Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of tomato mosaic.: XI. Seed-transmission of TMV

SUMMARY A tomato strain of tobacco mosaic virus infected, on average, about half the cleaned seeds from infected fruits. The proportion differed with tomato cultivar, time of infection and truss. Virus content also varied; seeds usually carried TMV externally, in low concentrations, but about a quarter also carried it within the testa or the endosperm. High virus concentrations sometimes occurred internally, usually when the endosperm was infected. Internal infection decreased, mainly by absence of virus in the testa, as the plant age at the time of infection increased. Endosperm infection occurred mainly in fruits from flowers that set after the plants were infected. The proportion of fruits with seeds was smaller in early infected plants than in those infected later. Fewer necrotic, blackened seeds were obtained from late-infected plants than from those infected earlier, and more necrotic seeds were infected with TMV than normal ones, especially in the endosperm. Although the embryo was sometimes contaminated during dissection, virus within it was never confirmed. Necrotic seeds often failed to germinate. Treating the fruit pulp with one-quarter of its volume of conc. hydrochloric acid for 30 min. was the best means of cleaning seeds and of eliminating TMV carried externally. Fermentation and sodium carbonate extraction did not eliminate external TMV. Soaking previously cleaned seeds in 10% Teepol (Shell non-ionic detergent) solution for 2 hr. , or in a 10% tri-sodium orthophosphate solution for 20 min. also inactivated external virus. The only treatment that often eliminated TMV carried internally was heating dry seeds in an oven at 70dC; treatment for 3 days was usually enough to free seeds completely but sometimes 3 weeks would not eliminate all virus, particularly that carried by the endosperm. Such treatments did not affect percentage germination of seeds other than recently harvested ones, but heated seeds sometimes took longer to germinate than unheated ones. TMV was lost within a few months in some stocks of seeds but persisted for at least 9 years in others with endosperm infection. Virus content of seeds fell rapidly for 2 weeks after sowing but then remained at a low level for many weeks. Plants never became infected when allowed to grow undisturbed after the seeds were sown. ‘Seed-infectio’ occurred only when the seedlings were pricked out (transplanted) and the testas or remaining endosperm were rubbed against the seedlings. The proportion of plants thus infected was usually small because (1) many seeds did not carry virus; (2) virus was rapidly inactivated after sowing; (3) after normal sowing 65% of testas were left behind in the soil when the seedlings were pricked out; (4) very young seedlings resisted infection: and (5) infection was more likely with recently harvested than with older seeds, probably from TMV remaining on the testas. However, all seedlings which were infected, even with dilutions of TMV-infected leaf sap leaf in water as low as one part in five millions, showed symptoms within 3–5 weeks.
Interfering with mRNA Methylation by the 2′O-Methyltransferase (NSP16) from SARS-CoV-2 to Tackle the COVID-19 Disease

The pandemic associated to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a huge number of deaths and infected people. Although several vaccine programmes are currently underway and have reached phase 3, and a few small size drugs repurposed to aid treatment of severe cases of COVID-19 infections, effective therapeutic options for this disease do not currently exist. NSP16 is a S-adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM) dependent 2′O-Methyltransferase that converts mRNA cap-0 into cap-1 structure to prevent virus detection by cell innate immunity mechanisms. NSP16 methylates the ribose 2′O-position of the first nucleotide of the mRNA only in the presence of an interacting partner, the protein NSP10. This feature suggests that inhibition of the NSP16 may represent a therapeutic window to treat COVID-19. To test this idea, we performed comparative structural analyses of the NSP16 present in human coronaviruses and developed a sinefungin (SFG) similarity-based virtual screening campaign to assess the druggability of the SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 enzyme. Through these studies, we identified the SFG analogue 44601604 as a promising more potent inhibitor of NSP16 to limit viral replication in infected cells, favouring viral clearance.
Unusual Sulfur Requirements During Laboratory Growth of Luteibacter

