Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airborne carcinogens.

Air pollution has been recognized as a cancer risk for many years. More than 2,800 different chemicals have been identified in the air or emission sources. Only about 10% of these chemicals have been evaluated in bioassays for genetic or carcinogenic effects. Hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing organics, and halogenated organics account for nearly 60% of the airborne chemicals that have been studied in long term animal cancer bioassays or short-term genetic bioassays. The sources that emit the highest number of these potentially carcinogenic chemicals are sources involving combustion (e.g., tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, and coal combustion). Quantitative estimates of the risk of airborne carcinogens in outdoor air consistently show that polycyclic organic matter (POM) from products of incomplete combustion (PICs) make the largest single contribution to human cancer risk. Although the POM emissions from various air pollution sources are chemically similar and induce cancer by a similar genotoxic mechanism, the cancer risk per unit of exposure of these emissions may vary by several orders of magnitude. Among these combustion sources motor vehicle emissions account for the greatest cancer risk in outdoor air. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and radon are the major sources of cancer risk from indoor exposures. There are, however, many uncertainties in identifying the important airborne carcinogens and quantitating the human cancer risk of air pollution. One important uncertainty is the role of atmospheric transformation products in human cancer.
Use of an Electric Field in an Electrostatic Liquid Film Radiator

Abstract: Experimental and numerical work was performed to further the understanding of an electrostatic liquid film radiator (ELFR) that was originally proposed by Kim et al. 1 The ELFR design utilizes an electric field that exerts a normal force on the interface of a flowing film. The field lowers the pressure under the film in a space radiator and, thereby, prevents leakage through a puncture in the radiator wall. The flowing film is subject to the Taylor cone instability, whereby a cone of fluid forms underneath an electrode and sharpens until a jet of fluid is pulled toward the electrode and disintegrates into droplets. The critical potential for the instability is shown to be as much as an order of magnitude higher than that used in previous designs. 2 Furthermore, leak stoppage experiments indicate that the critical field is adequate to stop leaks in a working radiator.
Reliable Leadership Behaviors in Online Communication

We investigate leadership behaviors in online communication to develop reliable relationships with others, by integrating questionnaire survey with influential human networks extracted by the IDM (influence diffusion model). Questionnaire survey is applied to 97 staffs working in an NPO (nonprofit organization) in Japan to understand the reliability toward leaders from the other staffs. Influential human networks are extracted from the archives of E-mail used in the NPO to understand influential relationships between leaders and the other staffs over E-mail. Simply put what we discovered, a leader should catch staffs' messages and reply to them as well as throw new messages to construct reliable relationships. Otherwise, a leader becomes self-righteous, and lose reliabilities from the other staffs.
Multi-agent linear systems with noise. Solving decoupling problem

Dynamical multi-agent systems are being extensively studied by researchers in the field of control theory. It is due to the multi-agents appear in different study subjects as for example in the consensus problem of communication networks, formation control of mobile robots or cooperative control of unmanned aerial vehicles. The disturbance decoupling problem for linear dynamical systems with noise was the starting point for the development of a geometric approach to systems theory. The problem consists in that the disturbance not interfere with the solution of the linear dynamical system; in other words, to find a compensator such that the closed loop transfer matrix from disturbance to output is 0. Several multiagents linear systems are affected by noises, nevertheless almost all the existing results in consensus problem, do not take into account the effects of these noises. The goal of this paper is to advance in the study of the consensus problems under noise disturbances using linear algebra techniques.
Radioprotective effects of dimethyl sulfoxide in golden hamster embryo cells exposed to gamma rays at 77 K. I. Radical formation as studied by electron spin resonance.

Formation of free radicals in golden hamster embryo (GHE) cells in the frozen living state by gamma irradiation has been studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy at 4.2 and 77 K. The relative yields of H atoms, OH radicals, and organic radicals trapped in the irradiated GHE cells are 12, 72, and 16%, respectively, of total radical yields. When dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added to GHE cells at 77 K, a large quantity of CH2SOCH3 radicals (DMSO radicals) are formed after gamma irradiation. The yields of OH radicals are not affected by the addition of DMSO. When the GHE cell-DMSO mixtures are irradiated with gamma rays at 77 K and then warmed to 111 K, the OH radicals decay, whereas the DMSO radicals do not increase complementarily. Moreover, the decay rates of the OH radicals at 111 K do not depend upon the concentration of DMSO. Thus OH radicals do not react with DMSO during warming of the irradiated sample. When H atoms are produced by gamma irradiation of acid ice at 60 K, the decay rates of the H atoms at 77 K increase with increasing DMSO concentration, indicating that DMSO reacts with H atoms (CH3SOCH3 + H----.CH2SOCH3 + H2) at 77 K by quantum-mechanical tunneling. When the GHE cell-DMSO mixture is irradiated with gamma rays at 77 or 4.2 K in the dark, DMSO ions are produced in addition to DMSO radicals. Therefore it is concluded that DMSO does not scavenge OH radicals, but does capture H atoms, holes and/or electrons in the gamma-irradiated cells, resulting in the remarkable formation of DMSO radicals. This scavenger effect of DMSO may be related to the radioprotection of DMSO against cell killing described in the companion paper (Watanabe et al., Radiat. Res., this issue).
Photomorphogenic Responses in Maize Seedling Development1[w]

