Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Fungi Using Hyperspectral Imagery for Food Inspection

This paper is part of a project of using hyperspectral imagery to detect pathogens such as mycotoxin-producing fungi, in grain products, such as corn. Traditionally, corn kernels have been examined for evidence of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence (BGYF), indicative of the presence of A. flavus, when illuminated with a high-intensity ultra-violet light. The BGYF approach is time and labor intensive and somewhat inaccurate. Several previous studies have examined spectral-based, non-destructive methods for the detection of fungi and toxins. This research focuses on using spectral image data for fungi and toxin detection. A tabletop hyperspectral imaging system, VNIR- 100E, is used in the study for high spectral and high spatial resolution spectral data acquisition. In this paper, a total of five toxin producing fungal species were used in two experiments. They are Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichoderma viride, and Aspergillus flavus. All fungal isolates were cultured on agar in Petri-dishes under lab conditions and were imaged on day 5 of growth. The objective of this study is to use hyperspectral imagery for classification of different fungi.
Sex Determination of Bovine Embryos by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Y-Specific Primers

The sex of embryos was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using the DNA fragment of a sex-related gene or Y-chromosome specific nucleotide sequence. By using the DNA fragment of the human sex determinant (SRY), cells of male humans, rabbits, rats, mice and goats can be distinguished from the female cells of each animal. By PCR using DNA of the mouse sex determinant (Sry), male cells of mice and rats were selected from the cell population. The sex of cattle cells and goat cells could be determined by PCR using BOV97M (cattle Y-specific repeated DNA sequence). The DNA preparation of rabbit or cattle embryos was amplified by the primer of either SRY or BOV97M, and the embryonic sex was successfully determined. The sex of the embryos predicted using the H-Y antibody or sex chromosome was confirmed by PCR analysis for biopsy of the trophoblastic cells. The bovine growth hormone gene (bGH) was used as an internal standard of cattle-specific DNA fragment. High efficiency and accuracy for embryo sexing was attained from biopsied embryos. Three of the 8 (38%) biopsied embryos transferred into the recipient resulted in pregnancy, and the sex of 2 calves born was the same as expected.
Pattern of Compensatory Expression of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel α1 and β Subunits in Brain of N-type Ca2+ Channel α1B Subunit Gene-Deficient Mice with a CBA/JN Genetic Background

The Ca2+ channel α1B subunit is a pore-forming component capable of generating N-type Ca2+ channel activity. Although the N-type Ca2+ channel plays a role in a variety of neuronal functions, α1B-deficient mice with a CBA/JN genetic background show no apparent behavioral or anatomical-histological abnormality, presumably owing to compensation by other Ca2+ channels. In this study, we examined the mRNA expression of the α1A, α1C, α1D, α1E, β1, β2, β3 and β4 subunits in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of α1B-deficient mice. We found that the mRNA expression levels of the α1A, α1C, α1D, α1E, β1, β2, β3 and β4 subunits were the same in the olfactory bulbs of wild, heterozygous and homozygous α1B-deficient mice. In the cerebral cortex, α1A mRNA in homozygous α1B-deficient mice was expressed at a higher level than in wild or heterozygous mice, but no difference in the expression levels of the α1C, α1D, α1E, β1, β2, β3 and β4 subunits was found among wild, heterozygous and homozygous mice. In hippocampus and cerebellum, β4 mRNA in homozygous α1B-deficient mice was expressed at a higher level than in wild or heterozygous mice, but no difference in the expression levels of the α1A, α1C, α1D, α1E, β1, β2 and β3 subunits was found among wild, heterozygous and homozygous mice. These results suggest that the compensatory mechanisms differ in different brain regions of α1B-deficient mice with a CBA/JN genetic background.
The Effects of High Temperature on Breeding Characteristics and the Living Strength of the Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of high temperature on the live weight, food consumption, taking benefit from the food, living strength, some carcass characteristics and the respective effects on the living strength. By this purpose, 584 quails at the age of 1 week were separated into two groups; one of the groups was identified as the control group to be placed under variable temperature (18-24 C), and the other group (trial group) was kept under 35 C. As a result of the research, the differences o o between the control and trial groups regarding to the live weight, carcass weight and carcass productivity, food consumption and the values of taking benefit from the food were found significant. (P<0.05, P<0.01). Depending on the higher temperatures, some decreases were found in the live weight, food consumption and the values of taking benefit from the food, living strength.
Reproductive behaviour of Physalaemus kroyeri (Anura: Leiuperidae) in the municipality of Jequié, state of Bahia