Many terrestrial bacteria are assumed to utilize sulfate transport and metabolism as a means for fulfilling cellular sulfur requirements. As such, many defined minimal media for bacterial growth under laboratory conditions contain sulfate as their sulfur source. Herein, an exception to this assumption is described as sulfate transport capabilities have been lost at least once in a lineage of Luteibacter associated with plants and fungi. However, a representative of this lineage (an endohyphal species, Luteibacter sp. 9143) can grow in minimal media when sulfur is supplemented with organic (cysteine and methionine) or inorganic (thiosulfate) compounds, and when co-cultured with its fungal host. A related strain of Luteibacter (UNC366Tsa5.1, isolated from the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis) potentially possesses more limited sulfur acquisition pathways than Luteibacter sp. 9143. These results highlight the surprising sulfur requirements of Luteibacter, which may be illustrative of close associations between these strains and eukaryotes, as well as a need for caution when inferring auxotrophies in a focal strain based on differential growth in minimal versus rich media. Importance Sulfate is often used as the sulfur source in minimal media. Here we show that some Luteibacter strains cannot utilize sulfate as a sulfur source, likely due to loss of genes encoding transport proteins. As sulfur requirements for Luteibacter can be met through co-culture with their fungal partner, this knowledge could provide a means to engineer better symbiotic relationships between bacteria and fungi that may be relevant for agriculture. Because growth in minimal media can be restored by supplementation with either cysteine or methionine, and in some cases only methionine, this result highlights how unexpected growth requirements could masquerade as auxotrophy for certain strains and conditions.
Trouble in Paradise? Barriers to Open Innovation in Regional Clusters in the Era of the 4th Industrial Revolution

The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the barriers faced by clusters as open innovation intermediaries. Literature review and an empirical study were performed, involving a nation-wide survey, case studies, and in-depth interviews with cluster actors involved in open innovation activities. This article conceptually links open innovation and clusters in the context of the fourth industrial revolution, empirically identifies barriers hindering open innovation in clusters, and indicates factors that might affect the open innovation processes in networked ecosystems. The findings confirm that the perception of barriers hindering open innovation in clusters differs between clusters already implementing open innovation and those which are still not active in this area. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the potential roles of clusters as open innovation intermediaries in the context of transitioning economies. With clusters playing a role in open innovation intermediary, public support at cluster level could increase openness to cooperation not only for member companies, but all participants in the regional innovation ecosystem.
Investigation of Pulverized Biomass and Coal Char Emissivity

Current work presents an optical setup, its calibration and reference process and the first results from single particle emissivity measurements of pulverized biomass and coal fuel particles. In contrast to earlier attempts, the setup offers the possibility of emissivity measurements during the whole particle burn-off. A laser ignites a single particle, placed in the center of the setup. Two photomultipliers observe the emitted particle radiation in the visible range (550 nm and 700 nm) for temperature calculation, using two-color pyrometry. An InSb-detector records the emitted particle radiation between 2.4 µm and 5.5 µm, which is later used to calculate particle emissivity in this range. The conclusion of multiple particle measurements lead to decreasing particle emissivity with increasing temperature. For coal particles the emissivity decreases from 0.45 at 2300 K to 0.03 at 3400 K. Biomass char shows a similar trend with a decrease from 0.18 (2100 K) to 0.03 (2900 K).
Research progress and ideas of Influence of hydrological regimes on river primary productivity of algae

The algae, as the primary producer of the water ecosystem, are the basic part of food chain in aquatic ecosystem. The flow pattern and hydrological process of the river have been significantly changed by the construction of the high dams. Not only the natural hydrological characteristics and physical and chemical conditions of the river were changed by the obstacle of the dams, but also the habitat environment on which the phytoplankton live, and its community structure, biomass and primary productivity of the water further were affected. In this paper, the research on the effect of river hydrological regime change on the primary productivity of water body were summarized and summarized. In the future, further research can be carried out in these aspects: (i) the analysis of the key factors affecting the primary productivity; (ii) clarifying the mechanism of the influence of hydrological situation change on the primary productivity and its distribution of algae in the reservoir area and downstream channel; (iii) establishing the coupling relationship between the change of hydrological regime and the primary productivity of phytoplankton.
Uncovering a sugar tolerance network: SIK3 and Cabut as downstream effectors of Mondo-Mlx

