Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE STIMULATION OF NEW BONE-FORMATION WITH PARATHYROID EXTRACT AND IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL

We have indicated in a previous paper (1) that parathyroid hormone overdosage does not always lead to bone-resorption, but may sometimes produce bone apposition. We were able to show that rats receiving parathyroid hormone in daily injections over long periods have markedly denser bones than their untreated litter mates. The pathological picture of these bones is very suggestive of marble-bone disease, as described by Albers-Schoenberg. The apposition of new bone tissue is in fact most active in the metaphysis of the long bones just as in marble-bone disease, the shaft being practically normal. Therefore we suggested that marble-bone disease may be due to a special form of hyperparathyroidism. This theory seems to be supported also by a recent publication of Pehu, Policard and Dufourt (2). These authors describe a case of typical marble-bone disease combined with an enlargement of the parathyroids. The bone-marrow of this case showed fibrous transformation in some places, which also indicates a condition .
Is behavioral ecology important for understanding and predicting population dynamics

Population ecology is a discipline that studies changes in the number and composition (age, sex) of the individuals that form a population. Many of the mechanisms that generate these changes are associated with individual behavior, for example how individuals defend their territories, find mates or disperse. Therefore, it is important to model population dynamics considering the potential influence of behavior on the modeled dynamics. This study illustrates the diversity of behaviors that influence population dynamics describing several methods that allow integrating behavior into population models and range from simpler models that only consider the number of individuals to complex individual-based models that capture great levels of detail. A series of examples shows the importance of explicitly considering behavior in population modeling to avoid reaching erroneous conclusions. This integration is particularly relevant for conservation, as incorrect predictions regarding the dynamics of populations of conservation interest can lead to inadequate assessment and management. Improved predictions can favor effective protection of species and better use of the limited financial and human conservation resources.
Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid for Viral Myocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qidong Yixin (QY) oral liquid in the treatment of viral myocarditis (VMC). Methods We searched seven databases for randomized clinical trials on QY for treating VMC. The retrieval period was from database establishment to December 31, 2019. Cochrane risk of bias tool in the Cochrane Handbook was used to assess the methodological quality. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 was used to analyze the results. Results We included 19 studies comprising 2,608 patients, albeit with low methodological quality. Our meta-analysis revealed that combination therapy with QY and western medicine was more effective than western medicine alone (QY vs other Chinese patent medicines: RR = 1.37, 95% Cl: 1.23∼1.52, P < 0.00001; QY + coenzyme Q10 + routine treatment vs coenzyme Q10 + routine treatment: RR = 1.20, 95% Cl: 1.14∼1.27, P < 0.00001; QY + trimetazidine + acyclovir vs trimetazidine + acyclovir: RR = 1.59, 95% Cl: 1.38∼1.83, P < 0.00001; QY + routine treatment vs routine treatment: RR = 1.09, 95% Cl: 1.03∼1.15, P < 0.003). A study on posttreatment myocardial enzyme levels revealed that QY with western medicine downregulated creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) (QY + antiviral treatment + routine treatment vs antiviral treatment + routine treatment group: MD = −11.28, 95% CI: −13.33∼−9.22, P < 0.00001; QY + routine treatment vs routine treatment: MD = −4.96, 95% CI: −5.56∼−4.32, P < 0.00001), creatine kinase (CK) (MD = −32.10, 95% CI: −35.63∼−28.57, P < 0.00001), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (QY + antiviral treatment + routine treatment vs antiviral treatment + routine treatment: MD = −48.76 95% CI: −58.18∼−39.33, P < 0.00001; QY + routine treatment vs routine treatment: MD = −23.52, 95% CI: −30.10–16.94, P < 0.00001) rather than western medicine alone, with no evidence of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) downregulation on treatment with QY with western medicine (MD = 2.88, 95% CI: −0.95∼6.71, P < 0.00001) in patients. Two studies reported adverse events, indicating that QY is relatively safe. Conclusion Although QY may have potential advantages in treating VMC, they remain unclear owing to the poor methodological quality of most studies. Larger, multicenter, high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to verify the effectiveness of QY.
Internalization of μ-opioid receptors in rat spinal cord slices

Cells immunoreactive for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) in laminae I-II of the spinal cord were identified as small neurons with rostro-caudal dendrites. In spinal cord slices, [D-Ala2,MePhe4-Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAMGO) or etorphine (1 microM) caused naloxone-sensitive MOR endocytosis in 100% of these neurons, whereas the selective delta- and kappa-opioid agonists [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and spiradoline mesylate (U-62,066), respectively, produced negligible internalization at 1 microM. The EC50 for DAMGO was 30 nM, similar to its potency to inhibit cAMP accumulation and to increase [gamma-35S]GTP binding. MOR internalization followed an exponential timecourse with a half-life of 1.7 min. MOR internalization in spinal cord slices was faster and occurred at lower agonist concentrations than in MOR-transfected cells, suggesting that spinal cord neurons have a more effective coupling of MORs to intracellular components mediating endocytosis.
Teacher Certification in Indonesia: An Education Policy Analysis

