Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dust polarization modelling at large scale over the northern Galactic cap using EBHIS and Planck data

The primary source of systematic uncertainty in the quest for the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) introduced by primordial gravitational waves is polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust. Therefore, accurate characterization and separation of the polarized thermal dust emission is an essential step in distinguishing such a faint CMB B-mode signal. We provide a modelling framework to simulate polarized thermal dust emission based on the model described in Ghosh et al. (2017, A&A, 601, A71), making use of both the Planck dust and Effelsberg-Bonn HI surveys over the northern Galactic cap. Our seven-parameter dust model, incorporating both HI gas in three different column density templates as a proxy for spatially variable dust intensity and a phenomenological model of Galactic magnetic field, is able to reproduce both one- and two-point statistics of the observed dust polarization maps seen by Planck at 353 GHz over a selected low-column density region in the northern Galactic cap. This work has important applications in assessing the accuracy of component separation methods and in quantifying the confidence level of separating polarized Galactic emission and the CMB B-mode signal, as is needed for ongoing and future CMB missions.
Constraining the fraction of core-collapse supernovae harbouring choked jets with high-energy neutrinos

The joint observation of core-collapse supernovae with gamma-ray bursts shows that jets can be launched in the aftermath of stellar core collapse, likely by a newly formed black hole that accretes matter from the star. Such gamma-ray bursts have only been observed accompanying Type Ibc supernovae, indicating a stellar progenitor that lost its hydrogen envelope before collapse. According to recent hypothesis, it is possible that jets are launched in core-collapse events even when the progenitors still retain their hydrogen envelopes; however, such jets are not able to burrow through the star and will be stalled into the interior of the progenitor star before escaping. These jets are called choked jets. High-energy neutrinos produced by such choked jets could escape the stellar envelope and could be observed. Here, we examine how multimessenger searches for high-energy neutrinos and core-collapse supernovae can detect or limit the fraction of stellar collapses that produce jets. We find that a high fraction of jet production is already limited by previous observational campaigns. We explore possibilities with future observations using Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, IceCube, and Km3NET.
Mediator role of depression on the relationship between mobbing and life satisfaction of health professionals

Objective: While an individual has both material and spiritual gains at workplace s/he might also be strained because of different stress factors. In some cases, tension results from mobbing. In the present study, it is aimed to identify the mediator role of depression on the relationship between mobbing at workplace and life satisfaction of health professionals. Method: Two hundred and forty-four health personnel who have been working for at least 6 months at the hospitals of a medium-sized city in the middle part of Turkey were given Negative Actions Questionnaire (NAQ), Back Depression Inventory (BDI) and Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Data were analyzed by using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Analysis, simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: At the first step of the analysis in the mediator role of depression on the relationship between exposure to mobbing and life satisfaction, it was found that exposure to mobbing significantly predicted a negative relation to life satisfaction, and that it significantly predicted a positive relation to depression. Moreover, it was observed that depression significantly predicted life satisfaction and that depression has partly mediated the relationship between mobbing and life satisfaction. This result shows that mobbing, both directly and indirectly through depression has negative effect on life satisfaction. Conclusion: Exposure to mobbing at workplace among health professionals leads depression and, this results in negative evaluation of one’s life quality. If we consider this result with respect to the individual and health service, we can argue that individual’s life satisfaction decreases, his/her job performance declines, and the person feels boredom and reluctance to his/her job, and efficiency of the health institution decreases. Thus, seminars can be organized to increase the awareness of the victim, other workers and manager related to the problem of mobbing and victims can be acquired skills to cope with mobbing.
Vanishing efficiency of a speeded-up ion-in-Paul-trap Otto engine

We assess the energy cost of shortcuts to adiabatic expansions or compressions of a harmonic oscillator, the power strokes of a quantum Otto engine. Difficulties to identify the cost stem from the interplay between different parts of the total system (the primary system —the particle— and the control system) and definitions of work (exclusive and inclusive). While attention is usually paid to the inclusive work of the microscopic primary system, we identify the energy cost as the exclusive work of the total system, which, for a clear-cut scale disparity between a microscopic primary system and a macroscopic control system, coincides with the exclusive work for the control system alone. We redefine the “engine efficiency” taking into account this cost. Our working horse model is an engine based on an ion in a Paul trap with power strokes designed via shortcuts to adiabaticity. Opposite to the paradigm of slow-cycle reversible engines with vanishing power and maximal efficiency, this fast-cycle engine increases the microscopic power at the price of a vanishing efficiency. The Paul trap fixes the gauge for the primary system, resulting in a counterintuitive evolution of its inclusive power and internal energy. Conditions for which inclusive power of the primary system and exclusive power control system are proportional are found.
Effect of Repeated use on Topographical Features of ProTaper Next Endodontic Rotary File

