Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of per-brood and per-offspring provisioning efforts in the Willow Tit Parus montanus

Nestling feeding behaviour of Willow Tits Parus montanus was studied in natural and artificially size-altered broods at Oulu, northern Finland. Per-brood provisioning effort was positively and per-offspring effort negatively correlated with brood size. Brood size manipulations (about + 30% relative to control broods) did not significantly affect the patterns of per-offspring provisioning effort, i.e. parents of enlarged broods could increase their per-brood effort significantly as compared with control broods. Thus, Nur's refined trade-off model of optimal nestling feeding was supported. On the other hand, no measurable extra costs (in physical condition, body mass or size) to parents of enlarged broods were detected; however, the young of enlarged broods had lower body masses than those of control and reduced broods confirming earlier results in the same population. Thus, in broods above the modal size parents primarily tried to ensure their own rather than their offspring's survival. At the beginning of the nestling period, when females brooded the young, male contribution to provisioning was higher. At the end of the nestling period male load sizes were larger but female visiting rates slightly higher, resulting in sexually equal total feeding effort. This was expected for a monogamous passerine with biparental care. Feeding effort increased with offspring age owing to the increased load sizes, increased female feeding rates and prolonged working days. However, the temporal increase in female visiting rates may be explained by the decreased brooding effort. A temporal increase in feeding effort is consistent with the corresponding increase in nest defence intensity, found in our earlier studies.
MonStereo: When Monocular and Stereo Meet at the Tail of 3D Human Localization

Monocular and stereo visions are cost-effective solutions for 3D human localization in the context of self-driving cars or social robots. However, they are usually developed independently and have their respective strengths and limitations. We propose a novel unified learning framework that leverages the strengths of both monocular and stereo cues for 3D human localization. Our method jointly (i) associates humans in left- right images, (ii) deals with occluded and distant cases in stereo settings by relying on the robustness of monocular cues, and (iii) tackles the intrinsic ambiguity of monocular perspective projection by exploiting prior knowledge of the human height distribution. We specifically evaluate outliers as well as challenging instances, such as occluded and far-away pedestrians, by analyzing the entire error distribution and by estimating calibrated confidence intervals. Finally, we critically review the official KITTI 3D metrics and propose a practical 3D localization metric tailored for humans.
The Effect of Transformational Leadership, Perceived Organizational Support and Workload on Turnover Intention Sharia Banking Company in Jakarta

Nowadays, although the technology keeps developing, the quantity of human resources who have competence and expertise in sharia economic continues to be minimum. It gives several direct impacts on sharia banking. One of the direct impacts is high turnover intention. The purpose of this study was to look at the Transformational Leadership effect, Perceived Organizational Support, and Workload on Turnover Intention in one of sharia banking in Jakarta. Samples of the study were employees who worked at one of sharia banking in Jakarta. Sampling was conducted using nonprobability techniques, which is purposive sampling with the Slovin formula of 101 people. This study was conducted quantitatively, and the analysis method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study showed that transformational leadership, perceived organizational support and workload variables have a significant effect on turnover intention. The result of the study also showed that what affects turnover intention the most is workload. It was proven by the results of the simultaneous test (F test) and partial test (t-test) which showed the numerous value of three independent variables that supported the hypothesis.
FIRST DRAFT – DO NOT QUOTE AT THIS STAGE

This study analyses the effects of trade reform on male and female work in Nepal. Our contribution is principally based upon the leisure activities modeling on one hand, and the effects of male participation in domestic work with trade policy analysis on the other hand. While previous studies explicitly incorporate leisure activities that required data about little is known, we use a microeconomic model and alternative calibration procedures to avoid arbitrariness. The experiment conducted in this study shows that the complete elimination of tariffs on imported goods in Nepal benefits more women than men in term of income distribution. Generally, female market work expands in rural households and contracts in urban households. Women contribute more in the household income as their wage increase relatively to men. It appears that women entrance into the market production has not been met with a decrease in the time spend in home production activities. Their leisure declines as they enter the labor market. Furthermore, the study indicate that leisure time consumed by men, generally greater than that consumed by women, increases with trade reform. Men participation to domestic work has significant effects on male and female wage rates difference and household labor supply decision. When men participation in domestic activities is low, women generally devote less time in market but still contribute more in household income as their wage rates decline less, relatively to men. Women are more active in the market when there is ''trade-offs'' between female domestic and market work, as men are more involve in domestic work, but their domestic work does not necessary decrease. However, the results within our household categories remain ambiguous. We also found that rural households are better off when men participate more in domestic work.
Patent Auctions and Bidding Coalitions: Structuring the Sale of Club Goods

