Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resilient Recursive Routing in Communication Networks

After a brief review of conventional approaches to shortest path routing an alternative algorithm that abstracts a network graph into a logical tree is introduced. The algorithm is based on the decomposition of a graph into its minimum cycle basis (a basis of the cycle vector space of a graph having least overall weight or length). A procedure that abstracts the cycles and their adjacencies into logical nodes and links correspondingly is introduced. These logical nodes and links form the next level logical graph. The procedure is repeated recursively, until a loop-free logical graph is derived. This iterative abstraction is called a logical network abstraction procedure and can be used to analyze network graphs for resiliency, as well as become the basis of a new routing methodology. Both these aspects of the logical network abstraction procedure are discussed in some detail.
KNOWING WHEN TO QUIT ON UNLEARNABLE PROBLEMS: ANOTHER STEP TOWARDS AUTONOMOUS LEARNING

Autonomous learning is the ability to learn effectively without much external assistance. An important strength of autonomous learners is that they can shape their own learning and development, in large part by choosing which problems to learn. Such choices include selecting a problem to learn and deciding whether to continue learning on that selected task or abandon it in favor of something else. We extend a constructive neurallearning algorithm, sibling-descendant cascade-correlation, to monitor lack of progress in learning so that unproductive learning can be abandoned. Learning is abandoned when network error fails to change by more than a specified threshold for a specified number of consecutive learning cycles. Here we explore the space defined by these threshold and patience parameters on problems of different degrees of learnability. Our results simulate findings from recent experiments with infants who abandon learning on difficult tasks and focus their attention on tasks of moderate difficulty.
Nouvelles fonctions de la peptide N-glycanase indépendantes de sa capacité de déglycosylation

La premiere fonction qui a ete attribuee a la peptide N -glycanase (PNGase) est de deglycosyler les N -glycosylproteines mal repliees avant leur degradation par le proteasome. Il s’avere cependant que l’inhibition de cette enzyme modifie peu le taux de degradation de ces N -glycosylproteines. Des donnees recentes montrent que cette enzyme a egalement la capacite de moduler la morphogenese de facon independante de sa fonction de deglycosylation. La caracterisation du premier deficit en PNGase devrait apporter une meilleure comprehension du role de cette enzyme multifonctionnelle dans la physiologie humaine.
Calnexin deficiency and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis

In this study, we used calnexin-deficient cells to investigate the role of this protein in ER stress-induced apoptosis. We found that calnexin-deficient cells are relatively resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis. However, caspase 3 and 8 cleavage and cytochrome c release were unchanged in these cells, indicating that ER to mitochondria “communication” during apoptotic stimulation is not affected in the absence of calnexin. The Bcl-2:Bax ratio was also not significantly changed in calnexin-deficient cells regardless of whether the ER stress was induced with thapsigargin or not. Ca2+ homeostasis and ER morphology were unaffected by the lack of calnexin, but ER stress-induced Bap31 cleavage was significantly inhibited. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Bap31 forms complexes with calnexin, which may play a role in apoptosis. The results suggest that calnexin may not play a role in the initiation of the ER stress but that the protein has an effect on later apoptotic events via its influence on B.
Masting behaviour in beech: linking reproduction and climatic variation

The question of what triggers masting in beech (Fagus) has been a source of uncertainty and curiosity. Analysing seed production series from Europe (Fagus sylvatica L.), eastern North America (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and Japan (Fagus crenata Blume), for various periods (lasting between 6 and 34 years) over the last 150 years, we find a close relationship between masting (mast year) and preceding growing season climate events (mast year1 and mast year2) in eastern North America and Europe, with tentative indications of this pattern in Japan. A drought in the early summer preceding masting (mast year1) is a very strong predictor in Europe and eastern North America, but drought events were not found for the Japan series. The predictive power is increased in all three regions if there has been an unusually moist, cool summer the year before the drought (mast year2). We suggest that, in this initial moist summer (mast year2), carbohydrate buildup within the trees "primes" them for floral induction the f.
Control of germline stem cell self‐renewal and differentiation in the Drosophila ovary: concerted actions of niche signals and intrinsic factors

In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) physically interact with their niche composed of terminal filament cells, cap cells, and possibly GSC‐contacting escort cells (ECs). A GSC divides to generate a self‐renewing stem cell that remains in the niche and a differentiating daughter that moves away from the niche. The GSC niche provides a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal that maintains GSC self‐renewal by preventing stem cell differentiation via repression of the differentiation‐promoting gene bag of marbles (bam). In addition, it expresses E‐cadherin, which mediates cell adhesion for anchoring GSCs in the niche, enabling continuous self‐renewal. GSCs themselves also express different classes of intrinsic factors, including signal transducers, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling factors, translation regulators, and miRNAs, which control self‐renewal by strengthening interactions with the niche and repressing various differentiation pathways. Differentiated GSC daughters, known as cystoblasts (CBs), also express distinct classes of intrinsic factors to inhibit self‐renewal and promote germ cell differentiation. Surprisingly, GSC progeny are also dependent on their surrounding ECs for proper differentiation at least partly by preventing BMP from diffusing to the differentiated germ cell zone and by repressing ectopic BMP expression. Therefore, both GSC self‐renewal and CB differentiation are controlled by collaborative actions of extrinsic signals and intrinsic factors. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:261–273. doi: 10.1002/wdev.60
Regulation of striatal dopamine release through 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptors

Dopamine (DA) release in the striatum is regulated by 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) through putative heteroreceptors. However, the effect of 5‐HT is controversial. The present study investigated the effects of different 5‐HT receptor ligands on DA release in the rat striatum by using in vivo microdialysis in conscious and freely moving rats. Perfusion with 5‐carboxamidotryptamine, anpirtoline, pindobind‐5‐HT1A, and isamoltane demonstrated the involvement of 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors in facilitating DA release. In contrast, 5‐HT2 receptors mediated inhibition of DA efflux, as shown by experiments with DOI [R‐(−)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane] and ketanserin. A 5‐HT3 agonist (1‐(m‐chlorophenyl)‐biguanide hydrochloride) did not have any effect. None of the agonists used affected DA uptake into striatal synaptosomes. Unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioning of the nigrostriatal DA pathway led to a selective decrease in 5‐HT2 receptors. It is concluded that there are 5‐HT2 heteroreceptors at the dopaminergic terminals that mediate inhibition of DA release. Further investigation is required to clarify the localization of the 5‐HT1 receptors in the striatum. J. Neurosci. Res. 55:600–607, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxia decreases constitutive nitric oxide synthase transcript and protein in cultured endothelial cells

Endothelial cell‐generated nitric oxide (NO) accounts in large part for the labile vasodilator termed endothelium‐derived relaxing factor. Two distinct types of NO synthase exist: a “constitutive” type (cNOS), found in endothelial cells, and an “inducible” enzyme. Endothelial cells sense pO2 levels in the range of 70–20 torr and respond to this hypoxia by inducing transcription of genes which encode the vasoactive proteins PDGF‐B and endothelin‐1. Exposure of human or bovine endothelial cells to low oxygen tensions results in a profound decrease in the transcript for cNOS and a corresponding fall in cNOS protein levels. The ability of endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia to produce NO in response to bradykinin, a stimulator of cNOS activity, was coordinately impaired. Cobalt inhibited the expression of cNOS transcripts, suggesting a mechanism comparable to that by which oxygen tension regulates expression of other vasoregulatory genes. In the presence of actinomycin‐D, hypoxia had no effect on cNOS transcripts, suggesting that new gene transcription is required for cNOS suppression. The reducing agents PDTC and N‐Ac did not mimic cNOS gene suppression by hypoxia, suggesting that this suppression is not related to the redox state of the intracellular environment. Thus, regulation of cNOS function in response to environmental factors can occur at the level of gene expression as well as at the level of enzyme activation. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design perspectives for learning with social media: Reconciling informal and formal learning through Web 2.0? (Part 1)

Although the widespread use of social media reflects how Web 2.0 technologies have become embedded in our lives, there are still significant challenges in harnessing these and their related practices for learning. One expectation is that they will provide the means to reconcile informal and formal learning to allow for a more seamless transition between meaningful activity inside and outside of educational institutions or the workplace. But how do we support such processes or progressions? The approach adopted in this symposium is to see design, or learning design, as the key paradigm to address this challenge. But designing for this constantly evolving technological landscape creates new problems and complexities. This symposium will present different approaches to design from experts who specialise in the field of social software for learning, and who are concerned with both bridging informal and formal learning and questioning what we consider to be legitimate learning.
Presence of β-Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and β-Luteinizing Hormone Transcripts in the Brain of Cichlasoma dimerus (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play key roles in vertebrate gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. They are mainly synthesized in the pituitary gland. While investigating the ontogeny of FSH and LH cells in the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus by immunohistochemistry (IHC), we unexpectedly found immunoreactive neurons in the preoptic area, sending their projections through different brain areas and neurohypophysis. Our previous work using Western blot and IHC techniques applied to the adult brain confirmed these findings. To further demonstrate the extrapituitary expression of these hormones, we performed RT-PCR detecting sequences coding for β-FSH and β-LH subunits in the C. dimerus pituitary and brain (preoptic-hypothalamic area). The expression of these transcripts in both organs was consistent with their peptide expression showing a high sequence homology when compared with other phylogenetically related fish. An individual pituitary in vitro culture system was utilized to study the possible modulatory effect of brain-derived gonadotropins on pituitary hormone secretion. Pituitary explants were cultured with different concentrations of LH or FSH, and the culture media were analyzed by Western blot. Exogenous LH produced a dose-dependent increase in pituitary β-LH, β-FSH and somatolactin (SL) releases. No effect was observed on growth hormone (GH). The effect on prolactin (PRL) was not consistent among treatments. Exogenous FSH produced an inhibition in β-LH release, dose-dependent increases in β-FSH and SL releases, and no effect on PRL and GH releases. These findings support the concept of regulation of pituitary trophic hormones by brain-derived gonadotropins.
Phagocytose et cytocinèse - Des thèmes communs et des différences

