Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE AND LOSARTAN POTASSIUM IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

Amlodipine (AML) besylate and losartan potassium (LSP) are used for the treatment of hypertension. A binary mixture of AML besylate and LSP was determined by UV spectroscopic methods. The major aim of this research work was to develop simple, economical, accurate, and precise methods for simultaneous estimation of AML and LSP in tablet dosage form. The method involved to solve simultaneous equations based on measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 240 nm (λ max of AML) and 220 nm (λ max of LSP). The two drugs followed beers-lamberts law over the concentration range of 2 μg/ml-30 μg/ml for both the drugs (AML and LSP). The accuracy and precision of the methods were determined, and the methods validated statically and this technique may be employed to analyze the drug containing AML besylate and LSP. Keywords: Amlodipine besylate, Losartan potassium, UV spectroscopy, Simultaneous equation method.
Contributions for the improved control of Leishmania infantum infection: Roles of Iron, reative oxygen species and aminoquinolines

13 RESUMO . 15 CHAPTER I | GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 19 1. LEISHMANIASIS . 19 1.1. General considerations . 19 1.2. Clinical presentations . 20 1.3. Diagnosis . 21 1.4. Treatment . 22 1.4. 1. Current therapeutic modalities . 22 1.4. 2. Developing new chemotherapeutics for VL: primaquine derivatives . 24 1.5. Control and prevention . 26 2. Leishmania-HOST INTERACTIONS . 27 2.1. Life cycle of Leishmania . 27 2.2. Host immune response to Leishmania . 29 2.2.1. Organ-specific immunity in VL . 30 2.3. Host antimicrobial oxidative mechanisms . 31 2.3.1. Leishmania susceptibility to host derived oxidants . 34 2.3.2. Leishmania resistance to host derived oxidants . 35 3. IRON AND Leishmania-HOST INTERPLAY . 37 3.1. Iron properties and functions . 37 3.2. Iron and infection . 37 3.2.1. Host iron homeostasis . 37 3.2.2. Host mechanisms of iron withholding . 39 3.2.3. Leishmania iron acquisition . 40 3.2. 4. Host iron status and Leishmania infection . 41 CHAPTER II | DEFINITION OF OBJECTIVES . 45
In vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor

The present study was conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for in vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes and to examine the effect of these growth factors when used alone or along with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on the same. In experiment 1, aspirated oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with EGF (10, 20, 30 ng/ml) or FGF (10, 20. 30 ng/ml) in a CO 2 incubator at 38.5°C for 24 hr. Maturation was assessed by examining the expansion of cumulus cell mass and metaphase 11 stage after staining in aceto-orcein, 20 ng/ml was the optimum concentration of both EGF and FGF for buffalo oocyte maturation. Hence, in experiment 2, oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with PMSG (40 IU/ml) and EGF (20 ng/ml), FGF (20 ng/ml) or both. TCM-199+EGF (20 ng/ml)+PMSG (40 IU/ ml) were an ideal chemically defined medium for buffalo oocyte maturation.
The adult rat brain β1 subunit modifies activation and inactivation gating of multiple sodium channel α subunits

Abstract The sodium channel from adult rat brain consists of a high molecular weight alpha subunit associated with low molecular weight subunits termed beta 1 and beta 2. Coexpression of beta 1 accelerates the macroscopic kinetics of inactivation of adult rat brain IIA, embryonic rat brain III, and rat skeletal muscle SkM1 sodium channel alpha subunits. In addition, beta 1 accelerates the kinetics of activation, as observed with a non-inactivating rat brain IIA mutant. Analysis of the effects of beta 1 on the slowly inactivating brain III alpha subunit shows that both of these effects may be the result of changes in the modal gating behavior of the sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Although the adult rat brain beta 1 subunit modulates the functional properties of rat skeletal muscle and embryonic brain III sodium channel alpha subunits, mRNA hybridizing to a beta 1 subunit cDNA probe was only faintly detected in RNA from adult skeletal muscle and not at all in RNA from embryonic brains. These results indicate that the adult rat brain beta 1 subunit can modify the modal gating properties of sodium channel alpha subunits with which it is not normally associated, suggesting the presence of conserved domains for interactions between the different alpha and beta 1 subunits of the sodium channel.
A Topic-based Sentiment Analysis Approach to Conversation Recommendation

