Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach

Chapter 1: Becoming an Effective Teacher of Reading PRINCIPLE 3: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS CREATE A COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS Characteristics of a Classroom Community How to Create a Classroom Culture PRINCIPLE 4: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS ADOPT A BALANCED APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION Common Core State Standards PRINCIPLE 5: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS SCAFFOLD STUDENTS' READING AND WRITING Modeled Reading and Writing Shared Reading and Writing Interactive Reading and Writing Guided Reading and Writing Independent Reading and Writing PRINCIPLE 6: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS ORGANIZE FOR INSTRUCTION Basal Reading Programs Literature Focus Units Literature Circles Reading and Writing Workshop Nurturing English Learners PRINCIPLE 7: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION PRINCIPLE 8: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS LINK INSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT Classroom Assessment Tools High-Stakes Tests Accountability Check! Teaching Reading and Writing References Chapter 2: The Reading and Writing Processes Vignette: The Reading Process in Action THE READING PROCESS Stage 1: Prereading Stage 2: Reading Stage 3: Responding Stage 4: Exploring Stage 5: Applying THE WRITING PROCESS Stage 1: Prewriting Stage 2: Drafting Stage 3: Revising Stage 4: Editing Stage 5: Publishing The Writer's Craft READING AND WRITING ARE RECIPROCAL PROCESSES Comparing the Two Processes Classroom Connections Literacy Strategies Accountability Check! Teaching the Reading and Writing Processes References Chapter 3: Assessing Literacy Development Vignette: Second-Quarter Assessments CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT Step 1: Planning for Assessment Step 2: Monitoring Students' Progress Step 3: Evaluating Students' Learning Step 4: Reflecting DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Determining Students' Reading Levels Diagnosing Students' Strengths and Weaknesses Nurturing English Learners HIGH-STAKES TESTING Problems With High-Stakes Testing Preparing for Standardized Tests Nurturing English Learners The Politics of High-Stakes Testing PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT Collecting Work in Portfolios Involving Students in Self-Assessment Showcasing Students' Portfolios Accountability Check! Assessing Students' Literacy Development References Chapter 4: The Youngest Readers and Writers Vignette: K-3 Students' Literacy Development FOSTERING AN INTEREST IN LITERACY Concepts About Print Concepts About Words Concepts About the Alphabet Assessing Children's Concepts About Written Language HOW CHILDREN DEVELOP AS READERS AND WRITERS Stage 1: Emergent Reading and Writing Stage 2: Beginning Reading and Writing Stage 3: Fluent Reading and Writing INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES Morning Message Shared Reading Language Experience Approach Interactive Writing Manuscript Handwriting Writing Centers Accountability Check! Supporting the Youngest Readers and Writers References Chapter 5: Cracking the Alphabetic Code Vignette: First Grade Phonics Instruction PHONEMIC AWARENESS Phonemic Awareness Strategies Teaching Phonemic Awareness Nurturing English Learners Assessing Children's Phonemic Awareness Why Is Phonemic Awareness Important? PHONICS Phonics Concepts Teaching Phonics Assessing Students' Phonics Knowledge What's the Role of Phonics in a Balanced Literacy Program? SPELLING Stages of Spelling Development Nurturing English Learners Teaching Spelling Weekly Spelling Tests Assessing Students' Spelling What's the Controversy About Spelling Instruction? Accountability Check! Assisting Students in Cracking the Alphabetic Code References Chapter 6: Developing Fluent Readers and Writers Vignette: High-Frequency Words READING FLUENCY Automatic Reading Reading Speed Prosody Assessing Reading Fluency WRITING FLUENCY Automatic Writing Writing Speed Writer's Voice Assessing Writing Fluency Nurturing English Learners DYSFLUENT STUDENTS Older Dysfluent Readers Older Dysfluent Writers Obstacles to Fluency Accountability Check! Developing Fluent Readers and Writers References Chapter 7: Expanding Academic Vocabulary Vignette: The Word Wizards Club ACADEMIC VOCABULARY Three Tiers of Words Nurturing English