Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scalable shear-exfoliation of high-quality phosphorene nanoflakes with reliable electrochemical cycleability in nano batteries

Atomically thin black phosphorus (called phosphorene) holds great promise as an alternative to graphene and other two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, bulk black phosphorus (BP) suffers from rapid capacity fading and poor rechargeable performance. This work reports for the first time the use of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to construct nanoscale phosphorene LIBs. This enables direct visualization of the mechanisms underlying capacity fading in thick multilayer phosphorene through real-time capture of delithiation-induced structural decomposition, which serves to reduce electrical conductivity thus causing irreversibility of the lithiated phases. We further demonstrate that few-layer-thick phosphorene successfully circumvents the structural decomposition and holds superior structural restorability, even when subject to multi-cycle lithiation/delithiation processes and concomitant huge volume expansion. This finding provides breakthrough insights into thickness-dependent lithium diffusion kinetics in phosphorene. More importantly, a scalable liquid-phase shear exfoliation route has been developed to produce high-quality ultrathin phosphorene using simple means such as a high-speed shear mixer or even a household kitchen blender with the shear rate threshold of ∼1.25 × 104 s−1. The results reported here will pave the way for industrial-scale applications of rechargeable phosphorene LIBs.
Defensive Medicine : Ethical or Unethical ? A Case Study of Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals

Dargahi Hossein1* and Moraveji Mina2 1BSc. in Medical Laboratory Technology, MSc. in Public Health, Doctorate of Laboratory System (DCLS), Ph.D. in Health Care Management, Professor of Management Sciences and Health Economics Department, School of Public Health, Director of Health Information Management Research Center, Deputy Director of Iranian Health Care Staff Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2BSc. in Health Care Management, MSc. in Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Inhibitory role of CXCR 4 glycan in CD 4-independent X 4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and its abrogation in CD 4-dependent infection

Correspondence Yoshinao Kubo yoshinao@net.nagasaki-u.ac. jp Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Center for Pathogen Genomics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
A novel approach on improving the communication performance in wireless sensor networks using path selection algorithms

In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) has gained more importance in various fields due to the advancement in technologies. Generally, IoT is a technology where based on sensor data, the computer can access the data from any aspect without any human interaction. IoT concept came into the picture in order to overcome the problem like data accuracy and related parameters when data were collected through human interference. Traditionally, the radio-frequency identification (RFID) and the wireless sensor networks were considered as the major techniques used in IoT. In recent researches, while designing the network, path selection remains to be major drawback or issue which results in less efficiency for the whole system. The research can be extended with the idea of developing a technique where we combine WSN along with image processing concepts.Here we employ certain advancement in path selection where we select the clusters through which data can be transmitted. This will improve the overall efficiency of the system. Data loss and computational time can be improved if an optimal path is selected for transmission. These techniques can be employed in various IoT applications like field monitoring, quality prediction etc. The research will be carried on MATLAB / NS2 interface.
Changing Levels or Changing Slopes? The Narrowing of the Gender Earnings Gap 1959 – 1999

Once educational attainment and other observable characteristics have been controlled for, studies show that the gender wage gap among adult full-time workers is about half the size it was in 1980. Using U.S. Census and Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 1959 through 1999, the authors investigate the extent to which the decline in this gap was associated with changes across cohorts in the relative rate of wage growth after labor market entry (slopes), versus changes in relative earnings levels at labor market entry (levels). They find that slope changes associated with post-schooling investments, including work experience, account for no more than one-third of the narrowing of the gender wage gap over the past 40 years. The majority of the narrowing can be attributed to factors present at the time that successive cohorts entered the labor market, such as a growing demand for women's unobserved skills or declining discrimination.
1 Identification of novel inhibitors of pteridine 2 reductase 1 in Trypanosoma brucei via computational 3 structure-based approaches and in vitro inhibition 4 assays 5

Pteridine reductase 1 is a trypanosomatid multifunctional enzyme that provides a 16 mechanism for escape of Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition. This is because PTR1 can 17 reduce pterins and folates. Trypanosomes require folates and pterins for survival and are unable to 18 synthesize them de novo. Currently there are no anti-folate based Human African Trypanosomiasis 19 (HAT) chemotherapeutics in use. Thus, successful dual inhibition of TbDHFR and TbPTR1 has 20 implications in the exploitation of anti-folates. We carried out molecular docking of a ligand library 21 of 5742 compounds against TbPTR1 and identified 18 compounds showing promising binding 22 modes. The protein-ligand complexes were subjected to Molecular dynamics to characterize their 23 molecular interactions and energetics followed by in vitro testing. In this study, we identified five 24 potential TbPTR1 inhibitors that showed low micromolar Trypanosome growth inhibition in in 25 vitro experiments with no significant human cell cytotoxicity. Compounds RUBi004, RUBi007, 26 RUBi014, and RUBi018 displayed moderate to strong antagonism when used in combination with 27 the known TbDHFR inhibitor, WR99210. This gave an indication that the compounds might inhibit 28 both TbPTR1 and TbDHFR. RUBi016 showed an additive effect in the isobologram assay. Our 29 results provide a basis for scaffold optimization for further studies in the development of HAT 30 antifolates. 31
Electrophysiological characterization of insulin secreting beta-cells in pancreatic tissue slices

