Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Screening of Resistance Cultivar to Clubroot Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae for Organic Cultivation of Chinese Cabbage

We investigated the resistance of 50 commercial Chinese cabbage cultivars against clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in the three difference fields, Suwon, Hwacheon, and Pyeongchang. Wilting symptom on Chinese cabbage was first observed at 15 days after transplanting in Pyeongchang and Hwacheon, while disease symptoms appeared later in Suwon after the rainy season. Among 50 cultivars, eight cultivars, SC26, SC29, SC30, SC31, SC34, SC46, SC47 and SC50 showed highly susceptible symptoms like wilting and heavy root galls in all three fields. Meanwhile, seven cultivars such as SC05, SC06, SC07, SC09, SC11, SC17, and SC36 showed moderate resistance with delayed wilting and few root galls. Only two cultivars, Chuwol (CB22) and Gohyangssam (CB23) were highly resistant to clubroot disease until the harvest season in all of the three fields. These two commercial cultivars may be considered as candidate cultivars for cultivation of organic Chinese cabbage in Suwon, Hwacheon, and Pyeongchang.
Timing is crucial for consequences of migratory connectivity

Migratory connectivity can have important consequences for individuals, populations and communities. We argue that most consequences not only depend on which sites are used but importantly also on when these are used and suggest that the timing of migration is characterised by synchrony, phenology, and consistency. We illustrate the importance of these aspects of timing for shaping the consequences of migratory connectivity on individual fitness, population dynamics, gene flow and community dynamics using examples from throughout the animal kingdom. Exemplarily for one specific process that is shaped by migratory connectivity and the timing of migration – the transmission of parasites and the dynamics of diseases – we underpin our arguments with a dynamic epidemiological network model of a migratory population. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate that variations in migration phenology and synchrony yield disease dynamics that significantly differ from a time-neglecting case. Extending the original definition of migratory connectivity into a spatio-temporal concept can importantly contribute to understanding the links migratory animals make across the globe and the consequences these may have both for the dynamics of their populations and the communities they visit throughout their journeys.
Foliage-crown development and interaction in Quercus gilva and Q. acuta

In many natural forests, crown interactions occur among trees of various sizes (ages) and various species. Competition is greatly affected by size and species of interacting trees. Thus, an analysis should be made of interactions between trees of different species and different sizes. Interactions in a monospecific even-aged stand represent a special case, and can be inclused in this general situation. In this study, an interaction between trees of different species and sizes is examined by foliage-crown development, and a basic mechanism of foliage-crown interaction is presented
Effect of ultrafiltration retentates and whey protein concentrates on ice cream quality during storage

Abstract Ultrafiltration retentates (concentrated to three times) and whey protein concentrates were used to replace different levels of SNF in vanilla ice cream at 25, 50, or 75% and 25, 50, 75, or 100%, respectively. All mixes were formulated to make an ice cream containing 12% fat, 9.7% SNF, 12% sucrose, 4% corn syrup solids, and . 3% stabilizer-emulsifier. Ice cream mixes were evaluated for pH and viscosity after 24h of aging. These mixes were processed through an HTST pilot plant system and a 4.73-L (5-qt) batch freezer at 80% overrun. The drawing temperature was measured at this time. The ice creams were evaluated for chemical composition, microbiological quality, and sensory properties at 1, 30, and 90 d of storage. Heat shock stability and meltdown properties were tested after 30 d of storage. The results showed that the pH was affected significantly ( P P P
Gliding Flight of the Fulmar Petrel

1. The basis used for estimating lift and drag coefficients is explained. A method of obtaining a photograph of a bird flying at known airspeed and rate of sink is described. 2. 96% of the speed measurements fall between 22 and 65 ft. /sec. , the average being 40 ft. /sec. 3. A maximum lift coefficient of 1.8 can be achieved. Wing area is reduced with increasing speed. 4. The feet are used as airbrakes. 5. A comparison of the minimum drag coefficient (0.06) with the maximum estimated power output of the pectoral muscles leaves only a narrow margin of power available for climbing. 6. The performance diagram gives a minimum gliding angle of 1 in 8½, and a minimum sinking speed of just under 4 ft. /sec. 7. The fulmar has apparently sacrificed the ability to soar dynamically over the sea in order to be able to fly slowly and thus utilize light upcurrents at cliff faces.
UMA ABORDAGEM SOBRE A CAPACIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE IN VITRO DE ALIMENTOS VEGETAIS E BEBIDAS

