Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impression Management The Effect of Public Social Context on Self-Control : Depletion for Neuroticism and Restoration for

The present study explores the role of personality in moderating the effect of public social context on self-control. The authors predicted that in public settings neuroticism would be associated with ego-depletion effects and individual differences in impression management (IM) would be associated with restoration effects. Three experiments supported the hypothesis. In Study 1 neuroticism was associated with impaired self-control and IM was associated with enhanced selfcontrol following an initial phase of working on a simple task in public (vs. in private). Study 2 replicated and extended these results to other domains of self-control. Study 3 explored whether public social context can cancel out early depletion effects. In this study, depleted participants engaged in a task that required self-control either alone or in public. As expected, the public settings were associated with restored self-control resources mostly among high IM individuals. Implications for self-control, neuroticism, and IM are discussed.
Intrinsic radiosensitivity of normal human fibroblasts and lymphocytes after high- and low-dose-rate irradiation.

The existence of heritable radiosensitivity syndromes and clinical observations in radiotherapy patients suggests that human cellular radiosensitivity differs among individuals. We report here an in vitro study of radiosensitivity in 30 fibroblast and 29 lymphocyte cultures obtained from cancer patients and controls. In 25 cases, both fibroblasts and lymphocytes were obtained from the same donors. Fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsy samples, and peripheral T-cell lymphocytes were cultured from blood. Clonogenic survival assays were performed by using high- and low-dose-rate irradiation; lymphocytes were in G0 phase and fibroblasts in confluent plateau phase. Various end points were calculated and compared (i.e., surviving fraction at 2 Gy, initial slope of the survival curve, and doses resulting in 10 and 1% survival, respectively). Depending on the end point, the coefficient of variation of the survival parameters ranged from 31 to 68% for lymphocytes and 21 to 41% for fibroblasts following high-dose-rate irradiation. Similar ranges were obtained after low-dose-rate irradiation. Variance analysis performed on replicate assays in cultures derived from the same patient showed that variation due to technical or sampling errors was significantly lower than variation between individuals (P = 0.00034 and 0.014 for fibroblasts and lymphocytes, respectively). No correlation was observed between the radiosensitivity of lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures derived from the same donors. We conclude that there is significant variation in normal cell radiosensitivity among individuals. On the other hand, comparisons of lymphocyte and fibroblast radiosensitivities suggest that tissue-specific characteristics, such as differentiation status, may variably modulate radiosensitivity.
The role of biological response modifiers in malignant melanoma

This article reviews the existing data in an attempt to address the role of biological response modifiers (IFN-α and IL-2) in the management of melanoma. Eight prospective controlled Phase III trials evaluating IFN-α therapy are discussed. As the results from these trials have been heterogenous and inconsistent, the role of IFN-α in the adjuvant treatment of stage II and III melanoma patients remains to be defined. IL-2 possesses modest antitumour activity in melanoma yielding objective response in ~ 15% of patients. Many toxic effects are induced by high-dose IL-2 therapy. Combinations of chemotherapy and biological response modifiers and their impact on tumour response and survival are discussed.
What Are Social Incentives Worth? A Randomized Field Experiment in User Content Generation

Content generation is a critical aspect of user engagement in online communities, yet many platforms face a problem of under-provision. We focus here on the potential of different types of incentives (descriptive social norms and money) to stimulate the production of online reviews. Partnering with a Chinese online clothing retailer, we conducted a large-scale randomized field experiment, in which we considered the independent and joint effects of monetary payment and descriptive social norms on the quantity and quality of reviews. We found that money attracts a greater volume of reviews, descriptive social norms attract greater quality, and combining the two yields the greatest benefit in both respects. We discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects as well as the implications of our results for theory and practice. We also highlight potentially fruitful avenues of future research.
Die Bedeutung von Impfstoffen in einkommensschwachen und -starken Ländern

Nach der Versorgung mit sauberem Trinkwasser sind Impfungen inzwischen die wirksamste Massnahme der öffentlichen Gesundheitssysteme zur Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten. Die Geschichte der Impfung ist gekennzeichnet von grossen Hoffnungen und einigen Enttäuschungen. Vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden einige bemerkenswerte Impfprojekte entwickelt. Zwar besteht die Möglichkeit, dass sowohl Kinderlähmung als auch Masern in einigen Jahren eradiziert werden, aber jährlich sterben fast 3 Millionen Menschen – in der Regel Kinder <5 Jahren – an Krankheiten, die durch Impfung vermeidbar sind. Während sich die Entwicklungsländer bemühen, Kinder mit den Impfstoffen zu versorgen, die sie dringend benötigen, lässt sich in Europa und Nordamerika eine gewisse Impfmüdigkeit beobachten. Ausgehend von der irrigen Meinung, «Diese Krankheiten stellen keine Bedrohung mehr dar, und die Impfstoffe sind gefährlicher als die Krankheit», kam es zu erneuten Ausbrüchen von Masern, Diphtherie und Keuchhusten. Um das Potenzial der Impfstoffe, das menschliche Leiden zu lindern, voll auszuschöpfen, muss die internationale Gemeinschaft auch künftig die erforderlichen Ressourcen, d.h. Geld und Fachpersonal, bereitstellen.
A review of photodynamic therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis

We present a review of six clinical studies investigating the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using porphyrin precursors for the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Thirty‐nine patients with a total of 77 lesions received PDT using a range of treatment schedules following topical application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl‐aminolevulinate (MAL). The tissue response to PDT is accompanied by a mild burning sensation, erythema and reversible hypo‐ and hyperpigmentation. Few mechanistic studies have addressed the principles underlying the use of PDT for CL. All six reviewed papers suggest that PDT with porphyrin precursors is relatively effective in treating CL. Data are still limited, and PDT cannot at this point be recommended in routine clinical practice. The mechanism of action of this promising therapeutic modality needs to investigated further and additional controlled trials need to be performed.
Action of specific thyroid hormone receptor α(1) and β(1) antagonists in the central and peripheral regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat.

BACKGROUND The iodine-containing drug amiodarone (Amio) and its noniodine containing analogue dronedarone (Dron) are potent antiarrhythmic drugs. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the major metabolite of Amio, desethylamiodarone, acts as a thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α(1) and β(1) antagonist, whereas the major metabolite of Dron debutyldronedarone acts as a selective TRα(1) antagonist. In the present study, Amio and Dron were used as tools to discriminate between TRα(1) or TRβ(1) regulated genes in central and peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. METHODS Three groups of male rats received either Amio, Dron, or vehicle by daily intragastric administration for 2 weeks. We assessed the effects of treatment on triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) plasma and tissue concentrations, deiodinase type 1, 2, and 3 mRNA expressions and activities, and thyroid hormone transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), monocarboxylate transporter 10 (MCT10), and organic anion transporter 1C1 (OATP1C1). RESULTS Amio treatment decreased serum T(3), while serum T(4) and thyrotropin (TSH) increased compared to Dron-treated and control rats. At the central level of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, Amio treatment decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) expression, while increasing pituitary TSHβ and MCT10 mRNA expression. Amio decreased the pituitary D2 activity. By contrast, Dron treatment resulted in decreased hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression only. Upon Amio treatment, liver T(3) concentration decreased substantially compared to Dron and control rats (50%, p<0.01), but liver T(4) concentration was unaffected. In addition, liver D1, mRNA, and activity decreased, while the D3 activity and mRNA increased. Liver MCT8, MCT10, and OATP1C1 mRNA expression were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an important role for TRα1 in the regulation of hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression, whereas TRβ plays a dominant role in pituitary and liver thyroid hormone metabolism.
The Study on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Using Molecular Mechanics

— The elastic properties and fracture of two-dimensional graphene were calculated purely from the atomic bonding (stretching and bending) based on molecular mechanics method. Considering the representative unit cell of graphene under various loading conditions, the deformations of carbon bonds and the variations of the interlayer distance could be realized numerically under the geometry constraints and minimum energy assumption. In elastic region, it was found that graphene was in-plane isotropic. Meanwhile, the in-plane deformation of the representative unit cell is not uniform along armchair direction due to the discrete and non-uniform distributions of the atoms. The fracture of graphene could be predicted using fracture criteria based on the critical bond length, over which the bond would break. It was noticed that the fracture behavior were directional dependent, which was consistent with molecular dynamics simulation results.
Lower body functioning as a predictor of subsequent disability among older Mexican Americans.

BACKGROUND Disability measures among elderly non-Hispanic White populations have traditionally been associated with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). More recently, performance-based measures have increasingly been used to predict the onset of disability in initially nondisabled elderly populations. METHODS We used data from two waves (1993-94 and 1995-96) of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) to assess the degree with which lower mobility performance measures predict future disability in a representative sample of older Mexican Americans from the Southwestern United States. RESULTS Performances on an 8-foot walk, repeated chair stands, and standing balance among nondisabled subjects at baseline were significantly associated with the onset of ADL and lower body disability 2 years later, controlling for age, gender, and the presence of medical conditions. The results were significant for each performance measure and for a measure combining all three. CONCLUSION This study offers further evidence that performance-based measures of lower body function are able to predict future disability in older Mexican Americans, as has been found with other elderly populations. These measures were able to detect changes over a relatively short period of time (2 years). In addition, the study found that the short (8-foot) walk was the most sensitive measure in predicting future disability.
A Discharge Protocol for the Postanaesthetic Recovery Unit

Despite guidelines from the Royal College of Anaesthetists, some hospitals still do not have a formal discharge policy. The author of this article works within an operating department in the dual role of anaesthetic and recovery sister and has a particular interest in discharge criteria for postanaesthetic recovery patients. She suggests that a discharge protocol, developed in a multidisciplinary setting, should be in place in the postanaesthetic recovery unit.
Sensory feedback therapy and theoretical knowledge of motor control and learning.

