Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelled land use and land cover change emissions – a spatio-temporal comparison of different approaches

Abstract. Quantifying the net carbon flux from land use and land cover changes (fLULCC) is critical for understanding the global carbon cycle and, hence, to support climate change mitigation. However, large-scale fLULCC is not directly measurable and has to be inferred from models instead, such as semi-empirical bookkeeping models and process-based dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). By definition, fLULCC estimates are not directly comparable between these two different model types. As an important example, DGVM-based fLULCC in the annual global carbon budgets is estimated under transient environmental forcing and includes the so-called loss of additional sink capacity (LASC). The LASC results from the impact of environmental changes on land carbon storage potential of managed land compared to potential vegetation and accumulates over time, which is not captured in bookkeeping models. The fLULCC from transient DGVM simulations, thus, strongly depends on the timing of land use and land cover changes mainly because LASC accumulation is cut off at the end of the simulated period. To estimate the LASC, the fLULCC from pre-industrial DGVM simulations, which is independent of changing environmental conditions, can be used. Additionally, DGVMs using constant present-day environmental forcing enable an approximation of bookkeeping estimates. Here, we analyse these three DGVM-derived fLULCC estimations (under transient, pre-industrial, and present-day forcing) for 12 models within 18 regions and quantify their differences as well as climate- and CO2-induced components and compare them to bookkeeping estimates. Averaged across the models, we find a global fLULCC (under transient conditions) of 2.0±0.6 PgC yr−1 for 2009–2018, of which ∼40 % are attributable to the LASC (0.8±0.3 PgC yr−1). From 1850 onward, the fLULCC accumulated to 189±56 PgC with 40±15 PgC from the LASC. Around 1960, the accumulating nature of the LASC causes global transient fLULCC estimates to exceed estimates under present-day conditions, despite generally increased carbon stocks in the latter. Regional hotspots of high cumulative and annual LASC values are found in the USA, China, Brazil, equatorial Africa, and Southeast Asia, mainly due to deforestation for cropland. Distinct negative LASC estimates in Europe (early reforestation) and from 2000 onward in the Ukraine (recultivation of post-Soviet abandoned agricultural land), indicate that fLULCC estimates in these regions are lower in transient DGVM compared to bookkeeping approaches. Our study unravels the strong dependence of fLULCC estimates on the time a certain land use and land cover change event happened to occur and on the chosen time period for the forcing of environmental conditions in the underlying simulations. We argue for an approach that provides an accounting of the fLULCC that is more robust against these choices, for example by estimating a mean DGVM ensemble fLULCC and LASC for a defined reference period and homogeneous environmental changes (CO2 only).
Nighttime isoprene chemistry at an urban‐impacted forest site

Isoprene and its oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) were measured over a 4 week period in July of 1995 at a rural/forest site near Nashville, Tennessee, as part of the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) field intensive. High nighttime isoprene mixing ratios, measured during a 3 day period of stagnant high pressure, are reported. These high nighttime isoprene events are interpreted as a result of continuing emission of isoprene into a developing shallow nocturnal boundary layer in the early evening, followed by advective transport under the inversion to the measurement site. During some evenings, there is very rapid decay of isoprene just after sunset. These events occurred when the product [O 3 ]. [NO 2 ] was relatively large, consistent with loss via reaction with NO 3 . A chemical box model showed that isoprene decays were consistent with the NO 3 mechanism but only for relatively high NO x conditions. This study indicates that nighttime processing of isoprene can be important for forested regions susceptible to high-NO x transport events. We also find that this nighttime NO 3 chemistry can lead to conditions where, at least at the surface, a significant fraction of the NO y is in the form of organic nitrates that are products of the NO 3 -isoprene reaction and that the NO 3 -isoprene reaction can be the dominant NO 3 sink.
Food Insecurity and Anthropometry in Adolescents: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: The increased risk of malnutrition is affected by food insecurity. Studies in adolescents still show mixed results. AIM: This article aimed to evaluate the association between food insecurity and anthropometry measurements in studies involving adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The databases used to obtain the literature were PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and PubMed Central. The keywords used were food security, food insecurity, hunger, malnutrition, obesity, adolescence, adolescents, teenagers, teens, and youth in studies published from 2010 to 2019. A total of 12 articles were used in this review. RESULTS: The association between food insecurity and the incidence of malnutrition in adolescents in various regions is still diverse. Food insecurity had a negative correlation with BMI-for-age in three studies (33.3%), but one study (11.1%) showed the opposite result. Food insecurity was positively related to low height-for-age (stunting) in 50% of studies, while five other studies (55.6%) showed that food insecurity was not related to BMI-for-age or weight-for-age. Three studies (50%) showed that there was no association between food insecurity and height-for-age. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal studies, such as Cohort studies, need to be conducted to ensure the actual relationship between food insecurity and nutritional status in various regions.
Relationship between peripheral blood CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and IL-21 levels and ovarian function in patients with premature ovarian failure

