Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lens-free optical tomographic microscope with a large imaging volume on a chip

We present a lens-free optical tomographic microscope, which enables imaging a large volume of approximately 15 mm3 on a chip, with a spatial resolution of < 1 μm × < 1 μm × < 3 μm in x, y and z dimensions, respectively. In this lens-free tomography modality, the sample is placed directly on a digital sensor array with, e.g., ≤ 4 mm distance to its active area. A partially coherent light source placed approximately 70 mm away from the sensor is employed to record lens-free in-line holograms of the sample from different viewing angles. At each illumination angle, multiple subpixel shifted holograms are also recorded, which are digitally processed using a pixel superresolution technique to create a single high-resolution hologram of each angular projection of the object. These superresolved holograms are digitally reconstructed for an angular range of ± 50°, which are then back-projected to compute tomograms of the sample. In order to minimize the artifacts due to limited angular range of tilted illumination, a dual-axis tomography scheme is adopted, where the light source is rotated along two orthogonal axes. Tomographic imaging performance is quantified using microbeads of different dimensions, as well as by imaging wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans. Probing a large volume with a decent 3D spatial resolution, this lens-free optical tomography platform on a chip could provide a powerful tool for high-throughput imaging applications in, e.g., cell and developmental biology.
Organic and Hybrid Materials for Flexible Electronics

This is a special issue dedicated to the fascinating fi eld of fl exible electronics, and it stems from one of the Symposia held at the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) Spring Meeting from May 14 th to 18 th 2012 in Strasbourg (France): Symposium H “ Organic and Hybrid Materials for Flexible Electronics: Properties and Applications ”. The symposium aimed at bringing together key researchers in the above mentioned fi eld in order to stimulate discussions regarding the main challenges still to be faced towards the widespread application of fl exible electronics, with contributions covering both fundamental properties of novel semiconducting organic and hybrid materials and their effi cient integration in functional devices mainly by means of, but not limited to, solutionbased processes. The symposium was organized by Dr. Mario Caironi (Istituto
Uniform Self‐Forming Metallic Network as a High‐Performance Transparent Conductive Electrode

A transparent, conductive, and flexible electrode is demonstrated. It is based on an inexpensive and easily manufacturable metallic network formed by depositing metals onto a template film. This electrode shows excellent electro-optical properties, with the figure of merit ranging from 300 to 700, and transmittance from 82% (~4.3 Ω sq(-1) ) to 45% (~0.5 Ω sq(-1) ).
CHD3 and CHD4 recruitment and chromatin remodeling activity at DNA breaks is promoted by early poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent chromatin relaxation

Abstract One of the first events to occur upon DNA damage is the local opening of the compact chromatin architecture, facilitating access of repair proteins to DNA lesions. This early relaxation is triggered by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1 in addition to ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. CHD4 recruits to DNA breaks in a PAR-dependent manner, although it lacks any recognizable PAR-binding domain, and has the ability to relax chromatin structure. However, its role in chromatin relaxation at the site of DNA damage has not been explored. Using a live cell fluorescence three-hybrid assay, we demonstrate that the recruitment of CHD4 to DNA damage, while being poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-dependent, is not through binding poly(ADP-ribose). Additionally, we show that CHD3 is recruited to DNA breaks in the same manner as CHD4 and that both CHD3 and CHD4 play active roles in chromatin remodeling at DNA breaks. Together, our findings reveal a two-step mechanism for DNA damage induced chromatin relaxation in which PARP1 and the PAR-binding remodeler activities of Alc1/CHD1L induce an initial chromatin relaxation phase that promotes the subsequent recruitment of CHD3 and CHD4 via binding to DNA for further chromatin remodeling at DNA breaks.
Astroglial networks scale synaptic activity and plasticity

