Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Population Genetics of Chum and Masu Salmon Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation

Rizalita R. Edpalina1, Shunpei Sato2, Shigehiko Urawa2, Vladimir Brykov3, Deuk-Hee Jin4, Akihisa Urano5, and Syuiti Abe1 1Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan 2National Salmon Resources Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0922, Japan 3Institute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok, Russia 4Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology, Kangnung National University, Kangnung, Korea 5Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
Anomaly Detection Neural Network with Dual Auto-Encoders GAN and Its Industrial Inspection Applications

Recently, researchers have been studying methods to introduce deep learning into automated optical inspection (AOI) systems to reduce labor costs. However, the integration of deep learning in the industry may encounter major challenges such as sample imbalance (defective products that only account for a small proportion). Therefore, in this study, an anomaly detection neural network, dual auto-encoder generative adversarial network (DAGAN), was developed to solve the problem of sample imbalance. With skip-connection and dual auto-encoder architecture, the proposed method exhibited excellent image reconstruction ability and training stability. Three datasets, namely public industrial detection training set, MVTec AD, with mobile phone screen glass and wood defect detection datasets, were used to verify the inspection ability of DAGAN. In addition, training with a limited amount of data was proposed to verify its detection ability. The results demonstrated that the areas under the curve (AUCs) of DAGAN were better than previous generative adversarial network-based anomaly detection models in 13 out of 17 categories in these datasets, especially in categories with high variability or noise. The maximum AUC improvement was 0.250 (toothbrush). Moreover, the proposed method exhibited better detection ability than the U-Net auto-encoder, which indicates the function of discriminator in this application. Furthermore, the proposed method had a high level of AUCs when using only a small amount of training data. DAGAN can significantly reduce the time and cost of collecting and labeling data when it is applied to industrial detection.
Optimization of highly concentrated dispersions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with emphasis on surfactant content and carbon nanotubes quality

Optimized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) suspensions in aqueous solution have been obtained by joint use of ultrasonification and surfactant. A simple experimental procedure has been established to efficiently evaluate the dependence of the surfactant concentration on the MWNT concentration stable in suspension. The study of three different surfactants and MWNT provided by three suppliers showed that a threshold surfactant concentration exists above which the MWNT concentration is maximum. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the maximum MWNT concentration achievable varies from 0.50 to 7.5 g l−1 depending mainly on quality of the MWNT determined by raman spectroscopy analysis.
Epidemiology of Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinomas

Signet ring cell adenocarcinomas (SRCCs) are a rare histological subtype of adenocarcinomas with a poor prognosis, typically due to advanced disease at diagnosis. A signet ring cell, mimicking its moniker, contains abundant intracytoplasmic mucin that pushes the nucleus to the periphery. In these cancers, this cell feature comprises more than 50% of the tumor. Despite predilection for the gastrointestinal tract, and in particular the stomach, primary SRCCs are also described in other sites, typically in case reports. This literature, however, lacks a standardized overview of the SRCC disease entity. Using a retrospective cohort approach, we summarize the clinicodemographic and mortality outcomes of SRCCs in thirteen primary sites, comprising 95% of all SRCCs in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER), a population-level cancer database covering nearly one-third of the United States population. SRCCs general trends compared to matching nonvariant adenocarcinomas are earlier age of onset, with initial presentation favoring higher rates of regional or distant disease presentation and poor tumor differentiation. After multivariable analysis, SRCCs typically have worse overall survivals, but substantial variances exist depending on tumor location. Identifying SRCCs at earlier disease stages is likely the single most important intervention to improving outcomes for these patients.
Firing rate and spatial correlation in a stochastic neural field model

This paper studies a stochastic neural field model that is extended from our previous paper [14]. The neural field model consists of many heterogeneous local populations of neurons. Rigorous results on the stochastic stability are proved, which further imply the well-definedness of quantities including mean firing rate and spike count correlation. Then we devote to address two main topics: the comparison with mean-field approximations and the spatial correlation of spike count. We showed that partial synchronization of spiking activities is a main cause for discrepancies of mean-field approximations. Furthermore, the spike count correlation between local populations are studied. We find that the spike count correlation decays quickly with the distance between corresponding local populations. Some mathematical justifications of the mechanism of this phenomenon is also provided.
Machine Learning for the Diagnosis of Orthodontic Extractions: A Computational Analysis Using Ensemble Learning

