Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trade, Factor Mobility and the Extent of Economic Integration: Theory and Evidence

The Middle East was once seen as a medieval great globalized force. Nowadays it shows one of the lowest intra-regional trade in the world and therefore it is claimed that the region is poorly integrated. Yet, with the steady . ow of workers across national borders of the Middle East is this conjecture correct? To answer this question the paper develops an integration benchmark which consists of the steady state production equilibrium characterized by free trade and perfect factor mobility. We apply metrics to measure the distance between this benchmark and the data and compare three different regions of the world (EU, Latin America and Middle East). We find that, despite large differences in trade patterns, measures of economic integration in 2009 are remarkably close across regions. For example, we calculate that economic integration in the Middle East is just 2.4% below that of the European Union.
Pancreatic vasoactive intestinal peptide producing tumour ( VIPoma ) : a case report and literature review Diabetes and melatonin pankreatik vazoaktif intestinal peptid üreten tümör ( VIPoma ) : vaka sunumu ve literatür derlemesi

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-producing tumour (VIPoma) is rare. It typically causes the Vernor-Morrison syndrome characterized by watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia and achlorydria/acidosis. We report a case of VIPoma presenting with severe Vernor-Morrison syndrome requiring intensive care and a review of recent English literature from year 2000 till 2010 for this rare disease. Prompt recognition and early diagnosis are crucial to allow early intervention and improve outcome for this rare disease.
Detailed optical and near-infrared polarimetry, spectroscopy and broad-band photometry of the afterglow of GRB 091018: polarization evolution

Follow-up observations of large numbers of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows, facilitated by the Swift satellite, have produced a large sample of spectral energy distributions and light curves, from which their basic micro- and macro-physical parameters can in principle be derived. However, a number of phenomena have been observed that defy explanation by simple versions of the standard fireball model, leading to a variety of new models. Polarimetry can be a major independent diagnostic of afterglow physics, probing the magnetic field properties and internal structure of the GRB jets. In this paper we present the first high-quality multi-night polarimetric light curve of a Swift GRB afterglow, aimed at providing a well-calibrated data set of a typical afterglow to serve as a benchmark system for modelling afterglow polarization behaviour. In particular, our data set of the afterglow of GRB 091018 (at redshift z = 0.971) comprises optical linear polarimetry (R band, 0.13–2.3 d after burst); circular polarimetry (R band) and near-infrared linear polarimetry (Ks band). We add to that high-quality optical and near-infrared broad-band light curves and spectral energy distributions as well as afterglow spectroscopy. The linear polarization varies between 0 and 3 per cent, with both long and short
LOCALIZATION OF g-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE MESSENGER RNA EXPRESSION IN LUNGS OF SMOKERS AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Cigarette smoking results in an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the lungs and inflammation, which are considered to be key factors in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Glutathione (GSH) is an important protective antioxidant in lung epithelial cells and epithelial lining fluid. De novo GSH synthesis in cells occurs by a two-enzyme process. The rate-limiting enzyme is g-glutamylcysteine synthetase ( g-GCS), in which the heavy subunit (HS) constitutes most of its catalytic activity. The localization and expression of g-GCS-HS in specific lung cells as well as possible differences in its expression between smokers with and without COPD have not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate -GCS-HS expression using messenger RNA in situ hybridization in peripheral lung tissue. We studied 23 current or ex-smokers with similar smoking histories with ( n 5 11; forced expiratory volume i n 1 s [FEV1] , 75% predicted) or without COPD ( n 5 12; FEV1 , 84% predicted). We assessed the relations between pulmonary g-GCS-HS expression, FEV 1 and transforming growth factorb1 (TGFb1), because TGFb1 can modulateg-GCS-HS expression in lung epithelial cells. Gamma-GCS-HS is predominantly expressed by airway and alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar CD68 1 cells (macrophages), and endothelial cells of both arteries and veins. In subjects with COPD, semiquantitative analysis revealed higher levels of g-GCS-HS messenger RNA in alveolar epithelium (1.5 times, p , .04) and a trend for a higher expression in bronchiolar epithelium (1.3 times, p 5 .075) compared with subjects without COPD. We did not observe a significant correlation between airway and alveolar epithelialg-GCS-HS expression and TGF b1 expression ( r 5 .20), FEV1 percentage predicted ( r 5 .18), or FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio ( r 5 .14;p . .05). Our results show that g-GCS-HS is localized, particularly in lung epithelium, and shows higher expression in smokers with COPD. This suggests a specific role for enhanced GSH synthesis as a mechanism to provide an adaptive response against oxidative stress in patients with COPD. © 2000 Elsevier Science
Hypersonic Turbulent Flow Simulation of FIRE II Reentry Vehicle Afterbody

