Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the air shower components using scintillator and water Cherenkov detectors

We consider a ground array of scintillation and water Cherenkov detectors with the purpose of determining the muon content of air showers. The different response characteristics of these two types of detectors to the components of the air shower provide a way to infer their relative contributions. We use a detailed simulation to estimate the impact of parameters, such as scintillation detector size, in the determination of the size of the muon component.
Reproduction and Genetic Stability of Long-Term Proliferative Embryogenic Cell Lines of Larix Sibirica In Vitro

Siberian larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in Siberia have poor seed crops, low seed quality, and even do not produce seeds in bad-seed years and their generative organs are often damaged by forest pests. The greatest reduction of larch productivity is caused by larch bud midge (Dasineura rozhkovi Mam. et Nik.) who damages larch generative and vegetative buds and, as a result, they become galls. However, some larches (0.5% of all trees in any given larch stand) are resistant to the midge.
Error models for microarray intensities

We derive the additive-multiplicative error model for microarray intensities, and describe two applications. For the detection of differentially expressed genes, we obtain a statistic whose variance is approximately independent of the mean intensity. For the post hoc calibration (normalization) of data with respect to experimental factors, we describe a method for parameter estimation. Error models for microarray intensities Wolfgang Huber1∗, Anja von Heydebreck and Martin Vingron 1 German Cancer Research Center, Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Tel. +49 6221 42 4709, Fax +49 6221 4252 4709, w.huber@dkfz.de 2 Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Computational Molecular Biology, 14195 Berlin, Germany Tel. +49 30 8413 1168, Fax +49 30 8413 1152, [heydebre,vingron]@molgen.mpg. de Abstract We derive the additive-multiplicative error model for microarray intensities, and describe two applications. For the detection of differentially expressed genes, we obtain a statistic whose variance is approximately independent of the mean intensity. For the post hoc calibration (“normalization”) of data with respect to experimental factors, we describe a method for parameter estimation.We derive the additive-multiplicative error model for microarray intensities, and describe two applications. For the detection of differentially expressed genes, we obtain a statistic whose variance is approximately independent of the mean intensity. For the post hoc calibration (“normalization”) of data with respect to experimental factors, we describe a method for parameter estimation.
Reconstructing insect flight performance from fossil evidence

Some structural characters and morphometric variables - size, body shape and proportions, wing shape and structure - that appear in insects to be linked with flight per- formance, are discussed and evaluated, and methods are described for deriving these from fossil material. Some wing design categories associated with particular flight techniques and capabilities are identified. Their use in reconstructing the flight performance of ex- tinct insects is illustrated with reference to Carboniferous palaeodictyopteroids and Meso- zoic palaeontinoid Hemiptera.
Training, task flexibility and the employability of low‐skilled workers

This paper analyses whether low‐skilled workers' training participation and task flexibility contribute to their firm‐internal and firm‐external mobility, and find that both training participation and task flexibility contribute only to firm‐internal employability. However, the workers' participation in training plays a much more explicit role in their firm‐internal career than their task flexibility does, as the former appears to be an important means to increase their opportunities in the firm‐internal labour market. Neither the low‐skilled workers' participation in training nor their task flexibility contributes to their external employability. Task‐flexible, low‐skilled workers are less likely to expect to be externally employable than non‐task flexible workers are. The focus of the low‐skilled workers on their firm‐internal employability can be explained by the fact that such workers usually have more opportunities to improve their position in the firm‐internal labour market than in the external labour market.
A Model of U.S. Monetary Policy Before and after the Great Recession

The author studies a simple dynamic general equilibrium monetary model to interpret key macroeconomic developments in the U.S. economy both before and after the Great Recession. In normal times, when the Federal Reserve’s policy rate is above the interest paid on reserves, countercyclical monetary policy works in a textbook manner. When a shock drives the policy rate to the zero lower bound, the economy enters a liquidity-trap scenario in which open market purchases of government securities have no real or nominal effects, apart from expanding the supply of excess reserves in the banking sector. In a liquidity trap, the Fed loses all control of inflation, which is now determined entirely by the fiscal authority. In normal times, raising the interest paid on reserves stimulates economic activity, but in a liquidity trap, raising the interest paid on reserves retards economic activity.
An X / Ku - Band Focusing Anisotropic Metasurface for Low Cross - Polarization Lens Antenna Application

