Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
τ Phosphorylation in Human, Primate, and Rat Brain: Evidence that a Pool of τ Is Highly Phosphorylated In Vivo and Is Rapidly Dephosphorylated In Vitro

Abstract: The extent of τ phosphorylation is thought to regulate the binding of τ to microtubules: Highly phosphorylated τ does not bind to tubules, whereas dephosphorylated τ can bind to microtubules. It is interesting that the extent of τ phosphorylation in vivo has not been accurately determined. τ was rapidly isolated from human temporal neocortex and hippocampus, rhesus monkey temporal neocortex, and rat temporal neocortex and hippocampus under conditions that minimized dephosphorylation. In brain slices, we observed that τ isolated under such conditions largely existed in several phosphorylated states, including a pool that was highly phosphorylated; this was determined using epitope‐specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. This highly phosphorylated τ was dephosphorylated during a 120‐min time course in vitro, presumably as a result of neuronal phosphatase activity. The slow‐mobility forms of τ were shifted to faster‐mobility forms following in vitro incubation with alkaline phosphatase. Laser densitometry was used to estimate the percent of τ in slow‐mobility, highly phosphorylated forms. Approximately 25% of immunoreactive τ was present as slow‐mobility (66‐ and 68‐kDa) forms of τ. The percentage of immunoreactive τ in faster‐mobility pools (42–54 kDa) increased in proportion to the decrease in content of 66–68‐kDa τ as a function of neuronal phosphatases or alkaline phosphatase treatment. These data suggest that the turnover of phosphorylated sites on τ is rapid and depends on neuronal phosphatases. Furthermore, τ is highly phosphorylated in normal‐appearing human, primate, and rodent brain. The presence of a highly phosphorylated pool of τ in adult brain may modify the present hypotheses on how paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease are formed.
Two vicious circles contributing to a diagnostic delay for tuberculosis patients in Arkhangelsk

Setting Delay in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis increases the infectious pool in the community and the risk of development of resistance of mycobacteria, which results in an increased number of deaths. Objective To describe patients’ and doctors’ perceptions of diagnostic delay in TB patients in the Arkhangelsk region and to develop a substantive model to better understand the mechanisms of how these delays are linked to each other. Design A grounded theory approach was used to study the phenomenon of diagnostic delay. Patients with TB diagnostic delay and doctors–phthisiatricians were interviewed. Results A model named ‘sickness trajectory in health-seeking behaviour among tuberculosis patients’ was developed and included two core categories describing two vicious circles of diagnostic delay in patients with TB: ‘limited awareness of the importance to contact the health system’ and ‘limited resources of the health system’ and the categories: ‘factors influencing health-seeking behaviour’ and ‘factors influencing the health system effectiveness’. Men were more likely to report patient delay, while women were more likely to report health system delay. Conclusions To involve people in early medical examinations, it is necessary to increase alertness on TB among patients and to improve health systems in the districts.
An Analytical Measure of Market Underreaction to Earnings News

We show that strategic informed trading that arises from information asymmetry (i.e., the difference in the precision of information) between the liquidity demander and the liquidity provider results in underreaction to earnings announcements. The price impact of a trade increases with the precision of the information used exclusively by the liquidity demander, but decreases with the precision of the information used by the liquidity demander and provider. The post-earnings announcement drift increases with both the price impact of a trade and the squared correlation coefficient between order imbalance and earnings surprise. We discuss several testable implications of our analytical results.
Baseline Immunosuppression is Associated with Histological Findings in Early Protocol Biopsies

Background. Protocol biopsies performed in stable renal allografts show different degrees of acute and chronic lesions that have been related with graft outcome. However, the utility of protocol biopsies to manage baseline immunosuppression has not been well characterized. Methods. We performed a case-control study to compare histological lesions observed in protocol biopsies in 49 patients treated with tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone to 49 patients treated with cyclosporine Neoral (CsA), MMF, and prednisone. Histological lesions were graded according to 1997 Banff criteria. The analysis was done according to an intention-to-treat basis. Results. Patients treated with TAC displayed in the protocol biopsy a lower acute score (0.61±1.01 vs. 1.26±1.45; P=0.0115) and a similar chronic score (1.57±1.97 vs. 1.51±1.59; P=NS). Transplant glomerulopathy was also lower in TAC treated patients (0.02±0.14 vs. 0.20±0.41; P=0.0037). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of acute inflammation was associated with tacrolimus treatment (relative risk [RR]: 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11–0.84; P=0.0211) and the time of biopsy (RR per month: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32–0.97; P=0.0394). The presence of chronic lesions was only associated with serum creatinine at the time of biopsy (RR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02; P=0.0439). Conclusions. The incidence of inflammatory lesions and transplant glomerulopathy is lower in patients treated with TAC than in patients treated with CsA. These data suggest that baseline immunosuppression could influence the severity of histological lesions in stable grafts.
An ensemble of rule-based classifiers for incomplete data

