Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commercial availability of alcohol to young people: results of alcohol purchase attempts.

OBJECTIVES Commercial availability is an important contributor to alcohol use by young people. The purpose of this study was to test the purchasability of alcohol by youth who appeared to be under the legal age of sale in all types of businesses licensed to sell alcohol in upper Midwest communities. METHODS Female buyers who were age 21 but whose apparent age as rated by a panel averaged 19 years attempted to purchase beer without age identification at all off-sale outlets (n = 395) and a random sample of on-sale outlets (n = 492) in 24 communities in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Two purchase attempts were made at each outlet, with the buyer randomly assigned to outlet and community. Characteristics of the outlets, clientele, signs, interaction with the sellers or servers, and purchase success were recorded. RESULTS The buyers were successful in purchasing beer without age identification in 50% of attempts in on-sale outlets and 52% of off-sale attempts. Almost 75% of the outlets sold beer to the buyers at least once in two attempts. In off-sale businesses buyers were more successful if the salespersons were male and if the businesses were located in residential areas or malls. On-sale purchase attempts were more likely to be successful if the server appeared to be younger than 30 years, if the business was a restaurant as opposed to a bar alone, and if signs warning against sales to minors were located at the checkouts. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm and extend previous reports of the ability of youth to purchase alcohol and support the conclusion that commercial availability of alcohol to youth is widespread.
Business Mode Selection in Digital Content Markets

In this paper, we consider a two-sided digital content market, and study which of the two business modes, i.e., Business-to-Customer (B2C) and Customer-to-Customer (C2C), should be selected and when it should be selected. The considered market is managed by an intermediary, through which content producers can sell their contents to consumers. The intermediary can select B2C or C2C as its business mode, while the content producers and consumers are rational agents that maximize their own utilities. The content producers are differentiated by their content qualities. First, given the intermediary's business mode, we show that there always exists a unique equilibrium at which neither the content producers nor the consumers change their decisions. Moreover, if there are a sufficiently large number of consumers, then the decision process based on the content producers' naive expectation can reach the unique equilibrium. Next, we show that in a market with only one intermediary, C2C should be selected if the intermediary aims at maximizing its profit. Then, by considering a particular scenario where the contents are not highly substitutable, we prove that when the intermediary chooses to maximize the social welfare, C2C should be selected if the content producers can receive sufficient compensation for content sales, and B2C should be selected otherwise.
Vascular complications in the adult kidney transplant recipient

Vascular complications of renal transplantation occurred in 15% of the cases. They are thrombotic infarct, arterial stenosis, arterio‐venous fistula, and chronic arterial diseases. From 900 renal transplantations performed, only 120 (made since 1989) were studied with color flow Doppler (CFD). Lack of arterial signal is indicative of main arterial thrombosis (or of renal infarct if thrombosis is limited). At the site of arterial stenosis, high velocity and turbulence are found. If the stenosis is more than 70%, the rising systolic time is longer than 0.07 sec in the post‐stenotic artery. Arterio‐venous fistulas are frequent after renal biopsy. They provoke vibrations transmitted to peri‐vascular tissues and seen with CFD as a large area of turbulence. In the feeding artery, Fast Fourrier Transformation (FFT) showed a high velocity with a low resistive index and pulsed flow in the outgoing vein. Chronic arterial diseases include cyclosporine A intoxication and chronic rejection. These two diseases cannot be diagnosed by CFD alone. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Circadian rhythms: influences of internal and external factors on the period measured in constant conditions.

The article reviews most of the data available on the period ẗ of freerunning circadian rhythms, measured in constant conditions. Emphasis is placed on the effects of light intensity and ambient temperature on ẗ, with references to influences of other external as well as internal factors. In the introduction, examples are given of spontaneous and induced variations in ẗ and its dependence on the experimental history. The discussion concentrates' largely on results obtained from arthropods and vertebrates.
Protein pyrophosphorylation by inositol pyrophosphates is a posttranslational event

In a previous study, we showed that the inositol pyrophosphate diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (IP7) physiologically phosphorylates mammalian and yeast proteins. We now report that this phosphate transfer reflects pyrophosphorylation. Thus, proteins must be prephosphorylated by ATP to prime them for IP7 phosphorylation. IP7 phosphorylates synthetic phosphopeptides but not if their phosphates have been masked by methylation or pyrophosphorylation. Moreover, IP7 phosphorylated peptides are more acid-labile and more resistant to phosphatases than ATP phosphorylated peptides, indicating a different type of phosphate bond. Pyrophosphorylation may represent a novel mode of signaling to proteins.
Methodology for estimating current and future burden of osteoporosis in state populations: application to Florida in 2000 through 2025.

