Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A PARAMETRIC DESIGN OF COMPACT EXHAUST MANIFOLD JUNCTION IN HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS CODES

Nowadays, computational fluid dynamics codes are prevalently used to simulate the gas dynamics in many fluid piping systems such as steam and gas turbines, inlet and exhaust in internal combustion engines. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics software is used to obtain the total energy losses in adiabatic compressible flow at compact exhaust manifold junction. A steady-state onedimensional adiabatic compressible flow with friction model has been applied to subtract the straight pipe friction losses from the total energy losses. The total pressure loss coefficient has been related to the extrapolated Mach number in the common branch and to the mass flow rate ratio between branches at different flow configurations, in both combining and dividing flows. The study indicate that the numerical results were generally in good agreement with those of experimental data from the literature and will be applied as a boundary condition in one-dimensional global simulation models of fluid systems in which these components are present.
Human mimetic forearm design with radioulnar joint using miniature bone-muscle modules and its applications

The human forearm is composed of two long, thin bones called the radius and the ulna, and rotates using two axle joints. We aimed to develop a forearm based on the body proportion, weight ratio, muscle arrangement, and joint performance of the human body in order to bring out its benefits. For this, we need to miniaturize the muscle modules. To approach this task, we arranged two muscle motors inside one muscle module, and used the space effectively by utilizing common parts. In addition, we enabled the muscle module to also be used as the bone structure. Moreover, we used miniature motors and developed a way to dissipate the motor heat to the bone structure. Through these approaches, we succeeded in developing a forearm with a radioulnar joint based on the body proportion, weight ratio, muscle arrangement, and joint performance of the human body, while keeping maintainability and reliability. Also, we performed some motions such as soldering, opening a book, turning a screw, and badminton swinging using the benefits of the radioulnar structure, which have not been discussed before, and verified that Kengoro can realize skillful motions using the radioulnar joint like a human.
Physicochemical properties, modifications and applications of starches from different botanical sources

Present trends towards technologies and processes that increase the use of residues make starchy vegetal biomass an important alternative material in various applications due to starch’s versatility, low cost and ease of use when its physicochemical properties are altered. Starch is increasingly used in many industrial applications and as a renewable energy resource. Starch can be modified to enhance its positive attributes and eliminate deficiencies in its native characteristics. In this article, the state of knowledge on conventional and unconventional starches and their properties, characteristics, modifications and applications are reviewed.
Isolated hypercalciuria with mutation in CLCN5: relevance to idiopathic hypercalciuria.

UNLABELLED Isolated hypercalciuria with mutation in CLCN5: Relevance to idiopathic hypercalciuria. BACKGROUND Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) is the most common risk factor for kidney stones and often has a genetic component. Dent's disease (X-linked nephrolithiasis) is associated with mutations in the CLCN5 chloride channel gene, and low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria was universally observed in affected males. We sought to identify mutations in CLCN5 or abnormalities in LMW protein excretion in a large group of patients with IH and in a rat model of genetic hypercalciuria. METHODS One hundred and seven patients with IH (82 adults and 25 children) and one asymptomatic hypercalciuric man with a known inactivating mutation in CLCN5 were studied. Secondary causes of hypercalciuria were excluded in all. The excretion of retinol-binding protein and beta2-microglobulin was measured by immunoassay in 101 patients with IH. Mutation analysis of the CLCN5 gene was performed in 32 patients with IH and in the genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rat strain. RESULTS LMW protein excretion was normal in 92 patients with IH, and only slight abnormalities were found in the other nine, none of whom had a mutation in CLCN5. One 27-year-old man who had a CLCN5 mutation was found to have isolated hypercalciuria without LMW proteinuria, renal failure, or other evidence of renal disease. Mutation analysis was normal in 32 patients with IH. The CLCN5 sequence was normal in the GHS rat. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of CLCN5 can be found in the setting of hypercalciuria without other features of X-linked nephrolithiasis. However, mutations in CLCN5 do not represent a common cause of IH.
A compact rat race coupler design for dual-band applications

