Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primate males : causes and consequences of variation in group composition

Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. The socioecology of primate males: history and theory Peter M. Kappeler Part II. Comparative Perspectives on Male-Female Association: 2. Multi-male breeding groups in birds: ecological causes and social conflicts Nick B. Davies 3. Males in macropod society Peter Jarman 4. Social counterstrategies against infanticide by males in primates and other mammals Carel van Schaik Part III. Variation in Male Numbers: Taxon-Level Analyses: 5. Causes and consequences of unusual sex ratios in lemurs Peter M. Kappeler 6. The number of adult males in callitrichine groups and its implications for callitrichine social evolution Eckhard W. Heymann 7. From binding brotherhoods to short-term sovereignty: the betwixting dilemma of male Cebidae Karen B. Strier 8. The number of males in guenon groups Marina Cords 9. Socioecology of baboons: the interaction of male and female strategies Robert A. Barton 10. Variation in adult sex ratios of red colobus monkey social groups: implications for interspecific comparisons Thomas T. Struhsaker 11. The number of males in langur groups: monopolizability of females or demographic process? Elisabeth H. M. Sterck and Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 12. Costs and benefits of the one-male, age-graded and all-male phase in wild Thomas langur groups Romy Steenbeek, Elisabeth H. M. Sterck, Han de Vries and Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 13. Male dispersal and mating season influxes in Hanuman langurs living in multi-male groups Carola Borries 14. Rethinking monogamy: the gibbon case Volker Sommer and Ulrich Reichard 15. Causes and consequences of variation in male mountain gorilla life histories and group membership David P. Watts Part IV. Behavioural Aspects of Male Coexistence: 16. Relationships among nonhuman primate males: a deductive framework Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 17. Collective benefits, free-riders and male extragroup conflict Charles L. Nunn 18. Dominance, egalitarianism and stalemate: an experimental approach to male-male competition in Barbary macaques Signe Preuschoft and Andreas Paul Part V. Evolutionary Determinants and Consequences: 19. The evolution of male philopatry in neotropical monkeys Theresa Pope 20. Models of outcome and process: predicting the number of males in primate groups Jeanne Altmann 21. Why are male chimpanzees more gregarious than mothers? A scramble competition hypothesis Richard W. Wrangham 22. Male mating strategies: a modeling approach Robin I. M. Dunbar Part VI. Conclusions: 23. Understanding male primates Michael E. Pereira, Timothy H. Clutton-Brock and Peter M. Kappeler References Index.
Abandonment Is Not as It Seems: An Approach to the Relationship between Site and Regional Abandonment

Abandonments of residential sites by prehistoric farmers are most often explained as failures or responses to poor social or environmental conditions. These perspectives ignore the role of residential mobility among farmers as a regionally sustainable approach to land use. To understand the various reasons for abandonment of residential sites, movement patterns at both site and regional scales must be empirically linked. In this study of the eastern Mimbres area of southwestern New Mexico, we examine the relationship between site and regional occupation patterns. Rather than assume that site abandonment implies regional depopulation and that site abandonments are responses to stress or crisis, we use multiple lines of evidence to document the occupational histories of sites in an effort to evaluate whether the abandonment of villages correlates with regional abandonment. Architectural, ceramic, and chronometric data provide evidence for occupational continuity and growth of small residential sites during the twelfth century in the eastern Mimbres area in the context of the depopulation of large villages. This regional reorganization in settlement suggests a strategy for maintaining regional occupational continuity.
Distributed Triangle Mesh Processing

We propose a web-based system to remotely and distributedly process triangle meshes. Users can im- plement complex geometric procedures by composing simpler processing tools that, in their turn, can be provided by researchers who publish them as appropriate Web services. We defined an efficient geometric data transfer protocol in order to resolve the potential mesh delivery bottleneck caused by the transfer of large models to the various servers on typical long-distance connections with limited bandwidth. We have experimented our system on several large models and on diverse processing scenarios, and we have concluded that our transfer protocol significantly reduces the overall time needed to produce the result.
Exposed epitopes on a Trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein altered by point mutations.

African trypanosomes are covered by a dense protein layer that is immunologically distinct on different trypanosome isolates and is termed the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The different VSGs are expressed in a general order, where some VSGs appear preferentially early in infection and others only later. The exposed epitopes on a late antigen, VSG 78, of T.equiperdum were studied by the technique of monoclonal antibody (MAb) escape selection. MAbs that neutralize trypanosomes bearing VSG 78 reacted with the VSG only when it was attached to the trypanosome surface, suggesting that the most immunogenic surface epitopes are conformational. Trypanosome clones resistant to one of the MAbs yet still expressing VSG 78 or 78(20) were isolated in vitro. Two independent variants resistant to MAb H3 changed Ser192 to Arg by a single base change in the VSG gene and a variant resistant to MAb H21 had a single base change that converted Gln172 to Glu. A variant resistant to MAb H7 had several changes in the VSG gene, a gene conversion in the 5′ region and an isolated mutation in codon 220 that is proposed to be responsible for the resistance phenotype. The isotypic bias of the MAbs against VSG 78 and an analysis of the natural variants that are resistant to MAb 78H21 suggest that glycosylation plays a role in the immunogenicity of these proteins. The analysis defines some of the exposed amino acid residues and demonstrates that VSG genes are altered by mutations and small gene conversions as well as replaced by large gene conversion‐like events. The results provide biological data supporting the model of VSG structure obtained by crystallographic studies.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Blood Cultures in an Istanbul University Hospital

