Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elasmobranch Gonad Structure: A Description and Survey

THE second annual meeting of the American Elasmobranch Society (AES) was held in June 1986 in conjunction with the 66th annual meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) at the University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Thirty-two papers were presented on aspects of the natural history, biology, physiology and behavior of sharks, skates and rays including a one-half day symposium entitled "Shark-Human Interaction. " Six of those papers are included here as the first AES symposium. The success of the second AES meeting was mostly due to the help of a number of people, some of whom are also ASIH members. The opportunity to publish the six collected papers as a block within COPEIA is gratefully acknowledged as are the efforts of those involved in the planning and the execution of the meeting. The AES was spawned, in part, as an outgrowth of ASIH to encompass those researchers with an interest in elasmobranch biology. It wa nurtured by Sonny Gruber whose determination, hard work and commitment to the Society has resulted in this first published compil tion of AES papers.
Population variability in space and time: The dynamics of synchronous population fluctuations

Empirical studies have shown that animal populations from a wide array of taxa exhibit spatial patterns of correlation in fluctuating abundance. In the search for explanations for this phenomenon it has been proposed that subpopulation interactions in the form of spatial dispersal, or variability in external factors, such as weather, would be the crucial driving forces responsible for spatial synchrony. Nevertheless, dispersal and external factors have been shown to produce different patterns of synchrony. We show here that observed patterns in synchronous dynamics can be reproduced by using a spatially linked population model. Further, we analyse how local and global environmental stochasticity and dispersal influence the pattern of spatial synchrony. We contrast our theoretical results with data on long-term dynamics of North American game animals and emphasize that the data and our spatial population dynamics models are compatible.
Ability of Two Species of Oak Woodland Birds to Subsist on Acorns

Acorns are an extremely important food resource for bird populations in temperate North America (Martin et al. 1951). However, relatively little is known about the ability of animals to digest and maintain themselves on acorns. Nowhere is this ignorance more blatant than in California, where 15 species of oaks (Quercus spp.) dominate millions of hectares of land area (Griffin and Critchfield 1972, Griffin 1977), and serve (via their fruit) as a primary food resource for at least 16 species of birds (Martin et al. 1951). Of the birds dependent on acorns in foothill woodland regions of California, two of the most characteristic are the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpesformicivorus) and Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). The former is well known for its habit of caching large numbers of acorns in specially modified storage trees or granaries (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1976). Acorns comprise over 50% of this woodpecker's total diet (Beal 1911), and are critical to overwinter survival and subsequent spring breeding (Koenig and Mumme 1987). Acorns also comprise over 50% of the fall and winter diet of Scrub Jays (Beal 1910; W. J. Carmen, unpubl. data). Despite the dependence of these species on acorns, it is unknown to what extent, if any, they are able to circumvent the effects of tannins, a key secondary metabolite present in acorns. Tannins bind with proteins (Martin and Martin 1982) and are generally accepted as defense compounds against herbivory (Bate-Smith 1973, Tempel 1981). This study was conducted in order to obtain preliminary data on the ability of Acorn Woodpeckers and Scrub Jays to overcome tannins and to maintain their body mass exclusively on acorns.
Relative Tolerance to Vapor Heat Treatment of Eggs and Larvae of Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mangoes

The tolerances of all fruit-infesting stages of the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) to vapor heat treatment were determined to find the most tolerant stage. A series of doses (fruit core temperatures hom 39 to 46°C) of vapor heat treahnent was applied to ‘Kensington’ mangoes infested with eggs or one of the three larval instal’s of B. tryoni . Probit analysis of the resulting mortality showed that the stages most tolerant to heat were eggs and third instal’s. Quarantine disinfestation protocols should be based on one or both of these stages.
Diallel cross analysis of resistance to gray leaf spot in maize