This paper presents the novel design of a compact rat-race coupler that can operate at two widely separated frequency bands. This is accomplished by modifying the branch line impedance values and the insertion of two additional shunt stubs into the conventional design. The proposed circuit also features planar structure and low insertion loss. For verification, both simulated and measured performance of a microstrip rat-race coupler operating at 900/1500 MHz are shown.
Percentage change of primary tumor on 18F-FDG PET/CT as a prognostic factor for invasive ductal breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis

Abstract We evaluated the prognostic value of quantitative parameters using dual time point (DTP) 18F-FDG PET/CT (PET/CT) in invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) with metastatic axillary lymph nodes (ALN) as compared with dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI. Seventy patients with IDC and metastatic ALN were retrospectively registered. Static PET parameters including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumor, SUVmax of ALN (SUVALN), and percentage changes (&Dgr;%) in those parameters were measured with DTP PET/CT. From DCE MRI, peak enhancement value, total tumor angio volume, and proportions of kinetic curve types on delayed-phases were investigated. The average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCavg) was estimated on DWI. To demonstrate the prognostic value of quantitative imaging parameters for recurrence-free survival (RFS), univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using those parameters and clinicohistologic variables. All static PET parameters, %&Dgr;SUVmax, %&Dgr;MTV, and %&Dgr;SUVALN on DTP PET/CT and ADCavg on DWI were significantly predictive for disease recurrence. Of clinicohistologic variables, pathologic tumor (pT) diameter, pathologic ALN stage, tumor grade, and hormonal status also were significantly prognostic. After multivariate analysis, %&Dgr;SUVmax > 25.05 (P = .043), ADCavg ⩽ 1016.55 (P = .020), pT diameter > 3 cm (P = .001), and ER negative status (P = .002) were independent prognostic factors for poor outcome. Only %&Dgr;SUVmax of the primary tumor on PET/CT together with ADCavg, pT diameter, and ER status was an independent prognostic factor for predicting relapse in IDC with metastatic ALN. Percentage change of primary tumor on preoperative PET/CT may be a valuable imaging marker for selecting IDC patients that require adjunct treatment to prevent relapse.
Physiological loading of joints prevents cartilage degradation through CITED2

Both overuse and disuse of joints up‐regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in articular cartilage and cause tissue degradation;however, moderate (physiological) loading maintains cartilage integrity. Here, we test whether CBP/p300‐interacting transacti‐vator with ED‐rich tail 2 (CITED2), a mechanosensitive transcriptional coregulator, mediates this chondropro‐tective effect of moderate mechanical loading. In vivo, hind‐limb immobilization of Sprague‐Dawley rats up‐regulates MMP‐1 and causes rapid, histologically detectable articular cartilage degradation. One hour of daily passive joint motion prevents these changes and up‐regulates articular cartilage CITED2. In vitro, moderate (2.5 MPa, 1 Hz) intermittent hydrostatic pressure (IHP) treatment suppresses basal MMP‐1 expression and up‐regulates CITED2 in human chondro‐cytes, whereas high IHP (10 MPa) down‐regulates CITED2 and increases MMP‐1. Competitive binding and transcription assays demonstrate that CITED2 suppresses MMP‐1 expression by competing with MMP transactivator, Ets‐1 for its coactivator p300. Furthermore, CITED2 up‐regulation in vitro requires the p38δ isoform, which is specifically phosphorylated by moderate IHP. Together, these studies identify a novel regulatory pathway involving CITED2 and p38δ, which may be critical for the maintenance of articular cartilage integrity under normal physical activity levels. —Leong, D. J., Li, Y. H. , Gu, X. I. , Sun, L. , Zhou, Z. , Nasser, P., Laudier, D. M. , Iqbal, J., Majeska, R. J., Schaffler, M. B. , Goldring, M. B. , Cardoso, L. , Zaidi, M. , Sun, H. B. Physiological loading of joints prevents cartilage degradation through CITED2. FASEB J. 25, 182–191 (2011). www.fasebj. org
Immediate Verbal Memory and Linguistic Sophistication in a Group of Six-Year-Old Children

