Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coherence equals cohesion-or does it?

Traditionally, cohesion of a software component is evaluated as the similarity of its constituent parts. It may be more appropriate to measure functional coherence, or coherence of usage of a component, by analyzing external usage patterns of component's clients. We define an appropriate measure, starting from a generic system model and its associated mechanism for calculating object sizes. We show that the new measure satisfies some, but not all, of the properties that a cohesion measure is expected to satisfy. We also provide some intuitive examples to illustrate the concept and its possible uses.
Algebraic conditions for indirect controllability in quantum coherent feedback schemes

In coherent feedback control schemes a target quantum system S is put in contact with an auxiliary system A and the coherent control can directly affect only A. The system S is controlled indirectly through the interaction with A. The system S is said to be indirectly controllable if every unitary transformation can be performed on the state of S with this scheme. In this paper we show how indirect controllability of S is equivalent to complete controllability of the combined system S + A, if the dimension of A is ≥ 3. In the case where the dimension of A is equal to 2, it is possible to have indirect controllability without having complete controllability of S +A and we give sufficient conditions for this to happen. We conjecture that these conditions are also necessary. The results of the paper extend the result of [5] and expand the results of [6] to systems of arbitrary dimensions.
Detection of heat and cold waves in Montevergine time series (1884–2015)

Abstract. In recent years, extreme events related to cooling and heating have taken high resonance, motivating the scientific community to carry out an intensive research activity, aimed to detect their variability and frequency. In this work, we have investigated about the frequency, the duration, the severity and the intensity of heat and cold waves in a Southern Italy high-altitude region, by analysing the climatological time series collected in Montevergine observatory. Following the guidelines provided by CLIVAR project (Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability and Change), we have adopted indicators based on percentiles and duration to define a heat wave and cold event. Main results have highlighted a strong and significant positive trend in the last 40 years (1974–2015) in heat waves frequency, severity and intensity. On the contrary, in recent decades, cold wave events have exhibited a significant and positive trend only in intensity. Moreover, through the usage of two Wavelet Analysis tools, the Cross Wavelet Transform and the Wavelet Coherence, we have investigated about the connections between the extreme temperature events occurred in Montevergine and the large-scale atmospheric patterns. The heat wave events have exhibited relevant relationships with the Western European Zonal Circulation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, whereas the variability of cold wave events have shown linkages with the Eastern Mediterranean Pattern and the North Sea Caspian Pattern. In addition, the main features of synoptic patterns that have caused summer heat waves and winter cold waves in Montevergine site are presented.
The importance of the size of the digital dividend when digital dividend spectrum is auctioned

This paper simulates a 'service-neutral' digital dividend auction, considering three different amounts of spectrum (48 MHz, 80 MHz and 120 MHz). For this, an efficient simulator for combinatorial first-price sealed bid auctions has been implemented. The results show rather coherently that the price per lot is higher the smaller the amount of spectrum auctioned and that companies from the mobile environment will most probably emerge as main winners from these digital dividend auctions. These research findings are particularly important as the sharing out of the digital dividend represents a unique opportunity for putting a precious amount of radio electric spectrum at the disposal of other services, particularly for the development of new generations of mobile communications.
Simple Estimation of the Endolymphatic Volume Ratio after Intravenous Administration of a Single-dose of Gadolinium Contrast