Diallel cross analysis of resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis) in an inbred set of diverse heterotic types revealed marked differences in general and specific combining abilities. The former component was of greater relative importance in maize breeding material largely unselected for resistance to this disease, although nonadditive effects were recognized as playing a significant part in the resistance mechanism. Inbreds KO54W and SO507W, representing the F arid M heterotic groups, respectively, exhibited the highest resistance and inbred SP713W (P heterotic group) the lowest resistance. Major dominant effects for resistance were associated with KO54W, which makes it particularly suitable for use in backcross recovery programs for gray leaf spot resistance
Changes in the distribution and activity of female harbour seals during the breeding season: implications for their lactation strategy and mating patterns

Adult female harbour seals from NE Scotland were radio-tracked to follow changes in their distribution and activity during the breeding season. Seals foraged up to 45 km from haul-out sites, but females with pups restricted their range markedly during the early part of the lactation period. However, foraging trips resumed before the expected weaning date, indicating that female harbour seals do not fast throughout lactation. The duration of the period that females spent inshore with young pups was positively related to female body size, suggesting that the species'small size may demand that they feed to maintain lactation. Foraging in late lactation results in females becoming highly dispersed during the mating period and it is clearly uneconomic for males to monopolize females
Proteomic Analysis of Theobroma cacao Pod Husk

We performed two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with MS analysis on Theobroma ca- cao pod husk (fruit pericarp) to explore the proteome of this recalcitrant tissue. Using a phenol extraction/ methanol-ammonium acetate precipitation method, we have obtained 2-DE images with approximately 700 protein spots detected after colloidal CBB staining. Two hundred and forty-four protein spots were analyzed by de novo sequencing of SPITC-derivatized tryptic peptides by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Applying this tech- nique, 144 protein spots from cocoa pod husk were identified. The majority of the identified proteins were in- volved in metabolism and energy. Several of these proteins could be linked to pod growth and development processes.
Characterization of Fatty Acid Coated Polymer/Nucleotide Droplets

The transition from non-living to living matter has been reported can be achieved in the laboratory via designing and constructing the protocell models [1]. Protocell is a study of origin of life theory whereby it is not a true cell, but a term used to refer to early cells or primitive cells. There are two types of protocell model; vesicles and coacervates. Vesicles are biological membranes; provide a semi-permeable boundary between the internal and external environment of a cell and are constructed via self-assembly of lipid and fatty acid molecules [2-5]. While vesicles are made of self-assembly of lipid molecules, coacervates are mixtures of two or more polymers in aqueous solution that spontaneously phase separated to form droplets.Coacervate droplets have been proposed as a potential alternative protocell model because of compartmentalization properties [6-11].
Effect Year of Calving and Parity on the Productive Performance of Holstein Friesian Cows in Vom Nigeria

A total of one thousand eight hundred and thirty nine (1839) lactation records of cows calved from 2006 to 2017 were analyzed to estimate the effect of non-genetic factors on productive performance traits of Holstein-Friesian cows in Integrated Dairy Farm Vom. Data were analyzed using general linear models of SAS 2001 (version 8.0). Results revealed that the overall least square means of Lactation Milk Yield (LMY), Productive herd life (PHL), Herd life (HL), lifetime milk yield (LTMY) and lactation length (LL) were 4716.1 ±243 litres 1831.8±73.9 days, 2984.9±91.6 days, 15524±1544 litres and 268.00 ± 432 days respectively. Years of calving had significant (P<0.05) effect on LMY, PHL, HL, LL and LTMY of the dam, while Parity also significantly (P<0.05) influenced the lactation milk yield of the dam. The observed productive performance of Holstein Friesian cattle under Vom condition was generally commendable. This may be attributed to improved management practices (such as high quality feed), maternal gene effect and adaptation of Holstein Friesian breed to the climatic condition of Vom area. Original Research Article Gamaniel et al.; AJRAVS, 4(2): 1-8, 2019; Article no.AJRAVS. 50619 2
Analysis of Wildlife Radio-Tracking Data

Preliminaries. Design of Radio-Tracking Studies. Effects of Tagging on the Animal. Estimating Animal Locations. Designing and Testing Triangulation Systems. Simple Movements. Home Range Estimation. Habitat Analysis. Survival Rate Estimation. Population Estimation. Data Analysis System. Appendices. Each chapter includes references. Index.
The effectiveness of the coccinellid beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.), as a predator of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L.

