Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
α2‐Adrenoceptor agonists enhance responses to certain other vasoconstrictor agonists in the rat tail artery

1 The effects of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonists clonidine, rilmenidine, TL99 and UK14304 on the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and on the concentration‐response curves to noradrenaline and phenylephrine were compared in two isolated, perfused vascular tissues: the rat tail artery (which has both postjunctional α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors), and the rabbit ear artery (in which only α1‐adrenoceptors are present postjunctionally). 2 In the rabbit ear artery, the first observable effect of α2‐adrenoceptor agonists was inhibition of vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. This occurred with concentrations of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonists which were far below those producing vasoconstriction. Responses to noradrenaline were not affected. 3 In contrast, in the rat isolated perfused tail artery, α2‐adrenoceptor agonists, in concentrations that produced no other observable effects, enhanced the vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to noradrenaline. Much higher concentrations of α2‐adrenoceptor agonists produced vasoconstriction in most preparations and only then reduced the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. The enhancing effect of α2‐adrenoceptor agonists was blocked by idazoxan, but not by prazosin. 4 Vasoconstrictor responses in the rat tail artery to the relatively selective α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine were enhanced by α2‐adrenoceptor agonists. The enhancement of the response to phenylephrine was greater than that to the mixed α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor agonist noradrenaline. 5 Vasoconstrictor responses in the rat tail artery to vasopressin, ATP and KCl, like those to α1‐adrenoceptor agonists, were enhanced by α2‐adrenoceptor agonists. However, vasoconstrictor responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine and angiotensin II were not enhanced.
Classical theory of light scattering by an adsorbed molecule. I. Theory

We develop a classical theory for the intensity and the depolarization ratio of the light scattered (Raman or Rayleigh) by an absorbed molecule. It is assumed that the optical properties of the system can be described by the polarizability of the molecule and the dielectric constant of the two media. The presence of the surface modifies the field incident upon the molecule as well as the field emitted by the induced dipole. We compute these effects, exactly, by using a dyadic Green’s function method, and approximately, by using a perfect mirror model. The theory provides the angular distribution of the scattered radiation, and its polarization as a function of the polarization, the frequency and the direction of incidence of the incoming radiation, as well as of the dielectric properties of the metal and the position of the molecule with respect to the surface. We use these equations to analyze the possible sources for the experimentally observed enhancement of the scattering caused by the presence of the metallic surface.
Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum

Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts of were investigated for phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity. Tests for tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides were positive in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extract of O. basilicum had a DPPH scavenging activity of 85.2% at 250I¼g/ml and a reductive potential of 0.79 at 100 I¼g/ml. These values were comparable with those of gallic acid, 91.1% at 250 I¼g/ml and ascorbic acid, 0.76 at 60 I¼g/ml as standards for DPPH scavenging activity and reductive potential, respectively. These findings suggest that the rich phytochemical content of O. basilicum and its good antioxidant activity may be responsible for its popular and wide traditional use.
Applicability of the BioArena System to Investigation of the Mechanisms of Biological Effects

Bioautography can be extended to a complex system called BioArena by linking different steps to it, for example dissolving a variety of compounds in the cell suspension to affect biological activity, measuring putative mediators of antibiosis, for example formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the inoculated layer, and performing densitometric and ex and in situ spectroscopic examination to follow the changes in the inhibition zones and active compounds (e.g. antibiotics and toxins). Possibilities of the basic elements of BioArena system are illustrated in this paper by results with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Target bacterial cells in the logarithmic growth phase were found to be the most sensitive for direct bioautography. Densitometric signals of bioautograms (negative densitometry) of 0.125–1 μg AFB1 spots showed logarithmic correlation with the amount of AFB1. The HCHO capturer L-arginine decreased whereas the HCHO generator-mobilizer Cu(II) ions increased the antibacterial-toxic effect of AFB1. The latter effect was also confirmed by negative densitometry. Besides higher levels of HCHO, a decrease of H2O2 in the toxin spot was found. HCHO could also originate, among other sources, from demethylation of AFB1, which is apparent from the Fourier transform Raman spectra obtained in situ from the AFB1-containing spots. These results support the suggested role of HCHO and its reaction products with H2O2 (e.g. singlet oxygen (1O2), ozone (O3)) in the antibacterial-toxic effect of AFB1.
Role of the Activated Carbon Surface on Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation

Three activated carbons with fairly different characteristics have been checked in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) using phenol as a model compound for the purpose of learning the role of these materials which can be used as supports for the preparation of Fe or other metallic catalysts. A complex contribution of mixed effects is involved making difficult to predict the behavior of a given activated carbon. The surface of these materials promotes the undesirable decomposition of H2O2 to unreactive O2 instead of •OH radicals in an extent depending on the nature and accessibility of the oxygen groups. A frankly basic surface including groups such as pyrone with an egg-shell type distribution on the carbon particle seems to be beneficial for a more effective decomposition of H2O2 leading to a higher oxidation activity. The presence of iron in the activated carbon ashes is also an important factor which may hide in part other effects derived from the structure and surface composition of the carbon. Ho.
An isotope dilution method for high‐frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the surface ocean

