Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plant Disease Complex: Antagonism and Synergism Between Pathogens of the Ascochyta Blight Complex on Pea

In a disease complex, different pathogen species cause similar symptoms on a common host plant species. These pathogens commonly develop simultaneously in a field and can then infect the same host individuals. Co-occurring pathogens may affect each other, through antagonism and/or synergism. An important question is the ecological and pathological consequences of co-occurrence of pathogenic species within a disease complex. By using two pathogens (Mycosphaerella pinodes and Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella) of the Ascochyta blight complex, this study aimed at describing how co-occurrence affects the development of pathogens and disease severity, and at defining the prerequisites for interactions between pathogens. Results showed that the presence of the two pathogens on the same host plant organ limited the disease development and their reproduction. Damages caused by the two pathogens, however, increased when plants that had been previously inoculated were inoculated with the other species. The development of one pathogen species can be affected by a subsequent pathogen inoculation. Co-occurrence of pathogens within a disease complex can then limit or favour plant damages and pathogens reproduction. It would be one of the main forces that shape pathogen community structures and therefore the dynamics of diseases in field.
Biofilms in the food and beverage industries

Part 1 Biofilms in the food and beverage industries: Biofilms in the food and beverage industries: an introduction Molecular mechanisms involved in biofilm formation by food-associated bacteria Methods for imaging and quantifying the structure of biofilms in food processing and other environments Monitoring of biofilms in the food and beverage industries A centralized database for use in studying bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing in food processing and other environments: MicroBQs. Part 2 Microorganisms and their metabolites in biofilms: Biofilm formation by food spoilage microorganisms in food processing environments Biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes and transfer to foods Biofilm formation by Salmonella in food processing environments Biofilm formation by Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium and Enterococcus spp in food processing environments Biofilm formation by spore-forming bacteria in food processing environments. Part 3 Biofilm prevention, inactivation and removal and beneficial biofilms: Food contact surfaces, surface soiling and biofilm formation Cleaning and sanitation in food processing environments for the prevention of biofilm formation and biofilm removal Novel methods for biofilm control and removal from food processing equipment. Part 4 Biofilms in particular food industry sectors: Biofilms in red meat processing Biofilms in dairy processing Biofilms and brewing Biofilms in poultry processing Beneficial biofilms: wastewater and other industrial applications Biofilms in fish processing Biofilms in fresh fruit and vegetables. Part 5 Appendix: Sampling and quantification of biofilms in food processing and other environments.
Phenotypic complexity: integrated responses of life-history characters to multiple environmental factors

Question: Most of our theoretical and empirical knowledge of phenotypic plasticity is limited to changes in single traits under variation of a single environmental variable. Are insights drawn from this ‘univariate’ world-view different than if we were to study individuals as the integration of many traits in response to many environmental variables? Organism: Sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, from Gulf Islands National Seashore, Florida. Methods: We reared individuals at different combinations of temperature and food availability (3 × 3 factorial design) over approximately 6 months. We measured growth, age and size at maturation, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and body shape. We also estimated levels of phenotypic integration and relative fitness for males and females in each of the nine treatments. Results/conclusions: Most traits responded to temperature and food directly and some exhibited interactions in their response. Phenotypic integration and fitness changed substantially under different environments, and differently for males versus females. Studying responses from this integrated perspective led to insights that could not have been obtained studying single traits or single environmental variables.
Efecto del fuego en el establecimiento de Arctostaphylos pungens Hbk., en ecosistemas templados semihúmedos de Durango, México

The frequency of establishment of Arctostaphylos pungens (manzanita) in three ecologically similar sites subject to different fire regimes was assessed for localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Durango, Mexico. We found that manzanita seedlings got established more often within the first two years following the fire. Plants are also able to establish themselves without the stimulus of fire, though in lower numbers. Fire intensity and litter depth play an important role in the establishment of manzanita seedlings.
Rare earth elements and yttrium geochemistry of the geothermal fields in the Eastern Black Sea Region (Ordu, Rize, Artvin), NE Turkey

