenced to trust and e-loyalty of the online hotel and flight booking application and trust is importance of e-loyalty.
Punishing the violators? Arms embargoes and economic sanctions as tools of norm enforcement

Abstract The persistence and strength of international norms are thought to depend partly on the willingness of actors to punish their violation, but norm enforcement is often inconsistent. This article investigates states’ use of economic sanctions in order to gain insight into the role of metanorms (norms about enforcing norms) in international politics and explain this inconsistency. The quantitative analyses examine patterns of economic sanctions and arms embargo practices across different security norms and reveal two central findings. First, international metanorms may accommodate important interstate relationships. Although severe human rights abuse, conflict, nuclear weapons development, and support for terrorist organisations tend to attract sanctions, they are infrequent in comparison with norm violations. Valued relationships between senders and targets seem to be an accepted limit to the pursuit of costly norm enforcement. Second, norm violations nevertheless remain rare, suggesting that factors other than the prospect of material punishment may encourage compliance. Indeed, by preserving interstate relationships, international metanorms may facilitate the engagement needed for socialisation and social pressures as alternative compliance mechanisms.
Music-like stimuli affect the emotional processing of words and facial expressions

The present study used the affective priming paradigm to understand interference and facilitation effects of cross-modal emotional interactions; specifically, the ability for five-chord progressions to affect processing efficiency of visual targets. Twenty-five-chord progressions were selected based on the degree that they fulfilled participants’ automatically formulated expectations of how each musical sequence should sound. The current study is an extension of previous research that revealed the influence of music-like stimuli on the identification of valence in emotional words. The potential of music-like stimuli to affect emotional processing, as measured by the efficiency of valence categorization, was assessed across two experiments. Experiment 1 presented word-targets, whereas Experiment 2 presented facial expressions. The processing of words and faces primed with affectively congruent chord-progressions was facilitated, whereas the processing of words primed with affectively incongruent chord-progressions was not. Incongruent pairings with faces engendered interference effects and the second experiment revealed a predictive relationship between behavioral processing speed and self-ratings of anxiety. The processing of word-targets was compared to facial expressions in the presence and absence of music. The results suggest that short musical sequences influence individuals’ emotional processing, which could inform intervention research into how to attenuate potential attention biases.
Social Media Shapes University Students’ Knowledge and Perception of Environmental Issues

Social media has emerged as the most active and widely used form of communication tool across the world. Different social, economic, and political issues are brought into discussion on social media and policymakers are often affected by the behavioral analysis of social media sharing and posts. In this research, we evaluated the role of social media in creating awareness of environmental issues in university students.We surveyed undergraduate students in Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan to evaluate how they perceive environmental problems in the country and to what extent does social media shape their opinion about these problems. The results suggested that the majority of the students used Facebook and Instagram to get information and social networking. The surveyed students identified water scarcity, energy crisis and air pollution as the most critical environmental problems. Furthermore, most students believe that social media is the most effective tool for communicating environment-related information. Our study emphasized the importance of using social media tool to make planned campaigns for mass awareness in youth to be more aware of the environmental challenges and encourage them to take actions in their respective capacities to contribute to the betterment of their local environment.
Perception of Reasons of Decision Making for Home Hospice, Benefits and Difficulties in Home Hospice Care by Family Caregivers

Objective: Home hospice is one of the most important places to spend time at the end of life. It is necessary to clarify the perception of home hospice for family caregivers in order to choose home hospice. The aim of the study was to examine the perceptions of family caregivers about the reasons of decision making for home hospice care, benefits, difficulties with home hospice, and copings. Methods: Ten family caregivers who were taking care of a patient with a terminal illness at home at the time of the study participated voluntary. They participated in two interviews in the narrative approach. In the first session, they narrated reasons of decision making for home hospice, benefits, difficulties, and copings. In the second session, they narrated importance or growth in self. We analyzed narratives in the first session using qualitative analysis. This study was approved by the Ethical Board at St. Mary’s College. Results: Categories of the reasons for the decision making to undergo home hospice were “Being natural to take care of a loved one at home” or “Home hospice matching a family caregiver’s life”. Categories of benefits at home hospice were “To strengthen family’s ties” or “Both a loved one and a family spending time together”. Categories of difficulties were “Difficulty of economic problems” or “Difficulties of mental and physical symptoms”. Conclusion: We concluded that family caregivers perceived benefits and difficulties, and they could cope with difficulties, though spiritual pain remained. We need continuous support for family caregivers at home hospice.
California Paid Family Leave and Parental Time Use

