Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poster : High Performance Data Leak Detection

Data leaks on personal computers and organization networks may be caused by mistakes of users (e.g., accidentally sending sensitive documents to a wrong recipient), stolen laptops, malicious insiders, and infection with malicious software. Preventing data leaks typically require a suite of security technologies, including firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems at the network, as well as file encryption, strong authentication, and high system assurance tools on the hosts. The multiple points of security measures are complementary to each other and this paper addresses the problem of network-based data leak detection, specifically, how to accurately and efficiently inspect traffic content for patterns of sensitive information. The data may be transformed during the transmission. Network-based data leak detection (DLD) imposes unique research challenges, including:
Reactivity of a fluorine passivated silicon surface

Fluorine‐terminated Si(100) surfaces have been prepared by dosing with XeF2. The reactivity of these surfaces towards reoxidation by water vapor or molecular oxygen has been analyzed in situ using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Whereas the fluorine‐terminated surface is quite stable in dry oxygen, significantly stronger reactivity is observed with water vapor. Reaction with water molecules creates Si–OF surface species, presumably via an insertion reaction, and leads to loss of fluorine and to growth of a thin oxide. It is inferred that the hydrogen‐terminated, HF‐cleaned surface, which exhibits some surface fluorine, is oxidatively attacked in water or air at Si–F defect sites.
PbII 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-naphthyl-1,3-butanedione complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine ligands

Lead(II) 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-naphthyl-1,3-butanedione (Htfnb) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), [Pb2(bpy)2(tfnb)2] (1) and [Pb2(phen)2(tfnb)2] (2), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The self-assembly of 1 and 2 is likely to be caused by C–H ··· F–C, C–H ··· O and π–π stacking interactions.
Sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy of petroleum asphaltenes and model compounds

The utility of sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy for the determination and quantification of sulfur forms in petroleum asphaltenes has been investigated. Both X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra were obtained for a selected group of model compounds and for several petroleum asphaltene samples. For the model compounds the sulfur XANES was found to vary widely from compound to compound and to provide a fingerprint for the form of sulfur involved. The use of third derivatives of the spectra enabled discrimination of mixtures of sulfidic and thiophenic model compounds and allowed approximate quantification of the amount of each component in the mixtures and in the asphaltene samples. These results represent the first demonstration that nonvolatile sulfur forms can be distinguished and approximately quantified by direct measurement.
Does the walkley‐black method determine soil charcoal?

Abstract The Walkley‐Black Method is shown to recover charcoal carbon (C) from both charcoal samples made in the laboratory from a range of plant materials as well as from soils containing various amounts of relic charcoal. The rate of recovery of charcoal C depends on the nature of the material from which it is derived and its particle size but not on its surface area. From the data presented, it is clear that the Walkley‐Black Method recovers charcoal C with a high enough efficiency so that, at the concentrations of charcoal found in soil, given its fine particle size and the potentially diverse nature of its origin, it is not possible to differentiate between charcoal C and other organic forms found in soil by this method.
Hydrochemistry and dissolved nutrient flux of two small catchment rivers, south-western India

This paper deals with the water chemistry and dissolved nutrient flux of two small mountainous and heavily dammed rivers—Periyar and Chalakudy—of Kerala on the south-west coast of India. The lower reaches of these rivers are affected by sea-water ingression from the Arabian Sea during the non-monsoon season. Human interference through agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization in the lower and middle stretches of the river basins induces marked concentration variations in the hydro-chemical parameters. Except for N & P, all other chemical constituents exhibit high values during the non-monsoon season. Industrial contaminants in specific locations of the Periyar river reduce the pH to lower levels. Nutrients in the two rivers reveal marked seasonal and regional concentration variations. During the monsoon season, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) predominates over dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), but the reverse trend is observed during the non-monsoon season. The Periyar river shows higher average concentrations of DIN (monsoon 801 μg l−1 and non-monsoon 292 μg l−1) than Chalakudy river (monsoon 478 μg l−1 and non-monsoon 130 μg l−1). Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) has lower average values in the monsoon season (Periyar river, 38 μg l−1; Chalakudy river, 42 μg l−1) than dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) values (Periyar river, 107 μg l−1; Chalakudy, 62 μg l−1). The rivers show a marked difference in nutrient flux due to its difference in water discharge/basin characteristics and point/non-point sources of contaminants. The flux rates of DIN, DIP, and DOP during the monsoon are higher than during the non-monsoon season, while those of dissolved silicon (DSi), dissolved Fe (DFe), and DON are lower. On average, the Periyar river discharges 4953 t y−1 of DIN and 1626 t y−1 of DON to the coastal waters, and the corres-ponding values of the Chalakudy river are 772 t y−1 and 596 t y−1. The Periyar and Chalakudy rivers discharge 245 t y −1 and 70.8 t y−1 of DIP, respectively. The total flux of DOP is considerably higher (Periyar river 703 t y−1 and Chalakudy river 101 t y−1). The discharge of DSi into the Periyar river (40 193 t y−1) is nearly five times higher than that in the Chalakudy river (8275 t y−1). The discharges of DFe through the Periyar and Chalakudy rivers are 257 t y−1 and 36.7 t y−1, respectively. To sum up, this study addresses the water quality and nutrient flux of two tropical rivers and discusses the impact of urbanization and industrialization on river-water quality.
Ohmic Contact Properties and Annealing Effect for Au/Ni on p-Type P-Doped ZnO

