Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive control of distributed generation for microgrid islanding

A microgrid (MG) is supposed to operate in both grid-tied mode and islanded mode, smooth transition between which is critical for its reliability. Past efforts have shown that proper control of converter-interfaced distributed generation (DG) units can help maintain stability of MG against islanding. However, it remains unknown as how to quantify and when to initialize such controls. This paper presents a novel DG control strategy for MG islanding purpose using phasor measurements at point of common coupling. During the transition, the proposed controller adjusts DG outputs adaptively to compensate for system power imbalance. To verify the proposed method, a full MG dynamic model with different types of DGs is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC. Case studies demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method in improving load sharing, transient issues and system stability during MG islanding.
COSTS: GETTING TO THE ROOT CAUSES

SUBTITLE: SUPPLY CHAIN COST-REDUCTION PROJECTS MUST FORSAKE QUICK-FIX SOLUTIONS IN FAVOR OF A DISCIPLINED APPROACH THAT ADDRESSES THE ROOT CAUSES FOR THE COSTS. UNFORTUNATELY, BARRIERS STAND IN THE WAY TO DISCOVERING AND ADDRESSING THESE ROOT CAUSES. THIS ARTICLE PINPOINTS THE FIVE MOST COMMON BARRIERS AND OFFERS SOME PRACTICAL ADVICE ON HOW TO OVERCOME THEM.
An evaluation of the regulation and supervision of co-operative financial institutions in South Africa

Co-operative financial institutions (CFIs) as a concept has been in existence in South Africa for a number of years either as credit unions, “stokvels”, savings and credit co-operatives and/or FSC‟s. As a result, regulators have long realized the need and potential of the CFI concept, with an exemption notice promulgated in 1994 and the Co-operative Bank specific legislation in 2007, allowing institutions modeled around a common bond to take deposits within certain conditions, to ensure the safety and soundness of such institutions and to facilitate financial inclusion. The study provides an overview of the regulatory and supervisory frameworks for CFIs in South Africa, noting the roles of various regulatory stakeholders as well as the perceptions of the regulated institutions. The study finds that despite the small size relative to the overall economy, and the low penetration rates, the CFI sector in South Africa is providing financial services to marginalized communities. However, capacity is a major constraint in the development and growth of the sector. As a result, any supervisory interventions will be pointless in the absence of appropriate capacity interventions. Despite the existence of various regulators, regulatory and supervisory oversight is considered weak. There is lack of clarity on the various roles of the different regulators within the sector, raising scope for regulatory arbitrage. In addition, the role of the representative body has been called into question, with some CFIs querying its relevance. Regulations have been put in place to address some of these anomalies, and these were evaluated in the context of recommending appropriate supervisory frameworks to enhance the safety and soundness of the sector and minimize regulatory arbitrage. The recommendations are also aligned to the nature and size of such institutions within the broader national strategy of promoting access to financial services in a safe and sound manner.
Citrate kinetics in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis therapy.

BACKGROUND Regional anticoagulation using sodium citrate is used increasingly in hemodialysis patients at high risk for bleeding. However, citrate metabolism has never been evaluated systematically in hemodialysis patients, and it remains to be shown that citrate is cleared adequately in the presence of renal dysfunction. This study compares the pharmacokinetics of citrate in hemodialysis patients with minimal residual function with that in patients with normal renal function. METHODS Long-term hemodialysis patients (n = 7) and patients without renal failure (n = 11) were investigated during routine immunoadsorption treatment by using a standardized citrate infusion protocol. Serial analysis of blood samples was performed before, during, and up to 120 minutes after citrate infusion (0.33 mmol/kg/h). Citrate plasma concentrations were measured colorimetrically. In addition, ionized calcium, pH, and bicarbonate were measured by using a blood gas analyzer. RESULTS Basal (0.09 +/- 0.03 versus 0.12 +/- 0.03 mmol/L; P = not significant) and peak citrate concentrations were similar in both groups (1.24 +/- 0.42 versus 1.19 +/- 0.33 mmol/L; P = not significant). Citrate clearance was similar in patients with renal failure (0.31 +/- 0.06 L/min) and controls (0.35 +/- 0.11 L/min; P = 0.47). Effects on pH were minimal and did not differ between groups. No patient developed complications from citrate infusion. CONCLUSION Compared with controls, citrate clearance and metabolism in long-term hemodialysis patients is not impaired, and no significant acid-base disorder occurred during citrate anticoagulation. From these data, it is tempting to conclude that citrate anticoagulation can be used safely in patients with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis therapy.
Growing the entrepreneurial firm

