Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation Through Mental Simulation

Although mental simulation underlies many day-to-day judgments, we identified a new domain influenced by simulation: volume estimation. Previous research has identified various ways in which volume estimates are biased but typically has not presented a psychological process by which such judgments are made. Our simulation-informsperception account proposes that people often estimate a container’s size by simulating filling it. First, this produces an orientation effect: The same container is judged larger when right side up than when upside down because of the greater ease of imagining filling an upright container. Second, we identified a cavern effect: Imagining pouring water through a narrow opening toward a relatively wide base produces a sense that the container is cavernous and large (compared with identically sized, wide-topped, narrow-based containers). By testing for and demonstrating the importance of simulation to these effects, we showed how complex perceptual judgments can be distorted by higher level cognitive influences even when they are necessarily informed by modularly processed perceptual input.
Optimization and Response Surface Modeling of Chromium Removal Zero Valent Iron ( NZVI )

The ability use of NZVI for the Heavy Metal such as Chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated in batch mode examinations. Amount removal of Chromium is found to be 98.87% at pH: amount of adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g in 20 minutes and 5 ppm Chromium solution. Influences of parameters like initial Chromium concentration (5-15 mg/L), time (20 NZVI dosage (0.005-0.02 g) on Chromium adsorption were examinated using response surface methodology. The Box Behnken experimental design in response surface methodology was used for designing the experiments were run as well as for full response surface estimation and 15 trials as per the model. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Chromium from an aqueous solution of 10 mg/L were as follows: adsorbent dosage (0 20 minutes initial Chromium concentration (5 ppm) in pH: 4. The high correlation coefficient (R2:0.971) between the model and the experimental data showed that the Box Behnken experimental design was able to predict the removal of Chromium using NZVI from aqueous solution effectually.
Correctly Classified " Bird " UnMask Unmasking Attacks using Building-Block Knowledge Building Blocks CNN Unprotected Attacked Mask

Deep learning models are being integrated into a wide range of high-impact, security-critical systems, from self-driving cars to biomedical diagnosis. However, recent research has demonstrated that many of these deep learning architectures are highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks—highlighting the vital need for defensive techniques to detect and mitigate these attacks before they occur. To combat these adversarial attacks, we developed UnMask, a knowledge-based adversarial detection and defense framework. The core idea behind UnMask is to protect these models by verifying that an image’s predicted class (“bird”) contains the expected building blocks (e.g., beak, wings, eyes). For example, if an image is classified as “bird”, but the extracted building blocks are wheel, seat and frame, the model may be under attack. UnMask detects such attacks and defends the model by rectifying the misclassification, re-classifying the image based on its extracted building blocks. Our extensive evaluation shows that UnMask (1) detects up to 92.9% of attacks, with a false positive rate of 9.67% and (2) defends the model by correctly classifying up to 92.24% of adversarial images produced by the current strongest attack, Projected Gradient Descent, in the gray-box setting. Our proposed method is architecture agnostic and fast. To enable reproducibility of our research, we have anonymously open-sourced our code and large newly-curated dataset (~5GB) on GitHub (https://github.com/unmaskd/UnMask).
On the nature of adjectival modification: A case study in Javanese

A small group of languages (Slave, Ika, Edo (Baker 2003, Dixon 2004)) have been claimed to only have indirect adjectival modification, i.e. where adjective modifiers always have a relative clause-like structure. In a case study on adjectival modification in Javanese, it is at first tempting to place this Western-Malayo Polynesian (Austronesian) language among this small group. Using the Degree Phrase (DegP) as a diagnostic to probe into the structure of adjectival modifiers, I show that scope island effects in attributive comparatives strongly suggest that adjectives are always indirect modifiers in Javanese. However, further investigation on bare adjectives shows that direct modification, i.e. true attributive modification, is in fact available in Javanese. I argue that in Javanese, complex adjectives (i.e. comparatives, intensified adjectives, adjectives with complements) are always indirect modifiers, while bare adjectives may be either direct or indirect modifiers. This case study then calls into question the existence of languages that are claimed to only have indirect adjectival modification. Javanese presents an interesting case to study because it is not clear at the outset what type of structure adjectival modifiers have due to the apparent optionality of the relative marker sing, as in (1).
Network Resources as a Source of Competitive Advantage

Japanese automobile makers were seemed to have a competitive advantage in 1980s, by their close relationship with their parts suppliers. But, what was the difference among Japanese automobile makers? In this paper, we explore accumulated resources among the parts suppliers as network resources, and compare the resources between automakers. Finally, we conclude there are difference about the level of accumulation and the style of accumulation.
Resilient, but from whose perspective?: like-for-like comparisons of objective and subjective measures of resilience

