Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Lumbar Spine Osteoarthritis on the Manifestation of Central Sensitization and Neurogenic Inflammation in Musculoskeletal Tissues in Rats

THE EFFECTS OF LUMBAR SPINE OSTEOARTHRITIS ON THE MANIFESTATION OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION IN MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUES IN RATS Felipe Coutinho Kullmann Duarte University of Guelph, 2019 Advisor: Dr. John Z. Srbely Symmetrical bilateral spread of neurogenic inflammation (NI) has been shown as a secondary response post experimental primary osteoarthritis (OA) and pelvic organ inflammation. This manifestation requires participation of sensitization of the central nervous system and antidromic release of neuropeptides through peripheral afferents. However, knowledge regarding the presence of neurogenic mechanism in heterologous tissues is limited. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the presence of neuropeptides related to NI in heterologous knee and quadriceps muscle tissue as a response of experimentally-induced lumbar facet OA disorder. Study 1 of this thesis showed greater substance P (SP) immune-expression within heterologous tibiofemoral cartilage following by lumbar spine-induced OA compared to sham and naïve groups. The SP immunoreactivity was higher at superficial cartilage zone and was accompanied by consistent loss of superficial zone chondrocytes, mild roughening of the articular surface and occasional chondrocyte clusters, changes associated with early OA development.
Business Age, another Source of Employment Growth

This paper contributes new evidence using recent administrative data to advance what is known about an important, but still controversial, topic among economists—the expected contributions of old and new businesses to employment growth. Improved understanding of the relative place-specific contributions of old and new businesses to employment growth is needed to help policy makers make efficient and effective decisions to hasten and sustain recovery from the current recession. While not an either-or decision, federal, state and local governments are encouraged by competing advocacy groups to favor new incentives for hiring by existing businesses, or to prefer offering of incentives for new business start-ups. Successful employment growth policies will remain complex, place specific and contentious, but new recent information about the origins of employment growth can add a common starting point for consideration of available policy options. Our analysis uses Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data at the county level for one state, covering business employment dynamics between January 2004 and September 2008. New transformations of business establishment start and end dates and employment sizeclass designations are introduced. Innovative transformations of published local unemployment rates incorporate both magnitude and propensity. Based on estimates from multistage econometric modeling with inverse use of instrument variable technique and hierarchical panel data with autocorrelation correction, policy relevant findings include a positive employment growth advantage for older business establishments in more than half of local industry sectors. Established large businesses are typically found in a different spatial pattern and lower count than the distribution of smaller, often newer establishments. This means that the former locales are more dependent upon the success of fewer businesses, including merger and acquisition transactions. Local unemployment rates impact employment growth. However, it is the unemployment rate trend that consistently associates with employment growth, not the magnitude of the rate per se. Local demographics matter too, for both labor supply and consumer behavior reasons. The local level administrative data source, the unique transformations and measurement, and the model specifications and statistical results presented in this paper offer a new guide for future researchers and policy decision-makers. Local emergence from the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 will be uneven in timing, magnitude and composition. The design and implementation of successful interventions to accelerate and advance local employment growth will depend in part on an improved understanding of the current local economic composition. 2 We thank Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (DLLR), Office of Workforce Informat ion and Performance staff for their patient explanation of data field definitions and appropriate data processing steps for our analysis.
Unsupervised Layer-Wise Model Selection in Deep Neural Networks

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) propose a new and efficient ML architecture based on the layer-wise building of several representation layers. A critical issue for DNNs remains model selection, e.g. selecting the number of neurons in each DNN layer. The hyper-parameter search space exponentially increases with the number of layers, making the popular grid search-based approach used for finding good hyper-parameter values intractable. The question investigated in this paper is whether the unsupervised, layer-wise methodology used to train a DNN can be extended to model selection as well. The proposed approach, considering an unsupervised criterion, empirically examines whether model selection is a modular optimization problem, and can be tackled in a layer-wise manner. Preliminary results on the MNIST data set suggest the answer is positive. Further, some unexpected results regarding the optimal size of layers depending on the training process, are reported and discussed.
ALONG-THE-CHANNEL MODELING OF POLYMER- ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS

FCEL-12 Cost and durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) remain the major obstacles in the way of their commercialization. Optimizing these devices for high current density with low catalyst loading can reduce the cost of PEFCs. Mathematical modeling is an ideal tool for illustrating the complex interplay of reactant and water transport, electrochemical performance, and heat generation in PEFCs. In this work, we develop a “1+2D” model, in which a 2D fuel cell sandwich model is successively stepped along a channel to simulate downstream effects without the computational cost associated with 3D models. We highlight similarities and differences in water and thermal management for proton exchange membrane and anion exchange membrane fuel cells.
Case Study on Focal Retrograde Amnesia due to Limbic Encephalitis

