Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of state intervention in the financial sector: Crisis prevention, containment, and resolution

This paper discusses the role of state intervention for prevention, containment, and resolution of financial crises based mainly on the Korean experience during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Crises in emerging market and developing economies tend to be more complicated than those faced by advanced economies because they are twin crises : financial and currency crises. Such crises require the development of a comprehensive strategy covering the stabilization of the domestic financial market and the foreign exchange market, closely coordinated responses by different government bodies, an extraordinary effort for financial restructuring, and the introduction of a new regulatory framework. This effort should be based on an effective crisis management team of experts given a clear mandate with well defined power; strong political support; effective communication with the market players, both domestic and foreign; and sufficient mobilization of public funds. In this regard, this paper emphasizes the importance of building a reliable information base, prompt actions, orchestrating political consensus, and a balanced approach to restructuring and regulation among different types of financial institutions. The paper also highlights the need for a new international financial architecture matching the rapid integration into the global market of the financial markets of emerging and developing economies while their currency remains non-convertible.
Speech perception by the chinchilla: discrimination of sustained /a/ and /i/.

Four chinchillas were trained to respond differently to sustained ‖a‖ and ‖i‖. The ensemble of vowels included two repetitions of each of the vowels by each of four talkers at each of three pitch levels for a total of 24 ‖a‖’s and 24 ‖i‖’s. The sound levels of the vowels were randomly changed from trial to trial over a 10‐dB range. The animals easily transferred the training to a new set of vowels produced by 24 new talkers. Subsequently, the animals similarly transferred to synthetic ‖a‖’s and ‖i‖’s. The only relevant difference between the synthetic vowels was their formant structure, while there were irrelevant differences in their pitch contours. We conclude that the chinchilla can abstract some essential difference(s) between sustained ‖a‖ and ‖i‖ and ignore irrelevant variations of sound level, pitch level, pitch contour, and voice quality. These results are discussed in terms of perceptual learning and auditory concept formation.Subject Classification: 70.30; 65.75; 80.50.
Control of In vitro contamination of explants from greenhouse- and field-grown trees

SummaryControlling fungal and bacterial contamination of woody plant material can be extremely difficult. Isothiazolone biocides and sodium dichloroisocyanurate have been used singly and in combination to reduce microbial contamination in bud explants derived from greenhouse- and field-grown citrus trees. Explants from greenhouse-grown trees were effectively disinfested (<5% vs. 85% contamination) using a ‘standard’ disinfestation (SD) procedure followed by culture on medium containing 5 ml l−1 Plant Preservative Mixture, or by the SD procedure but substituting 300 ppm sodium dichloroisocyanurate for 48 h for the treatment with 1.05% NaOCl in the SD procedure. Disinfestation of explants from field-grown trees was less effective than explants from the greenhouse, but was improved (10% vs. 47% contamination) by using a combination of the SD procedure with 1.05% NaOCl, or 100 or 300 ppm sodium dichloroisocyanurate followed by culture onto medium containing 5 ml l−1 Plant Preservative Mixture.
Oligodendrogliomas: Reproducibility and Prognostic Value of Histologic Diagnosis and Grading

Prognostic value of histological grading of oligodendroglial tumors is controversial and interobserver reproducibility in grading of these tumors is unknown. Seven neuropathologists and 6 surgical pathologists experienced in brain tumor diagnosis assessed 124 oligodendroglial tumors operated at the Mayo Clinic (1960–1990). Among histologic parameters upon which current oligodendroglioma grading systems are based, only high cellularity, presence of mitoses, microcalcifications, endothelial hypertrophy, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis appeared to be reproducible. Reproducible histologic features, based on consensus ratings among neuropathologists (defined as >60%), were evaluated for the association with cause-specific survival by fitting Cox regression models. By univariate analysis, a significant association with survival was found for age, high cellularity, presence of mitoses, endothelial hypertrophy and proliferation and necrosis. On multivariable analysis with a stepwise variable selection method, only age and presence of endothelial proliferation were found to be independently associated with survival with a discriminatory index of the model of 0.68. Mitotic index was significantly associated with survival based on the grading from each separate neuropathologist, but it was not based on consensus, most likely because this was classified as indeterminate in 54% of cases. Alternatively, “models fit” considering the assessment of single neuropathologists, identified a model based on age and on mitotic index with similar discriminatory indices of 0.69–0.7. Our study found few factors independently associated with cause specific-survival among morphological parameters. These findings are consistent with the present WHO stratification of oligodendrogliomas into low- and high-grade variants.
Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Binds to the Promoter Region of the Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate Receptor Type 1 Gene to Enhance Its Expression*