Social networks have exploded as a platform of public discourse and have played a fundamental role in crisis communication, establishing human networks, mobilization of people, learning about new products and promotion of new products. The massive use of social networks by hundreds of millions worldwide has enabled the rapid propagation of information on a global scale, increasing the spread of novel information and providing a platform for everyone to share their opinion. Interactions on social networks have become important in improving business performance, building recommendation systems, efficient customer support services, determining brand awareness, evaluating campaigns, identifying top-performing contents and anticipating events. The research explores supervised learning, sentiment analysis and Social Network Analysis (SNA) for conversation modeling and proposes a technique based on the mechanics of interaction on a social network which takes into account user aggregated interaction sentiment polarities over time and the fraction of sentiment distributed by users for link prediction. We distinguish from previous research by considering topic-based sentiment for link prediction, by utilizing the mention graph. This approach can be utilized to create richer user social network profiles, sustainable interactions or collaborations, information propagation, development of conversation models, solving the problem of link prediction and the optimization of interactions across social networks. The approach is validated with a real-world Twitter data-set.
STUDIES ON AN EPITHELIAL (GLAND) CELL JUNCTION I. Modifications of Surface Membrane Permeability

Membrane permeability of an epithelial cell junction (Drosophila salivary gland) was examined with intracellular microelectrodes and with fluorescent tracers. In contrast to the non-junctional cell membrane surface, which has a low permeability to ions (10-4 mho/cm2), the junctional membrane surface is highly permeable. In fact, it introduces no substantial restriction to ion flow beyond that in the cytoplasm; the resistance through a chain of cells (150 Ω cm) is only slightly greater than in extruded cytoplasm (100 Ω cm). The diffusion resistance along the intercellular space to the exterior, on the other hand, is very high. Here, there exists an ion barrier of, at least, 104Ω cm2. As a result, small ions and fluorescein move rather freely from one cell to the next, but do not leak appreciably through the intercellular space to the exterior. The organ here, rather than the single cell, appears to be the unit of ion environment. The possible underlying structural aspects are discussed.
An Analytical Approach for Exploring the Importance of Dietary Quality versus Quantity in the Growth of Mexican Children

The average annual intake of specific nutrients, foods, food groups, and proxies for nutrient bioavailability of 87 Mexican preschoolers and 110 schoolchildren were compared with their anthropometry. Median intakes of energy, protein, thiamine, and iron were adequate; calcium and zinc were low; and other nutrients were very inadequate. Anaemia and low serum retinol were common. Intake of individual nutrients failed to predict size. Correlation matrices, median traces, and principal-components analysis illustrated a dietary continuum ranging from a high dependence on tortillas to more animal products and fruit. Children consuming a lower proportion of tortillas and legumes and more animal products were taller and heavier. Even though the high-tortilla dietary pattern provided more of most nutrients, these were less available. In conclusion, children's size was predicted by dietary quality - not quantity - measured either as a high intake of animal products or as a lower intake of factors inhibiting nutrient bioavailability.
Combined Application of Bacteriophage and G. asaii in Reducing L. monocytogenes in Honeydew Melon Pieces

Bacteriophage and G. asaii, naturally occurring bacterial antagonists on apple fruit were tested as biocontrol agents of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut honeydew melon pieces. Individually, G. asaii and bacteriophage were effective against L. monocytogenes but combining the two treatments was even more effective. G. asaii reduced populations approximately by 3 to 4 logs while phage reduced populations by one log compared to control. Combining the two treatments reduced populations of L. monocytogenes by up to 6 logs within 7 days. The results of this study suggest that G. asaii and phage when combined could be very effective in reducing L. monocytogenes contamination in fresh-cut honeydew melon.
Effect of pollen source on hormones ABA and IBA, and Peroxidase and catalase Enzymes in seeds from Sh-12 cultivar (♀)☓Eskandar and Tuono (♁)