This study examines the teacher certification policy in Indonesia. This program is one of the important government policies in enhancing the quality of education. After more than half a century, the teachers' professionalism is not the main issue in the education system in Indonesia. The study was conducted through the use of a qualitative method by applying the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation of the research informants comprising official certification documents. The data collected was analyzed through the process of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verifications. The analysis conducted revealed that: 1) the purpose of certification is well-defined, well-understood and well-operated; 2) planning and the allocation of resources were classified accordingly; the process of certification has been initiated with socialization, assignment of participants, certification paths, as well as teacher training and development, and as a whole has followed the guidelines of the central government; (4) the results of certification in terms of teacher performance have shown the ability to plan good learning, manage and evaluate student learning. This study proposes to the government to maintain consistency in teacher performance, class-based performance appraisals, which are needed on post-certification continually. It is expected that this study would be an essential reference for the relevant researchers, educational practitioners, and policymakers to develop better teacher certification systems.
Intérêt nutritionnel des principaux acides gras des lipides laitiers

Les lipides laitiers sont mal consideres en nutrition humaine chez l'adulte, du fait de leur trop grande richesse en acides gras satures. Et pourtant, les connaissances recentes sur ce sujet ont beaucoup evolue, montrant pour les differents acides gras satures, des fonctions biochimiques tres importantes ainsi que des effets physiologiques interessants. C'est le cas des acides gras courts et a chaines moyennes ainsi que de l'acide myristique. En considerant en plus la presence optimisable des autres acides monoinsatures et polyinsatures, cet article montre finalement l'interet des lipides laitiers quand ils sont consommes en quantite adaptee.
Control of Tree Growth

The present and projected needs for increased food production in the world are well recognized. Less attention has been directed towards future demands for fiber crops, which may be in more critical shortage than food crops. Trees-the main fiber-producing species-also provide fuel, animal feed, human food, and chemical feedstocks, as well as aesthetic and nonfiber benefits. In the United States, as in most of the world, the productivity of forest lands is far below potential levels. This situation contrasts sharply with that of food crop lands, which in many areas appear to be approaching maximum productivity. The 200 million hectares or more of commercial forest land in the United States are likely to decrease in size in the future. To meet the demand for more forest products, these lands will receive much more intensive management than in the past (Clawson 1979). Intensive culture of tree crops-"agroforestry"has already begun in this country and others (Anon. 1978, Douglas and Hart 1976, MacDaniels and Lieberman 1979, Smith 1953). Two important components are implicit in the development of future agroforestry systems. First, the use of genetically improved tree varieties and hybrids has been slow, and the use of improved materials is limited. This situation must change if intensive tree culture is to be successful. Second, there must be a broad base of knowledge about and practical application of tree growth control by environmental factors. Although much progress has been made in the science of tree physiology, little is known about how to achieve maximum tree growth by manipulating the environment. The use of growth control techniques on both nursery seedlings and trees established in plantations will greatly enhance productivity. To illustrate some of the problems and poten-
Aromatic side‐chain contributions to the far ultraviolet circular dichroism of peptides and proteins

The rotational strength of the La transition in phenylalanine and tyrosine side chains has been calculated for dipeptides with various backbone and side‐chain conformations. Similar calculations have also been performed for tripeptides in the β‐turn conformation with aromatic residues at the corners of the turn. The interaction of the aromatic ring with neighboring peptides generates rotational strengths in the La transition of the order of 0.1 Debye‐Bohr magneton. When the preferred backbone and side‐chain conformations are considered, it is found that the most probable conformations have positive La bonds. This result accounts for the observation that the N‐acyl amino acid amides of L‐Tyr and LPhe have positive La bands. It also suggests that, although other interactions may affect the numerical value and even the sign, there will be a significant positive contribution to the rotational strength of aromatic residues in globular proteins from nearest‐neighbor interactions. Calculations on proteins of known conformation at the nearest‐neighbor level confirm the tendency toward positive La contributions for Phe and Tyr residues. This contribution can be of the order of 10% of the observed CD even in proteins with rather strong amide contributions. In some proteins, such as the gene 5 protein from bacteriophage fd and many snake‐venom toxins, side‐chain contributions from Tyr and Trp residues manifest themselves as positive CD bands in the 225–250‐nm region. The magnitude of the nearest‐neighbor contributions and the trend toward positive contributions are consistent with the observation of such CD bands in globular proteins. No special stacking interaction among aromatic side chains needs to be invoked.
Serum electrolytes and renal histology of Wistar rats treated with seed extract of Citrullus lanatus

