Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
130950_Marcus Landgren

Stable distal radius fractures are treated non-surgically in a cast. Unstable distal radius fractures are treated with surgery. The majority of patients have good outcome, but up to one fifth are not satisfied. In this thesis the overall aim was to compare newer surgical techniques, evaluate our treatment over a longer time-period, and identify risk factors for poor outcome. In a previous randomized study of unstable distal radius fractures, better grip strength and pronation-supination were found at one year in patients treated with open reduction and fragment-specific fixation compared to closed reduction and external fixation. In a follow up at five years, both grip strength as well as pronation-supination had normalized in both groups and no clinical or radiographic differences were found. In a new randomized trial of unstable distal radius fractures, comparing the fragment-specific fixation and the newer volar locking plate, no difference was found in the primary outcome grip strength at one year. Both the fragment-specific fixation and the volar locking plate achieved good subjective, objective and radiological outcome, with more complications in the fragment-specific group. In a prospective and consecutive distal radius fracture registry, a retrospective decade-long study analyzed the subjective outcome at one year, using the Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. At one year, good outcome was found for both non-surgically and surgically treated patients, but despite a shift of implant over the 10-year period, with volar locking plates replacing the external fixators and fragment-specific fixation, no change was found in subjective outcome. Finally, patients with major disability at one year, identified in the distal radius fracture registry, were re-evaluated at 2 12 years. Half of the patients improved, but only a small proportion returned to normal scores and the rest improved to a moderate level of disability. In conclusion, the surgical methods to treat distal radius fractures are good. But, a limited proportion of both and surgically treated patients has an inferior outcome. In the future, we need to focus on this subgroup and find better ways to identify causes to inferior outcome and try to prevent these complications before they become irreversible.
Report on the Differential Testing of Static Analyzers

Program faults, best known as bugs, are practically unavoidable in today's ever growing software systems. One increasingly popular way of eliminating them, besides tests, dynamic analysis, and fuzzing, is using static analysis based bug-finding tools. Such tools are capable of finding surprisingly sophisticated bugs automatically by inspecting the source code. Their analysis is usually both unsound and incomplete, but still very useful in practice, as they can find non-trivial problems in a reasonable time (e.g. within hours, for an industrial project) without human intervention Because the problems that static analyzers try to solve are hard, usually intractable, they use various approximations that need to be fine-tuned in order to grant a good user experience (i.e. as many interesting bugs with as few distracting false alarms as possible). For each newly introduced heuristic, this normally happens by performing differential testing of the analyzer on a lot of widely used open source software projects that are known to use related language constructs extensively. In practice, this process is ad hoc, error-prone, poorly reproducible and its results are hard to share. We present a set of tools that aim to support the work of static analyzer developers by making differential testing easier. Our framework includes tools for automatic test suite selection, automated differential experiments, coverage information of increased granularity, statistics collection, metric calculations, and visualizations, all resulting in a convenient, shareable HTML report.
Sustainable principles of indigenous chena cultivation and management in Sri Lanka: lessons for contemporary agricultural problems

The central aim of this study was to identify lessons that can be learned from the indigenous Chena cultivation techniques to address the contemporary agricultural problems. Data for the study were drawn from a field survey conducted in a historically significant area for Chena cultivation—the Kapugollawa agrarian division in the Rajarata region of the country— during the period from May to August, 2014. By employing qualitative research approach, 40 experienced adult farmers, mostly over 70 years of age were interviewed. The findings revealed that sustainable principles and management practices of indigenous Chena cultivation in Sri Lanka provide solutions for contemporary agricultural problems such as issues related to agrochemical usage, high cost of production, insufficient income, issues related to cropland productivity, food safety and farmer safety, water shortage problem in farming, etc. Thus, study indicates the importance of taking into account sustainable characteristics of indigenous Chena cultivation technology to address contemporary agricultural problems.
Potential of Enterobacter sp. Strain ATA1 on imidacloprid degradation in soil microcosm: Effects of various parameters