IX 1. Overview of literature . 1 1.1 A brief history of human carbohydrate consumption . 1 1.2 The importance of glucose homeostasis . 1 1.3 Carbohydrate metabolism . 2 1.3. 1 Gluconeogenesis . 3 1.3. 2 Glyceroneogenesis . 5 1.3. 3 PEPCK as the rate-limiting enzyme in GlcNG and GlyNG . 5 1.4 Consequences of excess Glc intake . 5 1.4. 1 Hyperglycemia as an inducer of oxidative stress . 6 1.5 Circadian rhythm and metabolic homeostasis . 6 1.5 Fruit fly as a model to study metabolism . 8 1.6 Glc-elicited transcriptional response . 9 1.6. 1 Carbohydrate response element . 9 1.6. 2 The sugar-sensing TF complexes MondoA-Mlx and ChREBP-Mlx . 10 1.6. 2.1 Structure of Mlx and the Mondo-proteins . 11 1.6. 2.2 Evolution and conservation of Mlx and the Mondo proteins . 12 1.6. 2.3. Regulation of MondoA and ChREBP . 13 1.6. 2.3. 1 Glc-sensing through intermediary metabolites . 13 1.6. 2.3. 2 Inhibitors of MondoA/ChREBP-Mlx activity . 14 1.6. 2.3. 3 Post-translational activation of ChREBP . 15 1.6. 2.4. Target genes and physiological output . 15 1.6. 2.4. 1. Interplay between the two Mondo proteins . 15 1.6. 2.4. 2. MondoA-Mlx regulate glycolysis and Glc uptake . 16 1.6. 2.4. 3. ChREBP-Mlx regulate the expression of lipogenic genes . 16 1.6. 2.4. 4. Common modifiers of the circadian clock and ChREBP-Mlx . 17 1.6. 2.4. 5. ChREBP-Mlx as regulators of antioxidant profile . 18 1.7 AMPK-related kinases . 19 1.7. 1 Salt-inducible kinases . 19
Fabrication of Fast Responsive and Insensitive-Humidity Sensor Based on Polyaniline-WO3-CuCl2 for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection

Simple and low-cost hydrogen sulfide gas sensors based on polyaniline-copper chloride and polyaniline- tungsten trioxide- copper chloride composites were developed. The sensing film was produced by drop cast of the dispersed composite on top of screen-printed carbon electrodes on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. A fast onset time of detection of 10 s and 20 s towards 0.1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide were obtained for polyaniline-tungsten trioxide-copper chloride and polyaniline-copper chloride sensors, respectively. The calibration curve displays a good working range between 0.1 and 1 ppm with a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 155 and 512 ppb, respectively. The polyaniline-CuCl2 sensor presented a high response to humidity change. In contrast, the incorporation of tungsten oxide into the polyaniline-CuCl2 composite exhibited significantly improved the response time to target gas from 15 min to 4 min and make it nearly insensitive to humidity changes up to 40 %. Gas-sensing tests show that polyaniline- tungsten trioxide-copper chloride composites exhibit a high and fast response as well as an excellent selectivity to hydrogen sulfide at ppm level in room temperature. The proposed sensors could be used for different industrial applications.
High-Resolution Imaging of Hydraulic-Fracturing-Induced Earthquake Clusters in the Dawson-Septimus Area, Northeast British Columbia, Canada

