Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects in the drilling of human and bovine bone

Bone is an anistropic material, the drilling of which is an essential part of internal ®xation in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Some research has been carried out into the drilling of bone, but there are no de®nitive recommendations available on the most suitable drill shape or on the optimum drilling speed that should be used in surgical practice. The heat generated during the drilling of bone is proportional to the drilling speed and may be partially dissipated by the presence of blood and tissue ̄uids and also partially carried away by the chips formed. However, some heat may be conducted into the bone which, if exposed to a temperature higher than 558C, may sustain serious damage. This is important in orthopaedics, since most holes drilled are subsequently tapped for retaining screws. If the drill burns the bone to any great depth, the thread will not anchor properly and the ®xation could work itself loose. This paper describes the drill design for accurate temperature measurement at the drill point and further shows that whilst the temperature may go to much higher than 558C because of the poor conductivity of the bone the depth of damage is not critical insofar as screw ®xation is concerned. # 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Analytical Procedures Used in Examining Human Urine Samples

The source of information about the state of our environment can be both the abiotic part of the environment (water, soil, air) and samples of the biotic part, including tissues and body fluids of humans, who are continuously exposed to a wide spectrum of xenobiotic chemicals. The investigation of human body fluids (mainly blood and urine) can be a useful and interesting way to obtain information about the state of the environment. However, in order to examine the composition of physiological fluids such as urine or blood, collected samples have to be pretreated prior to final determination, because they have a very complex matrix, precluding direct determination of analytes by any of the available analytical methods. This paper is a review of the literature regarding: - analyte isolation and/or enrichment techniques from samples of human urine prior to their final determination; - final determination methods for a wide variety of analytes (both organic and inorganic) in urine samples. The review includes both the primary form of pollutants that entered the human body as a result of environmental or workplace exposure and the products of their metabolism in the organism. The determination of metabolites (biomarkers) in urine is often used as a quantitative indicator of exposure to a given substance (so-called biomonitoring).
Biased technological change and Kaldor’s stylized facts

This paper presents a theory of biased technological change in which firms pursue a random, local, search for productivity-enhancing innovations. They implement profitable innovations at fixed prices, subsequently adjusting prices and wages. Factor productivity growth rates are shown to respond positively to factor cost shares. Combined with price-setting behavior, an equilibrium is characterized by constant cost shares and productivity growth rates. Under target-return pricing, capital productivity growth is zero at equilibrium, yielding Kaldor’s “stylized facts” of constant capital productivity and rate of profit. Equilibrium can be disturbed by changes in the pricing regime or technological potential for productivity improvement.
Evidence for the Long-Term Stability of HIV Transmission–Associated Sexual Behavior After HIV Diagnosis

Background Most persons diagnosed as having HIV alter their sexual behavior in a way that reduces the risk of HIV transmission, but the durability of such behavior change is unknown. Methods We conducted annual anonymous cross-sectional surveys in randomly selected patients with appointments at a large, public hospital HIV clinic in Seattle, Washington, from 2005 to 2009. We used logistic regression to assess the association between time since HIV diagnosis and self-report of unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse (UAVI) with partners of negative or unknown HIV status (nonconcordant UAVI), and quantile regression to evaluate the association between time since HIV diagnosis and number of anal or vaginal sex partners. Results We analyzed 845 surveys collected for 5 years. Men who have sex with men (MSM) had been diagnosed as having HIV a mean (standard deviation) of 12 (7) years and non-MSM a mean of 11 (6) years. Among 597 MSM, longer time since HIV diagnosis was associated with lower age-adjusted odds of reporting nonconcordant UAVI (odds ratio, 0.96 [95% confidence interval, 0.92–0.99]) and a lower age-adjusted number of sex partners (&bgr; coefficient = −0.03, P = 0.007). Among 248 women and heterosexual men, time since HIV diagnosis was not significantly associated with age-adjusted odds of nonconcordant UAVI (odds ratio 0.99 [95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.04]) or number of sex partners (&bgr; coefficient = −0.01, P = 0.48). Conclusions These results indicate that HIV transmission–associated behavior is relatively stable following the first year after HIV diagnosis. Our findings suggest that behavior change in the first year after HIV diagnosis, reported in other studies, is durable.
A Unified Framework to Estimate Global and Local Graphlet Counts for Streaming Graphs

