Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern African Region: How Successful Are They?

Abstract This article reviews the governance and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and the coral reefs they contain, in the eastern African Region. This includes the Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Tanzania, and the Seychelles. Three generations or categories of MPAs are distinguished: i) small areas for protection of a single species or unique marine habitat; ii) large multiple use MPAs designed for coastal development as well as biodiversity protection; and iii) MPAs managed by a nongovernmental organization (NGO) or the private sector. Each of these MPA types is examined according to the policies, legislation, and management systems they entail as well as the economic and community situation they operate within. The paper also provides a review of some eastern African MPAs in terms of their size and location, the type of MPA, zonation schemes, and financial status. The successes of the different types of MPAs are discussed based on specific indicators, such as changes in biodiversity, infrastructure, compliance to regulations and the level of involvement of primary stakeholders in the management. From the review it is clear that a fourth generation of MPAs may be forthcoming; community-based MPAs. Although lack of data makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of these different categories of MPAs, it is clear that no MPA can succeed without support of the local communities. Generally, the results of the analysis are promising for MPAs, however a lack of data is hampering a deeper analysis. The major issues facing MPAs in the region are highlighted, as well as some regional initiatives striving to address these issues. A number of recommendations are made, aiming to strengthen the establishment and management of MPAs in the eastern African region.
Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?

When you did me the honor of asking me to fill your presidential chair, I accepted perhaps without duly considering the duties of the president of a society, founded largely to further the study of evolution, at the close of the year that marks the centenary of Darwin and Wallace's initial presentation of the theory of natural selection. It seemed to me that most of the significant aspects of modern evolutionary theory have come either from geneticists, or from those heroic museum workers who suffering through years of neglect, were able to establish about 20 years ago what has come to be called the "new systematics. " You had, however, chosen an ecologist as your president and one of that school at times supposed to study the environment without any relation to the organism. A few months later I happened to be in Sicily. An early interest in zoogeography and in aquatic insects led me to attempt to collect near Palermo, certain species of water-bugs, of the genus Cprixa, described a century ago by Fieber and supposed to occur in the region, but never fully reinvestigated. It is hard to find suitable localities in so highly cultivated a landscape as the Concha d'Oro. Fortunately, I was driven up Monte Pellegrino, the hill that rises to the west of the city, to admire the view. A little below the summit, a church with a simple baroque facade stands in front of a cave in the limestone of the hill. Here in the 16th century a stalactite encrusted skeleton associated with a cross and twelve beads was discovered. Of this skeleton nothing is certainly known save that it is that of Santa Rosalia, a saint of whom little is reliably reported save that she seems to have lived in the 12th century, that her skeleton was found in this cave, and that she has been the chief patroness of Palermo ever since. Other limestone caverns on Monte Pellegrino had yielded bones of extinct Pleistocene Equus, and on the walls of one of the rock shelters at the bottom of the hill there are beautiful Gravettian engravings. Moreover, a small relic of the saint that I saw in the treasury of the Cathedral of Monreale has a venerable and *Address of the President, American Society of Naturalists, delivered at the annual meeting, Washington, D. C. , December 30, 1958.
Adaptive expression of foreign genes in the clonal variants of bacteria: From proteomics to clinical application

Clonal variants of bacteria are able to colonize environmental niches and patients. The factors, that determine the interplay between the colonization of diverse habitats and adaptation, are acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Elucidation of mechanisms, which lead to the prevalence of dominant bacterial clones in patients and the environment, requires the knowledge of complex phenotypes. It was found in the genomes of most bacteria, that upon a conserved chromosomal backbone there were regions of plasticity achieved by insertions, deletions and rearrangements of genomic islands and islets as well as large chromosomal inversions. However, it had been shown that environmental and clinical isolates are indistinguishable in certain pathogenic and biodegradative properties. For example, clonal variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit convergent phenotypes despite the presence of numerous DNA insertions in the genome. Apart from this feature, expression of a few genes from the acquired genetic material is important for niche‐based adaptation of this organism. Protein expression patterns at the cellular and sub‐cellular levels showed common virulence factors and novel drug targets among clonal variants of bacteria. This review will give a short overview on proteomics of different clonal variants of bacteria with respect to clinical applications.
Feed intake of sheep when allowed ad libitum access to feed in methane respiration chambers.