Previously isolated strain ATA1 of Enterobacter sp. was used in this work to study various factors affecting degradation of IMI in soil microcosm. Minimal salt medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose was found to be suitable as carbon source for inoculums preparation. Effect of various parameters including soil pH, inoculum size, initial concentration of IMI and flooding of soil for the degradation of imidacloprid in soil were investigated. Strain ATA1 has effectively degraded imidacloprid of range 25−50 mg kg−1 when soil was spiked with different initial concentration of IMI (25−100 mg kg−1) as verified by HPLC analysis. Degradation rate was slower in soil with lower pH compare to neutral pH of soil. An inoculums size of 2 × 107 CFU g−1 of soil was found to be suitable at pH 7 for degrading IMI of 50 mg kg−1. Flooding of IMI spiked soil has also shown significant degradation as compare to nonflooded soil. Metabolites produced after IMI degradation under optimized parameters were identified by GC‐MS analysis. This model study could be used for removal of toxic compounds in field experiments. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1291–1297, 2015
A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on three-dimensional porous Ni foam modified with a Pt electrocatalyst

A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor was simply prepared by depositing Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) onto Ni foam using UV-irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to characterize the changes of morphologies with UV-irradiation time. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed that the Pt NP–Ni foam was mainly composed of Pt and Ni. The Pt NP–Ni foam electrode shared the unique advantages of Pt NPs (such as the good electrocatalytic activity) and Ni foam (such as the high electric conductivity, large surface area and high porosity). Its application in H2O2 detection, surprisingly, showed the high sensitivity and low detection limit. The linear range was from 0.005 to 0.85 mM. The sensitivity was 829 μA cm−2 mM−1 and the detection limit was 0.3 μM (S/N = 3). The H2O2 sensor also showed long-term stability. Therefore, the sensor is more suitable for the detection of H2O2 concentration.
Nanocristaux de semi-conducteurs II-VI et I-III-VI : Contrôle des propriétés optiques de structures coeur/coque

Dans cette these, nous nous interessons aux proprietes de fluorescence de nanocristaux colloidaux de semi-conducteurs composes d'un cœur entoure d'une coque. Ces hetero-structures possedent des proprietes optiques qui dependent de leur taille, de leur forme et de leur composition. Il est donc essentiel de pouvoir les synthetiser en controlant precisement ces parametres. Dans ce manuscrit nous presentons la synthese et les caracterisations structurales et optiques de nanocristaux de semi-conducteurs II-VI et I-III-VI. Tout d'abord, nous montrons qu'il est possible de faire croitre une coque plate de CdS sur des cœurs spheriques de CdSe. La difference de parametre de maille entre les deux materiaux et la geometrie de la coque induisent des effets de pression anisotrope qui modifient la structure fine du premier exciton. Par consequent, l'emission de ces nanocristaux s'affine et devient polarisee a 2D dans le plan de la coque plate. Cette derniere propriete, amplifiee par des effets dielectriques lies a la forme du nanocristal, est verifiee par differentes mesures de polarisation. De plus, ces nanocristaux s'orientent spontanement sur substrat, ce qui permet un controle fin de l'orientation du dipole d'emission. Ensuite, nous presentons la synthese et les proprietes de nanocristaux emettant dans le proche infrarouge et composes d'elements moins toxiques que ceux usuellement utilises dans cette gamme : CuInS2 et CuInSe2. Ces nanocristaux a composition ternaire sont recouverts d'une fine coque de ZnS pour preserver leur fluorescence apres solubilisation en milieu aqueux. Nous montrons que ces sondes fluorescentes peuvent etre utilisees pour l'imagerie in vivo du petit animal.
Is Conservation of Number a Necessary Condition for Mathematical Understanding

