Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The high-temperature behavior for the directed polymer in dimension 1+2

We investigate the high-temperature behavior of the directed polymer model in dimension $1+2$. More precisely we study the difference $\Delta \mathtt{F}(\beta)$ between the quenched and annealed free energies for small values of the inverse temperature $\beta$. This quantity is associated to localization properties of the polymer trajectories, and is related to the overlap fraction of two replicas. Adapting recent techniques developed by the authors in the context of the disordered pinning model (Berger and Lacoin, arXiv:1503.07315 [math-ph]), we identify the sharp asymptotic high temperature behavior \[\lim_{\beta\to 0} \, \beta^2 \log \Delta \mathtt{F}(\beta) = -\pi \, . \]
Mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States, 1939 through 1996.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS Pneumonia remains an important cause of childhood deaths throughout the world, but in developed countries, the mortality rate is decreasing. We reviewed death records for children in the United States from 1939 through 1996. A plot of the annual rates of change in the number of deaths from pneumonia was used to generate hypotheses about the influence of various events and interventions. We used data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the Medicaid program, and published reports to test these hypotheses. RESULTS During the 58-year study period, the number of children who died from pneumonia declined by 97 percent, from 24,637 in 1939 to 800 in 1996. During the same period, the rate of mortality from other causes declined by 82 percent. There were steep declines in the mortality rates for pneumonia from 1944 to 1950, although the rate increased among older children in 1957, and there were sustained declines in all age groups from 1966 to 1982. From 1966 to 1982, the mortality declined by an average of 13.0 percent annually, and these decreases coincided with increases in the proportion of poor children covered by Medicaid, increases in rates of hospitalization for pneumonia, a narrowing of the gap between the mortality rate for black children and the rate for white children, and a convergence between the mortality rate in the South and the rates in the other three census regions. CONCLUSIONS Since 1939, the rate of mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States has declined markedly. We hypothesize that the steep declines in the late 1940s are attributable to the use of penicillin, that the peak in 1957 was due to the influenza A pandemic, and that the sustained decline from 1966 through 1982 may be attributable in part to improved access to medical care for poor children.
Salt‐induced stabilization of apoflavodoxin at neutral pH is mediated through cation‐specific effects

Electrostatic contributions to the conformational stability of apoflavodoxin were studied by measurement of the proton and salt‐linked stability of this highly acidic protein with urea and temperature denaturation. Structure‐based calculations of electrostatic Gibbs free energy were performed in parallel over a range of pH values and salt concentrations with an empirical continuum method. The stability of apoflavodoxin was higher near the isoelectric point (pH 4) than at neutral pH. This behavior was captured quantitatively by the structure‐based calculations. In addition, the calculations showed that increasing salt concentration in the range of 0 to 500 mM stabilized the protein, which was confirmed experimentally. The effects of salts on stability were strongly dependent on cationic species: K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ exerted similar effects, much different from the effect measured in the presence of the bulky choline cation. Thus cations bind weakly to the negatively charged surface of apoflavodoxin. The similar magnitude of the effects exerted by different cations indicates that their hydration shells are not disrupted significantly by interactions with the protein. Site‐directed mutagenesis of selected residues and the analysis of truncation variants indicate that cation binding is not site‐specific and that the cation‐binding regions are located in the central region of the protein sequence. Three‐state analysis of the thermal denaturation indicates that the equilibrium intermediate populated during thermal unfolding is competent to bind cations. The unusual increase in the stability of apoflavodoxin at neutral pH affected by salts is likely to be a common property among highly acidic proteins.
Les reseaux collocationnels dans la construction et l'exploitation d'un corpus dans le cadre d'une communaute de discours scientifique

Les corpus sont de plus en plus utilises dans la lexicographie, en particulier pour les dictionnaires a utilisation pedagogique. Bien que de nombreuses etudes basees sur des corpus specialises aient ete entreprises, les resultats sont oberes par la difficulte a definir clairement la representativite de tels corpus. Les communautes de discours c. D. ) definies par swales offrent un modele interessant puisqu'elles sont definies par rapport a leurs membres. Au lieu de faire appel a la notion abstraite de representativite", le contenu peut etre justifie comme etant "representatif" d'une communaute definissable. Pour exploiter un corpus, il est necessaire de le baliser en sgml afin de retenir les elements importants de l'aspect physique des textes publies et de souligner les elements a analyser. Notre corpus a ete balise suivant les recommandations de la tei. L'interpretation du balisage est proposee comme norme minimale pour le balisage de ce genre de corpus. L'etude exploite surtout la notion distributionnelle de collocation comme facteur de coherence textuelle. Les differentes theories actuelles de collocation sont illustrees avant de developper une definition plus textuelle des collocations et d'introduire les reseaux de collocations. La mesure statistique d'information mutuelle est employee pour extraire les reseaux d'un corpus sous-divise par theme. Dans un corpus balise selon la tei la balise sert de pivot pour l'utilisation de collocations dans le developpement de criteres de selection internes. L'hypothese est qu'en regroupant certains elements lexicaux par leur balisage les themes majeurs d'un corpus peuvent etre isoles par la collocation et la theorie des indices de polysemie de clear. Des reseaux de collocation sont extraits des sous-corpus afin d'illustrer les themes majeurs de la communaute de discours et les disciplines concernees.
Biochemical markers of bone metabolism reflect osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity in multiple myeloma