Abstract. This study was carried out during 2011 and 2012 in Horticultural Research Station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute(SPII), Karaj, as factorial design base on randomized complete bloke design (RCBD) in triplicate with the aim to assess the effect of Effect of pollen source on hormones ABA and IBA, and Peroxidase and catalase Enzymes in seeds from Sh-12 cultivar (♀)Eskandar and Tuono (♁) in Steps before and after germination. The overall results of this study showed that the effect of pollen of Eskandar and Tuono on on hormons ABA and IBA, and Peroxidase and catalase Enzymes in seeds of Sh-12 cultivar was significant. Seed from the hybridizing of two Tuono and Sh-12 significantly has a higher amount of hormones ABA and IBA. The amount of the hormones ABA and IBA in seeds derived from this hybridizion is the average was5.66 and 2.14 micromol/gr while the amount of this hormone at levels seed from the hybridizing of Tuono and h-12on average 0.9 and 0.83 micromol/gr. The amount of enzyme activity of catalase significantly resulting in seed from the hybridizing of two Tuono and h-12 was higher in seed from the hybridizing of two Eskandar and Sh-12, but the mount of activity of this hormone had no significant differences with each other according to Peroxidase.
Aspects of glucosamine production using microorganisms.

Glucosamine (GlcN) is an amino monosaccharide that has physiological importance to the body. The amino sugar has a potential to prevent joint structure change in patients with osteoarthritis. This biomonomer is one of the building blocks of chitin and chitosan that are commonly present in crustacean shell waste and fungal cell walls. Because of the economical, environmental, and physiological disadvantages of using crustacean waste, the alternative source of GlcN production, namely microorganisms is being looked at. This paper presents the production of GlcN using microorganisms and focuses on the different fermentation systems for microorganism cultivation, the microorganisms commonly used and the characteristics of the produced chitinous material or GlcN, and the methods for GlcN isolation and quantification.
Process length variation in cysts of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum, from surface sediments of the Baltic–Kattegat–Skagerrak estuarine system: a regional salinity proxy

Mertens, K. N. , Dale, B. , Ellegaard, M. , Jansson, I. ‐M. , Godhe, A. , Kremp, A. & Louwye, S. 2010: Process length variation in cysts of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum, from surface sediments of the Baltic–Kattegat–Skagerrak estuarine system: a regional salinity proxy. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010. 00193.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
The experimental foundations of modern immunology

The Forest Before the Trees: An Overview Structure of the Immune System ANTIBODIES Resolution of the Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins The Properties and Fine Structure of Immunoglobulins Genetic Basis of Immunoglobulin Structure Structure-Function Relationships in Antibody Molecules Complement MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY GENE COMPLEXES Historical Development of the Concept of Major Histocompatibility Gene Complexes Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics of Major Histocompatibility Gene Complexes THE CELLULAR BASIS OF IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS Lymphocyte Subpopulations The Basic Biology of T Cells and B Cells The Humoral Immune Response Immunological Tolerance Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity IMMUNOLOGY AND HUMAN HEALTH Immunity to Infection Reactions of Immunological Injury: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity Immune Deficiency Diseases Clinical and Experimental Organ Transplantation Immunity and Cancer Appendices Glossary Index.
Geographical pattern of genetic variation in the Robertsonian system of Mus musculus domesticus in central Italy

