Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of CD40-mediated human B cell responses by antibodies directed against different CD40 epitopes.

Ligation of CD40 using anti-CD40 or soluble CD40-ligand activates numerous intracellular kinases which transduce signals to the nucleus. The nature whereby these signaling events are coupled to distal functional events in B cells is poorly understood. In this study, using anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies which recognize different epitopes on CD40, we compare the ability to activate the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) such as c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase and p38 in human B cells with CD40 function. Activation of the SAPK pathway correlated with levels of activation of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors, but did not appear to be associated with rescue from anti-IgM induced apoptosis by suppressing caspase (CPP32) activity. Somewhat surprisingly, in the presence of IL-4, those antibodies to CD40 which failed to activate SAPK were most active in IgE production. IgE production was augmented in the presence of wortmannin. These studies suggest that rescue from apoptosis and IgE production mediated via CD40 may be independent of SAPK activation, induction of Rel/NF-kappaB, or suppression of CPP32 and that IgE production is, at least in part, regulated by signaling pathways that are dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
709 OUTCOME OF EARLY AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF CLASSICAL MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE

We describe the outcome of 8400 treatment days in the lives of four classical MSUD patients (present ages: 1 3/12, 5 7/12, 7 1/12 and 8 11/12 yrs). All were diagnosed on clinical signs (vs newborn screening). Acute-phase treatment, beginning on or before the 12th day of life, comprised peritoneal dialysis, intravenous lipid, and early intestinal alimentation. Mean age at discharge from hospital was 29 dy. Parents were taught to monitor urine keto acid excretion (by 2,4-DNPH reaction) and to make up weighed diets. There were only 16 readmissions to hospital for loss of metabolic control (plasma [leu] >1 mM) in the group (89 dys; 1.05% treatment days); serious neurological symptoms were avoided. The group mean plasma leucine level (for levels below 1 mM) during treatment was 0.44 mM (normal for age range, 0.077±0.021 mM; mean and SD); 8.6% of 1042 values exceeded 1 mM during treatment. Group mean plasma valine and isoleucine levels were 60% and 70% of the plasma leucine value. Tolerance for dietary leucine did not exceed 620 mg/dy in any patient. Somatic growth was normal and the mean current IQ/DQ score is 101; the three oldest patients attend normal schools. A characteristic EEG pattern was observed in 3 patients in the acute stage but not during long-term treatment. These results were obtained in an ambulatory program with home visiting.
Number of Options in a Movement Sequence Affects Learners' Behavior in a Self-Controlled Practice Condition

Self-controlling practice implies a process of decision making, which suggests that the options in a self-controlled practice condition could affect learners. The number of task components with no fixed position in a movement sequence may affect the way learners self-control their practice. A 200-cm coincident timing track with 90 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) — the first and the last LEDs being the warning and the target lights, respectively — was set so that the apparent speed of the light along the track was 1.33 m/sec. Participants were required to touch six sensors sequentially, the last one coincidently with the lighting of the target light (timing task). Group 1 (n = 55) had only one constraint, and were instructed to touch the sensors in any order, except for the last sensor which had to be the one positioned close to the target light. Group 2 (n = 53) had three constraints: the first two and the last sensor to be touched. Both groups practiced the task until timing error was less than 30 msec. on three consecutive trials. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the number of trials needed to reach the performance criterion, but (a) participants in Group 2 created fewer sequences compared to Group 1, and (b) were more likely to use the same sequence throughout the learning process. The number of options for a movement sequence affected the way learners self-controlled their practice, but had no effect on the amount of practice to reach criterion performance.
Elevated soluble interleukin‐2 receptor levels in patients with active multiple sclerosis

The level of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) was quantitated with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 24 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 patients with other neurological disorders in whom immunological mechanisms are unlikely to participate. The sIL‐2R level in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis in relapse was significantly higher compared with patients with multiple sclerosis in remission and with controls. The sIL‐2R level, especially in the cerebrospinal fluid, showed higher sensitivity and specificity than other clinical parameters including the cerebrospinal fluid IgG ratio, peripheral lymphocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein and oligoclonal bands. Our data suggest that measurement of the sIL‐2R level may be useful in evaluating disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
How does older age influence oncologists' cancer management?

