Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Lexicon and the Boundaries of Compositionality

In its most simple and informal formulation the principle of compositionality expresses an uncontrovertible truth of natural language interpretation, i.e. that the meaning of a complex expression can be derived from the meanings of its parts and the way these parts are syntactically related. The fact that our linguistic system is compositional is nicely confirmed by the capacity of speakers to use a restricted amount of linguistic resources to produce and understand a potentially unlimited number of sentences: “this would be impossible were we not able to distinguish parts in the thoughts corresponding to the parts of a sentence” (Frege 1923). The problem is then how to turn the intuitive statement of compositionality above into a formal constraint on the human language computational system. The lexicon raises some important issues that call into question the compositional nature of natural language interpretation. As Janssen (1997: 420) claims, “compositionality requires that words in isolation have a meaning and that from these meanings, the meaning of a compound can be built. ” In other terms, the principle of compositionality seems to presuppose that word meaning is strictly context free, that is to say that “a lexical item must make approximately the same semantic contribution to each expression in which it occurs” (Fodor and Pylyshyn 1988). Prima facie this requirement sharply contrasts with another uncontrovertible fact about natural language, that is to say that lexical meanings are highly context sensitive. Actually, word meaning undergoes continuous modification and modulation in new contexts, and speakers have the ability to “adapt” the meaning of lexical items to fit a specific context and communicative situation (Pustejovsky 1998). A possible way to reconcile meaning variation in context with the requirements imposed by the compositional interpretation of complex expression is to address the former in terms of the notion of homonymy, i.e. the conflation of two symbolic entities under the same form. The fact that in the two sentences The director opened the bank and The water
Insurance as an Optimization Tool for Risk Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

The SME risk management optimization model includes appropriate methods for identification, analysis and classification of risk assessment and developing a plan to overcome the risks and control the applied reaction to risk. Insurance is a classic way of a risk management process and is applicable to specific situations. The subject of this study is exposure and risk management in small and medium-sized enterprises (hereafter: SMEs) which are eligible for transfer of insurance coverage. This paper discusses the process of risk management in SMEs by transfer to insurance and indicates which risks and in what way can be transferred to the insurer. In this paper we analyze the supply of domestic insurers in Serbia, and insurance requirements, variants that offer coverage to overcome the particular risks to which SMEs are exposed. In the elaboration and research of mentioned theses the paper will use methodological procedures of analysis and synthesis, the inductive-deductive method, and if necessary, the comparative method of scientific research.
Text as Topos: Using the Toulmin Model of Argumentation in Introduction to Literature

Describes how one teacher adapted the Toulmin argumentation model to improve discussion in introductory literature classes. Describes the method and its application to literary texts. Shows how it enables students with no particular attraction to literature to invent and respond to arguments about a text, ground those arguments in the text, and warrant them to their classmates’ satisfaction.
Phytate analysis and phytase application in Jatropha curcas kernel meal for use in aquaculture feeds

Phytate is the main phosphate storage molecule in plants. Phytate phosphorus is not available to monogastric animals, in addition, phytate may reduce the digestibility of proteins and minerals. Studies on different photometrical methods for phytate analysis as well as phytase application in vitro and in vivo for Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JKM) have been conducted with the following outcomes: 1) several frequently-used methods for phytate analysis involving the Wade-reagent as a photo indicator severely overestimate the true phytate content of JKM, predominantly because of oxalate, and should not be used despite their comparative convenience; 2) in vitro incubation of JKM with 2000 U kg-1 phytase at pH 4.5 completely eliminates phytate, as well as other inositol phosphates (IPs), from the meal. Incubation at the same pH without phytase addition also led to complete phytate eradication from the meal, but left significant amounts of IP5 and IP4 (0.43% and 0.47%, respectively); 3) feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with a phytase containing JKM-based diet leads to a significant reduction of about 56% of phytate, 31% of IP5 and 100% of IP4 in the feces compared to a control diet. This is associated with significantly lower P-, Ca- and Zn-content in the feces and therefore presumably better assimilation of these minerals. Though significant reductions were observed, considerable amounts of IPs were still found in feces despite phytase addition. To achieve maximum availability of minerals from JKM, phytase pre-incubation seems a necessary step.
Dear Editor and Reviewers: Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript # hess-2014-350 entitled “Prediction of extreme floods based on CMIP5 climate models: a case study in the Beijiang River basin, South China”

