Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis Genotypes with Differing Levels of psbS Expression Differ in Photosystem II Quantum Yield, Xanthophyll Cycle Pool Size, and Aboveground Growth

Thermal energy dissipation protects the photosynthetic apparatus against excess light and requires de‐epoxidized xanthophyll cycle carotenoids, a low thylakoid lumen pH, and PsbS, an integral membrane subunit of photosystem II. Here, we examine photoprotection, photosynthesis, and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes whose capacities for energy dissipation have been altered via deletion or transgenic overexpression of psbS. Plants were grown in a greenhouse, where they experienced low levels of incident radiation throughout most of the day, with an ∼40‐min midmorning period of exposure to high incident radiation each day. Midday ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence and photosystem II quantum yield increased slightly with increasing levels of psbS expression, while xanthophyll cycle pool size and conversion state were negatively associated with psbS expression. Notably, transgenic overexpression of psbS led to a 12% increase in rosette diameter, while mutants with no psbS expression exhibited 16% smaller rosette diameters and 18% fewer leaves than the wild type. Thus, the protective role of thermal energy dissipation manifested in plants grown in a light environment that included a period of high incident radiation, during which the various genotypes sustained differing levels of photosystem II photoinactivation, and periods of low incident radiation, when electron transport presumably limited the rate of photosynthesis and photosystem II photoinactivation influenced the overall rate of photosynthesis and hence growth.
Phagotrophic Ingestion of a Blue-Green Alga by Ochromonas*†

SYNOPSIS Anacystis nidulans disappeared rapidly from culture in the presence of an unidentified species of Ochromonas. Disappearance was light-independent and could be induced neither by bacteria associated with, nor by soluble products released from the flagellate. Electronmicrographs of mixed cultures revealed numerous A. nidulans cells in various stages of digestion within vacuoles of Ochromonas. Evidently the disappearance of the alga from culture resulted from phagotrophy by the chrysomonad. A 2-stage digestive process is suggested whereby A. nidulans cells are initially sequestered in the posterior “leucosin” vacuole and then undergo the terminal stages of digestion and elimination in smaller, peripheral vacuoles.
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: PIG MUSCLE PART I, FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE FIBER TYPES IN PIGS

Today, the study of muscle fibers is critical because they are responsible for the variation of growth performance and meat quality traits in farm animals. There are several factors that can contribute to alter the muscle fiber composition. Some of them genetically originate from individual, breed, gender, birth&slaughter weight and genetics, while others are environmental factors such as prenatal and postnatal nutrition, temperature and physical activity. Chiang Mai Veterinary Journal 2007;5(1):81-91.
Influence of Hydrolysis Degree on the Functional Properties of Salmon Byproducts Hydrolysates

: Protein hydrolysates from salmon heads were obtained by enzymatic treatment with Alcalase(r) 2.4L. Response surface methodology (RSM) allowed optimization of temperature, enzyme/substrate, and pH leading to various hydrolysates (11.5% to 17.3% hydrolysis degree [DH]) and protein recovery ranging from 47% to 70%. Size exclusion chromatography of hydrolysates showed that small peptides increased only at high DH. The nitrogen solubility index (NSI) of hydrolysates was higher than 75% over a wide range of pH values, whereas hydrolysates with high DH had the best solubility. Emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, and fat absorption capacity were better when DH was low.
Soft Commitments and Reminders: Long-Term Effects on Academic Attainment

Although commitment devices and reminders are popular measures against lack of selfcontrol and limited attention, little is known about their long-run effects on academic performance. In a randomized field experiment we study how commiting university students to the recommended study structure with a non-binding agreement and sending reminders during the regular study duration of seven semesters affects dropout rates, time to graduation, and final grades. We find that our soft commitment device is highly effective in raising academic attainment: after 5 years, students in the commitment treatment are 9 percentage points less likely to have dropped out and have graduated 0.35 semesters earlier. Importantly, the treated students maintain the same GPA as the controls.
On products of self-small abelian groups

An abelian group A is called self-small if direct sums of copies of A commute with the covariant Hom (A,−) functor. The paper presents an elementary example of a non-self-small countable product of self-small abelian groups without non-zero homomorphisms between different ones. A criterion of self-smallness of a finite product of modules is given. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 16D10, 16S50, 16D70.
GESTÃO AMBIENTAL NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES DA QUARTA COLÔNIA