Many real-world datasets suffer from the problem of missing values. Imputation which replaces missing values with plausible values is a major method for classification with data containing missing values. However, powerful imputation methods including multiple imputation are usually computationally intensive for estimating missing values in unseen incomplete instances. Rule-based classification algorithms have been widely used in data mining, but the majority of them are not able to directly work with data containing missing values. This paper proposes an approach to effectively combining multiple imputation, feature selection and rule-based classification to construct a set of classifiers, which can be used to classify any incomplete instance without requiring imputation. Empirical results show that the method not only can be more accurate than other common methods, but can also be faster to classify new instances than the other methods.
Stock market reaction to credit rating changes: new evidence*

ABSTRACT This study shows how stock market reacts to rating change announcements where confounding effects of information spillover from related markets are absent. Contrary to existing literature, we find that the stock market reacts positively to a rating upgrade and no response to downgrade. Our analysis shows that pre-announcement cumulative abnormal returns can significantly predict announcement period abnormal return. Finally, we document a significant reduction in information asymmetry due to rating upgrade announcements affirming the recent policy initiatives.
Arabidopsis Orthologs of Maize Chloroplast Splicing Factors Promote Splicing of Orthologous and Species-Specific Group II Introns1[W]

Chloroplast genomes in plants and green algae contain numerous group II introns, large ribozymes that splice via the same chemical steps as spliceosome-mediated splicing in the nucleus. Most chloroplast group II introns are degenerate, requiring interaction with nucleus-encoded proteins to splice in vivo. Genetic approaches in maize (Zea mays) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have elucidated distinct sets of proteins that assemble with chloroplast group II introns and facilitate splicing. Little information is available, however, concerning these processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To determine whether the paucity of data concerning chloroplast splicing factors in Arabidopsis reflects a fundamental difference between protein-facilitated group II splicing in monocot and dicot plants, we examined the mutant phenotypes associated with T-DNA insertions in Arabidopsis genes encoding orthologs of the maize chloroplast splicing factors CRS1, CAF1, and CAF2 (AtCRS1, AtCAF1, and AtCAF2). We show that the splicing functions and intron specificities of these proteins are largely conserved between maize and Arabidopsis, indicating that these proteins were recruited to promote the splicing of plastid group II introns prior to the divergence of monocot and dicot plants. We show further that AtCAF1 promotes the splicing of two group II introns, rpoC1 and clpP-intron 1, that are found in Arabidopsis but not in maize; AtCAF1 is the first splicing factor described for these introns. Finally, we show that a strong AtCAF2 allele conditions an embryo-lethal phenotype, adding to the body of data suggesting that cell viability is more sensitive to the loss of plastid translation in Arabidopsis than in maize.
A Mobile App to Aid Smoking Cessation: Preliminary Evaluation of SmokeFree28

Background Little is known about the effectiveness of mobile apps in aiding smoking cessation or their validity for automated collection of data on smoking cessation outcomes. Objective We conducted a preliminary evaluation of SF28 (SF28 is the name of the app, short for SmokeFree28)—an app aimed at helping smokers to be smoke-free for 28 days. Methods Data on sociodemographic characteristics, smoking history, number of logins, and abstinence at each login were uploaded to a server from SF28 between August 2012 and August 2013. Users were included if they were aged 16 years or over, smoked cigarettes at the time of registration, had set a quit date, and used the app at least once on or after their quit date. Their characteristics were compared with data from a representative sample of smokers trying to stop smoking in England. The percentage of users recording 28 days of abstinence was compared with a value of 15% estimated for unaided quitting. Correlations were assessed between recorded abstinence for 28 days and well-established abstinence predictors. Results A total of 1170 users met the inclusion criteria. Compared with smokers trying to quit in England, they had higher consumption, and were younger, more likely to be female, and had a non-manual rather than manual occupation. In total, 18.9% (95% CI 16.7-21.1) were recorded as being abstinent from smoking for 28 days or longer. The mean number of logins was 8.5 (SD 9.0). The proportion recording abstinence for 28 days or longer was higher in users who were older, in a non-manual occupation, and in those using a smoking cessation medication. Conclusions The recorded 28-day abstinence rates from the mobile app, SF28, suggest that it may help some smokers to stop smoking. Further evaluation by means of a randomized trial appears to be warranted.
Fergie Time and the allocation of additional time: evidence from the English Premier League 2009 to 2013

