Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical Structure of the Major Color Component from a Korean Pigmented Rice Variety

The major color component of a Korean pigmented rice (Oeyza sativa var. Suwon 415) was purified with Amberlite XAD-7 column and preparative paper chromatography. The purified pigment was determined as anthocyanin by paper chromatography, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. The of the Purified anthocyanin on UV/Vis spectrum were 529 nm and 281 nm. The value of the purified anthocyanin was 23% suggesting the presence of 3-glycosidic structure. The aglycone from acid hydrolysis showed bathochromic shift (18 nm) in the presence of indicating that the anthocyanidin contained free adjacent hydroxyl groups such as cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin or luteolinidin. The sugar moiety obtained from acid hydrolysis was determined as glucose by paper chromatography. The NMR spectra showed that the aglycone was cyanidin and the sugar was . Thus, the chemical structure of the purified anthocyanin was identified as cyanidin .
Ornithosis (Psittacosis) in Pigeons and Its Relation to Human Pneumonitis

In a previous paper, 1 it was reported that a psittacosis-like virus had been isolated from the lung of a patient who had been exposed to a flock of racing pigeons (Columba livia). Nineteen, or 63%, of the 30 suspected birds gave specific complement-fixation reactions in dilutions of from 1 :8 to 1 :256 (Table I). A virus, indistinguishable from that of the patient, was isolated from the spleens and livers of 4 pigeons which had given a positive, and from 1 pigeon which had given a negative serum reaction. This observation was the prelude to the recognition of the nation-wide existence of a psittacosis-like infection in pigeons—in the future to be described as “Ornithosis. ” At least 10 human atypical pneumonias with 2 deaths [California 4 (2 deaths), New York 4, Minnesota 1 and Boston 1] have been traced to exposure to the different species of pigeons exclusively. Survey of Pigeon Lofts and Isolation of Virus. In order to secure comparative data relative to the extent of ornithosis in lofts and to have available suitable birds for experimental tests, random samples of pigeons were secured from various places in California and other states of the Union. With the exception of 12 squabs from a loft whose old birds were virus-carriers, a universal existence of the infection was recognized with the aid of complement-fixation tests. The virus responsible for these reactions was isolated from the organs of non-reacting as well as of reacting pigeons. The pertinent data thus far obtained are summarized in Table I. The extraordinarily high percentage of positive results will doubtless raise questions regarding the specificity of the serum-reactions. There is conclusive evidence that they are the result of a response to a psittacotic antigen.
Titrimetric Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Wine

A titrimetric procedure was devised for the determination of CO 2 in wines. The method involves fixing the sample with 50% NaOH to pH 10-11 and then titrating with a standard acid solution. The titer is recorded between pH 8.6 and 4.0, which represents the area in which CO 2 is converted from the bicarbonate form to the free gas and carbonic acid. A degassed blank is titrated in the same range and its titer subtracted from the total. The difference is used to calculate the CO 2 content of the sample. Addition of carbonic anhydrase was found necessary for utmost accuracy. Comparison showed the method to be faster and more reproducible than the manometric procedure.
Isolation of an Arabidopsis Gene Encoding Ins (1,3,4) P_3 5/6-Kinase-like Protein and Involved in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses

By mRNA differential display from control versus NaCl_shocked Arabidopsis seedlings, we screened an Arabidopsis 3′ partial cDNA, which represents a gene encoding inositol 1,3,4_trisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4)P 3) 5/6_kinase_like protein. Northern blotting analysis showed that the gene, named as AtITL1, is strongly induced by NaCl and low temperature, but not induced by drought and abscisic acid (ABA). Analysis of 5′ region of the AtITL1 found that there are dehydration_responsive element/C_repeat (DRE/CRT) cis _acting elements, but no elements related to G_box and ABRE (ABA_responsive element) in its 5′ region, which is consistent with the expression patterns of the AtITL1 independent of ABA. These results suggest that the AtITL1 may be involved in the osmotic stress response pathway independent of ABA.
Chill unit models and recent changes in the occurrence of Winter chill and Spring frost in the United Kingdom

