Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tryptophan enhanced accumulation of phenolic compounds via chorismate mutase activation in the Ganoderma neo-japonicum mycelia

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tryptophan (Trp) on the production of total phenolic compounds (TP) in the mycelial culture of Ganoderma neo-japonicum (G. neo-japonicum). Among various amino acids tested, Trp was best for increasing the TP content by 13.2-fold compared to the control. Trp also increased the phenylalanine content via Trp-specific activation of chorismate mutase. Although 12 mM of Trp was the optimal concentration for TP production, it significantly inhibited mycelial growth. This growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of yeast extract (YE) in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently the combined addition of Trp (12 mM) and YE (8 g/L) stimulated TP production up to 73.5 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight of mycelial culture. Furthermore, the phenolic profiling revealed that quercertin occupied 34.1% of the total amount of phenolic compounds tested and the resveratrol concentration increased at the highest rate (49.1-fold) compared to that of the control. These results provided strong evidence that the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the G. neo-japonicum mycelia was regulated by the availability of substrates involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which may be useful in regulation and optimization of G. neo-japonicum culture for efficient production of valuable nutraceuticals.
Using the NCBI Map Viewer to Browse Genomic Sequence Data

This unit includes an introduction to the Map Viewer, which describes how to perform a simple text‐based search of the genome to view the genomic context of a gene, navigate along the chromosome, zoom in and out, and change the displayed maps to hide and show information. It also describes some of NCBI's sequence‐analysis tools, which are provided as links from the Map Viewer. The Alternate Protocols describe different ways to query the genome sequence, and also illustrate additional features of the Map Viewer. shows how to perform and interpret the results of a BLAST search against the human genome. demonstrates how to retrieve a list of all genes between two STS markers. Finally, shows how to find all annotated members of a gene family.
ENHANCED WOODPECKER PREDATION ON THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK., IN GLYPHOSATE-TREATED LODGEPOLE PINES

Abstract Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. , treated with the herbicide glyphosate applied by axe frill or drill hole into the sapwood around the root collar, were readily infested by mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. On trees treated with 360 mg of glyphosate per centimetre of circumference, foraging woodpeckers, Picoides spp. , debarked 15% of the bole surface within 10 weeks and > 30% after 1 year, compared with < 5% for controls. Foraging efficiency on mountain pine beetle at 4 m exceeded 90% after applications by axe frill of glyphosate at doses of 360, 36, and 3.6 mg per centimetre of circumference, compared with < 50% for controls. Glyphosate-treated trees rapidly became suitable for cavity excavation by woodpeckers. Résumé L’aubier du pin vrille, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. , traité avec l’herbicide glyphosate appliqué ècorcer au dans des trous percés autour de la base du tronc, a été infesté par le dendroctone du pin ponderosa Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. Sur les arbres traités avec 360 mg de glyphosate par centimètre de circonférence, les pics Picoides spp. ont écorcé 15% de la surface du tronc en moins de 10 semaines et plus de 30% après 1 an, comparativement à moins de 5% pour les arbres contrôles. L’efficacité de forage des pics sur dendroctone du pin ponderosa à 4 m dépassait 90% après application écorcer de glyphosate à des doses de 360, 36 et 3.6 mg par centimètre de circonférence, compartivement à moins de 50% pour les arbres contrôles. Les arbres traités au glyphosate se sont avérés rapidement favorables au creusage de trous par les pics.
RATE OF DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MASS-REARING OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