O estresse oxidativo leva a formacao de compostos potencialmente toxicos e danosos ao nosso organismo. Esses compostos podem prejudicar nossa saude, ao aumentarem o risco de doencas cardiacas e degenerativas e contribuirem para o envelhecimento. Contudo, varios estudos epidemiologicos desenvolvidos nas ultimas decadas sugerem que o consumo de vegetais e bebidas ricos em antioxidantes naturais pode reduzir a incidencia de doencas relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo. Em funcao disso, varios estudos tem avaliado a capacidade antioxidante in vitro de diferentes alimentos vegetais e bebidas. Porem, diversos fatores podem influenciar na capacidade antioxidante in vitro de uma amostra, particularmente em matrizes complexas como vinho, frutas e outros vegetais, podendo levar a diferencas significativas nos resultados encontrados. Neste trabalho foram abordados os principais fatores que podem influenciar a capacidade antioxidante in vitro de uma amostra. Assim, diferentes testes para diferentes mecanismos podem e devem ser empregados na determinacao da capacidade antioxidante in vitro . Alem disso, a curva cinetica dos antioxidantes da amostra estudada tambem deve ser tracada, pois permite explicar como os antioxidantes trabalham, alem de permitir prever o comportamento dos mesmos em organismos vivos. DOI 10.12957/demetra.2014. 8256
Effect of light quality (blue, red) and fluence rate on the synthesis of pigments and pigment-proteins in maize and black pine mesophyll chloroplasts.

Maize (Zea mays L. hybrid ZP-704) and black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) were grown for five days at low fluence rate (0.4–4.0, μmol m–2 s−1) in blue or red light. Compared to red light of the same fluence rate, blue light effects in maize were repressive for the accumulation of Chita, b, carotenoids and light-harvesting complex-2 (LHC-2) proteins. The maximal reduction of proteins bound to the light-harvesting complex of photosystem 2 and pigments was attained at different fluence rate levels. In black pine, blue light compared to the red of the same fluence rate level either activated or reduced accumulation of pigments and LHC proteins, the effect being dependent on its fluence rate level. At fluence less than 3.0 μmol m−2 s−1 blue light was more efficient for the synthesis of Chi a, b and carotenoids, hut for LHC-2 complexes, fluence rates between 0.4 and 1.5 [μmol m−2 s−1 were more effective. In pine the effects of the two lights on the accumulation of pigments and LHC proteins were demonstrated separately and were dependent on fluence rate level. This suggests irradianoe-controlled activation/deactivation of the photoreceptor at the level of the cell.
Kinetin application to roots and its effect on uptake, translocation and distribution of nitrogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown with a split root system

