Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dental Implant Length and Diameter: A Proposed Classification Scheme

PURPOSE To propose a length-and-diameter-based classification scheme for dental implants to standardize terminology in the dental literature and communication between interested parties. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was mainly based on searching two major resources: published scientific research papers and 14 of the most popular dental implant manufacturers. Indexed databases were searched from January 2004 up to and including February 2016 using the keywords "dental implant length" and "dental implant diameter. " Retrieved titles and abstracts were screened, and related full-text articles were reviewed. Full-text articles that clearly stated the terms and measurements of implants used were included and considered for proposing this classification scheme. RESULTS The initial search for implant diameter and length yielded 1007 and 936 articles, respectively. A total of 85 studies (41 about diameter, 44 about length) were selected and reviewed. The remaining studies (966 about diameter, 892 about length) that did not abide by the eligibility criteria were excluded. The terms "long," "short," "standard," "wide," and "narrow" were the most commonly used terms in the literature. A classification scheme for implants by diameter and length was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Indexed publications contain a variety of terms used by authors to describe diameter and length of dental implants without conformity and standardization. The classification scheme proposed in this article could serve as a reference for interested parties.
Does evening sun increase the risk of skin cancer?

Circadian clocks are time tracking systems for all organisms, including mammals, to adjust to the day/night cycle in regard to physiological behaviors. Usually, a 24-h periodicity is observed in the rhythms of mammals related to feeding, sleep and other behaviors. However, the cycle can also be reset by light or other external signals. Circadian regulation involves a central clock in the hypothalamus and peripheral clocks located in most mammalian tissues (1). Circadian regulation has been observed in a vast array of genes involved in cell cycle and growth, metabolism, survival, and DNA damage responses. In mammals, circadian oscillation of specific genes has been observed in most but not all organs. Sancar and coworkers showed that UV damage repair in mammals via the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is regulated by circadian rhythm (2). The UV part of the solar spectrum is relatively small but has profound impact on human health, primarily because of the damage UV photons cause to the genome (3). UV causes multiple damages in DNA bases, the predominant among which are pyrimidine photoproducts (PPs) including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) PPs (4). These lesions in the genome block replication (and transcription) and are highly toxic. Several specialized DNA translesion synthesis polymerases replicate these photoproducts (5) without using normal base pairing and often induce mutations at the photoproduct sites. Such mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and PTEN could lead to melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers (6, 7).
Immune‐electron microscopy of “T” cells in large plaque parapsoriasis

The term parapsoriasis encompasses a group of unrelated conditions with a variety of characteristic clinical manifestations (Everett & Headington 1978). An interface lymphocytic infiltrate often forms a significant component of the histopathological pictuie in these conditions (Everett & Headington ; 1978), and at least one variant (large plaque atrophic parapsoriasis), may terminate in mycosis fungoides (Samman 1972). The preidominantly "T" cell nature of the infiltrates in mycosis fungoides has been established by " E " rosette formation on cells extracted from eutaneous infiltrates (Edelson et al. 1972, Tan et al. 1975). The demonstration that human "T" lymphocytes possessed a specific surface antigen (Smith et al. 1973) which has been named H. T. L. A. (Tourraine et al. 1974) (Human "T" Lymphocyte Antigen) led to the development of specific heteroantisera suitable for the immunological identifieation of "T" eells (Tourraine et al. 1974). "T" cells express this antigen at an earlier stage of the differentiation process than their capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (Tourraine et al. 1977). Identification of "T" cells by anti H. T. L. A. would therefore seem to be particularly suitable for the investigation of lymphomas and prelymphomatous conditions where more primitive cells of the "T" lineage may be present. The predominantly "T" cell nature of mycosis fungoides has been confirmed by light microscopy using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique with anti-H.T. L.A. (Sehmitt 1979, Chu & MacDonald 1979). This technique has the advantage of potential demonstration of antigens at ultrastructural level (Petts & Roitt 1971). Its application in immuno-electron microscopy has also confirmed the "T" cells nature of mycosis fungoides (Chuet al. 1980). The potentially pre-malignant nature of atrophic large plaque parapsoriasis seems to warrant investigations of a similar kind in order to further characterize the cell populations involved and possibly divide this condi-
Difference of perceptions and evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder patients across psychiatrists internationally

