Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hatalar ile Öğrenme Tabanlı Anahtar Kapsülleme Protokolleri İçin Uygulama Atakları ve Savunma Yöntemleri

Şifreleme sistemleri gizli degerlerin korunmasini saglamakta olan sistemlerdir. Bu sistemlere karsi son yillarda kuantum bilgisayarlar uzerinde cok sayida arastirmalar yapilmaktadir. Yeterli islem kapasitesine sahip kuantum bilgisayarlar uretildiginde gunumuzde kullanilmakta olan acik anahtarli sifreleme sistemlerinin guvensiz duruma gelecegi dusunulmektedir. Bu durum internet uzerindeki haberlesmenin guvenligini tehlikeye atmaktadir. Bu durumdan dolayi, kuantum bilgisayarlara karsi guvenli sistemlerin olusturulmasi icin kuantum bilgisayarlarin gunluk hayata girmesinin beklenmemesi gerektigi dusunulmektedir. NIST bu dogrultuda hem gunumuz hem de kuantum bilgisayarlardan gelecek ataklara karsi dayanikli kriptosistemlerin uretilmesi icin bir standartlastirma proje baslatmistir. Bu surecte bircok sistem onerilmistir. Kafes tabanli sistemler en cok gelecek vadeden sistemler olarak on plana cikmistir. Kafes tabanli kriptosistemler kafes yapisi uzerinde tanimli olan LWE gibi problemlerin cozumlerinin zorluguna dayanarak onerilmis olan sistemlerdir. Fakat yan kanal saldirilari ile kriptografik sistemler calisirken cikan bilgiler toplanarak gizli anahtar hakkinda bilgi edinilebilmektedir. Bu durumdan dolayi NIST kuantum bilgisayarlara karsi dayanikli sifreleme sistemleri icin yaptigi cagrinin yani sira, yapilacak sistemlerin minimum maliyetle yan kanal saldirilarina karsi dayanikli olmasini gerektigini soylemistir. 2016 yilinda Bindel ve arkadaslarinin yaptiklari bir calismada uygulama atagi olarak siniflandirilan ve bir yan kanal saldiri cesidi olan hata ataklarini onermislerdir. 2018 yilinda Han ve arkadaslari yaptiklari bir calismada, 2016 yilinda onerilen yontemleri kullanarak Lizard protokolunde gizli anahtari elde edebildiklerini soylemislerdir ve bu ataklara karsi alinabilecek onlemlerden bahsetmislerdir. Bu calismada; onceden yapilan calismalarda onerilenler ve kriptosistemlerin uygulamalarinda olmasi gereken ozellikler dogrultusunda Lizard protokolunun uygulamasi uzerinde yapilan degisikliklerden ve bu degisikliklerin uygulama uzerindeki etkilerinden bahsedilmistir. Protokolun uygulamasinin guvenligi artirilmis ve gerceklestirilen bazi hata ataklarina karsi onlem alinmistir. Yapilan degisikliklerden sonra protokolun calisma suresinde hizlanma oldugu gozlemlenmistir.
Virus-like particle production using cowpea mosaic virus-based vectors

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 6 LIST OF FIGURES . 11 LIST OF TABLES . 14 ABBREVIATIONS . 15 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 18 1.1 VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES . 18 1.1.1 Viral Vaccines: Comparison of Existing Technologies . 18 1.1.2 VLP Expression: The Story So Far . 22 1.1.3 Epitope Display . 24 1.1.4 Bionanotechnology . 26 1.2 MOLECULAR FARMING: PLANT-BASED EXPRESSION SYSTEMS . 26 1.2.1 Stable Integration . 27 1.2.2 Transient Expression . 28 1.2. 3 Gene Silencing Suppression . 29 1.2. 4 Multiple Protein Expression . 30 1.3 PLANT VIRAL VECTORS AND THE CPMV-BASED EXPRESSION SYSTEMS . 32 1.3.1 Full Viral Vectors . 32 1.3.2 Deconstructed Viral Vectors . 33 1.3.3 Cowpea Mosaic Virus-based Expression Systems. 36 1.3.3.1 Full CPMV viral vector . 36 1.3.3.2 Deconstructed and deleted CPMV viral vectors . 37 1.3.3. 3 HyperTrans: CPMV-HT . 39 1.4 AIMS OF THIS PROJECT . 40 2 GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS . 41 2.1 MEDIA, BUFFERS AND SOLUTIONS . 41 2.2 MOLECULAR CLONING TECHNIQUES . 42 2.2.1 Isolation / Purification of Plasmid DNA and DNA Fragments . 42 2.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) . 42
Modelling of an electro-hydraulic variable valve actuator for camless engines aimed at controlling valve lift parameters

