Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Block of the L‐type Ca2+ channel pore by external and internal Mg2+ in rat phaeochromocytoma cells.

1. Three to eight micromolar external Mg2+ produces discrete block of the unitary inward currents through the L‐type Ca2+ channel carried by 300 mM external Li+. Like the Ca2+ block, increasing Li+ concentration decreases the Mg2+ on‐rate and increases the Mg2+ off‐rate. 2. These kinetic changes are saturating and the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for the on‐rates in 75 mM Li+ (in activity), the same as that in the case of Ca2+ block. This suggests that Mg2+ and Ca2+ produce the discrete block at the same site. The apparent Kd for the off‐rates is 300 mM, much smaller than that in the case of Ca2+ block. This indicates that Mg2+ exerts much less repulsion on the Li+ ion in the neighbouring (enhancement) site than Ca2+, although Mg2+ and Ca2+ both have two charges. The theoretical fits to the off‐rates also suggest that Mg2+ can exit the blocking sites at a rate of several hundred per second in the absence of any enhancement effect. 3. Seventeen to forty‐eight micromolar internal Mg2+ produces discrete block of the outward unitary currents carried by 300 mM internal Li+. The off‐rates are in general approximately 20 times faster as compared to the Mg2+ off‐rates in the inward currents. This finding suggests that Mg2+ in the high‐affinity sites can much more easily exit to the outside than to the inside, implying significantly higher energy barriers on the inner side of the high‐affinity sites for Mg2+. 4. At least 5‐10 mM internal Mg2+ is needed to produce discrete block of the inward unitary currents carried by 215 mM external Na+. The off‐rates in such experiments are generally the same as those in the case of external Mg2+ block of inward currents. This suggests that internal and external Mg2+ both reach the same site, namely the high‐affinity Ca2+ binding sites in the pore, to produce the discrete block. 5. Other than discrete block, 5‐10 mM internal Mg2+ also decreases the size of the inward unitary current. This is most probably due to a fast block at the more internally located low‐affinity sites in the pore. The fractional decrease of the currents is voltage dependent and can be fitted by a rectangular hyperbola to calculate the apparent Kd, which increases e‐fold per 45 mV hyperpolarization, indicating an electrical distance of 0.3 between the low‐affinity sites and the internal pore mouth. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Internet network model based on fluid and bandwidth

Based on the Internet self-organized dynamic process, an Internet structure model is presented. When servers are being selected in the Internet, not only the fluid and the bandwidth, but also the distance is needed to be considered. In the self-organized evolution model, the capability of servers is applied to decide the choice of the bandwidth, and the lattice distance of the Kleinberg network model is employed to define the distance of the servers. By applying the theoretical deduction, the time-varying equation of weighted value (the flowing), strength (the capability of servers), and degree (the load of links) is obtained. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that the degree distribution and the strength distribution of the network model follow the power-law degree. Finally, the effects of the model parameters on the network dynamics are studied by using the numerical simulations.
The transcription factor Pax6 is required for pancreatic β cell identity, glucose-regulated ATP synthesis, and Ca2+ dynamics in adult mice

Heterozygous mutations in the human paired box gene PAX6 lead to impaired glucose tolerance. Although embryonic deletion of the Pax6 gene in mice leads to loss of most pancreatic islet cell types, the functional consequences of Pax6 loss in adults are poorly defined. Here we developed a mouse line in which Pax6 was selectively inactivated in β cells by crossing animals with floxed Pax6 alleles to mice expressing the inducible Pdx1CreERT transgene. Pax6 deficiency, achieved by tamoxifen injection, caused progressive hyperglycemia. Although β cell mass was preserved 8 days post-injection, total insulin content and insulin:chromogranin A immunoreactivity were reduced by ∼60%, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was eliminated. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that, although the expression of key β cell genes, including Ins2, Slc30a8, MafA, Slc2a2, G6pc2, and Glp1r, was reduced after Pax6 deletion, that of several genes that are usually selectively repressed (“disallowed”) in β cells, including Slc16a1, was increased. Assessed in intact islets, glucose-induced ATP:ADP increases were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in βPax6KO versus control β cells, and the former displayed attenuated increases in cytosolic Ca2+. Unexpectedly, glucose-induced increases in intercellular connectivity were enhanced after Pax6 deletion, consistent with increases in the expression of the glucose sensor glucokinase, but decreases in that of two transcription factors usually expressed in fully differentiated β-cells, Pdx1 and Nkx6.1, were observed in islet “hub” cells. These results indicate that Pax6 is required for the functional identity of adult β cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in β cell glucose sensing are likely to contribute to defective insulin secretion in human carriers of PAX6 mutations.
Localization accuracy in single molecule microscopy using electron-multiplying charge-coupled device cameras

The electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) is a popular technology for imaging under extremely low light conditions. It has become widely used, for example, in single molecule microscopy experiments where few photons can be detected from the individual molecules of interest. Despite its important role in low light microscopy, however, little has been done in the way of determining how accurately parameters of interest (e.g., location of a single molecule) can be estimated from an image that it produces. Here, we develop the theory for calculating the Fisher information matrix, and hence the Cramer-Rao lower bound-based limit of the accuracy, for estimating parameters from an EMCCD image. An EMCCD operates by amplifying a weak signal that would otherwise be drowned out by the detector's readout noise as in the case of a conventional charge-coupled device (CCD). The signal amplification is a stochastic electron multiplication process, and is modeled here as a geometrically multiplied branching process. In developing our theory, we also introduce a "noise coefficient" which enables the comparison of the Fisher information of different data models via a scalar quantity. This coefficient importantly allows the selection of the best detector (e.g., EMCCD or CCD), based on factors such as the signal level, and regardless of the specific estimation problem at hand. We apply our theory to the problem of localizing a single molecule, and compare the calculated limits of the localization accuracy with the standard deviations of maximum likelihood location estimates obtained from simulated images of a single molecule.
A trace based evaluation of speculative branch decoupling

Branches are one of the main impediments to achieving maximum instruction-level parallelism. Branch prediction along with speculative execution is the main, incumbent methodology to hide branch stalls. Branch decoupled architectures offer an alternate way of reducing branch penalty. This paper presents a combination of the two methodologies, to show that they can coexist and may provide better performance than processors with conventional branch prediction techniques, but equivalent hardware resources. A trace based evaluation is presented, and with three different branch prediction techniques, it is shown that over twelve of the SPEC'95 CPU benchmarks, speculative branch decoupling performs significantly better than branch prediction with speculative execution, in all the cases. Since a trace based approach has its limitations, the study is a limited one, but makes a strong case for further research in this area.
Prediction of the field radiated at one meter from PCB's and microprocessors from near EM field cartography

The paper shows a near field scanning method to characterize chips that leads to the prediction of the coupling phenomena on the electronic board and to the evaluation of the radiated emission at one meter. A theoretical model is first given for simple circuits. An estimation of the scalar and vector potentials is found with the EM scan. Using these results, we calculate the near and far emissions. Comparisons with experimental results are given. As a conclusion, we propose a simple model describing chip radiated emission and we show a real case use
Stereotactic radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECT Each year a greater number of patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) undergo radiosurgery, including a large number of patients who are candidates for microvascular decompression (MVD). METHODS The case characteristics and outcomes of 117 consecutive patients who underwent radiosurgery were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database. The mean patient age was 67.8 years; and the majority (58%) of patients had undergone surgery previously. The dependent variable for all analyses of facial pain was complete pain relief without medication (excellent outcome). Median follow-up duration was 26 months (range 1-48 months). The actuarial rate of achieving and maintaining an excellent outcome was 57% and 55% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, after radiosurgery. A greater percentage of patients who had not previously undergone surgery achieved and maintained excellent outcomes (67% at 1 and 3 years) than that of patients who had undergone prior surgery (51% and 47% at 1 and 3 years, respectively; relative risk [RR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-3.13, p = 0.04). New persistent trigeminal dysfunction was noted in 43 patients (37%). Tolerable numbness or paresthesias occurred in 29 patients (25%), whereas bothersome dysesthesias developed in 14 patients (12%). Only a radiation dose of 90 Gy correlated with new trigeminal deficits or dysesthesias (RR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.64-5.81, p < 0.001). Excellent outcomes in patients with new trigeminal dysfunction were achieved and maintained at rates of 76% and 74% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, after radiosurgery, compared with respective rates of 46% and 42% in patients who did not experience postradiosurgery trigeminal dysfunction (RR = 4.53, 95% CI 2.03-9.95, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Radiosurgical treatment provides complete pain relief for the majority of patients with idiopathic TN. There is a strong correlation between the development of new facial sensory loss and achievement and maintenance of pain relief after this procedure. Because the long-term results of radiosurgery still remain unknown, MVD should continue to be the primary operation for medically fit patients with TN.
Fatal Canine Parvovirus Type-1 Infection in Pups from Italy