Received Date: 09.10. 2018 Accepted Date: 17.12. 2018 ABSTRACT In this study, behavior and migration processes of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined in the thermal and cold waters of the geothermal fields in the Eastern Black Sea Region.The temperatures of the geothermal waters are between the range of 38 and 60 °C. The water types are Na-Ca-SO4 for Sarmaşık (Ordu) field, Na-Ca-HCO3 for Ikizdere (Rize) field, Na-Ca-CO3-SO4, for Ayder (Rize) field and Na-HCO3-Cl for Savsat (Artvin) field. All geothermal fields are in alkaline geothermal character (pH: 7-9.3) and have very low REE + Y concentrations, slightly significant Ce contens and significantly positive Eu anomalies (except for Ayder geothermal field). REE+Y content, fractionation and positive Eu anomalies of the investigated water are controlled by water/rock ratio, pH and minerals in the host rocks. According to the thermodynamic calculations, it was determined that the mobility of the REEs in geothermal fields were mainly controlled by Ln3+, LnOH2+, LnCl2+, Ln(SO4)2 -, LnSO4 +, LnHCO3 2+, Ln(CO3)2 and LnCO3 + complexes.
Temporal variation of bird assemblages in moderately fragmented and less-fragmented boreal forest landscapes: A multi-scale approach

Abstract To test whether landscape structure affects the temporal variability of bird populations and species turnover, we estimated breeding bird abundances in a boreal forest area in northern Finland during the years 1990-1995. The analyses were conducted at three spatial scales: point-count station (4 ha), block (12.5 km2), and landscape unit levels. At the census point scale, temporal variability (CV) of generalist species correlated negatively with amount of unforested habitat. At the block scale, temporal variability of forest edge and managed forest species correlated negatively with the amount of forested area in the landscape. No response was observed among sedentary, migratory, and virgin forest species at these lower scales. At the landscape unit scale, forest-edge and managed-forest species such as chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), and redpoll (Carduelis flammea L.) showed higher temporal variability, whereas sedentary and virgin forest species such as cuckoo (Cuculus canorus L.), raven (Corvus corax L.), and hooded crow (Corvus corone cornix L.) showed lower temporal variability in the moderately fragmented landscape than in the less-fragmented landscape. Of the virgin-forest species, crossbills (Loxia spp.) and titmice (Parus spp.) showed more variability in the less-fragmented landscape, whereas the rest of the virgin-forest species (hawks, grouses, woodpeckers, etc.) reflected more temporal variability in the moderately fragmented landscape unit. The results were only partially in accordance with expected trends, and there were differences between scales in variability patterns of species and species groups. Large-scale landscape characteristics mainly affected the temporal variability of sedentary and virgin-forest species, whereas species not restricted to special habitat structures were more affected by smaller-scale habitat structure.
Wheater's basic histopathology : a colour atlas and text

PART 1 BASIC PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES: Cellular Response to Injury. Acute Inflammation, Healing and Repair. Chronic Inflammation. Infections of Histological Importance. Amyloidosis. Disorders of Growth. Neoplasia. Atherosclerosis. Thrombosis and Embolism. Infarction. PART 2 BASIC SYSTEMS PATHOLOGY: Cardiovascular System. Respiratory System. Alimentary System. Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas. Urinary System. Lymphoid and Haemopoietic Systems. Female Reproductive System. Breast. Male Reproductive System. Endocrine System. Skin. Skeletal System. Nervous System. Notes on Staining Techniques.
Anthocyanins: occurrence, bioactivity and bioavailability, with special reference to the anthocyanins of raspberries (a review).

Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoid constituents of vegetables and fruits, especially berries. Human consumption of anthocyanins is among the highest of all flavonoids. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the consumption of anthocyanins lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis and cancer. Therefore, the evaluation of berry genetic resources for the presents of bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, and investigation of their biological properties is doubtless significant and of great benefit for breeders, food and pharmaceutical industries. The anthocyanin content and composition of raspberries and their absorption, metabolism, and biological activity are reviewed in this article.
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory property of Melanin from marine Bacillus sp BTCZ31

Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of melanin from marine Bacillus spp. BTCZ31. Methods: Radical scavenging property of melanin was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and metal chelation assays, which was further confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Anti-inflammatory property of melanin was explored in vitro in RAW264.7 cell line using cyclooxygenase (COX), Lipoxygenase (LOX), Myleoperoxidase (MPO), cellular nitrite inhibitory assays. Cytotoxicity of melanin was determined using 3-(4,5 dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Results: BTCZ31 melanin showed radical scavenging activity of 67.55% and ferrous ion chelating activity of 97.88%. EPR spectrum showed sharp peaks indicating the presence of unpaired electrons. Melanin inhibited the activity of COX and LOX enzyme with IC50 values of 104.34 μg/mL and 10.5 μg/mL, respectively. It also reduced the activity of MPO and cellular nitrite levels. Cytotoxic concentration of melanin was found to be 105.4 μg/mL (IC50). Conclusion: Bacillus spp. BTCZ10 melanin can be a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Further in vivo evaluations are needed for confirming the activity, leading to therapeutic applications. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Bacillus spp. , Bacteria, Marine, Melanin.
Microbiological Characterization and Chlorine Treatment of Buckwheat Sprouts

In order to secure microbiological safety and quality of commercial vegetable sprouts, buckwheat seeds and sprouts were investigated for their microbiological flora and for the effect of chlorine treatment on quality. Microbiological analyses showed that major inherent bacteria including Enterobacter, Sphingomonas, and Klebsiella were found in commercial buckwheat sprouts with a population size ranging from to CFU/g. In addition, buckwheat seeds had a similar microbial flora to sprouts. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the sprout or in the seed samples. Chlorine treatment with 50-150 ppm sodium hypochlorite noticeably reduced viable bacteria cell counts of the sprouts by about 1 log. However, no significant difference was observed among the different chlorine concentrations. After storage for 7 days at , the sprouts treated with 100-150 ppm chlorine showed higher sensory scores in visual quality than the others (p
Recommendations for School Counselors: Applying the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) in Assisting Korean Adolescent Students in the United States

The school counseling profession strongly encourages practitioners to work within a multicultural and a social justice perspective. More literature is needed that clarifies exactly how school counselors can use such a perspective in working with Asian student populations. We describe how school counselors can use the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework in school counseling with the rapidly growing Korean adolescent student population in the United States.
On globally hypoelliptic abelian actions and their existence on homogeneous spaces

We define globally hypoelliptic smooth \begin{document}$ \mathbb R^k $\end{document} actions as actions whose leafwise Laplacian along the orbit foliation is a globally hypoelliptic differential operator. When \begin{document}$ k = 1 $\end{document} , strong global rigidity is conjectured by Greenfield-Wallach and Katok: every globally hypoelliptic flow is smoothly conjugate to a Diophantine flow on the torus. The conjecture has been confirmed for all homogeneous flows on homogeneous spaces [ 9 ]. In this paper we conjecture that among homogeneous \begin{document}$ \mathbb R^k $\end{document} actions ( \begin{document}$ k\ge 2 $\end{document} ) on homogeneous spaces globally hypoelliptic actions exist only on nilmanifolds. We obtain a partial result towards this conjecture: we show non-existence of globally hypoelliptic \begin{document}$ \mathbb R^2 $\end{document} actions on homogeneous spaces \begin{document}$ G/\Gamma $\end{document} , with at least one quasi-unipotent generator, where \begin{document}$ G = SL(n, \mathbb R) $\end{document} . We also show that the same type of actions on solvmanifolds are smoothly conjugate to homogeneous actions on nilmanifolds.
The Role of Drought in Outbreaks of Plant-eating Insects

