Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Progress in Northern Hemisphere Phytogeography: An Introduction

The problem of Northern Hemisphere plant geography was framed long ago by the observation of striking floristic similarities between eastern North America and eastern Asia. Of primary importance was the work of Asa Gray, who produced a series of detailed comparisons of these floras (see Li 1952; Boufford and Spongberg 1983; Wen 1999). During the past several decades, two major symposia, “Floristics and Paleofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America” (Graham 1972) and “Biogeographical Relationships between Temperate Eastern Asia and Temperate Eastern North America” (Davidse 1983), served to highlight both the nature of the problem and the variety of approaches used to examine intercontinental discontinuities in plants. Not long afterward, two landmark papers by Tiffney (1985a, 1985b) provided a synthesis of paleobotanical and neobotanical data in the context of a dynamic view of Earth history and emphasized floristic exchange via both the North Atlantic and the Bering Land Bridges. In this context, Tiffney (1985b, p. 73) noted that “three-area tests of the variety suggested by cladistic biogeographers need to be made and analyzed to determine whether the eastern Asia–eastern North American similarity is a unique pattern or simply a distinctive subset of a larger pattern. ” Over the last two decades we have witnessed remarkable progress in elucidating phylogenetic relationships at all levels, and the number of phylogenies of Northern Hemisphere plant clades has grown to the point that meaningful comparisons are now feasible. Furthermore, there have been major developments in the theory of biogeography as well as in our knowledge of relevant fossils and Earth-history events. The symposium from which the articles in this volume emerged was part of the Botany 2000 meetings in Portland, Oregon. It was designed to create a forum for new analyses of the Northern Hemisphere problem, bringing together a set of paleobotanists and phylogeneticists who have concentrated on relevant areas and plant groups. The goal was to provide a focal point for investigators working from various perspectives on reconstructing relationships among the major areas of endemism and to identify key events that might be responsible for observed patterns of diversity and disjunction. The analyses presented here represent the initial steps toward assembling a modern synthesis based on phylogenetic knowledge, fossil distributions, estimates of sequence diver
Application of Immobilized Cells and Enzymes in the Food Industry

Immobilization of whole cells, cell debris, purified and crude enzymes, aroma compounds, nutraceuticals, active agents of medicaments or cosmetics and vitamins is an everyday practice in pharmacy, environmental protection, cosmetics, etc. With the aid of nanotechnology, fine delivery systems controlling the release of the immobilized compounds were developed. In food industry, cells and enzymes are usually used directly in food processing and some of them become a part of the food. Therefore, a very careful selection of immobilization materials and techniques must be done. Immobilization offers many advantages compared to traditional processes, and can help design new, healthy foods using environment friendly methods to satisfy the expectations of the consumers. In this chapter, immobilization techniques already used in the food sector or in the developing phase are presented with examples of microbial cells and enzymes suitable for this application. CONTENTS
COLONIZATION SUCCESS IN ROESEL'S BUSH-CRICKET METRIOPTERA ROESELI : THE EFFECTS OF PROPAGULE SIZE

Assessing the colonizing ability of a species is important for predicting its future distribution or for planning the introduction or reintroduction of that species for conservation purposes. The best way to assess colonizing ability is by making experimental introductions of the species and monitoring the outcome. In this study, different-sized propagules of Roesel's bush-cricket, Metrioptera roeseli, were experimentally introduced into 70 habitat islands, previously uninhabited by the species, in farmland fields in south- eastern Sweden. The areas of introduction were carefully monitored for 2-3 yr to determine whether the propagules had successfully colonized the patches. The study showed that large propagules resulted in larger local populations during the years following introduction. Probability of colonization for each propagule size was measured and showed that propagule size had a significant effect on colonization success, i.e., large propagules were more successful in colonizing new patches. If future introductions were to be made with this or a similar species, a propagule size of at least 32 individuals would be required to establish a viable population with a high degree of certainty.
Tourist-Perceived Quality and Loyalty Intentions towards Rural Tourism in China

The growing interest in ruralism among Chinese people has been observed as China’s population in urban areas has exceeded its rural population. Rural tourism has become one of the leading tourism sectors in China, in large part because many of China’s popular tourist attractions are surrounded by rural communities. This study identified 12 dimensions of tourist-perceived quality. In addition, perceived value and satisfaction were used as mediators to explain the relationships between perceived quality and three dimensions of behavioral intentions (i.e., revisitation intention, positive word-of-mouth, and willingness to pay for special rural products). Furthermore, the moderating impact of urban versus rural residence was tested. A total sample of 495 was used for data analysis. Four tourist-perceived quality dimensions (i.e., tourism infrastructure and transportation, hospitality and learning, handicrafts and culture, and rural environment) were found. The results of this study demonstrated the empirical evidence of the relationship between perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Finally, the results showed a moderating effect. The findings of this study can contribute to increasing various behavioral intentions and sustainable rural tourism in China.
Effects of front-of-pack labels on the nutritional quality of supermarket food purchases: evidence from a large-scale randomized controlled trial

