Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predation in the reindeer husbandry area in Finland during 1976-86

During the years 1976-86 predators killed a total of 11 295 reindeer in the Finnish reindeer husbandry area. Predators killed mostly calves and hinds. With the exception of the Kasivarsi and Muotkatun-turi reindeer herding cooperatives, kills of predators were concentrated in the reindeer herding areas on the eastern border. During 1976-86 predators killed most reindeer in April - June, and the majority of preys were calves. Most reindeer were killed by wolves (26.9%), bears (24.7%), wolverines (22.6%) and eagles (15.9%). Wolves, bears, wolverines and lynxes killed mainly adult reindeer, eagles killed mainly calves. Wolves killed reindeer mainly during October - January, lynxes during January - April, wolverines during February - April, eagles during May - July and bears during May - October. During the last years the number of reindeer killed by lynxes has increased in Finland. Petovahingot Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1976-86. Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana porojen maara on lisaantynyt suuresti Suomessa. Vuosina 1976-86 pedot tappoivat Suomen poronhoitoalueella yhteensa 11 295 poroa. Pedot tappoivat paaasiassa vasoja ja vaatimia. Kasivarren ja Muotkatunturin paliskuntia lukuunottamatta petovahingot kohdistuivat lhinn poronhoitoalueen itrajalla oleviin paliskuntiin. Vuosina 1976-86 pedot tappoivat poroja eniten huhti-kesakuun aikana. Eniten pedot tappoivat tuolloin vasoja. Eniten poroja tappoivat sudet (26.9%), karhut (24.7%), ahmat (22.6%) ja kotkat (15.9%). Sudet, karhut, ahmat ja ilvekset tappoivat paaasiassa aikuisia poroja, kotkat vasoja. Sudet tappoivat poroja lahinna loka-tammikuussa, ilvekset tammi-huhtikuussa, ahmat helmi-heinakuussa ja karhut touko-lokakuussa. Viime vuosina ilvesten tappamien porojen maara on kas vanut Suomessa. Rovdjursskador inom det finska renskotselsomradet under aren 1976-86. Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Under de senaste tio aren har antalet tamrenar okat betydligt i Finland. Under aren 1976-86 dodade rovdjur totalt 11 295 renar i finska renskotselomradet. Kalvar och vajor utgjorde huvuddelen av dessa. Med undantag av Kasivarsi och Muotkatunturi renbeteslag, var rovdjursrivningarna konsentrerade i renbeteslagen narmast ostra gransen. Under aren 1976-86 blev de fiesta renar rivna i april-juni. Av dessa var det flest kalvar. Varg tog flest renar (26,9%), bjorn 24,7%, jarv 22,6%, och orn 15,9%. Varg, bjorn, jarv och lo dodade mestadels vuxna renar, medan orn i huvudsak tog kalvar. Varg dodade ren vasentligen i manaderna oktober-januari, lo i januari-april, jarv i februari-april, orn i mai-juli och bjorn genom ma-naderna mai-oktober. De senaste aren har antalet renar rivna av lodjur okat i Finland.
Simultaneous operation of opposing reaction mechanisms: The influence of matrix heterogeneity on post‐kinematic garnet crystallization in an inverted metamorphic sequence