Between January 2001 and September 2006, a total of 459 Escherichia coli and 226 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were isolated from blood samples of patients with bacteremia who were hospitalized at the Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. Blood cultures were analyzed with the Bactec 9120 system (Becton Dickinson, USA). Antimicrobic resistance of the E. coli or K. pneumoniae strains was determined by the disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was examined with the double-disk synergy test. The percentage of ESBL was 40% (182/459) for E. coli and 49% (111/226) for K. pneumoniae. ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae were highly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60 and 40.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (56.5 and 48.6%), ciprofloxacin (57.6 and 35%) and gentamicin (38 and 40.5%), respectively; however, lower resistance rates were found for amikacin (19.7 and 16%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (29.6 and 24%). None of the strains were resistant to imipenem. Our data indicated that prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from blood cultures is high and antimicrobial resistance increases. Considerable effort should be made to decrease the ESBL-positive organisms.
Toward an understanding of the role of notochordal cells in the adult intervertebral disc: From discord to accord

The goal of this mini‐review is to address the long standing argument that the pathogenesis of disc disease is due to the loss and/or the replacement of the notochordal cells by other cell types. We contend that, although cells of different size and morphology exist, there is no strong evidence to support the view that the nucleus pulposus contains cells of distinct lineages. Based on lineage mapping studies and studies of other notochordal markers, we hypothesize that in all animals, including human, nucleus pulposus retains notochordal cells throughout life. Moreover, all cells including chondrocyte‐like cells are derived from notochordal precursors, and variations in morphology and size are representative of different stages of maturation, and or, function. Thus, the most critical choice for a suitable animal model should relate more to the anatomical and mechanical characteristics of the motion segment than concerns of cell loss and replacement by non‐notochordal cells. Developmental Dynamics 239:2141–2148, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 20GHz Low Voltage and Low Power VCO

A 20 GHz voltage controlled oscillator is presented in this paper. By using a differential Colpitts topology with LC resonator, superior circuit performance on low phase noise, lower power, and low voltage is achieved. Simulated based a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the VCO exhibits a 1.1 GHz frequency tuning range centered at 20 GHz. The attained simulated phase noise is -113 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset with IV supply voltage and 5.72 mW power consumption. The attained FOM is -191.4.
Les aliments au soja : consommation en France, qualités nutritionnelles et données scientifiques récentes sur la santé

Aujourd’hui, 4 Francais sur 10 consomment des aliments au soja. Les consommateurs les ont integres dans leur alimentation, sans bouleverser leurs habitudes alimentaires, parce qu’ils les considerent naturels et sains. Les non consommateurs sont en attente de plus d’informations (origine geographique du soja et qualites nutritionnelles). La consommation est assez recente et devrait progresser dans les prochaines annees. Les aliments elabores a partir de la graine de soja fournissent des proteines de tres bonne qualite nutritionnelle, des acides gras insatures, des fibres, des vitamines et des mineraux. La graine de soja contient des isoflavones, dont une grande partie est eliminee lors de l’elaboration des aliments au soja (qui en contiennent 1 a 3 mg/g de proteine). La consommation actuelle d’aliments au soja est largement compatible avec l’apport maximal de 1mg/kg/j recommande par l’Afssa en 2005. Le developpement infantile avec les preparations a base de proteines de soja est comparable a celui observe avec celles a base de proteines de lait de vache ou avec le lait maternel, sur tous les parametres etudies (croissance, sante osseuse et fonctions metaboliques, reproductives, endocrines, immunitaires et neurologiques). Les aliments au soja semblent exercer un effet protecteur vis-a-vis du risque de cancer du sein (probablement lie aux isoflavones), surtout si la consommation est debutee avant l’adolescence. Chez les femmes ayant des antecedents de cancer du sein, l’alimentation peut integrer les aliments au soja. Introduire des aliments a base de soja dans l’alimentation contribue aussi a maintenir la sante cardiovasculaire, du fait de leur effet favorable sur le taux de LDL-cholesterol, sur la fonction endotheliale, et potentiellement sur la tension arterielle.
Indication that the Nitrogen Source Influences Both Amount and Size of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03 and Modelling of the Bacterial Growth and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Complex Medium