Thirty-three six-year-olds were given an immediate memory task, the material for which consisted of various orders of statistical approximation to English, plus extracts from actual text. The children were found to differ in the extent to which they utilised the available contextual constraint as an aid to recall, and these differences were shown to be associated with the level of linguistic sophistication reached by the children on several established tests of language development. In addition to these tests, a newly devised test of " linguistic restructuring" was administered to the children. The results of this test showed a significant degree of relationship between linguistic restructuring and immediate recall, and they also seemed to be related to performance on the statistical approximations task.
Automatic Mental Associations Predict Future Choices of Undecided Decision-Makers

Common wisdom holds that choice decisions are based on conscious deliberations of the available information about choice options. On the basis of recent insights about unconscious influences on information processing, we tested whether automatic mental associations of undecided individuals bias future choices in a manner such that these choices reflect the evaluations implied by earlier automatic associations. With the use of a computer-based, speeded categorization task to assess automatic mental associations (i.e., associations that are activated unintentionally, difficult to control, and not necessarily endorsed at a conscious level) and self-report measures to assess consciously endorsed beliefs and choice preferences, automatic associations of undecided participants predicted changes in consciously reported beliefs and future choices over a period of 1 week. Conversely, for decided participants, consciously reported beliefs predicted changes in automatic associations and future choices over the same period. These results indicate that decision-makers sometimes have already made up their mind at an unconscious level, even when they consciously indicate that they are still undecided.
Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino‐atrial node cells.

1. Two types of calcium currents, the transient type and long‐lasting type, were examined by both whole‐cell and cell‐attached patch‐clamp modes in single isolated sino‐atrial node cells of the rabbit. 2. In the whole‐cell clamp mode, in response to a depolarizing pulse to ‐40 mV from a holding potential of ‐80 mV, a transient type calcium current with an amplitude of 2.1 +/‐ 0.7 pA/pF (mean +/‐ S.D.; n = 15) was recorded. The threshold potential was approximately ‐50 mV. 3. Nickel (40 microM) and tetramethrin (0.1 microM) blocked the transient type calcium current without appreciable effects on the long‐lasting type. Nifedipine and D600 blocked the long‐lasting type, but did not affect the transient type. Cadmium (20 microM) and cobalt (2 mM) inhibited both types of calcium currents equally. 4. Both types of calcium currents showed an increased amplitude with increasing extracellular calcium concentration. The values of the Michaelis constant, Km, were 0.95 mM for the transient type and 3.92 mM for the long‐lasting type, indicating that these types represent two different classes of channels. 5. In the cell‐attached patch‐clamp mode, the single‐channel conductance of the transient type calcium current was 8.5 pS, by using 100 mM‐BaCl2 in the pipette, whereas that of the long‐lasting type was 16.0 pS, under the same conditions. Each of these values was similar to those found in other cells, respectively. 6. In the whole‐cell clamp mode, the transient type current began to inactivate at ‐70 mV and was fully inactivated at ‐40 mV. The steady‐state inactivation curve of the transient type current was approximately 50 mV negative to that of the long‐lasting type. The overlap of the membrane potential between the activation and inactivation curves was small. The time constant of the inactivation shortened from 20 to 5 ms as the potential became progressively positive over the range from ‐80 to +30 mV. 7. Isoprenaline (1 microM) increased the amplitude of the long‐lasting type Ca2+ current, but was not effective on the transient type, suggesting that the long‐lasting type calcium current may be responsible for the positive chronotropic effect of isoprenaline. 8. While recording spontaneous electrical activity of the cell, application of 40 microM‐nickel induced bradycardia and this effect was enhanced when the membrane was constantly hyperpolarized. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Efficient Depth-aware Image Deformation Adaptation for Curved Screen Displays