BACKGROUND Over half of new cancer cases occur in patients aged > or = 65 years. Many older patients can benefit from intensive cancer therapies, yet evidence suggests that this population is undertreated. METHODS To assess preferences and influential factors in geriatric cancer management, practicing U.S. medical oncologists completed a survey containing four detailed vignettes exploring colon, breast, lung, and prostate cancer treatment. Participants were randomly assigned one of two surveys with vignettes that were identical except for patient age (<65 years or >70 years). RESULTS Physicians in each survey group (n = 200) were demographically similar. Intensive therapy was significantly less likely to be recommended for an older than for a younger, but otherwise identical, patient in two of the scenarios. For a woman with metastatic colon cancer (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] score, 1) for whom chemotherapy was recommended, nearly all oncologists chose an intensive regimen if the patient's age was 63; but if her age was 85, one fourth of the oncologists chose a less intensive treatment. Likewise, for stage IIA breast cancer (ECOG score, 0), 93% recommended intensive adjuvant treatment for a previously healthy patient aged 63; but only 66% said they would do so if the patient's age was 75. Oncologists commonly identified patient age as an influence on treatment choice, but were even more likely to cite performance status as a determining factor. CONCLUSIONS Advanced age can deter oncologists from choosing intensive cancer therapy, even if patients are highly functional and lack comorbidities. Education on tailoring cancer treatment and a greater use of comprehensive geriatric assessment may reduce cancer undertreatment in the geriatric population.
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Leading to Secondary Bacteremia in Previously Healthy Infants

To the Editor . — We read with interest the article “Secondary Bacteremia After Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Infancy,”1 in which Lowenthal et al described 4 cases of confirmed rotavirus gastroenteritis complicated by secondary enterobacterial bacteremia in previously healthy infants aged from 2 weeks to 13 months. Rotavirus is the single most important cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Despite an estimated annual incidence of ∼130 million cases,2 secondary bacteremia after rotavirus gastroenteritis has seldom been reported.1,3,4 We aim to describe the prevalence rate and clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis …
Anxiety levels and concerns among pregnant women.

Since maternal anxiety has been implicated as one variable in the etiology of maternal and fetal complications, this study was done to identify specific concerns and anxiety levels among pregnant women. One hundred pregnant women, 48 private and 52 clinic patients, completed the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, a concerns questionnaire, and an information sheet. Twenty-nine specific concerns were identified by 50% or more of the pregnant women. Major concerns identified were "if your baby will be healthy and normal" (94%) and "your baby's condition at birth" (93%). The number of expressed concerns showed a statistically significant correlation with anxiety level (rs = .5678; p = .001), with clinic patients having significantly higher anxiety levels than private patients.
Behavioral adaptation to advanced driver-assistance systems

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) such as a forward obstacle collision warning system (FOCWS) and a night vision enhancement system (NVES) aim to decrease driver's mental workload and enhance vehicle safety by provision of useful information to support driver's perception process and judgment process. On the other hand, the risk homeostasis theory (RHT) cautions that an enhanced safety and a reduced risk would cause a risk compensation behavior such as increasing the vehicle velocity. Therefore, the present paper performed the driving simulator experiments to discuss dependence on the NVES and emergence of the risk compensation behavior. Moreover, we verified the side-effects of spontaneous behavioral adaptation derived from the presentation of the fuel-consumption meter on the risk compensation behavior.
Psychiatric Manifestations as a Primary Symptom in Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder characterised by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and/or foetal losses associated with typical laboratory abnormalities. The initial manifestation of anthiphospholipid syndrome can involve many organ systems either singly or in combination. We describe the case of a 62 year old female showing schizophrenia-like symptoms in which further evaluations allowed us to diagnose the antiphospolipid syndrome.
Unifying Sum-Product Networks and Submodular Fields ( Supplementary Material )

An SSPN defines an SPN containing a sum node for each possible region of each nonterminal, a product node for each segmentation of each production of each possible region of each nonterminal, and a leaf function on the pixels of the image for each possible region of the image for each terminal symbol. The children of the sum node s for nonterminal Xs with region Rs are all product nodes r with a production vr : Xs → Y1 . Yk and region Rvr = Rs. Each product node corresponds to a labeling yr of Rvr and the edge to its parent sum node has weight exp(−wv−E(yr ,Rvr )). The children of product node r are the sum or leaf nodes with matching regions that correspond to the constituent nonterminals or terminals of vr, respectively. Note that this underlying SPN is decomposable, but not smooth. However, (Friesen & Domingos, 2016) showed that smoothness was not a necessary condition for tractable inference and that no corrective factor is necessary when operating in the min-sum semiring, which is what is used for finding the (approximate) optimal parse of an SSPN.
Prospective evaluation of small bowel preparation with bisacodyl and sodium phosphate for capsule endoscopy.

