Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell somata in mammalian cerebellar slices.

1. The electrical activity of Purkinje cells was studied in guinea‐pig cerebellar slices in vitro. Intracellular recordings from Purkinje cell somata were obtained under direct vision, and antidromic, synaptic and direct electroresponsiveness was demonstrated. Synaptic potentials produced by the activation of the climbing fibre afferent could be reversed by direct membrane depolarization. 2. Input resistance of impaled neurones ranged from 10 to 19 M omega and demonstrated non‐linearities in both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing directions. 3. Direct activation of a Purkinje cell indicated that repetitive firing of fast somatic spikes (s.s.) occurs, after a threshold, with a minimum spike frequency of about 30 spikes/sec, resembling the ‘2‐class’ response of crab nerve (Hodgkin, 1948). 4. As the amplitude of the stimulus was increased, a second form of electroresponsiveness characterized by depolarizing spike bursts (d.s.b.) was observed and was often accomppanied by momentary inactivation of the s.s. potentials. Upon application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) or removal of Na+ ions from the superfusion fluid, the s.s. potentials were abolished while the burst responses remained intact. However, Ca conductance blockers such as Co, Cd, Mn and D600, or the replacement of Ca by Mg, completely abolish d.s. b.s. 5. If Ca conductance was blocked, or Ca removed from the superfusion fluid without blockage of Na conductance, two types of Na‐dependent electroresponsiveness were seen: (a) the s.s. potentials and (b) slow rising all‐or‐none responses which reached plateau at approximately ‐15 mV and could last for several seconds. These all‐or‐none Na‐dependent plateau depolarizations outlasted the stimulus and were accompanied by a large increase in membrane conductance. Within certain limits the rate of rise and amplitude of the plateau were independent of stimulus strength. The latency, however, was shortened as stimulus amplitude was increased. These potentials were blocked by TTX or by Na‐free solutions. 6. Substitution of extracellular Ca by Ba or intracellular injection of tetraethylammonium generated prolonged action potentials lasting for several seconds and showing a plateau more ositive than those obtained in norrmal circumstances by either non‐inactivating Na or Ca currents. 7. Spontaneous firing of the Purkinje cell was characterized by burst‐like activity consisting of both s.s. and d.s. b. responses. Addition of TTX to the bath left the basic spontaneous activity and its frequency unaltered, indicating tha Ca spiking and Ca‐dependent K conductance changes are the main events underlying this oscillatory behaviour. 8.
Probability distributions for the number of radio transceivers which can communicate with one another

This paper considers points which can communicate with one another and which are uniformly and randomly distributed on the plane, assuming an inverse power law for attenuation and log-normal shadowing. First, a probability distribution is obtained for the distance between a pair of such points. Communication is assumed to be possible if the attenuation of a signal transmitted from one point, say a mobile phone, does not exceed some specified value by the time it reaches the other, say a base station. The probability distribution of the number of base stations which can hear such a signal from a given mobile is found. An example shows how the probability that a mobile is in a handover region between two or more base stations can be evaluated. The analysis is extended to the case where the power law changes at a specified distance from the mobile, and also to consider the effect of an area within the plane containing a greater density of mobiles and/or base stations (a hot spot). A final result gives the conditional distribution for the number of base stations within some specified area of the plane, given the number within some larger area containing that specified area. The results also apply to the number of mobiles within range of a base station and, in an ad hoc network, to the number of nodes within range of a given node.
Software cost estimation using fuzzy logic

Effective Software cost estimation is one of the most challenging and important activities in Software development. The software industry does not estimate projects well. In this paper we have represented size in KLOC as a Fuzzy number. A new model is presented using fuzzy logic to estimate effort required in software development. We use MATLAB for tuning the parameters of famous COCOMO model. The performance of model is evaluated on published software projects data. Comparison of results from our model with existing prevalent models is done.
A more efficient link-state routing algorithm for telecommunication networks

