Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Permissive effect of glutamine on the differentiation of fetal mouse small intestine in organ culture.

The proximal third of the small intestine of 15-day-old mouse embryo can be cultured for 72 h at 37 degrees C. When Trowell-T8 medium is used, the integrity of the explants is maintained, but villi do not form and absorptive cells are poorly differentiated. However, when Leibovitz L-15 or RPMI-1640 medium is used, one can observe the formation of medium-sized villi, and absorptive cells in the explants are more differentiated. Since the chemical composition of T8 medium is quite different from that of the other two media, we decided to test the importance of two major differences, i.e., three amino acids and five vitamins, in order to find out which element(s) is necessary to permit the formation of intestinal villi. Subsequent testing demonstrated that the three amino acids are responsible for the effect on differentiation, and that glutamine is the only critical difference between T8 and the two other media. The results show that the addition of L-glutamine to T8 medium permits the formation of villi, the initiation of absorptive cell differentiation, an increase in DNA synthesis, and finally, an increase in the number of epithelial cells. These findings indicate that undifferentiated fetal mouse small intestine is able to express its phenotype in organ culture, even without any extrinsic regulatory influences, provided that L-glutamine is present at a sufficient level in the culture medium. The use of inhibitors indicated that L-glutamine may be essential as an energetic substrate and/or a precursor for glucosamine.
Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus gemcitabine plus paclitaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized trial.

PURPOSE We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and toxicity of paclitaxel and gemcitabine (PG) and paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Chemotherapy-naive patients were randomized to paclitaxel 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either carboplatin at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS A total of 509 patients (group A, 252 patients; group B, 257 patients) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). Toxicity was mild. Grades 3/4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A (euro; 7,612.64) versus group B (euro; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Teaching Robots New Tasks through Natural Interaction

This chapter focuses on the main challenges and research opportunities in enabling natural interaction to support interactive task learning. Interaction is an exchange of communicative actions between a teacher and a learner. Natural interaction is viewed as an interaction between a human and an agent that leverages ways in which humans naturally communicate and does not require the human to have any prior expertise. The goal of communication is to achieve common ground and allow the learner to acquire new task knowledge. This chapter outlines the different types of knowledge that can be transferred between agents and discusses the perception, action, and coordination capabilities that enable teaching-learning interactions.
A vertical micro-scale light guiding silicon dioxide tube array for optical neurostimulator

In this paper, we present out-of-plane micro-scale diameter light guiding silicon dioxide tube arrays for use in optical stimulation of neurons. An optical propagation through the dioxide tube was calculated by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. Based on the calculated result, we designed and fabricated 3-µm-inner diameter 24-µm-height silicon dioxide tube arrays with the wall thickness of 0.5 µm, using selective vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of silicon microwire, followed by microfabricating processes. The optical transmission capability of the fabricated tube was experimentally confirmed by using light of 470 nm, 525 nm, and 595 nm in wavelength.
Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Canonical correlation analysis is an established multivariate statistical method in which correlation between linear combinations of multivariate sets of variables is maximized. In canonical information analysis introduced here, linear correlation as a measure of association between variables is replaced by the information theoretical, entropy based measure mutual information, which is a much more general measure of association. We make canonical information analysis feasible for large sample problems, including for example multispectral images, due to the use of a fast kernel density estimator for entropy estimation. Canonical information analysis is applied successfully to (1) simple simulated data to illustrate the basic idea and evaluate performance, (2) fusion of weather radar and optical geostationary satellite data in a situation with heavy precipitation, and (3) change detection in optical airborne data. The simulation study shows that canonical information analysis is as accurate as and much faster than algorithms presented in previous work, especially for large sample sizes. URL: http://www.imm. dtu.dk/pubdb/p.php? 627
Sick Leave and Disability Pension Among Passenger Car Occupants Injured in Urban Traffic

