Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The photosynthetic reaction center from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis and its relevance to photosystem II

In our lecture we first describe the history and methods of membrane protein crystallization, before we show how the structure of the photosynthetic reaction center from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis was solved. The structure of this membrane protein complex is then correlated with its function as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane. Finally, we draw conclusions on the structure of the photosystem II reaciton center of plants and discuss the aspects of membrane protein structure. Sections 1 (crystallization), 4 (conclusions on the structure of photosystem II reaction center and evolutionary aspects) and 5 (aspects of membrane protein structure) were presented and written by H. M. , sections 2 (determination of the structure) and 3 (structure and function) by J. D. We have arranged the manuscript in this way in order to facilitate continuous reading.
Synthesis of epitaxial silicon nanowires on Si(111) substrates using ultrahigh vacuum magnetron sputtering

Epitaxial silicon nanowires on Si(111) surface and nonepitaxial silicon nanowires on thermally oxidized silicon substrates have been synthesized using ultrahigh vacuum sputtering. Silicon nanowires with noncylindrical shape and diameter of 200–300nm were obtained on thermally oxidized Si substrates using Au(15A)∕Si(8A)∕Au(15A) trilayer as catalysts. Cylindrical silicon nanowires with diameter between 40 and 100nm and length up to 8μm were synthesized using epitaxial growth on Si(111) substrates. Sputter provides an alternative fabrication technique for silicon nanowire synthesis in ultrahigh vacuum environment.
Ready identification of disulfide‐bonded polypeptides by one‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis

A method for the detection of disulfide bonded polypeptide components in protein mixtures is described. During the electrophoresis of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide slab gels, the migration is interrupted and advantage is taken of the rapid diffusion of added 2‐mercaptoethanol into lanes without reductant. In this paper, the results of applying this procedure to proteins known to contain only inter‐chain (α2‐macroglobulin, fibrinogen, type III collagen) and intrachain disulfides (bovine serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase) as well as to crude extracts are reported.
Ricinodols A–G: new tetracyclic triterpenoids as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors from Ricinodendron heudelotii

A search for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors from Ricinodendron heudelotii has afforded seven new tetracyclic triterpenoids ricinodols A–G (1–7), along with three known podocarpane-type diterpenoids (8–10). Ricinodols A (1) and B (2) possess a new carbon skeleton with a novel concurrent rearrangement of Me-19 (10 → 9) and Me-30 (14 → 8). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with reported analogues, while the 24R-configuration of those with a 24-OH group was established by an in situ dimolybdenum CD method. Of these isolates, ricinodol E (5) exhibited the best inhibitory activities against both human and mouse 11β-HSD1 with IC50 values of 0.36 ± 0.26 and 0.84 ± 0.18 μM, respectively.
Dispersal vs. vicariance: the origin of India’s extant tetrapod fauna

Given the Indian block’s ancient association with Gondwana and subsequent separation from Africa, then Madagascar, then the Seychelles, vicariance has often been invoked to explain the distribution of some of India’s extant biota that might have had Gondwanan origins. Here I review phylogenetic studies and fossil data of Indian tetrapods to ascertain the contribution of dispersal and vicariance in shaping the assemblage. Paleogene dispersal into India accounts for almost all of the tetrapod clades in India. Vicariance is invoked for three groups, all fossorial; the caecilians, the frog family Nasikabatrachidae and the blindsnake family Gerrhopilidae. This review concludes that practically all of India’s Late Cretaceous tetrapod fauna (of Gondwanan origin) was extirpated during the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, which may have been exacerbated by the coeval volcanism associated with the emplacement of the Deccan Trap large igneous province. Subsequently, the tetrapod fauna was built up by incoming elements as India advanced towards Asia, docking with the continent in the Paleogene.
Efectividad de los programas computarizados en rehabilitación cognitiva de pacientes con esquizofrenia

Escopo. Os deficits cognitivos presentes na esquizofrenia tem sido intervindos com a reabilitacao cognitiva, sendo o uso de programas computorizados uma tendencia nos ultimos tempos. Em esta pesquisa, foi importante estabelecer a eficacia de estes programas na reabilitacao cognitiva de pacientes com esquizofrenia. Metodologia . Para isto, foram revisados os materiais bibliograficos publicados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, PUBMED, ASSIA, PsycINFO e Journals@Ovid, entre 2005 e 2017, que incluiram nas suas palavras-chave plataforma virtual ou programa computorizado e reabilitacao cognitiva ou reabilitacao neuropsicologica e esquizofrenia. Resultados . De um total de 365 artigos, so 20 de eles cumpriram os criterios de inclusao. Sua revisao encontrou que a intervencao com programas computorizadas normalmente gera melhoras nos processos de atencao, memoria, velocidade de processamento, funcoes executivas, assim como na dimensao de cognicao social e a esfera afetiva. Conclusao . Embora a reabilitacao cognitiva a traves de programas computorizadas parece efetiva para melhorar o funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com esquizofrenia, nao e clara a transferencia e generalizacao de esta melhora na cotidianidade dos pacientes.
Effects of estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen on the conformation, thermal stability, and DNA recognition of estrogen receptor β

Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors. We examined the effects of estradiol (E2), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT), and the estrogen response element (ERE) on the helical content and thermal unfolding of ERβ. A circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of ERβ showed changes at 210 and 222 nm that were due to the presence of E2, which is indicative of partial unfolding. In contrast, HT did not alter the CD spectrum of ERβ. The addition of E2 + ERE caused an increase in the α-helical content and an increase in the temperature midpoint of folding transition (TM) from 39 ± 0.7 °C to 57.2 ± 1 °C. The addition of E2 + mutant ERE, or E2 + control oligonucleotide, increased the TM of ERβ to 45 ± 2 °C only. In the presence of HT, ERβ yielded similar TM values (55–58 °C) with ERE, mutant ERE, or control oligodeoxynucleotide. The binding affinity of ERβ for ERE increased 125.7-fold as a result of the presence of E2, but only 4-fold as a result of HT. These results demonstrate coupled effects of E.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Pesticide Microcapsules Influenced by Formaldehyde to Urea Ratio

Urea–formaldehyde resin is widely used as shell materials for microencapsulation of pesticide by in situ polymerization. A series of acetochlor microcapsules were prepared with different formaldehyde to urea molar ratios in this research. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis suggests that there hardly exists any chemical interactions between shell materials and the acetochlor core materials, and the structure of urea–formaldehyde pre-polymers and shell materials are significantly different when the ratios of formaldehyde to urea increases. The pre-polymer becomes more hydroxymethylated with higher molar ratios, and hydrogen bonds in shell materials interact stronger as well, thus the ratios of formaldehyde to urea affect encapsulation efficiency by hydrogen bonding interactions, which determines the cross-link degree of the shell materials of the prepared microcapsules.
Nitrogen Removal in Streams of Agricultural Catchments—A Literature Review

Excess nutrient loads have been recognized to be the major cause of serious water quality problems recently encountered in many estuaries and coastal waters of the world. Agriculture has been recognized in many regions of the world to be the largest single source of nitrogen emissions to the aquatic environments, and best management practices have been proposed to reduce nutrient losses at the field edge. As a result, there is growing awareness that nutrient management must be handled at the watershed scale. However, the key to nutrient management at the watershed scale is the understanding and quantification of the fate of nutrients both at the field scale and after they enter the aquatic environment. There has been widespread evidence since the late 1970s that nitrogen can be removed from water during its downstream transport in watersheds or basins. Although this information is becoming crucial, no overview has been proposed, so far, to qualitatively as well as quantitatively summarize available information in the literature. For this reason, we propose a review on the biogeochemical processes involved in nitrogen removal in streams, the rates of removal reported, and the factors influencing those rates. Nitrogen removal rates in agricultural streams should be expected to vary between 350 and 1250 mg N m−2 day−1. Mass transfer coefficients (coefficient evaluating intrinsic ability of a stream to remove nitrogen) values in agricultural streams may vary between 0.07 and 0.25 m day−1, although these values correspond to values obtained from reach scale studies. Reviewing values obtained from different measurement scales has revealed that results from incubations or experiments performed in the laboratory clearly underestimate mass transfer coefficients compared to those reported at the reach scale, from severalfold to more than one order of magnitude. Nitrogen removal rates and efficiency in streams are the highest in the summer, and this is critical for receiving ecosystems, which are most sensitive to external inputs at this period of the year. Removal efficiency is the lowest in winter in temperate climates due to high flow and loading combined with lowest removal rates. In-stream processes, on an annual basis, may remove at the watershed scale as much as 10 to 70% of the total N load to the drainage network.
Characteristics of smoke flavourings obtained from mixtures of oak (Quercus sp.) wood and aromatic plants (Thymus vulgaris L. and Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.)

