Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The novel neuromodulator hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous peroxynitrite ‘scavenger’?

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well‐known cytotoxic gas. Recently it has been shown to stimulate N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors to enhance long‐term potentiation suggesting a novel neuromodulatory role in vivo. Endogenous levels of H2S in the brain are reported to range between 10 and 160 µm. Considerably lower H2S levels are reported in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, where levels of brain protein nitration (probably mediated by peroxynitrite) are markedly increased. Activation of NMDA receptors leads to intracellular tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite. Because H2S and peroxynitrite are important mediators in brain function and disease, we investigated the effects of the H2S ‘donor’, sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaSH) on peroxynitrite‐mediated damage to biomolecules and to cultured human SH‐SY5Y cells. H2S significantly inhibited peroxynitrite‐mediated tyrosine nitration and inactivation of α1‐antiproteinase to a similar extent to reduced glutathione at each concentration tested (30–250 µm). H2S also inhibited peroxynitrite‐induced cytotoxicity, intracellular protein nitration and protein oxidation in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. These data suggest that H2S has the potential to act as an inhibitor of peroxynitrite‐mediated processes in vivo and that the potential antioxidant action of H2S deserves further study, given that extracellular GSH levels in the brain are very low.
Structural Memory in Pressure-Amorphized AlPO4

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the mechanism of the structural memory effect in α-berlinite (AlPO4), where a single crystal transforms to an amorphous solid by compression and then reverts to the original crystalline structure upon release of pressure. The enhanced oxygen coordination around the aluminum atoms in AlPO4 at high pressure leads to a mechanical instability that causes the phase transformation. The difference in the structural memory behavior between AlPO4 and isostructural α-quartz, for which the pressure-induced amorphized phase is recoverable, can be attributed to the presence of the PO4 units, which remain essentially four-coordinated even when severely distorted.
Implant Removal After Submuscular Plating for Pediatric Femur Fractures

Background Submuscular plating for pediatric femur fracture has become more commonplace for treatment of length unstable fractures. These plates act as an internal fixator and rely on minimally invasive insertion techniques and long plate lengths to achieve the goal of stable fixation and local biologic fracture preservation. Plate removal in children after submuscular plating has not been reported in the literature. Methods We reviewed the records of 22 patients at our institution who were treated with a submuscular plate, which was eventually removed after fracture healing. A review of the radiographs and charts was performed to determine any unique problems or complications that may arise during the removal of these plates given their long lengths and minimally invasive insertion. Results In our series, 7 patients required a more extensive procedure to remove the plate than was required during plate insertion. These patients all required an open procedure at the leading edge of the plate to chisel overgrown bone away from the plate for removal. The timing of removal in our series was not related to difficulties during plate removal, rather it was the presence of bony overgrowth at the plates leading edge. This overgrowth was seen early on radiographically during the healing process in all patients who required increased operative exposure. Conclusions The timing of plate removal after submuscular plating is not critical when trying to determine the potential complications at plate removal. The decisive factor related to difficulties with plate removal is leading plate edge overgrowth. Patients with this bone overgrowth at the leading edge of the plate need to be counseled regarding the need for an increased operative exposure during plate removal. Level of Evidence Case series, level 4.
Sub-optimal postprandial blood glucose level in diabetics attending the outpatient clinic of a University Hospital.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of diabetic patients who attained the optimal postprandial blood glucose level. METHODS Cross-sectional study of type-2 diabetic patients being followed at the medical outpatient clinic of King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from January 1999 to December 2001. Patients were classified according to postprandial blood glucose level into 3-categories; group-1 (<9 mmol/l), group-2 (9.1-10 mmol/l), group-3 (>10 mmol/l). Other data such as age, sex, duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, ischemic heart disease was recorded as well as mortality. RESULTS A total of 443 patients were studied with mean age of 55 years and equal male to female ratio. The mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level was 14 mmol/l. The majority of patients were in group-3 (71%), while group-1 was 22% and group-2 was 7%. Patients with high 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (group-3) have a higher prevalence of hypertension [120/315 (38%) versus 31/97 (32%) p=0.01], hyperlipidemia [72/315 (23%) versus 13/97 (13%) p=0.02], obesity [79/315 (25%) versus 18/97 (19%) p=0.04], ischemic heart disease [72/315 (23%) versus 16/97 (17%) p=0.04] and mortality [35/315 (11%) versus 8/97 (8%) p=0.06] compared to those with controlled level (group-1). CONCLUSION A low frequency of diabetics attained the optimal 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level. Action should be taken on this crucial issue for the optimal management of diabetes.
The Impact of Democracy in Mozambique: Assessing political, social and economic developments since the dawn of democracy

