Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONCEPTUALIZING SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: SETTING THE PATH FOR OPERATIONALIZATION

Despite the pervasiveness of social entrepreneurship (SE) in academic publications, the concept lacks consensus, which holds back empirical studies. Although a single definition might not be a realistic goal, we argue that it is crucial to clarify which dimensions of SE could be common to all perspectives and which might differ among them. From a two-step content analysis using the Gioia methodology (Gioia et al, 2012) to 60 definitions of SE, we suggest building blocks of the concept for subsequent empirical test. Acknowledging more than a single perspective exists, we build on extant theories and concepts to put forward a parsimonious construct based on three key components: (1) pursuing a transformational social mission, through solving a societal problem at its roots and increasing the wellbeing of a disadvantaged group, (2) acting entrepreneurially, through the display of innovativeness, proactiveness, and tolerance to ambiguity, and (3) seeking economic sustainability, through leveraging resources beyond organizational boundaries and applying managerial practices. These three theoretical dimensions allow for boundary clarification with neighboring concepts, such as social enterprise and nonprofit activity. We hope our work contributes to unify studies of SE dispersed in several fields of knowledge through providing a holistic grasp of the concept. Additionally, by clarifying the boundaries of SE and neighboring concepts, we provide a mental map to help untangle concepts to assist future research. Moving forward, we suggest confirming the dimensions proposed through qualitative in-depth interviews with social experts and practitioners. This knowledge is central to rigorously define sample frames in both qualitative and quantitative studies. Regarding the latter, we hope our work contributes to setting the path in developing an instrument to assist causal studies in SE phenomena.
Late onset infection: surveillance and control

INTRODUCTION. The objective of this paper is to identify the incidence, main epidemiological indicators of risk, admission causes, clinical forms and the most frequent isolated germ in late onset infections, as well as to characterize the studied group, according to weight and maturity. METHODS. An observational, descriptive and longitudinal research was conducted. 187 neonates with diagnosis of late onset infection that were discharged from the Neonatology Service of "América Arias" Hospital between 2000 and 2006 were included. RESULTS. 247 episodes of sepsis were presented. The most common cause of admission was low birth weight (48.5 %). 97 children were classified as preterm. Generalized sepsis was the most frequent clinical manifestation. The most used procedure was the epicutaneous catheterism (66.8 %), and the most isolated germ was the positive-coagulase staphylococcus. An increase of the net incidence and of the incidence by devices was observed. CONCLUSIONS. The frequency of patients with late onset infection occupied an international place. The main causes of admission were low birth weight and the transient respiratory distress syndrome. The most common clinical form was the generalized sepsis, whereas the most isolated causal germ was the positivecoagulase staphylococcus. There were patients with more than one septic episode. The use of procedures was high. An increase was observed in the accumulated incidence and in the accumulated incidence of infected patients. The infection rates showed an irregular behaviour and the lineal trend tended towards decreasing.
Randomness analysis of chaotic sequences by permutation entropy

Permutation entropy is a widely used criterion in evaluating the randomness of sequences. In this paper, we use permutation entropy to evaluating the randomness of two kinds of popular chaotic maps, Tent map and Logistic map. The interesting results show that the permutation entropy of chaotic iterative sequences generated by these two chaotic maps is much smaller than the permutation entropy of ideal random sequences, which means that the chaotic iterative sequences can not be regarded as random sequences. Both theoretical and numerical methods are provided to prove this conclusion.
Corrosion Behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Nitride Coatings in Simulated Body Fluids at 3333C and 4444C

Nitride coatings were formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by thermodiffusion treatment. e corrosion-electrochemical behaviour of Ti6Al-4V alloy with nitride coatings I and II was investigated in physiological solutions (0.9%NaCl and Tyrode’s) at temperatures of 36C and 40C. It is determined that nitride coating I provides Ti-6Al-4V alloy the higher corrosion resistance in Tyrode’s solution at both temperatures of solution while nitride coating II in isotonic 0.9% NaCl.
Regional Data in Macroeconomics: Some Advice for Practitioners

Cross-sectional or panel studies have joined time series techniques as an important element in empirical macroeconomists' toolkit. The econometric best practices for these studies and their aggregate implications remain active topics of research. In this paper, I offer several pieces of advice for practitioners in this literature. I begin by casting regional analysis in a Rubin (1978) potential outcomes framework. This formalism clarifies three reasons why the estimated impact of a shock on a single region can differ from the aggregate effect of the shock: (i) contamination of the untreated areas through ``micro'' spillovers, (ii) these spillovers sum to an economically relevant magnitude, and (iii) national variables endogenously respond to national shocks but not to local shocks. I provide several examples to illustrate and discuss how economic theory can sometimes sign the spillovers and bound the difference between the regional and aggregate effects of the shock. I then turn to econometric issues including the choice of endogenous variable in a regional regression and whether or not to weight by population.
BARRIER MORPHODYNAMICS UNDER MICRO-TIDAL AND LOW TO MODERATE WAVE CONDITIONS, RØDSAND, DENMARK

