Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DETECTION OF PULSED γ-RAYS FROM THE VELA-LIKE PULSARS PSR J1048−5832 AND PSR J2229+6114

We report the detection of γ-ray pulsations (⩾0.1 GeV) from PSR J2229+6114 and PSR J1048−5832, the latter having been detected as a low-significance pulsar by EGRET. Data in the γ-ray band were acquired by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, while the radio rotational ephemerides used to fold the γ-ray light curves were obtained using the Green Bank Telescope, the Lovell telescope at Jodrell Bank, and the Parkes Telescope. The two young radio pulsars, located within the error circles of the previously unidentified EGRET sources 3EG J1048−5840 and 3EG J2227+6122, present spin-down characteristics similar to the Vela pulsar. PSR J1048−5832 shows two sharp peaks at phases 0.15 ± 0.01 and 0.57 ± 0.01 relative to the radio pulse confirming the EGRET light curve, while PSR J2229+6114 presents a very broad peak at phase 0.49 ± 0.01. The γ-ray spectra above 0.1 GeV of both pulsars are fit with power laws having exponential cutoffs near 3 GeV, leading to integral photon fluxes of (2.19 ± 0.22 ± 0.32) × 10−7 cm−2 s−1 for PSR J1048−5832 and (3.77 ± 0.22 ± 0.44) × 10−7 cm−2 s−1 for PSR J2229+6114. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. PSR J1048−5832 is one of the two LAT sources which were entangled together as 3EG J1048−5840. These detections add to the growing number of young γ-ray pulsars that make up the dominant population of GeV γ-ray sources in the Galactic plane.
Airborne laser scanning based stand level management inventory in Finland.

In Finland, a new ALS based stand level management inventory was developed during last few years. The system is based on area based approach of ALS data. Additionally, the spectral and texture features of the aerial images are utilized in order to improve the separation of the tree species. The species-specific stand attributes are simultaneously estimated with a nearest neighbour imputation. The new airborne laser scanning based stand level management inventory system has been successful. During just a few years almost all actors of practical forestry have modified their inventory and planning systems to be compatible with the new inventory procedure which will cover almost 3 000 000 hectares in 2011. This paper describes the background, development and practical application of this inventory system.
Aluminum toxicity and resistance in higher plants

Aluminum (Al) is the major element in the soil and exists as a stable complex with oxygen and silicate. When the soil pH is below 5, Al is solubilized in the soil water and absorbed by plant roots. Absorbed Al inhibits root elongation severely within hours. Al toxicity is a very important limitation to worldwide crop production, because 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. Thus, many research has been conducted to understand the mechanism of Al toxicity and resistance which is important for stable food production in future. Al resistance can be achieved by mechanisms that facilitate Al exclusion from the root apex and/or by mechanisms that confer the ability of plants to tolerate Al in the plant symplasm. However, despite intense research efforts, there are many aspects of Al toxicity and resistance remain unclear. In this review, Al toxicity and resistance mechanisms are described with the physiological and molecular basis.
An Efficient Static Filters for Sky Detection

For colour based detection, the benefit of the static filter is the simplicity of the detection rules. Sky colour can be estimated in a precise cluster in any colour space if the conditions for the images remain constant (illumination controlled environment). A static sky filter clearly defines the boundaries that the sky has in a colour space. One or numerous varieties of threshold values for each colour space segments are shaped and the sky pixel values within these ranges for all the selected colour segments are defined as sky pixels. In this article, we have investigated and evaluate static sky filters for sky detection in complex scenarios. As a contribution, three new static sky filters for the RGB, nRGB and HSV colour spaces developed in this article. The highest performance (F-measure) depicted by the HSV colour space which is 0.56 while the lowest performance reported by the RGB colour space having an F-measure of 0.43. The three new static filters RGB, nRGB and HSV colour spaces are evaluated on the dataset (of 1000 complex images) by F-Measure elevation. Experimental results show that the viability of the developed static sky filters. It has also found that since the static filters use static boundaries, any shift of sky colour ranges from the defined boundaries affect the over-all performance.
Thermomicrobium, a New Genus of Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria

A new, extremely thermophilic bacterium from an alkaline hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is described. The organism is gram negative and occurs as pleomorphic rods, often appearing in pairs. It is an obligate aerobe and grows optimally at 70 to 75 C at a pH of 8.2 to 8.5 with a generation time of 5.5 h. When grown in culture, the organism has a very pronounced pink color due to cellular carotenoid pigments. The deoxyribonucleic acid base ratio as determined by cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation was found to be 64.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Nutritional studies with the new organism demonstrated a more restricted growth in comparison to organisms belonging to the genus Thermus. In studies involving defined carbon sources, it was shown that the new organism grew well only on sucrose or glycerol when glutamate served as an additional nutritional source. The organism is regarded as belonging to a new genus, for which the name Thermomicrobium is proposed. This genus is placed in the family A chromobacteraceae. The type species of the new genus is Thermomicrobium roseum sp. nov., of which ATCC 27502 is the type strain.
Valente Red and roe deer densities and distribution in northeastern Portugal Densidade e distribuição de veado e corço no Nordeste de Portugal

Ungulates, Portugal, monitoring, distance sampling, spatial modelling, generalized additive models, indirect methods, deer management Monitoring ungulates is a major challenge to perform management strategies, either back in the 70’s to enable their conservation that lead to their great recovery, as to manage their actual expansion. Their current wide range distribution and high densities across Europe promotes damages in ecosystems that need to be handled based on scientific knowledge. In Portugal ungulate monitoring and ecology is still in an early stage, however efforts have been made to gather valid information on northeastern ungulate populations. In this work density of red and roe deer were estimated coupling line transects to perform pellet group counts with a distance sampling approach. The density of red deer estimated for Montesinho Natural Park (MNP) was 3.05 ind. /100 ha (95% CI: 2.05 – 4.54), splitted in two sub-areas: Serra de Montesinho (SM) with 1.23 ind. /100 ha and Lombada National Hunting Area (LNHA) with 5.23 ind. /100 ha. Roe deer densities were estimated with recourse to a spatial methodology recently developed, the Density Surface Models (DSMs – with a distance sampling framework), which enables the assessment of the relationships between animal’s density and spatial variables selected according to species ecological requirements. As well roe deer densities were estimated for MNP and Serra da Nogueira (SN) with a global density of 3.01 ind. /100 ha (95% CI: 2.34 – 3.87): SM with 3.74 ind. /100 ha, LNHA with 1.59 ind. /100 ha and SN with 3.62 ind. /100ha. Furthermore this approach enables the drawing of an abundance distribution map across the study area, especially useful when communicating results to wildlife managers. Roe deer densities showed to increase as distance to roads increased, while surprisingly shown an increase as distance to human populations decreased. As expected, cover areas shown its importance for roe deer, a prey species for Iberian wolf. The spatial analysis confirmed that DSMs represent a good approach to estimate ungulate densities, and should be encouraged in future works. Future studies are mandatory to assess red and roe deer ecological requirements and evaluate trends over the years, in order to stablish management plans to handle the damages caused by these species.
A Study of Centrality Measures in SNA

In recent years, social network theory becomes more and more significant in social science. Basing on the fast-growing social network theory, SNA (Social Network Analysis) is also widely used and published in different journals. As social actors are like nodes in the network, we use centrality to measure these nodes in power, activity and communication convenience etc. Degree centrality, betweenness centrality and closeness centrality are main detailed measurement, and they have different algorithm. In SNA study, the research purpose determines the selection of centrality; and the use of these three centralities constitutes an important part in SNA study.
PNA - and SBA-positive lymphocytes content in the major salivary glands' structures during early postnatal period after intrauterine antigenic action