To examine whether four pre-selected front-of-pack nutrition labels improve food purchases in real-life grocery shopping settings, we put 1.9 million labels on 1266 food products in four categories in 60 supermarkets and analyzed the nutritional quality of 1,668,301 purchases using the FSA nutrient profiling score. Effect sizes were 17 times smaller on average than those found in comparable laboratory studies. The most effective nutrition label, Nutri-Score, increased the purchases of foods in the top third of their category nutrition-wise by 14%, but had no impact on the purchases of foods with medium, low, or unlabeled nutrition quality. Therefore, Nutri-Score only improved the nutritional quality of the basket of labeled foods purchased by 2.5% (−0.142 FSA points). Nutri-Score’s performance improved with the variance (but not the mean) of the nutritional quality of the category. In-store surveys suggest that Nutri-Score’s ability to attract attention and help shoppers rank products by nutritional quality may explain its performance.
A PRECISE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR SIMULATING DROUGHT STRESS IN POT EXPERIMENTS

Many different approaches have been used for the simulation of drought stress in pot studies. An ideal technique should (i) maintain uniform soil water content within the rooting zone, (ii) allow the rate at which stress develops to be precisely controlled, regardless of differences in plant size or variations in environmental conditions, (iii) permit a range of physiologically distinct stress levels to be imposed and maintained indefinitely, and (iv) provide a means of accurately quantifying the stress level. In the present study, a computer automated null-balance lysimeter was evaluated against these criteria. Separate experiments were conducted with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing in 2.5-L pots. Single plant water use was quantified gravimetrically by frequent, automated recording of pot weights, and transpired water was replaced by a computer controlled watering system such that relative soil water content (RSWC) was maintained within a narrow range. In this way, pots were held at four RSWC levels ranging from 20 to 75%. Despite the frequent additions of small amounts of water at the tops of the pots, soil water distribution within the pots was found to be remarkably uniform, suggesting that bulk RSWC was a suitable indicator of the soil water deficit experienced by the roots. Measurements of whole plant water use indicated that the four RSWC levels represented four statistically distinct levels of water stress. It is concluded that null balance lysimetry is a useful approach to simulating drought stress in greenhouse experiments, with specific advantages over other available techniques.
Therapeutic and toxicological effects of natural compounds: Data from HPV16-transgenic and ICR mice (Review)

The aim of present mini-review was to highlight the effects of certain natural plant food compounds in animal models, analyzing their therapeutic effects and toxicological levels. Several natural compounds have been shown to promote health and to reduce the risk of disease due to their functional and nutraceutical properties. However, it has been observed that some diseases can still progress even in the presence of natural compounds. Thus, there is a need to conduct further research in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the functions and effects of natural compounds and to determine which products exert positive effects and which products have pharmacological potential to be applied in therapies.
Identification of non-indigenous marine macroalgae from New Zealand aquaria outlets

Abstract Most vector management and research on marine bioinvasions has focused on shipping-related pathways. More recently, less obvious mechanisms, such as the aquarium trade, have been recognised as important mechanisms for marine invasions, such as for the alga Caulerpa taxifolia. In this study, macroalgal specimens were collected from aquarium shops in Auckland and Nelson. Specimens were initially identified morphologically as C. taxifolia, C. racemoasa, Coelarthrum sp. and Cryptonemia sp. DNA sequencing corroborated the identification of the Caulerpa specimens. DNA sequencing also revealed that a specimen identified as Coelarthrum sp. by morphological features was in fact most probably Chamaebotrys sp. Because of the small number of Cryptonemia sequences in GenBank for comparison, only a tentative identification for this red alga could be made. Our findings of non-native macroalgae, including C. taxifolia, in aquarium shops in New Zealand show that even strict quarantine procedures cannot completely prevent the importation of non-indigenous species. Therefore, early detection, which begins with species identification, is essential to design effective control and eradication programmes.
The Bryogeographical Isolation of the Island of Newfoundland, Canada