Summary Following concern that a trend towards milder Winters may have a detrimental impact on bud break and fruit quality, we have investigated the choice of existing chill accumulation model that best explains year-to-year differences in the spread in flowering date in soft fruit, and have characterised the changes in Winter chill that have occurred in recent decades in the UK. As part of this study, we compared the major methods currently used to accumulate chill. As some of these models require hourly temperature data, we have also evaluated methods to estimate hourly temperatures from daily maximum and minimum records. All chill accumulation methods, with the exception of the ‘Utah’ model (which uses a complex weighting scheme for accumulation of chilling temperatures), showed a trend of declining Winter chill over the last three decades. The model that performed best in terms of its ability both to explain the variation in spread of bud burst in any year, and to describe differences in chill with geographical location and over time, was one that accumulated time below 7.2°C (the ‘< 7.2°C’ model). A significant declining trend in Winter chill has occurred in tandem with reduced Spring frost. Both have agronomic implications. The largest changes in these climatological factors have occurred in southern regions of England, with a much less pronounced decline in the North of the UK (Tayside).
Pigeon peas: A Multipurpose Crop for Hawaii

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a multipurpose legume with a long tradition of cultivation in Hawaii (Valenzuela and Smith, 2002). Frederick Krauss from the University of Hawaii was among its earliest promoters in the state, with several extension publications authored in the 1930s proclaiming its value as a soil builder. Pigeon peas are among the top ten legumes grown globally, along with common beans, peas, chickpeas, broad beans and lentils. Sir Albert Howard, an early pioneer of organic farming, was also an advocate of the value of pigeon peas to improve soil fertility, as observed in his travels through India.
The Functioning of the Giant Nerve Fibres of the Squid

1. Stimulation of single giant nerve fibres in the stellar nerves of the squid ( Loligo pealii ) shows them to be motor axons which produce contraction of the circular fibres of the mantle muscles. 2. When a stellar nerve is stimulated with condenser discharges a maximal response is obtained at threshold voltage. No increase of response is obtained by further increase in the strength of stimulation except for an occasional slight increase at about ten times threshold voltage probably due to repetitive firing. It therefore appears that the stimulus produces a single impulse in the giant fibre, and that this is capable of exciting contraction in all the muscle fibres which it reaches. This confirms the conclusion reached on histological grounds that in spite of their syncytial nature each of the giant nerve fibres is a single functional unit. 3. Since there are about ten giant fibres on each side the mantle is divided into 20 neuromotor units, each nerve fibre innervating an enormous number of muscle fibres. The existence of these units can also very readily be demonstrated by the fact that threshold electrical stimulation at any point within the territory innervated by each single giant fibre sets up a contraction of the muscle fibres of all parts of the territory with which the stimulated area is in connexion through the nerve. 4. Stimulation of the smaller fibres in a stellar nerve after destruction of the giant fibre also causes contraction of the circular muscles of the mantle. The amount of this contraction increases progressively with increased voltage, presumably on account of the stimulation of more and more nerve fibres. The maximum tension developed in this way is always very much less than that produced by stimulation of the giant fibres. 5. The mantle is therefore provided with a double mechanism of expiratory contraction, maximal contractions being produced by single impulses in the giant fibres and graded contractions by those in the smaller fibres of the nerve. Presumably the former contractions are those involved in rapid movement, the latter in respiration. 6. There are also radial muscles, running through the thickness of the mantle, whose contractions effect the inspiration by making the cavity larger.
Use of an antitranspirant to minimize winter injury on nonflooded cranberry bogs

The benefit of applying an antitranspirant for protection of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) vines exposed to desiccating conditions was evaluated at four different sites, two sites per year, for a period of 1 year each. Overall, plots receiving one fall application of an antitranspirant produced more berries and greater total fruit mass the following year than did nontreated plots. Overall dry leaf mass was not significantly affected. At one site, treated plots had more flowering uprights and more flowers per upright per unit of ground area than the nontreated plots. For cranberry growers who cannot maintain a winter flood, one fall application of pinolene (Vapor Gard) may offer some protection against winter injury. Further research is needed to document long-term yield effects as well as to clarify the role of the antitranspirant in protecting exposed vines and floral buds against adverse winter conditions. Chemical name used: di-1-p-menthene (pinolene).
Actions of isovaline and endogenous amino acids on inhibitory receptors in ventrobasal thalamus