The Robertsonian (Rb) system of Mus musculus domesticus in central Italy consists of three Rb races (CD, 2n = 22; CB, 2n = 22; ACR, 2n = 24), and additional Rb populations with new metacentrics have recently been reported. The aim of the present paper is to provide insight into the process of house mouse raciation in this area. Here we present new data concerning the geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes (control region sequence) in the three Rb races and in the surrounding standard populations. The presence of exclusive clades in all the three Rb races supports the idea of a past fragmentation event and a subsequent period of isolation. However, comparison of mtDNA polymorphism between Rb and standard races, and the shape of the mismatch distribution within the races, does not reveal any clear sign of a strong reduction in population size, at this geographical scale, related to race formation.
Etude de la toxicité de pesticides vis-à-vis de deux genres de levures : approche cinétique et moléculaire

L'effet de plusieurs pesticides envers Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Metschnikowia pulcherrima a ete evalue. Une etude de la cytotoxicite et la genotoxicite du penconazole en fonction des conditions de culture et du stade metabolique a ete effectuee. Le penconazole inhibe les cinetiques de croissance et de fermentation des deux levures en cas d'exposition des l'inoculation aux concentrations residuelles faibles (0,2-2 ppm), M. pulcherrima est plus sensible ; des adduits a l'ADN ont ete detectes dans les cultures contaminees durant la phase exponentielle. Ces resultats ont ete valides en testant notre systeme experimental levurien vis-a-vis du benzo(a)pyrene et de l'aflatoxine B1 (0,2 et 2 ppm), deux genotoxiques de reference. Des adduits a l'ADN ont ete obtenus dans toutes les cultures exposees au benzo(a)pyrene, et l'aflatoxine B1 a induit la formation d'adduits uniquement lors de son addition durant la phase exponentielle ; alors que la croissance n'a pas ete alteree par aucun des deux. ABSTRACT : The sensitivity of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Metschnikowia pulcherrima to several pesticides was evaluated. Penconazole was further examined for its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity depending on cultural conditions and metabolic phase of growth. Penconazole inhibits growth and fermentation kinetics of both yeasts at low residual concentrations (0.2-2 ppm) when added at the beginning of growth cycle, M. pulcherrima being more sensitive; DNA adducts were detected in cultures contaminated during their exponential growth. These findings were validated by testing our yeast experimental system towards benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B1 (0.2 and 2 ppm), two reference genotoxic compounds. DNA adducts were obtained in all cultures exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, and aflatoxin B1 induced DNA adducts only when added during exponential phase; whereas growth was not altered by any of the two.
Antiporter Gene from Hordum brevisubulatum （Trin.） Link and Its Overexpression in Transgenic Tobaccos

A vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter cDNA gene was successfully isolated from Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The gene was named HbNHX1 and was found to consist of 1 916 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 540 amino acids with a conserved amiloride-binding domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the Na+/H+ antiporters showed that the HbNHX1gene shares 55.3%-74.8% similarity with the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporters. Transgenic tobaccos that contain the HbNHX1 gene, integrated by forward insertion into the tobacco genome, were obtained via Agrobacterium tumerfaciens and characterized for the determination of the concentration of Na+ and K+ions, as well as proline, in the presence of 300 mmol/L NaCl. The T1 transgenic plants showed more tolerance to salt and drought than did wild-type plants. Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt and drought through the function of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter.
DIVERSE CAUSES, SIMILAR OUTCOMES: REASSESSING THE MEANS AND ENDS OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY EMPLOYING MULTIPLE CAUSALITY AND CAPABILITIES

La politica de desarrollo, como toda politica publica, esta basada en una fuerte nocion de causalidad. Las intervenciones son implementadas con la expectativa de que produciran ‘desarrollo’. Dos elementos resultan relevantes. En primer lugar, dada la variedad de contextos y personas involucrados en estas intervenciones, es importante estudiar los supuestos asociados a los mecanismos causales que llevan a ciertos resultados, ya que, precisamente estos resultados dependen de los supuestos. En segundo lugar, el concepto de desarrollo que influye en la politica publica debe ser discutido, pues no es solo una nocion descriptiva sino tambien normativa. Por lo tanto, ambos elementos son analizados en este articulo, con el fin de contribuir a la formulacion y analisis de la politica publica. Con respecto a la causalidad, se argumenta a favor de la causalidad multiple y se propone estudiarla a partir del uso del analisis cualitativo comparado con conjuntos difusos. Respecto al concepto de desarrollo, se argumenta a favor de un acercamiento enfocado en la gente. Para ello, se propone el enfoque de desarrollo humano y de las capacidades.
The occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in market and abattoir meat in Plateau State, Nigeria