The curved screen has attracted considerable attentions in recent years, since it enables to enlarge the view angle and to enhance the immersive perception for users. However, existing curved surface projections are frequently prone to geometric distortion or loss of content. This paper presents a content-aware and depth-aware image adaptation solution for curved displays. An efficient optimization approach of image deformation is proposed to preserve local scene content and to minimize scene geometry distortion. To follow the original 3D perception of objects in different depth layers, the depth information is re-mapped for individual content scaling. Objective evaluation results reveal that our approach can effectively preserve foreground objects. We also perform a subjective evaluation of the proposed solution, and compare it to two alternative mapping methods, which are tested on different curvatures on both a traditional screen and an ad-hoc curvature-controllable curved display. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms other existing mapping methods for immersive display of rectangle images on curved screens.
Amylin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, and adrenomedullin: a peptide superfamily.

The calcitonin gene peptide superfamily consists of calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and amylin. CT and CGRP derive from the CT/CGRP gene, which is encoded on chromosome 11. Alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript leads to the translation of CGRP and CT peptides in a tissue-specific manner. CGRP (a 37-amino-acid neuropeptide) and its receptors are widely distributed in the body, and it is the most potent endogenous vasodilatory peptide discovered so far. CT (a 32-amino-acid peptide) is, however, a hormone primarily involved in protecting the skeleton during periods of "calcium stress" such as growth, pregnancy, and lactation. CT derives from the C cells of the thyroid gland and is the most potent peptide inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Therefore, treatment with CT is highly effective for conditions associated with increased bone turnover such as Paget's disease, osteoporosis, Sudeck's atrophy, and hypercalcemia. Amylin (a 37-amino-acid peptide) is generated from a gene located on chromosome 12 (thought to be an evolutionary duplication of chromosome 11) and shares 46% amino acid sequence homology with CGRP and 20% with human CT. Amylin is predominantly located in the beta cells of the islets of the pancreas and may be involved in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes by deposition as amyloid within the pancreas, leading to beta cell destruction. Adrenomedullin, a recently discovered 52-amino-acid vasoactive peptide from adrenal tissue, shares 24% homology with CGRP and is also a member of this superfamily of peptides. A portion of the B-chain of insulin is strongly homologous to these four peptides. Not only does adrenomedullin (13-52) show 24% amino acid homology with CGRP, it also has a biological activity profile similar to that of CGRP.CGRP, CT, and amylin are related to the insulin gene superfamily of peptides, which may all have diverged from a common ancestral gene during evolution. When the crystallographic- and nuclear magnetic resonance-based molecular modeling of the three-dimensional structure of CGRP, CT, amylin, and adrenomedullin peptides and their receptors is available, it will lead to a greater understanding of the involvement of this family of peptides in pathophysiology. Together, CGRP, CT, amylin and adrenomedullin have overlapping biological effects owing to their structures and cross-reactivity between receptors. I propose that CT, CGRP, adrenomedullin, and amylin belong to a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (an "insulin superfamily" of peptides) and therefore share some of the characteristics of insulin, such as growth factor-like effects, and possible interaction at insulin receptor sites as an antagonist.
A review on developments in the design and analysis of wind turbine drive trains

This paper reviews developments in wind turbine drive train. Different critical subjects that affect and aid efficient use of the wind turbine drive train were discussed. Comparison was also made on different wind generator systems as they also determine the choice of drive train. The means of comparison were control features, strength, efficiency, market penetration etc. The introductory section portrays the wind energy source as a preferred alternative power source to thermal or diesel source because it is an environmental friendly and safe energy source. The review covers experimental contributions, numerical solutions and the development of models.
The mucosa of the male genital tract; part of the common mucosal secretory immune system?

