Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convection in the primitive mantle in interaction with global magma oceans

A common scenario considered during the formation of Earth-like bodies is that of magma oceans. Indeed, the accretion energy as well as the heat produced by the radioactive decay of short-period elements is more than enough to melt entirely the primitive mantle, thereby forming a global magma ocean. The pressure-dependence of the solidification temperature as well as the steep isentropic temperature profile at the base of the mantle could lead to a crystallization of that global magma ocean from the middle. The primitive solid mantle could therefore be bounded by two global magma oceans: one above and one below.This PhD thesis focuses on two aspects of such a system. First, the solid part of the mantle and the magma oceans being of similar composition, convecting matter in the solid is not necessarily stopped by the solid/liquid interface but could instead go through it by melting/freezing provided that the phase change timescale is short enough compared to the viscous timescale needed to build a solid topography in the liquid oceans. A linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations show the phase change at the boundary greatly affects convection in the solid part of the mantle. The critical Rayleigh number decreases, convective patterns have a larger wavelength, and the heat flux carried through the solid increases of up to several orders of magnitude compared to cases with classical boundary conditions.The second aspect explored in this thesis is the long-term evolution of the primitive mantle. Coupling convection in the solid with simple evolution models for the magma oceans allowed us to build a global evolution model of the primitive mantle monitoring the thermo-compositional evolution of the solid mantle and magma oceans. A linear stability analysis shows convection sets in the solid before the surface magma ocean crystallizes entirely. A preliminary direct numerical simulation shows the fractional crystallization of the basal magma ocean may lead to the formation of large thermo-chemical piles at the base of the solid mantle. These piles are similar to the large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVP) observed today.The presence of global magma oceans could therefore have important consequences on the long-term evolution of the Earth: first, fractional crystallization of the magma oceans and convection in the solid part affect the resulting thermal and compositional structures; and second, the global heat budget could be tremendously affected by the high heat flux carried out by the solid part owing to the phase change boundary conditions.
Life History Evolution in Stochastic Environments: A Graphical Mean‐Variance Approach

A small—variance approximation technique for examining the evolution of reproductive effort is developed, using a decomposition of fitness into arithmetic mean and variance components. Trait values often translate nonlinearly into fitness components such as offspring number or growth rate. A nonlinear relationship between phenotypic traits and fitness implies that the expected value of the fitness component will be a function of the arithmetic mean and variance in the traits influencing a given fitness component. The maximum expression of traits is often, however, a function of reproductive effort. Reproductive effort then influences the mean and variance in traits that affect fitness. Consequently, we can use these techniques to determine the optimal allocation of resources to current reproduction via their effects on the distribution of trait values. The optimal pattern of allocation is influenced by the quality and variability of the habitat and by the curvature of the trait—fitness relationship. The full range of adaptive responses, from semelparity to different degree of iteroparity, can be predicted from the model. We extend the model to cases where reproductive effort can be partitioned into different offspring types, for example, offspring produced through chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. When more than one type of offspring is produced, then reproductive risks can be spread across offspring types and the conditions favoring semelparity are less restrictive. Semelparity is especially favored if the offspring types exhibit negative covariance in their contributions to growth rate. This new technique appears generally consistent with traditional life history theory, but can lead to some new insights that result from the explicit partitioning of the effects of central tendency and variability in trait—fitness relationships.
Differential responses to red clover residue and ammonium nitrate by common bean and wild mustard

