Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Circuit Models for Optical Amplifiers

Electrical equivalent circuit models for optical components are useful as they allow existing, well-developed circuit simulators to be used in design and analysis of optoelectronic devices. A circuit simulator also allows integration with electrical components (package parasitic, laser driver circuit, etc.). Equivalent circuit models were developed and investigated for some optoelectronic circuit elements, including p-i-n diodes, laser diodes, and waveguide modulators (Bononi et al., 1997; Chen et al., 2000; Desai et al., 1993; Jou et al., 2002; Mortazy & Moravvej-Farshi, 2005; Tsou & Pulfrey, 1997). The features of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are continuously investigated because of their great importance in optical communication systems. In order to design and analyze the characteristics of EDFAs, it is essential to have an accurate model. A dynamic model of EDFAs is helpful to understand the transient behavior in networks. The EDFA dynamics can also be used to monitor information in optical networks (Murakami et al., 1996; Shimizu et al., 1993). In this chapter, using a new circuit model for EDFAs, the static and dynamic characteristics of EDFAs can be analyzed conveniently through the aid of a SPICE simulator. The dc gain, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectrum, frequency response and transient analysis of EDFAs can be simulated. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are also important components for optical networks. They are very attractive for their wide gain spectrum, and capability of integration with other devices. In the linear regime, they can be used for both booster and in-line amplifiers (O’Mahony, 1988; Settembre et al., 1997; Simon, 1987). Also, much research activities have been done on all-optical signal processing with SOAs (Danielsen et al., 1998; Durhuus et al., 1996). Laser diodes (LDs) are similar devices to SOAs, and they are also the key components for various applications ranging from high-end and high-speed (i.e. fiber communications, and compact-disc players) to low-end and low-speed (i.e. laser pointers, and laser displays) systems. In this chapter, a new unified equivalent circuit model for SOAs and LDs is also presented.
Computer Vision and Real Estate: Do Looks Matter and Do Incentives Determine Looks

How much does the appearance of a house, or its neighbors, impact its price? Do events that impact the incentives facing homeowners, like foreclosure, impact the maintenance and appearance of a home? Using computer vision techniques, we find that a one standard deviation improvement in the appearance of a home in Boston is associated with a . 16 log point increase in the home’s value, or about $68,000 at the sample mean. The additional predictive power created by images is small relative to location and basic home variables, but external images do outperform variables collected by in-person home assessors. A home’s value increases by . 4 log points, when its neighbor’s visually predicted value increases by one log point, and more visible neighbors have a larger price impact than less visible neighbors. Homes that went through foreclosure during the 2008-09 financial crisis experienced a . 04 log point decline in their appearance-related value, relative to comparable homes, suggesting that foreclosures reduced the incentives to maintain the housing stock. We do not find more depreciation of appearance in rental properties, or more upgrading of appearance by owners before resale.
KEELER TYPE FOR NONCONTINUOUS WEAK COMPATIBLE MAPPINGS

In this paper,using a combination of methods used in [1],[20] and [22] the results from [3, Theorem 1], [14,Theorem 1] and [15, Theorem 1] are improved by removing the assumption of continuity,relaxing compatibility to weak compatibility property and replacing the completeness of the space with a set of four alternative conditions for functions satisfying an implicit relation.
- 107 RC 1 Mechanisms of anaesthesia-induced unconsciousness

The absence of recall after surgery alone does not guarantee that the patient had been unconscious during surgery. Sub-anaesthetic concentrations of anaesthetic drugs induce amnesia. These effects may not reflect an increasing global suppression of neuronal activity, but differential effects on brain areas required for memory and consciousness. Therefore, drug-induced amnesia has been characterized as a separate phenomenon from sedation. Analyzing evoked potentials, Veselis et al found electrophysiologic evidence that these phenomena should be separated from each other [1]. In an fMRI study, Kerssens et al administered increasing concentrations of sevoflurane in six volunteers. At 0%, 1% and 2% of sevoflurane, a list of 15 words was presented and 1.5 h after recovery, recall of the presented words was tested. Using fMRI, presentation of the word lists showed a characteristic activation of brain areas at 0% and 1%, while recall was only demonstrated for words presented at 0%. This indicates that auditory stimuli are processed at anaesthetic concentrations which otherwise prevent recall. In addition, explicit memory or recall represents only the tip of the iceberg. Memory of intra-operative events may not always be explicit. Patients may also have implicit (or unconscious) memory from periods of intra-operative perception or consciousness.
Roadmap to Smart Grid Technology: A Review of Smart Information and Communication System