The two-spot coccinellid (Adalia bipunctata (L.)), will feed on a variety of aphid species but is usually associated with those living on trees or shrubs greater than 2 m in height (Putnam 1964; Iperti 1966; Hodek 1966). In Glasgow, larvae of this predator are common on lime (Tilia x vulgaris Hayne), where they feed mainly on the aphid Eucallipterus tiliae and less often on the cicadellid Alnetoidea alneti Dahlbom. A. bipunctata occurs less frequently on sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), where its effects on populations of the aphid Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.) were described by Dixon (1970). The numbers of the lime aphid fluctuate markedly within a season and from year to year (Dixon 1971), but the role of coccinellid predation in these changes is unknown. This paper attempts to assess the searching capacity and survival of the predator on lime, and to evaluate the role of the two-spot coccinellid in the regulation of the numbers of the lime aphid.
Studies on the morphology and biology of Acetodextra amiuri (Stafford) (Trematoda: Heterophyidae).

Acetodextra amiuri is a heterophyid trematode which parasitizes fishes, especially Siluridae. A. amiuri is of unusual interest in several respects. In structure it is typical of the Heterophyidae and yet it is a parasite of fishes, whereas other members of that family, as restricted by Price (1940), occur in birds and mammals. This situation is further evidence that closely related trematocdes may not necessarily occur in related hosts, although the type of host has been stressed in taxonomy by some investigators. A. amiuri is unusual also in respect to its localization in the definitive host. All other adult trematoces in the superfamily Opisthorchioidea live in the digestive tract or its appended organs whereas A. amiuri does not. While this trematode was knowni for some time only from the air bladder of catfishes, it is evident from the present study that the ovaries are the more important site. This trematode may be histozoic or even cytozoic, as young worms were observed within the eggs of the host. This unusual site of infection in the definitive host is not only unique in the Opisthorchioidea but has been reported for no other adult digenetic trematode. Thus A. amiuri presents a number of problems differing from those encountered in the investigation of any other member of its family. Among these problems are 1) the method by which the definitive host becomes infected, 2) the effects on reproduction of the host, 3) the fate of the parasite in males of the definitive host species, and 4) the means whereby the eggs of the parasites escape to continue the life cycle.
The leavening ability of baker's yeast on dough prepared with composite flour (wheat/cassava).

The leavening ability of baker’s yeast on dough prepared with composite flour (wheat/cassava) was investigated. The composite flour was prepared in four different proportions and it was discovered that an increase in the quantity of cassava flour caused a decrease in the ability of the baker’s yeast to leaven the dough. However, the composite flour with 10% cassava flour produced an appreciable level of leavening. The effect of temperature on leavening of the composite dough by the baker’s yeast was also investigated. It was found that fermentation of dough at 37oC increased the rate of leavening and an appreciable level of dough size was achieved. The degree of agitation/mixing and the time used for the composite dough was investigated and it was found that longer periods of agitation in minutes produced increased level of dough. The results from the sensory evaluation showed that the bread baked with 10% composite dough was the most acceptable by the panellists. There was no disparity in the scores given to the samples based on age, as the three different age groups gave similar results. Key words: Composite, wheat flour, sensory evaluation.
Biosynthesis of the antiparasitic agent megalomicin: transformation of erythromycin to megalomicin in Saccharopolyspora erythraea

