Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delegation and the Theory of the Firm

If control of my decisions is in the hands of an agent whose preferences are different from my own, I may nevertheless prefer the results to those that would come about if I took my own decisions. This has some interesting implications for the theory of the firm. For example, in markets where firms are interdependent, it is not necessarily true that maximum profits are earned by firms whose objective is profit-maximisation. This can be seen in a simple example of entry deterrence. Firm A is deciding whether or not to enter a market currently monopolised by firm B. If A enters, B (or rather its managers) must decide whether to respond aggressively or in an accommodating fashion. Entry is profitable for A if and only if B does not fight. Faced with the fact of entry, it is more profitable for B to accommodate than to fight, but B's profits are greater still if there is no entry. Consider how the game would unfold in each of the following circumstances (which are assumed to be common knowledge): (I) B's managers are always concerned to maximise profits; (II) B's managers are principally concerned to maintain their dominance over the market: considerations of profit are secondary. In case (I) it is clear that entry will take place and will be accommodated. If B's managers were to fight entry, they would be failing to maximise profits in the circumstances then prevailing. Relying on this fact, A will enter the market. In case (II), however, entry will be deterred, because A knows that B's managers would fight entry. Thus the known presence of managers of type (II) whose objective is not principally to maximise profits has the effect of earning greater profits for B than would be the case if B's managers had profitmaximisation as their objective. This example highlights an important distinction between two senses of an expression of the form 'x is a u-maximiser'. In the following this shall be taken to
Molecular Genetics of Skeletal Muscle Development

The research of molecular signal pathway in skeletal muscle development and the regulation of MDFs family members are summarized. MDFs may control muscle structure gene expression directly, and activate expression of intermediate regulatory factors or cooperate with them to control the myogenic phenotype. Regulators MEF2 can act as intermediates in MDF action. Pax 3 is essential for the early stage of muscle development. There are many similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues, and their gene regulatory pathway are conservative somehow.
Mitochondrial degeneration in Texas cytoplasmic male-sterile corn anthers

N CORN lines with T (Texas) cytoplasm and appropriate genotype, pollen aborts in the anthers, making the plants male sterile. Female structures are not affected. This abnormality is governed by determinants in the cytoplasm, is maternally inherited, and has been termed "cytoplasmic male sterility" to distinguish it from "genetic male sterility," which is inherited in normal Mendelian fashion. Fertility may be restored by introduction of nuclear genes, termed "restorers," through the pollen. Duvick 4 and Edwardson 7 have published comprehensive reviews of cytoplasmic male sterility, to which the reader is referred for additional information. Although the exact mechanism is not understood, plastids and mitochondria are thought to be the most likely bearers of cytoplasmic sterility, because these organelles are known to have their own limited nucleic acid systems. Evidence for the involvement of plastids in male sterility has been presented for Epilobinm ' and for Nicotiana.2 Similar evidence of a relationship between mitochondria and cytoplasmic male sterility has been reported for corn. ' 3 . 6 '>' 9 The present investigation was undertaken to determine if cytoplasmic differences could be observed in fertile and T cytoplasmic male-sterile corn (Tcms), using the best current light and electron microscope procedures. Anthers were chosen for the study because it is in this organ the basic differences develop that result in formation of viable or aborted pollen.
Effects of planting patterns,leaf trimming and pollinator on hybrid soybean seed production

To improve the production of soybean hybrid,the effects of parents planting patterns,leaf artificial trimming,and pollinators were investigated on hybrid yield.Results showed that mixed planting of both parental seeds in the same hole could markedly increase the pollination effects mediated by both honeybees and the alfalfa leafcutter bees.Compared to the traditional planting method of 1∶1 parental rows,this novel planting regime resulted in a significant increase in the number of pods per CMS(cytoplasmic male sterility) plant by 20.40%(honeybee pollinated) and 30.52%(alfalfa leafcutter bee pollinated) respectively.The pollination efficiency of alfalfa leafcutter bees was significantly higher than that of the honeybees.Trimming off the two smallest ones on the trifoliate-leaves of the parents during flowering period could also significantly increase the pod-bearing rate of CMS,and the pod-bearing rates of two CMS lines JLCMS9A and JLCMS4A reached 24.1% and 65.3% respectively,which increased by 68.82% and 54.01% compared to no-trimming control.
An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar

This book surveys the important concept of unification as it relates to linguistic theory and, in particular, to Functional Unification Grammar, Definite-Clause Grammars, Lexical-Function Grammar, Generalized Phrase Struture Grammar, and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The notes include careful and correct definitions, as well as well-chosen examples of actual grammars, and a discussion of the relationships of computational systems and linguistic theories which use ideas from unification.
Preschool Children's Food Sharing with Friends and Acquaintances.