Metapelites from the inverted Barrovian sequence in the Sikkim Himalaya (northeast India) are shown to be largely continuous with respect to their bulk rock compositions, microstructures and pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–D) histories. However, the upper garnet–lower staurolite zone demarcates a region of microstructurally anomalous post‐kinematic garnet populations contained within strongly segregated matrices. The different microstructures within samples from this region cannot be attributed to differences in their thermobarometric histories or bulk compositions, but are instead interpreted to represent an otherwise unexposed level of the Daling Group that is now exposed along a post‐metamorphic thrust splay. These heterogeneous samples contain several discrete garnet populations that progressively crystallized with increasing P–T. Garnet populations that experienced the most protracted growth now form complex polycrystals that exhibit crystallographically controlled and morphologically irregular interfaces adjacent to micaceous and quartzofeldspathic domains respectively. Electron backscatter diffraction indicates that these polycrystalline garnet structures contain numerous coalesced porphyroblasts that are structurally uncorrelated across their grain boundaries. However, a crystallographically preferred orientation at the polycrystal scale is interpreted to derive from epitaxial crystallization of early‐formed garnet porphyroblasts on precursor mica. Later‐nucleated porphyroblasts within polycrystals preferentially concentrated towards quartzofeldspathic domains, with the overall nucleation distribution likely controlled by a complex interplay between chemical heterogeneities, strain partitioning and epitaxial crystallization. The subsequent growth of these polycrystals was equally spatially heterogeneous; it was moderated by differences in the efficiency of grain boundary transfer between quartzofeldspathic and micaceous domains that precluded thin section‐scale chemical equilibration. In contrast to samples from Sikkim containing more typical porphyroblastic populations in continuous and disseminated matrices, heterogeneous availability of garnet‐forming components within this strongly layered matrix is shown to have resulted in grain‐scale variations in growth rates and the spatial juxtapositioning of interface‐controlled microstructures and locally equilibrated chemical compositions with those that were transport controlled.
Pollen Competition, Nonrandom Fertilization, and Progeny Fitness: A Reply to Charlesworth

Because the pollen produced by most plant populations represents a massive number of unique haploid genotypes, the possibility that selection operates on the microgametophyte hasprofound implications for both the basic and applied plant sciences. For example, recent advances in our understanding ofpollen selection not only have spawned many reasonable volutionary hypotheses, ranging from the origin of the angiosperms to the maintenance of sexual reproduction i plants (Mulcahy 1979), but also have stimulated an entirely new technology for crop improvement (e.g., Mulcahy and Ottaviano 1983; Mulcahy et al. 1985; Davis et al. 1987; Hodgkin 1987; Bino and Stephenson, in press). Because microgametophyte selection is potentially important o many disciplines and because there are inherent difficulties inworking with pollen, pollen tubes, and the processes of fertilization a d early embryo development, itis imperative that all reasonable interpretations ofthe data be proposed and critically examined. Charlesworth (1988) disagrees both with the interpretation f our data (Winsor et al. 1987) and with our interpretation f some of the literature on pollen selection. Here we examine her criticisms. In her critique, Charlesworth correctly assumes that the seeds produced by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) flowers receiving high pollen loads (many seeds per fruit produced under conditions of pollen competition) in our study weighed less, on the average (0.14 vs. 0.19 g; table 1; Davis 1986), than the seeds produced by flowers receiving low pollen loads (far fewer seeds per fruit produced under conditions of little or no pollen competition). From the seeds produced by the high and low pollen loads, we selected large seeds (0.18-0.19 g) and small seeds (0.140.15 g) for studies of progeny vigor. Given the known effects of seed size on germination a d early seedling rowth (several references in Winsor et al. 1987), it was our intention to compare the differences invigor between progeny produced by low and high pollen loads that had received similar provisioning from their maternal parents. Charlesworth, owever, notes that this selection of seed size classes resulted in samples from different locations within the distribution fseed sizes from each treatment. She then advances the quite reasonable hypothesis that these distributional differences are sufficient to bias the tests of progeny vigor against progeny produced by low pollen loads (e.g., 0.14-0.15-g seeds from low pollen loads would have a below-average seed weight, whereas 0.14-0.15-g seeds from high pollen loads would have an average seed weight). Charlesworth is also fair in noting that if seeds were not matched for size, the vigor tests would be biased against the progeny from the high pollen loads.
Environmental Assessment of Olive Mill Solid Waste Valorization via Anaerobic Digestion Versus Olive Pomace Oil Extraction