This paper presents the mathematical modelling of an Electro-Hydraulic Valve Actuator (EHVA) prototype and its application to the design of cycle-by-cycle Valve Lift Control(VLC). EHVA is rated in the technical literature as an apparatus enabling Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) and implementation of advanced combustion concepts in future camless engines. It is, therefore, a first step towards the development of camless engines in which valve lift and timing can be freely adjusted valve-by-valve and cycle-by-cycle. Particular attention is paid to parameter identification aimed at obtaining a predictive simulation model of valve lift trajectories and valve parameters (e.g. lift, duration, area) for a wide range of system inputs. An energy loss assessment of a valvetrain based on EHVAs is described, and the results are compared with those obtained with a traditional cam-based valvetrain. The validated model is then used to build detailed numerical maps of valve parameters that are fundamental for setting up cycle-by-cycle controllers of valve parameters. Hence, the authors present the design of a cycle-by-cycle controller of maximum valve lift, the performance of which is tuned by simulations and then verified experimentally.
Debating Digital Innovation: A Literature Review on Realizing Value from Digital Innovation

Digital innovation has developed into an intensely discussed area of research in the information systems field. While there is much research that focuses on the description of the phenomenon, the evidence for value creation that digital innovation can enable for organizations is less synthesized and visible. With this in mind, we conduct a literature review to identify innovations based on information technology and to answer the research question of where digital innovation can create economic value for organizations. Our synthesis depicts existing value dimensions of digital innovation with the help of five value loci. Moreover, we derive a set of white spots and research directions that surface three potential avenues for future research. We contribute to digital innovation research in that we (1) analyze and synthesize the existing digital innovation value literature and (2) propose avenues for future digital innovation value research.
The spider (ARANEAE) guilds of four different vegetation types with particular reference to plant structure

Four subsites were selected at the eastern end of Hedleyhope Fell, Tow Law, County Durham. These areas were chosen on the basis of differing vegetation types. The study of spiders was conducted using pitfall trapping and sweep-netting with each sample collected five times, at fortnightly intervals, between May and July. The value of these sampling methods is considered, with the conclusion reached that they are the best techniques available, taking into account the restrictions imposed, for this type of investigation. A total of 2795 spiders were caught, comprising 10 femilies and 64 species. Chi-square tests, correlation and regression, percentages, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Simpson's diversity index were used when appropriate on the pitfall data. The totals caught via sweep-netting were too small to analyse statistically. Species diversity and richness for both families and species showed considerable differences when the subsites were compared. The distribution between subsites was analysed by DCA (DECORANA) and subsequent Chi-square tests. These critiques suggested that individual species showed preferences for certain subsites. This is demonstrated particularly well by the predominant Lycosid species whose subsite dispersal was markedly dissimilar. The total numbers of spiders caught varied over the study period, rising to a peak in late June after which the numbers dropped again. The ratio of males : females was high at the beginning of the field work and remained so until it declined towards the end of the investigation. The overall male : female ratio was 2.1 :1.The sweep-net analysis illustrated that a different section of the fauna was being sampled by this technique, although catches were poor, and there was some bias towards certain species in some areas. The vegetation was classified by species composition and architecture. Plant cover at each subsite was shown to be disparate according to the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) system. The architecture was analysed between subsites by DECORANA. This, followed by subsequent statistical tests, indicated that the plots were divergent in their physical arrangement in addition to their plant species composition. The suggestion that significant differences between vegetation structure are a determinant of spider guilds is discussed. The reasons behind this community isolation are also considered, with particular reference to interspecific competition, prey availability and microclimatic factors. A longer study would be needed to reach any firm conclusion as it is difficult to exclude any causal explanation of spider community relations with the results obtained over two and a half months.
DETERMINANTS OF THE LEVEL OF INFORMALIZATION OF ENTERPRISES: SOME EVIDENCE FROM ACCRA, GHANA