The patterns of feed intake when animals are allowed ad libitum access to feed in a respiration chamber is not known, nor are the potential effects of the artificial environment of chambers on voluntary feed intake. The objectives of the study were to describe the pattern of hourly feed intake of sheep when fed for ad libitum intake in respiration chambers and determine the repeatability of this pattern and the correlation between feed intake and methane production calculated at hourly intervals. Daily and hourly measurements of methane production and feed intake of 47 Merino wethers were measured in respiration chambers twice, 4 wk apart. We found that hourly feed intake of sheep with ad libitum access to feed in respiration chambers showed a repeatable pattern over the 2 measurement periods (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). During both measurements, sheep ate continuously throughout the 23 h period, but most of the eating occurred during the first 8 h in the respiration chambers. There was a significant linear correlation (r = 0.22) between hourly feed intake and hourly methane production (P < 0.001). An unexpected result from this study was that despite using an accepted and published acclimatization procedure to habituate the animals to the respiration chambers, sheep had 15 to 25% lower feed intake in the respiration chambers compared with their feed intake during the previous week in the animal house pens. In addition, daily feed intake in the respiration chamber was not correlated with feed intake in any of the 7 d before entering the chamber (P > 0.05). Future methane research may consider using feed intake and changes in intake levels as a quantitative indicator of habituation to the methane measurement procedure and environment, which, given the tight association between feed intake and methane production, will be crucial in providing accurate values for methane production.
Dimorphic Mandibular canines in gender determination in Moradabad population of Western Uttar Pradesh

Background and Objectives: Among morphological characteristics that differentiate a male from a female, tooth size has also been evaluated in various populations for its applicability in anthropologic and forensic investigations to identify the gender from dental remains. The present study was undertaken to investigate the accuracy of mesio-distal width of the mandibular canines, inter-canine arch width, and Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) with which gender can be differentiated in Moradabad population and to correlate the results with other available data. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the casts of 30 males and 30 females between the age group of 19-30 years. Results: The mean right and left canine dimension (RCW and LCW) for females was between 6.28 mm and 6.54 mm while that of males was 7.06 mm and 7.45 mm. The mean inter-canine arch width (ICW) in males was 27.64 mm, whereas in females was 23.42 mm. Area under curve (AUC) of ICW, RCW, and LCW had 100%, 98%, and 99.7%. The predicted sensitivity and specificity observed of three criteria was 100% for ICW, 93.3% and 93.3% for RCW, and 96.7% and 100% for LCW, which were found to be highly statistically significant. The mean values of right and left CMI were significantly higher in females as compared to males (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The MCI parameter in the present study was a quick and reliable method for sexual identification and showed sexual dimorphism by both the RMCI and LMCI with greater significance in identifying females by using RMCI.
Calculating the Formula of Line-Voltage THD in Multilevel Inverter With Unequal DC Sources

Multilevel inverters introduce harmonics to the network besides their remarkable advantages. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is one of the most important indexes to evaluate the harmonic contents of waveforms. The conventional method of line-voltage THD calculation gives approximate answers, because high-order harmonics are ignored. In this paper, an analytical algebraic method based on formulating the line-voltage THD of multilevel inverters with unequal dc sources is presented. This method, which is general and applicable to each number of switching angles, is implemented to a five-level inverter with staircase waveform as a case study. The implementing process of this method can be easily repeated for each number of levels. The accuracy of the proposed method is illustrated in comparison with the approximate method. Some advantages of the extracted formulas of line-voltage THD are simplicity and rapidity in calculations, considering all harmonics and the possibility of finding optimal switching angles analytically. Experimental results are presented to validate the theory.
A Solution to Discard Context Information using Metrics, Ontology and Fuzzy Logic

Quality of context (QoC) is any information that describes the quality of the context information itself. The qualification process evaluates if the level of QoC computed meets context consumers' expectations in face of ambiguities, imprecisions or errors in a particular context information. A context management system should deal with those imperfections on a broad sense, including QoC representation, quantification, qualification and dissemination. This paper presents our Hermes Quality (HQ) approach, which combines an ontology, QoC metrics and fuzzy logic-based QoC policies. Experienced nursing professionals helped evaluate the HQ capability to accept and discard irrelevant vital signs of ICU patients. Results show that HQ properly qualifies vital sign measurements in conformance with fuzzy rules representing Nursing knowledge.
Why do papers have many Mendeley readers but few Scopus-indexed citations and vice versa?

