Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inferring Public and Private Information from Trades and Quotes

We propose a new model that uses nonsynchronous, ultra-high frequency data to analyze the sequential impact of trades and quotes on the price process. Private information is related to the impact of trades and public information to the impact of quotes. The model is extended to include various other factors that affect public and private information. For 20 active Nasdaq stocks, private information causes, on average, 9.43% of daily stock price movements. Additionally, quotes are more informative when (1) many dealers set the best price and (2) traditional market makers rather than Electronic Communication Networks set the best price.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Principles and Applications of Microvascular Imaging 22

Microvascular detection and quantification with optical coherence tomography is an exciting and growing research field and is the topic of this chapter. Specifically, the fundamental principles of OCT microvascular imaging are described, encompassing phase-resolved and power-based methods, and the use of exogenous contrast agents. Representative biomedical applications of microvascular OCT imaging are presented, with emphasis on treatment monitoring and tissue response assessment. A discussion of outstanding challenges and future outlook concludes the chapter.
Fast and Safe Concrete Code Execution for Reinforcing Static Analysis and Verification

The problem of improving precision of static analysis and verification techniques for C is hard due to simplification assumptions these techniques make about the code model. We present a novel approach to improving precision by executing the code model in a controlled environment that captures program errors and contract violations in a memory and time efficient way. We implemented this approach as an executor module Tassadar as a part of bounded model checker Borealis. We tested Tassadar on two test sets, showing that its impact on performance of Borealis is minimal. The article is published in the authors’ wording.
Practicable enhancement of spontaneous emission using surface plasmons

The authors develop a rigorous theory of the enhancement of spontaneous emission from a light emitting device via coupling the radiant energy in and out of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the metal-dielectric interface. Using the GaN∕Ag system as an example, the authors show that using SPP pays off only for emitters that have a low luminescence efficiency.
MM5 v3.6.1 and WRF v3.5.1 model comparison of standard and surface energy variables in the development of the planetary boundary layer

Abstract. Air quality forecasting requires atmospheric weather models to generate accurate meteorological conditions, one of which is the development of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). An important contributor to the development of the PBL is the land–air exchange captured in the energy budget as well as turbulence parameters. Standard and surface energy variables were modeled using the fifth-generation Penn State/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model (MM5), version 3.6. 1, and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 3.5. 1, and compared to measurements for a southeastern Texas coastal region. The study period was 28 August–1 September 2006. It also included a frontal passage. The results of the study are ambiguous. Although WRF does not perform as well as MM5 in predicting PBL heights, it better simulates energy budget and most of the general variables. Both models overestimate incoming solar radiation, which implies a surplus of energy that could be redistributed in either the partitioning of the surface energy variables or in some other aspect of the meteorological modeling not examined here. The MM5 model consistently had much drier conditions than the WRF model, which could lead to more energy available to other parts of the meteorological system. On the clearest day of the study period, MM5 had increased latent heat flux, which could lead to higher evaporation rates and lower moisture in the model. However, this latent heat disparity between the two models is not visible during any other part of the study. The observed frontal passage affected the performance of most of the variables, including the radiation, flux, and turbulence variables, at times creating dramatic differences in the r2 values.
Handedness in Writing

Abstract Handedness is defined as the preference of the hand during the process of writing. The aim here is to report the information gathered from 160 1st year medical students. 13 were left-handed. Among the males 7 were left-handed and 41 were right-handed. Handedness was natural in its occurrence on the left in 84.6% and on the right in 98%. Left handers: Parental influence was seen in 2. Left handedness was familial in 10. Body build was moderate in 12. 8 preferred to learn by language and picture. 7 preferred single and or multitask activities. 8 processed the information in 4 ways: analysis, linear, synthesis and visual. Right handers: Parental influence was seen in 3. Left handedness was familial in 31. Body build was moderate in 109. 69 preferred to learn by language and picture. 55 preferred single task activity. 53 processed the information in 4 ways. Left male: 5 preferred to learn by language and picture. 4 preferred single and multitask activity. 6 processed the information by 4 ways. Right male: 21 preferred to learn by language and picture. 15 preferred single and multitask activity.1 6 processed the information by 4 ways. Left female: 3 preferred to learn by language and picture. 4 preferred single and multitask activity. 2 preferred to process the information by 4 ways. Right female: 48 preferred to learn by language and picture. 41 preferred one task activity. 37 processed the information by 4 ways. Even though a pilot study, the significant finding was that handedness was natural.
Mental healthcare providers’ attitudes towards the adoption of evidence-based practice in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in South Africa

