Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Waste to Energy from Flue Gas of Industrial Plants to Biodiesel: Effect of CO2 on Microalgae Growth

Microalgae are a good source of lipid and other valuable chemicals which have applications in biodiesel production and food industry. Waste management using microalgae has recently gained attention since microalgae can grow by utilizing nutrient from waste resources. Carbon is quantitatively most important nutrient for cultivation of microalgae and can be supplied from flue gas of industrial plants. In this regard, selection of a suitable species of microalgae which has capability to grow using concentrated CO2 from flue gas is an important consideration. In this study, the effect supplying two concentrations of CO2 (5% and 15% (v/v)) during cultivation of two microalgae strains were investigated (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliqus). The results showed maximum biomass concentration of 2.59 g/L under 5.0% and 1.41 g/L under 15.0% CO2 concentration for Chlorella vulgaris. However, the maximum biomass concentrations for Scenedesmus obliqus turned to be 30-60% lower. Also, the results indicated 40% and 130% higher maximum biomass productivity for Chlorella vulgaris under 5% and 15% CO2 relative to Scenedesmus obliqus. Similarly, the maximum carbon dioxide fixation was shown to be significantly higher for Chlorella vulgaris relative to Scenedesmus obliqus. Overall our results indicated that Chlorella vulgaris is the more appropriate species to be used for cultivation using flue gas of industrial plants.
Pectinase Production with Waste Materials by Local Water Isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus Strain 2101 and Purification and Characterization of the Enzyme

Bu çalışmada, pektin liyaz (PL) yerel su kaynaklarından izole edilen Aspergillus fumigatus 2101 suşundan elde edildi. PL, amonyum sülfat çöktürmesi, jel filtrasyon ve iyon değişim kromatografisi kullanılarak saflaştırıldı. Bu saflaştırma basamaklarından sonra, 12.4 saflaştırma katsayısı elde edildi. PL’nin optimum pH ve sıcaklığı sırasıyla 8.0 ve 40 ̊C’de 70 dakikadır. PL’nin molekül ağırlığı 11.5 kDa’dur. Sıvı besi ortamında maksimum PL aktivitesi meyve pulpları ile elde edilmiştir. Stabilite deneyleri, PL’nin 4 ̊C’de 20 aya kadar kararlı olduğunu göstermiştir. En yüksek PL aktivitesi karbon kaynağı olarak sitrus pectin kullanıldığında elde edilmiştir. PL, FeSO 4 , FeCl 3 ve askorbik asit tarafından güçlü bir şekilde aktive edilmiştir.
Quantum Self-Frictional Relativistic Nucleoseed Spinor-Type Tensor Field Theory of Nature

For study of quantum self-frictional (SF) relativistic nucleoseed spinor-type tensor (NSST) field theory of nature (SF-NSST atomic-molecular-nuclear and cosmic-universe systems) we use the complete orthogonal basis sets of -component column-matrices type SF -relativistic NSST orbitals (-RNSSTO) and SF -relativistic Slater NSST orbitals (-RSNSSTO) through the -nonrelativistic scalar orbitals (-NSO) and -nonrelativistic Slater type orbitals (-NSTO), respectively. Here or and , are the integer ) or noninteger ) SF quantum numbers, where . We notice that the nonrelativistic -NSO and -NSTO orbitals themselves are obtained from the relativistic -RNSSTO and -RSNSSTO functions for , respectively. The column-matrices-type SF -RNSST harmonics (-RNSSTH) and -modified NSSTH (-MNSSTH) functions for arbitrary spin introduced by the author in the previous papers are also used. The one- and two-center one-range addition theorems for -NSO and noninteger -NSTO orbitals are presented. The quantum SF relativistic nonperturbative theory for -RNSST potentials (-RNSSTP) and their derivatives is also suggested. To study the transportations of mass and momentum in nature the quantum SF relativistic NSST gravitational photon (gph) with is introduced.
Are banking dividends different? : evidence from the Brazilian banking sector