Background: Many studies have suggested that major depressive disorder (MDD) is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. Despite this, guidance addressing assessment of cognitive dysfunction in MDD is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine psychiatrists’ perceptions and evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in routine practice in MDD patients across different countries. Method: A total of 61 psychiatrists in the US, Germany, France, Spain, Hong Kong, and Australia participated in an online survey about perceptions of cognitive dysfunction in MDD patients, evaluation of cognition and instruments used in cognitive evaluation. Results: Most psychiatrists reportedly relied on patient history interviews for cognitive evaluation (83% in France and approximately 60% in the USA, Germany, Australia and Hong Kong). The remainder used a cognitive instrument or a combination of cognitive instrument and patient history interview for assessment. Of those using instruments for cognitive assessment, only nine named instruments that were appropriate for cognitive evaluation. The remainder reported other clinical measures not intended for cognitive evaluation. Conclusions: Overall, psychiatrists in routine clinical practice value the assessment of cognitive in MDD. However, there is a lack of standardization in these assessments and misconceptions regarding proper assessment.
Prospective weight change and colon cancer risk in male US health professionals

Epidemiological studies are remarkably consistent, especially among men, in showing that overweight and obesity [body mass index (BMI) >25] are associated with increased risk of colon cancer. However, no prospective studies address the influence of weight change in adulthood on subsequent colon cancer risk. In this study, we investigated whether weight change influences colon cancer risk utilizing prospectively collected weight data. We included 46,349 men aged 40–75 participating in the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study. Questionnaires including items on weight were completed every second year during follow‐up from 1986 to 2004. Updated weight change between consecutive questionnaires during follow‐up and recalled weight gain since age 21 was evaluated. All eligible men were cancer‐free at baseline. Proportional hazard and restricted spline regression models were implemented. Over an 18‐year period, we documented 765 cases of colon cancer. Cumulative mean BMI >22.5 was associated with significantly increased risk of colon cancer. The short‐term weight change in the prior 2 to 4 years was positively and significantly associated with risk [HR = 1.14 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.29) for 4.54 kg (10 pounds) increment, p = 0.04 for overall trend]. Weight gain per 10 years since age 21 was associated with significantly increased risk [HR = 1.33 (1.12–1.58) for 4.54 kg increase per 10 years, p = 0.001]. We estimated that 29.5% of all colon cancer cases was attributable to BMI above 22.5. Our results add support that overweight and obesity are modifiable risk factors for colon cancer among men and suggest that weight has an important influence on colon cancer risk even in later life. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does glutamine act as a substrate for transamination reactions in the liver of fed and fasted sheep?

The present study investigated the relative importance of glutamine as a transamination source in the ovine liver by examination of the labelling of amino acids (AA) in the hepatic free pool, mixed liver and plasma proteins of fed and fasted sheep, following infusion of isotopically-labelled glutamine. In a cross-over design four sheep were either fasted for 3 d or fed to 1·2×energy maintenance and finally euthanased. At each intake, the sheep were infused for 6 h with [2-15N]glutamine (150 μmol/h) and samples of total plasma protein isolated. Following the terminal infusion, liver tissue total proteins were prepared and hydrolysed and 15N-enrichments in seventeen AA were determined by GC–combustion–isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. All AA were enriched (relative to natural abundance) except lysine and threonine, with the lowest enrichments in phenylalanine and histidine. There was no effect of the fed v. fasted state, except for leucine and isoleucine in liver protein (P<0·05). Enrichments in liver protein were greater than in plasma protein (P<0·01, except proline) and probably reflect the faster turnover rate of hepatic constitutive proteins compared with export proteins. Amination to methionine was greater than that to phenylalanine (P<0·01), suggesting a mechanism for preferentially protecting the former. This factor could be important for ruminant production, as methionine is often considered to be the first limiting AA for animals offered certain silages and conserved forages. Enrichments in all AA (except for glutamine, alanine and aspartate) were less than that for glutamate (P<0·01), and thus transaminations may have occurred with glutamine directly or via glutamate, following the action of hepatic glutaminase.
Entropy based annealing approach to fuzzy c-means clustering and its interpolation

