Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of form in morphological priming: Evidence from bilinguals

This article explores how bilinguals perform automatic morphological decomposition processes, focusing on within- and cross-language masked morphological priming effects. In Experiment 1, unbalanced Spanish (L1)–English (L2) bilingual participants completed a lexical decision task on English targets that could be preceded by morphologically related or unrelated derived masked English and Spanish prime words. The cognate status of the masked Spanish primes was manipulated, in order to explore to what extent form overlap mediates cross-language morphological priming. In Experiment 2, a group of balanced native Basque–Spanish speakers completed a lexical decision task on Spanish targets preceded by morphologically related or unrelated Basque or Spanish masked primes. In this experiment, a large number of items were tested and the cognate status was manipulated according to a continuous measure of orthographic overlap, allowing for a fine-grained analysis of the role of form overlap in cross-language morphological priming. Results demonstrated the existence of between-language masked morphological priming, which was exclusively found for cognate prime-target pairs. Furthermore, the results from balanced and unbalanced bilinguals were highly similar showing that proficiency in the two languages at test does not seem to modulate the pattern of data. These results are correctly accounted for by mechanisms of early morpho-orthographic decomposition that do not necessarily imply an automatic translation of the prime. In contrast, other competing accounts that are based on translation processes do not seem to capture the present results.
TRANSLATION INVARIANT N-POLARON SYSTEMS

For systems of N charged fermions (e.g. electrons) interacting with longitudinal optical quantized lattice vibrations of a polar crystal we derive upper and lower bounds on the minimal energy within the model of H. Fröhlich. The only parameters of this model, after removing the ultraviolet cutoff, are the constants U > 0 and α > 0 measuring the electron-electron and the electronphonon coupling strengths. They are constrained by the condition √ 2α < U , which follows from the dependence of U and α on electrical properties of the crystal. We show that the large N asymptotic behavior of the minimal energy EN changes at √ 2α = U and that √ 2α ≤ U is necessary for thermodynamic stability: for √ 2α > U the phonon-mediated electron-electron attraction overcomes the Coulomb repulsion and EN behaves like −N7/3. 2 M. Griesemer and J. S. Møller
Osteoporosis and mineral nutrition. A literature review

Claudio Maioli, Luca Tagliabue, Federico Cioni 1 Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Milan, Unit of Nuclear Medicine ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy E-mail: claudio.maioli@unimi.it; 2 Unit of Nuclear Medicine-ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Milan, Italy; 3 Scientific Disciplinary Area 9 Intensive Treatment of Diabets and its complications, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
Temperature dependence of elastic moduli of β-( Mg , Fe ) 2 SiO

The elastic moduli of polycrystalline wadsleyite, β-(Mg0.91Fe0.09)2SiO4, were measured up to 470 K by means of the resonant sphere technique. The adiabatic bulk (KS) and shear (μ) moduli were found to be 165.72(6) and 105.43(2) GPa at room temperature. The average slopes (dKS/dT and dμ/dT) in the range were determined to be –0.0175(3) and –0.0159(1) GPa/K. We estimated that the P-, S-wave velocity and density jumps for the αto β-phase transformation at the 410-km depth condition were 9.5, 11.2 and 5.4 %, respectively. These results suggest that the olivine component at the depth should be 52 and 42 volume % for Pand S-waves.
Conservation Status of the Endemic Bees of Hawai‘i, Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

ABSTRACT The 60 species of native Hylaeus bees in the Hawaiian Islands are important pollinators in native ecosystems, but they have been almost completely ignored in conservation studies. The only previous assessment of the conservation status of the individual species was not based on recent collections. Here I report on conservation status of all known species, based on collections made from 1999 to 2002. Species are arranged into six categories according to degree of threat, and species considered to be threatened are discussed individually. Five species have not been collected recently from one or more islands from which they are historically known, seven are restricted to endangered habitat, 10 are considered to be very rare and potentially endangered, and 10 have not been collected recently and could be extinct. With such a high proportion of rare species and the importance of Hylaeus species as pollinators, further work on their ecology is needed.
MANAGEMENT OF VARIATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