As an emerging maize (Zea mays) seedling senses light, there is a decrease in the rate of mesocotyl elongation, an induction of root growth, and an expansion of leaves. In leaf tissues, mesophyll and bundle sheath cell fate is determined, and the proplastids of each differentiate into the dimorphic chloroplasts typical of each cell type. Although it has been inferred from recent studies in several model plant species that multiple photoreceptor systems mediate this process, surprisingly little is known of light signal transduction in maize. Here, we examine two photomorphogenic responses in maize: inhibition of mesocotyl elongation and C4 photosynthetic differentiation. Through an extensive survey of white, red, far-red, and blue light responses among a diverse collection of germplasm, including a phytochrome-deficient mutant elm1, we show that light response is a highly variable trait in maize. Although all inbreds examined appear to have a functional phytochrome signal transduction pathway, several lines showed reduced sensitivity to blue light. A significant correlation was observed between light response and subpopulation, suggesting that light responsiveness may be a target of artificial selection. An examination of C4 gene expression patterns under various light regimes in the standard W22 inbred and elm1 indicate that cell-specific patterns of C4 gene expression are maintained in fully differentiated tissues independent of light quality. To our knowledge, these findings represent the first comprehensive survey of light response in maize and are discussed in relation to maize breeding strategies.
Female resistance behaviour and progeny sex ratio in two Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) with paternal genome elimination

The relationship between female mating preferences and sex allocation has received considerable theoretical and empirical support. Typically, choosier females adjust their progeny sex ratio towards sons, who inherit the attractive traits of their father. However, in species with paternal genome elimination, where male sperm do not contain the paternal genome, predictions for the direction of progeny sex ratio biases and their relationship with female choosiness are atypical. Paternal genome elimination also creates a potential for male–female conflict over sex allocation, and any influence of female mate choice on sex ratio outcomes have interesting implications for sexually antagonistic coevolution. Within the Sciaridae (Diptera) are species that produce single‐sex progeny (monogenic species) and others in which progeny comprise both sexes (digenic species). Paternal genome elimination occurs in both species. We explore female mate resistance behaviour in a monogenic and digenic species of mushroom gnat from the genus Bradysia. Our experiments confirmed our theoretical predictions, revealing that in the monogenic and digenic species, females producing female‐biased progeny were more likely to have resisted at least one mating attempt.
Reconfigurable wide to narrow band antenna for cognitive radio systems

A simulation of frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented. The antenna is an integration of wide band monopole antenna with a microstrip slot antenna. It has a capability to operate in wide band (1.85 –7.18 GHz) and narrow band (5.29 GHz). 3 switches are used to select between wide and narrow bands. The proposed antenna demonstrates frequency agility which useful for future communication systems such as cognitive radios.
Modèle Fluide de Réseaux Sans Fils

Nous proposons un modele fluide spatial de reseau qui permet d'etablir une expression analytique simple d'une caracteristique des reseaux sans fils, le facteur d' interference downlink . L'approche que nous developpons est utile dans un grand nombre de problemes lies aux reseaux cellulaires, notamment dans le cadre du dimensionnement de reseaux. Elle simplifie considerabement la complexite de l'analyse necessaire a l'etablissement de resultats precis. L'hypothese sur laquelle repose le modele fluide de reseau radio que nous proposons dans cette these consiste a remplacer un reseau constitue d'un ensemble discret de stations de base par un ensemble continu de stations de base. Ce modele permet d'etablir une expression analytique simple du facteur d'interferences downlink. Cette expression tient compte de la position du mobile dans la cellule.
Enzymatic catalysis in microemulsions: Enzyme reuse and product recovery

A technique for enzyme reuse and product recovery from enzymatic catalysis in microemulsions is demonstrated. The enzymatic reaction is performed in a homogeneous isotropic microemulsion; AOT (sodium bis‐(2‐ethyl‐ hexyl)sulfosuccinate)/isooctane/buffer or C12E5(penta ethylene glycol dodecyl ether)/heptane/buffer. By small temperature changes the systems are shifted to two phase regions, where an oil‐rich phase, containing the product, coexists with a water‐rich phase containing surfactant and enzyme. The oil‐rich phase may be replaced by an oil solution containing new substrate. Thus, the reaction may be continued and the enzyme reused. This procedure was repeated nine times in the present study. Data on phase behavior in presence and in absence of protein, partitioning of the components and a radioactive‐labelled protein between the phases, and the repeated use of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) in the microemulsions are presented.
HER-2 overexpression in breast tumors lacking gene amplification.