From August 2010 to April 2011 we surveyed two different areas, located in the municipality of Jequié, State of Bahia, to obtain information about the reproductive biology of Physalaemus kroyeri. Data on the spatial and temporal distribution of P. kroyeri were recorded. Physalaemus kroyeri may be classified as a prolonged breeder with a reproductive period linked to rainfall. The average number of eggs in the foam nest of P. kroyeri is one of the highest recorded for the genus. Our results are coincident with the known reproductive behaviour of congeneric species and may be viewed as reproductive adaptations to open and highly seasonal environments.
Effects of distance from field edge on aphidophagous insects in a wheat crop and observations on trap design and placement

Observations were made in a wheat crop to determine the effects on cereal aphids and their natural enemies of an adjacent crop of flowering canola (Brassica napus L.). More hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) were caught adjacent to the canola than within the wheat crop, and apterous Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were less numerous in the margin than at distances of64 m or more into the wheat. Large amounts of canola pollen were presentin hoverfly guts, especially for insects caught close to, or within, the canola. Earlier tests determined optimal colour, design and position of traps. Yellow traps caught most hoverflies in two six-colour comparisons of water pan traps conducted on grassed areas. In wheat, yellow water pan traps atground level caught as many hoverflies as did yellow sticky traps laid horizontally on the soil surface or vertically oriented yellow sticky traps placed at either ear height or at soil level. Only water pan traps caught large numbers of hoverfly larvae. Significantl.
Hepatitis C Viral Dynamics in Vivo and the Antiviral Efficacy of Interferon-α Therapy

To better understand the dynamics of hepatitis C virus and the antiviral effect of interferon-α-2b (IFN), viral decline in 23 patients during therapy was analyzed with a mathematical model. The analysis indicates that the major initial effect of IFN is to block virion production or release, with blocking efficacies of 81, 95, and 96% for daily doses of 5, 10, and 15 million international units, respectively. The estimated virion half-life ( t 1/2 ) was, on average, 2.7 hours, with pretreatment production and clearance of 10 12 virions per day. The estimated infected cell death rate exhibited large interpatient variation (corresponding t 1/2 = 1.7 to 70 days), was inversely correlated with baseline viral load, and was positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels. Fast death rates were predictive of virus being undetectable by polymerase chain reaction at 3 months. These findings show that infection with hepatitis C virus is highly dynamic and that early monitoring of viral load can help guide therapy.
Artificial mixing prevents nuisance blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Nieuwe Meer, the Netherlands