Although it is best practice if all projects are fully planned, changes in circumstances demand that flexibility must be maintained. Measures should ideally be those that can function in either expected or changed conditions, striking a balance between precision and flexibility. Thus specific clauses, enabling changes to be made to the specification, are inserted in contracts. However, the advantage of this contractual flexibility has been largely overshadowed by reports that variations are the cause for delays, disputes and conflict in the construction process. Some of the arguments' centre upon the amount of compensation due, whether time or money. If these problems are to be reduced, then contracts should be drafted to reflect the needs of the parties in changing circumstances. This is made more pertinent by the nature of construction; both parties will certainly be locked in a relationship for a long period. Given bounded rationality and opportunism, it is more advantageous to provide the parties with the opportunity to negotiate over aspects of the contract that are inconsistent with their own (changed) requirements. The purpose of this research work is to determine the precise areas of contention over variations and to improve contract clauses by specifying a more flexible but enforceable contract drafting policy.
Understanding Users ’ Decision of Clicking on Posts in Facebook with Implications for Phishing

Facebook, the largest social networking site (SNS) with over one billion active monthly users, has been woven into the everyday life of many people. While this platform has drastically improved how we interact with one another, it has also opened up a multitude of security and privacy issues. For example, online attackers are increasingly employing phishing attacks on Facebook, seeking to fool their victims by posing as friends using fake or compromised accounts. These attacks are hard to recognize by the Facebook defense system and users alike, and few studies give any insight into how users interact with such attacks. In this study, we take the first step to understand how users react and decide whether to click when they encounter SNS posts with links, including possibly suspicious links. We found that users decide to interact with shared contents based on their relationship with the post author (from whose account the post is shared; perhaps compromised). At the same time, they mostly ignore the location of the shared post (e.g., post author’s wall or target user’s wall), and any context pointing to a post possibly being suspicious. We also explored the potential of showing a visual warning for suspicious posts. Although our simple warning system failed to prevent users from clicking on suspicious posts altogether, it did reduce the likelihood of users clicking on such posts. Based on our findings, we identified the scope of future work to protect users against phishing attacks in SNSes.
Validity of the Socially Acceptable Behavior (SAB) test as a measure of aggression in dogs towards non-familiar humans

For many years dog aggression has been a matter of concern for the authorities and dog breeding groups. In order to assess aggressive tendencies in dogs, an aggression test was developed (Netto and Planta, 1997). This test consisted of 43 subtests, had to be performed in an indoor enclosure and lasted for approximately 45 minutes per dog. It seemed impossible to use this test for a large population, therefore the Dutch Kennel Club (Raad van Beheer) asked the first author to develop a shorter version of this test that preferably should be performed outdoors. The test, called the Socially Acceptable Behavior test (SAB test), consists of only 16 subtests and is performed outdoors. The definition of aggressive biting during the test includes not only aggressive bites or snaps, but also aggressive attacks in which the dog makes a lunge in an attempt to bite, which fails because it has reached the end of its leash. In this article the validity of the test for aggressive biting behavior is examined by analyzing the data for 330 dogs. To do so, a comparison was made between the test result and the aggressive biting behavior of the dogs prior to the test, as reported by the owners and confirmed by behavioral consultants. The correspondence between the history of biting and the aggressive biting behavior during the test is 82%, when no aggressive biting behavior at all is considered acceptable. When the aggressive biting behavior is allowed in maximum one of 8 specified subtests, in biting behavior is allowed in maximum one of 8 specified, the correspondence raises to 88%, and of the 27 false negatives (28.7%) 18 dogs performed only territorial aggression prior to the test. In the second phase, the predictability of aggressive biting behavior towards people, as shown in the test, is calculated by comparing the test results of 220 dogs with the aggressive biting behavior of these dogs shown in a period of at least 1 year after the test, as reported by the owners. The predictability is 81.8%. The test can be considered to predict in a statistically significant way the occurrence of future aggressive biting behavior of dogs towards unfamiliar people in a non-territorial context in the first year after the test. The existence of false negative results means that the assumption that a dog that passes the test will never bite later is not correct, as aggression is often very contextual. The value of the individual test is that it supplements the other evaluation methods in terms of behavioral consultation and risk evaluation. Further investigation is necessary to compare a dog's individual result to its behavior over a longer period later in life and to investigate the use of the test as a tool in breeding programs.
Surgery on links of linking number zero and the Heegaard Floer $d$-invariant