This paper examines the impartiality of referee decision making when applying Law 7 of FIFA’s Laws of the Game. We investigate decision making relating to the allocation of additional time for 1,515 English Premier League matches from 2009 to 2013. The research finds no evidence of home favoritism and limited evidence of a bias towards “big” clubs, a phenomenon commonly known as Fergie Time. However, an examination of close matches finds Fergie Time is not present, suggesting its ability to alter tight matches is negligible.
Turning Travelogue readers into tourists: representations of tourism destinations through linguistic features

This article is focused on the language of tourism as a means of economic potential. Language in tourism, especially language of promotional texts, motivates and attracts tourists to visit a certain destination, and, consequently, makes profits. In its introductory part, the article offers a short theoretical insight into the functions of tourism discourse and, further on, Rick Steves‘ website texts (travelogues) about European destinations are examined through discourse analysis, more precisely linguistic analysis involving analysis of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The results confirming the importance of lexical choices in tourism discourse are presented and discussed at the end of the article. Steves’ travelogues aim to turn potential tourists into actual tourists by employing language, rich in stylistic devices and lexical imagery. The texts convince the potential tourists actually to buy the tourism services and products promoted in the texts. Thus, Steves’ texts are examples of positive branding which aim to attract business. The research is orginial in the sense that it is concentrated on linguistic analysis of persuasive features based on discursive theories.
Home-based digital leisure

ABSTRACT The introduction and domestication of the information and communication technologies –ICT, in the home has transformed leisure activities Now, those technologies have an important role on leisure of households’ members and the transformation in leisure activities and experiences is a necessary issue to explore, because we actually know little about these changes and transformations. Leisure at home has a digital aspect we called here as home-based digital leisure. In this article we expose some aspects from a study developed under a constructivist and interpretive perspective, analysing 30 informants narratives that explain leisure activities undertaken during informant’s free time at home, using any kind of digital technologies in different households of Barcelona, Spain. Analysis was conducted under thematic analysis to construct and interpret texts, looking for patterns, creating categories and properties to find themes and elements shared in order to describe and interpret how digital technologies have transformed home-based leisure activities. Main findings show how individuals use available technologies for home-based leisure activities, how traditional leisure activities are changing, how domestic leisure and individual and household maintenance activities overlap, and how the appeal of traditional leisure activities has changed in the home when digital leisure activities are performed. Changes brought about are qualitatively different from those produced by radio and television devices, digital technologies increase the exposure to different experiences and allow people to control them. Technologies consumption for leisure is no longer homogeneous within household members due to the nature of ICT and Internet, narrative led us to report how our informants have greater freedom regarding their choice to do home-based leisure activities with more satisfaction given a decrease in time and money costs. Findings can be used for the design and development of home leisure technologies and services. There is an opportunity to go deeper and find more information about digital leisure in other areas of people’s life, considering social connections and according to the evolution of digital technologies, devices and applications.
Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson Disease: How Much You Fall or How Low You Go?

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is frequent in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and can occur with or without symptoms. Pharmacological treatments are effective, but often exacerbate supine hypertension. Guidelines exist for the diagnosis, but not for the treatment of OH. We examined the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and symptoms in a cohort of PD patients with the goal of identifying a hemodynamic target to guide treatment. We measured BP supine and upright (tilt or active standing) and identified the presence or absence of symptomatic OH by using a validated patient‐reported outcome questionnaire in 210 patients with PD. We evaluated the usefulness of the 20/10 and 30/15 mmHg diagnostic criteria (systolic/diastolic) to identify symptomatic OH. Fifty percent of the PD patient cohort met criteria for the 20/10 fall and 30% for the 30/15 BP fall. Among the patients who met either OH criteria, the percentage of those with symptoms was small (33% of those with 20/10 and 44% of those with 30/15 mmHg; 16% and 13%, respectively, overall). Symptomatic OH was associated with an upright mean BP below 75 mmHg. A mean standing BP <75 mmHg had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98% for detecting symptomatic OH. Although the prevalence of OH in PD is high, not all patients have symptoms of organ hypoperfusion. A mean standing BP below 75 mmHg appears to be a useful benchmark when deciding whether the benefits of initiating pharmacological treatment of OH outweigh the risks of exacerbating supine hypertension. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Young Children's Motivation to Read and Write: Development in Social Contexts