Abstract The temperature-dependent rate of development of the post-diapause larval and pupal stages of the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. , was estimated under controlled conditions. Parasitoid larvae required 289.0 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.1 °C to complete development and the pupae required 106.2 DD above a threshold of 9.6 °C to complete development. Longevity of the adult wasp at several temperatures also was examined. Female wasps lived longer than male wasps at all temperatures. Wasps tended to mate more readily under natural than under artificial light conditions. Newly emerged female A. fumiferanae had few, if any, mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of mature eggs increased to a peak of 40–75 eggs, 4–12 days after eclosion of the adult. The pattern in number of ovipositions was similar to this pattern of egg availability. The daily rate of oviposition, however, was only about one-quarter the number of eggs available. These biological measurements are discussed in view of the development of a mass-rearing technique for this parasitoid. Résumé La vitesse de développement contrôlée par la température des larves après la diapause et des nymphes du parasitoïde de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. a été estimée en conditions contrôlées. Les larves ont besoin de 289,0 degrés-jours au-dessus d’une température-seuil de 8,1 °C pour terminer leur développement tandis que les nymphes ont eu besoin de 106,2 degrés-jours au-dessus de 9,6 °C. La longévité des adultes à plusieurs températures a également été examinée. À toutes les températures, les femelles vivaient plus longtemps que les mâles. En général, l’éclairage naturel était plus propice aux accouplements que l’éclairage artificiel. Les ovaires de femelles nouvellement émergées d’A. fumiferanae comptaient peu d’oeufs matures, sinon aucun. Le nombre d’oeufs matures augmentait pour atteindre une pointe de 40 à 75 entre le 4ème et le 12ème jour après l’éclosion. Des caractéristiques semblables ont été observées pour le nombre d’ovipositions. Toutefois, le nombre d’oeufs pondus par jour correspondait à seulement le quart environ du nombre d’oeufs disponibles. On analyse ces résultats en considérant les possibilités d’élevage de masse de ce parasitoïde.
Effects of Lactobacillus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and non-specific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding liquid Lactobacillus preparation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and non-specific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei.Four hundred and fifty fingerlings of Litopenaeus vannamei(initial average weight: 1.42 g) were randomly allotted to 5 groups with 3 replicates and 30 shrimp in each replicate.Five diets were added 0(control group),0.5%,5%,10% and 15% Lactobacillus preparation in basal diet,respectively.The experiment lasted for 8 weeks.The results showed that growth performance was improved in shrimp fed the 10% Lactobacillus preparation diet.Weight gain ratio and specific growth ratio were increased by 7.13%(P0.05) and 4.23%(P0.05) compared with the control group,respectively.Feed conversion ratio was reduced by 8.38%(P0.05) compared with the control group and significantly lower than that of shrimp fed the 5% Lactobacillus preparation diet(P0.05). Protease and amylase activity in the hepatopancreas and intestine of trial groups were improved compared with the control group.Protease and amylase activity in the hepatopancreas and amylase activity in the intestine in 5% group were the highest and significantly different from those in the control group(P0.05),and protease activity in the intestine in 5% group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.05). The activity of lysozyme in the serum of all trial groups was higher than that in the control group,and lysozyme activity in 10% and 15% groups was significantly higher than those in the control group(P0.05). The activity of phenoloxidase(PO) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and serum protein levels were not different among all groups.And then serum protein levels of trial groups were higher than that in the control group.The activity of PO in the trial groups except 0.5% group was increased compared with the control group.The activity of SOD in the trial groups except 15% group was improved compared with the control group.The activity of peroxidase in control group was the lowest and significantly lower than that in 10% group.In conclusion,adding Lactobacillus in basal diet could promote growth performance,increase digestive enzyme activities and enhance non-specific immunity in the shrimp.
Functional Responses and Interference within and between Year Classes of a Dragonfly Population

