Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geschlecht und Adipositas - : bedeutet Dicksein dasselbe für Jungen und Mädchen?

Boys and girls show the same prevalence of overweight and obesity. Disproportionate weight gain may already start in very young children but usually develops during school age and puberty. Despite great differences in sex hormones girls and boys are equally affected by overweight and obesity even during puberty. Comorbidity in general also has a similar prevalence. However, there are certain sex differences. Boys are more prone to steatohepatitis whereas girls more commonly develop gall stones and pseudotumor cerebri. Quality of life in respect to health is impaired in all children and adolescents with obesity. This impairment is comparable to children with oncologic diseases. In contrast, psychiatric and psychosocial comorbidity is far more common in obese girls than boys. This includes eating disorders such as binge eating. Obese girls are also four times more likely to become a victim of peer aggression compared to obese boys or non-obese girls. Obese boys on the other hand are more likely to become media dependent.
Effects of Climate Change on Plant Respiration.

Plant respiration is a large, environmentally sensitive component of the ecosystem carbon balance, and net ecosystem carbon flux will change as the balance between photosynthesis and respiration changes. Partitioning respiration into the functional components of construction, maintenance, and ion uptake will aid the estimation of plant respiration for ecosystems. Maintenance respiration is the component most sensitive to changes in temperature, CO2 , protein concentration and turnover, water stress, and atmospheric pollutants. For a wide variety of plant tissues, maintenance respiration, corrected for temperature, appears to be linearly related to Kjeldahl nitrogen content of live tissue. Total and maintenance respiration may decline under CO2 enrichment, but the mechanism, independence from changes in protein content, and acclimation are unknown. Response of respiration to temperature can be modelled as a Q10 relationship, if corrections for bias arising from daily and annual temperature amplitude are applied. Occurrence and control of the cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway and acclimation of respiration rates to different climates are poorly understood, but may substantially affect the reliability of model estimates of plant respiration.
Emergence of the Study of Global Ecology: Is Terrestrial Ecology an Impediment to Progress?

The emergence of the study of how the earth system operates and is responding to global change has seen the development of large-scale cross-disciplinary research efforts in addition to progress in traditional single-discipline, single-investigator approaches. Although terrestrial (I use this word in the broad sense to include continental systems encompassing terrestrial, wetland, lake, and river ecosystems) ecology is a central area of research for understanding earth system functioning, this field has not engaged in, nor has it the mechanisms for, strategic research planning, and thus it has not provided the momentum apparent in the allied earth sciences. The development and execution of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program provides one forum for more integrated research planning by ecologists, as well as research opportunities along the entire spectrum of concern of this discipline. However, there needs to be a national focal point for continuing strategic planning for research in terrestrial ecology.
Nitrogen Assessments in a Constructed and a Natural Salt Marsh of San Diego Bay.

Soil nitrogen pools were lower in a 4-yr-old constructed salt marsh than in an adjacent natural marsh of San Diego Bay. Aboveground biomass and foliar nitrogen content of Spartina foliosa were both lower for the constructed marsh. Soil organic carbon, which was highly positively correlated with total nitrogen, was also lower in the constructed marsh. Rates of nitrogen fixation were higher for the natural marsh in surface soils (1 cm depth) but not in the rhizosphere (10 cm depth). Experimental additions of organic matter increased rates of nitrogen fixation substantially for both the constructed and natural marsh soils, with glucose stimulating greater increases than Spartina foliosa detritus (roots and rhizomes). In comparison with natural marshes studied elsewhere, the San Diego Bay sites have low nitrogen pools and little soil organic carbon. Nitrogen mineralization rates (in situ incubations) were high in both marshes studied. The low nitrogen pools reflect low tidal import and infrequent streamflow influxes and, possibly, high nitrogen demands of vegetation stressed by hypersaline soils.
The Stem Cell Marker CD133 (Prominin-1) Is Expressed in Various Human Glandular Epithelia