In a 3-year longitudinal, mixed-method study, 67 children in two schools were observed during literacy activities in Grades 1–3. Children and their teachers were interviewed each year about the children's motivation to read and write. Taking a grounded theory approach, content analysis of the child interview protocols identified the motivations that were salient to children at each grade level in each domain, looking for patterns by grade and school. Analysis of field notes, teacher interviews, and child interviews suggests that children's motivation for literacy is best understood in terms of development in specific contexts. Development in literacy skill and teachers' methods of instruction and raising motivation provided affordances and constraints for literate activity and its accompanying motivations. In particular, there was support for both the developmental hypotheses of Renninger and her colleagues (Hidi & Renninger, 2006) and of Pressick-Kilborne and Walker (2002). The positions of poor readers and the strategies they used were negotiated and developed in response to the social meanings of reading, writing, and relative literacy skill co-constructed by students and teachers in each classroom. The relationship of these findings to theories of motivation is discussed.
The effect of hip fracture on mortality, hospitalization, and functional status: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the independent effect of hip fracture on mortalìty, hospitalization, and functional status. METHODS Among 7527 members of the Longitudinal Study of Aging who were over age 70 at baseline, 368 persons with hip fracture occurring between 1984 and 1991 were identified. Median length of follow-up was 831 days. RESULTS Hip fracture was significantly related to mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [AHR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 2.16) when treated as a time-dependent covariate. This effect was concentrated in the first 6 months postfracture (AHR = 38.93, 95% CI = 29.58, 51.23, vs AHR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.44). Hip fracture significantly increased the likelihood of subsequent hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio = 3.31, 95% CI = 2.64, 4.15) and increased the number of subsequent episodes by 9.4%, the number of hospital days by 21.3%, and total charges by 16.3%. Hip fracture also increased the number of functional status dependencies. CONCLUSIONS The health of older adults deteriorates after hip fracture, and efforts to reduce the incidence of hip fracture could lower subsequent mortality, morbidity, and health services use.
How learning theories can be applied in accounting education

Introduccion: Poseer competencias tecnicas no es suficiente para ser un bueno formador en contabilidad. El conocimiento sobre las teorias de aprendizaje, los metodos de aprendizaje, las distintas formas de evaluacion del conocimiento, los distintos metodos de ensenanza, es tambien fundamental para ser un bueno formador en contabilidad. Objetivos: Analizar las teorias de aprendizaje que pueden ser aplicadas en la ensenanza de la contabilidad y como ellas pueden ayudar los formadores de contabilidad a mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje. Metodos: Revision de la literatura sobre las competencias de los profesionales de contabilidad y analisis de la aplicacion de las teorias de aprendizaje en la ensenanza de la contabilidad. Resultados: Teniendo por base ciertas teorias de aprendizaje (behaviorismo, humanismo, cognitivismo, cognitivismo social y constructivismo), proporcionar un conjunto de recomendaciones a los formadores en contabilidad con el fin de mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje. Conclusiones: Mismo que un formador disponga de una buena formacion academica, una larga experiencia profesional; mismo que utilice tecnologias de ensenanza innovadoras, si el formador no escuchar los alumnos, si el formador no percibir que cada alumno presenta una formacion de base distinta, una cultura distinta, una forma distinta de aprender; si el formador no percibir que no existe una forma standard de ensenar, el formador no sera bien sucedido.
Signaling Involved in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Development

Hair follicle morphogenesis depends on Wnt, Shh, Notch, BMP and other signaling pathways interplay between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The Wnt pathway plays an essential role during hair follicle induction, Shh is involved in morphogenesis and late stage differentiation, Notch signaling determines stem cell fate while BMP is involved in cellular differentiation. The Wnt pathway is considered to be the master regulator during hair follicle morphogenesis. Wnt signaling proceeds through EDA/EDAR/NF-κB signaling. NF-κB regulates the Wnt pathway and acts as a signal mediator by upregulating the expression of Shh ligand. Signal crosstalk between epithelial and mesenchymal cells takes place mainly through primary cilia. Primary cilia formation is initiated with epithelial laminin-511 interaction with dermal β-1 integrin, which also upregulates expression of downstream effectors of Shh pathway in dermal lineage. PDGF signal transduction essential for crosstalk is mediated through epithelial PDGF-A and PDGFRα expressed on the primary cilia. Dermal Shh and PDGF signaling up-regulates dermal noggin expression; noggin is a potent inhibitor of BMP signaling which helps in counteracting BMP mediated β-catenin inhibition. This interplay of signaling between the epithelial and dermal lineage helps in epithelial Shh signal amplification. The dermal Wnt pathway helps in upregulation of epithelial Notch expression. Dysregulation of these pathways leads to certain abnormalities and in some cases even tumor outgrowth.