Anaerobic digestion is a promising alternative to valorize agrifood wastes, which is gaining interest under an environmental sustainability overview. The present research aimed to compare anaerobic digestion with olive pomace oil extraction, by using life cycle assessment, as alternatives for the valorization of the olive mill solid waste generated in the centrifugation process with a two-outlet decanter from oil mills. In the case of olive pomace oil extraction, two cases were defined depending on the type of fuel used for drying the wet pomace before the extraction: natural gas or a fraction of the generated extracted pomace. The anaerobic digestion alternative consisted of the production of biogas from the olive mill solid waste, heat and electricity cogeneration by the combustion of the generated biogas, and composting of the anaerobic digestate. The life cycle assessment showed that anaerobic digestion was the best alternative, with a global environmental impact reduction of 88.1 and 85.9% respect to crude olive pomace oil extraction using natural gas and extracted pomace, respectively, as fuel.
What plant ecologists can learn from zoology

Biology, like all sciences, is increasingly compartmentalized. This helps us to interact more easily with fellow specialists, but also tends to shield us from useful cross-fertilization with other fields. For example, plant and animal ecologists have established largely distinct research traditions over the years. Botanists studying population ecology, interspecific competition, and ecological and evolutionary aspects of sexual reproduction can benefit by importing more of the conceptual advances occurring in zoology (and vice versa). Botanists working on plant-animal interactions have a similar opportunity to shed light on their questions by learning more about the animals. For example, botanists studying pollination may be unaware of some modern advances in animal physiology and behaviour which undermine a typological view of pollination systems. Similarly, botanists studying loss of seeds to granivores may be unaware of details of animal behaviour that can cause granivores to benefit the plants in surprising ways. These examples illustrate how improved communication with zoology can enrich plant ecology. To remove barriers to communication we suggest some individual and collective actions that plant ecologists can take.
Invasion, genetic variation and species identity of the calanoid copepod Sinodiaptomus valkanovi

SUMMARY 1. Although Sinodiaptomus valkanovi [sensu Ueda & Ohtsuka (Hydrobiologia, 379, 1998, 159)] is one of the most common freshwater calanoid copepods in Japan, it was originally described from specimens collected in Sofia, Bulgaria, as a subspecies of S. sarsi. This original description raises two issues requiring further investigation. One is whether or not S. valkanovi should be differentiated from S. sarsi at a species level, and the other is whether or not records of S. valkanovi from outside of Japan are the result of biological invasions. 2. We examined the gene flow between S. valkanovi and S. sarsi in Japan, using nuclear DNA (the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 plus the intervening 5.8S ribosomal DNA subunit) sequence to clarify if these two taxa are separable at a species level. We also investigated the population genetic structure of S. valkanovi in Japan, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene, and subsequently of two recently discovered New Zealand populations, to elucidate the origin and colonisation ⁄ invasion history of this taxon. 3. In total, 43 and three Japanese populations of S. valkanovi and S. sarsi, respectively, were analysed. These two taxa did not occur together in any of the localities. Nuclear DNA analysis did not provide any evidence of gene flow between them, and the inter-taxon variability of mtCOI was high, corroborating the conclusion of Ueda & Ohtsuka based on morphological characteristics that S. valkanovi and S. sarsi should be differentiated at the species level. 4. In Japan S. valkanovi populations are segregated into two areas, around the Seto Inland Sea (SIS) and northeastern (NE) area. A distinct contrast in the genetic diversity was observed between the areas; five mtCOI haplotypes were recovered from the NE area while 38 were observed in the SIS area, despite a similar geographical range and number of individuals analysed in both areas. Furthermore, S. valkanovi in the SIS area possessed a mixture of both ancestral and derived haplotypes, while those in the NE area mostly consisted of derived haplotypes. These results suggest that the NE populations were founded recently by a limited numbers of individuals from SIS populations. 5. All specimens of S. valkanovi from New Zealand possessed one specific mtCOI haplotype. In Japan, this haplotype was found only in the NE area, suggesting the origin of New Zealand S. valkanovi. It is likely that this copepod has on several occasions invaded areas outside of Japan, one of which was associated with the original description of this taxon in Bulgaria.
Necrotic myositis in cage cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), caused by Flexibacter psychrophilus