Generally the application of artificial sensory feedback therapy (e.g. EMG biofeedback) in neuromuscular rehabilitation is conceived as a psychophysiological operant conditioning technique. Until now there are almost no attempts to link these methods to modern psychological theories of motor control. In the present article a critical review is given of four theoretical systems concerning motor control: closed-loop theory, open-loop theory, schema-theory, and finally a brief overview is presented of recently developed notions on heterarchical and distributed control. Artificial sensory feedback therapy (e.g. EMG feedback) is described against this theoretical background, with an emphasis on the role of feedback in motor learning and motor control. The implications of these theories for new directions in sensory feedback therapy are discussed.
Riding the Wave of an Expert: A Successful Talent Development Environment in Kayaking

The holistic ecological approach to talent development in sport highlights the central role of the overall environment as it affects a prospective elite athlete. This paper examines a flat-water kayak environment in Norway with a history of successfully producing top-level senior athletes from among its juniors. Principal methods of data collection include interviews, participant observations of daily life in the environment and analysis of documents. The environment was centered around the relationship between prospects and a community of elite athletes, officially organized as a school team but helping the athletes to focus on their sport goals, teaching the athletes to be autonomous and responsible for their own training, and perceived as very integrated due to a strong and cohesive organizational culture. We argue that the holistic ecological approach opens new venues in talent development research and holds the potential to change how sport psychology practitioners work with prospective elite athletes. The world of elite sport presents increasing physical and mental challenges to athletes while making ever greater financial demands on sporting organizations. Sport systems capable of developing athletes to the highest international levels are likely to receive financial rewards and recognition. For these reasons, talent detection and development have become central challenges to all sport systems. Applied sport psychology contributes to helping young talented athletes realize their potentials, and successful talent development alongside elite performance has been linked to psychological concepts such as motivation (e.g., Ryan & Deci,
Optimizing the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis C

Chronic hepatitis C is a major health concern. The current standard therapy is based on a combination of pegylated (PEG)-IFN-α and ribavirin (RBV). This treatment produces a sustained virological response (SVR) in approximately 55% of chronically infected patients. A number of virological factors (e.g., the hepatitis C virus [HCV] genotype and baseline titer of HCV RNA) may influence the treatment response. Indeed, the SVR rate is approximately 80% for patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3, and approximately 45% for genotype 1 or 4 patients. Furthermore, the treatment duration can be modified as a function of the genotype. New drugs are being developed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C but will probably be used in combination with the current standard therapy. This means that improvements in therapy based on a PEG-IFN–RBV combination will remain a true challenge in the coming years. Recent clinical trial results have demonstrated that the current therapy can be optimized. Modulation of the treatment duration and/or the RBV dose may increase the SVR rate. The present article reviews the current approaches to optimizing the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
Modelling Trypanosoma congolense parasitaemia patterns during the chronic phase of infection in N’Dama cattle

We reanalysed parasitaemia profiles of the trypanotolerant N’Dama cattle (Bos taurus), consecutively infected with the same four clones of Trypanosoma congolense. Our analysis shows that each individual parasitaemia is characterized by progressively longer intervals between parasites waves. This pattern is most visible during the chronic phase of infection. In addition, the last of the four infections had a significantly larger overall duration of inter‐wave intervals. We retrieved these patterns by numerical simulations of a mathematical model, which incorporates assumptions about the molecular basis of antigenic variation and about the anti‐parasitic major immune processes. Six potential factors that may determine parasitaemia pattern were studied: carrying capacity of the host environment, intrinsic growth rate of the parasite, affinity maturation of the immune response, immune cell birth and death rate, levels of antibodies to variant surface glycoprotein and levels of antibodies to invariant antigens. Our simulations suggest that the first five factors are not likely to determine the chronic phase parasitaemia pattern whereas the sixth one, namely, antibody response to invariant antigens, yielded profiles consistent with the experimental data. Being cumulative, the immune response to anti‐invariant antigens may be increasingly effective as infection proceeds and in successive infections. Comparisons between N’Dama and Zebu and between chronic and acute phases will be needed to make a statement on the role of this phenomenon in trypanotolerance.
Harmonic-Tuned High Efficiency RF Oscillator Using GaN HEMTs