Does democracy enhance the process of development in Mozambique? This report attempts to answer this question through analysing different types of data. Specifically, it examines how democratic institutions have increased accountability and efficiency, and created room for social development changes, including service delivery (basic services, education, and health and welfare) and improved economic conditions for ordinary citizens. The analysis reveals the following findings: • Democratic institutions are not supplying what the citizens want with regard to socio-economic benefits. The economy is growing but this is not reflected in the lives of the majority of Mozambican citizens. • Despite the positive shifts in the expansion of education and health systems, the quality of these services remains very poor. • Despite the existence of many forms of accountability relationships (for example formal and informal accountabilities, social, political and electoral accountabilities) between different public institutions, these are weak. Different factors contribute to these weaknesses and the most important are: a) few civil society organisations are involved in formal and informal accountability mechanisms b) most of the accountability mechanisms have been created recently and are merely consultative by nature c) lack of democratic culture among the elected representatives d) politicisation of the local consultative forums e) a top-down centralist model of governance 1. Joao C. G. Pereira is a lecturer in the Faculty of Social Science, Department of Political and Public Administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique, and Director of Civil Society Support Mechanism (CSSM). He teaches political science and contemporary politics at undergraduate level and is member of governance research group at the Institute for Social and Economic Studies (IESE) and research fellow at the Africa Research Unit at the Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa. The impact of democracy in Mozambique 2 f) lack of linkages between community-based organisations, citizens and government decision-making structures, g) lack of political commitment to accountability.
EVALUATING THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALPHAHERPESVIRUSES IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS

of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science EVALUATING THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALPHAHERPESVIRUSES IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) By Heather Tiffany Daniel August 2009 Chair: Hendrik Nollens Major: Veterinary Medical Sciences During the routine, conventional PCR-based, viral surveillance of a managed collection of bottlenose dolphins, two distinct alphaherpesviruses, tentatively named Delphinid herpesvirus 2 (DeHV-2) and Delphinid herpesvirus 8 (DeHV-8), were detected in the buffy coat of one animal. The 22-year-old, female bottlenose dolphin had a history of elevated transaminases and dehydrogenases, which were normalized following phlebotomy treatment, and a persistent lymphocytosis. Alphaherpesviruses are generally considered to persist in the sensory nerve ganglion or in circulating lymphocytes, thus changes in viral load in circulating blood cells was presumed to be indicative of infection with active virus replication. The presence of the virus was thus evaluated with a quantitative assay so the active virus replication event could be identified by the higher level of virus particles. Novel, specific TaqMan quantitative PCR assays were developed to measure the viral load of the alphaherpesviruses in the case dolphin. The complete blood counts (CBC) and serum chemistry parameters for the herpesvirus positive samples in the case dolphin were compared to those of the negative samples, in an attempt to correlate viral presence with changes in clinical blood parameters. These assays were also used in a cross-sectional survey to establish a baseline prevalence of the two alphaherpesviruses in a population of clinically healthy bottlenose
ANTHROPOLOGIES AND ETHNOGRAPHIES OF EDUCATION WORLDWIDE

In the 1950s, a branch of educational research known as the anthropology of education fi rst appeared in the United States, and by the 1970s its practitioners were publishing the Anthropology and Education Quarterly. Also in the 1950s, pedagogical anthropology emerged in Germany, and more than a dozen books have now appeared with the title Pëdagogische Anthropologie. In the United Kingdom, the ethnography of education has blossomed since the late 1960s, although few of its practitioners identify themselves as anthropologists. Anthropology of education or ethnography of education has also emerged in other European countries, Latin America, Israel, Japan, India, and China. What is going on here? Do anthropology of education, pedagogical anthropology, and related terms mean the same thing in diff erent parts of the world? What counts as ethnography of education from one nation to another? This book addresses those questions by surveying anthropologies and ethnographies of education around the world. It asks how practices of the disciplines vary, what accounts for their differences or similarities, and why research beyond our own national and linguistic boundaries merits our a ention.1
Using breath tests wisely in a gastroenterology practice: an evidence-based review of indications and pitfalls in interpretation