The number of earthquakes in the western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB) has increased drastically in the last decade related to unconventional energy production. The majority of reported earthquakes are correlated spatially and temporally with hydraulic fracturing (HF) well stimulation. In this study, we use waveform data from a new deployment of 15 broadband seismic stations in a spatial area of roughly 60×70km2, covering parts of the Montney Formation, to study the relationship between earthquakes and HF operations in the Dawson-Septimus area, British Columbia, Canada, where the two largest HF-related earthquakes in WCSB to date, an Mw 4.6 on 17 August 2015 and an ML 4.5 on 30 November 2018, have occurred. We use an automated short-term average/long-term average algorithm and the SeisComP3-software to detect and locate 5757 local earthquakes between 1 July 2017 and 30 April 2019. Using two clustering techniques and double-difference relocations of the initial catalog, we define event families that are spatially associated with specific wells, and exhibit temporal migration along a horizontal well bore and/or multiple fractures close to wells. Relocated clusters align in two dominant orientations: one roughly perpendicular to the maximum horizontal regional stress direction (SH) and several conjugate structures at low angles to SH. Comparing the two predominant seismicity lineations to regional earthquake focal mechanisms suggests that deformation occurs via thrust faulting with fault strike oriented perpendicular to SH and via strike-slip faulting with strike azimuth at low angles to SH. Local scale seismicity patterns exhibit clustering around individual HF wells, whereas regional scale patterns form lineations consistent with deformation on faults optimally oriented in the regional stress field.
Étude de la contribution des interactions dans un groupe Whatsapp au développement professionnel des enseignants stagiaires

Considering the advantages of WhatsApp mobile instant messaging, this study aims to examine the contribution of its integration in teaching to the professional development of trainee teachers. It also aims to identify the challenges related to this integration. Data collection was carried out through a review of messages shared by members of this group between October 2017 and September 2018, and through a questionnaire survey of trainees. The results revealed that the messages essentially address pedagogical, didactic, and relational themes. The majority of the trainees (84%) reported that the content of the interactions in the WhatsApp group is appropriate to their needs. In addition, most of them are satisfied with the contribution of this virtual community to their professional development and say that it has prepared them for the real demands of teaching practice. The major challenges faced by the trainees when integrating this tool are the low internet connection speed, connection fees and the small size of the mobile phone. Based on these results, it is necessary to generalize the connection of schools to high-speed internet in order to take advantage of the opportunities offered by mobile technology.
Relationships between external sexually dimorphic characteristics and internal gonadal morphology in a sex‐changing fish

The mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is an emerging model for research in the biological sciences. The species is androdioecious, with populations consisting predominantly of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and a low abundance of males, but no females. Males arise either through environmental sex determination at the embryonic stage or environmentally driven sex change from hermaphrodite at the adult stage. Marked sexual dimorphisms in external morphological characters accompany gonadal transitions, including the loss of a caudal ocellus (‘eyespot’) and the development of orange color in males. How well external morphological features predict internal gonadal morphology, however, has not been systematically examined across the geographical range of this species. Our goal was to identify reliable external morphological predictors of animals possessing an ovotestis (hermaphrodite) or a testis (male) and to see if the strength of prediction is consistent throughout rivulus’ geographical range. We demonstrate that the state of the ocellus and, to a greater extent, orange coloration are key predictors of internal gonadal state. However, the degree to which these characteristics are predictive of internal gonadal state was region-specific, with the ocellus and orange status of animals from Bahamas and Belize, respectively, having a lower probability of forecasting internal gonadal state than those from other regions. These results will help to streamline laboratory studies by allowing unambiguous assignment of sex, and will assist field studies by providing greater opportunity to determine sex ratios in wild populations.
Response of brinjal genotypes to drought and flooding stress