Extraction of teeth is an important treatment decision in orthodontic practice. An expert system that is able to arrive at suitable treatment decisions can be valuable to clinicians for verifying treatment plans, minimizing human error, training orthodontists, and improving reliability. In this work, we train a number of machine learning models for this prediction task using data for 287 patients, evaluated independently by five different orthodontists. We demonstrate why ensemble methods are particularly suited for this task. We evaluate the performance of the machine learning models and interpret the training behavior. We show that the results for our model are close to the level of agreement between different orthodontists.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Three Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed from 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid or 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid Ligands

Three 2D new coordination polymers Co2(L1)2(1,10-Phenanthroline)2(DMF)0.5(H2O) (1), (H2L1 = Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid) Co(L1)(2,2-bipyridine) (2), and Co(L2)(2,2-bipyridine) (DMF) (3) (H2L2 = Pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized through a solvothermal reaction of cobalt nitrate and pyridine carboxylic acid ligand with the auxiliary ligand (1,10-Phenanthroline or 2,2-bipyridine). They were characterized by X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, and magnetism. Compounds 1–3 featured 2D hexagonal (6,3) networks which linked into 3D supramolecular architectures through π–π interaction. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 showed the antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, and the magnetic property of compound 3 exhibited ferromagnetic exchange interactions.
Solar coronal heating by magnetic cancellation – I. Connected equal bipoles

We present two-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a cancelling magnetic feature and the associated coronal X-ray bright point. Coronal reconnection is found to produce significant Ohmic heating, and at the same time about 90 per cent of the magnetic flux is cancelled. The presence of downflows accelerates the process of flux cancellation in the early phase. The last 10 per cent of the cancellation takes place by reconnection at the base. Reconnection occurs in a time-dependent way in response to the footpoint motions, and the resulting sequence of magnetic configurations is close to potential.
Title : Electrophysiological correlates of visual singleton detection

Identifying a fixed-feature singleton that pops out from an otherwise uniform array of distractors elicits an event-related potential (ERP) component called the N2pc over the posterior scalp. The N2pc has been used to track attention with millisecond accuracy, inform theories of visual selection, and test for specific attention deficits in clinical populations, yet it is still unclear what neuro-cognitive process gives rise to the component. One hypothesis is that the N2pc reflects a spatial filtering process that suppresses irrelevant distractors. In support of this hypothesis, Luck and Hillyard (1994) showed that the N2pc is eliminated when the features of the target and distractors switch unpredictably across trials so that participants cannot prepare to filter out irrelevant items. The present study aimed to replicate Luck and Hillyard’s singleton detection experiment, but with modifications to enhance the N2pc signal and to gain statistical power. We show that orientation singletons do, in fact, elicit the N2pc as well as an earlier-onsetting and longer-lasting singleton detection positivity (SDP) over the occipital scalp when the target and distractor orientations swap randomly across trials. We conclude that spatial filtering might not play a major role in the generation of the N2pc and that the selection processes required to search for fixed-feature targets (in feature-search mode) are also engaged in the detection of variablefeature singletons (in singleton-detection mode).
Mental Budgeting vs . Relative Thinking

A growing literature uses economic behaviors in field settings to test predictions generated by various psychological models. In some cases, psychological theories make conflicting predictions for the same consumer context. In this paper, we attempt to reconcile two conflicting predictions about upgrading behavior, one made by category budgeting (e.g., Heath and Soll, 1996, Thaler, 1985)—which suggests people will upgrade less as prices go up—and one made by relative thinking (e.g., Kahneman and Tversky, 1981)—which suggests people will upgrade more as prices go up. In a recent paper, Hastings and Shapiro (2013) convincingly demonstrate a violation of fungibility in gasoline upgrade decisions. They show that consumers are less likely to upgrade to premium gas when the overall price of gas goes up and the price difference between regular and premium gas remains fixed. Hastings and Shapiro provide evidence that the standard model as well as simple behavioral models utilizing loss aversion and salience have difficulty accounting for the upgrade decisions made in the data. Their findings instead provide strong evidence of category budgeting (Heath and Soll, 1996). The intuition for this model is that as gas prices go up, a consumer’s mental budget for gas feels tight and he/she may decide to forgo the upgrade option. Using a different psychology literature, however, one might have come to the exact opposite prediction than the result found by Hastings and Shapiro. Specifically, Kahneman and Tversky (1981) show that people respond in a non-rational manner to relative price differences. In their hypothetical scenario, people report being more likely to drive across town to save $5 on a $15 calculator than on a $120 calculator. In the gasoline context, when the price of gas goes up, Kahneman and Tversky’s model of relative thinking suggests that the price of premium gas now looks relatively cheap, so consumers will be more likely to upgrade since the difference in price between premium and regular now seems small. Given the strong findings in Hastings and Shapiro (2013), one might argue that in situations where mental budgeting and relative thinking make disparate predictions, the mental-budgeting prediction will always dominate. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on this argument and, using primarily survey data, find evidence that this is not necessarily the case. Additionally, we provide suggestive evidence of relative thinking in the field using a dataset of car-rental insurance purchases.
Correlational Studies in Typological and Historical Linguistics