Thispaperpresentsanumericalinvestigation ofthehypersonicreacting flowaroundtheFIREIIreentrycapsule. At the chosen freestream conditions, the forebody boundary layer and the separated flow on the afterbody are turbulent. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method along with two commonly used turbulence models are usedtocomputethe flowfield.Accuratepredictionofturbulentseparated flowathypersonicconditionsischallenging due to the limitations of the underlying turbulence models. The presence of turbulent eddy viscosity in the flow simulation results in a smaller separation bubble than the laminar solution at identical conditions. Also, the two turbulence models predict different levels of eddy viscosity in the neck region. This has a dominant effect on the separation bubble size and the surface pressure. On the other hand, the eddy viscosity values in the near-wall region determine the heat transfer rate to the body. The two models predict comparable heating rates on the conical frustum, and the results match in-flight measurement well. By comparison, surface pressure predictions are appreciably higher than the data.
Heed Protocol Using A Cluster Based V2V Communication

Objectives: Wireless sensor Networks employs a set a sensor nodes to monitor the parameters of the environment. The sensory information collected by the sensor nodes can be retrieved with the help of Mobile Nodes fixed upon vehicles. Existing scenarios engage both single-hop data transfer from Sensor nodes that lie within the mobile network range or profound participation of network margin nodes. These nodes are at the peril of quick energy collapse resulting in loss of network connectivity and decrease in network lifetime. The main idea behind this paper is to enhance the network lifetime and security. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The proposed HEED (Hybrid energy efficient Distributed Clustering) protocol reduces the overall network operating cost and energy disbursement associated with the multi hop data recovery process while also ensuring fair energy utilization among Sensor nodes and prolonged network lifetime. In multi hop network, the nodes closer to the sink node are involved in almost all data transmission, hence their energy would be quickly drained out. Since the energy depletion at sink node is more than other nodes, energy holes are created. Therefore other nodes in the VANET are disconnected from the network which reduces the network lifetime. To enhance network lifetime routing protocols are introduced in addition to HEED protocol which provides efficient clustering. To improve the security Intrusion-Tolerant Routing protocol (INSENS) protocol is used, which uses multipath technique in order to make the network resilient to attacks. Findings: The proposed HEED protocol elects the cluster head periodically based on a metric which is based on parameters like residual energy of the node, closeness of its neighbors and the degree of the node. The number of iterations involved in HEED protocol is very less and it achieves literally consistent distribution of cluster head allotment across the network involving a low level of information overhead. With suitable limits on node density, intra and inter cluster transmission ranges, this protocol can assure connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results prove that this protocol is efficient in enhancing the lifetime of the network and sustaining scalable data aggregation. In case of Distributed clustering algorithms it is the responsibility of the base station to collect the information gathered by the cluster heads. In this work each and every sensor node broadcasts it accessibility to its surrounding. Based on the broadcast information the cluster head belonging to the specific cluster is identified in parallel. INSENS protocol is used to enhance network security. Simulation results prove that this protocol is efficient in enhancing the security of the network. Application/Improvements: This study proposes centralized, HEED_INSENS protocols to solve the coverage problem in VANETs. It is also useful for applications that require data aggregation and those where all data originated from sources should reach the sink without prior aggregation.
Seaweed-herbivore interactions at a small scale: direct tests of feeding deterrence by filamentous algae

High growth rates and temporal or spatial opportunism are considered central to the success of filamentous algae, in particular for escaping or minimising the effects of herbivory. However, the role of chemical defences in filamentous algae has received far less attention. We investigated possible chemical feeding deterrence by filamentous red algae that have conspicuous cellular inclusions (Asparagopsis armata, Anotrichium tenue and Balliella amphiglanda) and 2 others without inclusions (Callithamnion korfense and Ulva sp.). The 3 algae with cellular inclusions were consumed at lower rates by a generalist amphipod, Hyale nigra, than the other 2 algae. To determine the potential role of chemical defences for A. armata, we conducted tests against herbivores using algae in which the production of halogenated metabolites was manipulated. This manipulation had no effect on carbon and nitrogen values of the algae, and allowed us to directly test the role of algal secondary metabolites in defence against herbivores without using artificial diets. Bromide (+) algae (with halogenated metabolites) deterred grazing by 2 mesograzers (Hyale nigra and juvenile abalone Haliotis rubra), which consumed up to 4 times more bromide (–) (metabolite-free) algae than bromide (+) algae. Juveniles of the sea hare Aplysia parvula were not deterred by the chemical defences in bromide (+) A. armata. In field assays, artificial diets containing a crude extract of A. armata were also active against herbivores. Although functional form models typically predict that tolerance—not resistance—should be the key defensive strategy for marine algae with simple architecture, this study demonstrates that resistance traits may also be important and more broadly utilised in filamentous species.
Effector: Energy Efficient Mobility Classification and State Based Route Creation

