Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spoof Plasmon Surfaces: A Novel Platform for THz Sensing

Binghao Ng , Jianfeng Wu , Stephen M. Hanham , Antonio I. Fernández-Domínguez , Norbert Klein , Yun Fook Liew , Mark B. H. Breese , Minghui Hong , and Stefan A. Maier* A IO N One of the most notable application of terahertz (THz) radiation is that of sensing. This is because THz waves, being nonionising, do not damage biological samples usually sensitive to visible light. More importantly, many complex molecules have vibrational and rotational modes in the THz regime, resulting in unique absorption spectral features. [ 1,2 ] This opens up THz technology to a myriad of real-world sensing applications in biological and environmental fi elds as well as industries such as oil and gas. However, the widespread use of THz spectroscopy in sensing applications is greatly hindered by the scarcity of good sources and the limited sensitivity of detectors which lead to poor system sensitivities. [ 3 ] These limitations can be circumvented in THz sensing by using methods such as strongly confi ned electromagnetic fi elds to maximize light–matter interactions and sharp spectral features to enable the detection of small changes in the dielectric environment, similar to surface plasmon polariton (SPP) sensing at visible wavelengths. [ 4 ] THz metamaterials have been the object of intense scientifi c research as platforms for generating high fi eld enhancements as well as extremely narrow resonances. In particular, it has been recently shown that metal surfaces corrugated at subwavelength scales can support highly confi ned electromagnetic surface modes. [ 5–11 ] These are analogous to SPPs in the visible regime, and are usually termed ‘spoof plasmons’. The tightly confi ned nature of spoof plasmons [ 7 ] means that they could be very sensitive to their dielectric environment, similar to SPP sensing. Comprehensive studies have been conducted on the waveguiding capabilities of spoof plasmon surfaces (SPS). [ 12–14 ]
HPLC Separation and Characterization of Flavonols in the Skins ofVitis viniferavar. Cinsault

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to investigate the flavonol composition of grape skins was developed using Cinsault grapes. In addition to the expected main grape flavonols, several unknown compounds were separated. They were isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and identified by means of ultraviolet spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the sugars released from the glycosides by acidic and enzymic hydrolysis. The main flavonols were quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and myricetin-3-glucoside. Minor compounds included kaempferol-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-galactoside, and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside. The kaempferol- and myricetin-3-glucuronides and three diglycosides were also tentatively identified. Evidence was obtained that six additional pigments consisted of the chalcone forms of anthocyanins.
Direct Western Blot Detection of HA Epitope-Tagged Proteins Using Anti-HA-Peroxidase

conjugate of Anti-HA monoclonal antibody and the reporter enzyme horseradish per- oxidase, for direct detection of HA-tagged fusion proteins in western blot analyses. Use of Anti-HA-peroxidase eliminates the need for a secondary detection step, as well as the need for the multiple washes nor- mally required after incubation with the secondary polyclonal anti-mouse IgG- enzyme conjugate. In addition to saving time (approximately 2 hours), the Anti-HA- peroxidase conjugate can detect HA-tagged proteins on immunoblots after their immunoprecipitation with unconjugated Anti-HA, without the interferences observed in indirect detection using anti- mouse IgG-peroxidase. The method described here provides rapid immuno- detection of HA-tagged proteins in crude cell extracts with sensitivity equivalent to traditional two-step western blot analysis.
Removal of 4‐chlorophenol from contaminated water using coconut shell waste pretreated with chemical agents