Counting small connected subgraph patterns called graphlets is emerging as a powerful tool for exploring topological structure of networks and for analysis of roles of individual nodes. Graphlets have numerous applications ranging from biology to network science. Computing graphlet counts for "dynamic graphs" is highly challenging due to the streaming nature of the input, sheer size of the graphs, and superlinear time complexity of the problem. Few practical results are known under the massive streaming graphs setting. In this work, we propose a "unified framework" to estimate the graphlet counts of the whole graph as well as the graphlet counts of individual nodes under the streaming graph setting. Our framework subsumes previous methods and provides more flexible and accurate estimation of the graphlet counts. We propose a general unbiased estimator which can be applied to any k-node graphlets. Furthermore, efficient implementation is provided for the 3, 4-node graphlets. We perform detailed empirical study on real-world graphs, and show that our framework produces estimation of graphlet count for streaming graphs with 1.7 to 170.8 times smaller error compared with other state-of-the-art methods. Our framework also achieves high accuracy on the estimation of graphlets for each individual node which previous works could not achieve.
Correlating the cochleovestibular deficits with tumor size of acoustic neuroma

Conclusion. The tumor size of acoustic neuroma correlates with cochleovestibular deficits. Those tumors with global frequency hearing loss, bilateral gaze nystagmus, or absent caloric and VEMP responses may indicate a tumor size >2.5 cm. Objective. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between cochleovestibular deficits and the size of acoustic neuroma. Patients and methods. A total of 44 patients with acoustic neuroma were enrolled in this study. Pure tone audiometry, electronystagmography, caloric test, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test, and MRI were conducted. Results. There is a trend of correlation between tumor size and audiographic configuration, with small-sized tumor in normal and rising types, medium-sized tumor in mid- and high-frequency hearing loss, and large-sized tumor in flat and deafness types. Five patients with bilateral gaze nystagmus had significantly larger tumor size than those without nystagmus. When 1 and 0 are used to represent abnormal and normal responses, respectively, the relationship between tumor size and vestibular function can be expressed as: tumor size (cm)=1.43 (caloric response)+1.35 (VEMP response), indicating that the estimated tumor size for those with abnormal caloric or VEMP responses increased by 1.43 or 1.35 cm, respectively.
The relationships between the ATP content of preimplantation mouse embryos and their development in vitro during culture.

Summary. A positive correlation was found between the levels of ATP in two-cell embryos from random-bred mice and the proportion of these embryos which developed to the blastocyst stage during culture in vitro. The better development of hybrid one-cell embryos to blastocysts than that of random-bred one-cell embryos may also be related to the higher amounts of ATP found in hybrid two-cell embryos cultured from the one-cell stage compared to those in embryos of the random-bred strain. The relationship between the ATP content of embryos and the proportion of embryos developing in vitro appeared to be different between the two groups of mice and was altered after culture in vitro. The levels of ATP in two-cell embryos from a random-bred strain and F1 hybrid mice cultured from the one-cell stage in medium supplemented with glucose and serum albumin were higher than the levels of ATP in embryos cultured in glucose-free medium containing less albumin. During culture of hybrid one-cell embryos in the medium containing glucose and albumin, an effect of a low O2 tension in the atmosphere on ATP levels became apparent only after the morula stage.
Pelvic floor muscle and transversus abdominis activation in abdominal hypopressive technique through surface electromyography

The abdominal hypopressive technique (AHT) is performed mainly via transversus abdominis (TrA) activation and has been indicated for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) disorders. In some European countries, this technique has become widely used. This study aimed to investigate PFM and TrA activation during the AHT through surface electromyography.
Patients with chronic cold urticaria may benefit from doxycycline therapy

Chronic cold urticaria (ColdU) is a rare but severe and potentially life-threatening form of chronic urticaria characterized by the development of wheal and flare type skin reactions or angioedema after skin exposure to cold1. Extensive cold contact (e.g. swimming in cold water) and low trigger thresholds (i.e. wheal responses to temperatures of 20°C or higher) may lead to systemic reactions including anaphylactic shock2. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Facial retargeting with automatic range of motion alignment

While facial capturing focuses on accurate reconstruction of an actor's performance, facial animation retargeting has the goal to transfer the animation to another character, such that the semantic meaning of the animation remains. Because of the popularity of blendshape animation, this effectively means to compute suitable blendshape weights for the given target character. Current methods either require manually created examples of matching expressions of actor and target character, or are limited to characters with similar facial proportions (i.e., realistic models). In contrast, our approach can automatically retarget facial animations from a real actor to stylized characters. We formulate the problem of transferring the blendshapes of a facial rig to an actor as a special case of manifold alignment, by exploring the similarities of the motion spaces defined by the blendshapes and by an expressive training sequence of the actor. In addition, we incorporate a simple, yet elegant facial prior based on discrete differential properties to guarantee smooth mesh deformation. Our method requires only sparse correspondences between characters and is thus suitable for retargeting marker-less and marker-based motion capture as well as animation transfer between virtual characters.
Hippocampal Place Fields Emerge upon Single-Cell Manipulation of Excitability During Behavior

