Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The moral hazard of IMF lending: Making a fuss about a minor problem?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is under serious attack. Some critics blame IMF lending for having contributed to the spreading of financial crises in emerging markets. Consequently, they call for putting an end to IMF lending. This radical proposal rests on the contention that official financial support has discouraged IMF borrowers to pursue appropriate economic policies, and private creditors to pursue prudent lending strategies. Major IMF rescue operations, notably the Mexican bailout in 1995, drew particular attention to moral hazard on the part of international banks. It is striking indeed that banks do not seem to have suffered large losses in Mexico and Asia, although banks were heavily engaged there. "Too-big-to-fail" considerations may have motivated recent IMF rescue operations. However, IMF lending to all developing countries has remained small in relative terms. IMF credit outstanding in 1997 accounted for about 1 percent of international banking and developing countries' GNP, respectively. Longer-term developments in IMF lending do not support the view that incentive problems have become more serious over time. There is no empirical justification to blame the IMF for having encouraged inflationary policies and inflexible exchange rate regimes in developing countries by offering financial assistance in the case of emergencies. Furthermore, the IMF is unlikely to have shaped banking behavior in a significant way. The cross-country distribution of bank lending is not correlated with the cross-country distribution of IMF lending. The structure of private capital flows to developing countries has shifted towards equity financing and away from loan financing, although bailouts tend to benefit banks rather than equity investors. Putting an end to IMF lending would do more harm than good. Eradicating minor moral hazard problems would come at the cost of more serious contagion if financial crises were no longer contained by official emergency lending. Contrary to the past, moral hazard could become a relevant problem in the future, if the IMF were empowered to act as a true international lender of last resort. The new international financial architecture should involve private creditors directly in financial rescue operations, in order to prevent private creditors from taking excessive risk. Moreover, an IMF commanding over substantially increased financial resources must obey the rules of a lender of last resort. Developing countries would have to meet basic financial standards, in order to qualify for liquidity support. Emergency financing should be provided at a rate of interest above the market rate and, as far as possible, on collateral.
Statistical aspects of network based real-time group communication and collaboration services

Deep studies of available real-time Group Communication and Collaboration (GCC) solutions such as voice, video and data teamwork tools have been performed by several international projects. The main goal of these works is to compare the applicability of these tools in the production job environment, and give recommendations on how such services can be provided to these groups. The total bit rate allowed per client is 256–2048 kbps for current GCC tools. This amount includes audio, video, control, web content and whiteboard traffic as well. The IEEE 802 type LAN/MAN communication technologies with best effort characteristics need quality of service (QoS) guarantees to provide real time service to the multimedia applications. The H.323/H.264 and the H.261 network protocols use relatively high number of UDP ports to accommodate automatically to the network layer comportment deeply influenced by bursts. This aspect explains the reduced number of service class configuration possibilities at the GCC client software. Even SOHO users with 256-512 kbps ADSL access need connection to the GCC servers. Analysis of mechanisms influencing traffic QoS is required. In the paper statistical evaluation of network traffic of the group communication and collaboration applications are effectuated with special interest regarding efficient regulation possibilities of the transmission mechanisms at low bit rate. Influence of the regulation will be presented based on time series captured in real multimedia network environment.
A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase

Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, has been shown to play a role in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal arrangement, phagocytosis and cell motility and migration, in addition to a host of other diverse biological processes. The function of Rho-family GTPases in disease pathogenesis has been well established and identification of small, cell permeable molecules that selectively and reversibly regulate Rho GTPases is of high scientific and potentially therapeutic interest. There has been limited success in identifying inhibitors that specifically interact with small Rho family GTPases. The identified probe, ML141 (CID-2950007), is demonstrated to be a potent, selective and reversible non-competitive inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase suitable for in vitro assays, with low micromolar potency and selectivity against other members of the Rho family of GTPases (Rac1, Rab2, Rab7). Given the highly complementary nature of the function of the Rho family GTPases, Cdc42 selective inhibitors such as those reported here should help untangle the roles of the proteins in this family.
Periodic EBG Structure based UWB Band Pass Filter

In this paper microstrip bandpass filter as been proposed for UWB application using periodic uniplanar compact-electromagnetic bandgap (UC-EBG) are used here to improve passband obtained in UWB region,also to improve the good out-of-band performances and the EBG structure to reduce the overall size of the filter.
Bio-economic management strategy evaluation of deepwater stocks using the FLBEIA model

