Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A fractionation of the αs-casein complex of bovine milk

Summary The nature of the αs-casein complex of bovine milk has been investigated by cation-exchange chromatography on columns of sulphoethyl Sephadex C-50 of purified preparations of αs-casein and of whole acid-precipitated casein. Three main fractions were separated from each. Two behaved as single homogeneous proteins as judged by starch-gel electrophoresis; they were the main constituent of the complex, αs1-casein, and a closely related phosphoprotein, designated αs0-casein, which was present in small amounts only. The third fraction also constituted only a small part of the total complex. It was heterogeneous on starch gel electrophoresis and contained 2 major and 2 minor components. This fraction, while similar to other members of the αs-casein complex and to β-caseins hitherto described in that it contained phosphorus, nevertheless differed significantly from these since 3 at least of its components contained sulphur either in the form of disulphide bonds or of sulphydryl groupings. Information is presented on the composition of the 3 fractions including C-terminal end group analysis.
Antioxidant capacity and content of Brassica oleracea dietary antioxidants

Summary This study has evaluated the antioxidant capacity and content of both water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants present in red and white cabbages, savoy cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Total phenolic and vitamin C contents varied from 21 to 171 mg per 100 g and from 18 to 129 mg per 100 g, respectively. Levels of carotenoids ranged from 0.009 to 1.16 mg per 100 g, while α-tocopherol levels from 0.008 to 0.82 mg per 100 g. Red cabbage and Brussels sprouts were the most rich sources of dietary antioxidants, while their content was the lowest in white cabbage. Water-soluble antioxidants were the main antioxidant compounds in the vegetables tested, and their contribution to the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values was near 99%. Among phenolic compounds, anthocyanins were the main constituents in red cabbage, but hydroxycinnamic acids predominated in other vegetables. Phenolic extracts were capable of scavenging O2·-, DPPH· and ABTS·+ radicals and inhibited a lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid emulsion.
Wheat grain yield response to N application evaluated through canopy reflectance

Application of the appropriate N fertilizer rate for wheat production is needed to improve and sustain productivity. Different methods have been developed over time to estimate these needs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship basal N rate at planting — NDVI (normalized difference vegetative index) by means of a spline regression to estimate further N needs of spring wheat. Experiments were established in two planting systems; permanent beds and conventional in solid stands. Three flat N rates (25, 50, and 75 kg N ha−1, and 30, 60 and 90 kg Nha−1 for permanent beds and conventional planting, respectively) plus an unfertilized check plot were applied according to three N timing treatments (whole rate at planting or end of tillering, and split at planting and at the end of tillering). Before the application of N treatments at the end of tillering, plots were divided into two halves to apply variable N rates according to the first segment of the spline model. Results indicated that parameter estimates from the spline regression vary within each planting system. However, variable N rates estimated for each year and location were lower than flat N rates. In spite of those differential fertilizer rates, grain yield resulting for the application of variable N rates were similar to flat N rates. Pooled data analysis suggests that NDVI readings greater than 0.56 and 0.65 for permanent beds and conventional planting, respectively, the application of N fertilizer at the end of tillering can be excluded as grain yield will not be modified.
Influence of panicle compactness and host plant resistance in sequential plantings on population increase of panicle‐feeding insects in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The effects of panicle compactness and host plant resistance on the rate of population increase of sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola Coq.), head bugs (Calocoris angustatus Leth.) and head caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera Hb.) in large concentric plots over three sequential sowings during the 1985–86 rainy seasons were studied. Early‐planted crops suffered less damage than the late‐planted crops. H. armigera damage was negligible in genotypes with loose panicles. Calocoris angustatus population increase was lower in genotypes with loose panicles. Panicle compactness did not affect the damage caused by C. sorghicola and Campylomma spp. Host plant resistance had a marked effect on the rate of population increase across sowing dates in the case of sorghum midge and head bugs. Thus, cultivars with resistance to insects and/or with loose panicles can help to reduce the losses caused by panicle‐feeding insects in sorghum.
Surveying Patterns in the Cost of Resistance in Plants

