Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hamster's Auditory Brain Stem Response as a Function of Stimulus Intensity, Tone Burst Frequency, and Hearing Loss

Abstract Young adult hamsters were evaluated for normal variations in the auditory brain stem response (ABR) and for the effects of hearing loss. Normal variations in the ABR's latencies and amplitudes were defined for both click and tone burst stimuli over a broad range of intensities. As stimulus intensity decreased from 100 to 15 dB pe SPL, the ABR latencies were prolonged, the P441 interpeak latencies varied in a complex manner, and amplitudes decreased. As tone burst frequency decreased from 8000 to 4000 and then to 2000 Hz, ABR latencies were prolonged, amplitudes decreased, and thresholds increased. The P4P1 interpeak latencies were also influenced by tone burst frequency, with the longest interpeak latencies occurring in response to the 2000 Hz tone bursts. Data from two hamsters with hearing LOSE were compared to the normal data to illustrate haw the ABR can be used to describe experimentally induced hearing impairment. Hearing impairment was induced by rearing animals in ambient noise. These animals showed elevated ABR thresholds at all three frequencies and upward displacements in the ABR's latencyintensity profiles.
Formalized Dynamic Modeling Methods for Web-Based Collaborative Business Negotiation Systems using CPN

The necessity of formalized modeling for Web-based collaborative e-business negotiation systems is analyzed by referring to the negotiation activity process. Through the expansion of the classical Colored Petri Net with the connotation of collaborative negotiation activities, a suit of formalized dynamic modeling methods for WebCBN system based on our BNCPN is put forward.
A New CDS Structure for High Density FPA with Low Power

Being an essential part of infrared readout integrated circuit, correlated double sampling (CDS) circuits play important roles in both depressing reset noise and conditioning integration signals. To adapt applications for focal planes of large format and high density, a new structure of CDS circuit occupying small layout area is proposed, whose power dissipation has been optimized by using MOSFETs in operation of subthreshold region, which leads to 720 nW. Then the noise calculation model is established, based on which the noise analysis has been carried out by the approaches of transfer function and numerical simulations using SIMULINK and Verilog-A. The results are in good agreement, demonstrating the validity of the present noise calculation model. Thermal noise plays a dominant role in the long wave situation while 1/f noise is the majority in the medium wave situation. The total noise of long wave is smaller than medium wave, both of which increase with the integration capacitor and integration time increasing.
Darinaparsin: a novel organic arsenical with promising anticancer activity

Darinaparsin is an organic arsenical composed of dimethylated arsenic linked to glutathione, and is being investigated for antitumor properties in vitro and in vivo. While other arsenicals, including arsenic trioxide, have been used clinically, none have shown significant activity in malignancies outside of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Darinaparsin has significant activity in a broad spectrum of hematologic and solid tumors in preclinical models. Here, we review the literature describing the signaling pathways and mechanisms of action of darinaparsin and compare them to mechanisms of cell death induced by arsenic trioxide. Darinaparsin has overlapping, but distinct, signaling mechanisms. We also review the current results of clinical trials with darinaparsin (both intravenous and oral formulations) that demonstrate significant antitumor activity.
Prognostic value of human mature adrenomedullin in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Adrenomedullin (ADM) correlates with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in patients with heart failure. Measurement of human mature ADM (mADM) has been difficult, and recent studies have used its surrogate – the mid-regional pro-ADM (MRproADM). Our objective was to determine whether mADM measured by a novel sandwich immunoassay, using the anti-C-terminal and an anti-mid-regional monoclonal antibody, was prognostic of 30-day, 90-day, 1-year, and 2-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in 1111 consecutive patients who have suffered an AMI. We also compared it with the effect of MRproADM in the same patient population. A total of 311 (27.0%) patients experienced the primary endpoint at 2 years follow-up. The median (inter-quartile range) of mADM was significantly higher in patients who experienced a 2-year MACE [60.90 (44.00–86.97)] pg/ml, compared to event-free survivors [49.59 (36.20–68.15)] pg/ml (P < 0.001). mADM, taken as 1 SD of the continuous variable, was predictive of MACEs in multivariate analysis, with hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] at 90 days [1.28 (1.01–1.62)], 1 year [1.31 (1.08–1.59)], and 2 years [1.42 (1.07–1.64)]. It was also independently predictive of death at 1-year [1.52 (1.12–2.05)] and 2-year [1.42 (1.07–1.89)] follow-up. mADM was a better predictor of these outcomes than MRproADM, apart from death at 90 days, and combined death and heart failure hospitalization at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Human mADM can be reliably measured and predicts MACE events at medium-term follow-up, and confirms the paradigm of risk stratification using MRproADM – a surrogate for the active hormone. The relationship between mADM and MACE appears to be a continuum.
The changing landscape of anesthesia education: is Flipped Classroom the answer?