1. Artificial mixing in the hypertrophic Lake Nieuwe Meer was successful in preventing blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis. During the 2 years of artificial, deep mixing the number of colonies of Microcystis per litre and also per m(2) was lower than in the two preceding control years. Hardly any nuisance scums of Microcystis occurred in the lake. 2. The phytoplankton shifted from a cyanobacteria-dominated community in summer to a mixed community of flagellates, green algae and diatoms. Reduced sedimentation losses in the mixed lake, probably in combination with a lower pH, favoured nonbuoyant algae, while the entrainment of cyanobacteria in the turbulent flow nullified their advantage of buoyancy. 3. The chlorophyll concentrations were much lower in the mixed lake, but the euphotic depth did not show clear differences between the years. The chlorophyll content integrated through depth (m(-2)) increased in the artificially mixed lake. 4. The deep lake normally stratified in summer, but artificial mixing of the lake in 1993 resulted in a homogeneous temperature and oxygen distribution with depth. In spring 1994, the mixing was applied intermittently with a reduction of 75% of the energy costs, while the mixing was still sufficient to prevent stratification. 5. Determination of the buoyancy state of the colonies on a sunny and calm day showed that the buoyancy loss was low close to the bubble plumes, and high at some distance from these plumes. This suggests that Microcystis could escape the mixing at some distance from the plumes, and could synthesize more carbohydrates during its stay in the upper illuminated layer of the lake than the deep mixed colonies close to the bubble plumes. Determination of the buoyancy state appeared to be a good and simple method to investigate the extent of entrainment of colonies in the turbulent flow.
Dientamoeba fragilis n. g., n. sp., a new Intestinal Amoeba from Man

It is now becoming generally recognized that there are three different amoebae which may be present in the human bowel—the harmless Entamoeba coli(Lösch) Schaudinn and “Entamoeba” nana Wenyon and O'Connor, and the pathogenic E. histolytica Schaudinn. We have discussed these three species in an earlier paper (1917), and there noted their chief distinctive characters. In the present paper we shall describe a fourth and much less common species which we have recently encountered. It differs in some respects so conspicuously from the others that it appears to us necessary to place it not only in a new species, but even in a new genus. We propose therefore the new name Dientamoeb fragilis for our amoeba, but we can discuss the question of nomenclature most conveniently after we have described the organism itself. This, therefore, we shall now do.
Quantitative estimation of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells of islet tissue of pancreas in Australian mammals

Pancreases from three male and three female echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus), possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus), spinifex hopping mice (Notomys alexis) and water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) were studied using a point-intercept method and Weibel graticule (Weibel, Kistler & Scherle, 1966) on sections stained by an immunoperoxidase method for pancreatic polypeptide (PP). PP cells were assessed in the head, neck, body and tail regions. There was a greater percentage proportion of PP cells in the head than in the other regions of echidna, possum and water rat. PP cells were not identified in grey kangaroo and spinifex hopping mouse, although control sections were positive. These results show some agreement with a previously proposed hypothesis (Bonner-Weir & Weir, 1979) concerning the distribution of cell types in the mammalian endocrine pancreas.
Development of EST-SSR markers for diversity and breeding studies in opium poppy

All publicly available opium poppy expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences, totalling 20 885, were assembled into unigenes and examined for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Nearly 19% of the 14 957 unigenes contained SSRs with 4% harbouring more than one SSR. Average density of the SSRs was 1 SSR per 3.6 kb of non-redundant EST sequence. Trinucleotide SSRs were most frequently identified (39%), and many of the most prevalent motifs were AT-rich. Flanking primers were designed for 86% of the SSRs and 67 primer pairs were tested on 37 opium poppy accessions and seven related species. All markers were transferable to the related species. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for the markers were intermediate for comparisons within opium poppy (average of 0.27) and slightly higher for comparisons across species (average of 0.29). The markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis as they successfully distinguished among Turkish opium poppy accessions and land races.
Allometry of the distribution of adipose tissue in Carnivora

The gross masses of intra-abdominal viscera and superficial and intra-abdominal adipose tissue are compared in 41 randomly obtained Carnivora. The mass of the intra-abdominal viscera scales as (lean body mass)0.76. In a sample of 28 Carnivora native to the tropics or the temperate zone, in which dissectible adipose tissue is more than 8.4% of the total body mass, superficial adipose tissue scales isometrically to lean body mass, but intra-abdominal adipose tissue increases as (lean body mass)0.74. Comparable measurements from 13 adult and subadult wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus) fit these allometric equations, indicating that the partitioning of adipose tissue between internal and superficial depots can be fully explained by the fact that these animals are larger and more obese than most other Carnivora. There is no evidence for adaptation of the gross anatomy of the adipose tissue of polar bears to their semi-aquatic habits or arctic habitat.
Integration of cultivar resistance and fungicide application for control of wheat stripe rust