The deterministic annealing (DA) and simulated annealing (SA) methods are well combined as DASA. By regularizing the fuzzy c-means method with the fuzzy entropy, the Fermi-Dirac distribution function, well known in statistical mechanics, is obtained as a membership function, and, while optimizing its parameters by SA, the minimal of the Helmholtz free energy for fuzzy c-means clustering is searched by DA. Since shapes of membership functions obtained by DASA are very rough, it is important to interpolate them. Thus, interpolation is introduced to DASA and shows its effectiveness by a numerical experiment.
The impact of interviewer variability in an epidemiological survey

Synopsis One of the principal sources of error in data collected from structured interviews with respondents is the method of measurement or observation itself. In this paper the differential impact of each of a group of interviewers on the responses obtained in an epidemiological survey is examined. The effect is measured and its impact on the interpretation of individual responses, scale scores and model fitting is shown.
Tissue-binding affinity of Proteus mirabilis fimbriae in the human urinary tract

Binding characteristics of the two major fimbrial hemagglutinin types of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis were determined in frozen sections of human kidney and in exfoliated uroepithelial cells. P. mirabilis 3087, which expresses the MR/P fimbriae, adhered avidly to the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney and also to the epithelial cells of urinary sediment. No adhesion to glomerular or peritubular elements of the kidney was detected. Indirect immunogold silver staining also showed that the purified MR/P fimbriae recognized the same kidney domains. Adhesion of strain 3087 to uroepithelial cells was completely inhibited by Fab fragments of antibodies against the purified MR/P fimbriae. A completely different tissue-binding pattern was exhibited by the MR/K fimbriae of P. mirabilis 2456. In the kidney, the MR/K fimbriae bound strongly to the Bowman's capsule of the glomeruli and to the tubular basement membranes. A weak binding to glomerular mesangium and tubular epithelial cells was also seen. Strain 2456 did not adhere to epithelial cells of urinary sediment. Analysis of normal human urine showed that it contains low-molecular-weight molecules capable of inhibiting the binding of the MR/P fimbriae; no urinary inhibitors could be detected for the MR/K fimbriae. Poor in vivo binding capacity to intact human uroepithelial cells may be an important factor in explaining the relatively low pathogenicity of P. mirabilis in healthy hosts.
Electrocardiogram signal quality measures for unsupervised telehealth environments

The use of telehealth paradigms for the remote management of patients suffering from chronic conditions has become more commonplace with the advancement of Internet connectivity and enterprise software systems. To facilitate clinicians in managing large numbers of telehealth patients, and in digesting the vast array of data returned from the remote monitoring environment, decision support systems in various guises are often utilized. The success of decision support systems in interpreting patient conditions from physiological data is dependent largely on the quality of these recorded data. This paper outlines an algorithm to determine the quality of single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings obtained from telehealth patients. Three hundred short ECG recordings were manually annotated to identify movement artifact, QRS locations and signal quality (discrete quality levels) by a panel of three experts, who then reconciled the annotation as a group to resolve any discrepancies. After applying a published algorithm to remove gross movement artifact, the proposed method was then applied to estimate the remaining ECG signal quality, using a Parzen window supervised statistical classifier model. The three-class classifier model, using a number of time-domain features and evaluated using cross validation, gave an accuracy in classifying signal quality of 78.7% (κ = 0.67) when using fully automated preprocessing algorithms to remove gross motion artifact and detect QRS locations. This is a similar level of accuracy to the reported human inter-scorer agreement when generating the gold standard annotation (accuracy = 70–89.3%, κ = 0.54–0.84). These results indicate that the assessment of the quality of single-lead ECG recordings, acquired in unsupervised telehealth environments, is entirely feasible and may help to promote the acceptance and utility of future decision support systems for remotely managing chronic disease conditions.
Mylonitic deformation at the Kane oceanic core complex: Implications for the rheological behavior of oceanic detachment faults