A study was conducted to evaluate the plant responses to drought and flooding in eight genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L. cvs. I.I.H.R.3, BMG-1, BPLH-1, Arka Kesav, Arka Neelkanth, Arka Nidhi, Arka Shirish, Mattu Gulla) and a wild type Solanum macrocarpon. The results indicated the greater sensitivity of stomata under flooding compared to drought in brinjal genotypes. Genotype BMG-1 performed photosynthetically better under drought, while under flooding Arka Nidhi and Arka Keshav has shown higher photosynthetic rate. The closure of stomata in drought was gradual, while during flooding the closure was quick as shown the differential response of stomatal conductance in brinjal genotypes under these two conditions. During flooding, the better water balance was maintained by Arka Shirish and Arka Neelkanth, while during drought, Arka Keshav and Arka Neelkanth had the better water balance as indicated by greater RWC and osmotic potential values. The study further envisage that apart from the plant performance during stress, the recovery potential is an important aspects and particularly in flooding where the recovery process seems to be very slow as compared to drought. The better recovery after releasing flooding was found in Arka Keshav, Arka Neelkanth, IIHR-3 and BPLH-1 followed by S. macrocarpon and Mattu Gulla, while after releasing the drought stress, better recovery was observed in BMG-1, Arka Shirish, Arka Neelkanth, Arka Nidhi, S, macrocarpon, and BPLH-1.
Optimization of Chinese Chive Juice as a Functional Feed Additive

Allium tuberosum, commonly known as the Chinese chive (CC) is often used as a traditional medicine in East Asia for its health benefits. To explore the potential of CC as a functional feed additive, antibacterial and antioxidant assays, untargeted metabolomics, and a 2 × 3 × 3 fractional factorial design (FFD) were conducted. In the present study, CC displayed stable DPPH radical scavenging activity with constant total phenolic content, however, the total flavonoid contents and the antibacterial activities were attenuated following heat treatment. The FFD results identified the solid content (SBM) as the main determinant of the antibacterial activity and moisture content of the CC products along with two other factors: drying time and temperature. Two CC products manufactured with 30% (w/v) SBM with 3 h drying at 80 °C and 20% (w/v) SBM with 8 h drying at 60 °C obtained the maximum antibacterial activity and least moisture content (<5%). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based multivariate analysis revealed 14 changed compounds in the non-heated and heated CC including flavonols, sinapinic acid, and lysophospholipids, which might affect the functionality. In conclusion, we propose an empirical approach to the pre-processing of CC juice that is suitable for blending in feed and simultaneously retaining its bioactivities.
Morphometry of the Occipital Condyle and Basilar Process of Nigerian Skulls

Background: Effective surgical approaches and conclusive forensic investigations will require a well-documented comparative data for specific regions. This study was carried out to generate Nigerian specific morphometric data for the occipital condyle and basilar process and evaluate its application in forensic and clinical anatomy using macerated skull bones. Methods: A total of 141 adult Nigerian skull bones comprising of 126 males and 15 females were used for this study. Side specific (left [L] and right [R]) morphometric measurements were taken for the occipital condyle [OC] (length, maximum and minimum width [MxOC & MnOC width], post and anterior intercondyle distance [AICD and PICD]). OC morphology was determined by shape and analysis was carried out using the Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS IBM ® version 23) t-test was used in assessing sex differences in the measured parameters with confidence level set at 95% and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The result obtained showed an equal distribution of oval and oblong shaped OC (27% for both), with less frequent crescentic shaped OC (19.9%). The mean ( ± S.D) of studied parameters were; L-OC Length = 20.98 ± 1.88mm, R-OC length = 20.52 ± 1.93mm, L-MxOC width = 15.11 ± 1.53mm, R-MxOC width = 14.26 ± 1.59mm, L-MnOC width = 10.85 ± 1.23mm, R-MnOC width = 10.76 ± 1.30mm, AICD = 18.09 ± 2.15mm, PICD = 30.85 ± 2.98mm and BP length = 29.37 ± 3.85mm. The paired sample t-test showed that only the MnOC width was bilateral, while OClength and MxOC width were significantly asymmetrical (P<0.001). The t-test showed that all variables except for OC length and MnOC width were significantly larger in males (P<0.05). When the dimensions of the Nigerian skull were compared with foreign values, high racial variability was observed and we had average OC length; not very short neither long, which was relatively safe for OC resection during surgical intervention at that region. Conclusion: It could be concluded that sex, side and racial differences are observable features of the occipital condyle and its morphometric relationship to other structures are useful to forensic experts and surgeons.