Coastal barriers often form a protection of the hinterland for erosion and flooding under extreme events like storms. This study focuses on the morphodynamics of a barrier spit and a barrier island in SE Denmark and look how vulnerable these barriers are towards extreme events and/or sea-level rise. Numerical simulations with MIKE 21 and LITDRIFT are used to examine the sediment dynamics of this coastal system. The multi-energetic and -directional wave climate initiated littoral drifts where gradients caused erosion/accretion patterns along the barriers, which was in line with the evolution of the morphology. Application of a storm impact model showed that collision regimes increase significantly at the barrier spit and the barrier island is constantly exposed to overwashes and inundations under a predicted rise in sea-levels and storm-surges.
ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online)

Frequent episode discovery is introduced to mine useful and interesting temporal patterns from sequential data. The existing episode mining methods mainly focused on mining from a single long sequence consisting of events with time constraints. However, there can be multiple sequences of different importance as the persons or entities associated with each sequence can be of different importance. Aiming to mine episodes in multiple sequences of different importance, we first define a new kind of episodes, i.e., the weighted frequent closed episodes, to take sequence importance, episode distribution and occurrence frequency into account together. Secondly, to facilitate the mining of such new episodes, we present a new concept called maximal duration serial episodes to cut a whole sequence into multiple maximum episodes using duration constraints, and discuss its properties for episode shrinking processing. Finally, based on the theoretical properties, we propose a two-phase approach to efficiently mine these new episodes. In Phase I, we adopt a level-wise episode shrinking framework to discover the candidate frequent closed episodes with the same prefixes, and in Phase II, we match the candidates with different prefixes to find the frequent close episodes. Experiments on simulated and real datasets demonstrate that the proposed episode mining strategy has good mining effectiveness and efficiency.
Building a Multi-Level Model of Individual E-Learning Effectiveness

In the era of the knowledge economy and lifelong learning, many enterprises with foresight have realized that high-quality manpower is an important strategic resource that ensures their competitiveness. Therefore, they expect to improve staff performance and enhance manpower quality by training activities, and finally achieve the goal of a long-lasting operation. Due to the fast development of information technologies and the accessibility of network technologies, E-learning has become a new and important training method. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of E-learning and understand the related influencing factors. After reviewing the related literature, it was discovered that although the factors that influence the effectiveness of E-learning have multiple levels from a theoretical perspective, when it comes to empirical analysis, most studies deal with variables on a single level, which may result in incorrect inference. It is impossible to understand the operational situations of E-learning systematically and comprehensively without a multi-level analysis. Therefore, this study will develop a model to discuss the influences of multi-level factors on individual E-learning effectiveness. Based on this model, empirical research will be conducted in the future.
Protect Young Mothers from Cigarettes, Help Their Babies? A Regression Discontinuity Study on Minimum Cigarette Purchase Age∗

A key target in U.S. health policies is to reduce costly adverse birth outcomes to which prenatal smoking is one of the most significant contributors. This paper is the first to address whether implementing minimum cigarette purchase age of 21 at Pennsylvania can improve infant health through curbing smoking among young mothers. My research question is crucial because young mothers are heavily engaged in smoking and have more low birth weight babies, and smoking prevalence among mothers in Pennsylvania also exceeds the national average. The potential scope of this regulation is therefore large. I use a unique large dataset to find there is a 16 percent decrease in the average cigarettes smoked per day and a 20 percent decrease in low birth weight for mothers subject to the regulation at the cutoff. The 2SLS regression discontinuity estimates indicate that smoking 1 more cigarette per day during pregnancy worsens a variety of birth outcomes among all mothers. For smokers, it reduces birth weight by 61.17 grams, increases the probability of low birth weight by 2.8 percentage points or by about 30 percent, and decreases the APGAR 1 minute score by 0.13 points. The large intergenerational benefits induced by the law shed new light on the current debate in many other states on whether enforcing MCPA 21.
Vapor Phase Anti-Stiction Monolayer Coatings for MEMS

Despite the progress in micromachining technology, adhesion and friction remain key issues that limit the realization and reliability of many microdevices. Conventional approaches to abate the deleterious effects adhesion and friction rely on the deposition of organically-based anti-stiction monolayers produced from liquid-phase processes. It has become widely accepted that liquid-phase monolayer processes are less desireable than vaporphase processes, especially for manufacturing purposes. Thus, current research is aimed at the development of vapor-phase anti-stiction processes that yield comparable or better films than their corresponding liquid-phase processes. To date, a variety of monolayer systems that have been well established via liquidphase deposition processes have been adapted to vapor processes. In this review paper, current trends in anti-stiction technology and a discussion of available vapor-phase anti-stiction methods are presented.
An Innovative Opportunity for Water Reuse