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a multiply palmitoylated, endofacial membrane protein originally identified based on its capacity to promote accelerated transbilayer phospholipid movement in response to Ca2+. Recent evidence suggests that this protein also participates in cell response to various growth factors and cytokines, influencing myeloid differentiation, tumor growth, and the antiviral activity of interferon. Whereas plasma membrane PLSCR1 was shown to be required for normal recruitment and activation of Src kinase by stimulated cell surface growth factor receptors, PLSCR1 was also found to traffic into the nucleus and to tightly bind to genomic DNA, suggesting a possible additional nuclear function. We now report evidence that PLSCR1 directly binds to the 5′-promoter region of the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 gene (IP3R1) to enhance expression of the receptor. Probing a CpG island genomic library with PLSCR1 as bait identified four clones with avidity for PLSCR1, including a 191-bp fragment of the IP3R1 promoter. Using electrophoretic mobility shift and transcription reporter assays, the PLSCR1-binding site in IP3R1 was mapped to residues -101GTAACCATGTGGA-89, and the segment spanning Met86-Glu118 in PLSCR1 was identified to mediate its transcriptional activity. The significance of this interaction between PLSCR1 and IP3R1 in situ was confirmed by comparing levels of IP3R1 mRNA and protein in matched cells that either expressed or were deficient in PLSCR1. These data suggest that in addition to its role at the plasma membrane, effects of PLSCR1 on cell proliferative and maturational responses may also relate to alterations in expression of cellular IP3 receptors.
The experiences of Polish migrant workers in the UK hospitality industry.

Although the hospitality industry has historically relied on migrant workers, the influx of Poles to the UK following EU Enlargement in 2004 resulted in the unprecedented increase in numbers of those taking up jobs in the UK hospitality industry. Poland, being the largest of the new member states, became the largest supplier of labour from Central and Eastern European countries. Despite the sector's poor image of being low-skilled, badly paid, physically demanding and lacking clear career prospects, the industry has attracted many educated Poles who were able to fill problematic vacancies. The purpose of this research is to examine the experiences of Polish migrant workers in the UK's hospitality industry. It explores who the Polish workers employed in hospitality are as well as looking at the reasons for choosing to work in the sector. On this theme, the migrants' give their views on the UK hospitality sector and what they bring to and learn or gain from working in hospitality. Finally, the research investigates the role that hospitality plays in the adaptation of Polish migrants into life in the UK, which places the research in the wider social context of current migration issues and labour market influences. In order to achieve the research aim, a mixed method approach was employed using an online questionnaire, interviews and netnography - ethnography adapted to study online communities. The online questionnaire was distributed across fora for Poles and it collected 315 usable questionnaires. The choice of these research methods was shaped by the characteristics of the Polish community living in the UK, a mobile community of migrants, who use the internet extensively at various stages of the migration process. The findings of this research show that Polish migrants in the UK hospitality sector are young, below the age of 30, predominantly female and highly qualified. Despite the latter characteristic, migrants' methods for accessing employment point to a high level of informality; they find work through friends and family or by visiting hotel premises. Furthermore, migrants' views on hospitality as an occupation are diverse; satisfaction is derived from a lively and social environment, flexibility and career progression. Conversely, a 24/7/365 culture, pay rates and poor management are sources of disappointment. It is evident that migrant workers treat working experiences as investments, as 'stepping stones' to a better future. They felt that they acquired a range of new skills; the knowledge of the local labour market and local work experience, interpersonal and social skills and, most importantly: 'language capital'. The findings of this research demonstrate that the hospitality environment facilitates migrants' adaptation to life in the UK, providing social activities and a language- learning environment, allowing migrants to develop relationships with other groups; host nationals, Poles and other migrants.
Effects of Take-Over Requests and Cultural Background on Automation Trust in Highly Automated Driving

