Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are people asking questions of general Web search engines?

Recent studies show that many Web users only submit short queries and conduct short search sessions. This paper examines aspects of users’ attempting longer more complex queries. Web search services such as Ask Jeeves – publicly accessible question and answer (Q&A) search engines – encourage queries in question or request format. In light of this trend, this study examines whether general Web queries are shifting towards a more question/request format. Previous studies show that some users were submitting question or request format queries to general non‐Q&A Web search engines. This paper re‐examines this issue by analysing large‐scale Web query data from two different (US and European) Web query data sets, including 1.2 million Excite queries (www.excite.com) and 1.2 million AlltheWeb.com (http://AlltheWeb.com) queries from 2001.
3-dimensional analysis on the cell string current of NAND flash memory

The cell string current of NAND flash memory is very small due to large resistance from the cells connected in series. In this paper, scaling effects on the cell current are analyzed for 70/60/50 nm NAND flash technologies using 3-dimensional TCAD simulation. The geometrical and process parameters are varied and their effects are quantified. It is identified that the coupling ratio has the most significant impact on the cell current and the LDD engineering is more relevant for higher cell current
Phase I/IIa study evaluating the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lucitanib in advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND Lucitanib is a potent, oral inhibitor fibroblast growth factor receptor types 1 and 2 (FGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor types 1, 2, and 3 (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor types α and β (PGFRα/β), which are essential kinases for tumor growth, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Several tumor types, including breast carcinoma, demonstrate amplification of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-related genes. There are no approved drugs for molecularly defined FGF-aberrant (FGFR1- or FGF3/4/19-amplified) tumors. METHODS This open-label phase I/IIa study involved a dose-escalation phase to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD), recommended dose (RD), and pharmacokinetics of lucitanib in patients with advanced solid tumors, followed by a dose-expansion phase to obtain preliminary evidence of efficacy in patients who could potentially benefit from treatment (i.e. with tumors harboring FGF-aberrant pathway or considered angiogenesis-sensitive). RESULTS Doses from 5 to 30 mg were evaluated with dose-limiting toxic effects dominated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition-related toxic effects at the 30 mg dose level (one case of grade 4 depressed level of consciousness and two cases of grade 3 thrombotic microangiopathy). The most common adverse events (all grades, all cohorts) were hypertension (91%), asthenia (42%), and proteinuria (57%). Exposure increased with dose and t½ was 31-40 h, suitable for once daily administration. Seventy-six patients were included. All but one had stage IV; 42% had >3 lines of previous chemotherapy. Sixty-four patients were assessable for response; 58 had measurable disease. Clinical activity was observed at all doses tested with durable Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) partial responses in a variety of tumor types. In the angiogenesis-sensitive group, objective RECIST response rate (complete response + partial response) was 26% (7 of 27) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 25 weeks. In assessable FGF-aberrant breast cancer patients, 50% (6 of 12) achieved RECIST partial response with a median PFS of 40.4 weeks for all treated patients. CONCLUSION Lucitanib has promising efficacy and a manageable side-effect profile. The spectrum of activity observed demonstrates clinical benefit in both FGF-aberrant and angiogenesis-sensitive populations. A comprehensive phase II program is planned.
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filter: Basic Design Rules and Fundamental Structure Features

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is becoming more crowded, and it is densely populated with various wireless signals and parasitic interferers in connection with communication and sensing services. Increasingly sophisticated radio-frequency (RF), microwave, and millimeter-wave filters are required to enable the selection and/or rejection of specific frequency channels. This will occur in future generations of the wireless system, such as the current hotly debated fifth-generation communication systems, where the spectral channelization of a heterostructured wide-band signals will be critical in support of a host of coexisting bandwidths or speeds and applications. Bandpass filters have been the most useful and popular types for such applications and are the most difficult to design and develop in practice. Other types of filters such as notch (stopband) and lowpass filters have also been widely used in many systems, and their design is generally perceived less critical with respect to band-pass filters. This article will focus on the presentation and discussion of bandpass filters. Design factors or parameters of filters, such as selectivity, cost, miniaturization, sensitivity to environmental effects (temperature and humidity, for example), and power handling, combined with predefined in-band and out-of-band performance metrics, are critical specifications of the design with respect to the development of RF and microwave front ends. This is indispensable for the efficient utilization of frequency spectrum resources and the cost-effective enhancement of wireless system performances.
HIV status and the risk of ischemic stroke among men