Eukaryotic cells use and adapt common molecular machineries. Recent findings have highlighted that actin polymerization, contractile activity and membrane remodelling with exocytosis of internal compartments are required both for successful phagocytosis, the internalization of particulate material and for cytokinesis, the last step of cell division. Phagocytosis is induced by the triggering of specific cell surface receptors, which leads to membrane deformation, pseudopod extension and contraction to engulf particles. Cytokinesis relies on intense contractile activity and eventually leads to the physical scission of sister cells. In this review, shared features of signalling, cytoskeletal reorganization and vesicular trafficking used in both phagocytosis and cytokinesis are described, and questions that remain open in these dynamic areas of research are also highlighted.
Autophagie et micro-organismes

« Autophagie et micro-organismes », c’est le theme d’actualite qui a ete choisi par le nouveau departement de Biologie cellulaire et interactions hotes-pathogenes de l’Institut Cochin pour son premier mini-symposium qui s’est tenu le 30 novembre 2009. Les organisateurs, Florence Niedergang, Alexandre Benmerah et Maryline Bajolle, avaient reuni une palette d’orateurs de renom dans le domaine et nous souhaitons resumer ici leurs interventions.
DESIGN OF MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE SENSOR WITH ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURE FOR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL INVESTIGATION

In the paper we describe a new approach to the dielectric properties of dielectric material investigation with implementation of artificial metamaterial structure over the aperture of waveguide sensor in order to increase the sensing properties of classical waveguide sensor and to achieve the optimal design of metamaterial structure for waveguide sensor tuning in microwave X-band. In the paper the possibility to investigate metamaterial structure using for upgrading properties of classical waveguide sensor is studied, the numerical simulation of 2D metamaterial structure properties and experimental results for dielectric properties dielectric materials are carried out.
SWOV Fact sheet

More than one-third of all fatalities among car passengers occurs in the 10-24-year age group. The majority of these young passengers die in a car driven by an 18 to 24-year old. Compared with the composition of the population, these are high proportions, yet the exposure (for example in distance travelled) of youths driving in the same car is not known. However, it is known that young drivers run higher risks due to their mental immaturity and lack of experience; passengers of these young drivers are exposed to this same high risks. Moreover, youths driving in a car together may constitute a greater risk. American studies indicate an important role of peer pressure and distraction by passengers. However, American young novice drivers are circa two years younger than those in the Netherlands. As age in particular is an important factor in handling peer pressure and impulse control, the American findings cannot simply be transposed to the Dutch situation. The American findings and the large proportion of young passengers who die in the Netherlands when a young novice driver is behind the wheel, may be a reason for further investigation into the role of distraction and peer pressure among youths in the Netherlands.
Near-optimal construction of wavelet networks for nonlinear system modeling

This paper proposes a constructive modeling scheme for nonlinear systems using wavelet networks as its model structure. Taking the advantage of the multiresolution nature as well as the localized feature of wavelet networks, a multi-scale modeling strategy has been developed to capture both the global and local characteristics of the systems over different scales from coarse to fine. A shrinking technique has been developed to delete some of the wavelet nodes to make the whole wavelet network as compact a size as possible, and in this sense, we can approach a near-optimal model within prescribed error tolerance. Main convergence results are established in the paper along with the analysis backing up to the construction procedure. Simulation is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the scheme.
Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal

In this paper, we evaluate patterns of fruit eating and seed dispersal in monkeys and apes and draw an important distinction between 1) the ecological consequences of primates as seed dispersers and 2) the evolutionary implications of primates on the seed and fruit traits of the plant species they exploit. In many forest communities, primates act as both seed predators and seed dispersers and are likely to have an important ecological impact on patterns of forest regeneration and tree species diversity. Evidence from Kibale National Park, Uganda, and Manu National Park, Peru, as well as several other South American sites indicates that monkeys and apes display a wide range of fruit‐processing behaviors, including spitting seeds, dropping seeds, masticating seeds, and swallowing seeds. Differences in consumer body size, diet, ranging patterns, and oral and digestive morphology result in different patterns in the distance and distribution of seeds from the parent plant. In the case of South American monkeys, for example, despite their relatively small body size, platyrrhines were found to exploit larger fruits and swallow larger seeds on average than did Old World monkeys and apes of the Kibale forest. We found little evidence to support the existence of a coevolutionary relationship between a single or set of primate dispersers and the particular plant species they disperse. This is due to variability in the manner in which monkeys and apes select fruits and treat seeds, the fact that many species of primates and nonprimates exploit and disperse the same fruit species, and the fact that extremely high levels of postdispersal seed, seedling, and sapling mortality serve to dilute the influence that any primate species may have on the recruitment of the next generation of adult trees. It is apparent that many primate lineages exhibit dental, digestive, and/or sensory adaptations that aid in the exploitation of particular food types and that many lineages of flowering plants have evolved characteristics of fruits and seeds that facilitate seed dispersal. However, in light of currently available data, we argue that these represent evolutionary rather than more strictly defined coevolutionary relationships. Am. J. Primatol. 45:9–28, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological and Mental Self-trans ormation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich

Extracellular histones support rodent and human embryo development in at least two ways. First, these molecules in uterine secretions protect embryos from inflammation caused by pathogens that gain access to the reproductive tract. Also, histones in uterine secretions likely support penetration of the uterine epithelium by blastocysts during embryo implantation. Extracellular histones seem to preserve amino acid transport system B0,+ in blastocysts by inhibiting its activity. Preservation of system B0,+ is needed because, at the time of invasion of the uterine epithelium by motile trophoblasts, system B0,+ is likely reactivated to help remove tryptophan from the implantation chamber. If tryptophan is not removed, T-cells proliferate and reject the implanting blastocyst. Epigenetic modification of histones could alter their promotion of normal implantation through, say, incomplete tryptophan removal and, thus, allow partial T-cell rejection of the conceptus. Such partial rejection could impair placental development, embryonal/fetal nutrition, and weight gain prior to birth. Small-for-gestationalage offspring are predisposed to developing metabolic syndrome, obesity, and associated complications as adults. Shifting expression of these phenotypes might contribute to transgenerational variation and evolution. The spectrum of possible extracellular histone targets in early development warrant new research, especially since the effects of epigenetic histone modifications might be transgenerational.
NON-NORMALITY IN SCALAR DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS By

Analysis of stability for delay differential equations (DDEs) is a tool in a variety of fields such as nonlinear dynamics in physics, biology, and chemistry, engineering and pure mathematics. Stability analysis is based primarily on the eigenvalues of a discretized system. Situations exist in which practical and numerical results may not match expected stability inferred from such approaches. The reasons and mechanisms for this behavior can be related to the eigenvectors associated with the eigenvalues. When the operator associated to a linear (or linearized) DDE is significantly non-normal, the stability analysis must be adapted as demonstrated here. Example DDEs are shown to have solutions which exhibit transient growth not accounted for by eigenvalues alone. Pseudospectra are computed and related to transient growth.
CHAPTER 6 Inland Intermodal Terminals and Freight Logistics Hubs

Transport planning and land use management are intricately engaged in the spatial design of nodes and links from origin to destination in the supply chain. The focus of this chapter is on inland facilities and it starts with defi ning terminology and concepts, followed by a framework for the planning of these facilities. The typical planning hierarchy used in supply chain management with the four levels of strategic, structural, functional and operational is used. The design of inland terminals and logistics hubs are normally done on structural level although much input is needed from the respective logistics functions such as transport, warehousing and materials handling on a functional level. Some operational aspects of inland intermodal terminals and freight logistics hubs such as logistics fl ows, conceptual design, value adding activities and the role of stakeholders are covered. A South African view on inland terminals and logistics hubs from the National Freight Logistics Strategy and the National Development Plan is also presented.
Designing “ Theory of Machine s and Mechanisms ” course on Project Based Learning approach

Theory of Machines and Mechanisms course is one of the essential courses of Mechanical Engineering undergraduate curriculum practiced at Indian Institute. Previously, this course was taught by traditional instruction based pedagogy. In order to achieve profession specific skills demanded by the industry and the learning outcomes specified by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA), India; this course is restructured on Project Based Learning approach. A mini project is designed to suit course objectives. An objective of this paper is to discuss the rationale of this course design and the process followed to design a project which meets diverse objectives.
The efficacy of antiviral preparations in vitro on the reproduction of influenza virus strains A / H 5 N 1 , which caused an epizootic among domesticated birds in summer 2005

The commercial drugs rimantadine, amantadine, ribavirin and arbidol are effective in suppressing in in vitro reproduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses. This study was done on porcine embryo kidney (SPEV) cells and the highly pathogenic A/Duck/Novosibirsk/ 56/05(H5N1) strain from an infected domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in the Lake Chany area, Novosibirsk region.