Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A test of proposed new tobacco withdrawal symptoms.

AIMS Recent studies suggest that smoking cessation may cause more withdrawal symptoms than thought previously. The widely used Minnesota Withdrawal Scale (MWS-R) was revised recently to include some of these newly described symptoms. We assessed the validity of MWS-R and other proposed self-reported measures of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. DESIGN AND SETTING An internet survey of daily and former smokers with repeated measurements, followed by a randomized trial among the daily smokers. PARTICIPANTS Daily smokers (n = 1126) and former smokers (n = 3239). MEASUREMENTS Participants answered the original MWS (nine items), the eight additional symptoms in the MWS-R and 23 other questions on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Daily smokers were assigned randomly to either continue to smoke for 2 weeks or to stop smoking, and they answered follow-up surveys 1, 3 and 7 days after their target quit date. FINDINGS Among the 31 proposed new symptoms tested by comparing recent quitters with continuing smokers, the only withdrawal-like symptom observed was worsening of mood swings. Post-cessation change in mood swings remained statistically significant after adjustment for baseline depression, irritability, impatience, restlessness, stress or anxiety/nervousness. Also, abstinence improved sense of smell, sense of taste and sore throat. Post-cessation change in symptoms intensities did not predict relapse. CONCLUSIONS Moods swings are a symptom of tobacco withdrawal that can be validly measured and are unpleasant. In contrast, smoking cessation also has positive, immediate effects, including improved sense of smell and taste and reduced sore throat.
Relative roles of genetic and environmental factors in control of blood pressure in normotensive subjects.

Following the observation by Allbutt (1915) that hypertension often occurred in the absence of preceding renal disease, it has been generally accepted by clinicians that "essential hypertension" constitutes a discrete clinical disease entity, and is the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This view has been supported by the work of Platt (1947, 1948, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964) who further suggests that the disease is manifest in middle life through the action of a single pair of genes behaving as Mendelian dominants with incomplete penetrance. The entire concept of the status of "essential hypertension" was challenged initially by Hamilton et al. (1954a, b). The results of their investigations indicate that blood pressure is inherited as a graded characteristic, and that the genetic influence is multifactorial in nature. They also suggest that subjects with alleged essential hypertension merely represent those at the upper end of a frequencydistribution curve for blood pressure in a population. The controversy aroused by these conflicting opinions has stimulated many epidemiological studies of varying magnitude (Miall and Oldham, 1958, 1963; Morrison and Morris, 1959; Lowe and McKeown, 1962; Ostfeld and Paul, 1963; Armitage et al., 1966; Miall et al., 1967). That there is no clear-cut division between physiological and pathological levels of blood pressure is evident from all the surveys performed. As Pickering (1965) pointed out, various arbitrary levels have been chosen by different authors to indicate the upper limit ofnormality, and in the resulting confusion it is difficult to compare these results. In the search to discover the magnitude and nature
Structure and function of enamel gene products

The present paper reviews the main features of amelogenin and enamelin biochemistry, molecular biology, structural and ultrastructural localization, and immunology. It also examines recent studies concerning the origin, chemical characterization, suggested role, and participation of these two major classes of extracellular developing enamel matrix proteins in the complex process of “matrix‐mediated” mineralization.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY FEMINIZING TESTES.

The testes obtained at surgery from a 15-yr-old “female” patient were incubated with testosterone-4-14C, androst-4- ene-3,17-dione-4-14C and progesterone-4-14C. The neutral lipide fraction (with the aid of carrier steroids) on fractionation and purification by conventional methods, including chromatography on partition columns, paper and thin layer and formation of derivatives, yielded the following radiochemically pure substances: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, testosterone, 6β-hydroxy testosterone, 16α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The phenolic fraction contained estrone, 17β- estradiol and equilenin. The data indicate that the feminizing testicular tissue possesses aromatizing enzymes as well as a very active 16α-hydroxylase. (Endocrinology 76: 966, 1965)
Bactericidal effect of chlorine on motile Aeromonas spp. in drinking water supplies and influence of temperature on disinfection efficacy

The susceptibility of toxigenic Aeromonas spp. to free chlorine in drinking water supplies, and the influence of environmental temperature on the bactericidal activity of the oxidant, were evaluated. The results showed inactivation curves characterized by an initial phase of rapid reduction of viable cells followed by a slow inactivation of bacteria. The effect of the chlorine compound was markedly influenced by water temperature. At a summer water temperature (20 °C), the efficacy of the chlorine concentrations tested was found to be two to three times lower compared to that found at a winter temperature (5 °C). Resistance was moderately, but significantly, greater in Aer. hydrophilavsAer. caviae and Aer. sobria, but all Aeromonas spp. were more susceptible than Escherichia coli. Selective pressure with free chlorine did not produce Aeromonas cells with higher levels of chlorine resistance.
Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly.

CONTEXT Benzodiazepines, used by a sizable number of the elderly population, may affect the ability to drive and thus increase the risk of a motor vehicle crash. Epidemiologic studies of this question have produced inconsistent results that may be due to the different effects of long- and short-half-life benzodiazepines and variations in their duration of use. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of benzodiazepines of either long- or short-elimination half-life is associated with the risk of injurious motor vehicle crash in the elderly. DESIGN AND SETTING Nested case-control design within a cohort of 224,734 drivers from the Canadian province of Quebec, aged 67 to 84 years, followed up from 1990 to 1993. Computerized data for the study were obtained from provincial driver's license files, police reports of injurious crashes, and health insurance records. PATIENTS We identified all 5579 drivers involved in an injurious crash (cases) and a random sample of 10 controls per case selected from a subcohort of 13,256 subjects. MAIN OUTCOME Involvement of a cohort member as a driver in a motor vehicle crash in which at least 1 person (not necessarily the driver) sustained bodily injury. RESULTS The adjusted rate ratio of crash involvement within the first week of long-half-life benzodiazepine use was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.03). The rate ratio for continuous use of longer duration up to 1 year was slightly lower but remained significant (rate ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.45). In contrast, there was no increased risk after the initiation of treatment with short-half-life benzodiazepines (rate ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.81-1.34) or with their continued use (rate ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82-1.01). CONCLUSIONS Brief or extended periods of exposure to long-half-life benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle crash involvement in the elderly population. There is no such elevated risk for short-half-life benzodiazepines.
Auditory Training in Speech Recognition and Hyperacuity

For those suffering from hearing impairment, there can be a significant reduction in quality of life as a direct result of their affliction. As a primary sense, hearing impairment can affect everything from individual safety to the inner ear balance. Depending on how an individual comes to suffer from hearing impairment, an assortment of complications could further afflict patients down the line, leading scientists suggest that the aural connections to auditory cognitive processing is still far from being fully understood [2]. Conventional solutions to hearing impairment have typically taken the form of hearing aids and, in more complicated approaches to solving the issue, surgically implanted cochlear implants. These solutions have been a mainstay for decades, but new technological developments have further advanced the available solutions for those suffering from hearing impairment. These new advances might provide excellent tools in the ongoing work to alleviate the lives of those individuals suffering from hearing impairment. Auditory Training represents one such avenue of auditory rehabilitation without the prerequisite use of assistive listening devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants. Developed as a means of harnessing the audible perception left for those with hearing impairment, auditory training is, in effect, a series of exercises that teaches patients to suppress noise on which they do not wish to concentrate, while focusing the information on with they do. Much of the research on the subject, however, indicates that results are still absent, specifically due to a lack of empirical research.
Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT (LDCT) is ready for prime time in the USA

Commentary on: Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review to update the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:411–20. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) has published their long-awaited, updated systematic review of low-dose CT (LDCT) screening for lung cancer. Last reviewed in 2004, lung cancer screening has been under intense study worldwide for the past decade. The issue of lung cancer screening is important because lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA and any method that improves lung cancer early detection and diagnosis has the potential to significantly impact … [1]: {openurl}? query=rft.jtitle%253DAnn%2BIntern%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D159%26rft.spage%253D411%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.7326%252F0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00690%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23897166%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=10.7326/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00690&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=23897166&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F4%2F150.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref? access_num=000325625900017&link_type=ISI
Volatile Anesthetic Preconditioning Present in the Invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans

Background:Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been found to induce a delayed protective response called preconditioning to subsequent hypoxic/ischemic injury. VA preconditioning has been primarily studied in canine and rodent heart. A more genetically tractable model of VA preconditioning would be extremely useful. Here, the authors report the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model of VA preconditioning. Methods:Wild-type and mutant C. elegans were exposed to isoflurane, halothane, or air under otherwise identical conditions. After varying recovery periods, the animals were challenged with hypoxic, azide, or hyperthermic incubations. After recovery from these incubations, mortality was scored. Results:Isoflurane- and halothane-preconditioned animals had significantly reduced mortality to all three types of injuries compared with air controls. Concentrations as low as 1 vol% isoflurane (0.64 mm) and halothane (0.71 mm) induced significant protection. The onset and duration of protection after anesthetic were 6 and 9 h, respectively. A mutation that blocks inhibition of neurotransmitter release by isoflurane did not attenuate the preconditioning effect. A loss-of-function mutation of the Apaf-1 homolog CED-4 blocked the preconditioning effect of isoflurane, but mutation of the downstream caspase CED-3 did not. Conclusions:Volatile anesthetic preconditioning extends beyond the vertebrate subphylum. This markedly broadens the scope of VA preconditioning and suggests that its mechanisms are widespread across species and is a fundamental and evolutionarily conserved cellular response. C. elegans offers a means to dissect genetically the mechanism for VA preconditioning as illustrated by the novel finding of the requirement for the Apaf-1 homolog CED-4.
SOME RESULTS ON THE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF NONSTATIONARY TIME SERIES

Periodogram analysis has been a standard tool in stationary time series analysis. More recently, with the interest in long-memory fractionally differenced models, periodogram regression methods have been suggested to estimate the degree of integration of a stationary time series. Let (εt) be a white noise, i.e., an uncorrelated zero-mean process: E εt = 0 and E εt = σ 2 ε , for all t and E εt εt+h = 0 for all h 6= 0. Let B represent the backwards shift operator, i.e., BXt = Xt, and let ∇ = 1 − B represent the differencing operator. For d ∈ (−.5, .5) the process (Xt) is said to be a fractional noise if
Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Pernikahan (Perkawinan) di Tinjau dari Maqashid Syariah

Abstrak Zaman modern serta globalisasi digitalisasi mengantarkan manusia pada era baru, sehingga godaan demi godaan yang datang sebagai ujian dan kadang malapetaka bagi pelaku pernikahan. Sehingga tujuan pernikahan dalam Islam saat sekarang adalah sebagai upaya prefentif agar terpelihara dari perbuatan melanggar hukum (zina dan perbuatan keji). Kelangsungan kehidupan manusia yang sehat sehingga rumah tangga dipenuhi kasih sayang serta saling membantu keduanya untuk kemashlahatan dunia dan akhirat, juga upaya memelihara keutuhan manusia dari kerusakan akhlak dan moral (hifzh al-Nasl) dalam menjalani hidup saling berpasang sesuai fitrahnya. Peraturan hukum yang menentukan prosedur yang dilalui, juga ketentuan hukum dan akibat hukumnya disebut hukum perkawinan. Lalu bagaimana UU No.1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan di tinjau dari maqashid syariah. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep kualitatif, dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif secara in-concreto dan singkronisasi hukum, dengan memakai metode contents analisis serta alat ukurnya kemaslahatan (maqasid syariah). Maqashid syariah UUP memuat tiga subtansi yaitu: 1). Maqashid al-Ammah: Tujuan perkawinan membentuk keluarga bahagia (samara) berdasar Ketuhanan Maha Esa (Allah) dan perlunya pencatatan maqashidnya li hifzu al-Din wa al-Nasl wa al-Kitabah wa al-Mashlahah (memlihara agama, keturunan dan tercacat demi kemaslahatan). 2). Maqashid al-Khassah: Fungsinya li al-Bayan al-Shahah fi al-Aqdi fi syiasyah al-Dauliyah (penegasan legalitas akad perkawinan secara hukum kenegaraan). 3). Maqashid al-Juziyah: Keadilanya li al-Adalati wa al-Hukmi baina al-Nas wa al-Khusus fi al-Muslim (keadilan semua umat khususnya muslim). Maqashid Kulliyah li hifzi al-Din (agama) wa al-Nafsi (jiwa) wa al-Aqli (akal) wa al-Nasl (keturunan) wa al-Mall (harta) wa al-'ardh (harga diri) dan al-'adl (keadilan) disempurnakan dengan al-kitabah (tertulis atau tercatat) supaya al-Ikhtiyari (sukarela), al-Amanah (menepati janji), al-Ikhtiyati (kehati-hatian), al-Luzum (tidak berubah), al-Taswiyah (kesetaraan), transparaansi, al-Taysir (kemudahan) dan iktikad baik dalam akad perkawinan serta konsensualisme, tujuan akhirnya untuk ibadah dan kemaslahatan yaitu Jalbul al-Mashalih wa Dar’ul al-Mafasid (menegakkan kemaslahatan dan menolak kemudratan).
Expressions and activities of cell cycle regulatory molecules during the transition from myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy.

The role of cell cycle dependent molecules in controlling the switch from cardiac myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy remains unclear, although in the rat this process occurs between day 3 and 4 after birth. In this study we have determined (1) cell cycle profiles by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS); and (2) expressions, co-expressions and activities of a number of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK inhibitors by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays in freshly isolated rat cardiac myocytes obtained from 2, 3, 4 and 5-day-old animals. The percentage of myocytes found in the S phase of the cell cycle decreased significantly during the transition from hyperplasia to hypertrophy (5.5, 3.5, 2.3 and 1.9% of cells in 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-day-old myocytes, respectively,P<0.05), concomitant with a significant increase in the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells. At the molecular level, the expressions and activities of G1/S and G2/M phase acting cyclins and CDKs were downregulated significantly during the transition from hyperplasia to hypertrophy, whereas the expressions and activities of G1 phase acting cyclins and CDKs were upregulated significantly during this transition. In addition, p21(CIP1)- and p27(KIP1)- associated CDK kinase activities remained relatively constant when histone H1 was used as a substrate, whereas phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein was upregulated significantly during the transition from hyperplasia to hypertrophy. Thus, there is a progressive and significant G0/G1 phase blockade during the transition from myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy. Whilst CDK2 and cdc2 may be pivotal in the withdrawal of cardiac myocytes from the cell cycle, CDK4 and CDK6 may be critical for maintaining hypertrophic growth of the myocyte during development.
Transcription Factor ATAF1 in Arabidopsis Promotes Senescence by Direct Regulation of Key Chloroplast Maintenance and Senescence Transcriptional Cascades1[OPEN]

A transcription factor from Arabidopsis antagonistically controls regulators of senescence and photosynthesis. Senescence represents a fundamental process of late leaf development. Transcription factors (TFs) play an important role for expression reprogramming during senescence; however, the gene regulatory networks through which they exert their functions, and their physiological integration, are still largely unknown. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) abscisic acid (ABA)- and hydrogen peroxide-activated TF Arabidopsis thaliana ACTIVATING FACTOR1 (ATAF1) as a novel upstream regulator of senescence. ATAF1 executes its physiological role by affecting both key chloroplast maintenance and senescence-promoting TFs, namely GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (GLK1) and ORESARA1 (ARABIDOPSIS NAC092), respectively. Notably, while ATAF1 activates ORESARA1, it represses GLK1 expression by directly binding to their promoters, thereby generating a transcriptional output that shifts the physiological balance toward the progression of senescence. We furthermore demonstrate a key role of ATAF1 for ABA- and hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence, in accordance with a direct regulatory effect on ABA homeostasis genes, including NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE3 involved in ABA biosynthesis and ABC TRANSPORTER G FAMILY MEMBER40, encoding an ABA transport protein. Thus, ATAF1 serves as a core transcriptional activator of senescence by coupling stress-related signaling with photosynthesis- and senescence-related transcriptional cascades.
Experimental study on a room temperature urea-SCR of NO over activated carbon fibre-supported CeO2-CuO

In order to establish a desirable method for NO reduction, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by urea-CeO2/ACF and urea-CeO2-CuO/ACF was carried out at room temperature. The experimental results showed that 10%urea-9%CeO2/ACF could yield the highest NO conversion of 85% among the series of urea-CeO2/ACF prepared. When urea-CeO2-CuO/ACF was compared with urea-CeO2/ACF, it achieved higher NO conversion to a certain degree with the addition of CuO, which was attributed to the synergistic effect between cerium and copper. The effect of the mass ratio of CeO2 and CuO was also observed. The desirable mass ratio of CeO2 and CuO was 1:1, which yielded about 90% NO conversion when ACF was loaded with 10% urea. Furthermore, the influence of O2 concentration and NO concentration was also observed. In this study, NO conversion increased with increasing O2 concentration. In addition, some samples were further characterized by BET, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared methods.
The influence of subliminal crosstalk in dementia narratives

Ethnographic audio-visual research data recorded in a busy dementia care environment were initially considered to be ‘contaminated’ by unwanted background noise. This included a variety of elements: ambient sound, mechanical noise, non-narrative vocalisation and narrative fragments from parallel conversation. Using the methodological lens of conversation analysis, we present an exploration of the striking temporal and sequential resonances between the narrative of one man with dementia and a group of care staff holding a separate conversation some distance away. We suggest that in this and similar settings, where random and intrusive background sounds and conversation form a ubiquitous backdrop, the presence of such ‘noise’ can have a detectable influence on the content and direction of situated narratives. We argue that rather than attempting to filter out these apparently intrusive sounds from micro-interactional data, interference elements can usefully be incorporated into the analysis of interactions.
Instantiation of incentive value and movement invigoration by distinct midbrain dopamine circuits

Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that guide animals towards the acquisition of “rewards” (i.e., food) that are necessary for survival. Here, we test the fundamental role of midbrain dopamine neurons in conferring predictive or motivational properties to cues, independent of external rewards. We demonstrate that phasic optogenetic excitation of dopamine neurons throughout the midbrain, when presented in temporal association with discrete sensory cues, is sufficient to instantiate those cues as conditioned stimuli that subsequently both evoke dopamine neuron activity on their own, and elicit cue-locked conditioned behaviors. Critically, we identify highly parcellated behavioral functions for dopamine neuron subpopulations projecting to discrete regions of striatum, revealing dissociable mesostriatal systems for the generation of incentive value and movement invigoration. These results show that dopamine neurons orchestrate Pavlovian conditioning via functionally heterogeneous, circuit-specific motivational signals to shape cue-controlled behavior.