Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quel type de systèmes utiliser pour la transcription automatique du français ? Les HMM font de la résistance (What system for the automatic transcription of French in audiovisual broadcasts ?)

Forts d’une utilisation couronnée de succès en traduction automatique, les systèmes end-to-end dont la sortie réside en une suite de caractères, ont vu leur utilisation étendue à la transcription automatique de la parole. De nombreuses comparaisons ont alors été effectuées sur des corpus anglais libres de droits, de parole lue. Nous proposons ici de réaliser une comparaison entre deux systèmes état de l’art, non pas sur de la parole lue mais bel et bien sur un corpus d’émissions audiovisuelles françaises présentant différents degrés de spontanéité. Le premier est un end-to-end et le second est un système hybride (HMM/DNN). L’obtention de résultats satisfaisants pour le end-to-end nécessitant un lexique et modèle de langage dédiés, il est intéressant de constater qu’une meilleure intégration dans les systèmes hybrides (HMM/DNN) est source de performances supérieures, notamment en Français où le contexte est primordial pour capturer un énoncé.
Outage performance analysis of relay-aided non-orthogonal multiple access networks with energy harvesting schemes

: In this study, the performance of wirelessly powered relay-aided non-orthogonal multiple access networks is investigated in terms of outage probability. Specifically, two relay selection strategies, i.e. two-stage relay selection (TRS) and maximum energy harvesting relay selection (MEHS), and two energy harvesting scenarios, i.e. time switching (TS) and power splitting (PS) are considered. In each setup, outage probabilities' analytical expressions and their asymptotics are derived. Monte-Carlo simulations are also carried out to verify the correctness of the analysis. The results show that regardless of relay selection and energy harvesting strategies, increasing transmit power can improve the proposed system performance. However, TRS can achieve a full diversity order, while MEHS has a unit diversity order. Besides, the results recommend parameter selections of PS and TS coefficients for optimal performance in term of outage probability.
Analysis and mathematical modelling of charge injection effect for efficient performance of CMOS imagers and CDS circuit

Mathematical modelling of non-linearity due to charge injection phenomenon with variation in desired characteristics of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) and correlated double sampling (CDS) circuits is presented. Existing suppression strategies of charge injection effect for CIS and CDS circuits lack in accuracy because of the absence of knowledge of its effect with variation in major device parameters related to switching transistors viz. width (W), length (L), sense node capacitance (Cpd ) and photon current (I ph). Therefore, variations in these parameters under the effect of charge injection have been experimentally studied. Based on the outcomes, it can be concluded that four-parameter logistic regression symmetrical sigmoid function is the best fit for the non-linearity introduced. Also, the devised mathematical model could be utilised as an activation function to train the biological neurons in CIS centred biomedical applications. A brief illustration of the same has been included for electrical stimulation of retinal cells. Further, the higher values of I ph, Cpd and scaling of switching transistors as W min and L > L min can prove effective in reducing the non-linearity. Contrary to previous studies, the higher value of Cpd utilising the normal photodiode found suitable for charge injection suppression in CIS.
Metal controlled nanoscaled dopingless MOSFET on selective/partial buried oxide

In this work, the authors demonstrate the realisation of metal controlled (MC) dopingless (DL) metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) on a selective buried oxide (SELBOX). The different doped regions of the proposed device, such as source/drain and metal partial ground plane, have been realised with different metal work functions and the device is being named as MC-DL-SELBOX-MOSFET. A 2D simulation studies have shown MC-DL-SELBOX-MOSFET can outperform the conventionally doped SELBOX-MOSFET (D-SELBOX-MOSFET) in terms of short channel performance comparison. The severity of short channel effects is significantly less in MC-DL-SELBOX-MOSFET than D-SELBOX-MOSFET and most importantly the proposed device can be scaled below 10 nm without degrading the performance. Further, the ac analysis has shown that transconductance and cut-off frequency of the MC-DL-SELBOX-MOSFET are higher than D-SELBOX-MOSFET. Besides this, MC-DL-SELBOX-MOSFET is unhampered from the doping-related complications and can be processed at low temperatures.
Bond flotation with exotic commodity collateral