An X/Ku-band flat lens antenna based on a dual-frequency anisotropic metasurface is proposed in this paper. The function of the anisotropic metasurface is to focus the incident plane waves around 10 GHz and 14 GHz on different spots. Then we place a Vivaldi antenna with its phase centers at 10 GHz and 14 GHz well matching the focal spot of the metasurface at each frequency to build a flat lens antenna. The lens antenna has a peak gain of 18.5 dB and cross-polarization levels of lower than −20 dB at 10 GHz with −1 dB gain bandwidth of 9.8–10.4 GHz, while it has a peak gain of 18.8 dB and cross-polarization levels of lower than −30 dB at 14 GHz with the bandwidth of 13.8–14.2 GHz. Besides single working band, the antenna can simultaneously operate at 10 GHz and 14 GHz with gains of 16.2 dB and 16.5 dB, respectively. Measured results have a good agreement with the simulated ones.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RHIZOBACTERIA AND ITS POTENCY AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT TO CONTROL FUSARIUM DISEASE IN THE NURSERY OF AGARWOOD (Aquailaria malaccensis Lamrk)

Agarwood is a resin product produced by particular trees and has a certain high comercial value. In Central Bangka Regency, agarwood is the main commodity of forest. The research was aimed to determine the dynamic population of rhizobacteria and its potential as a biological control agent to control Fusarium disease in the nursery of agarwood ( Aquailaria malaccensis Lamrk ) . The research was carried out by using exploration and identification methods. Sixty nine bacterial isolates were obtained from 20 samples. The samples taken were from Pangkalan Baru and Koba districts. After selection process, 49 bacterial isolates were tested for the capacity of inhibition. Results showed that 37.50 % of the bacterial isolates indicated a strong inhibition capacity, meanwhile 58.33% indicated a moderate and only 4.70% possessed a weak inhibition. Pseudomonas fluorescens , P. aerogi - nosa , P. malthophilia and Klebsiella pnemoniae were identified from the selected isolates. These bacteria were potentially able to protect plants against Fusarium disease and to promote plant growth. This research needed to be continued at the field level in order to know the real effects on plant.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM ( CILANTRO ) LEAVES 1

The present study was carried out Coriandrum sativum has Antioxidant potential; Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial potential were also assessed. In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical using scavenging methods, a dose dependent scavenging of DPPH radical was observed with all three extractions; ethanolic extraction (ETCS), water extraction (AQCS) and petroleum ether extraction (PECS) of the plant with IC50 values of 380. 56μg/ml, 591. 81μg/ml and 751. 05μg/ml respectively. However, in reducing power and CUPRAC assays, the extractions were found to have weak to moderate Cu2+ ion reducing capacity compared to ascorbic acid. Moreover, total phenolic content of ethanolic extraction (ETCS), water extraction (AQCS) and petroleum ether extraction (PECS) equivalent to gallic acid were found 63.22 ± 3.59 mg/g, 62.86 ± 12.81 mg/g and 54.17 ± 6.15 mg/g respectively indicating presence of phenolic content. The total flavonoid contents equivalent to quercetin were found highest in PECS extract 42.76 ± 3.25 mg/g, then 31.84 ± 1.44 mg/g and 22.09 ± 0.43 mg/g ethanolic extraction (ETCS) and water extraction (AQCS) respectively. Cytotoxicity test through Brine shrimp method showed moderate to less toxicity compared to standard (Vincristine sulphate).
Multiple antibiotic resistant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) expressed significant increase in growth of maize plants.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are predominantly beneficial bacteria which inhabit various cereal crops including maize. These bacteria colonize plant root interiors and migrate to the different plant parts exclusively in the intercellular space. In this study, 70 isolates were collected from two agro-climatically different areas; one located in hilly regions (high altitude) of Himachal Pradesh and other from North- eastern part (plain zone) of Uttar Pradesh, India. In addition to various other biochemical properties, these isolated were screened for tolerance to different antibiotics at various concentrations. Three isolates (BHU3, BHU8 and BHU10) were showed high level of resistance (upto 600 µg ml -1 ) to ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol and rifamycin. These isolates also expressed the ability to produce phytohormone (IAA) and siderophores. Response of these isolates and two other (BHU1& BHU9) were evaluated for plant growth promotion (PGP) effects on maize (Zea mays L. cvProagro 4212) plants grown in plastic pots under glasshouse conditions. Significant increase were observed in seed germination, root proliferation and shoot dry weight of maize plants when treated with these 3 isolates over untreated (control) plants. Because of the bacterial effects, these isolates were recommended for use as biofertilizer for sustainable cultivation of maize crops.
Comprehensiveness of UML in Reservoir Automation System Using Zigbee and GSM