Au/Ni ohmic contact to p-type P-doped ZnO (P:ZnO) is succeeded and investigated. The specific contact resistance ρ c decreases with increasing annealing temperature up to 300°C, but increases beyond that. After annealing at 300°C, ρ c is 0.0052 Ω cm 2 , a decrease by about 15 times from 0.076 Ω cm 2 of the as-deposited contact. The sheet resistance R s of p-type P:ZnO monotonously increases with the annealing temperature. The mechanisms causing the ρ c and R s variation with the annealing temperature are studied. During thermal annealing in vacuum (2 × 10 -5 mbar), competitions exist between Zn out-diffusion and Ni and Au diffusion into ZnO. Zn out-diffusion can improve the ohmic contact performance by producing more acceptors or surface states in the interfacial layer, while Ni and Au diffusion into ZnO can kill the acceptors or surface states in the interfacial layer.
Evaluation of Biofilm Development on Various Natural and Synthetic Media

ABSTRACT Thin film biological treatment systems are attracting increased interest as the need for more cost-effective methods for destruction or detoxification of hazardous organic wastes becomes more evident. The nature and extent of microbial coverage on the solid supports involved in such systems have thus far been matters of speculation. This study discusses an evaluation of the relative tendencies of microorganisms to colonize the surfaces of different types of natural and synthetic media under a variety of conditions. The media investigated were exposed to organic wastes in controlled laboratory experiments and examined using scanning electron microscopy for extent of biogrowth. The observations suggest that both the adsorption properties and surface texture of a solid affect biofilm development. Activated carbon, which is highly adsorbent and offers a relatively rough surface, supported significantly more biomass than did a synthetic carbonaceous adsorbent, an anion-exchange resin, a natural sand, .
Vapor-liquid-solid growth of ⟨110⟩ silicon nanowire arrays

The epitaxial growth of <110> silicon nanowires on (110) Si substrates by the vapor-liquid-solid growth process was investigated using SiCl4 as the source gas. A high percentage of <110> nanowires was obtained at high temperatures and reduced SiCl4 partial pressures. Transmission electron microscopy characterization of the <110> Si nanowires revealed symmetric V-shaped {111} facets at the tip and large {111} facets on the sidewalls of the nanowires. The symmetric {111} tip faceting was explained as arising from low catalyst supersaturation during growth which is expected to occur given the near-equilibrium nature of the SiCl4 process. The predominance of {111} facets obtained under these conditions promotes the growth of <110> SiNWs.
Atomistic simulations of liquid–liquid coexistence in confinement: comparison of thermodynamics and kinetics with bulk

We review a few simulation methods and results related to the structure and non-equilibrium dynamics in the coexistence region of immiscible symmetric binary fluids, in bulk as well as under confinement, with special emphasis on the latter. Monte Carlo methods to estimate interfacial tensions for flat and curved interfaces have been discussed. The latter, combined with a thermodynamic integration technique, provides contact angles for coexisting fluids attached to the wall. For such three-phase coexistence, results for the line tension are also presented. For the kinetics of phase separation, various mechanisms and corresponding theoretical expectations have been discussed. A comparative picture between the domain growth in bulk and confinement (including thin-film and semi-infinite geometry) has been presented from molecular dynamics simulations. Applications of finite-size scaling technique have been discussed in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium contexts.
Soft X-ray XAFS Studies on the Local Structure of K2O-SiO2 Glasses

Using the laboratory XAFS facility, we have performed to determine the local structure in potassium silicate glasses (K 2 O.4SiO 2 , K 2 O.3SiO 2 , K 2 O.2SiO 2 and 0.2(Al 2 O 3 ). 0.8(K 2 O.4SiO 2 )) respectively in order to elucidate the environment of modifying potassium ion which is extremely sensitive to the morphology of the network structure of glass system. The coordination numbers of oxygen around K + ion in K 2 O.2SiO 2 and K 2 O.3SiO 2 glasses are found to be 4∼5 which is small compared with those of K 2 O.4SiO 2 glass and crystalline nepheline ∼9. The result indicates that the introduction of K 2 O leads to the disruption of SiO 4 network structure and the formation of SiO 3 2- chain like structure or nonbridging oxygen ions as increasing quantity of K 2 O. The local structure around silicon ions in some potassium silicate glasses are also compared with those of crystalline SiO 2 such as quartz and cristobalite.
Effects of interface stoichiometry on the structural and electronic properties of Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattices

We report an investigation of the effects of interface layer composition on the structural and electronic properties of Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattices, which are of interest for infrared detector applications. Shutter sequencing during growth of a series of Ga0.75In0. 25Sb (8 ML)/InAs (13 ML) superlattices by molecular‐beam epitaxy has been employed to select structures with GaInAs‐like interfaces, InSb‐like interfaces, and intermediate choices of interfacial composition. Comparison of x‐ray diffraction scans from the superlattices confirms that a superlattice with GaInAs‐like interfaces has a 1.6% smaller average interatomic spacing in the growth direction than a sample with InSb‐like interfaces, in near agreement with expected interfacial bond length differences. Hall measurements of intrinsic carrier concentrations at high temperatures indicate an increase in superlattice energy gap when interfaces are switched from InSb‐like to GaInAs‐like, consistent with intuitive expectations. Low temperature Hall me.
Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors; the example of CO sensing with SnO2 sensors in the presence of humidity

This paper investigates the effect of water vapour in CO sensing by using Pd doped SnO2 sensors realized in thick film technology as an example of the basic understanding of sensing mechanisms applied to sensors. The results of phenomenological and spectroscopic measurement techniques, all of them obtained under working conditions for sensors, were combined with modelling in order to derive conclusions able to be generalized to the field of metal oxide based gas sensors. The techniques employed were: dc conductance, ac impedance spectroscopy, work function (by using the Kelvin probe method), catalytic conversion and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform measurements. The most important conclusion is that the different parts of the sensor (sensing layer, electrodes, substrate) are all influencing the gas detection and their role has to be taken into consideration when one attempts to understand how a sensor works.
Unidirectional and Single-File Diffusion of Molecules in One-Dimensional Channel Systems. A Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Study

Translational diffusion of molecules in one-dimensional channel systems has been measured by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. The scattering function for a single-file diffusion model has been derived in order to differentiate this transport model from normal 1D diffusion. In the AlPO4-5 structure, ordinary 1D diffusion is observed for methane and ethane, whatever the loading, which indicates that the molecules are able to pass each other. The diffusion coefficients for both molecules are on the order of 10-9 m2 s-1. On the other hand, a quite different regime is obtained by varying cyclopropane concentration in the same structure. At low loading, normal 1D diffusion is observed because the molecules can be considered as isolated, but at higher concentration cyclopropane is found to follow single-file diffusion. However, the mobility is too small to be determined. In the less open channel system of ZSM-48, ordinary 1D diffusion is found for small methane concentration, the diffusion coefficient being 2.5.
Thermal and Impact Reaction Initiation in Ni/Al Heterogeneous Reactive Systems

Reaction initiation in the Ni−Al heterogeneous gasless system due to thermal and mechanical stimuli was investigated. Reactive systems with different microstructures, including micro- and nanoscaled powder mixtures, as well as composite particles formed during short-term (15 min) high-energy ball milling (HEBM) of Al/Ni clad particles were examined. Thermal and mechanical responses were tested by differential thermal analysis and shear impact testing, respectively. It was shown that nanomixtures and HEBM samples thermally self-ignited at temperatures (Tig) well below eutectics for Ni−Al (Teut = 913 K), while the ignition temperature for conventional microscale mixtures is at least Teut. Moreover, Tig for HEBM samples is typically lower than that for nanomixtures. For the HEBM system, the apparent activation energy (EHEBM = 28 ± 2 kcal/mol) appeared to be half of the nanosystem’s measured value (Enano = 55 ± 5 kcal/mol). Oppositely, it was shown that nanomixtures were mechanically ignitable through shear i.
Raman Spectroscopy for the in Situ Identification of Cocaine and Selected Adulterants

We demonstrate the in situ identification of crack cocaine and cocaine·HCl by using a fiber-optic Raman probe and a portable Raman spectrograph. The Raman spectrum of freebase cocaine (crack) is obtained in just seconds without any sample preparation, and differs significantly from that of cocaine·HCl. We also show that the Raman spectra of these drugs are easily distinguishable from common cutting agents and impurities such as benzocaine and lidocaine. Another advantage of using Raman spectroscopy is that the drugs can be identified while contained in transparent containers, such as clear plastic evidence containers that are used to store drug evidence and to maintain chain of custody. We also demonstrate the in situ Raman identification of drugs separated by thin-layer chromatography. We discuss the utility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in toxicological drug screening and present preliminary SERS data for cocaine in solution using colloidal silver. We believe this to be the first published SERS spectrum of freebase cocaine.
Das Adsorptionsverhalten sehr dünner Kohlenstoff‐Folien