Kosan Biosciences, 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA. In the above article, which was published in Volume 37, Issue 4, on pages 752±762, the statement in the text and in Figs 1, 2 and 4 that L-megosamine is identical to L-rhodosamine is incorrect. L-Megosamine differs in stereochemistry from L-rhodosamine at carbons 3 and 4. In Figs 1 and 2, the structure of megosamine was drawn incorrectly. The hydroxyl and methyl substituents shown as equatorial should be axial. In Fig. 4, the compounds depicted in the L-megosamine pathway are also drawn with the incorrect stereochemistry. The corrected Fig. 4 is shown on the following page.
Embryonic development of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)

The embryonic development in Abalone ( Haliotis diversicolor Reeve), was divided into four periods, including 32 stages (Table 1). (1) Cleavage period containing 13 stages: artificial fertilization, the first polar body stage, the second polar body stage, early 2 cell stage, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage, 16 cell stage, 32 cell stage, 64 cell stage, 128 cell stage, morula stage and blastula stage; (2) Embryonic development period including 4 stages: gastrula stage, early trochophore stage in egg membrane, late trochophore stage in egg membrane and at the moment of hatching stage;(3) Postembryonic development composed of 13 stages: trochophore, early veliger stage, mid veliger stage, late veliger stage, early creeping larva stage, mid creeping larva stage, late creeping larva stage, early peristomial shell larva stage, mid peristomial shell larva stage, late peristomial shell larva stage, early differentiation epipodes stage, mid differentiation epipodes stage and late differentiation epipodes stage;(4) Juvenile period made up of 2 stages: early emergence stage of the first breathing pore and emergence stage of the first breathing pore. Although the fertilized eggs of the Abalone may were incubated under the range of temperature from 18℃ to 34℃, the instantaneous incubation rate and hatching time are veried.The incubative duration of fertilized egg needed eleven hours and thirty two minutes after the artificial fertilization under the temperature of 18℃, the instantaneous incubation rate was 2 5‰, the average incubation period was twenty six hours and fifteen minutes. The speed of hatching rate was 0 0381, the finite rate of increase was 1 0010 per hour. But under the water temperature of 22℃, the beginning of hatching time was seven hours and thirty minutes, the average incubation period was twenty three and five minutes, the speed of hatching rate was 0 0415, the finite rate of increase was 1 0202 per hour. Water temperature showed a marked influence upon the incubation period of the fertilization egg. Within the range of 20～28℃, the higher the water temperature, the shorter the incubation time and the higher the incubation rate (Table 2). The time that an embryonic egg developed into a juvenile(emergence of the 1st breathing pore)was 23～24 days under water temperature 23 7～28 5℃ and salinity 32 8‰～34 5‰(specific gravity 1 0223～1 0229).
The oceanic preyfield available to offshore foraging seabirds of the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia

The Abrolhos Islands in the south-east Indian Ocean host large breeding colonies of tropical seabirds such as sooty terns, wedge-tailed shearwaters and brown noddies. These birds forage widely for epipelagic and mesopelagic prey in the waters of the surrounding south-east Indian Ocean. In this study, an opportunistically collected set of night-time surface plankton samples from waters off the Abrolhos Islands was examined to ascertain the distribution and abundance of potential prey items available to seabirds and linked to concurrently recorded oceanographic conditions. A wide diversity of macro-zooplankton including larval and juvenile fishes, cephalopods and phyllosoma was found in the surface plankton samples including numerous species previously identified in the diets of the seabirds. Larvae and juveniles of oceanic meso-pelagic fishes such as Myctophidae, Phosichthyidae and Gonostomatidae dominated the samples although a range of neritic fish species were also recorded. The warm, southward flowing Leeuwin Current was prevalent over the study area and the associated field of meanders, anti-cyclonic and cyclonic meso-scale eddies added considerable oceanographic complexity. Sea-surface temperature and fluorescence explained some of the variation in surface fish assemblages and, likewise, delineated oceanographic features were also found to have a moderate structuring effect on surface fish assemblages. Interestingly, larvae and post-larvae of the beaked salmon Gonorynchus greyi, a neritic fish species and known preferred prey species, were particularly abundant in an anti-cyclonic eddy located 150 km beyond the shelf-edge. This species has a long pelagic larval duration of up to three months and the westward trajectories of anti-cyclonic eddies may facilitate supply of this prey species to the offshore foraging areas of some seabirds. Use of remotely sensed sea-surface temperature, altimetry and chlorophyll a imagery could assist in the delineation of these oceanographic features, to aid further investigations of seabird foraging and prey availability.
Use of the cast net for monitoring fish status in reservoirs distributed in the Korean peninsula