Human prominin-1 (CD133) is expressed by various stem and progenitor cells originating from diverse sources. In addition to stem cells, its mouse ortholog is expressed in a broad range of adult epithelial cells, where it is selectively concentrated in their apical domain. The lack of detection of prominin-1 in adult human epithelia might be explained, at least in part, by the specificity of the widely used AC133 antibody, which recognizes an epitope that seems dependent on glycosylation. Here we decided to re-examine its expression in adult human tissues, particularly in glandular epithelia, using a novel monoclonal antibody (80B258) generated against the human prominin-1 polypeptide. In examined tissues, we observed 80B258 immunoreactivity at the apical or apicolateral membranes of polarized cells. For instance, we found expression in secretory serous and mucous cells as well as intercalated ducts of the large salivary and lacrimal glands. In sweat glands including the gland of Moll, 80B258 immunoreactivity was found in the secretory (eccrine and apocrine glands) and duct (eccrine glands) portion. In the liver, 80B258 immunoreactivity was identified in the canals of Hering, bile ductules, and small interlobular bile ducts. In the uterus, we detected 80B258 immunoreactivity in endometrial and cervical glands. Together these data show that the overall expression of human prominin-1 is beyond the rare primitive cells, and it seems to be a general marker of apical or apicolateral membrane of glandular epithelia. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc. org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
The Effects of Self-Efficacy on Depression and Pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Does Initial Depression Matter?

Abstract Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] is a chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. Non-myalgic aspects of the disorder have become increasingly focal in its evaluation. Research has suggested that subgrouping FMS patients based on factors other than pain may abet diagnostic and interventional processes. Self-efficacy and depression are two such constructs that appear to be important in FMS. However, it is not known whether the consequentiality of self-efficacy in FMS is dependent on depression. The present study examined the pathways among depression, self-efficacy and pain, in a large sample of depressed and non-depressed FMS patients over a one-year timeframe to determine whether differential relationships existed. Method: Participants completed assessments of pain intensity, depression and self-efficacy at baseline, 6 months and 1 year as part of an intervention study. Approximately half of the participants met the cutoff for depression in chronic pain populations on the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: Participants who were depressed at baseline experienced a general decline in pain intensity and depression, whereas depression and pain for non-depressed participants appeared to be far more stable across time. Though self-efficacy was a significant predictor of changes in both pain and depression for depressed participants, self-efficacy did not predict changes in pain for non-depressed participants. Conclusion: Our findings support subgrouping FMS patients based on psychological factors. The results indicated that relationships between pain, depression and self-efficacy differed between depressed and non-depressed participants, implying that individuals with FMS and depression may benefit most from interventions that aim to decrease lability and increase self-efficacy for the most challenging times.
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Malaria: Cytochemical Detection of Heterozygous G6PD Deficiency in Women

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a X-chromosomally transmitted disorder of the erythrocyte that affects 400 million people worldwide. Diagnosis of heterozygously-deficient women is complicated: as a result of lyonization, these women have a normal and a G6PD-deficient population of erythrocytes. The cytochemical assay is the only reliable assay to discriminate between heterozygously-deficient women and non-deficient women or homozygously-deficient women. G6PD deficiency is mainly found in areas where malaria is or has been endemic. In these areas, malaria is treated with drugs that can cause (severe) hemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. A cheap and reliable test is necessary for diagnosing the deficiency to prevent hemolytic disorders when treating malaria. In this review, it is concluded that the use of two different tests for diagnosing men and women is the ideal approach to detect G6PD deficiency. The fluorescent spot test is inexpensive and easy to perform but only reliable for discriminating hemizygous G6PD-deficient men from non-deficient men. For women, the cytochemical assay is recommended. However, this assay is more expensive and difficult to perform and should be simplified into a kit for use in developing countries.
Proteomics Out of the Archive: Two-dimensional Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry Using HOPE-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Tissues

Proteome analyses provide diagnostic information which can be essential for therapeutic predictions. The application of such techniques for analyzing paraffin-embedded tissue samples is widely hampered by the use of formalin fixation requiring antigen retrieval procedures in molecular pathology. In prior studies, the HEPES-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect (HOPE) technique of tissue fixation has been shown to provide a broad array of biochemical investigations with excellent preservation of morphological structures, DNA, RNA, and proteins, thus supporting the multimethod analysis of archived specimens. Here we show that HOPE fixation is also useful in proteomic investigations by allowing two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry, using lung cancer tissues. Two-dimensional gels of two-protein extraction protocols derived from HOPE-fixed material displayed characteristic spot patterns with high reproducibility. For comparison, 2DE analysis of ethanol-fixed, formalin-fixed, and frozen samples from the same tissues was performed. Western blotting confirmed immunoreactivity of 2DE-separated proteins from HOPE-fixed tissue samples. Additionally, distinct spots were excised from HOPE-derived 2D gels and successfully subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting. In conclusion, paraffin archives containing HOPE-fixed tissues are applicable to a wide spectrum of molecular investigations including common biochemical methods for proteome analyses and therefore represent a unique source for molecular investigations in the rapidly growing field of molecular pathology. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc. org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
DNA Content Differences Between Male and Female Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Nuclei and Z and W Chromosomes Resolved by Image Cytometry

