Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Genotyping of Echinococcus Species from Livestock in Kajiado County, Kenya

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread neglected zoonotic disease and is caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. CE is more frequent in livestock-rearing areas and where people live a nomadic or seminomadic lifestyle such as in Kajiado County, Kenya. There is limited data on CE disease situation in the county of Maasailand; the present study, therefore, reports on the prevalence of CE in cattle, sheep, and goats and their relative importance in CE transmission in Kajiado County. In total, 1,486 livestock (388 cattle, 625 sheep, and 473 goats) slaughtered in two abattoirs were examined for the presence of hydatid cysts in various organs. Cyst isolates were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene (nad1). The overall prevalence of CE was 14.8% (220/1486), while prevalence per livestock species was 15.2% (72/473) in goats, 14.9% (93/625) in sheep, and 14.2% (55/388) in cattle. Out of the 421 cysts isolated, 389 cysts were successfully characterized to be either E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), 356/389 (91.5%), E. canadensis (G6/7), 26/389 (6.7%), or E. ortleppi, 7/389 (1.8%). This record confirms predominance of E. granulosus s. s. in Maasailand and other parts of Kenya, while the importance of E. ortleppi and E. canadensis (G6/7) to the general CE burden in Maasailand might be higher than previously thought. More so, a higher infection pressure for humans by E. granulosus s. s. based on its abundance could be speculated. The study sheds significant light on CE situation in livestock in the nomadic/seminomadic society of the Maasai in Kajiado County and provides good bases to investigate human CE in the area.
Parameter Identification of a Fed-Batch Cultivation of S. Cerevisiae using Genetic Algorithms

Fermentation processes as objects of modelling and high-quality control are characterized with interdependence and time-varying of process variables that lead to non-linear models with a very complex structure. This is why the conventional optimization methods cannot lead to a satisfied solution. As an alternative, genetic algorithms, like the stochastic global optimization method, can be applied to overcome these limitations. The application of genetic algorithms is a precondition for robustness and reaching of a global minimum that makes them eligible and more workable for parameter identification of fermentation models. Different types of genetic algorithms, namely simple, modified and multi-population ones, have been applied and compared for estimation of nonlinear dynamic model parameters of fed-batch cultivation of S. cerevisiae.
Integration of instruction scheduling and register allocation

Instruction scheduling provides important optimization for current RISC (reduced instruction set computer) processors to achieve high performance by exploiting parallelism. This paper presents an integrated instruction scheduling and register allocation algorithm for processors with an extended delayed-load architecture. The algorithm is based on the delay-load scheduling algorithm using fewer registers and running at a speed proportional to the size of the expression tree. The algorithm also includes some extensions to improve performance: 1) resolve the data dependence of instruction scheduling for multiple expression trees by marking the memory information as changing and by setting a Load Cache; 2) extend the scheduling from expression trees to forests to more effectively reduce delays; 3) effectively reduce structural hazards by adjusting the order of local instructions.
Extraction and Characterization of Oil from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Seed

The extraction of oil from African locust bean seeds was carried out in this work. Standard procedures were followed to determine the yield present in the oil feed stocks using n-hexane in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Analyses were carried out to determine their proximate compositions and physicochemical characteristics. The determination of the functional groups and fatty acid compositions present in the extracted oils was also carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) respectively. The results revealed that African locust bean seed has higher oil yield, crude fat, crude protein, ash content, crude fibre, moisture content than some other seeds such as Date palm seed with the exception of the carbohydrates content. Similarly, African locust bean seed oil which was yellowish brown in colour contained higher acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, free fatty acid with the exception of saponification value and specific gravity in comparism. Result from the FTIR analysis shows that 15 peaks were noticed in African locust bean seed oil, indicating the presence of various functional groups such as OH, C-H, C=C, C=O, C≡ C and C — N. Similarly, the GC-MS result also reveals that there are 6 dominating fatty acid compounds present in locust beans seed oil in relation to their relative weight composition abundance. In locust bean seed oil, linoleic acid stood out as the fatty acid compound with the highest weight composition of 31.9% having a relatively high degree of unsaturation. Furthermore, capric acid and lauric acid were found in this oil. Judging from all the results in this work, it can be deduced that African locust bean seed oil may serve as better alternative oil for consumption and in large-scale production of lubricants, cosmetics, paints, and hydraulic brake fluid.
Identification of microRNAs targeting NAT1 and NAT2 gene transcripts in prostate cancer patients observed in different races

