Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Smart fuzzing method for detecting stack-based buffer overflow in binary codes

During the past decades several methods have been proposed to detect the stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability, though it is still a serious threat to the computer systems. Among the suggested methods, various fuzzers have been proposed to detect this vulnerability. However, many of them are not smart enough to have high code-coverage and detect vulnerabilities in feasible execution paths of the program. The authors present a new smart fuzzing method for detecting stack-based buffer overflows in binary codes. In the proposed method, concolic (concrete + symbolic) execution is used to calculate the path and vulnerability constraints for each execution path in the program. The vulnerability constraints determine which parts of input data and to what length should be extended to cause buffer overflow in an execution path. Based on the calculated constraints, the authors generate test data that detect buffer overflows in feasible execution paths of the program. The authors have implemented the proposed method as a plug-in for Valgrind and tested it on three groups of benchmark programs. The results demonstrate that the calculated vulnerability constraints are accurate and the fuzzer is able to detect the vulnerabilities in these programs. The authors have also compared the implemented fuzzer with three other fuzzers and demonstrated how calculating the path and vulnerability constraints in the method helps to fuzz a program more efficiently.
18 Automated Calibration using Optimization Techniques with SWMMRUNOFF

The usefulness of a hydrologic model is directly related to its application and how well it is calibrated. Calibration is a subjective exercise where model parameters are adjusted to reduce discrepancies between measured data and modeled predictions. Automated calibration can be used to accelerate the model calibration process, minimize modeler bias, and increase the goodness of fit between measured and modeled hydro graphs. During calibration of a complex hydrologic model, it may be difficult to simultaneously adjust predicted output hydrographs to correspondingly match multiple objectives (peak flows, total volume and shape of the hydrograph). Custom programming was used to link SWMM Runoff version 4.4h with Palisade's Evolver software to improve model goodness of fit. A small sanitary sewer basin was simulated as part of a collection system rehabilitation pilot program to judge the effectiveness of infiltration and inflow (III) removal. A one-month time series of hourly flow measurements were used and calibration was perfonned with an automated calibration method that applied a genetic algorithm solution technique. Several goodness-of-fit metrics revealed an improved calibration for both preand post-rehabilitation flow hydrograph, as well as for projected hydrographs to a design event. This study demonstrates an accurate and cost-effective automated method for model calibration that is not only valuable for repeated model analyses perfonned throughout a collection system rehabilitation program, but can also be applied to other watershed models.
The Varieties of the Os Calcis.

IN the paper of the late Professor Pfitzner on tarsal bones the caleaneun is dealt with in a masterly and comprehensive manner, and it is difficult for those who come after him to glean fresh facts from the old ground. The collection at the Cambridge University Museum is, however, larger than that with which any previous anatoinist has dealt, numbering upwards of 1000 bones. I have selected 730 of these, the better-preserved specimens, and have noted a few facts which may serve to supplement the work of the able anatomist whose death is such a loss to science. For convenience of reference I have grouped my notes under the following heads
MOBILIDADE CONECTADA NAS ESCOLAS: OS CASOS BRASIL E PORTUGAL

O acelerado desenvolvimento das tecnologias de informacao e comunicacao (TIC) vem acontecendo desde a metade do seculo XX, porem e na primeira decada do seculo XXI com a intensificacao das tecnologias moveis, portateis a exemplo dos smartphones, tablets e netebooks, que novas configuracoes de espaco, tempo e lugar vao surgir. Neste sentido, a palavra mobilidade tem sido utilizada com muita frequencia nos ultimos tempos por diferentes areas do conhecimento. Desta forma, tanto na sala de aula como nos corredores, na quadra, auditorio ou na cantina se configuram tambem como espacos de aprendizagem, com possibilidades de conexao com outros espacos e outras pessoas. No Brasil e em Portugal, o programa "um para um" pressupoe um avanco substancial nas politicas de insercao das tecnologias na educacao. Tanto no Brasil, com PROUCA, quanto em Portugal, com o e.Escola 2.0, estes programas objetivam melhorar os resultados educativos, desenvolver as competencias sociotecnicas requeridas pelo mercado com o adensamento da cadeia produtiva comercial e reafirmam a necessidade de as escolas incorporarem as TIC como parte das “estrategias inclusivas, holisticas e integrais”. Este artigo pretende refletir sobre a mobilidade potencializada pelos dispositivos digitais moveis atraves dos programas “Um por um” implantados no Brasil e em Portugal. Palavras-chave: Prouca, Magalhaes, tecnologias moveis, educacao
A Review of IEEE T-ITS: The 2013 Survey Result

