Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fracture toughness of packable and conventional composite materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The introduction of packable composite has expanded the choices of materials for the restoration of posterior teeth. Few independent studies are available on the fracture toughness (K(IC)) of the presently available packable composites compared with more conventional composite alternatives. PURPOSE This investigation evaluated the relative fracture toughness of 3 packable composites, 2 conventional composites, and 1 laboratory-processed composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six composite materials were tested in this study. These included: 3 packable composites (Alert, SureFil and Solitaire), 2 conventional composites (Herculite and Heliomolar), and 1 laboratory-processed composite (Belleglass). K(IC) was determined by preparing 8 mini-compact test specimens (8.2 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness) for each composite in a polytetrafluoroethylene split-mold with introduced precracks created with a razor blade. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees +/- 2 degrees C for 7 days. Testing was performed on a universal testing machine at a displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Analysis of variance (P<.0001) and Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range tests (P<.05) were performed on all data. RESULTS The mean fracture toughness of Alert (1.57 Mpa x m(1/2)) was significantly greater than any of the other composites tested. Solitaire, a packable composite, exhibited a mean fracture toughness (0.67 MPa x m(1/2)) that was significantly lower than any of the other materials tested. No significant difference was noted between Belleglass (1.27 MPa x m(1/2)), SureFil (1.25 MPa x m(1/2)) and Herculite (1.16 MPa x m(1/2)). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the glass fiber-reinforced packable composite exhibited improved fracture toughness when compared with the other composite materials tested.
Traumatic low attenuation subdural fluid collections in children younger than 3 years.

OBJECTIVE To determine the time course for the development of posttraumatic nonhemic subdural fluid collections in infants and young children. DESIGN Retrospective consecutive case series during 16 years. Patients Fifty-five head trauma patients younger than 3 years with low attenuation subdural fluid on computed tomography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Time after head trauma when low attenuation fluid first becomes visible. SETTING Regional pediatric medical center. RESULTS The initial visualization of low attenuation subdural fluid was within 4 days of the trauma for 44 of the patients. The mean +/- SD size of the subdural fluid collections when first identified was 4.6 +/- 2.0 mm (range, 2-12 mm), and the maximum observed size was 7.7 +/- 3.5 mm (range, 3-21 mm). The mean +/- SD time after injury until the maximum observed size was 16 +/- 18 days (range, 0-87 days). Low attenuation subdural fluid and high attenuation intracranial hemorrhage coexisted on at least 1 computed tomographic study during the first week after the trauma in 42 (81%) of the 52 patients with hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Low attenuation subdural fluid collections (distinct from clotted blood) in infants and young children with head injuries most often develop during the first week after the traumatic event.
Ionic Species Involved in the Electrical Activity of Single Adult Aminergic Neurones Isolated from the Sixth Abdominal Ganglion of the Cockroach Periplaneta Americana

Adult neurones were obtained by dissociation of the dorsal area of the sixth abdominal (A6) ganglion of the cockroach, and electrical properties were studied with the patch-clamp technique. The neurones showed spontaneous fast action potentials, similar to those recorded with microelectrodes in neurones in situ along the dorsal median line of the A6 ganglion. Synthetic saxitoxin (sSTX) at concentrations of 10 × 10 −8 to 1.0×10 −7 mol l −1 suppressed the action potential (AP) and induced a dose-dependent hyperpolarization of the resting potential, suggesting that two types of sSTX-sensitive Na + channels are present. The resting potential was dependent on the external concentration of both Na + and K + , with a similar sensitivity to each, yielding a slope of about 43 mV per 10-fold change in concentration. The delayed outward rectification present under control conditions was reduced by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl, 1.0×10 −2 mol l −1 ). TEA-Cl or Ca 2+ -free saline abolished the afterhyperpolarization and increased the overshoot and duration of triggered APs, indicating that a calcium-activated potassium conductance contributes to the falling phase of the AP. At 3.0×10 −3 mol l −1 , the Ca 2+ channel blockers MnCl 2 , CoCl 2 and NiCl 2 lengthened the AP. A blocker-dependent increase in the overshoot and threshold of the AP and reduction of the afterhyperpolarization were observed, probably reflecting the relative potencies of these ions in blocking Ca 2+ channels and thus the Ca 2+ - activated K + conductance. Increasing MgCl 2 concentration by 3.0 × 10 −3 mol l −1 had no effect on the AP, indicating that the positive shift of the threshold is due to the blockade of Ca 2+ channels present at this potential. The results suggest that these isolated neurones are dorsal unpaired median neurones previously studied in a number of insect species.
Caught in a Poverty Trap? Testing for Single vs. Multiple Equilibrium Models of Growth

Abstract We look for permanent effects to per capita GDP from exogenous, temporary shocks. Our shocks are temporary changes to the export revenues of small, open economies. We find no evidence that even the largest of these temporary shocks, in excess of 9.7% of GDP, produce permanent effects to the growth path of per capita GDP. The inability to reject a single-equilibrium world with shocks of this magnitude suggests that multiple-equilibria, if they exist, are too widely separated to be policy-relevant. Current aid initiatives, which are of a similar magnitude, are not likely to deliver transition to a higher growth path.
Physical activity and screen time: trends in U.S. children aged 9-13 years, 2002-2006.

