Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of military and non-military government expenditures on private consumption

In this article, we provide evidence that civilian and military government spending have specific characteristics that can affect private consumption differently. Our vector autoregressive (VAR) estimates for the US economy for the period 1960–2013 show that civilian expenditure induces a positive and significant response on private consumption, whereas military spending has a negative impact. We also analyze the effects of these public spending components for the subsamples 1960–79 and 1983–2013, respectively. Our results show that the main transmission channels of both civilian and military expenditures have changed over time. We adopt a new Keynesian approach and develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in order to simulate the empirical evidence. Both the larger persistence of shocks in military spending and the different financing mechanisms, which account for the propensity of policymakers to use budget deficits to finance wars, mimic the differences in the empirical responses of private consumption. Simulated impulse response functions of alternative specification models prove the robustness of our analysis. In particular, we assess the impact of civilian and military shocks in the presence of different (i) shares of heterogeneous households, (ii) price rigidities, and (iii) monetary reactions in response to different government shocks.
Strömgren and Hβ photometry of O and B type stars in star-forming regions. III. Carina Spiral Feature

Stromgren and H β photometry of O and B type stars, generally brighter than 9.5 mag is reported for the field of the Carina Spiral Feature. The observations are based on the PPM catalogue identifications and are designed to improve the completeness of the existing data for the bright early-type stars in the field. We present new uvby photometry for 283 stars and H β photometry for 225 of them. These observations are part of an ongoing effort to study the structure of selected star-forming regions in the Milky Way by means of photometry. A comparison of the new data to other data sets for this field is presented.
Ethiopia: Opportunities and Challenges of Tourism Development in the Addis Ababa-upper Rift Valley Corridor

In spite of a long history of promotion and development, Ethiopia’s tourism industry is in its initial stages of development. Changes in governance systems have resulted in different social constructions of the role of tourism in national development. Since 1990s, the partial opening up of the economy to private investment, the liberalization of national economic management and a modicum of political decentralization of administration and decision-making have contributed to significant growth in both the number of inbound tourists and the generation of foreign exchange. This research examines the opportunities and challenges of tourism development in the Upper Rift Valley corridor extending from Addis Ababa, the capital city, to Nazret-Sodere, Shashemene-Hawasa and Debre Berhan-Ankober. Based on field visits and semi-structured interviews of key private-public stakeholders and archival research, the study argues that the corridor has tremendous opportunities for developing a spatial/geographical pattern of tourist destinations ranging from single destinations, to en-route, base camp, regional tour and trip chasing ones.
Simultaneous shifts in elemental stoichiometry and fatty acids of Emiliania huxleyi in response to environmental changes

Abstract. Climate-driven changes in environmental conditions have significant and complex effects on marine ecosystems. Variability in phytoplankton elements and biochemicals can be important for global ocean biogeochemistry and ecological functions, while there is currently limited understanding on how elements and biochemicals respond to the changing environments in key coccolithophore species such as Emiliania huxleyi. We investigated responses of elemental stoichiometry and fatty acids (FAs) in a strain of E. huxleyi under three temperatures (12, 18 and 24 ∘ C), three N : P supply ratios (molar ratios 10:1 , 24:1 and 63:1 ) and two p CO 2 levels (560 and 2400 µ atm). Overall, C : N : P stoichiometry showed the most pronounced response to N : P supply ratios, with high ratios of particulate organic carbon vs. particulate organic nitrogen (POC : PON) and low ratios of PON vs. particulate organic phosphorus (PON : POP) in low-N media, and high POC : POP and PON : POP in low-P media. The ratio of particulate inorganic carbon vs. POC (PIC : POC) and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions strongly responded to temperature and p CO 2 , both being lower under high p CO 2 and higher with warming. We observed synergistic interactions between warming and nutrient deficiency (and high p CO 2) on elemental cellular contents and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportion in most cases, indicating the enhanced effect of warming under nutrient deficiency (and high p CO 2) . Our results suggest differential sensitivity of elements and FAs to the changes in temperature, nutrient availability and p CO 2 in E. huxleyi, which is to some extent unique compared to non-calcifying algal classes. Thus, simultaneous changes of elements and FAs should be considered when predicting future roles of E. huxleyi in the biotic-mediated connection between biogeochemical cycles, ecological functions and climate change.
Molecular cloud structure and star formation near HH 216 in M 16