Breath tests are a simple and safe alternative to more invasive investigation strategies for many gastroenterological conditions. Both the hydrogen breath tests and the new 13C stable radioisotope breath tests are nonradioactive and safe in children and pregnancy. The range of diseases that can be identified include Helicobacter pylori infection, lactose and fructose intolerance, bacterial overgrowth, bile salt wastage, pancreatic insufficiency, liver dysfunction, and abnormal small bowel transit. In this review, the physiology supporting these tests and the principles of normal gas dynamics in the gut are briefly reviewed and then related to the test preparation and interpretation in two parts: 1) detection of H. pylori and 2) small bowel, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary disorders. A MEDLINE search reviewing all English language abstracts from 1966 to March, 2001 was performed, with an additional review of abstracts from major national meetings from 1997 to 2001. Using the information from this review, the performance characteristics of the various tests were detailed, and an attempt is made to provide some literature-based guidance regarding their indications and limitations. The interpretation of “flat” breath tests and the selective use of methane collection and colonic alkalinization are discussed. Breath tests are valuable tools that are, in general, underutilized in evaluating dyspepsia and functional bloating and diarrhea, as well as suspected malabsorption, including lactose intolerance.
Infant temperament, parenting, and externalizing behavior in first grade: a test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis.

BACKGROUND This study examines the differential susceptibility hypothesis as it pertains to relations between infant temperament, parenting, and behavior problems in first grade. METHOD Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were used in a series of hierarchical regression analyses focused on interactions between three aspects of parenting (harshness, sensitivity, productive activity) and temperament as they affect teacher-reported externalizing behavior in first grade. Step #1 included family income-to-needs, maternal education, gender, life events, and amount of child care as control variables, plus infant temperament and the three parenting variables. Step #2 included a single interaction term, the interaction between one of the key parenting variables and child temperament. RESULTS Results showed stronger relations between maternal sensitivity and behavior problems for children with difficult temperaments. Likewise, relations between opportunities for productivity and behavior problems were stronger for children with difficult temperaments. Trends were in the same direction for harsh parenting but did not quite reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Having access to experiences that promote coping and build self-regulatory capacities seems particularly valuable for children with difficult temperaments.
What Information Matters to Investors at Different Stages of a Firm's Life Cycle?

We examine the role of reported accounting information (e.g., earnings and book values) relative to analysts' earnings forecasts to determine what information is most relevant for explaining market value conditional on a firm's life cycle stage. Using the life cycle measure developed in Dickinson (2011), we find that accounting information and analysts' earnings forecasts are each informative for market values, but in differing ways conditional on a firm's life cycle stage. In both returns and price specifications, we find that for growth and mature firms, investors put relatively more weight on analysts' forecasts. Conversely, for introduction and decline firms, investors find accounting information more relevant for stock price and stock returns. However, consistent with Burgstahler and Dichev (1997), we find that book values are more relevant than earnings for firms that are more likely to exercise an abandonment option (i.e., introduction and decline firms). Overall, our findings are also consistent with our predictions derived from a simple learning model by Pastor and Veronesi (2009).
The Anatomy of the Arterial Supply of the Thoracic Limb of the Porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the arterial supply and branches of the thoracic limb of the porcupine. With this aim, five (three male and two female) adult porcupines were used. The vascular tree of the thoracic limb was injected through the common carotid arteries with coloured latex. The a. thoracica externa arose from the a. axillaris at the level of the fourth rib. It divided into two branches and went to the m. cutaneus trunci and the m. pectoralis ascendens. The a. subscapularis came off the a. thoracodorsalis. Later, the a. circumflexa humeri caudalis et cranialis, the three muscular branches and the a. circumflexa scapulae arose from the a. subscapularis. The a. profunda brachii arose together with the a. bicipitalis from the same truncus. The a. collateralis ulnaris left from the a. brachialis independently. Rete carpi dorsale was formed by the a. radialis, the r. carpeus dorsalis of the a. collateralis ulnaris and the a. interossea caudalis. Arcus palmaris profundus was formed by the r. profundus of the a. interossea caudalis and the r. palmaris profundus of the a. radialis. In conclusion, despite a partial resemblance to that in the rat, the distribution of the thoracic limb arteries in the porcupine was found to be completely different from that of other mammals. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first study on the distribution of thoracic limb arteries in the porcupine.
Outbreak of diarrhoea among participants of a triathlon and a duathlon on 12 July 2015 in Utrecht, the Netherlands

SUMMARY On 12 July 2015, a triathlon competition with 900 participants took place in Utrecht, the Netherlands. An outbreak investigation was initiated after 56 participants reported health complaints. An online questionnaire was sent to 700 participants. Stool specimens from six participants and four water specimens were collected from the swimming location. A total of 239 participants completed the questionnaire (response rate: 34%), 73 (31%) of them met the case definition for acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). A total of 67% of the respondents were male and the median age was 38 years. Almost half (42%) of swimmers reported health complaints. Consumption of energy drinks and ingesting ⩾3 mouthfuls of canal water were identified as risk factors for AGI among swimmers only (adjusted relative risks (aRR) 1·6; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1·0–2·5 and aRR 2·6; 95% CI 1·5–4·8). The collected water specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup I and rotavirus and stool specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup II. Our findings indicate that the outbreak could have been caused by exposure to norovirus during swimming. Swimmers should get information about the health risks for making an informed choice about participating. For future events, the organisers decided to change the swimming location from a canal to a recreational lake.
DNA dynamics vary according to macrodomain topography in the E. coli chromosome

