Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heating Temperature on the Chemical Structure and of Conductivity Carbon from Candlenut Shells (Aleurites Moluccana)

Candlenut Shells is one of the many commodities growing in Indonesia and experiencing rapid progress production development. The shell of candlenut has good characteristic that allow it to be used as carbon. activated carbon is one of material that can be applied for various application. In this paper, we reported the synthesis of activated carbon from candlenut shell in order to get high quality of carbon by controlling the heating temperature in synthesis. Variation of heating temperature in to produce carbon were 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C . FTIR Spectroscopy was carried out to determine the functional groups on the carbon from candlenut shells. FTIR analysis during the carbonization process was indicated the change in functional group of chemical structure from the candlenut shell, which is shown by decreasing the absorption spectrum of some functional groups of the candlenut shell after the carbonization process. The carbonization process has formed aromatic C = C and reduction functional group OH (aromatic compounds), C-H (aromatic ring), C-O (vibration ether structure) dan C=O (Ester compounds). And results of carbonization of candlenut shells at various temperatures have an electrical conductivity value that increases with increasing carbonization temperature. The carbonization temperature that is raised to 700 °C causes carbon to be more conductive with an increased electrical conductivity value. XRF characterization results also showed that in addition to carbon elements in the cundlenut shells, other elements were also found such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, strontium, manganese, iron and zinc. Ca and Mg are the largest content besides carbon.
Hydrogen and Water Adsorptions on Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN): The First-Principles Calculations

Hydrogen and water adsorptions on the monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have been studied using the density functional theory. In this study, two configurations of monovacancy were modeled, i.e., monovacancy at the nitrogen site (VN) and monovacancy at the boron site (VB), by removing N and B atoms from the h-BN sheet, respectively. A supercell consisting of 32 atoms was used to analyze the adsorption of hydrogen and water (H2O) by calculating formation and adsorption energies. From the calculated negative adsorption energies, we found that the involved reactions are exothermic, meaning that hydrogen and H2O are easily adsorbed on the h-BN sheet. In addition, the hydrogen system at the VB site was the most stable, as shown by the lowest formation energy of 2.78 eV.
A Preliminary Study on the Selective Detection of Hypochlorite Based on Antiagregation of AuNPs

A preliminary study on the selective detection of hypochlorite using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been carried out. Gold nanoparticles have been synthesized using sodium citrate as capping and stabilizing agent simultaneously at room temperature with no stirring and pH adjustment. Development of hypochlorite detection methods is based on the ability of hypochlorite to oxidize L-cysteine that can aggregate AuNPs through the formation of S‒Au bonds. The aggregated gold nanoparticles will change color from red for the original AuNPS to blue for the aggregated AuNPs. The presence of hypochlorite added to L-cysteine will oxidize the thiol group of L-cysteine thereby reducing the ability of L-cysteine to aggregate AuNPs. The higher the concentration of hypochlorite in L-cysteine, the more thiol groups are oxidized. Thus the presence of hypochlorite will act as anti-aggregation of L-cysteine-induced aggregation of AuNPs and therefore the color of solution is turned back to red from blue. This color change can be easily visualized by naked eye within 7 min. The existence of AuNPs, L-cysteine aggregated AuNPs, and AuNPs that have been used to detect hypochlorite have been seen using UV-Vis spectrophotometers and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Development of Bulk Metallic Glasses and their Composites by Additive Manufacturing - Evolution, Challenges and a Proposed Novel Solution