Abstract Legume green manures have been used for millennia as sources of N for succeeding crops, but they are also sources of phytotoxic compounds that may selectively influence the performance of crop and weed species. To determine whether substitution of legume green manure for synthetic N fertilizer could enhance crop yield while suppressing weed growth, we conducted a field experiment in which common bean and wild mustard were sown in monocultures and mixtures. Three soil management treatments were employed: red clover residue, ammonium nitrate fertilizer (84 kg N ha−1), and a control that received neither red clover nor ammonium nitrate. In the absence of wild mustard, bean seed yield was equivalent in the red clover and ammonium nitrate treatments, where yields were 11 to 26% greater, respectively, than in the control. When bean grew in competition with wild mustard, its seed yield was as high (1995 and 1996) or higher (1994) with red clover residue than with ammonium nitrate. Averaged over bean competition treatments, wild mustard biomass production was 37% lower with red clover residue than with ammonium nitrate in 1994, 53% lower in 1995, and equivalent in these two treatments in 1996. Bean seed yield and wild mustard biomass production were strongly correlated with whole-plant N content and more weakly correlated with leaf area duration. Of the variation observed in wild mustard seed production, 89 to 93% was predicted by the variation in wild mustard biomass. The results of this study indicate that substitution of red clover green manure for ammonium nitrate fertilizer can be compatible with bean production goals and can contribute to the management of wild mustard. Nomenclature: Wild mustard, Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler SINAR; common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Marafax’; red clover, Trifolium pratense L. ‘Mammoth’; spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Belvedere’.
Phase Feeding Strategies To Meet Metabolizable Amino Acid Requirements of Calf-Fed Holstein Steers

ABSTRACT One hundred eight Holstein steer calves (114 ± 8 kg) were used to evaluate effects of phase feeding metabolizable amino acids (MAA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Three feeding strategies were evaluated: 1) control, single-phase feeding (steers were fed a single urea-based growing-finishing diet that meets the average MAA requirements for the overall feeding period); 2) 2-phase feeding (steers were fed a diet formulated to meet the average MAA requirements for the first 112 d on feed, and thereafter finished on the control urea-based diet); and 3) 3-phase feeding (2 diets were formulated to meet average MAA requirements during the first and second 56-d feedlot feeding periods, and thereafter cattle were finished on the control urea-based diet). Two-phase feeding and 3-phase feeding management strategies produced similar (P > 0.20) growth performance. Multiple-phase feeding increased ADG (18%, P 0.20) on growth performance; however, multiple-phase feeding increased overall (351-d) ADG (6.3%, P 0.20) of 3-phase vs. 2-phase feeding strategies on carcass characteristics. Multiple-phase feeding increased hot carcass weight (5.2%, P g was similar (96%) to that expected for the 2- and 3-phase programs during the first 112 d, but was only 83% of expected for the single-phase program. It was concluded that a 2-phase feeding program was needed to improve overall ADG, G:F, and energetic efficiency of calf-fed (placed in the feedlot as lightweight calf) Holstein steers compared with a conventional single-phase system. At a minimum, a 2-phase system would need to separately consider MAA requirements from feedlot placement to 280 kg BW (phase 1) and from 280 kg BW to harvest (phase 2). Methionine, Lys, and His appear to be the first limiting amino acids during the first feeding phase. During the second phase (280 kg to harvest), supply of all MAA acids will exceed requirements, even where urea is the sole source of supplemental N. Maximizing growth rate during the first feeding phase may enhance carcass dressing percent and LM area.
Effects of fermentation on some antinutrients and nutrients contents of sandbox (Hura crepitans) seed

The effects of fermentation on antinutrients, vitamins and amino acid contents of sandbox (Hura crepitans) seed were investigated. Concentrations of antinutrients in seeds were as follows: alkaloids 25.6±0.2-5.0±0.3, tannins 18.6±1.5-5.8±1.3, saponins 8.5±0.1-1.4±0.1, oxalate 23.7±0.25-3.6±0.12, phytate 18.1+0.31-7.8+0.13 and cyanide 1.66+0.1-0.6±0.03 mg/100 g. Contents of vitamins included were A 328.1-399.30 IU and E 0.398-0.447, K 0.26 -0.456, C 0-9.21, B 1 0-0.29, B 2 0-0.23, B 6 0-0.46 and B 12 0-0.36 mg/100 g. The concentrations of antinutrients decreased and those of vitamins increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in the period of fermentation (0-96 hrs). Concentrations of amino acids were: lysine 2.34-5.36, histidine 1.58-2.25, aspartate 7.19-22.11, serine 2.86-4.25, glutamate 14.41-18.21, cysteine 0.78-1.85, valine 2.384. 80, isoleucine 2.80-3.61, leucine 4.16-5.96 and tyrosine 2.21-3.00 g/100 g protein. Fermentation increased concentrations of these amino acids, while the concentrations of the remaining amino acids were reduced. Therefore, fermentation improved the nutritional quality of Hura crepitans seeds in terms of decrease in the concentrations of antinutrients and increase in the concentrations of some amino acids and vitamins.
Comparative Ultrastructure of Digestive Diverticulae in Bathymodiolin Mussels: Discovery of an Unknown Spherical Inclusion (SIX) in Digestive Cells of a Seep Mussel