How to Make a Place Cell Hippocampal place cells have been studied for more than 40 years, yet the mechanisms underlying their remarkable spatial tuning are still not established. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in freely moving rats, Lee et al. (p. 849) changed the baseline membrane potential in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Place fields arose spontaneously in otherwise silent pyramidal cells after depolarization when the membrane voltage reached a threshold. Place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the entorhinal cortex are thought to provide the framework for spatial navigation in an animal. However, it is still unclear how the hexagonal symmetry that is so prominent in grid cells emerges. While recording from the entorhinal cortex and in the pre- and parasubiculum during spatial behavior in the rat, Krupic et al. (p. 853) discovered that many forms of spatial periodicity exist in neurons in these structures. The grid cells seem to reflect a subset of this larger set, generated by self-organized dynamics. Nonspatial, cellular factors can play a decisive role in how neurons respond to inputs in awake behaving animals. The origin of the spatial receptive fields of hippocampal place cells has not been established. A hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell receives thousands of synaptic inputs, mostly from other spatially tuned neurons; however, how the postsynaptic neuron’s cellular properties determine the response to these inputs during behavior is unknown. We discovered that, contrary to expectations from basic models of place cells and neuronal integration, a small, spatially uniform depolarization of the spatially untuned somatic membrane potential of a silent cell leads to the sudden and reversible emergence of a spatially tuned subthreshold response and place-field spiking. Such gating of inputs by postsynaptic neuronal excitability reveals a cellular mechanism for receptive field origin and may be critical for the formation of hippocampal memory representations.
Association of Dietary Factors with Progression of AA in Stroke/TIA Patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of dietary factors such as calorie intake and dietary fats on the progression of aortic arch atheroma (AA). BACKGROUND In stroke/TIA patients, progression of AA is associated with recurrent vascular events. DESIGN/METHODS Consecutive patients with measurable (>1 mm) AA atheroma on baseline transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) evaluation consented to a protocol mandated follow-up TEE at 12 months. Patients that had adequate paired AA images were assessed for progression, defined as Δ ≥ 1 grade worsening (based on plaque thickness over 12 months). Stroke risk factors and fasting lipid profile were assessed at baseline. The patient's nutritional intake was measured at baseline using the Gladys Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS One-hundred-nine patients (70 strokes, 33 TIAs) had sequential TEEs, of whom 27% (N=30) progressed and 73% (N=79) did not. Patients with progression had higher daily calorie (1778 ± 623 vs. 1378 ± 406 Calories, p=0.008), fat (76 ± 33 vs. 52 ± 23 grams, p=0.0002), carbohydrate (208 ± 78 vs. 169 ± 57 grams, p=0.01) and protein (73 ± 26 vs. 57 ± 21 grams, p=0.005) intake. On Further analysis among different fats showed a higher consumption of saturated fats (25 ± 12 vs. 17 ±8 grams, p=0.00051) as well as unsaturated fats (44 ± 20 vs. 30 ± 13 grams, p=0.002). These differences remained significant after we adjusted for the medication use. However the significance of these differences was attenuated after adjusting for the calorie intake. Cholesterol consumption did not differ between the progression and no-progression group (262 ± 125 vs. 213 ± 149 mg, p=0.2). CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE Calorie intake plays a significant role in the progression of AA. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the specific dietary modifications that may prevent AA progression and associated recurrent vascular events.
Medicinal folklore evaluation. I. Alleged androgenic and aphrodisiac action of pega palo (Rhynchosia pyramidalis).

Pega palo is a plant that has received recent and widespread publicity as an alleged aphrodisiac and androgenic agent. One literature report claims clinical efficacy for these effects; however, other investigators could not confirm these activities in laboratory animals. In the present investigation, using a variety of biological test procedures, neither androgenic activity nor an aphrodisiac effect could be demonstrated in laboratory animals.
Image Classification by Sparse Representation-based Transduction

Motivated by the remarkable successes of Graph-based Transduction (GT) and Sparse Representation (SR), we present a novel Classifier named Sparse Graph-based Classifier (SGC) for image classification. In SGC, SR is leveraged to measure the correlation (similarity) of each two samples and a graph is constructed for encoding these correlations. Then the Laplacian eigenmapping is adopted for deriving the graph Laplacian of the graph. Finally, SGC can be obtained by plugging the graph Laplacian into the conventional GT framework. In the image classification procedure, SGC utilizes the correlations, which are encoded in the learned graph Laplacian, to infer the labels of unlabeled images. SGC inherits the merits of both GT and SR. Compared to SR, SGC improves the robustness and the discriminating power of GT. Compared to GT, SGC sufficiently exploits the whole data. Therefore it alleviates the undercomplete dictionary issue suffered by SR. Four popular image databases are employed for evaluation. The results demonstrate that SGC can achieve a promising performance in comparison with the state-of-the-art classifiers, particularly in the small training sample size case and the noisy sample case.
Velocity and torque profile optimization of electric vehicle including limited overload