This research was intended to shed new light over the debate whether banks are different from non-banks. Our focus is to determine the main factors that influence the dividend policy in banking institutions and to compare the findings to theories and other models developed for nonbanking companies. Based in the literature review, we selected a set of variables that appear to influence dividend payment in other economies and tested them to predict dividend payments of a sample of 181 financial institutions that operated in the Brazilian market during 2001 and 2006. We have also compared the dividend payment pattern of this banking sample to a non-banking sample. The regression models confirmed that profitability is the main driver of banking dividend payments in Brazil. Similar evidence was presented by Lintner in 1956, based in the North American manufacture industry. The comparison between banking and non-banking companies in Brazil showed that banks are not different from other industries, although tests in different countries will be needed over time to permanently establish this idea.
Industrial Control, Instrumentation and Signal Processing Track SURFACE QUALITY CONTROL OF CERAMIC TILES USING NEURAL NETWORKS APPROACH

The image processing described in this paper is used for visual quality control in ceramic tile production. The tiles surface quality depends on the surface defects. The described image processing is based on the neural network approach. The described diagnostic algorithm is presented to detect surface failures on white ceramic tiles. The tiles are scanned and the digital images are pre-processed and classified using neural networks. Pre-processing of the image data is used to keep the number of inputs of the neural networks performing the classification relatively small. It is important to reduce the amount of input data with problem specific pre-processing. The auto-associative neural network is used for feature generation and selection while the probabilistic neural network is used for classification. Simulation was performed in Matlab using the Neural Network Toolbox. The algorithm is evaluated experimentally using the real tile images. The analysis of the detection capabilities and sensitivity expressed in non-detected failures and false proclaimed defect is done also. The results obtained were satisfactory considering the fact that the images were scanned under the normal conditions. The developing and testing of this method is used for early design of the computer aided visual control.
The Analysis and Suppressing of Non-Uniformity in a High-Speed Spike-Based Image Sensor

In this paper, the non-ideal factors, which include spatial noise and temporal noise, are analyzed and suppressed in the high-speed spike-based image sensor, which combines the high-speed scanning sequential format with the method that uses the interspike time interval to indicate the scene information. In this imager, spatial noise contains device mismatch, which results in photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) and the non-uniformity of dark current. By multiplying the measured coefficient matrix the photo response non-uniformity is suppressed, and the non-uniformity of dark current is suppressed by correcting the interspike time interval based on the time interval of dark current. The temporal noise is composed of the shot noise and thermal noise. This kind of noise can be eliminated when using the spike frequency to restore the image. The experimental results show that, based on the spike frequency method, the standard deviation of the image decreases from 18.4792 to 0.5683 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the relatively uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 1.5812 to 0.4516. Based on interspike time interval method, because of time mismatch and temporal noise, the standard deviation of the image changes from 27.4252 to 27.4977 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 2.361 to 0.3678.
Responses of microphytobenthos to light: primary production and carbohydrate allocation over an emersion period

