Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Technique of Software Clone Detection based on Evaluation Parameters

Code clones are novel subtle way to deal with issues pertaining from one territory module to another fragment or module. They are increasing the rate of peril in bug duplication within each code that has a copy, whenever there was a bug in wellspring of clone. The clone in code is equivalent to or indistinct code in the original source code that is made either by reproduction or a couple of changes. Clone is an indefatigable sort of programming reuses that effect on help of enormous programming. Till now, the researchers have underlined on perceiving type 1, type 2, and type 3 sort of clones. The present code clone area devices are utilized to perceive source code cloning present within them. Throughout this paper, a review is done on programming clone area to assess cross breed strategy subject to various parameters. Rather than using single technique on the code, creamer methodology is being used, suggests two strategies are being solidified together. We can achieve increasingly essential adequacy, higher accuracy and execution for code clone recognizable proof as opposed to using single strategy.
DNA polymerase δ: gene sequences from Plasmodium falciparum indicate that this enzyme is more highly conserved than DNA polymerase α

Genes encoding proteins homologous to the catalytic subunits of DNA polymerase alpha and delta have been cloned from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These are among the first cellular replicative DNA polymerase genes to be cloned and their sequences allow us to make new statements about the relative degrees of conservation of these two enzymes. The most important finding was that P. falciparum Pol delta showed considerable homology to the only other Pol delta enzyme for which published sequence is available, that of S. cerevisiae, displaying an overall amino acid identity of 45% and identity over a highly conserved central region of 59%. In contrast, the level of identity shown over the equivalent central region of Pol alpha between the P. falciparum and S. cerevisiae sequences is only 32%. The sequence data also allowed us to examine the degree of conservation in putative exonuclease domains of Pol delta. The Pol delta gene of P. falciparum maps to chromosome 10 and evidence is presented for the presence of different sized Pol delta mRNA's in the asexual and sexual erythrocytic stages of parasite development.
Analyse comparée des complexes pigment-protéines de chlorophycophytes marines benthiques

Abstract Chl-protein complexes of five species of macroscopic marine Chlorophyta were isolated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. All the major Chl-protein complexes (except LHCP2) of higher plants were identified in: Ulva sp. , Enteromorpha compressa, Codium fragile, Bryopsis plumosa and Ulva olivascens. Some supplementary pigment bands that are likely to be associated to the light harvesting PS I complex were observed in some of these species. LHCP was the main Chl-protein complex in all species. Its Chla/Chlb ratio was always less than 1. Thus, a relatively large amount of light-harvesting complexes possessing a high content of Chlb was a characteristic of green seaweeds in contrast to higher plants. Furthermore, according to the nature of xanthophylls, two kinds of light-harvesting complexes were found in green seaweeds: a lutein-Chla/Chlb-protein complex and a siphonaxanthin-Chla/Chlb-protein complex. All of these pigment characteristics show how important the light-harvesting function is for seaweeds.
GCPMED 2018

This paper analyzes prospects for economic development of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the context of the Paris climate agreement in 2015. On the basis of data on the non-renewable resources’ potential, economic growth rates, as well as the characteristics of the equipment and technology is evaluated the ability to move the region towards a low carbon economy and green growth. Activation of investment inflow can be conducted through fragmentation of its goals and creating pool of investment project on the level of regions and municipalities. Example of Russia and other countries confirms that existing structure of regional industrial complexes not only stipulates type and tempo of economic development, but also predetermines high environmental footprint and emerging of a set of environmental problems not only in regions but in national economy as well. The paper shows that pollutant emission from stationary and movable sources, increasing level of anthropogenic threat through aging of main means of production, buildup and accumulation of waste product and consumption residual, lack of efficient management system for quality of the environment – are significant factors that limit rate of socio-economic development of regional economic complex. The authors have substantiated a number of proposals to help improving the resistibility of socio-economic and ecological systems of the Republic of Bashkortostan, including economic diversification and sustainable governance of natural resources in the region. Transition from narrow ecological reading to a broad understanding of environmental policy. © 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.UK
Pest Pressure and Recombination Systems in Plants

An open recombination system would be of immediate and manifest value to plant species experiencing pathogen and pest pressures which are intense, systematic, and capable of redirection in the event the host alters its defensive posture. These pressures are most important in climax communities, well exemplified in the tropics and on ancient islands, where open recombination prevails and is promoted. The simple genetic bases for host resistance and pathogen or pest virulence, the vulnerability of species with restricted recombinations to disease epidemics and pest outbreaks, and the ability of pathogens and pests to rapidly evolve resistance to new natural or synthetic biocides provide the empirical superstructure for postulating why the genomes of K-selected species do not congeal.
Synthesis and characterization of novel cationic SCB hemicelluloses with a low degree of substitution