Rapid development of automation and measuring techniques have left no clues what so ever for automatic recording of the data in the meter reading instruments in every field. One field where automatic measuring hasn’t developed as much as in other fields is in measuring the water flow and water level in water reservoirs. Utilities also hope that the development of new technologies to solve the problems they encountered in the practical work about measuring and no reliable protection of accuracy and real time; and enable both user-friendly and improving public sector efficiency and management level. This Paper proposes a novel method for measuring the water level in the reservoirs which collects the data from different Zigbee nodes at the project site and through a GSM Module it is transported to the PLC, which enables us to monitor and control the water level in the reservoir. As GSM modules are used there is feasibility for a single server to maintain many reservoirs in a stipulated area.
New coordination compounds of copper(II) with guanidinopyrimidines in N, N-dimethylformamide

Several guanidinopyrimidine copper(II) complexes have been prepared in dimethylformamide (DMF) and characterized by elemental analysis, electronic, EPR and vibrational spectra and also by magnetic susceptibility measurements. The structure of the nearest environment of the central ion has been determined. The general formula of the complexes is Cu(N-C)L–X, where (N-C) is substituted guanidine, coordinated as a chelating ligand through the guanidinopyrimidine and a formal pseudoaromatic chelate ring Cu–N bond; L = guanidinopyrimidine, X = ClO 4 .
Eyes on K2-3: A system of three likely sub-Neptunes characterized with HARPS-N and HARPS

Context. M-dwarf stars are promising targets for identifying and characterizing potentially habitable planets. K2-3 is a nearby (45 pc), early-type M dwarf hosting three small transiting planets, the outermost of which orbits close to the inner edge of the stellar (optimistic) habitable zone. The K2-3 system is well suited for follow-up characterization studies aimed at determining accurate masses and bulk densities of the three planets. Aims. Using a total of 329 radial velocity measurements collected over 2.5 years with the HARPS-N and HARPS spectrographs and a proper treatment of the stellar activity signal, we aim to improve measurements of the masses and bulk densities of the K2-3 planets. We use our results to investigate the physical structure of the planets. Methods. We analysed radial velocity time series extracted with two independent pipelines using Gaussian process regression. We adopted a quasi-periodic kernel to model the stellar magnetic activity jointly with the planetary signals. We used Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the robustness of our mass measurements of K2-3 c and K2-3 d, and to explore how additional high-cadence radial velocity observations might improve these values. Results. Even though the stellar activity component is the strongest signal present in the radial velocity time series, we are able to derive masses for both planet b (Mb = 6.6 ± 1.1 M⊕) and planet c (Mc = 3.1−1.2+1.3 M⊕). The Doppler signal from K2-3 d remains undetected, likely because of its low amplitude compared to the radial velocity signal induced by the stellar activity. The closeness of the orbital period of K2-3 d to the stellar rotation period could also make the detection of the planetary signal complicated. Based on our ability to recover injected signals in simulated data, we tentatively estimate the mass of K2-3 d to be Md = 2.7−0.8+1.2 M⊕ M⊕. These mass measurements imply that the bulk densities and therefore the interior structures of the three planets may be similar. In particular, the planets may either have small H/He envelopes (<1%) or massive water layers, with a water content ≥50% of their total mass, on top of rocky cores. Placing further constraints on the bulk densities of K2-3 c and d is difficult; in particular, we would not have been able to detect the Doppler signal of K2-3 d even by adopting a semester of intense, high-cadence radial velocity observations with HARPS-N and HARPS.
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE PARTICLES VIA SPRAY DRYING FOR DPI FORMULATIONS

