Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS): Ex-Post Analysis, the Market Stability Reserve and Options for a Comprehensive Reform

The central pillar of European climate policy, the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), is currently under scrutiny, as the allowance price is persistently low at around 5€/tCO2. The cap was met and emissions actually declined in recent years, ensuring the environmental effectiveness of the scheme. However, the low price may affect the long-term cost-effectiveness of the instrument by reducing the incentive for investment and deployment of low carbon technologies. No significant increase in the allowance price is expected before 2020, and probably not beyond, without reform. While the reasons for the price decline are controversial, empirical analysis shows that only a small portion of price fluctuations can be explained by factors such as the economic crisis, renewable deployment or international offsets. Therefore, it is likely that political factors and regulatory uncertainty have played a key role in the price decline. As a consequence, any reform of the EU ETS has to deliver a mechanism that reduces such uncertainty and stabilizes expectations of market participants. The Market Stability Reserve proposed by the EU Commission is unlikely to address the current problem of price uncertainty and insufficient dynamic efficiency. The key element of the alternative reform proposal described in this paper is to set a price collar in the EU ETS with lower and upper boundaries. This is likely to reinforce the long-term credibility and reliability of the price signal. In addition, a price for GHG emissions not covered by the EU ETS has to be set. If additional market failures prevent the market from functioning efficiently, specific policy instruments related to innovation and technology diffusion should be implemented in addition to carbon pricing. Carbon leakage could be addressed through tailor-made trade policies. In parallel, increasing the coalition of countries included in the carbon pricing should remain a priority. This reform package would bring the EU ETS back to life, while avoiding a relapse into potentially costly and inefficient national climate and energy policies.
[A study of Epstein-Barr virus susceptibility in human tonsil B lymphocyte subpopulations].

Various subpopulations of human tonsil B lymphocyte were investigated for their susceptibility to infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The EBV infection was detected by EBV binding and synthesis of EBV determined nuclear antigen (EBNA). All of the sorted resting B cells which reacted with L30, anti-IgM and-IgD antibodies synthesized EBNA 24hr after EBV infection. In contrast, the frequency of EBNA expression of OKT9-, L29and OKT10-positive cells i.e., activated or differentiated B cells, and sIgG-positive cells tended to be low, as compared with those of marker-negative cells. However, the cells which were not reactive with OKB7 antibody, i.e., C3d receptor-negative B cells, were completely resistant to EBV infection. In the flow cytometric study using two-color immunofluorescence, EBV bound to all the cells which reacted with L30, anti-IgM,-IgD,-IgA, and-IgG antibodies, and on the most of OKT9and OKT10-positive cells. In addition, EBV bidings, i.e., EBV receptors were present throughout the entire cell cycle. The study of density-fractionated B lymphocytes showed that the differences were not noticed in the frequency of the EBV binding on cells among the different fractions. However, high density fractionated cells could synthesize EBNA more frequently as compared with the cells in the low density fractions. In the analysis of B cells stimulated by the polyclonal activator in vitro, the expression of both EBV receptors and EBNA on these cells decreased and were finally lost at the terminal stage on the B cell lineage. The differences between EBV susceptibility in the various stages of the B cell lineage were discussed from these results.
A Space–Time Scan Statistic for Detecting Emerging Outbreaks

Summary As a major analytical method for outbreak detection, Kulldorff's space–time scan statistic (2001, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 164, 61–72) has been implemented in many syndromic surveillance systems. Since, however, it is based on circular windows in space, it has difficulty correctly detecting actual noncircular clusters. Takahashi et al. (2008, International Journal of Health Geographics 7, 14) proposed a flexible space–time scan statistic with the capability of detecting noncircular areas. It seems to us, however, that the detection of the most likely cluster defined in these space–time scan statistics is not the same as the detection of localized emerging disease outbreaks because the former compares the observed number of cases with the conditional expected number of cases. In this article, we propose a new space–time scan statistic which compares the observed number of cases with the unconditional expected number of cases, takes a time‐to‐time variation of Poisson mean into account, and implements an outbreak model to capture localized emerging disease outbreaks more timely and correctly. The proposed models are illustrated with data from weekly surveillance of the number of absentees in primary schools in Kitakyushu‐shi, Japan, 2006.
Discrimination of Multichannel‐Compressed Speech in Noise: Long‐Term Learning in Hearing‐Impaired Subjects

