Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 heat shock elements are functionally distinct

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 gene SSA1 has multiple heat shock elements (HSEs). To determine the significance of each of these sequences for expression of SSA1, we analyzed expression from a set of promoters containing point mutations in each of the HSEs, individually and in pairwise combinations. Of the three HSE-like sequences, two (HSE2 and HSE3) were active promoter elements; only one, HSE2, was active under basal growth conditions. Either HSE2 or HSE3 alone was able to drive SSA1 transcription at near-normal rates after heat shock. Both HSE2 and HSE3 were capable of driving basal transcription when placed in the context of the CYC1 promoter. Previous analysis had identified an upstream repressing sequence overlapping HSE2 that repressed basal transcription driven by HSE2. Our analysis showed that basal transcription driven by HSE3 was repressed both by the distant upstream repressing sequence and by closer flanking sequences. The ability to drive basal transcription is not inherent in all natural HSEs, since the HSEs from the heat-inducible SSA3 and SSA4 genes showed no basal activity when placed in the CYC1 vector. Gel mobility shift experiments showed that the same population of heat shock transcription factor molecules bound to HSEs capable of driving basal activity and to HSEs having very low or undetectable basal activity.
The unfolding story of anthrax toxin translocation

The essential cellular functions of secretion and protein degradation require a molecular machine to unfold and translocate proteins either across a membrane or into a proteolytic complex. Protein translocation is also critical for microbial pathogenesis, namely bacteria can use translocase channels to deliver toxic proteins into a target cell. Anthrax toxin (Atx), a key virulence factor secreted by Bacillus anthracis, provides a robust biophysical model to characterize transmembrane protein translocation. Atx is comprised of three proteins: the translocase component, protective antigen (PA) and two enzyme components, lethal factor (LF) and oedema factor (OF). Atx forms an active holotoxin complex containing a ring‐shaped PA oligomer bound to multiple copies of LF and OF. These complexes are endocytosed into mammalian host cells, where PA forms a protein‐conducting translocase channel. The proton motive force unfolds and translocates LF and OF through the channel. Recent structure and function studies have shown that LF unfolds during translocation in a force‐dependent manner via a series of metastable intermediates. Polypeptide‐binding clamps located throughout the PA channel catalyse substrate unfolding and translocation by stabilizing unfolding intermediates through the formation of a series of interactions with various chemical groups and α‐helical structure presented by the unfolding polypeptide during translocation.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 11p110 and casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibit the interaction between tyrosine hydroxylase and 14‐3‐3

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is regulated by the reversible phosphorylation of serines 8, 19, 31 and 40. Upon initiation of this study, serine 19 was unique due to its requirement of 14‐3‐3 binding after phosphorylation for optimal enzyme activity, although it has been more recently demonstrated that phosphorylated serine 40 also binds 14‐3‐3. To identify proteins that interact with TH following phosphorylation of serine 19, this amino acid was mutated to alanine and THS19A was used as bait in a yeast two‐hybrid system. From this, mouse‐derived cyclin‐dependent kinase 11 (CDK11)p110 was identified as an interacting partner with THS19A. The interaction was confirmed using human CDK11p110 cDNA in a mammalian system. Previous research has demonstrated that casein kinase 2 (CK2) interacts with CDK11p110, and both were observed to phosphorylate TH in vitro. In addition, CDK11p110 overexpression was observed to inhibit the interaction between TH and 14‐3‐3. A mechanism contributing to disruption of the interaction between TH and 14‐3‐3 may be due to CK2 phosphorylation of specific 14‐3‐3 isoforms, i.e. 14‐3‐3 τ. Collectively, these results imply that CDK11p110 and CK2 negatively regulate TH catecholamine biosynthetic activity since phosphoserine 19 of TH requires 14‐3‐3 binding for optimal enzyme activity and a decreased rate of dephosphorylation.
Cost‐Efficient Virtual Optical Network Embedding for Manageable Inter‐Data‐Center Connectivity

Network virtualization opens the door to novel infrastructure services offering connectivity and node manageability. In this letter, we focus on the cost‐efficient embedding of on‐demand virtual optical network requests for interconnecting geographically distributed data centers. We present a mixed integer linear programming formulation that introduces flexibility in the virtual‐physical node mapping to optimize the usage of the underlying physical resources. Illustrative results show that flexibility in the node mapping can reduce the number of add‐drop ports required to serve the offered demands by 40%.
A Binary Feature Extraction Technique

Numerous schemes are available for feature selection in a pattern recognition problem, but the feature extraction process is largely intuitive. A sequential feature extraction scheme is proposed for binary features. A decision function, which is linear and near optimal, is developed concurrently with each feature. Performance bounds are developed for several design strategies. Experimental results are given to illustrate the use of the scheme and the effectiveness of the performance bounds.
Application of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Loaded Transmission Lines to the Design of Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors for Space Applications

