Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Evaluation of Bayesian Inference Methods for Bayesian Neural Networks

In this paper we perform an empirical evaluation of different inference methods for Bayesian neural networks (BNN). We compare two major approaches, including Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) and Variational Inference (VI). Both methods are implemented using Tensorflow Probability Toolbox. We first evaluate how different factors involved in HMC and VI affect the inference results, focusing on classification problem. We then show benefits of Bayesian inference in generalization over point estimation approach. Finally, we provide a way of quantifying uncertainty based on Bayesian inference.
Design and Evaluation of Action Observation and Motor Imagery based BCIs using NIRS

9 The integration of Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI) into rehabilitation research is a promising approach that may substantially impact the rehabilitation success. Yet, there is still signi cant challenges that needs to be addressed before the BCI technology can be fully used e ectively in a clinical setting as a neural prosthesis for motor impaired users. As it is still unknown whether the conventional BCI induction strategies that use di erent the types of stimuli and/or mental tasks induce cortical reorganization for disabled users. This paper presents a design and evaluation of a real-time Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) based BCI protocol to control an external haptic device, and an interesting source of brain signals that may convey complementary information for inducing neuroplasticity. The protocol is based on the ideas derived from Mirror-based Therapy (MT) in which subjects not only perform literal motor imagery tasks but also combine their intents with visual action observation of a related motor imagery task. The NIRS-BCI system then commands a haptic device in real-time to move in opposing directions of leftward and rightward movement. We also compare the proposed protocol to the conventional limb motor imagery task and verify its e cacy with online decoding accuracies up to 89%. The initial validation of the experimental setup was done with seven healthy subjects. Nonetheless we contend that the design of the current NIRS-BCI method hold promise with patient populations for e ective stroke rehabilitation therapy, because the bene cial e ects of MT alone in post-stroke recovery has already been manifested in the literature.
Models for the relation of state and religion The relation of politics and religion in the West

The Islamic legal system of Shari’a law developed along a diverse trajectory to Western legal systems which developed sophisticated legal procedures, and adequate penal or commercial codes, human rights and the idea of ‘due process’ (cf. Huff 1995:512). In the 19th and 20th century the relation between Islam and state in Muslim countries was one of general adoption of some modified version of the Western legal codes. The radical Islamist or neo-fundamental group of which ISIS is one of the most radical manifestations is a movement to purify Islam from Western influences. The unequivocal application of Shari’s law leads to a stunning of intellectual horizons1 and the illusion of a mystical unity:
Role of the viaB locus in synthesis, transport and expression of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen.

The Vi antigen is a capsular polysaccharide expressed by Salmonella typhi, the agent of human typhoid fever. Expression of this antigen is controlled by the viaA and viaB chromosomal loci. The viaB locus is composed of 11 genes designated tviA-tviE (typhi Vi), vexA-vexE (Vi antigen export) and ORF11. We constructed S. typhi Ty2 strains carrying non-polar mutations in ten genes located at the viaB locus and examined the individual contribution of each gene to Vi phenotype. Phenotypes of the mutants and complementation experiments suggested that synthesis of Vi antigen monomer was catalysed by the TviB and TviC polypeptides. Subsequent polymerization of the polysaccharide might be catalysed by the TviE protein, but required functional TviD product. Proteins encoded by vexA, vexB and vexC directed transport of the polymer to the bacterial cell surface. Anchoring of the Vi antigen at the bacterial cell surface was dependent of the VexE protein. The TviA protein was not essential for Vi polymer synthesis. However, disruption of the tviA gene on S. typhi Ty2 chromosome strongly decreased expression of Vi antigen. This defect was fully complemented by providing tviA in trans on a recombinant plasmid. By using lacZ transcriptional fusions, it was shown that the TviA product positively regulated co-transcription of the tviA and tviB genes from a promoter located upstream of tviA. Moreover, we showed that a tviAB-lacZ fusion was not expressed in a viaA (rcsB) mutant of S. typhi. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Current source-density analysis of light-evoked field potentials in rabbit retina