Functional consequences of cor triatriatum dexter in dogs is dependent on presence or absence and the size of the opening in the septum between the two compartments.7 The main historical finding in this case and most previously reported cases is prolonged abdominal distention due to ascites, ranging from 6 weeks to 2 years in duration.4–8,11–13 Ascites was not the main clinical feature in 7-year-old German short-haired pointer that presented with exercise intolerance and episodic weakness of over . 3 years’ duration12 or in a 6-year-old German shepherd dog cross that presented with a 24-hour history of lethargy.1 Age at diagnosis ranged from 8 weeks to 7 years, and breeds included chow chow,3,4,7 cocker spaniel,8,12 English bulldog,4 German shepherd dog cross,1 German short-haired pointer,12 golden retriever,13 greyhound,4 rottweiler,5,6 and mixed breed.4,11 Another common finding in previous cases is hepatic congestion and/or hepatomegaly.6,7,13 Venous engorgement and distention were noted in the abdominal veins and in the body wall in previous cases.7,11–13 Where ascitic fluid was evaluated, there were high-protein (3.4–5.8 g/dl) modified transudates with specific gravities ranging from 1.015 to 1.028. 4,6,7,12,13 Cor triatriatum dexter is an extremely uncommon congenital heart defect in dogs. This is the ninth report of canine cor triatriatum dexter, and it represents a third unique anatomic variant, which is characterized by partitioning of the right atrium by a perforate diaphragm or septum with the coronary sinus and fossa ovalis located in the cranial chamber. Cor triatriatum dexter represents a diagnostic challenge at necropsy, requiring careful examination of the heart. This defect should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young dogs with signs of abdominal distention and ascites.
Relevant Nursing Leadership: An Evidence-Based Programmatic Response

Community and student demand for relevant nursing leadership graduate programs provided the impetus for this study. The aims were to identify components of highly competent nursing leadership, and strategies to integrate those components into education and practice.Nursing leaders gathered in five focus groups. A semi-structured interview guide was used to elicit narratives about nursing leadership. Interpretive analysis proceeded from identification of themes to uncovering of paradigm cases. Essential nursing leadership competencies comprised communication skills such as listening, conflict resolution, the ability to communicate a vision, motivate, and inspire. Additionally, leaders needed technological adroitness, fiscal dexterity, and the courage to be proactive during rapid change. Implications included a revision in the leadership focus of the nursing masters program, and the necessity that nurse retention should be enhanced by better educated nurse leaders who are grounded in practice and ready to provide a vision for the future.
Social wireless sensor network toward device-to-device interactive Internet of Things services

As wireless sensor networks have been typically designed for monitoring of environments or habitats, all sensed data flow down toward fixed sinks. With the proliferation of Internet of Things, a variety of services require that data should be delivered not to the fixed sinks but directly to operator-specified devices, such as actuators and inside sensor fields. Then, the data will directly trigger interactive and immediate actions at the devices for the services. We call this kind of service as a device-to-device interactive Internet of Things service. However, the wireless sensor networks with fixed architecture could not support the device-to-device interactive services. The services might have the sociality based on the service-specific organic relationships between sensor and device, or between devices according to the purpose of the service. Social wireless sensor network is the architecture and mechanism to define the organic relationships of sensing data and the flow of data per service dynamically and flexibly over wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose the social wireless sensor network architecture, functions, and challenges to provide the sociality of the services over wireless sensor networks.
Sonographic features of dense breast imaging reporting and data system 4 ( BI-RADS-US 4 ) for non-palpable breast lesions

