Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization in the Poplars

Artificial hybridization has played a lengthy and important role in the domestication of the poplars. Contributing factors include the convenience of reproductive manipulation, the short time required for superior hybrids to be recognized, and the ease with which successful cultivars can be propagated. While the breeder's intuition played a major factor in early hybridization efforts, attempts at capturing heterosis or combining desirable traits have become increasingly systematic and during the past 40 years have resulted in thousands of hybrid cultivars being tested on an extensive scale in many parts of the world (e.g. STOUT and SCHREINER, 1933; HEIMBURGER 1940, 1968; HYUN and HONG, 1959; ZUFA, 1968; STEENACKERS, 1969; CHUNG and SON, 1972). However, the transfer of genes among certain poplar species, particularly those belonging to different sections of the genus, is constrained by barriers whose site and action are still unknown in all but a few cases (reviewed in ZSUFFA, 1975). The observation by STETTLER, 1968; STETTLER and BAWA, 1971, that pollen mixes of killed compatible (= "mentor") lected from trees in Seattle, Washingon; pollen of the remaining species was provided by L. ZSUFFA, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada, and D. EINSPAHR, Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin, receipt of which is gratefully acknowledged. Female branches were maintained in water culture as previously described (STETTLER and BAWA, 1971). Flowers were usually receptive 3-5 days after being brought into the greenhouse. Pollination was performed by inserting attached catkins into a small glass via1 containing pollen and lightly dusting the flowers using a camels-hair brush.
Bridging

4/13/10 1 Crack Bridging. Lecture 2 Lecture 1 (http://imechanica.org/node/7948) introduced the crack bridging model. The model is also known as the cohesive-zone model, the Barenblatt model, or the Dugdale model. The model consists of two main ingredients: • The process of separation of the body is modeled by a traction-separation curve; • The process of deformation in the body is modeled by a field theory, such as the linear elastic theory. For a body of a given configuration and traction-separation curve, the model results in a boundary-value problem. A large number of such boundary-value problems have been solved. These problems can also be solved by commercial finite element software, such as ABAQUS. The limited time in this course will only allow us to describe a few examples. Lecture 1 focused on small-scale bridging, when the body contains a preexisting crack, and the size of the bridging zone is much smaller than the characteristic length of the body (e.g., the length of the crack and of the ligament). Under the small-scale bridging condition, the external boundary conditions of the body can be represented by a single parameter, the energy release rate. Consequently, the Griffith (1921) approach—as extended by Irwin, Orowan, Rivlin and Thomas in 1950s—can be used to determine the fracture energy. Once determined, the fracture energy of a material can be used to predict the failure of bodies of the same material but different configurations. This lecture is devoted to large-scale bridging. When the size of the bridging zone is comparable to, or even larger than, the characteristic length of a body, the external boundary conditions cannot be represented by the energy release rate alone. The Griffith approach fails. The crack-bridging model, however, applies under the large-scale bridging conditions. Within the crack-bridging model, the traction-separation curve characterizes the resistance of a material to fracture. The tractionseparation curve can be determined by a combination of computation and experimental measurement. Once determined, the traction-separation curve of a material can be used to predict failure of specimens of the same material but different configurations.
PENETAPAN STANDARISASI NON SPESIFIK EKSTRAK ETANOL HASIL PERKOLASI UMBI BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.)Merr)

ABSTRACTDayak Onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) is known to have several benefits including treating cancer, hypertension, lowering cholesterol. This study aims to determine the non-specific parameters of ethanol extract from Dayak onion bulbs which include drying shrinkage parameters, moisture content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content. Extraction was carried out percolation with 96% ethanol and yielded a yield of 12.44%. Dayak onion tuber extract was thick with a distinctive smell of onion and reddish brown color. The contents of the active compounds include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and quinones. The results showed a shrinkage value of 9.73 ± 0.10%, moisture content 9.42 ± 0.36% ash content 4.83 ± 0.27% and acid insoluble ash content 0.45 ± 0.49Keywords: Dayak Onion, 96% ethanol extract, non specific parameters
Modulating quorum sensing and type III secretion systems in bacterial plant pathogens for disease management.