Study Design. A follow‐up cohort study of passenger car occupants injured in car crashes in an urban area in Sweden. Objectives. To analyze the injuries, injury events, and long‐term consequences of injuries in car crashes. Summary of Background Data. The consequences of car crashes usually are described in terms of the number of people injured, the severity of injuries, or the number of inpatient days. Certain types of crash injuries can results in long‐term sick leave and granting of disability pension. The increased socioeconomic significance of these outcomes is not always indicated by analysis of commonly used variables. Methods. Two hundred fifty‐five passenger car occupants aged 16‐64 years who were injured in car crashes in urban traffic were analyzed in terms of length of sick leave and receipt of disability pension. Results. Strain of the cervical spine was the most common type of injury (55%; 141 injuries), and these injuries accounted for 82% of all sick leave taken within 2.5 years after the injury event. Injury to the cervical spine in 16 of 18 cases resulted in long‐term sick leave or dependence on disability pension. The most common injury mechanism was rear‐end collisions (39%). This type of crash resulted in 64% of all sick‐leave days within 2.5 years after the injury event. Twelve out of 18 injured people on long‐term sick leave or receiving disability pension had been in cars struck from behind. Conclusions. It is important to include long‐term consequences in the form of sick leave and disability pension when describing the consequences of different types of car crashes and injuries.
Preferential Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection of CD4+ CD25+ T-Regulatory Cells Correlates both with Surface Expression of CXCR4 and Activation of FIV Long Terminal Repeat Binding Cellular Transcriptional Factors

ABSTRACT Previously, we have characterized feline CD4+ CD25+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells with regard to their immune regulatory properties and ability to support feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in vitro and in vivo. Our studies showed that while CD4+ CD25+ cells were capable of replicating FIV in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone, CD4+ CD25− cells harbored a latent infection that required a strong mitogenic stimulus to activate virus replication. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms governing the preferential replication of FIV in highly purified CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells compared to their CD4+ CD25− counterparts. Studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms regulating infection of these cells revealed that CD4+ CD25− cells were less susceptible to FIV binding and entry than CD4+ CD25+ cells, which correlated with increased surface expression of FIV coreceptor CXCR4. In addition, the number of CD4+ CD25+ cells that expressed the primary receptor CD134 was greater than for CD4+ CD25− cells. Although increased permissiveness to FIV infection of CD4+ CD25− cells following mitogenic stimulation correlated strongly with upregulation of surface CXCR4, it did not correlate with CD134 expression. Further, study of intracellular factors regulating FIV replication revealed that CD4+ CD25+ but not CD4+ CD25− T cells showed constitutive and IL-2-responsive transactivation of activating transcription factor, CAAT enhancer binding protein, and activating protein 1 transcription factors that are important for FIV replication. These factors were upregulated in CD4+ CD25− T cells following ConA stimulation, which correlated with FIV replication. This is the first report elucidating the mechanisms that allow for productive lentiviral infection of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells.
Levels of intraoperative glycemia and their relations to short and long term morbidity and mortality in liver transplant patients at a highly complex hospital

1 Staff Physician at Hospital San Vicente Fundación in Rionegro, Colombia 2 Endocrinology Intern at Hospital San Vicente Fundación in Rionegro, Colombia 3 Directorate of Research at Hospital San Vicente Fundación in Rionegro, Colombia 4 Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgeon at Hospital San Vicente Fundación in Rionegro, Colombia 5 Internist and Hepatologist at Hospital San Vicente Fundación in Rionegro, Colombia 6 Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgeon at Hospital San Vicente Fundación and INTRO (Grupo de Investigación en Trasplantes de Órganos Research Group on Organ Transplants) in Rionegro, Colombia
S 100 A 8 ( S 100 calcium binding protein A 8 )

Note S100A8 belongs to the S100/calgranulin family of small non-ubiquitous cytoplasmic Ca -binding proteins of EF-hand type. The proteins were referre d to "S100" because of their solubility in saturated ammonium sulphate solution. Sixteen of 21 members are localised in a cluster on human chromosome 1q21 . The clustered organization of these S100 genes is conserved during evolution (Ridinger et al., 1998). A comparison between man and mouse has shown that during evolution, the colinearity of the S100 gene cluster has been destroyed by some inversions. However, the colocalization of the myeloid expresse d S100 genes such as S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 is conserved. It has been speculated, that the structu ral integrity of that part of the locus is necessary fo r the coordinated expression of these genes (Nacken et al ., 2001). Remarkably, the S100 gene cluster is located in clo se proximity to a region which has been frequently rearranged in human cancer (Carlsson et al., 2005) and to the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (Mischke et al., 1996). EDC is a cluster of genes o n chromosome 1q21 encoding proteins that fulfil important functions in terminal differentiation in the human epidermis, including filaggrin, loricrin and others. In addition, linkage analyses have identifi ed a psoriasis susceptibility region, the PSORS4 locus, that is close to the S100 gene cluster (Hardas et al., 1 996; Semprini et al., 2002). These data are important indications for the involvement of S100 genes in inflammatory as well as neoplastic disorders. It ha s been speculated that the rearrangements result in a deregulated expression of S100 genes associated wit h neoplasia.
Investigation on the Extraction of Metal Ions with Different Organophosphorus Compounds . I . The Dissociation , Distribution and Dimerization of Some Di-aryl Esters of Orthophosphoric Acid