Abstract: In order to evaluate the use of recently developed assays of bone metabolism in multiple myeloma we performed a histomorphometric study of bone biopsies in 16 myeloma patients. Furthermore, we measured the levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), soluble IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6sR), IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, TNFβ, and transforming growth factor (TGF) β in marrow plasma aspirated from the biopsy area. Markers of bone resorption: The N‐terminal telopeptide of collagen I (Ntx) in urine showed a strong positive correlation with the dynamic histomorphometric indices of bone resorption (r=0.68–0.72). Slightly weaker correlations were observed between the dynamic indices of bone resorption and the C‐terminal telopeptide of collagen I (ICTP) in serum (r=0.57–0.62) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr) in urine (r=0.54), whereas urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) did not correlate with the histomorphometric findings. Markers of bone formation: Serum C‐terminal propeptide of procollagen I (PICP) and serum bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) showed significant correlations with the dynamic parameters of bone formation (r=0.57–0.58), whereas serum osteocalcin and serum total AP did not. Cytokines: Highly significant correlations were observed between marrow IL‐6 and rates of bone resorption and activation frequency (r=0.76–0.82) and with serum ICTP (r=0.63). Minor, but also significant correlations were observed between the resorptive indices and IL‐6sR and IL‐1β. The data indicate that measurements of the biochemical markers of bone metabolism may be useful in monitoring myeloma bone disease, and might thus be of use for dose titration of bisphosphonate therapy.
Blood pressure responses of sedentary African American women during cycle and treadmill exercise.

OBJECTIVE To examine blood pressure (BP) in sedentary African American women during two exercise intensities on a cycle and treadmill at fixed heart rate (HR) values. METHODS Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed in 44 women (age 33.1 +/- 8.2 years) during cycling and treadmill walking at 40% and 60% heart rate reserve (HRR). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity differences were evaluated with separate 2 (mode: cycle, treadmill) x 2 (intensity: 40%, 60% HRR) repeated measures analyses of covariance. Separate multiple regression analyses for the cycle and treadmill were performed to examine potential contributors to higher SBP reactivity at 60% HRR. RESULTS After adjusting for baseline SBP, body mass index (BMI), and age, mean SBP reactivity was higher during cycling compared to treadmill at both levels of intensity (P < or = .05). The DBP reactivity revealed a main effect for mode (P < or = .05) only with cycle DBP reactivity higher than treadmill for both intensities. Cycling significantly predicted SBP at 60% HRR (P < or = .001), accounting for 66% of the variance in SBP reactivity. However, in both regression models, baseline SBP was inversely related to SBP reactivity (P < or = .01). CONCLUSIONS At fixed HR values, after adjusting for baseline BP, BMI, and age, BP reactivity is mode dependent and greater for cycling than treadmill exercise at both low and moderate exercise intensity. Baseline SBP is inversely related to the magnitude of SBP reactivity after controlling for the effects of BMI and age.
Effects of ACC and FCW on Speed, Fuel Consumption, and Driving Safety

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are widely expected to deliver a major contribution to the improvement of driving comfort as well as road safety. An insight into the benefits of ITS is an important ingredient in the deployment of ITS. Assessing these benefits is one of the research goals within the 7th Framework Program of the European Commission. Field Operational Tests (FOT) have emerged as an important research methodology for assessing the impact of ITS on driver behavior and performance, traffic safety, traffic efficiency as well as the environment. Within the euroFOT project, a large scale field test that involves approximately 1000 instrumented vehicles on the road all over Europe the impact of eight selected ITS function is tested. Most of these vehicles have one or more ITS applications on board, including continuously operating ones like Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Forward Collision Warning (FCW). This paper describes the method applied for the FOT to assess the impact of the ACC and FCW. The euroFOT approach has some similarities to existing FOTs but includes novel aspects to handle specific limitations and conditions of the FOT and the available data. The paper further describes the final results of the data analysis based on the predefined hypotheses to answer the research questions of the project.
Line-of-Sight Visible Light Communications With InGaN-Based Resonant Cavity LEDs