Abstract Mussels in the genus Bathymodiolus host endosymbiotic bacteria in their gills, from which the mussel derives much of its nutrition. Bathymodiolin mussels also have functional digestive systems and, as in shallow-water mytilid mussels, cells of the digestive diverticulae are of two types: basophilic secretory cells and columnar digestive cells. Cellular contents of secretory and digestive cells of Bathymodiolus thermophilus and Bathymodiolus brevior from deep-sea hydrothermal vents are comparable to cellular contents of these cell types observed in shallow-water mytilids. In the seep mussel Bathymodiolus heckerae, cellular contents of columnar cells were anomalous, being dominated by an unknown cellular inclusion herein called spherical inclusion unknown or SIX. SIX was observed in all digestive cells and some basophilic cells of B. heckerae examined with TEM. It is a large (2–10-μm diameter) and abundant (7 ± 1.5 inclusions per epithelial cell section) inclusion, with a double external membrane and stacked internal lamellae. No microbial DNA was detected in digestive tubules of B. heckerae using molecular probes, preferential DNA amplification techniques, or DAPI staining, suggesting that SIX is not a unicellular parasite or symbiont. The ubiquity and abundance of SIX within cells of the digestive diverticula suggest that it has an important cellular function (positive or negative), yet to be determined.
Reproductive cycle and spawning patterns of Lizardfish, Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) in southern water of Iran.

Reproductive activity of lizard fish, Saurida tumbil was assessed using histology. Sex ratio, maturation cycle, fecundity, gonadosomatic index based on 949 specimens collected monthly from north coast of Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan province), between June 2007 to June 2008. The sex ratio of the investigated fish was 1.92:1 (females: males). The results showed that the total length of female specimens ranged from 16.2 to 55.5 cm and total weight extended from 29.93 to 1587.12 g, while male specimen ranged from 18.1 to 44.00 cm and from 30.81 to 724.00g in total length and total weight respectively. The length-weight relationship valued for females and males were Wtot=0.0017L3. 4214 R2=0.9578 and Wtot=0.0018L3. 4015 R2=0.9699, respectively. Different stages of gonad development based on external appearance and histological observation of ovaries, revealed the existence of six stages for oocyte development of female specimens as immature, maturing, ripening, ripe, spawning and spent. The mean monthly values of GSI indicated that the species is a spring and autumn spawner with two peaks from September to November and a minor peak from February to April. Mean length at first maturity (Lm 50%) was 27.4 cm for females and 25.3 cm for males. Absolute fecundity of 30 maturity samples ranged between 48863-211689 as the number of eggs found in each ovary in the size range 40-50 cm.
CARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA’S PRAMENKA BREED SHEEP

