Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation of reformed MgO filler with high humidity resistance by a hydrothermal coating technique.

ABSTRACT MgO is an excellent candidate for thermal conductive fillers due to its high thermal conductivity, low electric conductivity, low cost, and appropriate hardness, though the reaction with water to form Mg(OH)2 causes a decrease in the weatherability of MgO. In order to improve the humidity resistance of MgO, the core (MgO)-shell (MgCO3) structure was designed using hydrothermal reactions under-compressed CO2 gas. The reactions proceeded rapidly to produce Mg(OH)2, 4MgCO3-Mg(OH)2-4H2O, and MgCO3 depending on reaction conditions. It was found that the reactions at high temperature under high CO2 pressure with a high heating rate suppressed the reaction of MgO and increased the amount of MgCO3 in the reaction products. The addition of ethanol enhanced this tendency, which resulted in the successful formation of reformed MgO particles covered by thin MgCO3 layers consisting of fine crystals. Humidity resistance tests of the PPS plates including the reformed MgO fillers confirmed that coating of MgO particles by MgCO3 layers improved weatherability.
Soft magnetic skin for super-resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling

Flexible magnetic sensors have tactile hyperacuity and the ability to distinguish between normal and shear forces. Human skin can sense subtle changes of both normal and shear forces (i.e., self-decoupled) and perceive stimuli with finer resolution than the average spacing between mechanoreceptors (i.e., super-resolved). By contrast, existing tactile sensors for robotic applications are inferior, lacking accurate force decoupling and proper spatial resolution at the same time. Here, we present a soft tactile sensor with self-decoupling and super-resolution abilities by designing a sinusoidally magnetized flexible film (with the thickness ~0.5 millimeters), whose deformation can be detected by a Hall sensor according to the change of magnetic flux densities under external forces. The sensor can accurately measure the normal force and the shear force (demonstrated in one dimension) with a single unit and achieve a 60-fold super-resolved accuracy enhanced by deep learning. By mounting our sensor at the fingertip of a robotic gripper, we show that robots can accomplish challenging tasks such as stably grasping fragile objects under external disturbance and threading a needle via teleoperation. This research provides new insight into tactile sensor design and could be beneficial to various applications in robotics field, such as adaptive grasping, dexterous manipulation, and human-robot interaction.
Predicting the effects of climate change on incubation in reptiles: methodological advances and new directions

ABSTRACT The unprecedented advancement of global climate change is affecting thermal conditions across spatial and temporal scales. Reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) are uniquely vulnerable to even fine-scale variation in incubation conditions and are a model system for investigating the impacts of shifting temperatures on key physiological and life-history traits. The ways in which current and predicted future climatic conditions translate from macro- to ultra-fine scale temperature traces in subterranean nests is insufficiently understood. Reliably predicting the ways in which fine-scale, daily and seasonally fluctuating nest temperatures influence embryonic development and offspring phenotypes is a goal that remains constrained by many of the same logistical challenges that have persisted throughout more than four decades of research on TSD. However, recent advances in microclimate and developmental modeling should allow us to move farther away from relatively coarse metrics with limited predictive capacity and towards a fully mechanistic model of TSD that can predict incubation conditions and phenotypic outcomes for a variety of reptile species across space and time and for any climate scenario. Summary: As models of embryonic development are translated from the laboratory to natural nests and scaled up to populations, fine-scale temperature data are increasingly important yet remain an often-overlooked component of our understanding of thermal developmental plasticity in reptiles.
Physiological adaptation to cities as a proxy to forecast global-scale responses to climate change

ABSTRACT Cities are emerging as a new venue to overcome the challenges of obtaining data on compensatory responses to climatic warming through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. In this Review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming, and also how cities can be used as human-made space-for-time substitutions. We assessed the current literature and found evidence for significant plasticity and evolution in thermal tolerance trait responses to urban heat islands. For those studies that reported both plastic and evolved components of thermal tolerance, we found evidence that both mechanisms contributed to phenotypic shifts in thermal tolerance, rather than plastic responses precluding or limiting evolved responses. Interestingly though, for a broader range of studies, we found that the magnitude of evolved shifts in thermal tolerance was not significantly different from the magnitude of shift in those studies that only reported phenotypic results, which could be a product of evolution, plasticity, or both. Regardless, the magnitude of shifts in urban thermal tolerance phenotypes was comparable to more traditional space-for-time substitutions across latitudinal and altitudinal clines in environmental temperature. We conclude by considering how urban-derived estimates of plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance traits can be used to improve forecasting methods, including macrophysiological models and species distribution modelling approaches. Finally, we consider areas for further exploration including sub-lethal performance traits and thermal performance curves, assessing the adaptive nature of trait shifts, and taking full advantage of the environmental thermal variation that cities generate. Summary: We provide a quantitative synthesis of the use of cities as warming experiments and space-for-time substitutions to explore plasticity and evolution of thermal physiological traits under global change.
Dealing with predictable and unpredictable temperatures in a climate change context: the case of parasitoids and their hosts