An efficient K-shortest paths routing algorithm for computer networks is presented. The Algorithm is based on enhancements to currently used link-state routing algorithms such as OSPF, which is only focusing on finding the shortest path route by Dijkstra algorithm. The desire effect to achieve is mainly through the use of K-shortest paths algorithm, which has been implemented successfully in some fields like traffic engineering. The correctness of this Algorithm is discussed as long as the comparison with OSPF.
Accuracy of Physical Examination, Ultrasonography, and Mammography in Predicting Residual Pathologic Tumor Size in Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Objective:To assess the accuracy of physical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography in predicting residual size of breast tumors following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Background:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an accepted part of the management of stage II and III breast cancer. Accurate prediction of residual pathologic tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is critical in guiding surgical therapy. Although physical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography have all been used to predict residual tumor size, there have been conflicting reports about the accuracy of these methods in the neoadjuvant setting. Methods:We reviewed the records of 189 patients who participated in 1 of 2 protocols using doxorubicin-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and who had assessment by physical examination, ultrasonography, and/or mammography no more than 60 days before their surgical resection. Size correlations were performed using Spearman rho analysis. Clinical and pathologic measurements were also compared categorically using the weighted kappa statistic. Results:Size estimates by physical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography were only moderately correlated with residual pathologic tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (correlation coefficients: 0.42, 0.42, and 0.41, respectively), with an accuracy of ±1 cm in 66% of patients by physical examination, 75% by ultrasonography, and 70% by mammography. Kappa values (0.24–0.35) indicated poor agreement between clinical and pathologic measurements. Conclusion:Physical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography were only moderately useful for predicting residual pathologic tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
A CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MOTOR WEAKNESS IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

Muscular weakness is a common neurological symptom which may result from a primary muscular disorder but is more frequently due to interference with the innervation of the muscles. Often there is no specific therapy for the disease responsible and it is necessary to decide on appropriate treatment for the affected muscles, in particular whether they should be rested or given exercise. If exercise is indicated it is important to know the most effective method of carrying it out. The effect of a programme of exercise given to a group of neurological patients was studied by making quantitative measurements of muscle strength. The same routine of exercise was also applied to a group of healthy volunteers. A smaller group of patients carried out additional exercises designed to produce severe fatigue and the effects of this were measured.
Substrate and endocrine responses during exercise at selected stages of pregnancy.

To determine whether the concomitant effects of pregnancy and exercise yield substrate and endocrine patterns different from those expected during exercise alone, we compared the responses of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, insulin, epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), estriol, and progesterone (P) in nonpregnant women (NP; n = 7) and pregnant women in the second (TR2; n = 6) and third trimester (TR3; n = 8) of pregnancy, before, during, and after 30 min of bicycle ergometer exercise at heart rates of 130-140 beats/min. In general, all substrates and hormone concentrations increased with exercise (P less than 0.05), except insulin, which decreased (P less than 0.05), and HCG, which did not change (P = 0.08). Differences in selected hormone concentrations (P, estriol, HCG, and HPL) among groups were already present at rest because of the different stages of pregnancy. Differences among groups at rest were also found in insulin and NE (P less than 0.05). Significantly different responses to exercise (i.e., group x time interactions) were as follows. NP vs. TR2:P, estriol, HCG, HPL, EP, and NE (P less than 0.05); NP vs. TR3: glucose, EP, and NE (P less than 0.05); TR2 vs. TR3: lactate, EP, and NE (P less than 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Projecting Away the Class Imbalance Problem in Author Attribution

Author identification algorithms attempt to ascribe document to author, with an eye towards diverse application areas including: forensic evidence, authenticating communications, and intelligence gathering. We view author identification as a single label classification problem, where 2000 authors would imply 2000 possible categories to assign to a post. Experiments with a naive Bayes classifier on a blog author identification task demonstrate a remarkable tendency to over-predict the most prolific authors. Literature search confirms that the class imbalance phenomenon is a challenge for author identification as well as other machine learning tasks. We develop a vector projection method to remove this hazard, and achieve a 63% improvement in accuracy over the baseline on the same task. Our method adds no additional asymptotic computational complexity to naive Bayes, and has no free parameters to set. The projection technique will likely prove useful for other natural language tasks exhibiting class imbalance.
Visual tracking for multi-modality computer-assisted image guidance

With optical cameras, many interventional navigation tasks previously relying on EM, optical, or mechanical guidance can be performed robustly, quickly, and conveniently. We developed a family of novel guidance systems based on wide-spectrum cameras and vision algorithms for real-time tracking of interventional instruments and multi-modality markers. These navigation systems support the localization of anatomical targets, support placement of imaging probe and instruments, and provide fusion imaging. The unique architecture – low-cost, miniature, in-hand stereo vision cameras fitted directly to imaging probes – allows for an intuitive workflow that fits a wide variety of specialties such as anesthesiology, interventional radiology, interventional oncology, emergency medicine, urology, and others, many of which see increasing pressure to utilize medical imaging and especially ultrasound, but have yet to develop the requisite skills for reliable success. We developed a modular system, consisting of hardware (the Optical Head containing the mini cameras) and software (components for visual instrument tracking with or without specialized visual features, fully automated marker segmentation from a variety of 3D imaging modalities, visual observation of meshes of widely separated markers, instant automatic registration, and target tracking and guidance on real-time multi-modality fusion views). From these components, we implemented a family of distinct clinical and pre-clinical systems (for combinations of ultrasound, CT, CBCT, and MRI), most of which have international regulatory clearance for clinical use. We present technical and clinical results on phantoms, ex- and in-vivo animals, and patients.
Adaptive beamformer orthogonal rejection test