Prostate cancer has the second highest death rate second only to lung cancer. Mutation in a single gene does not cause prostate cancer. Instead, many different genes are responsible, including NAT1 and NAT2 gene. By finding microRNAs that can suppress NAT1 and NAT2 gene, a novel prostate cancer treatment can be developed. Prostate cancer is also more commonly found in African-American than White-American. Therefore, this in silico study aimed to find several microRNAs targeting NAT1 and NAT2 gene observed in black, white, and other racial groups. 100 white patients, 100 races not reported patients, 11 black patients, and 638 combined races patient’s expression data were collected with TCGA-Assembler in R from The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA). Next, Spearman correlation analysis was performed in R to find microRNAs that are negatively correlated with NAT1 and NAT2 gene. MicroRNAs were validated with miRTarBase and RNAhybrid. Only microRNAs which are located in combined patients and found in at least another race group is considered, i.e., hsa-mir-103a-1, hsa-mir-183, hsa-mir-32, and hsa-mir-96. Race-specific microRNA cannot be determined due to small sample size in black race group. Further study is needed to confirm the interaction between listed microRNAs with NAT1 and NAT2 gene expressions.
Load Balancing for High Speed Parallel Network Intrusion Detection

by Kyle Bruce Wheeler Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are deployed near network gateways to analyze all traffic entering or leaving the network. The traffic at such locations is frequently transmitted in such volumes and speeds that a commodity computer quickly becomes overwhelmed. NIDS must be able to handle all of the traffic available. The SPANIDS platform addresses this problem with a custom hardware load balancer that spreads traffic over several NIDS sensors. The load balancer ensures that sensors do not become overloaded by shifting traffic between sensors while maintaining network flow continuity when possible. The balancer must be resistant to attacks designed to overwhelm it. This work outlines the design of the SPANIDS load balancer and evaluates its performance using simulation. Several design points are examined, including overload detection, locating overload causes, and several overload avoidance techniques. The simulation results confirm the viability of the SPANIDS architecture for scalable parallel network intrusion detection.
Fundamentals Of Molecular Virology

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Spatial Environmental Heterogeneity Determines Young Biofilm Assemblages on Microplastics in Baltic Sea Mesocosms

Microplastics in aquatic environments provide novel habitats for surface-colonizing microorganisms. Given the continuing debate on whether substrate-specific properties or environmental factors prevail in shaping biofilm assemblages on microplastics, we examined the influence of substrate vs. spatial factors in the development of bacterial assemblages on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), wood, and seston and in the free-living fraction. Further, the selective colonization of microplastics by potential pathogens was investigated because among the bacterial species found in microplastic-associated biofilms are potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. Due to their persistence and great dispersal potential, microplastics could act as vectors for these potential pathogens and for biofilm assemblages in general. Incubation experiments with these substrates were conducted for 7 days during a summer cruise along the eastern Baltic Sea coastline in waters covering a salinity gradient of 4.5–9 PSU. Bacterial assemblages were analyzed using 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing, distance-based redundancy analyses, and the linear discriminant analysis effect size method to identify taxa that were significantly more abundant on the plastics. The results showed that the sample type was the most important factor structuring bacterial assemblages overall. Surface properties were less significant in differentiating attached biofilms on PE, PS, and wood; instead, environmental factors, mainly salinity, prevailed. A potential role for inorganic-nutrient limitations in surface-specific attachment was identified as well. Alphaproteobacteria (Sphingomonadaceae, Devosiaceae, and Rhodobacteraceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (Alteromonadaceae and Pseudomonas) were distinctive for the PE- and PS-associated biofilms. Vibrio was more abundant on the PE and PS biofilms than on seston, but its abundances were highest on wood and positively correlated with salinity. These results corroborate earlier findings that microplastics constitute a habitat for biofilm-forming microorganisms distinct from seston, but less from wood. In contrast to earlier reports of low Vibrio numbers on microplastics, these results also suggest that vibrios are early colonizers of surfaces in general. Spatial as well as temporal dynamics should therefore be considered when assessing the potential of microplastics to serve as vectors for bacterial assemblages and putative pathogens, as these parameters are major drivers of biofilm diversity.
Resultados preliminares del análisis foliar de algunas especies medicinales del Nordeste Argentino

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener informacion a traves del analisis quimico de tejidos acerca de niveles nutricionales de Lippia alba, Pluchea sagittalis, Petiveria alliacea y Ocimum selloi para la zona (Departamento Capital, provincia de Corrientes, Argentina). Para ello se colectaron muestras foliares de diez ejemplares de estas especies en primavera de 2003 durante la fase vegetativa, sin haber sido fertilizadas. Se realizaron dos muestreos en los meses de septiembre y noviembre. Se determino la concentracion de K, Cu, Fe, Mn y Zn por espectrometria de absorcion atomica; Ca y Mg por complexometria; N por el Metodo de Kjeldhal y P por espectrometria de UV-Visible (Metodo Murphy-Riley). Las concentraciones foliares medias de N y K fueron significativamente superiores en P. sagittalis y las de Ca, Mn y Zn, en P. alliaceae . En L. alba fue superior el contenido de Mg y el de Fe en O. selloi . Se hallaron diferencias en ambos muestreos para la mayoria de las variables estudiadas. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de K en O. selloi , de N en P. alliaceae y de Ca-Mg-Zn en P. sagittalis .
A protease cascade regulates egress of Plasmodium falciparum from the human erythrocyte