ABSTRACT The Earth's climate is changing at a rapid pace. To survive in increasingly fluctuating and unpredictable environments, species can either migrate or evolve through rapid local adaptation, plasticity and/or bet-hedging. For small ectotherm insects, like parasitoids and their hosts, phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging could be critical strategies for population and species persistence in response to immediate, intense and unpredictable temperature changes. Here, we focus on studies evaluating phenotypic responses to variable predictable thermal conditions (for which phenotypic plasticity is favoured) and unpredictable thermal environments (for which bet-hedging is favoured), both within and between host and parasitoid generations. We then address the effects of fluctuating temperatures on host–parasitoid interactions, potential cascading effects on the food web, as well as biological control services. We conclude our review by proposing a road map for designing experiments to assess if plasticity and bet-hedging can be adaptive strategies, and to disentangle how fluctuating temperatures can affect the evolution of these two strategies in parasitoids and their hosts. Summary: Plasticity and bet-hedging may be adaptive strategies of hosts and parasitoids to cope with the continuum of predictable and unpredictable fluctuating temperatures in a changing climate context.
The Cytospora chrysosperma Virulence Effector CcCAP1 Mainly Localizes to the Plant Nucleus To Suppress Plant Immune Responses

The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system. ABSTRACT Canker disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora chrysosperma and damages a wide range of woody plants, causing major losses to crops and native plants. Plant pathogens secrete virulence-related effectors into host cells during infection to regulate plant immunity and promote colonization. However, the functions of C. chrysosperma effectors remain largely unknown. In this study, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy to investigate the immunoregulation roles and subcellular localization of CcCAP1, a virulence-related effector identified in C. chrysosperma. CcCAP1 was significantly induced in the early stages of infection and contains cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily domain with four cysteines. CcCAP1 suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and the elicitin infestin1 (INF1) in transient expression assays with Nicotiana benthamiana. The CAP superfamily domain was sufficient for its cell death-inhibiting activity and three of the four cysteines in the CAP superfamily domain were indispensable for its activity. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that transient expression of CcCAP1 promoted Botrytis cinerea infection and restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-related gene expression. In addition, expression of green fluorescent protein-labeled CcCAP1 in N. benthamiana showed that it localized to both the plant nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the nuclear localization was essential for its full immune inhibiting activity. These results suggest that this virulence-related effector of C. chrysosperma modulates plant immunity and functions mainly via its nuclear localization and the CAP domain. IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system.
Extractability of Arsenic, Copper, and Lead in Soils of a Mining and Agricultural Zone in Central Chile

Abstract Copper (Cu) mining activities are very important in central Chile. The present study consists in determining the distribution and availability of copper, arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) in soils near a smelting facility, in the VI Administrative Region of Chile, which are subjected to risk of contamination by emissions and by irrigation with contaminated water. In order to determine the distribution of these elements in their various chemical forms in soils, two sequential extraction methods (SEM) were applied. A five stage SEM was used for Cu and Pb, and a four stage one for As. Single extraction methods were also carried out using 1 M HCl, 0.005 M DTPA and 0.005 M EDTA for As, Cu, and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, a 0.1 M malic-citric acid solution (MC) was used as simple extractant for the three elements to simulate the conditions of root environment of the plant. The soils showed the following order of total metal concentration: Cu > As > Pb. Copper was extracted in higher amount than the other metals, both with the sequential and with the simple extraction method. Single correlation analysis was applied between the amount of metal in the single extraction method and the different fraction obtained with the sequential technique. Significant positive correlations were obtained, especially for copper and lead.
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine expert panel recommendations on point-of-care ultrasound education and training for regional anesthesiologists and pain physicians—part I: clinical indications