Dear Editor and Reviewers: Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript # hess-2014-350 entitled “Prediction of extreme floods based on CMIP5 climate models: a case study in the Beijiang River basin, South China”. Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper. The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing: Responds to the comments:
Effect of Technological Conditions on Removing Organic Substances from Landfill Leachates

The paper presents the research on how the effectiveness of removing organic substances is affected by the use of polyurethane foam fillings characterized by a varied porosity and the temperature of the process of treating landfill leachate in a biological sequencing batch reactor. The information on the conversion of organic compounds during the operation of the reactor was obtained by measuring the absorbance for selected wavelengths to describe the process of humification. It was found that the technological conditions used in the experiment affected the effectiveness of reducing the COD, but did not affect the type or amount of the humic substances in the leachate treated. In all of the variants examined, the COD decreased the as the humification level increased, and yet this relation was not linear in character.
Bakteeritaudinaiheuttajien tarkennettu tunnistus mikrosirudiagnostiikalla

Monien maaja elintarviketalouden kannalta merkittävien bakteeritaudinaiheuttajien luotettava tunnistus on ongelmallista. Näihin lukeutuvat perunan uusi, maaja siemenlevintäinen taudinaiheuttaja pohjanrupibakteeri (Streptomyces turgidiscabies), voimakasta hermomyrkkyä tuottava, vakavia ruokamyrkytyksiä ja halvauksia aiheuttava, elintarvikkeissa kulkeutuva Clostridium botulinum, sekä ihmisille tautia aiheuttavat enterohemorragiset Escherichia coli -bakteerit (EHEC-bakteerit; zoonoositaudinaiheuttajat), joiden tärkeimpänä lähteenä pidetään nautoja. Sopivan diagnostiikan puuttuessa edellä mainittuja, tauteja aiheuttavia bakteerikantoja ja -lajeja ei voida erottaa haitattomista, joita osa näytteiden mikrobeista edustaa. DNA-mikrosirut edustavat uutta diagnostista lähestymistapaa. Mikrosirulla tapahtuva tunnistus antaa poikkeuksellisen laajat mahdollisuudet mikrobin kuvailun yksityiskohtaisuudelle. Siten esim. taudinaiheuttamiskykyyn tarvittavien geenien yhdistelmää tai taudin-aiheuttajalle ominaisia, minimaalisia geneettisiä eroja voidaan hyödyntää kokonaisuutena tunnistuksessa. Tämän hankkeen keskeisenä tavoitteena oli DNA-mikrosirutekniikan käyttöönottaminen diagnostiikassa. Koska menetelmä oli hankkeen alkaessa kansainvälisestikin ottaen uusi ja vasta kehitteillä, hankkeessa tukeuduttiin neljän tutkimuslaboratorion yhteistyöhön mahdollisimman nopean etenemisen varmistamiseksi. Soveltavan biologian laitoksen kasvipatologian laboratorio (Helsingin yliopisto, HY) koordinoi hanketta ja keskittyi perunan bakteeritaudinaiheuttajiin. Elintarvikeja ympäristöhygienian laitos (HY) tutki ruokamyrkytysbakteereja. Elintarviketurvallisuusvirasto Eviran mikrobiologian tutkimusyksikkö tutki puolestaan EHEC-bakteereja. Mikrosirukokeet tehtiin Biotekniikan instituutin (HY) mikrosirulaboratoriossa, joka toimi teknologisena asiantuntijana. Hankkeeseen palkattiin yhteinen bioinformaatikko kehittämään tulosten käsittelyssä tarvittavia menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen lopullisena tavoitteena oli edistää elintarviketurvallisuutta, tuotantoeläinten terveyttä, elintarvike-tuotannossa käytettävien materiaalien hygieniaa sekä perunan kasvinsuojelua. Tutkimuksissa edettiin alun teknisten vaikeuksien jälkeen nopeasti, kun uusi mikrosirujen valmistusteknologia tuli käyttöön. Hankkeen tulokset edustavat tieteellisesti uudenaikaista lähestymistapaa bakteerien tyypittämiseen. Mikrosiruteknologian avulla oli mahdollista erotella kaikki perunalla merkittävät, Suomessa tavattavat bakteeritaudinaiheuttajat. Mikrosiruanalyysit paljastivat joukon C. botulinum:in geenejä, joiden perusteella bakteerikannat voitiin jakaa proteolyyttisten ominaisuuksien mukaisesti kahteen ryhmään ja kehittää niiden tunnistukseen nopea PCR-testi. Samalla periaatteella voitiin erotella tunnetusti patogeenisiä ja mahdollisesti patogeenisiä E. coli –kantoja. Tulokset veivät eteenpäin taudinaiheuttamiskykyyn liittyvien monimutkaisten ilmiöiden tutkimusta ja tuottivat diagnostiikassa sovelluskelpoisia tuloksia.
The effects of semantic and thematic clustering on the learning of second language vocabulary