BIRCH, LEANN LIPPS, and BILLMAN, JANE. Preschool Children's Food Sharing with Friends and Acquaintances. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 387-395. To investigate children's sharing of preferred and nonpreferred food with same-sex peers, 57 3-5-year-old children participated twice as potential sharers-once with a friend and once with an acquaintance. Food was unequally distributed, with the target child receiving 10 pieces each of preferred and nonpreferred food and the potential recipient only 1. Half of the target children had been recipients before becoming sharers. The analysis revealed a sex x relationship interaction, with girls sharing more with friends than with acquaintances, and boys not sharing differentially. Most sharing was actually elicited by the potential recipient, with friends being more active elicitors; spontaneous and passive sharing were rare. The type of previous experience as a recipient influenced subsequent sharing behavior: children who had received food earlier were more likely to share than those who had not.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of the Alabastrum of Edgeworthia gardneri(Wall.) Meissn

Edgeworthia gardneri(Wall.) Meissn,a medicinal herb endemic to the Tibetan region,is used to treat Diabetes. The aim of this study is to identify the active ingredients of different extracts from the alabastrum of E. gardneri by the yeast and the rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The alabastrum of E. gardneri was partitioned sequentially with n-hexane,petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,methanol,and water. Its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was assayed by the method of 96-microplates. Acute toxicity study of active components for inhibition of α-glucosidase was carried out in Kunming mice of both sexes. A mouse model of diabetic disease induced by alloxan was used to evaluation of hypoglycemic activity. The results showed that yeastα-glucosidase inhibitory activity of petroleum ether extracts,ethyl acetate extracts,methanol extracts and water extracts were higer than that of positive control Acarbose,but only water extracts of E.gardneri(EMW,1 000 mg/kg) had the rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. EMW treatment was not acutely toxic to the mice. EMW at doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg significantly decreased blood glucose in diabetic mice. The results indicate that EMW has a better yeast and rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro and possesses antihyperglycaemic effect significantly in vivo.
Inventory Analysis of Southern New South Wales Rainforest Vegetation

In order to survey the rainforest of southern New South Wales a survey design for patchy vegetation was devised. Sample area was reduced by use of the gradsect approach. Two gradsects maximising the altitudinal gradient also ensured recovery of latitudinal information. These were also stratified on the basis of altitude, geology and proximity to coast. Within strata random sampling located patches in which qualitative floristic data were recorded for all vascular species and bryophytes. In a total of 231 plots of 50 x 20 m quantitative floristic, structural and environmental data were recorded. Classification (Bray-Curtis) and ordination (principal coordinates analysis) were employed to indicate patterns and trends in the distribution of rainforest species and types. Three major environmental factors correlated with floristic site groupings. These were altitude, disturbance and soil fertility. Within the less disturbed sites a division separated sites on more fertile soils from the less fertile ones. This division generally correlated with species richness and structural complexity in forest types, with the exception of one complex coastal type, which fell within the low fertility category. Sixteen rainforest types are described although only 12 of these are considered to be of significance, the other four containing a small number of sites and possibly being aberrant stands due to disturbance and local environments. Comparative analyses revealed that the 231 total vascular species quantitative classification was more informative as to environmental correlations than a binary classification or use of tree species or non-tree species alone. Reduced analyses showed that the general trend of distribution of rainforest types could be recovered by only 41 sites although detail on biogeography, specifically southern limits of species, was lost. In contrast analysis by patch rather than plot recovered the general altitude, disturbance, and fertility trends to reproduce the main communitytypes, whilst also recovering more detail on southern limits. Analysis of random subsets of 41 sites within the stratified 231 sites indicated more loss of clarity in environmental correlations, and a field 'random' selection of 40 sites (limited to four gradsects for logistic purposes) produced no new information. It was concluded that the gradsect method provided a sound approach to sampling the patchy rainforest vegetation over the study region, and that stratification to ensure sampling over as wide an environmental range as possible, was justified. Twelve major types of high altitude, low altitude dry or disturbed, and low altitude undisturbed rainforests were recognized. The two highest altitude types, being restricted to southern New South Wales, are of particular importance. Types at lower altitudes are important because they include the southern limits of many of their component species.
Behavior and numbers of the Dastarcus helophoroides beetle's laying egg and its first-instar larvae parasitism on larvae of Monochamus alternatus