Two aqueous smoke flavourings were obtained, on a laboratory scale, from mixtures of oak wood sawdust (Quercus sp.) and sawdust of the aerial parts of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) or sage (Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.) (8:2, w[sol ]w, respectively). The acidity and composition of these preparations were determined in this study. The presence of thyme or sage in the starting material influences the acidity and composition of these two smoke flavourings. Both flavourings contain the same main components (aldehydes, ketones, diketones, acids, esters and furan and pyran derivatives, alkyl aryl ethers, and phenol, guaiacol, pyrocatechol, syringol and their alkyl derivatives and some anhydro-sugars), which are well-known typical smoke components. In addition they contain some terpenic derivatives, such as linalool, camphor, endo-borneol and 2,5-bornanedione and a large group of nitrogenated derivatives in low concentrations, coming from the aromatic plants. These compounds contribute floral and herbaceous as well as burnt and roasted notes to these smoke flavourings and all those associated properties to these specific compounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organometallic water splitting – from coordination chemistry to catalysis

Abstract This review gives an overview on the recent developments in the field of coordination chemistry of water at transition metal centres, which could give implications for a better understanding of the elementary steps of light-driven overall water splitting. Additionally, selected examples for homogeneous catalyst systems that are capable of producing hydrogen and/or oxygen from water are presented, focussing on the mechanistic aspects of water reduction and water oxidation.
Microscopic uniformity in plasma etching

As we enter the era of ultra‐large‐scale integrated circuit manufacture, plasma etching grows more important for fabricating structures with unprecedented dimensions. For feature sizes below 1 μm and aspect ratios (depth/width) much larger than one, etching rates have been observed to depend on aspect ratio and pattern density. Such dependencies tend to increase the cost of manufacturing because even small changes in device design rules, cell design, or wafer layout can result in time‐consuming, new plasma process development. In addition, microscopically nonuniform etching affects the trade‐off between chips lost from failure to clear and chips lost by damage from overetching. Although aspect ratio and pattern dependent etching have been observed for a large variety of material systems and processing conditions, the fundamental causes underlying these effects are poorly understood. Partly, this results from use of confusing and conflicting nomenclature and a lack of careful, quantitative comparisons between experiment and theory. In this article we review recent literature on microscopic uniformity in plasma etching and carefully define terminology to distinguish between aspect ratio dependent etching (ARDE) and the pattern dependent effect known as microloading. For ARDE, we use dimensional analysis to narrow the range of proposed mechanisms to four which involve ion transport, neutral transport, and surface charging. For microloading, we show that it is formally equivalent to the usual loading effect, where the reactant concentration is depeleted as a result of an excessive substrate load.
Thermal expansion, transitions, sensitivities and burning rates of HMX

The phases of HMX and their transitions were investigated by thermal analysis using X-ray diffraction. Series of diffraction pattern were measured, while the samples were heated and cooled. The thermal expansion coefficients and the colume changes at the transitions were extracted from the diffraction series. A contraction of β-HMX was found before changing into δ-HMX resulting in a high volume difference during the transition. On cooling, the reconversion of the high temperature phase requires days. It is further slowed down by decomposition products, which are formed at temperatures beyond 490 K. The final reconversion results in mixtures of α-and βHMX. The mechanical sensitivities and the buring rates of the HMX phase were determined. The high sensitivity of δ-HMX against impact together with its slow reconversion creates handling risks when the HMX is exposed to temperatures above 440 K.
Strictigine - A Novel 4-Vinylquinoline Alkaloid from Rhazya stricta

Abstract A novel 4-vinylquinoline alkaloid, strictigine, has been isolated from the roots, stems and leaves of Rhazya stricta. The structure of strictigine (1) was established with the help of spectroscopic studies including HOHAHA and inverse NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC)
INFLUÊNCIA DA CONCENTRAÇÃO LIPÍDICA NA SECAGEM DE PASTA DE VEGETAIS ENRIQUECIDA COM SANGUE BOVINO EM LEITO DE JORRO

RESUMO Os vegetais são alimentos ricos em nutrientes e compostos antioxidantes. O sangue bovino é um subproduto de frigoríficos, rico em proteínas. A secagem em leito de jorro apresenta vantagens por se tratar de um equipamento de baixo custo operacional, obtendo um produto de qualidade similar ao spray dryer. No entanto, estudos têm demonstrado que a composição química de pastas alimentícias na secagem em leito de jorro pode interferir no desempenho do equipamento. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações lipídicas a fim de melhorar o desempenho da secagem em leito de jorro de pasta de vegetais enriquecida com sangue bovino. A pasta foi formulada fixando as concentrações de lipídios em 4 e 6%, obtendo duas formulações diferentes, otimizadas pela programação linear. Foi avaliado o desempenho da secagem através do percentual de massa acumulada no leito. Também foi realizada uma caracterização da pasta in natura e do produto final em relação à composição centesimal, solubilidade, cor e compostos fenólicos. A concentração de lipídios não influenciou o percentual de massa acumulada no leito. Porém, a pasta de vegetais com 4% de lipídios foi definida como melhor concentração, pois proporcionou melhor desempenho no equipamento e melhores características funcionais.
A modified Smith predictor with a new structure for unstable processes

