Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comment

The idea that an important source of cross‐country differences in income is related to differences in the degree ofmisallocation across countries has core appeal to economists. After all, economic efficiency is all about the nature and extent towhich resources are allocated to their highest‐valued use. The basic premise in the paper by Alfaro, Charlton, and Kanczuk is that in well‐functioning economies such as the United States the size distribution of activity largely reflects an efficient allocation of resources. For the core models of the size distribution of activity in the literature, the key implication is that in efficient economies, firms (and establishments) are large because they are the most productive. However, in low income per capita countries, the working conjecture in this paper is that the allocation of resources across firms is distorted. Specifically, the authors explore the implications of recent models that idiosyncratic distortions to the scale of activity in a country will distort the size‐productivity relationship. In this respect, this paper fits into a growing literature seeking to understand the extent of such misallocation. While I am very sympathetic to this line of argument, I have a number of concerns about the identification approach used in this paper. The concerns reflect both conceptual issues and related concerns on whether the data used are sufficient for this identification. Before I proceed to my concerns, it is useful to emphasize the various facets of the analysis that I think are on the right track. For one, there is substantial evidence that there is substantial productivity heterogeneity within industries. The results in Syverson (2004) suggest that the interquartile range for measured revenue‐based total factor productivity within narrowly defined sectors is around 30 log points. In addition, the results in the literature show that there is considerable dispersion and skewness in the size distribution of activity within sectors. These two basic facts offer considerable scope for misallocation to play a role.
Comment

We live in an era of financial globalization. Yet we are not the first to do so. In an oft‐quoted passage from The Economic Consequences of the Peace— indeed, a passage thatDennisQuinn andHans‐JoachimVothquote in their paper “Free Flow, Limited Diversification: Openness and the Fall and Risk of StockMarketCorrelations, 1890–2001”—J.M. Keynes (1920, 11) famously describes how, prior to the FirstWorldWar, an investor could already “adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world” through a deep and integrated international capital market. By contrast, scholars of the global economy at midcentury have characterized national markets as “insular” (McKinnon 1981), with countries shielded from the impact of global financial developments by an extensive system of administrative controls on the cross‐border flow of capital, even as international trade was progressively liberalized. What can we learn from such historical variation in capital account openness about the role of financial forces in shaping the behavior of the global economy? How did the integrated international capital market at the turnof the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shapedomestic financial institutions and markets? At midcentury, were controls on cross‐border capital movements an impediment to economic and financial development? Or did they help stabilize economies subject to financial shocks? These are the important questions that Quinn and Voth address. At a time when the efficiency of financial markets and the desirability of capital account openness are again being called into question, it is all themore important that we learn the correct lessons of history.
Comment

Reinhart and Reinhart offer an important contribution to our understanding of the effects of large capital inflows. The algorithm they develop allows us to classify and analyze episodes of capital inflow bonanzas in a very large sample of countries, both advanced and emerging economies. The sample includes 181 countries during 1980–2007 and a subset of 66 over 1960–2007. It is the largest so far analyzed in the literature. I have two small concerns with the paper and one more interesting query. Let us start by considering the results for advanced economies. As the authors themselves say, the results for this group of countries are less stark than for developing economies. They also seem to be driven by a few odd observations concerning not the definition of “bonanzas,” but of their effects. In the data (table 6) most euro area countries appear to have experienced a currency crash (defined as an annual depreciation vs. theU.S. dollar of 15%ormore) in 2005.During 2005 the euro depreciated against the dollar 12%, but beyond the size of the depreciation—which is below the 15% threshold—it is unclear whether one should relate the depreciation of the common European currency to the three bonanza episodes that occurredwithin a period spanning the previous 3 years: France, Portugal, and Spain (table 3). The weakening of the euro in 2005 mostly mirrored the divergence in growth between the euro area and the United States: it had little to do with the three bonanza episodes. I am similarly puzzled by two episodes of banking crises: France in 1994–95 and Italy in 1990–95. Although both events fit the definition of a banking crisis given in table 5, it is unclear whether one should relate them to a previous bonanza. In France the episode corresponds to the government recapitalization of Crédit Lyonnais, a state‐owned bank that ran into troublewhen it became known that, as a result of a financial scandal, it had become the de facto owner of Metro‐Goldwyn‐Mayer, the world’s most famous movie studio. In Italy it corresponds to the state bailout of BancodiNapoli,
Depression-like state induced by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to ventral medial frontal cortex in monkeys