BACKGROUND: At concentrations higher than 1 mg L −1 , 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) is very toxic to living organisms, and if ingested beyond the permitted concentration it causes health disorders such as cancer and mutation. This laboratory study investigates treatment of contaminated water laden with 4-CP using coconut shell charcoal (CSC) waste. Batch studies were conducted to study the effects of dose, pH, and equilibrium time on 4-CP removal. To improve 4-CP removal, surface modification of the adsorbent with TiO2 ,H NO 3, and/or NaOH was undertaken. RESULTS: At an initial 4-CP concentration of 25 mg L −1 under optimized conditions (dose 13.5 g L −1 ,p H 2.0; agitation speed 150 rpm and 50 min equilibrium time), the NaOH-treated CSC demonstrated a greater removal of 4-CP (71%) than those oxidized with HNO3 (40%) and/or coated with TiO2 (52%). The adsorption capacity of the NaOH-treated CSC (54.65 mg g −1 ) was higher than those treated with HNO3 (23.13 mg g −1 ) or coated with TiO2 (48.42 mg g −1 ). CONCLUSION: Although treatment results using the NaOH-treated CSC alone were promising, the treated effluents were still unable to meet the required limit of less than 1 mg L −1 . Therefore, subsequent treatments are still required to complement the removal of 4-CP from the wastewater. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization conditions and electrooptic properties of polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals

Electrooptic and optical characteristics of polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (PSFLC) materials prepared under different conditions were characterized. Polymerization behavior and segregation properties were also investigated. The rate of polymerization during formation of PSFLCs increases significantly as the order of the LC phase increases and the temperature decreases for the monomers employed. Although the polymerization behavior is similar for these different monomers, trends in electrooptic behavior are considerably different. For C6M and p-phenylene diacrylate PSFLCs polymerized in ordered liquid crystalline phases, the temperature of polymerization and the corresponding liquid crystalline phase in which the polymerization occurs have little impact on the ultimate electrooptic and optical properties. The electrooptic properties of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) PSFLC systems, on the other hand, show a large dependence on the polymerization temperature. Both the ferroelectric polariz.
The Devoicing Intensity of Vowels [I] and [Ɯ] in Japanese Language

The research analyzed the intensity of devoicing vowels [i] and [ɯ] in Japanese language by its learners. The research used theory of Accoustic Phonetics with Praat Program to measure the intensity of vowels [i] and [ɯ]. It analyzed 6 target words uttered by two Japanese Language Learners. A native Japanese speaker was used as the utterance model. It began with recording the voice of the learners in Medan. The research problem was how the intensity of the devoicing of vowels [i] and [ɯ] in the first syllable uttered by Japanese Language learners in Medan. The findings, based on Praat analysis with intensity measurement, showed that the intensity of the devoicing of vowels [i] and [ɯ] in the first syllable uttered by the four Japanese Language learners was not maximal.
Antioxidative Activities of Methanol Extracts from Different Parts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii

The major objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from different parts (flower, leaf stem, and root) of Chrysanthemum zawadskii by employing various in-vitro assay systems. The extraction yields from the flower, leaf stem, and root were 18.347, 12.93, and 11.33-----, respectively. The total polyphenol content was highest in the flower (17.16 mg/100 g) and lowest in the root (11.33 mg/100 g). The antioxidant activities were raised within creasing amounts of extracts, and the extracts from the flower showed the highest effect on the superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating on ferrous ions and reducing power. In addition, the leaf stem also showed good antioxidant activity in various systems. These results suggest that the methanolic extracts from the flower and leaf stem possess excellent antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of natural antioxidants.
Nickel Bicarbonate Revealed as a Basic Carbonate

A new basic nickel carbonate Ni12(CO3)8(OH)8·(x – 1)H2O or Ni12(CO3)8(OH)6O·xH2O (x = 6–8) was synthesized by two hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure was determined in the cubic space group P3m (215) with a = 8.3814(2) A by laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction with the application of global optimization methods and Rietveld refinement. The crystal structure consists of edge-linked [NiO6] octahedra and carbonate units that form cages. The interconnected cages form channels filled with disordered water molecules. This causes a zeolite-like behavior of the water molecules, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG–IR) and in situ X-ray powder diffraction experiments up to 300 °C. In addition, the title compound was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The title compound was proven to be a pure carbonate and not nickel hydrogen carbonate (PDF 15-0782), as was assumed before.
Amorphous silicon driver circuits for organic light-emitting diode displays