In this chapter, we briefly describe three major classes of quorum sensing (QS) systems as well as the structural components, substrates, chaperones, signals and regulation of the type III secretion system (T3SS). In addition, we discuss current knowledge about the regulatory network between QS and T3SS, including examples of QS controlling T3SS, and the connection between T3SS and QS through the regulator of secondary metabolism (Rsm) system, GacS/GacA two-component signal transduction system (TCSTS) and other regulators, as well as the interrelationships among these systems. In addition to the QS modulation mechanisms, we discuss disease management strategies by targeting the QS and T3SS. Finally, the current application of TCSTS histidine kinase inhibitor and QS interference (QSI) for disease management is further discussed. Future directions to enhance our understanding of the QS and T3SS systems themselves, as well as managing bacterial plant diseases by modulating the QS and T3SS systems, are suggested and the potential problems associated with the application of QS and T3SS in plant disease management are also briefly discussed.
Syntax-based Rewriting for Simultaneous Machine Translation

Divergent word order between languages causes delay in simultaneous machine translation. We present a sentence rewriting method that generates more monotonic translations to improve the speedaccuracy tradeoff. We design grammaticality and meaning-preserving syntactic transformation rules that operate on constituent parse trees. We apply the rules to reference translations to make their word order closer to the source language word order. On Japanese-English translation (two languages with substantially different structure), incorporating the rewritten, more monotonic reference translation into a phrase-based machine translation system enables better translations faster than a baseline system that only uses gold reference translations.
The principles of ultra high pressure technology and its

Consumers have a growing preference for convenient, fresh-like, healthy, palatable, additive-free, highquality and microbiologically safe food products. However, as food deterioration is constant threat along the entire food chain, food preservation remains as necessary today as in the past. The food industry has responded by applying a number of new technologies including high hydrostatic pressure for food processing and preservation. In addition, food scientists have demonstrated the feasibility of industrial-scale high pressure processing. High pressure processing is one of the emerging technologies to be studied as an alternative to classical thermal processing of food. This ‘clean’ technology offers an effective and safe method of modifying protein structure, enzyme inactivation, and formation of chemical compounds. In addition the study of the effects of high pressure on biological materials has received a great deal of attention in recent years. During the last decade, numerous publications that describe the influence of pressure on various constituents and contaminants of foods such as spoilage microorganisms, food pathogens, enzymes and food proteins have appeared in the literature. This paper reviews the literature on high pressure application in food industry most notably it covers various facets of high pressure technology, which is, history, concepts and principles underlying the application of this technology, hysicochemical, chemical, microbiological aspects of high pressure in the viewpoint of food technology.
Interpretese vs. Translationese: The Uniqueness of Human Strategies in Simultaneous Interpretation

Computational approaches to simultaneous interpretation are stymied by how little we know about the tactics human interpreters use. We produce a parallel corpus of translated and simultaneously interpreted text and study differences between them through a computational approach. Our analysis reveals that human interpreters regularly apply several effective tactics to reduce translation latency, including sentence segmentation and passivization. In addition to these unique, clever strategies, we show that limited human memory also causes other idiosyncratic properties of human interpretation such as generalization and omission of source content.
Benefits of an Irrigation Scheme and Its Determinants to Surrounding Peripheral Rural Communities

The objective of the study was to identify the extent of benefits and their determinants to communities surrounding the Qamata Irrigation Scheme (QIS) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study used a quantitative based cross-sectional survey of 197 households within a radius of 20 km from the QIS. Multiple sampling methods were utilized where the villages were randomly and the households conveniently selected. A semi-structured pre-coded questionnaire was utilized to collect the data which was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression. The study identified 14 discriminant benefits ranging from job opportunities, income increment food diversification to share cropping. Sixty-two percent of the households identified less than 5 benefits, whilst 27% and 11% identified 6-10 and 11-14 benefits respectively. Determinants of a surrounding household to attain benefits were significantly influenced by the distance from the scheme, the main source of income and gender of household head (P<0.01); marital and employment status (P<0.05); and access to farm land (P<0.1). The study concludes that the level of benefit diffused to surrounding households is based on socio-economic factors. The study recommends conscientization of surrounding communities on the peripheral benefits accrued from the proximity to the QIS, achievable through awareness initiatives.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Protocol to Analyze Histone Modifications in Arabidopsis thaliana (PROT12)

Eukaryotic chromatin is a complex of DNA and associated histone proteins which are involved in the higher order packaging of DNA into chromosomes. The chromatin state of a given DNA sequence influences transcriptional activity and replication timing and is regulated by potentially reversible covalent modifications of DNA and histones. Histone modifications at conserved lysine and arginine residues within the flexible N-terminal tails, such as phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation, specify a code which serves as an interaction platform with specific domains of chromatin-associated proteins. The immunoprecipitation (IP) of crosslinked chromatin with antibodies specific for certain histone modifications (chromatin immunoprecipitation; ChIP), followed by PCR to detect a potential enrichment or depletion of a DNA sequence of interest within IP fractions, constitutes an elegant and direct method to query specific chromatin states of individual genes and is already routinely used in many labs. In contrast to animal cells, however, plant cells have a rigid cell wall which poses limitations to the simple utilization of protocols established for animals. In this protocol, I describe the method used in our laboratory to study histone modifications in the plant model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. This protocol is an adapted version of the original procedure published by Lawrence and co-workers (Lawrence et al., 2004).
Grouping business news stories based on salience of named entities