The Smart Grid, observed as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to construct a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. We investigate three major systems, explicitly the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. In this article, we concentrate on the smart information subsystem is used to prop up information generation, modeling, integration, analysis, and optimization in the circumstance of the Smart Grid. We also propose possible future guidelines in each system. Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we investigate the smart information subsystem and the smart communication subsystem. We finally outline some prospect research directions and challenges.
PHASED ARRAY FEED CALIBRATION, BEAMFORMING, AND IMAGING

Phased array feeds (PAFs) for reflector antennas offer the potential for increased reflector field of view and faster survey speeds. To address some of the development challenges that remain for scientifically useful PAFs, including calibration and beamforming algorithms, sensitivity optimization, and demonstration of wide field of view imaging, we report experimental results from a 19 element room temperature L-band PAF mounted on the Green Bank 20 Meter Telescope. Formed beams achieved an aperture efficiency of 69% and a system noise temperature of 66 K. Radio camera images of several sky regions are presented. We investigate the noise performance and sensitivity of the system as a function of elevation angle with statistically optimal beamforming and demonstrate cancelation of radio frequency interference sources with adaptive spatial filtering.
Change detection of mountain birch using multi-temporal ALS point clouds

The use of multi-temporal laser scanner data is potentially an efficient method for monitoring of vegetation changes, for example, at the alpine treeline. Methods for relative calibration of multi-temporal airborne laser scanning (ALS) data sets and detection of experimental changes of tree cover in the forest–tundra ecotone was tested in northern Sweden (68° 20′ N, 19° 01′ E). Trees were either partly or totally removed on 6 m radius sample plots to simulate two classes of biomass change. Histogram matching was successfully used to calibrate the laser metrics from the two data sets and sample plots were then classified into three change classes. The proportion of vegetation returns from the canopy was the most important explanatory variable, which provided an overall accuracy of 88%. The classification accuracy was clearly dependent on the density of the forest.
Exploring social and cultural diversity within ‘black British jazz’ audiences

This paper presents the findings of a recent study which explores the social, economic and cultural characteristics of audiences for performances by black British jazz musicians. It draws on Bourdieu’s theoretical concept of cultural capital, which links social class and educational qualification level to cultural consumption, as well as on Hall’s exploration of ‘new ethnicities’, demonstrating how the two theories are interrelated. The study uses a mixed method approach of observation, questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, analysed using critical discourse analysis. The demographic data demonstrate the tendency, in line with cultural capital theory, for audiences for black British jazz musicians to be highly educated and from higher socio-economic classes. Particularly notable is that black audience members tended to be from the middle classes, suggesting that attention to the increasingly important social and demographic phenomenon of the black middle class is warranted. Qualitative data demonstrate the positioning of participants regarding the ways in which cultural capital interrelates with the dimension of ethnicity. The importance of cultural heritage to the black participants in particular suggests that Hall’s ‘new ethnicities’ is a particularly useful theory to aid understanding of the complexities of the interrelationship between race and musical taste.
Autonomous Door and Corridor Traversal with a 20-Gram Flapping Wing MAV by Onboard Stereo Vision

Autonomous flight of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAVs) is a major challenge in the field of robotics, due to their light weight and their flapping-induced body motions. An FWMAV is presented weighing a mere 20 g while all its sensors and processing for autonomous flight are onboard. The navigation is based on a 4-g stereo vision camera with onboard processing. Three basic navigational tasks are demonstrated, namely obstacle avoidance, door traversing and corridor following. The presented combination of sensors and control routines is shown to allow flight in common unprepared environments like corridors and offices. The algorithms do not depend on prior classification or learning of the environment or control logic and work in any unprepared environment with vertical texture. While some failure cases remain, this work forms an important step towards very small autonomous indoor MAV.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE AND MEDIUM ON TURKEY SPERMATOZOA MOTILITY IN VITRO

Target of this study was to analyze the effect of different diluents (saline solution, commercial diluent and yolk diluent) on the functional parameters of turkey spermatozoa after a culture in vitro at 5 °C and 20 °C. Samples were subjected to repeated measurements at intervals of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes. Significantly the highest motility was found in the samples with yolk diluent at 5 °C and at 20 °C. Lower values were measured in samples diluted with saline solution and commercial diluent. Progressive motility copied the finding results of the overall motility with the exception of yolk diluent, which were reported significantly lower values.
Estimating the gravity model when zero trade flows are frequent and economically determined