Earlier this year, as part of the requirement for the five-year review by the IEEE Technical Activity Board Periodicals Committee and Periodicals Review and Advisory Committee, the IEEE and the Intelligent Transportation Systems Society (ITSS) conducted a survey on the three ITSS publications, i.e., IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (T-ITS), IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine (ITSM), and IEEE ITS Newsletter, to further improve the quality of the three journals. This survey addresses a number of our concerns over since the birth of our publication, e.g., "Overall, how satisfied or not are you with this Transactions? ", "How valuable or not are the following areas of this Transactions to you personally? ", "What, if anything, could be done to improve T-ITS? " A total of 407 members have been invited to participate in this survey. Among them, 301 people (74%) completed the survey. The Editor-in-Chief of T-ITS considers that this survey is an extremely important step toward better service and great publication, and would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for taking part in this activity and for providing him with timely feedback for the current status and valuable advice for the future direction. The following is the part of the survey concerning this Transactions.
In vitro antimicrobial properties of aqueous garlic extract against multidrug-resistant bacteria and Candida species from Nigeria.

The antimicrobial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against 133 multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. , and Proteus spp. , and against 10 Candida spp. were studied. Antibacterial activity of AGE by well-diffusion and macrobroth dilution method was characterized by inhibition zones of 20.2-22.7 mm for gram-positives and 19.8-24.5 mm for gram-negatives and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 15.6-48.3 mg/mL and 22.9-37.2 mg/mL, respectively. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, the observed disparity in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours was not significant (P >.05) in these isolates. The anticandidal effect of AGE resulted in a growth inhibition zone of 27.4 +/- 3.7 mm with no significant difference (P >.05) in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations were found to be 14.9 and 15.5 mg/mL, respectively, at these incubation periods. Further analysis revealed the antimicrobial efficacy of AGE to be dose and time dependent, producing five distinct time-kill profiles among the isolates tested. The results of this study support the use of garlic in health products and herbal remedies in Nigeria.
Down regulation of 3p genes, LTF, SLC38A3 and DRR1, upon growth of human chromosome 3–mouse fibrosarcoma hybrids in severe combined immunodeficiency mice

We have applied a functional test for tumour antagonizing genes based on human chromosome 3 (chr3)–mouse fibrosarcoma A9 MCHs that were studied in vitro and after growth as tumours in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Previously, we reported that 9 out of the 36 SCID‐tumours maintained the transferred chr3 (“chr3+” tumours), but lost the expression of the known human TSG fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) in contrast to 14 other 3p‐genes examined. Here we report the results of the duplex RT‐PCR analysis of 9 “chr3+” tumours and 3 parental MCHs. We have examined the expression of 34 human 3p‐genes from known cancer‐related regions of instability, including 13 genes from CER1 defined by us previously at 3p21.33–p21.31 and 10 genes from the LUCA region at 3p21.31. We have found that in addition to FHIT, expression of the LTF gene from CER1 at 3p21.33‐p21.31 was lost in all 9 tumours analyzed. The transcript of the solute carrier family 38 member 3 gene (SLC38A3) gene from LUCA region at 3p21.31 was not found in 8 and was greatly reduced in 1 out of these 9 tumours. Expression of the down‐regulated in renal cell carcinoma gene (DRR1) gene at 3p14.2 was lost in 7 and down regulated in 2 “chr3+” tumours. In the SCID‐tumour derived cell lines treatment with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine restored the mRNA expression of LTF, indicating the integrity of DNA sequences. Notably that transcription of the LTF and 2 flanking genes, LRRC2 and TMEM7, as well as transcription of the SLC38A3 gene, were also impaired in all 5 RCC cell lines analyzed. Our data indicate these genes as putative tumour suppressor genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do Female Enrolment Rates Cause Economic Growth in Pakistan

There has been much discussion on the relationship between education and economic growth. A few studies have examined the increasing trend of female enrolment in educational institutions and economic growth. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate four alternatives but equally plausible hypotheses. These are: i) GDP cause female enrolment proxies (the conventional view), ii) Female enrolment proxies cause GDP, iii) There is a bi-directional causality between the two variables and iv) Both variables are causality independent. In order to find the relationship between the two variables set, a time series Co-integration and Granger Causality Tests have been employed separately. Secondary data pertaining to Pakistan from 1966 - 2008 has been used for analysis. The empirical results moderately support the conventional view that GDP has significant long-run casual effect on the female enrolment proxies in Pakistan. The present study supports the unidirectional causality relationship between the GDP and female enrolment in the specific context of Pakistan.
Ethical principles and processes guiding dialysis decision-making.