We present millimetre, optical, and near-infrared observations of M 16 in the vicinity of the Herbig-Haro object HH 216. The line profiles of the ${\rm CO}~(J=2{-}1)$ spectra are broad and consist of both emission originating from four warm molecular cores and a large cloud or cloud system across the whole field. The ${\rm CS}~(J=2{-}1)$ and the ${\rm C^{18}O}~(J=2{-}1)$ lines are relatively broad compared with those observed in low-mass star formation regions, but not unusually broad for higher-mass star-forming regions. The virial masses found are much larger than the mass estimates based on the assumption of LTE. The optical images suggest that HH 216 is the terminating bow shock of a large Herbig-Haro flow which includes a jet. A possible location for the driving source is suggested, from the presence of a very reddened point source associated with what may be a small reflection nebula at the tip of a dense molecular “trunk”. Another reflection nebula associated with the same core is also detected. This demonstrates that star formation is taking place in the trunk.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Hybridization for the Endangered Conasauga Logperch ( Percina jenkinsi )

The Conasauga logperch, Percina jenkinsi is one of the rarest darters in North America afforded protection under the Endangered Species Act. Unfortunately, little is known about potential threats to the genetic diversity of this species, a narrow endemic. Loss of genetic diversity, spawning of closely related individuals, and hybridization with closely related congeners have been known to increase the rate of extinction for threatened or endangered taxa. We evaluated these risks by estimating and comparing levels of genetic diversity between P. jenkinsi and P. kathae (a closely related, morphologically similar, and more abundant congener) using twelve microsatellite loci. Specifically, we assessed whether a recent genetic bottleneck occurred in P. jenkinsi, determined the potential threat of hybridization between P. jenkinsi and P. kathae, and evaluated the maintenance of genetic diversity among P. jenkinsi collected in the wild, as broodstock for an experimental hatchery program, and their progeny. Estimates of genetic diversity between P. jenkinsi and P. kathae showed no significant differences in average number of alleles (7.083 vs. 9.5; P = 0.26), average observed heterozygosity (0.646 vs. 0.600, P = 0.64), or average expected heterozygosity (0.634 vs. 0.627, P = 0.86). Estimated Ne for P. jenkinsi and P. kathae was 114 (95% CI 60-526) and -497 (95% CI 264-infinity). We found no evidence of hybridization between P. jenkinsi and P. kathae and there was no detectable genetic signal of a recent genetic bottleneck in P. jenkinsi or P. kathae. Comparisons of observed and expected heterozygosity between P. jenkinsi collected in the wild, chosen as brood, and their progeny were similar; however, there was a 32% reduction in number of alleles (i.e., a loss of 16 of 50 alleles) due to hatchery influences. Specifically, twelve alleles (24% reduction) were lost between wild and hatchery broodstock, with the remainder being lost between hatchery brood and their respective offspring (note that the majority of alleles lost among groups were at observed frequencies < 0.05). Results of parentage analysis for hatchery P. jenkinsi showed that each male and female broodstock contributed offspring. The average number of offspring for the seven males and two females used as broodstock was 6.71 and 23.5. Based on the number of male and female broodstock, the predicted Ne of the offspring was 6.22 and by incorporating the mean and variance in progeny number, the observed Ne size was 4.97. The relatively high levels of genetic diversity coupled with the estimate of Ne indicated that the hatchery program was successful at minimizing the reduction in Ne between brood and progeny; however, the observed 32% loss of alleles between the wild P. jenkinsi and progeny of hatchery broodstock is alarming. This lost was due to sampling too few broodstock. Fortunately this loss can be mitigated should this program continue in the future by using larger broodstock collections over multiple years.
FBMC vs OFDM Waveform Contenders for 5G Wireless Communication System

The multicarrier transmission techniques have been the most beguiling one for the development of wireless communication systems like 4G, Long Term evolution and now the successor 5G. For 5G or fifth generation wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Filter Bank Multi carrier modulation (FBMC) are the dominant waveform contenders. In this research paper, the disadvantages of OFDM have been addressed and it has shown that filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) could be a more effective solution. The comparative analysis of FBMC and OFDM has been performed based on Power Spectral Densities, sub channels, computational complexity and prototype filter comparison simulated using MATLAB.
Effects of exercises on bone mineral density of proximal femour region among athletes of different branches