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of various features for differentiating between malignant and benign lesions by using the sonography for dense breast imaging reporting and data system 4 (BI-RADS-US4) for non-palpable breast lesions (dBI-RADS-US4-nPBL). The sonographic features and pathological results of a total of 102 dBI-RADS-US4-nPBLs were retrospectively analyzed so as to evaluate the diagnostic values of sonography for such patients. Among the 102 lesions included, 47 cases were benign and 55 cases were malignant, and the overall positive predictive value was 53.9%; the positive predictive values of the subcategories BI-RADS-US4A, 4B, and 4C were 18.2%, 55.0%, and 93.1%, respectively. The diagnostic performance for BI-RADSUS classification was determined using ROC curve analysis. For the cut-off point of 4B (sensitivity, 57.4%; specificity, 89.1%), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 81.8%. The diagnostic sensitivity for lesions with an irregular shape was the highest (89.1%), and features such as burr, sublobe, microcalcification, rear echo attenuation, and mass walking pattern had higher diagnostic specificities for this category of lesions (95.7%, 87.2%, 89.4%, 80.9%, and 87.2%, respectively). Mass walking pattern (odds ratio [OR]=5.861, 95% confidence interval [1.862, 20.846], p=0.006) and margin (OR=4.462, [0.932, 4.462], p=0.000) were the two most significant predictors of malignant lesions in multivariate analysis. For BI-RADS-US4-nPBLs, the feature of irregular shape had the highest diagnostic sensitivity, and features such as burr, sublobe, microcalcification, rear echo attenuation, and mass walking pattern had higher diagnostic specificities. patients with BI-RADS-US4B and 4C-npBLs should be recommended to undergo biopsy, but those with BI-RADS-US4A-nPBLs should be appropriately cautious about the need for a biopsy.
Etude de la surface océanique, de la signature radar et de ses interactions avec les flux turbulents de quantité de mouvement dans le cadre de l'expérience FETCH

L'objectif principal est l'etude de l'etat de la mer et de ses relations avec les flux turbulents d'energie et avec le signal radar retrodiffuse. L'etude est basee sur les donnees de l'experience FETCH (« Flux, Etat de la mer et Teledetection en Conditions de fetcH limite ») qui s'est deroulee dans le golfe du Lion, Mediterranee Occidentale, en Mars-Avril 1998. L'etat de la mer a ete etudie a partir de mesures in situ (bouees), et par teledetection aeroportee (radar RESSAC) et spatiale (altimetres TOPEX et ERS). Plusieurs etats de mer (mer en developpement, mer mixte et houle) associees a des situations meteorologiques variees (Mistral, Tramontane, ou Marin) ont ete analyses. La separation du spectre des vagues en composantes de mer du vent (vagues generees par le vent local) ou houle a permis de classifier les etats de mer. La loi de croissance des vagues a ete etablie pour les cas de pure mer observes localement par la bouee. Cette loi differesensiblement de celles citees dans la litterature. Ce jeu de donnees a servi de base a une etude comparative entre modeles de prevision et observations, qui a montre la necessite, pour cette region cotiere, d'utiliser un champ de vent et un modele d'etat de mer de fine resolution spatiale. Une analyse de l'influence de l'etat de la mer sur les flux de quantite de mouvement a ete menee a partir des donnees de turbulence acquises sur une bouee (ASIS) et du navire de recherche (Atalante). En condition de mer du vent, l'influence de l'âge des vagues sur les flux de quantite de mouvement a ete montree. Mais aucune relation entre la pente significative des vagues et les parametres des flux turbulents n'a ete mise en evidence sur les donnees de l'experience FETCH. L'analyse du signal radar a faible incidence (autour de 12°) a montre une dependance tres faible de la moyenne quadratique des pentes de la surface aux parametres tels que la force du vent, l'âge ou la pente significative des vagues.
Nitrate Assimilation Genes of the Marine Diazotrophic, Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. Strain WH9601