Examines the entrepreneurial high‐technology firm′s use of networks for international market development. Multisite case research and a mail survey form the empirical base for the study. Findings indicate that international market choice and mode of entry for small entrepreneurial high‐technology firms are largely shaped by the interest of various network players. Influential network relationships may be both formal (e.g. business contacts) and informal (e.g. family). Early relationships with large firms are particularly influential in the entrepreneurial high‐technology firm′s internationalization process. Networks are used to share some, but not all, international marketing activities. Concludes that network analysis offers a rich perspective on the international development patterns of entrepreneurial firms. Outlines research and managerial implications on the basis of these exploratory findings.
Through a bat's ear

The nature of bats' acoustic imaging, which combines time and frequency-domain operations in a variety of ways, is discussed. A description is given of a simulated sonar receiver based on the brown bat's auditory system. Algorithms that mix time and frequency-domain techniques to reconstruct target shape from echoes have been tested successfully in a computer, and work is in progress to develop a VLSI chip capable of real-time operation with these algorithms. <<ETX>>
A normal adult and fetal lung antigen present at different quantitative levels in different histologic types of human lung cancer

Rabbits were immunized with extract of either an adenocarcinoma of the lung, or one of three oat cell carcinomas of the lung. Unabsorbed and variously absorbed antisera, and various extracts, were analyzed by double and radial immunodiffusion. The adenocarcinoma‐antisera identified an antigen subsequently quantitated at high concentration in seven adenocarcinomas of the lung, but at low concentration in five normal adult and four fetal lungs. Three of four epidermoid carcinomas of the lung contained the antigen at low concentration, however only trace amounts were detected in four of five oat cell carcinomas of the lung. The oat cell carcinoma‐antisera failed to identify a significant antigen. Quantitatively, the above antigen appeared to distinguish adenocarcinomas and to a lesser extent epidermoid carcinomas from oat cell carcinomas of the lung, and to be consistent with the concept that oat cell carcinomas arise from a different cell type than the other lung tumors.
The Cold War in Welfare: Stock Markets Versus Pensions

A new Cold War has developed between competing blocs of countries over the role of financial markets versus the state in the provision of pensions and the financing of the economy generally. An Anglo-American bloc, which has spread into South America, Australia, Canada and Japan, favours private pension investment on stock markets. Proponents of this approach argue that it will be much more efficient and provide capital for corporate growth. A European bloc, not including the UK, favours state provision and a much smaller role for unstable stock markets in the provision of pensions. This model is under threat from the World Bank, financial markets, and many senior academics in the US and Britain. This book is the first to analyse comprehensively this situation. It argues that social provision and corporate relationships with the financial sector are inextricably linked, and moreover that the expansion of private pensions through stock markets has all the attendant consequences for the control of companies by investors on those markets who want to maximise individual financial returns as opposed to corporate growth. Indeed, the book comes to the conclusion that many of the arguments used in support of the Anglo-American approach are based not on improving pensions and economic growth but rather on how to promote stock markets themselves, a decidedly different matter.
Disinvestment in India: Policies, Procedures, Practices

Public Sector in India Role of Ownership and Competition on Efficiency Impact of Ownership and Competition on Efficiency New Evidence in the Indian Context Strategy for Privatisation Privatisation Across the World Disinvestment in India Review of the Disinvestment Process Performance of Privatised Companies The Global Experience Performance of Disinvested Central Public Enterprises in India The Empirical Evidence Corporate Response to Economic Reforms SAIL BHEL IOC ITI BEL BEML NFL Privatised Enterprises Then and Now Findings, Policy Implications and Recommendations
Active threshold compensation circuit for improved performance in cooled CMOS systems

We propose a threshold compensation circuit that actively adjusts transistor threshold voltage in order to enhance static CMOS performance gains through temperature, while maintaining nominal subthreshold leakage current levels. Simultaneous are presented which show that active threshold compensation for a circuit with normal operating temperature of 100/spl deg/C yields a 27% improvement in gate performance when it is cooled to 27/spl deg/C.
Wavelet-Time Diversity Transmission in Wireless Systems: Bit-Error Probability

This paper investigates the bit error probability of a wavelet-time diversity transmission system, which exploits the orthogonality properties between wavelet matrix rows to spread the information of QPSK symbols before transmission. Numerical results of performance comparisons show that the proposed theoretical analysis very accurately matches with the Monte Carlo simulation results. Besides, analytical and simulation results show much higher performance under flat-fading conditions, while remains unaffected the spectral efficiency of the original modulation scheme, which offers significant advantages for next-generation broadband wireless communication systems.
On the decoding of convolutional codes on an unknown channel