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and their composites (BMGMCs) have emerged as competitive materials for structural engineering applications exhibiting superior tensile strength, hardness along with very large elastic strain limit. However, they suffer from lack of ductility and subsequent low toughness due to the inherent brittleness of the glassy structure which makes them amenable to failure without appreciable yielding. Various mechanisms and methods have been proposed to counter this effect out of which, recently Additive Manufacturing has gained widespread attention. It is proposed that additive manufacturing can overcome these difficulties in single step due to inherent existence of very high cooling rate in the process which is essential for glass formation. This, when coupled with careful selection of alloy chemistry is proposed to be the best solution to fabricate near net shape parts in a single step with excellent properties. In this report, an effort has been made to describe one possible route to achieve this. Solidification processing employing carefully selected inoculants based on edge to edge matching technique along with the carefuly controlled inoculation procedure is proposed to reflect upon enhanced mechanical properties. It is hypothesized that number density, size and distribution of ductile crystalline phase would best be able to improve microstructure and hence properties. This is meant to be controlled by manipulating type, size and the amount of inoculants. The proposed methodology is claimed to bear maximum potential.
A Visible Light-Induced Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu Nanocomposite and its Photocatalytic Activities for Rhodamine B Photodegradation

Synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu nanocomposite photocatalyst has been conducted. The synthesis was carried out using the co-precipitation method with the variation of Cu concentration and modification by Fe3O4 magnetic material. As synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and SR UV-Visible. Photocatalytic activities of samples were evaluated through Rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation. The results showed that a sample with Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu 1% has smaller band gap energy of 2.90 eV and the highest photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO or Fe3O4-modified ZnO (Fe3O4/ZnO-Cu 0%) under visible light. The percentage of Rhodamine B degradation was approximately 89.41% during 120 min of visible light illumination. Moreover, the photocatalyst materials could be easily separated after photocatalysis which is due to the magnetic property of Fe3O4 material. Therefore, Cu-doped ZnO with Fe3O4 modification has been an efficient and effective visible-light-induced photocatalyst in removing non-biodegradable Rhodamine B dyes.
A Deformable Linear Dielectric Elastomer Actuator

Dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is a compact device that consists of stretchable electrodes and elastomers. This device is energy efficient in performance and holds great promise in the development of soft actuators. DEAs performance relies significantly on the mechanical properties of its elastomers. This present study focuses on evaluating the soft material made of Sylgard 184 as the elastomers for DEAs. Sylgard 184 is a silicone elastomer that comes with two main parts (elastomers and its curing agent). A specific mixing ratio between elastomers and curing agent is essential to produce solid and reliable silicone elastomer. The recommended ratio for the elastomer solution was ten parts for the elastomers and one part for the curing agent (10:1). Producing softer elastomers was possible by reducing the curing agent. However, the performance of the material was unknown. We performed a series of cyclic tensile tests to understand the mechanical characteristic of the elastomer made of Sylgard 184. The result shows that reducing the curing agent did not have a significant effect on its cyclic performance. Furthermore, the use of a 30:1 ratio in the application of DEAs and deformable linear actuator indicates stable performance for both devices.
Design and Application of Galinstan Liquid Metal Fully Flexible Angular Displacement Sensor

In this study, we design and fabricate a fully flexible angular displacement sensor and a corresponding fish-shaped soft pneumatic actuator. We describe the design and fabrication process of the sensor and fabricate a corresponding physical object to apply it to the soft pneumatic actuator. Material experiments with silicone rubber were also conducted to obtain the linear relationship in its small deformation range. Through the theoretical analysis of the designed angular displacement sensor, a linear relationship between the bending angle of the soft pneumatic actuator and the resistance of the angular displacement sensor was obtained. And a bending angle visual measurement platform was built for experimental verification. The results show that the experimental results are consistent with the theory, and the designed angular displacement sensor has a good linear relationship when applied to a fish-shaped soft pneumatic actuator.
튀김 전 후렌치후라이의 전처리가 아크릴아마이드 생성 및 품질특성에 미치는 영향