Based on the recognition that enterprises operate at different levels of informality, this paper evaluates the determinants of their degree of informalization. To do so, a 2016 survey of the varying degrees of informalization of 171 entrepreneurs in Ghana is reported. The finding is that only 21% of enterprises were wholly informal and 16% wholly formal. Nearly two-thirds (63%) were neither wholly informal nor wholly formal. Higher levels of informalization are significantly associated with younger entrepreneurs, those with lower levels of educational attainment, lower household incomes and younger enterprises. It is also significantly associated with the wider institutional compliance environment. Higher levels of informality are present among entrepreneurs unaware of the need for registration, who lack vertical trust (i.e., do not believe the state does anything for them, and perceive there to be public sector corruption), view informality as normal (i.e., a normal practice in their family) and view all similar businesses as operating informally (i.e., lack horizontal trust). The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.
Improved Accuracy of Multicomponent Samples Analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence Using Relative Intensities and Scattered Radiation: A Review

Abstract X-ray fluorescence is one of the best approaches for nondestructive elemental analysis and is consequently widely used in industry and science. Among the main problems for its application are matrix effects and a significant content of unidentified undetectable light elements, which influence the results and may be difficult to take into account. Several approaches have been proposed for solving these problems, including those based on the use of intensity ratios and the primary radiation scattered by the sample, which often allow one to achieve satisfactory accuracy using only a few reference samples. The goal of this review is to compare these approaches, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and highlight the prospects for their further development.
Effect of inbreeding on some production traits of quail.

İlk yumurtlama yaşı deneme grubunda 51.5 gün, kontrol grubunda 54.6 gün bulunmuştur. İlk yumurtlama yaşı deneme grubunda, kontrol grubuna göre daha küçük, fakat yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta verimi deneme grubunda daha düşüktür. Kırkbeş günlük yumurta kayıtlarına göre deneme grubunda yumurta verimi 36.3 adet, kontrol grubunda 40.5 adet olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yumurta ağırlığı deneme grubunda ilk, onbeşinci, otuzuncu ve kırkbeşinci günlerde, kontrole göre daha düşük bulunmuştur.
Current Account in Western Balkan Countries

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and level of current account deficit and the ratio between the current account deficit and its determinants in the Western Balkan countries. The methodology is based on the econometric model that enables the testing of the impact of each independent variable on the dependent variable. Once the stationarity and cointegration between the variables was verified, the FMOLS and DOLS equation was used to show the relation between the variables. The econometric model consists of independent variables (trade balance, foreign direct investment, remittances), while the dependent variable is the current account balance. The econometric model has enabled the estimation of the significance and direction of movement of each of the independent variables to the dependent variable. Findings have shown that the trade balance deficit is the main determinant of the current account deficit in the Western Balkans confirming the first hypothesis of the paper, while foreign direct investment and remittances are the means of financing this deficit confirming the second hypothesis of the paper. This paper may be of interest to developing macroeconomic policies in order to direct efforts to reduce current account deficits by making reforms to structural changes in current account deficits, because the problems of this deficit stem from the structure of current account.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF AMPHIZOID BEETLES (AMPHIZOIDAE: COLEOPTERA) AND THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER ADEPHAGA