In a laboratory study of the dragonfly Tetragoneuria cynosura (Say) (Odonata: Corduliidae), we measured the feeding rates of second-year-class larvae (Tc2) as a function of Tc2 density and of the density of their first-year-class conspecific prey (Tc1). The experiments were conducted for 24 hr in small, structurally simple, cylindrical plastic aquaria within a controlled environment chamber under a 14L:10D photoperiod. The resulting functional response to prey density followed the decelerated curve (type 2) typical of many predators. Strong feeding interference among Tc2 larvae was indicated by an inverse relationship between feeding rate and predator density. Since we detected no effects of Tc1 or Tc2 densities on movement by larvae within aquaria, density-specific differences in movement probably cannot account for the observed interference. Both a distraction model (in which prey and predators "compete" for the predator's attention) and a pre-emption model (in which interference takes precedence over feeding) fit the data reasonably well. Our laboratory results suggest that the structural complexity and alternative prey present in a previous field study greatly reduced the rate of predation by Tc2 on Tc1 larvae but did not reduce the intensity of interference among Tc2 predators.
Cellular and subcellular localization of Huntingtin aggregates in the brain of a rat transgenic for Huntington disease

Petrasch-Parwez E, Nguyen, HP, Lóbbecke-Schumacher M, Habbes HW, Wieczorek S, Riess O, Andres KH, Dermietzel R, and Von Hórsten S. 2007. Cellular and subcellular localization of Huntingtin aggregates in the brain of a rat transgenic for Huntington disease. J Comp Neurol 501:716–730. Due to a typographical error a word in the article was misspelled. The title is spelled correctly above. The Publisher regrets the error.
Adaptive Matrix Completion for Fast Visibility Computations with Many Lights Rendering

Several fast global illumination algorithms rely on the Virtual Point Lights framework. This framework separates illumination into two steps: first, propagate radiance in the scene and store it in virtual lights, then gather illumination from these virtual lights. To accelerate the second step, virtual lights and receiving points are grouped hierarchically, for example using Multi‐Dimensional Lightcuts. Computing visibility between clusters of virtual lights and receiving points is a bottleneck. Separately, matrix completion algorithms reconstruct completely a low‐rank matrix from an incomplete set of sampled elements. In this paper, we use adaptive matrix completion to approximate visibility information after an initial clustering step. We reconstruct visibility information using as little as 10 % to 20 % samples for most scenes, and combine it with shading information computed separately, in parallel on the GPU. Overall, our method computes global illumination 3 or more times faster than previous state‐of‐the‐art methods.
The nuclear pattern of the non‐tectal portions of the midbrain and isthmus in ungulates

The material used for this study of the midbrain of the 16 c i n pig (Sus scrofa), the adult sheep (Ovis aries) and the old horse (Equus caballus) consists of serially cut, transverse, toluidin blue sections. For the generous grant which made possible this research the writer wishes to express grateful acknowlcdgmeiit to the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan. Very little literature dealing with the ungulate midbrain has come to our attention. Papers by Solnitzsky ( '38 and '39) deal with the dorsal thalamic, subthalamic, and hypothalamic regions of the pig brain; they contain accounts of the pretectal regions, substantia nigra and the rostra1 tip of the red nucleus. Rose ('42 b) has found that the pretectal nucleus in the sheep is represented by two groups of cells. Le Gros Clark ( '26) observed that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the sheep was little differentiated, and in the pig th'e cells were only slightly different from the small medial raphe cells with which they become continuous anteriorly. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the pig is mostly a midline structure with only occasional bilateral clumping. Tsuchida ( '06) found no Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the sheep and in the horse a few scattered cells only. He observed no nucleus medianns anterior and no true nucleus of Perlia; in the horse no nucleus of
Fibrosarcoma