Malaria parasites invade erythrocytes and replicate inside a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Invasive merozoites eventually egress in a process that involves sequential rupture of first the PV membrane (PVM) then the erythrocyte membrane. Egress is protease-dependent, with both cysteine and serine proteases implicated. The parasite serine protease SUB1 is stored in merozoite secretory organelles that are discharged into the PV 10 minutes before erythrocyte membrane rupture. Pharmacological inhibition of SUB1 activity or discharge blocks egress, but the mechanism by which SUB1 regulates egress is unclear. In the PV, SUB1 cleaves multiple substrates including SERA6, a putative cysteine protease. In asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of the most dangerous form of malaria, SERA6 is believed to be essential but its function and whether this depends on SUB1 is unknown. Here it is shown that conditional disruption of the P. falciparum SUB1 or SERA6 genes produces two distinct, lethal phenotypes. SUB1-null parasites undergo none of the morphological changes that precede egress and fail to rupture the PVM. In contrast, PVM rupture and the typical erythrocyte membrane poration occur normally in SERA6-null parasites but erythrocyte membrane rupture does not occur. Complementation studies demonstrate that SERA6 is an enzyme and that processing by SUB1 is required for its function. This study concludes that SUB1 and SERA6 play distinct, essential roles in a coordinated proteolytic cascade that enables sequential rupture of the two bounding membranes leading to egress.
Optimized and Integrated Technique through Temporal Load Balancing

An integrated technique is proposed for handling social network interactions using Hadoop, which deals with huge computations as well as data analysis and Cassandra database’s replication strategy for fault tolerance in distributed Environment , which in turn helps in data analytics. Hypergraph is used as an input to Mapreduce programming model of Hadoop, which reduce the write frequencies across the partitions. Honeypot technique is used as an early-warning and advanced security surveillance tool for data security against the attackers. Finally moving this setup to cloud infrastructure would render good performance.
Identification of plant species in multi flower honey by using Ribulose-Bisphosphate carboxylase gene (RBC L) coding region as barcode marker, Mizoram, Northeast India: An Indo: Burma hotspot region

Honey is mostly used for human nutrition due to its therapeutic properties. Honey is produced from living parts, nectar of plants and also from plant sucking insect’s excreation. Honey is sweet in taste, produced by honey bees. In the current study, we investigated ribulose-Bisphosphate carboxylase gene (RBC L) coding region ability to identify the plant species/botanical composition/pollen origins in multi flower honey. Honey also shows diverse plant compositions in diverse geographical locations. We collected 19 honey samples in Aizawl (AZL; 23.72 & 92.71) and Champhai (23.45 & 93.32), Mizoram, India, were examined by using the rbcL coding regions as barcode markers. A DNA barcoding reference database was retrieved from Gen Bank, NCBI and used for identification of the plant species/pollen origin/taxonomic/botanical composition in multiflower honey in Mizoram, Northeast India (NEI). Our results showed that total 11 plant species were recognized in two honey sample districts (AZL and Champhai). All 11 plant species were emerged from a mix of common plants belonging to Betulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Juglandaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Berberidaceae, Lacistemataceae, and Paracryphiaceae taxa respectively. In two different honey sampling districts, at least 1 endemic plant was found which in turn giving a clear cut geographical origin and botanical composition/pollen origin of these honeys products. Further, the rbcL barcode was found to be effective in identifying the true botanical origin of honey samples with 99 to 100 percent confidence with Evalue is about 0.0 mostly.
Protein supplementation in frail elderly people: what the evidence as an effective strategy?