Objective: This study aimed to discuss the relationship between peripheral blood (PB) CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and interleukin-21 (IL-21) levels and ovarian function in patients with premature ovarian failure (POF). Methods: Study group (SG) included 53 POF patients and control group (CG) included 53 healthy women of child-bearing age with regular menstruation in the same stage, and the CD3-+ HLA-DR cells, IL-21 levels, six sex hormones and immune cell indices were detected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation of CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and IL-21 levels with six sex hormones and immune cell indices. Results: (1) The percentage of CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and IL-21 levels in SG were much higher than those in CG (P<0.05). (2) The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in SG were much higher than those in CG (P<0.05), but the levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T) and prolactin (PRL) in SG were much lower than those in CG (P<0.05). (3) The levels of CD3+ and CD8+ in SG were much higher than those in CG (P<0.05), but the levels of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in SG were much lower than those in CG (P<0.05). (4) There was a positive correlation between CD3-+ HLA-DR and IL-21 levels (r=0.520, P<0.001). CD3-+ HLA-DR was positively correlated with FSH, LH, CD3+ and CD8+ (P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with E2, P, PRL, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ (P<0.05). IL-21 was positively correlated with FSH, LH, CD3+ and CD8+ (P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with E2, P, PRL and CD4+/CD8+ (P<0.05). Conclusion: PB CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and IL-21 levels were highly expressed in POF patients, which was closely related to ovarian function. This implied that the increase of CD3-+ HLA-DR cells and IL-21 levels may be associated with POF.
Universal Artiﬁcial Intelligence Practical Agents and Fundamental Challenges

Foundational theories have contributed greatly to scientiﬁc progress in many ﬁelds. Examples include Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in mathematics, and universal Turing machines in computer science. Universal Artiﬁcial Intelligence (UAI) is an increasingly well-studied foundational theory for artiﬁcial intelligence, based on ancient principles in the philosophy of science and modern developments in information and probability theory. Importantly, it refrains from making unrealistic Markov, ergodicity, or stationarity assumptions on the environment. UAI provides a theoretically optimal agent AIXI and principled ideas for constructing practical autonomous agents. The theory also makes it possible to establish formal results on the motivations of AI systems. Such results may greatly enhance the trustability of autonomous agents, and guide design choices towards more robust agent architectures and incentive schemes. Finally, UAI oﬀers a deeper appreciation of fundamental problems such as the induction problem and the exploration-exploitation dilemma.
Nutrient limitations regulate soil greenhouse gas fluxes from
tropical forests: evidence from an ecosystem-scale nutrient
manipulation experiment in Uganda

Abstract. Tropical forests contribute significantly to the emission and uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, studies on the soil environmental controls of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from African tropical forest ecosystems are still rare. The aim of this study was to disentangle the regulation effect of soil nutrients on soil GHG fluxes in a tropical forest in northwestern Uganda. Therefore, a large-scale nutrient manipulation experiment (NME) based on 40 m × 40 m plots with different nutrient addition treatments (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), N + P, and control) was established. Soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were measured monthly using permanently installed static chambers for 14 months. Total soil CO2 fluxes were partitioned into autotrophic and heterotrophic components through a root trenching treatment. In addition, soil temperature, soil water content, and mineral N were measured in parallel to GHG fluxes. N addition (N, N + P) resulted in significantly higher N2O fluxes in the transitory phase (0–28 days after fertilization, p
Soil characterization of horticultural greenhouses in northern Uruguay

The crops under cover constitute a very important production mode within the horticulture of northern Uruguay, but there is little information on the current state of these soils. The objective of this study was to characterize some physicochemical properties of soils under greenhouses with tomato cultivation ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and to relate them to soil management practices. For this, 30 commercial properties were selected from the horticultural area of northern Uruguay near the city of Salto. Soil samples were taken from the most representative greenhouse, at the end of the crop's productive period, from each farm. Additional information was collected such as area by production mode, number of consecutive crops in the same greenhouse, yield obtained in the harvest under study, and soil management. The high values observed for organic soil carbon (OSC), pH, available P, and mineral N suggest the need to decrease the application rates or frequency of organic amendments and/or fertilizers. The high concentrations of Na + in the surface and NO 3- in the subsurface horizons indicate the need to improve irrigation management. This information could be used as a basis to outline aspects to delve into, for rational management of amendments and nutrients, and irrigation water in soils under these production systems. super-fície da irrigação. Essas informações de base para delinear aspectos a serem em profundidade, para o manejo racional de nutrientes, alterações orgânicas e água de irrigação nos solos desses sistemas de produção.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC, THE ARRANGEMENT AND INFIDELITY FACTORS TOWARDS THE MARRIAGES’ DIVORCE