As resilience continues its rise to top of the international policy agenda, development funders and practitioners are under mounting pressure to ensure that investments in resilience-building are effective and targeted at those most in need. It is here that robust resilience measurement can make valuable contributions: identifying hotspots; understanding drivers; and inferring impact. To date, resilience measurement has been dominated by objectively-oriented approaches. These rely on external definitions of resilience (often informed by outside ‘experts’, literature reviews or resilience practitioners) and measured through observation or external verification. More recently, the potential for subjective approaches has been proposed. These take a contrasting approach, soliciting people’s judgements of what resilience means to them, and getting them to self-evaluate their own resilience. While both approaches have their strength and weaknesses, little is known about how objective and subjective modes of resilience measurement compare. To shed light on this relationship, we provide likefor- like comparisons of these two approaches using a regionally representative household survey of 2,308 households in Northern Uganda. In so doing, we introduce a new measurement approach named the Subjective self-Evaluated Resilience Score (SERS). Outcomes from SERS are directly compared with an objectively-evaluated approach, the Resilience Index Measurement Analysis (RIMA), widely used by resilience practitioners. Findings from the survey suggest a moderate correlation between objectively- and subjectively-evaluated resilience modules. More importantly, both approaches share similar associations with many key socioeconomic drivers of resilience. However, there are notable differences between the two. In some case, the approaches differ entirely regarding contributions of important traits, including coping strategies, levels of education and exposure to prior shocks. Our results highlight the need for resilience evaluators to consider a diversity of knowledge sources and seek greater use of evidence in indicator selection. We also investigate the properties of the SERS module itself. We find that characterisations of resilience that mimic various commonly-used frameworks produce similar resilience outcomes, suggesting that debates over the exact composition of resilience-characteristics may matter little. In addition, shorter SERS modules match the performance of the full set of SERS questions, allowing for quicker administration and reduced survey burden. Lastly, we call for evaluators to consider the strengths and weaknesses of subjective and objective measurement approaches, including options for combining both formats.
Volatiles of Solanum spp.: Analysis, Composition and Ecological Significance

A review of the analysis and composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Solanum plants of worldwide economic importance – potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines – is presented together with some general comments on this field of research. VOC blends consist of green leaf volatiles (C6 compounds), terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and aromatics, among other compounds. Two types of sampling are generally applied in VOC trapping: headspace sampling, and direct methods such as extraction and distillation. The structural assignment of VOCs is based mostly on GC and GC-MS procedures: their possibilities and limitations are discussed. In addition to these methods, NMR spectra, which require preparative scale separations, are used for the identification of unknowns. VOCs in Solanum include volatiles emitted by potato and tomato foliage, the aroma of vegetables such as tomatoes, volatiles from cooked potatoes and cooked aubergine fruits, and volatiles from diseased potato tubers. Examples of natural VOC blends, as well as, those induced by insect feeding or infections are given. Comparison of the data on Solanum volatiles reveals compositional similarities and differences. Green leaf volatiles and -caryophyllene are present in both potato and tomato foliage blends but in different concentrations; the minor components differ in their compositions in these two species. The ecological significance of potato foliage volatiles is briefly presented. Diseases are one of the major problems affecting potato storage. Monitoring of volatiles produced by diseased potatoes for the detection of infections in stored potatoes is described. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Secure Data using k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Classification-Survey

- The k-Nearest Neighbor(k-NN) Classification is used to find the k closest training points based upon some metric. It performs the operation using metrics such as Euclidean, Manhattan etc. It proposes a method to compute k –nn Classification from the distributed sources without distribute any data about the user. The k-NN operation is also applied in the cloud. The k-NN supports both classification and Regression because it is a non parametric Technique and it is simple and efficient among all the Machine Learning algorithms. It classifies the new case based upon the similarity measure. The k-NN algorithm is also a lazy learning algorithm because it doesn’t make any assumptions on the underlying data distribution. Most of the lazy algorithms like k-NN make decision based on the training data set. The k-NN approach is suitable for very high dimensional dataset. The main idea behind this paper is to promote the Classification in the encrypted data using k-NN Classification. Therefore the privacy preserving k-NN classification is maintained over encrypted data in the cloud.
Design Management as a Driver for Innovation in SMEs