A reflexao sobre as praticas ambientais, em um contexto marcado pela degradacao permanente do meio ambiente e do seu ecossistema, tem exigido novas posturas das organizacoes. Contudo, adotar a gestao ambiental como estrategia de desenvolvimento, contempla as necessidades das organizacoes em aliar crescimento economico e sustentabilidade. Neste sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo identificar se existe a preocupacao com as questoes ambientais por parte das organizacoes da regiao da Quarta Colonia e se as mesmas adotam programas de gestao ambiental, analisando fatores que podem influenciar nas diferentes abordagens dadas ao tema. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa em um estudo considerado exploratorio e compreendido como estudo de caso. A amostra foi de cinco organizacoes da Regiao da Quarta Colonia onde foram realizadas visitas tecnicas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Como resultado significativo do estudo, pode se constatar que as organizacoes estudadas limitam-se apenas as exigencias da legislacao ambiental em vigor. Assim as organizacoes necessitam adotar novas posturas e um processo de atualizacao continua que pode ser viabilizado pela gestao ambiental. Palavras-chave: Gestao ambiental; Quarta Colonia; organizacoes; desenvolvimento. Abstract The reflection about environmental practices, in a context marked by permanent degradation of the environment and its ecosystem, has required new strategies from the organizations. However, adopting environmental management as a development strategy satisfies the organizations needs to gather economic growth and sustainability. Thus, this paper aims on identifying whether the organizations from the Quarta Colonia Region are concerned about environmental issues and whether they adopt environmental management programs, analyzing aspects which can influence the different approaches applied to this issue. In order to reach such aim, a qualitative approach was used in a study considered exploratory and comprised as a case study. The sample consisted of five organizations from the Quarta Colonia Region where there were technical visits and semi-structured interviews. A relevant result of the study was that it was possible to observe that the studied organizations are restricted only to the operative environmental law requirements. Thus, organizations ought to adopt new emplacements and a continuous updating process, which can become viable through the environmental management. Keywords: Environmental management; Quarta Colonia; organizations; development
Eficiência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares isolados de solos sob diferentes sistemas de uso na região do Alto Solimões na Amazônia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important components of terrestrial ecosystems where they are believed to play a fundamental role for their sustainability. These fungi are influenced by a number of anthropic factors such as, land use which modifies the structure and diversity of fungal communities and this may compromise their ecological functions. In the present study it was evaluated the behavior of AMF isolated from soils under different land use systems in (LUS). Fifty-one AMF were isolated in trap cultures from soil samples from different SUT tested on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] under controlled conditions. It was found that all AMF colonize the cowpea, but in a highly variable intensity. Similar results were found for phosphorus uptake and plant growth. Colonization ranged from 1 to 68%. Growth positive effects ranged from 33 to 148%, being more common in isolates from pasture and crops ecosystems. The enhancement in phosphorus uptake was generalized (95% all fungi), but their growth promoting effects did not followed the same trend. Only 39% of fungal isolated tested were efficient. These more isolated from almost all LUS. Fungal treatments with high efficiency had the following species: A. foveata, Glomus sp.1, Acaulospora sp.1 and a mixture the first two species with A. bireticulata and E. infrequens. The results indicate a wide efficiency diversity of AMF in the Alto Solimoes region. Although this characteristic has no direct relationship with the LUS, the proportion of effective isolates varied with their origin.
Mortality risk of spatial positions in animal groups: The danger of being in the front

We modified Hamilton's (1971) selfish herd model by introducing directional movement to the prey groups and the predators. The consequences of this modification with regards to differential predation risks are compared to Hamilton's original model (using stationary prey groups) and tested against empirical data. In model 1, we replicated Hamilton's original predator-prey system. In models 2 and 3, prey groups were mobile and predators were mobile (model 2) or stationary (model 3). Our results indicate that additional to the positive risk gradient from centre to periphery predicted by Hamilton's model for stationary groups, there might be another positive risk gradient from the rear to the front part in moving groups. Furthermore, models 2 and 3 suggest that moving groups should generally exhibit an elongated shape (longer than wide along the axis of locomotion) if risk minimisation is the only factor concerned. Also smaller inter-individual distances are predicted for front individuals than individuals elsewhere in the group. Empirical data based on the three-dimensional structure of fish shoals (using roach, Rutilus rutilus) were consistent with the above two predictions. A second experiment which involved lake chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, as prey and rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, as predators, provided direct support for the hypothesis that individuals in front positions of groups incurred a significantly higher predation risk than fish in rear positions. Finally, we discuss the differential risks of different group positions in the context of potential foraging gains which provides the basis for a dynamic model of position preferences in group-living animals.
Global sea level reconstruction for 1900–2015 reveals regional variability in ocean dynamics and an unprecedented long weakening in the Gulf Stream flow since the 1990s