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of a simple estimation for the endolymphatic volume ratio (endolymph volume/total lymph volume = %ELvolume) from an area ratio obtained from only one slice (%EL1slice) or from three slices (%EL3slices). The %ELvolume, calculated from a time-consuming measurement on all magnetic resonance (MR) slices, was compared to the %EL1slice and the %EL3slices. Methods: In 40 ears of 20 patients with a clinical suspicion of endolymphatic hydrops, MR imaging was performed 4 hours after intravenous administration of a single dose of gadolinium-based contrast material (IV-SD-GBCM). Using previously reported HYDROPS2-Mi2 MR imaging, the %ELvolume values in the cochlea and the vestibule were measured separately by two observers. The correlations between the %EL1slice or the %EL3slices and the %ELvolume values were evaluated. Results: A strong linear correlation was observed between the %ELvolume and the %EL3slices or the %EL1slice in the cochlea. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.968 (3 slices) and 0.965 (1 slice) for observer A, and 0.968 (3 slices) and 0.964 (1 slice) for observer B (P < 0.001, for all). A strong linear correlation was also observed between the %ELvolume and the %EL3slices or the %EL1slice in the vestibule. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.980 (3 slices) and 0.953 (1 slice) for observer A, and 0.979 (3 slices) and 0.952 (1 slice) for observer B (P < 0.001, for all). The high intra-class correlation coefficients (0.991–0.997) between the endolymph volume ratios by two observers were observed in both the cochlea and the vestibule for values of the %ELvolume, the %EL3slices and the %EL1slice. Conclusion: The %ELvolume might be easily estimated from the %EL3slices or the %EL1slice.
On the impact of active covariance matrix adaptation in the CMA-ES with mirrored mutations and small initial population size on the noiseless BBOB testbed

Mirrored mutations as well as active covariance matrix adaptation are two techniques that have been introduced into the well-known CMA-ES algorithm for numerical optimization. Here, we investigate the impact of active covariance matrix adaptation in the IPOP-CMA-ES with mirrored mutation and a small initial population size. Active covariance matrix adaptation improves the performance on 8 of the 24 benchmark functions of the noiseless BBOB test bed. The effect is the largest on the ill-conditioned functions with the largest improvement on the discus function where the expected runtime is more than halved. On the other hand, no statistically significant adverse effects can be observed.
Discriminating between normal and glaucomatous eyes using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer, and Optical Coherence Tomograph.

OBJECTIVE To compare the ability of 3 instruments, the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer (GDx), and the Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT), to discriminate between healthy eyes and eyes with early to moderate glaucomatous visual field loss. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with early to moderate glaucomatous visual field loss and 50 healthy subjects were included in the study. The HRT, GDx, and OCT imaging and visual field testing were completed on 1 eye from each subject within a 6-month interval. Statistical differences in sensitivity at fixed specificities of 85%, 90%, and 95% were evaluated. In addition, areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were compared. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the area under the ROC curve and the best parameter from each instrument: OCT thickness at the 5-o'clock inferior temporal position (mean +/- SE, 0.87 +/- 0.04), HRT mean height contour in the nasal inferior region (mean +/- SE, 0.86 +/- 0.04), and GDx linear discriminant function (mean +/- SE, 0.84 +/- 0.04). Twelve HRT, 2 GDx, and 9 OCT parameters had an area under the ROC curve of at least 0.81. At a fixed specificity of 90%, significant differences were found between the sensitivity of OCT thickness at the 5-o'clock inferior temporal position (71%) and parameters with sensitivities less than 52%. Qualitative assessment of stereophotographs resulted in a sensitivity of 80%. CONCLUSION Although the area under the ROC curves was similar among the best parameters from each instrument, qualitative assessment of stereophotographs and measurements from the OCT and HRT generally had higher sensitivities than measurements from the GDx.
Miedo o engaño: el encuadramiento de los atentados terroristas del 11-M en Madrid y la rendición de cuentas electoral

En el penultimo dia de la campana electoral de las elecciones generales del 14 de marzo de 2004, se perpetraron tres ataques terroristas en Madrid. 192 personas fueron asesinadas y 1.430 resultaron heridas. Tres dias antes de las elecciones, el Partido Popular (PP) del presidente Aznar estaba 5 puntos porcentuales por delante en las encuestas. La victoria del PSOE no estaba prevista en las encuestas: ? que influencia tuvieron los medios tradicionales, en especial la prensa y la radio? En suma, ? como emplearon los actores sus estrategias de encuadramiento (framing) para (re-) asignar la culpa por los politizados atentados terroristas?
Lymphotoxin expression in human and murine renal allografts