Novel cationic hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse were synthesized by quaternization with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHMAC) using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in aqueous ethanol solution. The parameters including the molar ratio of NaOH/CHMAC (0.8–2.0), the molar ratio of CHMAC to anhydroxylose units in hemicelluloses (0.5–3.0), reaction time (0.5– 2.5 h), and reaction temperature (50–80 °C) were optimized and the extent of quaternization was measured by yield and degree of substitution (DS). A CHMAC/hemicellulose molar ratio of 1.0 and a NaOH/CHMAC molar ratio of 1.2 were found to be an optimum condition for the reaction to proceed smoothly and to yield a product with an expected DS. The structure of the cationic hemicellulosic derivative was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as well as thermal analysis. It was found that the thermal stability and weight-average molecular weight of modiWed hemicelluloses decreased after chemical modiWcation. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Energy and mass balance of a closed-type transplant production system (Part 3). Carbon dioxide balance.

The CO2 balance of a closed-type transplant production system with artificial lighting was investigated. Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam cv. Beniazuma) p1ants were grown for 15 days at photosynthetic photon flux on the tray surface of 100,200 and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 on days 0-2,3-11 and 12-14, air temperature of 30°C, CO2 concentration of 1000μmol mol-1, relative humidity of 80/100% (photoperiod/dark period) inside the system and photoperiod of 16hd-1. The CO2 concentration inside the system during dark period was increased with time because of the respiration of plants. The daily amount of supplied CO2 on day 14 was 10 times larger than on day 1 due to the increasing in net photosynthesis of the plants with passage of days. The amounts of supplied CO2, assimilated CO2 by the plants through net photosynthesis and released CO2 by ventilation to the outside during 15 days were 6.1,5.6 and O.5 mol m-2, respectively. These results show that the CO2 utilization efficiency is more than 7-30 times higher in the closed type transplant production system than in the open type system(i. e. greenhouse),and the closed-type transplant production system is profitable for minimizing the amount of supplied CO2 in plant/transplant production.
Co‐permeability of 3H‐labelled water and 14C‐labelled organic acids across isolated Prunus laurocerasus cuticles: effect of temperature on cuticular paths of diffusion

Co-permeability of 3H-labelled water and 14C-labelled benzoic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid across isolated cuticular membranes of Prunus laurocerasus L. was measured at temperatures ranging from 15 to 50 °C. The water and benzoic acid permeances were highly correlated over the whole temperature range investigated, whereas water and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid permeances were only correlated between 15 and 30 °C. The activation energies of cuticular permeability calculated from Arrhenius plots were 40 kJ mol−1 for water and benzoic acid and 115 kJ mol−1 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The slopes of the Arrhenius plots of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were linear between 15 and 50 °C, whereas pronounced phase transitions around 30 °C were observed for water and benzoic acid permeability. However, with isolated polymer matrix membranes, where cuticular waxes forming the transport-limiting barrier of cuticles have been extracted, phase transitions were not observed for water and benzoic acid. It is concluded that temperatures above 30 °C caused structural changes in the transport-limiting barrier of the cuticles leading to additional paths of diffusion for water and benzoic acid but not for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α promote the transformation of human immortalised mesothelial cells by erionite

Asbestos fails to induce the transformation of human mesothelial cells in vitro although it has been known as a potential carcinogen to human mesothelial cells. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are major cytokines released by macrophages after inhalation of asbestos. These cytokines can regulate mesothelial cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we used the growth in soft agar as an index of transformation and investigated the role of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha during the process of human mesothelial cell carcinogenesis. Both IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were demonstrated to enhance erionite-induced transformation of the immortalised, non-tumorigenic human mesothelial cell line (MeT-5A) in vitro. The MeT-5A cells could only be transformed when the cells were exposed to a combination of cytokines and erionite, or at least two cytokines together without erionite, for at least 4 months in vitro. The findings presented here suggest that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha play a significant role in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma, and that it might be desirable to block or inhibit cytokine secretion in high risk populations to prevent mesothelioma.
Reducing effect of dietary anacardic acid on body fat pads in rats