This case study addresses episodic memory impairment or focal retrograde amnesia related to limbic encephalitis. The patient in question was a right-handed man in his 60s who developed focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. An abnormal MRI signal was observed in the right medial temporal lobe. Immediately after the encephalitis onset, mental symptoms—including impaired consciousness, disorientation, hallucinations, and delusions—appeared; however, his condition improved with medical treatment. After transfer to a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital, various neuropsychological tests were conducted but no apparent functional decline was observed in intellectual function, attention, memorization, or retention. However, the patient exhibited impairments related to autobiographical memory and memory of events 4 - 5 years before the onset of limbic encephalitis. Based on these observations, the patient was considered to exhibit focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. Despite exhibiting retrograde amnesia, he had no difficulty in his daily life in the ward. Moreover, after discharge from hospital, smooth work reinstatement was possible. This case demonstrates that, even after exhibiting retrograde amnesia, if its duration is relatively short and physical function and other higher-order brain functions are sustained, social rehabilitation—including work reinstatement—is feasible.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology and their Effect on Arterial Stiffness – A Systematic Review

Introduction: Malignancies are the second leading cause of death worldwide. Treatment Monoclonal Antibody (MAbs)-based treatment of cancer has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies in the last 20 years; however, there is a growing concern about the effects of these agents on patients’ cardiovascular profile. Areas Covered: In this manuscript we summarize current evidence regarding MAb effects on arterial stiffness, which is an recognised biomarker of cardiovascular risk. For this purpose, we explored two bibliographic databases [PubMed, Scopus] and one full-text database (Google-Scholar) for all publications published on MAbs’ effects on arterial stiffness until December 2019. Only few of the monoclonal antibody agents used in oncology have been investigated as per their effects on arterial properties and this limited evidence suggests that cancer therapy with monoclonal antibodies demonstrates either a temporary or long-term increase in arterial stiffness. Discussion: It seems that by targeting ‘checkpoints’ in cancer genesis, anticancer MAbs also affects vascular properties causing endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Furthermore, several MAbs cause hypertension and may as a result increase pulse wave velocity. On the other hand, MAbs that target inflammatory cytokines seem to improve cardiovascular survival however, their effect on arterial stiffness is yet to be investigated. Further research is warranted in order to elucidate the biochemical pathways, clinical implications and potential reversibility of monoclonal antibody chemotherapy-induced vascular dysfunction. © 2020 Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology . Publishing services by Atlantis Press International B.V. This
Comparison of choline blood brain barrier and neuronal transport and anticholinesterase inhibitory properties of potential cationic Alzheimers disease drugs

It has been shown that there are similarities between the transport of potential choline-like cationic Alzheimer's disease drugs across the blood brain barrier and into neurons compared to the inhibitory binding of acetylcholinesterase. An analysis of water desolvation, lipophilicity, dipole moment, molecular volume, HOMO, LUMO or HOMO-LUMO molecular properties and their impact on transport or inhibitory binding has shown that while lipophilicity, dipole moment, desolvation, and molecular volume are important but varying determinants for transport and inhibitory binding, the HOMO is the important determinant for transport processes, but the LUMO is the more important determinant for the inhibitory binding to acetylcholinesterase. This difference appears to be a general consequence of the higher π-cation interaction in the binding gorge of acetylcholinesterase compared to the weaker π-cation and hydrophobic interaction of substrates in the pore of the CTL or ChT transporters. Inhibition of AChE is a binding process facilitated by electron transfer from the HOMO of the AChE to the LUMO of the cationic inhibitors, whereas the transportation of cationic species by the CTL and ChT transporters does not involve such a strong binding process, but more a weaker interaction involving electron transfer from the HOMO of the substrates to the LUMO of the transporters that ultimately allows the passage of substrates through the CTL and ChT pores. There is supporting but not explicit evidence in the literature that points to the similarities between the transport of drugs through the blood brain barrier or into neurons when compared to the binding of cationic drugs to acetylcholinesterase. An analysis of the molecular volumes of the TAK-147 analogs on binding to AChE where the increasing length of the analogs by adding methylene spacing groups leads to an optimum binding interaction with AChE which then decreases with the addition of further spacers is explained by the binding interaction being dependent on the molecular volume and the LUMO.
Left toe grip strength and lumbar spine/ankle joint disease are associated with falls among frail older women