Despite the general belief that traits conferring resistance in plants to pests also confer costs, disagreement persists about the frequency of costs and the conditions under which they are most likely to be evident. In this article, we analyze 88 published comparisons to explore when trade-offs between resistance and fitness traits can be detected. Among the patterns revealed are that costs were most often associated with resistance to herbicides, followed by resistance to pathogens, and least often associated with resistance to herbivores; costs were more often found in crops versus wild species; greater control of the genetic background increased the probability of detecting costs of resistance; there was large variation in the cost associated with the same resistance trait in different genetic backgrounds; and many examples of costs of resistance appeared to be due to linkage rather than pleiotropic effects. We discuss these and other results and emphasize that dependencies among the data invalidate statistical verification of these patterns. We hope that our results stimulate experiments that test the observed patterns critically.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection in the Global Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can infect both humans and animals and cause cryptosporidiosis. We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection. In this study, Web of Science, Medline and PubMed were searched for relative articles, published between January 1, 1960 and January 1, 2018. Included articles were restricted to English language and that sample size of articles was not less than 50. Studies with no information on the study period, location, method of diagnosis, sample size and number of infected people were excluded. Studies about outbreak, laboratory report or immunocompromised population were excluded as well. The quality of the included publications was assessed. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was estimated by DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model, after converting by the Freeman–Tukey type double arcsine transformation. From 13,064 publications selected by literature search, 221 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The global pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 7.6 % (95% CI: 6.9–8.5). The highest estimated prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was in Mexico (69.6%, 95% CI 66.3–72.8), Nigeria (34.0%, 95% CI 12.4–60.0), Bangladesh (42.5%, 95% CI 36.1–49.0) and Republic of Korea (8.3%, 95% CI 4.4–13.2) among general residents, patients, school children and healthy population, respectively. The estimated prevalence was high in people from low-income country, people with gastrointestinal symptoms, people younger than 5 years old and residents not living in urban areas. These estimates indicate the substantial prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in the world, which may provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of the prevention strategy about Cryptosporidium.
Solute Accumulation by Grape Pericarp Cells IV. PERFUSION OF PERICARP APOPLAST VIA THE PEDICEL AND EVIDENCE FOR XYLEM MALFUNCTION IN RIPENING BERRIES

Findlay, N. , Oliver, K. J., Nii, N. and Coombe, B. G. 1987. Solute accumulation by grape pericarp cells. IV. Perfusion of pericarp apoplast via the pedicel and evidence for xylem malfunction in ripening berries. —J. exp. Bot. 38: 668-679. 14C-labelled sucrose was applied to freshly-cut pedicels of excised unripe and ripening grape berries and let perfuse for different periods; skin and flesh tissues were then extracted and the radioactivity partitioned and measured. Accumulation of radioactivity in a compartmented fraction was greatest in the skin of unripe berries at the stage when sugar accumulation in vivo was slow. Total radioactivity of parts of berries showed that activity spread rapidly throughout when the berry was unripe but slowed once ripening commenced. The perfusion of eosin from pedicels was also rapid in unripe berries but in ripe berries it was blocked beyond the pedicel at the outer edge of the 'brush' where the pericarp is aerenchymatous and tanniniferous. The failure of movement through the vascular bundles beyond the brush could not be associated with the development of tyloses in tracheary elements; it appeared to be associated with stretched tracheids in the network of dorsal vascular bundles evidenced by irregularities in the spacing of wall thickenings and breaks in the bounding membranes. This physical disruption of the tracheary elements of the vascular bundles occurred when the berry expands suddenly, about a week after the inception of rapid sugar accumulation. The different rates of perfusion limit the utility of the pedicel route for studies of compartmentation and metabolism in grape berries at different developmental stages. Nevertheless, the rapid compart mentation of radioactivity after pedicel perfusion of unripe skin with 14C-labelled sucrose discounts the hypothesis that the slow rate in skin in situ is due to an apoplastic inhibitor. Key words—Grape berry, accumulation, xylem malfunction. Correspondence to: Department of Plant Physiology, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Lack of invaginations of the plasma membrane during budding and cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in stationary phase had abundant invaginations. A round uninvaginated area emerged before budding when S. cerevisiae cells were given fresh medium. Middle-sized buds had some invaginations, whereas the neck between the bud and mother had very few. S. pombe which has neither the neck nor the predetermined position to divide had no uninvaginated ring area even in long cells during elongation in fresh medium. However, an uninvaginated ring area emerged as the earliest noticeable stage of cytokinesis. The uninvaginated state of the plasma membrane appeared to be correlated with budding and cell division.
Prevenção da doença invasiva neonatal precoce pelo Streptococcus agalactiae: experiência de um hospital escola

