Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current review on squamous intraepithelial lesions of the larynx

Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the larynx, clinically usually defined as leukoplakia and chronic laryngitis, have remained the main controversial topic in laryngeal pathology for decades as regards classification, histological diagnosis and treatment. SILs are caused by smoking and alcohol abuse. There is also mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is a potential aetiological factor. Human papillomavirus infection seems to play little if any role in laryngeal carcinogenesis.
Dexmedetomidina en cirugía ortognática

La cirugia ortognatica es ampliamente utilizada en el mundo debido a que corrige disarmonias dentofaciales, estos son procedimientos muy precisos. El sangrado transoperatorio, que se presenta en estas cirugias es importante, por tanto, existe la probabilidad de realizar una transfusion sanguinea. Disminuir el sangrado, es una meta en el manejo anestesico. Los 2 agonistas, como la dexmedetomidina, disminuyen los requerimientos de otros farmacos empleados tanto en la induccion como en el mantenimiento anestesico, accion que al parecer esta relacionada con el efecto inhibitorio sobre la transmision central de tipo noradrenergico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 55 expedientes de pacientes, ambos sexos, sometidos a cirugia ortognatica, con intubacion nasal, mantenimiento anestesico con isoflurano o sevoflurano mas infusion de dexmedetomidina. Se encontro bradicardia del 12%, presion arterial media alrededor de los 70 mmHg, consumo promedio de 43.5 mL de isoflurano y 78 mL de sevoflurano, dexmedetomidina 191.64 g, fentanyl 254.53 g, sangrado de 478 mL. Conclusion: El uso de dexmedetomidina como adyuvante en el manejo anestesico es otra opcion, ya que mantiene cifras tensionales adecuadas sin sangrado importante disminuyendo el requerimiento de transfusiones
Sensorless vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motors based on the improved sliding mode observer

To improve the estimation accuracy of the sliding mode observer (SMO) of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), an improved sliding mode observer is presented for sensorless vector control of the PMSM. A saturation function is used to the improved SMO for overcoming chattering and the observer of back electromotive force instead of the low-pass filter on conventional SMO. Simulation model of sensorless vector control of the PMSM is established based on MATLAB, and the corresponding experiment is performed based on TMS320F2808. Both simulation results and experimental results are obtained to verify the estimation accuracy and the control performance of the PMSM with the proposed improved SMO.
What is the Evidence for the Efficacy of Treatments for Somatoform Disorders? A Critical Review of Previous Intervention Studies

Objective: To review published literature for the highest level of evidence on the efficacy of treatment for patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out in Cochrane library, Medline (1971–2007), PsychINFO (1974–2006), and EMBASE (1980–2007) to identify pharmacological, nonpharmacological, psychological, and other interventions, using the search terms “medically unexplained symptoms,” “somatisation,” “somatization,” “somatoform disorders,” “psychological therapies,” “cognitive behavior therapy,” “pharmacological therapies,” “management,” “therapy,” “drug therapy,” and “anti-depressants” with Boolean operators AND and OR on the entire text. Searches were confined to literature in English. Results: Studies were carried out in primary, secondary, and tertiary care settings. The therapists ranged from medical specialists, psychiatrists, and psychologists to primary care physicians. Three types of interventions (antidepressant medication, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and other nonspecific interventions) were supported by evidence on the efficacy of treatment for patients with medically unexplained symptoms. There is more level I evidence for CBT compared with the amount for other approaches. There was only one study reported from the developing world. Conclusions: CBT is efficacious for either symptom syndromes or for the broader category of medically unexplained symptoms, reducing physical symptoms, psychological distress, and disability. A relatively small number of studies were carried out in primary care, but the trend has been changing over the last decade. No studies have compared pharmacological and psychological treatments. Most trials assessed only short-term outcomes. Use of divergent selection procedures, interventions, outcome measures, and instruments, and other methodological differences observed in these studies hamper the ability to compare treatment effects across studies. CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; MUS = medically unexplained symptoms; RCT = randomized controlled trial; CFS = chronic fatigue syndrome; GP = general practitioner; PPC = psychosocial primary care; NCCP = noncardiac chest pain.
Global Climatic Changes, a Possible Cause of the Recent Increasing Trend of Earthquakes Since the 90’s and Subsequent Lessons Learnt