In news aggregation systems focused on broad news domains, certain stories may appear in multiple articles. Depending on the relative importance of the story, the number of versions can reach dozens or hundreds within a day. The text in these versions may be nearly identical or quite different. Linking multiple versions of a story into a single group brings several important benefits to the end-user–reducing the cognitive load on the reader, as well as signaling the relative importance of the story. We present a grouping algorithm, and explore several vector-based representations of input documents: from a baseline using keywords, to a method using salience–a measure of importance of named entities in the text. We demonstrate that features beyond keywords yield substantial improvements, verified on a manually-annotated corpus of business news stories.
Plate 360. Rhipsalis puniceodiscus

The Brazilian epiphyte, Rhipsalis puniceodiscus G. A. Lindberg (Cactaceae), is illustrated together with R. neves-armondii Schumann and their putative hybrid. The history, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the former are discussed and a full discription of the species is provided.
Rapid Demethylation of the IFN-γ Gene Occurs in Memory but Not Naive CD8 T Cells1

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. We have determined that specific modifications in DNA methylation at the IFN-γ locus occur during memory CD8 T cell differentiation in vivo. Expression of the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ in CD8 T cells is highly developmental stage specific. Most naive cells must divide before they express IFN-γ, while memory cells vigorously express IFN-γ before cell division. Ag-specific CD8 T cells were obtained during viral infection of mice and examined directly ex vivo. Naive cells had an IFN-γ locus with extensive methylation at three specific CpG sites. An inhibitor of methylation increased the amount of IFN-γ in naive cells, indicating that methylation contributes to the slow and meager production of IFN-γ. Effectors were unmethylated and produced large amounts of IFN-γ. Interestingly, while memory cells were also able to produce large amounts of IFN-γ, the gene was partially methylated at the three CpG sites. Within 5 h of antigenic stimulation, however, the gene was rapidly demethylated in memory cells. This was independent of DNA synthesis and cell division, suggesting a yet unidentified demethylase. Rapid demethylation of the IFN-γ promoter by an enzymatic factor only in memory cells would be a novel mechanism of differential gene regulation. This differentiation stage-specific mechanism reflects a basic immunologic principle: naive cells need to expand before becoming an effective defense factor, whereas memory cells with already increased precursor frequency can rapidly mount effector functions to eliminate reinfecting pathogens in a strictly Ag-dependent fashion.
1,25 (OH)2 Vitamin D3-Stimulated Osteoclast Formation in Spleen-Osteoblast Cocultures Is Mediated in Part by Enhanced IL-1α and Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand Production in Osteoblasts1

We examined the ability of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 (Vit D) to stimulate osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation in cocultures of spleen cells and primary calvarial osteoblasts from wild-type (WT) and IL-1R type 1-deficient (knockout; KO) mice. Vit D dose dependently increased OCL in cocultures containing WT osteoblasts. In contrast, there was a 90% reduction in OCL numbers in cocultures containing KO osteoblasts. In cocultures with either WT or KO osteoblasts, treatment with Vit D increased receptor activator of NF-κB ligand mRNA by 17-, 19-, or 3.5-fold, respectively. Vit D decreased osteoprotegerin mRNA to undetectable in all groups. Intracellular IL-1α protein increased after Vit D treatment in cocultures containing WT, but not KO osteoblasts. We also examined direct effects of Vit D, IL-1α, and their combination on gene expression in primary osteoblasts. In WT cells, Vit D and IL-1 stimulated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand mRNA expression by 3- and 4-fold, respectively, and their combination produced a 7-fold increase. Inhibition of osteoprotegerin mRNA in WT cells was partial with either agent alone and greatest with their combination. In KO cells, only Vit D stimulated a response. IL-1 alone increased IL-1α protein expression in WT osteoblasts. However, in combination with Vit D, there was a synergistic response (100-fold increase). In KO cultures, there were no effects of IL-1, Vit D, or their combination on IL-1α protein. These results demonstrate interactions between IL-1 and Vit D in primary osteoblasts that appear important in both regulation of IL-1α production and the ability of Vit D to support osteoclastogenesis.
Understanding how honey bee flight and senescence are connected through oxidative stress (880.1)