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a critical skill for all regional anesthesiologists and pain physicians to help diagnose relevant complications related to routine practice and guide perioperative management. In an effort to inform the regional anesthesia and pain community as well as address a need for structured education and training, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) commissioned this narrative review to provide recommendations for POCUS. The guidelines were written by content and educational experts and approved by the Guidelines Committee and the Board of Directors of the ASRA. In part I of this two-part series, clinical indications for POCUS in the perioperative and chronic pain setting are described. The clinical review addresses airway ultrasound, lung ultrasound, gastric ultrasound, the focus assessment with sonography for trauma examination and focused cardiac ultrasound for the regional anesthesiologist and pain physician. It also provides foundational knowledge regarding ultrasound physics, discusses the impact of handheld devices and finally, offers insight into the role of POCUS in the pediatric population.
Promising Biomarker Candidates for Cardioembolic Stroke Etiology. A Brief Narrative Review and Current Opinion

Determining the cause of stroke is considered one of the main objectives in evaluating a stroke patient in clinical practice. However, ischemic stroke is a heterogeneous disorder and numerous underlying disorders are implicated in its pathogenesis. Although progress has been made in identifying individual stroke etiology, in many cases underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Since secondary prevention strategies are tailored toward individual stroke mechanisms, patients whose stroke etiology is unknown may not receive optimal preventive treatment. Cardioembolic stroke is commonly defined as cerebral vessel occlusion by distant embolization arising from thrombus formation in the heart. It accounts for the main proportion of ischemic strokes, and its share to stroke etiology is likely to rise even further in future decades. However, it can be challenging to distinguish cardioembolism from other possible etiologies. As personalized medicine advances, stroke researchers' focus is increasingly drawn to etiology-associated biomarkers. They can provide deeper insight regarding specific stroke mechanisms and can help to unravel previously undetected pathologies. Furthermore, etiology-associated biomarkers could play an important role in guiding future stroke prevention strategies. To achieve this, broad validation of promising candidate biomarkers as well as their implementation in well-designed randomized clinical trials is necessary. This review focuses on the most-promising candidates for diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke. It discusses existing evidence for possible clinical applications of these biomarkers, addresses current challenges, and outlines future perspectives.
Opinion: Opportunities and Limitations of Machine Vision for Yield Mapping

Precision agriculture has been one of the most exciting innovations in agriculture during the recent decades. Precision agriculture responds to the inherent spatial variability in crop production, often by machine automation. There were significant and diverse efforts already about thirty years ago (Schueller, 1992). The economic and environmental advantages are widely known. Research, technology transfer, commercialization, and adoption has led to widespread precision agriculture usage, but not complete adoption. Although the limitations to precision agriculture in general have long been identified (e.g., Schueller, 1996) they have only partially been surmounted. Many view yield the generation of yield maps as the most important precision agriculture technology. It provides the basic information on agricultural production which can subsequently be used for strategic and tactical decisions, such as the variable rate applications of inputs including irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides. The adoption of yield mapping has been gradual, but significant adoption has been seen and documented (e.g., Schimmelpfenning, 2019). Of course, the determination of yields as a function of geographic location has long been practiced in both the private and public sectors (e.g., Central Intelligence Agency, 1954). As technologies were developed, satellites became widely used for this purpose (e.g., Erickson, 1984). While widespread and useful for political, economic, and military purposes, such maps are large scale and usually not considered yield mapping from an on-farm within-field perspective. Since the 1980s (e.g., Searcy et al., 1989) yield mapping has been demonstrated on farms by instrumenting harvesting machines, particularly grain combines, to measure the mass or volume of the harvested crop just after it has been harvested. This remains the dominant yield mapping method. For hand-harvested and some machine-harvested crops, yield maps are also sometimes made after harvesting (e.g., Schueller et al., 1999) before transportation and storage. The biggest problem of such yield mapping during or after harvest is that the yield map information is not available before harvesting. In addition, the harvesting process often aggregates harvested crop over spatial areas or times, depending upon the spatial and/or temporal dynamics of the harvesting processes and machines. This limits the accurate resolution of the resulting yield maps. Some yield measurement techniques (e.g., impact crop flow sensors) may also have negative effects on the harvested crop. Or the techniques may need to be modified for changes in crops or conditions.
A Functional Variant rs3093023 in CCR6 Is Associated With IgA Nephropathy by Regulating Th17 Cells in a North Han Chinese Population