Counts of citations to academic articles are widely used as indicators of their scholarly impact. In addition, alternative indicators derived from social websites have been proposed to cover some of the shortcomings of citation counts. The most promising such indicator is counts of readers of an article in the social reference sharing site Mendeley. Although Mendeley reader counts tend to correlate strongly and positively with citation counts within scientific fields, an understanding of causes of citation-reader anomalies is needed before Mendeley reader counts can be used with confidence as indicators. In response, this article proposes a list reasons for anomalies based upon an analysis of articles that are highly cited but have few Mendeley readers, or vice versa. The results show that there are both technical and legitimate reasons for differences, with the latter including communities that use research but do not cite it in Scopus-indexed publications or do not use Mendeley. The results also suggest that the lower of the two values (citation counts, reader counts) tends to underestimate of the impact of an article and so taking the maximum is a reasonable strategy for a combined impact indicator.
Integrated Transformers With Magnetic Thin Films

This paper presents the design and electrical performance of transformers with magnetic thin films for on-chip power conversion and isolation. The inductance of the devices is greatly enhanced by the use of a high-permeability magnetic material as a solenoid core, resulting in an inductance density of 108 nH/mm2. The total thickness of the transformer structures is <;30 μm with a volume inductance density of 3.6~μHmm3. By laminating the magnetic core, losses are well controlled leading to a peak quality factor (Q) of 16 at 40 MHz.
Magnetic petrology of high Fe-Ti eclogites from the CCSD main hole: Implications for subduction-zone magnetism

[1] The high Fe-Ti eclogites with exsolved lamellar in 530–600 m depths from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) main hole in the Sulu Ultra-High Pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, eastern China, record an anomalously high susceptibility (κ), natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and Koenigsberger ratio Q (NRM/Ji, Ji is induced magnetization). This provides us with a good opportunity to study the effects of magnetic minerals and exsolution lamellae on the magnetic properties of deep rocks. In this paper, we have measured systematically magnetic properties and mineral assemblage and structure for three special samples (No. 83, No.86 and No.89). Results show that these Fe-Ti-rich eclogites are the result of the fine-grained (titano)-magnetite exsolution in pyroxene and lamellar structure consisting of finely interlayered ilmenite and hematite in exsolved hemo-ilmenite. We found that the dominant Fe-bearing oxide minerals in samples studied are ilmenite, hematite (Hem + Ilm up to 25%), little (titano)magnetite and pyrite. The ferromagnetic susceptibility is mainly controlled by fine grained (titano)magnetite and NRM is closely related to the exsolved lamellar structure. We hence propose that the anomalous magnetism of these eclogites observed in our samples is the result of exsolution from homogenous pyroxene and ilmeno-hematite during cooling and decompression processes. These Fe-Ti-rich eclogites might be one of the sources of high-magnetic anomalies observed in the Sulu subduction zone, eastern China.
A methodology for OLTP micro-architectural analysis

Micro-architectural analysis is critical to investigate the interaction between workloads and processors. While today's aggressive out-of-order processors provide a rich set of performance events for deep execution cycle analysis, OLTP characterization studies usually use a cache-miss-based method (CMBM). In this work, we investigate the validity and the functionality of CMBM by comparing it with Intel's state-of-the-art Top-down Micro-architecture Analysis Method (TMAM) for OLTP workloads. We show that, while CMBM and TMAM provide a similar high-level micro-architectural behavior, it is inadequate for a fine-grained micro-architectural analysis. We further show that TMAM underestimates memory stalls. We optimize TMAM's execution cycle breakdown, and improve its estimation of memory stalls up to 50%.
Determinación de propiedades de trazos manuscritos por medios interferométricos

Resumen El procesamiento automatico de trazos realizados por seres humanos ha sido aplicado en gran cantidad de situaciones tales como el reconocimiento de texto manuscrito, el procesamiento digital de firmas y el reconocimiento de la caligrafia entre muchas otras. Desde larga data se ha reconocido la importancia de la presion que ejerce el escribiente sobre el papel en cada fragmento del trazo. El uso de esta informacion ha estado restringido a dispositivos de captura que solo pueden obtener la informacion necesaria si el escribiente utiliza un instrumento de escritura especial. En muchos casos seria muy util disponer de informacion acerca de la presion ejercida durante la realizacion de un trazo luego que la escritura se haya realizado. Dependiendo del papel, del instrumento utilizado y de la superficie sobre la que estaba colocado el mismo, se obtienen variaciones en el grosor del trazo y deformaciones en el papel que pueden ser medidas o estimadas. En particular, se han hecho experiencias que prueban que las tecnicas interferometricas son muy aptas para determinar la deformacion de papel producida por la escritura manuscrita. En el presente proyecto se aspira a integrar las tecnicas interferometicas con la informacion de grosor de trazo y los datos clasicos utilizados en el procesamiento de la escritura manuscrita.
Structural and Functional Characteristics of Two Sodium-coupled Dicarboxylate Transporters (ceNaDC1 and ceNaDC2) fromCaenorhabditis elegans and Their Relevance to Life Span*