Objective: Given conflicting data regarding the association of HIV infection and ischemic stroke risk, we sought to determine whether HIV infection conferred an increased ischemic stroke risk among male veterans. Methods: The Veterans Aging Cohort Study–Virtual Cohort consists of HIV-infected and uninfected veterans in care matched (1:2) for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site. We analyzed data on 76,835 male participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study–Virtual Cohort who were free of baseline cardiovascular disease. We assessed demographics, ischemic stroke risk factors, comorbid diseases, substance use, HIV biomarkers, and incidence of ischemic stroke from October 1, 2003, to December 31, 2009. Results: During a median follow-up period of 5.9 (interquartile range 3.5–6.6) years, there were 910 stroke events (37.4% HIV-infected). Ischemic stroke rates per 1,000 person-years were higher for HIV-infected (2.79, 95% confidence interval 2.51–3.10) than for uninfected veterans (2.24 [2.06–2.43]) (incidence rate ratio 1.25 [1.09–1.43]; p < 0.01). After adjusting for demographics, ischemic stroke risk factors, comorbid diseases, and substance use, the risk of ischemic stroke was higher among male veterans with HIV infection compared with uninfected veterans (hazard ratio 1.17 [1.01–1.36]; p = 0.04). Conclusions: HIV infection is associated with an increased ischemic stroke risk among HIV-infected compared with demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected male veterans.
Asymptotic Stability of Impulsive Cellular Neural Networks with Infinite Delays via Fixed Point Theory

We employ the new method of fixed point theory to study the stability of a class of impulsive cellular neural networks with infinite delays. Some novel and concise sufficient conditions are presented ensuring the existence and uniqueness of solution and the asymptotic stability of trivial equilibrium at the same time. These conditions are easily checked and do not require the boundedness and differentiability of delays.
World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension-Do These Differ From the U.S. Recommendations? Which Guidelines Should the Practicing Physician Follow?

The recent World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH) recommendations for the treatment of hypertension are consistent with the guidelines established by the Sixth Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) in the U.S. with several exceptions. Both reports define hypertension as a persistent elevation of blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg and advocate the lowering of blood pressure for all patients with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in addition to hypertension. The WHO-ISH report, however, suggests continuing monitoring without medication for subjects without other risk factors if pressures are not greater than 150/95 mm Hg. The JNC VI recommends drug therapy even in these subjects if blood pressures remain greater than 140/90 mm Hg after a 6-12 month period of nonpharmacologic interventions. Based on available data this would appear to be a more reasonable recommendation. The WHO-ISH indicates that all classes of medication are suitable initial therapy, despite the lack of morbidity and mortality data with several of them. The JNC VI continues to use outcome data to recommend diuretics or Ã -blockers as initial treatment. The WHO-ISH recommendations may prove to be appropriate-i.e., the lowering of blood pressure makes the difference and not which medication is used-There are some data to support this position but at present the strongest outcome data support the JNC VI recommendations. Both reports stress the importance of lowering blood pressure to levels of 130/85 mm Hg or even lower in patients with diabetes, renal, or heart failure. The addition of the WHO-ISH report should help to focus more clearly the need for better blood pressure control. (c)1999 by Le Jacq Communications, Inc.
Colorectal cancer screening: a review of the evidence.