The accurate measurement of the angular displacement and velocity of reaction wheels is necessary for attitude (orientation) control in space vehicles (satellites). In this paper, microwave, contactless, and low-cost (as compared to optical encoders) sensors useful for that purpose are analyzed in detail. The sensor consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is a disk (or a circular crown) of dielectric material, where one or several arrays of equidistant single-loop split ring resonators (SRRs) are etched along its edge, forming circular chains of hundreds of SRRs. The stator is a coplanar waveguide (CPW) also loaded with pairs of single-loop SRRs (etched in the back substrate side), with the centers located in the slot region. The sensing principle is based on the amplitude modulation of a harmonic (single-tone continuous wave) feeding signal, achieved when the chains of the rotor are displaced over the SRR pairs of the stator. Both sensor elements (rotor and stator) must be parallel oriented, with the SRR pairs of the CPW in close proximity to the SRR chains of the rotor (and rotated 180°), in order to favor their coupling. By this means, the transmission coefficient of the CPW is varied by the circular motion of the rotor, and significant amplitude modulation of the feeding signal is achieved. From the envelope function, the angular velocity can be accurately determined. With the proposed sensors, instantaneous and practically unlimited rotation speeds can be measured.
Determining cardiac velocity fields and intraventricular pressure distribution from a sequence of ultrafast CT cardiac images

A method of computing the velocity field and pressure distribution from a sequence of ultrafast CT (UFCT) cardiac images is demonstrated. UFCT multi-slice cine imaging gives a series of tomographic slices covering the volume of the heart at a rate of 17 frames per second. The complete volume data set can be modeled using equations of continuum theory and through regularization, velocity vectors of both blood and tissue can be determined at each voxel in the volume. The authors present a technique to determine the pressure distribution throughout the volume of the left ventricle using the computed velocity field. A numerical algorithm is developed by discretizing the pressure Poisson equation (PPE), which Is based on the Navier-Stokes equation. The algorithm is evaluated using a mathematical phantom of known velocity and pressure-Couette flow. It is shown that the algorithm based on the PPE can reconstruct the pressure distribution using only the velocity data. Furthermore, the PPE is shown to be robust in the presence of noise. The velocity field and pressure distribution derived from a UFCT study of a patient are also presented.
Tipping the balance between replicative and simple transposition

The bacterial insertion sequence IS903 has the unusual ability to transpose both replicatively and non‐replicatively. The majority of products are simple insertions, while co‐integrates, the product of replicative transposition, occur at a low frequency (<0.1% of simple insertions). In order to define the critical steps that determine the outcome of IS903 transposition, we have isolated mutants that specifically increase the rate of replicative transposition. Here we show that the nucleotide immediately flanking the transposon influences both overall transposition frequency and co‐integrate formation. In particular, when the 3′‐flanking nucleotide is A, co‐integrates are increased 500‐fold compared with a 3′ C. In addition, we have isolated five transposase mutants that increase replicative transposition. These residues are close to the catalytic residues and are thus likely to be part of the active site. These are the first transposase mutations described that affect the product of transposition. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a delay in cleavage of the 5′‐flanking DNA will increase the effective half‐life of the 3′‐nicked transposon intermediate and consequently enhance co‐integrate formation.
On not being able to aggress.

An experiment was conducted with male college students in order to demonstrate the importance of cues in eliciting aggressive behaviour from angered persons. Most of the subjects were deliberately provoked by giving them an excessive number of electric shocks which supposedly were administered by a peer in a nearby room. Those subjects who had previously been led to believe they would have an opportunity to retaliate against the anger instigator but who, subsequently, were not able to do so, later displayed the greatest volume of aggression when all subjects were given an opportunity to attack the anger instigator. It is suggested that the anticipation of the first aggressive opportunity had provided symbolic cues activating an implicit aggressive response sequence which was then frustrated by the failure to attack the anger instigator. This thwarting had presumably strengthened the instigation to aggression.
De Novo Analysis of Peptide Tandem Mass Spectra by Spectral Graph Partitioning

We report on a new de novo peptide sequencing algorithm that uses spectral graph partitioning. In this approach, relationships between m/z peaks are represented by attractive and repulsive springs, and the vibrational modes of the spring system are used to infer information about the peaks (such as "likely b-ion" or "likely y-ion"). We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by comparison with other de novo sequencers on test sets of ion-trap and QTOF spectra, including spectra of mixtures of peptides. On all datasets, we outperform the other sequencers. Along with spectral graph theory techniques, the new de novo sequencer EigenMS incorporates another improvement of independent interest: robust statistical methods for recalibration of time-of-flight mass measurements. Robust recalibration greatly outperforms simple least-squares recalibration, achieving about three times the accuracy for one QTOF dataset.
An Ultra-Low Power and High Speed Single Ended Sense Amplifier for Non-Volatile Memories

