Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hepatocellular carcinoma and fatty infiltration in the Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum)

The livers of Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum), from the Hudson and Pawcatuck Rivers were evaluated histologically and described using paraffin and plastic sections. Fatty infiltration, basophilic foci, areas of cellular alteration and hepatocellular carcinoma were widespread in Hudson River samples. In fact, no truly normal tissues were found. Pawcatuck samples had variable levels of lipid and a low prevalence of other alterations. Evaluation of the histological evidence suggests that hepatocellular carcinoma in Hudson River tomcod results from multiple DNA lesions and that areas of cellular alteration give rise to the larger, more invasive form of hepatocellular carcinoma. Glutaraldehyde and OsO4 fixed livers were used to determine differences in cell types and lipid levels. Pawcatuck samples possessed hepatocytes and dark cells forming the parenchymal tissue, whereas Hudson samples lacked dark cells. Hepatic lipid levels were significantly higher in Hudson River fish than in Pawcatuck fish, 36·3 and 11·0% respectively. The elevated hepatic lipid levels in Hudson River tomcod may represent a metabolic response to detoxification.
A special section for a special scientist: L. Alan Sroufe

Alan Sroufe is one of the most remarkable scientists in our field. With three monographs and almost 100 papers in leading journals, Alan Sroufe influences attachment theory decisively. A search in the Web of Science shows that his publications have been cited in more than 4000 papers. Thirty years ago, Alan Sroufe introduced, together with his student Everett Waters, the idea of attachment as an organizational construct creating a solid theoretical basis for the Strange Situation procedure, the litmus test of infant attachment. In the 1970s, a hot debate about the stability of separate attachment behaviours raged, and Sroufe and Waters’ paper (1977; cited more than 400 times) settled the issue definitely: attachment behaviours should not be studied in isolation but be framed in a coherent classification system, which, of course, was presented in the seminal Patterns of attachment by Ainsworth and her students (1978). Twenty years ago, Alan Sroufe helped pave the way for a new and extremely fruitful interdisciplinary field of research, in a visionary paper written with Michael Rutter ‘‘The domain of developmental psychopathology’’ (Sroufe & Rutter, 1984; cited more than 400 times). In this paper, the isolated strands in the study of normal and abnormal child development were integrated into a coherent transactional framework. Together with the creation of the journal ‘Development & Psychopathology’ – a scientific forum for this emerging interdisciplinary field-by Dante Cicchetti (another of Alan’s Students), a firm foundation for this new and flourishing branch of research was established. In 2005, Alan Sroufe published, with Byron Egeland, Elizabeth Carlson, and Andrew Collins, The development of the person, the unique Minnesota longitudinal study of high-risk children followed from birth to parenthood. One of the main findings is that early childhood experiences remain important throughout the first three decades of life, although they are not an immutable fate and certainly not the only important influences. In this book, Sroufe and his colleagues provide convincing empirical data to support a transactional perspective on the development of the person as outlined in an earlier paper ‘‘Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence’’ (Matas, Arend, & Sroufe, 1978; cited more than 500 times). This special issue of Attachment & human development presents a précis of this book’s contribution to attachment theory. In 2005, Leiden University, The Netherlands, celebrates her 430th anniversary, being the oldest Dutch university and one of the oldest European universities. At this festal occasion, Marinus van IJzendoorn was granted permission to confer a doctorate honoris causa on Alan Sroufe. After John Bowlby (University of Regensburg, Germany) and Mary Main (University of Uppsala, Sweden), Alan Sroufe is the third attachment researcher to become an honorary doctor. The scientific reasons for this honorary doctoral degree have been Attachment & Human Development, December 2005; 7(4): 347 – 348
Nestling Diet of the Vulnerable Chinese Egret on Offshore Islands in Southern China

Abstract. Nestling diets of the vulnerable Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes) were analyzed at two breeding colonies on islands off Fujian, Southern China, in 2007 and 2008. Fish and shrimps were the main prey, comprising 87.5% and 35.4% by frequency of occurrence in regurgitations, respectively. Prey in the 4–6 mm size class occurred most commonly (80.4% of regurgitations). Compared with nestling diets of the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) from other island heronries, nestlings of the Chinese Egret depended on prey that only occurred in coastal wetlands, whereas nestlings of the Little Egret consumed prey found in all aquatic habitats, including freshwater marshes; however, both species preyed on fish and shrimps and took prey of a similar size. The results suggest that coastal wetlands near the heronries need to be considered in habitat conservation for Chinese Egret.
Prevalence of haematozoa in migrating Northern Saw-Whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) of eastern North America