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological alterations of the ProTaper next rotary file (PTN) under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: A total of 18 simulated root canals were allocated to three groups. Six new sets of PTN instruments were used 3 times. A #10 K-file was inserted into the working length, followed by ProGlider to create a glide path. Ensuring the manufacturer’s instructions with 99% ethyl alcohol for irrigation, all canals were prepared. Files were photographed in the same position before and after three canals preparations using a high-resolution SEM. Result: A metal strip appeared on one X1 instrument surface preoperatively. Microcrack defects were observed on two X2 files postoperatively, and the blunt cutting edge was observed on three X1 files before and after use and one file fractured. Conclusion: Small number of changes appeared on PTN surfaces, yet same PTN file can be used safely 3 times to prepare multi-rooted teeth within the same patient.
Getting Beneath the Veil of Effective Schools: Evidence from New York City

In this paper, we collect data on the inner-workings of 39 charter schools and correlate these data with school effectiveness. We find that traditionally collected input measures—class size, per-pupil expenditure, teacher certification, and teacher training—are not correlated with school effectiveness. In stark contrast, we show that an index of five policies suggested by qualitative research—frequent teacher feedback, the use of data to guide instruction, high-dosage tutoring, increased instructional time, and high expectations— explains approximately 45 percent of the variation in school effectiveness. The same index provides similar results in a separate sample of charter schools. (JEL H75, I21, I28)
Advantage in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Research of X-Linked Genetic Diseases for Drug Screening

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has widely been used for modeling of various genetic diseases. In the disease-modeling iPSC studies, it is necessary to generate hiPSC lines from peripheral tissues of multiple patients and of multiple age- and sex-matched control individuals in order to minimize the differences in genetic background that can affect the results. However, we can generate disease model-hiPSC line with mutant allele being expressing and normal control-hiPSC line with normal allele being expressing from a patient with an X-linked dominant disease such as Rett syndrome, taking advantage of use of the genetic nature (X-chromosome inactivation) and the hiPSC nature (monoclonal proliferation). Furthermore, it may be a straightforward way to identify drug candidates that normalize or minimize the abnormal features and gene expression patterns by a comparative study between mutant active- and normal active-hiPSC lines. Such drug-screening strategy can also be applicable to more major X-linked recessive disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Fabry disease by generating hiPSC lines from fibroblasts from the heterozygous females. Therefore, X-linked diseases may be efficient targets for drug screening using hiPSC derived from the patients, since faster drug screening hiPSC studies can be conducted for X-linked diseases compared with autosomal diseases by utilizing the genetic natures and the hiPSC nature.
The Mechanical and Reaction Behavior of PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 under Impact and Quasi-Static Compression

Quasi-static compression and drop-weight test were used to characterize the mechanical and reaction behavior of PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 composites. Two kinds of PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 composites were prepared with different mass of PTFE, and the reaction phenomenon and stress-strain curves were recorded; the residuals after reaction were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that, under quasi-static compression condition, the strength of the materials is increased (from 37.1 Mpa to 77.2 Mpa) with the increase of PTFE, and the reaction phenomenon occurred only in materials with high PTFE content. XRD analysis showed that the reaction between Al and Fe2O3 was not triggered with identical experimental conditions. In drop-weight tests, PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 specimens with low PTFE content were found to be more insensitive by high-speed photography, and a High Temperature Metal Slag Spray (HTMSS) phenomenon was observed in both kinds of PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 composites, indicating the existence of thermite reaction, which was confirmed by XRD. In PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 system, the reaction between PTFE and Al precedes the reaction between Al and Fe2O3.
A framework to utilize turbulent flux measurements for mesoscale models and remote sensing applications

