Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technical Aspects of Toxicological Immunohistochemistry : System Specific Biomarkers

This volume examines immunohistochemical methods for investigating the toxicologic pathology of rodent and otheranimal tissues.Eleven comprehensive chapters provide pathologists and researchers in various sub-disciplines of toxicology with an authoritative review of the methods ofimmunohistochemical staining in various target tissues. Further, this book explores the tissue-, antigen-, and antibody-specific problems that may be encountered during the staining procedures and provides potential avenues for resolving various methodological issues. Special attention is paid to the latest enhancement procedures for antigen retrieval and visualization as well as to image analysis and antigen quantification. Written by leading researchers in toxicology and pathology, this book is a significant resource for toxicologists and pathologists working with rodents and other animal models. The information in Technical Aspects of Toxicological Immunohistochemistry is rounded out bythe companion book,Toxicological Immunohistochemistrywhich examines mechanistic and predictive biomarkers for toxicological evaluation.
A study on the Antifungal Effects of Lactobacillus spp. on Candida Species

Background: Yeast infections represents one of the most important hospital acquired infections. The use of Probiotics in prevention and treatment of different bacterial infections reduce the risk of emerging resistant bacterial strains to antibiotics that commonly used. Objective: This study investigates the antifungal effect of Lactobacillus on candida isolated from blood cultures. Methodology : Ten Lactobacilli strains were isolated from the children stool using MRS agar and biochemically identified by API 50CHL. Fifty Candida strains were isolated from blood cultures using Sabouraud dextrose agar. The test of antifungal effect of Lactobacilli strains on Candida was done by using plate well diffusion technique on SD agar. Results: The Lactobacillus acidophilus had the most effective antifungal effect on C. albicans and non albicans.
Review on Genetics and Breeding of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Tomato is considered as a member of the family Solanaceae. The botanical name of tomato is Lycopersicon esculentum Mill and is a diploid plant with 2n=2x=24 chromosomes. Great advances in tomato genetics have been achievable because of the understanding of mating systems and the possibility of controlled hybridization within and among species, the naturally occurring variability in the species, the occurrence of self-pollination that leads to the expression of recessive mutations, the lack of gene duplication, and the possibility to easily identify the 12 chromosomes. New methodological approaches like molecular mapping of important agronomical characters and the development of advanced-backcross and introgression lines have provided powerful tools for the improvement of the tomato crop and to understand the processes of domestication. The general breeding goals of tomato are fruit yield, fruit quality, and resistance to diseases and pests. Tomatoes are presented as a classical example for gene transfer from wild species into cultivated cultivars for improvement the qualitative traits. It was established that until now the achievements in tomato breeding are based on classical breeding-genetic methods and also, an essential change in the accelerated introduction of useful traits in the cultivars is not made. It is believable that conventional breeding wouldn’t allow the increase of productivity in the future. The significant progress in molecular genetics and use of molecular marker techniques are established. Therefore, the combined application of traditional breeding and contemporary plant biotechnology methods including selection based on molecular markers marker-Assisted Selection might be valuable tools for tomato breeding.
Typological Diversity of the Estonian Calcareous (Alvar) Forests

The calcareous forests in northern Europe are characterised by a very high species diversity including numerous red-listed species. The aims of the current study were: (i) to describe the Estonian calcareous forests' diversity both on the species and community levels, (ii) to identify the indicator/characteristic species of the established community types and, (iii) to identify the main environmental factors affecting these communities. Of the 271 recorded vascular plant species, 55 occurred in such forests within their geographical distribution limit or close to it. Regarding soil properties, the humus-horizon C content, CaCO3 content and loss on ignition (LOI) were found to affect the total number of species. All in all, 12 community types were established, each having their own dominating and statistically reliable indicator species. The community types also differed in their structure and characteristics of the soils (particularly humus horizon thickness and depth of the rubble layer). Although calcareous forests are rather threatened, in Estonia they still grow in relatively large and non-fragmented areas.
Nuclear organisation in stem cells