Purpose of review Educators in the specialty of anesthesiology are facing a number of challenges. A new generation of residents are entering the specialty and they have unique learning styles and expectations. The new duty hour regulations also encroach on the time available to the residents for education. In the last decade, a number of models for teaching and learning have been proposed to tackle these issues. Recent findings Recent research has looked at learning gains and acceptability of online material in medical education as well as specific models that can be implemented to address the challenges. Summary The ‘Flipped Classroom’ model seems to combine the best of both worlds. It allows the learner to assimilate basic information (lower order cognitive skills) from material that is placed online, allowing asynchronous learning. It frees up the teacher to use the face-to-face interaction time in the operating room and classroom for training the student in advanced concepts (higher order cognitive skills). This model allows efficient and effective use of time and technology, but involves the redesign of how in person time between faculty and residents are spent, along with the faculty development to effectively engage this new type of curriculum.
Maintaining Unit Tests During Refactoring

The meaning of source code is often described by unit tests, as is for example the case in Test-Driven Software Development. Test-driven development is a principle in software engineering that requires developers to write tests for each method before implementing the method itself. This ensures that for (at least) all public methods tests exist. When performing a refactoring, existing code is changed or restructured according to a predefined scheme. After a refactoring is applied, the alignment between the structure of source code and corresponding unit tests can be broken. In this paper we describe different ways in which refactorings can impact the API coverage of unit tests. We present our approach of tracking the modifications made by refactorings, analyzing their influence on the existing test suite and giving advice to developers on how to update the test suite to migrate it. For example, tests may need to be moved or new tests developed in case a refactoring introduced new public methods. Our approach is applicable to all refactorings. We conclude this paper by discussing the potential of the presented approach and of the preliminary tool support in the Eclipse IDE.
The subcortical auditory structures in the Mongolian gerbil: II. Frequency‐related topography of the connections with cortical field AI

We investigated the frequency‐related topography of connections of the primary auditory cortical field (AI) in the Mongolian gerbil with subcortical structures of the auditory system by means of the axonal transport of two bidirectional tracers, which were simultaneously injected into regions of AI with different best frequencies (BFs). We found topographic, most likely frequency‐matched (tonotopic) connections as well as non‐topographic (non‐tonotopic) connections. AI projects in a tonotopic way to the ipsilateral ventral (MGv) and dorsal divisions (MGd) of the medial geniculate body (MGB), the reticular thalamic nucleus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and the ipsi‐ and contralateral dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus (IC) and central nucleus of the IC. AI receives tonotopic inputs from MGv and MGd. Projections from different BF regions of AI terminate in a non‐tonotopic way in the ipsilateral medial division of the MGB (MGm), the suprageniculate thalamic nucleus (SG) and brachium of the IC (bic), and the ipsi‐ and contralateral external cortex and pericollicular areas of the IC. The anterograde labeling in the intermediate and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, parts of the superior olivary complex, and divisions of the cochlear nucleus was generally sparse; thus a clear topographic arrangement of the labeled axons could not be ruled out. AI receives non‐tonotopic inputs from the ipsilateral MGm, SG, and bic. In conclusion, the tonotopic and non‐tonotopic corticofugal connections of AI can potentially serve for both conservation and integration of frequency‐specific information in the respective target structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2772–2797, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sulfated polyanion inhibition of scrapie-associated PrP accumulation in cultured cells