The effect of high (ambient) and low (shaded to 50 % of ambient) light on microphytobenthic biofilm primary production, vertical migration and allocation of photoassimilated carbon into extracellular carbohydrates was investigated over the low tide emersion period at Sarilhos Pequenos on the Tagus estuary, Portugal, in July 2000. Carbon uptake ( 14 C measurements), electron transport (pulse-amplitude modulated [PAM]-fluorescence) and carbon allocation into extracellular carbohydrate fractions were measured. There was a decrease in the maximum rate of primary production (P max ) ( 14 C) over the emersion period (16 decreasing to 5 mg C m -2 h -1 at midday and the end of emersion, respectively) that was independent of the incident light and the light history to which the biofilms had been exposed. Primary production ( 14 C) did not correlate with measurements of in situ relative electron transport rate (rel.ETR), due in part to the light-induced migration of the cells away from the sediment surface during periods of high irradiance (photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD] > 1200 mol m -2 s -1 ). Downward migration coincided with the light level at which P max ( 14 C) was reached, 750 mol m -2 s -1 , and with a point of inflexion on the rel.ETR versus PPFD curve. Above this light level rel.ETR was over-estimated due to migration of the cells into a lower light field in the sediment. Shading significantly increased the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production rate (from 0.4 to 1.0 mg C m -2 h -1 in ambient and shaded light, respectively) and percentage allocation of photoassimilates into EPS (from 4 ± 1.0 to 18 ± 3.5 % of total production in ambient and shaded light, respectively). In contrast, percentage allocation of photoassimilates to low molecular weight extracellular carbohydrate was higher in the non-shaded treatments (35 ± 4.5 % compared with 13 ± 3.8% in ambient and shaded treatments, respectively), probably due to photosynthetic 'overflow'. In non-shaded biofilms there was little or no increase in the concentration of all extracellular carbohydrate fractions until the last hour before tidal immersion. Results indicate that diel patterns in microphytobenthic primary production are not predictable solely from light data.
Profitability Analysis of Selected Czech Banks and Their Foreign Owners

The goal of this paper is to establish determinants of profitability for selected European banks and subsequently compose a model of the selected banks' profitability ratios. Czech banks and their international parent companies were selected for th e profitability analysis. To represent Czech banks, banks were selected from the category of large bank s (using CNB classification according to balance sheet amount). Data from the years 2001–2013 will b e analyzed. Two ratios are used for assessing bank profitability return on assets and return on equi ty. Ten indicators were selected for the banks' profitability analysis. The subsequent regression a nalysis proved a positive influence for interest ma rgin and a negative influence for the ratio of high risk loans to assets on both profitability ratios; ther efore, we can say that they are very significant determina nts of the profitability of the banks studied. Furthermore, the positive influence of central bank taxation rate on return on equity was proved, and the negative influence of both GDP per capita and t axa ion rate on return on assets was proved.
An integrated approach to mixing sensitivities in tropospheric chemistry: A basis for the parameterization of subgrid-scale emissions for chemistry transport models

The net effect on the global atmosphere of a continuous isolated chemical source is considered under idealized conditions. A general framework is described that allows M i , the steady state global perturbation to the ith species due to the source, to be calculated. This is achieved by exploiting the fact that once the emissions are sufficiently dilute, far from the source, they decay with the timescales of the chemical eigenstates of the background atmosphere. Both M i and the level of excitation of the longer-lived eigenstates are shown to depend on the details of the mixing of emissions near the source. If the details of the dilution of the emissions plume are known, it is also shown that “equivalent emissions” can be calculated. Equivalent emissions are designed so that when diluted instantaneously into the background atmosphere they result in the same global perturbation to each species as the original slowly diluted plume. The framework is then applied to test the sensitivity to mixing of a simple O3-NO x -CO-HO x tropospheric chemistry system. M i is calculated for a NO-CO source of constant strength as the mixing scenario undergone by the emissions is varied. The global increase in O3 due to the source is found to increase with the rate at which emissions are mixed, whereas the global increase in CO is reduced. The equivalent emissions for each plume dilution mechanism are then calculated. In a simple plume box model it is shown that the equilibrium state obtained when the model is forced by emissions that are first diluted in entraining plumes can be reproduced in a standard box model (i.e., with instantaneous mixing of emissions) by the corresponding equivalent emissions. It is argued that the concept of equivalent emissions can be exploited straightforwardly to derive a parameterization of unresolved subgrid plumes in order to reduce systematic error in global models.
Symplocos dasyphylla (Symplocaceae): revised description and lectotypification