Learners Levels of Word Knowledge Word Consciousness WORD-STUDY CONCEPTS Multiple Meanings of Words Synonyms: Words With Similar Meanings Antonyms: Words That Mean the Opposite Homonyms: Words That Confuse Root Words and Affixes Etymologies: Word Histories Figurative Meanings TEACHING STUDENTS TO UNLOCK WORD MEANINGS Word Walls Explicit Instruction Word-Study Activities Word-Learning Strategies Incidental Word Learning Assessing Students' Vocabulary Knowledge Accountability Check! Expanding Students' Academic Vocabulary References Chapter 8: Promoting Comprehension: Reader Factors Vignette: Comprehension Strategies WHAT IS COMPREHENSION? Reader and Text Factors Text Complexity Prerequisites for Comprehension Comprehension Strategies Comprehension Skills TEACHING ABOUT READER FACTORS Explicit Comprehension Instruction Developing Comprehension Through Reading Nurturing English Learners Assessing Comprehension MOTIVATION The Teacher's Role Students' Role How to Engage Students Assessing Motivation Comparing Capable and Less Capable Readers and Writers Accountability Check! Facilitating Students' Comprehension of Reader Factors References Chapter 9: Promoting Comprehension: Text Factors Vignette: Reading and Writing About Frogs TEXT FACTORS OF STORIES Formats of Stories Narrative Genres Elements of Story Structure Narrative Devices Looking at the Text Factors in a Story TEXT FACTORS OF NONFICTION BOOKS Nonfiction Genres Expository Text Structures Nonfiction Features Looking at the Text Factors in a Nonfiction Book TEXT FACTORS OF POETRY Formats of Poetry Books Poetic Forms Poetic Devices Looking at the Text Factors in a Book of Poetry TEACHING STUDENTS ABOUT TEXT FACTORS Minilessons Comprehension Strategies Reading and Writing Activities Assessing Students' Knowledge of Text Factors Accountability Check! Facilitating Students' Comprehension of Text Factors References Chapter 10: Organizing for Instruction Vignette: A Yearlong Author Study TEACHING WITH BASAL READING PROGRAMS Components of Basal Reading Programs Materials Included in Basal Reading Programs Managing a Basal Reading Program TEACHING WITH LITERATURE FOCUS UNITS Steps in Developing a Unit Units Featuring a Picture Book Units Featuring a Novel Units Featuring a Genre Units Featuring an Author Managing Literature Focus Units ORCHESTRATING LITERATURE CIRCLES Key Features of Literature Circles Implementing Literature Circles Using Literature Circles With Young Children Managing Literature Circles IMPLEMENTING READING AND WRITING WORKSHOP Reading Workshop Writing Workshop Managing a Workshop Classroom Accountability Check! Organizing for Instruction References Chapter 11: Differentiating for Success Vignette: Classroom Interventions WAYS TO DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION Grouping for Instruction Guided Reading Text Sets Tiered Activities Literacy Centers Differentiated Projects STRUGGLING READERS AND WRITERS Struggling Readers Struggling Writers Working With Struggling Students Interventions Accountability Check! Differentiating Literacy Instruction References Chapter 12: Reading and Writing in the Content Areas Vignette: Multigenre Projects CONNECTING READING AND WRITING Reading Trade Books Writing as a Learning Tool Writing to Demonstrate Learning CONTENT-AREA TEXTBOOKS Features of Content-Area Textbooks Making Content-Area Textbooks More Comprehensible Learning How to Study Why Aren't Content-Area Textbooks Enough? THEMATIC UNITS How to Develop a Thematic Unit Nurturing English Learners A First Grade Unit on Trees A Fourth Grade Unit on Desert Ecosystems A Sixth Grade Unit on Ancient Egypt Accountability Check! Using Reading and Writing in the Content Areas References Compendium of Instructional Procedures Anticipation Guides Book Talks Choral Reading Clap and Chant Cloze Procedure Collaborative Books Double-Entry Journals Exclusion Brainstorming Grand Conversations Guided Reading Hot Seat Interactive Read-Alouds Interactive Writing K-W-L Charts Language Experience Approach Learning Logs Making Words Minilessons Open-Mind Portraits Possible Sentences Prereading Plans Question-Answer-Relationships Questioning the Author Quickwriting RAFT Readers Theatre Reading Logs Reciprocal Teaching Revising Groups Rubrics Running Records Semantic Feature Analysis Shared Reading Sketch-to-Stretch Story Boards Story Retelling Studying Spelling Words Sustained Silent Reading Tea Party Think-Alouds Word Ladders Word Sorts Word Walls