Simpson, R. J., Lambers, H. and Balling, M. J. 1982. Kinetin application to roots andits effect on uptake, translocation and distribution of nitrogen in wheat (Triticumaestivum) grown with a split root system. - Physiol, Plant, 56: 430-435,The root systems of wheat seedlings {Triticum aestivum L. cv. SUN 9E) were prunedto two seminal roots. One of the roots was supplied with a suboptimal level of NOj,the other was deprived of N, Different levels of kinetin were supplied to the NOj-de-prived roots. Root respiration and the iocrement of C and N in the roots weremeasured to determine the C/N ratio of the phloem sap feeding the NO^-deprivedroots. Thus, it was possible to determine retranslocation of N from the shoots to theroots, as affected by tiie rate of kinetin application. It was calculated that the C/Nratio of phloem sap feeding roots growing without kinetin was ca 61. Kinetin appiica-tion increased this ratio to ca 75, partly due to decreased translocation of N from theshoots back to the roots. Kinetin application decreased the proportion of N that wasretranslocated to the roots after translocation to the shoots. Kinetin inereased therate of NO3 uptake per root and the rate of N incorporation in both roots and shootsby ca 60%, but had no effect on shoot dry matter production. In control plants atmost 70% of the N incorporated in the NOj-fed roots could have been importedfrom the shoots, whilst kinetin application reduced this vaiue to ca 40%. Thus rootgrowth was not fully dependent on a supply of N via the phloem.It is concluded that cytoltinins affect the pattern of N-translocation in wheat plants byincreasing incorporation of N in dry matter of the shoot, thus leaving less for export.Cytokinins did not play a major role in the regulation of shoot growth and the shootto root ratio of the present plants.Additional key word — Cytokinins.R. J. Simpson (present address), Dept. of Agronomy, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. ; H. Lambers (present address), Dept. of PlantPhysiology, Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 A A Haren (Gn), The Nether-lands; M. J. Dailing (reprint requests). Plant Sciences Section, School of Agricultureand Forestry, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
Variabilidad espacial y diaria del contenido de humedad en el suelo en tres sistemas agroforestales

The objective of this study was to determine the level of soil spatial variability in an area consisting of the land uses: Quesungual slash and mulch agroforestry system with less than two years (QSMAS<2), Slash-and-burn traditional system (SB) and Secondary forest (SF). Soil samples were taken in three parallel transects of 102 m in length, separated 9 meters. The profile was sampled in the depths from 0 to 5 cm, 5 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm in 6 points (09, 11 am and 05) during 9 days. Coefficient of variation for soil properties varied for bulk density (0.76 and 15.1%), organic carbon (30.4 and 54.3%), volumetric moisture (9.5 and 23.5%), sand (12.8 and 22.5%) and clay (14.0 and 29.2%). The geo-statistical analysis showed that the random component of the spatial dependence was predominant over the nugget effect. The functions of semivariograms, structured for each variable were used to generate maps of interpolated contours at a fine scale. The Moran (I) autocorrelation indicated that sampling ranges less than 9 m would be adequate to detect spatial structure of the volumetric moisture variable.
Studies of unequal cleavage in molluscs. II: Asymmetric nature of the two asters

Summary By observing living eggs of Spisula solidissima with video polarized light microscopy, we confirmed that the metaphase spindle with its two asters (one slightly smaller than the other) forms at the center of the cell and then migrates to one side. The direction of spindle migration is presaged by the tilted apposition plane between the two pronuclei at an earlier stage. Spindle migration is apparently brought about by a centering movement of its larger aster; the smaller aster behaving as though it were pushed against the cortex, its rays being bent flat. After migration, the spindle undergoes a rocking motion pivoted on the centrosome of the central aster, as through “searching” for an anchorage site for the peripheral centrosome. Eventually the peripheral centrosome becomes fixed to the cortex on the side of the future AB-blastomere, about 30°higher than the equator. Thereafter, the cell cleaves asymmetrically producing the smaller AB- and larger CD-cell. The unequal cleavage is thus achieved in.
Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral Influences Flowering Time and Crop Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum

This study was carried out to examine the effect of photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) on the growth and flowering of cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill. 'Metis Scarlet Red'). Plants with six fully unfolded leaves were grown at 24/16 8C (12 h/12 h) under an 8- or 16-h photoperiod at a photosynthetic photon flux of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mmolm -2 s -1 , which provided seven DLIs: 1.4, 2.9, 4.3, 5.8, 8.6, 11.5, and 17.3 molm -2 d -1 . Days to first flower decreased from 133 to 75 as DLI increased from 1.4 to 17.3 molm -2 d -1 , although the acceleration of flowering was less pronounced when the DLI wasgreater than5.8 molm -2 d -1 . Meanleaf andflowernumberincreased from8.7 to 28.0 and from 0 to 14.7, respectively, as DLI increased from 1.4 to 11.5 molm -2 d -1 , but there was no further increase under a DLI of 17.3 molm -2 d -1 . Total dry weight and net photosynthetic rate showed a similar trend as leaf and flower number. We conclude that supplemental lighting can accelerate greenhouse production of potted cyclamen under a low ambient DLI (i.e., less than 12 molm -2 d -1 ).
Effect of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Abdominal Fat Deposition in Yellow-feather Broiler Chickens and Its Possible Mechanism