This research to find out the influences’ factor of divorce in the marriage. The research methods are used is descriptive analysis and inferential. The result of this research is: there are relations between economic factors, arranged marriages and infidelity towards divorce in the marriage. It can be concluded that the occurrence of divorce in the marriage caused by economic factors, arranged marriages and infidelity. Therefore, it takes the effort of various parties, such as the scholars, public figure and public institution, for giving education and guidance to the people about the importance of marriages’ harmony based on the teaching of islamic.
Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg

Hanfayani T, Yuzammi, Hadiah JT. 2020. Inflorescence morphology and development of suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Biodiversitas 21: 5835-5844. Inflorescence of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson consists of two main parts: spathe and spadix. Detailed information on its development, however, is not yet available. This study aimed to investigate the development and morphology of suweg’s inflorescence, to reveal the anthesis of male and female flowers, and to observe its insect visitors. The study observed 46 inflorescences, ten of which were measured for detailed developments. Inflorescences were observed from bud emergence to withering during one flowering cycle. The results showed that the flowering process included six phases which altogether required 22 to 36 days, namely the developments of inflorescence bud, cataphyll, spathe and spadix, appendix, fully bloomed inflorescence, and flowers anthesis. The inflorescence height including peduncle was 48–75 cm, spathe 19–50 cm long, spathe circle 65–176 cm, appendix 13–33 cm long, and appendix circle 45–80 cm. Three appendix forms were observed: ovate (43.48%), triangular conic (41.30%), and rounded (15.22%). Female flower anthesis occurred one day prior to male flower anthesis. Insect visitors found during anthesis were Lucilia sericata (Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae), and Trigona speciosa
On Chip Rapid Control Prototyping for Education

—In this note various test benches for Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) targeting microcontrollers are presented. The methodology relies on a Matlab/Simulink interface which makes the target conﬁguration and coding easier. Developing low level embedded code is bypassed by a high-level implementation which is straightforward for control system engineers. These benches are intended for students, engineers or researchers looking to validate the effectiveness of their control algorithms on low cost industrial targets.
Filling a key gap: a soil infrared library for central Africa

Abstract. Information on soil properties is crucial for soil preservation, improving food security, and the provision of ecosystem services. Especially, for the African continent, spatially explicit information on soils and their ability to sustain these services is still scarce. To address data gaps, infrared spectroscopy has gained great success as a cost-effective solution to quantify soil properties in recent decades. Here, we present a mid-infrared soil spectral library (SSL) for central Africa (CSSL) that can predict key soil properties allowing for future soil estimates with a minimal need for expensive and time-consuming wet chemistry. Currently, our CSSL contains over 1,800 soils from ten distinct geo-climatic regions throughout the Congo Basin and wider African Great Lakes region. We selected six hold-out core regions from our SSL, augmented them with the continental AfSIS SSL, which does not cover central African soils. We present three levels of geographical extrapolation, deploying Memory-based learning (MBL) to accurately predict carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) contents in the selected regions. The Root Mean Square Error of the predictions (RMSEpred) values were between 0.38–0.86 % and 0.04–0.17 % for TC and TN, respectively, when using the AfSIS SSL only to predict the six regions. Prediction accuracy could be improved for four out of six regions when adding central African soils to the AfSIS SSL. This reduction of extrapolation resulted in RMSEpred ranges of 0.41–0.89 % for TC and 0.03–0.12 % for TN. In general, MBL leveraged spectral similarity and thereby predicted the soils in each of the six regions accurately; the effect of avoiding geographical extrapolation and forcing regional samples in the local neighborhood (MBL-spiking) was small. We conclude that our CSSL adds valuable soil diversity that can improve predictions for the regions compared to using the continental scale AfSIS SSL alone; thus, analyses of other soils in central Africa will be able to profit from a more diverse spectral feature space. Given these promising results, the library comprises an important tool to facilitate economical soil analyses and predict soil properties in an understudied yet critical region of Africa. Our SSL is openly available for application and for enlargement with more spectral and reference data to further improve soil diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness.
Study of association of bleeding and clotting time with blood group among young adults

Background: Blood group plays a unique role in revealing the identity of an individual. Several studies have expressed variations in bleeding tendencies among individuals with various ABO blood groups. Hence a study was done to the find association of bleeding and clotting time with this blood group. Materials and Methods: This study had a cross-sectional study design and was done among 250 young adults. Slide agglutination method was used to assess ABO blood group; while Dukes and capillary tube method were used to determine bleeding and clotting time respectively. Chi-square analysis was done to analyze its association with blood group. Results: Blood group O (38.4%) was found to be the major blood group among both genders, followed by B (34%), A (19.2%), AB (0.08%). Bleeding time of more than 4 minutes was found in both O and B group but the result was statistically not significant (p=0.85). Clotting time of more than 6 minutes was found again in both O and B groups and the difference was not significant (p=0.96). Bleeding time was found to be higher in males while Clotting time was found to be more prolonged in females however the difference was statistically less significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: In this study, results have shown that blood group O was the predominant blood group among the study population and blood group O and B had prolonged bleeding and clotting time compared to other groups. Based on gender, females had higher clotting time compared to males. Keywords: ABO antigen, Agglutination, von Willebrand factor.
Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of Software Professionals in Bangalore City