Astrocytes dynamically interact with neurons to regulate synaptic transmission. Although the gap junction proteins connexin 30 (Cx30) and connexin 43 (Cx43) mediate the extensive network organization of astrocytes, their role in synaptic physiology is unknown. Here we show, by inactivating Cx30 and Cx43 genes, that astroglial networks tone down hippocampal synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Gap junctional networking facilitates extracellular glutamate and potassium removal during synaptic activity through modulation of astroglial clearance rate and extracellular space volume. This regulation limits neuronal excitability, release probability, and insertion of postsynaptic AMPA receptors, silencing synapses. By controlling synaptic strength, connexins play an important role in synaptic plasticity. Altogether, these results establish connexins as critical proteins for extracellular homeostasis, important for the formation of functional synapses.
The relationship between isokinetic strength of knee extensors/flexors, jumping and anaerobic performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between isokinetic strength of knee, vertical jump and anaerobic peak power. Twenty one healthy young male voluntarily participated in this study. Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) and Wingate anaerobic power test were performed. Bilateral concentric isokinetic strength of the knee extensors/flexors was evaluated at 60, 120 and 180°/s. CMJ height had a significant and moderate relationship with the isokinetic knee strength of extension measured at 120 and 180°/s whereas SJ height was not correlated with any of the isokinetic strength parameters. Absolute, and less so normalized, power bore significant relationship to the isokinetic parameters. Hence the relevance of maximal isokinetic knee extension strength may be limited counter movement jumping.
Cholinergic basis of memory improving effect of Ocimum tenuiflorum linn

Dementia is one of the age-related mental problems and a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Nootropic agents are used in situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities. The present work was undertaken to assess the potential of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. as a nootropic and anticholinesterase agent in mice. Ethanol extract of dried whole plant of O. tenuiflorum Linn. ameliorated the amnesic effect of scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) and aging-induced memory deficits in mice. Passive avoidance paradigm served as the exteroceptive behavioural model. O. tenuiflorum extract increased step-down latency and acetyl cholinesterase inhibition significantly. Hence, O. tenuiflorum can be employed in the treatment of cognitive disorders such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Diurnal Variation in Grip Strength and Hand Dexterity in Healthy Adults

Handgrip and dexterity are integral to hand function and both are used to assess functional status in clinical practice. Many studies have examined the daily fluctuation in handgrip strength with differing conclusions, but none to date have looked at variation in dexterity. This study recruited 30 healthy volunteers and measured their handgrip strength and dexterity using the Nine Hole Peg Test at three-hourly intervals between 9.00am and 4.00pm, over one day. There were statistically significant differences in hand dexterity over the day but not in handgrip strength. Although a possible learning effect from practising a task-specific dexterity assessment such as the Nine Hole Peg Test may explain these findings, the difference was inconsistent and differed between the dominant and non-dominant hand. This study highlights the need for parallel forms of testing hand function to help control for any learning effects and also for therapists to be as constant as possible in the time of day when using functional hand assessments.
Phase II ECOG trial of irinotecan/docetaxel with or without cetuximab in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Updated survival and CA19–9 results

4642 Background: Gemcitabine (G) is standard for metastatic pancreatic cancer (PC), with median survivals of 6 months (m). We conducted this randomized phase II trial to determine the activity of this non-G regimen, and whether combining it with cetuximab (C ) was feasible and active. Primary endpoint was response. 50% fall in CA19–9 is examined as a response surrogate in this update because restaging was not performed in 32% of pts; we previously demonstrated 50% fall in CA19–9 to correlate with survival (p=.02). Methods: Pts required histologic confirmation of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, distant metastases, ECOG PS 0–1, normal. bilirubin, written informed consent, and were randomly assigned to Arm A or B. CT or MR within 4 weeks (wk) was used for tumor measurement. Pts on Arm A received docetaxel 35 mg/m2 and irinotecan 35 mg/m2 weekly x 4 in a 6 wk cycle. Pts on Arm B received the same therapy, with C (400 mg/m2 wk 1, 250 mg/m2 weekly thereafter). Pts not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation recei.
Tamoxifen Treatment of Progressive Precocious Puberty in a Patient with McCune-Albright Syndrome