An autonomous system using isotope dilution as its core method has been developed to obtain high‐frequency measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the surface ocean. This system accurately mixes a seawater sample and a 13C‐labeled sodium bicarbonate solution (spike). The mixed solution is then acidified and sent through a gas permeable membrane contactor. CO2 derived from DIC in the mixture is extracted by a CO2‐free gas stream, and is sent to a cavity ring‐down spectrometer to analyze its 13C/12C ratio. [DIC] of the seawater can then be derived from the measured 13C/12C, the known mixing ratio and the [DI13C] of the spike. The method has been tested under a wide [DIC] range (1800–2300 µmol/kg) in the laboratory. It has also been deployed on a cruise that surveyed ocean waters to the south of Florida. At a sampling resolution of 4 min (15 samples per hour), the relative standard deviation of DIC determined from the laboratory tests and the field deployment is ± 0.07% and ± 0.09%, respectively. The accuracy of the method is better than 0.1% except where [DIC] varies faster than 5 µmol/kg per minute. Based on the laboratory and field evaluations, we conclude that this method can provide accurate underway [DIC] measurements at high resolution in most oceanic regions.
Mn‐Stabilised Microstructure and Performance of Pd‐impregnated YSZ Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The effect of Mn alloying on PdO powder and Pd‐impregnated Pd + YSZ cathode for the O2 reduction reaction in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells has been studied in detail. The microstructure, thermal stability, electrochemical activity and performance stability of the powder and cathode were analysed using thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that an addition of 5 mol. ‐% Mn effectively inhibits the growth and coalescence of Pd and PdO particles at high temperatures and stabilises the microstructure of the powders and the electrode; as a consequence, the electrochemical performance and stability of the cathode are significantly improved. The electrochemical performance of the Pd + YSZ and Pd0.95Mn0. 05 + YSZ cathodes so prepared is much better than that of the conventional LSM‐based cathodes and is also comparable with the mixed ionic and electronic conducting oxide cathodes such as LSCF.
Reversible Hydration of CH3NH3PbI3 in Films, Single Crystals, and Solar Cells

Solar cells composed of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPI) are notorious for their sensitivity to moisture. We show that (i) hydrated crystal phases are formed when MAPI is exposed to water vapor at room temperature and (ii) these phase changes are fully reversed when the material is subsequently dried. The reversible formation of CH3NH3PbI3·H2O followed by (CH3NH3)4PbI6·2H2O (upon long exposure times) was observed using time-resolved XRD and ellipsometry of thin films prepared using “solvent engineering”, single crystals, and state-of-the-art solar cells. In contrast to water vapor, the presence of liquid water results in the irreversible decomposition of MAPI to form PbI2. MAPI changes from dark brown to transparent on hydration; the precise optical constants of CH3NH3PbI3·H2O formed on single crystals were determined, with a bandgap at 3.1 eV. Using the single-crystal optical constants and thin-film ellipsometry measurements, the time-dependent changes to MAPI films exposed to moisture were m.
Mass‐Spectrometric Study of the Photoionization of Methane

Photoionization efficiency curves for the parent and fragment ions of CH4 have been measured with photon bandwidths of 1.6 and 0.4 A. For the fragment ions, the effect of thermal rotational energy at room temperature is apparent in the threshold region and was taken into account to obtain accurate thresholds. The bond energy D°0(CH3 − H) was determined to be 4.477 ± 0.005 eV and the limit ΔH°f0(CH2) ≤ 4.10 eV was found. Ion‐pair formation yielding CH3+ and H− was found to occur with low probability.
Application of proton boron fusion reaction to radiation therapy: A Monte Carlo simulation study

Three alpha particles are emitted from the point of reaction between a proton and boron. The alpha particles are effective in inducing the death of a tumor cell. After boron is accumulated in the tumor region, the emitted from outside the body proton can react with the boron in the tumor region. An increase of the proton's maximum dose level is caused by the boron and only the tumor cell is damaged more critically. In addition, a prompt gamma ray is emitted from the proton boron reaction point. Here, we show that the effectiveness of the proton boron fusion therapy was verified using Monte Carlo simulations. We found that a dramatic increase by more than half of the proton's maximum dose level was induced by the boron in the tumor region. This increase occurred only when the proton's maximum dose point was located within the boron uptake region. In addition, the 719 keV prompt gamma ray peak produced by the proton boron fusion reaction was positively detected. This therapy method features the advantages such as the application of Bragg-peak to the therapy, the accurate targeting of tumor, improved therapy effects, and the monitoring of the therapy region during treatment.
FT-Raman Spectroscopy Quantification of Biodiesel in a Progressive Soybean Oil Transesterification Reaction and Its Correlation with 1H NMR Spectroscopy Methods