We have previously shown that anacardic acid has an uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria using succinate as a substrate (Toyomizu et al. 2000). In the present study, in order to clarify whether or not anacardic acid could be used advantageously as a special feed/food supplement to reduce fat deposition through the uncoupling action, two sets of experiments were conducted to determine quantitatively the effect of dietary anacardic acid (0.1% w/w) supplementation. More specifically, effects on growth, feed efficiency, fattening, and levels of several constituents of blood serum in rats fed normal and low protein–high carbohydrate (CHO) diets were examined. There were no significant differences in bodyweight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency among the experimental groups. For the total fat pad content, including inguinal and epididymal fat, significant interaction was shown between both treatments: dietary anacardic acid at 0.1% w/w significantly decreased the total fat pad content in rats fed the CHO diet, but not in rats fed the normal diet. Weights of heart, spleen and brown adipose tissue were not affected by either the dietary treatment or anacardic acid, while both liver and kidney weights decreased with feeding of anacardic acid at 0.1% w/w, but were not affected by the CHO diet. Anacardic acid supplementation in the diet had no effect on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase or lactate dehydrogenase levels, suggesting that the dysfunction of liver or kidney may not be induced by dietary anacardic acid. The results of the present study reveal a unique function of anacardic acid in that, for dietary conditions enhancing body fat deposition, that is consumption of a diet high in carbohydrates, dietary anacardic acid has the potential to decrease body fat deposition. A possible mechanism for differences observed in anacardic acid-induced regulation of body fat pad content between rats fed the normal and CHO diets, based on uncoupling action of anacardic acid on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, is discussed.
Leptin stimulates phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the vascular wall: role of ErbB receptors

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate which then activates multiple intracellular signaling proteins such as protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), etc. PI3K is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell contractility, migration and proliferation - processes crucial for the pathogenesis of hypertension, atherosclerosis and restenosis. Increased leptin concentration in the metabolic syndrome contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, but the effect of leptin on vascular smooth muscle cells is controversial. We examined the effect of experimentally induced hyperleptinemia on PI3K activity in the rat aortic media in adult male Wistar rats. Leptin, administered for 10 days in increasing dose (from 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg every 12 hours), increased PI3K activity in the aortic media about 5-fold. The effect of leptin was markedly attenuated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, AG1478, as well as by the ErbB2 receptor inhibitor, AG825. In addition, leptin increased tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB2, which was abolished by either AG1478 or AG825. These results indicate that hyperleptinemia increases the activity of vascular ErbB2 receptor in EGFR-dependent manner. In addition, both EGFR and ErbB2 contribute to PI3K stimulation by leptin. Activation of ErbB2 and PI3K may contribute to detrimental effects of leptin on vascular contractility and remodeling and may be involved, at least in part, in the relationship between metabolic syndrome and increased risk of vascular restenosis after angioplasty. Adipobiology 2011; 3: 53-59.
Dose dependency of FISH-detected translocations in stable and unstable cells after 137Cs γ irradiation of human lymphocytes in vitro

Human peripheral lymphocytes were exposed to 137Cs γ-rays (0–4.3 Gy) in order to check the impact of unstable cells on the dose-response curve for translocations. Chromosomes 2, 4 and 8 were FISH-painted. 17,720 first dividing cells were analysed. For the discrimination between stable and unstable cells the painted and the counter-stained chromosomes were analysed at doses of 1 Gy and higher. The cell distribution of translocations follows a Poisson distribution. The data were fitted to the linear-quadratic function, y = c + αD + βD2. As expected, the α coefficients of the dose-response curves for translocations in stable cells or in total cells do not differ. However, at doses >1 Gy, the frequency of all translocations in stable cells seems to be lower than the frequency in total cells. For the establishment of calibration curves for past dose assessment purposes, only complete translocations should be scored, in order to estimate reliable doses.
Absorção de água pelas plantas: água disponível versus extraível e a produtividade das culturas

An important issue to understanding the effect of water shortage on crop yield is how crops balance the supply of water from the soil to match the demand for water from the atmosphere. Supply is determined by the crop ability to utilise the stored soil water and, demand, on the other hand, is determined by a combination of metereological factors interacting with the crop canopy. Different criteria have been used to determine the timing and duration of water deficits despite the abundant literature available. Much attention has been given to the quantification of crop water consumption in different stages of development. However, considerations about the total amount of plant water available (extractable) in the soil profile to affect plant growth and development have recieved little attention. A discussion of water extraction must first consider the problem of accurately defining the limits to soil water availability. This review presents a critical analysis of the limitations usually encountered in using the limits concept of soil water availability. The relationship between water available and extractable is analysed based on results of transpiration rates and fraction of available water, depth of water extraction and, extraction per unit soil depth.
Heterosynaptic cross-talk of pre- and postsynaptic strengths along segments of dendrites