The net distribution ratio q of several di-aryl esters ot orthophosphoric acid between chloroform and 1 M (or 0.1 M) HC104 NaC104 solutions has been studied. The distribution of the acids has been measured spectrophotometrically, except in the case of di-(benzyl) phosphate, where a radiometric method has been applied using acid labelled with 32P. Varying the composition of the aqueous and the organic phase a number of data were obtained from which, by fitting the normalized curve log y = log (x + 1), the dissociation, distribution and dimerization constants of the investigated acids were calculated. The values of these constants are given in Table II. Following the equation given by Hammett, the strength as well as the association of the investigated acids can be satisfactorily explained assuming that the inductive polar effect of the substituents affects their dissociation and dimerization constants. The results allow to predict the values of these constants for the orthophosphoric acids carrying other substituents.
Tilburg University Generating Referring Expressions in a Multimodal Context

In this paper an algorithm for the generation of referring expressions in a multimodal setting is presented. The algorithm is based on empirical studies of how humans refer to objects in a shared workspace. The main ingredients of the algorithm are the following. First, the addition of deictic pointing gestures, where the decision to point is determined by two factors: the effort of pointing (measured in terms of the distance to and size of the target object) as well as the effort required for a full linguistic description (measured in terms of number of required properties and relations). Second, the algorithm explicitly keeps track of the current focus of attention, in such a way that objects which are closely related to the object which was most recently referred to are more prominent than objects which are farther away. To decide which object are ‘closely related’ we make use of the concept of perceptual grouping. Finally, each object in the domain is assigned a three-dimensional salience weight indicating whether it is linguistically and/or inherently salient and whether it is part of the current focus of attention. The resulting algorithm is capable of generating a variety of referring expressions, where the kind of NP is co-determined by the accessibility of the target object (in terms of salience), the presence or absence of a relatum as well as the possible inclusion of a pointing gesture.
Determination of Thermal Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolate CHK 3

Food-borne diseases, around 250 different types been described so far, have gained the worldwide concern and among two thirds of such outbreaks are linked to bacteria as causative agents. The pathogenic capability of bacteria causing food-borne infections is largely attributed to their ability to penetrate, survive and multiply inside the host cells, whereas that of bacteria causing food-poisoning depends on their capacity to do so also within the food, along with production of potent enterotoxins. The Gram positive spherical bacteria Staphylococcus aureus remains the predominant causative agent involved under such conditions. Formation and denaturation of bonds is accompanied by release and utilization of energy, respectively. Such an energy change attribute to a molecular activity and even vice versa. Hence, heat treatment, as the source of energy, is the choicest and commonly employed mean at home and industries to control its propagation within food for human consumption. Present study describes effectiveness of thermal denaturation over the bacteria along the structural and physiological aspects.
Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in permanent central incisors and first molars. Methods: Fluoride intake (mg F/kg body weight/day) from diet, dentifrice and both combined was determined on a single occasion in 1998 among children aged 19–39 months living in two fluoridated Brazilian communities (0.6–0.8 ppm F). Six years later, when the permanent teeth of these children had erupted (central incisors and first molars), 49 children aged 7–9 years [20 girls (40.8%) and 29 boys (58.2%)] were evaluated for dental fluorosis. To test the association between fluorosis and fluoride intake, children were dichotomized into two groups, cases (children with dental fluorosis on at least two teeth, TFI ≧1) and noncases (children without dental fluorosis, TFI = 0). Results: Among the case group (n = 29), median fluoride doses from diet, dentifrice and combined were 0.031, 0.050 and 0.083 mg F/kg/day, respectively. Among the noncase group (n = 20), median fluoride doses were 0.029, 0.049, 0.084 mg F/kg/day, respectively. There was no association between dental fluorosis in permanent teeth and fluoride intake from diet, dentifrice and combined (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference between children with and without fluorosis in the permanent central incisors and first molars regarding fluoride intake. However, this study has limitations that must be recognized: fluoride intake was only measured once, and there were no children in the sample with severe degrees of dental fluorosis.
THE SPHERICITY OF THE PHAN GEOMETRIES OF TYPE Bn AND Cn AND THE PHAN-TYPE THEOREM OF TYPE F4 RALF KÖHL (NÉ GRAMLICH) AND STEFAN WITZEL