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . xii DEDICATION . xiii CO-AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT . xiv 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Scope of thesis . 1 1.2 Background . 3 1.2.1. Ventrobasal thalamic nuclei . 3 1.2.2. Inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors . 5 1.2.2.1. GABAA receptors . 5 1.2.2. 2. Glycine receptors . 9 1.2.2.3. GABAB receptors. 11 1.2.3. Isovaline . 15 1.3. Overview and objectives. 16 1.4 References. 22 2. FIRST MANUSCRIPT: EFFECTS OF THE -AMINO ACID ANTAGONIST TAG ON THALAMOCORTICAL INHIBITION . 36 2.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the 14 Oedipodidae Species (Insecta:Orthoptera) Based on the Cytb Gene Sequences

The mitochondrial Cytb gene of 14 Oedipodidae species were sequenced.The MP,ML and NJ phylogenetic trees of these species were reconstructed by using the MEGA2 and PAUP*4.0 softwares.The 462 bp of Cytb gene showed typical high A+T content and variable distance-dependent transition/transversion ratios.All these trees produced essentially the same results as follows: The Oedipodidae family can be di-vided to four subfamilies.A(Aiolopus),B(Sphingonotus),C((Locusta + Gastrimargus) + Oedaleus),D((Bryodemella + Bryodema) + Angaracris);It is appropriate to consider the Oedaleus manjius and the Oedaleus infernalis as two separate species;The two subfamilies of the Bryodemellinae and Bryodeminae are closely related and they should be assigneded as one subfamily;The phylogenetic stata of the Oedipodi-nae and Locustinae are unresolved in this study and should be further investigated.
Genome-wide analysis of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling functions in embryonic stem cells

The characteristics of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) make them one of the best models to study the epigenetic regulation exerted by different actors in order to control the transcription of the mammalian genome. Members of the Snf2 family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors were shown to be of specific importance for ES cell self-renewal and during differentiation. These factors are believed to play essential roles in modifying the chromatin landscape through their capacity to position nucleosomes and determine their occupancy throughout the genome, making the chromatin more or less accessible to DNA binding factors.In this project, a genome-wide analysis of the function of a number of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers (Chd1, Chd2, Chd4, Chd6, Chd8, Chd9, Brg1, Ep400, ATRX, Smarca3, Smarca5, Smarcad1 and Alc1) in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells was conducted. This was done using a double experimental strategy. First, a ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing) strategy was done on ES cells tagged for each factor in the goal of revealing the genomic binding profiles of the remodeling factors. Second, loss-of-function studies followed by transcriptome analysis in ES cells were performed in order to understand the functional role of remodelers. Data from both studies were correlated to acquire a better understanding of the role of remodelers in the transcriptional network of ES cells. Specific binding profiles of remodelers on promoters, enhancers and CTCF binding sites were revealed by our study. Transcriptomic data analysis of the deregulated genes upon remodeler factor knockdown, revealed the essential role of Chd4, Ep400, Smarcad1 and Brg1 in the control of transcription of ES cell genes. Altogether, our data highlight how the distinct chromatin remodeling factors cooperate to control the ES cell state.
Restoration of a Disused Dock Basin as a Habitat for Marine Benthos and Fish