Treatment of progressive precocious puberty in patients with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) has traditionally been with aromatase inhibitors, such as testolactone. However, the use of these agents has been characterized by problems with both efficacy and compliance. We report a case of MAS in which tamoxifen proved to be a successful alternative in the treatment of progressive precocious puberty. An African-American female presented with MAS at 2-5/12 years. Frequent menses, skeletal maturation and growth acceleration prompted initiation of therapy with testolactone at 22 mg/kg/d. Over the next 13 months, the patient's puberty advanced unchecked, despite progressive increases in the dose of testolactone. At age 4 years, medication was discontinued due to treatment failure. At 4-6/12 years, bone age was 10 years, predicted adult height was 137 cm, and monthly bleeding continued. Tamoxifen was then begun on an experimental basis. In response, the patient experienced immediate cessation of menses, and had an abrupt decrease in the rates of pubertal progression and linear growth. This patient has now been maintained on tamoxifen for over three years with no apparent adverse effects. GnRH analogue therapy was begun when the onset of central precocious puberty was noted. Predicted adult height has improved to 154 cm and growth velocity and skeletal maturation remain stable. Our results suggest that tamoxifen may have a valuable role in the treatment of precocious puberty in patients with MAS and may lead to superior results compared with those achieved with aromatase inhibitors.
Wild-type LRP6 inhibits, whereas atherosclerosis-linked LRP6R611C increases PDGF-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an important event in atherosclerosis and other vasculopathies. PDGF signaling is a key mediator of SMC proliferation, but the mechanisms that control its activity remain unclear. We previously identified a mutation in LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), LRP6R611C, that causes early atherosclerosis. Examination of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries showed markedly increased expression of LRP6 and colocalization with PDGF receptor β (PDGFR-β). Further investigation showed that wild-type LRP6 inhibits but LRP6R611C promotes VSMC proliferation in response to PDGF. We found that wild-type LRP6 forms a complex with PDGFR-β and enhances its lysosomal degradation, functions that are severely impaired in LRP6R611C. Further, we observed that wild-type and mutant LRP6 regulate cell-cycle activity by triggering differential effects on PDGF-dependent pathways. These findings implicate LRP6 as a critical modulator of PDGF-dependent regulation of cell cycle in smooth muscle and indicate that loss of this function contributes to development of early atherosclerosis in humans.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) heterozygous-null mice exhibit exaggerated carotid body sensitivity to hypoxia, breathing instability, and hypertension

Cardiorespiratory functions in mammals are exquisitely sensitive to changes in arterial O2 levels. Hypoxia-inducible factors (e.g., HIF-1 and HIF-2) mediate transcriptional responses to reduced oxygen availability. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency for the O2-regulated HIF-2α subunit results in augmented carotid body sensitivity to hypoxia, irregular breathing, apneas, hypertension, and elevated plasma norepinephrine levels in adult Hif-2α+/− mice. These dysregulated autonomic responses were associated with increased oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I activity in adrenal medullae as a result of decreased expression of major cytosolic and mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes. Systemic administration of a membrane-permeable antioxidant prevented oxidative stress, normalized hypoxic sensitivity of the carotid body, and restored autonomic functions in Hif-2α+/− mice. Thus, HIF-2α–dependent redox regulation is required for maintenance of carotid body function and cardiorespiratory homeostasis.
Rational development of a strategy for modifying the aggregatibility of proteins

The conversion of peptide and proteins from their soluble state into well-organized aggregates, together with the accompanied oxidation of methionine residue, presents a significant challenge to human health, to the manufacture of protein therapeutics, and to the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins. Despite their fundamental importance, little is known about the molecular basis of these two side reactions and their control. Here, using chemical peptide synthesis, we further confirmed the importance of the balance between hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic repulsive forces in inducing and inhibiting aggregation and methionine oxidation. Most importantly, through extending the established principle, we are able to effectively stabilize the problematic peptide fragment through the attachment of cleavable arginine tags. Future applications of our approach are expected to facilitate the synthesis and study of difficult peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins and will provide more opportunities for the optimization of protein biopharmaceuticals and for the development of cell-permeable biomolecules.
Dual‐Scaled Porous Nitrocellulose Membranes with Underwater Superoleophobicity for Highly Efficient Oil/Water Separation

Large-area dual-scaled porous nitrocellulose (p-NC) membranes are fabricated by a facile, inexpensive and scalable perforating approach. These p-NC membranes show stable superhydrophilicity in air and underwater superoleophobicity. The p-NC membranes with intrinsic nanopores and array of microscale perforated pores could selectively and efficiently separate water from various oil/water mixtures with high efficiency (>99%) rapidly.
A Review of Organic and Inorganic Biomaterials for Neural Interfaces

Recent advances in nanotechnology have generated wide interest in applying nanomaterials for neural prostheses. An ideal neural interface should create seamless integration into the nervous system and performs reliably for long periods of time. As a result, many nanoscale materials not originally developed for neural interfaces become attractive candidates to detect neural signals and stimulate neurons. In this comprehensive review, an overview of state‐of‐the‐art microelectrode technologies provided first, with focus on the material properties of these microdevices. The advancements in electroactive nanomaterials are then reviewed, including conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silicon nanowires, and hybrid organic‐inorganic nanomaterials, for neural recording, stimulation, and growth. Finally, technical and scientific challenges are discussed regarding biocompatibility, mechanical mismatch, and electrical properties faced by these nanomaterials for the development of long‐lasting functional neural interfaces.
Multiscale approach to link red blood cell dynamics, shear viscosity, and ATP release