: Mobility analysis of users with or without location determination using accelerometer sensor embedded within the user smartphone is energy efficient and provides real-time contextual information. The accelerometer measurements for mobility analysis of human beings presents its own challenges as users carry their smartphones differently and these measurements are dependent on body placement of the mobile phones. On demand remote data exchange for analysis and processing of measurements plays a key role in mobility state analysis using accelerometer sensor which is less energy efficient has higher network costs and is not real time. This method presents an energy efficient novel framework capable of identifying mobility state of the user and creating route maps based upon a probabilistic algorithm that neutralizes the effect of different smartphone on body placements and orientations to allow human movements to be more accurately and energy efficiently identified. In addition it tracks the location of the user and creates routes based on the mobility states. The use of embedded smartphone accelerometer and GPS without need for referencing historical data and accelerometer noise filtering is capable of identifying human mobility states in real time with a time constraint of 2 seconds based on which user paths can be generated. The method achieves an overall average high classification accuracy and saves energy to a great extent when compared to existing GPS only usage for route creations.
A Survey Research of Contemporary Management Development Practices In Malaysian Corporations

This survey was designed and developed to assess key issues related to management development practices in Malaysian corporations especially on needs assessment, programme selection, programme evaluation, and future directions and trends. The survey research instrument is a questionnaire that was distributed to 189 selected Malaysian corporations listed on the Main Board of the Bursa Malaysia or formerly known as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). These corporations represent a cross-section of local industries and was selected through stratified random sampling. The 16-percent or 31 responses were collated and the data analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics. The major findings suggest that despite being aware of the importance of MD practices to achieve productivity and enhance corporate performance, most Malaysian corporations are unsure how to practise MD. They seldom implement value-added MD programmes to improve managerial productivity and enhance managerial performance achievements. The main reason given is cost-effective considerations vis-a-vis actual bottom-line results. Specifically, the majority of the respondents articulated their concern over several areas such as the lack of needs assessment, indiscriminate programme selection, non-standardized programme evaluation and vague ideas about future directions and trends in MD activities. On the whole, the survey research suggests that there is a need for Malaysian corporations to redress the prevailing weaknesses so that any concrete management development initiative undertaken can produce the desired results and productivity outcomes including bottom-line achievements.
Performance Analysis of Different Selection Techniques in Genetic Algorithm

This Paper compares the performance of different selection techniques in GA using De Jong's function1 as function to be used fitness function. Genetic algorithm is one of the optimization techniques that can be used to solve the problems of function maximization. It can be said as a search procedure inspired by principles from natural selection and genetics (LOB00). It is often used as an optimization method to solve problems where very little is known about the objective function. The operation of the genetic algorithm is very simple. It starts with a population of random individuals, each corresponding to a particular candidate solution to the problem to be solved. Then, the best individuals survive, mate, and create offspring, originating a new population of individuals. This process is repeated a number of times, and usually leads to better and better individuals.
The ark was full! Constant to declining Cenozoic shallow marine biodiversity on an isolated midlatitude continent

Abstract In recent years several authors have questioned the reality of a widely accepted and apparently large increase in marine biodiversity through the Cenozoic. Here we use collection-level occurrence data from the rich and uniquely well documented New Zealand (NZ) shelfal marine mollusc fauna to test this question at a regional scale. Because the NZ data were generated by a small number of workers and have been databased over many decades, we have been able to either avoid or quantify many of the biases inherent in analyses of past biodiversity. In particular, our major conclusions are robust to several potential taphonomic and systematic biases and methodological uncertainties, namely non-uniform loss of aragonitic faunas, biostratigraphic range errors, taxonomic errors, choice of time bins, choice of analytical protocols, and taxonomic rank of analysis. The number of taxa sampled increases through the Cenozoic. Once diversity estimates are standardized for sampling biases, however, we see no evidence for an increase in marine mollusc diversity in the NZ region through the middle and late Cenozoic. Instead, diversity has been approximately constant for much of the past 40 Myr and, at the species and genus levels, has declined over the past ∼5 Myr. Assuming that the result for NZ shelfal molluscs is representative of other taxonomic groups and other temperate faunal provinces, then this suggests that the postulated global increase in diversity is either an artifact of sampling bias or analytical methods, resulted from increasing provinciality, or was driven by large increases in diversity in tropical regions. We see no evidence for a species-area effect on diversity. Likewise, we are unable to demonstrate a relationship between marine temperature and diversity, although this question should be re-examined once refined shallow marine temperature estimates become available.
Mid-Holocene variability in the marine 14 C reservoir age for northern coastal Papua New Guinea