An ultra-low power and high performance voltage-mode sense amplifier is presented. Based on charge recycling between a tank capacitor and the bit line parasitic capacitor, a reference voltage is created dynamically and the memory precharge step starts from half the supply voltage. The precharge and word line activation are independent, avoiding the extra consumption due to the direct path between power supply and ground during precharge. The proposed circuit is implemented using a 55 nm UMC High Voltage CMOS technology with a power supply of 1.2V. Simulation results show a read access time of about 20.6 ns and an average power consumption of 0.56 µW/MHz/bit in typical operating conditions at 27 °C.
Pre-attentive detection of motion direction changes in normal aging

Effects of normal aging on pre-attentive detection of changes in motion direction were evaluated. Young, middle-aged, and older subjects performed a visual central task while standard and deviant gratings varying in motion direction were presented outside the focus of attention. A greater negativity in the event-related potentials (ERPs) to deviants was observed in all groups at posterior sites within the N2 latency range. Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) reached its peak between 145 and 165 ms irrespective of age. However, significant age-related changes observed in vMMN mean amplitude may suggest that the pre-attentive visual detection become less efficient in older subjects. This could lead to age-related deficits in switching attention to potentially salient visual changes.
MATRIX STRUCTURE OBSCURES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERPATCH MOVEMENT AND PATCH SIZE AND ISOLATION

Metapopulation models assume that local population size (in a habitat patch) and therefore local extinction probability, is a function of patch size, and that interpatch movement rate and therefore recolonization of local extinctions is a function of both patch size and patch isolation. We hypothesized that the predictive power of models that relate patch immigration rate to patch size and isolation will be reduced when spatial structure in the landscape matrix (the nonhabitat portion of the landscape) affects organism movement through the landscape. We used a simulation model to evaluate this hypothesis for three different aspects of matrix spatial structure (contrast among matrix cover types, number of matrix cover types, and grain of matrix spatial pattern) and for two different types of movement behavior, representing a specialist and a generalist species. We tested the hy- pothesis for one aspect of matrix structure (number of matrix cover types) in a translocation field study of the eastern chipmunk ( Tamias striatus, a habitat specialist) and the white- footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus, a habitat generalist). When the matrix was composed of a small number of cover types, patch size and isolation accounted for up to 75% of the variation in patch immigration rate in the simulation study, and for 61% of the variation in interpatch movement in the field study. However, when the matrix was composed of a large number of cover types, the amount of explained variation dropped to as little as 33% for the simulation study and to 17% in the field study. Our results suggest that patch characteristics, such as patch size and isolation, may be poor predictors of interpatch movement when the landscape matrix is heterogeneous and when the organism responds to boundaries between different matrix cover types. These results imply that habitat patch- based models, such as those based on current metapopulation theory, will perform poorly in these situations.
Cholesterol-lowering and cancer in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Sir, Since Goldstein et al. 1 have cautioned about the possible long-term effects of statins on the incidence of cancer, citing adverse results from the primary and secondary cholesterol-lowering trials PROSPER2, LIPID3, CARE4 and WOSCOPS5, the worrying results of the first major primary prevention cholesterol-lowering trial using another drug should not be forgotten. The WHO Clofibrate Trial,6 of which I was …
Lung isolation techniques for patients with difficult airway

Purpose of review One-lung ventilation in the thoracic surgical patient can be achieved with the use of a double-lumen endotracheal tube or an independent bronchial blocker. A number of patients requiring lung isolation have a potentially difficult airway because of previous radiation to the neck or previous surgery to the tongue and larynx. This review will focus on the management of patients who have a difficult airway and require lung isolation. Recent findings Identification of the potentially difficult airway during the preoperative evaluation allows the preplanning and selection of the appropriate lung isolation device. Common devices used to achieve one-lung ventilation in patients with difficult airways include independent bronchial blockers (Arndt, Cohen, and Fuji Uniblocker). Summary In patients who require one-lung ventilation and who present with a difficult airway, the safest way to establish an airway is by placing a single-lumen endotracheal tube orally or nasotracheally while the patient is awake with the aid of a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Lung isolation in these patients then is achieved by using an independent bronchial blocker; an alternative technique is to use a double-lumen endotracheal tube while using an airway catheter exchange technique. For the patient with a tracheostomy in place, an independent bronchial blocker is recommended.
Degradation Phenomena of Electrical Contacts Using Hammering Oscillating Mechanism and Micro-Sliding Mechanism- Contact Resistance and Its Model