1996 FLORIDA WATER RESOURCES JOURNAL he city of Hollywood’s program to ensure adequate drinking water for its residents illustrates issues and solutions unique to Florida and other coastal communities. Over the past 20 years, Hollywood has experienced rapid residential and commercial growth. Industrial activity also has increased, particularly in connection with nearby Port Everglades. While escalating demands on the city’s drinking water system paralleled this growth, Hollywood’s raw water withdrawal permit from SFWMD for the Biscayne aquifer was being reviewed because of encroaching saltwater. The saltwater intrusion forced the city to identify supplementary water supplies and, eventually, to develop a new drinking water treatment system capable of handling the new water source. Membrane treatment technologies were chosen to treat two new supplies: brackish Floridan aquifer water and highly colored western Biscayne aquifer water. Membrane processes create a concentrated byproduct. Key to the success of the new water supply system was the means of disposing of reject water in heavily populated and environmentally sensitive South Florida. The disposal method pursued by Hollywood and Metcalf & Eddy achieves two goals. First, the disposal system meets all antidegradation policies set by EPA, DEP, and Broward County’s Department of Natural Resources and Planning (BCDNRP). Second—and equally important from an environmental point of view—the reject water disposal system actually improves the quality of the effluent discharge from the city’s nearby wastewater treatment plant through a shared ocean outfall.
Advanced Topics on Three-Dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

It is important to know how three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) works and its functions for making the best use of 3DUS. 3DUS shows various kinds of images through following processes: 1. Acquisition of 3D data (3D scanning) A large number of consecutive tomographic (2D) images are obtained through 3D scanning with a 3D probe; 2. Construction of a 3D data set A 3D data set is constructed from the acquired 2D images. A gated technique called STIC (spatiotemporal image correlation) is used for construction of 3D data sets of the fetal heart; 3. Volume visualization A computer constructs 2D and 3D images from the 3D data set. 3DUS shows multiplanar images, such as a multi-parallel-plane image and a three-orthogonal-plane image. Each plane can be selected arbitrarily by translation and rotation of the 3D data set. Most of 3D images are constructed by volume rendering. Proper settings of ROI (region of interest) and threshold are important for obtaining a clear surface rendered image. Electrical scalpel (or “MagiCut”) is used to eliminate unfavorable structures around the object. Various kinds of 3D images as well as a surface rendered image can be obtained by volume rendering. Surface rendering is also used for 3D image construction. Boundaries of the object should be outlined strictly and it takes a lot of time to get a 3D image in surface rendering. But once the object is extracted, the volume of the object can be calculated.
Variations of the Viscosity of Thickened Liquids Used to Treat Pediatric Dysphagia

It has been reported that SLPs across the nation use a variety of thickening agents and recipes as therapeutic measures for infants and children diagnosed with dysphagia (need citation). Dysphagia is defined as difficulty with swallowing and includes a range of swallowing disorders [1,2]. A range of specialists, such as SLPs, occupational therapists (OTs), dieticians, registered nurses (RNs), and pediatricians work with this patient population [3]. Research states that 25% to 45% of the infant and pediatric population has feeding and swallowing difficulties. This number increases up to 80% for those who are classified as developmentally delayed [4,5]. Observed feeding difficulties with infants have increased with the rise in survival rates of preterm infants [4,6]. Infants with dysphagia have an increased risk for dehydration, malnutrition, failure to thrive, and respiratory complications such as pneumonia [3,6-8].
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF FUEL TREATMENTS AND SOME EFFECTS OF FIRE GROWTH AND BEHAVIOR

Patterns of disconnected fuel treatment patches that produce overlaps in the heading fire spread direction are theoretically effective in changing forward fire spread rate. The analysis presented here sought to find the unit shape and pattern for a given level of treatment that has the maximum effect on forward spread rate. The topology of these patterns has implications for designing landscape-level fuel treatment patterns and for understanding spatial dynamics of fuel patterns across landscapes.
Using Developmental Psychology to Guide Augmented-Reality Design for Children

Augmented reality designers have great potential to enrich children’s lives through AR experiences in education and entertainment. A significant difficulty in designing for children is that tremendous physical and cognitive development occurs across the first 10 years of life, and the changes in children’s capabilities and limitations impact how these users respond to AR designs. Currently, little is known about how developmental changes relate to AR designs, or what AR designs are effective for young children. In this work, we focus on children 6-9 years old, presenting several concepts from developmental psychology and discussing how these relate to AR designs. Specifically, we investigate children’s skills in the categories of motor abilities, spatial cognition, attention, logic and memory, and we discuss the relationship of these skills to current and hypothetical AR designs. Through this work, we intend to strengthen the field’s understanding of AR usability and design, resulting in the generation of effective AR experiences for young users.
Characterization and Lubrication of Tube-Guided Shape-Memory Alloy Actuators for Smart Textiles