Exotic high tech metals such as rare earth oxides, titanium and nickel wire are increasingly important to semi-conductor, aerospace and high end defence technology R & D and production. As a result—while not market traded and therefore sporadic order dependent and highly volatile—prices of these commodities have been rising on average over the past decade. The metals trading subsidiary of an international group acquired over 6 M metres of nickel wire which at the current market price of about 300 EUR per metre is worth over 1.6 B EUR. The firm wished to raise from 300 M to 1B EUR in the capital markets in order to purchase a variety of these high tech metals to take advantage over the medium term (5–10 years) of generally rising prices. After a brief description of the current state of the exotic high tech metals markets, this paper treats the technical pricing and default risk analysis of an example 350 M EUR 7 year amortized corporate bond issue backed by a nickel wire inventory and subsequent high tech metal trading as collateral. Topics covered include security price modelling with high tech metal collateral, the design of 100% risk free securities with third party derivatives and security pricing and trading methodology. The complex stochastic and Monte Carlo simulation analyses presented are based in part on specially developed modelling of the nickel wire catalogue price and third party price projections for rare earth oxides and titanium. This analysis is based on 10 year (2008–2017) daily market data and supports an optimistic view in that after accounting for all ongoing costs we find a zero default probability for the bond issue—a situation seldom seen to accompany its stipulated 12% internal rate of return.
Technetium in the Hydrosphere and in the Geosphere

In the range between pH 3 and pH 9 the sorption ratio Rg of Tc is low under aerobic conditions (about 0.1 to 0.3 ml /g), if presence of H,S is excluded, and it is high under strongly anaerobic conditions (about 10 ml/g at the given concentrations of about 10" mol/1 of Tc). At constant pH, R¡¡ changes drastically near a certain redox potential Eh. EDTA in concentrations of 10~ mol/1 does not influence the sorption ratio R¡¡ of Tc(VII), whereas under anaerobic conditions the attainment of the final sorption ratio is appreciably retarded. Pyrrhotine (Fe¡ -jcS) causes a drastic decrease of the sorption ratio of Tc under aerobic conditions due to its relatively fast hydrolysis and the formation of sparingly soluble T c j S , . Pyrite and magnetite do not affect the sorption ratio of Tc under aerobic conditions.
A differential expression of pyrethroid resistance genes in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus across Uganda is associated with patterns of gene flow

Background Insecticide resistance is challenging the effectiveness of insecticide-based control interventions to reduce malaria burden in Africa. Understanding the molecular basis of insecticides resistance and patterns of gene flow in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus are important steps for designing effective resistance management strategies. Here, we investigated the association between patterns of genetic structure and expression profiles of genes involved in the pyrethroid resistance in An. funestus across Uganda and neighboring Kenya. Methods Blood-fed mosquitoes An. funestus were collected across the four localities in Uganda and neighboring Kenya. A Microarray-based genome-wide transcription analysis was performed to identify the set of genes associated with permethrin resistance. 17 microsatellites markers were genotyped and used to establish patterns of genetic differentiation. Results Microarray-based genome-wide transcription profiling of pyrethroid resistance in four locations across Uganda (Arua, Bulambuli, Lira, and Tororo) and Kenya (Kisumu) revealed that resistance was mainly driven by metabolic resistance. The most commonly up-regulated genes in pyrethroid resistance mosquitoes include cytochrome P450s (CYP9K1, CYP6M7, CYP4H18, CYP4H17, CYP4C36). However, expression levels of key genes vary geographically such as the P450 CYP6M7 [Fold-change (FC) = 115.8 (Arua) vs 24.05 (Tororo) and 16.9 (Kisumu)]. In addition, several genes from other families were also over-expressed including Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases, trypsin, glycogenin, and nucleotide binding protein which probably contribute to insecticide resistance across Uganda and Kenya. Genotyping of 17 microsatellite loci in the five locations provided evidence that a geographical shift in the resistance mechanisms could be associated with patterns of population structure throughout East Africa. Genetic and population structure analyses indicated significant genetic differentiation between Arua and other localities (FST>0.03) and revealed a barrier to gene flow between Arua and other areas, possibly associated with Rift Valley. Conclusion The correlation between patterns of genetic structure and variation in gene expression could be used to inform future interventions especially as new insecticides are gradually introduced.
Proteogenomic Analysis of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas Defines Molecular Subtypes and Identifies Therapeutic Targets

