Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cohomology operations for Lie algebras

If L is a Lie algebra over R and Z its centre, the natural inclusion Z → (L*)* extends to a representation i*: ΛZ → End H*(L,R) of the exterior algebra of Z in the cohomology of L. We begin a study of this representation by examining its Poincare duality properties, its associated higher cohomology operations and its relevance to the toral rank conjecture. In particular, by using harmonic forms we show that the higher operations presented by Goresky, Kottwitz and MacPherson (1998) form a subalgebra of End H* (L, R). and that they can be assembled to yield an explicit Hirsch-Brown model for the Borel construction associated to 0 → Z → L → L/Z → 0.
Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy

This paper develops a new framework for examining the determinants of wage distributions that emphasizes within-industry reallocation, labor market frictions, and differences in workforce composition across firms. More productive firms pay higher wages and exporting increases the wage paid by a firm with a given productivity. The opening of trade enhances wage inequality and can either raise or reduce unemployment. While wage inequality is higher in a trade equilibrium than in autarky, gradual trade liberalization first increases and later decreases inequality.
A Review of Gas-Fed Pulsed Plasma Thruster Research over the Last Half-Century

This is summary of gas-fed pulsed plasma thruster (GFPPT) work from the late 1950’s until the present year. The scope includes coaxial, parallel-plate, z-pinch and hybrid geometries using ambient fill or pulsed gas injection techniques with hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, and xenon propellants. The topic is generally limited to “pulsed” devices where the total operation time is less than any plasma or current stabilization time, that is, excluding any “quasi-steady” thrusters. Both capacitor and transmission line (lumped inductor-capacitor) energy sources are considered, however, purely inductive discharges are not due to the absence of electrode effects that may be very important in more prevalent GFPPT designs. This review is divided into three parts according to the place where the research was conducted, the overall subject matter, and then an overview and discussion. In the first part, each section individually covers the work at General Dynamics, General Electric, Lockheed, Republic Aviation, NASA, and Princeton. In the second part, using a combination of repeated information from the previous part as well as new citations from other laboratories, the subjects of current sheet structure and stability (including canting), current sheet acceleration models, theoretical performance scaling, and experimental performance measurement. Both of these parts are designed to stand alone for the convenience of the reader although the first part is designed to provide a much more detailed coverage while the second part is more of a summary. Finally, in the last part, a brief overview of research from over the last half-century and a discussion on the current and future GFPPT research will be presented. In general, this review tries to make use of peer-reviewed journal publications instead of non-reviewed conference papers or technical reports. Although sometimes these will be used to supplement the information contained in the journal articles, frequently the content is very similar. For each section, there will be a summary of the research data and proposed theories presented in the reviewed articles as well as a separate discussion sub-section consisting of this author’s relevant theories and opinions on the topic. Previous reviews of GFPPTs have followed a similar, although perhaps more compressed, format [1, 2, 3]. In this
Understanding and reducing the fear of COVID-19

The world is now plagued by a pandemic of unprecedented nature caused by a novel, emerging, and still poorly understood infectious disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Wu and McGoogan, 2020). In addition to the rapidly growing body of scientific and medical literature that is being published, extensive public reports and stories in both the traditional media and social media have served to generate fear, panic, stigmatization, and instances of xenophobia (Zarocostas, 2020).
New evidence on the determinants of the gap between child support awards and child support receipts

Social scientists and policymakers have documented dramatic changes in the structure of US families over the past decades. In this paper, I analyze the child support compliance gap- the difference between expected payments and received child support payments- using a unique data set from the 1990-1993 SIPP on child support agreements. I explore the factors that determine the existence and the magnitude of a gap in payments using a probit model and regression analysis. Results suggest that both the existence of and magnitude of the child support gap are positively influenced by non-voluntary agreements received by the custodial parent.
Inter-firm relations in global manufacturing: disintegrated production and its globalization