Article History Published Online: 15 October 2020 The studying of job satisfaction is a great relevance to know satisfied employees. The satisfied employees exhibit the difference in terms of performance, behaviour, and effectiveness in work. The paper’s main objective is to analyse the factors impact on job satisfaction of software professionals in Bangalore city. The paper considered six independent variables, one dependent variable and each constitutes five items. The structured questionnaire was prepared on Likert 5-point scale and sample size was 295 considered in the study. The findings depict that pay&compensation, career development, social security, and working environment significant impact on job satisfaction, whereas organizational culture and employer relationship were not significant impact on job satisfaction of software professionals in Bangalore city.
Hindlimb lateral and medial acropodial series of cattle are uneven in form

In bovines, fore and hind lateral claws are larger than the medial claws and the heel are deeper and the sole thicker. On this anatomical basis, we hypothesized that it must imply a form (size+shape) asymmetry of the digits. To test this hypothesis, we studied the acropodiums (digital series) of 15 young bovines belonging to Brown Pyrenean breed, irrespective of the gender. Dorso-plantar radiographies were obtained for each hindlimb and the form was studied in a sample of 30 hindlimbs (15 right and 15 left). Images were studied by geometric morphometric methods. A set of 7 paired landmarks on medial and lateral digital series and one axial landmark was used for the study. Lateral and medial digits were uneven both in size and shape, expressing both fluctuating and directional asymmetries. Directional asymmetries would suggest a different function in weight bearing. We hypothesize lateral digits serve to stabilize the centre of gravity to a greater extent than medial digits. These findings prompt careful reassessment of the function of each of the digital series during standing and during locomotion in future researches.
IMPACT OF TRANSIT STATION ON DENSITY & LAND USE WITHIN ITS INFLUENCE ZONE-A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Transit stations around the world have contributed to the development of the space surrounding it. The extent of influence of transit station itself is a much debated topic all over the world. Since, the distance of influence zone varies from one place to another, and even on the stations within the same network. The kind and intensity of developments happening around the station not only depends on the quality of service offered by the transit station, but on lot of other factors in the influence zone like the availability of vacant developable land, positive economic conditions of the space, intermodal connectivity that station offers, population density and land use mix of the locality, etc. Even though transit station impact studies have been undertaken all over the world, this literature review is an attempt to analyze the impact of the transit station on land use and density in comparison with Developed countries in Europe and America with the Developing Countries in Asia which have not been comprehensively studied earlier.
FORMAR UM PROFESSOR COMPETENTE: POR UM ENSINO PEDAGÓGICO, PROMOVENDO UMA SUBJETIVIDADE AUTÊNTICA

The issue concerning professionalism of teachers at all levels of education is among the most urgent ones that pedagogy is facing today. Nowadays, the increasingly complex society requires the teacher to have a quality educational/didactic competence able to encourage a well-structured learning and the development of an authentic personalized subjectivity in the students. In this perspective, the analyses made by E. Stein concerning teachers’ training to make them competent in the building of knowledge processes (gnoseology), in disciplinary epistemologies, and the ones concerning the ways to regulate the formulation of judgment (logic), must be considered
Synthesis of stigmasteryl oleate, palmitate and stearate applying ethyl chloroformate as activator

Ethyl chloroformate as activator was investigated f or esterification of long chain carboxylic acids (o leic, palmitate, and stearate) with stigmasterol at mild temperature s. Optimal conditions for ethyl chloroformate activ ity were found under anhydrous and basic conditions at 4°C to room te perature. Esterification products were isolated and purified using preparative radial chromatography an d characterized by GC-MS and H-NMR spectroscopy. The GC-MS analysis results showed a fragment of (m/z) = 676.8, 650.5, and 679.8, which are correlated with the molecular weights of stigmasteryl oleate, stigmaste ryl palmitate, and stigmasteryl stearate, respectiv ely. Another confirmation was done by H-NMR, showing a change of chemical shift of 3.5 pp m given by the stigmasterol’s third carbon atom (C-OH) was deshielded to 4.6 ppm as it turned into (C-OR). GC-MS and H-NMR spectra indicated that stigmasteryl oleate, stigmasteryl palmitate, a nd stigmasteryl stearate have been successfully syn thesized, suggesting that ethyl chloroformate is a worthy alt ernative activator for stigmasterylester synthesis.