AIM To determine the effect of Prepacol, a combination of sodium phosphate and bisacodyl, on transit and quality of capsule endoscopy (CE). METHODS Fivety two consecutive patients were included in this prospective study. CE was performed following a 12 h fasting period. Twenty six patients were randomized for additional preparation with Prepacol. The quality of CE was assessed separately for the proximal and the distal small bowel by 3 experienced endoscopists on the basis of a graduation which was initially developed with 20 previous CE. RESULTS Preparation with Prepacol accelerated small bowel transit time (262 +/- 55 min vs 287 +/- 97 min), but had no effect on the quality of CE. Visibility was significantly reduced in the distal compared to the proximal small bowel. CONCLUSION The significantly reduced visibility of CE in the distal small bowel allocates the need for a good preparation. Since Prepacol has no beneficial effect on CE the modality of preparation and the ideal time of application remains unclear. Further standardized examinations are necessary to identify sufficient preparation procedures and to determine the impact of the volume of the preparation solution.
Aging‐dependent expression of synapse‐related proteins in the mouse brain

A synapse is a cell adhesion structure that permits a neuron to pass a chemical or electrical signal to another neuron. They connect neurons and form neural networks that are essential for brain functions, such as learning and memory. At a chemical synapse, the presynapse and the postsynapse are connected by cell adhesion molecules. The presynapse contains synaptic vesicles and their release machinery, whereas the postsynapse contains postsynaptic densities and receptors for the neurotransmitters. Many proteins constituting a synapse have been identified, but their life‐span expression profiles remain elusive. Here, we investigated the expression levels of representative synapse‐related proteins by Western blot using the extranuclear supernatant fraction of the brains of mice at various ages. These proteins were classified into seven groups depending on their expression profiles during the embryonic stage, those from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P30, and those after P90. The expression levels of the majority of the proteins were gradually increased from the embryonic stage and then decreased at P14 or P30. After P90, the expression levels were not markedly changed or, in some proteins, increased. These results indicate that the expression levels of the synapse‐related proteins are regulated orderly in an aging‐dependent manner.
Two genes, pemK and pemI, responsible for stable maintenance of resistance plasmid R100

Plasmid R100 was found to have two genes, designated pemK and pemI, that were responsible for its stable inheritance during cell division. They are located near the region that is essential for autonomous replication. Under conditions that inhibit replication of R100 derivatives, the plasmid containing these pem genes gave only a few segregants in viable cells and increased the number of nonviable cells in the population, suggesting that a product from the pem region stabilized the plasmid by killing plasmid-free segregants. Inactivation of one of the two translational open reading frames in the pem region caused the loss of the killing function, and thus, the open reading frame is a gene designated pemK, which encodes the killing factor. The coexistence of the pem+ plasmid with a high-copy-number plasmid carrying the other open reading frame inhibited stabilization, and thus, the second open reading frame is a gene designated pemI, which encodes the inhibitor which might control the killing function of pemK. It is likely that the two open reading frames were transcribed from a promoter. There were no significant homologies in DNA sequences between the pem gene of R100 and the genes previously shown to be responsible for the stable inheritance of the other plasmids.
Observability Requirements for Three-Dimensional Tracking via Angle Measurements

Observability requirements previously established for bearings-only tracking in two dimensions are extended to a class of three-dimensional estimation algorithms capable of processing any pairwise combination of azimuth bearing, conical bearing, and depth/elevation angle measurements. Although these algorithms are intrinsically nonlinear, it is shown that they can be analyzed in a linear framework without sacrificing mathematical rigor. A simplified observability criterion, applicable to both autonomous and nonautonomous linear systems, is presented and utilized to specify conditions on own-ship motion which are both necessary and sufficient for a unique tracking solution. Further analysis reveals that observability dependence on own-ship maneuvers for the three-dimensional algorithms considered here parallels the concomitant two-dimensional requirements. An interesting difference, however, is that under certain conditions, a unique tracking solution can be obtained in three dimensions for unaccelerated own-ship motion.
Brain dopamine transporter in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

UNLABELLED The brain dopamine system plays an important role in the development of hypertension. METHODS The amounts of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the brain were assessed by in vitro autoradiography with the ligands [125I] beta-CIT, [125I]SCH23982 and [125I]iodospiperone, respectively. Changes in this transporter and the two receptors were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and control (Wistar-Kyoto) rats at the prehypertensive (2-wk-old, n = 5) and posthypertensive (15-wk-old, n = 5) stages. RESULTS The beta-CIT binding for the DAT was increased significantly in the caudate-putamen (CPu) of SH rats compared with that of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at both pre- and posthypertensive stages. In the evaluation of the lateral-to-medial CPu, the beta-CIT binding on the lateral side was significantly higher than that on the medial side in SH rats at 2 wk. The SCH23982 binding for D1 receptor was increased significantly in CPu at posthypertensive SH rats. CONCLUSION Increased DAT was found before the development of hypertension, and the increased DAT and D1 receptor were found at posthypertensive SH rats. The abnormal dopamine system contributes the development of hypertension, suggesting the possibility of diagnostic imaging for the essential hypertension.
Effects of Obesity on Pregnant Women: Maternal Hemodynamic Change