The depth extent, strength, and composition of oceanic detachment faults remain poorly understood because the grade of deformation‐related fabrics varies widely among sampled oceanic core complexes (OCCs). We address this issue by analyzing fault rocks collected from the Kane oceanic core complex at 23°30′N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. A portion of the sample suite was collected from a younger fault scarp that cuts the detachment surface and exposes the interior of the most prominent dome. The style of deformation was assessed as a function of proximity to the detachment surface, revealing a ∼450 m thick zone of high‐temperature mylonitization overprinted by a ∼200 m thick zone of brittle deformation. Geothermometry of deformed gabbros demonstrates that crystal‐plastic deformation occurred at temperatures >700°C. Analysis of the morphology of the complex in conjunction with recent thermochronology suggests that deformation initiated at depths of ∼7 km. Thus we suggest the detachment system extended into or below the brittle‐plastic transition (BPT). Microstructural evidence suggests that gabbros and peridotites with high‐temperature fabrics were dominantly deforming by dislocation‐accommodated processes and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size piezometry yields differential stresses consistent with those predicted by dry‐plagioclase flow laws. The temperature and stress at the BPT determined from laboratory‐derived constitutive models agree well with the lowest temperatures and highest stresses estimated from gabbro mylonites. We suggest that the variation in abundance of mylonites among oceanic core complexes can be explained by variation in the depth of the BPT, which depends to a first order on the thermal structure and water content of newly forming oceanic lithosphere.
Structural changes in the myosin filament and cross‐bridges during active force development in single intact frog muscle fibres: stiffness and X‐ray diffraction measurements

Structural and mechanical changes occurring in the myosin filament and myosin head domains during the development of the isometric tetanus have been investigated in intact frog muscle fibres at 4°C and 2.15 μm sarcomere length, using sarcomere level mechanics and X‐ray diffraction at beamline ID2 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France). The time courses of changes in both the M3 and M6 myosin‐based reflections were recorded with 5 ms frames using the gas‐filled RAPID detector (MicroGap Technology). Following the end of the latent period (11 ms after the start of stimulation), force increases to the tetanus plateau value (T0) with a half‐time of 40 ms, and the spacings of the M3 and M6 reflections (SM3 and SM6) increase by 1.5% from their resting values, with time courses that lead that of force by ∼10 and ∼20 ms, respectively. These temporal relations are maintained when the increase of force is delayed by ∼10 ms by imposing, from 5 ms after the first stimulus, 50 nm (half‐sarcomere)−1 shortening at the velocity (V0) that maintains zero force. Shortening at V0 transiently reduces SM3 following the latent period and delays the subsequent increase in SM3, but only delays the SM6 increase without a transient decrease. Shortening at V0 imposed at the tetanus plateau causes an abrupt reduction of the intensity of the M3 reflection (IM3), whereas the intensity of the M6 reflection (IM6) is only slightly reduced. The changes in half‐sarcomere stiffness indicate that the isometric force at each time point is proportional to the number of myosin heads bound to actin. The different sensitivities of the intensity and spacing of the M3 and M6 reflections to the mechanical responses support the view that the M3 reflection in active muscle originates mainly from the myosin heads attached to the actin filament and the M6 reflection originates mainly from a fixed structure in the myosin filament signalling myosin filament length changes during the tetanus rise.
Cell-free transcription directed by the 422 adipose P2 gene promoter: activation by the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein.