Deepwater fish are characterized by long lifespans, late maturity and low productivity. This implies slow recovery from low biomass levels and it is, therefore, important to manage these stocks correctly to avoid overfish- ing. However, these stocks are generally data poor, which it makes difficult to apply quantitative assessment models on which to base their management. The management strategy evaluation (MSE) approach consists in evaluating the performance of management strategies by simulation before their implementation. In the evaluation, the main sources of uncertainty in a fishery system and its management process should be taken into account in order to find robust man- agement strategies. Thus, the MSE approach is relevant to the management of data-poor stocks. We used the FLBEIA software, an FLR library coded in the R statistical language, to conduct a bio-economic impact assessment of fisheries management strategies. We evaluated the performance of several management strategies in three different deepwater case studies using the MSE approach: beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Norwegian Sea, blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar, and French mixed deepwater fisheries in the North East Atlantic. In conclusion, we found that the S. mentella stock is very sensitive to the stock recruitment relationship chosen. For P. bogaraveo, simulations showed that the present constant catch management is as good as more sophisticated strategies. Finally, in mixed fisheries, case study fleet dynamics were key for the success of management strategies
Brilliant Blue G versus Triamcinolone-Assisted ILM Peeling: A Comparative Evaluation in Macular Hole Surgery

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in macular hole surgery (MHS) assisted by Brilliant Blue G (BBG) or triamcinolone acetonide (TA). Study design: Retrospective, non-randomized, interventional single center study. Methods: 51 eyes of 51 patients with idiopathic macular holes (≥ stage 2) who underwent MHS at our center were included. An OCT evaluation of hole status was followed by pars plana vitrectomy for each of these eyes. Those who underwent TA-assisted ILM peeling were considered as group 1 (n = 26) and those with BBG-assisted ILM peeling were considered as group 2 (n = 25). The primary outcome measures included anatomical hole closure, postoperative visual acuity and operative complications for either group. Results: Anatomical hole closure was achieved in 46 eyes (90%). The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 15.9 ± 2.3 months. The mean preoperative visual acuity was 1.0702 ± 0.37 Log MAR (equivalent to 20/240) and the final acuity was 0.7122 ± 0.22 Log MAR (equivalent to 20/100) (p < 0.0001). There were no significant postoperative complications apart from progression of nuclear sclerosis in 8/35 phakic eyes. After adjusting for age and preoperative visual acuity, there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to hole closure rate and postoperative visual acuity. Conclusion: BBG-assisted ILM peeling offers an effective alternative to triamcinolone with the added advantage of marked enhancement of vitreoretinal interface contrast with comparable hole closure rates and visual outcomes.
Exopolysaccharide production by different marine bacteria species and Enterobacter A47

This thesis is focused on the production of bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) using a Schatz medium, supplemented with yeast extract and peptone, and glucose as carbon source. Production assays were carried out in shake flasks with different marine bacteria, of the genera Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrobacter, and with the bacterium Enterobacter A47. In order to optimize EPS production, the strains were chosen to proceed with bioreactor assays. The marine bacteria were able to produce 1.33-1.91 g.L of EPS, corresponding to volumetric productivities of 0.67-0.96 gEPS.L. d. On the other hand, Enterobacter A47 was able to synthesize 1.81 g.L of EPS, corresponding to a volumetric productivity of 0.91 gEPS.L. d. The exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria were mainly composed of glucose, while the one produced by Enterobacter A47 was similar to the fucose rich exopolysaccharide – FucoPol – typically produced by this culture. In order to optimize EPS production by Enterobacter A47 in salt conditions, the impact of NaCl (0-40 g.L), yeast extract (0-4 g.L) and peptone (0-2 g.L) concentrations on cellular growth and EPS production was studied. Statistical tools, such as response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design, were used. The results showed that Enterobacter A47 has the ability to grow and synthesize EPS under most of the experimental conditions tested. The optimal NaCl, yeast extract and peptone concentrations were determined to be 8.1 g.L, 0.8 g.L and 0.4 g.L, respectively. Afterwards, the impact of pH on EPS production, as well as on the polymer ́s composition, by Enterobacter A47 was also evaluated. It was found that the use of the modified Schatz medium and pH control at 7.0 led to an increase in EPS production (3.49 g.L), corresponding to a volumetric productivity of 1.75 gEPS.L. d. It was also observed that the decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 6.0 had little effect on EPS production (3.33 g.L), whereas at pH 8.0 a significant reduction in EPS synthesis (0.79 g.L) was observed. The exopolysaccharides produced were rich in fucose.
Microbial Neuro-Immune Interactions and the Pathophysiology of IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a group of debilitating disorders affecting patient’s quality of life and with unknown aetiology. The collected evidence indicates that individuals can develop IBD as a result of genetic susceptibility, a dysregulated immune response and the influence of certain environmental factors. Common symptomatology includes abdominal pain, fever and bowel diarrhoea with blood and/or mucus excretion. The location and extent of disease differ between UC and CD, affecting the mucosal layer in the colon in UC patients, whereas in CD patients, a transmural inflammation is found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Factors associated with IBD pathophysi‐ ology include alterations in immune responses, characterized by an atypically T helper (Th)‐2 profile in UC, and a Th1/Th17 profile in CD, modifications in epithelial barrier function and alterations in the commensal microbiota composition with blooming of specific pathobionts, for example, adherent‐invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and with diet. Recent research has uncovered that inflammation, per se , can activate the enteric nervous system inducing neurogenic inflammation and increasing visceral sensitivity, leading to pain. Similarly, alterations in the commensal microbiota composition/ligands have also led to modifications in intestinal nociceptive markers and in visceral pain. In this chapter, we aim to review the mechanisms implicated in microbial neuro‐ immune axis and its potential contribution to IBD pathophysiology and symptoma‐ tology. We focus on the findings identified in animal models and in IBD patients and on the prospective translation of targeting the microbial neuro‐immune axis as future therapeutic treatment for intestinal inflammatory conditions.
Effects of Solvents on Polymorphism and Shape of Mefenamic Acid Crystals