ABSTRACT We examined blood smears from 139 Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) to ascertain the prevalence of haematozoa in this species during fall migration in eastern North America. Owls were captured with mist nets on the Mohonk Preserve near New Paltz, New York from 1 October to 2 December 2011. We examined blood smears under an optical microscope at 200× and 1000× magnification, and observed four genera of haematozoa, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma, in addition to a genus or genera of microfilarial nematodes, unidentifiable by morphology. We found haematozoa in blood smears from both male and female Northern Saw-whet Owls and in both age groups sampled, i.e., hatching year and after hatching year. Leucocytozoon was the most common parasite, with an overall prevalence of 49.6%. Prevalence of Haemoproteus, microfilaria, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma was 5.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 2.9% respectively, and overall occurrence of infection was 64%. We found no difference in body condition of individuals compared by age, infection status, or intensity of infection. To our knowledge, this is the first record of Plasmodium in Northern Saw-whet Owls, and the first study to document five genera of haematozoa in Northern Saw-whet Owls during fall migration. Revealing new host–parasite information, this study contributes to the information portfolio of Northern Saw-whet Owls and, thus, may influence future research.
The Provitamin A Requirement of Growing Chickens

Abstract A SURVEY of the literature on the vitamin A requirements of the growing chick revealed that at least eight papers on this subject have appeared since 1926. (Almquist and Meechi, 1939; Bearse and Miller, 1937; Biely and Chalmers, 1936; Record, et al. 1937; Ringrose and Norris, 1936; Sherwood and Fraps, 1936; Tepper and Durgin, 1938; Wilson, et al. 1936). These papers were examined with the following criteria in mind: (1) Practicality of the ration used, (2) Nutritional adequacy of the ration, except for vitamin A, (3) The number of birds per test group, (4) The attainment of what might be considered normal weight at 8 weeks of age, (5) The presence of a group whose growth response is less than normal, (6) The use of a practical source of vitamin A or carotene, and (7) relatively small differences between levels of vitamin A. None of the experiments noted met all .
Towards improved silage quality – A review

Silage quality, as with all forages, is governed by the maturity of the crop at harvest. However, fermentation in the silo further influences nutritive value of silage by reducing voluntary intake and utilization of digestible nutrients. Silage research up to the present time has focussed on closing the gap between feeding value of the original crop and that of the resulting silage. This review focuses on the advances made towards closing that gap, and explores the possibility that in the future ensiling can become a tool for actually increasing the feeding value of forages. Following a section defining silage quality, the relationships between silage fermentation quality and voluntary intake and between silage fermentation and protein and energy utilization will be examined, with emphasis placed on measures to minimize the negative effects of fermentation on animal production. Recent literature is reviewed, which suggests that many factors previously thought to reduce silage intake, such as pH, lactic ac.
A simple cleaning and fluorescent staining protocol for recent and fossil diatom frustules

The analysis of diatom frustules by fluorescence microscopy and, in particular, confocal laser scanning microscopy requires adequate cleaning and staining methods prior to imaging. Here, a set of tools for an imaging procedure for fossil and living diatoms is presented. A simple and inexpensive cleaning protocol and four easily synthesized fluorescent dyes will give diatomists the possibility of analysing mostly organic-free diatom frustules at different wavelengths. The cleaning of cultured diatoms can easily be conducted at ambient temperature using commercially available bleaches based on hypochlorite solutions. This method quickly leads to clean and stainable frustules. Besides the known fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate–(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (FITC–APS), three related new dyes, rhodamine B isothiocyanate–(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (RBITC–APS), eosin 5-isothiocyanate–(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (EITC–APS) and tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate–(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (TRITC–APS) are introduced. This protocol is suitable for confocal laser scanning microscopy and the creation of three-dimensional models of diatom frustules for palaeontologists and biologists alike, allowing detailed morphological studies.
Review: Sampling Weedy and Invasive Plant Populations for Genetic Diversity Analysis

Abstract Recent advances in molecular methods and statistical analyses provide weed scientists with powerful tools for examining the genetic structure of weedy plant populations. The value of these studies depends on effective sampling protocols; however, there is little consensus on how to sample plant populations for genetic diversity analyses. In this review, we draw on published literature that incorporates sampling theory and spatial statistics in population genetic analyses to identify key factors to consider when designing a sampling strategy. We discuss how sampling design is affected by research objectives, biology of the study species, population structure, marker choice, and the genetic parameters to be investigated, and we offer suggestions on defining sampling units and developing sampling protocols.
Delignification Mechanism During High-Boiling Solvent Pulping. IV. Effect of a Reducing Sugar on the Degradation of Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl Ether