Our contention is merely that conservation is a necessary condition for all rational activity, and we are not concerned with whether it is sufficient to account for this activity or to explain the nature of reality. This being so, arithmetical thought is no exception to the rule. A set of collections is only conceivable if it remains unchanged irrespective of the changes occurring in the relationship between the elements. In a word, whether it be a matter of continuous or discontinuous qualities, of quantitative relations perceived in the sensible universe, or of sets and numbers conceived by thought, whether it be a matter of the child's earliest contact with number or the most refined axiomatization of any intuitive system in each and every case, the conservation of something is postulated as a necessary condition for any mathematical understanding. From the psychological point of view, the need for conservation appears then to be a kind of functional a priori of thought. This means that arithmetical notions acquire their structure because of this conservation [p. 3].
Bond-selective photofragmentation of jet-cooled HOD at 193 nm: Vibrationally mediated photochemistry with zero-point excitation

Photofragment yields are reported for supersonically cooled H2O, D2O, and HOD via one photon, 193 nm photolysis in a slit jet expansion, with OH and OD fragments monitored by laser induced fluorescence methods. Detailed analysis of the dependence of OH vs OD photofragment signals on isotopic composition is used to extract relative photolysis cross sections and branching ratios for bond-selective cleavage in HOD, H2O, and D2O samples. Specified relative to the 193 nm cross sections for H2O→H+OH, the ratios are 0.392(20), 0.032(20), and 0.0157(19) for (i) HOD→H+OD, (ii) HOD→D+OH and D2O→D+OD channels, respectively. Specifically, these results indicate a propensity for H–OD vs D–OH bond cleavage in HOD of 12(8):1. This strong H/D isotopic selectivity reflects extreme non-Franck–Condon photolysis out of classically of forbidden regions of the ground-state wave function, i.e., bond-selective photochemistry mediated solely by zero-point vibrational excitation. However, when compared with theoretical predictions.
ON THE REPRESENTATION OF ACTIVITY ARRAYS

A general methodology for empirical investigaiion is described which consists of: (i) the selection of a system on the object of investigation with respect to the purpose and constraints of investigation, (ii) the gathering of data for the system and organizing them in the form of activity arrays, (iii) the processing of the data through which certain time-invariant properties representing the data are determined, (iv) the interpretation of these time-invariant data representations from the standpoint of the purpose of investigation. It is shown that each activity array yields many different representations. A procedure through which the various representations can be obtained is described that consists of: (1) the selection of a mask specifying a pattern for sampling the data, (2) the sampling procedure through which certain types of time-invariant relations are determined for the given mask, (3) the simplification of the time-invariant relations, if necessary or desirable. A basis for the objective comp.
Interaction of Spatial Visualization and General Reasoning Abilities with Instructional Treatment in Quadratic Inequalities: A Follow-Up Study.

This study was the second in a series of investigations dealing with the general problem of aptitude X treatment interactions (ATI) with a learning task of quadratic inequalities. The goal of ATI research is to acquire knowledge of the cognitive processes required by various learning tasks in order that instruction can be adapted to the individual characteristics of the learner. Cronbach (1957) stated that "we should design treatments to fit groups of students with particular aptitude patterns [p. 681]. " This challenge calls for understanding the relationship between aptitudes and instructional treatment in much greater depth than we do now. Several studies have been conducted that have sought to determine the existence of ATI between Ss aptitudes and various instructional treatments in mathematics topics (Carry, 1968; Behr, 1969; King, 1969). However, there have been few follow-up studies on ATI reported. Typically reported studies have been attempts to determine the existence or nonexistence of ATI in a specific content area with selected aptitudes. This study was intended to replicate and to improve on an earlier investigation by Carry (1968). Carry found an interaction between two aptitudes (spatial visualization and general reasoning) and two instructional treatments (graphical and analytical) in quadratic inequalities. However, the finding was not considered sound, since the criterion instrument had very low reliability (a = .14), and the direction of interaction was opposite to theoretical expectation. Modifications of Carry's work included (a) revising the instructional treatments, (b) improving the criterion measures, (c) using a theoretical model developed by Melton (1967) to analyze the instructional treatments with the intent of theoretically clarifying the aptitude x treatment relationship, and (d) choosing four predictor tests, two each for the selected aptitudes. Two of these modifications, (b) and (d), had been recommended by Carry. The use of Melton's model, however, was a later development.
Systematic variations in the wavelength dependence of interstellar linear polarization