ABSTRACT Streptococcus thermophilus LY03 is a yogurt strain producing the same exopolysaccharide material in both milk and MRS broth. Actually, two types of exopolysaccharides are produced simultaneously. The two exopolysaccharides are identical in monomer composition (galactose and glucose in a 4:1 ratio) but differ in molecular size. Gel permeation chromatography revealed a high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide (1.8 × 106) and a low-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide (4.1 × 105). Both exopolysaccharides can be isolated from the fermentation broth separately. The proportion in which they are produced is strongly dependent on the carbon/nitrogen ratio of the fermentation broth. A shift from a high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide to a low-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide was observed with increasing initial complex nitrogen concentrations. All necessary biokinetic parameters to study the kinetics of S. thermophilus LY03 fermentations were obtained from a mathematical model which describes both S. thermophilus LY03 growth and exopolysaccharide production and degradation. The model is valid with various initial complex nitrogen concentrations and can be applied to simulate exopolysaccharide production in a milk medium.
Modulation of calmodulin function by ubiquitin-calmodulin ligase and identification of the responsible ubiquitylation site in vertebrate calmodulin.

Calmodulin is the universal calcium modulator in eukaryotic cells. Its biological activity is closely regulated by the second messenger Ca2+. Previous studies in cell-free extracts [Laub, M. & Jennissen, H. P. (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1357, 173-191] have shown that calmodulin is reversibly ubiquitylated by ubiquityl-calmodulin synthetase (ubiquitin-calmodulin ligase, EC 6.3.2.21) in the presence of Ca2+ without being channeled to degradation by the 26S proteasome. As shown here monoubiquitylation strongly decreases the biological activity of calmodulin towards phosphorylase kinase by reducing its affinity approximately threefold and the maximal degree of activation approximately twofold. Thus, a structural clarification of the ubiquitylation site on calmodulin has become crucial for advancing our knowledge in this field on a molecular level. As demonstrated by sequence analysis and mass spectrometry of conjugates, the ubiquitylation site is located in the first Ca2+-binding loop of calmodulin and has the octapeptide structure -L-F-D-K21-D-G-D-G- with Lys21 being the ubiquitylated residue in vertebrate and other calmodulins. This catalytic recognition sequence is, however, not the only structural requirement for calmodulin ubiquitylation by ubiquityl-calmodulin synthetase. Removal of the 41 C-terminal amino acids (fourth Ca2+-binding loop) separated by several nanometers from Lys21 drastically decreases the affinity and reactivity of the synthetase for calmodulin, indicating a more extensive structural requirement for the substrate binding site i.e. binding recognition. This allows the enzyme to discriminate in a site-specific manner between two nearly identical catalytic recognition sites in vertebrate calmodulin of which the second site -V-F-D-K94-D-G-N-G- in the third Ca2+-binding loop is apparently not ubiquitylated by the synthetase.
Risk Factors in the Transmission of Tuberculosis in Nairobi: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease with an estimated 1.45 million deaths every year. Many patients get infected as a result of ignorance of the risk factors that contribute to disease transmission. Methodology: A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted on 258 patients presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients’ sputa were collected for laboratory analysis and patients were required to respond to a structured questionnaire on risk factors for transmission. Data among stratified groups were compared using bivariate analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p Results: There were significantly more males than females associated with pulmonary tuberculosis infection (χ2 = 0.963; df = 1; p (64.3%) patients were living in single rooms with 110 (42.6%) living with more than two people with a maximum of 10 people in a single room. Only 73 (28.3%) were living alone in a single room and only 7 families (2.7%) were living in houses with five or more rooms. Alcohol consumers and smokers were 102 (39.5%) and 93 (36%) respectively. Half of the patients (137 (53.3%)) had not completed secondary education with only 16 (6.2%) having completed tertiary education. Recurrent cases were 54 (21%) while those exposed to the disease either at home or working place were 75 (29.2%). Out of 171 patients who agreed to test for HIV, 46 (26.9%) were positive. Marital status had no effect on incidence of disease. Conclusion: Emphasis should be given to creating awareness of the risk factors associated with transmission of tuberculosis in order to reduce the rate of infection.
Boundary Detection in Particle‐based Fluids

This paper presents a novel method to detect free‐surfaces on particle‐based volume representation. In contrast to most particle‐based free‐surface detection methods, which perform the surface identification based on physical and geometrical properties derived from the underlying fluid flow simulation, the proposed approach only demands the spatial location of the particles to properly recognize surface particles, avoiding even the use of kernels. Boundary particles are identified through a Hidden Point Removal (HPR) operator used for visibility test. Our method is very simple, fast, easy to implement and robust to changes in the distribution of particles, even when facing large deformation of the free‐surface. A set of comparisons against state‐of‐the‐art boundary detection methods show the effectiveness of our approach. The good performance of our method is also attested in the context of fluid flow simulation involving free‐surface, mainly when using level‐sets for rendering purposes.
Commentary: Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicas—two invasive mosquito species with different temperature niches in Europe