Auctioneers of patents are observed to allow joint bidding by coalitions of buyers. These auctions are distinguished from standard ones by the patents being non-rivalrous, but still excludable, in consumption--that is, they are club goods. This affects the way coalitional bidding impacts auction performance. We study the implications of coalitions of bidders on second-price (or equivalently, ascending-price) auctions. Although the formation of coalitions per se can benefit the seller, we show that stable coalition profiles tend to consist of excessively large coalitions, to the detriment of both auction revenue and social welfare. We show that limiting the permitted coalition size increases efficiency and confers benefits on the seller. Lastly, we compare the revenues generated by patent auctions and multi-license auctions, and we find that the latter are superior in a large class of environments.
Visualization of data on cash in Russia

Review Article The article proposes to use the average per capita cash income of the population, which can characterize its stability over time, as a generalized indicator of the stability and development of the social system (for example, the Russian Federation). The analysis of the available baseline data on average per capita monetary incomes of the population of Russia for 2012-2018 has been carried out, deficiencies in the formation of the initial data are noted. It is proposed to draw a conclusion about the stability of the social system on the basis of the Lorenz curve.
COLLECTION, MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE FISH CHELONODON PATOCA FROM VISAKHAPATNAM COAST

Terrestrial environment have relatively exhausted its resource for the pharmaceutical purpose. Recent decades, Marine ecosystem has been drawn attention of many scientists due to its biological and chemical diversity. A marine fishes was collected during from Tenneti beach (Long: 83 o 20' 59.94'' E; Lat: 17 o 44' 48.36'' N) have been situated on the North East coast of Andhra Pradesh. And the COI region of the collected fish was amplified and sequenced, the BLAST results revealed that the organism was Chelonodon patoca. Protein, Lipids and compounds (methanolic) were extracted from skin, liver and ovaries. The antibacterial results revealed that protein extract of skin performed better antibacterial activity among the other extras.
Emotional Factors and Tobacco

According to different epidemiological studies, it has been observed that there is a strong association between the consumption of tobacco and different chronic degenerative diseases. Despite that different investigations have been carried out and different strategies have been designed and implemented both to prevent the initiation of tobacco consumption, and to execute effective interventions to stop smoking, it has been detected that the percentage of women who smoke has increased. Pharmacological treatments are not effective for women, and the factors associated with tobacco use are different in women than those in men. Therefore, the objective of this review is to determine the emotional factors associated with tobacco use in women. A search was carried out in different databases to identify articles evaluating emotional factors associated with tobacco consumption in women; 22 articles were considered and categorized in depression, negative affect and menstrual cycle. Awareness of the specific factors associated with the consumption of cigarettes in women will aid in the design of prevention strategies to avoid the initiation of cigarette consumption and interventions toward smoking cessation for women.
Poisoning Attacks on Learning-Based Keystroke Authentication and a Residue Feature Based Defense

Behavioral biometrics, such as keystroke dynamics, are characterized by relatively large variation in the input samples as compared to physiological biometrics such as fingerprints and iris. Recent advances in machine learning have resulted in behaviorbased pattern learning methods that obviate the effects of variation by mapping the variable behavior patterns to a unique identity with high accuracy. However, it has also exposed the learning systems to attacks that use updating mechanisms in learning by injecting imposter samples to deliberately drift the data to impostors’ patterns. Using the principles of adversarial drift, we develop a class of poisoning attacks, named Frog-Boiling attacks. The update samples are crafted with slow changes and random perturbations so that they can bypass the classifiers detection. Taking the case of keystroke dynamics which includes motoric and neurological learning, we demonstrate the success of our attack mechanism. We also present a detection mechanism for the frog-boiling attack that uses correlation between successive training samples to detect spurious input patterns. To measure the effect of adversarial drift in frog-boiling attack and the effectiveness of the proposed defense mechanism, we use traditional error rates such as FAR, FRR, and EER and the metric in terms of shifts in biometric menagerie.
Development of a Haptic Device that Presents Information on Three-dimensional Shape and Hardness of a Virtual Object in Space

