Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ceratomyxosis on Population Dynamics of Klamath Fall-Run Chinook Salmon

Abstract Animal populations are frequently infected by pathogens, but it is not always easy to determine the importance of pathogens to overall population dynamics. It is especially difficult to detect the effects of disease in population time series data because the effects are often local while overall population dynamics are also affected by larger-scale environmental factors. We overcame this difficulty by applying multivariate time series analysis to extract local effects from spawning abundance data and by comparing the survival rate of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from two locations in the Klamath River basin of California, one of which is affected by a high concentration of the myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta. To assess the effect of the disease (ceratomyxosis) caused by C. shasta on the population dynamics, we analyzed spatially structured abundance data for naturally spawning salmon and survival data for hatchery-released salmon for associations with exposure to .
Authors' response

1. Mehta G, Abraldes JG, Bosch J. Developments and controversies in the management of oesophageal and gastric varices. Gut 2010;59:701e5. 2. North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of esophageal varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med 1988;319:983e9. 3. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007;46:922e38. 4. Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, et al. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 2004;40:652e9. 5. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, et al. Improved prognosis for patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969e2002. Hepatology 2006;43:500e5. 6. D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006;44:217e31. 7. Bambha K, Kim WR, Pedersen R, et al. Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2008;57:814e20. 8. Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Banares R, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol 2008;48:229e36. 9. Planas R, Montoliu S, Ballesté B, et al. Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1385e94.
Cognitive Development among Young Children in Ecuador

We examine the relationship between early cognitive development, socioeconomic status (SES), child health, and parenting quality in a developing country. We use a sample of more than 3,000 predominantly poor preschool-aged children from Ecuador, and analyze determinants of their scores on a widely used test of language ability. We find that household wealth and parental education are associated with higher scores, and that these associations are larger among older children. Child health and measures of parenting quality are associated with test performance, and account for a fraction, although not the majority, of the association between SES and cognitive development.
Los roles del médico en una perspectiva de los estudiantes de medicina.

espanolMarco Conceptual: Cambios continuos y rapidos de la sociedad en las ultimas decadas, junto a la proliferacion en Chile de escuelas de medicina, hacen necesario indagar acerca de los atributos percibidos por estudiantes de medicina como esenciales y deseables para el rol del medico, a fin de orientar los procesos de formacion profesional hacia la adquisicion de aquellos atributos que satisfagan las necesidades y expectativas de los usuarios finales del acto medico. Objetivos: Evaluar la percepcion de los estudiantes de medicina sobre los atributos del rol medico. Materiales y Metodos: Estudio descriptivo, cualitativo y analitico. Mediante la tecnica de grupos de discusion se realizo la recoleccion de datos primarios a partir de dos muestras de estudiantes de Medicina (1° y 4° ano) obtenidas por un procedimiento mixto de muestreo criterial y al azar. El analisis de los datos obtenidos fue realizado por analisis de contenido discursivo con categorias a priori y emergentes y revisado mediante triangulacion por expertos. Resultados: Las categorias mostraron una percepcion de atributos del rol medico coincidente con la literatura existente, aunque por el caracter cualitativo estos resultados no pueden ser generalizados. EnglishFramework: During last decades, faster and continuous changes in our society, as well as increasing number of medical schools in Chile, have arisen the need to inquire about medical students’ perceptions on essential and basic features that a good physician should have. The main purpose is addressing medical education to achieve these features through learning process, so that the expectations of patients can be satisfied. Aim: To evaluate medical students’ perceptions about features that physician’ role must have. Materials and Methods: A qualitative, descriptive and analytical study was designed and performed in november 2006. Data collection was gathered by focus groups. Primary data were obtained from two samples of medical students (first and fourth years) using criterial and at random selection. Data analyses were performed by content categorization and triangulation. Results: Attitudes and ethical values were more frequent issues. Cognitive competences and skills were much like those described in related jobs. However, due to qualitative design of the study, its results cannot be generalized.
Microbial Symbiosis: Patterns of Diversity in the Marine Environment