Abstract A phenolic β-O-4 type lignin model compound, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether was treated with 70 wt% aqueous 1,3-butanediol solution in the presence of glucose at 160–200°C to investigate the effect of reducing sugars on the degradation of lignin during high-boiling solvent (HBS) pulping. Addition of glucose increased the formation of guaiacol, coniferyl alcohol, and its γ-ethers, and decreased the formation of radical coupling compounds dramatically. These results suggest that reducing sugars may stabilize phenoxy radicals formed by homolysis of phenolic β-ethers. The kinetic studies also revealed that the disappearance of the β-ether model compound was enhanced substantially by the presence of glucose, which suggests that in addition to homolysis of the β-ether, a reducing sugar-assisted β-ether cleavage may be involved under the conditions used.
Evaluation of Rose Hips (Rosa spp.) Selections

ABSTRACT An evaluation of the types of natural rose hip (Rosa spp.) populations was carried out in the Bursa region of Turkey where the rose hip has been traditionally grown intensively. Phenological development (first flowering, full flowering, fruit set, ripening), morphological characteristics (color of flower, number of leaflets, thornlessness), pomological qualities (fruit weight, fruit length and width, seed number, fruit flesh/seed ratio, fruit color) and chemical composition (soluble solids concentration, pH, total acidity, vitamin C, invert sugar, total sugar) were determined as evaluation parameters.
Professional experience: learning from the past to build the future

The title of the 2014 Australian Teacher Education Association (ATEA) conference was Teacher Education, An Audit: Building a platform for future engagement. One of the conference themes was Professional Experience: What works? Why? I seized upon this theme and the title of the conference as it afforded me an opportunity to do an audit of my research in professional experience over the last 25 years. This article presents this evidence base and the messages I have taken from this evidence. I have done this in the hope that, by collating some of the insights gained from the past and the present, it will help to “build a platform for future engagement” in professional experience. In preparing this article I was asked by the Editors to reflect also on how I developed my distinctive line of inquiry and expertise in relation to the practicum across an extended period. These reflections are included. I hope they will support university-based teacher educators in enhancing their satisfaction and achievements from working in this stimulating and provocative field of study.
Thermal Acclimation and Heat Resistance in Drosophila Species

Physiological and developmental acclimation to dry heat as measured by survival at 38⚬ C was studied in several species of Drosophila. Physiological acclimation occurs rapidly (about half-completed in 12 hr), is quickly lost, and does not depend on water uptake. In broad-niched species, and especially in D. melanogaster, adaptation to different climates depends mostly on individual flexibility and less on genetic differences among populations. None of the narrow-niched species acclimate. The D. willistoni, a moderately broad-niched species, does not acclimate nor show much genetic variation. It is suggested that this species avoids desiccation stress behaviorally.
Use of biomass of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana in the nutrition of goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae as source of protein and vitamins

The effect of the replacement of fish protein hidrolizate and vitamin premix by freeze-dried biomass of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana in the feed for goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae was tested. Larvae (3.4±0.7 mg) were fed with three experimental microparticulated diets that differ from each other in the percentage of replacement of fish protein hidrolizate (25% or 100%) or vitamin premix by I. galbana biomass. The control diet and the diet containing microalgae biomass as a substitute of 25% of fish protein hidrolizate (MP25) presented the highest survival, being almost 100%, with no significant differences between them. Survival in diets in which 100% of fish protein hidrolizate (MP100) or vitamin premix (MV) had been substituted by microalgal biomass was 78% and 66% respectively. Growth, measured as weight, was lower than with the control diet in all treatments in which microalgal biomass was included, with lowest results being obtained with the MP100 diet. Differences between treatments and control were lower when growth was measured as length. The harvesting and processing microalgae biomass is crucial to maintain the nutritive value and could be the cause for the obtained results.
Iron limitation and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus in equatorial Pacific waters

Iron enrichments in bottle experiments in high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) surface waters typically stimulate the net growth of nanophytoplankton (2.0–20 µm) but not picophytoplankton (<2.0 µm), suggesting either that picophytoplankton are not Fe limited or that any increased picophytoplankton growth is balanced by increased microzooplankton grazing rates. Using a novel approach in which we diminish iron availability in seawater with the fungal siderophore deferriferrioxamine B, we demonstrate that growth of the abundant picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus is not strongly rate limited by Fe in the HNLC equatorial Pacific Ocean. However, experiments at the equator and 5°S show an unsuspected non-uniformity in iron nutrition within this HNLC region. Furthermore, our results indicate that a major portion of “dissolved” (<0.4 µm) iron in these waters is unavailable to Synechococcus, providing the first evidence that a significant fraction of dissolved iron occurs in forms other than the simple hydroxy species predicted by thermodynamic models. Deferriferrioxamine B affords a powerful new tool for probing the iron nutrition of marine phytoplankton and can provide unique insight into the role of iron in marine biogeochemical cycles.
Cereal host interactions with Russian wheat aphid: A review