Pramenka je ovca kombiniranih svojstava, skromna u ishrani, vrlo otporna i dobro prilago ena našim uvjetima, ali slabih produktivnih osobina jer se uzgaja u brdsko-planinskim uvjetima, nepovoljnim za intenzivniju proizvodnju sto ne hrane, zbog ega je ishrana veoma esto kvantitativno i kvalitativno nedostatna. Na pravilnost ishrane ukazuje razina njihove proizvodnje, ali i njihov metaboli ki status koji se prosu uje odre ivanjem biokemijskih parametara krvi. Biokemijski parametri krvi mogu ukazati na energetsku, proteinsku i mineralnu opskrbu organizma, a istovremeno i na zdravstveni status životinje. Stoga smo proveli ispitivanje širokog spektra biokemijskih parametara u krvi ovaca s dva lokaliteta, op ine Livno i Travnik, u ljetnom razdoblju kada su životinje bile na ispaši karakteristi nog botani kog sastava navedenih podru ja, a sve s ciljem usporedbe sa standardnim vrijednostima parametara za ovce, ali i me usobnih podataka s dva razli ita podru ja. Krv je uzorkovana iz v. jugularis i u serumu su odre ivani sljede i biokemijski parametri: glukoza, Mg, P, Ca, ukupni proteini, LDH, GGT, AST, ALT, ALKP, kolesterol, trigliceridi, urea i albumini. Važnost istraživanja je u injenici da se prou avanjem metabili kog statusa unapre uju saznanja o interakciji lokalnog uzgoja i metabolizma ovce u funkciji održivosti autohtonih pasmina.
Race at Work

Making extensive use of census data, this chapter sets out changes over time in the race and colour profile of the labour market. It shows that dark-skinned Jamaicans made considerable advances, especially in the public sector, but that even long after independence they were still largely absent from some fields and in others rarely found at senior levels. It will be argued that the stratification of the labour market by colour was largely the result of race-neutral practices, such as educational qualifications and other hiring and promotion criteria; disadvantage accumulated over time and across racial domains; and government inaction, which was partly triggered by political partisanship and economic factors.
Nematicidal activity of waste water from olive oil-mills

The efforts of waste water from olive oil mills on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) development on tomato roots and its ethyl acetate-acetone extract effect on egg hatching of Meloidogyne incognita were investigated in pot and laboratory experiments, respectively. Separation of phenols was done in the HPLC and individual phenols were tested for their effect on nematodes in the soil. Galling and egg masses on tomato roots were reduced significantly by addition of waste water to the soil. Egg hatch was also significantly reduced by the ethyl acetate-acetone extract at the two concentrations tested. Some of the phenols reduced galling and egg masses on tomato roots when added to the soil.
Marine Major Ecological Disturbances of the Caribbean

Large-scale marine disturbances, called marine major ecological disturbances (MMEDs), have drastically increased in the last 2025 years. Coral-reef bleaching has repeatedly killed or weakened coral-reef organisms throughout the Caribbean since 1979. Longspine sea urchins were almost extirpated from the Caribbean in 1983-84, and recurrences have followed, along with smaller die-offs of other sea urchins. A large array of new, epizootic diseases has emerged or become more common or widespread in the last few years to devastate Caribbean coral reefs, and some of the older diseases have also become epizootic. Sea fan mass mortalities removed most of these animals from the Southwestern Caribbean in the early 1980s and possibly related sea fan disturbances now threaten those remaining Caribbean sea fans. A Caribbean-wide fish mass mortality was possibly caused by slime-blotch disease (SBD) in 1980. Since then similar SBD mass mortalities have occurred in South Florida, Bermuda, and the Eastern Caribbean. Recent outbreaks of external lesions on fishes throughout the Caribbean seem to be due to SBD. Green Turtles began suffering a Caribbean-wide epizootic of fibropapillomas in the mid-1980s. These gross, external tumors continue to endanger this sea turtle. Although few non-coral reef mass mortalities (marine mammals, molluscs, seagrasses, sea stars, sponges etc; losses from harmful algal blooms) occur in the Caribbean Region, more coral-reef related disturbances occur here than in any other region. Research efforts require more coordination and cohesiveness. We believe MMEDs are driven by the most important phenomena of our times: global changes due to direct and indirect human impacts.
A STUDY OF SIGNIFICANCE OF METAMATERIALS ON PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING

The metamaterials are artificially engineered structures with unusual electromagnetic properties. In this paper, we review the implementation of isotropic metamaterials that exhibit a negative permittivity and a negative permeability, thus leading to a negative index of refraction. Specifically, the paper focuses on transmission line metamaterials which are planar structures comprising a network of distributed transmission lines loaded periodically with inductors L capacitor C, in high pass configuration. The periodic unit cell is much smaller than the wavelength, thus leading to an effective medium in which the lumped loading elements can be either discrete or printed. Based on such negative – refractive – index transmission line metamaterials, several fundamental properties of physical sciences and engineering based microwave devices having broadband properties are explained.
STUDY OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BUDAKI M.I.TANK, SHIRPUR (M.S.) INDIA

Seasonal variation of blue green algae density and species richness of Budaki medium irrigation tank (Dam) was studied. This revealed that the density of blue green algae was maximum in winter, minimum during the monsoon, and moderate in summer. The Maximum richness of species of blue green algae was also recorded in winter and minimum recorded in summer. The blue green algae structure depends on a variety of environmental factors that include bio logical as well as various physicochemical parameters. The Pearson correlation was calculated by keeping blue green algae as dependent variable and other abiotic facto rs as independent variables.
Promoting dementia awareness in African-American faith communities.

INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease and other dementia-related disorders are affecting the African-American community at alarming rates. African-American churches have traditionally been places of refuge where families go for support. However, many churches lack programs or resources to support families affected by dementia. In response, a nurse-led interdisciplinary collaborative partnered with churches to promote dementia awareness through education. PURPOSE The purpose of this analysis was to (a) describe the demographics of those seeking dementia education in African-American faith communities; (b) identify prior knowledge of dementia community resources; and (c) determine the preliminary usefulness of the education provided. METHODS Over the course of 16 months, 202 individuals attended nine educational sessions hosted by five churches across metropolitan Atlanta. Quantitative surveys were used to collect demographics and evaluate the educational sessions. RESULTS The majority of attendees were African-American adults (91%), women (75%), and unaware of dementia resources (66%). Several attendees identified themselves as church leaders, community/church members, caregivers, and/or healthcare professionals. Attendees expressed the educational content was applicable to themselves or their families. CONCLUSION Results help identify ways to alter and/or strengthen the educational content and serve as a guide for developing culturally relevant, faith-based community programs.
Survival Without Major Morbidity Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants in California

Using a population-based approach, this study shows improvement in survival without major morbidity among VLBW infants in California. BrightcoveDefaultPlayer10.1542/6154052866001PEDS-VA_2019-3865 Video Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in survival without major morbidity and its individual components among very low birth weight infants across California and assess remaining gaps that may be opportune targets for improvement efforts. METHODS: The study population included infants born between 2008 and 2017 with birth weights of 401 to 1500 g or a gestational age of 22 to 29 weeks. Risk-adjusted trends of survival without major morbidity and its individual components were analyzed. Survival without major morbidity was defined as the absence of death during birth hospitalization, chronic lung disease, severe peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, nosocomial infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe retinopathy of prematurity or related surgery, and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Variations in adjusted rates and/or interquartile ranges were examined. To assess opportunities for additional improvement, all hospitals were reassigned to perform as if in the top quartile, and recalculation of predicted numbers were used to estimate potential benefit. RESULTS: In this cohort of 49 333 infants across 142 hospitals, survival without major morbidity consistently increased from 62.2% to 66.9% from 2008 to 2017. Network variation decreased, with interquartile ranges decreasing from 21.1% to 19.2%. The largest improvements were seen for necrotizing enterocolitis and nosocomial infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates did not change significantly. Over the final 3 years, if all hospitals performed as well as the top quartile, an additional 621 infants per year would have survived without major morbidity, accounting for an additional 6.6% annual improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Although trends are promising, bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains a common and persistent major morbidity, remaining a target for continued quality-improvement efforts.