particles are characterised by a high surface energy and are thus very cohesive, exhibiting poor flow and aerosol performance. In addition, API dosages are typically in the microgram range, requiring a bulking agent for metering and handling the product. In order to address these constraints, the size-reduced APIs are usually blended with an inert coarse carrier – lactose monohydrate is the most commonly used excipient in DPI formulations. The main challenge of lactose-ordered mixtures is to ensure a balance between the adhesion of the API with the carrier, necessary for a stable and homogeneous blend, and an adequate separation of the respirable API upon inhalation. Generally, the larger carrier particles impact in the mouth and throat with a significant amount of API still adhered to the surface, which limits the delivery efficiency of the platform. In addition, formulation development needs to minimise the impact of the intrinsic variability on API/carrier properties on the final aerodynamic performance. Finally, the platform cannot be generalised to sensitive molecules such as biotherapeutics that cannot be size-reduced through conventional milling technologies. The development of composite particles, in which the API is embedded in an excipient matrix, overcomes some of these challenges since particleparticle interactions are normalised and uniformity is ensured by design. In addition, the strategy allows the delivery of high-dose drugs (milligram range) which cannot be processed into ordered mixtures.
Analysis of Emergent Beat-Class Sets in Steve Reich's "Clapping Music" and the Yoruba Bell Timeline

Steve Reich’s Clapping Music consists of a rhythmic pattern played by two performers each clapping the rhythm with their hands. One performer repeats the pattern unchangingly throughout the piece, while the other shifts the pattern by one unit of time after a certain fixed number of repetitions. This shifting continues until the the performers are once again playing in unison, which signals the end of the piece. Two intriguing questions in the past have been: how did Steve Reich select his pattern in the first place, and what kinds of explanations can be given for its success in what it does. Here we compare the Clapping Music rhythmic pattern to an almost identical Yoruba bell timeline of West Africa, which strongly influenced Reich. Reich added only one note to the Yoruba pattern. The two patterns are compared using two mathematical measures as a function of time as the piece is performed. One measure is a dissimilarity measure between the two patterns as they are being played, and the other is a measure of syncopation computed on both patterns, also as they are played. The analysis reveals that the pattern selected by Reich has greater rhythmic changes and a larger variety of changes as the piece progresses. Furthermore, a phylogenetic graph computed with the dissimilarity matrix yields additional insights into the salience of the pattern selected by Reich.
Community primary production and calcification in a NW Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by calcareous macroalgae

The community metabolism of a shallow infralittoral ecosystem dominated by the cal- careous macroalgae Corallina elongata was investigated in Marseilles (NW Mediterranean), by mon- itoring hourly changes of seawater pH and total alkalinity over 6 d in February 2000. Fair weather conditions prevailed over the study period as indicated by oceanographic (temperature, salinity, and current velocity and direction) and meteorological variables, which validated the standing water hypothesis. This temperate ecosystem exhibited high community gross primary production (GPP = 519 ± 106 mmol C m -2 d -1 , n = 6) and also supported high rates of community respiration (R). As a result, the system was slightly autotrophic (net community production, NCP = 20 mmol C m -2 d -1 ), with a GPP/R ratio of 1.06. NCP exhibited circadian variations with 2- to 3-fold changes in commu- nity respiration, both in the light and in the dark. Rates of net community calcification also exhibited circadian variations, with positive rates (up to 24 mmol CaCO3 m -2 h -1 ) for irradiance values >300 W m -2 (about 1380 µmol photon m -2 s -1 ). Below this irradiance threshold, net community dissolution pre- vailed. Daily net calcification (G) was on average 8 mmol CaCO3 m -2 d -1 . CO2 fluxes generated by primary production, respiration, and calcification suggest that the study site was a potential atmos- pheric CO2 sink of 15 mmol CO2 m -2 d -1 at the time of measurement.
The M1/M2 Pattern and the Oxidative Stress are Modulated by Low- Level Laser in Human Macrophage