Authors have developed the mechanism which gives damping vibration to electrical contacts by reciprocal hammering-oscillation and the other new mechanism which gives periodical micro-sliding to electrical contacts directly driven by a magmetostrictive actuator or a piezo-electrical one. It was shown that each mechanism was able to make a test simulate an actual degradation phenomenon on electrical contacts by the influence of micro-oscillation. Using the above mechanisms and their models they have studied the influences of a micro-oscillation on contact resistance. In this paper, first, it was shown that there was a degradation phenomenon of electrical contacts by experimental results using micro-sliding mechanism (MSM). And it was also shown that the phenomenon was depended on contact frictional force between a male-pin and a female-pin of a connector and sliding stroke. Second, it was made clear that there was the parallel degradation phenomenon of electrical contacts by experimental results using hammering oscillating mechanism (HOM). And the phenomenon was depended on the above contact frictional force and impulsive acceleration generated by a hammering ball. Finally, by comparing the above experimental results, the authors obtained that the similarity between two types of phenomena came from similar mechanical parameters like amplitude, natural frequency and damping ratio which characterized time-sequential relative displacement on an electrical contact, though the mechanism was quite different from each other, as the former by sliding and the latter by hammering. And they recognized that phenomena occurred more frequently in actual static contacts under the influence of some oscillation or vibration.
Changes in water diffusion due to Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve

The authors report NMR measurements of the changes in water diffusion brought about by in vivo Wallerian degeneration due to either crush‐ or tie‐injuries in the sciatic nerve of the frog. Using a pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo sequence with a diffusion measurement time of 28 ms, the degree of diffusion coefficient anisotropy {D(longitudinal)/D(transverse)} 4 weeks after injury in both crush‐ and tie‐injured nerves (2.3 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 0.1, respectively) is significantly less than in normal frog sciatic nerve (3.9 ± 0.4). The decrease of anisotropy in the degenerated nerves is due to both a decrease in longitudinal diffusion and an increase in transverse diffusion. The changes in diffusion coefficients are compared with the degree of axonal and myelin breakdown observed in light and electron micrographs of the nerves.
Don Roy, Fiddle Music, and Social Sustenance in Franco New England

Don Roy is a fiddle player of Franco-American extraction who lives, and works in southern Maine. Don learned to fiddle from older family members, and was a champion in fiddling contests throughout New England and Quebec. During the 1990s he became professionally involved in the non-profit heritage industry, as a performer and a carrier of Maine French cultural tradition. During the late twentieth century, Franco-American ethnicity was being officially supported by state and non-profit institutions as an important, formerly marginalized feature of Maine's cultural landscape. However, that era also witnessed the closing of the largely French-operated textile mills that had sustained French culture in northern New England, and the concomitant decline of French language and religious practices in the region. The article traces Don's role as official tradition-bearer, and his subsequent cultivation of a sustainable music community in his southern Maine locality.
Efficient and Secure Data Retrieval Scheme Using Searchable Encryption in Cloud Storage

In the new era of data explosion, the problem of data storage and portability were solved with the advent of the cloud technologies. But the attendant problem is that most of the data stored by users are always uploaded as the form of plaintext, this means that the more data and information are uploaded by the user in cloud, the more privacy and information security risks will be. This paper presents a data retrieval system by using public key encryption system with keyword search, in which the client could test whether or not the file stored in cloud server contains the keyword without leaking the information about the encrypted file. We apply asymmetric pairings to achieve shorter key size scheme in the standard model, and adopt the dual system encryption technique to reduce the scheme's secure problem to the hard Symmetric External Diffie-Hellman assumption. In the last of paper, we analyse the scheme's efficiency and point out that our scheme is more efficient and secure than some other classical data retrieval models.
Robust electrocardiogram (ECG) beat classification using discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a robust technique for the classification of six types of heartbeats through an electrocardiogram (ECG). Features extracted from the QRS complex of the ECG using a wavelet transform along with the instantaneous RR-interval are used for beat classification. The wavelet transform utilized for feature extraction in this paper can also be employed for QRS delineation, leading to reduction in overall system complexity as no separate feature extraction stage would be required in the practical implementation of the system. Only 11 features are used for beat classification with the classification accuracy of ∼99.5% through a KNN classifier. Another main advantage of this method is its robustness to noise, which is illustrated in this paper through experimental results. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) has been used for feature reduction, which reduces the number of features from 11 to 6 while retaining the high beat classification accuracy. Due to reduction in computational complexity (using six features, the time required is ∼4 ms per beat), a simple classifier and noise robustness (at 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio, accuracy is 95%), this method offers substantial advantages over previous techniques for implementation in a practical ECG analyzer.
Are teacher effects larger in small classes?

Teachers spend most of their time in school in classrooms, and their instruction and teaching practices may be affected by classroom context such as class size. We examine whether teacher effects interact with classroom context such as class size. Specifically, we seek to determine whether teacher effects are more pronounced in small classes than in regular size classes in early grades. The results point to some evidence that teacher effects are more variable in small classes than in regular size classes. However, the pattern does not seem to be systematic.