Received February 11, 1998; accepted February 20, 1998. Prior to Stout’s landmark article 50 years ago, benign and malignant fibroblastic tumors of soft tissues were called ‘‘fibroids’’ by most pathologists, without any particular attention to microscopic detail and whether the clinical course was benign or malignant. The view of Wilks (1824 –1911) that ‘‘the fibrous and fibronucleated tumors are innocent but the recurrent fibroids of a semi-malignant character’’ expressed in his book in 1859, was universally held for nearly 100 years. Stout was well read. He cited 217 articles published in more than 24 countries, from Japan, Argentina, Denmark, and England to Austria, Italy, and Serbia, but he did not extend his search of the literature prior to the 1920s. For example, he did not reference the works of James Ewing (1866 –1943) who, following traditional views at Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases (currently Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, a few city blocks from Stout’s laboratory), listed in his book on neoplastic diseases (which went through four editions from 1919 to 1940) fibrous tumors of soft tissues in the chapter on ‘‘Fibromas. ’’ Although Ewing recognized medullary and periosteal fibrosarcomas of bone, he never used the term fibrosarcoma for soft tissue tumors. Stout, conversely, in his historic article recognized fibrosarcoma of soft tissues but denied the existence of fibrosarcoma of bone. He wrote that ‘‘all of the cases of apparent endosteal fibrosarcoma of bone are either osteogenic sarcomas or chondrosarcomas without convincing evidence of differentiation. ’’ It is a conjecture whether these two giants in pathology were blinded by focusing too much on their primary interests, (bone tumors and soft tissue tumors, respectively). The fact that Stout’s article on fibrosarcomas of soft tissues was accepted for publication in Cancer speaks for the open-mindedness and fairness of the first Editor of Cancer, Fred W. Stewart (1894 –1991), who was a disciple and long time associate of James Ewing. Stout’s three questions–‘‘what is a fibrosarcoma? ’’, ‘‘how malignant is it? ’’, and ‘‘how does one recognize it? ’’–are as relevant today as they were in 1948. In an innovative way, in an article of 33 pages with 30 black and white illustrations and 4 tables, he brought the matter into focus by dividing fibroblastic lesions into ‘‘nonneoplastic hyperplasias,’’ ‘‘fibrous growths which may or may not be neoplastic,’’ and ‘‘true fibrosarcomas. ’’ His attempt at classification in 1948 was repeated in his future publications, including his Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) fascicle. Authors of subsequent texts on soft tissue tumors 8 adopted the classification introduced by Stout, with minor modifications. After a short description of keloid and Peyronie’s disease, he mentioned palmar and plantar fibromatosis with a note on postirra2081
Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina-christi against scopolamine-induced anxiety in rats

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Ziziphus spina-christi extract against anxiety related behavior induced by scopolamine. Rats were randomly divided into six groups, each group consists of eight rats. Vehicle group received distilled water, negative control received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and positive control received diazepam (1 mg/mL). Experimental groups received Z. spina-christi extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg IP) 30 min after scopolamine injection. Anxiety related behaviors were assessed using the elevated plus maze. The rotarod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Administration of Z. spina-christi extract (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the open arm of elevated plus maze. The extract also reduced the percentage of closed arms entries and time spent in the closed arms. Different concentration of Z. spina-christi extract didn’t affect motor coordination and balance. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi significantly ameliorate scopolamine-induced anxiety. Video Clip of Methodology: Elevated plus maze: 1 min 58 sec Full Screen Alternate
Experiments on the Senses of Taste and Smell in the Bob-white Quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus)

The literature on olfaction and gustation in birds is contradictory and confusing. Birds have been descri'bed as anosmatic, (Audubon, 1835; Bachman, 1834; Soudek, 1927; Marples, 1931; Walter, 1943) microosmatic, (Darwin, 1834; Beebe, 1909; Strong, 1911; Wagner, 1939) and possessing a keen sense of smell (Gill, 1904; Benham, 1906; Zahn, 1933; Salverda-TerLaag, 1936; Nolte, 1927). The gustatory powers of birds have been similarly described (Engelmann, 1934, 1937, 1940; Stietz, 1934; Salverda-Ter Laag, 1936). This study was undertaken, therefore, to determine whether the bob-white quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus) could respond to olfactory stimuli, and to interpret the gustatory sense in more understandable terms by comparing this sense with that of other animals. The bob-whites used in the experiments were donated by the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The birds were housed indoors in regular game commission cages, 24" x 12" x 12" in size. Rations used were the same as those fed to game-farm bob-whites.
Maysin, a Flavone Glycoside from Corn Silks with Antibiotic Activity Toward Corn Earworm