Objective It takes time for an individual to obtain optimal benefit from a new hearing aid. This research examines the possibility that similar long-term learning can be seen in consecutive laboratory studies of multichannel compression (MCC). Design Three studies of different parameters of MCC processing, carried out over the period of 1 yr, included the same 15 hearing-impaired subjects and one identical MCC-processing condition. The full-range MCC had 8, 12, or 16 independent frequency channels, using a Robinson-Huntington compression algorithm. The City University of New York nonsense syllable test was modified to facilitate digital signal processing and control of the experiments. The subjects discriminated nonsense syllables (a female and a male voice) in speech spectrum noise at -5 to 16 dB signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). Conditions were not ideal for learning: subjects' experience with MCC-processed speech was limited to the laboratory and no trial-by-trial feedback was provided. Percent correct syllable discrimination and consonant confusion matrices were compared across experiments to observe the subjects' learning to listen with MCC processing. Results All subjects combined, and 14 of 15 individual subjects, showed significant improvement across experiments. For the subject showing the maximum learning, the percent correct difference between the first and third experiments was equivalent to a 9.8 dB increase in S/N. The average learning for all subjects was equivalent to +3 dB S/N. The difference between the consonant-confusion matrices for the first and third experiments indicated that improved discrimination occurred for both manner and place information. The pattern of changes in the confusion matrices was consistent with improved use of the high-frequency information supplied by the MCC signal processing. A brief comparison of the results of the first experiment with a fourth experiment indicated that the learning was specific to MCC processing because it did not generalize to frequency-shaped linear amplification which was also studied in those two experiments. Conclusions These results indicate that specific long-term learning occurred for hearing-impaired subjects listening to nonsense syllables in noise with 8- to 16-channel MCC processing. Since previous experiments have provided subjects with much less listening experience, the results suggest that MCC with large numbers of channels may be much more beneficial for the hearing-impaired individuals than the results of previous experiments had indicated.
Pharmacological treatments for BCG-refractory cancer of the urinary bladder

sitional cell carcinoma, or TCC) of the urinary bladder is the 4th most common cancer among men and the 11th most common cancer among women in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.1 An estimated 68,810 new cases of TCC of the bladder are expected to occur in 2008, resulting in 14,100 deaths.1 Outcomes are determined by several factors, including the stage and grade of the tumor. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder, a type of TCC of the bladder, carries a high risk of recurrence and a moderate risk of stage progression and death. Persons who have CIS of the bladder in whom standard treatment—transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy BCG vaccine (TheraCys, TICE BCG)—fails, have few viable treatment options besides radical cystectomy. Although radical cystectomy is an effective surgical treatment, it poses a high risk of morbidity and mortality for persons with CIS, especially those who are older, are in frail health, and/or have significant comorbidities. However, therapeutic options for persons with recurrent CIS are increasing with the return of FDA-approved valrubicin (Valstar) to the market as well as with continuing research on other investigational therapies, including mitomycin (Mutamycin), gemcitabine(Gemzar), docetaxel (Taxotere), and the combination of interferon alpha-2b (Intron A) and BCG.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering

Software is developed by people, used by people, and supports interaction among people. As such, human characteristics and cooperation are central to modern practical software construction. While human aspects were recognized as important over 30 years ago, recent changes in the software domain have made cooperative and human aspects of software engineering even more significant. This special issue of IEEE Software presents a sample of current research in this field illustrating the wide variety of approaches, software domains and activities in which human and cooperative aspects are being investigated.
ROBIN LE POIDEVIN The Images of Time: An Essay on Temporal Representation

Though interested in the nature of temporal representation for its own sake, Le Poidevin’s guiding concern is to determine ‘what ordinary representations of time [. ] tell us about the metaphysical structure of time itself’ (p. 5). Although he admits that ‘the answer that we might initially be inclined to give to this question is: very little’ (ibid.), Le Poidevin aims to convince us that our modes of temporal representation can only be satisfactorily accounted for by a tenseless (‘B-theory’) view of time. After defending a number of claims regarding the links between causation, content, and knowledge in Chapter 2, and a series of principles about memory in the first part of Chapter 4 (see p. 62), Le Poidevin summarizes his key argument as follows.
Communication of risks: an analysis beyond numbers.