Paid family leave policies are intended to help working parents fulfill their work and child care responsibilities by providing them with paid time off from work after the birth of a child. While other research has shown that paid leave policies increase leave-taking among parents, little is known about how parents of infants spend their time while they are on leave and shortly after returning to work. Using the American Heritage Time Use Study and taking a difference-in-differences approach, this paper shows that the California Paid Family Leave policy led to an additional six hours per week mothers spend on child care activities, four additional hours in basic care and two in educational or recreational care. Notably, the availability of paid leave resulted in increases in time mothers spend with children even after they return to work. The increases in maternal time investments also appear to persist beyond infancy, until children reach age three. While fathers are also eligible for paid leave under the California policy, the policy did not induce a change in the total amount of time fathers spend on child care but did result in slightly more time spent playing with children and less time on basic care activities. Given the large literature showing that parental time investments, especially those made early in a child’s life, play a strong role in child cognitive skill development, the findings in this paper are important for policymakers considering enacting paid leave policies.
Examining tacit knowledges in assessing international postgraduate students

The study investigates student and assessor attitudes to a marking rubric used in a taught postgraduate programme to examine whether or not level descriptors (LDs) enhance students’ and staff assessment literacy. A student cohort was surveyed at two time-points, with a response rate of 62% (n = 99) and 24% (n = 39), respectively. One focus group with four assessors was also conducted. Using exploratory factor analysis, we found students were confident in their understanding of the LDs, but also believed markers drew on tacit knowledge. This concern was confirmed, to an extent, by the focus group. The findings question the usefulness of LDs to foster assessment literacy, especially for international students, as they do not mitigate against tacit knowledge. Both data sets were small, therefore not generalizable. The findings are, however, indicative of recurring issues in academic assessment, in which international students struggle to attain the requisite understanding of quality necessary for their development as autonomous learners.
Prognostic factors of primary hepatic carcinoma treated with TACE

Objective To analyze the prognostic factors of primary hepatic carcinoma treated with TACE.Methods 141 patients with primary hepatic carcinoma treated with TACE were retrospectively analyzed.Results The average survival time of the patients was 9.526 months and the median survival time was 6.2 months.The tumor size,tumor liver ratio,distribution,number,capsule,tumor blood supply,arteriovenous fistula,thrombosis,albumin,transaminase,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) and the degree of iodized oil deposition TACE were the influencing factors.The multivariate analysis confirmed that frequency of treatment,tumor size,blood supply,with or without arteriovenous fistula,thrombosis,and AFP level were the main factors involved in prognosis(P0.05). Conclusion Tumor size,blood supply,with or without arteriovenous fistula thrombosis,AFP level of intervention influence the prognosis of primary liver cancer.
Rural Nursing: Concepts, Theory and Practice , 4th edn

Rural Nursing: Concepts, Theory and Practice (fourth edition) Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2013 Charlene A. Winters (Ed) 497 pages, soft cover RRP US$70 ISBN: 9780826170859 Rural Nursing: Concepts, Theory and Practice is the fourth edition of a text that is both timely and comprehensive. Content focuses on rural-based nursing practice, education and research, the health of rural dwellers and the provision of health care in rural settings. It retains the classic chapters which have been updated and combines them with new chapters that expand the paradigm of rural nursing from a national and international perspective.
Peripersonal Space

Traditional conceptions of peripersonal space emphasised its role in the organisation of skilled action. However, two other aspects of this representation have also been highlighted, namely, its defensive and social aspects. Indeed, having a distinct representation of the space close to the body is crucial for preparing defensive responses to noxious or threatening stimuli. Furthermore, it has been shown that peripersonal space is modulated by social factors. In this chapter, we will discuss these differing conceptions of peripersonal space. Evidence from several lines of research has revealed specialised neural and perceptual mechanisms for representing the space around the body for the defense of the body surface, including ethological and neurophysiological studies in animals, psychophysical studies showing perceptual mechanisms specialised for threatening classes of stimuli, and modulation of perception by specific fears. We will review studies on the motor function of peripersonal space and its role in guiding voluntary object-oriented actions. Recent studies have investigated the neural basis of the social aspect of peripersonal space both in monkey and humans. Finally, we will end by discussing the connection between action-based, defensive and social functions of peripersonal space.
The use of games in the english classroom

This study aims at discussing the use of games in English teaching. We talk about games is general, meaning electronic games and non-electronic games. In a time when video games are more popular than ever, games have become a way to engage people in different activities, learning languages being of them. In order to achieve the objective, firstly this work analyzes the definitions of games through the years. Then, it analyzes what is said about games in English teaching methodology manuals and presents a survey done with English teachers to find out what their perceptions about games in the classroom are. By the manuals, the conclusion is that games in the classroom used to be simple, barely discussed, and mostly used with children. Now, since games have become more popular, the discussion and the complexity of games in the classroom are growing, and adults also show interest on learning by using games.