Honey bee age, behavior, functional senescence, and lifespan are easily manipulated independently of each other while in its natural environment and flying honey bees have the highest mass specific metabolic rate measured to date making the honey bee the ideal system to test the connection between oxidative stress and behaviors with a high aerobic expenditure. The main objectives of this work were to (a) determine if there is a cause‐effect relationship between honey bee flight and oxidative stress by comparing damage accrued from intense flight bouts to damage accrued from galactose treatment, which is a known proxy of oxidative stress in other insects, and (b) experimentally manipulate the duration and intensity of honey bee flight along with age to determine their effects on ROS accumulation and the associated enzymatic antioxidant protective mechanisms. Levels of 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine, a marker of DNA damage were increased in flying bees with high amounts of flight experience. We also saw an imbalance between pro‐oxidants and anti‐oxidants in bees with high amounts of flight experience. These data suggest flight‐induced oxidative stress plays a significant role in functional senescence of foraging honey bees that spend most of each day on the wing. Additionally, these data suggest that highly metabolic behaviors may contribute to oxidative stress and senescence of highly‐metabolic organisms.
The ARM assay for the measurement of protistan bacterivory rates and ammonium regeneration efficiencies

approved: rryF.Sherr T1S Protists have a key role in pelagic systems, both as the main bacterivores and major nutrient regenerators. Thus, knowledge of protistan bacterivory rates and nutrient regeneration efficiencies is essential for studies concerning the structure and function of pelagic food webs. Current methods for the estimation of protistan bacterivory have methodological artifacts, especially when applied to open ocean communities. Also, measurements of regeneration rates for pelagic protists have been mainly limited to organisms in culture. Therefore, new methods should be developed for the measurement of protistan bacterivory and nutrient regeneration rates. I developed a method for simultaneous estimation of protistan bacterivory and regeneration efficiencies, based on a new approach for the study of microbial communities: the product release assays (PRAs). PRAs estimate grazing rates from the rate of excretion of labeled products resulting from the digestion of added pre-labeled prey. The product regeneration efficiency, which is assumed to be Redacted for Privacy constant, can also be estimated as an index of trophic complexity in food webs origination with the prey of interest. I chose ammonium as the excretory product, since nitrogen is a major structural component of bacterial cells and 1 5N, a stable isotope of nitrogen can be used as tracer. The problems associated with the use of 15NH4 include the difficulty of extracting ammonium from seawater, as well as the requirement of reasonably large sample sizes for the isotopic analysis. These problems limited the use of the method for open ocean samples. In those cases where bacterial and protists abundances were high, I was able to calculate grazing rates and regeneration efficiencies that agreed with previously published values. In two of the experiments, protists and bacterial abundances varied during the incubation period, violating the assumption required for the calculation of rates as a simple negative exponential model, i.e., grazing rates are constant. Deterministic computer models designed to calculate rates which used bacteria and protist numbers as variables estimated grazing rates and nitrogen regeneration efficiencies in the range of previous reported values. The use of different tracers, as well as different prey types is recommended as the direction for future studies using the product release assay approach. The ARM Assay for the Measurement of Protistan Bacterivory Rates and Ammonium Regeneration Efficiencies
Differentiation of the effects of arginine and w3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in an immune‐enhancing diet (IED).

Introduction: It has been shown that arginine (ARG) is more efficient in traumatized rats when added to a standard diet (Sondalis® HP(S)) than when included in an IED (Crucial® (C)). This could be due to high amounts of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) counteracting the beneficial effects of ARG. We therefore evaluated diets with different ARG and PUFA contents in a rat model of turpentine (T)‐induced inflammation.
Microalgae culture collection, 1986-1987

The SERI Microalgae Culture Collection provides a repository for strains identified or developed for mass culture biomass production and makes these strains readily available to the research community. The strains in the collection have been selected for their potential in biomass fuel applications, and many produce significant quantities of cellular storage lipids. All of the newly added strains have been recently isolated by SERI and its subcontractors in organized screening programs. Many have been tested in outdoor mass culture systems, and several have demonstrated excellent performance as biomass producers. The strains added to the collection this year have been isolated from inland saline waters and marine waters. We believe that the strains in this collection can provide a source of extremely useful organisms, both for laboratory experimentation and for mass culture research. Most of the strains are currently nonaxenic. Again this year, cultures will be shipped free of charge to interested researchers. An important function of the culture collection catalog, in addition to listing the available strains, is to provide culture and performance data for each of the organisms. By collecting a summary of the requirements and characteristics of these organisms, we hope to allow requestors of cultures to beginmore » productive research with a minimum of preliminary work on culture techniques. « less
Dénitrification des eaux en présence d'acides gras volatils

La denitrification biologique des eaux represente un procede extremement interessant puisqu'il permet, via un mecanisme de respiration, d'eliminer la pollution azotee (nitrates et nitrites) sous forme de N2, i. E. Sans laisser de residu. Pour realiser cette reaction les microorganismes ont besoin d'un apport de substrat donneur de carbone et d'electrons, qui peut etre le methanol, l'eau usee. D'un point de vue economique, il est plus rentable de pouvoir utiliser les sous-produits de l'hydrolyse anaerobie partielle des boues activees tels les acides gras volatils (AGY) a courte chaine (acides acetique, propionique, butyrique, valerique). L'objet principal de ce travail est de determiner parmi les acides acetique, propionique, butyrique et valerique lequel de ces substrats permet d'eliminer les nitrates a la vitesse la plus elevee, et si possible avec la production de biomasse la plus faible.