Abstract Symplocos dasyphylla Brand is one of the most poorly known species of Symplocos occurring in Rio de Janeiro. This species has been erroneously considered a synonym of S. itatiaiae Wawra, and the original description of S. dasyphylla does not contain the characters needed to diagnose the species. Here we provide a revised augmented description of S. dasyphylla , lectotypification, illustration, citations of material examined, data for assessing its conservation status, and a key to the species of Symplocos section Hopea occurring in Rio de Janeiro. Symplocos dasyphylla (Symplocaceae): descricao revisada e lectotipificacao Resumo Symplocos dasyphylla Brand e uma das especies menos conhecidas de Symplocos que ocorre no Rio de Janeiro. Esta especie tem sido erroneamente considerada um sinonimo de S. itatiaiae Wawra e a descricao original de S. dasyphylla nao contem todos os caracteres necessarios para reconhecer a especie. E fonecida uma descricao revisada e aumentada, lectotipificacao, ilustracao, citacao de materiais examinados, dados para avaliar seu estado de conservacao, e uma chave para as especies de Symplocos secao Hopea ocorrentes no Rio de Janeiro.
Three Levels Analytical Model for Monolithic Legacy Program Source Code Analysis

Source code analysis has many different but related and connected perspectives. As per the requirement of each perspective, the program code has been analyzed by specific technique. No single technique is able to achieve the purpose and covers all aspects of analysis. It addresses issues that are coupled together to entail development concerns, that will directly or indirectly affect the functionality of the program. They are categorized with reference to their application in the program analysis process. This paper describes all those analysis techniques organized in three levels analytical model which are applied to analyze and enquire the source code and its different aspects. Keywords: Monolithic, Source code, Program analysis, Walkthrough, Syntax analysis.
A spectral line survey of the starless and proto-stellar cores detected by BLAST toward the Vela-D molecular cloud

Context. Starless cores represent a very early stage of the star forma tion process, before collapse results in the formation of a c entral protostar or a multiple system of protostars. Aims. We use spectral line observations of a sample of cold dust cores, previously detected with the BLAST telescope in the Vela-D molecular cloud, to perform a more accurate physical and kinematical analysis of the sources. Methods. We present a 3-mm and 1.3-cm survey conducted with the Mopra 22-m and Parkes 64-m radio telescopes of a sample of 40 cold dust cores, including both starless and proto-stell ar sources. 20 objects were also mapped using molecular tracers of dense gas. To trace the dense gas we used the molecular species NH3, N2H + , HNC, HCO + , H 13 CO + , HCN and H 13 CN, where some of them trace the more quiescent gas, while others are sensitive to more dynamical processes. Results. The selected cores have a wide variety of morphological types and also show physical and chemical variations, which may be associated to different evolutionary phases. We find evidence of systematic mo tions in both starless and proto-stellar cores and we detect line wings in many of the proto-stellar cores. Our observations probe linear distances in the sources> 0.1 pc, and are thus sensitive mainly to molecular gas in the envelope of the cores. In this region we do find that, for example, the radial profil e of the N2H + (1− 0) emission falls off more quickly than that of C-bearing molecules such as HNC(1− 0), HCO + (1− 0) and HCN(1− 0). We also analyze the correlation between several physical and chemical parameters and the dynamics of the cores. Conclusions. Depending on the assumptions made to estimate the virial mass, we find that many starless cores have masses below the self-gravitating threshold, whereas most of the proto- stellar cores have masses which are near or above the self-gravitating critical value. An analysis of the median properties of the starless and proto-stellar cores suggests that the transition from th e pre- to the proto-stellar phase is relatively fast, leaving the core en velopes with almost unchanged physical parameters.
How can trust facilitate the implementation of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI)