The technique of current source-density analysis was applied to several components of the light-evoked field potentials (electroretinogram) from the retina of the superfused eyecup of rabbit. The depth distributions of the major current sources and sinks were: b-wave—sink at outer plexiform layer, source at inner plexiform layer; M-wave—sink at inner plexiform layer, source at retinal surface; and slow PIII—source near outer plexiform layer, sink at retinal surface. These distributions, along with the sensitivities of these responses to certain pharmacological agents, support earlier studies that Müller cells generate the M-wave and slow PIII, but that depolarizing bipolar cells directly generate the b-wave.
Low cost, disposable and wearable body warmer using RGO sheets coated on cloth substrate as heating element

Increase in customer demand for durable and functional fabric has been created an opportunity for nanomaterials to be integrated onto the textile substrates. We have fabricated a single step approach for electrically conductive textile for large scale production of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets coated cotton cloth based films for heat generation application. It can be used as electro thermal wearable body warmer, in many industrial and laboratory applications. The RGO nanosheets aqueous dispersion was successfully prepared by solution mixing of RGO in N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) using ultra sonication process. For the fabrication of RGO coated cotton cloth, the heating element film formation is carried out by dip coating method. The thickness of the heating element film is around 200 µm. As-prepared RGO nanosheets and RGO coated textile (cotton) cloth were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM techniques for their structural and surface morphology analysis. The RGO coated cotton cloth based electro thermal film annealed at 80µC temperature showed a good heating performance. Saturated temperature of around 52µC was attained when 40V is applied for 1 min to the fabricated device. It has been observed that, the power drawn by the device at 40 V was 480mW. The nanomaterials offer wide potential applications when integrated with garments that can be used to sense and respond to external parameters like electrical, optical and physiological signals. Importantly, the direct use of the aqueous dispersion of RGO in NMP opens up a new window for the next generation innovative wearable textile electronic devices. However, the field of nanotechnology, by considering the features of the textiles due to light weight, corrosion free, chemical stability for biomedical, automobile, flexible electronics for wearable technology etc. applications.
Shallow Water MCM using Off-Board , Autonomous Sensor Networks and Multistatic , Time-Reversal Acoustics

The objective of the joint research by MIT and MPL under SWAMSI is to combine the results of two ONR sponsored SACLANTCEN (now NURC) Joint Research Programs (JRP), the GOATS multistatic MCM initiative led by MIT, and the Focused Acoustic Field, led by MPL, into a new, environmentally adaptive, multistatic sonar concept for concurrent detection and classification of proud and buried targets in shallow water, using off-board autonomous sensing platforms in conjunction with organic, on-board sonar resources. The research will develop a comprehensive System Modeling and Simulation framework which will be used for perfomance prediction and experiment planning. Concept demonstration is performed through field experiments conducted jointly with NURC. Here we report on MPL’s efforts and point out the FY05 did not have an experiment but involved analysis and planning for FY06 expeeriment
Health care supply and county‐level variation in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications

Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.
Strand-specific mismatch correction in nuclear extracts of human and Drosophila melanogaster cell lines.

Nuclear extracts derived from HeLa and Drosophila melanogaster KC cell lines have been found to correct single base-base mispairs within open circular DNA heteroduplexes containing a strand-specific, site-specific incision located 808 base pairs from the mismatch. Correction in both extract systems is strand specific, being highly biased to the incised DNA strand. Different mispairs within a homologous set of heteroduplexes were processed with different efficiencies (G.T greater than G.G approximately equal to A.C greater than C.C), and correction was accompanied by mismatch-dependent DNA synthesis localized to the region spanning the mispair and the strand break, thus demonstrating that mismatch recognition is associated with the repair reaction. Correction of each of these heteroduplexes was abolished by aphidicolin but was relatively insensitive to the presence of high concentrations of ddTTP, indicating probable involvement of alpha and/or delta class DNA polymerase(s). These findings suggest that higher eukaryotic cells possess a general, strand-specific mismatch repair system analogous to the Escherichia coli mutHLS and the Streptococcus pneumoniae hexAB pathways, systems that contribute in a major way to the genetic stability of these bacterial species.
Ambiguity-region analysis for double threshold energy detection in cooperative spectrum sensing