The medial frontal cortex (MFC), especially its ventral part, has long been of great interest with respect to the pathology of mood disorders. A number of human brain imaging studies have demonstrated the abnormalities of this brain region in patients with mood disorders, however, whether it is critically involved in the pathogenesis of such disorders remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted a causal study to investigate how the suppression of neural activity in the ventral region of the MFC (vMFC) affects the behavioral and physiological states of monkeys by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). By using low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) as an inhibitory intervention, we found that LF-rTMS targeting the vMFC induced a depression-like state in monkeys, which was characterized by a reduced spontaneous behavioral activity, increased plasma cortisol level, impaired sociability, and decreased motivation level. On the other hand, no such significant changes in behavioral and physiological states were observed when targeting the other MFC regions, dorsal or posterior. We further found that the administration of an antidepressant agent, ketamine, ameliorated the abnormal behavioral and physiological states induced by the LF-rTMS intervention. These findings indicate the causal involvement of the vMFC in the regulation of mood and affect and the validity of the LF-rTMS-induced dysfunction of the vMFC as a nonhuman primate model of the depression-like state.
Met is required for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration in Danio rerio

During vertebrate central nervous system development, most oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified in the ventral spinal cord and must migrate throughout the neural tube until they become evenly distributed, occupying non-overlapping domains. While this process of developmental OPC migration is well characterized, the nature of the molecular mediators that govern it remain largely unknown. Here, using zebrafish as a model, we demonstrate that Met signaling is required for initial developmental migration of OPCs, and, using cell-specific knock-down of Met signaling, show that Met acts cell-autonomously in OPCs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate in vivo, the role of Met signaling in OPC migration and provide new insight into how OPC migration is regulated during development.
Comparison of human and mouse tissues with focus on genes with no 1-to-1 homology

We assembled a panel of 28 tissue pairs of human and mouse with RNA-Seq data on gene expression. We focused on genes with no 1-to-1 homology, because they pose special challenges. In this way, we identified expression patterns that identify and explain differences between the two species and suggest target genes for therapeutic applications. Here we mention three examples. One pattern is observed by defining the aggregate expression of immunoglobulin genes (which have no homology) as a measure of different levels of an immune response. In Lung, we used this statistic to find genes that have significantly higher expression in low/moderate response, and thus they may be therapy targets: increasing their expression or mimicking their function with medications may help in recovery from inflammation in the lungs. Some of the observed associations are common to human and mouse; other associations involve genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling or in regeneration but were not known to be important in Lung. Second pattern is that in the Small Intestine, mouse expresses much less antimicrobial defensins, while it has much higher expression of enzymes that are found to improve adaptive immune response. Such enzymes may be tested if they improve probiotic supplements that help in gut inflammation and other diseases. Another pattern involves a many-to-many homology group of defensins that did not have a described function. In human tissues, expression of its genes was found only in a study of a disease of hair covered skin, but several of its genes are highly expressed in two tissues of our panel: mouse Skin and to a lesser degree mouse Vagina. This suggests that those genes or their homologs in other species may provide non-antibiotic medications for hair covered skin and other tissues with microbiome that includes fungi.
Demuxalot: scaled up genetic demultiplexing for single-cell sequencing

Demultiplexing methods have facilitated the widespread use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) experiments by lowering costs and reducing technical variations. Here, we present demuxalot: a method for probabilistic genotype inference from aligned reads, with no assumptions about allele ratios and efficient incorporation of prior genotype information from historical experiments in a multi-batch setting. Our method efficiently incorporates additional information across reads originating from the same transcript, enabling up to 3x more calls per read relative to naive approaches. We also propose a novel and highly performant tradeoff between methods that rely on reference genotypes and methods that learn variants from the data, by selecting a small number of highly informative variants that maximize the marginal information with respect to reference single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Our resulting improved SNV-based demultiplex method is up to 3x faster, 3x more data efficient, and achieves significantly more accurate doublet discrimination than previously published methods. This approach renders scRNAseq feasible for the kind of large multi-batch, multi-donor studies that are required to prosecute diseases with heterogeneous genetic backgrounds.
Impact of Type II LRRK2 inhibitors on signaling and mitophagy