Background Salivary glands’ diseases have a varied etiology that includes autoimmune, infectious, idiopathic, and hereditary causes. The unifying factor in these diseases is the formation of granulomas, which histologically are mononuclear infl ammatory cells or macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes [5]. It is also known that salivary glands NK cells, although related to conventional NK cells, are a distinct subset of innate lymphoid cells that deviates from the conventional developmental pathway, perhaps under the infl uence of tissue-specific factors [4]. Improved the lymphocytes population infl uence on a formation of different organs and systems. Immature lymphocytes migrated from thymus to the peripheral organs of immune system [9]. One of the determinatives that result in violation of major salivary glands morphogenesis and as a result the development of its pathology is the condition of pregnant women health, more than half of them have chronic diseases and system functional disorders which are accompanied by the immune pathological condition, namely by antigen infl uence on a fetus [3,9]. In the literature there are no systematic data concerning the intrauterine antigen infl uence on morphogenesis of major UDC: 611.316. 018.53:616-097.1]-053.31-092.9
High performance dual-wave mode flexible surface acoustic wave resonators for UV light sensing

Dual-mode flexible ZnO/polyimide surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based ultraviolet (UV) light sensors were fabricated and their performance was investigated. UV light sensing measurements showed that the responses of the dual wave modes of the sensors increase with the increase of light intensity and the frequency changes linearly with the change of light intensity. Under a 4.5 mW cm−2 UV light illumination, the resonant frequency of the Rayleigh wave decreased up to ∼43 kHz, while that of the Lamb wave was approximately 76 kHz. The UV light sensitivities for the two resonant modes are 111.3 and 55.8 ppm (mW cm−2)–1, respectively. The resonant frequency, phase angle and amplitude of the two resonant modes exhibited a good repeatability in responding to cyclic change of the UV light, and an excellent stability up to a long duration of UV light exposure. The dual-mode flexible SAW resonators are simple in structure, more accurate in detection, and can be fabricated at low cost are, therefore, very promising for application in flexible sensors and electronics.
Morphometric analysis of honey bees from an area of racial hybridization in northeastern Italy

Le Frioul dans le Nord-Est de l'Italie est considere comme une zone d'hybridation entre Apis mellifera ligustica et Apis mellifera carnica, mais jusqu'a present une seule analyse morphometrique avait ete realisee sur des echantillons d'abeilles venant de cette region. Afin d'obtenir des informations supplementaires sur les populations locales d'abeilles, nous avons fait une analyse morphometrique sur des abeilles prelevees dans le Frioul. Des echantillons d'A m ligustica et d'A m carnica recoltes dans leurs propres regions de repartition ont egalement ete analyses
Regulation of the protein C anticoagulant pathway by C4b-binding protein

Alle organen en weefsels van hogere organismen worden voorzien van voedingsstoffen en zuurstof door middel van het bloedvatstelsel. Het bloedvatstelsel is een uitgebreid systeem van vaten dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed naar alle organen en weefsels stroomt. Bloed bevat rode bloedcellen, witte bloedcellen, bloedplaatjes en plasma. Rode bloedcellen zorgen voor het transport van zuurstof van de longen naar de weefsels en van koolstofdioxide (een afvalprodukt uit de weefsels) van de weefsels naar de longen. Witte bloedcellen zorgen voor de afweer tegen micro-organismen. Plasma is de vloeistof waarin alle andere bestanddelen zijn opgelost en bevat hormonen en talloze eiwitten. Aangezien bloed een belangrijke functie heeft in de regulatie van lichaamstemperatuur, zuurstof voorziening van weefsels en het functioneren van cellen, is het behoud van het bloedvatstelsel van cruciaal belang. Bij verwonding treedt weefselschade op, en overtallig bloedverlies zou het gevolg zijn als er geen natuurlijk mechanisme zou zijn om het bloeden te stoppen. Om bloedingen te voorkomen, zijn er een aantal mechanismen die op gang komen bij weefselschade. Ten eerste trekken de bloedvaten samen op de plaats van beschadiging, waardoor er al minder bloedverlies op kan treden. Ten tweede hechten bloedplaatjes aan de vaatwand en vormen daarmee een plaatjesprop. Ten derde wordt een netwerk van fibrinedraden gevormd die de plaatjesprop verstevigt. De vorming van het fibrine netwerk wordt bloedstolling genoemd. Door verschillende mogelijke oorzaken wordt de bloedstolling soms onnodig op gang gebracht. Als gevolg daarvan vormt zich dan een bloedstolsel in een bloedvat waardoor het erachter liggende weefsel onvoldoende voorzien wordt van bloed: trombose. Trombose kan leiden tot weefselschade of zelfs weefselsterfte. Een verslechterde conditie van de bloedvaten of de aanwezigheid van overgevoelige bloedplaatjes kan leiden tot de vorming van een plaatjesprop doordat bloedplaatjes geactiveerd worden (bijvoorbeeld bij atherosclerose of aderverkalking). Wanneer de activatie van bloedplaatjes en/of bloedstolling achterwege blijft terwijl het juist wel nodig is, treden er bloedingen op. Hetzelfde is het geval als een bloedstolsel te snel wordt afgebroken (fibrinolyse). Het is dus duidelijk dat de bloedstelping (haemostase) heel nauwkeurig gereguleerd dient te worden. Er zijn vele stoornissen in de haemostase die tot trombotische of bloedings complicaties kunnen leiden.
On the efficiency of crossover operators in genetic algorithms with binary representation