ESL students are often presented much of their new English vocabulary preorganized for them in ‘semantic clusters’, sets of semantically and syntactically similar words, e.g., eye, nose, ear, mouth, chin. Although clustering of this sort facilitates the activities which serve current approaches to language teaching and would seem,at first glance, to facilitate vocabulary learning as well, little or no empirical justification is offered by researchers in support of its employment. In fact, research that might apply, psychological research generated by interference theory, would predict that such clustering of similar items impedes rather than enhances learning. On a more positive note, a more ‘thematic’ manner of organizing new L2 vocabulary is suggested by more recent psychological research which would predict that clusters like frog, green,hop, pond,slippery, croak would be more easily learnt than groups of unassociated words. With these predictions in mind,the reported research explored the effects upon L2 vocabulary learning of both ‘semantic’ and ‘thematic’ clustering. The results provide a wide range of evidence that suggests that semantic clustering does indeed serve as a hindrance while thematic clustering serves as a facilitator of new language vocabulary learning.
COGNITIVE THERAPY FROM THE INSIDE: ENHANCING THERAPIST SKILLS THROUGH PRACTISING WHAT WE PREACH

Experiential training and personal therapy have rich traditions in various therapies as strategies to enhance self-awareness and therapist skills. However, personal experiential work has not traditionally been part of cognitive therapy (CT) training. The purpose of the present study is to map the impact of personal experiential work on CT skills in a group of CT practitioners. Fourteen cognitive therapists undertook training courses utilizing a struc- tured approach to self-practice of CT techniques, known as self-practice/self-reflection (SP/ SR). Six therapists from one training group engaged in ''co-therapy'' sessions with a partner, while eight therapists from another training group practised CT techniques on their own. Both groups engaged in regular written reflections about their experience. Follow-up 1-5 months after the courses identified six areas of self-reported skill enhancement: Refinement of specific CT skills; Enriched communication of the conceptual framework of CT; Increased attention to the therapeutic relationship; Empathic attunement; Therapist self-reflection; and Therapeutic flexibility. The results suggested that SP/SR enhances the ''professional art- istry'' of therapists, a finding consistent with literature suggesting that reflection is a key process in the development of therapist expertise. It is concluded that SP/SR represents a promising training strategy for cognitive therapists.
A Comparison of Late Quaternary Organic Proxy‐Based Paleotemperature Records of the Central Sea of Okhotsk