Research in the area of signal detection in the presence of unknown interference has resulted in a number of adaptive detection algorithms. Examples of such algorithms include the adaptive matched filter (AMF), the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), and the adaptive coherence estimator (ACE). Each of these algorithms results in a tradeoff between detection performance for matched signals and rejection performance for mismatch signals. This paper introduces a new detection algorithm we call the adaptive beamformer orthogonal rejection test (ABORT). Our test decides if an observation contains a multidimensional signal belonging to one subspace or if it contains a multidimensional signal belonging to an orthogonal subspace when unknown complex Gaussian noise is present. In our analysis, we use a statistical hypothesis testing framework to develop a generalized likelihood ratio decision rule. We evaluate the performance of this decision rule in both the matched and mismatched signal cases. Our results show that for constant power complex Gaussian noise, if the signal is matched to the steering vector, ABORT, GLRT, and AMF give approximately equivalent probability of detection, higher than that of ACE, which trades detection probability for an extra invariance to scale mismatch between training and test data. Of these four tests, ACE is most selective and, therefore, least tolerant of mismatch, whereas AMF is most tolerant of mismatch and, therefore, least selective, ABORT and GLRT offer compromises between these extremes, with ABORT more like ACE and with GLRT more like AMF.
Blood flow in the human portal vein. A cineradiographic method using particulate contrast medium.

A method of assessing portal blood flow (PVF) is presented, employing Lipiodol droplet injection into the portal system via catheterization of a recanalized umbilical vein at cineradiography. Data are given for the average PVF calculated at rest, after exercise, and at twenty, forty, and sixty minutes after a glucose meal in 6 normal unanesthetized patients. Variations in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension are described. This method has diagnostic and therapeutic potential in liver disease and offers an opportunity for study of physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
The effects of object weight on the kinematics of prehension.

The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effects of object weight and condition of weight presentation on the kinematics of human prehension. Subjects performed reaching and grasping movements to metal dowels whose visible characteristics were similar but whose weight varied (20, 55, 150, 410 g). Movements were performed under two conditions of weight presentation, random (weight unknown) and blocked (weight known). Three-dimensional movements of the thumb, index finger, and wrist were recorded, using a WATSMART system to obtain information regarding the grasp and transport components. The results of the first experiment indicated that object weight and condition of presentation affected the temporal and kinematic measures for both the grasp and transport components. In conjunction with the results of a second experiment, in which time in contact with the dowel was measured, it was shown that the free-motion phase of prehension (i.e., up to object contact) was invariant over the different conditions, however. The changes were observed in the finger-object interaction phase (when subjects applied forces after contact with the dowel), prior to lift-off. These results were interpreted as indicating (a) object weight does not influence the planning and execution of the free-motion phase of prehension and (b) there are at least two motor control phases involved in prehension, one for making contact with the object and the other for finger-object interaction. The changing contributions of visual, kinesthetic, and haptic information during these two phases is discussed.
Incretin Mimetics and Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐IV Inhibitors: Potential New Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The emergence of the glucoregulatory hormones glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide has expanded our understanding of glucose homeostasis. In particular, the glucoregulatory actions of the incretin hormone GLP‐1 include enhancement of glucose‐dependent insulin secretion, suppression of inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, slowing of gastric emptying, and reduction of food intake. Two approaches have been developed to overcome rapid degradation of GLP‐1. One is the use of agents that mimic the enhancement of glucose‐dependent insulin secretion, and potentially other antihyperglycemic actions of incretins, and the other is the use of dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors, which reduce the inactivation of GLP‐1, increasing the concentration of endogenous GLP‐1. The development of incretin mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors opens the door to a new generation of antihyperglycemic agents to treat several otherwise unaddressed pathophysiologic defects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We review the physiology of glucose homeostasis, emphasizing the role of GLP‐1, the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the clinical shortcomings of current therapies, and the potential of new therapies— including the newly approved incretin mimetic exenatide—that elicit actions similar to those of GLP‐1.
Observateur super twisting pour un moteur synchrone à aimants permanents montés en surface