Previous investigations have shown that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) can function as a trans-activator of the promoters of several adipocyte-specific genes--i.e., the 422 adipose P2 (422/aP2), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) genes, in 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes. We now describe a cell-free system prepared from nuclei of 3T3-L1 cells that carries out transcription directed by these promoters. To measure transcript formation, we employed a polymerase chain reaction-assisted analysis. Nuclear extract from 3T3-L1 adipocytes that express C/EBP supports a higher rate of transcription of chimeric 422(aP2) promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene constructs than nuclear extract from preadipocytes that lack C/EBP. A competitor oligonucleotide containing the C/EBP binding site sequence and antibodies raised against C/EBP inhibit transcription directed by the 422(aP2) promoter. The factor limiting transcription by nuclear extract from preadipocytes appears to be C/EBP, since recombinant C/EBP (rC/EBP) markedly activates transcription of the 422(aP2) promoter-CAT gene with preadipocyte extract but not with adipocyte extract. rC/EBP also activates cell-free transcription of SCD1 promoter-CAT and GLUT4 promoter-CAT chimeric genes. Point mutations within the C/EBP binding site in the 422(aP2) promoter markedly decrease transcription activated by rC/EBP. Consistent with activation by cAMP of the 422(aP2) promoter in intact preadipocytes, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activates transcription through this promoter with the cell-free system, this effect being independent of C/EBP. Thus, regulation of transcription directed by the 422(aP2) promoter in the cell-free system resembles that which occurs in intact 3T3-L1 cells.
A probable role for protein synthesis in intestinal epithelial cell damage induced in vivo by cytosine arabinoside, nitrogen mustard, or X-irradiation.

Cell death induced in vivo in the continuously dividing intestinal crypt epithelial cells by 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, nitrogen mustard, or X-irradiation can be prevented by two agents which inhibit protein synthesis: cycloheximide and tenuazonic acid. Both pretreatment and posttreatment (up to 45 min), in doses sufficient to produce an 80% drop in the rate of protein synthesis, are effective. Protection against hydroxyurea-induced cell death is similar but more variable. Our data suggest that, in this system, the active metabolic response of the cell (protein synthesis), to injurious agents, rather than mere passive attrition, is necessary for cell death. While protective to the intestinal crypt epithelium, inhibitors of protein synthesis enhance damage to lymphoid cells. It is suggested that these agents may be useful adjuncts to the X-ray and chemical treatment of lymphomas.
Linkage and Association Studies of Joint Morbidity from Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. To investigate the relationship between genetic variations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility in terms of joint morbidity. Methods. We used data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 15. The Illumina linkage panel IV included 5858 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), with 5744 SNP passing quality control filters. The phenotypic variables analyzed were the level of rheumatoid factor (RF) and score on the Joint Alignment and Motion (JAM) scale. We modified the scale, dividing by RF values relevant to disease severity. Linkage analysis for affected sibling pairs was done using the MERLIN program, and family-based association tests were carried out using PLINK and FBAT software. Results. We found a high peak (LOD = 3.29; NPL Z = 4.07) near the HLA-DRB1 region on chromosome 6. The linkage at 6p24 at rs1410766 [LOD = 2.66; nonparametric linkage (NPL) Z = 3.23] was statistically significant. Two other regions also showed possible linkage peaks: chromosome 7q30 at rs322812 (LOD = 2.47; NPL Z = 3.39) and chromosome 15p34 at rs347117 (LOD = 1.95; NPL Z = 2.80). For the family-based association study, 7 SNP related to clinical RA severity were detected. Conclusion. Genetic variations may lead to an enhanced risk of joint damage and increased levels of RF. Further studies are needed to elucidate the roles of other genes involved in RA and to explore whether the clinical signs of RA are associated with particular genetic variations.