The selective migration of mucosal‐derived lymphoid blasts to other mucosal organs is taken to be an essential part of the common secretory immune system. In rats, proliferating lymphoid cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and peripheral lymph nodes (pLN) were labeled in vitro using two different techniques, in order to test the hypothesis that the mucosa of the male genital tract is a preferential site for mLN lymphoid blasts to home to. A low but significant migration to male genital organs was found, but with no difference between blasts from pLN and mLN. Thus there is no evidence to include the male genital tract in the common mucosal secretory immune system.
Intrasaccular flow-diversion for treatment of intracranial aneurysms: the Woven EndoBridge

Endovascular approach is now the first option for the treatment of most intracranial aneurysms (IA). However, remaining limitations are the suboptimal stability of aneurysm occlusion and the treatment of complex IA. The use of conventional and flow diverter stents has partially addressed these limitations. Nevertheless, as intraluminal devices, stents require aggressive antiplatelet therapy and are associated with higher thromboembolic (TE) complication rates. Intrasaccular flow disrupters (IFD) are newly developed braided-wire devices designed to achieve flow disruption at the neck without placing material in the parent vessel and without the need of antiplatelet therapy. First clinical series have shown promising anatomical and clinical results. Our purpose is to describe the available IFD and to review the literature about their efficacy, safety, limitations, and developments.
Relation of TRIC agent to "non-specific genital infection".

The results of many studies have indicated the probability that at least some cases of so-called non-specific urethritis are due to a virus (Harkness, 1950; Durel, Siboulet, Roiron, and Sorel, 1954). TRIC agent, which is the cause of trachoma and of inclusion blennorrhoea, has recently been isolated from the urethra in such cases (Dunlop, Jones, and Al-Hussaini, 1964, 1965; Dunlop, Al-Hussaini, Garland, Treharne, Harper, and Jones, 1965). The history of urethritis is linked with that of conjunctivitis. Many organisms which attack the genital tract also attack the
VARIATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND MICROSATELLITE DNA IN CARIBOU (RANGIFER TARANDUS) IN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract Genetic variation of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) at 18 microsatellite DNA loci and the cytochrome-b gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was quantified in 11 herds of 3 North American subspecies: Alaskan barren ground caribou (R. t. granti), Canadian barren ground caribou (R. t. groenlandicus), and woodland caribou (R. t. caribou). Phylogenetic analysis of 1,194 nucleotides of cytochrome-b sequence resulted in a clade of 52 genotypes in R. t. granti, R. t. groenlandicus, and in 1 herd of R. t. caribou, and a clade of 7 genotypes in R. t. caribou. mtDNA sequence divergence is approximately 1% between these clades and 0.3–0.6% within these clades. The subspecies do not have monophyletic mtDNA, but do have different frequencies of mtDNA genotypes. Microsatellite allele frequencies also are differentiated between the woodland (R. t. caribou) and barren ground (R. t. granti and R. t. groenlandicus) subspecies. An exception is the George River herd in Labrador, which is classified as R. t. caribou but has mtDNA and microsatellite allele frequencies intermediate between the other herds of R. t. caribou and R. t. groenlandicus. Within subspecies, there is relatively low differentiation of microsatellite allele frequencies and mtDNA genotypes among herds of R. t. granti and R. t. groenlandicus, and relatively high differentiation of microsatellite alleles and mtDNA genotypes among herds of R. t. caribou in 4 geographically separate areas in Canada. The extent of differentiation of mtDNA genotype frequencies and microsatellite allele frequencies within and among each subspecies reflects past and present gene flow among herds. Issues related to subspecies, populations, ecotypes, and herds are discussed.
Intelligent Navigation of Emergency Vehicles

This paper presents a centralized structure for optimum navigation of emergency vehicles with emphasis on ambulances in disaster situations. In this system, an enhanced fuzzy controlled ant colony system (FCACS) based search engine is proposed for optimum route selection. Performance of the system is evaluated by simulating it on a part on London, UK.
Leptin and undernutrition.

it is certainly a major player. Priorexperience with hormonal signals such as insulin sug-gested that leptin would have pleiotropic actions invarious end organs and that its signals would be inte-grated into a complicated system of checks and balancesinvolving other hormones and neural pathways. Thesepredictions have turned out to be true,