Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female Business Leaders, Business and Cultural Environment, and Productivity around the World

Studies of female business leaders and economic performance are rarely conducted with worldwide observational data, and with considerations on the underlying cultural, institutional, and business environment. This paper uses worldwide, firm-level data from more than 100 countries to study how female-headed firms differ from male-headed firms in productivity level and growth, and whether the female leader performance disparity hinges on the underlying environment. Female-headed firms account for about 11 percent of firms and are more prevalent in countries with better rule of law, gender equality, and stronger individualistic culture. On average, female-headed firms have 9 to 16 percent lower productivity and 1.6 percentage points lower labor productivity growth, compared with male-headed firms. The disadvantage is mainly in manufacturing firms, largely nonexistent in service firms, and present in relatively small firms. Although the female leader performance disadvantage is surprisingly not related to gender equality, it is smaller where there is less emphasis on personal networks (better rule of law, lower trade credit linkages, lower usage of bank credit, and more equalizing internet), less competition, and the culture is more collective. The study does not find that the female leader disadvantage is amplified in corrupt environments. Africa differs significantly in that it features lower female disadvantage, stronger female advantage in services relative to manufacturing, and stronger sensitivity of female business leaders to electricity provision and bank credit access.
The Genome Organization of the Nidovirales: Similarities and Differences between Arteri-, Toro-, and Coronaviruses☆

Abstract Viruses in the families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae have enveloped virions which contain nonsegmented, positive-stranded RNA, but the constituent genera differ markedly in genetic complexity and virion structure. Nevertheless, there are striking resemblances among the viruses in the organization and expression of their genomes, and sequence conservation among the polymerase polyproteins strongly suggests that they have a common ancestry. On this basis, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recently established a new order, Nidovirales, to contain the two families. Here, the common traits and distinguishing features of the Nidovirales are reviewed.
NEWS HEADLINE GENERATION USING STEMS, LEMMAS AND GRAMMEMES

Headline generation is a task that has a good solution based on seq2seq models with an attention mechanism. However, it is still quite challenging to deal with morphologically rich languages, such as Russian, which have many word forms and therefore larger vocabularies. To deal with complex dependencies arising in such languages we propose several approaches based on using stems and grammemes. We applied these approaches to the pointer-generator network and took second place in the competition on headline generation held by the conference Dialogue-2019.
Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body

Free radicals are constructed by natural physiological activities in the human cells as well as in the environment. They may be produced as a result of diet, smoking, exercise, inflammation, exposure to sunlight, air pollutants, stress, alcohol and drugs. Imbalanced redox status may lead to cellular oxidative stress, which can damage the cells of the body, resulting in an incidence of various diseases. If the endogenous antioxidants do not stop the production of reactive metabolites, they will be needed to bring about a balance in redox status. Natural antioxidants, for example plants, play an important part in this context. This paper seeks to report the available evidence about oxidative stress and the application of plants as antioxidant agents to fight free radicals in the human body. For this purpose, to better understand oxidative stress, the principles of free radical production, the role of free radicals in diseases, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of herbs and diet in oxidative stress are discussed.
Infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on resistant, intermediate and susceptible bean cultivars

The objective of this study was to understand the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop) in bean cultivars classified as resistant (Manteigao Fosco 11), intermediate (VP8) and susceptible (Meia Noite). Plants of the three cultivars were inoculated at 10 days after emergence with a suspension of 1×106 conidia of Fop per mL. At 43 days after the inoculation, stem segments were observed with a scanner electronic microscope. The cultivars Manteigao Fosco 11 and VP8 presented an occluding material in the xylem vessels, which may have restricted tissue colonization by Fop. The resistance of bean cultivars to Fop seemed also to be explained by structural differences in the xylem tissue.
Forage Quality and Aggregation by Large Herbivores