Over 1 million earthquakes a year can be felt by people on Earth. Large earthquakes and related effects rank among most catastrophic environmental events. Both tectonically active areas of lithospheric plates interactions along their boundaries and intra-plate fault displacements are responsible for rupture yielding seismic waves that shake the ground. Devastating effects of the earthquakes that occurred during the last decades underlines the necessity of a multi-hazard approach regarding the subsequent effect of the tremor waves, such as tsunami waves (Sumatra – Andaman Islands, 2004, NE Japan 2011), soil subsi‐ dence and major accidents at nearby chemical facilities (Turkye, Kocaeli, 1999), explosions at petrochemical and nuclear plant, after failure of the cooling system due to power failure, following the 10 meters tsunami wave (NE Japan 2011), submarine landslides (northern coast of Papua New Guinea, 1998), or landslides and soil liquefaction (“earthquake lake” at Sichuan, China, 2008, Christchurch, New Zeeland, 2011). The multi-hazard concept represents a new direction of research in an integrated manner, with applied global implications. The frequency of the disasters appears to increase in the last decades (Fig. 1,2), and the communities became more vulnerable to the natural hazards, generally due to the complex aspects generated by increased urbanization, land planning and environmental changes. The uncertainties involving the relations between different components of the surrounding environment made more difficult the investigation of each category of natural hazards [1]. Consequently it is necessary to study groups of hazards, not just a single case, and the interaction among them in order to have a clear view of the internal processes and causative factors of the disasters. From this point of view, the disaster seems to be more
Evidence b(i)ased medicine—selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications

Abstract Objectives To investigate the relative impact on publication bias caused by multiple publication, selective publication, and selective reporting in studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. Design 42 placebo controlled studies of five selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors submitted to the Swedish drug regulatory authority as a basis for marketing approval for treating major depression were compared with the studies actually published (between 1983 and 1999). Results Multiple publication: 21 studies contributed to at least two publications each, and three studies contributed to five publications. Selective publication: studies showing significant effects of drug were published as stand alone publications more often than studies with non-significant results. Selective reporting: many publications ignored the results of intention to treat analyses and reported the more favourable per protocol analyses only. Conclusions The degree of multiple publication, selective publication, and selective reporting differed between products. Thus, any attempt to recommend a specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor from the publicly available data only is likely to be based on biased evidence.
Review on Radio Resource Allocation Optimization in LTE/LTE-Advanced using Game Theory

Recently, there has been a growing trend toward ap-plying game theory (GT) to various engineering fields in order to solve optimization problems with different competing entities/con-tributors/players. Researches in the fourth generation (4G) wireless network field also exploited this advanced theory to overcome long term evolution (LTE) challenges such as resource allocation, which is one of the most important research topics. In fact, an efficient de-sign of resource allocation schemes is the key to higher performance. However, the standard does not specify the optimization approach to execute the radio resource management and therefore it was left open for studies. This paper presents a survey of the existing game theory based solution for 4G-LTE radio resource allocation problem and its optimization.
Effects of climate and forest structure on palms , bromeliads and bamboos in Atlantic Forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil

Palms, bromeliads and bamboos are key elements of tropical forests and understanding the effects of climate, anthropogenic pressure and forest structure on these groups is crucial to forecast structural changes in tropical forests. Therefore, we investigated the effects of these factors on the abundance of these groups in 22 Atlantic forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil. Abundance of bromeliads and bamboos were assessed through indexes. Palms were counted within a radius of 20 m. We also obtained measures of vegetation structure, fragment size, annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality and human population density. We tested the effects of these predictors on plant groups using path analysis. Palm abundance was higher in taller forests with larger trees, closed canopy and sparse understory, which may be a result of the presence of seed dispersers and specific attributes of local palm species. Bromeliads were negatively affected by both annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, what may reflect adaptations of these plants to use water efficiently, but also the need to capture water in a regular basis. Bamboos were not related to any predictor variable. As climate and forest structure affected the abundance of bromeliads and palms, human-induced climatic changes and disturbances in forest structure may modify the abundance of these groups. In addition, soil properties and direct measurements of human disturbance should be used in future studies in order to improve the predictability of models about plant groups in Northeastern Atlantic Forest.
Two new synthetic peptides from the N‐domain of CEACAM1 (CD66a) stimulate neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells

Four members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family, CEACAMs 1, 3, 6, and 8, are expressed on human neutrophils and can trigger an activation signal that increases neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers. To identify active sites on CEACAM1, we previously performed molecular modeling using IgG and CD4 as models, and 28 peptides of 14 amino acids in length were synthesized that were predicted to be present at loops and turns between β‐sheets. Three peptides, each from the N‐terminal domain, increased neutrophil adhesion to HUVEC monolayers and upregulated cell‐surface CD11b/CD18 expression on neutrophils. In our earlier study, one N‐domain peptide (CD66a‐7) was not successfully synthesized, and another N‐domain peptide (CD66a‐6) was not soluble in the assay system. In the present study, we have now successfully synthesized CD66a‐7, and a new peptide (CD66a‐6L), that is a modification of the peptide that was insoluble in the earlier study. Both of these new peptides increased neutrophil adhesion to HUVEC monolayers. Importantly, the amino acid sequence of CD66a‐7 is identical to the homologous peptides from CEACAMs 3, 5, and 6, but differs from the homologous peptide of CEACAM8, which was not active in this system. CD66a‐6L is identical to the homologous peptide from CEACAM6. The data suggest that peptide motifs from at least five regions of the N‐terminal domain of CEACAM1 are involved in the interaction of CEACAM1 with other ligands and can initiate signal transduction in neutrophils. Some of these active peptides are identical to homologous regions of other CEACAMs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 25–31, 2011.
A review of the effects of azole compounds in fish and their possible involvement in masculinization of wild fish populations

Abstract Endocrine-mediated effects in fish populations have been widely documented. Most attention has been focused on feminization caused by estrogenic substances, but this paper reviews evidence for the effects of a group of fungicides and pharmaceuticals, the azoles, which have been reported to cause masculinization in fish. The paper considers information from laboratory studies on the effects of azole compounds on fish endocrinology, and on the potential existence of such effects in wild fish. The occurrence of some azoles in effluents and surface waters has also been briefly reviewed. Under laboratory conditions, many azoles are able to cause masculinization or defeminization in fish by inhibition of the P450 enzyme aromatase (CYP19). However, in no case where such effects have been observed in the field has a link been established with this group of substances. In most instances, other more convincing explanations have been proposed. Peak concentrations of some azoles in surface waters can approach those which, under continuous long-term exposure in the laboratory, might lead to some aromatase inhibition. However, available data on exposure and effects provide reassurance that the concentrations of azoles found in surface waters are too low to cause adverse effects in fish by interference with their endocrine system. Compared to the widespread observations of feminization and estrogenic effects in (male) fish, there are relatively few papers describing masculinization or defeminization in (female) wild fish populations, suggesting that this is quite a rare phenomenon. The significance of this result is emphasized by the fact that fish are among the best studied organisms in the environment.
Can we crowdsource language design?

Most programming languages have been designed by committees or individuals. What happens if, instead, we throw open the design process and let lots of programmers weigh in on semantic choices? Will they avoid well-known mistakes like dynamic scope? What do they expect of aliasing? What kind of overloading behavior will they choose? We investigate this issue by posing questions to programmers on Amazon Mechanical Turk. We examine several language features, in each case using multiple-choice questions to explore programmer preferences. We check the responses for consensus (agreement between people) and consistency (agreement across responses from one person). In general we find low consistency and consensus, potential confusion over mainstream features, and arguably poor design choices. In short, this preliminary evidence does not argue in favor of designing languages based on programmer preference.
CONCORDÂNCIA ENTRE DOIS TESTES DE CAPACIDADE AERÓBICA MÁXIMA BASEADOS NA CORRIDA EM ESTEIRA E PISTA, COM JOGADORES DE FUTSAL (pp.291-301)