SYNOPSIS. Symbiotic associations expand both the diversity of potential ecological niches and metabolic capabilities of the host—symbiont combinations. Symbioses can also be considered to have evolutionary potential in that the partnership can result in a “new organism. ” Associations between chemoautotrophic bacteria and marine invertebrates, discovered only 10 years ago, are now found widely in nature, in habitats ranging from deep-sea hydrothermal vents to coastal sediments. Here I review chemoautotroph—invertebrate associations and discuss the benefits inferred for both partners with regard to the diversity of these symbioses in nature.
THE EFFECTS OF ECCENTRIC TRAINING ON LOWER LIMB FLEXIBILITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background Reduced flexibility has been documented in athletes with lower limb injury, however stretching has limited evidence of effectiveness in preventing injury or reducing the risk of recurrence. In contrast, it has been proposed that eccentric training can not only improve strength and reduce the risk of injury, but also facilitate increased muscle flexibility via sarcomerogenesis. Objective This systematic review was undertaken to examine the evidence that eccentric training has demonstrated effectiveness as a means of improving lower limb flexibility. Design Systematic Review. 6 electronic databases were systematically searched by two independent reviewers to identify randomised clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of eccentric training to either a different intervention, or a no-intervention control group. Studies evaluating flexibility using both joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle fascicle length (FL) were included. 6 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and were appraised using the PEDro scale. Differences in the muscles studied, and the outcome measures used, did not allow for pooled data analysis. Results There was consistent, strong evidence from all six trials in three different muscle groups that eccentric training can improve lower limb flexibility, as assessed using either joint ROM or muscle FL. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that eccentric training is an effective method of increasing lower limb flexibility. Therefore eccentric training is associated with improved flexibility, and not only with gains in strength, performance and injury reduction. Further research is required to compare the increased flexibility obtained after eccentric training to that obtained with static stretching and other exercise interventions.
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease

This widely acclaimed book is a complete, authoritative reference on nutrition and its role in contemporary medicine, dietetics, nursing, public health, and public policy. Distinguished international experts provide in-depth information on historical landmarks in nutrition, specific dietary components, nutrition in integrated biologic systems, nutritional assessment through the life cycle, nutrition in various clinical disorders, and public health and policy issues. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th Edition, offers coverage of nutrition's role in disease prevention, international nutrition issues, public health concerns, the role of obesity in a variety of chronic illnesses, genetics as it applies to nutrition, and areas of major scientific progress relating nutrition to disease.
Planktonic Diatoms from the Gulf of California and Coasts off Baja California: Species of the Genus Thalassiosira

Net phytoplankton samples from the Gulf of California and coasts of Baja California were analyzed, and observations are given on the species encountered of the diatom genus Thalassiosira. The material was studied by light and electron microscopy. Nineteen taxa (18 species and one variety) were identified, with two tentative identifications. Morphological details are provided for most of the species. Four species are new records for the Pacific Mexican waters (including the Gulf of California). This appears to be the first record of the species T. exigua, since its original description. Some species are fairly rare in tropical regions; the most widely distributed species in the areas studied was T. eccentrica. Fairly small species, mainly belonging to the nanoplankton, had not been noticed in the study area as perhaps they were overlooked or misidentified in previous works.
Microbiological Comparison of Inspection-Passed and Reprocessed Broiler Carcasses

Abstract Canadian regulations require that chicken carcasses with visible post-evisceration internal contamination be removed from the process line. Such carcasses are condemned after unaffected parts are salvaged by hot-boning. The present study was performed in order to provide data in regards to the microbiological safety of reprocessed broiler carcasses. Contaminated carcasses were reprocessed manually off-line and in a vent-down position by an immediate 5-sec inside/outside (I/O) spray wash followed by vacuuming and 1 15-sec I/O spray wash. Average colony forming units (log10/mL) for inspection-passed and reprocessed carcasses included: standard plate count (SPC), 3.99 and 3.55; coliforms, 3.49 and 3.07; Escherichia coli, 3.34 and 2.96; and Staphylococcus, 2.42 and 1.53; respectively. The detection frequencies for Salmonella and Campylobacter were 4 and 5% and 84 and 74%, respectively.
Comparing molecular measures for detecting inbreeding depression