Efficient InGaN-based resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs) are investigated as potential light sources for visible light communications. Experimentally, InGaN multiple-quantum-well LEDs with a reasonable crystalline quality for blue light emission were grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. A two-pair distributed Bragg reflector, along with a metallic Ag layer, was used to form a structure containing an optical cavity. The resulting InGaN RCLEDs exhibit improved performance over conventional LEDs in terms of light output power, external quantum efficiency, and directionality. In addition, two plano-convex lenses with facing convex surfaces were used to build a directed line-of-sight optical link between the transmitter and the receiver. Data transmission with rates up to 100 Mbit/s is demonstrated over a distance of 100 cm, implying the potential for indoor visible light communications with phosphor-converted white RCLEDs, provided that the slow-responding phosphorescent emission could be effectively filtered.
Neurobiological disease etiology and inheritance: an epigenetic perspective

Epigenetic marks in mammals are essential to properly control the activity of the genome. They are dynamically regulated during development and adulthood, and can be modulated by environmental factors throughout life. Changes in the epigenetic profile of a cell can be positive and favor the expression of advantageous genes such as those linked to cell signaling and tumor suppression. However, they can also be detrimental and alter the functions of important genes, thereby leading to disease. Recent evidence has further highlighted that some epigenetic marks can be maintained across meiosis and be transmitted to the subsequent generation to reprogram developmental and cellular features. This short review describes current knowledge on the potential impact of epigenetic processes activated by environmental factors on the inheritance of neurobiological disease risk. In addition, the potential adaptive value of epigenetic inheritance, and relevant current and future questions are discussed.
Acute biomechanical responses to a prolonged standing exposure in a simulated occupational setting

Prolonged occupational standing has previously been associated with low back pain (LBP) development. The immediate effects of a bout of prolonged standing on subsequent functional movement performance have not been investigated. It is possible that including a period of prolonged standing may have acute, detrimental effects. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of a prolonged standing exposure on biomechanical profiles (trunk muscle activation, joint stiffness and kinematics) during three functional movements. A total of 23 volunteers without history of LBP performed lumbar flexion, single-leg stance and unloaded squat movements pre- and post 2 h of standing exposure. It was found that 40% of the participants developed LBP during the standing exposure. There was a decrease in vertebral joint rotation stiffness in lateral bending and increased centre of pressure excursion during unilateral stance following standing exposure. There may be adverse effects to prolonged standing if followed by activities requiring precise balance or resistance of side loads. Statement of Relevance: Prolonged standing may result in decreases in balance reactions during narrow base conditions as well as in the capacity to effectively resist side-loads at the trunk. Consideration should be given when prolonged standing is included in the workplace.
Mutation at Histidine 338 of gp91 phox Depletes FAD and Affects Expression of Cytochrome b 558 of the Human NADPH Oxidase*

Defective NADPH oxidase components prevent superoxide (O⨪2) generation, causing chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). X-linked CGD patients have mutations in the gene encoding the gp91 phox subunit of cytochromeb 558 and usually lack gp91 phox protein completely (X910). gp91 phox is considered to be a flavocytochrome that contains binding sites for NADPH, FAD, as well as heme. We here report a rare X-linked CGD patient whose neutrophils entirely failed to produce O⨪2, but presented a diminished expression of gp91 phox containing about one-third of the heme present in normal individuals by Soret absorption. Translocation of cytosolic factors p67 phox and p47 phox was normal. However, the FAD content in his neutrophil membranes was as low as that of X910patients, suggesting complete depletion of FAD in his gp91 phox . This was in agreement with the finding that a single base substitution (C1024 to T) changed His-338 to Tyr in gp91 phox in a predicted FAD-binding domain of the flavocytochrome model. The loss of FAD could not be corrected even after addition of reagent FAD or a FAD-rich dehydrogenase fraction isolated from normal neutrophils to the patient’s membranes, in a reconstitution in vitro with normal cytosol. These results indicate that His-338 is a very critical residue for FAD incorporation into the NADPH oxidase system. This is the first such mutation found in CGD.
The nature of vergence revealed by electromyography.