The long‐chain diol index (LDI) is a new organic sea surface temperature (SST) proxy based on the distribution of long‐chain diols. It has been applied in several environments but not yet in subpolar regions. Here we tested the LDI on surface sediments and a sediment core from the Sea of Okhotsk, which is the southernmost seasonal sea ice‐covered region in the Northern Hemisphere, and compared it with other organic temperature proxies, that is, U37k′ and TEXL86. In the surface sediments, the LDI is correlated with autumn SST, similar to the U37k′ but different from the TEXL86 that correlates best with summer sea subsurface temperature. Remarkably, the obtained local LDI calibration was significantly different from the global core‐top calibration. We used the local LDI calibration to reconstruct past SST changes in the central Sea of Okhotsk. The LDI‐SST record shows low glacial (Marine Isotope Stage, MIS 2, 4, and 6) and high interglacial (MIS 1 and MIS 5) temperatures and follows the same pattern as the U37k′ ‐SST and a previously published TEXL86 temperature record. Similar to the modern situation, the reconstructed temperatures during the interglacials likely reflect different seasons, that is, summer for the TEXL86 and autumn for U37k′ and LDI. During glacials, the reconstructed temperatures of all three proxies are similar to each other, likely reflecting summer temperatures as this was the only season free of sea ice. Our results suggest that the LDI is a suitable proxy to reconstruct subpolar seawater temperatures.
Manifestations of Temperament and Perception in Auditory Evoked Potentials

The aim of this paper is to study manifestations of temperament in auditory evoked potentials (EP) during the odd-ball paradigm. Three questionnaires were used; Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS), Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ), Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). All subjects were divided into two groups with high (I) and low (II) concordance between the questionnaires’ data. Amplitudes of N2 wave and of N2-P3 complex were found to be statistically different in the two groups. In group I, a number of significant relations between questionnaires' dimensions and EPs parameters were shown; in group II such relations were much less numerous. The data obtained show that temperament is determined by brain processes of perception and attention, and also hint at the existence of individuals with fundamentally different patterns of psychophysiological manifestations of temperament.
Reinterpretations in Adverbal Modification:

A General Approach* Johannes Dölling University of Leipzig doelling@rz.uni-leipzig.de This paper is concemed with the fact that a number of adverbal modifications involve a systematic reinterpretation of at least one of the expressions connected by the operation in question. It offers an approach in wh ich such transfers of meaning turn out to be a result of contextually controlled enrichments of an underspecified as weil as a strictIy compositionally structured semantic representation. The approach proposed is general for three reasons: First, it takes into account not only reinterpretations in temporal but also such in non-temporal modification. Second, it allows considering so-called secondary predications as a particular kind of adverbal modification. Third, it explains the respective reinterpretations within a uniform formal framework of meaning variation.
PELEA: a Domain-Independent Architecture for Planning, Execution and Learning

One of the current limitations for large-scale use of planning technology in real world applications is the lack of software platforms to integrate the full spectrum of planning-related technologies: sensing, planning, executing, monitoring, re-planning and learning from past experiences. In this paper, we present PELEA, a domain-independent online planning architecture that includes state-of-the-art components for performing a wide range of (meta-)planning tasks, such as learning of control knowledge or low-level planning among many others. PELEA is conceived as a general-purpose architecture suitable for problems ranging from robotics to emergency management. PELEA is also intended to provide a rapid prototyping life-cycle for building planning applications and support planning practitioners with a highly-configurable tool.
Antioxidant properties of Artemisia absinthium accelerate healing of experimental Achilles tendon injury in rabbits