We adapt and refine the methods developed by Abramenko and Devillers–Köhl–Mühlherr in order to establish the sphericity of the Phan geometries of types Bn and Cn and their generalizations. As an application we determine the finiteness length of the unitary form of certain hyperbolic Kac–Moody groups. We also reproduce the finiteness length of the unitary form of the groups Sp2n(Fq2 [t, t −1]). Another application is the first published proof of the Phan-type theorem of type F4. Within the revision of the classification of the finite simple groups this concludes the revision of Phan’s theorems and their extension to the nonsimply laced diagrams. We also reproduce the Phan-type theorems of types Bn and Cn.
Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect of Crude Extracts and Different Fractions of Stem Bark of Acacia nilotica

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease which is characterized by hyperglycemia, lipoprotein abnormalities, raised basal metabolic rate, defect in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes and altered intermediary metabolism of major food substances. Diabetes is a major degenerative disease in the world today, affecting at least 150 million people and having complications which include hypertension, atherosclerosis and microcirculatory disorders. The crude methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica bark with different soluble partitionates were subjected to investigate for the evaluation of analgesic, hypoglycemic, CNS depressant and antidiarrheal activity on mice and thrombolytic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antioxidant along with cytotoxicity different in vivo experiment. Hypoglycemic activity of the plant Acacia nilotica was evaluated and the result depicted that the Methanolic crude extract, Dichloromethane fraction at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight showed significant hypoglycemic activity compared to the standard.
Genetic Interaction of OsMADS3, DROOPING LEAF, and OsMADS13 in Specifying Rice Floral Organ Identities and Meristem Determinacy1[W][OA]

Grass plants develop unique floral patterns that determine grain production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the specification of floral organ identities and meristem determinacy, including the interaction among floral homeotic genes, remains largely unknown in grasses. Here, we report the interactions of rice (Oryza sativa) floral homeotic genes, OsMADS3 (a C-class gene), OsMADS13 (a D-class gene), and DROOPING LEAF (DL), in specifying floral organ identities and floral meristem determinacy. The interaction among these genes was revealed through the analysis of double mutants. osmads13-3 osmads3-4 displayed a loss of floral meristem determinacy and generated abundant carpelloid structures containing severe defective ovules in the flower center, which were not detectable in the single mutant. In addition, in situ hybridization and yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed that OsMADS13 and OsMADS3 did not regulate each other’s transcription or interact at the protein level. This indicates that OsMADS3 plays a synergistic role with OsMADS13 in both ovule development and floral meristem termination. Strikingly, osmads3-4 dl-sup6 displayed a severe loss of floral meristem determinacy and produced supernumerary whorls of lodicule-like organs at the forth whorl, suggesting that OsMADS3 and DL synergistically terminate the floral meristem. Furthermore, the defects of osmads13-3 dl-sup6 flowers appeared identical to those of dl-sup6, and the OsMADS13 expression was undetectable in dl-sup6 flowers. These observations suggest that DL and OsMADS13 may function in the same pathway specifying the identity of carpel/ovule and floral meristem. Collectively, we propose a model to illustrate the role of OsMADS3, DL, and OsMADS13 in the specification of flower organ identity and meristem determinacy in rice.
Proteomic analysis of sperm regions that mediate sperm‐egg interactions

The sperm interacts with three oocyte‐associated structures during fertilization: the cumulus cell layer surrounding the oocyte, the egg extracellular matrix (the zona pellucida), and the oocyte plasma membrane. Each of these interactions is mediated by the sperm head, probably through proteins both on the sperm surface and within the acrosome, a specialized secretory granule. In this study, we have used subcellular fractionation in order to generate a proteome of the sperm head subcellular compartments that interact with oocytes. Of the proteins we identified for which a gene knockout has been tested, a third have been shown to be essential for efficient reproduction in vivo. Many of the other presently untested proteins are likely to have a similarly important role. Twenty‐five percent of the cell surface fraction proteins are previously uncharacterized. We have shown that at least two of these novel proteins are localized to the sperm head. In summary, we have identified over 100 proteins that are expressed on mature sperm at the site of sperm‐oocyte interactions.