C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is a susceptibility gene of various immune-related diseases, which was suggested to be shared with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). In this study, we aimed to identify the functional variants. First, we analyzed the associations of CCR6 common and rare variants detected by multi-platform chips with IgAN susceptibility using imputation and identified 68 significantly associated common variants located in the regulatory region. Among them, rs3093023 showed both statistical significance (rs3093023-A, odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, P = 2.00 × 10−2) and the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) effect (P = 1.45 × 10−3). It was independently replicated (rs3093023-A, OR = 1.18, P = 5.56 × 10−3) and the association was reinforced in the meta-analysis (rs3093023-A, OR = 1.17, P = 6.14 × 10−7). Although rs3093023 was in a strong linkage disequilibrium with the reported CCR6 functional variant dinucleotide polymorphism, CCR6DNP, the alleles of rs3093023 (G>A) rather than of CCR6DNP were shown differential nuclear protein binding effect by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The RegulomeDB and JASPAR databases predicted Pou2f1 as the potential transcription factor, which was negatively associated with CCR6 mRNA (r = −0.60, P = 3.94 × 10−9). At the mRNA level, the eQTL effect of CCR6 was validated (P = 4.39 × 10−2), and CCR6 was positively associated with the expression of CCR4 and IL-17A rather than that of CXCR3 and IFNG. At the protein level, a higher CCR6+ cell ratio was observed in a risk allele dose-dependent manner in lymphocytes (P = 3.57 × 10−2), CD3+ T cells (P = 4.54 × 10−2), and CD4+ T cells (P = 1.32 × 10−2), but not in CD8+ T cells. Clinical-pathological analysis showed that rs3093023 risk allele was significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, and high ratio of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis. Overall, the rs3093023 was prioritized as the function variant in CCR6, which may contribute to IgAN susceptibility by regulating Th17 cells.
Current Understanding of the Etiology, Symptomatology, and Treatment Options in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurs in at least 1% of all women and causes life-long health problems and psychological stress. Infertility caused by POI used to be considered absolute, with infertility treatment having little or no value. Generally, it has been thought that medicine can provide little service to these patients. The etiology of POI has been found to be genetic, chromosomal, and autoimmune. In addition, the increasing numbers of cancer survivors are candidates for iatrogenic POI, along with patients who have undergone ovarian surgery, especially laparoscopic surgery. Over 50 genes are known to be causally related to POI, and the disease course of some cases has been clarified, but in most cases, the genetic background remains unexplained, suggesting that more genes associated with the etiology of POI need to be discovered. Thus, in most cases, the genetic background of POI has not been clarified. Monosomy X is well known to manifest as Turner’s syndrome and is associated with primary amenorrhea, but recent studies have shown that some women with numerical abnormalities of the X chromosome can have spontaneous menstruation up to their twenties and thirties, and some even conceive. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is recommended for women with POI from many perspectives. It alleviates vasomotor and genitourinary symptoms and prevents bone loss and cardiovascular disease. POI has been reported to reduce quality of life and life expectancy, and HRT may help improve both. Most of the problems that may occur with HRT in postmenopausal women do not apply to women with POI; thus, in POI, HRT should be considered physiological replacement of estrogen (+progesterone). This review describes some new approaches to infertility treatment in POI patients that may lead to new treatments for POI, along with the development of more sensitive markers of secondary/preantral follicles and genetic diagnosis.
POPULATION STRUCTURE3 OF FALL CHINOOK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA, OF THE MID-COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RIVERS

The p o s s i b i l i t y of g e n e t i c divergence between t h e f a l l chinook salmon runs r e t u r n i n g t o t h e Snake River and t h e Columbia River above i ts confluence wi th t h e Snake River was examined. Fac to r s considered included geo log ica l h i s t o r y , t iming and geographic l o c a t i o n , displacement and t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n , morphology, h a b i t a t and biochemical g e n e t i c data . S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean l eng th could not be unambiguously a t t r i b u t e d t o g e n e t i c divergence because of t h e d i s t i n c t s t ream environments. However, biochemical g e n e t i c d a t a from 1 2 v a r i a b l e g e n e t i c systems t h a t were c o l l e c t e d over a 4-year per iod ind ica t ed a s u b s t a n t i a l g e n e t i c divergence between t h e two groups. The magnitude of t hese d i f f e r e n c e s precluded a r ecen t divergence r e f l e c t i n g displacement of a common s t o c k fol lowing dam impoundments. The au tho r s be l i eve t h a t t hese groups a r e d i s t i n c t , s e p a r a t e , and i d e n t i f i a b l e populat ions.