Appropriate automation trust is a prerequisite for safe, comfortable and efficient use of highly automated driving systems (HADS). Earlier research indicates that a drivers’ nationality and Take-Over Requests (TOR) due to imperfect system reliability might affect trust, but this has never been investigated in the context of highly automated driving. A driving simulator study (N = 80) showed that TORs only temporarily lowered trust in HADSs, and revealed similarities in trust formation between German and Chinese drivers. Trust was significantly higher after experiencing the system than before, both for German and Chinese participants. However, Chinese drivers reported significantly higher automation mistrust than German drivers. Self-report measures of automation trust were not connected to behavioral measures. The results support a distinction between automation trust and mistrust as separate constructs, short- and long-term effects of TORs on automation trust, and cultural differences in automation trust.
Five-decade profile of women in leadership positions at ophthalmic publications.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the balance between the sexes of published ophthalmic material at the editorial, reviewer, and author levels. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 3 journals, American Journal of Ophthalmology, Archives of Ophthalmology, and Ophthalmology, for 1969, 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009. The data were compared with ophthalmologist-in-training and physician profile in major contributing states from North America and Europe during the same period. RESULTS Of the 3 major ophthalmology journals, none had a female editor-in-chief. For all journals, the proportion of editorial board members who were women increased from 3.3% in 1969 to 18.8% in 2009. For all journals and all years, women composed a higher proportion of first authors (29.2% in 2009) compared with senior authors (22.9% in 2009), reviewers (18.9% in 2009), or assistant editors (12.5% in 2009). There was an abrupt shift toward women after 1989 in first authorship in Ophthalmology (1969, 4.6%; 1979, 5.4%; 1989, 12.3%; and 1999, 20.2%), Archives of Ophthalmology (1969, 6.6%; 1979, 5.1%; 1989, 15.6%; and 1999, 28.6%), and American Journal of Ophthalmology (1969, 5.6%; 1979, 4.2%; 1989, 9.2%; and 1999, 23.9%). There was also an abrupt increase in female senior authorship for American Journal of Ophthalmology after 1989 (1979, 8.5%; 1989, 8.1%; and 1999, 18.3%). The increase in female first authorship during the 5 decades was parallel with the increase in US female physicians. CONCLUSIONS Women ophthalmologists are authoring publications in increasing numbers that match their prevalence in the academic and overall workforce. However, all editors are men. This discrepancy relates to the relatively younger generation of female ophthalmologists or selection bias, a subject that requires further investigation.
The Effects of Board Characteristics on Loan Covenants: An Empirical Analysis

The objective of this study is to determine which characteristics of a companys board of directors that are generally favored by the shareholders (specifically, higher level of independence, smaller board size, higher equity ownership, and presence of financial experts), are also used by creditors to reduce the intensity of loan covenants. Using a sample of 2,095 loans from DealScan database for the period between 1996 and 2009, we find that creditors board preferences are different from those of the shareholders for three of the four main board characteristics. Specifically, we find that a lower covenant intensity index is associated with greater board independence, greater board size, lower equity ownership by directors, and less financial expertise on board. We also find that a lower covenant intensity index is associated with greater audit committee independence and compensation committee independence, as well as greater audit committee size.
Does Technology Lead to Better Financial Performance? A Study of Indian Commercial Banks

