Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Piercing the haze.

Ammonia—the colorless, sharp-smelling, and eye-watering gas—is getting a closer look from researchers because of its role in producing deadly air pollution. In developed nations, most ammonia comes from farms that use chemical fertilizers or produce heaps of animal manure. In the atmosphere, it combines with other pollutants to form the tiny, dangerous particles that make up smog. Despite its abundance, however, ammonia is poorly understood. In part, that9s because it is notoriously difficult to track. Ammonia molecules are "sticky" and eagerly combine with other compounds, making it difficult for monitoring instruments to capture them. But new ground-, air-, and space-based sensors are helping bring the sources, movements, and fate of ammonia into clearer focus. The improved monitoring comes as some nations, including the United Kingdom, are moving to slash ammonia emissions. But others, including the United States, have not made limiting ammonia a priority, opting instead to target other key smog ingredients. But the focus on ammonia is likely to intensify. Global emissions of the gas have doubled over the past 70 years and are forecast to continue to rise, in large part because of growing demand for chemical fertilizers. That has put pressure on researchers and regulators to better understand the implications.
The brassiere shop: a front line of assistance to the mastectomy patient.

: This report presents information received from a sampling of breast prosthesis fitters which is of importance to surgeons working with mastectomy patients. The characteristics of various types of external prostheses are described. Shop fitters relate their attitudes about patients, describe patients' reactions to cancer and surgery and the problems encountered in proper fitting, and discuss their limitations as counselors. Fitters' negative attitudes toward reconstruction mammaplasty are also presented. The authors discuss these attitudes and raise questions about appropriate interaction between surgeons and prosthesis fitters.
Factors That Influence Mammography Use Among Older American Indian and Alaska Native Women

Introduction: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women have relatively high breast cancer mortality rates despite the availability of free or low-cost screening. Purpose: This qualitative study explored issues that influence the participation of older AIAN women in mammography screening through tribally directed National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs (NBCCEDPs). Methods: We interviewed staff (n = 12) representing five tribal NBCCEDPs and conducted four focus groups with AIAN women ages 50 to 80 years (n = 33). Results: Our analysis identified four main areas of factors that predispose, enable, or reinforce decisions around mammography: financial issues and personal investments, program characteristics including direct services and education, access issues such as transportation, and comfort zone topics that include cultural or community-wide norms regarding cancer prevention. Conclusion: This study has implications for nurse education and training on delivering effective mammography services and preventive cancer outreach and education programs in AIAN communities.
Craniorachischisis Totalis: A Necropsy Analysis

Neural tube defects are common congenital anomalies seen most commonly among population of low socio-economic status. These anomalies range from spina bifida occulta to craniorachischisis totalis and iniencephaly, which are very rare conditions. In many cases neural tube defects are associated with other malformations. Neural Tube Defects are seen mostly affecting first pregnancy. Neural Tube Defects are seen in all corners of the world. India also has quite high incidence, and in many cases it is due to folic acid deficiency. Here we present a case of Craniorachischisis totalis (Anencephaly with spina bifida aperta) in a 32 week gestation male fetus, born as fourth child to a Muslim mother. Academic autopsy was performed to see the presence of other associated congenital malformations, if any.
Vector Instruction Set Extensions for Efficient Computation of Keccak

We investigate the design of a new instruction set for the Keccak permutation, a cryptographic kernel for hashing, authenticated encryption, keystream generation and random-number generation. Keccak is the basis of the SHA-3 standard and the newly proposed Keyak and Ketje authenticated ciphers. We develop the instruction extensions for a 128-bit interface, commonly available in the vector-processing unit of many modern processors. We examine the trade-off between flexibility and efficiency, and we propose a set of six custom instructions to support a broad range of Keccak-based cryptographic applications. We motivate our custom-instruction selections using a design space exploration that considers various methods of partitioning the state and the operations of the Keccak permutation, and we demonstrate an efficient implementation of this permutation with the proposed instructions. To evaluate their performance, we integrate a simulation model of the proposed ARM NEON vector instructions into the GEM5 micro-architecture simulator. With this simulation model, we evaluate the performance improvement for several cryptographic operations that use the Keccak permutation. Compared to a state-of-the-art NEON software implementation, we demonstrate a performance improvement of 2.2x for SHA-3. Compared to optimized 32-bit assembly programming, we demonstrate a performance improvement of 2.6x, 1.6x, and 1.4x for River Keyak, KetjeSR and KetjeJR respectively. The proposed instructions require 4,658 gate-equivalent (GE) in 90 nm, which represents only a tiny fraction of the hardware cost of a modern processor.
VI. Five‐Year Experience in Finland