Mefenamic acid [2-(2, 3-dimethylphenyl) amino benzoic acid] is an active pharmaceutical compound that exist in different polymorphic form and shape. In this work the effect of solvents on polymorphism and shape of mefenamic acid crystals were examined. The solvents used were ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and acetone. Natural cooling was employed during the crystallisation process. The crystals produced were dried and analysed using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis confirmed that the crystals obtained using ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone are pure Form I with a needle-like flat shape. Meanwhile, the crystallisation using DMF produced polymorphic Form II in cubic shape.
Real Implementation Issues in Symmetric Ciphers

Implementation of cryptosystem is another security factor that should be considered. Cryptosystem that uses both strong symmetric cipher and strong key exchange mechanism as well could be attacked, if its implementation is not considered carefully. This paper discusses implementation issues in the symmetric ciphers that should be considered for secure cryptosystem. A case study (Heartbleed) is discussed to illustrated one of these issues. Heartbleed is a major security implementation issue that affecting many systems and services. It allows attackers to extract important information from a targeted memory. The important information could be privet key, credential information (usernames and passwords) or any other important information. Also, the goal is to raise awareness about the understand and importance of encryption’s implementation.
High tropospheric ozone in Lhasa within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in 2013: influence of convective transport and stratospheric intrusions

Abstract. Balloon-borne measurements of ozone in Lhasa (29.66∘ N, 91.14∘ E; 3650 m above sea level) in August 2013 are investigated using backward trajectory calculations performed with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). Measurements show three time periods characterized by high ozone mixing ratios (OMRs) in the troposphere on 8, 11, and 18–20 August 2013 during the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) season. Here, we verified two different sources for the enhanced ozone values in the troposphere. First, transport of polluted air from the boundary layer, and second downward transport from the stratosphere by stratospheric intrusions. Air pollution from South Asia through convective and long-range transport plays a key role in enhancing middle tropospheric OMRs up to 90 % on 8 August and up to 125 % on 11 August 2013 compared to monthly mean ozone of August 2013. Stratospheric air intruded from the northern high-latitudes to the southeastern flank of the ASM anticyclone to the troposphere and is identified as the source of enhanced ozone according to backward trajectory calculation and satellite measurements by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Air parcels with high ozone moved from the high-latitude lower stratosphere to the middle and upper troposphere. These air parcels are then transported to Lhasa over long distances and enhanced upper and middle tropospheric ozone over Lhasa during 18–20 August 2013. Our findings demonstrate that the strong variability of ozone within the ASM anticyclone in the free troposphere is caused by transport from very different regions of the atmosphere.
Branch Obfuscation Using Binary Code Side Effects

∗ Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program “Key Technology Research and Demonstration for the Enhanced Search Engine”, Project No. 2011BAH11B01 Abstract The path constraints are leaked by binary conditional jump instructions which are the binary representation of software’s internal logic. Based on the problem of software’s path constraints leaking, reverse engineering using path-sensitive techniques such as symbolic execution and theorem proving poses a new threat to software intellectual property protection. In order to mitigate path information leaking problem, this paper proposed a novel branch obfuscation scheme that uses binary code side effects to hide path constraints and takes advantage of remote trusted entity to protect software’s control flow graph, without changing software’s functionality. The experimental results show that this branch obfuscation technique could effectively protect software’s path constraints against state-of-the-art reverse engineering, yet practical in terms of performance. Index Terms code obfuscation, binary code side effects, exception handling, symbolic execution, trusted entity
Resistance rate and minimum inhibitory concentration of metronidazole among Helicobacter pylori strains in Tehran, Iran.

Background: Constant monitoring of Helicobacter pylori resistance is necessary for selection of the best treatment regimen for eradication of the resistant strains. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate diversity of resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of H. pylori strains against metronidazole in Tehran, Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 96 patients, who had undergone gastric endoscopy at Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran, during years 2013 to 2014. Helicobacter pylori isolates were obtained from gastric biopsy sam- ples on selective culture media after characterization by conventional biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentration of metronidazole was determined by the agar dilution method. Results: Helicobacter pylori infection was detected in 22 patients (22.92%). Identity of the isolates was confirmed by PCR using glmM primers. Chronic gastritis, duodenitis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and cancer were detected among 70.1%, 6.25%, 1.04%, 1.4% and 10.41% of the patients, respectively. Smoking showed a negative relationship with H. pylori infection. The rate of antibiotic resistance was 81.8% (18/22) and MIC ranges of 8 to 512 g/mL were detected. Furthermore, MIC50 and MIC90 were determined as 256 and 512 g/mL, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, these results suggested a need for a switch to second line therapy regimens for treatment of infected patients in the Iranian population.
Preliminary Study on the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of XRCC1 Gene Identificationto Improve the Outcomes of Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the most fatal disease among Indonesian women. In recognition of the substantial variation in the intrinsic response of individuals to radiation, an effort had been done to identify the genetic markers, primarily Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are associated with responsiveness of cancer cells to radiation therapy. One of these SNPs is X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) that is one of the most important genes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair pathways. Meta-analysis in the determination of the association of XRCC1 polymorphisms with cervical cancer revealed the potential role of XRCC1 polymorphisms in predicting cell response to radiotherapy.Our preliminary study with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that radiotherapy affected the XRCC1 gene analyzed in blood of cervical cancer patient. Other published study found three SNPs of XRCC1 (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, and Arg399Gln) that cause amino acid substitutions. Arg194Trp is only SNPs that associated with high risk of cervical cancer but not others. Additionally, structure and function of this protein can be altered by functional SNPs, which may lead to the susceptibility of individuals to cancers. Anotherstudy found G399A polymorphisms. We concluded that SNP of this DNA repair genes have been found to be good predictors of efficacy of radiotherapy. Kanker serviks adalah penyakit yang paling fatal pada perempuan di Indonesia. Untuk memahami variasi substansial respon intrinsik individual terhadap radiasi, suatu usaha telah dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi petanda genetik, terutama Single Nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), yang berkaitan dengan responsel kanker terhadap terapi radiasi. Satu dari SNP tersebut adalah X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) yang merupakan satu dari gen paling penting dalam lajur perbaikan asam deoksiribonukleat (DNA). Meta-analysis dalam penentuan hubungan polimorfisme XRCC1 dengan kanker serviks menemukan adanya peranan potensial polimorfisme XRCC1 dalam memprediksi respon sel terhadap radioterapi. Studi awal kami menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) menunjukkan bahwa radioterapi mempengaruhi gen XRCC1yang dianalisis dalam darah pasien kanker serviks. Studi yang telah dipublikasi menemukan tiga SNP dari XRCC1 (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, dan Arg399Gln) yang menyebabkan substitusi asam amino. Arg194Trp merupakan satu-satunya SNP yang berkaitan dengan tingginya risiko kanker serviks, tetapi tidak pada yang lain. Di samping itu, strukturdan fungsi protein ini dapat berubah oleh SNP fungsional, yang mengarah ke kerentanan individu untuk menderita kanker. Studi lain menemukan polimorfisme G399A. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa SNP dari gen perbaikan DNA ini merupakan prediktor yang baik dari keberhasilan radioterapi.
On rings with a unique proper essential right ideal

Right ue-rings (rings with the property of the title, i.e., with the maximality of the right socle) are investigated. It is shown that a semiprime ring R is a right ue-ring if and only if R is a regular V-ring with the socle being a maximal right ideal, and if and only if the intrinsic topology of R is non-discrete Hausdorff and dense proper right ideals are semisimple. It is proved that if R is a right self-injective right ue-ring (local right ue-ring), then R is never semiprime and is Artin semisimple modulo its Jacobson radical (R has a unique non-zero left ideal). We observe that modules with Krull dimension over right ue-rings are both Artinian and Noetherian. Every local right ue-ring contains a duo subring which is again a local ue-ring. Some basic properties of right ue-rings and several important examples of these rings are given. Finally, it is observed that rings such as C(X), semiprime right Goldie rings, and some other well known rings are never ue-rings.