Much effort has been devoted to the development of selective inhibitors of the LRRK2 as a potential treatment for LRRK2 driven Parkinson’s disease. In this study we first compare the properties of Type I (GSK3357679A and MLi-2) and Type II (GZD-824, Rebastinib and Ponatinib) kinase inhibitors that bind to the closed or open conformations of the LRRK2 kinase domain, respectively. We show that Type I and Type II inhibitors suppress phosphorylation of Rab10 and Rab12, key physiological substrates of LRRK2 and also promote mitophagy, a process suppressed by LRRK2. Type II inhibitors also display higher potency towards wild type LRRK2 compared to pathogenic mutants. Unexpectedly, we find that Type II inhibitors, in contrast to Type I compounds, fail to induce dephosphorylation of a set of well-studied LRRK2 biomarker phosphorylation sites at the N-terminal region of LRRK2, including Ser935. These findings emphasize that the biomarker phosphorylation sites on LRRK2 are likely reporting on the open vs closed conformation of LRRK2 kinase and that only inhibitors which stabilize the closed conformation induce dephosphorylation of these biomarker sites. Finally, we demonstrate that the LRRK2[A2016T] mutant which is resistant to MLi-2 Type 1 inhibitor, also induces resistance to GZD-824 and Rebastinib suggesting this mutation could be exploited to distinguish off target effects of Type II inhibitors. Our observations provide a framework of knowledge to aide with the development of more selective Type II LRRK2 inhibitors.
Morpho-functional characterization of the endo-lysosomal system by high-throughput correlative light-electron microscopy

Rab5, EEA1 and APPL1 are frequently used in fluorescence microscopy to mark early endosomes, whereas Rab7 is used as marker for late endosomes and lysosomes. However, since these proteins localize poorly in immuno-electron microscopy, systematic studies on their ultrastructural distributions are lacking. Here we address this gap by presenting a quantitative, high-throughput, on-section correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) approach using the sensitivity of fluorescence microscopy to infer label to hundreds of organelles classified by ultrastructure. We show that Rab5 predominantly marks small, endocytic vesicles and early endosomes. EEA1 co-localizes with Rab5 on especially early endosomes, but unexpectedly also labels Rab5-negative late endosomes and even lysosomes. APPL1 is restricted to small Rab5-positive, vesicular profiles without any visible content or ultrastructural marks. Rab7 primarily labels late endosomes and lysosomes. Our studies reveal the first ultrastructural distribution of key endosomal proteins at their endogenous levels and introduce CLEM as sensitive alternative for quantitative immuno-EM.
Predicting behavior through dynamic modes in resting-state fMRI data

Dynamic properties of resting-state functional connectivity (FC) provide rich information on brainbehavior relationships. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has been used as a method to characterize FC dynamics. However, it remains unclear whether dynamic modes (DMs), spatial-temporal coherent patterns computed by DMD, provide information about individual behavioral differences. This study established a methodological approach to predict individual differences in behavior using DMs. Furthermore, we investigated the contribution of DMs within each of seven specific frequency bands (0-0.1,…,0.6–0.7 Hz) for prediction. To validate our approach, we confirmed whether each of 59 behavioral measures could be predicted by performing multivariate pattern analysis on a gram matrix, which was created using subject-specific DMs computed from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data of individuals. The prediction was successful, and DMD outperformed temporal independent component analysis, a conventional data decomposition method for extracting spatial activity patterns. Most of the behavioral measures that showed significant prediction accuracies in a permutation test were cognitive-behavioral measures. Our results suggested that DMs within frequency bands <0.2 Hz primarily contributed to prediction. In addition, we found that DMs <0.2 Hz had spatial structures similar to several common resting-state networks. We demonstrated the effectiveness of DMs, indicating that DMD is a key approach for extracting spatiotemporal features from rs-fMRI data.
Afferent connections of cytoarchitectural area 6M and surrounding cortex in the marmoset: putative homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

Cortical projections to the caudomedial frontal cortex were studied using retrograde tracers in marmosets. We tested the hypothesis that cytoarchitectural area 6M includes homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas (SMA and preSMA) of other primates. We found that, irrespective of the injection sites’ location within 6M, over half of the labeled neurons were located in motor and premotor areas. Other connections originated in prefrontal area 8b, ventral anterior and posterior cingulate areas, somatosensory areas (3a and 1-2), and areas on the rostral aspect of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Although the origin of afferents was similar, injections in rostral 6M received higher percentages of prefrontal afferents, and fewer somatosensory afferents, compared to caudal injections, compatible with differentiation into SMA and preSMA. Injections rostral to 6M (area 8b) revealed a very different set of connections, with increased emphasis in prefrontal and posterior cingulate afferents, and fewer parietal afferents. The connections of 6M were also quantitatively different from those of M1, dorsal premotor areas, and cingulate motor area 24d. These results show that the cortical motor control circuit is conserved in simian primates, indicating that marmosets can be valuable models for studying movement planning and control.
Intranasal vasopressin like oxytocin increases social attention by influencing top-down control, but additionally enhances bottom-up control