Abstract. A new monthly global sea level reconstruction for 1900–2015 was analyzed and compared with various observations to examine regional variability and trends in the ocean dynamics of the western North Atlantic Ocean and the US East Coast. Proxies of the Gulf Stream (GS) strength in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (GS-MAB) and in the South Atlantic Bight (GS-SAB) were derived from sea level differences across the GS. While decadal oscillations dominate the 116-year record, the analysis showed an unprecedented long period of weakening in the GS flow since the late 1990s. The only other period of long weakening in the record was during the 1960s–1970s, and red noise experiments showed that is very unlikely that those just occurred by chance. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was used to separate oscillations at different timescales, showing that the low-frequency variability of the GS is connected to the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The recent weakening of the reconstructed GS-MAB was mostly influenced by weakening of the upper mid-ocean transport component of AMOC as observed by the RAPID measurements for 2005–2015. Comparison between the reconstructed sea level near the coast and tide gauge data for 1927–2015 showed that the reconstruction underestimated observed coastal sea level variability for timescales less than ∼5 years, but lower-frequency variability of coastal sea level was captured very well in both amplitude and phase by the reconstruction. Comparison between the GS-SAB proxy and the observed Florida Current transport for 1982–2015 also showed significant correlations for oscillations with periods longer than ∼5 years. The study demonstrated that despite the coarse horizontal resolution of the global reconstruction (1∘ × 1∘), long-term variations in regional dynamics can be captured quite well, thus making the data useful for studies of long-term variability in other regions as well.
Psychological Capital and Career Success: Mediating Role of Subjective Well-Being

The mediating role of negative effect, positive effect and satisfaction with life (subjective well-being) was examined investigating the relationship between psychological capital and career success. Data were collected from 276 employees of different NGOs in Quetta, Baluchistan. The mediation was assessed through Preacher & Hayes (2008) indirect macro for multiple mediators. Results showed that negative effect, positive effect and satisfaction with life emerged as significant mediators in the relationship between psychological capital and career success. It was found that one way via psychological capital and career success had a positive effect and satisfaction with life had a negative effect. Psychological capital based interventions may be used to enhance subjective well-being and career success.
Assortative Mating among Unmarried Parents with a Newborn: Differences by Marital Transition after Childbirth

Assortative mating, the tendency for individuals to choose partners with similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, is a prominent feature of the marriage market. Existing evidence on assortative matching is based primarily on married couples/parents, and few studies examining mate-selection patterns among unmarried parents do not distinguish between unmarried parents who marry after childbirth, and those who remained persistently unmarried. This study use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine assortative mating patterns among unmarried parents, between parents who transition into marriage after childbirth and parents who remained persistently unmarried. In addition, we examine whether the differences in assortative mating patterns can be explained by differences in marriage market conditions, as suggested by economic theories. We find that unmarried parents who transitioned into marriage after childbirth arelessassortatively matched with respect to age, education, and race; but moreassortatively matched by labor earnings, compared to parents who remained unmarried. There are also significant differences in assortative mating patterns by race, with the largest difference found between white and Hispanic mothers.
Applying Blockchain Layer2 Technology to Mass E-Commerce

The emergence of e-commerce has changed the way people trade. However, merchants are charged high fees for their use of the platform and for payment services. These costs are passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. Blockchain technology can provide lower transaction fees with high security and privacy level but is incapable of delivering the number of transactions per second demanded by real e-commerce. Establishing a layer above the blockchain to manage transactions which we called Blockchain Layer2 technology, has the potential to solve these issues. In this article, we focus on the eﬀect that layer2 technology can provide in reducing fee costs and improving transaction volumes. We introduce the problems that the e-commerce industry is facing currently and how blockchain layer2 technology can help to address these issues. We list and describe the main layer2 mechanisms based on the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. We discuss issues that arise when applying layer 2 technology to e-commerce. We analyse the costs associated with diﬀerence e-commerce payment network topologies and investigate the funds-capacity needed to support high levels of value transfer.
Didactic use of genetic algorithms: a model for teaching robotics

The study of articulated robots in higher education necessarily goes through the development of their kinematic models. The inverse kinematic model is usually described algebraically, although this representation is often difficult to obtain. Thus, the use of genetic algorithms in teaching robotics can be very attractive, since they allow students to easily develop models and predict the behavior of robots before their formal development. This way, the results of this work present a relatively fast way to simulate the inverse kinematic model, allowing the designer to have a broader view of the structure of a robot, coming to identify points that must be corrected or that can be optimized. It can be concluded that the use of genetic algorithms in robotics teaching is viable, having as main advantages their easy computational implementation and precision in the representation of kinematic models.
Naturalization of Campanula cervicaria, bristly bellflower, west of Lake Superior