When the US Congress created the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program in 1972, it gave physicians the responsibility of determining which patients were "appropriate" for dialysis. Congress provided no guidance on who should be selected or how. Only five years later, Dr. Belding Scribner, the father of chronic dialysis, noted that there was a need for a "deselection committee" because virtually all criteria for dialysis patient selection had been slackened, if not abandoned. In 1991, the Institute of Medicine Committee to Study the Medicare ESRD Program recommended the development of a clinical practice guideline because they noted there were "an increasing number of [dialysis] patients with limited survival possibilities and relatively poor quality of life. " In 2000, the Renal Physicians Association and the American Society of Nephrology heeded the Institute of Medicine committee's recommendation and published Shared Decision-Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis. In 2010, prompted by a substantial body of new research evidence, the Renal Physicians Association published a second edition of this clinical practice guideline. This article describes the application of the ethical principles of respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and professional integrity, and the ethical process of shared decision-making in making decisions about starting, withholding, continuing, and stopping dialysis with patients and families. It urges examination of medical indications and identifies appropriate limits to shared decision-making when the burdens of dialysis can be predicted to substantially outweigh the benefits.
O-Acetylation of Arabidopsis Hemicellulose Xyloglucan Requires AXY4 or AXY4L, Proteins with a TBL and DUF231 Domain[W][OA]

Most plant cell wall polysaccharides are O-acetylated. However, the acetyltransferases were elusive. Using a forward genetic approach, a putative xyloglucan O-acetyltransferase has now been identified in an unexpected gene family. This opens up future research into the identification of other O-acetyltransferases and the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of polysaccharide O-acetylation. In an Arabidopsis thaliana forward genetic screen aimed at identifying mutants with altered structures of their hemicellulose xyloglucan (axy mutants) using oligosaccharide mass profiling, two nonallelic mutants (axy4-1 and axy4-2) that have a 20 to 35% reduction in xyloglucan O-acetylation were identified. Mapping of the mutation in axy4-1 identified AXY4, a type II transmembrane protein with a Trichome Birefringence-Like domain and a domain of unknown function (DUF231). Loss of AXY4 transcript results in a complete lack of O-acetyl substituents on xyloglucan in several tissues, except seeds. Seed xyloglucan is instead O-acetylated by the paralog AXY4like, as demonstrated by the analysis of the corresponding T-DNA insertional lines. Wall fractionation analysis of axy4 knockout mutants indicated that only a fraction containing xyloglucan is non-O-acetylated. Hence, AXY4/AXY4L is required for the O-acetylation of xyloglucan, and we propose that these proteins represent xyloglucan-specific O-acetyltransferases, although their donor and acceptor substrates have yet to be identified. An Arabidopsis ecotype, Ty-0, has reduced xyloglucan O-acetylation due to mutations in AXY4, demonstrating that O-acetylation of xyloglucan does not impact the plant’s fitness in its natural environment. The relationship of AXY4 with another previously identified group of Arabidopsis proteins involved in general wall O-acetylation, reduced wall acetylation, is discussed.
The Thermometer of Social Relations

“Holding warm feelings toward someone” and “giving someone the cold shoulder” indicate different levels of social proximity. In this article, we show effects of temperature that go beyond these metaphors people live by. In three experiments, warmer conditions, compared with colder conditions, induced (a) greater social proximity, (b) use of more concrete language, and (c) a more relational focus. Different temperature conditions were created by either handing participants warm or cold beverages (Experiment 1) or placing them in comfortable warm or cold ambient conditions (Experiments 2 and 3). These studies corroborate recent findings in the field of grounded cognition revealing that concrete experiences ground abstract concepts with which they are coexperienced. Our studies show a systemic interdependence among language, perception, and social proximity: Environmentally induced conditions shape not only language use, but also the perception and construal of social relationships.
Antigen-specific human T-cell clones: development of clones requiring HLA-DR-compatible presenting cells for stimulation in presence of antigen.

A method for cloning soluble antigen-specific proliferating human T lymphocytes directly from peripheral blood cells of individuals recently primed with the antigen is described. The soluble antigen was keyhole limpet hemocyanin. After expansion in liquid culture, these cells were shown to be antigen specific and to require HLA-DR-histocompatible presenting cells. Recloning of small numbers of these cells in soft agar under conditions of high plating efficiency yielded true clones (i.e., derived from a single cell) which retained specificity for the original stimulating antigen as shown by blastogenic responses measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. However, antigen-specific stimulation of clones was demonstrated only in the presence of an HLA-DR-compatible cooperating cell population together with the relevant antigen. Cells that manifested only HLA-A or B locus identity with the T-cell clone were not effective as presenting cells. Other antigens, such as tetanus toxoid, to which the donor of the clone or of the presenting cells was immune failed to stimulate the clone.
Neighbourhood immigrant acculturation and diet among Hispanic female residents of New York City