Substantial evidence indicates that drought stress promotes outbreaks of plant-eating (phytophagous) fungi and insects. Observations and experiments show that colonization success and pervalence of such fungi as root and stalk rots, stem cankers, and sometimes wilts and foliar diseases are much higher on water-stressed plants than on normal plants (Schoeneweiss 1986). The evidence associating insects and drought is more circumstantial, consisting largely of observations that outbreaks around the world of such insects as bark beetles and leaf feeders (see Table 1) are typically preceded by unusually warm, dry weather. There is also a consistent, positive correlation between insect oubreaks and dry, nutrient-poor sites (Mattson and Haack 1987).
Chaetomorpha balls foul New Hampshire, USA beaches

The present paper reports the occurrence of extensive green balls, or aegagropilous seaweed populations (Norton and Mathieson 1983), from two New Hampshire, USA beaches. Tens of thousands of these balls washed ashore at North Beach (Plaice Cove), Hampton (Fig. 1) during mid summer of 2002, disappearing shortly thereafter. Newspaper and magazine reports included speculation that they were everything from extra-terrestrial life, to a unique phytoplankton, entangled masses of plastic string, Brillo pads ®, seagrass fibers, and finally seaweeds (Anonymous 2002a-g; Bergeron, 2002). Sensational headlines about aegagropilous seaweeds have been reported elsewhere (Norton and Mathieson 1983), including “mystery balls” at Torbay in Great Britain (Newton 1950) and “sea manure” at Nahant near Boston, Massachusetts (Anonymous 1903; Wilce et al. 1982). In discussing these Cladophora balls at Torbay, Newton (1950) notes that they occur sporadically, sometimes cast up in enormous numbers and at other times totally absent. By contrast, Wilce et al. (1982) describes a long, persistent history associated with the nuisance ball-forming brown alga Pilayella littoralis (L.) Kjellman at Nahant, which produces extensive sludge-like masses up to 0.5m thick. When buried in sand, primarily in winter, the algal sludge eventually decomposes and in warm weather produces noxious volatile sulfides. Aegagropilous seaweeds are distinctive loose-lying forms that consist of radially arranged branches (filaments) of either individual or multiple plants entangled together into spherical balls (Kjellman 1893; Dickinson 1933; Norton and Mathieson 1983). Some of the best known examples are the “lake balls” produced by several species of the green alga Cladophora (Kjellman 1898; Lorenz 1901; Brand 1902; Acton 1916; Nakazawa and Abe 1973; Kurogi 1980a,b; Kanda 1982) and designated as “Special Natural Monuments” in Japan (Kurogi 1980b). Similar balls are also formed by several marine species of Cladophora, as well as at least 54 other seaweeds, including 25 red, 18 green and 11 brown algae (Norton and Mathieson 1983; Mathieson et al. 2000). Algae Volume 17(4): 283-292, 2002
The Influence of Internet Advertising and e-WOM on Perception and Purchase Intention of B2C E-Commerce Costumers in Indonesia

This study presents a theoretical link between internet advertising and the practice of electronic word-of- mouth (eWOM) to customer’s perception and purchase intention in e -Commerce B2C. A quantitive study was carried out and data were obtained through a systematic questionnaire that distributed to 252 respondents in Indonesia. The SEM (Structural Equation Model) with AMOS program was used to solve the hypotheses developed in this study. The results obtained from this study indicate that internet advertising and EWOM (eWOM) have a positive effect on customer’s perceived value and perceived risk of shopping in e-commerce B2C sites. A significant relationship also emerges between internet advertising and eWOM. Keywords: Internet advertising, Electronic word-of-mouth, Perceived Value, Perceived Risk, Purchase Intention
Interactive processes in a Lanice conchilega (Annelida: Polychaeta) dominated intertidal community