It has been a matter of debate whether Technology provides better financial results and improves productivity. The present paper attempts to study the inter-group comparison of financial performance of Indian banks by classifying the banks on the basis of usage of Technology. Further, for the purpose of temporal comparison, the period for the study has been divided into two parts, i. e. low technology induction period and high technology induction period. Findings of the paper show that the fully IT oriented banks are financially better off than the partially IT oriented banks. Moreover, the performance of almost all the banks under study has tremendously improved in the high technology induction period. However, for the Indian banking industry, the correlation between Technology induction and financial productivity is negative though statistically insignificant and low.
Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance

This paper has outlined a strategy proposed by an IOM study committee for a quality review and assurance program for Medicare. The committee intended that such a program respond to several major issues, including: the burdens of harm of poor quality of care (poor performance of clinicians in both technical and interpersonal ways, unnecessary and inappropriate services, and lack of needed and appropriate services); difficulties and incentives presented by the organization and financing of healthcare; the state of scientific knowledge; the problems of adversarial, punitive, and burdensome external QA activities and the need to foster successful internal, organization-based QA programs; the adequacy of quality review and assurance methods and tools; and the human and financial resources for quality assurance. In comparison with the existing federal peer review organization program, the IOM's proposed program is intended to focus far more directly on quality assurance, cover all major settings of care, emphasize both a wide range of patient outcomes and the process of care, and have a greatly expanded program evaluation component and greater public oversight and accountability. In laying out the details of such a program, the IOM committee advanced 10 recommendations to support its proposed program. Two of these call for the Secretary of DHHS to support and expand research and educational activities designed to improve the nation's knowledge base and capacity for quality assurance. Finally, the committee emphasized both the extraordinary challenges of quality assurance and the diversity of support for addressing those challenges, noting that patients, providers, and societal agents all have a responsibility in this regard. Building the nation's capacity through additional research and expanded educational efforts is a major cornerstone of the entire enterprise.
A Meta-Analysis of Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment In 463 Scapular Neck Fractures

Background and Aims: Treatment of scapular neck fractures remains controversial. Advantages of surgical treatments, such as anatomical restoration of fracture displacement, are counterbalanced by approach morbidity. We conducted a meta-analysis of 463 scapular neck fractures and compared clinical, functional, and radiographical outcomes in operatively and nonoperatively treated scapular neck fractures. Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted, including the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Manuscripts were included if they reported a precise description of treatment, complications, functional outcomes, and/or radiographic evaluation. Data about day-to-day activities, level of pain-freeness, range of motion, functional grading, and radiographical assessment were pooled and compared using fixed effects models. Results and Conclusions: A total of 22 manuscripts were relevant, including 1 prospective cohort study and 21 retrospective studies. The studies showed a high heterogeneity in the result assessment. Most patients had concomitant injuries. In total, 234 out of the 463 fractures were treated operatively. Pain-freeness and radiographic outcome measurements were significantly better in the operatively treated group, whereas range of motion was significantly improved in the nonoperative treated patients. Complication rate for surgical treatment was about 10%. From the achievable data, there was no bias detected when comparing the two treatment groups. However, those data could not be analyzed for all included studies. For the same reason, the role of additional surgical treatment for concomitant injuries to the shoulder girdle could not be cleared completely. Caution should be exercised, and individual injury patterns have to be taken into consideration when considering the best treatment options.
Miz‐1 and Max compete to engage c‐Myc: implication for the mechanism of inhibition of c‐Myc transcriptional activity by Miz‐1