Three general hypotheses have been proposed to explain why many large herbivores have highly aggregated patterns of distribution: dilution of predation risk, maintenance of forage in an immature but highly nutritious growth stage, and ideal free distribution in relation to spatial variation in either forage quality or primary productivity, Evaluation of the latter two hypotheses has been hampered by lack of a formal theoretical framework for assessing the effects of forage quality on resource acquisition by herbivores. A model is proposed that demonstrates how trade-offs between instantaneous intake and forage digestibility might lead to optimal rates of energy intake at iow to intermediate levels of forage abundance. Simulations based on the energy-intake model suggest a number of key environmental factors that should determine the impact of forage maturation and spatial variation on herbivore distribution patterns. All of the proposed advantages of aggregation may have general applicability, but the relative importance of each probably varies according to the specific circumstances facing a given herbivore population
CONTRIBUTION TO THE DESIGN OF NEW APPROACHES FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The Wireless sensor is a micro device that allows measuring a physical quantity from the environment and transforming it autonomous into a digital value that can be processing. The collection, processing and transmission of data are the main factors of the dissipation of the energy for the wireless sensors, since these Battery-powered sensors is limited in energy, and it is usually impossible to recharge or replace it, knowing that sensors are generally distributed in places which are difficult to reach. Indeed, the lifetime of the network is one of the major constraints facing in WSN. Therefore, the energy consumption of the sensors plays an important role in the network lifetime. Among scientific research developed to improve the lifetime of wireless sensors network is the integration of a new techniques of routing protocols existing. In this paper, we will solve two major energy problems. The first concerns the equitable distribution of energy on all the nodes of the network in order to eliminate the energy holes. The second is the minimization of energy consumption to maximize or extend the life of the network. To achieve these objectives, we propose firstly the EDE (Equitable Distribution Energy) protocol based on clustering. This guarantees an equitable distribution of energy across the entire sensor network. In the second phase, we propose a new protocol named EDEE, which is an improvement of the EDE protocol, to minimize the energy consumption of the nodes. At the end, the EEDE (Energy and Equitable Distribution Energy) protocol would thus be a complete and efficient protocol in terms of energy.
Introducing Coding Into Teacher Education: An Interdisciplinary Robotics Experience for Education and Engineering Students

Despite nationwide mandates to integrate computer science into P-6 curriculum, most P-6 preservice teachers (PSTs) are not exposed to coding or computational thinking during their professional preparation, and are unprepared to teach these topics. This study, conducted as a part of an NSF-funded project, explores a teacher preparation model designed to increase PSTs’ coding knowledge and coding self-efficacy. PSTs in an educational technology course partnered with engineering undergraduates (EUs) in a computational methods course and worked side-by-side on robotics activities to develop skill and confidence with basic programming concepts and block coding. Students utilized experience gained from these interdisciplinary partnerships to lead robotics activities with fifth and sixth grade students (FSGs) in an after-school technology club. Findings from quantitative studies suggest that the implementation of the approach resulted in a significant increase in both PSTs’ coding knowledge and coding self-efficacy. Qualitative studies revealed that most PSTs’ and EUs’ perceived value of the project was positive.
The Cost and Spring-Like Behavior of Walking: Are Children Scaled Down Versions of Adults?

Despite our natural tendency to adapt our walking pattern to minimize metabolic cost, the cost of walking is up to 33% higher in children [1] and 2-3 times more in children with disability [2]. Reducing the cost of walking dysfunction is a main goal of assistive prosthetic and orthotic devices. Therefore, understanding the biomechanical basis for the higher cost of walking in children is critical in helping those who require these devices. As a first approach, we used a simple spring-mass model [3] to compare net cost of transport (COT) and spring adaptation in typically-developing children aged 5-6 and in young adults as they walked at their preferred speed but at varying step frequencies. We tested the idea that when compared to adults, the higher net COT in children can be coupled to differences in how they operate the spring-like behavior of their legs. Preliminary results show that children operate their legs with a more compliant spring and significantly higher net COT. Keywords—child, walking, spring, biomechanics, cost of transport
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INFORMATION SECURITY KNOWLEDGE (ISK) AND HUMAN FACTORS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION

Information, knowledge, and information security are indispensable in an organisation to ensure the effectiveness of an organisation. An organisation needs people who have adequate information and knowledge to run a business. Lack of knowledge especially in information security may jeopardise the organisation such as the increase of internal security incidents. Human factors will also influence the effectiveness of an organisation. Therefore, adopting the right behaviour in daily work routines may increase the effectiveness of the organisation. There is a need to educate everybody in the organisation regarding information security and security awareness, training, and education programme in cultivating good behaviours in the organisation. The relationship between human factors, information security, knowledge, and knowledge management can be encompassed by the term ‘information security knowledge’. This paper has developed a clear definition of information security knowledge so that it can be used to guide employees in implementing information security practices within the organisation. Applying information security knowledge in the organisation may help decrease the internal security incidents that are posed by humans hence will lead to the organisational information security effectiveness.
Detection of Object Movements in non-static RGBD Camera Streams Bachelorarbeit