The objective of this research was to study the effect of pre-treatments before deep frying on the reduction in acrylamide formation, crispness and sensory properties of French fries. The acrylamide concentration was lower in pre-treated French fries before frying with citrus acid, ascorbic acid and salt solution than that in untreated French fries. Crispness, moisture and fat contents, color, texture and overall acceptability of pre-treated French fries were not significantly different compared to those in control. Therefore, French fries pre-treated with citrus acid, ascorbic acid and salt solution before frying had good sensory properties, and reduced acrylamide formation.
Effect of Zeolite to Clay Ratios on the Formation of Zeolite-Clay-White Cement Composite Cylinder as an Encapsulant of Urea Fertilizer

Zeolite-clay-white cement composite cylinders have been prepared for the encapsulant of urea powder. The composites were made by mixing natural zeolite, clay, and white cement at certain ratios using a home-made cylinder mold. All processes were done at room temperature. The composites were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated through compressive strength and water absorption capacity test. The infrared spectra showed functional groups at 3448 and 1636 cm–1, indicating the presence of calcium silicate hydrate as the main product of hydration and pozzolanic reactions in the composite. The XRD patterns also confirmed the presence of calcium silicate hydrate as tobermorite (d = 3.34, 3.22, 2.75, and 2.28 Å) and jennite (d = 4.50 Å). Increasing the natural zeolite ratio in the composite decreased the compressive strength but increased water absorption capacity. The composite cylinders are envisaged as the encapsulant of urea powder and act as a slow-release fertilizer.
Synthesis and Characterization of LiFe1-xGdxPO4/C (x = 0.01; 0.05; 0.07) for a Lithium Battery Cathode

Synthesis of LiFe1-xGdxPO4/C with (x = 0.01; 0.05; 0.07) have been carried out using a solid-state method from LiH2PO4, Fe2O3, Gd2O3, and Carbon. Al reactant are mixed and mashed with a ball milling for 8 hours, then heated at 80°C for 2 hours to evaporate free water. To complete the reaction, the sample then was sintered at two different temperature; first at 350°C for 6 hours and continue at 830°C for 10 hours under Argon gas (Ar) atmosphere. The sintered powder was characterized by XRD to determine the structure and phase purity. Sample LiFe1-xGdxPO4/C (x = 0.01; 0.05; 0.07) was adopted orthorhombic crystal structure and pnma space group, and no impurities detected. In general, the lattice parameter decreases with increasing Fe concentration, because of the size of the Fe3+ ion is smaller than that Gd3+ ion. Conductivities of LiFe0.93xGd0.07PO4/C, LiFe0.95Gd0.05PO4/C and LiFe0.99Gd0.01PO4/C are 2.17 x 10-4 S/cm, 1.54 x 10-4 S/cm, and 2.02 x 10-4 S/cm, respectively.
What is quantitative plant biology?

Abstract Quantitative plant biology is an interdisciplinary field that builds on a long history of biomathematics and biophysics. Today, thanks to high spatiotemporal resolution tools and computational modelling, it sets a new standard in plant science. Acquired data, whether molecular, geometric or mechanical, are quantified, statistically assessed and integrated at multiple scales and across fields. They feed testable predictions that, in turn, guide further experimental tests. Quantitative features such as variability, noise, robustness, delays or feedback loops are included to account for the inner dynamics of plants and their interactions with the environment. Here, we present the main features of this ongoing revolution, through new questions around signalling networks, tissue topology, shape plasticity, biomechanics, bioenergetics, ecology and engineering. In the end, quantitative plant biology allows us to question and better understand our interactions with plants. In turn, this field opens the door to transdisciplinary projects with the society, notably through citizen science.
Adsorption and flocculation in suspensions by two cationic polymers : Simultaneous and sequential addition