A total of 60 one-day-old Yellow-feather broiler chickens were allotted into treatment and control groups. The treatment group was fed with the diet supplemented with 3% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 48 d, while control group was fed with the diet supplemented with 3% rapeseed oil. Chickens were slaughtered in each group at the age of 49 d, and the blood and the abdominal adipose tissue were sampled. Serum cLeptin and serum cAdiponectin were measured by ELISA. The total RNA was extracted from adipose tissue to measure the abundance of the chicken growth hormone receptor (cGHR), insulin-like growth factor 1 (cIGF-1), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (cIGF-IR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (), cAdiponectin and cAdipoIR mRNA by RT-PCR using -actin as an internal standard. Results showed that the CLA decreased the abdominal fat index by 20.93% (p mRNA in abdominal adipose tissue by 24.74% (p0.05) in the relative abundance of cIGF-1, cIGF-IR, cAdiponectin, and cAdipoIR mRNA in abdominal adipose tissue. The data suggested that CLA inhibited abdominal fat deposition in broiler chicken may be determined by decreasing the GHR available for GH, and by inhibiting the differentiation of preadipocytes via down-regulation of , but independent of IGF and (or) GH-IGF pathway or adiponectin action.
The relative importance of climate and habitat in determining the distributions of species at different spatial scales: a case study with ground beetles in Great Britain

Experimental studies have shown that many species show preferences for different climatic conditions, or may die in unsuitable conditions. Climate envelope models have been used frequently in recent years to predict the presence and absence of species at large spatial scales. However, many authors have postulated that the distributions of species at smaller spatial scales are determined by factors such as habitat availability and biotic interactions. Climatic effects are often assumed by modellers to be unimportant at fine resolutions, but few studies have actually tested this. We sampled the distributions of 20 beetle species of the family Carabidae across three study sites by pitfall trapping, and at the national scale from monitoring data. Statistical models were constructed to determine which of two sets of environmental variables (temperature or broad habitat type) best accounted for the observed data at the three sites and at the national (Great Britain) scale. High-resolution temperature variables frequently produced better models (as determined by AIC) than habitat features when modelling the distributions of species at a local scale, within the three study sites. Conversely, habitat was always a better predictor than temperature when describing species’ distributions at a coarse scale within Great Britain. Northerly species were most likely to occur in cool micro-sites within the study sites, whereas southerly species were most likely to occur in warm micro-sites. Effects of microclimate were not limited to species at the edges of their distribution, and fine-resolution temperature surfaces should therefore ideally be utilised when undertaking climate-envelope modelling.
Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma Talpoideum: Effects of Density, Food, and Pond Drying

The expression of metamorphosis and paedomorphosis in the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum was examined in a three-factor experiment using artificial ponds. This experiment was designed to measure simultaneously the effects of initial larval density, food level, pond drying regime, and their interactions on the percentage of individuals metamorphosing or becoming paedomorphic. A higher percentage of individuals metamorphosed from drying, low-density, and high- food ponds than from constant water level, high-density, and low-food ponds. A higher percentage of individuals became paedomorphic in constant water-level and low-density ponds than in drying and high-density ponds. Food level had no effect on the expression of paedomorphosis. Initial density, food level, and drying regime all had significant effects on the mean snout-vent length of larvae in ponds. The percentage of paedomorphic in- dividuals in a pond was positively correlated with mean snout-vent length in the population. Analysis of covariance using snout-vent length as the covariate removed density and food level effects on the percentage of metamorphic individuals but did not remove the effects of drying regime. Use of snout-vent length as covariate in an analysis of covariance for the percentage of paedomorphic individuals failed to remove significant effects of density or drying regime. Only initial density affected the survival of larvae. The factors manipulated in this experiment affected the expression of paedomorphosis both directly through the physical environmental conditions that they created and indirectly through the growth and body size of larvae. These results suggest that differences in en- vironmental factors among populations can affect the life-history pathways of individuals and lead to a predominance of paedomorphosis in permanent aquatic habitats with fa- vorable growth environments.
Plastid tubules in higher plants : an analysis of form and function

