Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensory innervation of the calvarial bones of the mouse

Migraine sufferers frequently testify that their headache feels as if the calvarial bones are deformed, crushed, or broken (Jakubowski et al. [2006] Pain 125:286–295). This has lead us to postulate that the calvarial bones are supplied by sensory fibers. We studied sensory innervation of the calvaria in coronal and horizontal sections of whole‐head preparations of postnatal and adult mice, via immunostaining of peripherin (a marker of thinly myelinated and unmyelinated fibers) or calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP; a marker more typical of unmyelinated nerve fibers). In pups, we observed nerve bundles coursing between the galea aponeurotica and the periosteum, between the periosteum and the bone, and between the bone and the meninges; as well as fibers that run inside the diploë in different orientations. Some dural fibers issued collateral branches to the pia at the frontal part of the brain. In the adult calvaria, the highest concentration of peripherin‐ and CGRP‐labeled fibers was found in sutures, where they appeared to emerge from the dura. Labeled fibers were also observed in emissary canals, bone marrow, and periosteum. In contrast to the case in pups, no labeled fibers were found in the diploë of the adult calvaria. Meningeal nerves that infiltrate the periosteum through the calvarial sutures may be positioned to mediate migraine headache triggered by pathophysiology of extracranial tissues, such as muscle tenderness and mild trauma to the skull. In view of the concentration of sensory fibers in the sutures, it may be useful to avoid drilling the sutures in patients undergoing craniotomies for a variety of neurosurgical procedures. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:331–348, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent and efferent projections of the central caudal nidopallium in the pigeon (Columba livia)

The central caudal nidopallium (NCC) is a large subdivision of the nidopallium in the pigeon brain, but its connectional anatomy is unknown. Here, we examined the connections of NCC by using tract‐tracing methods. Injections of cholera toxin B‐chain (CTB) in NCC labeled many neurons within NCC. Outside NCC, many labeled neurons were found in the dorsal intermediate mesopallium and medialmost part of the medial intermediate nidopallium, with a few in the intermediate (AI) and medial (AM) arcopallium. In the thalamus, labeled neurons were located in the subrotundal nucleus, the shell region of nucleus ovoidalis, and the caudal part of the dorsolateral posterior thalamic nucleus. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in NCC labeled many fibers running rostrocaudally within NCC. Some of these terminated in the dorsal intermediate mesopallium, but the size of the terminal field was smaller than the region of the dorsal intermediate mesopallium that provided the projection to NCC. NCC sent numerous efferents to AI and AM but few to the thalamus. In contrast, after CTB injections in the dorsal intermediate mesopallium, a few neurons were labeled in NCC, but, after BDA injections in the dorsal intermediate mesopallium, large numbers of labeled fibers were seen to project widely throughout NCC. These findings indicate that the flow of information is predominantly from the dorsal intermediate mesopallium to NCC and from there to the arcopallium (AI and AM). The arcopallial outflow to the medial hypothalamus could imply that NCC is involved in neuroendocrine and autonomic functions and is limbic in nature. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:350–370, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcomes of Vitrectomy for Tractional Retinal Detachment in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes remains the leading cause of visual impairment among working-age adults in the United States. As the prevalence of diabetes grows, so too does the burden of visual loss on patients. The natural history of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is poor, with approximately 44% of patients experiencing severe visual loss (<5/200) within 5 years of developing high-risk PDR. The majority of visual loss among these patients results from progression of the ischemic sequelae of highrisk PDR such as neovascular glaucoma (NVG), nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachment (TRD). Nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage and TRD involving the macula remain the primary surgical indications for vitrectomy in diabetic retinopathy. This review will focus on the use of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the repair of TRD related to PDR and specifically on the preoperative systemic and ocular factors influencing ease of surgery and visual outcomes, intraoperative techniques and complications, microincisional vitrectomy, postoperative complications, and finally visual outcomes of vitrectomy for TRD related to PDR.
Ethnicity and attempts at self-detoxification from opioid drugs

Aims: To compare the motivation for and process of attempting self-detoxification from opioid drugs between White and Asian groups attending a drug-treatment service. Method: Eighty-nine clients (41 Asians, 48 Whites) attending a community opioid detoxification service took part in the study. Data were collected about the number of previous self-detoxification attempts, reasons for self-detoxifying as opposed to accessing a treatment service, psychological and physical strategies employed, and factors leading to relapse. Results: Asian and White clients differed in reasons for attempting a self-detoxification. More Asian clients reported concern about physical and mental health and ‘pleasing family’, whereas ‘criminal justice reasons’ were more prevalent in the White group. Both groups reported avoidance and distraction as helpful strategies, but Asian clients were more likely to move away from their home than their White counterparts. White clients reported the use of other drugs as a reason for relapse more often than Asian clients. Conclusions: Results suggest that Asian populations use different strategies for self-detoxification than the White population. This should be taken into consideration when planning treatment services.
Natriuretic peptides: potential modulators of circulatory, renal, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and central nerve systems and implications of their role in bone remodeling