FINLAND was selected for the study on the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) because it was reported to have the highest mortality from CHD in Europe. That distinction continues. Information available before the start of our work in Finland included three other points of interest. The quality of medical services was said to be high. Medical disability claims indicated a particularly high incidence of CHD in East Finland (Karelia), but it was suggested that physicians might more readily sign disability claims in Karelia because that region was economically relatively depressed. Third, it was said that the Finns in general are notable for a high level of physical activity and pride themselves on keeping "fit. " The study started late in 1956 and was focused on men of middle age in rural areas of East and West Finland. The aim was to check the facts of the reports mentioned above, to collect data on variables of interest for which information was lacking-the distributions of obesity, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol, the nutrient composition of the diets, smoking habits, etc., and to relate the individual and group characteristics of the men in the two regions to the incidence of CHD. Support was at hand to guarantee only a small initial survey, but it was planned to seek long-term
Gas mixtures for anaesthesia and euthanasia in broiler chickens

The aim of this experiment was to develop an alternative, acceptable and humane method for killing broiler chickens. Our main premise was that euthanasia should preferably take place in two steps. Firstly, the bird should be anaesthetised quickly and completely using appropriate procedures and, secondly, the anaesthetised bird should be killed as quickly as possible. Two gas mixtures were considered for anaesthesia: 40% carbon dioxide with 30% oxygen and 30% nitrogen or 40% carbon dioxide with 15% oxygen and 45% nitrogen. It was found that the birds' behaviour in the high oxygen environment was less disturbed, with less agitation and distress being demonstrated. For this reason, the high oxygen condition is to be preferred and this anaesthetic was used in the second part of the experiment. The bird was exposed for one minute to 40% carbon dioxide, 30% oxygen and 30% nitrogen (anaesthesia) and then to 80% carbon dioxide, 5% oxygen and 15% nitrogen (euthanasia). This condition was compared with the frequently used euthanasia condition involving argon. The use of argon is based on the idea that it produces fast suffocation of the birds. The argon condition consisted of 30% carbon dioxide and 60% argon in air with less than 2% oxygen and 8% nitrogen. The chickens died significantly later in the oxygen/carbon dioxide condition than in the argon condition. Judgements of death were based on both the pattern of electrical brain activity and on heart rate. The time taken for the chickens to become unconscious, as judged from the isolectric electroencephalogram, was also significantly longer in the oxygen/carbon dioxide condition than in the argon condition. However, in the argon condition the birds immediately showed strong signs of agitation and distress, particularly intense and heavy muscle contractions, whereas these signs were less pronounced in the oxygen/carbon dioxide condition. It is concluded that, although the chickens lost consciousness sooner and also died sooner in the argon condition, there are good reasons to prefer the oxygen/carbon dioxide condition because it results in less disturbed behaviour and the birds exhibited milder signs of distress during the period when consciousness cannot be fully excluded. Hence, a milder death, taking somewhat longer, is preferred to a quicker but more distressing death. Finally, the oxygen/carbon dioxide condition was repeated with turkeys when, in general, the results were the same.
Playing checkers with your mind: An interactive multiplayer hardware game platform for brain-computer interfaces

In this paper we describe a multiplayer brain-computer interface (BCI) based on the classic game of checkers using steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs). Previous research in BCI gaming focuses mainly on the production of software-based games using a computer screen - few hardware-based BCI games using a physical board have been developed. Hardware-based games can present a unique set of challenges when compared to software-based games. Depending on where the user is sitting, some stimuli might be farther away from the player, at a steeper viewing angle, conflated with competing stimuli, or occluded by physical barriers. In our game, we light squares on a checkerboard with flickering LEDs to elicit SSVEP responses in the subjects. When a subject attends to a particular square, the resulting SSVEPs are classified and a robot arm moves the selected piece. In a set of pilot experiments we investigated the ability of two subjects to use the SSVEP-based hardware game platform, and assessed how interstimulus distance, interstimulus angle, distance between target stimulus and subject, number of competing stimuli, and visual occlusions of the stimuli influence classification accuracy.
The Lack of Influence of Labor on Human Placental lljS-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity

llβ-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.146) activity and endogenous cortisol and cortisone concentrations were measured in samples of human placenta obtained at term: at elective cesarean section, after labor of spontaneous onset, and after labor of induced onset. Both llβ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the cortisol to cortisone ratios were similar in the three groups of tissues, suggesting that there are no changes in placental corticosteroid metabolism in relation to parturition. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 1251, 1982)
Genetics of substance use disorders