c‐Myc is a basic helix‐loop‐helix leucine zipper (b‐HLH‐LZ) transcription factor deregulated in the majority of human cancers. As a heterodimer with Max, another b‐HLH‐LZ transcription factor, deregulated and persistent c‐Myc accumulates at transcriptionally active promoters and enhancers and amplifies transcription. This leads to the so‐called transcriptional addiction of tumor cells. Recent studies have showed that c‐Myc transcriptional activities can be reversed by its association with Miz‐1, a POZ transcription factor containing 13 classical zinc fingers. Although evidences have led to suggest that c‐Myc interacts with both Miz‐1 and Max to form a ternary repressive complex, earlier evidences also suggest that Miz‐1 and Max may compete to engage c‐Myc. In such a scenario, the Miz‐1/c‐Myc complex would be the entity responsible for the inhibition of c‐Myc transcriptional amplification. Considering the implications of the Miz‐1/c‐Myc interaction, it is highly important to solve this duality. While two potential c‐Myc interacting domains (hereafter termed MID) have been identified in Miz‐1 by yeast two‐hybrid, with the b‐HLH‐LZ as a bait, the biophysical characterization of these interactions has not been reported so far. Here, we report that the MID located between the 12th and 13th zinc finger of Miz‐1 and the b‐HLH‐LZ of Max compete to form a complex with the b‐HLH‐LZ of c‐Myc. Our results support the notion that the repressive action of Miz‐1 on c‐Myc does not rely on the formation of a ternary complex. The implications of these observations for the mechanism of inhibition of c‐Myc transcriptional activity by Miz‐1 are discussed. Proteins 2017; 85:199–206. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Early Class III Protraction Facemask Treatment Effective? A Multicentre, Randomized, Controlled Trial: 15‐month Follow‐up

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of early class III protraction facemask treatment in children under 10 years of age. Design Multicentre, randomized controlled trial Setting Eight UK hospital orthodontic units. Subjects and methods Seventy‐three patients were randomly allocated, stratified for gender, into an early class III protraction facemask group (PFG) (n = 35) and a control/no treatment group (CG) (n = 38). Outcomes Dentofacial changes from lateral cephalograms and occlusal changes using the peer assessment rating (PAR). Self‐esteem was assessed using the Piers–Harris children's self‐concept scale, and the psychosocial impact of malocclusion with an oral aesthetic subjective impact scores (OASIS) questionnaire. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) signs and symptoms were also recorded. The time points for data collection were at registration (DC1) and 15 months later (DC2). Results The following mean skeletal and occlusal changes occurred from the class III starting point: SNA, PFG moved forwards 1·4° (CG forward 0·3°; P = 0·018); SNB, PFG moved backwards −0·7° (CG forward 0·8°; P<0·001); ANB, PFG class III base improved +2·1° (CG worsened by −0·5°; P<0·001). This contributed to an overall difference in ANB between PFG and CG of 2·6° in favour of early protraction facemask treatment. The overjet improved +4·4 mm in the PFG and marginally changed +0·3 mm in the CG (P<0·001). A 32·2% improvement in PAR was shown in the PFG and the CG worsened by 8·6%. There was no increased self‐esteem (Piers–Harris score) for treated children compared with controls (P = 0·22). However, there was a reduced impact of malocclusion (OASIS score) for the PFG compared with the CG (P = 0·003), suggesting treatment resulted in slightly less concern about the tooth appearance. TMJ signs and symptoms were very low at DC1 and DC2 and none were reported during active facemask treatment. Conclusions Early class III orthopaedic treatment, with protraction facemask, in patients under 10 years of age, is skeletally and dentally effective in the short term and does not result in TMJ dysfunction. Seventy per cent of patients had successful treatment, defined as achieving a positive overjet. However, early treatment does not seem to confer a clinically significant psychosocial benefit.
Changes in Regulation of a Transcription Factor Lead to Autogamy in Cultivated Tomatoes

We report the cloning of Style2.1, the major quantitative trait locus responsible for a key floral attribute (style length) associated with the evolution of self-pollination in cultivated tomatoes. The gene encodes a putative transcription factor that regulates cell elongation in developing styles. The transition from cross-pollination to self-pollination was accompanied, not by a change in the STYLE2.1 protein, but rather by a mutation in the Style2.1 promoter that results in a down-regulation of Style2.1 expression during flower development.