South African society is characterised by a high prevalence of exposure to traumatic events that can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. In treating post-traumatic stress disorder, mental healthcare providers are tasked with ensuring that their practice is evidence based. However, existing evidence indicates that the rates of adoption of evidence-based practice are generally poor. The promotion and implementation of evidence-based practice into routine clinical settings requires an understanding of the attitudes of mental healthcare providers towards these practices. This study investigated attitudes towards evidence-based practice in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants were 60 mental healthcare providers (clinical/counselling psychologists, social workers, and registered counsellors) in the Western Cape Province working predominantly with trauma survivors. Participants completed a demographic survey and the Attitude Towards Evidence-Based Practice Scale, adapted to assess for attitudes towards the adoption of evidence-based practice in relation to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Overall, participants reported favourable attitudes towards evidence-based practice in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Statistical analysis revealed that occupation, age, and gender significantly correlated with attitudes. Social workers and registered counsellors were more likely to report adopting evidence-based practice for post-traumatic stress disorder compared to clinical and counselling psychologists. Older participants and women also reported more favourable attitudes towards evidence-based practice. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The phonology of suffixation and prefixation in Malay

The aim of this paper was to examine the phonology of suffixation and prefixation in Malay, particularly the phonological alternations that are derived due to the morphological process of affixation. It is apparent that the phonological behaviour of suffixation in this language is quite distinct, both in terms of character and degree of generality from prefixation. Rules that are visibly active at the stem-prefix juncture are not permissible at the stemsuffix juncture, and vice versa. This asymmetry has not been satisfactorily accounted for in previous works. The present analysis attempted to account for this irregularity by adopting the theoretical framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 2004). The apparent irregularity is accounted for as a consequence of a candidate output satisfying more dominant constraints in the hierarchy. The relevant constraints that play significant roles here are the alignment constraints of the prosody-morphology interface, which require that the edge of some grammatical category coincide with the edge of some prosodic category. The prefix-stem boundary is controlled by ALIGN-PREF, requiring that the right edge of a prefix coincides with the right edge of a syllable, while the stem-suffix boundary is governed by ALIGN-SUF, requiring that the left edge of a suffix coincides with the left edge of a syllable, and ALIGN-STEM, requiring that the right edge of a stem coincide with the right edge of a syllable. ALIGN-SUF and ALIGN-STEM are higher ranked than ALIGN-PREF in the hierarchy. This schematic ranking straightforwardly explains the irregularity in the prefixation and suffixation in Malay.
The Paris Agreement: Short-Term and Long-Term Effectiveness

The 2015 Paris Agreement was widely greeted with enthusiasm. We assess the short-term and long-term potential effectiveness of Paris. Concerning short-term effectiveness, we contend that while Paris scores high on participation, and reasonably high on the depth of the parties’ commitments (ambition), its Achilles’ heel will likely be compliance. Concerning long-term effectiveness, we argue that Paris does little to restructure states’ incentives so as to avoid free riding. At worst, it might end up as a failure, much like Kyoto did. On the other hand, domestic and international norms could continue to develop in a direction that makes it more and more difficult for individuals, firms, and states alike to ignore the plea to limit and reduce their carbon footprints. Technological progress that gradually reduces abatement costs, combined with leadership by major emitters such as the United States, might further strengthen climate cooperation and enhance other countries’ willingness to follow through. However, deep political polarization continues to represent a significant barrier to U.S. leadership on climate change.
REFORMS IN HIGH EDUCATION AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF R. MACEDONIA

Education as an important social activity represents the basic capital of contemporary society and, as such, today is considered to be a major factor in the economic and social development of any country. The development of education during the transition period in our country has marked significant and visible changes. The importance of education in the economic and social development of each country is one of the topics around the world discussed in various aspects. Investing in education is quite remarkable, because it is an investment in knowledge, technology, science "brain drain", a future investment and is one of the decisive factors for today's socio-economic development with current changes and current global development. Due to education, in some countries are made great scientific discoveries and technicallytechnological revolutions, which have been crucial to humanity in general. In fact, education is knowledge and knowledge is the driving force behind the overall development of a society. World-renowned economists such as Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall in the 18th and 19th centuries were concerned with investment in education, posing the question: How do investments in education reflect in national wealth? And in increasing the possibility for greater profits of people as individuals! Although, even worldrenowned economists have dealt with this issue, which based on empirical data provided explanations on the importance of mediation and economic growth. Considering that even developing and newest technological innovations derive from the process of educated individuals, it is very important to consider the impact of higher education on economic development.
The role of vertical eddy flux in Southern Ocean heat uptake

