Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plant‐Mammal Interactions in Tropical Bolivian Forests with Different Hunting Pressures

Abstract: We studied plant‐animal interactions and vegetation structure in two geographically close tropical Bolivian forests subjected to different hunting intensities. We hypothesized that reduction of mammals openface> 1 kg in an “intensively hunted forest,” compared with an “occasionally hunted forest,” should correlate with decreased seed predation and seedling trampling, increased seedling survival and density, and decreased tree‐species diversity at the seedling stage in relation to the adult stage. The occasionally hunted forest held 1.7 times as many mammalian species as the intensively hunted forest. As predicted, predation of Astrocaryum murumuru seeds was 34.2% lower in the intensively hunted forest. Similarly, trampling of model seedlings was 5.4 times lower and seedling survival was 1.15 times greater in the intensively hunted forest than that in the occasionally hunted forest. But the intensively hunted forest displayed lower seedling densities and a higher ratio of seedling diversity to tree diversity than did the occasionally hunted forest. Reduction of peccaries from the intensively hunted forest may explain much of the between‐site differences in seed predation, trampling, and seedling survival. Lack of consistent differences in seedling density and diversity could mean that reduced granivory and trampling may be counteracted by reduced seed dispersal. The reduction of mammalian populations may produce a complex mosaic of forest patches with distinct degrees of structural change, depending on the intensity of defaunation.
Dry matter production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with special reference to the root system

SUMMARY At the research farm of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, above- and belowground production and changes with time in root length, mean root radius and root surface area of spring oilseed rape were studied during the growing seasons 1987 and 1990. In both years, the highest root growth rate was recorded during the stem elongation phase, and the highest shoot growth rate during flowering. The root: shoot ratio decreased throughout the whole period of root sampling, from 0·64 to 0·16, during the cool and wet first year. In the warmer and drier second year, the ratio increased to a maximum of 0·72 when flowering started, and thereafter decreased. More than 80% of the root dry matter was found in the topsoil. Roots were longer and thinner in the dry and warm 1990 than in the wet and cool 1987. Maximum root length was c. 4·9 km/m2 in 1990, and mean root radius varied between 01 and 0·7 mm. Increases in root surface area during periods of root growth were due to increased root length rather than to increased mean root radius.
Band-Pass Filter for Fluorescein Interference Rejection Using Microscope with Surgical Robot Applications

Recently, the diagnosis technique is rapidly growth. The diagnosis method has CT, MRI, surgical navigator, and surgical microscopy. The surgical robot is connected to diagnosis system. However, the diagnosis system is impossible to division of tumor and normal tissue due to similar formation and color. The fluorescein dying method can be diagnosis for division between tumor and normal tissue due to fluorescein color staining. Therefore, the tumor removal surgery is used for fluorescein dying diagnosis using surgical robot. However, fluorescein dying is generated interference. Therefore, the fluorescein diagnosis resolution is not good due to auto-fluorescein. Thus, the interference must be rejection through the filter usage. In this paper, the new optical filter for interference suppression using fluorescein diagnosis method in the surgical robot. The designed filter is used for coating layer
Facet engineering of LaNbON2 transformed from LaKNaNbO5 for enhanced photocatalytic O2 evolution

LaNbON2 absorbs visible light up to approximately 750 nm, one of the longest λmax values among Nb-based oxynitrides, but its photocatalytic water oxidation activity remains negligible owing partly to the exposure of inactive facets during thermal nitridation. Herein, LaNbON2 with exposed metastable {010} facets was prepared by nitriding plate-like LaKNaNbO5. During nitridation, the transformation of LaKNaNbO5 into LaNbON2 along the [010] direction occurred owing to their matching crystal structures, resulting in {010} facets exposed on the surface of plate-like LaNbON2. DFT calculations revealed that the {010} facets have a higher surface energy than the {100} facets of conventional LaNbON2. The exposure of such metastable {010} facets appears to have improved electron transfer from the interior of LaNbON2 to its surface along the [010] direction. After loading a CoOx cocatalyst, plate-like LaNbON2 exhibited enhanced photocatalytic O2 evolution activity with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 0.82% while conventional LaNbON2 was almost inactive. This is probably due to the small effective mass of electrons along the [010] direction and the low defect densities in LaNbON2 crystals after a mild nitridation. This work provides a novel transformation strategy yielding LaNbON2 with low defect densities and exposed metastable facets, thus exhibiting unique photocatalytic activity.
Relationship between vegetation structure and abundance of Great-spotted Woodpeckers (Dendrocopos major) in a mosaic habitat