The spatial arrangement of the human genome in the nucleus is thought to be important for regulating gene expression. Previous studies have shown that chromosomes adopt a radial organisation, whereby gene-rich chromosomes are situated towards the centre of the nucleus and gene-poor chromosomes are located closer to the nuclear periphery. Centromeres, telomeres and gene clusters also have distinct nuclear localisations in somatic cells. If nuclear organisation regulates gene expression, then it may have a role in gene silencing as a cell commits to differentiation. It is therefore important to determine the nuclear organisation of stem cells. Here I ask if the nuclear architecture of human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is different from that of differentiated cells? I have examined the position of chromosomes 18 (gene-poor) and 19 (gene-rich) and show that their radial nuclear organisation, seen in differentiated cells, is already established in human ES cells. However, I show that the position of centromeres is different in ES cells and differentiated cells. I have investigated the location of two gene dense regions, 1 lpl5 and 6p21 (which contains the pluripotent gene OCT4) and the 12pl3 region (containing NANOG), in differentiated and human ES cells. I show that although the position of gene dense regions is maintained through differentiation, specific genes involved in pluripotency change position either within the nucleus or relative to their chromosome territories. In parallel I have established data on nuclear reorganisation during differentiation of murine ES cells towards an ectodermal lineage. I show the relocalisation of chromosome territories and genes involved in neural development during differentiation, which is accompanied by substantial clustering of centromeric heterochromatin. Using mutant mouse ES cells I show that clustering still occurs in cells that lack DNA methylation, the DNA binding protein MeCP2 and the Suv39h histone methyltransferase. I conclude that although some of the basic principles of nuclear organisation are already established in ES cells, spatial reorganisation of the genome is evident during differentiation.
Do Battered Women Have a Right to Bear Arms

Many people helped me with this Note, including Professor Vicki Schultz, Professor Akhil Reed Amar, Don B. Kates, Jr., and Robert J. Cottrol. 1 Ntozake Shange, With No Immediate Cause, in FAMILY VIOLENCE: POEMS ON THE PATHOLOGY 66, 67 (Mary McAnally ed., 1982) (quoted in Martha R. Mahoney, Legal Images of Battered Women: Redefining the Issue of Separation, 90 MICH. L. REV. 1 (1991)). 2 See Joseph A. O'Brien, Jr. & Suzanne Sataline, Crossfire Wounds Boy, 6, On School Bus, HARTFORD COURANT, June 11, 1993, at A1. Unlike many other victims of violence, kindergartner Cesar Sandoval survived and returned home. Blanca M. Quintanilla, Boy Injured in Shooting Released from Hospital, HARTFORD COURANT, July 25, 1993, at D1; cf. Craig Wolff, Washington Heights Boy, 12, Is Killed When a Gun Fires, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 24, 1993, at B6 (discussing victim of violence who did not survive). Approximately 31,600 people were killed by guns in 1985—55% were suicides, 37% were homicides, 5% were accidents, and 1.5% were killed by police officers or for undetermined reasons. GARY KLECK, POINT BLANK: GUNS AND VIOLENCE IN AMERICA 42-43 (1991). Guns were used in about 22% of the 142,292 suicides, homicides, and accidents that occurred in 1985. Id. at 60 (Table 2.7). There are approximately 200 million guns in circulation around the country. Michael Isikoff, 200 Million Guns Reported in Circulation Nationwide, WASH. POST, May 24, 1991, at A1. 3 I use the term "gun controls" to refer to laws that restrict the ownership, acquisition, and/or manner of carrying a firearm, not general criminal laws that cover the use of a firearm. There are many statutes, ordinances, and legislative proposals for gun controls. Because this Note focuses on battered women, I will discuss only permit/license requirements and waiting periods. See infra part III. [Copyright © 1993 Yale Law & Policy Review. Originally published as 11 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 509-560 (1993). For educational use only. The printed edition remains canonical. For citational use please obtain a back issue from William S. Hein & Co., 1285 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14209; 716-882-2600 or 800-828-7571. ]
Programmierter Zelltod bei Bakterien