The literature on the existing evidence for a genetic component is reviewed for substance use disorders (SUD), formerly known as substance abuse and substance dependence. The chapter provides a historical perspective of the evolution of genetic understanding in the field. It also discusses the most recent methods of studying genetic factors in SUD, as well as the related discoveries of genes involved in SUD. It concludes on the possible role of genetics in the evolution of the concept and the mechanisms of SUD.
An efficient 3-D spectral-element method for Schrödinger equation in nanodevice simulation

A three-dimensional (3-D) spectral-element method (SEM) based on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) polynomials is proposed to solve the Schro/spl uml/dinger equation in nanodevice simulation. Galerkin's method is employed to obtain the system equation. The high-order basis functions employed are orthogonal and the numerical quadrature points are the same as the GLL integration points, leading to a diagonal mass matrix and a more sparse stiffness matrix. Thus, the proposed method leads to a regular eigenvalue problem, rather than a generalized eigenvalue problem, greatly reducing the computer-memory requirement and central-processing-unit (CPU) time in comparison with the conventional finite-element method (FEM). Furthermore, the SEM is implemented for high geometrical orders, where curved structures can be modeled up to the accuracy comparable to the interpolation accuracy afforded by the basis functions. Numerical examples verify a spectral accuracy with the interpolation orders, and confirm that higher geometrical orders are essential for curved structures to achieve overall spectral accuracy. Examples of quantum dots in various structures, including a waveguide, are analyzed with mixed boundary conditions. Numerical results show that the SEM is an efficient alternative to conventional FEM and to the finite-difference method (FDM) for nanodevice simulation.
Alanine - Valine dynamics in pregnant rabbits

[15N]-alanine and [15N]–valine dynamics were studied in 29 -30 days pregnant New-Zealand rabbits. Over the experimental period, there was no detectable significant difference of mean ± SD of alanine concentrations within the sampling intervals in maternal, umbilical venous and arterial blood samples suggesting that alanine concentration was in a steady state and that the system was not being perturbed. Similar results were obtained for valine. The enrichment of alanine in the umbilical venous blood was 68.9 ± 2.4% lower than that simultaneously obtained from the maternal vein (P isotopic steady state. Comparison of the enrichment of valine in the umbilical venous blood was 54.8 ±6.3% less than that of the maternal blood. Statistical comparison of the umbilical venous and arterial showed no significant difference. This suggests that there was no apparent valine production during the experimental period.
What They Tell You to Forget: From Child Sexual Abuse to Adolescent Motherhood

This study explores the relationship between child sexual abuse and adolescent motherhood, using a life story interview method. The sample consists of 27 mothers participating in a home-visitation parenting program for mothers at risk of child maltreatment. The failure to articulate the violation of child sexual abuse and to appropriately construct blame resulted in a range of self-destructive behaviors, some of which placed mothers at greater risk of teen pregnancy. Repressed feelings associated with the trauma often resurfaced with motherhood as victims reexperienced their innocence and vulnerability as children.
A Person-Centered Communication and Reflection Model: Sharing Decision-Making in Chronic Care

Shared decision making (SDM) is regarded as an ideal in chronic illness care but is difficult to implement in practice. Communication and reflection play an important role and need further investigation. Using grounded theory, we studied patient-provider interaction in a difficult and advanced area: managing poorly controlled diabetes. A person-centered communication and reflection model was developed, identifying SDM in chronic care to be a question of professionals gaining insight into patients' decisions, rather than the opposite. The model reveals important choices in communication and reflection, which were decisive for whether SDM was achieved or not. SDM involved co-creating person-centered knowledge: concrete evidence which empowered patients and professionals in problem solving. Although further testing is required, the general tenets of the model are expected to be applicable across chronic conditions. Findings indicate that SDM in chronic illness care requires innovation in current approaches to decision making and problem solving.
Memory Hierarchies, Pipelines, and Buses for Future Architectures in Time-Critical Embedded Systems