Genetic Algorithm (GA) represents robust, adaptive method successfully applied to various optimization problems. To evaluate the performance of the genetic algorithm, it is common to use some kind of test functions. However, the "no free lunch" theorem states it is not possible to find the perfect, universal solver algorithm. To evaluate the algorithm, it is necessary to characterize the type of problems for which that algorithm is suitable. That would allow conclusions about the performance of the algorithm based on the class of a problem. In performance of a genetic algorithm, crossover operator has an invaluable role. To better understand performance of a genetic algorithm in a whole, it is necessary to understand the role of the crossover operator. The purpose of this paper is to compare larger set of crossover operators on the same test problems and evaluate their's efficiency. Results presented here confirm that uniform and two-point crossover operators give the best results but also show some interesting comparisons between less used crossover operators like segmented or half-uniform crossover.
The Establishment of Modern Universities in Korea and Their Implications for Korean Education Policies

The purpose of this study is to examine the historical factors which affected the rise of modern higher education during the late Choson period (1880-1910), and to analyze the implications of these historical factors on educational policies in contemporary higher education in Korea. The rise of modern higher education in Korea can be viewed as occurring in three principal phases: Confucian Choson Royal Government, Western Christian missionaries, and patriotic nationalists. The author points out that the major historical factors influencing the development of modern higher education were Confucianism, Christianity, and Korean nationalism. In particular, Confucianism and Christianity have had substantial impacts on the planning of educational policies in contemporary Korean higher education; the former is viewed as an original source of educational enthusiasm which has expanded Korean higher education, and the latter a matrix of modern Korean
Environmental Awareness of University Students on White Cheese Waste Water

Universal environmental contamination is a real situation that deteriorates our world step by step. The dairy factory out flowing is the second greatest source of contamination in water streams. The environmental impact of these factories can be very high, especially due to the discharge of wastewater with high content of organic matter and nutrients. These problems can be analyzed only after performing factual study of various physicochemical characteristics. In the presented study, physicochemical parameters like, temperature, pH, COD, TDS, TS and SS were taken into account. Another purpose of this study is to ascertain university student’s awareness and consciousness against general and dairy products related environments. These levels were evaluated by the survey method. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results showed that the public and company owners/ employees in particular should be informed about the seasonal and cheese variety dependent patterns in environmental pollution.
How to Measure Annual Report Narratives Disclosure? Empirical Evidence from Forward-Looking Information in the UK Prior the Financial Crisis