We review a number of recent studies that have identified either correlations between different linguistic features (e.g., implicational universals) or correlations between linguistic features and nonlinguistic properties of speakers or their environment (e.g., effects of geography on vocabulary). We compare large-scale quantitative studies with more traditional theoretical and historical linguistic research and identify divergent assumptions and methods that have led linguists to be skeptical of correlational work. We also attempt to demystify statistical techniques and point out the importance of informed critiques of the validity of statistical approaches. Finally, we describe various methods used in recent correlational studies to deal with the factthat, because of contact and historical relatedness, individual languages in a sample rarely represent independent data points, and we showhowthesemethodsmayallowustoexplorelinguisticprehistory
The microstructure of Lipschitz solutions for a one-dimensional logarithmic diffusion equation

We consider the initial-boundary-value problem for the one-dimensional fast diffusion equation ut = [sign(ux) log |ux|]x on QT = [0, T ] × [0, l]. For monotone initial data the existence of classical solutions is known. The case of non-monotone initial data is delicate since the equation is singular at ux = 0. We ‘explicitly’ construct infinitely many weak Lipschitz solutions to non-monotone initial data following an approach to the Perona-Malik equation. For this construction we rephrase the problem as a differential inclusion which enables us to use methods from the description of material microstructures. The Lipschitz solutions are constructed iteratively by adding ever finer oscillations to an approximate solution. These fine structures account for the fact that solutions are not continuously differentiable in any open subset of QT and that the derivative ux is not of bounded variation in any such open set. We derive a characterization of the derivative, namely ux = d+1A + d−1B with continuous functions d > 0 and d− < 0 and dense sets A and B, both of positive measure but with infinite perimeter. This characterization holds for any Lipschitz solution constructed with the same method, in particular for the ‘microstructured’ Lipschitz solutions to the one-dimensional Perona-Malik equation.
How Private Politics Alters Legislative Responsiveness

Private politics occurs when citizens and activists seek policy change outside the democratic legislative process. This includes boycotting companies and/or buycotting products so as to influence market practices (e.g., increased wages, more attention to environmental impact). The rise of private politics complicates our understanding of democratic responsiveness — legislators may be less incentivized to respond to citizens’ preferences. This occurs because legislators receive less credit for policy change and may view themselves as less necessary for policy-making. We present a survey experiment with state legislators to explore how legislators react to private politics. We find that a constituent communication that references private politics vitiates legislative responsiveness. In particular, Republicans become less likely to say they would take policy action or move their positions. Moreover, reference to private politics decreases the likelihood of constituent engagement among both Republican and Democratic legislators. Our results accentuate the importance of considering private politics in conversations about how democracies work.
Education, training and employment in prison and post-release

Education in prisons presents a special challenge. In contrast to education in other contexts, in prisons the over-riding institutional purpose is to provide secure detention, not to further education and training, though this is a secondary goal. Prisons exist to sequestrate people convicted of breaking the law from mainstream society. Activities within prisons reflect this situation. Additionally, learners in prison tend to have a history of social exclusion, including an unsatisfactory relationship with education prior to their conviction. In consequence, education in prisons is dogged by a number of related problems: it is fragmented and poorly co-ordinated; prisoners frequently have highly distinctive needs; provision is very different from provision elsewhere; it has to address the impact of sentencing, court appearances, and a criminal record; teachers tend to be isolated; the number of learners and teachers is small compared to those in mainstream education, which mitigates against the development of an evidence base that reflects the particularities of education within the criminal justice system. There is a paucity of research on the nature and effectiveness of education, training, and employment for people in prison or serving sentences in the community, yet this is an important topic. It is well theorized and documented that social inclusion in general, and gainful occupation in particular, are likely to reduce offending. From the perspective of reducing offending it has long been recognized that it is necessary to address the factors which increase the likelihood of offending. Desistance theory (e.g. McNeill, 2006) is the most recent and coherent thesis to articulate this position. The evidence that is beginning to accumulate within this framework hints at a range of ways in which education and training may promote desistance, which take us beyond the more obvious benefits of enhanced skills and qualifications. Beyond this there are human rights arguments for the importance of education, training, and employment for people in the criminal justice system. This special edition offers an international focus on this international problem, representing authors from Scotland, Ireland, England, Australia, and Norway. The paper by Vorhaus provides a strong context for this special edition in the case made for education and training in prisons from a rights perspective. Often, arguments for the value of education in prisons are couched in terms of the potential to reduce offending. Yet, as Vorhaus argues, what happens if education and training fail to reduce offending? Does that mean that they have no value? Vorhaus takes a philosophical stance in his survey and considers international conventions and principles on prisoners’ right to education and how this right might be defended from an appeal to education as a means to an end and as a human right.
The Effect of CO2 Saturation on Immiscibility between Silicate and Carbonate Liquids: an Experimental Study