Correlations between heterozygosity and components of fitness have been investigated in natural populations for over 20 years. Positive correlations between a trait of interest and heterozygosity (usually measured at allozyme loci) are generally recognized as evidence of inbreeding depression. More recently, molecular markers such as microsatellites have been employed for the same purpose. A typical study might use around five to ten markers. In this paper we use a panel of 71 microsatellite loci to: (1) Compare the efficacy of heterozygosity and a related microsatellite‐specific variable, mean d2, in detecting inbreeding depression; (2) Examine the statistical power of heterozygosity to detect such associations. We performed our analyses in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in which inbreeding depression in juvenile traits had previously been detected using a panel of nine markers. We conclude that heterozygosity‐based measures outperform mean d2‐based measures, but that power to detect heterozygosity‐fitness associations is nonetheless low when ten or fewer markers are typed.
BET 3

CLINICAL SCENARIO A baby is brought in to the ED, by concerned parents, with a high fever and a history of generally being unwell with no clear history pointing towards any clear diagnosis or focus of infection. You wonder whether you need to proceed with a full septic screen or whether a positive diagnosis of influenza on rapid bedside testing would be sufficient to allow safe discharge directly from the ED.
Taxonomic implications of osmoacclimation in Cyanidium caldarium (Tilden) Geitler

Abstract The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of the photosynthetic unicell Cyanidium caldarium have been the subject of considerable debate since its original collection from thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming by Tilden in 1896. This is due partly to its unique natural habitat (it is the only photoautotrophic eukaryote able to grow at temperatures in excess of 50°C and at pH 1) and partly to the fact that no unequivocal data concerning its phylogenetic affiliations have been forthcoming. An investigation into the responses of Cyanidium to changes in external water status has revealed that fioridoside, one of the characteristic photo assimilatory products found in members of the Rhodophyta, is synthesized when this organism is subjected to salt stress. This osmoacclimative response is common to several red algae and confirms that Cyanidium is best regarded as a red alga.
The occurrence of hepatozoon in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

SUMMARY. Hepatozoon sciuri (Coles, 1914) is reported from gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Washington, D.C. and Maryland. Blood smears stained with Giemsa's stain revealed a parasitemia in 16 to 71% of the squirrels examined. A technique for laking the red cells and concentrating the white cells in blood samples demonstrated this protozoon to be present in every squirrel so tested.
GARCH Gamma

This paper addresses the issue of hedging option positions when the underlying asset exhibits stochastic volatility. By parameterizing the volatility process as GARCH, and utilizing risk- neutral valuation, we estimate hedging parameters (delta and gamma) using Monte-Carlo simulation. We estimate hedging parameters for options on the Standard and Poor&apos;s 500 index, a bond futures index, a weighted foreign exchange rate index, and an oil futures index. We find that Black-Scholes and GARCH deltas are similar for all the options considered, while GARCH gammas are significantly higher than BS gammas for all options. For near the money options, GARCH gamma hedge ratios are higher than BS hedge ratios when hedging a long term option with a short term option. Away from the money, GARCH gamma hedge ratios are lower than BS.
In vitro screening of some plant extracts against fungal pathogens of mulberry ( Morus spp.)