Digital Object Identifier: 10.1188/04.CJON. 536-540 Colorectal cancer remains a serious health problem in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) (2004) estimates 106,370 new cases of colon cancer and 40,570 new cases of rectal cancer annually. Furthermore, the ACS estimates that 56,730 people die from colorectal cancer annually (ACS). It is the third-leading cancer diagnosis and cause of cancer mortality in men and women. Without intervention, about 5.6% of Americans will develop colorectal cancer during their lives (ACS, 2004). When colorectal cancer is diagnosed at the localized stage, the five-year survival rate is 90%, but only 37% of cases are diagnosed at the localized stage. About 75% of people who develop colorectal cancer are considered to be at average risk. People at higher risk include those with a family history of colorectal cancer or a personal history of irritable bowel syndrome. Those at very high risk include people with a known mutation for familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Screening guidelines for such individuals are much more rigorous than those described in this article for people of average risk. Colorectal cancer is thought to arise from polyps in the colon. Data from the National Polyp Study demonstrated that an adenoma progresses to cancer in as long as 10 years (Winawer, 2001). Understanding this concept is crucial because it illustrates the length of time when prevention and early detection methods can interrupt the development of cancer. Therefore, the same methods used to detect colorectal cancer can be used to identify and remove polyps and ultimately prevent colorectal cancer from occurring. Despite the widespread availability of effective screening tests, colorectal cancer screening lags behind screening for other cancers, such as breast and cervical cancer. About 50% of adults aged 50 years and older have had fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), lower endoscopy, or both in the last five years (Tiwari et al., 2004). Medicare coverage expanded in 1998 to include colorectal cancer screening, as do most commercial health plans. This has removed a significant barrier to colorectal cancer screening. Less-than-optimal participation in screening might stem from confusion by the public and healthcare professionals regarding what constitutes appropriate screening. Much controversy is associated with colorectal cancer screening. Table 1 provides a comparison of screening guidelines from professional organizations. Most groups agree that screening should begin at age 50 in adults at average risk for developing colorectal cancer. Although the incidence of colorectal cancer is low at age 50, about 25% of adults will have adenomatous polyps (Smith et al., 2001). Thus, the underlying rationale for beginning screening at age 50 is based on the potential to detect and remove precursor lesions and polyps.
Mini-paper – Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation and other techniques of ‘ non chemical ’ soil disinfestation techniques

Soil-borne diseases can be suppressed in different manners, by means of one-target methods such as gene resistance or chemical fumigants, but also by multi-target techniques that can contribute to the general fertility/soil health and maintenance of the plant production, while avoiding the appearance of the mentioned diseases. The addition of decomposed or composted organic matter into the soil can be considered as a cultural practice that permits the control of several pathogens, as is shown in many examples. The result of this addition is variable and this variability is dependent on the decomposition state of the organic matter. In a recent review, Bonanomi et al. (2010) stated that extremely decomposed materials such as peats are very stable, showing slight suppresiveness or moderate conduciveness. On the other hand, undecomposed materials span all the possibilities between conduciveness and suppresiveness. The application method for the incorporation of easily-decomposable organic materials into the soil, as well as the features of these materials, is key factors in order to achieve success in the suppression of a soil-borne disease. In this regard, promising results have been achieved when organic matter is used as a disinfectant prior to plantation. The basis of this biological disinfection has its origin in the biocidal/biostatic effect of the volatile compounds produced during the decomposition of the organic matter as ammonia, plus additional effects provided by the release of non-volatile molecules to the soil, such asfatty acids (Arriaga et al., 2011; Runia et al., 2014). In this scenario, also the microbial communities can develop differentially than under a nondisinfected soil. To promote the biological disinfestation, i. e. the decomposition in soil of the organic matter, large amounts of water are required, as well as an upper layer to avoid losing the biodisinfectant gasses that are produced for a period ranging from 2 to 15 weeks. This layer is usually a transparent polyethylene plastic in the Mediterranean countries and soil is covered during summers, what comprises a soil solarization (Butler et al., 2012), but not transparent virtually impermeable film (VIF) is also used (Blok et al., 2000). Both actions favor the lack of oxygen in the soil at least for the first days after the watering. This depletion of oxygen gives name to the Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD), which integrates all the above mentioned techniques.
Binaural-cue-based noise reduction using multirate quasi-ANSI filter bank for hearing aids