Abstract Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The disease is mainly controlled by growing resistant cultivars and applying fungicides when necessary. To determine potential yield loss and fungicide response, major cultivars grown in the US Pacific Northwest and susceptible checks were tested in complete split-block design experiments. From 2002 to 2012, stripe rust caused yield losses ranging from 18% to more than 90% and from 5% to more than 50% with an average of 44% and 33% on susceptible winter and spring wheat checks, respectively. Without fungicide application, the commercially grown cultivars with various levels of stripe rust resistance could reduce potential yield losses to 2–21%, with an average of 8% for winter wheat, and to 0–27% with an average of 13% for spring wheat. Significant or insignificant effects of fungicide applications on yield increase were determined for each cultivar, and the results were used to guide stripe rust management by selecting resistant cultivars to grow and appropriately applying fungicides under different levels of stripe rust epidemic. The results should be useful for developing wheat cultivars with high durable resistance, and for improving chemical control in order to minimize yield losses and maximize profits while protecting the environment by reducing use of fungicides.
Production of a nisin Z/pediocin mixture by pH‐controlled mixed‐strain batch cultures in supplemented whey permeate

The conditions for high production of nisin Z and pediocin during pH‐controlled, mixed‐strain batch cultures in a supplemented whey permeate medium with Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis UL719, a nisin Z producer strain, and variant T5 of Pediococcus acidilactici UL5, a pediocin‐producing strain resistant to high concentrations of nisin, were studied. Mixed cultures were performed at 37 °C and pH 5·5 by first inoculating with variant T5 and then with L. diacetylactis UL719 after 8 h incubation, and were compared with single‐strain batch cultures. High productions of both nisin Z and pediocin were obtained after 18 or 16 h incubation during mixed cultures, with titres of 3000 and 730 AU ml−1, or 1060 and 1360 AU ml−1, respectively, corresponding to approximately 75 and 55, or 25 and 100 mg l−1 of pure nisin Z and pediocin, respectively. In pure cultures, nisin Z and pediocin productions were higher than in mixed cultures, and maximum activities were obtained after 10 h incubation, with approximately 10 000 AU ml−1 (250 mg l−1 pure nisin Z) and 2500 AU ml−1 (190 mg l−1 pure pediocin). During mixed cultures, significant pediocin degradation was observed in the culture supernatant fluid after 16 h incubation, together with a sharp drop in Ped. acidilactici UL5 cell viability. In the test conditions, the feasibility of producing a nisin/pediocin mixture by mixed‐strain fermentation was demonstrated. The bacteriocin mixture produced in a supplemented whey permeate medium could be used as a natural food‐grade biopreservative with a broad activity spectrum.
Fire studies in mallee (Eucalyptus spp.) communities of western New South Wales: grass fuel dynamics and associated weather patterns

The probability of wildfires, or prescribed fires, occurring in mallee rangelands, is strongly dependent on availability of adequate grass fuel loads. Grass fuels comprise two major elements, a perennial component dominated by the hummock species Triodia scariosa (porcupine grass) and an ephemeral component dominated by the annual/biemial tussock species Stipa nitida (speargrass). Population dynamics and abundance of both fuel elements are, in turn, strongly influenced by rainfall regime, particularly during the seedling recruitment phase. This paper records data on the spatial distributions of different fuels, plant architecture and post-fire seedling recruitment and survivorship of T. scariosa, obtained during field studies on contrasting mallee sites in western New South Wales. In addition, rainfall data extending over c. 100 years were used in a water balance study at one mallee site (Pooncarie); while similar rainfall data were analysed for three mallee sites (Pooncarie, Ivanhoe and Mount Hope) using a filter technique to examine quasi- periodicities of rainfall and potential correlations with known wildfire seasons in the past. Precipitation records from the Meteorological Districts of western New South Wales, and from various towns in the area, were analysed as well. All data sets exhibited strong coherence and the resulting filter curves resembled each other closely, with peaks reflecting 'above-average rainfall' and troughs 'below-average rainfall or drought'- the latter often being associated with El NiiiolSouthern Oscillation events. The management implications of these phenomena, particularly as they relate to major drought events, are discussed in the context of vegetation manipulation based on prescribed fire.
Additive partitioning of aquatic invertebrate species diversity across multiple spatial scales