In order to increase the parasitic rate for the Dastarcus helophoroides to the vector Monochamus alternatus which carry the nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),this paper,using a new test device studied the behavior and numbers of the Dastarcus helophoroides beetle's laying egg and its first-instar larvae parasitism on the larvae of M.alternatus in the device.The results showed that beetle can be attracted by the larvae of M.alternatus to lay eggs on the paper board close to the attractive device.Eggs piled up fan-shaped arrangement,with 26-115 eggs per fan.Egg is "rice" shape,length 1mm,diameter of 0.2 mm.Big beetle has an average of 135.88 eggs per beetle;middle ones 70.50 eggs,small ones 33.68 eggs.The conclusion is that the beetle can be attracted by the larvae of M.alternatus to lay eggs.The bigger beetles have more eggs,which is Large:Middle:Small=4.03:2.09:1.The first instar larvae of D.helophoroides have a strong ability to parasitize larvae of M.alternatus,and the parasitic rate is to 90%.
Interesting Mechanisms and Powerful Tools

The lives of plants, animals, and human beings are all regulated by circadian clocks. In mammals, 24-hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are directed by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain hypothalamus, which in turn entrains “slave” oscillators of similar molecular composition in most cells of the body. These peripheral clocks are interesting not only because they control many aspects of circadian physiology, but also because they are model systems through which we understand how the SCN regulates complex behavior. To this end, peripheral oscillators have been exploited both biochemically to understand the proteins that make up biological clocks, and genetically to decipher the ways in which individual differences in human chronotype might arise.
How Plants Respond to Climate Change: Migration Rates, Individualism and the Consequences for Plant Communities

The magnitude of climate changes forecast for the next century is comparable to the magnitude of warming during the last deglaciation. No climate change of similar magnitude has occurred since that event. The palaeoecological evidence of the response, especially of plants, to past climate change indicates that evolutionary adaptation has played no more than a minor role and that migration is the usual response of organisms to climate change. The individualism of response has important implications with respect to changes in the nature of vegetation and ecosystems (.)
A Importância dos Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 no Câncer The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer La Importancia de los Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 en el Cáncer

Os acidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e docosahexaenoico (DHA), presentes nos peixes ricos em gordura e no oleo de peixe, tem impacto no câncer. Eles podem inibir a carcinogenese, retardar o crescimento de tumores e aumentar a eficacia da radioterapia e de varias drogas quimioterapicas, conforme demonstrado por estudos in vitro, experimentais com animais e alguns ensaios clinicos. Os acidos graxos omega-3 (AGs n-3), especialmente os EPAs, parecem ter importante papel na caquexia induzida pelo câncer. Varios mecanismos de acao foram propostos para explicar como os AGs n-3 podem modificar o processo de carcinogenese, tais como: supressao da biossintese dos eicosanoides derivados do acido araquidonico; influencia na atividade do fator de transcricao nuclear, na expressao genica e nas vias de transducao de sinais; alteracao do metabolismo do estrogenio; aumento ou diminuicao da producao de radicais livres e especies reativas de oxigenio e; influencia nos mecanismos envolvendo a resistencia a insulina e a fluidez das membranas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever os principais beneficios da terapeutica nutricional baseada na utilizacao da suplementacao de AG n-3 em pacientes oncologicos, abordando essencialmente a via metabolica desse acido graxo. Embora os estudos in vitro e os experimentos com animais tenham mostrado que os AGs n-3 podem ser uteis no tratamento e na prevencao do câncer, os ensaios clinicos, no que se refere ao tratamento, sao poucos e tem mostrado resultados conflitantes.
The Enhancement of Endotoxin-Induced Nitric Oxide Production by Elevation of Glucose Concentration in Macrophage