Rediscovery of type material for Amphizoa davidi Lucas, 1882, the only known Palaearctic amphizoid, is reported, with a lectotype designated, and the type area emended (from Tibet to Szechwan Province, China). A key is provided for identification of adults of the four known amphizoid species. Form and structure, geographical and habitat distributions, and geographical relations with other taxa are described and illustrated for each species. Amphizoa carinata Edwards, 1951, is recognized as a junior synonym of A. lecontei Matthews, 1872. Through cladistic analysis, using out-group and character correlation criteria, and a review of known Mesozoic fossil material, a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant Adephaga is developed, discussed, and related to geologic time. A semi-aquatic, rather than terrestrial, common ancestor is proposed for Adephaga. Amphizoids diverged from their sister-group, which includes all Hydradephaga except haliplids, in Triassic time. All extant amphizoid species had differentiated by late Pliocene time, in response to a series of vicariant events. Quaternary climatic and geologic events resulted in changes in geographical distributions of these species and structural, physiological, and behavioral adapta- tions of their members.
Performance Analysis for Millimeter Wave Device-to-Device Communication Networks: A Review

The mobile broadband access is expanding rapidly in the recent times due to advancement in technical specifications of the Fourth Generation (4G) mobile cellular system. The resulting higher traffic demand which continues to increase as more devices are coming up to provide broadband services might not be supported by the current 4G network at the required user experience and quality. These services need a wide range of requirements that can be offered only by the Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks. The millimeterwave (mmwave) Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has emerged as an enabling technology to offer high capacity network connectivity, traffic offloading and high energy efficiency. The mmwave D2D communication can support bandwidth-intensive applications due the large bandwidth available in the mmwave band. However, at the mmwave frequency range the transmitted signal suffers from high path and blockage losses. Therefore, this calls for solution approaches which can mitigate these losses and increase performance of mmwave D2D communication with reduced complexity in terms of achievable rate, energy consumption, energy efficiency and sum rate. The paper gives an overview of the studies that have been done in the area of mmwave D2D communication in terms of beamforming, caching, cooperative communication, scheduling schemesand their solution approaches. In addition, it discusses the challenges of the proposed solutions and gives open research directions for further study.
Homocisteína y trastornos neurocognitivos. ¿Una luz al final del túnel?

Cognitive impairment is one of the processes that accompany aging and may depend on nutritional, genetic or environmental factors. The identification of modifiable risk factors provides a crucial approach for the prevention of cognitive decline and neurocognitive disorders. One of the risk factors is the high concentration of plasma homocysteine and it has been associated to histopathological changes in senile dementia and Alzheimer s disease. Clinical trials about this association has shown inconsistent and contradictory results. The purpose of this review is to describe the possible interaction of three factors related with cognitive impairment: a) nutritional factors (homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12), b) the use of mental tests such as the Mini Mental State Examination for the diagnosis of cognitive dys- function, and c) the presence of polymorphic genetic variants of the methylenete- trahydrofolate reductase enzyme. A direct consequence of this triple relationship is the treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12, which decrease high concentrations of plasma homocysteine, with a potential for improvement of the clinical symptoms of cognitive decline, and possibly a delay in the progression towards neurocognitive disorder. Public health policies focused on mental health of older adults can identify people with initial cognitive dysfunction through health promotion and preventive measures, where it can be possible to administer B vitamins in order to reduce or minimize the progression of cognitive decline, that could lead to mental disturbances such as neurocognitive disorders.
Effect of temperature, light and pH on germination of twelve weed species.

Growth cabinet studies were conducted on the effect of temperature, pH and light exposure on seed germination of Brazil pusley, common ragweed, Florida beggarweed, hairy beggarticks, ivyleaf morningglory, Johnson grass, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, strangler vine, tall morningglory and yellow nutsedge. When averaged over all species and temperatures, highest weed seed germination was recorded in the temperature regime of 25 to 35OC, maximum being at 30OC. Lower temperature of 15OC inhibited germination of Johnson grass, Brazil pusley, Florida beggarweed, redroot pigweed, prickly sida and yellow nutsedge. Germination of common ragweed and ivyleaf morningglory was highest at 20OC, and significantly decreased above 35OC. Higher temperatures (30 to 40OC) were less inhibitory to germination of redroot pigweed, Johnson grass, Florida beggarweed, prickly sida and yellow nutsedge compared to other weed species. Tall morningglory and hairy beggarticks had high germination rates from 15 to 35OC. Germination of prickly sida and Florida beggarweed was highest between 25 to 40OC and sicklepod from 20 to 40OC. Strangler vine germination was highest at 30OC and decreased significantly with any increase or decrease in temperature. No weed seed germinated at pH 3, except yellow nutsedge. A pH range of 5 to 11 had no adverse effect on germination, when data were averaged over species. Germination of prickly sida was highest at pH 9 and any increase or decrease in pH resulted in reduced germination. Yellow nutsedge seed germinated 14% at pH 3 compared to 47% at pH 7. Germination was not inhibited for any test species in dark, except Brazil pusley. After 168 h, germination of Brazil pusley ranged from 2 to 10% with light exposure of 0 and 16 h, respectively, before placing them in dark. Under alternate light and darkness cycle of 12 h, germination of Brazil pusley increased to 59%. Other than Brazil pusley no other species exhibited the photoblastic effect.
Inhalation of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Augments Particle‐Dependent Microvascular Dysfunction

