Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dose validation and study design criteria in current cimetidine studies.

: A large dose validation study compared cimetidine 800 mg at bedtime, a dose known to provide maximum acid suppression through the night, with placebo, cimetidine 400 mg, and 1,600 mg in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. The study was also designed to assess the effects of smoking and ulcer size on duodenal ulcer healing. Results of the study indicated that both smoking and ulcer size negatively correlated with ulcer healing. Cimetidine 800 mg (75%) was superior to placebo (45%) and cimetidine 400 mg (60%) (P less than 0.05) in terms of ulcer healing. There was no statistically significant difference between cimetidine 800 mg and 1,600 mg (81%). Up to 80% of the patients treated with cimetidine 800 mg had some degree of pain relief after the first dose. Cimetidine 800 mg was superior to placebo with respect to both daytime and nighttime pain relief at all assessment points and was superior to 400 mg during the first week. There was no difference in pain relief between 800 mg and 1,600 mg at any assessment period. It was clear that cimetidine 800 mg is the most appropriate dosage in the acute therapy of duodenal ulcer, combining optimal healing with maximum pain relief.
Landownership and the Gender Gap in Agriculture: Disappointing Insights from Northern Ghana

Land provides the basis for food production and is an indispensable input for economic livelihoods in rural areas. Landownership is strongly associated with social and economic power, not only across communities and households, but also within households. The link between landownership and womenâ€™s empowerment has been relatively well documented in general, but not specifically in relation to agriculture. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing how ownership of land is associated with agency and achievements in agriculture among female and male farmers in northern Ghana, a region transitioning from customary land tenure without individual ownership rights towards a more individualized and market-based tenure system. We use a recursive bivariate probit model and focus on eight different indicators in four distinct domains: decisions on agricultural cultivation, decisions on farm income, agricultural association membership, and time allocation. Our empirical estimates indicate that landownership is positively correlated with menâ€™s and womenâ€™s agency in agriculture, namely in decisions on agricultural cultivation and membership in agricultural association. Yet, we also find that the gender gaps in participation in cultivation decisions, the use of agricultural earnings, and in agricultural workload continue to persist among those who own land. While the results underscore the importance of land as a resource that can enhance womenâ€™s agency, they also point out that policies aiming to solely advance land rights may not be sufficient to eradicate or even reduce gender inequality in agriculture.
Book Review: Policies, Politics and the Future of Lifelong Learning

and plagiarism altogether more seriously than traditional-age students, with younger students having a "cheating index" of 27% while those aged 25 and over having an index of 13%. Mature students are therefore half as likely to cheat as there younger colleagues. Also of interest is the study of four women's experience of study with the Open University, which culminates in general ideas on gender and learning. This kind of information is invaluable for those involved in creating and managing courses for women.
[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Declaration I. A study of interrelation "structure--the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory action"].

: Using the computer system SARD-21 (Structure Activity Relationship & Design) the structural features typical for high- and low- effective nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were analyzed. This information has been used for the model for prediction of anti-inflammatory effectiveness of medicines with 76% and 81% level of recognition by two methods. New data can be used for creating new highly effective NSAIDs, and for increasing effectiveness of already known components.
Do Institutions Matter for Informal Employment in Jordan, Egypt and Tunisia?

The paper sheds light on the role of institutions, in addition to values and individual characteristics on the likelihood of being in informal employment in Jordan, Egypt and Tunisia. Using the labour market panel surveys of the three countries, in addition to the world value survey and the world governance indicators, we examine the determinants of informal employment. Our results show that education and values play an important role in the decision of being in informal employment. Moreover, institutions matter in the informality decision.
Wpływ niekonwencjonalnej polityki pieniężnej Banku Węgier na stopy procentowe rynku międzybankowego

Celem artykułu jest analiza wpływu wprowadzonych przez Narodowy Bank Węgier (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, MNB) programów płynnościowych w latach 2013−2016 (Funding for Growth Scheme − FGS, Self-financing Programme − SFP oraz Growth Supporting Programme − GSP) na sposób implementacji polityki pieniężnej przez MNB oraz na kształtowanie się krótkoterminowych stóp procentowych na niezabezpieczonym rynku międzybankowym. Przeprowadzone badanie spreadu pomiędzy stopą podstawową MNB a stawką HUFONIA, uwzględniające podział na dwa podokresy – przed wprowadzeniem programów płynnościowych oraz po ich wdrożeniu przez bank centralny − pozwoliło stwierdzić, iż zmiany w sposobie implementacji polityki pieniężnej przez MNB przyczyniły się do wzrostu zmienności krótkoterminowych stóp procentowych oraz zawężenia spreadu. Oszacowane parametry modelu GARCH, uwzględniającego warunkową heteroskedastyczność błędu losowego, wskazują, że po wprowadzeniu programów płynnościowych na poziom oraz zmienność stóp procentowych na węgierskim rynku międzybankowym silniej wpływały uwarunkowania płynnościowe oraz skala operacji otwartego rynku − wzrost płynności w sektorze bankowym powodował większe spadki oprocentowania niezabezpieczonych depozytów O/N. Analiza determinant spreadu HUFONIA − stopa referencyjna MNB potwierdziła również zwiększoną wrażliwość stóp O/N po wprowadzeniu zmian w sposobie implementacji polityki pieniężnej pod koniec okresu utrzymywania rezerwy obowiązkowej.
Long-term administration of aerosolized pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants and children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection

SUMMARY We assessed the long-term feasibility, safety, and tolerability of two regimens of aerosolized pentamidine (AP) as primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in a large sample of infants and children with symptomatic HIV infection in 21 pediatric departments. One hundred forty children were assigned to receive 60 mg every 2 weeks (n = 60) or 120 mg every 4 weeks (n = 80) of AP, delivered by the ultrasonic nebulizer Fisoneb under the supervision of trained personnel. Children underwent monthly clinical and laboratory controls for toxicity and/or development of PCP for an 18-month period. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two treatment groups. The median age was 5 years. The feasibility of administering AP was excellent in 84 (60 percent) and good in 38 (27 percent) children. All children aged <2 years showed excellent or good feasibility. Long-term compliance was good with both regimens. No child had severe adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of the treatment. Cough, sneezing, and bronchospasm were the most frequent side effects occurring, respectively, in 12, 3.7, and 0.7 percent of the 60-mg treatments and in 19.1, 6. 1, and 2.8 percent of 120-mg treatments (p < 0.05). Their incidence was not different in children younger or older than 5 years. Two episodes of PCP were observed in the group receiving 120 mg monthly, whereas none of the 60 children in the biweekly schedule had PCP (p = 0.20). AP can be safely administered to very young children with few adverse side effects.
Nonnegative tensor decomposition for urban mobility analysis and applications with mobile phone data

This paper reveals the spatial-temporal patterns of urban mobility by exploring massive mobile phone data based on the nonnegative tensor decomposition method. First, human mobility data with the trip origin, destination, and timestamp are formulated to a three-way tensor. Second, the nonnegative Tucker decomposition model is used to reconstruct the core tensor and the factor matrix to extract hidden structures. Third, the model is efficiently estimated using the hierarchical alternating least square nonnegative tensor decomposition (NTD) algorithm with the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) initialization. Using the one-week data of over 4 million cell phone users in Hangzhou, China, we evaluate the performance of the proposed method and explore how different initialization strategies affect tensor decomposition performance. The results show that the NMF initialization strategy can speed up the convergence process and achieve a better fit and more stable results than random initialization in tensor decomposition.
Financial Liberalization, Government Stability, and Currency Crises – Some Evidence from South Korea and Emerging Market Economies

Purpose – Recent empirical studies have reached mixed results on the effects of financial liberalization and currency crises. We argue that this relationship is likely to depend both on whether controls are primarily on the degrees of financial liberalization and on the stability of the government. Using the disaggregated data on financial liberalization recently developed by Abiad et al (2010) for a sample of 30 emerging countries over the period 1995-2015, we attempt to investigate the political economy determinants of currency crises. <br><br>Design/methodology – Our empirical model considers the relationship between financial liberalization and currency crises for emerging market economies. This study employs the existing theoretical framework to identify the disaggregate level for financial liberalization across countries. Using a multivariate logit model, this study attempts to estimate the interrelationship among financial liberalization, government stability and currency crises complemented by a case study of South Korea. <br><br>Findings – Our main findings can be summarized as follows: we find strong support for the proposition that more liberalized financial institutions are positively associated with the probability of currency crises especially under less stable governments, but reduce the risks of currency crises especially for more stable governments. We also examine the role of financial systems with the case of South Korea after Asian financial crises and the results are further supported and consistent with the empirical findings. <br><br>Originality/value – Existing studies focus on the economic factors across countries. This paper instead attempts to evaluate the effects of financial liberalization and currency crises by incorporating political considerations with newly developed dataset on financial liberalization, which are essential to the understanding of the causes of currency crises.
National Belonging and Public Support for Multiculturalism