This article presents design considerations pertinent to amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) pixel drive circuits for mobile display applications. We describe both pixel architectures and circuit topologies that are amenable for vertically stacked organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixels in a-Si:H technology. Here, a dual-gate transistor structure is used to minimize the parasitic coupling between the OLED and the transistor layers. We consider both the two-transistor (2-T) voltage-programmed drive circuit and the five-transistor (5-T) current-programmed drive circuit. The latter provides compensation for shifts in device characteristics by virtue of metastable shifts in the threshold voltage of the thin-film transistor (TFT). Implementation of the 5-T drive circuit using dual-gate TFTs that enables high aperture ratio (∼100%), low leakage current, and surface emissive OLED pixels that are independent of scaling is also presented, along with simulation results of transfer characteristics.
Differential response of dicotyledonous plants to potassium‐deficiency stress: Iron‐stress response mechanism

Abstract Iron‐efficient tomato and soybean, when subjected to Fe‐deficiency stress, required K before the Fe‐stress response mechanism would function, ie, would (a) release H ions and reductants from their roots and (b) reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ in their roots. In previous studies with tomato and soybean, H ion release ceased after Fe was made available to the plant. Muskmelon differed from tomatoes and soybeans in that H ion release was sustained even after Fe was made available. This study was conducted to determine if muskmelon also differs from soybean and tomato plants in its Fe‐K relationship. Muskmelon was grown in hydroponic solutions at varying levels of K in combination with low or no Fe and also in various combinations of Na or Rb (as substitutes for K). Hydrogen ion release and reduction of Fe3+ at the roots as well as chlorosis ratings and leaf Fe concentrations were determined. Potassium‐deficiency stress did not prevent hydrogen ion release by muskmelon roots as had been previously observed in to.
The 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to graphene, single wall carbon nanotubes, and C60

Herein, we perform a comparative study on the addition of azomethine ylides to graphene, carbon nanotubes, C60, ethene, pyrene and a C48H18 hydrocarbon. The calculated binding energies and free energy corrections suggest that the addition of azomethine ylide to perfect graphene is not spontaneous (ΔG > 0). However, the presence of Stones–Wales defects significantly increases reactivity: the binding energy between SW-defective graphene and the azomethine ylide is 0.83 eV, close to that determined for a (5,5) SWCNT. The electronic properties of the sheet are not modified by the 1,3 cycloaddition. The binding energies determined for the addition of an azomethine ylide to a (5,5) SWCNT are significantly lower than previously reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Influence of crop rotations and tillage systems on phosphorus and potassium stratification and root distribution in the soil profile

Abstract The combination of cropping rotation and tillaging for several years have altered the distribution of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil profile. These long‐term changes have led researchers to investigate the distribution of nutrients and the distribution of roots in alternate cropping and tillage systems. The purpose of this study was to clarify if and how interactions between tillage systems and crop rotation, in long‐term plots, affected P and K distribution and root development, in the soil profile. This continuous long‐term tillage study consisted of 8 treatments arranged in a randomized split‐plot design and replicated three times. It consisted of one rotation treatment, corn (Zea mays L.) And soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] and of continuous corn as the main plot. Three primary tillage operations (fall moldboard plow, fall chisel, and no tillage) were tested as subplot. We found a greater concentration of P in the upper layers of the soil regardless of the til.
Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria of Aqueous Poly(ethylene glycol) + Sodium Tungstate Two-Phase Systems

Phase diagrams and liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of the aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) + sodium tungstate two-phase system have been determined experimentally at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K. The effects of temperature on the binodal curves and tie-lines have been studied. It was found that an increase in temperature caused the expansion of the two-phase region. It was also found that the concentration of salt which is in equilibrium with a certain concentration of PEG decreases by increasing temperature. The effect of temperature on the phase-forming ability in the investigated system has been studied based on a salting-out coefficient obtained from fitting the binodal data to a Setschenow-type equation for each temperature. On the basis of cloud point values, the energetics of the clouding process have been estimated, and it was found that entropy increase is the driving force for biphasic formation.
Cobalt(II)-selective membrane electrode based on N,N′-di(thiazol-2-yl)formimidamide