Dendrites are crucial for integrating incoming synaptic information. Individual dendritic branches are thought to constitute a signal processing unit, yet how neighbouring synapses shape the boundaries of functional dendritic units are not well understood. Here we addressed the cellular basis underlying the organization of the strengths of neighbouring Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses by optical quantal analysis and spine size measurements. Inducing potentiation at clusters of spines produced NMDA receptor-dependent heterosynaptic plasticity. The direction of postsynaptic strength change showed distance-dependency to the stimulated synapses where proximal synapses predominantly depressed whereas distal synapses potentiated; potentiation and depression were regulated by CaMKII and calcineurin, respectively. By contrast, heterosynaptic presynaptic plasticity was confined to weakening of presynaptic strength of nearby synapses, which required CaMKII and the retrograde messenger nitric oxide. Our findings highlight the parallel engagement of multiple signalling pathways, each with characteristic spatial dynamics in shaping the local pattern of synaptic strengths.
A meta‐analysis of elevated [CO2] effects on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, growth and yield

The effects of elevated [CO2] on 25 variables describing soybean physiology, growth and yield are reviewed using meta‐analytic techniques. This is the first meta‐analysis to our knowledge performed on a single crop species and summarizes the effects of 111 studies. These primary studies include numerous soybean growth forms, various stress and experimental treatments, and a range of elevated [CO2] levels (from 450 to 1250 p.p.m.), with a mean of 689 p.p.m. across all studies. Stimulation of soybean leaf CO2 assimilation rate with growth at elevated [CO2] was 39%, despite a 40% decrease in stomatal conductance and a 11% decrease in Rubisco activity. Increased leaf CO2 uptake combined with an 18% stimulation in leaf area to provide a 59% increase in canopy photosynthetic rate. The increase in total dry weight was lower at 37%, and seed yield still lower at 24%. This shows that even in an agronomic species selected for maximum investment in seed, several plant level feedbacks prevent additional investment in reproduction, such that yield fails to reflect fully the increase in whole plant carbon uptake. Large soil containers (> 9 L) have been considered adequate for assessing plant responses to elevated [CO2]. However, in open‐top chamber experiments, soybeans grown in large pots showed a significant threefold smaller stimulation in yield than soybeans grown in the ground. This suggests that conclusions about plant yield based on pot studies, even when using very large containers, are a poor reflection of performance in the absence of any physical restriction on root growth. This review supports a number of current paradigms of plant responses to elevated [CO2]. Namely, stimulation of photosynthesis is greater in plants that fix N and have additional carbohydrate sinks in nodules. This supports the notion that photosynthetic capacity decreases when plants are N‐limited, but not when plants have adequate N and sink strength. The root : shoot ratio did not change with growth at elevated [CO2], sustaining the charge that biomass allocation is unaffected by growth at elevated [CO2] when plant size and ontogeny are considered.
VARIATION IN NECTAR SUGAR COMPOSITION AT THE INTRAPLANT LEVEL IN IPOMOPSIS LONGIFLORA (POLEMONIACEAE)

The nectar sugar composition of individual flowers from single plants in both greenhouse and field populations was determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Intraplant variability in nectar sugar composition of greenhouse-grown plants was significantly greater than can be attributed to the analytical methodology. Individual greenhouse-grown plants had significantly different sugar compositions, suggesting genetic differences. Under field conditions the situation was complex. Variation among flowers from single plants in field populations was significantly greater than that of plants under greenhouse conditions. Unprotected flowers of some field populations were more variable at the intraplant level than others. Field experiments showed that, in untreated (open-visited) flowers, the percent sucrose relative to other sugars declined significantly and coefficients of variability increased significantly with flower age. However, nectars never exposed to the natural environment did not change significantly with flower age. Further, within single plants it was found that percent sucrose in nectars varied in a small but significant way during the growing season. The data suggest that, in this species, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect nectar sugar composition and it is desirable to obtain samples from numerous flowers to accurately characterize the nectar sugar composition of an individual under field conditions.
Revealing the factors that promote speciation

What biological attributes of organisms promote speciation, and ultimately, species diversity? This question has a long history of interest, with proposed diversity promoters including attributes such as sexual selection, ecological specialism and dispersability. However, such ideas are difficult to test because the time–scale of processes involved is too great for direct human observation and experimentation. An increasingly powerful solution is to investigate diversity patterns among extant groups to infer the nature of processes operating during the evolution of those groups. This approach relies on the use of robust, phylogenetically based null models to overcome some of the problems inherent in observational inference. We illustrate this area by (i) discussing recent advances in identifying correlates of diversity among higher taxa, and (ii) proposing new methods for analysing patterns in species–level phylogenies, drawing examples from a wide range of organisms.