Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating Behavioral Economic and Social Network Influences in Understanding Alcohol Misuse in a Diverse Sample of Emerging Adults.

BACKGROUND Behavioral economic alcohol demand is a measure of motivation to consume alcohol and a robust risk factor for alcohol misuse. Social networks that are dense with alcohol are also associated with heavy drinking, but the intersection of these risk factors has not been investigated to date. This study examined these interrelationships with structural equation modeling using cross-sectional data from a diverse community sample of heavy-drinking emerging adults (N = 602). METHODS Latent variables for alcohol social network, alcohol demand, and alcohol misuse were constructed. Next, relations between the latent variables were examined, including the indirect effect of alcohol demand in the relation between alcohol social network and alcohol misuse. An alternative modeling testing the indirect effect of alcohol social network on the relation between alcohol demand and misuse was also tested. RESULTS When alone in the model, social network alcohol density significantly predicted alcohol misuse. When alcohol demand was included in the model, social network alcohol density predicted alcohol demand, alcohol demand predicted alcohol misuse, and an indirect effect on alcohol misuse through alcohol demand was present. In the alternative model, an indirect effect was not present between alcohol demand and alcohol misuse by social network alcohol density. Exploratory analyses revealed significant sex, race, and college status differences. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the influence of social network alcohol density on alcohol misuse may be, in part, through variance accounted for by alcohol reinforcing value. Longitudinal testing of this mechanistic pathway is warranted.
Assessing the patterns and controls of fine root dynamics: an empirical test and methodological review

1 Elucidation of the patterns and controls of forest net primary production at ecosystem scales has been hindered by a poor understanding of fine root production, due largely to technical limitations. 2 Fine root (≤ 0.5 mm diameter) production was assessed using minirhizotron, soil core, ingrowth core, nitrogen budget and carbon budget techniques in three longleaf pine‐wiregrass forest ecosystem types (hydric, mesic and xeric) forming an edaphic resource availability and above‐ground productivity gradient. 3 Fine root production estimates differed substantially in magnitude, e.g. values ranged from 0 to 4618 kg ha−1 year−1 for the soil core and minirhizotron techniques, respectively, in the hydric site. 4 Minirhizotron production estimates in the hydric, mesic and xeric sites were 4618, 1905 and 2295 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. 5 Soil core and ingrowth core root production estimates were on average 81 and 54% lower, respectively, than corresponding minirhizotron production estimates, and minirhizotron estimates were negatively related to soil core and ingrowth core estimates across the resource gradient. 6 The N budget method yielded unreliable root production estimates, presumably due to the underestimation of N availability for plant assimilation. 7 C budget estimates of total below‐ground C allocation (6773, 5646 and 4647 kg C ha−1 year−1) were positively related to minirhizotron production estimates, but negatively related to soil core and ingrowth core production estimates. 8 Critical evaluations of the assumptions, potential errors and results for each method suggest that the minirhizotron technique yielded the most reliable root production estimates, and that the negative relationship between minirhizotron and core‐based estimates may be attributed to the inherent deficiency of the core techniques in assessing root production when mortality and production occur simultaneously. 9 Minirhizotron root production estimates were positively related to foliage production estimates, supporting the hypothesis of constant proportional allocation of production to foliage, wood and fine roots across resource availability gradients in temperate forests. 10 These results suggest that fine root production is not negatively correlated with soil resource availability and foliage production as is commonly perceived in the ecological community and represented in ecosystem computer models.
Differentiate Everything with a Reversible Domain-Specific Language.

Traditional machine instruction level reverse mode automatic differentiation (AD) faces the problem of having a space overhead that linear to time in order to trace back the computational state, which is also the source of bad time performance. In reversible programming, a program can be executed bi-directionally, which means we do not need extra design to trace back the computational state. This paper answers the question that how practical it is to implement a machine instruction level reverse mode AD in a reversible programming language. By implementing sparse matrix operations and some machine learning applications in our reversible eDSL NiLang, and benchmark the performance with state-of-the-art AD frameworks, our answer is a clear positive. NiLang is an open source r-Turing complete reversible eDSL in Julia. It empowers users the flexibility to tradeoff time, space, and energy rather than caching data into a global tape. Manageable memory allocation makes it a good tool to differentiate GPU kernels too. In this paper, we will also discuss the challenges that we face towards energy efficient, rounding error free reversible computing, mainly from the instruction and hardware perspective.
Grand Challenges in Microbe-Driven Marine Carbon Cycling Research