Streptococcus agalactiae ou Streptococcus do grupo B (SGB) e um importante patogeno responsavel por infeccoes bacterianas invasivas em neonatos, como a sepse, pneumonia e meningite. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adesao as medidas de prevencao de infeccao neonatal precoce pelo SGB, conforme recomendado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), em dois periodos, antes e apos o envolvimento da Comissao de Controle de Infeccao Hospitalar (CCIH) como uma rotina do servico e avaliar se houve impacto na morbidade e mortalidade neonatal no segundo periodo analisado. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, de carater retrospectivo, realizado no Hospital Universitario de Londrina (HU), PR. Foram analisadas 800 fichas da CCIH de parturientes, 107 do periodo de 2008 a 2009 e 693 do periodo de 2011 a 2012. Apos envolvimento da CCIH na implantacao do protocolo do CDC, houve incremento de 88,2% na coleta de swabs vaginal e retal das parturientes, aumento de 95,7% de realizacao de uroculturas e aumento de 86,4% na realizacao de antibioticoprofilaxia intraparto. Em relacao aos recem-nascidos sintomaticos, foram diagnosticados 7/107 (6,5%) no periodo de 2008 a 2009 e 49/693 (7,0%) no periodo de 2011 a 2012. Recem-nascidos sintomaticos evoluiram para obito: 1/107 (0,9%) no periodo de 2008 a 2009 e 12 (1,7%) no periodo de 2011 a 2012. Concluiu-se que o envolvimento da CCIH na implantacao do protocolo do CDC, foi fundamental na obtencao de uma maior adesao as medidas de profilaxia de doenca invasiva precoce pelo SGB, porem nao houve impacto na morbidade e mortalidade neonatal.
MICROHABITAT USE BY THE SOLDIER CRAB MICTYRIS BREVIDACTYLUS (BRACHYURA: MICTYRIDAE): INTERCHANGEABILITY OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FEEDING THROUGH BURROW STRUCTURE ALTERATION

Abstract The soldier crab Mictyris brevidactylus Stimpson inhabits sandy flats of Southeast Asia. The crabs that we studied fed on deposited matter in the surface sand in two ways. On well-drained sand in the upper part of their habitat, they usually made a single tunnel roofed with sand to conceal themselves while they fed. After feeding, they returned to an ascending shaft from which they had earlier emerged. Then, they descended via the plugged ascending shaft and transformed the shape of the shaft into an ovoid air chamber at a sufficient depth. During the daytime low tide, on the waterlogged, fluid sand near the shoreline, large individuals, mostly males, fed in droves on the surface while moving along the shoreline as it moved with the tide. After feeding for about 2 h, they made a small air chamber slightly above the shoreline by using corkscrew-style digging, and descended into the semi-fluid sand. During the night-time low tide, the crabs fed separately for about 4 h on both the fluid sand near the shoreline and the well-drained firm sand in the upper habitat, and retreated into the sand, although they took longer to retreat into the well-drained sand than into the semi-fluid sand. That is, the crabs feeding on the surface at the daytime low tide returned to the subsurface-feeding area and made a small air chamber during the night-time low tide. Later, at low tide, the small air chamber was elongated to allow subsurface feeding. We consider that the movement to the upper habitat at night-time and the feeding near the shoreline in the daytime help the crabs evade predators that rely on sight, such as birds.
Variations in colour and volume of the subcaudal gland secretion of badgers (Meles meles) in relation to sex, season and individual-specific parameters