The accumulation of an abnormal, protease-resistant form of the protein PrP (PrP-res) in hosts with scrapie and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies appears to be important in disease pathogenesis. To gain insight into the mechanism of PrP-res accumulation and the in vivo antiscrapie activity of certain polyanions, we have studied effects of sulfated glycans on PrP metabolism in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. Pentosan polysulfate, like the amyloid-binding dye Congo red, potently inhibited the accumulation of PrP-res in these cells without apparent effects on the metabolism of the normal isoform. The inhibition was due primarily to prevention of new PrP-res accumulation rather than destabilization of preexisting PrP-res. PrP-res accumulation remained depressed in the cultures after removal of the inhibitors. The activities of other sulfated glycans, nonsulfated polyanions, dextran, and DEAE-dextran were compared with those of pentosan polysulfate and Congo red. This comparison provided evidence that the density of sulfation and molecular size are factors influencing anti-PrP-res activity of sulfated glycans. The relative potencies of these compounds corresponded well with their previously determined antiscrapie activities in vivo, suggesting that the prophylactic effects of sulfated polyanions may be due to inhibition of PrP-res accumulation. Since PrP-res amyloid is known to contain sulfated glycosaminoglycans, we reason that these inhibitors may competitively block an interaction between PrP and endogenous glycosaminoglycans that is essential for its accumulation in a protease-resistant, potentially amyloidogenic state.
Prediction of Selection Decision of Document Using Bibliographic Data at the National Library of France (BnF)

The selection process of the documents is a very important step in mass digitization projects. This is especially true at the BnF, where the digitization should include or not OCRization depending on the OCR results expected. Consequently, the selection task is very complex and time consuming due to the number of documents to be processed and the diversity of the selection criteria
The estimation of torque ripple according to parameters considered with time varying in voltage equation

Torque calculation using the d-q axis has the advantage of faster execution time; however, the torque ripple cannot be considered in torque calculation using the d-q axis equivalent circuit because the time-dependent component is removed. In this work, with d-q transformation, the characteristics of some parameters were identified. These characteristics were considered for representing torque ripple. Calculation with d-q axis transformation and finite-element analysis (FEA) was performed, and the results obtained using these two approaches were compared. It was verified that the calculated torque can be expressed with ripple.
Cognitive therapy in bipolar disorder

Stress-vulnerability models are increasingly viewed as plausible explanations of recurrence in severe affective disorders. This has promoted greater interest in the application of evidence-based psychological treatments, such as cognitive therapy, as an adjunct to medication for patients with bipolar disorder. This paper reviews the results from outcome studies of combined treatment approaches. Preliminary findings indicate that cognitive therapy reduces symptoms, enhances social adjustment and functioning and reduces relapses and hospitalizations in patients with bipolar disorder. However, the lack of published data from large scale randomized controlled trials and the absence of an adequate psychological model of manic relapse means that the role of cognitive therapy in bipolar disorders will be the subject of intense debate for some time to come.
Comparison of different methods for delineation of 18F-FDG PET-positive tissue for target volume definition in radiotherapy of patients with non-Small cell lung cancer.

UNLABELLED PET with (18)F-FDG ((18)F-FDG PET) is increasingly used in the definition of target volumes for radiotherapy, especially in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this context, the delineation of tumor contours is crucial and is currently done by different methods. This investigation compared the gross tumor volumes (GTVs) resulting from 4 methods used for this purpose in a set of clinical cases. METHODS Data on the primary tumors of 25 patients with NSCLC were analyzed. They had (18)F-FDG PET during initial tumor staging. Thereafter, additional PET of the thorax in treatment position was done, followed by planning CT. CT and PET images were coregistered, and the data were then transferred to the treatment planning system (PS). Sets of 4 GTVs were generated for each case by 4 methods: visually (GTV(vis)), applying a threshold of 40% of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV(max); GTV(40)), and using an isocontour of SUV = 2.5 around the tumor (GTV(2.5)). By phantom measurements we determined an algorithm, which rendered the best fit comparing PET with CT volumes using tumor and background intensities at the PS. Using this method as the fourth approach, GTV(bg) was defined. A subset of the tumors was clearly delimitable by CT. Here, a GTV(CT) was determined. RESULTS We found substantial differences between the 4 methods of up to 41% of the GTV(vis). The differences correlated with SUV(max), tumor homogeneity, and lesion size. The volumes increased significantly from GTV(40) (mean 53.6 mL) < GTV(bg) (94.7 mL) < GTV(vis) (157.7 mL) and GTV(2.5) (164.6 mL). In inhomogeneous lesions, GTV(40) led to visually inadequate tumor coverage in 3 of 8 patients, whereas GTV(bg) led to intermediate, more satisfactory volumes. In contrast to all other GTVs, GTV(40) did not correlate with the GTV(CT). CONCLUSION The different techniques of tumor contour definition by (18)F-FDG PET in radiotherapy planning lead to substantially different volumes, especially in patients with inhomogeneous tumors. Here, the GTV(40) does not appear to be suitable for target volume delineation. More complex methods, such as system-specific contrast-oriented algorithms for contour definition, should be further evaluated with special respect to patient data.
Intrapersonal Сonflict of a Teacher as a Determinant of his Professional Development