The present paper provides a general review of the biophysiology of natriuretic peptides (NPs) in mammals. NPs, classified as hypotensive hormones, include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), as well as their receptors, which involve natriuretic and diuretic activity and also blood circulation and volume homeostasis. This review also summarizes the historical background of NP families and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (cGK1) and their biological properties in cardiovascular tissues, heart diseases, renal functions and disease, respiratory and lung failure, gastrointestinal tissue, urogenital and reproductive organs, endocrine activities, the central nerve system, and bone tissue. ANP triggers natriuretic and diuretic activities in the kidney and alters the electrolyte balance via intestinal absorption of water and sodium ions. CNP is involved in promoting wound healing in arterial endothelial cells. The CNPR-related bone pathway plays a causal active role in bone anomalies, and is a regulator of longitudinal skeletal growth diseases such as achondroplasia. CNP-natriuretic receptor B (CNP/NPR-B) system has signifi cant role in the processes of enchondral ossification. Recently, osteocrin/musclin was discovered as belonging to the NP family; it binds with high affinity to NPR-C and plays a role in bone growth.
Discontinuance of Immunosuppression in Renal Transplant Patients

• Immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued in six patients for an average of 27 months. In these six patients, only two rejections have occurred. A survey of other transplant centers showed that in such patients rejection was often delayed weeks or months after therapy was stopped. Once immunosuppressive therapy has been stopped, for whatever reason, and rejection has not occurred, consideration should be given to not resuming therapy unless signs of rejection appear. ( Arch Surg 110:1450-1451, 1975)
Composition of the migratory mass during development of the olfactory nerve

The embryonic development of the olfactory nerve includes the differentiation of cells within the olfactory placode, migration of cells into the mesenchyme from the placode, and extension of axons by the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). The coalition of both placode‐derived migratory cells and OSN axons within the mesenchyme is collectively termed the “migratory mass. ” Here we address the sequence and coordination of the events that give rise to the migratory mass. Using neuronal and developmental markers, we show subpopulations of neurons emerging from the placode by embryonic day (E)10, a time at which the migratory mass is largely cellular and only a few isolated OSN axons are seen, prior to the first appearance of OSN axon fascicles at E11. These neurons also precede the emergence of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons and ensheathing glia which are also resident in the mesenchyme as part of the migratory mass beginning at about E11. The data reported here begin to establish a spatiotemporal framework for the migration of molecularly heterogeneous placode‐derived cells in the mesenchyme. The precocious emigration of the early arriving neurons in the mesenchyme suggests they may serve as “guidepost cells” that contribute to the establishment of a scaffold for the extension and coalescence of the OSN axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4825–4841, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenic hippocampal targets of deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is being used to treat movement, neurological, and psychiatric disorders; recently it has been successfully applied to patients with treatment‐resistant depression or in minimally conscious state. In addition to its clinical importance, DBS presents a powerful approach to target specific neural circuits and determine the functional relationship between the components of these circuits. We examined the effect of high‐frequency stimulation of a crucial component of the limbic circuitry, the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), on the generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, another component of the same circuitry. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis emerges as a strong correlate of antidepressant treatments; however, in most cases, the progenitor cell population targeted by a specific treatment is not known. Using reporter mouse lines designed to quantify changes in selected classes of neural progenitors, we found that high‐frequency stimulation of the ATN increases symmetric divisions of a defined class of neural progenitors in the DG; this effect is later manifested as an increased number of new neurons. The affected class of neural progenitors is also affected by the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) and physical exercise (running). This indicates that neurogenic stimuli of different natures can converge on the same neurogenic target in the DG. Our results also suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis may be used as a sensitive indicator of the limbic circuitry activation induced by DBS. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:6‐20, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unsupervised bidirectional feature selection based on contribution entropy for medical databases

Feature selection is one of the important pre-processing steps in data mining for selecting informative feature subsets in large noisy data sets. This paper proposes an unsupervised feature selection method known as bidirectional selection based on the contribution entropy of individual features. The proposed feature selection method was tested on benchmark medical data sets, and the quality of the clusters obtained was evaluated using the homogeneity and separation ratio. Results show an improvement in cluster quality when compared with existing feature selection methods.
Comparison of Laser Scanning Diagnostic Devices for Early Glaucoma Detection