ABSTRACT Since the 1950s, we have known that the presence of zero-valued dependent variables can seriously bias econometric estimates whether the zeros are included or excluded. Yet the widely-used gravity model is frequently estimated on samples that include large fractions of zeros. An influential paper by Santos Silva and Tenreyro – based on simulations that include no economically-determined zeros – concludes that the bias problems resulting from zeros and those resulting from heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity can be solved using the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood (PPML) model including the zero values. This paper begins by adapting the Santos Silva and Tenreyro experimental design to include economically-determined zeros to see whether this conclusion continues to hold. With this design, it finds that alternative estimators have lower bias than PPML. Changing to a Monte Carlo design that replicates the much-higher real-world frequency of predicted values near zero restores the finding of lower bias with the PPML estimator. The results highlight the need for very careful design of Monte Carlo experiments when evaluating alternative estimators of the gravity model.
Aetiologies of Acute Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children

Introduction: Diarrheal disease and acute gastroenteritis is one of the important cause of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. Most of the clinical burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) occurs in children. In India 10–13 children under 5 years of age die every 1 h due to diarrhoea Dehydration is the major cause of diarrhoeal deaths and 90% of them can be prevented with use of oral rehydration solution. Material and Methods: One to two stool samples which were free from urine contamination were collected from each admitted patients during the admission, or within 24 h of hospital admission. Stool samples were processed within one hour after being sent to the laboratory. Direct observation under light microscopy for white blood cells, red blood cells, ova and parasites, bacteria and motility was done. Stool cultures were performed as per the diagnosis and requirement. Each case was followed from admission to discharge and data including age, sex, residency area, family size, nutrition, breast feeding and the vaccination history was taken. Patients were categorized in to five groups 1. Entamoeba histolytica infections 2. Bacterial infections 3. Rotavirus infections 4. Mixed infections and 5. Unidentified group. Results: A total of 169 cases of diarrheal diseases were included in the study admitted during study period. Out of 169 cases 84 were male and 85 were female. 44% of the infections were identified as either parasitic, bacterial, viral or mixed variety while in 56% no specific infectious cause was detected. The most common clinical presentation was diarrhoea in all the groups highest in rotaviral group (100%) while lowest in Entamoeba histolytica group (50%). CRP (C reactive proteins) levels were raised in mixed infection group (mean CRP 58.22). Conclusion: Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity in children under 5 years of age. Preventive measures, including vaccination strategies, sanitation and clean water supply are necessary to reduce acute gastroenteritis -related morbidity.
The re-birth of Finnish film: an ecosystem point of view

This research investigates the Finnish film ecosystem between years 1995 and 2015. It uses an ecosystem approach to explain how Finnish film gained popularity over the years. It argues, that the ecosystem evolved massively over the years, and sheds light on how the development of the ecosystem affected the growth in admissions for Finnish film, and the increased market share for domestic film over foreign film in Finland. The research describes how the Finnish Film Foundation is a focal organization in the ecosystem, and how they contributed to the ecosystem development. The research finds that the Finnish Film Foundation has been a focal organization in the Finnish film ecosystem, managing and guiding the ecosystem over the years. More specifically, it finds that the Finnish Film Foundation used its smart power to address innovation challenges within the ecosystem. The research process follows the principle of systematic combining. In order to investigate how the ecosystem for Finnish film was developed between years 1995 and 2015, a historical study was constructed based on a large amount of data available on the topic. The data was then complemented and the research was reoriented with member checking. The historical study was then analysed with the learnings from the literature review, which combines current ecosystem theory and film industry theory in the academia. As a result, the research participates in the academic discussion on ecosystem management by combining existing theory and interpreting it through a historical case study. This research describes through a case study how an ecosystem evolved over time. Based on the analysis of the study, the research proposes managerial guidelines on how focal organizations in ecosystems can address innovation challenges within the ecosystem with the use of smart power. The guidelines are tailored for a setting where the focal company’s ultimate goal is not to gain a chokehold over the ecosystem or gain competitive advantage over other ecosystem players, but rather to make the industry bloom. For this reason, the findings of this study are useful for non-profit focal organizations that focus on nurturing ecosystems.
Financial Pooling in a Supply Chain