In the present study a pancreatic tissue slice preparation was established to enable the characterization of insulin secreting β-cells in close to in vivo conditions. The procedure to obtain pancreatic tissue slices was found to be rapid and easily reproducible. Slices were viable for at least one day and gross morphology was well preserved. Functionality of β-cells in tissue slices was confirmed by measuring released insulin after application of high glucose concentrations. The tissue slice preparation enabled the execution of electrophysiological experiments on β-cells located in deeper layers of the islet of Langerhans. Characterizing β-cells in tissue slices revealed several different properties compared to preparations used to date. First, the secretion rate acquired by monitoring capacitance in β-cells of tissue slices was comparable to biochemical measurements of insulin release obtained from perfused pancreas. Experiments on cultured β-cells and β-cells in isolated islets of Langerhans failed to show this similarity. Furthermore, in tissue slices KATP channels in β-cells showed decreased sensitivity to ATP in comparison to dispersed β-cells, shifting the regulation of KATP channels by ATP to physiological levels. Additionally, the run-down of KATP channels in β-cells of tissue slices was shown to be accelerated. Recording electrical activity in response to stimulating agents from β-cells in slices showed the characteristic bursting pattern. However, studies on gap junction-deficient mice (Cx36 ko) proved electrical activity of β-cells to vanish due to wash-out after dialysis of the pipette solution. The electrical activity recorded from wild type mice in whole-cell configuration reflected the activity of electrically coupled β-cells. Furthermore, the presence of gap junctions prevented electrical activity in a single stimulated β-cell, as long as the majority of coupled cells was still in a resting state, contributing to synchronized insulin release from the islet. The study showed pancreatic tissue slices as a promising, less invasive method to study the function of β-cells. In this preparation β-cells were observed to exhibit properties assumed for in vivo conditions. Employment of the pancreatic tissue slice preparation will serve as a suitable system to gain further insight into the complex interactions controlling blood glucose homeostasis.
Geometry of infinite groups

1 Preliminaries and notations 2 1.1 Length metric spaces . 2 1.2 Graphs and simplicial trees . 3 1.3 The real hyperbolic plane . 4 1.3. A The action of SL(2,R) on H2 is by isometries. 5 1.3. B The action of SL(2,R) on H2 is transitive. 5 1.3. C The hyperbolic circles are Euclidean circles. 5 1.3. D The group SL(2,R) acts transitively on pairs of equidistant points. 6 1.3. E The geodesics are either segments of vertical lines or sub-arcs in circles with centre on the line Im z = 0. 6 1.3. F H2 is a symmetric space. 7 1.3. G H2 behaves like a bounded perturbation of a real tree. 7 1.4 From non-discrete to discrete: quasi-isometries . 7
Genetic regulation of Allolysis in response to antibiotic stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major human pathogens that cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, otitis, acute conjunctivitis etc. Day by day the organism is acquiring resistance against many common antibiotics. One of the principal processes behind this is natural genetic transformation in the organism achieved by competence. Competence is a stress dependant mechanism in the bacteria. Another phenomenon that is induced by competence termed as allolysis is a peculiar process of the organism. In this process a group of cells which attain competence kill a group of cells that are non-competent. The mechanism involves bacteriocins, lysozymes and autolysins. This is believed to increase the efficiency of genetic transformation. But later it was assumed to have some other purposes like host pathogen interaction, pathogenecity and virulence and evolution of the species. In this study we tried to find out the effect of sub-lethal dose of antibiotic on allolysis. Chloramphenicol, the antibiotic against which the organism has developed resistance in the course of evolution was taken. The increase in eight fold in the expression of gene cbpD under stress condition showed that along with competence, allolysis also acts as a general stress response mechanism in the organism.
Gauge theory for the cuprates near optimal doping