The island of Newfoundland, Canada, has a comparatively diverse moss flora, consisting of 445 species. There are substantial differences between its flora and those of adjacent regions: Labrador to the north, and the Canadian Maritime Provinces to the southwest. Of the moss species found in Newfoundland, 32% (140 species) do not occur in Labrador, and 28% (125 species) do not occur in the Maritime Provinces. Sixty-one species (14% of the moss flora) present in Newfoundland do not occur in either Labrador or the Maritimes. The strong bryogeographic isolation of Newfoundland indicates that the origins of its moss flora may have followed a more complex pattern than in neighboring regions. Dispersal of mosses to and within northeastern North America is discussed, and Newfoundland's critical position in this regard is assessed and discussed. Possible ways in which species have increased or decreased their distributions since the last glaciation are also discussed. The island of Newfoundland is separated from the Maritime Provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cabot Strait (160 km wide at its narrowest), and from Labrador by the Strait of Belle Isle (17.5 km wide at its narrowest) (Fig. 1). The area of the island of Newfoundland is 112,300 km2, somewhat smaller than the area of the Maritime Provinces (134,600 km2), but Labrador is more than twice the size of either Newfoundland or the Maritime Provinces (292,200 km2). When the moss flora of the island of Newfoundland is compared to those of the Maritime Provinces and of Labrador, there are unexpected differences, 007-2745/84/56-65$1.15/0 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.220 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:22:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 1984] BRASSARD: ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND 57
Insect infestation in grain loaded in railroad cars at primary elevators in southern Manitoba, Canada.

Infestation by the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), was found in the grain loaded in 47 (38%)of 125 railroad cars in 1977 and in 72 (53%)of 136 cars in 1978 at primary elevators near Winnipeg, Manitoba. The grain loaded in about half of the cars contained larvae only. Mites were found in the grain loaded in 78 and 90% of the railroad cars in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Other insects found, in order of decreasing frequency, were psocids, dermestid larvae, and fungus beetles. Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Palorus subdepressus (Wollaston), Tenebrio molitor (L.), and Sitophilus granarius (L.) were found in the grain loaded in five or fewer cars in 1977 and 1978. No more than 6% of the infested carloads found at primary elevators were detected by inspectors at terminal elevators. Less than 5% of the carloads of grain sampled contained rusty grain beetles from grain delivered directly from the farm.
초등학생의 공감 정도와 폭력에 대한 인식 및 태도

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate empathy, awareness, and attitudes toward violence among elementary school students. Methods The participants were 195 fifth and sixth grade students in Y elementary school. The data collection period was from June 24 to July 4, 2019. Results Empathy scores significantly differed according to participants' gender and need for education on violence prevention. Attitudes towards violence (permissive and neglectful) significantly differed according to students' grade and need for education on violence prevention. Empathy was negatively correlated with permissive attitudes toward violence (r=-.26, p<.001) and neglectful attitudes toward violence (r=-.24, p=.001). Conclusion The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for education on violence prevention through empathy.
Effectiveness of pheromone traps for monitoring Zeuzera sp. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) population on Eucalyptus pellita plantation

Zeuzera sp. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a group of moths which the larvae is drilling holes into the stems and branches of tree. This study was conducted to record the population dynamic of Zeuzera sp. and to control the pest in Eucalyptus pellita plantation. The first damage of Zeuzera sp. was detected in 2017 at the E. pellita plantation block 4 (1 clone) owned by PT Korintiga Hutani in Central Kalimantan. It was found in 2 clones of block 5 in 2018, as well as in 3 clones of block 6 in 2019, and the tendency of the damage appeared widespread. The damage caused the broken top crown, swolen stem, and frass around the bottom part of the plant. Primary observation showed that there were several species of Zeuzera. The pest control was carried out by installing of delta trap + pheromone of Zeuzera pyrina. This pheromone trap was installed in 40 severely damaged locations. Each location had 1 trap installed. The results of monitoring with delta trap + pheromone showed that only 1 species of Zeuzera was found to be attracted by the pheromone. The density of captured adult varied depended on the clones and time of installation. The number of adult captured in May to July 2019 was 911. In conclusion, Zeuzera sp. damage in E. pellita plantation was gradually increased, and integrated pest management (silviculture, mechanical, biological, chemical) was required to prevent the damage.
Spatiotemporal Prediction of Chickenpox Cases using Graph Attention Network