In this paper we investigate cooperative spectrum sensing technique in which double threshold based energy detection is used at local cognitive radio (CR) sensors. Cooperative spectrum sensing improves reliability in detection of underutilized spectrum by fusing the decisions of local CR sensors. Local CR sensors use two thresholds, λ<inf>1</inf> and λ<inf>2</inf> (with λ<inf>2</inf> > λ<inf>1</inf>). If the sensed energy is greater than λ<inf>2</inf> or less than λ<inf>1</inf> then with complete certainty local sensors decide for the presence or absence of primary user (PU) respectively. The difference between λ<inf>2</inf> and λ<inf>1</inf> defines the ambiguity region, i.e., Δ<inf>th</inf> = λ<inf>2</inf> — λ<inf>1</inf> in which local CRs are unable to decide the presence or absence of PU. In this work local sensors report the decision along with situation in which sensed energy falls in ambiguity region. In our analysis we use majority rule at the fusion center and compute an analytical expression of average probability of sensing error as a function of width of ambiguity region, i.e., Δ<inf>th</inf>. Using the derived analytical expression and by simulation we show that there exists an optimal value of Δ<inf>th</inf> for which the probability of sensing error is minimum.
Working Group for Body Plethysmography of the German Society for Pneumology and Respiratory Care

a Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende gGmbH, Department of Pneumology, Respiratory Care, Sleep Medicine, Pappelweg 5, D-37120 Bovenden-Lenglern, Germany University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Pneumology, Freiburg, Germany Berlin, Germany Group Practice and Centre for Allergy, Respiratory and Sleep Medicine at Maingau Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany e Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany Hochschule Ulm, Institute for Applied Research, Ulm, Germany Marienhospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany Krankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Department of Pneumology, Schmallenberg, Germany Krankenhaus Großhansdorf, Center of Pneumology, Großhansdorf, Germany Augusta Kranken Anstalt Bochum, Institute for Occupational Physiology, Bochum, Germany k Pneumologische Praxis Remscheid, Remscheid, Germany Kliniken St. Antonius, Lungcenter, Wuppertal, Germany m Pneumologische Praxis Aschaffenburg, Aschaffenburg, Germany Medical Department I, Klinikum Fürth, Fürth, Germany o Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Munich, Germany
F eb 2 01 9 Holographic Complexity and Charged Scalar Fields

We construct a time-dependent expression of the computational complexity of a quantum system which consists of two conformal complex scalar field theories in d dimensions coupled to constant electric potentials and defined on the boundaries of a charged AdS black hole in (d+1) dimensions. Using a suitable choice of the reference state, Hamiltonian gates and the metric on the manifold of unitaries, we find that the complexity grows linearly for a relatively large interval of time. We also remark that for scalar fields with very small charges the rate of variation of the complexity cannot exceed a maximum value known as the Lloyd bound.
Methane Adsorption in Zr-Based MOFs: Comparison and Critical Evaluation of Force Fields