Abstract. Meteorologically measured fluxes of energy and matter between the surface and the atmosphere originate from a source area of certain extent, located in the upwind sector of the device. The spatial representativeness of such measurements is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of the landscape. The footprint concept is capable of linking observed data with spatial heterogeneity. This study aims at upscaling eddy covariance derived fluxes to a grid size of 1 km edge length, which is typical for mesoscale models or low resolution remote sensing data. Here an upscaling strategy is presented, utilizing footprint modelling and SVAT modelling as well as observations from a target land-use area. The general idea of this scheme is to model fluxes from adjacent land-use types and combine them with the measured flux data to yield a grid representative flux according to the land-use distribution within the grid cell. The performance of the upscaling routine is evaluated with real datasets, which are considered to be land-use specific fluxes in a grid cell. The measurements above rye and maize fields stem from the LITFASS experiment 2003 in Lindenberg, Germany and the respective modelled timeseries were derived by the SVAT model SEWAB. Contributions from each land-use type to the observations are estimated using a forward lagrangian stochastic model. A representation error is defined as the error in flux estimates made when accepting the measurements unchanged as grid representative flux and ignoring flux contributions from other land-use types within the respective grid cell. Results show that this representation error can be reduced up to 56 % when applying the spatial integration. This shows the potential for further application of this strategy, although the absolute differences between flux observations from rye and maize were so small, that the spatial integration would be rejected in a real situation. Corresponding thresholds for this decision have been estimated as a minimum mean absolute deviation in modelled timeseries of the different land-use types with 35 W m−2 for the sensible heat flux and 50 W m−2 for the latent heat flux. Finally, a quality lagging scheme to classify the data with respect to representativeness for a given grid cell is proposed, based on an overall flux error estimate. This enables the data user to infer the uncertainty of mesoscale models and remote sensing products with respect to ground observations. Major uncertainty sources remaining are the lack of an adequate method for energy balance closure correction as well as model structure and parameter estimation, when applying the model for surfaces without flux measurements.
Glassy dynamics on networks: local spectra and return probabilities

The slow relaxation and aging of glassy systems can be modelled as a Markov process on a simplified rough energy landscape: energy minima where the system tends to get trapped are taken as nodes of a random network, and the dynamics are governed by the transition rates among these. In this work we consider the case of purely activated dynamics, where the transition rates only depend on the depth of the departing trap. The random connectivity and the disorder in the trap depths make it impossible to solve the model analytically, so we base our analysis on the spectrum of eigenvalues of the master operator. We compute the local density of states for traps with a fixed lifetime by means of the cavity method. This exhibits a power law behaviour in the regime of small relaxation rates , which we rationalize using a simple analytical approximation. In the time domain, we find that the probabilities of return to a starting node have a power law-tail that is determined by the distribution of excursion times . We show that these results arise only by the combination of finite configuration space connectivity and glassy disorder, and interpret them in a simple physical picture dominated by jumps to deep neighbouring traps.
A model for assessing the likelihood of self-sustaining populations resulting from commercial production of triploid Suminoe oysters (Crassostrea ariakensis) in Chesapeake Bay

Culture of a non-native species, such as the Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), could offset the harvest of the declining native eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fishery in Chesapeake Bay. Because of possible ecological impacts from introducing a fertile non-native species, introduction of sterile triploid oysters has been proposed. However, recent data show that a small percentage of triploid individuals progressively revert toward diploidy, introducing the possibility that Suminoe oysters might establish self-sustaining populations. To assess the risk of Suminoe oyster populations becoming established in Chesapeake Bay, a demographic population model was developed. Parameters modeled were salinity, stocking density, reversion rate, reproductive potential, natural and harvest-induced mortality, growth rates, and effects of various management strategies, including harvest strategies. The probability of a Suminoe oyster population becoming self-sustaining decreased in the model when oysters are grown at low salinity sites, certainty of harvest is high, mini-mum shell length-at-harvest is small, and stocking density is low. From the results of the model, we suggest adopting the proposed management strategies shown by the model to decrease the probability of a Suminoe oyster population becoming self-sustaining. Policy makers and fishery managers can use the model to predict potential outcomes of policy decisions, supporting the ability to make science-based policy decisions about the proposed introduction of triploid Suminoe oysters into the Chesapeake Bay.
Tree stand volume as a scalar for methane fluxes in forestry-drained peatlands in Finland