BACKGROUND We examined trends of physical activity and screen time among nationally representative samples of children aged 9-13 years to explore whether children overall are becoming less physically active and less likely to be in compliance with screen time recommendations. METHODS We analyzed Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey data for trends and demographic patterns of free time and organized physical activity, and hours and minutes of watching television and playing video or computer games. Child-parent dyads for 2002 (N = 3114), 2004 (N = 5177), and 2006 (N = 1200) were analyzed. RESULTS On the day before the interview, and for free time physical activity in the past week, children reported a significant increase in physical activity from 2002-2006. Screen time levels were stable overall; 76.4% of children met the recommendations of 2 hours or less of daily screen time. CONCLUSION Levels of physical activity among U.S. children aged 9-13 years were stable, or levels slightly improved from 2002-2006. Except for some subgroup differences, trends for compliance with screen time recommendations were also stable from 2002-2006 for U.S. children aged 9-13 years.
Account on Morphological Perceptron with Competitive Layer Trained by a Certain Genetic Algorithm

Lattice computing models such as the morphological neural networks and fuzzy neurocomputing models are becoming increasingly important with the advent of granular computing. In particular, the morphological perceptron with competitive learning (MP/CL), introduced by Sussner and Esmi, exhibited satisfactory classification results in some well known classification problems. On the downside, the MP/CL is subject to overfitting in which the network learns singular characteristics from the training data. In this paper, we propose a learning strategy based on a certain genetic algorithm to circumvent the overfitting problem of MP/CL. Computational experiments revealed that the novel model can achieve similar classification results but using a smaller number of hidden neurons. Keywords-neural networks; morphological perceptron; classification problem; genetic algorithm.
ECG derived respiration: comparison of time-domain approaches and application to altered breathing patterns of patients with schizophrenia

In life-threatening diseases and in several clinical interventions, monitoring of vital parameters is essential to guarantee the safety of patients. Besides monitoring the electrocardiogram (ECG), it is helpful to assess respiratory activity. If the respiration signal itself is not recorded, it can be extracted from the ECG (i.e. ECG derived respiration, EDR). In the present paper, we compared six EDR approaches, namely RS-decline quantified by central moments, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), R-wave amplitude, QRS area, RS-distance and maximum RS-slope. In order to evaluate the performance of each approach, we applied each method to a database of ECGs and reference respiration signals of 41 healthy subjects. All considered methods revealed relatively small absolute mean errors of the breathing rate (BR) at rest (0.75–1.3 Bpm). The method based on higher order central moments revealed a minimum mean absolute error of 0.75 Bpm (4.40%) and a maximum correlation and concordance with the reference BR (rp = 0.97, rc = 0.97). Using this technique, we analyzed changes of respiration in patients suffering from acute schizophrenia. An increased respiration rate of about 4 Bpm was found. Additionally, alteration of respiratory ratio and reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia was demonstrated. We conclude that a precise dynamic monitoring of breathing and the investigation of changes in breathing patterns is possible without recording respiration per se.
Membrane molecules determined by the H-2 associated immune response region: isolation and some properties.

Membrane associated molecules that are probably glycoproteins could be specifically precipitated from NP-40 detergent solubilized extracts of radiolabeled mouse spleen or lymph node cells by antisera produced in congenic strain combinations differing only in the Ir gene region which is linked to the H-2 genes. These Ir region products were designated Lna (lymph node antigen) to conform to previous serological work.Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced specific immune precipitates revealed the presence of a possible dimer form, while reduced samples showed only a single peak equivalent to 30,000 daltons. Thus the Lna molecules are clearly distinct from the H-2D and H-2K molecules, which are about 45,000 daltons. Anti-Lna antibodies of different specificity can be present in a single serum; there were at least two separate antigen molecules present in one haplotype tested.
Employer branding and employee engagement of furniture retailer in Klang Valley