We give a formula for the Heegaard Floer $d$-invariants of integral surgeries on two-component L--space links of linking number zero in terms of the $h$-function, generalizing a formula of Ni and Wu. As a consequence, we characterize L-space surgery slopes for such links in terms of the $\tau$-invariant when the components are unknotted. For general links of linking number zero, we explicitly describe the relationship between the $h$-function, the Sato-Levine invariant and the Casson invariant. We give a proof of a folk result that the $d$-invariant of any nonzero rational surgery on a link of any number of components is a concordance invariant of links in the three-sphere with pairwise linking numbers zero. We also describe bounds on the smooth four-genus of links in terms of the $h$-function, expanding on previous work of the second author, and use these bounds to calculate the four-genus in several examples of links.
Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems

One of the most spectacular phenomena in nature is the annual return of millions of salmon to spawn in their natal streams and lakes along the Pacific coast of North America. The salmon die after spawning, and the nutrients and energy in their bodies, derived almost entirely from marine sources, are deposited in the freshwater ecosystems. This represents a vital input to the ecosystems used as spawning grounds. Salmon-derived nutrients make up a substantial fraction of the plants and animals in aquatic and terrestrial habitats associated with healthy salmon populations. The decline of salmon numbers throughout much of their southern range in North America has prompted concern that the elimination of this “conveyor belt” of nutrients and energy may fundamentally change the productivity of these coastal freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, and consequently their ability to support wildlife, including salmon. If progress is to be made towards understanding and conserving the connection between migratory sa.
3-D Reconstruction of Iron Gall Ink Writings

Some historical writings cannot be investigated anymore without causing damage by touching or browsing them. Our work shows a non-invasive method for the 3-D reconstruction of historical writings and drawings written with an historical ink consisting of metallic particles. Since the 5th century Iron Gall Ink is in use as an indelible ink and is still in use. Modern, adaptable X-ray scanners used for material testing are able to image this ink such that it can be differentiated from the cellulose-based paper. The first part of our works proofs this assumption by taking single shot X-ray acquisitions. The second part focuses on a novel method that is able to image all pages of a book by a single circular X-ray CT scan followed by a 3-D reconstruction. Applying this method makes it possible to image complete books, writings or drawings without the need of page-turning or touching them anymore.
Some Studies on E-Coli Mastitis in Cattle and Buffaloes -

The aim of this study is to identify the role of E.coli in bovine mastitis, its virulence factors and antimicrobial sensitivity. 360 lactating cows and buffaloes were examined clinically and by CMT, 210 were suffering from clinical mastitis with percentage of 62.7% and 39 (20.36%) E.coli isolates were detected in clinical cases of mastitis, 90 cases were suffering from subclinical mastitis and 6 (6.8%) E.coli isolates were detected in them. The percentage of E.coli in cows was 31 (21.142%) and in buffaloes 8 (18.33%) isolates. Serotyping of E.coli revealed that O55 (30%), O111 (15%), O124 (15%), O119 (10%), O114 (10%), O26 (5%), O157 (10%) and O44 (5%). That’s showing that O55, O111 and O124 the most serotypes causing mastitis. PCR identification of TraT gene revealed 5 cases were positive and give positive reaction at 307 bp. and for eaeA gene revealed 6 cases and give positive reaction at 384 bp. The antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that the most effective antibiotics were lincospectine (56.6%), danofloxacin (56.6%), enrofloxacin (40%) and ceftifure (40%), while the lowest effective antibiotics were oxytetracycline and ampicillin.
Analysis of the genetic diversity of local Swedish chicken breeds using microsatellite markers

