Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fyn Binds to and Phosphorylates the Kidney Slit Diaphragm Component Nephrin*

Recent investigations have focused on characterizing the molecular components of the podocyte intercellular junction, because several of these components, including Nephrin, are functionally necessary for development of normal podocyte structure and filter integrity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the Nephrin-associated protein complex is a signaling nexus. As such, Nephrin-dependent signaling might be mediated in part through Nephrin phosphorylation. Described are biochemical and mouse genetics experiments demonstrating that membrane-associated Nephrin is tyrosine-phosphorylated by the Src family kinase Fyn. Nephrin fractionated in detergent-resistant glomerular membrane fractions with Fyn and Yes. Fyn directly bound Nephrin via its SH3 domain, and Fyn directly phosphorylated Nephrin. Glomeruli in which Fyn, Yes, or Fyn and Yes were genetically deleted in mice were characterized to explore the relationship between these kinases and Nephrin. Fyn deletion resulted in coarsening of podocyte foot processes and marked attenuation of Nephrin phosphorylation in isolated glomerular detergent-resistant membrane fractions. Yes deletion had no identifiable effect on podocyte morphology but dramatically increased Nephrin phosphorylating activity. Similar to Fyn deletion, simultaneous deletion of Fyn and Yes reduced Nephrin phosphorylating activity. These results demonstrate that endogenous Fyn catalyzes Nephrin phosphorylation in podocyte detergent-resistant membrane fractions. Although Yes appears to effect the regulation of Nephrin phosphorylation, the mechanism by which this occurs requires investigation.
Toxicokinetic variation in 15 freshwater arthropod species exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos

Recent advances in modeling the processes of the toxicity of chemicals—toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD)—are improving environmental risk assessment (ERA) through prediction of effects from time‐varying exposure. This has been achieved by linking chemical fate and toxicological effects mechanistically, based on internal concentrations, through the tissue residue approach. However, certain questions remain: for example, how do TK and TD differ among species and how does this relate to differences in species sensitivity? In a series of experiments, we studied the TK of [14C]chlorpyrifos in 15 freshwater arthropod species, two of which were studied in juvenile and adult life stages. Uptake (kin) and elimination (kout) rate constants were fitted using a one‐compartment single first‐order kinetic model. The application of two complementary parameter estimation methods facilitated the calculation of bioconcentration factors (BCF) with prediction intervals and 95% depuration times (t95) for all tested species. Extremely slow elimination was observed in some species as well as high overall variation in kin, kout, BCF, and t95 across the tested aquatic arthropod species. This variation has implications for the development of TKTD approaches in ERA, including assessing fluctuating exposure concentrations and the interpretation of observed toxicity responses in the laboratory and in the field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2225–2234. © 2010 SETAC
The urea [clearance x dialysis time] product (Kt) as an outcome-based measure of hemodialysis dose.

BACKGROUND The normalized treatment ratio [Kt/V = the ratio of the urea clearance x time product to total body water] and the urea reduction ratio (URR) have become widely accepted measures of dialysis dose. Both are related to and derived from pharmacokinetic models of blood urea concentration during the dialysis cycle. Theoretical reconsideration of the models revealed that the premise about V on which they rest (that is, that V is a passive diluent with no survival-associated properties of its own) is flawed if the intended use of the models is for profiling clinical outcome (for example, mortality) rather than estimating urea concentration. As a proxy for body mass, V has survival-associated properties of its own. Thus, indexing clearance x time to body size could create an offsetting combination whereby one measure favorably associated with survival (Kt) is divided by another (for example, V). Observed clinical paradoxes support that interpretation. For example, patients with a low body mass have both higher URR and higher mortality than heavier patients. Increasing mortality is often observed at high URR, suggesting the possibility of "over-dialysis. " Black patients tend to be treated at lower URR than whites but enjoy better survival on dialysis. Therefore, clearance x time was evaluated as an outcome-based measure of dialysis dose, not indexed to V, and various body size estimates were evaluated as separate and distinct measures. METHODS The retrospective sample included 17,141 black and white hemodialysis patients treated three times per week. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate death odds in age-, gender-, race-, and diabetes-adjusted models. Kt and five body size estimates (total body water or V, body weight, body weight adjusted for height, body surface area, and body mass index) were evaluated using two analytical strategies. First, all of the measures were treated as continuous variables to explore different statistical models. Second, Kt and the body size measures were divided into groups to construct risk profiles. RESULTS All evaluations revealed improving death odds with increasing Kt (whether adjusted for the body size estimates or not) and also with increasing body size (whether adjusted for Kt or not) for each estimate of size. Significant statistical interactions of Kt with gender, but not Kt with race, were observed in all models. There were no statistical interactions, suggesting that higher Kt was routinely required with increasing body size. Separate risk profiles for males and females suggested a higher Kt threshold for males. CONCLUSIONS The urea clearance x time is a valid outcome-based measure of dialysis dose and is not confounded by indexing it to an estimate of body size, which has outcome-associated properties of its own. Dialysis prescriptions for males and females should be regarded separately, but there appears no need to make a distinction between the races.
Polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in a cohort of West Africans.