Dans ce papier, une methode d'estimation de la vitesse et de la position d'un moteur synchrone a aimant permanent monte en surface est proposee. La methode utilise une structure de systeme avec un modele de reference adaptatif (MRAS) base sur un observateur super twisting (a mode glissant d'ordre 2) afin d'assurer la robustesse tout en eliminant le phenomene du "chattering". Cet observateur permet d'estimer les Forces Contre Electromotrices (FCEMs) en utilisant comme seules mesures les courants statoriques. Cependant l'estimation de la vitesse provenant des FCEMs estimees pose un probleme de signe pour l'estimation de la vitesse a basse vitesse. Ce probleme est resolu en rajoutant a l'observateur une structure MRAS. Par ailleurs, un systeme de permutation Estimateur/Observateur est donnee pour l'estimation de la position et s'affranchir ainsi des problemes a zero vitesse du moteur synchrone. L'observateur propose est teste en simulation sur les trajectoires du benchmark "commande sans capteur mecanique du moteur synchrone" de l'IRCCyN afin de montrer ses qualites de robustesse vis-a-vis des perturbations externes et des variations parametriques et aussi de pouvoir la comparer ulterieurement avec d'autres techniques sur le meme moteur avec un meme cahier des charges.
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the goat: effects of conceptus removal on interestrus intervals and characterization of conceptus protein production during early pregnancy.

Goat conceptuses were surgically removed from the uterus at different days during early pregnancy and cultured for 24-30 h in the presence of L-[3H]leucine to determine the effects of embryo removal on the interestrus interval and to characterize in vitro synthesis and release of conceptus proteins. Normal cyclic and animals (controls) exhibited interestrus intervals of 20.44 +/- 0.89 days. Removal of conceptuses on Days 13 and 15 did not alter interestrus intervals compared to cyclic animals. Removal of conceptuses on Day 17 and times thereafter resulted in significant (p less than 0.05) prolongation of interestrus intervals. These results demonstrate that maternal recognition of pregnancy in the goat occurs between Days 15 and 17. Proteins synthesized and released into the medium by conceptuses were first detectable at Day 16 by the analytical method employed (two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography). The major protein synthesized at this time was acidic (pI = 5.2-5.7) and consisted of two isotypes with molecular weights of about 17,000. Although patterns of protein production became more complex with conceptus development, this protein remained as a major product through Day 21 but not afterwards. This protein, as well as two other low molecular weight acidic proteins (Mr approximately equal to 21,000, 23,000; pI = 5.7-6.0) were shown by immunoprecipitation to react with anti-ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) serum. Hence, these products may comprise a caprine trophoblast protein-1 (cTP-1) complex. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Data security of Android applications

Smartphones have become ubiquitous in our society. With a large number of users spending more time and sharing more personal data with these devices, it would be beneficial to gain some understanding of data security. This paper presents different security issues regarding applications of Android systems which are one of the most popular mobile operating systems. The research also sheds a light on how the public feels about a number of privacy and security issues related to permissions and whether any additional factors play into an individual's understanding of the application permission framework.
The Probabilistic Analysis of Distance Estimators in Wireless Sensor Network

It is well known that localization plays an important role in wireless sensor network applications. There are two categories of localization approaches, such as range-based and range-free. RSSI (received signal strength indicator)-based method is in the first category. Three RSSI-based distance estimators, biased estimator (BE), unbiased estimator (UE) and maximal likelihood estimator (MIE), are presented to calculate the distance. The biased estimator is the existing method which is used extensively in the literatures, while the unbiased estimator and maximal likelihood estimator are two new estimators developed in this paper. The probabilistic analysis of those estimators is done to compare the performance among them. The probabilistic analysis and simulations show that under some condition we should choose unbiased estimator and under some other condition we should choose MIE.
L'évaluation de l'intelligence : complexité du diagnostic à l'adolescence

Eugenia Pelanda, La evaluación de la inteligencia. Complejidad del diagnóstico en la adolescencia. La evaluación diagnóstica en la adolescencia es una aproximación compleja y delicada. Se trata de presentar el functionamiento global del adolescente distinguiendo conflictos de desarrollo y procesos psicopatológicos, evitando al mismo tiempo de encasillar al sujeto en un modelo psicopatológico que fije la descripción sobre un modo estructural y Ueve a perder de vista la dimensión dinámica, los recursos, las potencialidades. Nosotros nos focalisaremos sobre un aspecto de la consulta psicodiagnóstica en la adolescencia : la evaluación de la inteligencia a la luz de numerosas contribuciones que, en dominios teóricos diferentes, han intentado comprender de manera holística los aspectos afectivos y cognitivos del desarrollo humano. Daremos también algunas indicaciones prácticas que podrán abrír el camino a una mejor comprensión en un dominio hasta ahora poco explorado pero, según nuestra opinion, de una importancia central en el curso de esta etapa evolutiva. Palabras-clave : Adolescencia, Evaluaciôn diagnôstica, Inteligencia, Desarrollo emotivo/ cognitivo, Tests psicométricos, Rorschach, TAT, Pruebas piagetianas.