The respective roles of the neuropeptides arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) in modulating social cognition and for therapeutic intervention in autism spectrum disorder have not been fully established. In particular, while numerous studies have demonstrated effects of oxytocin in promoting social attention the role of AVP has not been examined. The present study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLC)-controlled between-subject design to explore the social- and emotion-specific effects of AVP on both bottom-up and topdown attention processing with a validated emotional anti-saccade eye-tracking paradigm in 80 male subjects (PLC = 40, AVP = 40). Our findings showed that AVP increased the error rate for social (angry, fearful, happy, neutral and sad faces) but not non-social (oval shapes) stimuli during the anti-saccade condition and reduced error rates in the pro-saccade condition. Comparison of these findings with a previous study (sample size: PLC = 33, OXT = 33) using intranasal oxytocin revealed similar effects of the two peptides on anti-saccade errors but a significantly greater effect of AVP on pro-saccades. Both peptides also produced a post-task anxiolytic effect by reducing state anxiety. Together these findings suggested that both AVP and OXT decrease goal-directed top-down attention control to social salient stimuli but that AVP more potently increased bottom-up social attentional processing.
Parental mental health literacy and stigmatizing beliefs

ABSTRACT This descriptive study examined parents’ knowledge of and attitudes about child and adolescent mental health, referred to here as parental mental health literacy (MHL). A sample of parents responded to vignettes about children and adolescents experiencing symptoms of ADHD, depression, and psychosis. Parents’ MHL varied widely in response to the different vignettes, with respondents showing greater knowledge and less stigmatizing attitudes about ADHD than about the other mental health disorders presented in the vignettes. Social workers are encouraged to be more active in increasing parental MHL and educating the public to reduce stigma around child and adolescent mental health problems.
Adaptive fuzzy hierarchical sliding mode control of uncertain under-actuated switched nonlinear systems with actuator faults

This paper aims at putting forward an adaptive fuzzy hierarchical sliding mode control method to deal with the control problem for uncertain under-actuated switched nonlinear systems with actuator faults. First, both the bias fault and the loss of effectiveness are considered for the actuator faults. Then, the unknown uncertain functions of the under-actuated switched nonlinear system are approximated by utilising the approximation ability of fuzzy logic systems (FLSs). The error terms caused by FLSs and the upper bound of the bias signal of the actuator faults are integrated into a function where the upper bound of the function is on-line estimated. Furthermore, the singular problem of denominators can be well solved by introducing the projection algorithm. Based on our proposed control scheme, the boundedness of all the signals in the closed-loop system can be verified by resorting to the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, a simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
A New Approach of Sperm Motility Subpopulation Structure in Donkey and Horse

This study aimed to characterize the sperm kinematic values with high frames per second, to define the subpopulation structure of a horse and a donkey and compare them. A total of 57 fresh semen ejaculates (26 Spanish and 16 Arabian horse breeds and 10 donkeys) were collected and subsequently analyzed for kinematic parameters using the Computer-aided sperm motility analysis ISAS®v1.2 system and using a Spermtrack® 10-μm depth counting chamber. Sequences were recorded at 250 frames per second, and eight kinematic parameters were automatically evaluated. All kinematic parameters showed significant differences between a donkey and a horse and between horse breeds. All ejaculates evaluated showed excellent semen motility characteristics, with significantly higher values for all kinematic parameters for donkeys compared with horses except for beat-cross frequency. Donkey sperm was faster and linear than the horse. Regarding horse breeds differences, the Spanish horse had higher average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, and beat-cross frequency compared with the Arabian horse. Spanish horse sperm was rapid, but Arab horse was more linear. The principal component analysis showed three sperm subpopulations in the ejaculate of donkeys and horses with a significantly different motility characteristic between them. The dominant subpopulation for both donkey and horse was for rapid, straight, and linear with a high beat sperm (38.2 and 41.7%, respectively), whereas the lowest subpopulation was for the slowest and non-linear sperms. This, plus slight differences in the distribution of these subpopulations between Arabian and Spanish horses, were found. In conclusion, higher frames permitted to have a new interpretation of motile subpopulations with species and breed differences. More so, future works on donkey and horse breed spermatozoa should take into account differences between breeds that may interfere and alter the real analysis performed.