The kidney is the most frequently transplanted solid organ. Recruitment of inflammatory cells, ranging from diffuse to nodular accumulations with defined microarchitecture, is a hallmark of acute and chronic renal allograft injury. Lymphotoxins (LTs) mediate the communication of lymphocytes and stromal cells and play a pivotal role in chronic inflammation and formation of lymphoid tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of members of the LT system in acute rejection (AR) and chronic renal allograft injury such as transplant glomerulopathy (TG) and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA). We investigated differentially regulated components in transcriptomes of human renal allograft biopsies. By microarray analysis, we found the upregulation of LTβ, LIGHT, HVEM and TNF receptors 1 and 2 in AR and IFTA in human renal allograft biopsies. In addition, there was clear evidence for the activation of the NFκB pathway, most likely a consequence of LTβ receptor stimulation. In human renal allograft biopsies with transplant glomerulopathy (TG) two distinct transcriptional patterns of LT activation were revealed. By quantitative RT-PCR robust upregulation of LTα, LTβ and LIGHT was shown in biopsies with borderline lesions and AR. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of LTβ in tubular epithelial cells and inflammatory infiltrates in transplant biopsies with AR and IFTA. Finally, activation of LT signaling was reproduced in a murine model of renal transplantation with AR. In summary, our results indicate a potential role of the LT system in acute renal allograft rejection and chronic transplant injury. Activation of the LT system in allograft rejection in rodents indicates a species independent mechanism. The functional role of the LT system in acute renal allograft rejection and chronic injury remains to be determined.
Principios de fisioterapia en osteoporosis

La osteoporosis, considerada actualmente como una pandemia, afecta a un amplio numero de personas, tanto mujeres como hombres, lo que implica elevadas consecuencias economicas y sociales, de entre las cuales destacamos el dolor, la incapacidad y el riesgo de fractura. Su etiologia es diversa, pudiendo ser primaria (postmenopausica, senil,�) y secundaria (tras inmovilizacion, desequilibrios endocrinos y metabolicos, o bien, enfermedades de tipo digestivo). En todas ellas, una vez instaurada la patologia, la fisioterapia desempena un papel incuestionable, pero es en la prevencion de la aparicion de la osteoporosis donde esta profesion debe actuar, evitando la afectacion del hueso sano.
Molecular Diagnosis of Antibody‐Mediated Rejection in Human Kidney Transplants

Antibody‐mediated rejection is the major cause of kidney transplant failure, but the histology‐based diagnostic system misses most cases due to its requirement for C4d positivity. We hypothesized that gene expression data could be used to test biopsies for the presence of antibody‐mediated rejection. To develop a molecular test, we prospectively assigned diagnoses, including C4d‐negative antibody‐mediated rejection, to 403 indication biopsies from 315 patients, based on histology (microcirculation lesions) and donor‐specific HLA antibody. We then used microarray data to develop classifiers that assigned antibody‐mediated rejection scores to each biopsy. The transcripts distinguishing antibody‐mediated rejection from other conditions were mostly expressed in endothelial cells or NK cells, or were IFNG‐inducible. The scores correlated with the presence of microcirculation lesions and donor‐specific antibody. Of 45 biopsies with scores >0.5, 39 had been diagnosed as antibody‐mediated rejection on the basis of histology and donor‐specific antibody. High scores were also associated with unanimity among pathologists that antibody‐mediated rejection was present. The molecular score also strongly predicted future graft loss in Cox regression analysis. We conclude that microarray assessment of gene expression can assign a probability of ABMR to transplant biopsies without knowledge of HLA antibody status, histology, or C4d staining, and predicts future failure.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease.