The Eurasian perennial Campanula glomerata L. , clustered bellflower, was introduced into North America as an ornamental, later escaping to a limited degree in human-dominated landscapes of northeastern United States and eastern Canada (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). The first report of this species from outside of cultivation in Minnesota was a postflowering collection by O. Lakela near Duluth in 1943 (5416, DUL, MIN); she collected flowering material close to the same site in 1946 (6523, DUL, MIN, MT, NY, UC). My examination of these and later-collected herbarium specimens from northeastern Minnesota labeled as Campanula glomerata found that all but one are instead C. cervicaria L. , bristly bellflower, a Eurasian native that has not previously been reported outside of cultivation in North America. Examination of 147 sheets of North American material labeled as either of these species revealed none, other than those from the area just west of Lake Superior, that could be referred to C. cervicaria. Only the UC duplicate of Lakela’s 1946 collection had been annotated as C. cervicaria, by N. Morin in 1978, and this seems to have escaped wider notice. Campanula cervicaria can be distinguished reliably from the more variable C. glomerata by several characters. The taproot is much thicker in C. cervicaria, typically 8 mm or more wide (pressed and dry) at flowering. The calyx lobes in C. cervicaria are 2–4 mm long, ovate, and obtuse to weakly angular, versus 6–12 mm long, lanceolate, and acute to acuminate in C. glomerata. The width at the base of these lobes is typically 2–4 mm in C. cervicaria, usually no more than 2 mm in C. glomerata. Corollas are typically pale to medium blue-purple in C. cervicaria, most commonly deep blue-purple in C. glomerata. Campanula cervicaria has shorter corollas than those of most C. glomerata, but with its taller stems is conspicuous nonetheless. Anthesis of C. cervicaria begins in northeastern Minnesota about two weeks after that of C. glomerata begins, and C. cervicaria can be in peak bloom from early July to (rarely) late September.
Financial data Conformance to Benford’s Law and its impact on Audit Fees

By Adopting the newest concept of FSD score sourcing from the usage of Benford’s law, we include it as one of the decisive variables in the audit fees model designed in the 1980s. We want it to represent the probability of the occurrence of accounting fraud for the listed Chinese companies in A share market and then verify its relationship with audit fees. Our result shows good compliance with financial data to Benford’s law and there is no evidence indicating the association between audit fees and FSD scores.
Volatile metabolites from the headspace of onion bulbs inoculated with postharvest pathogens as a tool for disease discrimination

Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to analyze volatiles in the headspace of 'Fortress' onion bulbs inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis allii, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Aspergillus niger, or Penicillium aurantiogriseum. A total of 130 volatile metabolites were detected, of which 28 occurred more than four times in seven replicates and two incubation periods. Out of 28 relatively consistent compounds, 12 compounds were specific to one or more diseases or inoculations. Ethyl cyclobutane was specific to bulbs inoculated with F. oxysporum, while styrene was common to A. niger, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and F. oxysporum, with the highest abundance in the latter. N-3-Aminophenyl acetamide was common to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, P. aurantiogriseum, and the water inoculated control. 2-Azabicyclo[3.2. 0]hept-6-ene was detected in bulbs inoculated with A. niger, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and P. aurantiogriseum. Discriminant analysis models based on metabolic fingerprints (normalized abundances of 27 relatively consistent metabolites and normalized abundances of 150 mass ions) correctly classified up to 100% of the observations based on resubstitution (models) and up to 100% based on cross-validation, depending on the disease. Factor analysis identified combinations of metabolites to discriminate diseases or inoculations. The disease discriminatory compounds identified as metabolic markers and the discriminant analysis models can be used to discriminate bulb diseases of 'Fortress' onion, at the beginning of or during storage, after further validation under commercial conditions.
DIRECTIONS FOR AN EMBODIED COGNITIVE SCIENCE: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

Is cognitive activity more similar to a game of chess than to a game of pool? In order to answer this question we need to know first what are the relevant differences, cognitively speaking, between a game of pool and a game of chess. Questions of this sort (Kirsh, 1991; Haugeland, 1998) highlight the contraposition between those aspects of cognition where a rule-governed, formal approach appears to apply, and those other aspects of cognition that are deeply rooted in the physical nuts-and-bolts of the interacting agent. Whereas chess is a formal game that can be played regardless of details of physical implementation (think of Kasparov’s legal defeat to Deep Blue), and where rule-governed manipulations of symbolic states suffice for the purposes of conforming to the rules of chess, in the case of pool, the actual striking of the cue ball with a nice solid hit cannot be dispensed with. Simply, pool is