Maysin (rhamnosyl-6-C-(4-ketofucosyl)-5,7,3′, 4′ tetrahydroxyflavone (I), isolated from corn silks of the exotic strain Zapalote Chico’ has been shown to severely retard the growth of Heliothis zea (Boddie) when incorporated into the insect's diet. Data indicate that the presence of this flavone glycoside may be related to the natural resistance of corn against corn earworm.
The Relationship Between the Diurnal Light Cycle and the Time of Ovulation in Mice

The period required for the completion of ovulation in groups of mated females has been studied in 615 mice from three random-bred stocks (L, C and PCT) and in 137 mice of mixed origin. The mice were examined after having been kept for some time under one of four different diurnal light cycles, viz. the natural diurnal light cycle in Edinburgh in December (1) and in June (2) and artificial, reversed, light cycles of 10 hr. darkness/14 hr. light (3) and 4 hr. darkness/20 hr. light (4). The variation between mice in any one group was greatest when they were maintained under the cycles that had a relatively long dark phase: a period of 12-14 hr. was required for ovulation in groups of L and C stock mice under cycles with a dark phase of 10-15 hr. whereas groups of similar females maintained under cycles with a 4-6 hr. dark phase required only 8-9 hr. for ovulation. Probit analysis indicated that this difference was statistically significant. In changing the length of the dark phase of the diurnal cycle the beginning of each phase was altered by 3-4½ hr. ; the mid-points of each phase were altered by less than 1 hr. The results suggest that the mid-point of the ovulation period was determined more by the mid-point of the dark phase than by its onset or completion. Differences noted between stocks of mice in the mid-point of the ovulation period and in the ability to adjust quickly to an altered light cycle gave indication that the neural mechanisms involved in the control of the time of ovulation in mice are modified according to the genetic constitution of the animal. The mean interval between coitus and ovulation in females of L and C stocks under natural light cycles was found to be approximately 5 hr. The average time required for the ovulation of three-quarters of the total number of eggs shed in any one mouse (mean 11-12 eggs) was estimated as 0.5 hr. Present address: C.S. I.R. O. , Sheep Biology Laboratory, Prospect, N.S. W. , Australia.
The AIDS Pandemic is New, but is HIV Not New?

The determinations made by Mindell, Shultz and Ewald regarding the ancestral host for immunodeficiency retroviruses, and their conclusion that monkeys acquired their infections as a result of a host‐switch from humans, do not withstand rigorous scrutiny. Their hypothesis requires the complete uniformativeness of third position transitions and of gapped regions in the alignment. When all of the data are permitted to corroborate or refute relationships, optimizing hosts on the viral phylogeny renders either equivocal statements or an unequivocal simian ancestry. However, merely optimizing hosts as characters on the viral phylogeny is illogical. Not only does this treat hosts as dependent on the viruses (instead of the reverse) but it ignores 15 years of methodological developments specifically designed to answer questions regarding cospeciation or host‐switching.
Research progress in gecko locomotion and biomimetic gecko-robots

Geckos are known for their excellent ability to climb walls and run on ceilings. Previous studies of the gecko's locomotive and adhesive mechanisms, its neuro-sensory and neuro-modulatory systems, its fabrication of artificial setae array, and other related developments, have inspired further research on gecko-based and gecko-like robots. Key research findings in this area are reviewed in the present paper.
Incidence of citrus nematode in the citrus growing areas of NWFP.

Citrus orchards in the citrus growing areas of NWFP were surveyed during the year 2005-2006 for the occurrence and incidence of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb). Roots and soil samples collected from different locations were analyzed for the nematode. The results showed 64.93% samples infected with the nematode. Maximum infection (81.66%) was recorded in Malakand agency followed by Mardan, Peshawar and Nowshera showing 79.16%, 66.66% and 64.44% infection respectively. Population level of T. semiperetrans larvae exceeded 995 per kg soil to as high as 10825 per kg of soil in 70% samples.