Biodiesel fuel (fatty acid esters) has become more and more attractive due to its environmental benefits. Transesterification is the most common and important method for making biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats. Several studies have focused on the development and improvement of analytical methods for monitoring biodiesel production and determining the fuel quality. Analytical procedures reported in the literature include chromatographic methods (e.g., gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, etc.) and spectroscopic methods [e.g., 1H and 13C NMR, near infrared, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and recently, Fourier transform (FT)-Raman]. The study presented in this paper expands our previous research, in which FT-Raman spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis was successfully applied to the quantification of soybean oil/ethyl ester mixtures. The FT-Raman/PLS methods developed by our group were used to m.
Global Least-Squares Analysis of Large, Correlated Spectral Data Sets: Application to Component-Resolved FT-PGSE NMR Spectroscopy

A new data processing mode for Fourier Transform Pulsed-Gradient Spin-Echo (FT-PGSE) data sets is described. Unlike conventional analysis methods, it uses all of the significant spectral information of a data set of typically 16 or 32 different magnetic field gradient settings for 10−1000 significant frequency channels out of a 1−16K FT-PGSE data set. The procedure is based on a global least-squares minimization approach at two levels: an upper level that optimizes the actual global self-diffusion coefficient data and a lower one that optimizes the amplitude(s) of the component(s) for a particular frequency channel. This approach relies on the intrinsic property of FT-PGSE data sets in that the whole bandshape of a particular component attenuates by exactly the same relative amount upon incrementing the field gradient pulse parameters (Stilbs, P. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 2135 which was also shown to provide a pathway for separating the spin-echo bandshapes of the constituents of multicomponent systems. As a.
The Use of the Bismuth Film Electrode for the Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Tin

Bismuth coated glassy carbon electrodes have been applied to the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) of trace concentrations of tin. Optimization of Bismuth Film Electrode (BFE) performance was conducted after initial comparison with the more traditional mercury electrode. Simultaneous deposition of tin and bismuth at −1.3 V for 2 minutes in a supporting electrolyte of 2.5 M sodium bromide utilizing a square-wave stripping step, allowed analysis of tin at the μg L−1 level. Parameters, such as deposition potential and time, bismuth concentration, square-waveform settings including amplitude, step height and frequency were studied and optimized. The dependence of stripping current on deposition time indicates that using longer deposition time should facilitate sub μg L−1 analysis. Tin was analyzed simultaneously with cadmium and either indium or thallium; Where as lead and copper were not resolved from the stripping peaks of tin and bismuth respectively. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of tin in fruit juice.
Propene bulk polymerization kinetics: Role of prepolymerization and hydrogen

An experimental setup for the polymerization of liquid propylene was used to carry out main polymerizations with and without a prepolymerization step. Two types of prepolymerization are introduced: at a constant temperature and at rapidly increasing reactor temperatures. With the present catalyst system, at high polymerization temperatures, a prepolymerization step will increase polymerization rate. Hydrogen was used to control the molecular weight of the product. The polymerization reactor was used in combination with a gas chromatograph to determine the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the propylene-hydrogen system. Measurements are compared to predictions of different equations of state. The Peng-Robinson equation of state is best able to describe the VLE for this binary system. A temperature-dependent interaction parameter was derived from the fits to the measured data.
Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as a heterogeneous catalyst for photoinduced copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

A new protocol for the photoinduced copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) was developed. The system utilizes mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-N3C4) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst to realize the in situ formation of the required copper(I) catalyst by reducing copper(II) species upon UV or sunlight irradiation. The efficiency of the system in regard to its ability to photoinitiate the CuAAC of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic azides and alkynes in different solvents was examined. Photocalorimetric measurements confirmed that the rate of the reaction depends on the light intensity and continuous or intermittent irradiation. Importantly, because of the heterogeneous nature of the photocatalyst, mpg-C3N4 can easily be separated and reused in further reactions without loss of activity.
A note on the structure and iron‐binding properties of egg‐shell membranes

1. When a solution of ferric ammonium sulphate was added to shell membranes of the domestic fowl, iron infiltrated the mantle (cortex) surrounding the cores of the individual fibres of the membranes. 2. Contraction of warm eggs in ice‐cold colloidal iron caused flooding of pore canals and contamination of the underlying shell membranes with this element. 3. Appreciable contamination of the inner shell membrane with iron persisted for 25 d in infertile eggs stored at 37.5 °C.
Low-Rank Coal Drying Technologies—Current Status and New Developments

