Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
APROVEITAMENTO DA CASCA DO COCO-VERDE (Cocos nucifera L.) PARA PRODUÇÃO DE POLPA CELULÓSICA

The coconut husk is a residue from consumption of coconut water. In coastal cities this residue has already become a big problem, because it is difficult to decompose. The present study aimed to evaluate the husk of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) for production of kraft pulp. The raw material was characterized and had its basic density, chemical composition, fiber size and proportion of anatomical elements analyzed. Pulping tests were conducted and one of them was chosen for repetition. In each pulping the alkali charge was variable in order to prepare an alkaline curve. The results from the pulping process show high levels of kappa number, low yields and low rejects content. The following characteristics of the material, low basic density (0.128 g/cm ³), high amount of extractives (33.68%) and low proportion of fibers (22.11%), corroborate to these results. Thus, the production of pulp from the coconut husk by the kraft process, it is not an alternative technically feasible.
Parental Effects on Progeny Sex Ratio, Emergence, and Flowering in Silene Latifolia (Caryophyllaceae)

1) The dioecious perennial, Silene Latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) was tested to determine whether parental nutrient condition and pollination position affects sex ratio, emergence date, and age at first flowering of the progeny. 2) Parental plants were grown under two nutrient regimes (either full-strength or 25% fertilizer). One flower on each female plant was pollinated on the basal portion of the receptive stigmatic lobes, and another on the distal region. Seeds from the mature capsules were grown in the glasshouse until flowering and emergence date, flowering date, and sex were recored for each individual. 3) Neither the position of pollen application nor the nutrient condition of the parents affected progeny sex ratio
Improving Effects of Different Calcium-Magnesium Conditioners on Latosol

At present, soil acidification seriously restricts the sustainable development of agricultural production. A common method that can be used to improve acidified soils is to apply calcareous materials (conditioners), but there is difference in the improvement effect of the conditioners on the same soil because of the conditioners containing different calcium-magnesium compounds. In order to find suitable conditioners for latosol (acidic red soil), two consecutive soil incubation experiments in laboratory have be done to study the improvement effects of different calcium-magnesium compounds on latosol. The results showed that: (1) Self-made conditioner (CM and it is composed of Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, MgCl2, CaCl2,), CaO, CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 could rapidly increase the pH and significantly reduce the content of potential acid in latosol. The soil exchangeable acid of Mg(OH)2, CaCO3, CaO and CM treatments than the treatment without conditioner (CK) were reduced by 88, 72, 66 and 34%, respectively, and the soil exchangeable aluminum decreased by 91, 80, 71 and 58%, respectively. (2) The calcium-magnesium compounds can significantly increase the contents of soluble and exchangeable calcium in soil compared with CK. CM and Mg(OH)2 significantly increased the contents of soluble and exchangeable magnesium in latosol. (3) The soil pH buffer capacity of CM is significantly higher than those of other treatments as a result of it has the highest organic matter content and significantly increases the contents of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in the soil. But the soil pH buffer capacity of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 are significantly less than that of CK. Because the organic matter and organic acid of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 treatments are reduced by the soil pH of them increasing and the functional groups with pH buffer capacity on them may also be destroyed. So the paper suggests that improve acid latosol by applying conditioners with more soluble calcium and magnesium, Mg(OH)2, which can effectively reduce acid ions in soil and improve the pH buffer capacity of soil.
Studies on Solanum mealy bug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), its parasitoid and predator complex, reproductive potential and utilization as laboratory prey for rearing the ladybird and green lacewing predators

Studies revealed that Solanum mealy bug, Phenacoccus solani, is an emerging pest problem. A total of five predatory coccinellids viz; B. lineatus, B. suturalis C. sexmaculata, N. regularis and S. coccivora were isolated from the field population of P. solani infesting different plant species. B. lineatus was predominant and was also active at 40–45°C. The parasitoid emerged from field samples were an unidentified encyrtid and dipteran. The mealy bug was amenable for mass production on sprouted Irish potato tuber, S. tuberosum and found aggressive over F. virgata, M. hirsutus and N. viridae as it displaced their population with in six months/4–5 generations of co-rearing in the laboratory. It completed its life cycle in 30–35 days. Mean reproductive potential of P. solani based on crawler production per gravid female was recorded in the order of Sunflower (313.6) > Hibiscus (284.2) > Okra (250.8) > Cotton (232) > Lantana (219.6) > Tomato (216.4) > Chilli (198.2) > Parthenium (191.0) > Wild jute (170.4) > Amaranthus (159.2) > Carpet grass (154.2) > Chenopodium sp. (125.6).
Synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A from carbon monoxide, methyltetrahydrofolate, and coenzyme A by enzymes from Clostridium thermoaceticum