Innovation is the key-driving factor for economic growth and social wealth. Innovative products and services emerge more often as a result of cross-sectorial combination of technologies, design and business models. The European Union approved in summer 2011 the South Baltic project ‘Design EntrepreneurSHIP’ in order to develop and foster design management approaches and instruments for the SME sector. The project work was followed by an evolutionary approach supported by semi-structured interviews, qualitative and quantitative surveys and expert assessments. The paper presents accumulated results by highlighting expectations and needs of entrepreneurs concerning a SME-suitable design management model and a skilled design management, forging innovation and sustainable entrepreneurial growth.
Efficient Selection of Hyperparameters in Large Bayesian VARs Using Automatic Differentiation

Large Bayesian vector autoregressions with the natural conjugate prior are now routinely used for forecasting and structural analysis. It has been shown that selecting the prior hyperparameters in a data‐driven manner can often substantially improve forecast performance. We propose a computationally efficient method to obtain the optimal hyperparameters based on automatic differentiation, which is an efficient way to compute derivatives. Using a large US data set, we show that using the optimal hyperparameter values leads to substantially better forecast performance. Moreover, the proposed method is much faster than the conventional grid‐search approach, and is applicable in high‐dimensional optimization problems. The new method thus provides a practical and systematic way to develop better shrinkage priors for forecasting in a data‐rich environment.
Execution Details and Assessment Results of a Summer Bridge Program for First-year Engineering Students

This paper reports the execution details and the summary assessment of a Summer Bridge Program (SBP) that is a part of an ongoing National Science Foundation (NSF) Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (S-STEM) project in the College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The project supports 18 Scholars (academically-talented, lowincome engineering students). The primary goals of the SBP are facilitating Scholars’ transition to their first-year and improving their academic success. To achieve these goals, the SBP is implemented as a two-week on-campus intensive experience that occurs in the summer before the student’s first year. The first round of the SBP was completed in Summer 2018 and the current paper offers the details, lessons learned, and a brief evaluation of the SBP. Based on the assessment data, it is concluded that the SBP was successful in achieving its stated goals. The evaluation results and the lessons learned from the SBP execution can be used to build a sustainable Summer Bridge Program for all first-year engineering students in the future.
Tailored Controls: Creating Personalized Tangible User Interfaces from Paper

User interfaces rarely adapt to the specific user preferences or the task at hand. We present a method that allows to quickly and inexpensively create personalized interfaces from plain paper. Users can cut out shapes and assign control functions to these paper snippets via a simple configuration interface. After configuration, control takes place entirely through the manipulation of the paper shapes, providing the experience of a tailored tangible user interface. The shapes and assignments can be dynamically changed during use. Our system is based on markerless tracking of the user's fingers and the paper shapes on a surface using an RGBD camera mounted above the interaction space, which is the only hardware sensor required. Our approach and system are backed up by two studies where we determined what shapes and interaction abstractions users prefer, and verified that users can indeed employ our system to build real applications with paper snippet interfaces.
Analysis of Factors Influencing E-Commerce Adoption among Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya

Although Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) has been a popular term in research and industry over the past decade in developed countries, the situation has remained a lot different in developing countries particularly in Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (SMEs) where its application has been scanty. This paper aims to determine the various factors that influence e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Kenya. The study adapted a quantitative survey approach that provided a suitable environment whereby SME owners/managers could respond on issues openly. A structured questionnaire comprising five parts having questions using a 5-point Likert scale was used. The data was analyzed using frequency distributions and descriptive statistics. In order to analyze barrier factors of e-commerce adoption, factor analysis with varimax rotation was employed to reduce the variables that are used to measure barrier factors. Several hypotheses were tested empirically. The results confirm that SMEs face technical, financial, organizational, governmental and innovational barriers to e-commerce adoption. The study recommends that policy makers should view these influencing factors as interrelated barriers of e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Kenya which need combined stake holder effort and strategies when addressing them.
DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE, SPIRITUAL AND COMPETENCE OF VILLAGE APPARATUS IN VILLAGE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION

Harmonization in the uniformity of the village financial accounting system is hampered by several factors including: the character and culture of each village, differences in the governance of the village governance system that exists in each village and differences in interests between village officials also greatly influence the process of harmonizing the implementation of the village financial system. The ethnomethodology approach paradigm is the basis of the research method. The results of this study were the role of culture, spiritual and competency of the village apparatus as local government inherent with the financial management of Tanjungarum Village. The cultural value of the village community in the management of village finance is informed from the culture of mutual relation and they working together to help each other, the spiritual value is inherent in the self and soul of the village apparatus who work with a loving, honest and sincere while the competency value is formed from the awareness of the village apparatus to improve the knowledge and knowledge of financial management village.
IS THIS IN THE PHONOLOGY? EXAMINING THE INTONATIONAL PHONETICS-PHONOLOGY INTERFACE WITH AMERICAN ENGLISH POLAR QUESTIONS