This study was carried out to evaluate and determine the differences in T and Z values of proximal femour (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter and ward’s triangle) region bone mineral density (BMD) among high level male athletes of different branches. The study was completed with the voluntary attendance of a total of 42 uninjured male national athletes in different branches (taekwondo 12, wrestling 8, judo 10 and runners 12) whose ages vary between 18 to 25 and whose athletic carrier is intact with at least 8 to 10 years of regular exercise. BMD measurements of athletes were completed with the dual energy x-ray absorbtiometric (DEXA) technology using Hologic QDR 4500W device on proximal femour (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter and ward’s triangle) region. The recorded BMD and the T and Z values after measurements of the proximal femour region were completed and have been used for calculations of the statistical data. Comparison of the BMD and T and Z values in different athletic branches has indicated that the highest BMD and T and Z values are found in wrestlers, followed by judo, runners and lastly taekwondo. Between the different athletic branches, the statistical comparison of the proximal femour (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter and ward’s triangle) region of BMD and T and Z values was carried out and the differences were detected (P 0.05), and it is seen that the lowest value of BMD has been found in athletes of taekwondo, while the lowest value of T and Z has been found in runners. The reason why the values of BMD, T and Z are recorded higher among wrestlers than other athletes is thought to be the exercises that add more mechanical weight onto the bone as a matter of their athletic branch. These indicators show that there can be differences in the formation of proximal femour bone mineral density between different athletic branches, especially among the high level male athletes whose activity is mainly composed of intense weight loading exercises on the bones. Key words: Athletes, proximal femour, bone mineral density, exercises.
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF RIGID-BODY SEGMENTS TO REPRESENT THE TRUNK USING AKAIKE’S INFORMATION CRITERION

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal number of rigid body segments to sufficiently represent the trunk movements, using Akaike’s information criterion. The trunk in static and dynamic conditions was modelled with one, two, three, or six linked rigidbody representations. The difference in the three-dimensional position between the actual and modelled data was calculated to quantify how well these models describe the actual trunk kinematics. The Akaike’s information criterion was calculated using the difference in position data to evaluate the goodness-of-fit for each model. Our findings suggest that two-linked rigid-body representation may be good enough when analysing trunk movements except when the movement includes a large axial rotation, for which the three-linked rigid-bodies would be better. These results would be useful in determining the optimal number of rigid body representation to sufficiently represent the trunk movements.
The gene expressions of DNA methylation/demethylation enzymes and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 in skeletal muscle of thyroidectomized rats

A decrease in mRNA levels for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunits was observed in skeletal muscle of hypothyroid rats. However, the precise expression mechanisms of the related genes in hypothyroid state still remain unclear. This study investigated gene expressions of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), DNA demethylases and Cox4 in skeletal muscle of thyroidectomized rats. The findings showed that, the mRNA levels of genes encoding Dnmts and DNA demethylases were up-regulated while the mRNA levels of Cox4 down-regulated. These results imply that, DNA methylation might down-regulate Cox4 expression and induce a compensatory mechanism for avoiding an excessive incorporation of 5- mC into DNA. Key words : Gene expression, Dnmts, Mbd4, Gadd45a, Cox4.
RAPID ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR ASSAY DETERMINATION FOR PROCHLORPERAZINE EDISYLATE DRUG SUBSTANCES BY ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: To develop and validate new, simple and rapid assay method for Prochlorperazine edisylate drug substance by UPLC as per ICH guidelines. Methods: Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method was developed, optimized and validated on Acquity UPLC by using Acquity BDH300 C4 (100 x 2.1 mm) 1. 7µ column. 3.85g ammonium acetate in 1000 ml of water add 0.5 ml trifluoroacetic acid and 1 ml triethylamine (Mobile phase A): 0.5 ml trifluoroacetic acid in 1000 ml acetonitrile mobile phase (Mobile phase B) with gradient program. Detector wavelength 254 nm and column temperature 30 °C. Results: Linearity study was carried out for prochlorperazine edisylate, linearity was calculated from 80 % level to 120% with respect to specification level. The correlation coefficient (r) = 0.999 was proved that the method is robust. The resolution between known impurities and Prochlorperazine edisylate found more than 2.5, it was evident from specificity test that Prochlorperazine edisylate peak are well separated from its related impurities, hence the method is specific. Prochlorperazine edisylate sample solution and mobile phase were found to be stable for at least 3 d. Conclusion: A new, simple and rapid method has been developed and validated for assay determination of prochlorperazine edisylate in drug substance by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). The analytical method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed method can be used for the fast assay determination of prochlorperazine edisylate drug substances in research laboratories and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Removal of thiocyanate ions from aqueous solutions using polypyrrole and polyaniline conducting electroactive polymers

Polypyrrole (PPy/Cl) and polyaniline (PAni/Cl) synthesized chemically onto sawdust (SD) was used for removal of thiocyanate (SCN - ) ions from aqueous solutions. The effect of some important parameters such as pH, initial concentration, sorbent dosage, and contact time on uptake of SCN - was investigated. PPy/SD was found to be much more effective sorbent than PAni/SD for uptake SCN - from aqueous solutions. Removal of SCN - ions using PPy/Cl is supposed to be occurred mostly via ion exchange process at the surface of polymer coated onto sawdust as a very thin film. Desorption studies were also carried out for figuring out the possibility of the regeneration and reuse of the exhausted adsorbent. A proposed mechanism based on interesting anion exchange properties of the PPy/Cl has been discussed. It was found that polypyrrole conducting polymers doped with releasable counterions can be used for used to remove some anions via ion exchange process under simple open circuit conditions. The finding in this paper shows the promising application of polypyrrole conducting polymers in future water or wastewater purification technology.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Different Traditional Soaking Processes on the in Vitro Digestibility of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) Flour