This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization methodology for speed and torque trajectories of a light electric vehicle (LEV) traveling on a specific open route. The procedure introduced accounts for speed constraints and various elevation profiles and involves determination of the overload operation tolerances. The LEV under consideration comprises an in-wheel surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) motor, dimensioned in terms of cruise efficiency maximization and size minimization. Therefore, the tolerated limited overloading is appropriately managed in order to avoid excessive winding overheat, which could compromise the drivetrain reliability. The proposed technique facilitates the detection of alternative trade-offs between energy and time savings for a predefined track circuit. The method is based on particular segmentation of the itinerary and involves a two step procedure. In a first step speed optimization is performed by tolerating more important overloading while in a second step the torque overload limits per segment are appropriately tuned with respect to the reference mean speed. Simulations based on a LEV dynamic model illustrated significant savings for both trip duration and energy consumption with respect to the classic constant-speed control technique.
Transforming Pedagogy Using Mobile Web 2.0

Blogs, wikis, podcasting, and a host of free, easy to use Web 2.0 social software provide opportunities for creating social constructivist learning environments focusing on student-centred learning and end-user content creation and sharing. Building on this foundation, mobile Web 2.0 has emerged as a viable teaching and learning tool, facilitating engaging learning environments that bridge multiple contexts. Todayâ€™s dual 3G and wifi-enabled smartphones provide a ubiquitous connection to mobile Web 2.0 social software and the ability to view, create, edit, upload, and share user generated Web 2.0 content. This article outlines how a Product Design course has moved from a traditional face-to-face, studio-based learning environment to one using mobile Web 2.0 technologies to enhance and engage students in a social constructivist learning paradigm.
Match enhancement in SAR ADCs by algorithmic unit capacitor assignment

This paper presents the concept of and an implementation technique for match enhancement in SAR ADCs. Conventionally the binary weighted capacitors in a SAR ADC are realized by combining unit capacitors and those unit capacitors are assigned to elements of the binary weighted array during layout. Note that an n-bit CR-SAR ADC has 2n unit capacitors whose capacitance values will follow a Gaussian distribution. This work enhances matching between binary weighted capacitors by choosing those unit capacitors closest to the median as the minimum size capacitors in the array and combining capacitors further from, but on opposite sides of, the median to give to the larger capacitors in the array. This requires rank ordering of unit capacitance values. Simulation results of an 8-Bit SAR ADC with the proposed match enhancement technique indicate that a reduction of four in the DAC area and power is attainable.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Exercise Testing

Summary: Measuring blood pressure during exercise under a standard protocol could be a useful diagnostic method in high‐risk patients and in borderline hypertensive subjects. It may also serve as an adapted test for hypertensive subjects undergoing physical activity at work or at leisure time with a particular cardiovascular work load. It can be used as a method of assessment to confirm the efficacy of an antihypertensive drug, and for prognostic evaluation of cardiovascular risk in terms of morbidity and mortality. An exercise blood pressure profile does not provide information about blood pressure during activities of daily living. For this purpose, ambulatory blood pressure measurement appears to be more relevant. Résumé: La mesure de la pression artérielle à l’effort dans le cadre d’un protocole standardisé apparait être un examen complémentaire important lors de l’étude de certains sujets: sur le plan diagnostique chez les sujets à “haut risque” et les hypertendus limites; sur un plan d’aptitude et d’orientation, chez les sujets hypertendus dont les activités professionnelles ou extra‐professionnelles impliquent une contrainte cardiovasculaire importante; sur un plan thérapeutique pour affirmer l’efficacité d’un médicament; et sur un plan pronostique, pour anticiper les facteurs de risque en terme de morbidité et de mortalité. Encore faut‐il bien réaliser que ces tests d’effort ne permettent pas d’apprécier les contraintes de la vie quotidienne, leur type, leur intensité et leur durée. C’est dans ce cadre que des mesures en ambulatoire paraissent se justifier.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in elderly subjects.

Warren and Marshall’s [1] discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1983 revolutionalized the clinical approach to some of the commonest gastroduodenal pathologies. The prevalence of H. pylori infection increases with age world-wide, reaching levels of 40–60% in asymptomatic elderly subjects [2–4] and over 70% in elderly patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases [5, 6]. The aim of the present review is to summarize the most recent progress in the treatment of H. pylori infection in elderly subjects, and to attempt to answer the following two questions: (i) whom to treat and (ii) how to treat.