Embedded hard real-time systems need reliable guarantees for the satisfaction of their timing constraints. Experience with the use of static timing-analysis methods and the tools based on them in the automotive and the aeronautics industries is positive. However, both the precision of the results and the efficiency of the analysis methods are highly dependent on the predictability of the execution platform. In fact, the architecture determines whether a static timing analysis is practically feasible at all and whether the most precise obtainable results are precise enough. Results contained in this paper also show that measurement-based methods still used in industry are not useful for quite commonly used complex processors. This dependence on the architectural development is of growing concern to the developers of timing-analysis tools and their customers, the developers in industry. The problem reaches a new level of severity with the advent of multicore architectures in the embedded domain. This paper describes the architectural influence on static timing analysis and gives recommendations as to profitable and unacceptable architectural features.
Relationships Between Humor, Subversion, and Genuine Connection Among Persons With Severe Mental Illness

Although humor has been linked to resilience among many populations, little is known regarding the role of humor in the coping of individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). In this study, a series of interviews focused on humor was completed by 15 individuals with SMI, with narratives analyzed using grounded theory methods.The marginalized and stigmatized social position occupied by persons with SMI was found to affect both the use and meanings of humor. Humor was described as being the subject of clinical scrutiny. Humor was also emphasized as a means of subverting power differentials revolving around the identity of SMI with, for many, the primary goal being the development of “real” and genuine connections with service providers.
In for the Long Haul: Knowledge Translation Between Academic and Nonprofit Organizations

Although scientists are continually refining existing knowledge and producing new evidence to improve health care and health care delivery, far too little scientific output finds its way into the tool kits of practitioners. Likewise, the questions that clinicians would like to be answered all too rarely get taken up by researchers. In this article we focus on knowledge translation challenges accompanying a longitudinal research program with nonprofit organizations providing direct and indirect health and social services to disadvantaged groups in one region of Canada. Three essential factors influencing authentic and reciprocal knowledge transfer and utilization between nonprofit service providers and researchers are discussed: strong institutional partnerships, the use of skilled knowledge brokers, and the meaningful involvement of frontline personnel.
Factors Influencing a Self-Limiting HIV Outbreak Among Ethnic Vietnamese Injecting Drug Users in Melbourne, Australia

Successful HIV prevention programs—such as sterile needle and syringe programs—have ensured that incidence and prevalence of HIV among people who inject drugs remains low in Australia. However, between 1999 and 2006, 20 of the 46 injecting-related HIV notifications in Melbourne (Australia’s second-largest city) were ethnic Vietnamese heroin users. Through in-depth interviews we explored and documented the coping tactics and strategies of 9 ethnic Vietnamese heroin injectors. We explored their experiences of living with HIV, and in this article identify factors that appear to have contributed to limiting the spread of HIV beyond this cluster of people. The data reveal factors associated with this self-limiting outbreak, including consciously avoiding opioid withdrawal and having closed injecting networks. Early and effective engagement with participants by health care workers also appears to have played an important role in containing the transmission of HIV within this group of ethnic Vietnamese heroin injectors.
Estimation of ultrasound strain indices in carotid plaque and correlation to cognitive dysfunction

Carotid plaque prone to release emboli may be predicted by increased strain variations within plaque due to arterial pulsation over a cardiac cycle. Non-invasive ultrasound strain imaging may therefore be a viable surrogate to determine the risk of embolic stroke and possible cognitive impairment. Ultrasound strain imaging was performed on 24 human subjects with significant plaque, who also underwent standardized cognitive assessment (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)) prior to a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) procedure. Radiofrequency signals were acquired using a Siemens Antares with a VFX 13-5 linear array transducer. Plaque regions were segmented by a radiologist at end-diastole using the Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit. A hierarchical block-matching motion tracking algorithm was utilized to estimate the cumulated axial, lateral, and shear strains within the imaging plane. The maximum strain indices of the plaque, defined as mean accumulated strain over a small region of interest in the plaque with large deformations, were obtained. All the strain indices were then correlated with RBANS Total score. Overall cognitive performance was negatively associated with maximum axial and lateral strains respectively. The results demonstrate a direct relationship between the maximum axial and lateral strain indices in carotid plaque and cognitive impairment.