Die biologische Grundlage des programmierten Zelltodes (programmed cell death, PCD) der Bakterien sind zwei Moleküle, ein stabiles Protein‐Toxin und ein instabiles Antitoxin welches permanent synthetisiert werden muss. Beide Komponenten zusammen werden als TA‐Modul bezeichnet. Wird die Synthese des Antitoxins blockiert oder wird es abgebaut, dann übt das nun freie Toxin entweder eine bakteriostatische oder eine bakterizide Wirkung aus. PCD kann sich auch auf andere Zellen auswirken und dort zu Kannibalismus und Geschwistermord führen. Zum Schluss werden zwei Beispiele der Anwendung von TA‐Modulen in der Biotechnologie beschrieben.
Genetic Divergence of the Pest Moth Chloridea virescens (Noctuidae: Heliothinae) Feeding on a Newly Documented Host Plant in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile

The polyphagous moth Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) is a widely distributed pest in the New World, ranging from United States to Argentina (Poole et al. 1993). Along the Pacific coast it reaches the Pacific Northwest as its northern limit, including the states of Oregon and Washington, United States (Landolt 2008), while its southern limit is in the northernmost part of Chile (Parra et al. 1986). The wide host range of C. virescens includes a great number of plants, many of which are agricultural crops, belonging to many families (Pogue 2013, Ventura et al. 2016). It is known that characterization of the genetic variation is important to understanding the biology of insect pests, especially in widely distributed species, because these sometimes exhibit genetic differentiation throughout their geographic ranges, which can be especially interesting to develop pest management strategies at the local level (Salinas-Hernandez & Saldamandano-Benjumea 2011, Diaz-Montilla et al. 2013, Maia et al. 2016, Velasco-Cuervo et al. 2016). Albernaz et al. (2012) assessed the genetic variation of C. virescens populations feeding on cotton and soybean in Brazil based on sequence analysis of mitochondrial GENERAL NOTES
Baseline isotopic data for Wolffia spp.: another option for tracing N-loading in freshwater systems?

δ15N values of aquatic plants can reflect anthropogenic N loading. Recent work suggests the duckweed Spirodela spp. effectively maps N loading in freshwater ecosystems, but its use may be complicated by a cyanobacterium–duckweed symbiosis that could reduce its utility in low-nutrient environments. I aimed to evaluate the potential of a 2nd duckweed species Wolffia spp. , which lacks a cyanobacterial symbiosis, for use in pollution monitoring in freshwater ecosystems. I used a series of laboratory experiments to investigate δ15N equilibration rates and concentration-level effects of single-source N solutions in plant tissue over 16 d to provide baseline data for sewage-plume mapping with Wolffia spp. I also tested concentration-level effects in multisource solutions to investigate the effects of mixed-source inputs. Wolffia reflected environmental N sources with a 12- to 16-d isotopic equilibration time and showed enriched and depleted δ15N ratios for manure and KNO3 solutions, respectively, but distinguished poorly between lower concentrations of manure. Fractionations at isotopic equilibrium were opposite to expectations and decreased with increasing [N]. Wolffia showed a consistent preference for NH3 in mixed-source treatments, regardless of the proportion or concentration of NH3 or NO3– available, and a capacity for N storage, which may complicate mapping of N-loading in natural environments. Wolffia is likely to be a less useful bioindicator than the previously tested Spirodela. Future research should focus on field applications of Spirodela spp. to test its capacity for sewage-plume mapping of freshwater ecosystems in a natural environment.
Criterion Setting Modulates Neural Excitability of Human Visual Cortex