This research aims to realize a service to convey haptic information that is hard to represent by video and sound, such as the hardness or texture of an object. As part of it, we developed a haptic device that presents the three-dimensional shape and hardness of virtual objects. By using the developed device, it was confirmed that subjects can distinguish the difference between the lateral shapes of virtual cylinders, hexagonal columns, and quadrangular prisms. In addition, it was found that subjects can perceive relative differences in the hardness between the virtual spring presented by the developed device and the real spring within a certain range of spring constant. The experimental results suggested that the method of expressing partial differences in hardness is effective as a guideline for designing hardness-presenting devices. In this report, we describe the device development and considerations on the device-design guidelines based on the results of a user evaluation
26 June 2006

The environmental characteristics compound one of the main attractions of the tourism developed in rural areas. In this line, this paper seeks to identify the most relevant environmental attributes valued by the rural tourism market in La Gomera Island, Spain. The geographic peculiarities (climate and landscape) of this island make it an exceptional case study to analyse the role of the environmental factors in rural tourism. A hedonic price model has been estimated to obtain a quantitative measure of the relative weight of rural house attributes in the rental price. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Spatial Econometric techniques have been applied to compute environmental variables and get accurate estimations of the model, respectively. Results show the relevance of the climate conditions in the surroundings of the house for the rural tourism lodging market in La Gomera, and allow formulating some recommendations to public and private authorities in the design of promotional and investment policies in the sector. A similar procedure can be applied to other rural tourist destinations, where the required socioeconomic and geographic information is available. © 2013 International University College. All rights reserved
A Compact Distilled Network by Accelerated Ensemble Learning for Mobile Visual Food Recognition

— Visual food recognition using mobile devices has attracted much attention in recent years, due to its portability and convenience in diet monitoring and health management. Common strategy used in prior works on food recognition involves deployment of a large server-based network, which is used to perform food recognition and provide feedback. However, such network is too large to be deployed on mobile devices directly. Even though some compact networks have been proposed, they are not able to achieve comparable performance similar to that of full-size networks. In view of this, this paper proposes a framework that enhances performance of a compact network by knowledge distillation from an ensemble of large networks, while the training process of the ensemble is greatly reduced by using Function Preserving Transformations.
Study and Analysis of Parameters for Daylighting System: A Review

Extra care is required to be taken in the architecture to provide daylight in high-rise deep plan buildings.The daylight is always beneficial in terms of cost saving and human health. Components of a daylight system become crucial to get the maximum possible benefit. Fresnel lenses are in use for quite some time as concentrator of light. Their high light concentrating capacity and less spherical aberration make them suitable for using as concentrator. Study of the optics and geometry of Fresnel lens is very important in order to understand their capability. The role of geometrical parameters like slope angle and draft angle is discussed in this paper. Study of optical fibers is also important as their length dependent transmission gives a fluctuating value of efficiency for daylighting system. Much work has been done in past on Fresnel lenses and their usage indaylighting system but still much more is to be explored.
How Chinese philosophy applies in today’s business world

For years, many business and organizations have turned to an ancient Chinese philosophy for its invaluable commentary on leadership, motivation, and organization. Chinese philosophy indeed provides many ideal thought for successfully conduct a business. Chinese philosophy is now studies and used by leaders throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese philosophy applies in the modern business world. The study focuses on the leadership, organization, communication, motivation and execution. Chinese philosophy helps us to explain or predict how groups and individuals behave in varying organizational structures and circumstances. And helps us to become an effective leader. The study found that the most of business world is ruled by the Chinese philosophy in many ways or substantially influenced by the Chinese philosophy. According to Chinese philosophy, the study provides some principles of success in leading people and organization in the 21st century.
SUnMBT4CPS: Security-related Uncertainty Model-Based Testing for Cyber-Physical Systems

— Context: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are driving the fourth industrial revolution. The more significant impact CPS having on modern world, the more secure CPS must be. But, the complex and heterogeneous nature of CPS makes uncertainty inherent inside CPS. The uncertainty and security challenges of CPS urge for an innovative method for securing CPS. The criticality and complexity of CPS must not allow security to come as an afterthought. Goal : We aim to address these challenges by developing a Model-Based Security Testing approach for CPS under uncertainty. Method : We propose Security-related Uncertainty Model-Based Testing for CPS (SUnMBT4CPS). We build SUnMBT4CPS on a taxonomy of security-related uncertainty in CPS (SUnCPS). Based on the taxonomy, SUnMBT4CPS allows modelling SUnCPS for security testing purposes. From the test models, SUnMBT4CPS generates test cases for exploring the uncertainty boundary of CPS. Results : We have applied SUnMBT4CPS in a case study of smart grids. SUnMBT4CPS allows specifying SUnCPS in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) of smart grid. Generated test cases allow discovering security-related uncertainty issues of the AMI. Conclusion : SUnMBT4CPS can support testing the uncertainty of CPS rooted from security issues.
Bisoliton propagating in dispersion-managed system and its application to high-speed and long-haul optical transmission