Summary Activity of scent glands is often related to an animal's biological status. Here we investigate how endogenous parameters influence activity of the subcaudal gland tissue in European badgers ( Meles meles ). The large subcaudal glands produce a lipid-rich secretion which badgers frequently use for scent-marking. Earlier studies suggest that the smell of this subcaudal secretion is individual-specific and encodes information about group membership, but does not contain further information about individual-specific parameters (sex, age, body condition etc.). In this study the colour and volume of 975 subcaudal secretion samples collected between January 1996 and January 1999 were investigated and analysed in relation to sex, endocrinological and reproductive status, age, head body length and body condition of the badgers, and seasonality. The analyses show a distinct seasonal pattern, a significant sex difference in the secretion's colour and volume, apparent throughout the year, and a strong influence of individual-specific parameters on the characteristics of the secretion. Thus, we conclude that the subcaudal secretion of the European badger could communicate more information about the marking individual than previously assumed. We propose that the function of subcaudal scent-marking is likely to be two-fold, to provide information about territory occupancy to non-group members at the periphery of territories and to act as an intra-group communication signal in the vicinity of the sett.
The twisting boundary of the Maskit slice

The Maskit slice of quasifuchsian space can be embedded as a simply connected subset of C bounded by a simple closed curve. At almost every point in the boundary of such a set, the boundary is twisting – spiralling infinitely in both directions – or conformal – roughly speaking, with well defined tangents. The numerical evidence presented in this paper suggests that in the case of the Maskit slice it is twisting at almost every point in its boundary. We also suggest an approach to proving this conjecture, and present an argument that suggests the Hausdorff dimension of the Maskit slice should be less than 1.25.
Differences in resprouting ability are not related to seed size or seedling growth in four riparian woody species

1 Resprouting is a key plant attribute facilitating persistence in disturbance‐prone environments. Resprouting ability in seedlings may depend on both developmental ontogeny and seed size. However, the relationships between these factors are not well explored, especially for woody species with comparatively small seeds and epigeal germination. 2 We investigated resprouting capacity in seedlings from four subtropical, riparian, Myrtaceous tree species, Melaleuca leucadendra, Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa and Tristaniopsis laurina, displaying these characteristics. We recorded resprouting in response to simulated disturbance as a function of seed mass and developmental age (5–150 days post‐emergence) and examined the acquisition of resprouting ability in relation to growth and biomass allocation patterns. 3 Patterns of resprouting were distinct among species, but the acquisition of resprouting ability was not determined by seed mass. The ‘small’ seeded M. leucadendra and the ‘intermediate’ seeded E. camaldulensis showed unexpectedly high shoot resprouting vigour from cotyledon stage (70% resprouting at 5 days post‐emergence), as well as greatest ongoing allocation to root mass and lateral root development. In contrast, in A. symphyocarpa (another species with ‘intermediate’ seed mass) and T. laurina (a ‘large’ seeded species) resprouting rates during early development were much lower (< 10%), although there was a trend towards increasing resprouting ability with age in A. symphyocarpa (> 150 days). Resprouting capacity was also independent of seedling size and relative growth rate. 4 Our results indicate that the size‐dependency of resprouting capacity varies considerably among these species. This suggests physiological and morphological species traits other than those directly related to reserve size or relative growth rate may convey survivorship in river environments. 5 Our findings show that resprouting capacity was not related to seed size and seedling growth patterns in these four species. This is different to evidence from comparative studies undertaken in fire‐prone and other temperate environments. A broader survey of seedling resprouting ability including more species is required to determine the generality of our findings in riparian species.
The influence of broad scale climatic phenomena on long term trends in Atlantic salmon population size: an example from the River Foyle, Ireland

