Larval dispersal and life cycle in deep-water hydrothermal vents : the case of Rimicaris exoculata and related species

Deep-water hydrothermal vent host high-biomass communities based on chemoautotrophy supported by the metabolic activity of free-living and symbiotic bacteria associated to invertebrates, especially megafauna. Knowledge on the mechanisms of dispersal and the life cycle of vent species is essential to our understanding of the vent communities in terms of distribution, structure and temporal variation. In this study, I present some advances regarding the dispersal and life cycle of a dominant species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) vent ecosystems, the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, and other related species. The methodological approaches applied include morphological descriptions of larvae, analysis of population biology and reproduction, and molecular genetics for species identification, phylogenetic reconstructions, population genetics and bacterial diversity. Most observations and studies presented here were conducted on samples collected in January-February 2014, during the BICOSE cruise on the MAR.Based on the analysis of Zoea I larvae of four species (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae andAlvinocaris muricola), we conclude that the alvinocaridid first larval stage is lecitotrophic with extended development, allowing large dispersal without external food requirement. A bathypelagical larval dispersal and a shift to a planktotrophic stage during the larval period is proposed. In terms of population biology, collections performed at the TAG and Snake Pit vent fields show variations in the population structure among habitats, according to sex and life stage. Large aggregations of shrimps found close of the vent emission comprise mostly females and young individuals, whereas scattered adults found at the vent periphery were mostly males. Multiple cohorts were found in both vents fields, denoting a discontinuous recruitment. Brooding females were observed in significant numbers close to the vent emission, which contrasts with their constant lack in previous field studies and suggests a seasonal reproduction with a brooding period the winter season. In addition, differences in the reproductive effort were detected between vent fields, including egg number, egg size and proportion of aborted females. The egg surface of R. exoculata is colonized by episymbiotic bacteria. Cloning approaches show that the bacterial assemblages on eggs seem to be specific, suggesting their symbiotic role, and evolve according to the egg development. The bacterial assemblages on eggs and their variation during the embryonic development remind the episymbiotic communities found in the branchial chamber of adults, suggesting similar detoxification or nutrition role. In other Rimicaris species, questions about life cycle, vent connectivity and speciation have been raised recently. Genetic studies suggest that two species with contrasting distribution, morphology and ecology, R. hybisae and R. chacei, are the same species. This question is related also with the source of a massive recruitment of R. chacei found at TAG vent field, despite the low density of adults. Analysis of population genetics and phylogenetic reconstructions with multiple genes show that R. chacei and R. hybisae are separate lineages with recent or undergoing speciation. These species, as R. exoculata and other alvinocaridids, show a genetic population model associated with a migration pool. An extended larval period could contribute to the wide dispersal and high genetic flow between populations. Implications of these findings and perspectives of future research are discussed in terms of additional experiments and field sampling required to characterize the larval period of alvinocaridids, the variations of symbiosis of the different life stages and sexes inhabiting different habitats, the quantitative and functional characterization of the episymbiosis on eggs, and the evolutionary processes associated with the speciation in Rimicaris.