Reservoirs consist of two different environments, the littoral and the pelagic zone, and different fishing gear is commonly used in each zone—gill nets in the pelagic zone and electrofishing in the littoral zone. However, an active fishing gear, the cast net, is normally used instead of electrofishing for scientific studies in South Korea. In order to estimate cast net effectiveness for determining fish status in reservoirs, the study was conducted at 15 reservoirs with two different fish ing gears: a cast net in the littoral zone and gill nets in the pelagic zone. When combining catches of both gears, species richness increased substantially compared to using one gear only. There was a size difference in fish caught by each net, and small fish were predominantly caught with the cast net due to its small mesh size (7 mm). The combined length of six species, used for length-weight relationship analysis, collected with the cast net was smaller than that collected with gill nets (independent t-test, P < 0.05). In this study, cast net sampling provided sufficient data for the littoral zone, but not enough to identify the overall fish assemblage in studied reservoirs. Utilization of only one gear can therefore lead to substantial underestimation of fish status, and a combination of both gears is recommended for determining more reli able estimates of fish status in reservoirs.
Sedimentary processes may cause fluctuations of tidewater glaciers

A temperate glacier ending in water advances by depositing a moraine shoal, which “dams” tidewater calving, and then recycling this shoal in conveyor-belt fashion. A simple model suggests that conveyor-belt recycling of the shoal must continue until calving stops and all ice flux is removed by surface ablation, or until the glacier retreats rapidly from the shoal; retreat can occur without external forcing if the glacier advances into deepening water and if sediment recycling is rapid compared to supply of new sediment to the moraine shoal.
Free Radicals Scavenging and Neuroprotective Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Combretum zenkeri Leaf

Combretum zenkeri is a small tree found in the tropical West Africa that has been applied by locals in the treatment of arthritic and other inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic leaf extract of C. zenkeri against nitric oxide NO and hydroxyl OH radicals and reducing power (Fe 3+ –Fe 2+ transformation ability). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation through determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in brain homogenates (neuro-protective potentials) was also studied. The plant extract demonstrated the ability to scavenge nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-response manner. In the reducing power assay, the ethanolic extracts gave the optical density in a logistic dose response curve with the concentration of 581.46 μg/ml at optical density of 0.5. The neuroprotective ability of the plant extract indicated good antioxidant capacity. These results provide basis to regard C. zenkeri as an asset in the quest to ameliorate oxidative diseases with naturally occuring secondary metabolites in plants. Original Research Article Ujowundu et al; ARRB, 6(2): 133-141, 2015; Article no.ARRB. 2015.071 134
Diseases of the Knee: Management in Medicine and Surgery

In childhood, from the agesof two to thirteenyears, the incidencefigures presentedin this paper agreedwell with those reported by Wood (1950). Cyanotic forms of congenital heart disease representedabout one-fifth of all cases, and two out of three of these patients had the tetralogy of Fallot, so that this malformation dominated all others in importancein the child aged over two years with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Of the acyanotic forms, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosisbetween them accountedfor about nine out of ten cases. It would be expected that in older patients the organic stenoses (aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta), which remain relatively fixed in size during the growth of the child, would become more important in relation to increasing body size, and that some patients with these conditions would presentfor the first time in adolescenceor early adult life.