Purpose: Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) has heterogeneous clinical behavior. Currently, all patients are treated uniformly, and no standard-of-care systemic therapy exists for metastatic ACC. We conducted an integrated proteogenomic analyses of ACC tumors to identify dysregulated pathways and propose a classification with therapeutic implications. Experimental Design: RNA/DNA sequencing of 54 flash-frozen salivary ACCs and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) in 38 specimens were performed, with validation by Western blotting and/or IHC. Three independent ACC cohorts were used for validation. Results: Both unbiased RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and RPPA analysis revealed two molecular subtypes: ACC-I (37%) and ACC-II (63%). ACC-I had strong upregulation of MYC, MYC target genes, and mRNA splicing, enrichment of NOTCH-activating mutations, and dramatically worse prognosis. ACC-II exhibited upregulation of TP63 and receptor tyrosine kinases (AXL, MET, and EGFR) and less aggressive clinical course. TP63 and MYC were sufficient to assign tumors to ACC subtypes, which was validated in one independent cohort by IHC and two additional independent cohorts by RNA-seq. Furthermore, IHC staining for MYC and P63 protein levels can be used to identify ACC subtypes, enabling rapid clinical deployment to guide therapeutic decisions. Our data suggest a model in which ACC-I is driven by MYC signaling through either NOTCH mutations or direct amplification, which in turn suppress P63 signaling observed in ACC-II, producing unique therapeutic vulnerabilities for each subtype. Conclusions: Cooccurrence of multiple actionable protein/pathways alterations in each subtype indicates unique therapeutic vulnerabilities and opportunities for optimal combination therapy for this understudied and heterogeneous disease.
Role of Nuclear Claudin-4 in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Claudin-4 (CLDN4) is a tight junction protein to maintain the cancer microenvironment. We recently reported the role of the CLDN4 not forming tight junction in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we investigated the role of CLDN4 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), focusing on CLDN4. CLDN4 expression in 202 RCCs was examined by immunostaining. CLDN4 phosphorylation and subcellular localization were examined using high metastatic human RCC SN12L1 and low metastatic SN12C cell lines. In 202 RCC cases, the CLDN4 expression decreased in the cell membrane and had no correlation with clinicopathological factors. However, CLDN4 was localized in the nucleus in 5 cases (2%), all of which were pT3. Contrastingly, only 6 of 198 nuclear CLDN4-negative cases were pT3. CLDN4 was found in the nuclear fraction of a highly metastatic human RCC cell line, SN12L1, but not in the low metastatic SN12C cells. In SN12L1 cells, phosphorylation of tyrosine and serine residues was observed in cytoplasmic CLDN4, but not in membranous CLDN4. In contrast, phosphorylation of serine residues was observed in nuclear CLDN4. In SN12L1 cells, CLDN4 tyrosine phosphorylation by EphA2/Ephrin A1 resulted in the release of CLDN4 from tight junction and cytoplasmic translocation. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC)-ε phosphorylated the CLDN4 serine residue, resulting in nuclear import. Contrarily, in SN12C cells that showed decreased expression of EphA2/Ephrin A1 and PKCε, the activation of EphA2/EphrinA1 and PKCε induced cytoplasmic and nuclear translocation of CLDN4, respectively. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of CLDN4 promoted the nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) bound to CLDN4, which induced the EMT phenotype. These findings suggest that the release of CLDN4 by impaired tight junction might be a mechanism underlying the malignant properties of RCC. These findings suggest that the release of CLDN4 by impaired tight junction might be one of the mechanisms of malignant properties of RCC.
Molecular and Functional Roles of MicroRNAs in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma—A Review

Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths globally, of which hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major subtype. Viral hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disorders are multiple risk factors for liver cirrhosis and HCC development. Although great therapeutic advances have been made in recent decades, the prognosis for HCC patients remains poor due to late diagnosis, chemotherapy failure, and frequent recurrence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding RNAs that regulate various molecular biological phenomena by suppressing the translation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). miRNAs, which often become dysregulated in malignancy, control cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and development in HCC by promoting or suppressing tumors. Exploring the detailed mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated HCC development and progression can likely improve the outcomes of patients with HCC. This review summarizes the molecular and functional roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC. Further, it elucidates the utility of miRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Responsivity to light in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant mice reveals frequency‐dependent enhancement of visual network excitability

Migraine patients often report (inter)ictal hypersensitivity to light, but the underlying mechanisms remain an enigma. Both hypo‐ and hyperresponsivity of the visual network have been reported, which may reflect either intra‐individual dynamics of the network or large inter‐individual variation in the measurement of human visual evoked potential data. Therefore, we studied visual system responsivity in freely behaving mice using combined epidural electroencephalography and intracortical multi‐unit activity to reduce variation in recordings and gain insight into visual cortex dynamics. For better clinical translation, we investigated transgenic mice that carry the human pathogenic R192Q missense mutation in the α1A subunit of voltage‐gated CaV2.1 Ca2+ channels leading to enhanced neurotransmission and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 in patients. Visual evoked potentials were studied in response to visual stimulation paradigms with flashes of light. Following intensity‐dependent visual stimulation, FHM1 mutant mice displayed faster visual evoked potential responses, with lower initial amplitude, followed by less pronounced neuronal suppression compared to wild‐type mice. Similar to what was reported for migraine patients, frequency‐dependent stimulation in mutant mice revealed enhanced photic drive in the EEG beta‐gamma band. The frequency‐dependent increases in visual network responses in mutant mice may reflect the context‐dependent enhancement of visual cortex excitability, which could contribute to our understanding of sensory hypersensitivity in migraine.
RADIOMIMETIC EFFECTS OF PEROXIDIZING LIPIDS ON NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR BASES