Nous avons etudie l'adsorption de deux polymeres cationiques par la cellulose microcristalline (MCC) et les fibres cellulosiques, de meme que la floculation des particules de la cellulose microcristalline (MCC). Pour realiser nos experiences, nous avons utilise des chlorures de polydiallyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) de masses moleculaires differentes (MW), faibles et moyennes, et de la polyacrylamide cationique (DC-PAM) de masse moleculaire (MW) elevee avec marquage fluorescent. La quantite adsorbee des poly-DADMAC et de la DC-PAM a ete mesuree en combinant le titrage polyelectrolyte et la spectrometrie fluorescente. Nos experiences sur la floculation ont ete effectuees a l'aide d'une fiole agitee. Les poly-DADMAC n'ont pas engendre la floculation des particules de la MCC, tandis que la DC-PAM de masse moleculaire elevee a produit une floculation de pontage. La combinaison des deux polymeres a donne lieu a un effet de blocage de zones attribuable au polymere de faible masse moleculaire qui produisait alors un renversement de charge a une plus faible quantite totale de polymere ajoutee. Par ailleurs, l'efficacite de pontage du polymere de masse moleculaire elevee etait maintenue. Les resultats obtenus revelent egalement dans quelles conditions (masse moleculaire des poly-DADMAC et temps de contact) le mode d'addition simultanee peut etre benefique en comparaison de l'addition sequentielle des polymeres cationiques.
Self-assembled tri-block terpolymer blend membranes reinforced with poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated gold nanoparticles obtained through phase inversion technique

ABSTRACT The blend membranes of polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene and polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polycaprolactone were designed using the phase inversion technique. The poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated gold nanoparticles are around 40–50 nm in size. The honeycomb-shaped nanopores were uniformly dispersed in polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene/polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polycaprolactone/poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated gold nanoparticles blend membranes. There was a 16% increase in tensile strength and a 33% increase in tensile modulus of polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene/polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polycaprolactone/poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated gold nanoparticles 1 relative to the neat membrane. With 1 wt% nanoparticles, the membrane showed a higher water flux of 59.2 mL cm−2 min−1 and a salt rejection ratio of 25.4%, while the polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene/polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polycaprolactone membrane without poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated gold nanoparticles had lower flux (43.8 mL cm−2 min−1) and salt rejection (18.5%).
Studies of the Extent of Surface Diffusion in the Migration of Radionuclides through Geological Materials

Surface diffusion has been invoked previously to explain rates of radionuclide migration which were greater than those predicted. Results were generally open to interpretation but the possible existence of surface diffusion, whereby sorbed radionuclides could potentially migrate at much enhanced rates, necessitated investigation. In the present work, results from through-diffusion experiments have indicated that for strontium and americium, surface diffusion accounted for 50 -80% and 5 6 0 % of the total diffusion respectively, depending on the geological material. However, for caesium, no surface diffusion contribution was observed. Evidence for anion exclusion of iodide was found. Therefore, although some radionuclides do appear to partake in surface diffusion, the magnitude of the phenomenon is probably not sufficient to affect repository safety assessment modelling.
Local Evolution of pH with Time Determined by Shear Force‐based Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Surface Reactivity of Anodized Aluminium

Shear force-based scanning electrochemical microscopy is applied for pH monitoring during a sealing reaction at the interface between anodized 7175 aluminium alloy and a solution containing Cr(III) and Zr(IV) species. pH measurement is carried out with the electrode positioned near enough to the surface to be in the diffusion zone of the liquid/solid interface, in the reach of the surface-generated pH modulating chemical species. The pH electrode is accurately positioned at the surface of the metal with shear force detection before the solution is loaded into the electrochemical cell at room temperature and the pH is monitored for 20 minutes. After a rapid increase, a maximum pH is reached. A good correlation is found between this in situ measured pH and the precipitation pH of metallic species contained in the solution. Interpretation of the results from in situ pH monitoring and open-circuit potential of the treated surface allows to propose three distinctive steps during the sealing process: an activation of the alumina layer by its dissolution during the first minutes, which induces an increase of the interfacial pH, followed by a precipitation of the sealing products as soon as the precipitation domain is reached and finally a consolidation of the sealing layer during the next 20 min.
The Unconventional Self-Cleavage of Selenoprotein K