New observations of the wavelength dependence of interstellar linear polarization [p(λ)] made to investigate the influence of the environment on the effective size distribution of the aligned polarizing particles are presented. Optical and infrared measurements were obtained simultaneously in eight photometric passbands between U and K, giving a coherent data set for a total of 105 reddened stars. The p(λ) data were modeled using the usual Serkowski relation with three parameters: p max , λ max , and K
The atmospheric cycle of methane

The atmospheric distribution of CH 4 is rather uniform zonally and vertically but exhibits a slight gradient with latitude in the troposphere; in the stratosphere it shows a definite decrease with altitude. The average volume mixing ratio in the troposphere is 1.4 ppm which corresponds to a total amount of 4 × 10 15 g of CH 4 present in the atmosphere. Most is of recent biologic origin. C 14 analyses show that no more than 20% is released by fossil sources. The various ecosystems producing CH 4 are discussed and the total annual production is estimated to lie between 5.5 × 10 14 g/yr and 11 × 10 14 g/yr. The corresponding turnover times for atmospheric CH4 range from 4 to 7 yr. The destruction of CH 4 takes place mainly in the troposphere, most probably through the reaction CH 4 + OH ? CH 3 + H 2 O. About 10% of the CH 4 is destroyed in the stratosphere. The CH 4 cycle is strongly coupled to the H 2 and CO cycles and contributes also on the order of 1% to the atmospheric carbon cycle. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974. tb01952.x
The Art of Titration. From Classical End Points to Modern Differential and Dynamic Analysis

Titration represents the quantitative determination of a chemical change in response to the variation in concentration of a standrad. Information on reaction parameters is usually obtained from an analysis of the shape of the titration curve. In this paper the derivatives of titration functions with respect to concentration variables and with respect to equilibrium parameters are compared with one another. The latter can be determined directly from amplitudes and time constants of the dynamic responses to equilibrium perturbations, brought about by fast alterations of temperature, pressure or electirc field. Three general situations have to be distinguished: 1. If the interaction is very strong (i.e. the complex stability is high: K ∞), the (average) number of sample praticles can be counted directly by means of their reaction with a calibrated number of standard particles. —2. If, on the contrary, the interaction is weak (i.e. the complex stability is low), the sample will react quantitatively only in the presence of a large excess of standard; the half-way point of which provides a direct measure of the binding constant. —3. Only for moderate interactions can individual curves characteristic of the binding strength be observed. The limiting cases 1 and 2 yield titration curves which reflect only the general class to which the system belongs. The dynamical procedures are fairly insensitive in case 1, which represents the classical end-point situation and is most suitable for quantitative anlaysis, i.e. for a determination of sample concentrations. For case 2, the classical and dynamical techniques yield comparable information: mass-action parameters are obtained from the extrema of the curves, which occur only in the presence of an excess of the standard. In case 3 the dynamical treatment provides a more direct access to the equilibrium constants, and also to the enthalpies or volumes of reaction as well as to the rate constants. The advantage of the dynamic method is due to the fact that in the two derivatives of the titration function d Ti/d ln q and d Ti/d ln p (where q is the titration variable, i.e. the ratio of standard and sample concentration, and p the mass-action parameter, i.e. a reduced binding constant) the terms resulting from a differentiation with respect to p are more closely related to the reaction parameters than those following from a variation of q. The dynamic analysis is generalized for applications to multiple-step titration processes, where it allows for the measurement fo equilibrium and rate parameters of individual steps. A uniform representation utilizing trigonometric functions was chosen which expresses clearly the singualr character of the end-point. The relations are summarized intabular form. They provide in conjunction with the illustrations the basis for a comparative discussion.
PD-L1 expression is associated with higher residual cancer burden in triple-negative breast cancers with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