An investigation was conducted into the factors influencing a soft-sediment intertidal benthic community dominated by the large tube building polychaete Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766). The environmental and biological characteristics of a mid-shore sampling site on a relatively sheltered sandflat were monitored over a two year period. A total of 115 taxa were recorded. Temporal variability in the community is discussed in relation to the sporadic occurrence of macroalgae, harsh winter conditions and physical disturbance to the sedimentary environment. Lanice conchilega had a significantly contagious distribution on the shore. The population was analysed using width measurements of both worms and tubes. Recruiting Lanice conchilega juveniles observed during the first year of the study were initially randomly distributed, but as these individuals developed the overall distribution of the population returned to being contagious. The presence of excess tubes towards the end of the sampling period indicated that individual Lanice conchilega were dying, being removed by predation or emigrating. Further sampling was designed to investigate the macrofauna and meiofauna in areas of sediment containing different densities ofLanice conchilega tubes. A consistently significant positive correlation existed between tube density and macrofaunal abundance, which was attributed to sediment-mediated interactions. At higher tube densities, an increase in the depth of sediment above the underlying clay equated to an increase in the volume of available infaunal space. In addition, Lanice conchilega-derived mucus and its associated microbes potentially enhanced levels of food resources available to deposit feeders. Species living at or near the sediment-water interface would also have been positively influenced by any sediment stabilisation in high tube density areas. Possible causes of a positive correlation observed between tube density and Exogone hebes abundance are discussed. No significant relationship existed between tube density and the abundance of macrofaunal juveniles, indicating that any inhibitory or facilitatory Lanice conchilega-juvenile interactions were either insignificant or acting in opposition to to produce an overall neutral effect. Details of the developmental morphology of several polychaete species are described. Meiofaunal abundance (in particular nematode and harpacticoid abundance) was consistently greater in samples taken from areas of high tube density. Potential mechanisms responsible for this relationship include the provision of habitat heterogeneity and areas of refuge by tubes, and the enhancement of sediment stability and food resources by mucus. Particle accumulation in high tube density areas also potentially influenced meiofaunal settlement and resettlement patterns.
Initiation of invasive disease in M1T1 group A streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus; GAS) is an important human pathogen that colonizes epithelial and mucosal surfaces. Group A streptococcal disease can be relatively minor, such as streptococcal pharyngitis, or severe and lifethreatening, such as necrotizing fasciitis. There has been a resurgence of severe infection with GAS since the mid-1980s that has been paralleled be the emergence of a globally disseminated clone, M1T1. The M1T1 clone of GAS presents as the most common cause of streptococcal pharyngitis in developed countries and are also overrepresented in cases of severe infection. Most invasive bacterial infections are caused by species that more commonly colonize the human host with minimal or no symptoms. Although phenotypic or genetic correlates underlying a bacterium’s shift to enhanced virulence potential have been studied, the in vivo selection pressures governing such shifts are poorly understood. The globally disseminated M1T1 clone of GAS is linked with the rare but life-threatening syndromes of necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. Mutations in the group A streptococcal control of virulence regulatory sensor kinase (covR/S) operon are associated with severe invasive disease, abolishing expression of a broad spectrum cysteine protease (SpeB) and allowing the recruitment and activation of host plasminogen on the bacterial surface. This study describes how a bacteriophage-encoded group A streptococcal DNase (Sda1), which facilitates the pathogen’s escape from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), can serve as a selective force for covR/S mutation. The results provide a paradigm whereby horizontal gene transfer and natural selection exerted by the innate immune system
Information on measures and related costs in relation to species included on the Union list: American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the European Commission.

This technical note has been drafted by a team of experts under the supervision of IUCN within the framework of the contract No 07.0202/2016/739524/SER/ENV.D. 2 “Technical and Scientific support in relation to the Implementation of Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species”. The information and views set out in this note do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this note. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.