Through known association with other proteins, human selenoprotein K (selenok) is currently implicated in the palmitoylation of proteins, degradation of misfolded proteins, innate immune response, and the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, neither the catalytic function of selenok’s selenocysteine (Sec), which, curiously, resides in an intrinsically disordered protein segment nor selenok’s specific role in these pathways are known to date. This report casts these questions in a new light as it describes that selenok is able -both in vitro and in vivo- to cleave some of its own peptide bonds. The cleavages not only release selenok segments that contain its reactive Sec, but as the specific cleavage sites were identified, they proved to cluster tightly near sites through which selenok interacts with protein partners. Furthermore, it is shown that selenok’s cleavage activity is neither restricted to itself nor promiscuous but selectively extends to at least one of its protein partners. Together, selenok’s cleavage ability and its features have all hallmarks of a regulatory mechanism that could play a central role in selenok’s associations with other proteins and its cellular functions overall.
Mind the gap: performance metric evaluation in brain-age prediction

Estimating age based on neuroimaging-derived data has become a popular approach to developing markers for brain integrity and health. While a variety of machine-learning algorithms can provide accurate predictions of age based on brain characteristics, there is significant variation in model accuracy reported across studies. We predicted age based on neuroimaging data in two population-based datasets, and assessed the effects of age range, sample size, and age-bias correction on the model performance metrics r, R2, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results showed that these metrics vary considerably depending on cohort age range; r and R2 values are lower when measured in samples with a narrower age range. RMSE and MAE are also lower in samples with a narrower age range due to smaller errors/brain age delta values when predictions are closer to the mean age of the group. Across subsets with different age ranges, performance metrics improve with increasing sample size. Performance metrics further vary depending on prediction variance as well as mean age difference between training and test sets, and age-bias corrected metrics indicate high accuracy - also for models showing poor initial performance. In conclusion, performance metrics used for evaluating age prediction models depend on cohort and study-specific data characteristics, and cannot be directly compared across different studies. Since age-bias corrected metrics in general indicate high accuracy, even for poorly performing models, inspection of uncorrected model results provides important information about underlying model attributes such as prediction variance.
BMP signaling underlies the craniofacial heterochrony in phyllostomid bats, a hyperdiverse mammal group

The potential for variation and the capacity to evolve in response to ecological opportunity are important aspects of an adaptive radiation. Identifying the origin of phenotypic variation, in which natural selection might act upon, is a major goal of evolutionary developmental biology. The New World leaf-nosed bats (phyllostomids) are a textbook example of an adaptive radiation. Their cranial morphology is diverse along relative facial length, which is related to their diets. We previously used geometric morphometrics to reveal peramorphosis, a type of heterochrony, in the cranial evolution among phyllostomid bats. We then demonstrated that the mechanism of peramorphic diversity in phyllostomid rostrum length resulted from altered cellular proliferation. Here, we investigate the progenitors of the face, the cranial neural crest, and a key signaling pathway related to their proliferation and differentiation into mature tissues: the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). With geometric morphometrics, immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging—in three phyllostomid species and one outgroup bat species—we show the molecular patterns that underlie the adaptive and innovative traits seen in phyllostomid bats. Then, with mouse genetics, we mimic the BMP molecular pattern observed in nectar feeding bats and recapitulate the elongated morphological variation in mice. Surprisingly, we also observe an expansion in the nose-tip of mice, akin to the expanding leaf-nose tissue in phyllostomid bats. These data, combined with the mouse genetics literature on BMP signaling, suggest the BMP developmental pathway plays a central role in shaping the craniofacial variation necessary for adaptation in bats. Further, we speculate that the BMP signaling pathway could underlie other bizarre facial phenotypes in mammals that are derived from frontonasal mesenchyme, such as the proboscis. Overall, this study combines a comparative framework to developmental data, with a genetic approach, to directly investigate the role of development on complex morphology.