Despite their vast reserves, low-rank coals are considered undesirable because their high moisture content entails high transportation costs, potential safety hazards in transportation and storage, and the low thermal efficiency obtained in combustion of such coals. Their high moisture content, greater tendency to combust spontaneously, high degree of weathering, and the dusting characteristics restrict widespread use of such coals. The price of coal sold to utilities depends upon the heating value of the coal. Thus, removal of moisture from low-rank coals (LRC) is an important operation. Furthermore, LRC can be used cost effectively for pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction processes. This article provides an overview the diverse processes—both those that utilize conventional drying technologies and those that is not yet commercialized and hence in need of R&D. Relative merits and limitations of the various technologies and the current state of their development are presented. Drying characteristics of low-rank coal as well as factors affecting drying characteristics of coal samples are also discussed.
The Zagreb Indices 30 Years After

The original formulation of the Zagreb indices is presented and their relationship to topological indices such as self-returning walks, Platt, Gordon-Scantlebury and connectivity indices is discussed. Their properties are also listed. Modified Zagreb indices are introduced and the Zagreb complexity indices reviewed. Their use in QSPR is illustrated by modeling the structure-boiling point relationship of C3–C8 alkanes using the CROMRsel procedure. The obtained models are in fair agreement with experimental data and are better than many models in the literature. However, in general, the Zagreb indices do not contribute to the best structure-boiling point models of alkanes. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that the best five-descriptor model that we found in the literature contains the Zagreb M2 index.
Examination of stratospheric ozone photochemistry in light of recent data

The authors examine in this paper the consistency of stratospheric ozone photochemistry using data from ATMOS and LIMS experiments. The ATMOS experiment measured vertical profiles of important trace constituents and temperature in the stratosphere during 1985. These observations have been used to constrain the levels of odd nitrogen and odd chlorine in a photochemical model. This model using current recommendations for the photochemical data yields O{sub 3} mixing ratios that are in good agreement with the observations. The deviation in ozone is less than 20% except near 52 km. The updated model has also been used in conjunction with the LIMS data to simulate the stratospheric photochemistry corresponding to the 1979 time period.
Ultraviolet‐induced crosslinking of solid poly(ethylene oxide)

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of molecular weight from 200,000 to 2,000,000 was crosslinked by exposure to ultraviolet radiation with a high-pressure 150 W mercury lamp. Photochemical crosslinking of PEO proceeds in the presence of photoinitiators such as benzophenone and acetophenone which act as a hydrogen-abstracting agent. Gel fraction yield exceeds 90%, and the number-average molecular weight between crosslinks determined by equilibrium swelling in chloroform varies from 3,000 to 100,000. The degree of crosslinking can be controlled by changing the irradiation temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2299–2307, 1997
An Assessment of the API Aerosizer® for the Real-Time Measurement of Medical Aerosols from Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler (pMDI) Systems

ABSTRACT The Aerosizer® is becoming widely used as a rapid method for obtaining aerodynamic particle size distributions of aerosols from pMDIs and associated drug delivery devices, as an alternative to more time-consuming methods such as cascade impactors or liquid impingers. It is typically used with purpose-built attachments for sampling the aerosol in a simulated inhalation (AeroBreather®), and subsequently diluting the sample to the point at which individual particles are separately measured (AeroDiluter®). It is possible to obtain an indication of aerosol mass concentration (mass loading), although such data do not necessarily equate to active drug concentration because the technique does not involve a specific chemical assay. Data are presented that indicate that the performance of the Aerosizer® system may be more drug-specific than had previously been thought. In particular, certain pMDIs appear to create such highly concentrated aerosols that meaningful interpretation of mass loading data may not.
The effect of freeze/thaw on gaseous nitrogen loss from upland soils

The effect of a short-term freeze/thaw cycle (15°C to -8°C to 15°C) on gaseous N-loss (denitrification and NH3-volatilization) from intact blocks of an upland soil is described. Rates of both denitrification and NH3-volatilization were increased by the freeze/thaw cycle, particularly when the blocks had previously been fertilized with urea. Increased gaseous N-loss due to freeze/thaw is reported for soils under heather and under improved grass pasture.
Organotin dithiobiurets as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel-dimethyl sulfoxide containing HCl

Corrosion inhibition studies of mild steel in dimethyl sulfoxide containing HCl have been performed at 25°C using dithiobiurets and their triphenyltin- and dibutyltin complexes as inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of these compounds was evaluated by electrochemical polarization technique. Among the ligands, best performance was exhibited by ethoxyphenyl derivative. The IE values of the ligands enhanced appreciably on complexation. Triphenyltin complexes behaved as better corrosion inhibitors than their dibutyltin analogues. Surface studies of samples inhibited by ethoxyphenyl dithiobiuret and its organotin complexes have been made by SEM. Key words: Mild steel, DMSO-HCl, organotin dithiobiurets.