(1) Changes in the water quality, and in flora and fauna, of a Liverpool dock have been monitored since closure of its gates in 1977. Water salinities have been found to fall within the ranges 25-31%o, and temperatures 03-19 OC. Secchi disc extinction depths averaged 5-6 m in the dock and 10 cm in the Mersey estuary outside. An air-lift pump has been installed which prevents stratification during summer and ensures an oxygenrich water column. The absence of harmful dinoflagellate blooms is attributed to artificial destratification by this method. (2) Improvements in water quality have been accompanied by the development of a more diverse marine flora and fauna than in other unclosed docks. The benthic community is dominated by Mytilus edulis. Trace metal concentrations and coliform bacterial counts in Mytilus flesh are sufficiently low for the animals to comply with existing food safety regulations. Introduced Laminaria saccharine grew until water temperatures reached 15 OC, but a few plants survived a 14-week period in summer 1981 when ambient water temperatures were above 15 ? C. (3) It is concluded that a dock of this character can be maintained as a productive marine environment with a variety of educational, amenity and economic uses.
The Production of Aldehydes as a Result of Oxidation of Polyphenolic Compounds and its Relation to Wine Aging

Evidence is presented showing that oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by direct chemical reaction with air occurs at an appreciable rate in wine only by a coupled autoxidation of certain phenolic substances occurring in the wine. The oxidation of vicinal di- and tri-hydroxyphenols like caffeic acid, catechin, or myricetin in 12% ethanol model wine produced acetaldehyde. Similar reaction in aqueous 1-propanol produced propanal showing that the source of the volatile aldehyde is the wine9s alcohol. A mechanism is postulated which appears to be general for autoxidation of phenols, ascorbic acid, melanoidins, reductones, enediols, and related compounds whereby the oxidation of the phenol to a quinone (or ascorbic to dehydroascorbic, etc.) coproduces a strong oxidant, probably hydrogen peroxide, which then can oxidize other substances in the wine such as ethanol. Relevance of these findings to wine storage and aging reactions is discussed.
Habitats selected by Grizzly Bears in a multiple use landscape

The effects of sex, ageclass, and season on habitats and elevations selected by 56 radiocollared grizzly between 1979 and 1995 in the Flathead River drainage of southeastern British Columbia and the adjacent portion of Montana were evaluated using compositional analyses. Two habitat selection strategies were apparent in the population: mountain resident bears selected avalanche chutes at higher elevations during spring, while elevational migrating bears moved to low elevations and selected riparian habitats. During summer, both groups of bears showed selection for areas that had been burned by wildfire 50-70 yr previously. In autumn, riparian was the highest ranked habitat followed by forest and open forest. Regenerating cut-blocks and rock outcrops consistently ranked lowest. Results of this southern grizzly bear study differ from others in that bears were free to select habitats in both mountains and the wide valley and they showed strong selection for some low elevation habitats.
Molecular signature of chitin-protein complex in Paleozoic arthropods

The conventional geochemical view holds that the chitin and structural protein are not preserved in ancient fossils because they are readily degradable through microbial chitinolysis and proteolysis. Here we show a molecular signature of a relict chitin-protein complex preserved in a Pennsylvanian (310 Ma) scorpion cuticle and a Silurian (417 Ma) eurypterid cuticle via analysis with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectromicroscopy. High-resolution X-ray microscopy reveals the complex laminar variation in major biomolecule concentration across modern cuticle; XANES spectra highlight the presence of the characteristic functional groups of the chitin-protein complex. Modification of this complex is evident via changes in organic functional groups. Both fossil cuticles contain considerable aliphatic carbon relative to modern cuticle. However, the concentration of vestigial chitin-protein complex is high, 59% and 53% in the fossil scorpion and eurypterid, respectively. Preservation of a high-nitrogen-content chitin-protein residue in organic arthropod cuticle likely depends on condensation of cuticle-derived fatty acids onto a structurally modified chitin-protein molecular scaffold, thus preserving the remnant chitin-protein complex and cuticle from degradation by microorganisms.
Estudo do efeito da concentração inicial de fenóis totais no comportamento do azeite após aquecimento em micro-ondas