A new PVC-membrane electrode for Co2+ ions based on N,N′-di(thiazol-2-yl)formimidamide (TF) as membrane carrier has been developed. The electrode resulted in Nernstian response (29.5 ± 0.4 mV decade−1) for Co2+ ion over a wide concentration range (2.5 × 10−7 −1.0 × 10−1 M) with a detection limit of 6.1 × 10−8 M. The sensor has a response time of about 10 s, and can be used for at least 2 months without observing any deviation from the Nernstain response. The electrode revealed good selectivity towards cobalt(II) ion over a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions and could be used in the pH range 2.0–7.0. The electrode was used for determination of Co2+ in real samples.
Epitaxial Assembly in Aged Colloids

Self-assembly of nanoparticles is an important mechanism of particle growth in the solution-phase synthesis of oxides and oxyhydroxides. In this work, particle growth in aqueous colloidal suspensions of anatase (TiO2), hematite (Fe2O3), feroxyhite (FeOOH), and heterogenite (CoOOH) was observed to occur by two primary mechanisms: coarsening and growth by topotactic assembly. Coarsening is governed by the growth of larger particles at the expense of smaller particles, and topotactic assembly results in single crystals of unique morphology. The hematite nanocrystals are nominally equidimensional crystals that are usually constructed from more than 10 primary building blocks. The heterogenite particles are hexagonal plates that are, on average, 0.7 μm across and 20−30 nm thick. These plates are porous and are assemblies of hundreds of oriented nanocrystalline building blocks. The feroxyhite nanocrystals attach to form ∼30 nm porous flakes that are several nanometers thick. The anatase nanocrystals assemble t.
Molecular aspect ratio and anchoring strength effects in a confined Gay–Berne liquid crystal

Phase diagrams for Gay–Berne (GB) fluids were obtained from molecular dynamics simulations for GB(2, 5, 1, 2) (i.e. short mesogens) and GB(3, 5, 1, 2) (i.e. long mesogens), which yield isotropic, nematic, and smectic-B phases. The long-mesogen fluid also yields the smectic-A phase. Ordered phases of the long-mesogen fluid form at higher temperatures and lower densities when compared to those of the short-mesogen fluid. The effect of confinement under weak and strong substrate couplings in slab geometry was investigated. Compared to the bulk, the isotropic–nematic transition does not shift in temprature significantly for the weakly coupled substrate in either mesogen fluid. However, the strongly coupled substrate shifts the transition to lower temperature. Confinement induces marked stratification in the short-mesogen fluid. This effect diminishes with distance from the substrate, yielding bulk-like behaviour in the slab central region. Fluid stratification is very weak for the long-mesogen fluid, but the strongly coupled substrate induces ‘smectisation’, an ordering effect that decays with distance. Orientation of the fluid on the substrate depends on the mesogen. There is no preferred orientation in a plane parallel to the substrate for the weakly coupled case. In the strongly coupled case, the mesogen orientation mimics that of adjacent fluid layers. Planar anchoring is observed with a broad distribution of orientations in the weakly coupled case. In the strongly coupled case, the distribution leans toward planar orientations for the short-mesogen fluid, while a marginal preference for tilting persists in the long-mesogen fluid.
Dimensional Analysis: An Analogy to Help Students Relate the Concept to Problem Solving

An analogy has been developed to facillitate student understanding of dimensional analysis. An initial presentation of a domino problem acquaints students with a familiar concept of linking one domino to another through a series of dominoes. Extension of the analogy to "unit" dominoes introduces the conceptual linking of one unit to another through a series of unit equivalnets ("unit" dominoes).
Effect of GaAs Step Layer on InGaAs/GaAsP Quantum Well Solar Cells

In order to develop a high-quality material that is lattice-matched to GaAs for III–V tandem solar cells, we introduce In0.16Ga0. 84As/GaAs/GaAs0.79P0. 21 strain-compensated multiple stepped quantum well (SC-MSQW). To maximize the contribution of the quantum well to the spectral response, we inserted a GaAs step layer between well and barrier. This leads to a stronger photoabsorption by the wells and enhanced carrier transport in the stacked wells. A short-circuit current density of 19.29 mA/cm2 was obtained under AM1.5G illumination, which is approximately 14% higher than that of a conventional quantum well solar cell.
Evaluation of the planck mean absorption coefficients for radiation transport through smoke