We describe the phase diagram of a 2+1 dimensional SU(2) gauge theory of fluctuating incommensurate spin density waves for the hole-doped cuprates. Our primary assumption is that all low energy fermionic excitations are gauge neutral and electron-like, while the spin density wave order is fractionalized into Higgs fields transforming as adjoints of the gauge SU(2). The confining phase of the gauge theory is a conventional Fermi liquid with a large Fermi surface (and its associated $d$-wave superconductor). There is a quantum phase transition to a Higgs phase describing the `pseudogap' at lower doping. Depending upon the quartic terms in the Higgs potential, the Higgs phase exhibits one or more of charge density wave, Ising-nematic, time-reversal odd scalar spin chirality, and $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological orders. It is notable that the emergent broken symmetries in our theory of fluctuating spin density waves co-incide with those observed in diverse experiments. For the electron-doped cuprates, the spin density wave fluctuations are at wavevector $(\pi,\pi)$, and then the corresponding SU(2) gauge theory only has a crossover between the confining and Higgs regimes, with an exponentially large confinement scale deep in the Higgs regime. On the Higgs side, for both the electron- and hole-doped cases, and at scales shorter than the confinement scale (which can be infinite when $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological order is present), the electron spectral function has a `fractionalized Fermi liquid (FL*)' form with small Fermi surfaces. We also describe the deconfined quantum criticality of the Higgs transition in the limit of a large number of Higgs flavors, and perturbatively discuss its coupling to fermionic excitations.
How the mollusc got its scales: convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome

Radiation of dramatically disparate forms among the phylum Mollusca remains a key question in metazoan evolution, and requires careful evaluation of homology of hard parts throughout the deep fossil record. Enigmatic early Cambrian taxa such as Halkieria and Wiwaxia (in the clade Halwaxiida) have been proposed to represent stem-group aculiferan molluscs (Caudofoveata? +? Solenogastres? +? Polyplacophora), as complex scleritomes were considered to be unique to aculiferans among extant molluscs. The ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from hydrothermal vents of the Indian Ocean, however, also carries dermal sclerites and thus challenges this inferred homology. Despite superficial similarities to various mollusc sclerites, the scaly-foot gastropod sclerites are secreted in layers covering outpockets of epithelium and are largely proteinaceous, while chiton (Polyplacophora: Chitonida) sclerites are secreted to fill an invaginated cuticular chamber and are largely calcareous. Marked differences in the underlying epithelium of the scaly-foot gastropod sclerites and operculum suggest that the sclerites do not originate from multiplication of the operculum. This convergence in different classes highlights the ability of molluscs to adapt mineralized dermal structures, as supported by the extensive early fossil record of molluscs with scleritomes. Sclerites of halwaxiids are morphologically variable, undermining the assumed affinity of specific taxa with chitons, or the larger putative clade Aculifera. Comparisons with independently derived similar structures in living molluscs are essential for determining homology among fossils and their position with respect to the enigmatic evolution of molluscan shell forms in deep time.
The nano-branched structure of cementitious calcium–silicate–hydrate gel

Manipulation of concrete at the nanoscale is severely limited by the lack of precise knowledge on the nanostructure of calcium–silicate–hydrate gel, the main binding phase of cement-based materials. Here we report a computational description of C–S–H, which for the first time reconciles the existing structural and colloidal/gel-like models. Our molecular dynamic simulations predict the formation of a branched three-dimensional C–S–H solid network where the segmental branches (SB) are ∼3 × 3 × 6 nm-sized. The presented simulations account well for the features observed through Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) experiments as well with various observations made by synchrotron X-ray, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Inelastic Neutron Spectroscopy (INS) measurements and lead to a better understanding of the cementitious nanostructure formation and morphology.
Reassessing the Economic Value of Advanced Level Mathematics.

In the late 1990s, the economic return to Advanced level (A-level) mathematics was examined. The analysis was based upon a series of log-linear models of earnings in the 1958 National Child Development Survey (NCDS) and the National Survey of 1980 Graduates and Diplomates. The core finding was that A-level mathematics had a unique earnings premium of 7-10% at age 33. In recent years, this finding has contributed to the government’s agenda of increasing participation in post-16 study of advanced mathematics in England. Given that the 1958 NCDS participants are now 57 years old, this paper repeats this important work using the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS). Updated models are used to investigate whether the A-level mathematics premium also existed at age 34 for the 1970 BCS participants. There does appear to be a return of approximately 11% when replicating the original model closely but the robustness of this result depends on the model specification, sample size and the handling of missing data. We consider theoretical explanations of these findings and their implications for policy and future research.
Solving Multiple Quartic Equations on the GPU using Ferrari ’ s Method

As known, quartics are the highest degree polynomials which can be solved analytically in general by the methods of radicals. There are several problems based on not only one but more equations independently, in case of simulations, the number of equations can be very high. For this reason, it is worth examining the runtime of the solver algorithms implemented for multi-core systems, especially graphics accelerators. In this paper, we discuss the runtime and numerical stability of the Ferrari’s method using GPUs. It is worth to port an application to the graphics card, if the number of calculations is relatively high and the number and volume of memory accesses is relatively small. Based on the results, it is clear, that running multiple equation solvers based on the given method is clearly meets these conditions.
Association of polymorphism in exon 3 of toll-like receptor 4 gene with somatic cell score and milk production traits in Holstein dairy cows of Iran.