The paper discussed on the relationship between employer branding and employee engagement among employees in selected furniture retailers in Malaysia. This study also looks into the state of employees’ engagement and gender differences in their engagement towards their organization. Furniture retailing falls under the retail trade industry that contributed about RM35.7 billion to Malaysia GDP in 2017 with expected growth of 8.7 percent. However, the industry suffers an average yearly employee turnover rate of 13 percent. Amid this high turnover, the raising question is can popularity of employers’ branding can result in employee engagement leading to their retention in the organisation. 350 respondents were chosen randomly and 120 (30%) respondents had given feedback on the personally administered questionnaires. The result revealed that there is significant relationship between employer branding and employee engagement. The study also indicated that work challenging is the most important variable which led to drive the employee engagement. Consequently, there is significant difference between male and female in terms of engagement. Organisation, hence may consider leveraging employee engagement which may lead to retaining their employees. Future research may consider researchers to pursue a longitudinal method of research design across a variety of firm-sizes and industries that would be more significant in making generalizations.
The Impact of Cross - culture on Employer 's Brand Perception - Based on the Survey of Chinese and American Graduates' Data

Cross-cultural factors are new elements that Chinese enterprises must consider when building their employer's brand in the era of economic globalization. This paper mainly discusses the difference between the perception of the employer's brand and the status of Chinese enterprises under the different culture background. The questionnaire survey was conducted on the graduates in China and the United States, by using the Employer Brand Attraction Scale developed by Berthon et al (2005) [1] . The relevant analysis was carried out using SPSS software to test and demonstrate the research hypothesis. This study draws the following conclusions: (1) There are differences between Chinese and American graduates 'expectation for employers; (2) Chinese and American graduates have different perceptions in Chinese enterprises' recognition; (3) In view of the survey results, suggestions of Employer Brand Development Strategy are given Keywords ： Employer Brand; Cultural Differences; Status of Chinese Enterprises;
Fabrication of ultrahigh density metal–cell–metal crossbar memory devices with only two cycles of lithography and dry-etch procedures

A novel approach to the fabrication of metal–cell–metal trilayer memory devices was demonstrated by using only two cycles of lithography and dry-etch procedures. The fabricated ultrahigh density crossbar devices can be scaled down to ≤70 nm in half-pitch without alignment issues. Depending on the different dry-etch mechanisms in transferring high and low density nanopatterns, suitable dry-etch angles and methods are studied for the transfer of high density nanopatterns. Some novel process methods have also been developed to eliminate the sidewall and other conversion obstacles for obtaining high density of uniform metallic nanopatterns. With these methods, ultrahigh density trilayer crossbar devices (∼2 × 1010 bit cm−2-kilobit electronic memory), which are composed of built-in practical magnetoresistive nanocells, have been achieved. This scalable process that we have developed provides the relevant industries with a cheap means to commercially fabricate three-dimensional high density metal–cell–metal nanodevices.
Concept Discovery in a Scientific Domain

The scientific reasoning strategies used to discover a new concept in a scientific domain were investigated in two studies. An innovative task in which subjects discover new concepts in molecular biology was used. This task was based upon one set of experiments that Jacob and Monod used to discover how genes are controlled, and for which they were awarded the Nobel prize. In the two studies reported in this article, subjects were taught some basic facts and experimental techniques in molecular biology, using a simulated molecular genetics laboratory on a computer. Following their initial training, they were then asked to discover how genes are controlled by other genes. In Study 1, subjects found no evidence that was consistent with their initial hypothesis. Subjects then set one of two goals for conducting experiments and evaluating data. One goal was to search for evidence consistent with the current hypothesis (and they did not attend to the features of discrepant findings); none of the subjects who only had this goal succeeded at discovering how the genes were controlled. Other subjects in Study 1 used a different goal: Upon noticing evidence inconsistent with their current hypothesis, these subjects set a new goal of attempting to explain the cause of the discrepant findings. Using this goal, a subset of these subjects discovered the correct solution to the problem. Study 2 was conducted to test the hypothesis that subjects' goals of finding evidence consistent with their current hypothesis blocks consideration of alternate hypotheses and generation of new goals. It was predicted that if subjects could achieve their initial goal of discovering evidence consistent with their current hypothesis, they would then attend to particular features of discrepant evidence and solve the problem. To test this prediction, an additional mechanism of genetic control that was consistent with subjects' initial goal was added to the genes. Here, subjects had to discover two mechanisms of control: one mechanism consistent with their current hypothesis, and one inconsistent with their hypothesis. Twice as many subjects reached the correct solution in Study 2 than in Study 1. The findings of the two studies indicate that goals provide a powerful constraint on the cognitive processes underlying scientific reasoning and that the types of goals that are represented determine many of the reasoning errors that subjects make.
Reduced metabolic clearance of acidic variants of human choriogonadotropin from patients with testicular cancer