This chapter surveys the state of international scholarly debate on inter-firm relations in global manufacturing. It focuses on the evolving strategies of customers and suppliers within the value chains of core manufacturing industries, such as motor vehicles and complex mechanical engineering products. The analysis is divided into three parts. Section 1 discusses the historical emergence of clustered, flexible and/or vertically disintegrated production (hereafter: disintegrated production) since the 1980s. It contrasts disintegrated production with production within hierarchical, vertically integrated Fordist/Chandlerian firms, arguing that the former has undermined the latter over past thirty years, both in scholarly discussion and to a large extent in the practical orientations of the actors themselves. Two related but distinct variants of disintegrated production are presented: the industrial district/local production system model (ID/LPS) and the lean production/collaborative supply chain model (LP/CSC). Section 2 addresses the globalization of disintegrated production. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of the modularity/contract manufacturing approach to transnational supply chains, and then goes on to contrast these to alternative forms of internationalization by multinational customer and supplier firms. Just as disintegration of production was seen to undermine hierarchy within and between firms in the preceding section, here the global dispersal of production appears to be gradually undermining old hierarchies between developed and developing regions. Recomposable hierarchy, collaboration, and mutual exchange increasingly shape interactions between the two types of manufacturing regions. The subjects of the first two sections can usefully be thought of as historically sequential: vertical disintegration and regionalization occurred prior to extensive globalization of production. Today, however, the analytical distinction between the two has become less sharp as different systems of decentralized producer relations increasingly interact and interpenetrate in ways that generate their own distinctive dynamic. This is particularly true when our focus shifts to small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). Section 3 analyzes interactions between production in developed and developing regions, together with the evolution of SME strategies in high-wage regions in response to the resulting challenges and opportunities. The concluding section considers the implications of these developments for power and inequality in global supply chains.
TITLE Determinants of Teacher Turnover during the 1970 s : The Case of New York State Public School Teachers

AUTHOR Eberts, Randall W. TITLE Determinants of Teacher Turnover during the 1970s: The Case of New York State Public School Teachers. Final Report--Paper III. INSTITUTION Oregon Univ., Eugene. Center for Educational Policy and Management. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE Dec 82 NOTE 28p. ; For papers I and II see, EA 016 375-376. PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143)
On the Techniques to Utilize SiC Power Devices in High- and Very High-Frequency Power Converters

In this paper, we explore the challenges of implementing resonant converters using silicon carbide (SiC) power devices at high frequency: namely, the issue of high parasitic inductance packages and the ability to drive and enhance the <sc>mosfet</sc> at these frequencies. Although power circuit designers have many alternative device technologies to choose from, such as silicon and gallium nitride materials, SiC devices have several advantageous attributes especially in high power applications. As a solution, we study the device performance and parasitics of SiC <sc>mosfet</sc>s in different packaging schemes. We further offer a solution to the challenges of driving SiC devices by demonstrating a multiresonant gate driver and use this scheme to drive an SiC <sc>mosfet</sc> at 30 MHz and a SiC JFET at 13.56 MHz in a class-E inverter, achieving 85.7<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> drain efficiency for the <sc>mosfet</sc> and 93.8<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for the JFET.
Inter-Subject Analysis: Inferring Sparse Interactions with Dense Intra-Graphs

We develop a new modeling framework for Inter-Subject Analysis (ISA). The goal of ISA is to explore the dependency structure between different subjects with the intra-subject dependency as nuisance. It has important applications in neuroscience to explore the functional connectivity between brain regions under natural stimuli. Our framework is based on the Gaussian graphical models, under which ISA can be converted to the problem of estimation and inference of the inter-subject precision matrix. The main statistical challenge is that we do not impose sparsity constraint on the whole precision matrix and we only assume the inter-subject part is sparse. For estimation, we propose to estimate an alternative parameter to get around the non-sparse issue and it can achieve asymptotic consistency even if the intra-subject dependency is dense. For inference, we propose an "untangle and chord" procedure to de-bias our estimator. It is valid without the sparsity assumption on the inverse Hessian of the log-likelihood function. This inferential method is general and can be applied to many other statistical problems, thus it is of independent theoretical interest. Numerical experiments on both simulated and brain imaging data validate our methods and theory.
University of Groningen Mechanism of Ostwald Ripening in 2 D Physisorbed Assemblies at Molecular Time and Length Scale by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Ostwald ripening can improve the long-range order of self-assembled monolayers by the growth of large domains and disassembly of smaller ones. Here, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the dynamics of the stable assembly and the coarsening of defects of physisorbed monolayers of long-chain functionalized alkanes. Our results show that the partial desorption from the surface of one or more adsorbent molecules is the essential process that allows other adsorbent molecules to rearrange on the surface and thereby improve alignment. We also show that the ripening process is faster at higher temperature because the rate of partial desorption is higher.
Analysis of the Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Residential Distribution Grids by using Quadratic and Dynamic Programming