Smart textiles are flexible materials with interactive capabilities such as sensing, actuation, and computing, and in recent years have garnered considerable interest. Shape-memory alloy (SMA) wire is a well-suited for smart textiles due to its high strength, small size, and low mass. However, the contraction of SMA wire is low, limiting its usefulness. One solution to increasing net contraction is to use a long SMA wire and guide it inside a tube that is wound back and forth or coiled inside a smart textile. In this article, we characterize the performance of tube-guided SMA wire actuators. We investigate the effect of turn radius and number of loops, showing that the stroke of an SMA-based system can be improved by up to 69.81% using the tube-guided SMA wire actuator concept. Finally, we investigate how tube-guided SMA wire actuators can be lubricated to improve their performance. Coarse graphite powder and tungsten disulfide lubricant both delivered improvements in stroke compared with an unlubricated system.
On irrationality of some distances between points on a circle

Let n > 3 be an arbitrary integer. In the present paper, it is shown that if K is an arbitrary circle and Mi, i = 1, . , n, are points on K, dividing K into n equal arcs, then for each point M on K, different from the mentioned above, at least b 3 c of the distances |MMi| are irrational numbers.
A Note on Permutation Tests in Multistage Association Scans

The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 78 June 2006 www.ajhg. org rapidly by many groups. The Michael J. Fox Foundation, which funded our original research, also has a large-scale replication study under way. Given the low heritability estimates for PD, our initial study may have been underpowered for the detection of significant genetic associations, in part, because of the large number of genetic markers tested. Therefore, it may be prudent not to limit replication of our study to the 13 SNPs that we initially highlighted but to also consider additional SNPs and genes that had suggestive findings (as in the text files published in the online-only version of our original article).
Comparative study between effect of simvastatin (5 mg/kg) and simvastatin (50 mg/kg) in an early treatment of experimentally induced colitis in mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by tissue edema, increased gut epithelial permeability, and extensive infiltration of the gut by leukocytes. Statins, in addition to their cholesterol-lowering activity, have pleiotropic effects, including immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Simvastatin is a commonly prescribed statins with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties Thus; the aim of this study is to compare effect of simvastatin (5 mg/kg) and simvastatin (50 mg/kg) as an early treatment of experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in mice. For the first time in the current study, Simvastatin was administered after the appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease as an early treatment model. Twenty four mice were divided into four groups; control group, non treated DSS-induced colitis group, simvastatin (5 mg/kg/d) -treated DSS-induced colitis group, simvastatin (50 mg/kg/d) -treated DSS-induced colitis group. simvastatin at dose of (5 Original Research Article Elkatary et al.; BJMMR, 8(11): 937-947, 2015; Article no.BJMMR. 2015.524 938 mg/kg/d) reduced MDA and TNF-α . While simvastatin at dose of (50 mg/kg/d) showed a significant increase in colon length of mice,a significant decrease in NO and MDA levels and a significant increase in r GSH level. Simvastatin (5 mg/kg/d) and (50 mg/kg/d) reduced the percentage of DAI by 25% and 41% respectively. The sums of histopathological scores were improved after simvastatin treatment. It can be concluded that effects of simvastatin treatment was mostly dose dependant. Unfortunately the high dose has no clinical application in human due to toxicity. So it is advised to use simvastatin with a dose of 5mg/kg as an early treatment of dss induced colitis model.
A 50 kyr rainfall record derived from Colombian stalagmites: Insights on intertropical convergence zone dynamics and the role of ocean circulation.

vi CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND STUDY AIMS.1 Literature Review.1 Dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). 1 The use of paleo records to understand past ITCZ dynamics.3 The width of the ITCZ and its possible use in interpreting tropical paleorainfall records.7 Study Aims.10 CHAPTER 2. STUDY SITE, MODERN CLIMATOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA AND METHODS.12 Study Site.12 Hipocampo cave.14 Finca Caracol cave.14 Geology.15 Modern Climatology of the Study Area.16 Meridional migrations of the ITCZ over the study site and surrounding regions.16 The Choco low-level jet: regional meteorology interacting with the ITCZ at the study area . 18 Methods.20 Environmental monitoring.20 Sample collection and preparation.20 Stable isotopic analysis.21 Uranium Thorium dating.22 Age model construction and composite record construction.22 Construction of a South American ITCZ index for the last 50 kyr.26 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.29 Results.29 Environmental monitoring.29 Cave location and the amount effect.29 Age depth models.31 Oxygen isotope variability.31 Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 3.32 Deglaciation.33 Holocene.33 ITCZ rainfall index.34 Discussion.37