Twenty one plant species were screened in vitro for their fungitoxic properties against four fungal pathogens viz., Phyllactinia corylea (Powdery mildew), Peridiopsora mori (Brown rust) and Pseudocercospora mori (Black leaf spot) by slide germination method and Myrothecium roridum (Brown leaf spot) by poisoned food technique. Conidial germination of P. corylea was significantly reduced in 5% (w/v) ethanolic extracts all tested plant. Extract of Cassia tora and Cassia sophera completely inhibited conidial germination of P. corylea. Other effective plant extracts inhibited > 90% germination were Allium sativum (99.56%), Ocimum sanctum (97.80%), Moringa oleifera (97.32%). Conidial germination of Pseudocercospora mori was completely inhibited in extract of A. sativum and D. metel. More than 90% inhibition was observed with extract of Holarrhena antidysentrica (93.10%), Adhatoda Zeylanica (91.40%) and Calotropis gigentia (90.40%). Urediniospore germination of Peridiopsora mori was significantly reduced in 19 plant extracts. Extract of A. sativum and D. metel completely inhibited urediniospore germination P. mori. Other effective plant extracts, which inhibited > 90% germination were Calotropis gigentia (99.40%), Targets patula (98.96%), Azadirachta indica (98.85%), Mirabilis jalapa (95.50%) and Chromoleana odorata (90.51%). Maximum inhibition (33.33%) of colony growth of M. roridum was observed with amendment of 5% solvent extracts of D. metel followed by A. sativum (25%), Chromoleana odorata (20%) and Eucalyptus citriodora (16.66%).
Riqueza e similaridade florística de oito remanescentes florestais no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil

n The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the floristic composition of eight fragments of Calcareous Dry Forest and Arboreal Caatinga in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The survey of the tree species was performed by periodic visits to the fragments. We found 114 tree species belonging to 40 botanical families in the eight fragments. Of a total of 89 species found in the Calcareous Dry Forest fragments, 37 (42%) were typical of this formation. On the other hand, from the 75 species sampled in the Arboreal Caatinga remnants, 25 species (33%) occurred only in these fragments. The cluster analysis suggested that the floristic composition of the fragments was affected by the phytophysiognomy and by local bioecological conditions. The observed relationship between remnant area and tree species richness suggests that area was a good indicator of species richness in the forest fragments. The results of this study indicate that both historical (phytophysiognomy) and ecological (e.g., remnant area and occurrence of human disturbance) factors constitute important elements that determine the composition and richness of tree species of forest fragments in the north of Minas Gerais State.
Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis in spinach leaves: analyses of photosynthetic components and temperature dependencies of photosynthetic partial reactions

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants were grown under the day/night temperature regime of 15/10 °C (LT) or 30/25 °C (HT). The plants were also transferred from HT to LT when the sample leaves were at particular developmental stages (HL-transfer). With fully mature leaves, the light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A) at the ambient CO2 concentration (Ca) of 1500 µL L−1 (A1500) and the initial slope of A versus intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) at low Ci region (IS) were obtained to assess capacities of RuBP regeneration and carboxylation. Photosynthetic components including Rubisco and cytochrome f (Cyt f) were also determined. The optimum temperatures for A at Ca of 360 µL L−1 (A360), A1500 and IS in HT leaves were 27, 36 and 24 °C, whereas those in LT leaves were 18, 30 and 18 °C. The optimum temperatures in HL-transfer leaves approached those of LT leaves with the increase in the duration at LT. The shift in the optimum temperature was greater and quicker for IS than A1500. By the HL-transfer, the maximum values of A1500 and IS also increased. The maximum A1500 and Cyt f content increased more promptly than IS and Rubisco content. Changes in the Cyt f/Rubisco ratio were reflected to those in the A1500/IS ratio. Taken together, photosynthetic acclimation to low temperature in spinach leaves was due not only to the change in the balance of the absolute rates of RuBP regeneration and carboxylation but also to the large change in the optimum temperature of RuBP carboxylation.
Acoustic Communication in the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris): Structure and Use of Vocalizations, and the Principles of Message Coding