Abstract This study was made in a postglacial relic bog in the Ócsa Protected Landscape Area in Hungary. Secondary succession of vegetation began after peat extraction and a grove-like forest evolved. Among the eight woodpecker species that occur in this area, the Great-spotted Woodpecker is the most abundant with the largest amount of data, it is for this reason we chose this species to study. The aims of this work were to detect changes in the abundance of the study species in relation to forest succession; to examine the seasonal patterns of these changes in abundance, and to identify any relationship between the height of the trees near the nets and the number of captured birds. We used the data from 1411 mist-netted Great-spotted Woodpeckers (1984- 2010), which were captured at the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station (120 standard mist nets). The assessment of forest succession rates were based on aerial photos (1979-2010). We measured the height of the vegetation, at 12 points, near each 12 m long net. Population growth of Great-spotted Woodpeckers was significantly correlated with the rate of afforestation. The majority of birds occurred only during the dispersal period. The pattern of the captures correlated well with the vegetation structure, not just with height, but also with vegetation quality as well Összefoglalás Vizsgálatainkat az Ócsai Tájvédelmi Körzet területén végeztük, egy posztglaciális reliktum lápszegélyen. A terület beerdősülése a tőzegbányászat befejeztével kezdődött el. Mára mozaikos, kis facsoportokból álló ligetes fás vegetáció alakult ki. A munka során az Ócsai Madárvártán 1984-2010-ig, 120 db függőnyhálóval befogott és meggyűrűzött nagy fakopáncsok adatait dolgoztuk fel. A nyolc eddig megjelent harkályfaj közül a nagy fakopáncs a leggyakoribb, erről a fajról gyűlt össze eddig a legtöbb adat, ezért lett ez a vizsgált faj. A következő kérdésekre kerestünk választ: az erdősülés üteme mentén hogyan változott a vizsgált faj éves egyedszáma? Milyen az egyedszámok szezonális mintázata? Korrelál-e a fogásszám a hálók melletti fák magasságával? A vizsgálati periódusban 1411 fogási adat gyűlt össze a vizsgált fajról. A szukcesszió ütemét 1979, 1992, 2000, 2005 és 2010-ben készült légifotók alapján becsültük meg. A vegetáció magasságát a 12 m-es hálók mentén, a háló mindkét oldalától 5 és 10 m-re, 4 m-es szakaszokban mértük meg. Az évenkénti egyedszám pozitívan korrelált az erdősülés ütemével. A legtöbb madár a júliustól októberig tartó diszperziós időszakban jelent meg, és csak rövid ideig tartózkodott a területen, mivel a revírek a rezidens egyedek által már telítettek voltak. A fogásszámok pozitívan korreláltak a vegetáció magasságával, de a vegetáció számos más jellemzője is befolyásolta az egyedek élőhely preferenciáját, pl. preferált fafajok, illetve táplálékban bővelkedő holtfák jelenléte
Maternal Control of Development in Vertebrates

Abstract Eggs of all animals contain mRNAs and proteins that are supplied to or deposited in the egg as it develops during oogenesis. These maternal gene products regulate all aspects of oocyte development, and an embryo fully relies on these maternal gene products for all aspects of its early development, including fertilization, transitions between meiotic and mitotic cell cycles, and activation of its own genome. Given the diverse processes required to produce a developmentally competent egg and embryo, it is not surprising that maternal gene products are not only essential for normal embryonic development but also for fertility. This review provides an overview of fundamental aspects of oocyte and early embryonic development and the interference and genetic approaches that have provided access to maternally regulated aspects of vertebrate development. Some of the pathways and molecules highlighted in this review, in particular, Bmps, Wnts, small GTPases, cytoskeletal components, and cell cycle regulat.
The ‘normative’ of sex and gender differentiates the bodies it controls to consolidate a heterosexual imperative: a cause of homophobic sexual violence in Africa