Prediction of epidemiological systems is a classical spatial-temporal problem. As epidemiological processes evolve quickly and are spatially heterogeneous with high autocorrelation and seasonality, the problem is challenging on many grounds. Commonly used statistical and machine learning methods are limited in their effectiveness to understand the severity of the epidemiological process and delineate associated factors of spread. Due to great expressive power and convincing performance, Graph Neural Network approaches have attracted much interest in recent years. These approaches with Machine Learning methods focus on tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and clustering to reveal functional connectivity patterns of objects in the unique non-Euclidean data structure. This study proposed a model to handle the spatial-temporal forecasting problem using the graph attention network. The model’s performance on the Chickenpox Cases in Hungary dataset was compared against the forecasting performance of other well-established recurrent graph convolutional neural networks. It is seen from the results that the proposed model achieved the best forecasting performance.
Epidemiological investigation of porcine pseudorabies virus and its coinfection rate in Shandong Province in China from 2015 to 2018

Background Pseudorabies, also known as Aujeszky's disease, is caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and has been recognized as a critical disease affecting the pig industry and a wide range of animals around the world, resulting in great economic losses each year. Shandong province, one of the most vital food animal-breeding regions in China, has a very dense pig population, within which pseudorabies infections were detected in recent years. The data, however, on PRV epidemiology and coinfection rates of PRV with other major swine diseases is sparse. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the PRV epidemiology in Shandong and analyze the current control measures. Methods In this study, a total number of 16,457 serum samples and 1,638 tissue samples, which were collected from 362 intensive pig farms (≥ 300 sows/farm) covered all cities in Shandong, were tested by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Overall, 52.7% and 91.5% of the serum samples were positive for PRV-gE and -gB, respectively, based on ELISA results. In addition, 15.7% of the tissue samples were PCR positive for PRV. The coinfection rates of PRV with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and classical swine fever virus were measured; coinfection with PCV2 was 35.0%, higher than those of the other two viruses. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were observed in various tissues during histopathological examination. Conclusions The results demonstrate the PRV prevalence and its coinfection rates in Shandong province and indicate that pseudorabies is endemic in pig farms in this region. This study provides epidemiological data that can be useful in the prevention and control of pseudorabies in Shandong, China.
Surface Copper Voids in BEOL Copper Metal Layers

This paper reports results of a study on copper voids seen in a back end of line (BEOL) module. The experiment was designed to study the effect of multiple parameters that can influence the occurrence of voids and their process margins. This work also reports the effect of changes in copper seed thickness on the product’s lifetime and reliability.
The environmental relationships of Californian coastal sage scrub and some of its component communities and species

Although the records of the earliest Spanish explorers in California largely avoid explicit mention of coastal sage scrub, they leave little doubt that the formation was present in areas where it exists today. The phenology and morphology of coastal sage scrub is such that it is better adapted than chaparral to occupy the drier parts of the Mediterranean climatic zone. Coastal sage scrub appears more successful than chaparral on argillaceous soils where sage usually occurs in mixture with Quercus agrifolia forest. Fire, while killing most coastal sage shrubs is followed by a rapid recovery of the formation through the agency of the widely dispersed subligneous shrubs, and other disturbances are often followed by a similar invasion. Most of the coastal sage associations and species show some strong correlation with one or several of altitude, a partial surrogate of continentality, aspect, slope or substratum. The major differentiation within coastal sage in the study area relates to continentality. However, the present patterns of distribution of coastal sage scrub and its component associations and species does not always correspond with neat environmental isolines, suggesting that past disturbance patterns have been perpetuated by homeostatic mechanisms.
Involvement of the PA28γ-Dependent Pathway in Insulin Resistance Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein

ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a component of nucleocapsids and a pathogenic factor for hepatitis C. Several epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that HCV infection is associated with insulin resistance, leading to type 2 diabetes. We have previously reported that HCV core gene-transgenic (PA28γ+/+CoreTg) mice develop marked insulin resistance and that the HCV core protein is degraded in the nucleus through a PA28γ-dependent pathway. In this study, we examined whether PA28γ is required for HCV core-induced insulin resistance in vivo. HCV core gene-transgenic mice lacking the PA28γ gene (PA28γ−/−CoreTg) were prepared by mating of PA28γ+/+CoreTg with PA28γ-knockout mice. Although there was no significant difference in the glucose tolerance test results among the mice, the insulin sensitivity in PA28γ−/−CoreTg mice was recovered to a normal level in the insulin tolerance test. Tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), production of IRS2, and phosphorylation of Akt were suppressed in the livers of PA28γ+/+CoreTg mice in response to insulin stimulation, whereas they were restored in the livers of PA28γ−/−CoreTg mice. Furthermore, activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in human liver cell lines or mice by the HCV core protein was suppressed by the knockdown or knockout of the PA28γ gene. These results suggest that the HCV core protein suppresses insulin signaling through a PA28γ-dependent pathway.