A traditional process used by farmers in Chad consists in soaking slices of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) in tamarind infusion, or in corn solution or in water over a 24-hour period to reduce the acridity of taro and facilitate cooking. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of traditional soaking on the in vitro digestibility of taro flour using or not using an α-amylase enzyme. The digestion without the enzyme has shown that the soaking processes improve the digestibility of taro flour (from 39.30% for the control sample to 75.11% (after tamarind infusion) and 78.67% (treatment with water) after 24 hours of soaking). Soaking over a 6-hour period and preferentially in tamarind infusion or in corn solution obtains highly digestible flour (around 95% of digestibility rate after 3 hours of enzymatic digestion).
Why and how JavaScript developers use linters

Automatic static analysis tools help developers to automatically spot code issues in their software. They can be of extreme value in languages with dynamic characteristics, such as JavaScript, where developers can easily introduce mistakes which can go unnoticed for a long time, e.g. a simple syntactic or spelling mistake. Although research has already shown how developers perceive such tools for strongly-typed languages such as Java, little is known about their perceptions when it comes to dynamic languages. In this paper, we investigate what motivates and how developers make use of such tools in JavaScript projects. To that goal, we apply a qualitative research method to conduct and analyze a series of 15 interviews with developers responsible for the linter configuration in reputable OSS JavaScript projects that apply the most commonly used linter, ESLint. The results describe the benefits that developers obtain when using ESLint, the different ways one can configure the tool and prioritize its rules, and the existing challenges in applying linters in the real world. These results have direct implications for developers, tool makers, and researchers, such as tool improvements, and a research agenda that aims to increase our knowledge about the usefulness of such analyzers.
Irony and the Standard Pragmatic Model

The article provides a criticism of the traditional view of irony. First, an outline of the model will be presented, placing particular emphasis on one of its key assumptions that when irony is understood, the ironist means the opposite of what he says. The paper evaluates the above supposition by providing examples of irony in which the opposite of the speaker's meaning could be interpreted in terms of two different types of negation: predicate and propositional. In conclusion, I propose that it might be impossible to define the exact opposite of what a speaker says. Thus, the traditional view of irony is incomplete and should be treated with precaution.
Long-Distance and Trans-Generational Stomatal Patterning by CO2 Across Arabidopsis Organs

Stomata control water loss and carbon dioxide uptake by both altering pore aperture and developmental patterning. Stomatal patterning is regulated by environmental factors including atmospheric carbon dioxide (p[CO2]), which is increasing globally at an unprecedented rate. Mature leaves are known to convey developmental cues to immature leaves in response to p[CO2], but the developmental mechanisms are unknown. To characterize changes in stomatal patterning resulting from signals moving from mature to developing leaves, we constructed a dual-chamber growth system in which rosette and cauline leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were subjected to differing p[CO2]. Young rosette tissue was found to adjust stomatal index (SI, the proportion of stomata to total cell number) in response to both the current environment and the environment experienced by mature rosette tissue, whereas cauline leaves appear to be insensitive to p[CO2] treatment. It is likely that cauline leaves and cotyledons deploy mechanisms for controlling stomatal development that share common but also deploy distinctive mechanisms to that operating in rosette leaves. The effect of p[CO2] on stomatal development is retained in cotyledons of the next generation, however, this effect does not occur in pre-germination stomatal lineage cells but only after germination. Finally, these data suggest that p[CO2] affects regulation of stomatal development specifically through the development of satellite stomata (stomata induced by signals from a neighboring stomate) during spacing divisions and not the basal pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying developmental steps responsible for altered stomatal patterning to p[CO2] and its trans-generational inheritance.
Fire, fuels and restoration of ponderosa pine–Douglas fir forests in the Rocky Mountains, USA

Aim Forest restoration in ponderosa pine and mixed ponderosa pine–Douglas fir forests in the US Rocky Mountains has been highly influenced by a historical model of frequent, low‐severity surface fires developed for the ponderosa pine forests of the Southwestern USA. A restoration model, based on this low‐severity fire model, focuses on thinning and prescribed burning to restore historical forest structure. However, in the US Rocky Mountains, research on fire history and forest structure, and early historical reports, suggest the low‐severity model may only apply in limited geographical areas. The aim of this article is to elaborate a new variable‐severity fire model and evaluate the applicability of this model, along with the low‐severity model, for the ponderosa pine–Douglas fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.