abstract Heteronormativity is the way in which social institutions reinforce a socially contracted ‘normative’ belief that human beings fall into two distinct binaries of sex and gender: male/man and female/woman. This ideology produces the idea that those sexes/genders exist to fulfil reproductive roles and hence that all intimate relationships ought to exist only between males/men and females/women. Heteronormative institutions block access to legal, political, economic, educational, and social participation for individuals who do not fit in these binary sex/gender categories. The authors’ claim in this Focus piece is that a heteronormative imperative is faulty. The normative of sex and gender functions as a regulatory practice whose power is to produce, demarcate and control bodies to consolidate a heterosexual imperative. In order to realise the meaning of non-heteronormativity, hegemonic heteronormativity has to be confronted through a postcolonial queer feminist lens because it is through a hetero-colonial imperative that some citizens in Africa continue to be violated with impunity on the grounds of their sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). The boundaries of analysis otherwise limit a discursively conditioned experience within the terms of a hegemonic, cultural, colonial and heteronormative discourse. The binary structures on which this is predicated appear as the language of universal rationality whereby nonconformity is perceived as irrational and punished. Postcolonial African queer feminism suggests that we evoke for ourselves a sense of double consciousness or multiple consciousnesses, where we notice how we constantly see ourselves through the eyes of the other (former colonisers in the context of this paper), with multiple identities in one body e.g. a colonial LGBTIQ subject versus an African LGBTIQ subject, among others. It is recommended that through “coloniality of power” LGBTIQ activists and allies identify and describe the living legacy of colonialism in contemporary Africa in the form of social discrimination that has outlived formal colonialism and become integrated in succeeding social orders, as it has in many of our laws. The coloniality of power as a practice assists to identify and expose the racial, political, sexual, gendered and social hierarchical orders imposed by European colonialism that prescribed value to certain peoples/societies while disenfranchising others.
Evolutionary Genetics of Division of Labor in Colonies of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)

We observed division of labor in worker honey bees from three genetically distinct sources (two selected strains and a wild-type source) in a common colony environment. We demonstrate a genotypic component to variability in those elements of individual behavior necessary for the evolution of the individual and colony-level behavioral phenotype-variability in task specialization and variability in the age-based system of division of labor. We present a model for individual behavior that integrates the effects of variability in individual genotypes with the current model of age and environmental determinism. Sources of variation involving interaction of genotype and environment are not individually specified, but an analysis of foraging behavior shows that such interactions can be significant. This conflicts with the traditional view of the colony environment as a source of behavioral resemblance among workers. The colony environment may, in some cases, actually amplify phenotypic differences among individuals beyond that expected on the basis of their additive genotypes. Interactions among workers or among subfamilies may significantly affect the expression of genotypic variability in worker behavior, resulting in facultative specialists that perform tasks with increased efficiency. Conversely, genotypic diversity within a colony may reduce colony fitness. Workers with different response thresholds may operate less efficiently as a group than workers with similar values if this variability results in conflict among nestmates over how an activity should be performed. Worker behavior is characterized by two elements: the proportion of time spent performing specific tasks (task specialization) and the temporal pattern of task performance (temporal division of labor). Analysis of the evidence presented here suggests that these components may be independent of one another. Further, we show that variation in the temporal pattern of performance of nest activities is independent of variation in the ontogeny of foraging behavior. Both of these findings reveal considerable flexibility in the evolution of energetically efficient task groups.
Factors shaping latitudinal patterns in communities of arboreal spiders in northern Europe

Predator effects on herbivores are often referred to as examples of biotic interactions that weaken with latitude, but more studies are needed to test for the generality of this pattern. To further the understanding of large-scale geographical patterns in abundance and diversity of predatory arthropods, from 2008–2011 we explored spider communities in the canopies of primary forest trees of the boreal zone (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pubescens and B. pendula) along five latitudinal gradients in northern Europe, from 59 to 70°N and from 10 to 60°E. The abundance of arboreal spiders in Norway and Finland was about a half of that in Russia, presumably due to more intensive forest management in Scandinavia. The abundance, taxonomic and functional diversity of arboreal spiders generally decreased with latitude; however, actual weather conditions during the study years had little effect on this pattern. Coniferous species supported higher abundance and diversity of arboreal spiders than birches, but the poleward decrease in either abundance or taxonomic diversity of arboreal spiders did not differ between coniferous and deciduous tree species. In contrast, functional diversity on birches decreased with latitude greater than on coniferous trees. Euryphagous spiders showed stronger decrease with latitude in terms of both abundance and taxonomic diversity than more specialized (steno- and oligophagous) spiders. We attribute the general decrease in density and diversity of spiders with latitude to an increased pressure from apex predators (birds) rather than to direct effects of climate or changes in prey abundance. The abundance of spiders declined with the latitude to the greater extent than the densities of their potential prey did, suggesting a decrease in the strength of predator–prey interactions towards the north.
Patterns of genotype variation and demographic history in Lindera glauca (Lauraceae), an apomict‐containing dioecious forest tree

The historical circumstances promoting the transition from sexual to apomictic reproduction in dioecious plant species remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the divergence and demographic history of Lindera glauca, a dioecious tree generally considered to be obligate sexual in China while comprising only females (apomicts) in Japan.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum Isolates from Malaysia and F. oxysporuin f. sp. elaeidis from Africa to Seedlings of Oil Palms (Elaeis guineensis)