Lipid peroxidation has been identified in a wide variety of pathologies, and a possible role in carcinogenesis is the subject of great current research interest (1)• Although oxidative cell death appears to depend mostly on membrane damage (and cell membrane changes are also important in cellular transformation and the promotion stages of carcinogenesis), we have proposed that lipid peroxidation may also provide a significant linkage between oxygen radical effects in cells and sublethal damage to DNA, perhaps by way of the nuclear membrane (2,3). Persistent mutational or clastogenic sequelae from co-oxidation of DNA and/or chromatin with lipids might then be important with regard to either the initiation or promotion of carcinogenesis* Nonetheless, cause-and-effect relationships directly linking lipid oxidation to DNA-dependent damage in tissues have yet to be established.
B Chromosomes and Cytogenetic Characteristics of the Common Nase Chondrostoma nasus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) are very promising structures, among others, in that they are an additional genomic compartment for evolution. In this study, we tested the presence and frequency of B chromosomes and performed the first cytogenetic examination of the common nase (Chondrostoma nasus). We investigated the individuals from two populations in the Vistula River basin, in Poland, according to the chromosomal distribution of the C-bands and silver nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs), using sequential staining with AgNO3 and chromomycin A3 (CMA3). Furthermore, we analyzed the chromosomal localization of two rDNA families (45S and 5S rDNA) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes. Chondrostoma nasus individuals showed a standard (A) chromosome set consisting of 2n = 50: 12 metacentric, 32 submetacentric, and 6 acrocentric chromosomes (NF = 94). Fourteen out of the 20 analyzed individuals showed 1–2 mitotically unstable submetacentric B chromosomes of different sizes. Six of them, in 14.1% of the analyzed metaphase plates, had a single, medium-sized submetacentric B (Bsm) chromosome (2n = 51) with a heterochromatic block located in its pericentromeric region. The other seven individuals possessed a Bsm (2n = 51) in 19.4% of the analyzed metaphase plates, and a second Bsm chromosome (2n = 52), the smallest in the set, in 15.5% of metaphase plates, whereas one female was characterized by both Bsm chromosomes (2n = 52) in 14.3% of the analyzed metaphase plates. AgNORs, GC-rich DNA sites, and 28S rDNA hybridization sites were observed in the short arms of two submetacentric chromosome pairs of A set. The constitutive heterochromatin was visible as C bands in the centromeric regions of almost all Chondrostoma nasus chromosomes and in the pericentromeric region of several chromosome pairs. Two 5S rDNA hybridization sites in the pericentromeric position of the largest acrocentric chromosome pair were observed, whereas two other such sites in co-localization on a smaller pair of NOR chromosomes indicate a species-specific character. The results herein broaden our knowledge in the field of B chromosome distribution and molecular cytogenetics of Chondrostoma nasus: a freshwater species from the Leuciscidae family.
In Vivo Comparison of Multiline Transmission and Diverging Wave Imaging for High-Frame-Rate Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography

High-frame-rate (HFR) speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) assesses myocardial function by quantifying motion and deformation at high temporal resolution. Among the proposed HFR techniques, multiline transmission (MLT) and diverging wave (DW) imaging have been used in this context both being characterized by specific advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, in this article, we directly contrast both approaches in an <italic>i</italic>n <italic>v</italic>ivo setting while operating at the same frame rate (FR). First, images were recorded at baseline (resting condition) from healthy volunteers and patients. Next, additional acquisitions during stress echocardiography were performed on volunteers. Each scan was contoured and processed by a previously proposed 2-D HFR STE algorithm based on cross correlation. Then, strain curves and their end-systolic (ES) values were extracted for all myocardial segments for further statistical analysis. The baseline acquisitions did not reveal differences in estimated strain between the acquisition modes (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} > 0.35$ </tex-math></inline-formula>); myocardial segments (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} > 0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>); or an interaction between imaging mode and depth (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} > 0.87$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Similarly, during stress testing, no difference (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} = 0.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) was observed for the two scan sequences, stress levels or an interaction sequence-stress level (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} = 0.94$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Overall, our findings show that MLT and DW compoundings give comparable HFR STE strain values and that the choice for using one method or the other may thus rather be based on other factors, for example, system requirements or computational cost.
The cellular and molecular components involved in pre-metastatic niche formation in colorectal cancer liver metastasis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Liver metastasis is the main cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC). Premetastatic niche (PMN), a favorable microenvironment for cancer cells colonization at the distant organ, plays a pivotal role in CRC liver metastasis (CRCLM). Our understanding of the mechanisms mediating the formation of liver PMN in CRC has been significantly advanced in recent years, there are still many challenges and questions that remain. Areas covered: This review covers cellular and molecular components, and the interaction of theprimary cancer with the resident microenvironment of the distant organ that leads to PMN formation in CRCLM based on the latest literature. Expert Opinion: Various cellular and molecular events are involved in the liver PMN formation in CRC such as bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, extracellular matrix, and CRC-derived factors. The formation of the liver PMN depends on a complex interaction of CRC with the liver microenvironment including BMDCs recruitment, vascularization, immunosuppression, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix remodeling. This review firstly discusses on the cellular and molecular components contributing to the formation of the liver PMN in CRC, so as to provide new ideas for designing effective therapeutic strategies and prognostic markers for CRCLM.