Experiments at 1250°C and 25 kbar are used to illustrate the silicate–carbonate compositional distribution evident in maximum extent of the silicate–carbonate immiscible liquid field in many (but not all) carbonatite complexes. a multicomponent system and the effects of CO2 undersaturation. Although evidence for both immiscible and direct The results demonstrate the dramatic expansion of the two-liquid melting theories can be found in laboratory experiments field as PCO2 is increased to approach Ptotal. The response of the on natural compositions (e.g. Freestone & Hamilton, system to CO2 undersaturation is used to reconcile differences between 1980; Wallace & Green, 1988; Kjarsgaard & Peterson, previous data sets, which apparently indicated an expansion of the 1991; Dalton & Wood, 1993), field evidence has remained two-liquid field from 0·7 to 7 kbar, followed by a substantial elusive and indirect [the data of Kjarsgaard & Peterson contraction to 25 kbar. This effect appears to be the result of (1991) may be one exception to this]. As a result, the comparing CO2-saturated and -undersaturated data. The fully experimental data have taken a high profile in this debate, expanded, CO2-saturated, multicomponent two-liquid field at 25 and general opinion can be greatly influenced by the kbar may approach the melt compositions formed at mantle pressures, most recent series of experimental results. Previous studies and an immiscible origin for carbonatites in the mantle cannot be in the synthetic system SNAC+CO2 (SiO2– excluded on the basis of the experimental data. Al2O3–CaO–Na2O–CO2) have illustrated a two-liquid field that expands continuously with pressure from 2 to 25 kbar (Kjarsgaard & Hamilton, 1988; Brooker & Hamilton, 1990; Brooker, 1995; Lee & Wyllie, 1996), as illustrated in Fig. 1a. In addition, a study of CO2-saturated
The Effect of Greenhouse Gas-Induced Changes in SST on the Annual Cycle of Zonal Mean Tropical Precipitation

AbstractModels from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) project changes to the seasonality of both tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation when forced by an increase in greenhouse gases. Nearly all models project an amplification and a phase delay of the annual cycle for both quantities, indicating a greater annual range and extrema reached later in the year. The authors investigate the nature of the seasonal precipitation changes in AGCM experiments forced by SST perturbations, which represent idealizations of the changes in annual mean, amplitude, and phase as simulated by CMIP5 models. A uniform SST warming is sufficient to force both amplification and a delay of the annual cycle of precipitation. The amplification is due to an increase in the annual mean vertical water vapor gradient, while the delay is affected by changes in the seasonality of the circulation. A budget analysis of this simulation reveals a large degree of similarity with the CMIP5 results. In.
Do Children Cooperate Conditionally? Adapting the Strategy Method for First-Graders

We develop a public goods game (PGG) to measure cooperation and conditional cooperation in young children. Our design addresses several obstacles in adapting simultaneous and sequential PGGs to children who are not yet able to read or write, do not possess advanced abilities to calculate payo s, and only have a very limited attention span at their disposal. It features the combination of haptic online explanation, fully standardized audiovisual instructions, computerized choices based on touchscreens, and a suitable incentive scheme. Applying our experimental protocol to a sample of German first-graders, we find that already 6-year-olds cooperate conditionally and that the relative frequency of di erent cooperation types matches the findings for adult subjects. We also find that neither survey items from teachers nor from parents predict unconditional or conditional cooperation behavior; this underlines the value of incentivized experimental protocols for measuring cooperation in children.