Given the climate change crisis, it is urgent to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions and explore climate geoengineering opportunities. The ocean plays critical roles in global carbon cycling and may provide a solution for climate change mitigation (Buesseler et al., 2008; Yoon et al., 2018). An accurate understanding of the processes and mechanisms of the marine carbon cycle and its interactions with human-driven climate change is fundamentally important. The Aquatic Microbiology Section made important contributions of new knowledge and insights to this research field, including focused investigations on marine primary production, organic matter biodegradation and biotransformation, and microbial responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental gradients and stressors (e.g., Bullerjahn and Post, 2014; Labbate et al., 2016; Daniel et al., 2018; Gutierrez et al., 2018; Mayali, 2018; Villar-Argaiz et al., 2018; Wilson and Church, 2018; Dang et al., 2019; Murillo et al., 2019; Sala et al., 2019; Wietz et al., 2019).
A comparison of the kinetics of aluminum (Al) uptake and distribution in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) using different aluminum sources. A revision of the operational definition of symplastic Al

The lack of information about the movement of aluminum (Al) across the plasma membrane presents a significant barrier to the elucidation of resistance mechanisms which may involve exclusion of Al from the symplast. An understanding of mechanistic aspects of exclusion requires the estimation of symplastic Al levels. Such measurements may be achievable through the use of a kinetic approach. A kinetic protocol was developed to characterize the accumulation and distribution of Al in various cellular compartments in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The kinetics of uptake and desorption were similar when Al was supplied as AIK(SO 4 ) 2 or as AlCl 3 . When both salts were supplied at low concentration (50 μM), Al bound to a purified cell wall fraction could be reduced to less than 10-20% of non-exchangeable Al, if roots were washed for 30 min in citric acid following exposure. In contrast, when A1K(SO 4 ) 2 was supplied at a high concentration (200 μM), a strong linear phase of uptake into cell wall material was observed, which accounted for approximately 48% of non-exchangeable Al in roots. These results suggest that the use of low concentrations of Al in simple salt solutions is required to minimize accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in the apoplasm. A series of multiple-desorption experiments confirmed that citric acid was effective in removing Al from the cell wall compartment of roots exposed to Al for short periods (3 h). However, long exposures (48 h) appeared to create conditions conducive to the accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in the cell wall. In experiments where uptake from solutions containing 50 μM AlCl 3 was followed by desorption in citric acid, non-exchangeable Al in microsomal membrane fractions represented less than 4% of total non-exchangeable Al. Thus, we can exclude the plasma membrane and cell wall as major sites for accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in short exposure studies. Although we cannot provide unequivocal evidence for the localization of Al within the symplast, use of simple salt solutions followed by desorption in citric acid provides the best kinetic technique currently available for the quantitation of Al in the symplasm.
Approche quantitative de l'acidose chez les ruminants

The rumen acidosis is a common disease in high producing ruminants which received, then, a high-energy diet. This pathology is increasingly studied and many results are now available. These data were used to establish rumen pH response laws to various factors, linked with either feeding practices or not, which allow to deduce threshold values and ranges of optimum values for various criteria. The available results and the established models were considered first from a static point of view and then from a dynamic one. On this last aspect, interesting relationships were established between the dynamics of feeding behavior and pH. Moreover, bouts of acidosis altered rumen function only moderately and more severely intake and milk production with a long delay of recovery. Nowadays, promising research focused on acidosis deals with relationships between the characteristics of the rumen microbiota and its host.
CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID (CLA) AND THE RATIO OF Omega6:Omega3 FATTY ACIDS ON THE LIPID CONTENT OF CHICKEN MEAT

Introduction Conjugated linoleic acid have been shown to have favorable physiological effects in the lipid metabolism, including a reduction of body fat (West et al., 1998) The use of CLA in association with oils rich in Omega3 fatty acids or in diets that have a balanced ratio of Omega6:Omega3 has optimized the CLA effect (Aydin et al., 2001) showing that the CLA effect depends upon the amount of fatty acids Omega6 and Omega3 in the diet. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the dietary supplementation of CLA and the ratio of Omega6: Omega3 on the lipids content in the thigh and breast meat of broiler chickens.
Accumulating academic freedom for intellectual leadership: Women professors’ experiences in Hong Kong