is enhanced when humans adopt a liberal criterion compared to a more conservative criterion. Moreover, we show how increased excitability boosts subsequent stimulus-related visual cortical EEG activity in the gamma (59-100 Hz) range by enhancing sensory response gain. Drift diffusion modeling of choice further confirms that a liberal criterion is achieved by biasing the sensory evidence accumulation process towards ‘yes’ choices. Together, these findings show that humans are able to intentionally and flexibly adapt neural excitability to current task demands, and that such changes in excitability implement criterion shifts by biasing sensory evidence accumulation. estimates for the starting point and drift criterion models, expressed with respect to a basic model without bias parameters. A lower delta BIC value indicates a better
Comparative genomic analyses of cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that can be found in water bodies worldwide. Cyanobacterial lineage evolution resulted in numerous colour, shape and colony-forming phenotypes. Most cyanobacteria produce several toxins, but only a few are capable of nitrogen (N2) fixation. Most interestingly, these bacteria exhibit antimicrobial activity, as well as antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Therefore, it has been suggested that cyanobacteria might harbour several antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that these bacteria might play a major role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance phenotypes in microbial communities. Whole-genome sequencing is necessary to fully characterise the genetic basis of such AR phenotypes. In particular, long-read third-generation sequencing methods might help resolve the genomic structure of AR gene containing regions. Horizontally transferred AR genes are often flanked by highly repetitive sequences, not completely resolved by high-throughput nextgeneration sequencing technologies. Here, we report the use of the portable MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK) sequencing device to obtain the genome sequences of six strains of cyanobacteria. Said biological isolates were collected at different time points in freshwater bodies across Portugal. We obtained genome scaffolds for two Microcystis aeruginosa strains. The LMECYA7 scaffold resulted from a hybrid assembly using not only MinION data but also Illumina paired-end reads. The LMECYA167 genome scaffold represented more than 68% of the reference genome and was entirely built from MinION 1D reads. For both strains, more than one hundred homologous AR gene sequences were found. Among these, fluoroquinolone, beta-lactam and sulfonamide resistance-associated genes were present. Moreover, genome annotation might have unveiled the genetic basis of trimethoprim resistance in the aforementioned cyanobacterial strains. The presence of an alternative folate pathway enzyme (thymidylate synthase, thyX) could fully account for such trimethoprim resistance phenotype. In summary, MinION sequencing allowed us to not only find several homologous AR genes, but also pinpoint the genetic mechanism that is responsible for trimethoprim resistance in two strains of cyanobacteria. Lastly, the process of gDNA extraction requires further optimisation, in order to obtain maximum MinION sequencing yield.
Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Ovarian Function in Bovine

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays an important in ovarian function from follicular development to ovulation. It is an angiogeneic factor that stimulates vessel formation and increases vascular permeability to supply nutrition and oxygen to developing follicle. During luteal phase, VEGF expression is required for corpus luteum (CL) development and function. Inhibition of VEGF expression results in abnormal angiogenesis and hence affects ovarian structure. Therefore, understanding the action of VEGF along with action of hormones influencing its expression is necessary to assimilate ovarian pathology.
Occurrence, identification, and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. associated with tomato wilt in Mexico

Fusarium wilt is considered as one of the most important diseases that affects tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize Fusarium species with the potential to cause tomato wilt using morphological and molecular approaches, in order to generate the necessary information to achieve effective control of this disease. Fusarium isolates were found associated with commercial grown cultivars with disease incidence ranging from 10 to 85%. Forty isolates were identified by morphological characteristics as Fusarium oxysporum (38) and as Fusarium sp. (2). The isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity on healthy tomato seedlings, which presented root rot at 20–35 days after inoculation. Fifteen of the most pathogenic isolates were analyzed with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of DNA and the partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α). Isolates associated with tomato wilt, were identified molecularly as Fusarium oxysporum (13), Fusarium circinatum (1), and Fusarium andiyazi (1). Both analysis revealed that the mayor agent of tomato wilt in Mexico was F. oxysporum. This finding provides relevant information on tomato wilt in Mexico to decide the proper control methods for the pathogen.
Disease potential of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) collected from Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus) : low pathogenicity in experimentally infected specified pathogen-free domestic cats