In this interesting and original study, the authors present an ensemble Machine Learning (ML) model for the prediction of the habitats’ suitability, which is affected by the complex interactions between living conditions and survival-spreading climate factors. The research focuses in two of the most dangerous invasive mosquito species in Europe with the requirements’ identification in temperature and rainfall conditions. Though it is an interesting approach, the ensemble ML model is not presented and discussed in sufficient detail and thus its performance and value as a tool for modeling the distribution of invasive species cannot be adequately evaluated.
The Role of Facial Attractiveness and Facial Masculinity/Femininity in Sex Classification of Faces

We tested whether adults (experiment 1) and 4–5-year-old children (experiment 2) identify the sex of highly attractive faces faster and more accurately than not very attractive faces in a reaction-time task. We also assessed whether facial masculinity/femininity facilitated identification of sex. Results showed that attractiveness facilitated adults' sex classification of both female and male faces and children's sex classification of female, but not male, faces. Moreover, attractiveness affected the speed and accuracy of sex classification independently of masculinity/femininity. High masculinity in male faces, but not high femininity in female faces, also facilitated sex classification for both adults and children. These findings provide important new data on how the facial cues of attractiveness and masculinity/femininity contribute to the task of sex classification and provide evidence for developmental differences in how adults and children use these cues. Additionally, these findings provide support for Langlois and Roggman's (1990 Psychological Science 1 115–121) averageness theory of attractiveness.
Der traumatisierte Körper, die vibrierende Ruhe und die Kraft der Vergesslichkeit. Zum Verhältnis von Körper, Trauma und Geschlecht

Die heute dominierende medizinisch wie psychotherapeutisch ausgerichtete Traumaforschung1 hat ein geringes Interesse an der Thematisierung des Zusammenhangs von traumatischem Stress und den Beschaff enheiten sozialer Ordnungen. Besonders auff ällig ist dies in Hinblick auf die soziale Ordnungskategorie ›Geschlecht‹. Dies verwundert umso mehr, als dass die allermeisten diagnostizierten Traumapatienten weiblichen Geschlechts sind.2 Besteht jenes Interesse aber, so wird häufi g unhinterfragt ein Geschlechterverständnis angenommen, das ›Weiblichkeit‹ wie ›Männ-
Comparative analysis of technological advancements in Hexacopters: Assessment

Rapid technological advances in electronics, computers, software applications and the aerospace industry have dramatically decreased the cost of implementation while increasing the availability of Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAVs are those flying aircrafts that runs without an onboard pilot. They are controlled through a computer or remote. The main motive of this survey is to scrutinize theoretical standpoint on various categories of UAVs, designing, elucidation of different autopilot boards and sensors used in hexacopter. To leverage the capability for performing a mission, efficient methods for navigation are required. A Compendium on Kalman filters in UAVs and scope of the proposed system are discussed. Finally, integration of all the components with APM and the result of flying a copter with a photograph is presented.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of bis-acetato-ammine-dichloro-cyclohexylamine-platinum(IV) (JM216) administered once a day for five consecutive days: a phase I study.

BACKGROUND Bis-acetato-ammine-dichloro-cyclohexylamine-platinum(IV) (JM216) is the first orally given platinum complex that shows in vitro cytotoxicity comparable to that of cisplatin and in vivo cytotoxicity superior to those of cisplatin and carboplatin. METHODS We conducted an escalating-dose (50, 75, 100, 120 mg/m2) phase I study of JM216 administered orally once a day for five consecutive days in patients with solid tumors to establish the toxicity profile, maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetic profile. Twenty-three patients were enrolled and all were assessable for toxicity. RESULTS The MTD was 120 mg/m2/day and the dose-limiting toxicities were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and diarrhea. Because of the delayed hematological toxicities, it was difficult to repeat cycles every 26 days in some patients. Tumor shrinkage was observed in two patients with breast cancer, both of whom were resistant to doxorubicin. A pharmacokinetic study showed that the areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) for total platinum (Pt) on days 1 and 5 and ultrafiltered Pt (UF-Pt) on day 1 increased in proportion to the dose of JM216. The AUCs for both total and UF-Pt on day 5 were higher than the AUCs on day 1. The AUC for UF-Pt on day 5 showed the best correlation with percentage reduction in leukocyte count and in absolute neutrophil count. CONCLUSION The recommended dose for phase II studies is 100 mg/m2/day every 4-6 weeks. The observation of tumor shrinkage in previously heavily treated breast cancer patients supports a phase II investigation.