Abstract Intellectual leadership indicates the informal leadership of professors based on aspects such as knowledge production and dissemination, institutional services, and public engagement. Academic freedom is considered as the overarching condition for individual academics to develop intellectual leadership. Against the backdrop of internationalisation and globalisation of higher education, academics face enormous pressures to produce measurable research outputs, deliver high-quality teaching and meet all kinds of institutional requirements. In modern universities, women scholars, as the non-traditional participants in academia, must tackle with multiple obstacles and bias brought by gender intertwined with academic discipline features, higher education institutions, and sociocultural characteristics. How do women professors protect, negotiate, or strive for academic freedom? Situated in higher education in Hong Kong, this article aims to explore how epistemological norms, institutional management, and gender influence women scholars’ academic freedom. The author has analysed how sixteen established women professors in humanities and social sciences (HSS) augmented freedom using the cumulative advantage theory. The study finds that women scholars in different sub-groups within HSS had mixed views about freedom and developed diverse patterns to seek freedom for intellectual leadership.
Lactic Acid Fermentation of Red Beet Juice Supplemented with Waste Highbush Blueberry–Sucrose Osmotic Syrup as a Method of Probiotic Beverage Production

The objective of this study was to design the process of production of a novel probiotic beverage based on lactic acid fermentation of red beet juice supplemented with waste sucrose syrup following three runs of osmotic dehydration of highbush blueberries. At the end of fermentation, which was conducted by probiotic bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, counts of lactic acid bacteria, acidity, total polyphenols and betalain pigment content were determined in the resulting juices. Lactic acid was quantified by the enzymatic method and by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that probiotic bacteria content depended on the amount of sucrose syrup added to red beet juice and on the bacterial strain used. Total polyphenol content was about 30–45% higher in fermented juices containing equal amounts of red beet juice and sucrose syrup than in the control. It was found that the studied bacterial strains produced mostly L(+) lactate. Practical Applications The known methods involving hypertonic solutions (which are side products of osmotic dehydration) are not cost-effective, mainly because of the high levels of impurities and microbial contamination in the solutions. Therefore, none of those methods has been implemented on a large industrial scale. The results of this work provide evidence that waste osmotic syrups may be used for the production of lacto-fermented beverages, thus making osmotic dehydration more attractive in economic terms due to reduced costs of side product utilization. Juices obtained by lactic acid fermentation of red beet juice supplemented with sucrose syrups following several runs of osmotic dehydration may become attractive, alternative probiotic foods for consumers who either suffer from intolerance to dairy products or do not consume them as a matter of preference. The use of highbush blueberry–sucrose osmotic syrup for the production of lacto-fermented fruit and vegetable beverages may yield functional products having both nutritional and health-promoting properties.
Nutritional Factors in Fetal and Infant Brain Development

Fetal and infant brain development determine the trajectory of the organism across the lifespan. Optimal maternal and infant nutrition during the period of rapid brain development is vital to the integrity of the neural substrate for subsequent lifelong functions. The goal of this review is to educate the reader on the effects of fetal and infant nutrition on the developing human brain. A review of the literature reveals 6 nutrients that have been studied with respect to maternal nutrition and subsequent offspring brain development: folate, iodine, iron, vitamin D, choline, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). The research is discussed with a focus on the timing of nutrient needs (preconception, prenatally, and postnatally) as well as potential confounding and unobserved variables.
The Contemporary Transformation of the Financial System and its Consequences

The article is a continuation of the series of articles devoted to the financial system and its evolution. In this article an attempt has been made to identify the elements shaping the current financial system and their implications. The article discusses main factors and processes of contemporary financial system evolution: liberalization and deregulation, technological progress and financial globalization and the most important quantitative and qualitative consequences of these processes for the financial system. The related literature and empirical data survey show two important characteristics of the financial system. The first one is the great importance of the financial system in the national economy of developed countries. The second one is the high efficiency of financial institutions and markets and also the higher probability of financial instability.
A Revision of the Genus EutheZepus (Terebellidae: Thelepinae)

The genus Euthelepus is redefined, and of the 7 species currently assigned to it only 2 species belong to the genus, plus a newly described species E. serratus n.sp. The remaining species belong either to Thelepus or Streblosoma. A full description of eC;lch species is given where necessary, based upon a re-examination of type material. A key to the species of Euthelepus is given. Comments are made upon the validity of some of the characters which have been used traditionally in terebellid taxonomy.
Development of TRX518, an aglycosyl humanized monoclonal antibody (Mab) agonist of huGITR.