PURPOSE In addition to chronic hyperglycemia, there is increasing evidence that genetic factors may be important in the development of diabetes retinopathy (DR). Specifically, polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) have been reported to be associated with multiple health conditions including DR, hypertension, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases in several ethnic groups. However, there is a paucity of similar data in African Americans and other African populations. To address this issue, we investigated the potential association between polymorphisms of the eNOS gene and diabetes-related phenotypes in 384 persons with type 2 diabetes and 191 controls from two West African countries (Ghana and Nigeria). METHODS We genotyped the deletion/insertion (4a/b) and the G894T polymorphisms of eNOS gene in a total of 575 persons. RESULTS The b/b genotype of the polymorphism was associated with a 2.4 fold increased risk of DR (95% CI 1.39-4.09). In contrast, we did not observe any association between the genotypes or alleles of G894T polymorphism with DR, hypertension, or nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between the 4a/b polymorphism of the eNOS and DR in our West African cohort.
Partial pancreatectomy in adult humans does not provoke beta-cell regeneration.

OBJECTIVE beta-Cell regeneration has been proposed as a possible treatment for diabetes, but the capacity for new beta-cell formation in humans is yet unclear. In young rats, partial pancreatectomy prompts new beta-cell formation to restore beta-cell mass. We addressed the following questions: In adult humans: 1) Does partial pancreatectomy provoke new beta-cell formation and increased beta-cell mass? 2) Is beta-cell turnover increased after partial pancreatectomy? RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Protocol 1: human pancreatic tissue was collected from 13 patients who underwent two consecutive partial pancreas resections, and markers of cell turnover were determined in both tissue samples, respectively. Protocol 2: pancreas volumes were determined from abdominal computer tomography scans, performed in 17 patients on two separate occasions after partial pancreatectomy. RESULTS Protocol 1: fasting glucose concentrations increased significantly after the 50% pancreatectomy (P = 0.01), but the fractional beta-cell area of the pancreas remained unchanged (P = 0.11). beta-Cell proliferation, the overall replication index (Ki67 staining), and the percentage of duct cells expressing insulin were similar before and after the partial pancreatectomy. The overall frequency of apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling) was slightly increased following the partial pancreatectomy (P = 0.02). Protocol 2: pancreatic volume was approximately 50% reduced to 35.6 +/- 2.6 ccm(3) by the partial pancreatectomy. The total pancreatic volume was unchanged after an interval of 247 +/- 160 days (35.4 +/- 2.7 ccm(3); P = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS Unlike in rodents, a 50% pancreatectomy does not prompt beta-cell regeneration in adult humans. This explains the high incidence of diabetes after pancreatic resections. Such differences in beta-cell turnover between rodents and humans should be born in mind when evaluating new treatment options aiming to restore beta-cell mass in patients with diabetes.
Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome

Abstract: Familial chylomicronemia syndrome is a rare disorder of lipoprotein metabolism due to familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or apolipoprotein C‐II deficiency or the presence of inhibitors to lipoprotein lipase. It manifests as eruptive xanthomas, acute pancreatitis, and lipaemic plasma due to marked elevation of triglyceride and chylomicron levels. We report two siblings with this rare disorder and review the literature.
The Sioux's Suits: Global Law and the Dakota Access Pipeline

The Sioux Tribe’s lawsuits and protests against the Dakota Access Pipelines (DAPL) received an incredible amount of international attention in ways that many Indigenous peoples’ protests have not. This article argues that attention exists because the Sioux Tribe has been at the epicenter of the Indigenous peoples’ rights movement in international law. Accordingly, they have invoked or claimed international human rights—particularly free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC)— to complicate, and perhaps destabilize, the DAPL’s development. However, the importance of their activism is not merely in claiming human rights. Based upon a global map of law that involves multiple and overlapping legalities, this article tracks the Sioux Tribe’s activism according to the problem-solving approach. Accordingly, the Sioux Tribe is advancing a different model of legality, one that is not based on a top-down command and control authority. This article reveals a complex, global network of intercommunal Indigenous peoples and nonstate actors by tracing the historical trajectory of the Sioux Tribe, its opposition to the DAPL, its role in the Indigenous peoples’ rights movement, and the novel extra-national legalities the Sioux Tribe is helping to formalize. * Stephen Young is a sessional lecturer and PhD candidate in law at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia.
Modified bowtie antenna for Zeroth Order Resonance

A novel compact Zeroth Order Resonator (ZOR) antenna with a chip inductor, for DVB-H application is presented. The zeroth resonance property makes the resonant frequency to be independent of the antenna dimension. The 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of the antenna is 20MHz and offers an omnidirectional radiation pattern.
Pharmacological characterization of neural mechanisms regulating mucosal ion transport in mouse jejunum.