Chicken red blood cells (CRBCs) are widely used as standards for DNA content determination. Cytogenetic data have shown that the Z sex chromosome is approximately twice as large as the W, so that the DNA content differs to some extent between male (ZZ) and female (ZW) chickens. Despite this fact, male and female CRBCs have been indiscriminately used in absolute genome size determination. Our work was conducted to verify whether the DNA content differences between male and female Gallus gallus domesticus “Leghorn” nuclei and ZZ/ZW chromosomes can be resolved by image cytometry (ICM). Air-dried smears stained by Feulgen reaction were used for nuclei analysis. Chicken metaphase spreads upon Feulgen staining were analyzed for obtaining quantitative information on the Z and W chromosomes. Before each capture session, we conducted quality control of the ICM instrumentation. Our results from nuclear measurements showed that the 2C value is 0.09 pg higher in males than in females. In chromosomes, we found that the Z chromosome shows 200% more DNA content than does the W chromosome. ICM demonstrated resolution power to discriminate low DNA content differences in genomes. We suggest prudence in the general use of CRBC 2C values as standards in comparative cytometric analysis.
The Impact of National Testing on Ethnic Minorities: With Proposed Solutions.

The national concern about the condition of public education has generated steadfast support for accountability in the education establishment. State and national policy makers have undertaken the task of mandating examinations intended to improve the quality of teacher education in United States since a series of education commissions have indicated that the manner in which teachers are trained is inadequate. However, the negative impact that teacher testing has had on the depletion of ethnic minority candidates has caused great concern. Widespread reports that education majors are not as academically able today as compared to those of the past led to numerous commission reports citing the shortcomings of educators. Partially in response to the April 1983 release of the report A Nation at Risk,' the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) conducted a survey of state colleges and universities to learn how those institutions worked with elementary and secondary schools to solve problems in the schools. Among the 64 percent responding to the survey, requirements for entry into teacher-education programs varied considerably-for example: "a mean grade-point average of 2.4 . ; 13 percent required a preprofessional exam; 34
Standardization of the Immunocytochemical Detection of Neuroblastoma Cells in Bone Marrow

Standard cytomorphological examination of bone marrow (BM) aspirates does not appear to be sensitive enough to detect single neuroblastoma cells. The SIOPEN Neuroblastoma Bone Marrow Committee developed a sensitive and reproducible anti-GD2 immunocytochemical assay and introduced morphological and immunocytological criteria for the interpretation of results. Fixed cytospins were incubated with a commercially available anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody and an APAAP kit. Cells fulfilling all morphological and immunocytological criteria were called criteria-positive cells (CPCs). Not convincingly interpretable cells fulfilled some, but not all, criteria, and negative cells displayed only exclusion criteria. The genetic profile of doubtful cells was checked by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Ideally, 3 × 106 cells were analyzed to reach a 95% probability of detecting one tumor cell in 1 × 106 mononuclear cells. Four quality control rounds were organized to validate the method. A total of 111 quality control samples were analyzed. Two main improvements were achieved: in discordant cases, the range between the lowest and highest reported result was reduced by half, and discordant results were only found in samples with less than 10 CPCs per 1 × 106. This article describes the first internationally standardized protocol to detect and quantify rare neuroblastoma cells by immunocytochemistry. This method is an indispensable tool for multicenter studies evaluating the clinical significance of minimal residual disease in neuroblastoma.
Health Information Seeking, Receipt, and Use in Diabetes Self-Management