Sehr dunne Kohlenstoff-Folien wurden erhalten: 1durch Reduktion einer Suspension von Graphitoxyd (G. O.) in verdunnter Natronlauge, 2durch Verpuffung von G. O. beim Erhitzen. Die Adsorption von Stickstoff, von Methylenblau und von Phenol wurde gemessen; auserdem wurde die katalytische Leistung bei der HBr-Synthese bestimmt. Bei dem durch Reduktion erhaltenen Praparat wurden mit der Adsorption aus wasriger Losung grosere spez. Oberflachen gefunden, als mit der Gasadsorption oder aus der katalytischen Leistung. Die groste spez. Oberflache wurde direkt in der bei der Reduktion erhaltenen Suspension gemessen. Die niederen Werte der spez. Oberflache sind eine Folge der Agglomeration bei der Isolierung. Im Gegensatz dazu gaben bei dem durch Verpuffen erhaltenen Praparat alle Methoden gleiche spez. Oberflachen. Dieser Unterschied wird darauf zuruckgefuhrt, das die Folien des durch Verpuffen von G. O. erhaltenen Praparates im Gegensatz zu denen des Reduktionsproduktes durchlochert sind. Die Messung der katalytischen Leistung ergab, das die Bromwasserstoff-Bildung an den Basisflachen des Kohlenstoffs erfolgt.
Sources and composition of soil organic matter fractions between and within soil aggregates

It is generally accepted that particulate organic matter derives from plants. In contrast, the enriched labile fraction is thought by many to derive from microbes, especially fungi. However, no detailed chemical characterization of these fractions has been done. In this study, we wanted to assess the sources (plants or microbes; fungi or bacteria) and degree of microbial alteration of (i) three particulate organic matter fractions – namely the free light fraction (1.85 g cm−3), the coarse (250–2000 μm) and the fine (53–250 μm) intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter fractions – and of (ii) three density fractions of fine‐silt associated carbon – namely < 2.0, 2.0–2.2 (i.e. enriched labile fraction) and > 2.2 g cm−3– by analysing the amino sugars, by CuO oxidation analyses, and by 13C‐, 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR analyses. Macroaggregates (250–2000 μm) were separated by wet‐sieving from a former grassland soil now under a no‐tillage arable regime. The three particulate organic matter fractions and the three density fractions were isolated from the macroaggregates by a combination of density flotation, sonication and sieving techniques. Proton NMR spectroscopy on alkaline extracts showed that the enriched labile fraction is not of microbial origin but is strongly degraded plant material that is enriched in aliphatic moieties partly bound to aromatics. In addition, the enriched labile fraction had a glucosamine content less than the whole soil, indicating that it is not enriched in carbon derived from fungi. Decreasing yields of phenolic CuO oxidation products and increasing side‐chain oxidation in the order coarse intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter < fine inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < fine‐silt fractions indicate progressive alteration of lignin as particle size decreases. The light fraction was more decomposed than the coarse inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter, as indicated by (i) its larger ratio of acid‐to‐aldehyde of the vanillyl units released by CuO oxidation, (ii) the smaller contribution of H in carbohydrates to total extractable H as estimated by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and (iii) a larger contribution of monoester P to total extractable P in the 31P‐NMR spectra. In conclusion, the four fractions are derived predominantly from plants, but microbial alteration increased as follows: coarse inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < light fraction ≈ fine inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < enriched labile fraction.
A Remote Radiation Monitoring System Using an Autonomous Unmanned Helicopter for Nuclear Emergencies

A feasibility study of a remote radiation monitoring system using an autonomous unmanned helicopter, mounted with a radiation detector and three CCD cameras, was carried out for surveying the dose-rate distribution of environmental radiation. This system can fly to destinations and return under automatic operation, measure radiation data during flight, and immediately transmit the data, including images, to a monitoring station on the ground. It is also possible to monitor the data on a map on a computer display in real time. Flight tests confirmed that the system can measure fluctuations of dose-rate distribution on the ground, and could be used for radiation monitoring in case of a nuclear emergency.
Mechanism for proteins destabilization at low temperatures

Proteins undergo unfolding when lowering the temperature by means of a process known as cold denaturation. Pure cold denaturation (without denaturants) is obtained at high pressures. In this paper, a recent proposal to explain the cold denaturation process based on the high density liquid state of water [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 138103 (2003)] is described in detail. The correct understanding of this process may be useful to artificially implement activation and inactivation of proteins at room temperatures with direct applications into the word of nanobiotechnology machinery. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)