OBJECTIVES The aging population is expected to increase the burden of osteoporosis on the US health-care system. We developed a methodology for estimating current and future costs of osteoporosis in state populations and applied it to Florida. METHODS We used Florida hospital, population and mortality data, along with national data on outpatient and long-term care, to estimate the cost of osteoporotic fractures in the year 2000. For men and for "other" fractures in women, costs were based on the incidence of hospital admissions for fractures. For hip, spine, and wrist fractures in women, we integrated hospital and nonhospital fracture incidence in a Markov model of osteoporosis. Consecutive cohorts were run by race for each age, 50 to 99 years, to estimate the number and cost of incident fractures. Ongoing costs of prevalent fractures in women were estimated using postfracture health states for each individual age cohort. Total costs and fractures for the years 2001 through 2025 were projected by multiplying the base-year cost and fracture distribution by age-, sex-, and race-specific population growth rates. RESULTS In Florida, 86,428 osteoporotic fractures were estimated to occur in the year 2000 at a cost of 1,238,445,114 dollars. By 2025, the estimated number of incident fractures would increase to 151,622, at a cost of 2,135,130,564 dollars. CONCLUSIONS This disease-modeling approach generates detailed information on the current and future cost burden of osteoporosis for an individual state population. Predictions based on this methodology may enable health-policy decisions that are tailored to local needs.
State of the Globe: Antimicrobial Stewardship Guides Rationale Use of Antimicrobials to Enable Faster Cure and Prevent Drug Resistance

T Infectious Disease Society of America states that “antimicrobial stewardship refers to coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antimicrobials by promoting the selection of the optimal antimicrobial drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy, and route of administration. Antimicrobial stewards seek to achieve optimal clinical outcomes related to antimicrobial use, minimize toxicity and other adverse events, reduce the costs of health-care for infections, and limit the selection for antimicrobial resistant strains. ”[1]
Assessing post-traumatic stress symptoms in a Latino prison population.

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to assess the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Davidson trauma scale (DTS-S) and to determine the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a non-clinical random sample of prison inmates. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Probabilistic samples of 1,179 inmates from 26 penal institutions in Puerto Rico were selected using a multistage sampling design. Population estimates and correlations were obtained for PTSD, generalized anxiety and depression. The reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the DTS-S were assessed. Cross-validation was employed to confirm the results of the factor analyses. FINDINGS Using the cut-offs adopted by the scale's author, 136 (13.4 percent) of the inmates are likely to have current PTSD and 117 (11.6 percent) reach the cut-off for sub-threshold PTSD. Confirmatory factor analysis generated two factors explaining 53 percent of the variance. High reliabilities were obtained for the total scale (α=0.95) and for the frequency and severity scales (α=0.90 and 0.91). Significantly higher DTS-S scores were found for females (t=2.26, p<0.025), for inmates diagnosed with depression or anxiety (t=2.02, p<0.05), and those reporting suicide attempts (t=4.47, p<0.0001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE Findings support that the DTS-S is a reliable and valid measure to assess PTSD symptoms in Latino inmate populations and to identify individuals at risk for the disorder that require confirmatory diagnosis and clinical interventions.
The Anti‐HIV Microbicide Candidate RC‐101 Inhibits Pathogenic Vaginal Bacteria Without Harming Endogenous Flora or Mucosa

Vaginal microbicides represent a promising approach for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission. However, preclinical evaluation should be conducted to ensure that microbicides will be safe for human cells and healthy microflora of the female reproductive tract. One microbicide candidate, RC‐101, has been effective and well tolerated in preliminary cell culture and macaque models. However, the effect of RC‐101 on primary vaginal tissues and resident vaginal microflora requires further evaluation.
Quality of Co-Prescribing NSAID and Gastroprotective Medications for Elders in The Netherlands and Its Association with the Electronic Medical Record

Objective To assess guideline adherence of co-prescribing NSAID and gastroprotective medications for elders in general practice over time, and investigate its potential association with the electronic medical record (EMR) system brand used. Methods We included patients 65 years and older who received NSAIDs between 2005 and 2010. Prescription data were extracted from EMR systems of GP practices participating in the Dutch NIVEL Primary Care Database. We calculated the proportion of NSAID prescriptions with co-prescription of gastroprotective medication for each GP practice at intervals of three months. Association between proportion of gastroprotection, brand of electronic medical record (EMR), and type of GP practice were explored. Temporal trends in proportion of gastroprotection between electronic medical records systems were analyzed using a random effects linear regression model. Results We included 91,521 patient visits with NSAID prescriptions from 77 general practices between 2005 and 2010. Overall proportion of NSAID prescriptions to the elderly with co-prescription of gastroprotective medication was 43%. Mean proportion of gastroprotection increased from 27% (CI 25–29%) in the first quarter of 2005 with a rate of 1.2% every 3 months to 55%(CI 52–58%) at the end of 2010. Brand of EMR and type of GP practice were independently associated with co-prescription of gastroprotection. Conclusion Although prescription of gastroprotective medications to elderly patients who receive NSAIDs increased in The Netherlands, they are not co-prescribed in about half of the indicated cases. Brand of EMR system is associated with differences in prescription of gastroprotective medication. Optimal design and utilization of EMRs is a potential area of intervention to improve quality of prescription.
ffect of a 12-Week Yoga Intervention on Fear of Falling and alance in Older Adults : A Pilot Study