A severe necrotic myositis characterized by large intramuscular bullae was identified in 100–500 g rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), maintained in freshwater netpens. Mortality increased as the temperature decreased, with mortality rates peaking at 10% per month. Flexibacter psychrophilus was recovered from the muscle lesions and kidneys of affected fish. The gross and histological description of the disease, and the phenotypic characteristics of the causative agent are described. The necrotic myositis isolate was utilized to experimentally reproduce the disease.
Post-copulation mate guarding in the sexually cannibalistic St Andrew's Cross spider (Araneae Araneidae)

In the field, only around 60% of male St Andrew's Cross spiders survive their first mating, with many of the surviving individuals losing their legs while attempting to escape from a female. Surprisingly, 67% of males that survive by leaping off the female's web return almost immediately to her web where they remain for several hours. However, males did not remate with the female. Laboratory experiments revealed that males remaining on the web can prevent females from remating with rival males entering the web. In the absence of a male, 75% of females remated with a second male, while only 47% of the females were able to remate with the second male if the first male was present. The guarding male engages rivals in physical contests, and even if the female remates, the presence of the guarding male reduces the duration of copulation.
Fertilization in the sea: are the hazards of broadcast spawning avoided when free–spawned sperm fertilize retained eggs?

In broadcast–spawning marine animals, rapid dilution and short lifespan of sperm following release may impose severely localized patterns of mating. Partial or total failure of external fertilization due to sperm limitation appears commonplace. However, it is not clear to what extent the restrictive kinetics of fertilization in water also constrain mating in animals that release sperm but retain their eggs for fertilization. The compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum liberates sperm that are dispersed to other colonies and taken in prior to internal cross–fertilization. The fertile lifespan of sperm was found to be long (half–life ca. 8 hours), and a substantial number of fertilizations occurred with 24–hour–old sperm. Fertilizations were obtained from sperm concentrations that would typically produce little or no external fertilization. In a separate experiment, a very small piece of D. listerianum (dry weight less than 2 mg) sired abundant progeny throughout a 3840 l tank. Paternity of progeny in these experiments was confirmed by molecular markers. The same markers were used to extend, to over seven weeks, the known maximum period of storage of exogenous sperm prior to fertilization in this species. The production of only a few thousand sperm at a time by each zooid, poor synchronization of release between zooids, and the existence of many well–spaced exhalant openings in large colonies suggest that D. listerianum is incapable of generating a dense plume of sperm, even close to the source. It is suggested that, unlike external fertilization, successful internal cross–fertilization in D. listerianum is not dependent upon the interception of a dense cloud of gametes just released by a near neighbour. It seems instead that dilute, long–lived sperm can be extracted efficiently from seawater by this suspension feeder, potentially over a period of time. This capability, and other features of the life history, make it unlikely that sperm limitation is an acute problem in this species and comparable taxa, a conclusion with potential significance for expected patterns of mating, sex allocation and gamete attributes in sessile aquatic invertebrates. Variance in reproductive success between individuals due to differences in fertilization rate may be much lower than in broadcast spawners exhibiting external fertilization.
The Seven Sisters Hydrothermal System: First Record of Shallow Hybrid Mineralization Hosted in Mafic Volcaniclasts on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge

We document the discovery of an active, shallow, seafloor hydrothermal system (known as the Seven Sisters Vent Field) hosted in mafic volcaniclasts at a mid-ocean ridge setting. The vent field is located at the southern part of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge where it lies on top of a flat-topped volcano at ~130 m depth. Up to 200 °C phase-separating fluids vent from summit depressions in the volcano, and from pinnacle-like edifices on top of large hydrothermal mounds. The hydrothermal mineralization at Seven Sisters manifests as a replacement of mafic volcaniclasts, as direct intraclast precipitation from the hydrothermal fluid, and as elemental sulfur deposition within orifices. Barite is ubiquitous, and is sequentially replaced by pyrite, which is the first sulfide to form, followed by Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag bearing sulfides, sulfosalts, and silica. The mineralized rocks at Seven Sisters contain highly anomalous concentrations of ‘epithermal suite’ elements such as Tl, As, Sb and Hg, with secondary alteration assemblages including silica and dickite. Vent fluids have a pH of ~5 and are Ba and metal depleted. Relatively high dissolved Si (~7.6 mmol/L Si) combined with low (0.2–0.4) Fe/Mn suggest high-temperature reactions at ~150 bar. A δ13C value of −5.4‰ in CO2 dominated fluids denotes magmatic degassing from a relatively undegassed reservoir. Furthermore, low CH4 and H2 (<0.026 mmol/kg and <0.009 mmol/kg, respectively) and 3He/4He of ~8.3 R/Racorr support a MORB-like, sediment-free fluid signature from an upper mantle source. Sulfide and secondary alteration mineralogy, fluid and gas chemistry, as well as δ34S and 87Sr/86Sr values in barite and pyrite indicate that mineralization at Seven Sisters is sustained by the input of magmatic fluids with minimal seawater contribution. 226Ra/Ba radiometric dating of the barite suggests that this hydrothermal system has been active for at least 4670 ± 60 yr.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures on Bankruptcy Risk of Vietnamese Firms

This study investigates the nexus between the level of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures (CSRD) and Risk of Bankruptcy of companies that are listing in the Stock Exchanges of Vietnam. To investigate that relationship, this study collected secondary data from annual audited financial statements from 2014 to 2018 of listing companies. Applying two different regression models with two dependent variables and six independent and control variables, we find out that Vietnamese firms with higher level of CSRD performance can rapidly reduce their risk of bankruptcy. This phenomenon happens in the current year and in the coming years in all firms in the research sample. This result may be that the disclosures of social responsibility information can bring financial and non-financial benefits to the firms. In addition, the results also point out that there is a difference in risk of bankruptcy between the group of companies, which discloses and the one which does not disclose corporate social responsibility on their annual reports. This might be from the effects of various factors such as business size, financial leverage, market to book ratio, return on assets, cash flow from operations, etc. Our research results can be applied to other firms in Vietnam and in other similar jurisdictions.
PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN TERKONSENTRASI, KEPEMILIKAN ASING, DAN UKURAN DEWAN DIREKSI TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN INDEKS LQ 45 YANG TERCATAT DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the effect of the structure of concentrated ownership, foreign ownership, and the size of the board of directors on firm performance. Concentrated ownership is assessed using a dummy variable, which is giving a score of 1 for companies that have concentrated ownership and a score of 0 for companies that have spread share ownership, sponsored ownership by adding up the intended shares and the number of shares exchanged, the size of the directors existing with the number of the entire board directors, as well as the firm's performance obtained by the value of Return on Assets. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique. Data analysis technique on the LQ 45 company index published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for period 2013-2018. Obtained from the results of a significant positive significant effect on firm performance. Foreign ownership increases a significant negative on firm performance. The size of the board of directors has a significant positive effect on firm performance
Effect of Sex on Carcass and Meat Characteristics of New Zealand White Rabbits Aged 11 Weeks

This experiment was conducted to determine and compare some characteristics of the meat and carcass of rabbits aged 11 weeks according to sex. In the experiment thirty male and thirty female New Zealand White rabbits were slaughtered. The weights and percentages of cold carcasses, skin with head and limbs, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fore legs, hind legs, breast and ribs, loin and abdominal wall were recorded. The values for carcass length, lumbar circumference, pH in the muscles of Biceps femoris and Longissimus dorsi, meat to bone ratio and cooking loss were also determined. The mean values for cold carcass weight and cold dressing percentage were 832 g and 48.77% in male and 849 g and 48.69% in female, respectively. In this study no significant differences were shown between male and female rabbits in the characteristics of carcass and meat except the value of pH of Longissimus dorsi muscle which was markedly higher in males than that in females meat. Slaughter weight was positively correlated with the weights of carcass, skin with head and limbs, lung, liver, kidney, heart and weights of joints (p<0.01) and dressing percentage (p<0.05). (Key Words : Rabbit, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Characteristics)