Trade credit is often extended by suppliers to buyers who often have easier access to external financing. Moreover, many buyers also delay paying their suppliers beyond the agreed due day. Prior literature attributes this phenomenon to quality assurance or buyer's abuse of market power. In this paper, we show that pooling could be another reason behind this practice. Using a game-theoretic model that explicitly captures the liquidity shocks faced by different supply chain partners, we analyze the total financing cost of the supply chain under endogenous supply contract and working capital policies. We show that the embedded stretching option of trade credit allows supply chain partners to pool their liquidity buffers. Due to this pooling effect, even if the supplier's financing costs are strictly higher than the buyer's, the buyer may still demand trade credit from the supplier in order to lower the total financing cost. The model reveals that trade credit is more efficient than cash on delivery when the supplier's cost for collecting trade credit is low (e.g., when the retailer trusts the supplier) or when the supplier does not have access to a low-cost financing channel when facing liquidity shocks. This pooling effect also dictates that variabilities of firms' liquidity shocks have asymmetric impact on the efficiency of trade credit: while trade credit can only be more efficient than cash on delivery when the supplier's liquidity shock has a sufficiently large variability, it could benefit the supply chain even when the buyer's liquidity shock is deterministic (e.g., an investment opportunity). The benefit of financial pooling increases as the buyer's supplier portfolio becomes more diversified. As an innovative financing scheme, reverse factoring further enhances the efficiency of this pooling effect and, as a result, reduces the overall supply chain financing cost.
Structural change, balance-of-payments constraint, and economic growth: evidence from the multisectoral Thirlwall's law

This paper contributes to the literature on balance-of-paymentsconstrained growth by investigating how structural change, identified with changes in the sectoral composition of exports and imports, affects the external constraint. We test both the original and a multisectoral version of Thirlwall's law for a sample of Latin American and Asian countries. The original Thirlwall's law is found to hold for all sample countries except South Korea, whereas the multisectoral analogue holds for all of them. As the sectoral composition of exports and imports is found to matter for growth, we analyze the evolution of each country's weighted trade income elasticities.
Spin-orbit effects in single-electron states in coupled quantum dots

Spin-orbit effects in single electron states in laterally coupled quantum dots in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field are studied by exact numerical diagonalization. Dresselhaus (linear and cubic) and Bychkov-Rashba spin-orbit couplings are included in a realistic model of confined dots based on GaAs. Group theoretical classification of quantum states with and without spin orbit coupling is provided. Spin-orbit effects on the g-factor are rather weak. It is shown that the frequency of coherent oscillations (tunneling amplitude) in coupled dots is largely unaffected by spin-orbit effects due to symmetry requirements. The leading contributions to the frequency involves the cubic term of the Dresselhaus coupling. Spin-orbit coupling in the presence of magnetic field leads to a spin-dependent tunneling amplitude, and thus to the possibility of spin to charge conversion, namely spatial separation of spin by coherent oscillations in a uniform magnetic field. It is also shown that spin hot spots exist in coupled GaAs dots already at moderate magnetic fields, and that spin hot spots at zero magnetic field are due to the cubic Dresselhaus term only.
SUB-SURFACE GROWING AND BOUNDARY GENERALIZATION FOR 3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION

The automatic reconstruction of 3D building models from airborne point cloud data is still an ongoing research topic. Especially for complex roof shapes, the identification of sub-shapes, the generation of roof boundaries and the construction to well-shaped and topologically correct models remains only partially solved. In this paper, a 3D building reconstruction methodology that is based on the notion of sub-surface growing as a means for point cloud segmentation of planar surfaces is introduced. In contrast to conventional surface growing, the segmentation process continues below other surfaces. As a result, the segments grow larger, their number decrease and the adjacency relations between them become more distinct, thus allowing stricter rules to help identify and differentiate between the root types of the roof sub-shapes and their composition to complex roof structures. In conjunction with a constructive solid modeling approach, the model construction is significantly simplified, as the generation of primitives from sub-surface segments is straightforward and their combination to complex shapes can be much easier derived from their interrelations. In the second part of the paper, a boundary generalization approach is presented that allows generating building and segment outlines with regularized shapes from given point sets. Together with sub-surface growing, its usage in the reconstruction of flat roof office buildings is shown. The models are constructed in layers in a bottom-up fashion, each one being the result of a flat sub-surface segment with a generalized boundary, where the regularization rules of one layer are propagated to the next in order to gain well-shaped buildings. A discussion on the so far achieved results and future developments concludes the paper.