The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity, genetic relationship and breed structure of ten local Swedish chicken breeds. A total of 127 chickens from ten breeds were genotyped using 24 autosomal microsatellite markers. Genotyping was performed by amplifying the genomic DNA using multiplex PCR kits and fragment analysis was carried out using genetic analyzer. A total of 124 alleles were detected in all populations, with a mean number of 5.17 alleles per locus. Within breeds, the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.219 to 0.417 and 0.231 to 0.559 respectively, and three breeds (Gotlandshona, Hedemorahona and Skansk blommehona) showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Similarly, 6 of the 24 loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg. Inbreeding within breeds (FIS) was generally high with the overall across loci and breed being 0.181. Due to small sample sizes in 50% of the breeds, the genetic relationship between breeds shown in the neighbor-joining tree was supported by low bootstrap values. The results of the breed structure analysis revealed that the Gotlandshona, Hedemorahona, Olandsk Dvarghona and Svarthona breeds formed their own distinct clusters, but breeds with small sample sizes (Skansk blommehona, Asbohona, Kindahona, Olandshona, Gammelsvensk Dvarghona and Orusthona) clustered together. The results of the current study can be used as baseline genetic information that can be assimilated with genetic conservation programs, for instance, to control inbreeding within breeds and to implement further genetic studies in local Swedish chickens.
Possible Relationships between the South African Captive-Bred Lion Hunting Industry and the Hunting and Conservation of Lions Elsewhere in Africa

The trophy hunting of lions is contentious due to increasing evidence of impacts on wild populations, and ethical concerns surrounding the hunting of captive-bred lions in South Africa. The captive-bred lion hunting industry in South Africa has grown rapidly while the number of wild lions hunted in other African countries has declined. In 2009 and 2010, 833 and 682 lion trophies were exported from South Africa, respectively, more than double the combined export(2009,471;2010,318) from other African countries. There has been an associated increase in the prevalence of the export of lion bones from South Africa: at least 645 bones/sets of bones were exported in 2010, 75.0% of which went to Asia. Such trade could be problematic if it stimulated demand for bones from wild lions or other wild felids. Captive-bred lion hunting differs from wild lion hunting in that lions are hunted in smaller areas (49.9 ±8.4 km2compared to 843 to 5933 km2, depending on the country), hunts are cheaper (US$20 000–40 000 compared to US$37 000–76 000 [excluding the costs of shooting other species and government charges]), shorter (3.3 compared to 14–21 days), success rates are higher (99.2% compared to 51.0-96.0%), and trophy quality is higher (skull length + breadth = 638.8 compared to 614–638 cm). Most clients perceive captive-bred and wild lion hunting to be different products but there is some overlap in markets: 48.7% of clients that had hunted captive-bred lions showed no preference regarding the type of future hunts. Owing to the size of the captive-bred hunting industry, even marginal overlap in demand could affect wild lion hunting significantly. If captive-bred lion hunting were ever prohibited, a transfer of demand to wild lion hunts could lead to elevated off-takes with negative impacts on wild populations. However, if off-takes of wild lions were held constant or reduced through effective regulation of quotas, increased demand could increase the price of wild lion hunts and strengthen financial incentives for lion conservation. These possibilities should be considered if future efforts are made to regulate captive-bred lion hunting.
Chapters School of Hotel Administration Collection 10-2001 Agglomeration Effects and Performance : A Test of the Texas Lodging Industry

While competition decreases rents for firms, the presence of competitors may create benefits. Competitors that agglomerate, that are physically proximate, may create externalities—production efficiencies or heightened demand that increases rents. When such externalities exist, then who gains from and who contributes to them? We examine how other competitors’ traits affect performance in Texas’s lodging industry. In rural markets, we find that chain hotels and larger hotels contribute to positive externalities. While expecting those hotels similar to the establishments creating these externalities to gain, we find the opposite. Independent hotels and smaller hotels gain the most. Interestingly, some establishments are harmed.
Recognition of Emotions in Czech Newspaper Headlines