An algorithm is proposed for universal decoding of convolutional/trellis codes employed over unknown channels. On discrete memoryless channels and at rates below the channel's computational cutoff rate (for a uniform input distribution), the algorithm achieves an asymptotic complexity-performance tradeoff similar to the tradeoff achieved by the Viterbi (1979) algorithm, but with the benefit that the algorithm's implementation does not require knowledge of the channel law. The algorithm is also applicable to channels with memory, and in particular to intersymbol interference (ISI) channels, to channels with nonlinear ISI, and even to general finite-state channels.
Co‐immobilized Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis cells: validation of a dynamic model for simultaneous substrate conversion and growth in κ‐carrageenan gel beads

A dynamic model for two microbial species immobilized in a gel matrix is presented and validated with experiments. The model characterizes the nitrification of ammonia with Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis co‐immobilized in K‐carrageenan gel beads. The model consists of kinetic equations for the microorganisms and mass transfer equations for the substrates and products inside and outside the gel beads. The model predicts reactor bulk concentrations together with the substrate consumption rate, product formation, and biomass growth inside the gel beads as a function of time. A 50–day experiment with immobilized cells in a 3.3‐dm3 air‐lift loop reactor was carried out to validate the model. The parameter values for the model were obtained from literature and separate experiments. The experimentally determined reactor bulk concentrations and the biomass distribution of the two microorganisms in the gel beads were well predicted by the model. A sensitivity analysis of the model for the given initial values indicated the most relevant parameters to be the maximum specific growth rate of the microorganisms, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen, and the radius of the beads. The dynamic model provides a useful tool for further study and possible control of the nitrification process. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clusters of charged residues in protein three-dimensional structures.

Statistically significant charge clusters (basic, acidic, or of mixed charge) in tertiary protein structures are identified by new methods from a large representative collection of protein structures. About 10% of protein structures show at least one charge cluster, mostly of mixed type involving about equally anionic and cationic residues. Positive charge clusters are very rare. Negative (or histidine-acidic) charge clusters often coordinate calcium, or magnesium or zinc ions [e.g., thermolysin (PDB code: 3tln), mannose-binding protein (2msb), aminopeptidase (1amp)]. Mixed-charge clusters are prominent at interchain contacts where they stabilize quaternary protein formation [e.g., glutathione S-transferase (2gst), catalase (8act), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (1fba)]. They are also involved in protein-protein interaction and in substrate binding. For example, the mixed-charge cluster of aspartate carbamoyl-transferase (8atc) envelops the aspartate carbonyl substrate in a flexible manner (alternating tense and relaxed states) where charge associations can vary from weak to strong. Other proteins with charge clusters include the P450 cytochrome family (BM-3, Terp, Cam), several flavocytochromes, neuraminidase, hemagglutinin, the photosynthetic reaction center, and annexin. In each case in Table 2 we discuss the possible role of the charge clusters with respect to protein structure and function.
Histochemistry and composition of the male reproductive tract of the horned lizard as affected by seasonal variation

In recent years biologists have examined physiologic characters of vertebrates as related to their evolutionary significance. As a result of these investigations, homologous as well as analogous physiological and biochemical characteristics have been found which, in some cases, have been as striking as the morphological findings of comparative anatomists. Through a histochemical approach, the characteristics of an organ may be related to its structure, and composition which otherwise might not be realized in studies employing only histological or biochemical procedures. In turn, histochemical results are enhanced when paralleled with biochemical methods. The spermatogenesis of the horned lizard has been studied by Cavazos ('51). Blount ('29) reported the seasonal changes in the number and morphology of the interstitial cells and Mellish ('36) considered the effects of pituitary extract and environmental conditions on the genital system of the horned lizard. Cavazos and Melampy ('54) and Melampy and Cavazos ('54) have examined the distribution of periodic acid-reactive carbohydrates and lipids in testes of lizards. The present study deals with a histochemical and biochemical investigation of the reproductive system of the male horned lizard as affected by seasonal variation. It is concerned with the period immediately following hibernation, and continues during the major portion of the breeding season of this reptile.
Design and Construction of a Trigger Generator Based on Pulse Transformer for Spark Gap Switch

A two-electrode graphite spark gap switch is used as the main discharge switch and triggered by a reliable trigger generator in a pulsed-power conditioning system. The trigger generator based on resonant charging of a pulse transformer is constructed. An appropriate ratio can be obtained when using resonant charging based on a core-type pulse transformer. The charging time is dependent on the leakage inductance and the capacitance of the primary and secondary capacitors. The stray resistance and magnetizing inductance of the resonant charging circuit have an impact on ratio and energy transmission efficiency. A dry-type pulse transformer with a load of 1.08 nF, an output voltage of more than 130 kV, and a winding ratio of 65 is presented. A self-breakdown three-electrode output switch is used to shorten the rise time of the output impulse. The deviation of the self-breakdown voltage of the self-breakdown three-electrode output switch is much smaller than that of the self-breakdown two-electrode output switch. It assures that the trigger generator has a low jitter of output impulse when a lot of energy modules work simultaneously. The output impulse of the trigger generator with a peak value of more than 120 kV and a rise time of less than 30 ns can trigger the two-electrode graphite spark gap switch reliably.
Investigation of the mechanism of the intramolecular Scholl reaction of contiguous phenylbenzenes.