Medicinal plants are frequently used in healthcare delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world because of their bioactive compounds, thus accounting for about 80% of African medicine. The kidneys are involved in one of the body’s most important homeostasis. This study evaluated the effects of Citrullus lanatus fruit juice on serum electrolytes and histology of the kidney in Wistar rats. Seventy (70) male Wistar rats were used for the study and categorized into four groups (n=9). Group 1 (control group) were fed with growers mash and water only. Animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 2.5 mg/kg, 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of the extract along with growers mash respectively. Findings showed a dose dependent increase in bodyweight (expressed in percentage) in all groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in serum Na+, Cl-, creatinine, HCO3 and urea in animals given watermelon seed extract (81.69±13.08; 85.22±8.25; 4.80±0.04; 27.78±5.48; 7.05±0.25) when compared with control group (102.62±7.40; 86.78±7.61; 26.90±2.46; 7.52±0.59; 28.26±5.24). However, there was significant increase in serum K+ level in animals given watermelon seed extract of 2.5 ml/kg group (3.77±0.12) when compared with control group (3.49±0.08). In addition, significant increase was observed in urea level in 2.5 ml/kg experimental animals (49.27±7.38) when compared with control (28.26±5.24). In conclusion, administration of Citrullus lanatus seed extract did not affect serum electrolytes level, except serum potassium, however, it caused an increase in the bodyweight of Wistar rats but show no significant alteration in histological architecture of the kidney when compared to control. Keywords: Serum electrolyte; Renal histology; Citrullus lanatus
Assessing Ecosystem Services of Atmospheric Calcium and Magnesium Deposition for Potential Soil Inorganic Carbon Sequestration

Many soil regulating ecosystem services (ES) are linked to Earth’s atmosphere, but associated monetary values often are unknown or difficult to quantify. Atmospheric deposition of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are abiotic flows (wet, dry, and total) from the atmosphere to land surfaces, which potentially can become available to sequester carbon (C) as soil inorganic carbon (SIC). However, these processes typically have not been included in economic valuations of ecosystem services. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate an approach for valuing non-constrained potential SIC sequestration from atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide emissions (SC-CO2). Maximum monetary values associated with the non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were compiled for the contiguous United States (U.S.) by soil order, land resource region (LRR), state, and region using available deposition data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NRSP-3). For the entire contiguous U.S., an average annual monetary value for the non-constrained potential SIC sequestration due to atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition was $135M (i.e., $135 million U.S. dollars, where M = million = 106). Mollisols, Alfisols, and Entisols were soil orders with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration. When normalized by land area, however, Vertisols had the highest average annual monetary values followed by Alfisols and Mollisols for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration. From a more agricultural perspective, the LRRs with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were the Western Range and Irrigated Region (D), the Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region (M), and the Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region (H). When normalized by area, the LRRS with the highest average annual monetary values were the Southwest Plateaus and Plains Range and Cotton Region (I) and the Florida Subtropical Fruit, Truck Crop and Range Region (U). Among the U.S. states, the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico, but when normalized by area the highest values by state were Kansas, Iowa, and Texas. Geographical regions in the contiguous U.S. with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were the South Central, Midwest, and West; when normalized by area, the highest values by region were South Central, Midwest, and Northern Plains. Constraints on maximum monetary values, based on physical, chemical, biological, economic, social, and political limitations, need to be considered and quantified to obtain more precise and accurate accounting of the ES associated with SIC sequestration due to atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition.
The growth hormone axis and cognition: empirical results and integrated theory derived from giant transgenic mice

Sleep is required for the consolidation of memory for complex tasks, and elements of the growth-hormone (GH) axis may regulate sleep. The GH axis also up-regulates protein synthesis, which is required for memory consolidation. Transgenic rat GH mice (TRGHM) express plasma GH at levels 100-300 times normal and sleep 3.4 h longer (30%) than their normal siblings. Consequently, we hypothesized that they might show superior ability to learn a complex task (8-choice radial maze); 47% of the TRGHM learned the task before any normal mice. All 17 TRGHM learned the task, but 33% of the 18 normal mice learned little. TRGHM learned the task significantly faster than normal mice (p < 0.05) and made half as many errors in doing so, even when the normal nonlearners were excluded from the analysis. Whereas normal mice expressed a linear learning curve, TRGHM showed exponentially declining error rates. The contribution of the GH axis to cognition is conspicuously sparse in literature syntheses of knowledge concerning neu.
Toxic Effect of Refinery Industrial Effluent Using Three Toxicity Bioassays