The olive oil is the main source of vegetable fat in the Mediterranean diet, and due to its chemical, biological and sensorial properties the increase in olive oil consumption worldwide is being observed. Currently and due to the great pressure of the modern life-style, the increase of fast food with resource to microwave heating is in vast expansion. In this work was studied the behavior of virgin olive oils with different content in phenolic compounds (1000, 865, 600 and 400 mg/kg) when subjected to microwave heating (t = 0min; t = 1,5min; t = 3min; t = 5min; t = 10min at 1200W) and were evaluated the changes occurred at quality parameters, fatty acids composition, total sterols, chlorophylls and carotenoids, squalene content, tocopherols content, total phenols content, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, antioxidant activity and oxidative stability. The initial content of phenolic compounds in the olive oil inflicted in the behavior of the oils when submitted at microwave heating. In a general way it was noted a degradation in the quality parameters with heating, being observed that in the olive oils with higher content of total phenols the degradation was not so pronounced. At sensorial level, after the first minutes of oxidation all olive oils showed a higher degradation of positive attributes. Regarding the oxidative stability it was verified a protector effect in the olive oils with higher total phenols content comparatively to those with reduced content. While in the olive oils with high content of total phenols, at t = 10min, was registered a reduction of 28% in the induction time, in the olive oils with lower content of total phenols the reduction was of 48%. The tendency observed in tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol was similar, while in the olive oils of 1000 mg/kg there was a reduction of 52% in their content (from 259 to 123 mg/kg), in the olive oils with 400 mg/kg the reduction was of 65% (from 85 to 30 mg/kg). Also in tocopherols content the tendency was the same, besides less pronounced, occurred a reduction of 65 and 79% with t = 10 min in the olive oils with higher and lower total phenols content respectively. Additionally it was observed a significant reduction in total sterols, antioxidant activity and pigments content.
Courship and maing behaviors in Przewalski ’s gazelle Procapra przewalskii

Breeding behaviour,which links wih populaion dynamics,plays an imporan role in conservaion and susainable use of wildlife. We observed courship and maing behaviors in Przewalski ’s gazelle Procapra przewalskii in he Yuanzhe area near he Qinghai Lake on he easern par of he Qinghai-ibean Plaeau from December,2003 o January,2004 wih a combinaion of “all-animal sampling”,“focal-animal sampling” and “all-occurrence sampling” mehods. Alogeher,we recorded 32 breeding behaviors in he Przewalski ’s gazelle. he courship and maing procedure in Przewalski ’s gazelle can be divided ino four phases.Firsly,he approaching sage,and female response o he males ’ approach and sniff in wo ways:ry o ge away or sand wih hind-legs apar,waggling is ail. If he female runs away from he approaching male,maing aempscease; if he female does no ry o ge away from he male ’s breeding erriory,hen he male coninues he second sage:courship performance. he male sands on his hind-legs and walks oward he female. If he courship performance in he second sage appeared wihou disurbance from herdsmen or livesock,he male would sar he hird sage:maing. he male sars o moun and o copulae he female while he female sood sill,he ejaculaion only lass for 1-2 second. he las phase is mae ending phase:frequenly,he male will end he female for 30 min afer maing. Our sudy shows he male Przewalski ’s gazelle possess a new copulaory paern in ungulaes wih no lock,single inromission,non-hrusing and muliple ejaculaions. he paern belongs o No.13 and No.14 in Dewsbury ’s and Dixson ’s sysem for classifying copulaory paerns,respecively. Livesock and herdsmen in he sudy area had significan impacs on he breeding behavior in Przewalski ’s gazelle. We recorded 1 009 copulaory aemps,only 85 succeeded. Mos of he copulaions in he gazelle ook place before he livesock reached or lef he lek of Przewalski ’s gazelle. We recorded 21 mae guardings in Przewalski ’s gazelle,averagely mae guarding lased abou 30 minues.
Advances in research on germplasm characters and physiological activities in Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen'

Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen' is a new kind of bamboo that has good value in both bamboo shoot and physical structure,which demonstrates a good market for promoting.In order to learn fine characters and physiological activities,the researches on P.edulis 'Pachyloen' were reviewed,including resources and introduction situation,traits and growth characters,photosynthesis characters and cold resistance,material consisting and endogenous hormones distribution,nutrition in bamboo shoots and its variation,fiber morphology and physical properties,and so on.Some specific suggestions for researches and developments on P.edulis 'Pachyloen' were provided.