ABSTRACT A 4.0-kb DNA fragment of Trichodesmium sp. strain WH9601 contained gene sequences encoding the nitrate reduction enzymes,nirA and narB. A third gene positioned betweennirA and narB encodes a putative membrane protein with similarity to the nitrate permeases of Bacillus subtilis (NasA) and Emericella nidulans (CrnA). The gene was shown to functionally complement a ΔnasA mutant of B. subtilis and was assigned the name napA(nitrate permease). NapA was involved in both nitrate and nitrite uptake by the complemented B. subtilis cells.napA is distinct from the nrt genes that encode the nitrate transporter of freshwater cyanobacteria.
Phylogenetic characterization of several para‐ and meta‐PCB dechlorinating Clostridium species: 16s rDNA sequence analyses

The genus Clostridium has more than 127 species, grouped according to their morphology and functions. Nine Clostridium species were identified based on their ability to dechlorinate meta‐ and para‐PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) contaminated sediments. The phylogenetic relatedness of these PCB‐degrading Clostridium species was studied using ribosomal RNA genes. The diversity of small‐subunit rRNA genes associated with the domain bacteria was examined using defined operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in samples from PCB contaminated sediments from Lake Medinah, New York. The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the OTVs was measured. OTUs B (105 clones), A (33 clones) and C (45 clones) accounted for 75% of all the 16S rDNA clones expressing anaerobic para‐ and meta‐PCB dechlorinating activity. In this report we describe complete 16S rDNA sequences of OTU‐A and OTU‐B, and partial rDNA sequences of OTUs C‐J. The OTU‐B and OTU‐I form a phylogenetically related cluster, closely affiliated with Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum strains. OTUs A, C, D, G, H and J also belong to the genus Clostridium, but they represent separate species. OTU‐E, a close affiliate to Bacteroides forsynthus, is a meta‐PCB dechlorinator. The Cl. hydroxybenzoicum strains (OTU‐B) are primarily para‐PCB dechlorinators and are the most common. Some less prevalent OTUs (– E, ‐G, ‐H and –I), are also mostly para‐PCB dechlorinators. Other Clostridium species such as Cl. beijerinckii (OTU‐A), Cl. intestinalis (OTU‐D) and Cl. thermolacticum (OTU‐J) are primarily meta‐PCB dechlorinators. Cl. paraputrificum (OTU‐C) and Cl. cellulosi (OTU‐F), were less prevalent in the total consortium, but they could dechlorinate both para‐ and meta‐PCB. Although a few less prevalent Clostridium species can degrade both para‐ and meta‐PCBs, this study confirms that para‐ and meta‐PCB dechlorinating species are generally phylogenetically different.
Col1a1‐Driven Transgenic Markers of Osteoblast Lineage Progression

The modular organization of the type I collagen promoter allows creation of promoter‐reporter constructs with preferential activity in different type I collagen‐producing tissues that might be useful to mark cells at different stages of osteoblastic differentiation. Primary marrow stromal cell (MSC) and mouse calvarial osteoblast (mCOB) cultures were established from transgenic mice harboring different Col1a1 promoter fragments driving chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). In these models, Col1a1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are the first markers of differentiation appearing soon after the colonies develop. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is detected 2‐3 days later, followed by osteocalcin (OC) expression and nodule mineralization. A 3.6 Col1a1 fragment (ColCAT3.6) initiated activity concomitant with ALP staining and type I collagen mRNA expression. In contrast, a 2.3 Col1a1 fragment (ColCAT2.3) became active coincident with BSP expression. The pattern of transgene expression assessed by immunostaining was distinctly different. ColCAT3.6 was expressed within and at the periphery of developing nodules whereas the ColCAT2.3 expression was restricted to the differentiated nodules. The feasibility of using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker of osteoblast differentiation was evaluated in ROS17/2.8 cells. A 2.3‐kilobase (kb) Col1a1 promoter driving GFP (pOB4Col2.3GLP) was stably transfected into the cell line and positive clones were selected. Subcultures lost and then regained GFP expression that was localized in small clusters of cells throughout the culture. This suggests that expression from the 2.3‐kb Col1A1 fragment is determined by the state of differentiation of the ROS17/2.8 cells. Col1a1 transgenes should be useful in appreciating the heterogeneity of a primary or immortalized culture undergoing osteoblastic differentiation.