thoughtful cost-effective analysis of trastuzumab therapy by examining the costs and benefits of alternative HER-2 testing strategies, including the use of immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The authors define a false-positive IHC test as “the probability of a 3 HercepTest (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) result conditional on a negative FISH result. ” Several questions arise when using a test that detects “false-positive” protein overexpression (IHC) based on a test that detects gene amplification (FISH). The authors themselves cite several studies that suggest single-genecopy HER-2 overexpressors in 3% to 8% of breast tumors. 2-4 Their own data suggest that the false-positive rate is 1.7% (95% CI, 0.4% to 2.9%; Table 2 of their article). 1 In practical terms, therefore, if FISH is negative in a 3 HercepTest tumor, it is still about three times more likely that overexpression is occurring due to single-gene overexpression. The authors also point out that “the likelihood that single-gene overexpression will respond to trastuzumab is unknown. ” With these results, why administer FISH testing in the 3 HercepTest group? The study of Elkin et al provides important new information regarding IHC and FISH. However, only a more definitive test for protein expression should be used to define false-positives, not an assay for gene amplification. Also, until the response of single-gene overexpressing tumors to trastuzumab is known, it would seem that a positive result from FISH testing in the 3 HercepTest group can only confirm a more likely response, but a negative result may lack therapeutic usefulness.
Aye-aye population genomic analyses highlight an important center of endemism in northern Madagascar

We performed a population genomics study of the aye-aye, a highly specialized nocturnal lemur from Madagascar. Aye-ayes have low population densities and extensive range requirements that could make this flagship species particularly susceptible to extinction. Therefore, knowledge of genetic diversity and differentiation among aye-aye populations is critical for conservation planning. Such information may also advance our general understanding of Malagasy biogeography, as aye-ayes have the largest species distribution of any lemur. We generated and analyzed whole-genome sequence data for 12 aye-ayes from three regions of Madagascar (North, West, and East). We found that the North population is genetically distinct, with strong differentiation from other aye-ayes over relatively short geographic distances. For comparison, the average FST value between the North and East aye-aye populations—separated by only 248 km—is over 2.1-times greater than that observed between human Africans and Europeans. This finding is consistent with prior watershed- and climate-based hypotheses of a center of endemism in northern Madagascar. Taken together, these results suggest a strong and long-term biogeographical barrier to gene flow. Thus, the specific attention that should be directed toward preserving large, contiguous aye-aye habitats in northern Madagascar may also benefit the conservation of other distinct taxonomic units. To help facilitate future ecological- and conservation-motivated population genomic analyses by noncomputational biologists, the analytical toolkit used in this study is available on the Galaxy Web site.
Subspace based multi-user spectrum sensing in frequency selective cognitive radio systems

This paper proposes an optimal subspace based detector for multiple primary user spectrum sensing in frequency selective Rayleigh fading wireless channels. The proposed sensing scheme employs the optimal zero-forcing algorithm to null the effect of inter block interference (IBI) occurring due to the multipath nature of the wireless channel and also the multi user interference (MUI) arising due to the presence of other interfering primary users. This is followed by deriving the optimal Neyman-Pearson (NP) criterion based subspace detector to efficiently sense the presence/absence of the desired user. To characterize the efficacy of the proposed detection framework, expressions for the probabilities of false alarm and detection are also derived. Finally, performance comparison with existing detectors is presented.
Designing a Physical Locality Aware Coherence Protocol for Chip-Multiprocessors

Many-core architectures provide an efficient way of harnessing the growing numbers of transistors available. However, energy and latency costs of communication increasingly limit the parallel programs running on these platforms. Existing designs provide a functional communication layer, but not necessarily the most efficient solution. Due to power limitations, efficiency is now a primary concern that motivates us to look again at cache coherence. First, we analyze the communication behavior of parallel applications. The observed sharing patterns reveal considerable locality of shared data accesses between threads with consecutive IDs. This pattern corresponds to strong physical locality between adjacent cores in a chip-multiprocessor (CMP). This paper explores the design of Proximity Coherence: a novel scheme in which L1 load misses are optimistically forwarded to nearby caches via new dedicated links. We exploit these patterns and improve the efficiency of communication. The results show that careful analysis leads to the design of a more efficient coherence protocol. The protocol reduces the latency of load misses by up to 33 percent (17 percent, on average), improving overall execution time by up to 13 percent. Furthermore, it also reduces network-on-chip traffic by 19 percent and energy consumption by up to 30 percent.
Immunological Monitoring of Patients with Melanoma After Peptide Vaccination Using Soluble Peptide/HLA-A2 Dimer Complexes