Two purified fractions from Clostridium thermoaceticum are shown to catalyze the following reaction: CO + CH3THF + CoA ATP leads to CH3COCoA + THF. The methyltetrahydrofolate (CH3THF) gives rise to the methyl group of the acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and the carbon monoxide (CO) and CoA to its carboxyl thio ester group. The role of ATP is unknown. One of the protein fractions (F2) is a methyltransferase, whereas the other fraction (F3) contains CO dehydrogenase and a methyl acceptor which is postulated to be a corrinoid enzyme. The methyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group to the methyl acceptor, and the CO is converted to a formyl derivative by the CO dehydrogenase. By a mechanism that is as yet unknown, the formyl derivative in combination with CoA and the methyl of the methyl acceptor are converted to acetyl-CoA. It is also shown that fraction F3 catalyzes the reversible exchange of 14C from [1-14C]acetyl-CoA into 14CO and that ATP is required, but not the methyltransferase. It is proposed that these reactions are part of the mechanism which enables certain autotrophic bacteria to grow on CO. It is postulated that CH3THF is synthesized from CO and tetrahydrofolate which then, as described above, is converted to acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA then serves as a precursor in other anabolic reactions. A similar autotropic pathway may occur in bacteria which grow on carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Potential hepatoprotective effect of different solvent fractions of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) in a paracetamol - induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats

Objective: To conduct a potential hepatoprotective effect of different solvent fractions of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) 0n paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The animals were divided into seven groups of five animals per group. Groups I and II served as normal and negative controls respectively. Group III received 100mg/kg b.w silymarin (SIL) and served as positive control. Group IV received 400mg/kg b.w ethanol fraction; Group V received 400mg/ kg b.w ethyl acetate fraction; GroupVI received 400mg/kg b.w hexane fraction; Group VII received 400mg/kg b.w aqueous fraction. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine phosphatase(ALP),Total Protein, Total and direct bilirubin and histopathological examination of the liver were conducted using a standard biochemical methods. Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine phosphatase(ALP) activities were significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased in groups treated with different fractions of ocimum gratissimum when compared with the negative control. Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations decreased significantly (p≤ 0.05) in groups treated with different fractions of OG when compared with the negative control. Total protein concentration increased significantly (p≤ 0.05) in hexane and aqueous fractions compared with negative control. Histopathological examination of the liver sections corroborated the data from biochemical studies. Conclusion: These findings showed that different fractions of Ocimum gratissimum extract may exhibit hepatoprotective properties.
Comments on Thomason and Burton, Bruce and Atkins, Anderson and Meyer, and Green and Riddell

This commentary will focus in large part on the economic rationales offered by the four sets of authors (Thomason and Burton; Bruce and Atkins; Anderson and Meyer; Green and Riddell; all in this issue) on behalf of public-sector unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. My thesis is that their explanations for the existence of these two programs are for the most part unsatisfactory, in that they give insufficient attention to the alternative hypothesis-rent seeking on the part of special interest groups-and that their accounts are problematic on logical and empirical grounds. In an important sense, however, such criticism is rather harsh and unfair, at least when applied to these eight specific economists. This is becauseunder the provisions of the Fraser Institute-Donner Foundation project on income maintenance for which their articles have been written-they have been asked to render an account of the economic rationale for these programs, and this they have done in an entirely satisfactory and accurate manner. That is to say, theirs is indeed an unerring rendition of how these programs are actually explained and justified within the profession. By taking on the responsibility for reporting on this state of affairs within the profession, they are not thereby committed to accepting these traditional justifications for workers' compensation and unemployment insurance. They may or they may not hold these views, but they are certainly
INFLUENCE OF PH ON THE PROPORTION OF UNIONIZED AMMONIA IN RUMEN

Protonation and deprotonation of ammonia provides a mechanism for movement of the molecule across membranes and they make ammonia an important intermediate in acid-base regulation as well as N metabolism. Only unionized ammonia molecules are able to penetrate the rumen wall proportional to their concentration. Rising pH dramatically increases the percentage of unionized ammonia. The ratio of the ammonium ion, NH 4 + , to ammonia, NH 3 is inversely related to pH. The study had in view to establish the content of free and ionized ammonia in the rumen fluid under the influence of nutritional factors (slow release urea, sugar, live yeasts and premix) in five periods. Each increase in pH by 0.5 units further increases free ammonia percentage by the average factor of 3.27. The decrease in pH with 0.5 units from 6.8 to 6.3 induces an increase in the NH 4 + proportion from 99.0% to 99.7% while the decrease in pH with 0.5 units from 6.3 to 5.8 induces an increase in NH 4 + proportion from 99.7% to 99.9%.
The Effect of the Big Eight Accounting Firm Mergers on the Market for Audit Services*