Mastitis is a complex inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that is caused by the invasion of pathogens. This leads to reduced synthetic capacity, compositional changes and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a cell surface receptor that recognizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria. Its role in pathogen recognition and the subsequent immune response and differential expression of the gene during mastitis have prompted the investigation of TLR4 gene as a candidate to improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to analyse the possible association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in putative co-receptor-binding region 2 (T4CRBR2) of the TLR4 gene with somatic cell score (SCS) and milk-related traits in 408 Iranian Holstein cows. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was performed for genotyping. The effect of the genotype on the traits of interest was analysed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS software. The B allele frequency was 0.634 and the distribution of genotypes was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the overall population. The B allele of the SNP was associated with higher 305-day milk yield and breeding value for milk yield, and lower fat percentage and lower SCS, as compared with allele A. The association between TLR4 polymorphism with SCS and milk production traits reported in this study suggests that this SNP has the potential to be used as a marker for selection, based on molecular information. Keywords : TLR4 gene, mastitis, candidate gene, milk-related traits, single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP
Modeling the Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons by Order Reduction

—The saltatory conduction is the way the action potential is transmitted along a myelinated axon. The potential diffuses along the myelinated compartments and it is regenerated in the Ranvier nodes due to the ion channels allowing the ﬂow across the membrane. For an efﬁcient simulation of populations of neurons, it is important to use reduced order models both for myelinated compartments and for Ranvier nodes and to have control over their accuracy and inner parameters. The paper presents a reduced order model of this neural system which allows an efﬁcient simulation method for the saltatory conduction in myelinated axons. This model is obtained by concatenating reduced order linear models of 1D myelinated compartments and nonlinear 0D models of Ranvier nodes. The models for the myelinated compartments are selected from a series of spatially distributed models developed and hierarchized according to their modeling errors. The extracted model described by a nonlinear PDE of hyperbolic type is able to reproduce the saltatory conduction with acceptable accuracy and takes into account the ﬁnite propagation speed of potential. Finally, this model is again reduced in order to make it suitable for the inclusion in large-scale neural circuits.
Lecture 1991 : Perceptual Manifestations of Imperfect Optics in the HumanEye : Attempts to Correct for OcularChromaticAberration

The profession of optometry has been very successful in providing optical corrections for spherocylindrical refractive errors. In this paper, I examine one attempt to improve retinal image quality beyond that afforded by a standard refractive correction. Ocular chromatic aberration is one of the factors that prevent retinal image quality from reaching the upper limit set by the wave nature of light. It can be subdivided into three primary aberrations (wavelength-dependent differences in image plane, image position, and image size). We have been able to measure all three of these using psychophysical techniques. Although attempts to provide an optical correction for wavelength-dependent refractive errors have been optically successful, they have failed to improve vision. Several possible explanations are given for this failure.
Constraining Conceptual Hydrological Models With Multiple Information Sources

The calibration of hydrological models without streamflow observations is problematic, and the simultaneous, combined use of remotely sensed products for this purpose has not been exhaustively tested thus far. Our hypothesis is that the combined use of products can (1) reduce the parameter search space and (2) improve the representation of internal model dynamics and hydrological signatures. Five different conceptual hydrological models were applied to 27 catchments across Europe. A parameter selection process, similar to a likelihood weighting procedure, was applied for 1,023 possible combinations of 10 different data sources, ranging from using 1 to all 10 of these products. Distances between the two empirical distributions of model performance metrics with and without using a specific product were determined to assess the added value of a specific product. In a similar way, the performance of the models to reproduce 27 hydrological signatures was evaluated relative to the unconstrained model. Significant reductions in the parameter space were obtained when combinations included Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ‐ Earth Observing System and Advanced Scatterometer soil moisture, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment total water storage anomalies, and, in snow‐dominated catchments, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover products. The evaporation products of Land Surface Analysis ‐ Satellite Application Facility and MOD16 were less effective for deriving meaningful, well‐constrained posterior parameter distributions. The hydrological signature analysis indicated that most models profited from constraining with an increasing number of data sources. Concluding, constraining models with multiple data sources simultaneously was shown to be valuable for at least four of the five hydrological models to determine model parameters in absence of streamflow.