The search for nanoporous materials that are highly performing for gas storage and separation is one of the contemporary challenges in material design. The computational tools to aid these experimental efforts are widely available, and adsorption isotherms are routinely computed for huge sets of (hypothetical) frameworks. Clearly the computational results depend on the interactions between the adsorbed species and the adsorbent, which are commonly described using force fields. In this paper, an extensive comparison and in-depth investigation of several force fields from literature is reported for the case of methane adsorption in the Zr-based Metal–Organic Frameworks UiO-66, UiO-67, DUT-52, NU-1000, and MOF-808. Significant quantitative differences in the computed uptake are observed when comparing different force fields, but most qualitative features are common which suggests some predictive power of the simulations when it comes to these properties. More insight into the host–guest interactions is obtained by benchmarking the force fields with an extensive number of ab initio computed single molecule interaction energies. This analysis at the molecular level reveals that especially ab initio derived force fields perform well in reproducing the ab initio interaction energies. Finally, the high sensitivity of uptake predictions on the underlying potential energy surface is explored.
Frequency Dependent Output Resistance and Transconductance in AlGaN / GaN MODFETs

Wide bandgap III-V nitride semiconductors are excellent candidates for high power applications and superior power performance of AlGaN/GaN MODFETs has been reported recently [1]. Circuits designed for power applications such as power amplifiers, oscillators and mixers, operate under large-signal conditions and their performance can deviate significantly from small-signal predicted characteristics in case of frequency dependent device properties. It is consequently very important to understand and if possible control and suppress such dispersion effects. The low frequency output resistance (RDS) and transconductance (gm) dispersion characteristics of GaAs MESFETs [2]-[3] and GaAs as well as InP-based MODFETs [4]-[5] have been addressed by various groups. However, the dispersion characteristics of AlGaN/GaN MODFETs are not well understood at this point and significant interest exists in this area in order to explain dispersion between DC predicted and high–frequency measured power characteristics. This paper addresses such issues by presenting experimentally evaluated frequency dependent properties of RDS and gm in AlGaN/GaN MODFETs.
Predicting Student Performance from LMS Data: A Comparison of 17 Blended Courses Using Moodle LMS

With the adoption of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in educational institutions, a lot of data has become available describing students’ online behavior. Many researchers have used these data to predict student performance. This has led to a rather diverse set of findings, possibly related to the diversity in courses and predictor variables extracted from the LMS, which makes it hard to draw general conclusions about the mechanisms underlying student performance. We first provide an overview of the theoretical arguments used in learning analytics research and the typical predictors that have been used in recent studies. We then analyze 17 blended courses with 4,989 students in a single institution using Moodle LMS, in which we predict student performance from LMS predictor variables as used in the literature and from in-between assessment grades, using both multi-level and standard regressions. Our analyses show that the results of predictive modeling, notwithstanding the fact that they are collected within a single institution, strongly vary across courses. Thus, the portability of the prediction models across courses is low. In addition, we show that for the purpose of early intervention or when in-between assessment grades are taken into account, LMS data are of little (additional) value. We outline the implications of our findings and emphasize the need to include more specific theoretical argumentation and additional data sources other than just the LMS data.
A control model of the software requirements process

Purpose – Many project failures can be attributed to changes in requirements as the project progresses. The purpose of this paper is to review several system dynamics models of the requirements process from the literature, especially the model of Andersson and Karlsson. This model addresses the deficiencies in the system dynamics model devised hitherto to create a model than can be used to predict requirements acquisition and staff resources for different levels of project complexity and size.Design/methodology/approach – A new control‐theoretic model of requirements gathering is devised using the Software Test Model of Cangussu as a framework. Conventional control system techniques are then used to compute typical responses.Findings – The results agree with the limited published data. This model can be used to predict an estimate of the possible number of requirements that could be devised for the project. It allows the incorporation of workforce, quality and complexity information to predict the time to.
Direct visualization of the subthalamic nucleus and its iron distribution using high‐resolution susceptibility mapping