This paper presents a low-power and real-time noise reduction (NR) algorithm using 18-band 1/3-octave quasi-ANSI filter bank for binaural hearing aids. With aids of binaural cues and minima controlled recursive average (MCRA) approach, the proposed NR algorithm consists of a directional mask and an estimated mask. The directional mask exploits the interaural time difference (ITD) together with the interaural level difference (ILD) of two input sources to attenuate the lateral noise, while the estimated mask is used to further reduce the background noise and the coherence noise. Investigated by the circumstances with the −3 dB, 0 dB, and 3 dB, respectively, cocktail-party effect, the simulation results show that the proposed binaural NR algorithm gains an average of approximately 5.07 dB SNR improvement. Moreover, the speech intelligibility index (SII) performance is superior, comparing that with the state-of-the-art NR algorithms for hearing aids. The proposed binaural NR algorithm has been implemented in TSMC 90 nm CMOS high-VT technology. The chip design is operated by 288 KHz and consumes approximately 121.6 μW (@1 V). The chip design can be operated by 0.6 V for real-time processing 24 kHz audio. The simulated power consumption is approximately 64.52 μW for binaural hearing aids.
Genetics of Ischemic Stroke: Emphasis on Candidate-Gene Association Studies

Broadly, strokes are classified into two main types-ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by blockage in blood flow to a focal area of the brain, until hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding into the brain. Acute IS is more common than hemorrhagic stroke. Although according the previous literature data about 80% of strokes were ischemic, the retrospective review from a stroke center found that about 60% were ischemic 1. Except their causes and pathophysiology ischemic and hemorrhagic types differ in their treatments and outcomes 2.
The COG Complex, Rab6 and COPI Define a Novel Golgi Retrograde Trafficking Pathway that is Exploited by SubAB Toxin

Toxin trafficking studies provide valuable information about endogenous pathways of intracellular transport. Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is transported in a retrograde manner through the endosome to the Golgi and then to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it specifically cleaves the ER chaperone BiP/GRP78 (Binding immunoglobin protein/Glucose‐Regulated Protein of 78 kDa). To identify the SubAB Golgi trafficking route, we have used siRNA‐mediated silencing and immunofluorescence microscopy in HeLa and Vero cells. Knockdown (KD) of subunits of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex significantly delays SubAB cytotoxicity and blocks SubAB trafficking to the cis Golgi. Depletion of Rab6 and β‐COP proteins causes a similar delay in SubAB‐mediated GRP78 cleavage and did not augment the trafficking block observed in COG KD cells, indicating that all three Golgi factors operate on the same ’fast' retrograde trafficking pathway. SubAB trafficking is completely blocked in cells deficient in the Golgi SNARE Syntaxin 5 and does not require the activity of endosomal sorting nexins SNX1 and SNX2. Surprisingly, depletion of Golgi tethers p115 and golgin‐84 that regulates two previously described coat protein I (COPI) vesicle‐mediated pathways did not interfere with SubAB trafficking, indicating that SubAB is exploiting a novel COG/Rab6/COPI‐dependent retrograde trafficking pathway.
Pathophysiology of acute renal failure.

Despite the availability of modern techniques, mortality continues to be high in acute renal failure (ARF). A more specific form of therapy will not be available until the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms in ARF are known. Tubular obstruction, increased tubular permeability and marked renal hemodynamic alterations are major mechanisms that have been proposed and investigated. Evidence has been obtained suggesting that tubular obstruction by interstitial edema or intratubular casts and "passive backflow" due to increased tubular epithelial permeability do not have primary roles in ARF, although they may augment the degree of renal insufficiency. The majority of recent studies indicate that alterations in renal hemodynamics, mediated by the renin-angiotensin system, are responsible for the near cessation in glomerular filtration observed in ARF. A schema for the pathogenesis of ARF, with therapeutic implications, has been developed.
Specific tolerance to an acetylcholine receptor epitope induced in vitro in myasthenia gravis CD4+ lymphocytes by soluble major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes.