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a newly emerging pathogen frequently associated with the consumption of foods of bovine origin. The severity of the infections caused by this food borne pathogen in the young and the elderly has had a tremendous impact on human health and food industry. The present study evaluated the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in abattoir and market meat in seven selected sites in Plateau State, Nigeria. One hundred and forty samples of each of the various meat parts including muscle, liver, heart, kidney and intestine were collected to give a total of 700 meat samples. The samples were aseptically collected at monthly intervals from December 2008 to November 2009 after which they were transported to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Enrichment medium Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB) and selective agar media, namely; sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMAC)and cefixime tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC) were used for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from the various meat samples. The results of this study indicated that the intestinal samples had the highest percentage occurrence of the organism (3.39%), while muscle tissue had the lowest (0.43%). The organ meats had comparable percentage occurrence of the organism, with 1.0% for liver, 0.86% for kidney and 0.71% for heart samples. Significant difference (P 0.05) existed in the occurrence of the organism with respect to the sampling sites and the sources (abattoir and market). The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in beef should be regarded as being highly hazardous to consumers and handlers alike because of the severity of the infections associated with the organism. Thus, hygienic and good management of meats and meat environments are very essential.
Saponins from leaves of Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai, Harigiri: structures of kalopanax saponins JLa and JLb.

From leaves of Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai. , collected in Japan, two new saponins named kalopanax-saponins JLa and JLb were isolated together with three known saponins, kalopanax-saponins A and B and kizuta saponin K 11
Histopathological effect of deltamethrin on the midgut of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linn.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

Periplaneta americana, the American cockroach is a major nuisance and also act as mechanical vector in transmitting bacteria that cause diarrheal diseases, nosocomial infections and allergic symptoms. Deltamethrin, in the concentrations 0.005% and 0.01% were provided in feed of adult cockroaches to observe histopathological changes in midgut after 24 hours. Midgut is lined with enteric epithelium which rest upon a basement membrane and is covered by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. Midgut contains a thin peritrophic membrane as innermost layer. Histopathological studies on midgut resulted in degradation of basement membrane and degeneration in epithelial lining in both concentration (0.01% and 0.005%). Higher dose caused more disruption in longitudinal and circular muscles as compared to low dose. Peritrophic membrane was detached from epithelial lining and is degenerated to great extent in high dose. In lower concentration slight constriction is observed in lumen while at higher concentration shrinkage is more pronounced.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

Areca catechu L. (Palmae), commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut(frequently known as betel nut) is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world’s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspepsia, constipation, beriberi and oedema. It’s reported that the areca nut of A. catechu possesses anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, psychoactive, antidepressant, anti-HIV-1 effects and so on. Areca nut contains 50%―60% sugars, 15% lipids (glyceride of lauric, myristic and oleic acid), 15% condensed tannins(phlobatannin, catechin), polyphenolics(NPF-86IA, NPF-86IB, NPF-86IIA and NPF86IIB) and 0.2%―0.3% alkaloids(arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacoline). Although a lot of literature showed that areca nut had a strong antioxidant activity, no exact component contributing the antioxidant activity to areca nut has been reported yet. During the course of our searching for antioxidant genus from tropical medicinal plants, 11 phenolic compounds possessing antioxidant activity were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from the EtOAc fraction of areca nut, which exhibited considerable antioxidant activity by DPPH assay in our preliminary test. This paper describes the structural determination of these compounds, their antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, and cytotoxic activity by MTT method.