We have cloned and functionally characterized two Na+-coupled dicarboxylate transporters, namely ceNaDC1 and ceNaDC2, from Caenorhabditis elegans. These two transporters show significant sequence homology with the product of theIndy gene identified in Drosophila melanogasterand with the Na+-coupled dicarboxylate transporters NaDC1 and NaDC3 identified in mammals. In a mammalian cell heterologous expression system, the cloned ceNaDC1 and ceNaDC2 mediate Na+-coupled transport of various dicarboxylates. With succinate as the substrate, ceNaDC1 exhibits much lower affinity compared with ceNaDC2. Thus, ceNaDC1 and ceNaDC2 correspond at the functional level to the mammalian NaDC1 and NaDC3, respectively. Thenadc1 and nadc2 genes are not expressed at the embryonic stage, but the expression is detectable all through the early larva stage to the adult stage. Tissue-specific expression pattern studies using a reporter gene fusion approach in transgenic C. elegans show that both genes are coexpressed in the intestinal tract, an organ responsible for not only the digestion and absorption of nutrients but also for the storage of energy in this organism. Independent knockdown of the function of these two transporters inC. elegans using the strategy of RNA interference suggests that NaDC1 is not associated with the regulation of average life span in this organism, whereas the knockdown of NaDC2 function leads to a significant increase in the average life span. Disruption of the function of the high affinity Na+-coupled dicarboxylate transporter NaDC2 in C. elegans may lead to decreased availability of dicarboxylates for cellular production of metabolic energy, thus creating a biological state similar to that of caloric restriction, and consequently leading to life span extension.
The Target of Rapamycin: Structure and Functions

The target of rapamycin (TOR, also called the mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) is an atypical protein kinase that is highly conserved in eukaryotes (Sarbassov et al. 2005; Wullschleger et al. 2006; Jacinto & Lorberg 2008). It modulates cell growth, metabolism, and cell survival in response to diverse extracellular and intracellular signals, such as growth factors, energy levels, and nutrient status (Reiling & Sabatini 2006; Wullschleger et al. 2006; Jacinto 2008). Inhibition of mTOR activity using rapamycin and more recently via mTOR active site inhibitors and disruption of mTOR complexes, has revealed important insights on how mTOR functions under physiological and pathological conditions (Sarbassov et al. 2005; Proud 2011; Zoncu et al. 2011).
Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation

Research on the creation of new high-technology companies has typically focused either on industry-level factors such as market structure and technology regime or on individual-level factors such as the work experience of entrepreneurs. This study complements these approaches by examining the effect of technological opportunities on firm formation. In particular, the study shows that the probability that an invention will be commercialized through firm formation is influenced by its importance, radicalness, and patent scope.
Explicit compiler-based memory management for out-of-core applications

For a large class of scientific computing applications, the continuing growth in physical memory capacity cannot be expected to eliminate the need to perform UO throughout their executions. For these out-of-core applications, the large and widening gap between processor performance and disk latency is a major concern. Current operating systems deliver poor performance when an application's working set does not fit in main memory. As a result, programmers who wish to solve these out-of-core problems efficiently are typically faced with the onerous task of rewriting their application to use explicit I/O operations (e.g., read/write). In many cases, the end result is that the size of physical memory determines the size of problem that can be solved. In this dissertation, we propose and evaluate a fully-automatic technique which liberates the programmer from this task, provides high performance, and requires only minimal changes to current operating systems. In our scheme, the compiler provides the crucial information on future access patterns without burdening the programmer, the operating system supports non-binding prefetch and release hints for managing I/O in a virtual memory system, and the operating system cooperates with a run-time layer to accelerate performance by adapting to dynamic behavior and minimizing prefetch overhead. This approach maintains the abstraction of unlimited virtual memory for the programmer, gives the compiler the flexibility to aggressively insert prefetches ahead of references, and gives the operating system the flexibility to arbitrate between the competing resource demands of multiple applications. We implemented our compiler analysis within the SUIF compiler, and used it to target implementations of our run-time and operating system support on both research and commercial systems (HURRICANE and I RIX 6.5, respectively). Our experimental results show large performance gains for out-of-core scientific applications on both systems: more than 50% of the I/O stall time has been eliminated in most cases, thus translating into overall speedups of roughly twofold in many cases. Our initial experiments motivated a new compiler scheduling algorithm that is capable of tolerating the large and variable latencies that are common for disk accesses, in the presence of multiply-nested loops with unknown bounds. On our current experimental systems, many of our benchmark applications remain I/O bound, however, we show that the new scheduling algorithms are able to substantially improve performance in some cases, reducing execution time by an additional 36% in the best case. We further show that the new algorithms should enable applications to make more effective use of higher-bandwidth disk systems that will be available in the future.