In autoimmune disorders, inactivation of pathogenic antigen-specific T cells, rather than global immunosuppression, would be highly desirable. One way to achieve this would be to deliver the first antigen-specific signal to the T cell in the absence of the second costimulatory signal. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a well-characterized autoimmune disease in which T cell-dependent autoantibodies are directed against the acetylcholine receptor (A ChR) at the neuromuscular junction. AChR-specific T cells have been cloned from MG patients, and in this study, we have induced long-lasting tolerance in vitro in one particular clone (PM-A1) with a known peptide epitope (alpha 144-163) and MHC class II restriction (DR4 Dw14.2 or 4.2) by using soluble MHC-class II peptide complexes. Preincubation of PM-A1 T cells with such complexes induced death by apoptosis in < or = 40-50% of the AChR-specific cells. Surviving cells remained refractory to stimulation with AChR-derived synthetic peptides or recombinant polypeptides for < or = 38 d after complex treatment. These effects were highly specific, dose-dependent and required > 2 h preincubation. The T cells could be protected from the tolerizing effects of complex by coincubation with DR-matched or -mismatched antigen-presenting cells. This work shows that antigen-specific T cells can be selectively killed or anergized using soluble MHC class II: peptide complexes. Such an antigen-specific therapy offers a rational approach to the immunotherapy of autoimmune or allergic disease in vivo.
Kwaliteit van de arbeid in pluimveehouderijsystemen als alternatief voor de legbatterij

Doel van het project is het beoordelen van de kwaliteit van de arbeid in de belangrijkste momenteel bekende huisvestingssystemen voor leghennen (inclusief de batterijhuisvesting). Op basis van deze integrale beoordeling van de arbeidskwaliteit zullen de gezondheidskundige implicaties voor de werkende mensen in elk van die huisvestingssystemen worden aangegeven
Nitric oxide-mediated central sympathetic excitation promotes CNS and pulmonary O 2 toxicity

Nitric oxide-mediated central sympathetic excitation promotes CNSandpulmonaryO 2 toxicity. hyperbaric oxygen (HBO 2 ) at or above 3 atmospheres absolute (ATA), autonomic pathways link central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity to pulmonary damage, possibly through a paradoxical and poorly characterized relationship between central nitric oxide production and sympathetic outﬂow. To investigate this possibility, we assessed sympathetic discharges, catecholamine release, cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, and lung damage in rats exposed to oxygen at 5 or 6 ATA. Before HBO 2 exposure, either a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or a nonselective NOS inhibitor was injected directly into the cerebral ventricles to minimize effects on the lung, heart, and peripheral circulation. Experiments were performed on both anesthetized and conscious rats to differentiate responses to HBO 2 from the effects of anesthesia. EEG spikes, markers of CNS toxicity in anesthetized animals, were approximately four times as likely to develop in control rats than in animals with central NOS inhibition. In inhibitor-treated animals, autonomic discharges, cardiovascular pressures, catecholamine release, and cerebral blood ﬂow all remained below baseline throughout exposure to HBO 2 . In control animals, however, initial declines in these parameters were followed by signiﬁcant increases above their baselines. In awake animals, central NOS inhibition signiﬁcantly decreased the incidence of clonic-tonic convulsions or delayed their onset, compared with controls. The novel ﬁndings of this study are that NO produced by nNOS in the periventricular regions of the brain plays a critical role in the events leading to both CNS toxicity in HBO 2 and to the associated sympathetic hyperactivation involved in pulmonary injury.