Forestry drainage is a method used extensively to grow timber in peat soils in Finland. Following drainage, the developing tree stand influences methane (CH 4 ) emissions by altering plant and microbial communities through water-level drawdown, competition for nutrients and shading. Therefore there should be a close correlation between tree stand volume and CH 4 fluxes in drained peatlands. We used previously published material along with data collected in this research programme to assess the potential of tree stand volume as a tool for estimating CH 4 fluxes for drained peatland forests, and to quantify this relationship under conditions prevailing in Finland. There was a clear negative exponential relationship between tree stand volumes and CH 4 emissions. Sites with small stand volume emitted CH 4 after drainage (up to 4 g CH 4 m -2 a -1 ), while larger stands consumed it (up to 1 g CH 4 m -2 a -1 ); the turning point from source to sink was about 140 m 3 ha -1 . Similar relationships were also found for undrained mires, although not as clearly as for the drained sites. Since drained peatland forests in Finland are generally rather young in drainage age and small in stand volumes, they are still estimated to emit CH 4 to the atmosphere, although the rate has substantially decreased after drainage.
Understanding Informal sector Employment in Rwanda

The objective of this paper is to analyze the informal sector employment with a special focus on Rwanda. For this purpose the paper is built on a theoretical framework to estimate the importance of different variables on informal employment. Using Probability Model we found that covariates; training, education, mode of payment, wage explain the outcome: informality in our model. The paper demonstrates empirically that if the level of education is increased, informality would decrease slightly. Further, results indicate differences in employment status between informal and formal sector. The findings, therefore lead to two main conclusions; education determines individuals’ employment in the informal sector and as wages increase, employment in the informal sector reduces. The informal sector employees are the majority youth, for their living, a basis for further policy initiatives on improving the informal sector employment.
Project Managers Vs Operations Managers: A comparison based on the style of leadership

Within a century after the emergence of the initial theories in leadership area, several theories have tried to explain the different styles of leadership and the extent to which leaders' styles can affect the overall success of the teams or the organizations being led by them. Regardless of the different ways in which these theories explain and address the styles of leadership, two concepts of 'task' and 'individual' are focused by most of them. Leaders, depending on their personal traits, attitudes, and situational considerations may show different levels of concern for tasks and individuals. Also, the environment in which a leader operates may affect the leader's concern for tasks or individuals. Project environments, regarding the temporary nature of project- based activities, basically differ from operational environments in several aspects. Consequently, leadership in project environments may require a different style in comparison with operational environments. The current study has applied 'concern for tasks' and 'concern for individuals' as two dependent variables to make a comparison between project managers and operations managers based on the style of leadership. An online survey in a global context helped us to collect data from 159 project managers and 171 operations managers. The respondents were from different countries and various disciplines. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS using 'independent sample t-test'. The results of the analysis revealed that project managers in general show a balanced concern for tasks and individuals, whereas operations managers have a high concern for tasks and a lower concern for individuals. Keywords - Project manager, Operations manager, Leadership style, Tasks, Individuals
Kernel Methods and its Application in Wavefront Reconstruction

Kernel methods can effectively deal with the nonlinear problem. The methods not only can be used for data de-noising, also be effective for classification problems. Using kernel PCA method, we provide a more precise Zernike expansion, which can apparently improve the reconstruction accuracy. At the same time, explore learning the kernel function by the alignment. We verify that the alignment value and recognition rate is proportional relationship.
Pass-Through of CO2 Emission Costs to Hourly Electricity Prices in Germany

I estimate the level of emissions cost pass-through to hourly wholesale electricity prices in Germany, based on spot market data. I control for contemporaneous shocks to demand and supply by constructing a detailed supply curve for fossil generation and intersecting it with residual demand for fossil-based electricity for every hour. Determining the marginal generator allows me to use marginal fuel and allowance costs (rather than prices) as explanatory variables in order to identify the level of cost pass-through directly and with a high level of precision. I find that allowance costs are passed through to electricity prices completely (or nearly completely) on average, but that the degree of pass-through varies over the load curve. My results suggest that there is no economic reason for free allowance allocation to the German electricity sector, and thus I support the updated allocation rules in phase 3 of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.
SIMPHONY: at the pinnacle of next generation simulation modeling environments for the construction domain

This paper presents Simphony simulation system as a tool that is leading the way in the evolution of simulation systems within the construction domain. This discussion is introduced by presenting an overview of simulation, the different simulation methods and the tools that support this method. Simphony is then introduced as an environment that supports discrete event and continuous simulation. Other features such as its extensible API, calendar, data connectivity, special purpose development abilities etc., are also highlighted to show why Simphony is a powerful simulation system. Two practical problems (earth-moving and traffic light) that are solved using Simphony are presented to demonstrate the use of some of these features.