Background:To compare the diagnostic accuracy and to evaluate the correlation of optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness values between Fourier-Domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) for early glaucoma detection. Patients and Methods:Ninety-three patients with early open-angle glaucoma, 58 patients with ocular hypertension, and 60 healthy control subjects were included in this observational, cross-sectional study. All study participants underwent FD-OCT (RTVue-100), CSLO (HRT3), and SLP (GDx VCC) imaging of the optic nerve head and the retinal nerve fiber layer. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) and Bland-Altman analysis were performed. Results:The parameters with the highest diagnostic accuracy were found for FD-OCT cup-to-disc ratio (AUROC=0.841), for SLP NFI (AUROC=0.835), and for CSLO cup-to-disc ratio (AUROC=0.789). Diagnostic accuracy of the best CSLO and SLP parameter was similar (P=0.259). There was a small statistically significant difference between the best CSLO and FD-OCT parameters for differentiating between glaucoma and healthy eyes (P=0.047). Conclusions:FD-OCT and SLP have a similarly good diagnostic ability to distinguish between early glaucoma and healthy subjects. The diagnostic accuracy of CSLO was comparable with SLP and marginally lower compared with FD-OCT.
Antigens, Lymphoid Cells, and the Immune Response

It is a pleasure to welcome this new venture by the seasoned editors of Advances in Immunology . It is apparent—and should be considered a compliment—that the organization of the chapters of Advances has served as a model for the organization of this text. The monograph is a provocative and scholarly review of research on the interaction between antigen and lymphocyte. The "confrontation" between antigen and cell has been one of the major efforts of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, and the book is properly dedicated to F. M. Burnet "to whom we both owe so much. " The past decade has contributed a large variety of studies on lymphocytes—some in vitro, some in vivo—which, at times, seem to contradict each other. It is the objective of this monograph to place the findings into proper perspective: it is an excellent, critical, near-definite review, but not merely a summing-up. There are still
Changing methods of suicide by young Australians 1974–1994

Method specific suicide rates were analysed by gender for 15 to 24 year old Australians for the period of 1974–1994. A major rise in hangings, and a lesser rise in poisonings by other gases and vapours, was evident in both sexes. Firearm suicides for both sexes peaked in 1985 with a subsequent modest decline. A major decline in poisoning by solid and liquid substances was evident in females. As the availability of hanging has not changed, the explanation of its rise must lie with acceptability. Drug overdoses excepted, there is no firm evidence accounting for these changing rates. Possible influences are discussed.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Evaluation of Corneas in Patients With Exfoliation Syndrome

Purpose:To evaluate the corneal microstructure in patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and to compare their results with those of healthy subjects. Material and Methods:Fifty-five corneas of patients with XFS and 55 corneas of age-matched control subjects were included in this study. Basal epithelial cell, keratocyte, endothelial cell densities, as well as sub-basal nerves were evaluated. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by ultrasonic pachymeter. Results:Eyes with XFS had lower cell densities in the basal epithelium (P=0.03), posterior stroma (P⩽0.001), and endothelium (P=0.008) compared with normal eyes. The number of subbasal long nerve fibers, entire subbasal nerves, as well as nerve fiber density were found to be significantly lower in the corneas of patients with XFS (2.5±1.1 nerve/frame, 5.6±2.9 nerve/frame, and 918.9±338.5 &mgr;m/frame, respectively) as compared with those of controls (2.8±0.9 nerve/frame, 7.3±3.1 nerve/frame, and 1089.1±590.0 &mgr;m/frame, respectively, P=0.026, P=0.002, and P=0.022, respectively). There was no significant difference among eyes with XFS (537.6±36.7 &mgr;m) and control group (541.8±29.9 &mgr;m) with respect to the CCT (P=0.142). Conclusions:Subjects with XFS have subnormal endothelial, keratocyte, and subbasal nerve densities. Cornea appears to be diffusely altered in the setting of XFS even without overt deposition of exfoliation material on the corneal endothelium. IVCM may be helpful in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with XFS in assessing the impact of surgical interventions and topical antiglaucomatous medications on the corneal cell densities and subbasal nerve plexus.
Face-to-face versus online-based lectures: A COVID-19 induced study on assessments