We investigated the plasma disappearance of purified urinary human choriogonadotropin (hCG) and acidic variants of hCG (AV‐hCG) that are excreted in the urine of patients with testicular cancer to determine if there are differences in their disappearance rates. All cancer patients had relatively increased fractions (10% to 46%) of AV‐hCG in their serum when compared with hCG from pregnant control subjects (less than 4% present as AV‐hCG). After initiation of therapy in 12 patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors, the proportion of hCG present as acidic variants in serum rose despite lower serum total hCG concentrations. Samples of highly purified AV‐hCG (pI, 3.3 to 4.0) obtained from three patients by concentration from urine and isoelectric focusing were evaluated for their disappearance from serum after injection into rats. All AV‐hCG samples had decreased clearance rates when compared with that of highly purified hCG (CR123). These data indicate that acidic forms of hCG have a delayed clearance that contributes to the increased proportion of AV‐hCG in the serum of patients with hCG‐producing neoplasia after therapy.
Botulism: Cause, Effects, Diagnosis, Clinical and Laboratory Identification, and Treatment Modalities

ABSTRACT Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by neurotoxins produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent naturally occurring toxins and are a category A biological threat agent. The 7 toxin serotypes of BoNTs (serotypes A–G) have different toxicities, act through 3 different intracellular protein targets, and exhibit different durations of effect. Botulism may follow ingestion of food contaminated with BoNT, from toxin production of C botulinum present in the intestine or wounds, or from inhalation of aerosolized toxin. Intoxication classically presents as an acute, symmetrical, descending flaccid paralysis. Early diagnosis is important because antitoxin therapy is most effective when administered early. Confirmatory testing of botulism with BoNT assays or C botulinum cultures is time-consuming, and may be insensitive in the diagnosis of inhalational botulism and in as many as 32% of food-borne botulism cases. Therefore, the decision to initiate botulinum antitoxin therapy is primarily based on symptoms and physical examination findings that are consistent with botulism, with support of epidemiological history and electrophysiological testing. Modern clinical practice and antitoxin treatment has reduced botulism mortality rates from ∼60% to ≤10%. The pentavalent botulinum toxoid is an investigational product and has been used for more than 45 years in at-risk laboratory workers to protect against toxin serotypes A to E. Due to declining immunogenicity and potency of the pentavalent botulinum toxoid, novel vaccine candidates are being developed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2007;1:122–134)
Clinical Significance of Cervical Vertebral Flexion and Extension Spatial Alignment Changes

Study Design. Radiographic review. Objective. To study changes in alignment and curvature of the cervical vertebral column in the sagittal plane, and to provide references for the orthopedic treatment of cervical kyphosis. Summary and Background Data. There are few reports analyzing changes of the vertebral body itself or changes in their relationships between separate vertebrae. To understand cervical vertebrae and curvature dynamic variation patterns in the sagittal plane and provide a theoretical reference for orthopedic correction of cervical kyphosis, we measured spatial position and alignment of the cervical vertebrae on sagittal plane films of various postures. Method. Blind repeated measures design analysis of sagittal view standard lateral, hyper flexion, and hyper extension cervical spine of 60 healthy subjects measuring spatial alignment angle of C2 to C7 vertebral bodies in the sagittal plain (∠A), C2 to C7 inferior terminal lamina tilt angle of (∠B), and segmental intervertebral space angles C2/3 to C6/7 (∠C) calculating flexion and extension amplitude changes in ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C. Cervical curve apex was determined using Borden’s method to compare change and distribution characteristics. Results. Segmental ∠A is a positive mean value that increases from C2 to C7 when in the upright position. In hyper extension, mean ∠A value decreases with gradual amplitude decrease from C2 to C7; however, a gradual overall increasing pattern is observed for mean ∠A from C2 to C7. In hyper flexion, segmental ∠A mean value increases with gradual amplitude decrease from C2 to C7, whereas with decreasing angular measurements from C2 to C7. ∠B follows similar change regularities as ∠A with a larger mean value than ∠A. During maximum extension and maximum flexion, ∠D is equal to ∠E. For example: C2 ∠D = C2 variable ∠A; C2 ∠E∠(C3 variable ∠A + C2/3 variable ∠C); and C2 ∠D = C2 ∠E. Cervical spine curve apex is mainly distributed between C4 and C5 on standard, hyper extension and hyper flexion lateral view. Conclusion. Dynamic cervical curvature changes based on a central apex, stems from vertebral rotation and displacement in the sagittal plane. Our study revealsvariation patterns of dynamic cervical spine sagittal alignment and curvature, providing vertebral spatial alignment value as reference for orthopedic cervical kyphosis corrective surgery.
Analysis the Implementation of Control Environment at KJKS in West Sumatra

The objective of the research is to describe the implementation of KJKS internal control system in West Sumatra. The elements used are the enforcement of integrity and ethical values; preparation and implementation of sound policies on human resources development. The research method is survey and data collection using questionnaire. Data analysis using descriptive method. The results show that on average the enforcement of integrity and ethics, as well as the preparation and implementation of sound policies on the development of KJKS human resources are in good condition. This means that it is necessary to maintain effectiveness in the application of the control environment in KJKS in West Sumatra (76%). Strategies that can be done is to establish the mechanism of behavior rules of management, supervisors and managers and members of the KJKS.