O futsal e uma modalidade intermitente cuja participacao do metabolismo aerobio e importante na ressintese de ATP e CP gastos anaerobicamente. A capacidade aerobia maxima (VO2max) pode ser mensurada por testes de campo e laboratoriais. Dentre os varios testes indiretos existentes, se destaca o teste de Ellestad, por sua seguranca e capacidade diagnostica de patologias cardiacas, e o teste de Weltman (3200m) que se destaca por sua validade na mensuracao do VO2max em atletas de futebol. Porem, nao existem estudos sobre a concordância entre estes testes em atletas de esportes coletivos, como o Futsal. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi averiguar a concordância entre os testes de Ellestad e Weltman na predicao do VO2max em atletas de Futsal. Quinze jogadores semi-profissionais (25,4 +/- 5,51 anos) realizaram os testes de Ellestad e o de Weltman em dias separados e a concordância foi testada atraves do teste t- studet, correlacao de pearson e analise Bland e Altman. Nao houve diferenca significativa entre os dois protocolos, houve correlacao significativa (r = 0,65; p = 0,004) entre os metodos, mas a analise de Bland e Altman apresentou amplitudes muito altas de Intervalo de Confianca a 95% (15,96 ml.kg-1.min-1). Isso sugere que os testes de Ellestad e Weltman reunem elementos diferentes da especificidade motora da habilidade e da medida a ser realizada.Palavras-chave: VO2max, Testes indiretos, Teste progressivo em esteira, teste constante em pista, Concordância estatistica.
Phospholipase D1 Has a Pivotal Role in Interleukin-1β-Driven Chronic Autoimmune Arthritis through Regulation of NF-κB, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α, and FoxO3a

ABSTRACT Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine playing an important role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the signaling network of IL-1β in synoviocytes from RA patients is still poorly understood. Here, we show for the first time that phospholipase D1 (PLD1), but not PLD2, is selectively upregulated in IL-1β-stimulated synoviocytes, as well as synovium, from RA patients. IL-1β enhanced the binding of NF-κB and ATF-2 to the PLD1 promoter, thereby enhancing PLD1 expression. PLD1 inhibition abolished the IL-1β-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors by suppressing the binding of NF-κB or hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to the promoter of its target genes, as well as IL-1β-induced proliferation or migration. However, suppression of PLD1 activity promoted cell cycle arrest via transactivation of FoxO3a. Furthermore, PLD1 inhibitor significantly suppressed joint inflammation and destruction in IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra−/−) mice, a model of spontaneous arthritis. Taken together, these results suggest that the abnormal upregulation of PLD1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of IL-1β-induced chronic arthritis and that a selective PLD1 inhibitor might provide a potential therapeutic molecule for the treatment of chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders.
Autocrine BDNF Secretion Enhances the Survival and Serotonergic Differentiation of Raphe Neuronal Precursor Cells Grafted into the Adult Rat CNS

RN46A cells are a temperature-sensitive neuronal cell line derived from the E13 rat raphe nucleus. RN46A cells grafted into the adult rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex do not survive beyond 2 weeks. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates the in vitro survival and serotonergic phenotype of RN46A cells, and we hypothesized that expression of BDNF in RN46A cells would potentiate their survival and serotonin (5HT) expression in vivo. The gene encoding rat BDNF was transfected into RN46A cells and the clonal 46A-B14 cell line isolated, 46A-B14 cells synthesize and secrete biologically active BDNF in vitro and synthesize 5HT following partial membrane depolarization. Two weeks following 46A-B14 cell transplantation into the adult rat cortex and hippocampus, there is a threefold increase in survival of 46A-B14 cells compared to RN46A cells transfected with the vector alone. The grafted 46A-B14 cells immunohistochemically stain for BDNF and 5HT, while RN46A cells transfected with vector only are negative for both BDNF and 5HT. In addition, 46A-B14 cells attain more morphologically complex phenotypes, indicating enhanced neuronal differentiation. Autocrine secretion of BDNF by RN46A cells thus potentiates survival and can be used to deliver both BDNF and 5HT in vivo.
Die Rolle des Kallikrein-Kinin-Systems bei der fokalen zerebralen Ischämie