Objective: To determine whether fear of falling (FoF) and alance improved after a 12-week yoga intervention among lder adults. Design: A 12-week yoga intervention single-armed pilot tudy. Setting: A retirement community in a medium-sized univerity town in the Midwest. Participants: A convenience sample of adults (N 14) over he age of 65 years who all endorsed an FoF. Intervention: Each participant took part in a biweekly 12eek yoga intervention. The yoga sessions included both physcal postures and breathing exercises. Postures were completed n sitting and standing positions. Main Outcome Measures: We measured FoF with the llinois FoF Measure and balance with the Berg Balance Scale. pperand lower-body flexibility were measured with the back cratch test and chair sit and reach test, respectively. Results: FoF decreased by 6%, static balance increased by % (P .045), and lower-body flexibility increased by 34%. Conclusions: The results indicate that yoga may be a promsing intervention to manage FoF and improve balance, thereby educing fall risk for older adults. Rehabilitation therapists may ish to explore yoga as a modality for balance and falls rogramming; however, future research is needed to confirm he use of yoga in such programming.
Dissecting the Primary Causes of Genetic Hypertension in Rats

Blood pressure has a genetic component influenced by several to many genetic loci in both humans and animals; that is, blood pressure is a polygenic trait. Ultimately, the primary causes of genetic hypertension can only be established with genetic techniques. The primary tools for this analysis in animals are inbred strains of rodents selectively bred for differences in blood pressure and the genetic analysis of these strains by cosegregation techniques. This analysis determines whether it is possible to separate specific alleles at a candidate genetic locus from a component of blood pressure in genetically segregating populations. If the candidate alleles cosegregate with a component of blood pressure, these alleles must be the cause of the blood pressure differences or be linked on the same chromosome to alleles at other loci that cause blood pressure differences. If, on the other hand, the candidate alleles do not cosegregate with blood pressure, they cannot be the cause of the blood pressure differences. This analysis is straightforward in the case of a single-locus Mendelian candidate trait but is less informative if a candidate trait is itself polygenic In this case, genetic analysis yields either 1) results that are compatible with, but not definitive proof for, a genetic role of the trait in causing blood pressure differences or 2) results that eliminate the trait as a cause of genetic differences in blood pressure. A complete listing of all the traits that have undergone genetic cosegregation analysis in rodents is given.
11‐Month‐Old Infant With Periodic Fevers, Recurrent Liver Dysfunction, and Perforin Gene Polymorphism

History of the present illness This patient was a former 32-week premature female infant, born by elective cesarean section due to concern for hydrops. After delivery she was found to have ascites and ultimately conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, but was without other congenital abnormalities. She had a normal newborn screening and no family history of congenital or metabolic disorders. An extensive evaluation for biliary atresia, perinatal iron storage disorders, Wilson’s disease, a1-antitrypsin, and metabolic diseases was unrevealing. Liver biopsy findings on day of life 25 showed mild chronic hepatitis with portal and periportal fibrosis and mild persistence of extramedullary hematopoiesis. She had a prolonged neonatal intensive care unit stay secondary to respiratory insufficiency, and remained on supplemental oxygen at the time of discharge. Throughout her hospitalization she had a persistently elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level, as well as aminotransferases and direct bilirubin, although these had stabilized prior to discharge. Starting at 2 months of age, she developed recurrent episodes of fever, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and feeding intolerance, lasting 5–7 days and occurring every 3–5 weeks, and beginning shortly after her first round of immunizations. During episodes she developed transient hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, elevated aminotransferases and CRP level, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Empiric antibiotics were typically started, but all cultures were negative. With her third episode she required mechanical ventilation for 5 weeks. During this prolonged hospitalization an extensive diagnostic evaluation was pursued, summarized in Table 1. Repeat liver biopsy was performed showing chronic hepatitis with moderate periportal and pericellular fibrosis. Bone marrow biopsy findings showed mild granulocytic hyperplasia, mild dyserythropoiesis, and increased interstitial histiocytes without hemophagocytic activity. Ultimately, due to suspected autoimmune process, methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg/day was administered, after which she was weaned off all respiratory support. However, as steroids were weaned she continued to have febrile episodes lasting several days, which were managed with increasing steroids and empiric antibiotics. Due to a finding of reduced transitional B cells and concern for B cell immunodeficiency, at age 9 months she was started on monthly intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy; however, this did not alter the frequency of her febrile episodes.
The Contribution of Physical Activity and Media Use during Childhood and Adolescence to Adult Women's Body Image