Detecting object movements in video sequences is essential for various video analysis applications. For mobile robots that use RGB-D cameras to determine their own position, it is necessary to pre-filter interfering objects that are not part of the static environment. These interfering objects can be identified as they are dynamic and exhibit thus an own motion. Therefore, given a live color and depth video input stream from a moving camera, the objective of this work is to develop a system capable of segmenting dynamic objects from static objects in real-time. The key challenge for this task arises from the fact that displacements in consecutive images could either be caused by a camera movement or by dynamic objects. A system is proposed which yields a binary segmentation mask showing for every pixel whether it is assumed to belong to a static or dynamic object. The method in this work is based on depth background modeling which is novel for real-time motion detection with a moving camera. An anti-blurring technique is proposed which preserves the acuity of the background model. Experimental validation demonstrates that dynamic objects are successfully segmented at an average frame rate of 25 frames per second. Adaptation possibilities are presented based on the analysis of different setups and scenarios. Compared to state-of-the-art methods with the same objective, the usage of depth images could enhance the detection accuracy in many scenarios.
Evolution of North American Dent Corn from Public to Proprietary Germplasm

Current corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids are produced using proprietary inbred lines as parents. These proprietary lines are protected by U.S. Patent and/or the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) and their use is restricted, but as protection expires these lines become available to the entire corn breeding industry. Our objectives were to gain understanding of this protected germplasm by utilizing pedigree information available in the U.S. Patent and PVPA records to enhance the use of this germplasm in new line development as the lines become publicly available. Ownership, derivation, and lineage of corn inbred lines protected by U.S. Patent or PVPA from 1980 to 2004 were surveyed. Thirty-three companies have protected 908 corn inbred lines and four of these companies: Dekalb Genetics (DK), Holden’s Foundation Seeds (LH), Pioneer Hi-Bred (PH), and Syngenta (SG) originated 685 of them.We identified the most significant lines by their cumulative use as parents in the development of new lines. Much of today’s germplasm originates from seven progenitor lines: B73, LH82, LH123, PH207, PH595, PHG39, and Mo17. The germplasm surveyed is grouped by pedigree lineage into Oh43, Lancaster, Oh07-Midland, Iodent, Stiff Stalk, Commercial hybrid derived, and Argentine Maiz Amargo backgrounds, with new diversity emerging from the two latter groups. Recycling elite inbred lines using two-parent crosses followed by pedigree breeding was the most prevalent method of new line development.
Deceit pollination of Orchis spitzelii (Orchidaceae) on the Island of Gotland in the Baltic: a suboptimal system

Interactions between anthophilous insects and Orchis spitzelii were studied on the island of Gotland, in the Baltic Sea of southern Sweden. The plant is nectar - less and thus deceives its nectar-seeking pollinators. No specific nectar-plant model exists for mimetic resemblance, but the orchid produces an exuberant floral display. Pollinators comprise mainly bumble-bee queens (Bombus spp.) that transport 90% of the pollinaria. The remaining pollinators are cuckoo bumble-bee females (Psithyrus spp.). Pollinating bees make exploratory visits primarily to only a few of the lowermost flowers in inflorescences. Many-flowered individuals are more attractive and have a higher fitness in terms of fruit set. Bees quickly learn to avoid the non-rewarding orchid. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Ericacae) and Rubus saxatilis (Rosaceae) are the most important subsidiary nectar plants for the bees during the flowering of O. spitzelii. Phenological, morphological and functional data indicate that the anth-ecological adaptation to the main pollen vectors is suboptimal. Moreover, experiments indicate that O. spitzelii is an obligate outcrosser and lacks an effective isolating mechanism against the abundant and concurrently blooming Orchis mascula. It is therefore proposed that O. spitzelii has spread to Gotland in recent time.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Optimal Pigouvian Taxation

We formally study Pigouvian taxation in a duopoly market in which a CSR firm interacts with a profit maximizing firm. Unlike previous literature, we consider three different scenarios: (i) the CSR firm acts as a consumer-friendly firm, cares for not only its profits but also consumer surplus, as a proxy of its concern for its "stakeholders" or consumers; (ii) the CSR firm main objective is a combination of its own profit and the environment, caring for the environmental damage produced by the market in which it interacts; and (iii) the CSR firm is both consumer and environmental friendly. Finally, we compare the different Pigouvian rules derived with the first best competitive market solution and the monopoly/duopoly second best solutions.
APPLYING AN AUTOMATIC FTD CLASSIFIER TO THE ANNOTATION OF THE GICR CORPUS