Abstract How do views about national identity shape support for multiculturalism? In this paper, we argue that individuals who view national ingroup belonging as “achievable” are more likely to support multiculturalism than individuals who view belonging as “ascriptive. ” Using data from the 1995, 2003, and 2013 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) Nationality Identity survey waves across 35 advanced democracies, we find achievable national identities correspond with support for multicultural principles but not for programmatic aspects involving government intervention. Robust analyses reveal these patterns are specific to the content, rather than the strength, of one's national identity. Our findings underline the role of both national belonging and outgroup attitudes on building support for policies of inclusion—and therefore social solidarity—in diverse democracies.
The Law and Economics of Copyright Law and Copyright Exceptions, Limitations, and Immunities

This paper provides a brief review of the law and economics of Copyright Law and Copyright Exceptions, Limitations, and Immunities. Copyright law requires the creator’s consent to copy, publish, convey, transfer or profit from their original work. Copyright exceptions are legal limitations on the requirement that the prior consent, or authorization of the rights holder is necessary to make use of creative works. Copyright exceptions thus permit certain acts (uses) which would otherwise constitute an infringement of the exclusive right to copy. Copyright exceptions characterize the circumstances in which copyright will not be infringed by an unauthorized reproduction or presentation of creative works. Copyright limitations limit the scope or duration copyright holders rights. Copyright immunities remove the sanctions imposed for breach of copyright law obligations e.g. immunity from civil damages. This paper consists of three sections: • First we briefly examine the origin and nature of copyright law, and copyright exceptions; and • Second we briefly examine the economic rationale for copyright; • Third we examine the rationale for copyright exceptions, (including the “fair use” rule), and various other limitations, and immunities (such as “safe harbours”) in detail. In the third section we discuss a number of economic rationales advanced for copyright exceptions, limitations and immunities including: - Transaction costs Rationales - Monopoly Pricing Rationales - Non-Rivalry and Non-divisibility rationales - Indirect Appropriability Rationales and - Externalities rationales including network externalise and anti-commons rationales The paper concludes that the economic case for greater copyright exceptions, (including the “fair use” rule), and various other limitations, and immunities (such as “safe harbours”) has been overstated.
Corporate social responsibility practices in Pakistan: Insights from literature and policy

This article seeks to review the academic literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR), published in the peer-reviewed international research journals in the context of Pakistan. It also examines various national policies and regulatory initiatives, of the government of Pakistan, aimed at promoting CSR. The article relies heavily on CSR-specific international literature to draw implications for the case of Pakistan. Besides, it explores the trends reported in Pakistan-centred CSR literature available. We found that there is a dearth of literature looking into the status of CSR in Pakistan and the regulatory regime too is not strong enough to make corporations adopt CSR in the country. Recommendations for the government and research community have been outlined; hence, the article contributes towards setting and highlighting the future research and policy agenda for CSR in the country.
Evaluating Urea and Creatinine Levels in Chronic Renal Failure Pre and Post Dialysis: A Prospective Study

Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of function of kidney and patient requires a long treatment in the form of renal replacement therapy. Haemodialysis is one of the renal replacement therapy, during which body’s waste products, including creatinine, urea and excess water, are removed. The current study was designed to investigate the impact of haemodialysis on the removal of excess body waste and hemoglobin level of patients. Seventy patients were randomly analyzed. 53% of patients had serum urea level above 200 mg/dl but after dialysis and 66% of patients had urea level below 200 mg/dl. Concerning serum creatinine, 57% of patients had values between 7-12 mg/dl before dialysis, whereas after dialysis in 58% of patients the values were reduced below 7 mg/dl.
Amphotericin B and flucytosine in the treatment of candidal cystitis.

: The causes, diagnosis, and treatment of candidal cystitis are reviewed. It is necessary to differentiate between colonization and infection because Candida organisms reside normally in the digestive tract of humans and do not normally exist in the urine. A diagnosis of candidal cystitis is based on a urine sample culture growth of more than 10,000 colonies/ml. Initial treatment involves removing as many of the precipitating factors as possible. The current treatment of choice is irrigation of the bladder with amphotericin B. Continuous irrigation with a three-way catheter is recommended over intermittent instillations. Oral flucytosine can be added to exert synergistic action in persistent infections, or when renal infection is suspected, or if catheterization is not desirable. The major problem with flucytosine is that many strains of Candida are initially resistant, and some strains may develop secondary resistance during the course of therapy. Because of its potential for toxicity, intravenous amphotericin B is reserved for systemic infections and for those infections refractory to more conservative therapy.
Cluster analysis application in the compulsoryinsurance of civil-legal liability of the vehicles’ owners