A successful partnering should begin early, prior to contract award or the procurement selection process in order to deliver the best value to a project. The benefit will be maximised if during the planning and design stages, the construction knowledge is introduced. Early contractor Involvement (ECI), a form of relationship-based delivery system fosters the involvement of contractor in the preliminary stage of a contract and allows the contractor to contribute its construction knowledge to planning and design. A trust-based relationship between owner and contractor is also realised as the foundation for achieving successful partnering. Factors affecting the degree of trust include intention, ability, competence and motive. The more one party believes that another party will fulfil the commitments to the relationship, the more that party will trust the other one. Although there is wealth of literature about ECI and its benefits for all project participants, few paid attention to the impact of trust development between parties on implementing an ECI contract. This paper therefore aims to investigate how trust can improve the innovation and encourage the contractor to share his construction knowledge in the early stage of project based on contextualisation and review of existing literature. The conclusion drawn is that since trust is one of the significant factors in facilitating knowledge sharing and increasing innovation, it should not be treated as a shot in the dark proposition and similar to other aspects of the project, a successfully developed trust-based relationship can be the result of proper management of the entire trust building process.
Empathy, Narrative, and Victim Impact Statements

Part I of this Article considers the topic of emotion in the law. In large part, it is an appreciation of the current scholar ship, which has laid to rest the notions that law can be an emotionless endeavor and that reason can operate in a sphere untouched by emotion. However, it also identifies the need for a more nuanced exploration of these issues. Specifically, Part I notes that the current scholarship tends to treat emotions as monolithic, unambiguous entities; it has yet to contend with - much less incorporate in any meaningful way - the complex, unruly field of emotion theory. Part I concludes that the recent scholarly focus on benign emotions such as empathy, compassion, and caring has been crucial in challenging the marginalization of these emotional modes in the legal context. Nevertheless, we must avoid placing undue faith in the power of these benign emotions and ask the difficult questions of what role these emotions ought to play and in which legal contexts they ought to play that role. Part II follows a similar pattern. It is largely an appreciation of the scholarship on narrative, which has illuminated the pervasive narrative structure of legal discourse. Much of the narrative scholarship has focused on outsider narratives, which might be defined as stories by members of groups usually subordinated in, or excluded from, mainstream legal discourse. These stories both challenge preconscious assumptions about such subordinated or excluded groups and expose the partiality of the dominant narrative - that which masquerades as the universal perspective. Part II argues that the notion of outsider narrative is significant, first, because it provides a crucial normative grounding for narrative scholarship, and second, because in doing so it reveals the limiting principle that explains why more narrative is not always better. I conclude that neither narratives nor benign emotions such as caring, empathy, or compassion are always helpful or appropriate in the legal arena. Whether a particular narrative ought to be heard, or a particular emotion expressed, depends on the context and the values we seek to advance. Part III applies the normative analysis and the limiting principle developed in Parts I and II in the concrete context of victim impact statements. In Part III, I argue that victim impact statements are narratives that should be suppressed because they evoke emotions inappropriate in the context of criminal sentencing. Specifically, victim impact statements appeal to hatred, the desire for undifferentiated vengeance, and even bigotry. In doing so, they may block the sentencer's ability to perceive the essential humanity of the defendant. More subtly, victim impact statements, in their insistence on evaluating the worth of victims, offend the dignity of the victim as well.
An Economic Approach to the Law of Evidence

The law of evidence is the body of rules that determines what, and how, information may be provided to a legal tribunal that must resolve a factual dispute. The importance of the accurate resolution of such disputes to an economically efficient system of law has been discussed at length, but the economic literature dealing with the rules themselves is scanty in relation to the scope and importance of evidence law. This article is the first comprehensive (though it is neither exhaustive nor definitive) economic analysis of that law. It is in three parts. The first part proposes and elaborates an economic model (actually two models, a search model and a cost minimization model) of evidence. The second part examines the basic structure and structural rules of the evidence-gathering process; it includes an economic comparison between the "inquisitorial" and "adversarial" systems of justice and an analysis of issues relating to burden of proof. The third part is an economic appraisal of salient provisions of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the most influential American codification of such rules; it also takes up some issues of evidentiary privilege and exclusion that the rules do not deal with explicitly.