PURPOSE Diabetes self-management is essential for diabetes control, yet little is known about patient preferences for sources of health information or about the extent to which information is sought directly or received passively through various media sources. The aim of this qualitative study was to identify how individuals with diabetes seek and use health care information. METHODS Using a health information model to guide our research, we conducted 9 focus groups with 46 adults with a diagnosis of diabetes and then analyzed the transcripts and notes from these focus groups. RESULTS Five themes emerged: (1) passive receipt of health information about diabetes is an important aspect of health information behavior; (2) patients weave their own information web depending on their disease trajectory; (3) patients’ personal relationships help them understand and use this information; (4) a relationship with a health care professional is needed to cope with complicated and sometimes conflicting information; and (5) health literacy makes a difference in patients’ ability to understand and use information. CONCLUSIONS Patients make decisions about diabetes self-management depending on their current needs, seeking and incorporating diverse information sources not traditionally viewed as providing health information. Based on our findings, we have developed a new health information model that reflects both the nonlinear nature of health information-seeking behavior and the interplay of both active information seeking and passive receipt of information.
When History Matters: Scale, Time, Climate and Tree Diversity

Palaeoecological insights have had only a limited impact on modern ecological thinking, and tend to be used in an unsophisticated manner. Recent successes in correlating tree diversity with contemporary climate and, in particular, energy, have led to claims that explanations for tree diversity based on historical processes or events are superfluous. However, diversity-energy correlations are strong only at regional scales, and fail to predict diversity at small plots within latitudinal bands, or between continents. Moreover, tree diversity cannot have responded to global glacial-interglacial energy fluctuations because plant species cannot evolve that rapidly nor, in most areas of the world, can migration plausibly adjust regional floral diversity. Thus contemporary climate or energy, while yielding excellent correlations with plant diversity, has no explanatory power. Palaeoecological studies show that cycles of forest migration, fragmentation, reduction, and re-expansion are forced by glacial-interglacial climate cycles at high to mid latitudes. These in turn reduce opportunities for habitat specialization, rapidly eliminate species that remain rare throughout a glacial-interglacial cycle, and promote genetic continuity between populations. The result is increasingly impoverished regional floras with increasing latitude, and hence the latitudinal tree species gradient. Contemporary climate regimes act as a surrogate for the sum total of past climatic states and their effects on diversity, and hence the strong regional climate correlations with tree diversity.
Aggressive behaviour in an acute general adult psychiatric unit

Aims and Method The study aimed to identify the correlates of aggressive behaviour in an adult acute psychiatric ward. Over a period of 9 months, all incidents of verbal and physical aggressive behaviour exhibited by in-patients were routinely assessed using the Overt Aggression Scale. Results Of the 535 patients admitted during the study period, 80 (15%) were involved in a total of 124 aggressive incidents. Of these 80, 44 (55%) had a history of previous violence and 54 (68%) had a history of substance misuse. The majority of events occurred early in the hospital stay and in most cases aggression was against staff. There were significant differences between aggressive and non-aggressive patients in terms of gender and ethnicity, with the lowest rate occurring in European females. Clinical Implications These results reinforce clinical impressions, and empirical evidence, and allow risk assessment to be performed with greater confidence. The relevance of ethnicity (or more likely culture) highlights the difficulties of a ‘one size fits all’ approach to risk assessment.
Interventions to Improve Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates Among Community-Dwelling Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates remain below national targets. We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of quality improvement interventions for increasing the rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among community-dwelling adults. METHODS We included randomized and nonrandomized studies with a concurrent control group. We estimated pooled odds ratios using random effects models, and used the Downs and Black tool to assess the quality of included studies. RESULTS Most studies involved elderly primary care patients. Interventions were associated with improvements in the rates of any vaccination (111 comparisons in 77 studies, pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.49-1.75), and influenza (93 comparisons, 65 studies, OR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.35-1.57) and pneumococcal (58 comparisons, 35 studies, OR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.72-2.3) vaccinations. Interventions that appeared effective were patient financial incentives (influenza only), audit and feedback (influenza only), clinician reminders, clinician financial incentives (influenza only), team change, patient outreach, delivery site changes (influenza only), clinician education (pneumococcus only), and case management (pneumococcus only). Patient outreach was more effective if personal contact was involved. Team changes were more effective where nurses administered influenza vaccinations independently. Heterogeneity in some pooled odds ratios was high, however, and funnel plots showed signs of potential publication bias. Study quality varied but was not associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Quality improvement interventions, especially those that assign vaccination responsibilities to nonphysician personnel or that activate patients through personal contact, can modestly improve vaccination rates in community-dwelling adults. To meet national policy targets, more-potent interventions should be developed and evaluated.