Two mechanisms of the Scholl reaction were investigated in the series 1, 2, . , n-oligophenylbenzenes (n = 2, 3, 4, 6) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. A mechanism involving generation of a radical cation followed by C-C bond formation and dehydrogenation is unlikely on the basis of unfavorable energies of activation. A mechanism involving generation of an arenium cation followed by C-C bond formation and dehydrogenation is energetically feasible. An explanation for the facile polycondensation of hexaphenylbenzene to hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, where six new aryl-aryl bonds are formed, is provided. Kinetic simulations based on the calculated activation energies of the arenium cation mechanism predict that intermediates will not accumulate; this is supported by mass balance experiments. Reaction optimization studies suggest that PhI(O2CCF3)2/BF3.OEt2 or MoCl5 are superior to FeCl3 or AlCl3/CuCl2. This is a full account of our work reported partially as a communication previously (Rempala, P.; Kroulík, J.; King, B. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 15002-15003).
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPE 1 ASSOCIATED WITH A 1999 EPIZOOTIC IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES

During the autumn of 1999 (mid-August–late September), an outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (EHDV-1) occurred along the east coast of the United States from Georgia to New Jersey. An EHDV-1 epizootic of such magnitude had not been described in this region since 1975. To determine the genetic relatedness among the 1999 viruses, as well as among additional EHDV-1 isolates from the eastern and western United States, portions of the S10 and L2 gene segments were sequenced and compared utilizing phylogenetic analyses. Nearly all of the 1999 eastern isolates were identical in nucleotide sequence at one or both loci. Additionally, confirmed cases of EHDV-1 in white-tailed deer occurred in a south (Georgia)-to-north (New Jersey/Virginia) progression over a short period of approximately six weeks. Taken together, these results indicate that this outbreak resulted from the spread of a single viral strain. The phylograms derived from analysis of the entire sample set displayed eastern and western region–specific clusterings (topotypes), as well as an eastern versus western difference in branch lengths, which may reflect the influence of epizootic versus enzootic transmission patterns on viral genetic diversity.
Context-specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls

Studies on captive bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, have shown that each individual produces a stereotyped, individually specific signature whistle; however, no study has demonstrated clear context-dependent usage of these whistles. Thus, the hypothesis that signature whistles are used to maintain group cohesion remains untested. To investigate whether signature whistles are used only in contexts that would require a mechanism to maintain group cohesion, we examined whistle type usage in a group of four captive bottlenose dolphins in two contexts. Individuals were recorded while they were separate from the group and while they all swam in the same pool. Separations occurred spontaneously when one animal swam into another pool. No partitions were used and no aggressive interactions between dolphins preceded separations. Calling animals were identified by an amplitude comparison of the same sound recorded in the two pools. Each dolphin primarily produced one stereotyped signature whistle when it was separated from the group. Similarly the remaining group in the other pool also used primarily their signature whistles if one animal was in a separate pool. If all animals swam in the same pool almost only nonsignature whistles were used. Signature whistle copying was rare and did not initiate reunions or specific vocal responses. The results strongly support the hypothesis that signature whistles are used to maintain group cohesion. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Managing the Merger: Making It Work

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Why Emerging Economies Should Not Follow US and UK Audit Practices

This paper provides evidence why Emerging Economies should not follow US and UK audit practices that have introduced untenable conflicts of interests and muddled corporate governance practices. The US 1933 law that required corporations to appoint an auditor was based on the prospectus provisions in the UK 1929 Companies Act to protect investors from being misinformed about the future value of a company. However, this is not the legal purpose of a UK statutory audit whose role is to make directors accountable in protecting the company and provide shareholders/members with intelligence for voting on the election and remuneration of directors whether or not the company issues shares or whether it has shares publicly traded. The UK statutory auditor only reports to the shareholders who approve her/his appointment. The US auditor is appointed by the directors and reports to both the directors and shareholders to subrogate the reason for having an auditor to identify any conflicting views between them. The establishment of an Audit Committee with independent directors cannot remove the conflicts. Their introduction from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the UK Combined Code introduces additional conflicts between executive and non-executive directors. Some European countries avoid both conflicts by the auditor being controlled by a shareholder committee. Arguments are presented to conclude that convergence of audit practices on those found in the US or UK is not in the best interest of directors or auditors in reducing their conflicts or safeguarding: investors, the proprietary rights of shareholders or self-governance.