Abstract A lack of understanding the interaction between the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) and its host plant is a limitation in developing effective strategies for controlling the aphid. It is generally assumed that the interaction between aphid and plant is similar to that between plant and pathogen; that is, an elicitor from the insect is recognized by a protein from the host plant and a cascade of signal transduction events follows. However, evidence suggests that RWA feeding is eliciting both the SA- and JA/ethylene-dependent signaling pathways by mimicking aspects of both pathogen and herbivorous insect attacks. Results further suggest that phenotypic symptoms after RWA feeding are under regulation via two independent reactions, namely an immediate response (i.e., leaf rolling) and a downstream event (i.e., chlorosis). These defense responses enable a resistant host plant to defend itself and overcome the stress response, while their susceptible counterparts die. The processes involved in the onset of the defense response are discussed, and mechanisms enabling resistant plants to overcome the stress associated with the feeding process are presented as a working model for RWA-cereal host interaction. Knowledge of genes involved in wheat's defense responses against the RWA and an understanding of their functions may provide additional strategies for developing broad-spectrum resistance in plants.
Property Rights, Tax Incentives and Bogus Foreign Direct Investment

Abstract To our knowledge, this paper provides the first evidence of the effects of FDI round-tripping incentives on the scale of round-tripping. We find that round-tripping could be an explanation for the data reporting discrepancies between FDI host and source countries since investors have no incentive to report their “bogus” foreign investment to their source countries. If the data reporting discrepancies were caused partly by round-tripping, those reporting differences should be correlated with round-tripping incentives. Therefore, we first calculate the difference between the FDI inflows from 10 source regions reported by 50 host countries and FDI outflows reported by these 10 source regions. Second, these reporting differences are regressed on measures of the host countries' political stability, property rights protection and preferential fiscal incentives to foreign investment. Our results from both aggregate and disaggregated data show that the FDI reporting differences are positively related to the host countries' preferential fiscal incentives, and negatively correlated with the host country's property rights protection and political stability. These results are statistically significant and robust to different function specifications and different indicators for property rights protection.
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion

Interappendage phasing of crayfish swimmeret movements depends upon a central nervous system network of command, oscillator, and coordinating neurons. The command neurons serve to set the general excitation level in each of the segmental oscillators. The oscillator neurons in each hemi-ganglion generate the rhythmic alternations of powerstroke and returnstroke motor neuron activity. The coordinating neurons transmit the precise timing information about the state of one oscillator to other oscillators. This information can serve to advance or to delay the motor bursts driven by the other oscillators. Which effect is observed depends upon the arrival time of the coordinating neuron discharge within the cycle period of the modulated oscillator. This type of modulation leads to the prediction that a stable interappendage phase can result from situations where there is not a fixed excitability gradient among the segmental oscillators. This prediction has been verified using a cut command neuron preparation.
Production of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid in seeds of marker-free transgenic soybean

Through a single desaturation step, the Borago officinalis L. Δ 6 desaturase can convert linoleic acid and α-linolenic add to γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (STA), respectively. Both GLA and STA are of interest to the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Production of these fatty acids is costly. One potential strategy to reduce production cost would be to generate them in a major oilseed crop. To this end, a cDNA of the B. officinalis Δ 6 -desaturase gene was cloned downstream of the embryo-specific promoter β-conglycinin. The resultant cassette was assembled into a two T-DNA binary vector, in which the second T-DNA element harbored a selectable marker cassette. The final plasmid was subsequently used to transform soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]. The simultaneous delivery of two T-DNA elements was used as a strategy to derive soybean progeny transgenic for the Δ 6 desaturase T-DNA and free of the marker gene T-DNA. Twenty-nine transgenic soybean lines were recovered that harbored both T-DNA elements, of which 17 produced GLA and STA in the seed storage lipids. Average GLA levels ranged from 3.4 up to 28.7%, while STA levels varied from just under 0.6 to 4.2% in the T 1 generation. Among the 17 lines that produced GLA and STA, four lines were identified that were free of the selectable marker T-DNA element.
Open Carpels with Ovules in Fabaceae

Young open carpels with developing ovules exposed to view are a regularly observed stage in development in 25 caesalpinioid species and one papilionoid legume studied. In all, the carpel margins later become appressed and sealed. A literature survey revealed examples of open, ovulate carpel primordia in 42 species in 19 additional angiosperm families. The feature of angiospermy, or enclosed ovules, is achieved gradually during ontogeny in the taxa studied, rather than being present ab initio. This heterochronic lag of carpel closure may be viewed as either precocious timing of ovule initiation or as delayed timing of carpel closure, compared to other legumes with closed carpels at ovule initiation.