Sir, The recent commentary by Professor McManus1 provides an excellent overview of Dr Gigerenzer’s book, and summarizes the overwhelming appeal of ‘natural frequency’ over traditional descriptions of risks as probabilities. Dr Gigerenzer has earlier demonstrated that medical students and physicians ability to understand information of risks presented as probabilities is inferior to presentation of data in the ‘natural frequency …
Effects of different ventilation strategies on lung injury in newborn rabbits

The results from experimental and clinical studies have shown that mechanical ventilation (MV) and/or hyperoxia may aggravate a pre‐existing lung injury, or even cause lung injury in healthy lungs, despite the fact that it might be the only life‐saving intervention available to a patient. The present study was designed to investigate the roles of MV and hyperoxia in the pathogenesis of lung injury.
Modes and orders of market entry: revisiting innovation and imitation strategies

This paper focuses on the initial questions of how and when to enter a market from the perspective of a firm. By entry mode is meant a firm's strategy (innovation or imitation) for entering the market in response to environmental changes. Entry order refers to the related issue of market timing (first-mover or follower). Invention is understood as the conversion of human creativity, time and financial resources into new ideas. Innovation in turn reflects the practical and financial return on such investments. While there is little disagreement about what an innovator strategy is, imitative strategies are more ambiguous. Based on a corporate technology and innovation strategy perspective, the paper reconceptualises and extends existing modes and orders of market entry, and in particular clarifies the ambiguity associated with imitative strategies. Four distinct imitator strategies are identified. The paper closes with a brief discussion of limitations, avenues for future research, and implications for managers and affected policymakers.
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Fibring of π-Institutions

Inspired by work of Fernández and Coniglio, we study a framework for combining, by fibring, logics formalized as π-institutions. Fibring of deductive systems, i.e., finitary and structural consequence relations over sets of formulas, as presented by Fernández and Coniglio, becomes a special case of fibring of π-institutions. Moreover, we show how their study of preservation of algebraic properties, such as protoalgebraicity, may be lifted to this more general context. Finally, with an eye towards more applied logics, we illustrate how, using our framework, one may obtain richer extensions of basic description logics by fibring simpler extensions with various features that have been studied independently.
Design criteria for resonant tank of LLC DC-DC resonant converter

This paper presents the design criteria for the resonant tank of the LLC resonant DC-DC converter. In order to have high efficiency within wide input voltage range, high power factor for the LLC resonant tank should be ensured. The inductance ratio of the series and parallel resonant inductors is designed according to the voltage gain and input power factor of the LLC resonant tank. Finally, the prototype circuit of the full-bridge LLC resonant converter with 48V output voltage at 12A output current is built to verify the proposed design criteria for the resonant tank.
Predominance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EAI and Beijing Lineages in Yangon, Myanmar

ABSTRACT Isolates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage are associated with high rates of transmission, hypervirulence and drug resistance. The Beijing lineage has been shown to dominate the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in East Asia; however, the diversity and frequency of M. tuberculosis genotypes from Myanmar are unknown. We present the first comprehensive study describing the M. tuberculosis isolates circulating in Yangon, Myanmar. Thus, 310 isolates from pulmonary TB patients from Yangon, Myanmar, were genotyped by spoligotyping and IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (IS6110 RFLP). The most frequent lineages observed were the East African-Indian (EAI; 48.4%; n = 150) and Beijing (31.9%; n = 99) lineages. Isolates belonging to the most frequent shared types (STs), ST1 (n = 98; Beijing), ST292 (n = 28; EAI), and ST89 (n = 11; EAI), had ≥75% similarity in their IS6110 patterns. Five of 11 Beijing isolates comprising five clusters with identical IS6110 RFLP patterns could be discriminated by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis. Of the 150 EAI isolates, 40 isolates (26.7%) had only one IS6110 copy, and 17 of these isolates could be discriminated by MIRU-VNTR analysis. The findings from this study suggest that although there is a predominance of the ancient EAI lineage in Yangon, the TB epidemic in Yangon is driven by clonal expansion of the ST1 genotype. The Beijing lineage isolates (21.4%) were more likely (P = 0.009) than EAI lineage isolates to be multidrug resistant (MDR) (1.3%; odds ratio, 3.2, adjusted for the patients' history of exposure to anti-TB drugs), suggesting that the spread of MDR Beijing isolates is a major problem in Yangon.
Direct colonoscopic visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts in a post-pancreaticoduodenectomy patient