The production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are known to be modulated by a variety of factors. Recent study showed that endotoxin-induced NO synthesis and iNOS expression were greatly enhanced by elevation of extracellular glucose concentration in murine macrophages. Although this was suggested to be due to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) via sorbitol pathway, there was lack of evidence for this speculation. This study was performed to delineate the underlying intracellular mechanisms of glucose-enhancing effect on endotoxin-induced NO production in Raw264.7 macrophages. The levels of NO release induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased by the treatment of glucose in a concentration dependent manner and also, this effect was observed in LPS-preprimed cells. Concurrent incubation of cells with PKC inhibitors, H-7 or chelerythrine, and LPS resulted in the diminution of NO production regardless of glucose concentration but this was not in the case of LPS-prepriming, that is, chelerythrine showed a minimal effect on the glucose- enhancing effect. PMA, a PKC activator, did not show any significant effect on glucose-associated NO production. Modulation of sorbitol pathway with zopolrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, did not affect LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression under high glucose condition. And also, sodium pyruvate, which is expected to normalize cytosolic NADH/NAD⁢ ratio, did not show any significant effect at concentrations of up to 10 mM. Glucosamine marginally increased the endotoxin-induced nitrite release in both control and high glucose treated group. 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (L-DON) and azaserine, glutamine: fructose- 6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitors, significantly diminished the augmentation effect of high glucose on endotoxin-induced NO production. On the other hand, negative modulation of GFAT inhibitors was not reversed by the treatment of glucosamine, suggesting the minimal involvement, if any, of glucosamine pathway in glucose-enhancing effect. In summary, these results strongly suggest that the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and the activation of PKC via sorbitol pathway do not contribute to the augmenting effect of high glucose on endotoxin induced NO production in macrophage-like Raw264.7 cells.
A useful generalization of renewal theory: counting processes governed by non-negative Markovian increments

Let N(t) be a counting process associated with a sequence of non-negative random variables (X j)1 ∞ where the distribution of Xn +1 depends only on the value of the partial sum Sn = Σj=1 n Xj . In this paper, we study the structure of the function H(t) = E[N(t)], extending the ordinary renewal theory. It is shown under certain conditions that h(t) = (d/dt)H(t) exists and is a unique solution of an extended renewal equation. Furthermore, sufficient conditions are given under which h(t) is constant, monotone decreasing and monotone increasing. Asymptotic behavior of h(t) and H(t) as t → ∞ is also discussed. Several examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results and to demonstrate potential use of the study in applications.
Store Location and Store Assessment Research

THE RETAIL SETTING. Trends in Retailing and Consumer Behaviour. The Urban Pattern of Retailing. The Impact of the Development Process. THE STATISTICAL BASE. General Sources of Information. Developing a Strategic Planning Data Base. Market Appraisals (B. Epstein). Site Appraisals (W. Snow and K. Scott). METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES. Store Location Strategies (J. Mercurio). Store Assessment Procedures (M. Simmons). Traditional Methods of Sales Forecasting (G. Drummey). Modern Methods of Sales Forecasting. Evaluating Retail Trading Performances (D. Mock and K. Jones). Concluding Comments (D. Rogers). References. Index.
Mechanisms of Resveratrol-mediated Increasing of Adiponectin Expression Increased in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which resveratrol enhances adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells.Methods 3T3-L1 cells were treated with vehicle,resveratrol,TNF-α,or combination of resveratrol and TNF-α;released adiponectin was measured by ELISA;adiponectin and PPAR-γ mRNA levels were analyzed using real time PCR;PPAR-γ activity was determined with PPAR-γ activity kit.Results Compared with vehicle-treated control,PPAR-γ and adiponectin expressions were enhanced and suppressed in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with resveratrol and TNF-α,respectively.Compared with TNF-α alone treatment,combined treatment with resveratrol recovered TNF-α mediated suppression of adiponectin expression and release;resveratrol compromised the suppressive effect of TNF-α on mRNA expression and activity of PPAR-γ(P 0.05). Conclusion Resveratrol recovered TNF-α mediated reduction of adiponectin expression and release via regulation of PPAR-γ activity.
The effect of special memory instruction and guided analysis on the memorization efficiency of college brass players

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.
Transition state spectroscopy with electrons: The reaction of He(23 S, 21 S) with Cl2

We show that the evaluation of electron energy spectra which result from autoionization of a collision complex may result in rather detailed information on the electronic structure and on the dynamics of the complex. Using a simple ansatz for the potential surface of the (He+ + Cl2/-) complex we have determined the potential parameters by reproducing experimental electron energy spectra with the aid of classical trajectory calculations. The achieved agreement between calculated and experimental data is satisfying. Results of rather different types of measurements can be explained, i.e. electron spectroscopy, electron-ion coincidence measurements, optical fluorescence spectroscopy.
Pulmonary Artery Catheter Migration during Cardiac Surgery

65 malades de chirurgie coronaire. Diagnostic radiologique de la perforation de l'artere pulmonaire qui augmente la mortalite. Les facteurs associes a la perforation sont l'hypertension pulmonaire, l'âge avance, l'hypothermie, les anticoagulants et la migration distale du catheter