Introduction There is much debate regarding the impact of COVID-induced lockdown on the standard of assessments, mainly since students were assessed at home via an online assessment platform. Regular orthodox lectures and assessments were carried out during the first term, while the strictly enforced South African COVID lockdown warranted that 2nd term lectures and assessments were based online. This created the fortunate control conditions to statistically compare orthodox face-to-face with online-home-based assessments. Methods We compared the assessments of a cohort of second-year students studying physiology and anatomy during 2019 and 2020: Orthodox face-to-face teaching and assessments (2019) were compared to online teaching and their analogous online assessments (2020) during the COVID-19-induced lockdown. Results Although class pass rates and marks for online assessments (2020) were significantly higher than for traditional assessments (2019), an essential finding of the study was that the Gaussian distribution of the marks across the class for both modes of assessment was statistically identical. This indicated that although students performed better with home-based online assessments, poor-performing students populated the lower spread of marks, modal students occupied the central distribution, while good students occupied the higher mark distribution of the curve. Discussion The students were found to be resilient in adapting to things and learning, online presentations, and computer-based assessments. No gender-based difference or advantage to adjusting to newly introduced blended learning and concomitant changes in learning assessment strategies was found. The online-home-based assessments proved to incentivize prior learning and preparation for assessments by implementing strict time limits or assessments and randomizing the selections of questions and respective (MCQ) answer choices. We conclude that although home-based online assessments significantly improve the overall mark distribution, there was no distinction in the spread of the distribution of marks, which was indicative that the home-based online assessment process was able to provide an identical measure of course proficiency as in the orthodox sit-down assessment. Therefore, our statistical analysis of the performance of students under student assessment performances indicates that there is no rationale for thinking that the home-based online mode of assessment is equivalent to or better than the orthodox modes of assessment.
Adult Monteggia fractures: surgical treatment and management of complications

Monteggia fractures in adults continue to be challenging injuries to manage. As experience with these complex fractures continues to evolve, a better understanding has emerged allowing for improved surgical techniques and patient outcomes. Certain subtypes of this injury recently have been shown to be correlated with poor outcomes and a high rate of revision surgery within the first year of the index procedure. By better understanding the injury pattern itself along with associated injuries (both bony and soft tissue) and their management, results can be improved. The purpose of this review was to outline the key features of adult Monteggia injuries as well as a treatment strategy based on the most current literature. Complications and common treatment pitfalls as well as their management also are reviewed.
Suicidal ideation and behavior in youth in low- and middle-income countries: A brief review of risk factors and implications for prevention

Although global rates of suicide have dropped in the last 30 years, youth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to be highly represented in suicide statistics yet underrepresented in research. In this review we present the epidemiology of suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among youth in LMICs. We also describe population-level (attitudes toward suicide, socioeconomic, and societal factors) and individual-level clinical and psychosocial risk factors, highlighting specific considerations pertaining to youth in LMICs. These specific considerations in risk factors within this population can inform how multi-level prevention strategies may be targeted to meet their specific needs. Prevention and intervention strategies relying on the stepped-care framework focusing on population-, community-, and individual level targets while considering locally- and culturally relevant practices are key in LMICs. In addition, systemic approaches favoring school-based and family-based interventions are important among youth. Cross-culturally adapted multimodal prevention strategies targeting the heterogeneity that exists in healthcare systems, suicide rates, and risk factors in these countries should be accorded a high priority to reduce the burden of suicide among youth in LMICs.
Neuroanatomy of melanocortin‐4 receptor pathway in the lateral hypothalamic area

The central melanocortin system regulates body energy homeostasis including the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R). The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) receives dense melanocortinergic inputs from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and regulates multiple processes including food intake, reward behaviors, and autonomic function. By using a mouse line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under control of the MC4R gene promoter, we systemically investigated MC4R signaling in the LHA by combining double immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and retrograde tracing techniques. We found that LHA MC4R‐GFP neurons coexpress neurotensin as well as the leptin receptor but do not coexpress other peptide neurotransmitters found in the LHA including orexin, melanin‐concentrating hormone, and nesfatin‐1. Furthermore, electrophysiological recording demonstrated that leptin, but not the MC4R agonist melanotan II, hyperpolarizes the majority of LHA MC4R‐GFP neurons in an ATP‐ sensitive potassium channel–dependent manner. Retrograde tracing revealed that LHA MC4R‐GFP neurons do not project to the ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and spinal cord, and only limited number of neurons project to the nucleus of the solitary tract and parabrachial nucleus. Our findings provide new insights into MC4R signaling in the LHA and its potential implications in homeostatic regulation of body energy balance. J. Comp. Neurol. 4168–4183, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodcicals, Inc.