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of obesity on hemodynamic change in pregnant women. From 1322 primiparous women and 1027 multiparous women who delivered singleton babies with no life-threatening anomalies, 110 primiparous obese women, 1050 primiparous normal-weight women, 139 multiparous obese women, and 816 multiparous normal-weight women were selected according to body mass index at the first visit prior to the 10th gestational week. Women exhibiting chronic hypertension, over diabetes mellitus, and extreme skinniness were excluded. All of the women had been under the same management at Osaka City University Hospital. Their medical records were analyzed retrospectively. The study determined the arterial blood pressure of obese women to be significantly higher than that of normal-weight women throughout pregnancy in both primipara and multipara. The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension in obese women was significantly higher in primipara (22.7% versus 8.2%) and multipara (15.8% versus 5.0%). The incidence of intrapartum hypertension was also higher in the obese group. Hematocrit count at 3 gestational months (37.7 +/- 3.1 in primipara, and 37.6 +/- 2.7 in multipara) and 8 gestational months (34.4 +/- 2.7 in primipara, and 33.7 +/- 2.7 in multipara) were significantly higher than those in normal-weight women. Exercise tests using impedance cardiographs showed poor cardiac function in 5 of 17 obese women. These findings led us to conclude that obesity during pregnancy is clearly accompanied by hypertension, hemoconcentration, and poor cardiac function.
THE SPECIES-SPECIFICITY AND EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE DNAs WITH EMPHASIS ON SATELLITE DNAs IN TENEBRIONID BEETLES

Satellite DNAs are highly reiterated non-coding sequences, organized in long arrays of tandem repeats that represent major DNA constituents of heterochromatic genome compartments. Satellite monomers build domains that stretch over functionally important regions such as that of the functional centromere. In short evolutionary periods satellite DNA components often change rapidly in copy number, nucleotide sequence, or both. Species specific profiles of satellite repeats can be formed by differential amplification of sequences coexisting in the genomes of a group of related organisms as a common library of satellite DNAs. This hypothesis has been experimentally approved for the first time in an analysis of satellite sequences in species of the genus Palorus (Insecta, Coleoptera). Due to the complexity of their evolution, the application of satellite DNAs in phylogenetic studies has limitations and results should be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, satellites can help to resolve phylogenetic relationships in some cases and in addition they can represent excellent and reliable molecular markers in the identification of some organisms.
Performance Comparison of Component Algorithms for the Phonemicization of Orthography

The conversion of orthographic text into a phonemic form may itself comprise several processes i n series, for instance, formatting t e x t to expand a b b r e v i a t i o n s and n o n a l p h a b e t i c e x p r e s s i o n s , p a r s i n g and word c l a s s d e t e r m i n a t i o n , segmenta l p h o n e m i c i z a t i o n of words, word and clause level stress assignment, word internal and word boundary allophonic adjustments, and duration and fundamental frequency settings for phonological units.
Rendering in shift-invariant spaces

We present a novel image representation method based on shift-invariant spaces. Unlike existing rendering methods, our proposed approach consists of two steps: an analog acquisition step that traces rays through the scene, and a subsequent digital processing step that filters the intermediate digital image to obtain the coefficients of a minimum-error continuous image approximation. Our approach can be easily incorporated in existing renderers with very little change and with little-to-no computational overhead. Additionally, we introduce the necessary tools needed to analyze the smoothing and post-aliasing properties of the minimum-error approximations. We provide examples of spaces --- generated by the uniform B-splines --- that can be readily used in conjunction with the two-dimensional Cartesian grid. Our experimental results demonstrate that minimum-error approximations significantly enhance image quality by preserving high-frequency details that are usually smoothed out by existing image anti-aliasing approaches.
Tracheal dynamics in infants with respiratory distress, stridor, and collapsing trachea.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the tracheal “collapse” commonly seen during roentgenoscopy of newborn and older infants. It was hoped this would lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of changes in lumen dimensions and their relation to “tracheomalacia,” stridor, and respiratory distress. While the trachea and bronchi normally dilate on inspiration and narrow on expiration, they are also observed to “collapse” on cough and the Valsalva and similar maneuvers. Measurements of the bronchial and tracheal diameters in normal subjects have emphasized the wide range of variation (1–3). Prior to cineroentgenography, observations of luminal changes were made under conditions which in themselves influence these changes by adding airway resistance, as through a bronchoscope or other intraluminal hardware. No such factors were brought into practice in our observations other than the introduction of one to one and a half cubic centimeters of bronchographic contrast media into the trachea In.