Falls are a commonly recognized geriatric syndrome in the Asia-Pacific region,1 and frail older adults have an especially high incidence of falls worldwide.2 It is estimated that one-third of community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years fall every year, and serious injuries result from 10% of falls.3,4 Consequently, the sequelae of fracture and reduction in health-related quality of life are serious among frail older adults.3,5 Additionally, economic concern is also serious; about 7.1 billion US dollars is spent annually on medical and long-term care costs in Japan.6 Based on this social background, many studies have identified risk factors for falls in older adults.7,8 The etiology of a fall is usually multifactorial, resulting from the interaction between intrinsic (i.e., postural control, muscle strength, joint disease) and extrinsic (i.e., walking surface, high or narrow steps) risk factors.9 It is believed that failure to appropriately change intrinsic human factors to adapt to extrinsic environmental factors may lead to a slip or trip, and eventually, a fall.10 Therefore, various exercise programs have been developed to improve the intrinsic factors associated with falls, and most of the intrinsic MS#AMN 07220
HER-2 Overexpression in Gastric and Gastroaesophageal Cancer: A Different Disease among Gastric Adenocarcinoma Subtypes

Gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma is a common malignancy worldwide, in particular in Japan and in the Pacific coast of Latin America. Unless early diagnosis is performed, this disease carries a bad prognosis with a high mortality rate regardless of the use of standard treatments. A subgroup of this patients, probably close to a 20 percent, carry HER 2 mutations that result in HER 2 overepression. Targeted treatment to block HER 2 in the first line of treatment in the metastatic setting has resulted in positive outcomes when adding trastuzumab to standard chemotherapy, nonetheless no other HER 2 targeted treatments have reported benefit in this malignancy. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the benefit of HER 2 blockade as perioperative treatment for patients that overexpress HER 2.
Critical Language Awareness (CLA) for Spanish Heritage Language Programs: Implementing a Complete Curriculum

ABSTRACT Experts in the field have advocated for critical approaches to Spanish heritage language (HL) curricula in which learners’ proficiency in the language varieties that they bring from their homes and communities is considered an asset and culturally valuable knowledge. The proposal described here focuses on the adoption of a programmatic perspective, one that promotes, over a longer period of time, the implementation of pedagogical practices that foster academic success and linguistic empowerment among heritage speakers in the classroom. This article presents a critically oriented six-course Spanish HL program that challenges the subordination of HL students’ linguistic practices and examines the practical implementation of CLA (Critical Language Awareness) pedagogies. Further, this article details results from a study on HL learners’ language attitudes as a first attempt to assess their sociolinguistic awareness. We hope that a detailed consideration of the design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of this innovative program can provide a model for other educators who seek to put critical pedagogies into practice.
Natural history, prevalence, and pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

This study is a narrative review performed to summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, natural history and pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). A comprehensive search was undertaken to look at all available articles between January 1, 1956 to May 1, 2018, on PubMed and the Cochrane Collaboration Library. The natural history of CSM is variable. The main determinants of the clinical course of CSM are the extent of neurological impairment, age, cervical instability, abnormalities of cord conduction, canal diameter, congenitally stenotic spinal canal and the extent of involvement and tract disruption on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) imaging. There is little data on the true incidence and prevalence of CSM across the globe and none from India. The pathoanatomic basis of CSM is cord compression, either dynamic or static. The biological events that are thought to play a significant role in the development of CSM are ischemia, derangement of the blood-spinal cord barrier, chronic neuronal inflammation, and apoptosis. Emerging knowledge about the molecular biology holds promise for potential intervention, both for prevention and for cure, of this common and debilitating condition.
Book Reviews

First impressions of this book place it alongside Banerjee & Southworth’s (1990) painstaking collection of Kevin Lynch’s writings. Its size (over 700 pages), cover design, production and presentation quality, and comprehensiveness are all similar to that key work. But there are also key differences because this collection of writings excludes Wright’s substantive works. Instead it presents 530 letters, short reports and lecture synopses written by Stein between 1903 and 1968 that collectively provide a fragmentary, one-sided, but still insightful ‘biography’ and context for his community designs and his writings. Clarence Stein is best known for his contributions to housing layout, neighbourhood and new town design, and for his book Towards New Towns for America, originally published perversely as a double issue of The Town Planning Review when Stein was in his sixties. Parsons summarizes his contribution as the champion of “green-centred, pedestrian friendly, dispersed residential communities” and charts his inuence across North America and into Britain and Scandinavia. Stein lived most of his life in New York City, but he was educated in Paris in the École des Beaux Arts and spent four years on sketching trips in Europe before joining a New York architectural practice. From the outset he had twin interests in architecture and civic reform, and he wrote for the Journal of the American Institute of Architects before becoming an associate editor in 1921. In the early 1920s he became a founding member of the Regional Planning Association, along with the social critic Lewis Mumford, the conservationist Benton Mackay, and the architect Henry Wright, who were to be three of his key correspondents. It was with Wright, in an informal partnership, that he accomplished his key community design projects—Sunnyside Gardens (1924), Radburn (1929), Phipps Garden Apartments and Chatham Village (1931–1935). After the break-up of this fruitful partnership (which Mumford described as magic (p. 271)), his key commissions were Hillside Homes in the Bronx (1935), a consultancy on Greenbelt New Community (1935–1938), and Baldwin Hills in LA (1941). His last two projects were abroad—a consultancy in Stevenage New Town (1950) and Director of Planning for Kitimat New Town in British Columbia (1951). Many of the letters are written to his wife, a Hollywood actress who spent much of her time in Los Angeles. Poetic descriptions of views of New York City, particularly across Central Park from his west-side apartment at sunrise and sunset, often introduce his letters (Osborn noted the “ecstasy that essentially urban architectural effects gave him” (p xxxii); he might also have noted his
Introduction