AIM Several case reports have linked diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD). We assessed whether NSAID use in general, and diclofenac use in particular, is associated with an increased risk of CDAD. METHODS We used the United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database (GPRD) to conduct a population-based case-control study. All cases of CDAD occurring between 1994 and 2005 were identified and were matched to 10 controls each. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of CDAD associated with current NSAID use, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS We identified 1360 CDAD cases and 13 072 controls. We found an increased risk of CDAD associated with diclofenac (adjusted odds ratio (RR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 1.67). We did not observe an increased risk of CDAD with use of any other NSAID. No dose-response for diclofenac exposure was found. When we analyzed only patients who were not hospitalized in the year before the index date, we found diclofenac to have a similar effect on CDAD risk (adjusted RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11, 1.84). CONCLUSION Diclofenac use is associated with a modest increase in the risk of CDAD. In patients at risk of CDAD, other NSAIDs could be prescribed.
Value of superoxide dismutase for prevention of multiple organ failure after multiple trauma.

In a prospective, randomized trial, recombinant human superoxide dismutase (rhSOD, 3000 mg/day, Grünenthal, Aachen, Germany) or placebo was given intravenously during 5 days after multiple injuries (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > or = 27; 24 patients). Manifestation of multiple organ failure (MOF) and posttraumatic inflammatory response were evaluated over 14 days. No side effects were noted by continuous infusion of rhSOD, which allowed high SOD plasma levels (24.77 +/- 9.43 mg/L) compared with controls (0.03 +/- 0.02 mg/L). Multiple organ failure was attenuated by rhSOD treatment in respect to cardiovascular and pulmonary functions. Additionally, intensive care therapy was shortened from 30 days (Q25: 15; Q75: 37) to 21 days (Q25: 12; Q75: 41). A secondary increase of inflammatory mediators (e.g., C-reactive protein, polymorphonuclear [PMN]-elastase, phospholipase A2), as observed at the end of the first week in the placebo group, was reduced by rhSOD therapy. The results reveal an attenuation of organ failure after trauma, most likely by decreasing the release of inflammatory mediators and reduction of leukocyte-mediated organ injury. These preliminary results, while promising, need to be confirmed in a larger number of patients.
Ku-Band Sea Surface Radar Backscatter at Low Incidence Angles under Extreme Wind Conditions

This paper reports Ku-band normalized radar cross section (NRCS) at low incidence angles ranging from 0° to 18° and in the wind speed range from 6 to 70 m/s. The precipitation radar onboard the tropical rainfall measuring mission and Jason-1 and 2 have provided 152 hurricanes observations between 2008 and 2013 that were collocated with stepped-frequency microwave radiometer measurements. It is found that the NRCS decreases with increasing incidence angle. The decrease is more dramatic in the 40–70 m/s range of wind speeds than in the 6–20 m/s range, indicating that the NRCS is very sensitive to low incidence angles under extreme wind conditions and insensitive to the extreme wind speed. Consequently, the sea surface appears relatively “smooth” to Ku-band electromagnetic microwaves. This phenomenon validates the observed drag coefficient reduction under extreme wind conditions, from a remote sensing viewpoint. Using the NRCS dependence on incidence angle under extreme wind conditions, we also present an empirical linear relationship between NRCS and incidence angles, which may assist future-satellites missions operating at small incidence angles to measure sea surface wind and wave field.
Thermoregulation

Maintenance of body core temperature within narrow limits is a major homeostatic function critical for survival. Thermoregulation is a typical example of the integrative role of the hypothalamus in generating patterns of autonomic, endocrine, motor, and behavioral responses to adapt to environmental challenges. Experimental studies have provided new information on mechanisms of thermal sensation, hypothalamic integration, and central effect or pathways involved in thermoregulation.1–5 Disorders of thermoregulation are frequently puzzling to the neurologist. Whereas some of these disorders may be attributable to focal hypothalamic, brainstem or spinal lesions, or autonomic failure, in many cases no clear cause is found. Although there are still many questions that remain unanswered, recent insights into mechanisms of thermoregulation provide a framework to begin understanding these challenging clinical problems and suggest potential targets for dug therapy. Experimental evidence indicates that the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POA), dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain (PAG) and the nucleus raphe pallidus (RPa) in the medulla have a critical role in thermoregulation1–8 (figure). Figure Central thermoregulatory pathways involved in responses triggered by warm-sensitive (WS) neurons of the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region The WS neurons are activated by increased in core temperature and inhibited by inputs from cold receptors in the skin, possibly via temperature-insensitive preoptic hypothalamic neurons (not shown). The WS neurons trigger responses for heat loss (skin vasodilation and sweating) via still poorly defined pathways that may involve the caudal portion of the nucleus raphe pallidus (RPa). In contrast, WS neurons tonically inhibit cold-responsive neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and RPa. The rostral PAG mediates some of the inhibitory effects of WS on the RPa, whereas the caudal PAG mediates excitatory effects of DMH neurons on these raphe neurons. Cold exposure results …
Une approche pour évaluer la complétude de données RDF