Purpose: The study aims to investigate empirically the common alternative methods of measuring annual report narratives. Five alternative methods are employed, a weighted and un-weighted disclosure index and three textual coding systems, measuring the amount of space devoted to relevant disclosures. Design/methodology/approach: We investigate the forward looking voluntary disclosures of 30 UK non-financial companies. We employ descriptive analysis, correlation matrix, mean comparison T-test, rankings and multiple regression analysis of disclosure measures against determinants of corporate voluntary reporting. Findings: The results reveal that while the alternative methods of forward looking voluntary disclosure are highly correlated, yet important significant differences do emerge. In particular, it appears important to measure volume rather than simply the existence or non-existence of each type of disclosure. Overall, we detect that the optimal method is content analysis by text-unit rather than by sentence. Originality: This paper contributes to the extant literature in forward looking disclosure by reporting important differences among alternative content analyses. However, the decision regarding whether this should be a computerised or a manual content analysis appears not to be driven by differences in the resulting measures. Rather the choice is the outcome of a trade-off between the time involved in setting up coding rules for computerised analysis versus the time saved undertaking the analysis itself.
Speciation: The Genetics Responsible for Intrinsic Post-Zygotic Isolation

Summary Intrinsic post-zygotic isolation (sterility or inviability of hybrids between two species) is an intriguing, yet complex component of speciation. While the effects of post-zygotic isolation have been observed for years, the direct cause remains unclear. However, advances in modern genetics elucidate some of the questions surrounding both the cause and function of post-zygotic isolation. By using Drosophila as the ideal model, researchers are able to characterize and identify genes that may be responsible for both the hybrid sterility and inviability associated with this type of isolation. Knowing which genes are responsible for these types of incompatibilities has also led to a better understanding of how and why they changed and how they result in speciation.
Insights from crystal size and band gap on the catalytic activity of monoclinic BiVO4

Monoclinic BiVO4 powders were synthesized from Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O and NH4VO3 in dilute HNO3 by homogenous co-precipitation followed by calcination at different temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 o C. The effects of increase in the calcination temperatures over the changes in the physicochemical parameters were evaluated by characterization techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman analysis and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The parameters responsible for the photochemical water oxidation were studied in detail and it was confirmed from our results that crystalline size and band gap of the BiVO4 powders are the main responsible for its activity. It is also confirmed from the changes in the intensities and shift in the peak position of Raman analysis, the effect of calcination temperatures over the variations such as lone pair distortions on Bi 3+ and changes of V-O bond length in the local structure of BiVO4.
AIM – Application Platform Intelligent Mobility

In order to address the complexity of modern Intelligent Transportation Systems and Services (ITS) the German Aerospace Center will build an Application Platform for Intelligent Mobility (AIM) in the region of Brunswick, Germany. This large scale testing facility will connect research with every day applications and focuses on demand driven progress. AIM is designed to be a neutral and openly accessible platform for industry, public authorities and science, research and development. The versatile aspects of mobility and their interdependencies will be addressable in a real life environment with the scale of Brunswick city and surroundings. This paper introduces AIM and documents its progress.
Why study synesthesia? What can that teach us about ourselves?

This essay describes the results of the author’s projects of studying synaesthesia in Spain (University of Granada). It outlines several surveys of potential synaesthetes and possible relations of synaesthesia, creativity and types of “sensory representation”/ intelligence. The author provides her own original definition of “natural synaesthesia” as multi-modal thinking actualized through diffuse perception and polyphonic attention. Such an understanding emphasises the importance of constant philosophical reconsideration of synaesthesia and an interdisciplinary approach to researching the phenomenon. One of the major conclusions made in this essay is that synaesthesia is embedded in the multiple and multilevel processes of the unconscious that constitute both thinking and creativity. Which in turn might mean that perception could be explained through synesthesia and not the other way around, with subsequent revision of the theories of cognitive processes in psychology and neurosciences. The described results lay the foundations for the author’s synaesthesia-based applied methodologies in art education that are aimed to raise awareness of unusual perception among potential synaesthetes and enhance holistic creative thinking of the students through the multi-sensory aspects that they can further include into their own projects.