The effect of marine climatic conditions in the North Atlantic on the abundance of returning migrant Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the River Foyle, Ireland was examined. Catches of Atlantic salmon from commercial netting stations significantly predicted a measure of population size independent of catches over a 48 year period, thus commercial net catches were used as a measure of relative population size over a longer period in this study. The North Atlantic Oscillation index in winter (wNAOI) provides a generalized measure of climate variation for the northern hemisphere and between 1875 and 2001, the wNAOI was a highly significant predictor of the 5 year running mean of catches of migrant Atlantic salmon returning to the River Foyle. When the index was 0·151, however, this relationship uncoupled. The probability of catches exceeding the long-term median was 2·34 times lower in years where the wNAOI was above the 0·151 breakpoint than for years when it was <0·151. The wNAOI exceeded the 0·151 threshold on 8 out of the 10 years prior to 2001. Models of climate change indicated that the NAOI is likely to increase significantly with time. If these models are correct, this study would lead to the conclusion that a decoupling of these broad scale climate effects on Atlantic salmon population size will become the norm. Data presented here suggests two consequences of this. Firstly that the value of the NAOI as a predictive tool for forecasting adult Atlantic salmon population size will be limited and secondly that the median population size will become lower in the future.
Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius (Agaricaies) in the Nordic countries, taxonomy, ecology and chorology

Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius, comprising the C. violaceus complex, is treated based on Nordic material. With its micromorphological and pigment characters, the subgenus occupies a rather isolated position. The blue and rose vacuolar pigments are not found elsewhere in the genus Cortinarius, but the trichodermal pileipellis structure shows possible affinities to subgen. Leprocybe sect. Leprocybe. A continuous and arbitrary morphological variation is found within the C. violaceus complex. Only the spore shape shows a more or less discontinuous variation, which is correlated to ecological parameters. Two varieties can be separated: C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr. var. violaceus with amygdaliform–ellipsoid spores, associated with Betula spp. and Populus tremula, and C. violaceus var. hercynicus (Pers.) Brandrud comb, nov, with ellipsoid–subglobose spores, associated with Picea abies on calcareous ground. The former is widely distributed, although preferring hemiboreal and southern boreal areas, the latter has a south–eastern distribution in the Nordic countries. Neotypes of the taxa have been selected, and detailed descriptions are provided.
Agronomic studies on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the dry season of the tropics. III. Effect of artificial photoperiod extension on phenology, growth and seed yield

Soybean cultivars developed for the tropical wet season performed poorly when grown in the dry season in north-west Australia. The proposition that breeding for later flowering time might enhance yields was tested by using artificial photoperiod extension (14 h day-1 for 28 days post-emergence) to delay flowering of field plots of agronomically improved genotypes. Canopy development and interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), dry matter (DM) accumulation, seed yield and seed composition were examined, and compared with that from plants grown under natural photoperiods. Photoperiod extension delayed flowering an average 24 days, and maturity by an average 14.5 days, the effect being greater in the earlier-flowering genotypes. Differences among genotypes and photoperiod treatments in above-ground DM at the beginning and end of flowering were almost entirely due to the consequences of differences in phenology for cumulative PAR interception. DM at maturity was a simple linear function of crop duration (r2 = 0.95**), while seed yield exhibited an optimum-type response with DM ( R2 = 0.79**). The net consequence was that photoperiod extension increased DM production by an average 2.23 t ha-1 and seed yield by an average 0.65 t ha-1. The analyses suggested that a crop duration of c. 143-146 days would be needed to maximize seed yield under the agronomic conditions of the study, whereas the longest duration among the agronomically improved genotypes under natural photoperiod conditions was 136 days. It was concluded that breeding to constrain precocious flowering under short day conditions would be a viable strategy to improve the yield potential of soybean in the dry season.