Changes in oceanic radiocarbon (C) reservoir ages through the deglaciation and Holocene can provide important information on ocean circulation as Earth’s climate warmed. Here, we present reservoir ages for the western tropical Pacific that span the mid-Holocene transition from less to more frequent El Niño events. Reservoir ages were calculated using paired U–Th and conventional C dating of eight individual fossil coral samples from Koil and Muschu Islands, northern coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG). AMS C and MC-ICPMS U–Th dating of additional samples from six of the fossil corals were used to confirm the TIMS U–Th and conventional C ages. The combined results show average reservoir ages of 185730 C yr (n 1⁄4 4) for 7220–5850 yrBP compared to 420 C yr for a modern coral from Muschu Island. From 5850 to 5420 yr BP reservoir ages increase to modern values. The relatively young reservoir ages from 7220 to 5850 yrBP are best explained by greater influx of well-equilibrated sub-tropical water from the southern branch of the South Equatorial Current (SEC). This is consistent with strengthening trade winds (facilitating air–sea exchange) and a more northerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone thought to have occurred at this time. The transition to more modern-like reservoir ages from 5850 to 5420 yrBP suggests modern oceanic circulation patterns were established during this interval. The onset of modern El Niño activity around this time would have served to enhance the intrusion of C-depleted equatorial waters via the south equatorial branch of the SEC. Overall, the changes in reservoir age presented here for the western tropical Pacific suggest that Holocene changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation state of the tropical Pacific resulted in reorganisation of oceanic circulation in this region. Crown Copyright r 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice : implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in sea ice been considered. We used macroscopic and microscopic approaches to study the content and possible ecological role of EPS in wintertime fast ice near Barrow, Alaska (711200 N, 1561400 W). Using Alcian blue staining of melted ice samples, we observed high concentrations of EPS in all samples examined, ranging from 0.79 to 7.71 mg xanthan gum equivalents (XGEQV) l . Areal conversions to carbon equivalents yielded 1.5 1.9 g C m 2 ice in March and 3.3 4.0 g C m 2 in May (when the ice was thicker). Although EPS did not correlate with macronutrient or pigment data, the latter analyses indicated ongoing or recent biological activity in the ice within temperature horizons of 111C to 91C and warmer. EPS correlated positively with bacterial abundance (although no functional relationship could be deduced) and with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Ratios of EPS/DOC decreased at colder temperatures within the core, arguing against physical conversion of DOC to EPS during freezing. When sea-ice segments were maintained at representative winter temperatures ( 51C, 151C and 251C) for 3 14 months, the total EPS content increased significantly at rates of 5 47 mg XGEQV l 1 d , similar to published rates of EPS production by diatoms. Microscopic images of ice-core sections at these very cold temperatures, using a recently developed non-invasive method, revealed diatoms sequestered in spacious brine pockets, intact autofluorescent chloroplasts in 47% of the (pennate) diatoms observed, and indications of mucus in diatom-containing pores. The high concentrations of EPS detected in these winter ice cores represent a previously unrecognized form of organic matter that may contribute significantly to polar ocean carbon cycles, not only within the ice but after springtime release into the water column. The EPS present in very high concentrations in the brine of these microhabitats appear to play important buffering and cryoprotectant roles for microorganisms, especially diatoms, against harsh winter conditions of high salinity and potential ice-crystal damage. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effective precondition technique to solve a full linear system for the fast multipole method

The fast multipole method (FMM) is an O(N) solver of a full linear system appearing in integral equation methods. We propose a precondition technique for the FMM using the Bi-CGSTAB2 method, which employs a nested FMM having intentionally deteriorated precision. This enables us to utilize the global information residing in the system matrix.
COMPARISON OF ESTERASE ISOZYME VARIABILITY IN SOME SELECTED TISSUES OF THE ASIAN AND AFRICAN CATFISHES (SILURIFORMES: CLARIIDAE)

Variation in esterase isozymes expression of 19 different tissues of the Asian catfish ( Clarias batrachus ) and African catfish ( C. gariepinus ) was studied. These tissues were: liver, anterior muscle, mid muscle, tail muscle (ventral region), tail muscle (tip region), buccal muscle, stomach, foregut, midgut, hindgut, kidney, gill, heart, eye (lens), eye (black portion), pelvic muscle, fore-, mid- and hind-brain. Maximum five esterase bands, viz. Est-1 1.83 , Est-2 1.50 , Est-3 1.15 , Est-4 1.00 and Est- 5 0.17 were observed in the Asian catfish and four bands, viz. Est-2 1.50 , Est-3 1.15 , Est-4 1.00 and Est-5 0.17 in the African catfishes. Tissue specific localization of the isozymes was observed in both Asian and African catfishes. Comparatively higher esterase activity was found in digestive tissues. Higher number of esterase bands was found in C. batrachus which seems to be an indication of its greater allelic variation in esterases than those in the C. gariepinus . DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1. 12893 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40 (1): 43-50, 2012