In this paper, we discuss a priori unexpected pitch movements (spurious pitch movements; SPMs) preceding the L* in rising MAE polar questions. In experimental data, we find two non-canonical contours: a rise-fall SPM with a peak, and a steady-highand-fall SPM with a plateau. In both, the alignment and scaling of SPMs is more variable than might be predictable with MAE_ToBI as currently defined. We present a linear mixed effects model which shows that SPMs reflect fine-grained detail related to fluency and emotional state, but also the semanticopragmatics of the discourse context: they appear to be correlated with fewer expectations about possible answers. Our results necessitate a model in which this type of phonetic variation can be understood as linguistically structured and motivated.
Towards A Common Understanding Of 'emerging Farmer' In A South African Context Using Data From A Survey Of Three District Municipalities In The Eastern Cape Province

The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the diversity among emerging smallholders using various commonly used indicators. These were reviewed and applied to a sample of 379 emerging smallholders situated in three major smallholding districts within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It was found that the typical emerging farmer has the following profile: He is black, situated in a former homeland and is 58 years old. The typical farmer cultivates field crops as a secondary source of food and income, but keeps livestock as primary and secondary sources of income. The average emerging smallholder mostly grows maize for own consumption given a crop commercialisation index (CCI) of 0.66 and sells a greater portion of his cabbage and potatoes given CCIs of 0.73 and 0.83 respectively. The average emerging farmer earns a net income of R26 600 per year, but there is an income inequality, since the most successful farmer earns 26.7 times the average income. This translates to a Ghini coefficient of 0.48, which is high by international standards, but low compared to the South African average of 63.1. When speaking to fellow farmers, it was found that 78% of them feel constrained by farming in a homeland, but only 72% would be willing to move from their homeland, with most (45%) saying that they would only do so if they were provided with sufficient government support. Keywords: Eastern Cape Province, Emerging farmer, Survey
Multi Party Authorization Framework for Data Sharing in Online Social Networks

Online Social Networks (OSNs) are essentially designed to facilitate people to share personal and public information and make social connections with others. These OSNs propose good looking means for digital social communications and information distribution, but also raise a number of security and privacy issues. Whereas OSNs allow users to control access to shared data, at the moment they do not provide any mechanism to implement privacy concerns over data connected with multiple users. The proposed approach is to facilitate the defense of shared data associated with many users in OSNs. We put together an access control replica to capture the essence of multiparty agreement requirements, along with a multiparty strategy requirement scheme and a policy enforcement mechanism. Here present a logical demonstration of our access control model which allows us to influence the features of presented logic solvers to execute various analysis tasks on our model. We introduced a proof-of-concept prototype of our move toward as part of an application in Face book and make available usability study and system valuation of our method. The survival of OSNs that include person detailed information creates attractive openings for various applications ranging from advertising to group of people organization. Security and privacy concerns need to be deal with for creating such applications. Improving social network access control systems appears as the first step toward addressing the existing security and privacy concerns related to online social networks. To address some of the current limitations, we have created an experimental social network using synthetic data which we then use to test the efficacy of the semantic reasoning based approaches we have previously suggested.
Velarization of Russian labial consonants

Contrast between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants is a robust feature of Russian. Nonpalatalized consonants are generally viewed as velarized (with secondary dorsal articulation) rather than “plain” (without secondary articulation). This velarization has been proposed to play an important role in the phonology of the language. The bases for velarization are transcriptions and acoustics, as well as physiological data from liquids. There is little systematic articulatory investigation of whether consonants other than liquids are velarized. The present study used ultrasound data to determine whether there were identifiable dorsal articulations in labial stops, fricatives, and nasals, both word-initially and word-finally. We looked at labials to avoid confounding effects of other lingual targets. We found that non-palatalized Russian labial consonants have a velar constriction associated with them, irrespective of manner. We further found that the tongue-dorsum gesture associated with labial consonants had a notable coarticulatory effect on the neighboring vowel.
upercritical CO 2 sterilization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene effrey

The aim of this study was to use a benign technique for the sterilization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which is broadly used in artificial joints. The feasibility of using supercritical (SC) CO2 modified with additives such as ethanol, water and hydrogen peroxide was assessed for the