This paper addresses the task of automatic genre classification for Russian within the Functional Text Dimensions (FTD) framework. Our aim in this study was to build the optimate FTD classification model to annotate web texts from the GICR corpus. For training data, we used an extended GICR dataset. We used the Support Vector Machine method with linear kernel for classification and converted training data to lower case to increase accuracy. During our research we experimented with several classification parameters, such as types of features, C-value and feature filtering to determine the best option for the classification model of the GICR dataset. The resulting model was able to achieve satisfactory classification accuracy and was used for GICR annotation. We also looked at the most significant features for each FTD in our best performing model and compared them to the most frequent words in which these features occur. Finally, we applied our model to segments of the GICR and looked at the FTD components in these segments.
Study on Evolutionary Approaches for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks Applications

One of the drastically increasing and tremendously demanding networks is the wireless sensor network, which provides an elastic platform where any user can design their sensor-based applications easily. Most of the WSN applications can be accommodated in the existing infrastructure or not require any predefined infrastructure. But it has a wide range of applications across the globe which further increases the complexity of the problems in it. Because WSN is a resourceconstrained kind of network where energy consumption is one of the major problems. Some of the problems were addressed by deterministic approaches discussed in earlier research works. In case of efficient routing of messages across the network dynamic programming is one of the deterministic approaches which addresses an efficient routing algorithm. But for a wide range of WSN deterministic algorithms are a time-consuming process. On the other hand, evolutionary algorithms are one such fast-growing domain in the past few decades which addresses many of WSN problems. This paper is a comprehensive survey on the Application of Evolutionary Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks. A detailed description of the papers taken for the survey is tabulated in this paper.
SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER BASED ON CASCADED TRANSFORMERS COUPLED WITH 3- PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTERS

This paper proposes a multilevel shunt active power filter (SAPF) to deal with either harmonic currents compensation or reactive power compensation. Such a device can reduce the harmonic distortion at the grid currents provided by non-linear loads located in stiff systems. The proposed SAPF is based on threephase bridge (TPB) converters connected to cascaded single-phase transformers. The transformers arrangement permits the compensator to use a single dclink unit which simplifies the control strategy and number of sensors. The multilevel waveforms are generated by using a suitable PWM strategy associated with the transformers turns ratio. Modularity and simple maintenance make the proposed SAPF an attractive solution compared to some conventional configurations. The model, PWM technique and control strategy, are presented as well as studies considering harmonic distortion and semiconductor losses
Dental microwear of European Miocene catarrhines: evidence for diets and tooth use

Abstract Paleontologists have identified ape-like primates from the middle and late Miocene of Europe for more than a century, and new finds continue to improve the record of these important forms. Both hominoids and plio-pithecids are recognized in these assemblages. One key to understanding the ecology and evolution of these primates is the inference of their feeding adaptations. The current study reconstructs the diets of European Miocene catarrhines by examining microscopic use-wear on their teeth. Molar microwear data, such as the ratios of microscopic pits to scratches, reveal a diversity of dietary specializations not seen in living apes, ranging from hard-object feeding for Ouranopithecus macedoniensis to soft-fruit eating for Dryopithecus spp. , Anapithecus hernyaki , and Pliopithecus spp. to folivory for Oreopithecus bambolii and pliopithecid specimens from Castell de Barbera, Spain. Incisor microwear analyses also identify variation among these primates such that O. macedoniensis and Pliopithecus platydon probably more often used their front teeth in the ingestion of small or angular abrasives than did other primates studied. Further, O. macedoniensis evidently used its front teeth for a variety of ingestive behaviors that included more stripping of foods laterally across the incisors than did the other taxa examined.
Preventive Operations Study for Motorbike Users by Using Cognitive Work Analysis with Mathematical Models

This paper presents the cognitive work analysis and its significance. Cognitive work analysis is a framework for analyzing complex socio-technical systems. A socio-technical system is one that relies heavily for its overall functionality on the social processes of communication and cooperation, stage at which meets human psychology and technology. This also addresses the basic problems in cognitive work analysis and due to complexity of these problem, some mathematical models are used to solve the scheduling problems.