The consequences of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for PD-L1 activity in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are not well understood. This is an important issue as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are undergoing rapid development and could be beneficial in patients who do not achieve a pathological complete response. We used immunohistochemistry to assess PD-L1 expression (E1L3N clone, cutoff for positivity: [≥] 1%) on both tumor (PD-L1-TC) and immune cells (PD-L1-IC) from a cohort of surgical specimens of T1-T3NxM0 TNBCs treated with NAC. PD-L1-TC was detected in 17 cases (19.1%) and PD-L1-IC in 14 cases (15.7%). None of the baseline characteristics of the tumor or the patient were associated with PD-L1 positivity, except for pre-NAC stromal TIL levels, which were higher in post-NAC PD-L1-TC-positive than in negative tumors. PD-L1-TC were significantly associated with a higher residual cancer burden (p=0.035) and aggressive post-NAC tumor characteristics, whereas PD-L1-IC were not. PD-L1 expression was not associated with DFS (p=0.38) or OS (p=0.48), but high Ki67 levels after NAC were strongly associated with a poor prognosis (DFS p=0.0014 and OS p=0.001). A small subset of TNBC patients displaying PD-L1 expression in the context of an extensive post-NAC tumor burden could benefit from ICI treatment after standard NAC.
Application of magnesite–bentonite clay composite as an alternative technology for removal of arsenic from industrial effluents

This study evaluated the feasibility of integrating amorphous magnesite and bentonite clay (composite) as an alternative technology for removing arsenic from industrial effluents. The removal of arsenic from industrial effluents by using magnesite–bentonite clay composite was carried out in batch mode. The effects of equilibration time, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, and pH on removal of arsenic were investigated. The experiments demonstrated that ≈100% arsenic removal is optimum at 30 minutes of agitation, 2 g of adsorbent dosage (2 g: 100 mL, S/L ratio), and 20 mg L−1 of arsenic concentration. The adsorption data fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, hence proving monolayer and multilayer adsorption. The kinetic studies revealed that the data fitted better to a pseudo-second-order reaction than to a pseudo-first-order reaction, hence proving chemisorption. At optimized conditions, the composite was able to remove arsenic to below World Health Organization water quality guidelines, hence depicting that the composite is effective and efficient in removing arsenic from contaminated water. Based on that, this comparative study proves that the composite is a promising adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for arsenic and can be a suitable substitute for the conventional treatment methods.
Nitrous oxide emission potential of 21 acidic tea field soils in Japan

Abstract The nitrous oxide (N2O) emission potential of 21 acidic tea field soils in Japan was evaluated using a laboratory incubation method. The range of pH values of the soils was 6.26–2.96, and 17 of the 21 soils were strongly acidified below pH 5.0 due to long-term heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer. The N20 emission potential ranged from 0.001 to 1.463 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1. There was a negative exponential relationship between the soil pH value and N2O emission potential. The application of more than 1,000 kg N ha-1 y-1 of nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhanced the N2O emission potential of acidic tea field soils.
Binary Classication Tree for Multiclass Classication with Observation-based Clustering

Many classification techniques are originally designed to solve a binary problem, but practically many classification problems involve more than two classes. A multiclass problem can be decomposed into binary sub-problems, each solved by a binary classifier. Aside from using one-against-one (OAO) or one-against-all (OAA) decomposition scheme, an ensemble of binary classifiers can be constructed hierarchically. In this study, we focus in multiclass classification with a binary classification tree and propose a new approach in splitting a top-down tree by grouping observations into two clusters with k-mean clustering. Unlike a traditional class-clustering approach, this observation-based algorithm allows one class to appear in two meta-classes so it can be examined in both sub-trees. A data cleaning process is also performed to avoid insignificant tree splits. The experiment shows how our proposed algorithm (BCTOB) performed on different data sets, compared with other binary classification tree algorithms. Then advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm are discussed.