Der ischamische Schlaganfall ist eine der haufigsten Ursachen fur Mortalitat und Behinderungen in der westlichen Welt – entsprechend nimmt die gesundheitliche und volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung dieser Erkrankung einen hohen Stellenwert ein. Eine grose Anzahl experimenteller und klinischer Studien befasste sich in den letzten Jahren mit verschiedenen Mechanismen zur Neuroprotektion, konnte aber die in der experimentellen Forschung erbrachten Ergebnisse in der Klinik nicht bestatigen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die therapeutische Wirkung der Blockade des Kallikrein-Kinin-Systems mittels Antagonisierung des Bradykinin B2-Rezeptors mit einem Nicht-Peptid Antagonisten in einem Tiermodell der temporaren fokalen zerebralen Ischamie zu untersuchen und dabei seine pra- und postischamischen Effekte und moglichen Wirkmechanismen zu erforschen. Unsere Ergebnisse bestatigen die durch B2-Rezeptor-Aktivierung vermittelte Mediatorfunktion des Kallikrein-Kinin-Systems bei der fokalen zerebralen Ischamie. Wir konnten erstmals nachweisen, dass die Blockade des B2-Rezeptors mit dem neu entwickelten Nicht-Peptid Antagonisten LF 16-0687 MS die Infarktbildung hemmt und die funktionelle neurologische Erholung nach temporarer fokaler zerebraler Ischamie bei Ratten verbessert, ohne Nebenwirkungen auf physiologische Kontrollparameter auszuuben. Die dosisabhangige Wirkung von LF 16-0687 Ms konnte in unserem Modell der temporaren fokalen zerebralen Ischamie bei der Ratte bestatigt werden. Mit unseren Ergebnissen konnten wir quantitativ nachweisen, dass durch die B2-Rezeptor-Blockade mit LF 16-0687 Ms die postischamische Hirnschwellung nach fokaler zerebraler Ischamie bei Ratten gehemmt wird. Die neuroprotektive Wirkung besteht auch bei Therapiebeginn nach Ischamie, was die weitere in vivo und in vitro Evaluierung des Antagonisten verdient. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bilden die Grundlage fur weitere Untersuchungen des Kallikrein-Kinin-Systems insbesondere der B1- und B2-Rezeptor-Interaktionen bei fokaler und globaler zerebraler Ischamie, bei Schadel-Hirn-Trauma und bei in vitro Untersuchungen.
Clinical approach to the critically ill, morbidly obese patient.

In the absence of a national registry, the prevalence of critically ill, morbidly obese patients in the United States is not known. On the basis of a retrospective study spanning 7 years of intensive care unit (ICU) data (1994–2000), it is estimated that the incidence of morbidly obese patients requiring intensive care treatment approaches 14 cases per 1,000 ICU admissions per year (1). However, this figure is likely to underestimate the true incidence because the database was restricted to nonsurgical patients. The growing interest in gastric bypass underlines the increased public awareness of the medical and economic consequences of this epidemic. The latest numbers released by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery indicate that the rate of bariatric surgeries has risen in the United States alone from 37,000 cases in the year 2000 to 62,400 cases in 2001 and it is expected that the total number of cases may exceed 100,000 by the end of 2003 (2). Most of the reviews that have provided data on morbidly obese patients have focused on the impact of obesity on individual organ function. Yet, clinical investigations addressing the care of the critically ill, morbidly obese patient are scarce. A recent review published in the AJRCCM detailed the principles and approach to outpatient treatment of obesity (3). The present commentary is aimed at (1) describing the common challenges of treating morbidly obese patients in critical care settings and (2) reviewing the current concepts and suggestions for therapy.