Besides photosynthesis, plastids are responsible for starch storage, fatty acid biosynthesis and nitrate metabolism. Our understanding of plastids can be improved with observation by microscopy, but this has been hampered by the invisibility of many plastid types. By targeting green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the plastid in transgenic plants, the visualisation of plastids has become routinely possible. Using GFP, motile, tubular protrusions can be observed to emanate from the plastid envelope into the surrounding cytoplasm. These structures, called stromules, vary considerably in frequency and length between different plastid types, but their function is poorly understood. During tomato fruit ripening, chloroplasts in the pericarp cells differentiate into chromoplasts. As chlorophyll degrades and carotenoids accumulate, plastid and stromule morphology change dramatically. Stromules become significantly more abundant upon chromoplast differentiation, but only in one cell type where plastids are large and sparsely distributed within the cell. Ectopic chloroplast components inhibit stromule formation, whereas preventing chloroplast development leads to increased numbers of stromules. Together, these findings imply that stromule function is closely related to the differentiation status, and thus role, of the plastid in question. In tobacco seedlings, stromules in hypocotyl epidermal cells become longer as plastids become more widely distributed within the cell, implying a plastid density-dependent regulation of stromules. Co-expression of fluorescent proteins targeted to plastids, mitochondria and peroxisomes revealed a close spatio-temporal relationship between stromules and other organelles. Stromule and plastid fusion could not be induced under conditions which promote substantial fusion of mitochondria. Data are presented suggesting that organelles may be able to pass between cells, and an experiment was designed to test this possibility in the C4 photosynthetic cells of maize. Inhibitor studies have shown that stromule and plastid movement is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton and the ATPase activity of myosin. An Arabidopsis gene, CHUP1, is responsible for chloroplast relocation in response to light intensity and encodes a chloroplast-localised actin-binding protein. To assess whether this protein is involved in stromule movement, CHUP1 was down-regulated with RNAi. Whilst plants with reduced CHUP1 expression exhibited a chup1 mutant phenotype, no significant effect on stromules was discovered. It was thus concluded that chloroplast relocation and stromule formation are two independent processes that employ different actin-dependent mechanisms. It is proposed that stromules act primarily to increase the plastid surface area in response to a number of developmental and environmental factors.
Timing of formation of Tetrahymena contractile ring microfilaments investigated by inhibition with skeletal muscle actin

Understanding the mechanism that determines the cell division plane is one of the most important problems in the fields of cell and developmental biology. Studying the timing and site of formation of contractile ring (CR) micro-filaments provides key information for solving the problem. We tried to create a nonfunctional CR in Tetrahymena by microinjecting rabbit skeletal muscle actin, which can copolymerize with Tetrahymena actin but has properties different from those of Tetrahymena actin. When skeletal muscle actin was injected in a predivision stage, before the onset of furrow constriction, long-term arrest of cell division was observed. Muscle actin did not cause any delay in cell division when the actin was injected at any stage other than the predivision stage. In all cases, muscle actin had little affect on other actin-related functions. Injected skeletal muscle actin polymerized near the equatorial division plane in cases of cell division arrest; it polymerized at other nonspecific locations when cell division was observed. Arrest occurred when the microinjection took place in the 17-min period just before the start of furrowing. This period coincides with the occurrence of equatorial deposits of p85, which is also suggested to be required for the determination of the division plane. The present experimental results are consistent with the idea that p85 is a crucial factor for determining the cell division plane and also functions as a polymerization nucleus for CR microfilaments. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.