With an increase in flow of the processed and stored information in insurance organizations in Kazakhstan, associated with the building of customers’ base, mergers and acquisitions processes and implementation of the new insurance products; the relevance of the problem of preliminary information processing for its structuring, allocation of distinctive attributed, generalization and sorting grows. Without appropriate scientific and methodological approach, data processing and analysis will be more difficult for insurance organizations and, may require the utilization of significant informational-computing and financial resources. In the present article as a modern scientific-research approach to the solution of this problem, it is suggested to apply a procedure of the cluster analysis by k-means algorithm, which makes it possible to simplify the processing and further analysis of data set by arranging data in relatively homogeneous groups. Particularly, the present article describes a process of the cluster analysis application by the k-means algorithm to the data on losses by a class of Compulsory insurance of civil-legal liability of the vehicles’ owners. The purpose of the present article is to split the losses by this class of insurance into homogeneous qualitative groups (clusters) based on frequency and severity of losses and, to interpret acquired clusters. Results of the k-means algorithm confirm that each acquired cluster has statistically significant data with similar impact upon losses’ process, which may be employed in the future for evaluation of losses of the insurance organization. Methodological approaches and results obtained in this article will, first of all, be interesting to the professional participants of insurance market of the Republic of Kazakhstan to conduct better underwriting research on the formation of the efficient structure of the insurance portfolio of Compulsory insurance of civil-legal liability of the vehicles’ owners in accordance with tariff rates.
L’USAGE DE TWITTER PAR LES MAIRES D’ILE-DE-FRANCE USE OF TWITTER BY MAYORS OF ILE DE FRANCE

This article proposes to visualize digital data produced by the use of the social network Twitter by the mayors of the Ile-de-France region. Twitter is now a growing tool for communication and public figures use it extensively as a way to reach webusers interested in their commitments and responsibilities. The analysis and visualization of these "big data" are therefore intended to carry out a study of the use of a social network by local representatives. This is, first, to draw up a typical profile of mayors present on the social network based on gender, age, political affiliation, level of responsibility and type of space. Then characterize the uses on the hearing and outreach activity by analyzing the number of tweets and followers by taking the same criteria. And finally, it is to observe the content of the messages exchanged and to analyze it as illustrations of the local public debate.
Pancréatites aiguës traitées en milieu chirurgical. A propos de 57 cas.

Le but de ce travail a ete d'apprecier les resultats d'une strategie adoptee dans le traitement des pancreatites aigues (PA) : abstention initiale, prise en charge en secteur de soins intensifs, traitement chirurgical des complications (infection et/ou echappement hemodynamique a la reanimation). Les modalites du traitement chirurgical etaient guidees par les constatations scannographiques : abord anterieur des lesions disseminees, abord electif retroperitoneal des lesions localisees. De 1986 a 1994, 57 patients (32 hommes, 25 femmes, âge moyen 59,2 ans) ont ete hospitalises pour PA d'etiologie biliaire 29 fois, alcoolique 14 fois, metabolique 4 fois, post-CPRE 2 fois, post-operatoire 1 fois, post-traumatique 1 fois, sur cancer pancreatique 1 fois, indeterminee 5 fois. Il s'agissait de 18 PA legeres (Ranson < 3), 27 PA moderees (Ranson ≤ 5) et 12 PA graves (Ranson ≥ 6). En fonction du scanner initial (56 cas), 9 patients etaient classes grade A, 11 grade B 13 grade C, 8 grade D et 15 grade E. Trente-huit patients ont ete traites medicalement (Ranson moyen 3,3). Dix-neuf patients ont ete operes (Ranson moyen 4,6), en urgence pour doute diagnostique (4 patients), ou secondairement pour aggravation bioclinique (15 patients). Il a ete realise 13 fois une necrosectomie avec mise en place d'un drainage actif prolonge, 6 fois un drainage seul ; il a ete associe une cholecystectomie 8 fois, une cholecystostomie 2 fois, une jejunostomie 7 fois, une resection colique pour necrose 3 fois. Deux patients non operes (5 %) sont decedes (defaillance multi-viscerale et insuffisance cardiaque). Quatre patients operes (21 % : NS) sont decedes (2 defaillances multi-viscerales, un choc septique, un infarctus du myocarde). Cette mortalite a ete influencee par le score de Ranson : 42 % pour les PA graves, 3,7 % pour les PA moderees et nulle pour les PA legeres (p < 0,01). Elle n'a pas ete influencee par le grade TDM, le delai d'intervention, ou le type d'intervention. Ces resultats permettent de conforter l'attitude adoptee. Ainsi nous preconisons de n'operer les PA que secondairement, l'indication preferentielle etant le sepsis non controle. Dans cette situation, le drainage actif prolonge nous parait bien adapte, un seul sepsis recidivant ayant ete observe chez les 14 patients ayant beneficie de cette technique.