11. Ecological Sorting of Vascular Plant Classes During the Paleozoic Evolutionary Radiation

s, p. 47. Hotton, C. L. , D. H. Griffing, J. S. Bridge and F. M. Hueber. In press. Early terrestrial plant environments: An example from the Emsian of Gaspe, Quebec, Canada. In P. G. Gensel and D. Edwards, eds. Early Land Plants and Their Environments. New York: Columbia University Press. Ecological Sorting of Vascular Plant Classes 329 Hueber, F. M. 1992. Thoughts on the early lycopsids and zosterophylls. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:474-499. Jennings, J. R. 1984. Distribution of fossil plant taxa in the Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian of the Illinois Basin. C. R. Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, 1979, Urbana IL, v. 2, pp. 310-312. Jennings, J. R. 1986. A review of some fossil plant compressions associated with Mississippian and Pennsylvanian coal deposits in the central Appalachians, Illinois Basin, and elsewhere in the United States. International Journal of Coal Geology 6:303-325. Josten, K. -H. 1991. Die Steinkohlen-Floren Nordwestdeutschlands. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 36(Textband): 1-436. Kartawinata, K. 1990. A review of natural vegetation studies in Malesia, with special reference to Indonesia. In P. Baas, K. Kalkman, and R. Geesink, eds. The Plant Diversity of Malesia, pp. 121-132. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kaspar, A. and H. N. Andrews. 1972. Pertica, a new genus of Devonian plants from northern Maine. American Journal of Botany 59:897-911. Kenrick, P. and P. R. Crane. 1991. Water-conducting cells in early fossil land plants: Implications for the early evolution of trachaeophytes. Botanical Gazette 152:335-356. Kenrick, P. and P. R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Studies in Comparative Evolutionary Biology 4.Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Kent, D. H. 1992. List of Vascular Plants of the British Isles. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles. Kidston, R. and W. H. Lang. 1917. On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. I. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii Kidston and Lang. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 51:761-784. Knoll, A. H. 1984. Patterns of extinction in the fossil record of vascular plants. In M. H. Nitecki, ed. Extinctions, pp. 21-68. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Knoll, A. H. 1986. Patterns of change in plant communities through geological time. In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds., Community Ecology, pp. 126-141. New York: Harper and Row. Knoll, A. H. , K. J. Niklas, and B. H. Tiffney. 1979. Phanerozoic land plant diversity in North America. Science 206:1400-1402. Knoll, A. H. , K. J. Niklas, R G. Gensel, and B. H. Tiffney 1984. Character diversification and patterns of evolution in early vascular plants. Paleobiology 10:34-47. Leary, R. L. and H. W. Pfefferkorn. 1977. An Early Pennsylvanian flora with Megalopteris and Noeggerathiales from west-central Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 500:1-77. Leclercq, S. and H. P. Banks. 1962. Pseudosporochnus nodosus sp. nov., a Middle Devonian plant with cladoxylalean affinities. Palaeontographica 110B:l-34. 330 EVOLUTIONARY PALEOECOLOGY Lesnikowska, A. D. 1989. Anatomically preserved marattiales from coal swamps of the Desmoinesian and Missourian of the midcontinent United States: Systematics, ecology, and evolution. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL. Levinton, J. 1988. Genetics, Paleontology and Macroevolution. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press. Lord, J., M. Westoby, and M. Leishman. 1996. Seed size and phylogeny in six temperate floras: Constraints, niche conservatism, and adaptation. American Naturalist 146:349-364. Lowe, I. A. and S. B. Jones Jr. 1984. Checklist of the vascular plants of the Okefenokee Swamp. In A. D. Cohen, D. J. Casagrande, M. J. Andrejko, and C. R. Best, eds., The Okefenokee Swamp: Its natural History, Geology, and Geochemistry, pp. 702-709. Los Alamos NM: Wetland Surveys. Lugo, A. E. 1984. A review of early literature on forested wetlands in the United States. In K. T. Ewell and H. T. Odum, eds. Cypress Swamps, pp. 7-15. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Lyon, A. G. and D. Edwards. 1991. The first zosterophyll from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert, Aberdeenshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 83:323-332. Lyons, P. C. and W. C. Darrah. 1989. Earliest conifers in North America: Upland and/or paleoclimatic indicators. Palaios 4:480-486. Mamay, S. H. and G. Mapes. 1992. Early Virgillian megafossils from the Kinney Brick Company quarry, Manzanita Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 138:61-85. Mapes, G. and R. A. Gastaldo. 1984. Late Paleozoic non-peat accumulating floras. In T. Broadhead, ed. Plants: Notes for a Short Course, pp. 115-127. University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology 15. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, Dept. of Geological Sciences. Matten, L. C. 1974. The Givetian flora from Cairo, New York: Rhacophyton, Triloboxylon, and Cladoxylon. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Sociefy 68:303-318. Matten, L. C. and H. P. Banks. 1966. Triloboxylon ashlandicum gen. et sp. n. from the Upper Devonian of New York. American Journal of Botany 53:1020-1028. Matten, L. C, W. R. Tanner, and W. S. Lacey. 1984. Additions to the silicified Upper Devonian/Lower Carboniferous flora from Ballyheigue, Ireland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 43:303-320. Meyen, S. V. 1982. The Carboniferous and Permian floras of Angaraland (a synthesis). Biological Memoirs 7:1-109. Meyen, S. V. 1984. Basic features of gymnosperm systematics and phylogeny as evidenced by the fossil record. Botanical Review 50:1-112. Mickle, J. E. 1980. Ankyropteris from the Pennsylvanian of eastern Kentucky. Botanical Gazette 141:230-243. Mitsch, W. J. and J. G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand