Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Asymmetries in Ocean Heat and Carbon Storage due to Dynamic Redistribution in Climate Model Projections

Projected changes in ocean heat and carbon storage are assessed in terms of the added and redistributed tracer using a transport-based framework, which is applied to an idealized climate model and a suite of six CMIP5 Earth system models following an annual 1% rise in atmospheric CO2. Heat and carbon budgets for the added and redistributed tracer are used to explain opposing regional patterns in the storage of ocean heat and carbon anomalies, such as in the tropics and subpolar North Atlantic, and the relatively reduced storage within the Southern Ocean. Here the added tracer takes account of the net tracer source and the advection of the added tracer by the circulation, while the redistributed tracer takes account of the time-varying circulation advecting the preindustrial tracer distribution. The added heat and carbon often have a similar sign to each other with the net source usually acting to supply the tracer. In contrast, the redistributed heat and carbon consistently have an opposing sign to each other due to the opposing gradients in the preindustrial temperature and carbon. These different signs in heat and carbon redistribution can lead to regional asymmetries in the climate-driven changes in ocean heat and carbon storage. For a weakening in the Atlantic overturning and strengthening in the Southern Ocean residual circulation, the high latitudes are expected to have heat anomalies of variable sign and carbon anomalies of a consistently positive sign, since added and redistributed tracers are opposing in sign for heat and the same sign for carbon there.
Swelling properties and mechanical characterization of a semi-interpenetrating chitosan/polyethylene oxide network : Comparison with a chitosan reference gel

Afin de developper un systeme a liberation controlee des principes actifs administres par voie orale, nous avons synthetise un reseau semi-interpenetre a base de chitosane reticule par le glyoxal et de polyoxyethylene. La caracterisation du chitosane a ete realisee par la determination de son degre de deacetylation par spectrometrie infrarouge, et de sa masse molaire moyenne par viscosimetrie capillaire. Les proprietes de gonflement du reseau semi-interpenetre ainsi que du reseau de reference (gel de chitosane) a pH 1,2 et pH 7,2 ont ete etudiees. Le reseau semi-interpenetre a montre une grande capacite de gonflement modulable en fonction du pH, ce qui est interessant pour une delivrance d'un principe actif au niveau du tractus gastrointestinal. L'etude rheologique realisee en cisaillement simple et en oscillation a montre le caractere elastique du reseau semi-interpenetre. Le module de Young a ete determine en compression uniaxiale et en indentation. La comparaison des proprietes mecaniques et de gonflement du semi-interpenetre et du gel de reference montre l'interet de l'ajout du polyoxyethylene.
Comparing Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms for Default Risk Prediction in Peer to Peer Lending

The purpose of this research is to evaluate several popular machine learning algorithms for credit scoring for peer to peer lending. The dataset to fit the models is extracted from the official site of Lending Club. Several models have been implemented, including single classifiers (logistic regression, decision tree, multilayer perceptron), homogeneous ensembles (XGBoost, GBM, Random Forest) and heterogeneous ensemble classifiers like Stacked Ensembles. Results show that ensemble classifiers outperform single ones with Stacked Ensemble and XGBoost being the leaders.
Maize and Common Bean Seed Exudates Mediate Part of Nonhost Resistance to Phytophthora Sojae before Infection

Purpose: Phytophthora sojae does not infect the nonhost maize (Zea mays L.) but could infect the nonhost common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Soybean seed exudates participate in mediating host resistance to P. sojae before infection. This study aimed to elucidate the role of nonhost seed exudates in mediating nonhost resistance to P. sojae before infection. Methods: The response behavior of P. sojae zoospores to the seed exudates was determined using an assay chamber and a concave slide, and the proteomes of P. sojae zoospores treated with the seed exudates were analysed with the tandem mass tag (TMT) method. The key proteins were quantified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Results: Maize seed exudates exerted a repellent effect on zoospores, whereas common bean seed exudates did not exhibit any attraction to zoospores but could dissolve the cysts. The key proteins related to zoospores chemotaxis showed no significant changes in response to maize seed exudates, but the key proteins in arachidonic acid pathway were downregulated and controlled the repellent behavior of zoospores. Proteins protecting the cell membrane structure were significantly downregulated in zoospores responding to common bean seed exudates, which confirmed the bacteriolytic effect of common bean seed exudates on cysts. Conclusion: Maize and common bean seed exudates mediate part of the nonhost resistance via different mechanisms prior to P. sojae infection. The immune of maize to P. sojae is due to the repellent effect of maize seed exudates on zoospores. Common bean seed exudates participate in mediating nonhost resistance by dissolving cysts.
Fast-Scale Instability and Stabilization by Adaptive Slope Compensation of a PV-Fed Differential Boost Inverter

Numerical simulations reveal that a single-stage differential boost AC module supplied from a PV module under an Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control at the input DC port and with current synchronization at the AC grid port might exhibit bifurcation phenomena under some weather conditions leading to subharmonic oscillation at the fast-switching scale. This paper will use discrete-time approach to characterize such behavior and to identify the onset of fast-scale instability. Slope compensation is used in the inner current loop to improve the stability of the system. The compensation slope values needed to guarantee stability for the full range of operating duty cycle and leading to an optimal deadbeat response are determined. The validity of the followed procedures is finally validated by a numerical simulations performed on a detailed circuit-level switched model of the AC module.
The Peculiar Trajectory of Global Warming

General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations with prescribed observed sea surface temperature (SST) over the historical period show systematic global shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) variations uncorrelated with global surface temperature (known as “pattern effect”). Here, we show that a single parameter that quantifies the difference in SSTs between regions of tropical deep convection and the tropical or global average (Δconv) captures the time‐varying “pattern effect” in the simulations using the PCMDI/AMIPII SST recommended for CMIP6. In particular, a large positive trend in the 1980s–1990s in Δconv explains the change of sign to a strongly negative SWCRE feedback since the late 1970s. In these decades, the regions of deep convection warm about +50% more than the tropical average. Such an amplification is rarely observed in forced coupled atmosphere‐ocean GCM simulations, where the amplified warming is typically about +10%. During the post 2000 global warming hiatus Δconv shows little change, and the more recent period of resumed global warming is too short to robustly detect trends. In the prescribed SST simulations, Δconv is forced by the SST difference between warmer and colder regions. An index thereof (SST#) evaluated for six SST reconstructions shows similar trends for the satellite era, but the difference between the pre‐ and the satellite era is substantially larger in the PCMDI/AMIPII SSTs than in the other reconstructions. Quantification of the cloud feedback depends critically on small changes in the shape of the SST probability density distribution. These sensitivities underscore how essential highly accurate, persistent, and stable global climate records are to determine the cloud feedback.
Deep neck space infections: comparison of outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic patients

Background: The objective of the study was to study the clinical presentation, microbiological profile, treatment protocol of deep neck space infections in diabetics and non diabetics.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 76 patients (diabetics and non diabetics) admitted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TD Medical college, Alappuzha over a period of 18 months from January 2012 to June 2013.Results: The age distribution was 15-75 years. Male to female ratio was 2:1. Fever, pain, neck swelling and odynophagia were the common symptoms with dyspnoea and chest pain indicative of complications. The most common etiology was odontogenic (68.4%) followed by tonsillopharyngeal infection and foreign bodies. No etiological factor was found in 34.2%. The commonest site was submandibular space (64.2%) followed by parapharyngeal space (26.6%). Abscess was present in majority needing surgical drainage. The most common organism isolated was streptococcus viridans (37.5%). Preponderance of klebsiella species was noted in diabetics. Streptococcus showed susceptibility to pencillin (83.33%), ampicillin (92%), cefotaxime (60.526%). Klebsiella showed susceptibility to gentamicin (42.3%) and ciprofloxacin (28.57%). The complication rate was more in diabetics (34.21%). Contrast enhanced CT was done in cases suspected to have complication. The mean hospital stay was longer in diabetics (19.6 days) than non diabetics (6.4 days). Conclusions: Deep neck space infection still remains life threatening if not heeded promptly. Senescence and diabetes demand surgical intervention and meticulous glycemic control to prevent complications. Judicious use of antimicrobials and timely radiological and surgical interventions have come a long way in the management and in providing a cure to this dreaded condition.
Influence of Land Use Land Cover on River Water Quality in Rural North Wales, UK

Agricultural and rural land management practices can have a significant impact on the health of river ecosystems. In this study, our goal was to quantify the extent of land use influence on river water quality at two catchments in rural North Wales, Conwy and Clwyd. Stream water samples were collected bi‐weekly from five sampling sites over a three‐month period (September–November 2018) and analyzed in the laboratory to measure six water quality variables, namely, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, and bacterial coliform count. We then quantified their relationships with dominant land cover of the contributing catchments using two different land cover classification systems. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed across the sampling sites for pH, EC, nitrate and phosphorus concentration, and coliform count. Strong correlations were observed between pH and the proportion of Acid Grassland, and between nitrate levels and the proportion of Improved Grassland in the catchment. The presence of high‐quality agricultural land correlated positively with nitrate and phosphorus concentrations and bacterial coliform count. Conversely, dominance of poor quality agricultural land correlated with lower levels of all the measured water quality indicators. Our results suggest that the proportion of high‐quality agricultural land is a reliable indicator of stream water quality in rural catchments, most likely linked to intensive farming practices.
Revealing stakeholders' motivation and influence in crane conservation in the Republic of Korea: Net‐Map as a tool

Biodiversity conservation in protected areas requires strict legal limitations to land use. In the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) of the Republic of Korea (ROK), military control has created an accidental sanctuary for the world's rarest crane species: the white‐naped crane (Antigone vipio) and the red‐crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Yet varying land use demands on the CCZ by stakeholders have caused disagreements in achieving cooperative crane conservation. This paper aims to clarify relevant stakeholders' interconnection and their motives that have led them to either promote or inhibit crane conservation in the Cheorwon Basin of the CCZ. To answer these questions, we conducted participatory Net‐Map interviews and identified stakeholders with a powerful role in crane conservation. Our results identify 44 stakeholders whose trust relations occurred twice as often as conflicts. More than 80% of stakeholders included in this study supported crane conservation initiatives. We attribute local farmers' increased level of environmental stewardship to two key schemes: a community‐led farming project generating financial incentives and a communication channel for stakeholders. Our case study demonstrates that Net‐Map is a valid tool to analyze human‐crane interactions, which is critical to ensure acceptance of legal restrictions to land use as well as crane conservation.
Investigation of preservice mathematics teachers’ concept definitions of circle, circular region, and sphere

The aim of this study was to analyse preservice elementary mathematics teachers’ concept definitions of circle, circular region, and sphere concepts in geometrical terms. The research was conducted during the 2016–2017 academic year with 56 preservice mathematics teachers enrolled within a teacher education programme at a state university in Turkey. A test consisting of three open-ended questions regarding circle, circular region, and sphere was used as the study's data collection tool. The preservice teachers’ test answers were investigated according to correctness and generalization criteria. Answers regarding each concept were compared with those of the two other concepts. Following the data analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine of the participant preservice teachers. The findings of the research revealed that the preservice teachers mostly experienced difficulty in defining the sphere. In addition, it was determined that most preservice teachers provided either insufficiently detailed or incorrect answers for the concepts of circle, circular region, and sphere. When the examples of the concepts were examined, it was determined that only a few of the preservice teachers gave appropriate examples of the related concepts.
A longitudinal study of early pretense: Metarepresentational or not

The metarepresentational aspect of early pretend play (make-believe activities where children create or participate in creating a new situation different from a real one) has been theoretically debated. In the present longitudinal study of N = 83 children, we tested for predictive relations of shared attention at 12–18 months, implicit false belief (FB) at 18 months, and pretend production at 18 months, as well as comprehension at 24 months. We also tested for long-term predictive relations of pretense production and comprehension with theory of mind (ToM) at the age of 4–5 years. Only pretense production directed toward others (but not self) was specifically related to infancy measures of shared attention. Early pretense, either production or comprehension, was not related to implicit FB or later ToM measures. The findings are discussed in terms of different theoretical accounts of early pretense.
Modeling human observer detection in undersampled magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction with total variation and wavelet sparsity regularization

Abstract. Purpose Task-based assessment of image quality in undersampled magnetic resonance imaging provides a way of evaluating the impact of regularization on task performance. In this work, we evaluated the effect of total variation (TV) and wavelet regularization on human detection of signals with a varying background and validated a model observer in predicting human performance. Approach Human observer studies used two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) trials with a small signal known exactly task but with varying backgrounds for fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images reconstructed from undersampled multi-coil data. We used a 3.48 undersampling factor with TV and a wavelet sparsity constraints. The sparse difference-of-Gaussians (S-DOG) observer with internal noise was used to model human observer detection. The internal noise for the S-DOG was chosen to match the average percent correct (PC) in 2-AFC studies for four observers using no regularization. That S-DOG model was used to predict the PC of human observers for a range of regularization parameters. Results We observed a trend that the human observer detection performance remained fairly constant for a broad range of values in the regularization parameter before decreasing at large values. A similar result was found for the normalized ensemble root mean squared error. Without changing the internal noise, the model observer tracked the performance of the human observers as the regularization was increased but overestimated the PC for large amounts of regularization for TV and wavelet sparsity, as well as the combination of both parameters. Conclusions For the task we studied, the S-DOG observer was able to reasonably predict human performance with both TV and wavelet sparsity regularizers over a broad range of regularization parameters. We observed a trend that task performance remained fairly constant for a range of regularization parameters before decreasing for large amounts of regularization.
ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY A SOIL BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM RHIZOSPHERE OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE

Objective: In our previous study, we have found many isolates of bacteria from Zingiber officinale rhizosphere in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. J4, one of the isolates, has been found to contain metabolites which have antibacterial activity. The active chemical compound was unidentified. This study aims to identify the molecular formula of the active compound which has potential antibacterial activity. Methods: Identification of selected bacteria (J4 isolate) was based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Extraction of J4 isolate culture broth was carried out using ethyl acetate and followed by fractionation with hexane, chloroform-methanol (7:3), and methanol. The fraction which has antibacterial activity analyzed using IR Spectroscopy and LC-TOF-MS. Results: BLAST analysis result of the 16S rRNA sequence showed that J4 isolate is Burkholderia sp with 99% similarity. According to the IR spectroscopy examination of the active fraction, there were OH, CH, and carbonyl stretching. LC-TOF-MS analysis showed 5 molecular formulas with m/z of 253, 274, 387 (two formulas), and 404 in the active fraction, but there was one formula with no OH groups. Conclusion: J4 isolate is a Burkholderia sp. The molecular formula for the antibacterial substance that might be produced by J4 isolate is C6H12N12, C21H29N3O5, C21H26N2O5, C17H22N8O3, and/or C15H35N3O.
Deteksi Hoaks Pada Berita Berbahasa Indonesia Seputar COVID-19

Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju tentu mendatangkan banyak kemudahan bagi para penggunanya namun di lain sisi juga mempercepat penyebaran berita bohong pada internet. Berita bohong atau dikenal dengan hoaks adalah informasi sesat dan berbahaya karena menyesatkan persepsi manusia dengan menyampaikan informasi palsu sebagai kebenaran. Hoaks sendiri dapat bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi pembaca dengan informasi palsu sehingga pembaca mengambil tindakan sesuai dengan isi hoaks. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sistem cerdas yang mampu mengklasifikasi sebuah berita dengan cepat yang menyebar melalui internet agar tidak menyesatkan para pembacanya. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan scraping berita yang sudah diberi kategori hoaks atau valid. Dataset tersebut dibagi dua menjadi data latih dan data uji. Dilakukan pre-processing mulai dari case folding, tokenizing, filtering dan stemming. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan terhadap pengaruh penerapan feature engineering. Dari hasil akurasi, dapat dilihat bahwa dengan diterapkannya feature engineering mampu meningkatkan akurasi kelima metode klasifikasi. Metode random forest dengan penerapan feature engineering menghasilkan tingkat akurasi sebesar 96,05%.
Climate Response of Oxygen Isotopic Compositions in Tree-Ring Cellulose in Java: Evaluation Using a Proxy System Model

Tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) is controlled by several hydrological factors such as precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature. A proxy system model can reveal how these factors affect tree-ring cellulose δ18O. In this study, to identify a key control on tree-ring cellulose δ18O variations, we performed model calculation of year-to year variation of tree-ring cellulose δ18O of Javanese teak in Indonesia from 1960 to 1998. Our model results reasonably reproduce the observed δ18O values and their temporal variations (r = 0.6; p < 0.001). Moreover, the sensitivity test shows that the cellulose δ18O values are sensitive to the teak growing period. The simulation result with earlier or later shifts of the growing period captured the amplitude of observed δ18O variations over 39 years. These results indicate that the tree-ring cellulose δ18O of Javanese teak might be influenced by a subtle shift of the intra-annual growing period.
Molecular species delimitation reveals hidden specific diversity within a freshwater burrowing crayfish (Decapoda: Parastacidae) from southern Chile

The Chilean freshwater crayfishes of the family Parastacidae have been little studied, in particular regarding their intraspecific variation. Here we perform an analysis of mitochondrial DNA variation aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and to pose primary hypothesis of species boundaries for populations currently assigned to Parastacus nicoleti, one of the two Chilean currently recognized species. Analyses were based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). 206 individuals from 33 localities, along the distributional range of the species, were analysed. We found a deep genealogy that is geographically structured, where most localities present private and closely related haplotypes. Genetic variants fall in nine main divergent and allopatric clades, which form three major clades that latitudinally replace each other. Distinct single locus species delimitation analysis recovers between six and 10 putative species; therefore, we suggest that P. nicoleti is a species complex, which should be further tested with analysis of morphology and nuclear data.
CMAB-Based Reverse Auction for Unknown Worker Recruitment in Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS), through which a requester can coordinate a crowd of workers to accomplish some data collection tasks, has been recognized as a promising paradigm for large-scale data acquisition in recent years. Many researches focus on the worker recruitment problem in MCS, but most of them either have the assumption that workers’ qualities are known ahead of time or cannot ensure that workers report costs honestly. In this paper, we propose an incentive mechanism based on Combinatorial Multi-Armed Bandit and reverse Auction, called CMABA, to solve the multiple unknown workers recruitment problem in MCS. Our objective is to determine a recruiting strategy to maximize the total sensing quality under a limited budget, while ensuring truthfulness and individual rationality of sensing workers. We theoretically prove that our CMABA mechanism achieves truthfulness and individual rationality, and then analyze the regret of the mechanism. Based on CMABA, we ulteriorly propose an adaptive incentive mechanism, called ACMABA, to recruit workers via the alternative worker recruitment and quality update, which can achieve a higher total sensing quality and lower regret. Additionally, we also demonstrate significant performances of the CMABA and ACMABA mechanisms through extensive simulations on real-world data traces.