The role of changing vertical eddy heat flux on Southern Ocean heat uptake is investigated in an idealized eddy‐permitting ocean model. Enhanced air‐sea heat flux drives deep‐reaching southern warming, due to a reduction in the isopycnal meridional temperature gradient and therefore decreased upward eddy heat flux. This mechanism is qualitatively similar in models with either permitted or parameterized eddies, due to its dependence on the isopycnal temperature gradient rather than the dynamical response of the eddy field. In contrast, increased wind stress drives mid‐depth Southern Ocean cooling through an enhancement of the eddy field and resultant eddy heat divergence. The transient cooling extends over multiple decades while the mean flow adjusts to balance the faster eddy response. This wind‐driven cooling mechanism has not been captured by coarse resolution models with fixed eddy parameterizations and is a possible candidate for the recent cooling observed in the Southern Ocean.
Investment Banking Services: Ownership Structures, Financial Advisory and Corporate Governance Models

This study is based on the premise that mostly large enterprises require investment banking services, due to their complexity and the difficult scenarios in which they operate. Accordingly, we empirically investigate the hypothesis that both the type of ownership structures and the quality of governance are correlated with the demand for specific investment banking services. The analysis is developed by using a proxy for the propensity of enterprises to demand these services, making reference to an extended definition of investment banking activity. The empirical analysis performed on a sample of 150 enterprises showed that the investment banking propensity indicator is significantly correlated with ownership and governance variables. Next, we verify whether companies characterised by greater probability of access to investment banking services show better income performance. However, no conclusive and univocal conclusions can be drawn yet with regard to the linkage between investment banking propensity and performance.
INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL ON THE COMPOSITION OF A TROPICAL AVIAN ASSEMBLAGE IN NORTHEASTERN VENEZUELA

A bird assemblage was sampled every two or three weeks from May 1965 to April 1967 in a semi-arid thorn wood- land in northeastern Venezuela, near Cumana, State of Sucre. Monthly rainfalls varied greatly during the two years; 1965-66 was drier than average, while 1966-67 was rainier than usual. Birds were mist-netted and data on relative abundance, reproduction and moult cycles were compared with rainfall variations through a canonical correspondence analysis. Particular attention was paid to the abundance patterns of the diverse feeding guilds. The migrant or resident status of the species was also taken into account. Birds were expected to respond to higher rainfall levels by greater abundance and species richness. Our results agreed with this hypothesis on the whole, but the influence of rainfall fluctuations differed strongly between species; generally, migrant and/or insectivore species were more influenced than others. The feeding guilds displayed very different abundance patterns. Temporal abundance fluctuations occurred mainly through temporary immigration of transients or boreal and austral migrants. The amplitude of the response of birds to important changes in rainfall was not as high as expected, particularly in the case of the resident species. Hence increased rainfall, through higher food availability, may have profited mostly to migrant species and, to a lesser extent, to residents. Accepted 28 September 2002.
COLLAPSE AND RECOVERY IN EAST ASIA: INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL FLOWS AND REGIONAL FINANCIAL SAFEGUARDS

* School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Australia. E-mail: ramkishen.rajan@adelaide.edu. au This paper was completed while the author visited the Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research (HKIMR). Views expressed here are strictly personal and should not be attributed to the HKIMR, the council of Advisors, or Board of Directors. Research assistance by Regan Engelhardt is appreciated. The usual disclaimer applies
FAILURE TO LAUNCH : WHY AND WHEN SOME VENTURES LOSE THEIR WAY ON THE PATH TO SUCCESS

New ventures have an important role in economic growth. However, how these firms develop in the early stages, has not received adequate attention in the literature. This paper examines the launch trajectories of embryonic ventures. We propose a theoretical model of these trajectories based on the resources and processes required to establish a viable commercial entity. Potential launching paths are identified, from the inception of a new product/service idea through to success outcomes including rapid, independent sales growth, stabilized profit, acquisition or IPO. In our model, we argue that different resources and processes may affect a firm’s ability to successfully complete one stage of development and move to the next, with important implications for the venture’s long-term growth trajectory as well. The implications of this model are discussed.
Cognitive Influences on Constituent Order: Priming Evidence