Objective: This study investigated the phototherapy (PhT) effect on U937 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. PhT has been reported to control the release of inflammatory mediators from different cells activated by LPS. It is unknown if the macrophage M1/M2 pattern as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion from U937 cells can be influenced by PhT. Methods: The U937 cells, a human monocytic cell line, were cultured and matured to macrophages in a medium with LPS and irradiated (660 nm) at 4.5 J/cm2. Apoptosis was standardized with Annexin-V and propidie iodate (PI) and the cytotoxicity assay evaluated by MTT. ROS was measured by DCFH-DA. The cytokines, chemokines, NF-κB and Sp1 activity were measured by ELISA. PhT was studied in the presence of a Sp1 inhibitor, mithramycin. Results: The pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, ROS and NF-κB were downregulated by PhT. On the contrary, IL-10, arginase, PGC-1β and glutathione were upregulated. The Sp1 activity was increased after PhT to values higher than those from cells only LPS-treated; oppositely the mithramycin abrogated this effect. Conclusion: The PhT restored the macrophage polarization toward M2 pattern as well as balanced the oxidative stress and modulated the immune response upregulating the IL-10 secretion by a mechanism in which Sp1 transcription factor has a crucial role.
LIFESTYLES AS CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES IN THE POLYCENTRIC NETWORK CITY OF FLANDERS

This paper explores the idea of lifestyles, in relation to surveys, data and spatial policy in Flanders-Belgium. First of all the concept of lifestyles is elaborated. Secondly recent and relevant lifestyle surveys in Flanders are highlighted, in relation to the definition of lifestyles, chosen in the first chapter. In the conclusion suggestions are formulated for using lifestyles in various ways in actual planning policy and practices.
Analysis of higher-order statistics for modulated signals

The higher-order statistics method can process non-Gaussian (that needs to consider non-Gaussian, colour noise, non-liner, non-minimum phase or cycling stability message) effectively. Furthermore these methods can provide more useful message than second-order statistics based methods. In this paper, the properties of higher-order statistics are analyzed which have been widely used in communications. And the estimation of higher-order statistics of communications (amplitude modulation, frequency modulation signal, signal phase modulation signals, pulse modulation) is studied. Simulation results indicate that the methods summarized in this paper are effective.
SEMIPARAMETRIC PSEUDO LIKELIHOODS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA WITH OUTCOME-DEPENDENT NONMONOTONE NONRESPONSE

In a study with longitudinal outcomes, the outcome nonresponse mech- anism often depends on the observed or unobserved value of the outcome. When nonresponse is monotone in the sense that a subject having a missing outcome at time t is not observed after time t, Tang, Little, and Raghunathan (2003) devel- oped a semiparametric pseudo-likelihood method for the estimation of parameters of interest. In practice, however, nonresponse is often not monotone and a direct application of their method discards observed data from subjects having nonmono- tone nonresponse, which may result in inefficient estimators. We extend the idea in Tang, Little, and Raghunathan (2003) to nonmonotone nonresponse and construct a semiparametric pseudo-likelihood that utilizes all observed data. Asymptotic normality of the maximum pseudo-likelihood estimators is established. An applica- tion is made to the household income data from the Health and Retirement Study. Simulation results are also presented to examine finite sample properties of the proposed estimators.