A 79-year-old female was evaluated in consultation for painless jaundice. Past medical history was signifi cant for obstructive jaundice secondary to distal bile duct stricture from a benign pancreatic head mass status postpancreaticoduodenectomy. She later developed recurrent cholangitis and during surgical exploration was found to have a left hepatic duct bifurcation stricture that was resected. Four years later the patient presented with fatigue, weight loss, and painless jaundice. Laboratory investigation showed elevated total bilirubin of 9.4 mg/dL, alanine aminotransferase 645 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 1088 IU/L, and alkaline phosphatase 183 IU/L. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed to evaluate for possible recurrent biliary stricture. A pediatric colonoscope was utilized to access the aff erent jejunal limb with the hepaticojejunostomy. Th e aff erent limb was intubated and the colonoscope was advanced freely with excellent visualization of the intrahepatic bile ducts at the anastomosis site (Fig. 1). Th e site of previous hepatic duct stricture was identifi ed (Fig. 2) with no recurrence of stricture noted. Assessment of biliary strictures remains diffi cult and direct visualization of bile ducts is traditionally obtainable through cumbersome fl exible cholangioscopes or newer ‘SpyGlass’ (Boston Scientifi c, USA) cholangioscopy [1]. Bile duct visualization in post-surgical patients is less well characterized and there is limited evidence available regarding the role of ERCP in post-pancreaticoduodenectomy patients [2,3]. Current indications for ERCP in post-Whipple patients include: evaluation of suspected biliary obstruction; recurrent pancreatitis; or persistent pain thought to be biliary or pancreatic in origin [3]. In post-pancreaticoduodenectomy patients, accessing the aff erent limb to evaluate for bile duct abnormalities may be an underutilized endoscopic technique.
Guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). An inhibitor of adenylate cyclase stimulation by guanine nucleotides and fluoride ions.

Guanosine 5’-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDPflS) was used to study the role of GDP in regulation of adenylate cyclase activity. In contrast to GDP, the analog GDP@ is resistant to hydrolysis and phosphorylation by various membrane preparations and is not significantly phosphorylated by the nucleoside triphosphate regeneration system that is present in the adenylate cyclase assay. GDP@ competitively inhibits the stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by GTP or guanosine 5’(8,y-imino)trlphosphate. The apparent inhibition constants for GDP@ are 0.4 pM in turkey erythrocyte membranes and 2 pM in rat liver and parotid membranes. In turkey erythrocyte membranes GDP/B completely inhibits the hormone plus GTP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, while in the liver and parotid systems the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity does not exceed 70 to 80%. This is probably due to the fact that in the liver and parotid preparations GDP@ causes some enhancement of the hormone-stimulated adenylate cyqlase activity, acting as a partial agonist of GTP. GDP/B also inhibits the F--stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. This inhibition requires preincubation of membranes with GDP/B in the presence of hormone. The inhibition of the F--stimulated activity persists after addition of a receptor blocking agent, or removal of the hormone and free GDP@ by washing. Release of GDP@S from the regulatory site by treatment with hormone and EDTA restores the F--stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The findings indicate that Factivates the adenylate cyclase by interaction with the guanine nucleotide binding component. This activation does not require binding of guanine nucleotide and can take place even when the guanine nucleotide site is vacant.
New paradigms in chronic intestinal inflammation and colon cancer: role of melatonin

Abstract: In intestinal bowel disease (IBD), immune‐mediated conditions exert their effects through various cells and proinflammatory mediators. Recent data support a participation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in IBD. Moreover, it is evident that chronic degenerative pathologies, including IBD, share comparable disease mechanisms with alteration in the autophagy mechanisms. Chronic inflammation in IBD exposes these patients to a number of signals known to have tumorigenic effects. This circuitry of inflammation and cancer modifies apoptosis and autophagy, and promotes cellular cycle progression, invasion, and angiogenesis. Melatonin has been shown as a specific antioxidant reducing oxidative damage in both lipid and aqueous cell environments. However, several studies provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms of melatonin action in the colon. In this line, recent data suggest that melatonin modulates autophagy and sirtuin activity. An anti‐autophagic property of melatonin has been demonstrated, and it could contribute to its anti‐oncogenic activity. Nevertheless, there is no information about whether antitumoral effects of melatonin on colon cancer are dependent on autophagy. Sirtuins have pleiotropic effects on cancer development, being reported both as facilitator and as suppressor of colon cancer development. Sirtuins and melatonin are connected through the circadian clock machinery, and melatonin seems able to correct the alterations in sirtuin activity associated with several pathological conditions. Autophagy and sirtuin activities are linked through 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which switches on autophagy and increases sirtuin. The effect of melatonin on AMPK and the impact of this effect on IBD and colon cancer remain an open question.
Centralized and distributed resource allocation in OFDM based multi-relay system

In the presence of multiple non-regenerative relays, we derived optimal joint power allocation, relay selection, and subchannel pairing schemes in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless networks. The Lagrange dual method was employed to design the optimal algorithm. First, the optimization problem was formulated for the single-relay system and the optimal centralized algorithm was presented by resolving the dual problem. Next, the optimal algorithm for a multi-relay system was proposed in a similar way. Compared with the exhaustive search method, the computational complexity of the proposed optimal algorithms was reduced from non-polynomial to polynomial time. Finally, the centralized algorithm was extended to the distributed algorithm, which was more feasible for the practical system. Simulation results verify our analysis.