The organization of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been defined genetically as consisting of four insulated macrodomains and two less constrained regions. Here we have examined the movement of chromosomal loci by tracking fluorescent markers in time‐lapse microscopy during a complete cell cycle. Analysing the positioning, the segregation pattern and the motility of markers allowed us to show that the dynamic behaviour of loci belonging to various macrodomains and less constrained regions is radically different. In macrodomains constraints on mobility are apparent whereas in non‐structured regions, markers exhibited a greater motility that may explain their ability to interact with flanking macrodomains. Following replication, duplicated markers belonging to macrodomains show a colocalization step and this landmark is not apparent in non‐structured regions. Chromosome segregation occurs in three steps: first, the origin‐proximal half of the chromosome consisting of the Ori macrodomain and the two non‐structured region segregates concomitantly in a short period of time. Second, the Right and Left macrodomains segregate progressively following the genetic map. Third, the Ter macrodomain is rapidly segregated before division, after a significant period of colocalization. Macrodomain territories defined as cellular spaces occupied by the different macrodomains can be identified.
Next-Generation qPCR for the High-Throughput Measurement of Gene Expression in Multiple Leukocyte Subsets

Clinical studies of gene expression are increasingly using the whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and leukocyte subsets involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the small amount of RNA available in the clinical setting is a limitation for commonly used methods such as quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and microarrays. Our aim was to design 96 gene assays to simultaneously measure gene expression in the whole blood and seven leukocyte subsets using a new-generation qPCR method—high-throughput nanofluidic reverse transcription qPCR (HT RT-qPCR). The leukocyte subset purity was 94% to 98% for seven subsets and was less for the γδ T-cell receptor subset (80%). The HT RT-qPCR replicate sample measurements were highly reproducible (r = 0.997, p < 2.2 × 10−16), and the ΔΔCt values from HT RT-qPCR correlated significantly with those from qPCR. The control genes were differentially expressed across the eight leukocyte subsets in the control subjects (p = 1.3 × 10−5, analysis of variance). Two analytical methods, absolute and relative, gave concordant results and were significantly correlated (p = 1.9 × 10−9). HT RT-qPCR permits the rapid, reproducible, and quantitative measurement of multiple transcripts using minimal sample amounts. The protocol described yielded leukocyte subsets of high purity and identified two analytic methods for use.
Local treatment of venous leg ulcers.

At present the following guidelines for treatment of venous leg ulcers from our department are: Check the patients' general health--special attention to heart incompensation with oedema of the legs and the peripheral circulation. The most relevant laboratory tests are haemoglobin and urine-glucose. Routine bacterial cultivation is not necessary in non-diabetic patients as the result will generally not influence diagnosis, treatment or prognosis. Furthermore, treatment with topical antibiotics should be avoided. It is not only unnecessary, wasteful and sensitizing, but it also involves a risk of causing antibiotic resistance. Systematic antibiotic therapy is indicated only when obvious inflammatory signs in the tissues surrounding the ulcer are present, e.g. erysipelas or cellulitis. Non-sensitizing topical remedies should be applied. Avoid wool, alcohols, parabens, topical antibiotics and oxiquinolines. When eczema occurs use a hydrocortisone preparation in an inert base. Epicutaneous testing might be indicated. Bandages to be recommended are double-layer bandages consisting of an inner zinc oxide impregnated stocking and an outer elastic bandage and hydrocolloid dressing plus compression bandage.
Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are uncommon and describe a localized dilatation of a coronary artery segment more than 1.5-fold compared with adjacent normal segments. The incidence of CAAs varies from 0.3 to 5.3%. Ever since the dawn of the interventional era, CAAs have been increasingly diagnosed on coronary angiography. Causative factors include atherosclerosis, Takayasu arteritis, congenital disorders, Kawasaki disease (KD), and percutaneous coronary intervention. The natural history of CAAs remains unclear; however, several recent studies have postulated the underlying molecular mechanisms of CAAs, and genome-wide association studies have revealed several genetic predispositions to CAA. Controversies persist regarding the management of CAAs, and emerging findings support the importance of an early diagnosis in patients predisposed to CAAs, such as in children with KD. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge of CAAs and collate the recent advances regarding the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.