The research assesses whether the two Big Eight mergers of 1989 were anticompetitive or efficiency enhancing. The study determines how a merger would affect the merged firm’s probability of winning an auction to supply audit services under four different merger theories. A data set of 1,978 firms over a 12‐year period is constructed to test these theories. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the Big Eight mergers of 1989 resulted in cost reductions that benefited relatively large audit buyers who switched auditors after the mergers. By combining the assets of the four constituent firms, the two merged firms were more successful in competing for large clients. This research adds to the small but growing literature on studies of actual mergers.
Predicting the amount of urea nitrogen recycled and used for anabolism in growing cattle

SUMMARY In ruminants, urea nitrogen (N) produced by the liver and recycled to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) provides a source of N for microbial growth and also conserves N. In this respect, it buffers the dietary supply of N available for microbial growth and microbial protein supply. The equation for recycled N in the National Research Council's (NRC 1996, 2000) beef model is based on relationships between ruminal ammonia and plasma urea N concentrations. The objective of the current paper was to estimate recycled N available for anabolism (i.e., urea N used for anabolism, UUA) using available kinetic data. A meta-analysis was conducted using results reported in nine publications that measured urea N kinetics using the dual-labelled urea technique in growing cattle. Diets used in these experiments were predominantly forage-based. Urea production was linearly related to N intake (NI, g/day). Growing cattle converted 74·5% of the incremental NI to urea N. As NI increased, a smaller proportion of the urea produced was recycled to the GIT. On average, 54·4% of the urea N recycled to the GIT was used for anabolism; however, this percentage was not constant. As NI or dietary crude protein (CP) increased (g/kg dry matter, DM), proportionately less of the urea produced was used for anabolism. Nonlinear equations were developed to predict UUA based on NI or dietary CP in the current database and simulated at 5 or 10 kg of daily DM intake (DMI) over the same range of NI (g/day) and therefore, for diets differing in CP content (g/kg DM). The equation based on NI had a quadratic behaviour and the same estimated UUA for both levels of DMI. The equation based on CP showed a relatively small increase in UUA at low DMI and increased UUA at the higher DMI as NI increased. For both equations and both DMI, the pattern suggested a limit to use of recycled N for anabolism.
Karyotype of the Lygosomine Genus Ateuchosaurus from East Asia

, J.-M. NEEFS, P. DE RIJK, AND R. DE WACHTER. 1993. Reconstructing evolution from eukaryotic small-subunit RNA sequences: Calibration of the molecular clock. J. Mol. Evol. 37:221-232. WHEELER, W. C. , AND D. L. GLADSTEIN. 1992. A heuristic multiple sequence alignment procedure based on parsimony. Computer program. American Museum of Natural History. New York. , R. GUTELL, R. GUPTA, AND H. F NOLLER. 1983. Detailed analysis of the higher-order structure of 16S-like ribosomal ribonucleic acids. Microbiol. Rev. 47:621-669. WOESE, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51:221-271.
Asymptotic Theory of Eigenvectors for Random Matrices With Diverging Spikes

Abstract Characterizing the asymptotic distributions of eigenvectors for large random matrices poses important challenges yet can provide useful insights into a range of statistical applications. To this end, in this article we introduce a general framework of asymptotic theory of eigenvectors for large spiked random matrices with diverging spikes and heterogeneous variances, and establish the asymptotic properties of the spiked eigenvectors and eigenvalues for the scenario of the generalized Wigner matrix noise. Under some mild regularity conditions, we provide the asymptotic expansions for the spiked eigenvalues and show that they are asymptotically normal after some normalization. For the spiked eigenvectors, we establish asymptotic expansions for the general linear combination and further show that it is asymptotically normal after some normalization, where the weight vector can be arbitrary. We also provide a more general asymptotic theory for the spiked eigenvectors using the bilinear form. Simulation studies verify the validity of our new theoretical results. Our family of models encompasses many popularly used ones such as the stochastic block models with or without overlapping communities for network analysis and the topic models for text analysis, and our general theory can be exploited for statistical inference in these large-scale applications. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Unruh and analogue Unruh temperatures for circular motion in 
3+1
 and 
2+1
 dimensions