1. Additive partitioning of three measures of diversity (species richness, Shannon's diversity index H and Simpson's diversity D) was used to study the relationship between local and regional diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities of boreal lakes (littoral habitats) and streams (riffle habitats) across three spatial scales (sampling sites, ecoregions and biogeographic regions). 2. Alpha (a) and beta (β) diversity are defined as within-habitat and between-habitat diversity, respectively. According to the concept of additive partitioning, diversity can be partitioned across multiple spatial scales such that the total (y) diversity on one spatial scale becomes within-habitat (a) diversity at the next higher scale. Hence, the total diversity at one scale is determined by the a diversity and the between-habitat diversity (β) at the next lower scale. Consequently, one of the advantages of additive partitioning is that it is possible to study simultaneously β diversity and the regional-local species relationship and the scale dependence of a and β components. 3. For both lakes and streams a diversity was low for sites and ecoregions, whereas β diversity was high, indicating that among-site factors are important in describing the variability among the lakes and streams studied here. 4. Weak, albeit significant, evidence was found for regional and local species saturation patterns. Multiple stepwise regression indicated that local processes might be more important in structuring lake-littoral and stream-riffle species assemblages than regional processes. From these results we conclude that environmental heterogeneity may act as an important factor contributing to species coexistence, resulting in the observed saturation patterns. 5. Our study supports the use of additive partitioning for identifying specific patterns of macroinvertebrate diversity on multiple spatial scales and the underlying processes generating these patterns. This information is needed to improve understanding of the relation between patterns and processes affecting (decreasing) trends in aquatic biodiversity.
Influence of enzyme treatment on the rheology of rye doughs

The rheological behaviour of rye dough is mainly influenced by enzymatic reactions. An investigation with a rotation rheometer called a rheological baking test was used to study the influence of pentosanase, proteinase, fungal α-amylase, and bacterial α-amylase, respectively. The application of pentosanase increased the plasticity of the dough and decreased the viscosity. Proteinase had only a slight influence on the rheological behaviour of rye dough. It slightly decreased the dough viscosity, but had no influence on the visco-elasticity. The fungal and the bacterial α-amylase showed the same effects. The dough elasticity decreased with the increase in temperature. These effects are obvious even at temperatures below gelatinization, and the bacterial amylase shows a greater influence, because it can work at higher temperatures. It could be concluded that the dough structure is mainly built up by pentosans and proteins at temperatures of 30°C, whereas the starch plays a major role in the temperature range above 45 °C. A bread baking test showed that pentosanase had an effect on the shape of the loaf whereas the amylases influenced the volume and the crumb elasticity. Proteinase showed no influence on baking results. This correponds well with the results of the rheological investigations. The rheological baking test is a good tool for predicting the baking performance of rye flour.
Distribution of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus, Cuvier 1812) in Chilean waters

En este trabajo se revisa la informacion del calderon gris Grampus griseus en aguas chilenas. En base al analisis de 44 registros, la distribucion a lo largo de la costa chilena parece ser continua entre los 20o13' S y 40o S, sugiriendo que los registros mas australes en Chile (~52oS) podrian corresponder a calderones grises provenientes del Oceano Atlantico. Los registros en Chile muestran un aumento durante el verano austral e indican una preferencia por aguas sobre los 1000 m de profundidad. Varamientos masivos, interacciones con pesquerias y asociaciones con otras especies de cetaceos son tambien revisadas.