To facilitate the immunologic monitoring of a peptide vaccine trial, a novel, empty dimeric HLA-A2 molecule (A2 dimer) that could be loaded with peptides was produced. The dimer comprises the extracellular domain of HLA-A2 noncovalently linked to a fusion protein consisting of human &bgr;2-microglobulin joined to the human IgG1 Fc domain. Peptide-loaded dimer complexes were used to assess the function of peptide-specific T cells. HLA-A2 gp100 peptide dimers stimulated interferon (IFN)-&ggr; production by the gp100-specific TIL-1520 cell line. Gp100/A2 dimer stimulation in combination with intracellular cytokine staining was used to analyze peptide-specific T-cell responses in patients with melanoma after vaccination with the modified gp100: 209-2M peptide in adjuvant. Titration analysis of the amount of peptide-loaded dimer required to stimulate gp100-specific T cells was used to estimate the functional avidity of effector/memory CD8+ T lymphocytes. The number of peptide-specific T cells detected in the peripheral blood of vaccinated patients using this assay was comparable to the number determined by staining with fluoresceinated gp100: 209-2M HLA-A2 tetramers. IFN-&ggr; production by T cells was comparable after stimulation with peptide-pulsed dimers, T2 cells, or autologous dendritic cells. Peptide-loaded A2 dimers could also be used directly to stimulate T cells in the ELISPOT assay.
Advanced control of microgrids for frequency and voltage stability : robust control co-design and real-time validation

Cette these porte sur les problemes de stabilite en frequence et en tension des microreseaux isoles avec forte penetration d'energies renouvelables en utilisant des dispositifs de stockage d'energie, et se divise en deux parties principales.Dans la premiere partie, nous proposons une conception systematique d'une structure de commande robuste multi-variable pour le reglage de frequence dans un systeme de generation de puissance hybride diesel-photovoltaique-supercondensateur fonctionnant en mode autonome. La structure de commande proposee repose sur une architecture a deux niveaux: les controleurs d'asservissement de courant bases sur commande PI classique sont places sur le niveau de commande inferieur et recoivent des references d'un niveau superieur qui, lui, est base sur commande H-infini. Une methodologie comprehensive qui traduit les demandes d'ingenierie specifiques de l'operation du microreseau dans le formalisme de commande H-infini est detaillee. Nous montrons egalement comment les specifications de performance dynamiques en boucle fermee doivent a leur tour etre prises en compte dans la configuration et le dimensionnement initiaux du microreseau, c'est-a-dire en choisissant de maniere appropriee et en evaluant le systeme de stockage d'energie. Ensuite, une analyse de performance robuste du controleur H-infini synthetise en presence de diverses perturbations de charge, des variations de puissance active de la source photovoltaique, et des incertitudes du modele est effectuee afin de determiner la plage de variation maximale des parametres pour laquelle les performances de commande imposees sont respectees pour le point de fonctionnement considere. Les simulations numeriques realisees avec MATLAB/Simulink montrent l'efficacite de la strategie de commande robuste de frequence proposee sur un microreseau d'ordre de quelques MVA. Un banc de test de prototypage rapide, qui est compose d'un systeme de stockage d'energie reel a base de supercondensateurs et un reseau diesel-photovoltaique-charge emule, est developpe afin de valider experimentalement cette strategie de commande.La deuxieme partie de cette these se concentre sur le calcul d'un controleur de tension multi-variable base sur commande H-infini afin de forcer robustement l'amplitude de tension du point de couplage commun a satisfaire des specifications dynamiques. La meme idee de la structure de commande a deux niveaux en cascade - ou ce controleur est place sur un niveau de commande superieur et fournit les references de courant aux controleurs de courant places sur un niveau inferieur - est egalement adoptee. Ensuite, la performance et la robustesse du controleur H-infini propose en presence de diverses perturbations de puissance reactive de la charge et de la source photovoltaique, ainsi que des incertitudes du modele, sont etudiees en utilisant des simulations temporelles MATLAB/Simulink.
Effect of arm ergometry training on physical work capacity of individuals with spinal cord injuries.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate arm cycle ergometry as an aerobic training method in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Four male subjects with spinal cord injuries trained for five weeks with arm cycle ergometry. Training sessions were 30 minutes long three times a week at an intensity of 60 to 80 percent of maximal heart rate. Pretraining and posttraining maximal exercise testing consisting of noncontinuous, multistage graded arm ergometry was completed by each subject. Heart rates, oxygen consumption, and work loads were measured. Mean increases of 64.32 percent and 60.54 percent were found for posttraining maximal work loads and maximal oxygen consumption values, respectively. A paired t test (p less than .05) revealed that only the change in posttraining mean maximal oxygen consumption value to be statistically significant. That only this value was significant may be attributable to the small sample size and the large intersubject variability. Implications of these results for clinicians and the limitations of the study are discussed.