The charging of batteries of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles at home at standard outlets has an impact on the distribution grid which may require serious investments in grid expansion. The coordination of the charging gives an improvement of the grid exploitation in terms of reduced power losses and voltage deviations with respect to uncoordinated charging. The vehicles must be dispatchable to achieve the most efficient solution. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed in this paper: quadratic and dynamic programming. Both techniques are compared in results and storage requirements. The charging can be coordinated directly or indirectly by the grid utility or an aggregator who will sell the aggregated demand of PHEVs at the utility. PHEVs can also discharge and so inject energy in the grid to restrict voltage drops. The amount of energy that is injected in the grid depends on the price tariffs, the charging and discharging efficiencies and the battery energy content. The impact of a voltage controller embedded in a PHEV charger is regarded in this paper. A day and night tariff are applied. The charging and discharging of vehicles can respond to real-time pricing or on a price-schedule as well. Voltage control is the first step in the utilization of distributed resources like PHEVs for ancillary services.
Nonlinear full two-fluid study of m=0 sausage instabilities in an axisymmetric Z pinch

A nonlinear full five-moment two-fluid model is used to study axisymmetric instabilities in a Z pinch. When the electron velocity due to the current J is greater than the ion acoustic speed, high wave-number sausage instabilities develop that initiate shock waves in the ion fluid. This condition corresponds to a pinch radius on the order of a few ion Larmor radii.
Biological Effects of Smoking Vertebral Bone Damage Caused by Smoking

Background Spinal fusion surgery is performed about half a million times per year in the United States and millions more worldwide. It is an effective method for reducing pain, increasing stability, and correcting deformity in patients with various spinal conditions. In addition to being a well-established risk factor for a variety of medical conditions, smoking has deleterious effects on the bone healing of spinal fusions. This review aims to specifically analyze the ways in which smoking affects the outcomes of spinal fusion and to explore ways in which these negative consequences can be avoided. Purpose This article provides a complete understanding of the ways smoking affects spinal fusion from a biochemical and clinical perspective. Recommendations are also provided for ways in which surgeons can limit patient exposure to the most serious negative outcomes associated with cigarette smoking. Study Design/Setting This study was a retrospective literature review done using the NCBI database. The research was compiled at NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases and the NYU Center for Musculoskeletal Care. Methods A comprehensive literature review was done spanning research on a variety of subjects related to smoking and spinal fusion surgery. The biochemistry of smoking and fusion healing were examined in great detail. In addition, both in vivo animal studies and human clinical studies were evaluated to explore fusion success related to the effects of smoking and its biochemical factors on spinal fusion surgery. Results Smoking significantly increases the risk of pseudoarthrosis for patients undergoing both lumbar and cervical fusions. In addition to nonunion, smoking also increases the risk of other perioperative complications such as infection, adjacent-segment pathology, and dysphagia. Treatment options are available that can be explored to reduce the risk of smoking-related morbidity, such as nicotine replacement therapy and use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Conclusions It has been clearly demonstrated from both a biochemical and clinical perspective that smoking increases the rate of perioperative complications for patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery, particularly pseudoarthosis. It has also been shown that there are certain approaches that can reduce the risk of morbidity. The most important recommendation is smoking cessation for four weeks after surgery. In addition, patients may be treated with certain surgical techniques, including the use of BMPs, to reduce the risk of pseudoarthrosis. Lastly, nicotine replacement therapy is an area of continued interest in relation to spinal fusion outcomes and more research needs to be done to determine its efficacy moving forward. other & special categories keywords: spinal fusion, smoking, vertebral column degeneration, pseudoarthrosis, perioperative complications volume 11 issue 4 doi: 10.14444/4029 pages 229 238 by guest on January 2, 2019 http://ijssurgery.com/ Downloaded from
Annual Review of Political Science Firms in Trade and Trade Politics In

We survey the literature on firms as primary actors in trade politics. In contrast with prevailing approaches, firm-centered models predict that trade internally divides industries and that larger firms are the strongest advocates for globalization. This new preference map alters extant predictions about the dynamics of interest group contestation over trade and suggests revised accounts for how political organization and institutions contribute to an open international order. We also explore the potential for new insights into the operation of the global trade regime, the politics of foreign investment, immigration and capital movements, and exchange rates. Political activities undertaken by firms are important areas for further research in international political economy: Their economic engagements directly affect the movement of goods, services, capital, and people across the globe. 399 A nn u. R ev . P ol it. S ci . 2 01 9. 22 :3 99 -4 17 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g b y in so ng @ m it. ed u on 0 5/ 17 /1 9. F or p er so na l u se o nl y. PL22CH22_Osgood ARjats.cls April 6, 2019 13:28
Aligning Campaign Finance Law