In a previous publication innervational aspects of convergence and divergence revealed by electromyography were described (Breinin and Moldaver, 1 1955). It was shown that patients with intermittent exotropia experienced active innervation of the lateral rectus on diverging from the near point of convergence and at all times when the nonfixing eye deviated outward. This was true for all fixation distances. This report concerns additional data on the vergence mechanisms. In the cases of intermittent exotropia cited above, a remarkable finding in all instances was the fact that only the deviating eye showed increased innervation of the lateral rectus. The fixating eye showed no alteration of the innervation of either lateral or medial rectus. At first sight this suggested that the exo deviation was due to a monocular dissociation and that Hering's Law was invalid for this condition. If this were so, we should have to speak of an "abduction" rather
Effects of Prehypertension on Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflections

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure classifies blood pressure (BP) as normal, prehypertension, and hypertension. Although it has been shown that there is a relationship between hypertension and arterial stiffness, there is not sufficient data about arterial stiffness in patients with prehypertension. The present study was designed to evaluate arterial stiffness and wave reflections in subjects with prehypertension. We evaluated arterial stiffness and wave reflections of 45 subjects with prehypertension and an age-matched control group of 40 normotensive individuals, using applanation tonometry (Sphygmocor, AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured as indices of elastic-type aortic stiffness. The heart rate-corrected augmentation index (AIx@75) was estimated as a composite marker of wave reflections and arterial stiffness. Aortic PWV (10 ± 2.5 vs. 8.6 ± 1.7, m/s, p = 0.004) and AIx@75 (21 ± 8.3 vs. 10 ± 9.1, %, p = 0.0001) were significantly higher in subjects with prehypertension than in the control group. In multiple linear regression analysis, we found that the presence of the prehypertension was a significant predictor of aortic PWV (β = 0.26, p = 0.009) and AIx@75 (β = 0.46, p = 0.0001). Our results suggest that arterial functions were impaired even at the prehypertensive stage.
The study of crystallization of estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with DHEA and DHT at elevated temperature.

Most crystallization experiments of macromolecules are carried out at a constant temperature. Room temperature (22 degrees C) and 4 degrees C are the most widely used settings in crystallization. In practice, crystal growth at relatively high temperatures has often been avoided for macromolecular crystallization. Human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been crystallized in complex with dehydroepiandrosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The crystallization experiments were carried out at 27 degrees C. The 17beta-HSD1 crystals were greatly improved at the elevated temperature. The effects of higher temperatures on crystal growth were studied. High temperatures stimulated the nucleation of 17beta-HSD1, increased the rate of crystal growth, and higher occupancy of substrates was obtained in the crystal structure. This method also reduced the formation of twin crystals. Since temperature is the easiest factor to control in the laboratory, crystallization at elevated temperatures provides an efficient method to improve protein crystal growth. The mechanism of the effect of temperature and relative techniques are discussed.
Apoptosis in the airways: another balancing act in the epithelial program.

The airway epithelium is a critical site of action for host defense and for the development of inflammatory disease, and the past 20 years of research have provided mounting evidence that the epithelial cells themselves may help to orchestrate immunity and inflammation. The current paradigms for host defense (especially against respiratory viral infection) and inflammatory disease (especially asthma) provide particular examples of how this innate control system can work, because endogenous epithelial networks can be critical for host integrity and homeostasis but can also be capable of driving inflammatory disease when abnormally adjusted (1). In this context, one of the critical issues for normal immune function becomes the maintenance of the epithelial shield in an appropriate state of readiness. In the past, this process was often couched in terms of epithelial damage and repair through pathways that regulated cell growth and differentiation (2). However, proper preservation of the epithelium may also depend on the pathways that control programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis). Here again, the epithelial network for host defense provides a useful paradigm, because the targeted response to microbial attack (especially by viruses) is apoptosis of the infected host cell (3). It is natural to next ask whether epithelial cell apoptosis is also relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. The current issue of the AJRCMB contains an article by Pelaia and coworkers (4) that argues for this possibility and so provides a useful focus for this Perspective. Of course, this subject has a long history. In fact, the view that epithelial damage and desquamation is part of inflammation and inflammatory disease dates back to the initial descriptions of mucositis in general and the corresponding pathology of asthma in particular. In that regard, collections of sloughed epithelial cells have been observed
RRM3 regulates epigenetic conversions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in conjunction with Chromatin Assembly Factor I

ABSTRACT Chromatin structures are transmitted to daughter cells through a complex system of nucleosome disassembly and re-assembly at the advancing replication forks. However, the role of replication pausing in the transmission and perturbation of chromatin structures has not been addressed. RRM3 encodes a DNA helicase, which facilitates replication at sites covered with non-histone protein complexes (tRNA genes, active gene promoters, telomeres) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this report we show that the deletion of RRM3 reduces the frequency of epigenetic conversions in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. This phenotype is strongly dependent on 2 histone chaperones, CAF-I and ASF1, which are involved in the reassembly of nucleosomes behind replication forks, but not on the histone chaperone HIR1. We also show that the deletion of RRM3 increases the spontaneous mutation rates in conjunction with CAF-I and ASF1, but not HIR1. Finally, we demonstrate that Rrm3p and CAF-I compete for the binding to the DNA replication clamp PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen). We propose that the stalling of DNA replication predisposes to epigenetic conversions and that RRM3 and CAF-I play key roles in this process.