We show that, in addition to a stable single soliton, a dispersion-managed (DM) system can also support stable bisolitons. The system parameters in which the bisolitons can exist are also studied. In addition, we propose novel error preventable line-coding schemes in which binary data are assigned to bisolitons and single DM solitons. By using the schemes, impairments arising from intrachannel interactions can be drastically reduced compared with the conventional scheme for the same bit rate. The compatibility of bisoliton to wavelength-division-multiplexed system is also discussed.
Implications of a high-energy and low-protein diet on the body composition, fitness, and competitive abilities of black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly (Ursus arctos) bears

Plants are not ideal foods for bears yet many populations are largely vegetarian. Implications of this diet on the body composition, fitness, and competiveness of black (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) and grizzly (Ursus arctos L., 1758) bears have had limited field investigation. The analysis of scats of grizzly and black bears from the Flathead valley, British Columbia, suggest seasonal dietary differences between species, but >85% of the summer diet of both species were fruits that are low in protein. Body composition measurements showed bears loose fat during spring, gained fat during summer, and grizzly bears were leaner than black bears. Individual black bears gained mass up to 2.7 times faster than theory pre- dicted. Bears rapidly gained fat but lost lean tissues while feeding on fruit, suggesting that lean tissues were used to buffer seasonal protein shortages. Comparisons among populations of grizzly bears without access to salmon revealed the amount of meat in the diet was positively related with adult female mass but negatively related with bear density. Bears have the be- havioural and phenotypic plasticity which enables populations that focus their foraging on plants to have small but fat fe- males and live at higher densities than populations that focus more on obtaining terrestrial meat.
Temporal Trends of the Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease in Iran Over 15 Years: A Comprehensive Report from a Multi-Centric Hospital-Based Registry

Background We sought to explore the temporal trend of ischemic heart disease (IHD) incidence rate (IR) in a large city of Iran. Methods The study population comprised hospitalized patients who were living in Isfahan, Iran, with first or recurrent IHD during the period of 2001 to 2016. To identify patients, clinical diagnostic codes were applied according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10: I20.0, I21–I25) and the “World Health Organization Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease” diagnostic categories (WHO-MONICA). Using a direct method, we calculated age-, sex-, and place-of-residence-adjusted incidence rates based on multiple reference populations. To examine the long-term trend for the IR, a bootstrap robust zero-truncated negative binomial regression model was used. Results A total of 102,254 hospitalized patients, with a mean (SD) age of 61.85 (12.79), were registered between 2001 and 2016. After an initial reduction from 2006 to 2010, crude and adjusted IRs of IHD increased between 2010 and 2016. We further observed a significant increasing long-term temporal trend in the IR with an average annual change of 1.42% to 3.36% over the study period. Conclusion Our findings showed a decreasing trend in the IR of IHD between 2006 and 2010, possibly attributed to the comprehensive community-based interventions named “Isfahan Healthy Heart Program” performed from 2001 to 2007, followed by an increase in the adjusted IR of IHD between 2010 and 2016 in Isfahan; this indicates the importance of continuing the preventive measures to preclude the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in our population.
Attractiveness of liquid baits containing natural and artificial sweeteners to white-tailed deer

Baits are needed to deliver pharmaceutical products to free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). For this reason, we studied various formulations, including 1 combination comprising apple odor, apple juice, water, salt, and glycerin. Because apple juice spoils rapidly in warm weather, we investigated whether sodium saccharin or cyclamate might be substituted for apple juice. Formulations we tested were (1) apple juice, water, glycerol, and salt; (2) saccharin, water, glycerol, and salt; and (3) cyclamate, water, glycerol, and salt. In addition, we either added an apple odor to each mixture or presented the odor in a scintillation vial attached to the dispenser. Deer visited and consumed more from dispensers containing apple juice (P < 0.05) than from those containing either artificial sweetener. Also, formulations containing apple odor as an ingredient were more attractive (P < 0.05) than those that did not. Artificial sweeteners are poor substitutes for apple juice in liquid bait formulations, and using preservatives like sodium benzoate may be more productive.