Neural regulation of electrolyte transport in mouse jejunum was investigated in vitro using: 1) a full-thickness intestinal segment (intact preparation) and 2) a mucosal preparation, consisting of only mucosa, basement membrane and muscularis mucosa. In Ussing chambers, intact tissues exhibited high- and low-frequency oscillations of basal transmural potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (Isc), whereas mucosal tissues exhibited only low-frequency oscillation of these parameters. High-frequency oscillations of PD and Isc were found to originate from muscle activity. Under basal conditions, intact tissues exhibited net Na+ absorption and net Cl- secretion, whereas mucosal tissues displayed greater net Na+ absorption and net Cl- absorption. When applied to the serosal medium of intact tissues, tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin, and chlorisondamine, a ganglionic blocking agent, caused a concentration-dependent reduction of basal PD and Isc, whereas atropine produced no significant effect; these agents were without effect in mucosal tissues. Furthermore, in intact tissues, tetrodotoxin caused significant increases in net Na+ absorption and net residual flux, attaining values that were comparable to those seen in mucosal tissues. Carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperizinium, a ganglionic stimulant, elicited concentration-dependent, transient increases of basal PD and Isc when applied to the serosal medium of intact tissues; in mucosal preparations, carbachol elicited greater changes of basal PD and Isc, whereas 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperizinium produced no significant effect. In intact tissues, Isc responses elicited by carbachol were antagonized by atropine, but not tetrodotoxin or chlorisondamine; Isc responses induced by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperizinium, however, were blocked by tetrodotoxin or chlorisondamine, but not atropine. These results support the existence of a multisynaptic, and tonically active neural pathway which serves to limit intestinal Na+ transport at some point below the maximal absorptive capacity of the mucosa. Furthermore, cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are present in distinct neural pathways that influence intestinal electrolyte transport in the small intestine of the mouse. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biochemical, cell biological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of Krabbe's disease

Krabbe's disease (KD; also called globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a genetic disorder involving demyelination of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The disease may be subdivided into three types, an infantile form, which is the most common and severe; a juvenile form; and a rare adult form. KD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity in lysosomes, leading to accumulation of galactoceramide and neurotoxic galactosylsphingosine (psychosine [PSY]) in macrophages (globoid cells) as well as neural cells, especially in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. This ultimately results in damage to myelin in both CNS and PNS with associated morbidity and mortality. Accumulation of PSY, a lysolipid with detergent‐like properties, over a threshold level could trigger membrane destabilization, leading to cell lysis. Moreover, subthreshold concentrations of PSY trigger cell signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial/vascular dysfunctions, and neuronal and axonal damage. From the time the “psychosine hypothesis” was proposed, considerable efforts have been made in search of an effective therapy for lowering PSY load with pharmacological, gene, and stem cell approaches to attenuate PSY‐induced neurotoxicity. This Review focuses on the recent advances and prospective research for understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A hand-held testbed for capturing the MAC address of the special target in WiFi network

A hand-held testbed was designed and implemented in this paper, which could support IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n standards and quickly capture the MAC address of the client device used by a special target in WiFi network. Experimental results showed that the testbed well satisfied the forensics requirements of multiuser applicability, network-connectivity applicability, wireless data amount applicability and non-intervention mode.
Characterization of the Archaeal Community in a Minerotrophic Fen and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Directed Isolation of a Novel Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen

ABSTRACT Minerotrophic fen peatlands are widely distributed in northern latitudes and, because of their rapid turnover of organic matter, are potentially larger sources of atmospheric methane than bog peatlands per unit area. However, studies of the archaeal community composition in fens are scarce particularly in minerotrophic sites. Several 16S rRNA-based primer sets were used to obtain a broad characterization of the archaeal community in a minerotrophic fen in central New York State. A wide archaeal diversity was observed in the site: 11 euryarchaeal and 2 crenarchaeal groups, most of which were uncultured. The E1 group, a novel cluster in the order Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosaetaceae were the codominant groups in all libraries and results of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Given its abundance and potential hydrogenotrophic methane contribution, the E1 group was targeted for culture attempts with a low-ionic-strength medium (PM1). Initial attempts yielded Methanospirillum-dominated cultures. However, by incorporating a T-RFLP analysis as a quick selection tool for treatments and replicates, we were able to select an enrichment dominated by E1. Further dilutions to 10−9 and tracking with T-RFLP yielded a strain named E1-9c. E1-9c is a novel coccoid hydrogenotrophic, mesophilic, slightly acidophilic methanogen and is highly sensitive to Na2S concentrations (requires <0.12 mM for growth). We propose E1-9c as the first representative of a novel genus in the Methanomicrobiales order.
Gestión de calidad total en el comercio detallista