RBCs are known to release ATP, which acts as a signaling molecule to cause dilation of blood vessels. A reduction in the release of ATP from RBCs has been linked to diseases such as type II diabetes and cystic fibrosis. Furthermore, reduced deformation of RBCs has been correlated with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease. Because ATP release has been linked to cell deformation, we undertook a multiscale approach to understand the links between single RBC dynamics, ATP release, and macroscopic viscosity all at physiological shear rates. Our experimental approach included microfluidics, ATP measurements using a bioluminescent reaction, and rheology. Using microfluidics technology with high-speed imaging, we visualize the deformation and dynamics of single cells, which are known to undergo motions such as tumbling, swinging, tanktreading, and deformation. We report that shear thinning is not due to cellular deformation as previously believed, but rather it is due to the tumbling-to-tanktreading transition. In addition, our results indicate that ATP release is constant at shear stresses below a threshold (3 Pa), whereas above the threshold ATP release is increased and accompanied by large cellular deformations. Finally, performing experiments with well-known inhibitors, we show that the Pannexin 1 hemichannel is the main avenue for ATP release both above and below the threshold, whereas, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator only contributes to deformation-dependent ATP release above the stress threshold.
Bacterial community assembly based on functional genes rather than species

The principles underlying the assembly and structure of complex microbial communities are an issue of long-standing concern to the field of microbial ecology. We previously analyzed the community membership of bacterial communities associated with the green macroalga Ulva australis, and proposed a competitive lottery model for colonization of the algal surface in an attempt to explain the surprising lack of similarity in species composition across different algal samples. Here we extend the previous study by investigating the link between community structure and function in these communities, using metagenomic sequence analysis. Despite the high phylogenetic variability in microbial species composition on different U. australis (only 15% similarity between samples), similarity in functional composition was high (70%), and a core of functional genes present across all algal-associated communities was identified that were consistent with the ecology of surface- and host-associated bacteria. These functions were distributed widely across a variety of taxa or phylogenetic groups. This observation of similarity in habitat (niche) use with respect to functional genes, but not species, together with the relative ease with which bacteria share genetic material, suggests that the key level at which to address the assembly and structure of bacterial communities may not be “species” (by means of rRNA taxonomy), but rather the more functional level of genes.
The Long-Term Care System in Denmark

This document provides an overview of the long-term care system, the number and develop-ment of beneficiaries and the long-term care policy in Denmark. The report is part of the first stage of the European project ANCIEN (Assessing Needs of Care in European Nations), commissioned by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). The first part of the project aims to facilitate structured comparison of the long-term care systems and policies in European Nations. Thus, this report is one of comparable reports provided for most European countries.
A direction in dietary fibre analysis

Describes dietary fibre and recent methods associated with dietary fibre analysis. This was brought to attention due to recent issues by MAFF which was intended to ensure consistent labelling of dietary fibre. MAFF now proposes adopting AOAC international methodology as the UK’s preferred method of analysis for fibre for nutritional labelling purposes. Compares the AOAC method with the Englyst method and gives an objective view as to which method is more suitable.
Association between a polymorphism in the IGF2 gene and finishing weight in a commercial rabbit population.

Background: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a key regulator of skeletal myogenesis during developmental stages and is involved in many other growth-related processes and several diseases. The important biological role of IGF2 is highlighted by the complexity of its gene regulation, which is based on epigenetic mechanisms that preferentially determine the expression of paternally inherited alleles in prenatal tissues that can be changed into biallelic expression post-natally. Polymorphisms in the IGF2 gene have been associated with many production traits, including growth rate, feed efficiency, muscle mass and fat deposition traits in different livestock species. The rabbit IGF2 gene sequence has been recently obtained in the framework of the ENCODE project that sequenced target genome regions in mammalian species in order to annotate the human genome. However, no study has been carried out so far to identify variability in the rabbit IGF2 gene and to evaluate its effects on rabbit production traits.
25th Anniversary Article: 25 Years of Fullerene Research in Electron Transfer Chemistry

The past 25 years have served as a test bed for exploring the chemistry and physics, in general, and the electron transfer chemistry, in particular, of low‐dimensional carbon. Nevertheless, the new realm started with the advent of fullerenes, followed in chronological order by carbon nanotubes, and, more recently, by graphene. The major thrust of this Review article is to historically recap the versatility of fullerenes regarding the design, the synthesis, and the tests as an electroactive building block in photosynthetic reaction mimics, photovoltaics, and catalysis.