Summary The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is considered the most endangered felid species in the world, less than 250 animals left. The narrow genetic basis may contribute to render this species particularly susceptible to infectious diseases. Within a six-month period starting in December 2006, a feline leukemia virus (FeLV) outbreak of surprising virulence killed about 60% of infected animals. Sequencing of the FeLV envelope surface unit gene revealed a common origin in all lynxes. The sequences were closely related to FeLV-A/61E, originally isolated from a cat in Colorado and only mildly pathogenic in domestic cats. Nevertheless, a particular virulence of the FeLV strain found in Iberian lynxes could not be ruled out. In order to evaluate the virulence of the lynx FeLV, we assessed the disease-inducing potential of the Iberian lynx`s FeLV strain in its probable original host, the domestic cat. Intraperitoneal inoculation of specified pathogen-free (SPF) domestic cats with FeLV-infected Iberian lynx blood did not lead to a particularly severe outcome. Thus, the FeLV epidemic in the Iberian lynxes seems to be more related to a potential primary immunodeficiency of these animals than to an extremely virulent FeLV strain. Der Iberische Luchs (Lynx pardinus) ist die am starksten bedrohte Katzenart der Welt. Die beiden grosten Vorkommen leben in Andalusien im Nationalpark Coto de Donana und in der Sierra Morena, es werden nur noch rund 160 Tiere frei lebend geschatzt. Im Fruhjahr 2007 kam es zu einem fatalen felinen Leukamievirus (FeLV) Ausbruch, wobei 60% der infizierten Tiere innerhalb von 6 Monaten verstarben. Die Sequenzierung des FeLV envelope Gens, ein Gen welches Proteine der Virushulle codiert, zeigte einen gemeinsamen Ursprung in den betroffenen Luchsen. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Spanischen Regierung war das Ziel unseres Instituts und meiner Arbeit, das Infektionspotential dieses potentiell virulenten FeLV Stamms bei einer moglichen Ruckubertragung vom Luchs auf die Hauskatze genauer zu untersuchen. Die Infektion von spezifisch pathogen freien (SPF) Katzen fuhrte zu keinem schwerwiegenden Ausgang der Infektion. Fazit, die FeLV Epidemie des Iberischen Luchses scheint eher im Zusammenhang mit einer angeborenen Immundefizienz zu stehen, als mit einem aussergewohnlich virulenten und potentiell gefahrlichen FeLV Stamm.
Non-native reef fishes in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean: a recent record of Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae) and biological aspects of Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833) (Perciformes, Pomacentridae)

In the present paper, we document a recent record of the Bannerfish, Heniochus acuminatus, an Indo-Pacific species, in the southwest Atlantic Ocean and comment on biological aspects of the Azores Chromis, Chromis limbata, an invasive reef fish in the western Atlantic Ocean. We suggest that investigations of invasive species along the Brazilian coast can use data provided by citizen science, strengthening the non-native reef fish control strategies.
Newly Recognized Human Dental Remains at Les Fadets (Lussac-les-Châteaux, Vienne, France)

Archeological research at the site of Les Fadets in the town of Lussac-les-Châteaux (Department of Vienne, France) has a 150-year history; however, comprehensive descriptions of the results of its various excavations are mostly unknown. Here we present previously unrecognized human dental remains discovered among the curated faunal remains in the context of the history of research at Les Fadets, with a focus on the Upper Paleolithic occupations of the site. Occupation at Les Fadets spans the Middle Paleolithic to the recent historic period. Curatorial details suggest that these children’s teeth (Les Fadets 3–6) come from the extensive Magdalenian occupation. In support of this, metric and morphological analyses suggest the teeth cluster with other modern humans rather than Neandertals. This region is rich with Paleolithic cultural sites, and the discovery of these teeth from Les Fadets adds to the small data set available of Upper Paleolithic human remains, especially those of young individuals.