In spoken as well as signed language, a shift over time from the use of Subject-ObjectVerb (SOV) word order to Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order has been observed. The use of pantomimed gesture and priming can help determine the extent to which this shift comes from pressures specific to language, as opposed to existing as a more broad feature of communication. Participants took turns matching images to videos showing gestured event descriptions primed in SVO or SOV order, and gesturing event descriptions to a camera. Results show a strong preference for orders consistent with SVO across prime types, and an increase in these orders over rounds. These results suggest that the shift to SVO word order arises partially from experience in comprehending communication from others, and occurs even if that communication uses SOV order, not SVO. CONSTITUENT ORDER PRIMING 3
Microsatellite primers for Australian and New Guinean pythons isolated with an efficient marker development method for related species

Microsatellites are powerful molecular genetic markers for many evolutionary and biotechnological investigations, however, development of sufficient microsatellite markers is time-consuming and expensive especially considering the vast numbers of species for which they could be used. In light of the conservative nature of microsatellite loci between related species we describe an alternative approach to microsatellite development. A single round of microsatellite isolation enabled the characterization of sufficient loci for a large number of related python species. From 21 loci isolated in the focal species, an average of 86.2% were conserved within the other species while an average of 60.5% were polymorphic in all 13 python species analysed. Our approach will decrease significantly the expense and time required for microsatellite development for large numbers of related species.
Effects of Wind Generation Uncertainty and Volatility on Power System Small Signal Stability

This paper discusses the impacts of large scale grid-connected wind farm equipped with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) on power system small signal stability (SSS) incorporating wind generation uncertainty and volatility. Firstly, a practical simplified PMSG model with rotor-flux-oriented control strategy applied is derived. In modeling PMSG generator side converter, the generator-voltage-oriented control strategy is utilized to implement the decoupled control of active and reactive power output. In modeling PMSG grid side converter, the grid-voltageoriented control strategy is applied to realize the control of DC link voltage and the reactive power regulation. Based on the Weibull distribution of wind speed, the Monte Carlo simulation technique based is carried out on the IEEE 16-generator-68-bus test system as benchmark to study the impacts of wind generation uncertainty and volatility on small signal stability. Finally, some preliminary conclusions and comments are given.
The Internationalization of Chinese Firms: A Critical Review and Future Research

The important phenomenon that the internationalization of Chinese firms (ICF) represents has attracted increasing interest from scholars from multiple fields over the past 20 years (1991–2010). Although this proliferation of research has the potential to significantly improve understanding of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs), the necessary step of consolidating and integrating extant knowledge is absent. This paper reviews the scholarship on the ICF and offers insights into the specific areas in critical need of further development. By focusing on articles published in major scholarly journals during the period 1991–2010, the authors develop a coherent framework to organize and review conceptual and empirical findings from disciplines as far ranging as management, international business, cross‐culture and area studies. Within the reviewed literature, three primary streams of enquiry are identified which focus on the antecedents, processes and outcomes of the ICF. Achievements within each of the three research streams are carefully reviewed using content analysis, whereby a number of important issues are identified which have remained consistently untouched, and recommendations are provided for future research, aimed at developing a more integrated research agenda on the ICF for management and international business scholars.
Odour and flavour thresholds for key aroma components in an orange juice matrix: esters and miscellaneous compounds

Thresholds for flavour volatiles have been traditionally calculated in water or air but they may vary widely in more complex matrices such as milk, gels or fruit slurries. The data presented are part of a continuing study to provide the industry with threshold guidelines more adequate for the use of flavours in citrus juices. Thresholds of aroma compounds of orange juice (OJ) were determined in reconstituted pump-out (RPO), approaching a deodorized OJ matrix and served at 10-12 °C, the temperature at which OJ is consumed. The three-alternative forced choice (3-AFC) method was used (ASTM: E-679). Sixteen to twenty panelists were presented with RPO samples arranged in five rows of three samples corresponding to five spiking levels, each separated by a factor of 3, with a 3-AFC presentation at each level. For each compound, the test was repeated four times. Compounds tested were verified for purity by GC-MS and GC-O. Orthonasal and retronasal thresholds for esters were twice (methyl butanoate) to 30 times (ethyl propanoate) higher in the orange juice matrix than published values in water. The odour activity values (OAVs) of volatile compounds were calculated for two OJs; nine compounds had an orthonasal OAV 1 when calculated with published thresholds determined in water. The relative OAV of some compounds had changed with respect to each other, indicating a different contribution of these compounds to OJ flavour when their OAV was calculated in RPO. These results show the importance of non-water-soluble compounds on odour and flavour perception. The threshold values provided herein are directly usable by the industry, in comparison with the current values published in water, and will help in developing models that would explain OJ flavour based on interactions with the matrix.