Aims: To determine the toxic effect of refinery industrial effluents using three toxicity bioassays. Study Design: Five treatments and the controls designs were set up in triplicates containing 6.25%,12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% and 0% of the industrial effluents and incubated at 24°C for 0 96 h. The five treatments and control set ups designated as PH, Warri and Control (Without effluent) were used to determine the toxic effect of industrial effluents. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Nigeria between September, 2019 and December, 2019. Methodology: A laboratory scale study was carried on two composite samples of the produced water samples from the two studied areas using physicochemical analyses, microalgal toxicity test, mollusk toxicity and Zea mays test. Results: The results revealed that Port Harcourt refinery effluent contains higher quantities of physicochemical parameters than the Warri effluent sample. Warri sample had the most harmful Original Research Article Egurefa et al.; SAJRM, 6(2): 10-23, 2020; Article no.SAJRM. 55886 11 effects on Selenastrum capricornutum, Lymnaea stagnalis and Zea mays, with ErC50 values of 47.62%, LC50 of 51.86% and EC50 of-32.68%, respectively. Inhibition (%) and mortality (%) of all species used were found to be concentration dependent with a significant (P < 0.05) strong positive correlation at increasing concentrations of industrial effluents. Conclusion: Thus, these raw industrial effluents from Port Harcourt and Warri refineries are toxic and induced growth inhibition, mortality and phytotoxicity and adequate measures should be taken by these industries to minimize their negative environmental impacts.
Monoterpenes emitted by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) feeding on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.

Abstract. Attraction of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to pine logs was enhanced by the presence of weevils already on the logs. We investigated the volatiles emitted by insects feeding on host trees to determine the mechanism of the attraction. Chemical analyses of the collected volatiles showed large amounts of monoterpenes. There were no qualitative differences in the collections, between Scots pine alone and pine plus feeding weevils, nor between males and females, mated or virgin. Strong quantitative differences in monoterpenes existed that were correlated to the surface of cut bark. Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded on male and female antennae stimulated by increasing doses of collected volatiles. EAGs for pine alone and pine plus weevils at the same stimulus loading in (a + P)‐pinene gave superimposable curves. EAGs of male and female volatiles were also identical. These results suggest an attraction mediated by host plant allelochemicals rather than by an aggregation pheromone.
Biochemical Responses in Pines Infected with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

マツ材線虫病の進行および抵抗性に関わる生化学的な反応についての研究を概説する。 感受性の場合には線虫の加害によりマツ樹体内では萎凋, 枯死に繋がる生化学的な変化が進行し, 細胞死や通水阻害を引き起こす宿主由来の毒性物質が生成される。 抵抗性の場合は, 静的な抵抗性因子としての線虫に対する阻害成分が健全木にもみられるが, 動的な反応としての阻害物質の生成や組織構造の変化が重要な抵抗性機構と考えられる。
Effect of Substrate to Inoculum Ratio on Biogas Yield

This paper aims at finding the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio on biogas yield. The batch anaerobic digestion experiment was conducted using the Automatic Biogas Potential Test System (AMPTS II). Substrate to inoculum ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 were used for the study on anaerobic digestion of both food waste and cow dung. Tests were carried out starting with the preparation of substrates, substrate characterization to determine the moisture content (MS), ash content (AC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and ultimately batch anaerobic digestion experiments under thermophilic conditions (37 0 C). The TS and VS contents of food waste ranged between 19.6–22.0% and 90.7 – 92.6% respectively while moisture content, total solids and volatile solids for cow dung were 67.2, 32.8 and 96.0% respectively. The cumulative biogas yields of reactors with cow dung were 12847 Nml, 3598.3 Nml and 4199.4 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. A 67% increase in accumulated volume of biogas was obtained by increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1. On the other hand the cumulative biogas yields of reactors with food waste and inoculum were 110.2 Nml, 70.1 Nml and 46.7 Nml for the ratios of substrate to inoculum of 2:1, 3:1 and 1:1 respectively. When compared with those from cow dung, a 58% increase in cumulative biogas yield was obtained through an increased Substrate/Inoculum ratio from 1:1 to 2:1 from food waste.
Selective Foraging and Ecosystem Processes in Boreal Forests

We suggest that selective foraging alters feedbacks between plants and decomposers and between plants and herbivores. Plant tissue chemistry is an important link between herbivores and decomposers. Plants that produce easily decomposable litter are also heavily browsed, because the same chemical properties that determine litter decay also determine digestibility. This trait links theories of food webs and nutrient cycles by posing a role of herbivores as functional switches determining both plant community composition and the array of litters returned to the soil. This role appears to be particularly strong in boreal forests, where nutrient availability is low and limits productivity and determines successional pathways, where effects of herbivores are strong and long lasting, and where the same plant traits that determine herbivore preference and response to browsing also determine interactions with soil nutrient availability. Such feedbacks cause the effects of herbivores on ecosystems to persist even after the herbivores arc no longer present.