This study aimed to investigate the effects of both past and current physical activity and media use on women's body image. A sample of 144 female undergraduate students completed measures of current physical activity, media use and body image, as well as providing retrospective reports of their physical activity participation and media usage during childhood and adolescence. Regression analyses showed that childhood experiences of physical activity and media use predicted adult body-image concerns more strongly than current activities. It was concluded that early experiences of both physical activity and media use during childhood and adolescence play an important role in the development of adult women's body image.
Geographical access to radiation therapy in North Queensland: a retrospective analysis of patient travel to radiation therapy before and after the opening of an additional radiotherapy facility.

INTRODUCTION Access to radiation therapy (RT) underlies optimal care for prostate and breast cancer patients. This study investigates the impact of opening a new RT clinic on distance and road travel time to RT, and overall utilisation for prostate and breast cancer patients over a 3-year period in North Queensland (NQ), Australia. METHODS The study used retrospective audit of two radiotherapy databases and a geographic information system to illustrate patient origins and distance to the RT clinic used over 3 years. Prostate and female breast cancer patients were selected from the radiation oncology databases of The Townsville Hospital (TTH) and Radiation Oncology Queensland (ROQ) Cairns between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2013. Distance from a patient's home origin to the RT facility was mapped using a geographic information system (ArcGIS software), and travel time (minutes) and road distance (km) determined by Google Maps road directions. RESULTS Overall number of prostate and breast cancer patients treated by RT in Cairns and Townsville clinics increased by 16% in 2011-2012 and by 29% in 2012-2013 from year 1 values. In 2010, 44% of the patients travelled 200-400 km to RT, which reduced to 21% in 2013. By 2013, with a second treatment facility, more than 70% of patients lived within 200 km of an RT facility (p<0.0001). Total median road travel time reduced annually from 201 minutes in 2010-2011 to 66 minutes in 2011-2012 and 56 minutes in 2012-2013 (p<0.0001), corresponding to a decrease in the median distance travelled to an RT facility. CONCLUSIONS An additional RT facility in NQ has led to an increase in patients treated with RT for prostate and breast cancer and, on average, less travel distance and time to treatment, suggesting improvement in access to RT in NQ.
A Fuzzy ARTMAP Based on Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) for Predicting Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds

Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) for estimating aqueous solubility of organic compounds at 25 degrees C were developed based on a fuzzy ARTMAP and a back-propagation neural networks using a heterogeneous set of 515 organic compounds. A set of molecular descriptors, developed from PM3 semiempirical MO-theory and topological descriptors (first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order molecular connectivity indices), were used as input parameters to the neural networks. Quantum chemical input descriptors included average polarizability, dipole moment, resonance energy, exchange energy, electron-nuclear attraction energy, and nuclear-nuclear (core-core) repulsion energy. The fuzzy ARTMAP/QSPR correlated aqueous solubility (S, mol/L) for a range of -11.62 to 4.31 logS with average absolute errors of 0.02 and 0.14 logS units for the overall and validation data sets, respectively. The optimal 11-13-1 back-propagation/QSPR model was less accurate, for the same solubility range, and exhibited larger average absolute errors of 0.29 and 0.28 logS units for the overall and validation sets, respectively. The fuzzy ARTMAP-based QSPR approach was shown to be superior to other back-propagation and multiple linear regression/QSPR models for aqueous solubility of organic compounds.
Mass‐dependent decline of skeletal muscle function in cancer cachexia

CD2F1 mice were inoculated with C26 adenocarcinoma cells, followed by assessment of ex vivo muscular function. Muscles from tumor‐bearing mice had a significantly lower force output during a single maximal contraction and during repeated contractions than control muscles. The relative force output, however, did not differ when corrected for muscle mass. Thus, cachexia significantly reduces absolute skeletal muscle function, but muscle “quality” appears unaltered. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is augmented by angiotensin II in man

In order to determine whether angiotensin II may influence sympathetically mediated arteriolar constriction in man, we have examined the effect of angiotensin II, infused directly into the left brachial artery of normal subjects, on the reduction in forearm blood flow produced by a lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) of 15 mmHg. Angiotensin II (320 fmol/min) caused no reduction in blood flow when given alone but significantly augmented the reduction in blood flow in response to LBNP. The same dose of angiotensin II did not affect a similar reduction in forearm blood flow produced by infused noradrenaline (12.5–50 ng/min). We conclude that angiotensin II augments sympathetically mediated constriction of resistance vessels in man at concentrations with no direct effect on vessel tone. The lack of an effect of angiotensin II on constriction in response to infused noradrenaline suggests the involvement of a presynaptic mechanism.