The aim of the research is to study the impact of intrapersonal contradictions of the teacher in his further professional development and self-improvement. The study used the following methods: the method of studying self-assessment; a questionnaire to determine the level of professional pedagogical thinking; "Integrative Anxiety Test"; the method of "Study of Self-concept. " It was revealed that teachers with a high level of internal conflict tend to have two opposing fields that characterize a person from the positive side (self-worth, self-leadership, self-confidence) and a negative (self-accusation, closeness). Acquiring professional skills, the level of intrapersonal conflicts of teachers is being increased, although seemingly gained professional experience should give teachers more confidence. The findings suggest the self-criticism of teachers, the conflict between the "I" -Real and "I" –Perfect, developed reflection. To solve their intrapersonal contradictions and conflicts, the teachers mostly use metacognitive strategies of decisions; they have dominated supra-situational level of professional pedagogical thinking. Qualitative analysis of the results of the study revealed a high correlation between intrapersonal conflict and supra-situational level of professional pedagogical thinking leads to the conclusion that it is a highly intrapersonal conflict that is a determinant of professional formation and development of the teacher. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n6s5p186
Neural response to pleasant stimuli in anhedonia: an fMRI study

The aim of this study was to investigate the neural correlates of affect processing in depressed anhedonic patients and healthy controls. Whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained from seven females with a diagnosis of chronic unipolar major depression and high levels of anhedonia, and seven healthy females, while they were presented with positive valence and neutral images. Patients, compared to controls, showed decreased activation in medial frontal cortex, and increased activation in inferior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, putamen and insula. Reduced activation in medial frontal cortex may underlie abnormal positive affect processing in patients. Increases in neural activation in putamen and thalamus, previously found in transient sadness, and anterior cingulate could point to an involvement of these structures in anhedonia.
Accuracy of pulse oximetry in pigmented patients.

OBJECTIVE Prospective assessment of the accuracy of three pulse oximeters and two probe sites in darkly pigmented critically ill patients under clinical conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred consecutive, darkly pigmented critically ill adult patients with arterial lines in situ were studied. Patients were excluded if the haemoglobin concentration was less than 7 g/dl and carboxyhaemoglobin or methaemoglobin levels exceeded 2%. Pigmentation was objectively quantified with a portable EEL reflectance spectrophotometer (Evans Electroselenium Company, Diffusion Systems Limited, London). Reflectance was measured at nine wavelengths. RESULTS The degree of pigmentation as measured by percentage reflectance closely matched that of a control group of black Africans from a pigmentation study. The limits of agreement (2.6% to 5.8%), precision and bias values between pulse oximeter and co-oximeter readings fell within a narrow range. The 95% confidence intervals of the limits of agreement reflected a small variation in the difference between pulse oximeter and co-oximeter readings. These small differences were not clinically significant in the pigmented patients who were enrolled in the study. CONCLUSION The accuracy of pulse oximetry is not adversely affected by skin pigmentation, and it remains a useful oxygenation monitoring device in darkly pigmented patients.
Intercommunications between brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells increase the transcellular permeability of the blood–brain barrier during ischaemia

Increased cerebrovascular permeability is an important factor in the development of cerebral oedema after stroke, implicating the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effect of hypoxia on the permeability changes, we used a cell culture model of the BBB consisting of a co‐culture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells. When endothelial cells from this co‐culture model were submitted alone to hypoxic conditions, long exposures (48 h) were necessary to result in an increase in endothelial cell monolayer permeability to [3H]inulin. When endothelial cells were incubated in presence of glial cells, a huge increase in permeability occurred after 9 h of hypoxic conditions. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) resulted in a much shorter time (i.e. 2 h) required for an increase in permeability. We have demonstrated that this OGD‐induced permeability increase involves a transcellular rather than a paracellular pathway. Conditioned medium experiments showed that glial cells secrete soluble permeability factors during OGD. However, endothelial cells have to be made sensitive by OGD in order to respond to these glial soluble factors. This work shows that an early cross‐talk between glial and endothelial cells occurs during ischaemic stroke and alters BBB transcellular transport by means of glial factor secretions.