Pathogenicity tests with Fusarium oxysporum isolated form Malaysian oil palm were made with oil palms seedlings raised form Malaysian seed as well s with wilt-susceptible seedlings gown from African seed. Oil palm seedlings grown form Malaysian seed were also inoculated with African isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis and F. oxysporum var. redolens. The experiments were made under normal soil moisture conditions and under water stress. F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis isolates form Africa were pathogenic to oil palm seedlings from Malaysian seeds but the Malaysian F oxysporum isolates were non-pathogenic to plams grown from Malaysian seed or the wilt-susceptible palms from African seed. Seedlings from Malaysian seed proved to be highly susceptible to the vascular wilt disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis as 75–90% of the palms were infected. The susceptibility of the palms from Malaysian seed varied with different African isolates tested. The Yaligimba isolate from Zaire which was found to be F. oxysporum var. redolens was the most virulent. Disease was more severe when oil palm seedlings were subjected to a period of water stress. The incidence of death in the seedlings under stress conditions was 45% as compared with only 15% for palms grown under normal conditions
Acehnese Vernacular House: The Study of Constructions and Materials Resilience

The substructure is an essential part of vernacular buildings, especially in an earthquake region. The substructure durability is proven since the vernacular house sustains while modern house destructed after the experienced earthquake. The use of substructure in the earthquake region is dominated by the stepped on stone pillars while the non-earthquake territory is dominated by pierced to the ground pillars. Researches hypothesized vernacular buildings in the ring of fire area will stable uses a stepped on the stone substructure and the joint wood system which interlocks the blocks. The purposes of this research are to determine whether the substructure can withstand the existing load, including earthquake and the wood material performance related to its durability in facing the weather and destructive biological factor. The test was done using a monotonic testing method to analyze the load exposed to the substructure. The moisture testing was also conducted in wood materials using Wood Moisture Detector MD818, and wood chemical structure was tested using FTIR. The result showed that the Aceh vernacular house was able to withstand earthquake load, including durable construction and material system. Aceh Besar vernacular house durability on earthquake was influenced by structure properties with a ductile value of 2.27.
EDF‐LPR: a new encoder–decoder framework for license plate recognition

Although automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has been studied for decades, the final recognition result can be accurate only if the license plate is detected and the standard format is unambiguous. However, since an image may contain license plates with different formats and scales, license plate detection and standard format classification may fail. In this study, a new ALPR codec framework named EDF-LPR is presented. As for the encoder, at the first stage, candidate license plate characters are detected and recognised directly without considering the format of license plate, and candidate regions of characters are extracted by density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise-like algorithm; at the second stage, poor regions are processed by tilt correction and scale normalisation to obtain more accurate candidate characters. As for the decoder, a sequence learning model is trained to convert each unordered coded sequence into a sequence composed of marks that indicate a way to construct the final result string. Experiments are designed to evaluate the performance of EDF-LPR on both detection rate and recognition rate. The experimental results on public datasets show that the detection rate and recognition rate are 99.51 and 95.3%, respectively, at about 40 fps.
The Adaptive Significance of Variations in Reproductive Habit in the Agavaceae II: Pollinator Foraging Behavior and Selection for Increased Reproductive Expenditure

A coevolutionary hypothesis accounting for the evolution of Big Bang reproduction in yuccas and agaves is proposed. Particular attention is paid to the selective consequences of pollinator foraging behavior and reciprocally to the effects of plant reproductive expenditures on pollinator foraging strategies. Several lines of evidence, both observational and experimental, supporting the theory are presented. This evidence incidentally supports the notion that insect pollinators visit flowers in qualitative accord with the dictates of optimal diet theory. Although most nonannual plants and animals breed more than once in their lives, a few species exhibit an all or nothing pattern of reproductive investment. In
FinFET‐based power‐efficient, low leakage, and area‐efficient DWT lifting architecture using power gating and reversible logic

For ultra‐low‐power applications, the computing components are smaller in size and consume less energy. In nonstationary signal analysis, the transformation plays an important role. Out of different transformation techniques, the most famous and dominant architecture is the discrete wavelet transform. The building block of the architecture should be optimized by all parameters. In this paper, the optimization was done on the power reduction and leakage current reduction. A new FinFET‐based lifting‐based wavelet architecture was proposed. Power gating and reversible logic methodology are proposed for the FinFET‐based transform to reduce the dynamic power by about 30%. The proposed FinFET‐based processing elements were utilized in the various blocks of the lifting‐based DWT architecture. The implementation was done in 32‐nm CMOS and FinFET technology. From the results, it has been investigated that the FinFET‐based circuits are efficient when compared with CMOS technology. This is due to the second‐order effects happening in CMOS circuits below 45 nm. The proposed design consumes less area and low leakage current and power when compared with the CMOS technology. Future trends of using multigate devices below 14 nm technology are presented finally.