Abstract Objective To identify predominant dietary patterns among Hispanic women and to determine whether adherence to dietary patterns is predicted by neighbourhood-level factors: linguistic isolation, poverty rate and the retail food environment. Design Cross-sectional analyses of predictors of adherence to dietary patterns identified from principal component analysis of data collected using the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation FFQ. Census data were used to measure poverty rates and the percentage of Spanish-speaking families in the neighbourhood in which no person aged ≥14 years spoke English very well (linguistic isolation) and the retail food environment was measured using business listings data. Setting New York City. Subjects A total of 345 Hispanic women. Results Two major dietary patterns were identified: a healthy dietary pattern loading high for vegetables, legumes, potatoes, fish and other seafood, which explained 17 % of the variance in the FFQ data and an energy-dense dietary pattern loading high for red meat, poultry, pizza, french fries and high-energy drinks, which explained 9 % of the variance in the FFQ data. Adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was positively associated with neighbourhood linguistic isolation and negatively associated with neighbourhood poverty. Presence of more fast-food restaurants per square kilometre in the neighbourhood was significantly associated with lower adherence to the healthy diet. Adherence to the energy-dense dietary pattern was inversely, but not significantly, associated with neighbourhood linguistic isolation. Conclusions These results are consistent with the hypothesis that living in immigrant enclaves is associated with healthy dietary patterns among Hispanics.
Declining Amphibian Populations: The Problem of Separating Human Impacts from Natural Fluctuations

Reports of declining amphibian populations in many parts of the world are numerous, but supporting long-term census data are generally unavailable. Census data from 1979 to 1990 for three salamander species and one frog species at a breeding pond in South Carolina showed fluctuations of substantial magnitude in both the size of breeding populations and in recruitment of juveniles. Breeding population sizes exhibited no overall trend in three species and increased in the fourth. Recent droughts account satisfactorily for an increase in recruitment failures. These data illustrate that to distinguish between natural population fluctuations and declines with anthropogenic causes may require long-term studies.
STATISTICAL MODELLING OF NONLINEAR LONG-TERM CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

In epidemiology, bio-environmental research, and many other scientific areas, the possible long-term cumulative effect of certain factors has been well acknowledged, air pollution on public health, exposure to radiation as a possible cause of cancer, among others. However, there is no known statistical method to model these effects. To fill this gap, we propose a semi-parametric time series model, called the functional additive cumulative time series (FACTS) model, and investigate its statistical properties. We develop an estimation procedure that combines the advantages of kernel smoothing and polynomial spline smoothing. As two case studies, we analyze the effect of air pollutants on respiratory diseases in Hong Kong, and human immunity against influenza in France. Based on the results, some important issues in epidemiology are addressed.
Intraoperative radiotherapy: Patient selection, management, and follow‐up

Intraoperative partial breast radiotherapy is an alternative or an adjunct to fractionated whole breast irradiation for the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer following breast conserving surgery. Establishing intraoperative radiotherapy as a therapeutic modality requires a multidisciplinary approach to patient selection, workup, surgery, radiation protocols, chemotherapy, and patient follow up. In this article, we review the published evidence for best clinical practice, as a guide to the introduction of intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer treatment.
Implementation of histogram based sampling algorithm within an EDA scheme with CUDA

In this paper, we describe an implementation of Node Histogram Sampling Algorithm (NHBSA) on GPUs with CUDA and apply the algorithm to solve large scale QAP instances. To solve large scale QAP instances, we combined the taboo search with NHBSA. In this implementation, we used an efficient thread assignment method, Move-Cost Adjusted Thread Assignment (MATA), which is proposed in a previous study. Through these experiments, we show that MATA plays an important role for efficient parallel computation in NHBSA. We also show the effectiveness of running NHBSA on multiple GPUs using the island model in independent run mode.
Influence of sex on bone mineral density and content of the skeleton of the thoracic and pelvic limb in the ostrich - Struthio camelus var. domesticus.

The influence of sex on bone mineral density (BMD) and the bone mineral content (BMC) have been analysed in selected bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of African ostriches. The examination was conducted with the use of a densitometer, using the technology of affinited beam of X-ray and the programme for animal research. It was shown that the analysed bones of ostrich skeleton differed significantly regarding the BMD and BMC. Significantly higher values of both parameters were recorded in case of the bones of the pelvic limb in comparison with the bones of the thoracic limb. A central part of the shaft of the tibio-tarsal bone and its proximal end (the pelvic limb) were characterised by the highest values for both BMD and BMC, whereas for the ulnar and radial bones (the thoracic limb) the lowest values were obtained. The study also demonstrated that males showed a significantly higher BMD and BMC values than females referring to the pelvic bones, i.e. the tibio-tarsal bone. For further study aiming at monitoring changes in BMD and BMC during the growth and development of ostriches from hatching till the 14 th month of life, the use of densitometer intravitally is recommended.