A literature review of experimental measurements of mass specific extinction coefficients, σ s for combustion-generated particulate has been conducted to obtain an improved value of the constant in the frequently used expression for the Planck mean absorption coefficient through smoke, s m = C 0 f v T . This expression, which results from the product of the spectral absorption coefficient for smoke particles and the Planck spectral distribution curve integrated over all wavelengths, is used to simplify radiative transport calculations in combustion systems. It is shown that a value of C 0 = 2370 - 240 m m 1 K m 1 is consistent with the available data and that this value is approximately two times the values commonly used. Using the available experimental values of σ s to calculate C 0 eliminates the problems associated with the large uncertainties in soot refractive index encountered when Rayleigh theory is used to predict C 0 . It is also shown that a value of K e = 8.8 - 0.9 for the dimensionless extinction coefficient is consistent with the available experimental data. These values are valid for stoichiometric and overventilated combustion only.
Optimization of InAsSb photodetector for non‐cryogenic operation in the mid‐infrared range

We present an InAsSb interband photodetector grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrate which operates in the mid‐infrared domain (3–5 µm). To achieve uncooled high performance detection, the design of the structure was optimized to reduce the noise‐inducing currents due to generation‐recombination processes and diffusion currents. The technological procedure was further improved by using alkali sulfur passivation that suppresses surface leakage currents along the mesa edges. As a first result, the room temperature detectivity D* of the InAsSb photodiode, extracted from measurements, is comparable to the commercial HgCdTe device with a detectivity equals to 1 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W–1 at about 3.5 µm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of extra- and intracellular OH radical generation, cancer cell injury, and apoptosis induced by a non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

In this study, we investigated the effects of a non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma jet inducing extracellular and intracellular OH radical generation as well as cell injury and apoptosis for the cultured human breast cancer cells. Increased OH radical generation in the extracellular culture medium (liquid phase) was observed with increased irradiation time, distance to the liquid surface, and voltage. From the voltage–response relationships for two breast cancer cell lines (invasive MDA-MB-231 cells and non-invasive MCF-7 cells) and normal breast cells (HMEC), the half-maximal effective peak-to-peak voltage (EV50) values were 16.7 ± 0.3 kV, 15.0 ± 0.4 kV and 11.2 ± 0.7 kV for MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and HMEC cells, respectively. This indicated that there was almost no selective cancer cell injury induced by plasma jet irradiation under these conditions. Compared with control condition without a plasma jet, intracellular OH radical accumulation and apoptotic cells were observed with a plasma jet using conditions that induced injury to 50% of cells irrespective of the cancer cell line.
An Alternate Crystal Form of Gabapentin: A Cocrystal with Oxalic Acid

A cocrystal of gabapentin and oxalic acid has been prepared employing a strategy based on a hydrogen-bonded synthon described by the graph set notation R42(8). High throughput techniques and solvent drop grinding were used along with traditional crystallization methods, including crystallization in aqueous solutions at various pH. A number of new solid forms have been detected. The cocrystal of gabapentin and oxalic acid was fully characterized including single crystal structure analysis, which revealed the R42(8) synthon.
Effect of solvent on morphological properties of TiOx thin film

Sol-gel preparation of amorphous titanium oxide (TiOx) thin films with distinct morphological properties on the hydrophobic substrate was obtained by solution spin coating method. The TiOx thin films were deposited by three precursors using 2-methoxyethanol (2MOE), isopropanol (IPA) and mixture of 2MOE and hexane as solvents. We demonstrate evidence that the morphology of TiOx thin film is strongly related to the employment of dissimilar solvent. Among these three solvents, TiOx film obtained from 2MOE/hexane mixed solvent is a superior choice for the preparation of TiOx thin film on the hydrophobic substrate because of its smooth surface morphology.