Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tripartite holobiont system in a vent snail broadens the concept of chemosymbiosis

Many animals inhabiting deep-sea vents are energetically dependent on chemosynthetic endosymbionts, but how such symbiont community interacts with host, and whether other nutritional sources are available to such animals remain unclear. To reveal the genomic basis of symbiosis in the vent snail Alviniconcha marisindica, we sequenced high-quality genomes of the host and gill campylobacterial endosymbionts, as well as metagenome of the gut microbiome. The gill endosymbiont has a streamlined genome for efficient chemoautotrophy, but also shows metabolic heterogeneity among populations. Inter- and intra-host variabilities among endosymbiont populations indicate the host poses low selection on gill endosymbionts. Virulence factors and genomic plasticity of the endosymbiont provide advantages for cooperating with host immunity to maintain mutualism and thriving in changing environments. In addition to endosymbiosis, the gut and its microbiome expand the holobiont’s utilisation of energy sources. Host-microbiota mutualism contributes to a highly flexible holobiont that can excel in various extreme environments.
Effects of Peptide C12-OOWW-NH2 on Transcriptome and Cell Wall of the Postharvest Fungal Pathogen Penicillium digitatum

In this study, the transcriptional profiling of Penicillium digitatum after C12O3TR treatment was analyzed by RNA-Seq technology. A total of 2562 and 667 genes in P. digitatum were differentially expressed after 2 and 12 h treatment, respectively. These genes were respectively mapped to 91 and 79 KEGG pathways. The expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 2 and 12 h were similar, mainly were the metabolic processes in cell wall, cell membrane, genetic information and energy. Particularly, the main metabolic process which was affected by C12O3TR stress for 2 and 12 h was cell integrity, including cell wall and cell membrane. The changes of chitin in cell wall was observed by Calcofluor White (CFW) staining assay. The weaker blue fluorescence in the cell wall septa, the decrease of β-1, 3-glucan synthase activity and the increase of chitinase and AKP activity showed that C12O3TR could damage the cell wall integrity. In conclusion, these results suggested that C12O3TR could inhibit the growth of P. digitatum through various mechanisms at transcriptional level, and could influence the cell wall permeability and integrity.
Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Candidates for COVID-19: A Poorly Understood Arena

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. To date, there are no proven drugs or vaccines against this virus. Hence, the situation demands an urgent need to explore all potential therapeutic strategies that can be made available to prevent the disease progression and improve patient outcomes. In absence of clinically proven treatment guidelines, several repurposed drugs and investigational agents are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their probable benefits in the treatment of COVID-19. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. Moreover, there is a need to clearly define the patient populations who warrant therapy and also the timing of initiation of treatment. Understanding the disease pathology responsible for the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is imperative to identify the potential targets for drug development. This review explains the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and summarizes the potential treatment candidates, which can provide guidance in developing effective therapeutic strategies.
Autophagy-Based Hypothesis on the Role of Brain Catecholamine Response During Stress

Stressful events, similar to abused drugs, significantly affect the homeostatic balance of the catecholamine brain systems while activating compensation mechanisms to restore balance. In detail, norepinephrine (NE)- and dopamine (DA)-containing neurons within the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), are readily and similarly activated by psychostimulants and stressful events involving neural processes related to perception, reward, cognitive evaluation, appraisal, and stress-dependent hormonal factors. Brain catecholamine response to stress results in time-dependent regulatory processes involving mesocorticolimbic circuits and networks, where LC-NE neurons respond more readily than VTA-DA neurons. LC-NE projections are dominant in controlling the forebrain DA-targeted areas, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC). Heavy and persistent coping demand could lead to sustained LC-NE and VTA-DA neuronal activity, that, when persisting chronically, is supposed to alter LC-VTA synaptic connections. Increasing evidence has been provided indicating a role of autophagy in modulating DA neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. This alters behavior, and emotional/cognitive experience in response to drug abuse and occasionally, to psychological stress. Thus, relevant information to address the role of stress and autophagy can be drawn from psychostimulants research. In the present mini-review we discuss the role of autophagy in brain catecholamine response to stress and its dysregulation. The findings here discussed suggest a crucial role of regulated autophagy in the response and adaptation of LC-NE and VTA-DA systems to stress.
Calibrating the Bacterial Growth Rate Speedometer: A Re-evaluation of the Relationship Between Basal ppGpp, Growth, and RNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli

The molecule guanosine tetraphophosphate (ppGpp) is most commonly considered an alarmone produced during acute stress. However, ppGpp is also present at low concentrations during steady-state growth. Whether ppGpp controls the same cellular targets at both low and high concentrations remains an open question and is vital for understanding growth rate regulation. It is widely assumed that basal ppGpp concentrations vary inversely with growth rate, and that the main function of basal ppGpp is to regulate transcription of ribosomal RNA in response to environmental conditions. Unfortunately, studies to confirm this relationship and to define regulatory targets of basal ppGpp are limited by difficulties in quantifying basal ppGpp. In this Perspective we compare reported concentrations of basal ppGpp in E. coli and quantify ppGpp within several strains using a recently developed analytical method. We find that although the inverse correlation between ppGpp and growth rate is robust across strains and analytical methods, absolute ppGpp concentrations do not absolutely determine RNA synthesis rates. In addition, we investigated the consequences of two separate RNA polymerase mutations that each individually reduce (but do not abolish) sensitivity to ppGpp and find that the relationship between ppGpp, growth rate, and RNA content of single-site mutants remains unaffected. Both literature and our new data suggest that environmental conditions may be communicated to RNA polymerase via an additional regulator. We conclude that basal ppGpp is one of potentially several agents controlling ribosome abundance and DNA replication initiation, but that evidence for additional roles in controlling macromolecular synthesis requires further study.
Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Developments in Aging and Reproductive Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), present in cell culture media and several body fluids, play a prominent role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions. We performed a systematic literature search to review evidence regarding the existence, composition, and release of different EVs, as well as the biomarkers, cargos, and separation methods. We also reviewed the potential of EVs to transport cargos and alter the function and phenotype of recipient cells associated with aging and reproductive diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis. In aging, EVs promote inflammatory reactions and offsetting the occurrence of aging. In the polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis, EVs and their cargos are involved in the occurrence of diseases, therapeutic strategies, and perform as non-invasive biomarkers. As the study of EVs is still in the early stages, it is not surprising that most of the current literature only describes their possible roles.
Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions

Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell’s microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
Middle Class Women Role in the 19th Century as Reflected in Bronte's Wuthering Heights

The aim of this research is to describe middle class women role in the 19 th century in Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights , and induce a deeper understanding of effect each role on two characters in society. This research is a qualitative descriptive method using sociological approach. By using sociology of literature, a literary work is seen as a document of social. The data of this research collected from the descriptions and utterances of the characters and narrator in the novel. The result in this research shows that the role of women from the middle class were represented by the characters of the novel known as Catherine Earnshaw Linton, the main female protagonist and the motherless child and also Catherine (Cathy) Linton, daughter of Catherine Earnshaw Linton.
ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC STANCE ON TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN SREM/SRIJEM REGION

Online reviews posted on social media are a rich source of the customers’ voice. In this chapter, online reviews about various tourism destinations and attractions in Srem/Srijem region are used to analyze public stance and to uncover sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of visitors. Online reviews as unstructured data cannot be directly used for analysis, but require extensive data transformation and preparation which is done through annotation of data. Annotation is a process of enrichment of texts with specific meta-data. In presented research during the annotation process, the dataset, i.e. the corpus of collected reviews was labeled with information on sentiment, aspects, discourse functions, and information on a function different words have in expressions of opinion, sentiment or attitude within a review. The authors present their approach to annotation, the evaluation of the quality of conducted work, as well as the analysis of the resulting dataset, i.e. annotated corpus.
What are the impacts of credit crunch on the bank-enterprise system? An analysis through dynamic modeling and an Italian dataset

There is an intrinsic and mutualistic dependence between the bio-economic performance of banks and that of enterprises. This supposition is supported by correlations identified in a comprehensive analysis of the Italian banking sector, which reveal particularly strong relations between financial intermediaries and smaller enterprises. Concentrating on developments within the bank-enterprise system (and by extension, in households), we discuss the positive effects, including on macroeconomics, generated when the banking sector supplies funding to productive infrastructure to understand how the industry remains healthy and efficient. The negative effects produced by the disappearance of such a cycle are also considered. This paper thus presents a mathematical argument through dynamic modelling to evaluate the structural trends in bank and company populations that result from more and less expansive credit strategies assumed by banks. 1 Corresponding author; Economist and Credit Financial Advisor – Practitioner 2 Independent Economist and Credit Financial Advisor 680 Marco Desogus and Elisa Casu Empirical observations of this data also reflect the critical stress factor of the (micro)enterprise population that allows it to generate positive economic variations as financial leverage decreases. The ensuing assessment of stable and unstable points of equilibrium as well as bifurcations and their irreversibility (hysteresis) reveals that banks have stagnating profits and increasing numbers of non-performing loans. Finally, we investigate the possibility of an optimal minimum level of credit leverage and how to improve the stabilizing measures that are conferred to the system itself, especially given the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. JEL Codes: C61, C62, E32, E44, G21
Survey of wormhole attack in wireless sensor networks

From the last decade, a wireless sensor network (WSN) has a very important role over the networks. The primary features of WSN include satellite communication, broadcast channel, hostile environment, medical system and data gathering. There are a lot of attacks available in WSN.In wormhole attack scenario is brutal from other attacks, which is smoothly resolved in networks but tough to observe. This survey paper is an experiment to observing threats and also focuses on some different method to identify the wormhole attacks.
Effects of the degree of milling on the quality characteristics of
 rice ‘Nuruk’