e13028 Background: Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is expressed on several cell types, including regulatory and effector T cells, B cells, NK cells, and antigen-presenting cells. In murine models, our agonistic anti-mouse (m) GITR antibody was a robust vaccine adjuvant and, in combination with chemotherapy, significantly reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival compared with antibody or chemotherapy alone. The anti-mGITR Mab enhanced effector T cell responses and ablation of T regulatory cell-mediated suppression. A similar effect was observed when a chimeric anti-human (hu) GITR Mab (Ch-6C8-Agly) was used in nonhuman primates (NHP). NHP treated with anti-huGITR had augmented humoral and cellular immune responses compared with controls. Mab treatment was well tolerated with no observed adverse events. Methods: TRX518, a fully humanized IgG1 anti-huGITR Mab, was constructed. In addition to humanization, heavy chain asparagine 297 was substituted with alanine to eliminate N-l.
PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF SKULL STRUCTURE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN BALAENOPTERIDS (CETACEA, MYSTICETI)

Abstract Balaenopteridae actively feed by engulfment. They swim rapidly at their prey (40–50 km/h), with their mouth open and their lower jaw pulled wide open at a 90° angle. Their mouth and ventral pouch engulf up to 60 m3 of water, then the mouth closes and food is swallowed after the expulsion of water through the baleen. These highly specialized feeding mechanisms are associated with a developed ascending process of the maxilla and a hooklike and outwardly bent coronoid process of the dentary. These features participate in the strengthening of the architecture of the skull and jaw. Although all fossil baleen mysticetes bear a developed coronoid process, only 6 taxa (Piscobalaena nana, Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus) have a posteromedially expanded ascending process of the maxilla. Feeding strategies and mechanisms of each extant family of baleen whales are compared and correlated with the associated skull and dentary features. This correlation suggests a preliminary phylogeny of the mysticetes and a new definition of the Cetotheriidae sensu stricto (Piscobalaena nana, Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus).
Localization of aluminium in the roots of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] inoculated with Paxillus involutus Fr.

Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] seed lots from populations growing on acid soil in the Black Forest (BF), and from a calcareous soil in the Schwäbische Alb (SA), West Germany, were grown in perlite and treated with 0 and 6 mM Al. Some of the plants were inoculated with the fungus Paxillus involutes Fr. , while some were not. Fungus was associated with the roots of the inoculated plants, but mycorrhizas did not form. Mineral element distribution in the roots was investigated using X-ray microanalysis of freeze substituted sections in TEM. Seven elements were detected: aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, and calcium. Aluminium was almost entirely confined to the cortical cell walls, and was not detectable inside the endodermis. The presence of P. involutus significantly increased aluminium concentrations in the cortical cell walls of both seed lots, while silicon concentrations in the aluminium-tolerant (BF) plants increased in response to aluminium treatment.
Volunteering Attitude, Mental Well-Being, and Loyalty for the Non-Profit Religious Organization of Volunteer Tourism

The present research aimed to explore volunteer travelers’ loyalty formation for the non-profit religious organization of volunteer tourism by considering the gender influence. A quantitative process along with a survey method was utilized to attain the research purpose. Our empirical results showed that awareness of the need, performance of the organization, attitude, and the mental well-being were critical contributors to increasing loyalty. Attitude and mental well-being were vital mediators. The performance of the non-profit religious organization included a comparative importance in building loyalty. In addition, gender moderated the effect of awareness of the need and performance of the organization on the travelers’ attitudes toward it. As very little is known about volunteer tourists’ behaviors, the current study satisfactorily provides an apparent comprehension regarding how their loyalty for the non-profit religious organization is generated and what factors drive this loyalty.
Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxonomic sameness and the reference of taxon names

When scientists use a taxon name like Mammalia, it is important that they talk about the same thing. But, what does it mean to be the same thing in different phylogenetic hypotheses? And, how is taxonomic reference maintained across hypotheses? Here, we discuss the differences between real and hypothetical clades, and how such a distinction relates to the sameness problem. Since hypotheses influence how we perceive things and pursue science, we find it important to have a functioning nomenclatural system for clades as perceived in phylogenetic hypotheses. As a solution to the sameness problem for such clades, we argue that a taxon name does not primarily refer to a single clade that somehow mirror the reality of branches in the tree of life. Instead we suggest that a taxon name refers to a set, or natural kind, of counterfactual and reconstructed clades.