Se empieza por la evolucion historica del concepto de la calidad. En el siguiente capitulo, "dimensiones para evaluar la calidad en el comercio", se refuerza el concepto de la calidad en el servicio, siendo estudiada a traves de las dimensiones que el cliente busca. Al respecto se aportan aplicaciones practicas, tambien se tienen en cuenta los intangibles, aspectos crucial en el comercio al detalle. A partir de este momento, en el capitulo 8, se analizan las razonez que justifican el cambio de gestion de las organizaciones hacia la gestion de la calidad total (GCT). En los cuatro siguientes capitulos se va construyendo el esquema: los procesos: su descripcion, diseno, implantacion y mejora continua; las personas: como conseguir la implicacion, el empowernet, el consenso con los procesos y como escuchar su voz; la satisfaccion del cliente: necesidad de aplicar la creatividad, la evaluacion de la satisfaccion, la gestion de la percepcion, de las perdidas, de las quejas y en definitiva como escuchar su voz, el liderazgo: papel a desempenar y su perfil. Se analiza tambien la aportacion de la logica borrosa para resolver la incertidumbre. Para la resolucion de problemas se mezclan aportaciones de Deming y de Ishikawa ademas de los 7 instrumentos de la calidad total. Finalmente se analizan una serie de modelos ISO 9001 al sector del comercio detallista y en segundo lugar el modelo europeo EFQM.
Multinuclear NMR and microscopic MRI studies of the articular cartilage nanostructure

Studies of the structure of articular cartilage by a number of NMR spectroscopic and imaging techniques are reviewed. Advantage is taken of the fact that the NMR investigations can be done non‐invasively on the intact tissue and do not require sectioning, slicing and decalcification as in the case of electron microscopy. The different contributions to 1H T2 relaxation are described and it is pointed out that ignoring the biexponential behavior of the transverse relaxation can lead to serious errors in the proton density measurements and the T2 characterization of the articular cartilage. A way to slow the transverse relaxation and to minimize its angular dependence by the use of dipolar echo is described. 2H double quantum filtered spectroscopic MRI is a powerful technique to follow the orientation and density of the collagen fibers in articular cartilage. Using this technique, it was found that attachment of the cartilage to the bone has a stabilizing effect on the collagen matrix and that the hydroxyapatite in the calcified zone resides near the collagen fibers but does not contribute to their order. In response to mechanical pressure, it was shown that the collagen fibers flatten near the surface and become crimped near the bone. A number of NMR techniques have been described for the measurement of 23Na residual quadrupolar interaction. It was found that this can serve as a very sensitive measure of the depletion of proteoglycans. Finally, a combination of the above techniques was used to study a maturation of articular cartilage in pigs. The increased order and density of the collagen fibers from newborn to adult pigs revealed itself as a shortening of T2 and significant increase of the residual quadrupolar interaction of both 2H and 23Na nuclei. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatial and quantitative study of the striatopallidal connection in the monkey

THE striatopallidal connection was quantitatively analysed after three-dimensional reconstruction of biocytin-labelled striatal axons. A small striatal region gave rise to one or two elongated bands in each of the pallidal nuclei. Each band consisted of dense axonal plexuses and short axonal arborizations with few branches. Individual axons generally terminated in one band, giving a low density of varicosities on dendrites (10 per 100μm length). This suggests that the striatopallidal connection can distribute the same striatal information to different remote pallidal regions which can in turn integrate information from different remote striatal regions. Corticostriatal information could thus be preserved or completely transformed according to the size and location of the striatal region activated.
Temperature Dependence of Optical Gain and Loss in  $\lambda \approx$ 8.2–10.2  $\mu$m Quantum-Cascade Lasers

Temperature-dependent optical gain and waveguide loss have been measured for continuous-wave operated quantum-cascade lasers with wavelengths between 8.2 and 10.2 mum up to room temperature using the Hakki-Paoli method. The gain coefficient decreases with increasing temperature, and is close to the designed value for vertical transition lasers, but smaller than the designed value for diagonal transition lasers. The waveguide loss, however, is two to three times higher than calculated from free carrier absorption, and can be nearly constant, increase or decrease with temperature depending on sample design, which indicates that it is dominated by another mechanism other than plain free carrier absorption. One likely factor resulting in high waveguide loss is intersubband resonant absorption into higher lying states.