Campaign finance law is in crisis. In a series of recent decisions, the Supreme Court has rejected state interests such as anti-distortion and equality, while narrowing the anti-corruption interest to its quid pro quo core. This core cannot sustain the bulk of campaign finance regulation. As a result, an array of contribution limits, expenditure limits, and public financing programs have been struck down by the Court. If any meaningful rules are to survive, a new interest capable of justifying them must be found.This Article introduces just such an interest: the alignment of voters’ policy preferences with their government’s policy outputs. Alignment is a value of deep democratic significance. If it is achieved, then voters’ views are heeded, not ignored, by their elected representatives. Alignment also is distinct from the interests the Court previously has rebuffed. In particular, alignment and equality are separate concepts because equal voter influence is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for alignment to arise. And there is reason to think the Court might be drawn to alignment. In decisions spanning several decades, the Court often has affirmed that public policy ought to reflect the wishes of the people.It is not enough, though, if alignment is merely an appealing value. For it to justify regulation, money in politics must be able to produce misalignment, and campaign finance reform must be able to promote alignment. The Article draws on a new wave of political science scholarship to establish both propositions. This work shows that individual donors are ideologically polarized, while parties and PACs are more centrist in their giving. The work also finds that politicians tend to adhere to the same positions as their principal funders. Accordingly, policies that curb the influence of individual donors would be valid under the alignment approach. But measures that burden more moderate entities could not be sustained on this basis.
Absorption of MARSIS radar signals: Solar energetic particles and the daytime ionosphere

We present observations from the subsurface sounding mode of the MARSIS instrument onboard Mars Express that imply radar wave absorption because of increased amounts of ionization in the upper Martian atmosphere during the fall of 2005. On at least two occasions these radar disruptions lasted for several days and we find that these periods are correlated with periods when other instruments indicate elevated levels of solar energetic particles. Another disruption lasted for over a month and we find that it was likely caused by a combination of solar activity and observing through the daytime ionosphere. There is no evidence in the present results for the constant ionospheric layer predicted to be created by the normal infall of cosmic dust, although the effects of enhanced infall during meteor showers remains uncertain. The effects of dust activity also remain uncertain but will be tested during the 2007 dust season.
X-ray reverberation in 1H 0707−495 revisited

The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H0707-495 has previously been identified as showing time lags between flux variations in the soft-energy (0.3-1 keV) and medium-energy (1-4 keV) X-ray bands that oscillate between positive and negative values as a function of the frequency of the mode of variation. Here we measure and analyse the lags also between a harder X-ray band (4-7.5 keV) and the soft and medium bands, using existing XMM-Newton data, and demonstrate that the entire spectrum of lags, considering both the full energy range, 0.3-7.5 keV, and the full frequency range, 10 -5 ≲ ν ≲ 10 -2 Hz, are inconsistent with previous claims of arising as reverberation associated with the inner accretion disc. Instead we demonstrate that a simple reverberation model, in which scattering or reflection is present in all X-ray bands, explains the full set of lags without requiring any ad hoc explanation for the time lag sign changes. The range of time delays required to explain the observed lags extends up to about 1800 s in the hard band. The results are consistent with reverberation caused by scattering of X-rays passing through an absorbing medium whose opacity decreases with increasing energy and that partially covers the source. A high covering factor of absorbing and scattering circumnuclear material is inferred.
COMBINED EFFECT OF SODIUM BENZOATE AND D-SERINE ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN MICE

D-serine, a D-amino acid (DAA) and an endogenous co-agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor in the brain have potential role in learning and memory processes. Depletion of D-serine by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is associated with learning and memory impairments and D-serine when given alone produces nephrotoxicity. In this work our aim is to study the combined effect of D-serine and sodium benzoate on learning and memory in mice. This combination can minimize the D-serine induced toxicity. The effect of D-serine and sodium benzoate on learning and memory using passive avoidance test and elevated plus maze in scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction in mice is studied. The combined effect of D-Serine and Sodium benzoate could improve the memory by decreases the escape and transfer latency in passive avoidance and elevated plus maze tests. This combination minimizes the D-serine induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Moreover plasma creatinine and urea levels also found to be decreased. Gene expression study also shows some beneficial effects in this combination. In the present experiment, we have examined the combined effects of sodium benzoate (2%), a competitive inhibitor of DAAO and D-Serine WO