We have shown that pulmonary exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) impairs endothelium dependent dilation in systemic arterioles. Ultrafine PM has been suggested to be more toxic by virtue of its increased surface area. The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrafine PM inhalation produces greater microvascular dysfunction than fine PM. Rats were exposed to fine or ultrafine TiO2 via inhalation (mean particle diameters of ~1 μm, and ~123 nm, respectively) at concentrations relevant to ambient air pollution. The spinotrapezius muscle was prepared for in vivo microscopy 24 hours after pulmonary exposures. Intraluminal infusion of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was used to evaluate endothelium dependent arteriolar dilation. In control rats, A23187 infusion produced dose‐dependent arteriolar dilations. In rats exposed to fine TiO2, A23187 infusion elicited vasodilations that were blunted in proportion to pulmonary particle deposition. In rats exposed to ultrafine TiO2, A23187 infusion produced arteriolar constrictions or significantly impaired vasodilator responses as compared to the responses observed in control rats or those exposed to an identical pulmonary load of fine particles. Various tissues were harvested for pathological analysis and measurements of pulmonary load and peripheral particle deposition. These observations suggest that at equivalent pulmonary loads, as compared to fine TiO2, ultrafine TiO2 inhalation produces greater remote microvascular dysfunction.
Energy Efficiency and GHG Emissions Mapping of Buildings for Decision-Making Processes against Climate Change at the Local Level

Buildings have become a key source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to the consumption of primary energy, especially when used to achieve thermal comfort conditions. In addition, buildings play a key role for adapting societies to climate change by achieving more energy efficiency. Therefore, buildings have become a key sector to tackle climate change at the local level. However, public decision-makers do not have tools with enough spatial resolution to prioritise and focus the available resources and efforts in an efficient manner. The objective of the research is to develop an innovative methodology based on a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping primary energy consumption and GHG emissions in buildings in cities according to energy efficiency certificates. The developed methodology has been tested in a representative medium-sized city in Spain, obtaining an accurate analysis that shows 32,000 t of CO2 emissions due to primary energy consumption of 140 GWh in residential buildings with high spatial resolution at single building level. The obtained results demonstrate that the majority of residential buildings have low levels of energy efficiency and emit an average of 45 kg CO2/m2. Compared to the national average in Spain, this obtained value is on the average, while it is slightly better at the regional level. Furthermore, the results obtained demonstrate that the developed methodology is able to directly identify city districts with highest potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions. Additionally, a data model adapted to the INSPIRE regulation has been developed in order to ensure interoperability and European-wide application. All these results have allowed the local authorities to better define local strategies towards a low-carbon economy and energy transition. In conclusion, public decision-makers will be supported with an innovative and user-friendly GIS-based methodology to better define local strategies towards a low-carbon economy and energy transition in a more efficient and transparent way based on metrics of high spatial resolution and accuracy.
Gene transfer to animal cells

1. Basic Principles of Gene Transfer 2. Chemical and Physical Transfection 3. Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer 4. Gene Transfer using Viral Vectors 5. Genetic Manipulation of Animals 6. Gene Targeting in Animal Cells 7. Control of Transgene Expression 8. Transgene Behaviour 9. Additional Strategies for Transgene Inactivation 10. Applications of Gene Transfer