The vocal repertoire of guinea fowl was studied in small social groups of birds. Acoustic properties of calls and the concomitant behavioural situation were analyzed in detail in order to reveal the messages transferred by the signals, and the principles of coding used to encode these messages. Such knowledge allows an adequate interpretation of the animal's communication, its competence as well as its limits. Furthermore, indications are provided of neural mechanisms which are required for the perception and discrimination of different, biologically relevant acoustic signals. Zusammenfassung Im Laufrepertoire des Perlhuhns konnen funf akustische Grundstrukturen (“characteristic dimensions”) unterschieden und als Lautgruppen definiert werden, die funf generellen Verhaltenstendenzen zugeordnet sind: — Langsame Frequenzmodulationen von “peep calls” signalisieren allgemeine Aktivitat. — Rasche, periodische Frequenzmodulationen von “trill calls” begleiten gezielte Aufmerksamkeit, die durch ausere Reize hervorgerufen wurde. — Verrauschte harmonische Spektren mit tiefer Grundfrequenz in “noisy calls” weisen auf aggressive Interaktionen. — Harmonische Spektren mit tiefer Grundfrequenz und scharf begrenzten Formanten in “squeal calls” begleiten defensives Verhalten. — Harmonische Spektren mit hoher Grundfrequenz und Amplitudenmodulationen in “harmonic calls” weisen auf einen Sender, der zu sozialen Interaktionen bereit ist. Jede der funf Lautgruppen last sich in mehrere Lauttypen unterteilen (charakterisiert durch unterschiedliche parametrische Bereiche der “characteristic dimension” oder zusatzliche akustische Dimensionen), die jeweils unterschiedlichen Aspekten einer allgemeinen Verhaltenstendenz zugeordnet sind. Obwohl der groste Teil des Repertoires graduiert ist (d. h. zwischen den Lauttypen bestehen keine abrupten akustischen Grenzen), zeigen die Antworten der Empfanger, das sie die verschiedenen Lauttypen unterscheiden. Sie reagieren adaquat entweder auf den Sender oder auf offensichtlich erwartete Ausenreize. Dies fuhrt zum Schlus, das Nachrichten uber die Verhaltenstendenz des Senders und seine Artzugehorigkeit (fur einige Laute noch detaillierter sein Geschlecht, seinen Status, seine Individualitat) ubertragen werden, sowie uber das Vorhandensein bestimmter Klassen von Ausenreizen. Ausenreize werden vom Sender subjektiv klassifiziert, entsprechend ihrer augenblicklichen Bedeutung fur den Sender.
The Effect of High CO2 Atmosphere on the Laying Hen

Abstract HALL and Helbacka (1959) demonstrated that feeding NH4Cl to laying hens increased the albumen height and reduced shell thickness during the feeding period. Hunt and Aitken (1962) confirmed this report and suggested that plasma bicarbonate was depressed during feeding of NH4Cl causing thinner shells. The present preliminary study was conducted to determine if changing the acid base balance via the respiratory system would have the same effect as feeding NH4Cl. EXPERIMENTAL Trial 1. Four Hy-Line laying hens were kept in an enclosed plastic covered chamber of approximately 6.5 cu. ft. to which a 5% CO2 and 95% gas mixture was metered at 4 liter/min. for a 19-hour period. The birds were returned to a normal gas environment for seven days, then exposed again for a 54-hour period to the same gas mixture. The temperature remained 21°C. ±2° and excess moisture was removed with H2SO4. The chamber resembled a closed system. The…
Retraction

The following article from The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 14:1, pp. 1–8, January 2012, ‘Magnetic resonance imaging of uterine abnormalities’, by Penelope Moyle, Lorenzo Mannelli, Mahmood Shafi and Evis Sala, published online on 26 January 2012 in Wiley Online Library (www.wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement with the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Jason Waugh; Blackwell Publishing Ltd; and the authors. As the result of feedback from experts in the field of disorders of sex development, it has been determined that the paper contains some factual errors and out‐of‐date terminology and could be misleading to the readership. All associated continuing professional development (CPD) questions have also been withdrawn.