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state in the temperature $T_{\text{lin}} = a/(2\pi)$, operationally measurable via the detailed balance condition between excitation and de-excitation probabilities. An observer in uniform circular motion experiences a similar Unruh-type temperature $T_{\text{circ}}$, operationally measurable via the detailed balance condition, but $T_{\text{circ}}$ depends not just on the proper acceleration but also on the orbital radius and on the excitation energy. We establish analytic results for $T_{\text{circ}}$ for a massless scalar field in $3+1$ and $2+1$ spacetime dimensions in several asymptotic regions of the parameter space, and we give numerical results in the interpolating regions. In the ultrarelativistic limit, we verify that in $3+1$ dimensions $T_{\text{circ}}$ is of the order of $T_{\text{lin}}$ uniformly in the energy, as previously found by Unruh, but in $2+1$ dimensions $T_{\text{circ}}$ is significantly lower at low energies. We translate these results to an analogue spacetime nonrelativistic field theory in which the circular acceleration effects may become experimentally testable in the near future. We establish in particular that the circular motion analogue Unruh temperature grows arbitrarily large in the near-sonic limit, encouragingly for the experimental prospects, but the growth is weaker in effective spacetime dimension $2+1$ than in $3+1$.
Studies on Morphogenesis in Rice Plants. : 3. Interrelation of the growth among leaves, panicle and internodes, and a histological observation on the meristem of culm.

As the result of an observation on the elongating process of leaf blade, leaf sheath, panicle and internode in all over the growing period of rice plant, a regularity of development was recognized among those organs, and a problem was proposed that the regularity is due to the constitution of vascular bundles and its ripenning process in the culm. By the way, the meristem concerning with the culm formation were studied by histological methods, with special reference to the intercalary meristem of internode.
Effect of short-term feed restriction, realimentation and overfeeding on growth of Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) nestlings

1. We examined the flexibility of the developmental programme of Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) nestlings by subjecting them to food restriction, and realimentation between 3-5 and 5-7 days of age, respectively, or overfeeding between 3 and 7 days of age. 2. Food restriction resulted in a marked reduction of body mass and intestinal mass, but not pectoral muscle mass and tarsus length. Refed nestlings were unable to catch up with body mass of overfed young. None of the feeding regimes had much effect on the rate of maturation, measured here by the water content of muscle tissue. 3. Thus, the nestlings were unable to respond actively to changing food availability by slowing the pace of development and subsequent compensatory growth. 4. Body-mass increments levelled off with increasing energy intake, which suggests that overfed nestlings had reached physiological limits with respect to the rate of biomass production. Yet they did not grow faster than nestlings in the wild. 5. Growth of the young under natural conditions is therefore likely to be limited by physiological or anatomical constraints, rather than food availability. This, along with the absence of the mechanisms that would increase the likelihood of surviving through short periods of food shortage, indirectly suggest that at least in some altricial bird species food shortages do not occur frequently enough to select for responses to unpredictability of food resources.
Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of a newrecrystallized enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate in hamsters

Pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and PK/PD ratios of a new solvate of enrofloxacin (enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate; enro-C), were studied in hamsters. Enrofloxacin from Baytril1397904493 5% (enroR) served as the reference preparation. Two groups of 60 Syrian golden hamsters were intramuscularly injected individually with 10 mg/kg of enroR or with enro-C. Tissue and serum samples were obtained for 72 h; enrofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC with UV detection. Ninety percent minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) were determined for strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira interrogans, and Escherichia coli. All PK variables were statistically different between groups (P MIC = 10-12) are consequently superior for enro-C. Given the outstanding PK/PD ratios of enro-C, this new moiety is proposed as a possible solution when high tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin are necessary.
Perception, use and valuation of protected areas by local populations in an economic crisis context

SUMMARY With some exceptions, local populations’ opinions are not considered sufficiently important in developing policies related to protected areas (PAs), despite their recognized effect on conservation and management. This paper surveys the views and the activities performed by residents living inside or near the 10 PAs of the densely-populated, industrialized Autonomous Region of Madrid, with a view toward better informing their management. The degree of knowledge, perception of conservation state, activities performed inside them and stated importance were assessed, and the hypothesis that the economic valuation of PAs had decreased between 2006/2007 and 2009 as a result of Spain's economic crisis was tested using the contingency valuation method. Local populations valued PAs highly, despite their limited use of them and their moderate perception of the conservation state of these areas. The objective valuation of PAs (measured by three economic variables) remained high among the local populations at the peak of the economic crisis (assessed by the gross domestic product growth), although declared economic support for PAs had significantly shifted towards a ‘pay per use’ scheme.
Effects of NaCl and Na_2CO_3 stress on growth and physiological indexes in 'Beta' grafted 'Red Globe' grape seedlings

The 'Beta' grafted 'Red Globe' grape seedlings were treated by NaCl or Na2CO3(0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%). The growth and physiological indexes in the seedlings were measured after they were treated for 10 d.The results showed that the shoots relative growth of the seedlings were significantly restricted with increasing of the NaCl and Na2CO3 concentration,the relative electric conductivity,the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and free proline increased,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) first increased and then decreased,the activity of catelase(CAT) decreased in leaves.The damage degree of same concentration of NaCl treatment to leaves of the seedlings was greater than that of Na2CO3 treatment.