RÉSUMÉ. Nous assistons depuis quelques années à une prolifération de données du web. Ceci a accéléré le développement d’application et de logiciels fondés sur l’exploitation et l’analyse des données. Il devient donc urgent de proposer des techniques et des méthodes pour l’évaluation et l’assurance de la qualité de ces données. La qualité est un concept multidimensionnel qui repose sur une variété de dimensions. Une des dimensions critiques pour la prise de décision est la complétude. Cette dimension est reconnue comme difficile à évaluer puisqu’elle requiert souvent l’existence d’une norme d’excellence ou un schéma de référence validé et agréé qui servira de référence universelle à cette complétude. Cependant un tel référentiel est rarement disponible voire inexistant dans la pratique. Dans le présent article, nous proposons une approche pour l’évaluation de la complétude de sources de données RDF (Resource Description Framework). L’approche est un processus en deux étapes. La première étape, que nous pouvons qualifier de fouille de schéma, consiste à extraire un schéma probable pour la description d’une source de données. Ce schéma est ensuite exploité lors de la deuxième étape du processus pour l’évaluation de la complétude. L’article présente, à la fois des concepts théoriques sur lesquels repose l’approche, mais aussi des expérimentations basées sur des données RDF réelles.
Fibroblast activation protein: Purification, epitope mapping and induction by growth factors

The human fibroblast activation protein (FAP) defined by monoclonal antibody (MAb) F19 is a cell surface antigen expressed in reactive stromal fibroblasts of breast, colorectal, lung and other epithelial cancers. In contrast to its stroma‐specific localization in epithelial neoplasms, FAP is expressed in the malignant mesenchymal cells of bone and soft‐tissue sarcomas. FAP is transiently expressed in some fetal mesenchymal tissues but is absent or expressed at low levels in most adult tissues. FAP is induced in cultured fibroblasts and, in these cells, consists of a Mr 95,000 subunit (FAPα) carrying the F19 epitope and a non‐covalently bound Mr 105,000 subunit (FAPβ) lacking the F19 epitope. Using MAb F19 and 5 newly derived MAbs, we identify 3 distinct epitopes on FAPα and tentatively assign one epitope to FAPβ. Analysis of detergent extracts of a FAPαhighβ‐sarcoma cell line by size exclusion–high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that FAPα does not elute as a Mr, 95,000 species but as part of a high‐molecular weight complex (Mr > 400,000) that dissociates into Mr 95,000 subunits in SDS gels. Immunoaffinity purification of FAPα followed by tryptic digestion, reversed‐phase HPLC and microsequencing identified 3 unique FAPα peptides, with 2 showing sequence similarity (23/38 identical amino acids) to segments of CD26, a T‐cell activation antigen. CD26 is a membrane‐bound enzyme (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV), but immunopurified FAPα has little if any dipeptidase activity with typical CD26 substrates. Finally, studies with FAPlow leptomeningeal fibroblasts revealed that transforming growth factor‐β, 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate and retinoids can upregulate FAP expression, whereas serum and several other factors had no or little effect on FAP levels. FAP and CD26 may belong to a family of structurally related but functionally distinct activation proteins that are expressed on different cell types and show unique modes of regulation in normal and malignant cells.