Beginning around 1970, there has been a remarkable widespread reduction in the size of firms, reversing a long-lasting trend. The earlier trend, from the mid19 century up to about 1970, has been analyzed in great detail, perhaps most famously by historian Alfred Chandler (1977, 1990), who focused on the United States and Europe. His thesis was that new technology of steam, electricity, and transportation in the 19 century allowed the exploitation of economies of scale involving mass production and mass transport. Chandler called this the second industrial revolution. It was nearly as dramatic as the first industrial revolution. The second industrial revolution both required and rewarded the creation of large firms. These large firms required new methods of internal management and coordination, such as the multidivisional firm, analyzed by Chandler and also by economists such as Oliver Williamson (1970, 1985).
Structural and functional studies of proteins from the Hippo signalling pathway

The paralogous multi-functional adaptor proteins YAP and TAZ are nuclear effectors of the Hippo pathway, a central regulator of developmental organ size control, tissue homeostasis and tumour suppression. YAP/TAZ target the TEAD transcription factor family to promote cell survival and inhibit apoptosis. TEAD proteins contain a DNAbinding domain and a YAP/TAZ interaction domain. PCR analysis of medaka fish TEAD cDNA revealed the presence of alternative TEAD splice-forms with variations at the C-terminus of the DNA-binding domain. Structural analysis indicated the YAPbinding domain of TEAD proteins is folded and globular. NMR spectroscopy showed that the TEAD binding domain of YAP does not contain secondary structure. YAP and TAZ both contain WW domains, which are small protein-protein interaction modules. Two YAP isoforms are known, YAP1 and YAP2 that contain one and two WW domains, respectively. To date, only a single WW isoform of TAZ has been described. PCR analysis of medaka TAZ cDNA identified both single WW and tandem WW isoforms of TAZ. NMR spectroscopy was used to characterise structural, conformational, and peptide binding features of the tandem WW domains from YAP and TAZ. The YAP WW2 solution structure confirms that the domain has the canonical anti-parallel β-sheet WW fold. WW1 of YAP and both WW domains of TAZ undergo conformational exchange. The region linking the two WW domains is flexible and allows interaction of both WW domains with peptides containing single and dual PPxY binding motifs. In addition to YAP and TAZ, tandem WW domains are also present in the core and upstream Hippo pathway proteins Salvador and Kibra. Both proteins contain one atypical WW domain; the tandem WW domains of these two proteins are unstable. Understanding structure and function of Hippo pathway components could contribute to drug development and will also contribute to knowledge of protein folding and interactions.
Book Reviews

This book is an excellent overview of the theory and application of linear and non-linear mixed-eþ ects models written by two experts in the ® eld. The models presented are adequate for the analysis of grouped data such as repeated measures, longitudinal data, blocked designs or multilevel data. Both balanced and unbalanced data are treated in a uni® ed manner. It also includes the analysis of a good collection of real data sets from a wide variety of areas, including pharmacokinetics, agriculture and manufacturing. A strong emphasis is placed on the use of graphical displays at the various phases of the model-building process.
Book Review

Taylor and Francis Ltd SED116718.sgm 10.1080/09500690500167352 International Journal of Science Education 0950-0693 (pri t)/1464-5289 (online) Book Review 2 05 & Francis Ltd 7 002 0 WanjaGitari Unive s ty of To onto, Dept. of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, 11th Floor, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education252 Bloor Street WestTorontoOntM5S 1V6Canada +1 416 971 1397 wg tari@oise.utoront . ca Teaching science for social justice Angela Calabrese Barton with Jason L. Ermer, Tanahia A. Burkett, & Margery D. Osborne, 2003 New York: Teachers College Press US$23.95, 209 pp. ISBN 0 807 74383 6 (hbk)