Introduction: Frailty is a medical syndrome with multiple causes and that is characterized by diminished strength, endurance, and reduced physiologic function that increases an individual’s vulnerability for developing increased dependency and/or death. It is very important to be able to correctly identify frailty, because it might be reversible or attenuated by specific interventions, such as protein-energy supplementation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent evidence on the benefits of protein supplementation in frail elderly people. Methods: We searched two electronic databases: PubMed and Web of Science. We included studies carried out on frailty people aged 65 or above. We included 7 randomized controlled trials and 1 observational study. Eligible studies were those which assessed association between nutritional and/or functional status and effects of nutritional supplementation. Results: Recent studies have shown that clinical outcomes (nutritional and functional status) for frail elderly people can be improved using dietary protein supplementation, but no interventions have been developed to specifically reverse the syndrome of frailty. Discussion: Despite variables outcomes, protein supplementation should be considered as an important option for frail elderly people, but it ́s necessary focus on the amount and on timing of the protein supplementation intake as well distribution over the main meals or between meals, safety of protein supplements, its satiety effects and its commercial availability. Conclusion: If the intervention with protein supplements proves to be safe and effective, it can be implemented easily in primary and community care, in order to help prevention in frail elderly people.
Toxicidad oral a 45 días del extracto etanólico de Cenchrus echinatus L. “cadillo” en ratas albinas

El presente trabajo tuvo como finalidad demostrar la toxicidad oral a 45 dias del extracto etanolico de Cenchrus echinatus L. “cadillo” en ratas albinas. El diseno es un estudio pre-clinico, desarrollado en la Escuela de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina Humana. Universidad San Pedro, Chimbote, Peru. Para lo cual se utilizo ratas albinas y extracto etanolico de C. equinatus. La muestra vegetal se recolecto en San Jose, (Santiago de Cao, Ascope, La Libertad). Se trabajo con dos grupos normales de ratas albinas machos y hembras que recibieron SSF 4mL/kg, y 2 grupos experimentales machos y hembras que recibieron el extracto a dosis de 100 mg/kg, los tratamientos se administraron diariamente por via oral. Las principales medidas de la toxicidad fueron el aumento de peso corporal, alteraciones fisicas y conductuales, pruebas hematologicas, homogeneidad de peso de los organos blandos y formula leucocitaria. Se observo que no existe variacion significativa entre los grupos que recibieron extracto y los controles. Se concluye que en condiciones experimentales, el extracto de C. equinatus no es toxico cuando se administra en ratas albinas, durante 45 dias por via oral.Palabras clave: toxicidad oral, extracto etanolico, Cenchrus echinatus L.
High-throughput transposon sequencing highlights the cell wall as an important barrier for osmotic stress in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and underlines a tailored response to different osmotic stressors

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause soft tissue infections but is also a frequent cause of foodborne illnesses. One contributing factor for this food association is its high salt tolerance allowing this organism to survive commonly used food preservation methods. How this resistance is mediated is poorly understood, particularly during long-term exposure. In this study, we used TN-seq to understand how the responses to osmotic stressors differ. Our results revealed distinctly different long-term responses to NaCl, KCl and sucrose stresses. In addition, we identified the DUF2538 domain containing gene SAUSA300_0957 (gene 957) as essential under salt stress. Interestingly, a 957 mutant was less susceptible to oxacillin and showed increased peptidoglycan crosslinking. The salt sensitivity phenotype could be suppressed by amino acid substitutions in the transglycosylase domain of the penicillin binding protein Pbp2, and these changes restored the peptidoglycan crosslinking to WT levels. These results indicate that increased crosslinking of the peptidoglycan polymer can be detrimental and highlight a critical role of the bacterial cell wall for osmotic stress resistance. This study will serve as a starting point for future research on osmotic stress response and help develop better strategies to tackle foodborne staphylococcal infections.
New Procedures for Accelerating Generation Advancement in Wheat Breeding

Breeding leaf-rust resistant wheat cultivars by interspecific and intergeneric crosses is an important objective of our laboratory. However, there still remains a number of problems. One of them is that it takes a long time to breed resistant cultivars which are practically useful. The other problem is the fact that the bred cultivar changes its resistance to susceptibility as a result of the physiologic specialization of rust fu ngi. One of means of solving these problems is to accumu late various resistant major genes into a strain in as short a period as possible. To accomplish this, experiments were carried out to shorten the generation t ime of wheat. The procedures for accelerating generation advancement have been extensively studied up to date. However, a number of problems remained unsolved•>,>,>. To solve such problems, new procedures for accelerating generations were studied. These involve acceleration of seed maturation, germination of immature seeds, green and seedgreen vernalization, and other techniques which allowed us to most favorably grow fou r to six consecutive generations within one year. The actual number of generations depends upon the winter growth habit, which can be carried out all the year round by using both the low-temperature room and the greenhouse.
A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Clustering

A new algorithm for the automatic generation of the Option Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning is presented. The algorithm takes the state space detected by the agent as input in the initial learning phase,and clusters the states by employing fuzzy clustering. Based on the clustered state sets,the intra-strategies are learned by an experience replay procedure. As a result,the options are generated. The validity of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulation experiments.