A harmonic-tuned high efficiency oscillator is designed using gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The harmonic load-pull simulation is performed to find the voltage and current waveforms and to locate the optimum load impedance for high efficiency operation of the transistor. Then, the feedback network for the oscillation is synthesized based on the load-pull data. The series resonant circuit is employed in the feedback network to provide open circuit to the load network at harmonic frequencies. Therefore, the load network can be designed separately from the feedback network to present the optimum harmonic load impedances. In this way, the transistor in the oscillator can achieve the optimum voltage and current waveforms determined by the harmonic load-pull simulation. The fabricated GaN oscillator using the proposed design approach shows the maximum efficiency of 80.2% and output power of 35.1 dBm at 2.42 GHz under drain bias voltage of 22 V.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Involved in the Development of an Invasive Phenotype in Vulvar Squamous Lesions, but Is Not Related to MIB-1 Immunoreactivity

Summary: This study investigated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and proliferation as determined by MIB-1 labeling indices (proliferation index [PI]) in 82 cases of vulvar tissues consisting of healthy epithelia (HE) (n = 10), vulvar condylomas (VC; n = 24), high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (HG-VIN) of warty and basaloid types (n = 26), invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs; n = 22), and differentiated VIN adjacent to SCCs (n = 7) by means of a standard immunohistochemical method using monoclonal antibodies to characterize EGFR expression, with an emphasis on neoplastic transformation and progression, and to relate it to proliferation. The EGFR expression was mainly membranous and-to a lesser degree-cytoplasmic; it was scored for intensity and quantity. The MIB-1 reactivity was exclusively nuclear. High EGFR immunoscores were detected on 6% of HG-VIN and 41% of SCCs. The EGFR immunoexpression increased significantly from healthy epithelia to VCs, VINs (HG-VIN and differentiated VIN taken together), and SCCs (P < 0.0001 [&khgr;2 test]), but was not related to stage, grade, or recurrence in SCCs. There was no statistical significance for EGFR immunoscores and PIs in the groups of VCs (P = 0.1923), VINs (P = 0.0951), and SCCs (P = 0.6896). This study shows the upregulation of EGFR expression in a few warty and basaloid HG-VIN cases and in many SCCs of the vulva. The lack of a relationship with PIs suggests that mechanisms other than proliferation are involved in this process.
Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset.

IN THE PAST ten years the work of Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement1-3has shown that by the EEG/EOG (electrooculogram) there are two different kinds of sleep, which, under ordinary circumstances, cyclically alternate throughout the night. One of these is emergent stage 1 EEG (a low-voltage, fast, random pattern) accompanied by intermittent bursts of rapid eye movements (REM). The second kind of sleep has no rapid eye movements (NREM) and is characterized electroencephalographically by 12-14 cps spindles without α-waves (stage 2) or with 3-6 cps α-waves (stages 3 and 4). In an ordinary night's sleep subjects begin with 1½ hours of NREM sleep which then gives way to about 10-15 minutes of REM sleep. A total of 3-7 cycles of alternating NREM and REM sleep compose a night's sleep, with REM sleep taking up progressively more of each cycle. In terms of mental activity
Coadministration of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP‐Fve and a tumour‐associated antigen enhanced antitumour immunity

Fve is a fungal protein isolated from the golden needle mushroom Flammulina velutipes and has previously been reported to trigger immunological responses in both mouse and human lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated the potential application of Fve as an adjuvant for tumour immunotherapy and examined the underlying mechanism(s). When the human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16 E7 oncoprotein was used as a model antigen, mice coimmunized with HPV‐16 E7 and Fve showed enhanced production of HPV‐16 E7‐specific antibodies as well as expansion of HPV‐16 E7‐specific interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as compared with mice immunized with HPV‐16 E7 alone. Tumour protection assays showed that 60% of mice coimmunized with HPV‐16 E7 plus Fve, as compared with 20% of those immunized only with HPV‐16 E7, remained tumour‐free for up to 167 days after challenge with the tumour cells. Tumour therapeutic assays showed that HPV‐16 E7 plus Fve treatment significantly prolonged the survival of tumour‐bearing mice as compared with those treated only with HPV‐16 E7. In vivo cell depletion and adoptive T‐cell transfer assays showed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and IFN‐γ played critical roles in conferring the antitumour effects. Interestingly, Fve could stimulate the maturation of splenic dendritic cells in vivo and induce antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell immune responses. In summary, Fve has potent adjuvant properties that enhance T helper type 1 antigen‐specific humoral and cellular immune responses which confer strong antitumour effects. The use of Fve as an adjuvant could be an attractive alternative to the current vaccination strategy for cancer immunotherapy.