Summary Introduction: Delayed tendon healing is still found to be among the complications that occur most often after tendon repair. Objective: The role of local injection of Artemisia absinthium was evaluated in healing of experimental Achilles tendon injury in rabbits. Methods:. In nine adult New Zealand rabbits a partial thickness tenotomy was created on both hindlimbs. A. absinthium extract and normal saline were respectively injected daily to treatment and control groups for three days. Results: On the day 7 after injury, the tendon sections showed that healing rate in A. absinthium treated group was higher than that in control group. Furthermore, at days 14 and 28, comparison between A. absinthium treated group and control group demonstrated that A. absinthium increased the healing rate but with no significance. Conclusions: Results of this study have showed that application of A. absinthium extract can improve healing process of damaged Achilles tendon.
Spatial and seasonal variations in stem respiration of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Stem respiration of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees was measured in the field in eastern France at several levels in the crown and along the stem. Strong variations in respiration rates throughout the season and within the trees were mainly caused by gradients in stem tem- perature, growth rates and distribution of living cells. The higher respiration rates, were measured in the upper crown. During the non-growing season, maintenance respiration ranged between 7.2 and 528 µmol m -3 s -1 at breast height and in the upper crown, respectively. Q10 increased along the stem from 1.3 at breast height to 2.0 in the upper crown. There was a linear relationship between (N) and the percentage of living cells in the wood, but respiration increased strongly with (N). Growth respiration accounted for 45-76% of annual stem respiration, and the growth respiration coefficient was close to 0.2 g C respired g -1 C fixed.
Coralline algal Mg-O bond strength as a marine pCO2 proxy

Past ocean acidification recorded in the geological record facilitates the understanding of rates and influences of contemporary pCO 2 enrichment. Most pH reconstructions are made using boron, however there is some uncertainty associated with vital effects and isotopic fractionation. Here we present a new structural proxy for carbonate chemistry; Mg-O bond strength in coralline algae. Coralline algae were incubated in control (380 matm pCO 2 ), moderate (750 matm pCO 2 ), and high (1000 matm pCO 2 ) acidification conditions for 24 months. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine skeletal Mg-O bond strength. There was a positive linear relationship between pCO 2 concentration and bond strength mediated by positional disorder in the calcite lattice when accounting for seasonal temperature. The structural preservation of the carbonate chemistry system in coralline algal high-Mg calcite represents an alternative approach to reconstructing marine carbonate chemistry. Significantly, it also provides an important mechanism for reconstructing historic atmospheric CO 2 concentrations.
The 'Wisdom of the Crowds' and Public Policy

Surowiecki (2004) argues that collective predictions are better than individual predictions and calls that the Wisdom of the Crowds. We use an analytical information model to demonstrate and explain this. Then we see how these two predictions are affected by better public information and show that while individual predictions always improve, collective ones do not. A social planner that relies on collective predictions to form policy may erroneously refrain from providing better information. We use two examples to show where this might be applicable.
Enforced informalisation: The case of liquor retailers in South Africa

After a decade of unsuccessful efforts to migrate informal businesses to South Africa's formal economy there remains little understanding of the dynamics in this sector, especially as regards micro-enterprises. International literature discusses ‘exit’ and ‘exclusion’, holding that poor law enforcement is the reason for the persistence and growth of the informal economy. Through examining the informal liquor retail (shebeen) sector, we demonstrate that enforcement actually produces informality in this sector. Illustrated with examples from one of our sites in Delft South, Cape Town, the article describes key aspects of shebeen business practice, including the responses to greater law enforcement. Notably, instead of closing shop or facing the hurdles of compliance, the great majority of shebeens continue to evade the law by downscaling their activities. This finding has implications not just for liquor policy in South Africa, but for understanding both theories of formalisation and theories of the informal economy.
System Dynamics Approach To Simulate KMS Success Model

A growing notion these days is that organizational competitiveness is determined largely by effective management of its most important intangible asset “knowledge”. The success of Knowledge Management (KM) initiatives is leveraged by the application of Knowledge management systems (KMS) that effectively create, share and use knowledge through KM techniques. KM research, however, has focused more only on these factors to ascertain organizational competitive advantage. There has been little research on applying modelling to understand benefits derived by knowledge workers of such systems. In this research paper, we map a KMS Success model using System Dynamics tools to better understand the structure of the model identifying the key variables. The paper concludes with the main observations from this research and proposes some lines for further research in this area. This paper intends to fuel a thought about KMS working via System Dynamics