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the degrees of milling of rice (0-50%) on the physicochemical properties and enzymatic activities of rice ‘Nuruk’. As results, the contents of the general components of milled rice, except for the starch value (85.13-90.99%) decreased as the degree of milling increased. The moisture content of rice with different degrees of milling ranged from 11.04 to 12.68% and significantly decreased as the degree of milling increased. Furthermore, the hydration rate increased as the degree of milling increased. The pH of rice ‘Nuruk’ was the lowest at 5.32 in the 0% milled rice ‘Nuruk’ and highest at 5.98 in the 30% milled one, which indicated no correlation between pH and degree of milling. By contrast, the soluble solid and reducing sugar contents which are correlated with the starch value of rice increased as the degree of milling increased. For the enzymatic activities of each rice ‘Nuruk’, there was no clear trend for the α-amylase and acidic protease activities with respect to the degree of milling, whereas the glucoamylase activity decreased with increasing degree of milling. Correlation analyses indicated that the activity of glucoamylase decreased as the starch value of rice increased, but increased as the crude protein content of rice increased. The activity of acidic protease had a negative correlation with the crude lipid content of rice.
The effects of moisture stress on seedling growth characteristics of cotton cultivars.

In order to evaluate the effects of moisture stress on seedling growth characteristics of cotton cultivars, a factorial green-house experiment with two factors in a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted during 2013-2014. In this project, the factors include cultivar with four cultivars of Siokra, Golestan, Armaghan and Sahel and factor of drought stress in three levels of no-drought stress, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress (with 75, 15 and 5% of field capacity). Studied characteristics were root length, dry and w weight, dry and wet stem weight, dry and wet leaf weight, dry and wet seedling total weight, plant height, total chlorophyll, leaf area index (LAI), catalase, superoxide dismutase, APX, Fv/Fm, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthesis. Results showed that the effect of drought stress was significant on total characteristics except for Fv/Fm and wet stem weight. The effect of treatment on surveyed cultivars was significant on total characteristics except for wet stem weight and activity of supero dismutase. The mutual effect of irrigation and cultivar was significant on dry and wet leaf weight, dry root weight, and dry seedling total weight, total chlorophyll, LAI, catalase, APX, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis. Results showed that maximum dry root weight, dry and wet leaf weight, dry total weight and leaf area index was obtained from Sahel cultivar in no-stress; and maximum activity of catalase was obtained from Golestan cultivar in severe stress and maximum activity of APX was obt Golestan cultivars in severe drought stress condition.
Photonic integrated circuit extended cavity passively mode-locked dual absorber symmetric ring laser

A photonic integrated circuit extended cavity passively mode-locked semiconductor ring laser with two saturable absorbers in a symmetric ring geometry fabricated using an InP generic integration technology platform is presented for the first time. The laser emits 1.4 ps short optical pulses with a time-bandwidthproduct of 0.96 (Gaussian shaped pulses) at a fundamental repetition rate of 23.3 GHz. The laser exhibits a beat-note line width of 80 kHz, corresponding to a pulse-to-pulse timing jitter of 31.7 fs. The emission is centered at 1570 nm and maximum spectral bandwidth amounts to 10.2 nm (-3 dB) and 19.7 nm (-20 dB). © 2019
The Quantum Relation Principle: Technological Implementation and Real World Application in Intercultural Con(cid:13)ict Detection and Management

The Quantum Relations Principle (QRP) is a theoretical and practical tool that guides us in building dynamic reality models that can measure the interactions of mutual causality among various observers and can make assumptions about how they may behave and aﬀect each other in the future. The QRP approach redeﬁnes common computer intelligence (AI) into a n-dynamic (diﬀerent dynamics in diﬀerent frames of reference) and n-dimensional (quantum relational) parallel system, which is much more in tune with the way the human brain works. It has the advantage, however, of running on modern supercomputers, and therefore is highly scalable. In that way, it is poised to vastly outperform the human brain and thus greatly surpass human performance at all levels. QRP systems are ideally suited to model, analyze and oﬀer solutions to very complex real-world problems, including interethnic and inter-cultural conﬂicts. The paper discusses a recent example from the Middle East to demonstrate both the predictive and the solution-oriented capabilities of the QRP systems. But similar QRP analytic methods can be applied to conﬂictive situations in other regions of the world, for example to the modeling of the historically tense relations between Hungarian and Romanian ethnic groups in Transylvania, or more generally, to the very complex intercultural relations in Central and Eastern Europe.
The Segmentation Analysis of Retinal Image Based on K-means Algorithm for
 Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Hypertensive Retinopathy

Computer-aided diagnosis of hypertensive retinopathy (CAD-HR) is performed by analyzing the retinal image. The analysis is carried out in several stages, one of which is image segmentation. The segmentation carried out so far generally uses a region-based and threshold-based approach. There is not yet a clustering-based approach, and there has been no previous analysis of why clustering-based is not yet widely used. This study aims to conduct clustering-based Segmentation analysis, specifically k-means clustering in CAD-HR. The research method used is divided into four stages, namely preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction using fractal dimensions, statistical analysis for classification, and classification. Testing is done using the DRIVE and STARE datasets. The results of statistical tests showed that the number of clusters 3 was able to provide a significant difference between the fractal positive and negative dimensions of hypertensive retinopathy. The model of CAD-RH using the k-means algorithm for segmentation method is able to provide 80% sensitivity performance. The k-mean algorithm can be used as an alternative to segmenting retinal blood vessels.