In this paper, we propose a modified Smith predictor with a new structure for unstable processes. The proposed new structure makes it possible to use the unstable model itself as a process model, while the previous modified Smith predictors provided no option to use a mismatched stable process model to guarantee stability. Accordingly, the proposed Smith predictor can predict the dynamics of the actual process much better than previous approaches. It also guarantees good robustness to modeling errors by separating servo and regulatory problems. Moreover, it demonstrates good disturbance rejection performances because the adjustable parameters of the PID controller for the regulatory problem are tuned systematically with an internal feedback loop.
Nature of cation mixing and ordering in Na-Ca silicate glasses and melts

Soda-lime silicate glass is the fundamental base glass for many technologically important oxide glasses, and it has been used as window glass since the Roman Empire. Mixed-cation silicates also are useful models of the structure and dynamics of basaltic magmas and mantle melts. The diffusivity of Na+ in silicate melts and its variation with composition play key roles in melting behavior. This property also depends strongly on the composition and framework structures of glasses and melts and on the presence of other types of nearby cations that often impede Na motion; this is known as a mixed cation effect. Structure-dependent silica activity also controls the composition of melts in equilibrium with mantle peridotite. Despite its importance, little is known about the detailed atomic structure and the degree of cation mixing in Ca-Na silicate glasses and melts with varying composition. Most modeling efforts assume a random distribution of these cations. Here, we use 17O magic angle spinning (MAS) and tripl.
Pulse-Width Modulation Strategy for Common Mode Voltage Elimination with Reduced Common Mode Voltage Spikes in Multilevel Inverters with Extension to Over-Modulation Mode

This paper presents a pulse-width modulation strategy to eliminate the common mode voltage (CMV) with reduced CMV spikes in multilevel inverters since a high CMV magnitude and its fast variations dv/dt result in bearing failure of motors, overvoltage at motor terminals, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The proposed method only utilizes the zero CMV states in a space vector diagram and it is implemented by a carrier-based pulse-width modulation (CBPWM) method. This method is generalized for odd number levels of inverters including neutral-point-clamped (NPC) and cascaded H-bridge inverters. Then it is extended to the over-modulation mode. The over-modulation mode is implemented by using the two-limit trajectory principle to maintain linear control and to avoid look-up tables. Even though the CMV is eliminated, CMV spikes that can cause EMI and bearing current problems still exist due to the deadtime effect. As a result, the deadtime effect is analyzed. By taking the deadtime effect into consideration, the proposed method is capable of reducing CMV spikes. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Habitat correlates of ant assemblages in different forests of the south pannonian plain

Ant assemblages and their potential habitat corre lates were studied in 20 forests of different tree composition (oak, poplar, juniper, b lack locust, pine, Russian olive and hybrid poplar), age, state of isolation and anthropogenic disturbance. The forests were characterized with 148 habitat scores, grouped in five: vegetation arc hite ture, vegetation composition, microclimate, soil properties and the number, the condition and t he size of the twigs on the ground surface. A nonparametric correlation analysis was carried out bet we n the configuration of the observed habitats in principal coordinate factor spaces obtained on t he basis of their ant assemblage composition and the different groups of habitat scores. Significant correlation was revealed between ant assemblages and vegetation architecture, vegetation composition and the twigs on the ground surface. Another computation of correlation between single habitat s cores and the axes of PCoA factor space of ant assemblages showed that ants correlated with vegeta tion cover at 5 cm height, with the average tree diameter, with all the measured parameters of twigs and with the soil pH.
Sodium salt-splitting performance of a novel ceramic-polymer composite cation-selective membrane

The salt splitting performance of an electrolysis cell incorporating a novel composite membrane consisting of a thin film of an amorphous ceramic with NASICON composition (Na 1+x Zr 2 Si x PO 3-x , 0≤x≤3) deposited on commercial cation-selective polymeric membranes was evaluated. We have investigated how the ceramic film thickness and the technique of deposition affected the base current efficiency (BCE) for the production of sodium hydroxide from sodium sulfate. It was found that when full coverage of the polymeric substrate was achieved, the ceramic film improved the salt-splitting performance of the polymeric membrane, even when localized surface defects were present. The study showed that the BCE of the electrolysis cell was the same whether the cation-selective composite membrane used was formed by pulsed laser deposition or by sputtering. Operating the cell above room temperature, and at a high anolyte concentration increased the base current efficiency for sodium hydroxide production.
Microdroplet impact at very high velocity

Water microdroplet impact at velocities up to 100 m s? 1 for droplet diameters ranging from 12 to 100 ? m is studied. This parameter range covers the transition from capillary-limited to viscosity-limited spreading of the impacting droplet. Splashing is absent for all measurements; the droplets always gently spread over the surface. The maximum spreading radius is compared to several existing models. The model by Pasandideh-Fard et al. agrees well with the measured data, indicating the importance of a thin boundary layer just above the surface, in which most of the viscous dissipation in the spreading droplet takes place. As explained by the initial air layer under the impacting droplet, a contact angle of 180 degrees is used as the model input.