Histological studies have shown a relatively high iron concentration in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). T2‐ and T2*‐weighted sequences have previously been used to visualize the STN in vivo. The phase information of gradient‐echo images reflects the magnetic tissue properties more directly, e.g., iron is more paramagnetic than water. Unfortunately, phase images suffer from non‐local effects and orientation dependency. The goal of this study is to delineate the STN more precisely using susceptibility maps, calculated from phase images, which directly index magnetic tissue properties while removing the non‐local effects and orientation dependency. Use of 7T MRI enables high spatial resolution with good signal to noise ratio (SNR). Eight healthy subjects were scanned at 7T using a high‐resolution 3D gradient‐echo sequence. Susceptibility maps were calculated from phase data using a thresholding Fourier approach and a regularization approach using spatial priors. The susceptibility maps clearly distinguish the STN from the adjacent substantia nigra (SN). Their susceptibilities are quantitatively different (0.06 and 0.1 ppm for the STN and SN, respectively). These maps allowed the STN, SN, and the red nucleus to be manually segmented, thus providing 3D visualization of their boundaries. In sum, the STN can be more clearly distinguished from adjacent structures in susceptibility maps than in T2*‐weighted images or phase images. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Selectivity of 6′-Guanidinonaltrindole (6′-GNTI) at κ-Opioid Receptors in Striatal Neurons*

Background: 6′-Guanidinonaltrindole (6′-GNTI) activates G protein coupling to κ-opioid receptors (KOR) without β-arrestin2 recruitment in transfected cells. Results: In striatal neurons, 6′-GNTI activates Akt but not ERK1/2; U69,593 activates both kinases. Conclusion: In neurons, U69,593-induced activation of ERK1/2 is β-arrestin2-dependent, whereas activation of Akt is G protein-mediated. Significance: Identification of KOR signaling pathways in endogenous systems will inform the development of KOR-directed medications. There is considerable evidence to suggest that drug actions at the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) may represent a means to control pain perception and modulate reward thresholds. As a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the activation of KOR promotes Gαi/o protein coupling and the recruitment of β-arrestins. It has become increasingly evident that GPCRs can transduce signals that originate independently via G protein pathways and β-arrestin pathways; the ligand-dependent bifurcation of such signaling is referred to as “functional selectivity” or “signaling bias. ” Recently, a KOR agonist, 6′-guanidinonaltrindole (6′-GNTI), was shown to display bias toward the activation of G protein-mediated signaling over β-arrestin2 recruitment. Therefore, we investigated whether such ligand bias was preserved in striatal neurons. Although the reference KOR agonist U69,593 induces the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, 6′-GNTI only activates the Akt pathway in striatal neurons. Using pharmacological tools and β-arrestin2 knock-out mice, we show that KOR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons requires β-arrestin2, whereas Akt activation depends upon G protein signaling. These findings reveal a point of KOR signal bifurcation that can be observed in an endogenous neuronal setting and may prove to be an important indicator when developing biased agonists at the KOR.
TP 53 mutations , tetraploidy and homologous recombination repair defects in early stage high-grade serous ovarian cancer

To determine early somatic changes in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), we performed whole genome sequencing on a rare collection of 16 low stage HGSOCs. The majority showed extensive structural alterations (one had an ultramutated profile), exhibited high levels of p53 immunoreactivity, and harboured a TP53 mutation, deletion or inactivation. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were observed in two tumors, with nine showing evidence of a homologous recombination (HR) defect. Combined Analysis with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicated that low and late stage HGSOCs have similar mutation and copy number profiles. We also found evidence that deleterious TP53 mutations are the earliest events, followed by deletions or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomes carrying TP53, BRCA1 or BRCA2. Inactivation of HR appears to be an early event, as 62.5% of tumours showed a LOH pattern suggestive of HR defects. Three tumours with the highest ploidy had little genome-wide LOH, yet one of these had a homozygous somatic frame-shift BRCA2 mutation, suggesting that some carcinomas begin as tetraploid then descend into diploidy accompanied by genome-wide LOH. Lastly, we found evidence that structural variants (SV) cluster in HGSOC, but are absent in one ultramutated tumor, providing insights into the pathogenesis of low stage HGSOC.