With the growth of internet community, many different text-based documents are produced. Emotion detection and classification in text becomes very important in human-machine interaction or in human-to-human internet communication with this growth. This article refers to this issue in Czech texts. Headlines were extracted from Czech newspapers and Fear, Joy, Anger, Disgust, Sadness, and Surprise emotions are detected. In this work, several algorithms for learning were assessed and compared according to their accuracy of emotion detection and clas- sification of news headlines. The best results were achieved using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) method with a linear kernel, where the presence of the dominant emo- tion or emotions was analyzed. For individual emotions the following results were obtained: Anger was detected in 87.3 %, Disgust 95.01%, Fear 81.32 %, Joy 71.6 %, Sad- ness 75.4 %, and Surprise 71.09 %.
DRIVERS OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPERS' MARKETING STRATEGIES BASED ON BUYER PREFERENCES

Degisen sosyal, ekonomik ve kulturel etmenler, gayrimenkul olarak konut alim karar tercihlerini etkilemektedir. Konut alicilarinin ulke, bolge ve yorelerin dinamiklerine gore degiskenlik gosteren tercihleri, konut projelerinin ozelliklerini ve akimlarini dogrudan etkilemektedir. Ekonomik durum ve yikici depremler, son on yilda Istanbul’daki konut proje gelistirme yaklasimlarini ve alici kararlarini yeniden sekillendirmistir. Degisik mimari ozelliklere, sosyal tesislere sahip, cesitli tasarim ve uygulama niteliklerini karsilayan projeler ilgi gormekte ve tercih edilmektedir. Bu calismada, yerlesmek uzere alim gerceklestiren potansiyel konut alicilarinin tercih olcutlerinin tespit edilmesi ve siralanmasi amaclanmistir. Cozumleme calismasi, Istanbul’daki konut projelerinin cogunluguna imza atan buyuk konut uretim firmalarinin bakis acisindan gerceklestirilmistir. Bu amacla, gerek yazin taramasi, gerekse de bolgede uygulama yapan profesyonellerle yapilan gorusmelerde elde edilen bilgilere Analitik Hiyerarsi Yontemi (AHY) uygulanmis, konut uretim firmalarinin bakis acisindan konut alicilarinin tercihleri dokuz kategoride ele alinmistir. Calismalar sonucu, bu etkenlerin, firmalarin satis ve pazarlama politikalari, fiyat seviyesi ve odeme kosullari, sosyal etkenler, mimari ozellikler, konum ve ulasim gibi ozellikler sebebiyle firmadan firmaya cesitlilik gosterdigi saptanmistir. Bolge ozellikleri ve gerceklerinin yapilan analitik calismayla degerlendirmesi ve hem konut alicilarina, hem de konut ureticilerine yansitilmasi bu calismanin temel amacidir.
The Role of the Caspase-8 Inhibitor FLIP in Androgen-Withdrawal Induced Death of Prostate Epithelium

Androgen withdrawal induces regression of human prostate cancers, but such cancers eventually become androgen independent and metastasize. Thus, deciphering the mechanism of androgenwithdrawal induced apoptosis (AWIA) is critical to designing new therapies for prostate cancer. Previously we demonstrated that in the rat, castration-induced apoptosis is accompanied by a reduction in the expression of the apical caspase inhibitor FLIP (FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein). To test the functional role of FLIP in inhibiting prostate epithelial cell apoptosis, we employed the rat prostate epithelial cell line NRP-152 (NRP). NRP cells differentiate to a secretory phenotype in low-mitogen media and then undergo apoptosis following TGFß1 addition, mimicking AWIA. NRP cells were stably transfected with constitutively expressed FLIP. NRP clones expressing higher levels of FLIP were refractory to TGFß1 induced apoptosis. TGFß1 induced caspase-3 activity is proportional to the level of cell death and inversely proportional to the level of FLIP expression in various clones. Moreover, neither caspase-3 nor PARP is cleaved in clones expressing high level FLIP. To assess whether a death receptor (DR) ligand is involved in TGFß1 induced apoptosis, we used DR-Fc chimeric proteins that block ligandreceptor interactions. Neither Fas-Fc, DR4-Fc nor DR5-Fc blocked TGFß1 induced cell death. However, insulin increases FLIP and inhibits NRP death, suggesting that FLIP blocks other DRligands and/or mitochondrial apoptosis. Nastiuk, et al., p. 3