Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restoration of the CD4 T Cell Compartment after Long-Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy without Phenotypical Signs of Accelerated Immunological Aging1

It remains uncertain whether full T cell reconstitution can be established in HIV-infected children and adults with long-term sustained virological control by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In this study, we comprehensively analyzed various phenotypical markers of CD4 T cell recovery. In addition to measuring T cell activation and proliferation markers, CD4 T cell generation and aging of the CD4 T cell compartment were assessed by measuring TCR excision circles and the fraction of CD31-expressing naive CD4 T cells. In all children and in adults with relatively high CD4 T cell counts at start of therapy (>200 cells/μl), total CD4 T cell numbers normalized within 1 year of therapy. After long-term HAART (4.4–9.6 years), naive CD4 T cell counts had normalized in both groups. Although in adults with low baseline CD4 T cell counts (<200 cells/μl) total CD4 T cell numbers normalized eventually after at least 7 years of HAART, naive CD4 T cell counts had still not recovered. TCR excision circle data showed that thymic T cell production contributed to naive T cell recovery at all ages. The fraction of CD31-expressing naive CD4 T cells was found to be normal, suggesting that the CD4 T cell repertoire was diverse after long-term HAART. Hence, under sustained viral suppression during long-term HAART, the T cell compartment has the potential to fully recover by generating new naive T cells both in children and in adults with high baseline CD4 T cells counts. Irrespective of baseline CD4 T cell counts, reconstitution occurred without a significant effect on T cell aging as reflected by markers for replicative history.
A Hybrid CFD-DSMC Method of Modeling Continuum-Rarefied Flows

A hybrid method of simulating high-speed, non-equilibrium flows solves the NavierStokes equations using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model in regions of the flow where properties are continuous and a statistical Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model in regions where properties are non-continuous and thermal nonequilibrium exists. The hybrid method is designed to balance computational efficiency and accuracy by utilizing a relatively inexpensive CFD model whenever appropriate and the DSMC model in critical regions of thermal non-equilibrium. The algorithm uses locally computed values of a breakdown parameter to evaluate the continuum assumption and turns on the DSMC component when the parameter exceeds a threshold value. The DSMC algorithm utilizes the methods of Information Preservation (IP) and ghost cells to accurately and efficiently exchange macroscopic flow properties with the CFD algorithm. Comparisons are made between experimental data for argon flow in a shock tube at Mach numbers 1.55, 5.0, and 10.0 using three computational models—pure CFD, pure DSMC, and hybrid CFD-DSMC. At Mach 1.55, close agreement exists between the experimental data and all of the computational models. At Mach 5 and 10, non-equilibrium becomes significant through the shock layer, and the CFD results diverge from the experimental data. Close agreement exists between the experimental data and both the DSMC and the hybrid simulations at all three Mach numbers, demonstrating that the hybrid method accurately models both equilibrium and non-equilibrium flows. Currently, the hybrid model is more, rather than less, expensive than the pure DSMC model—as a result of limits on the maximum allowable time step size imposed by the IP algorithm. A primary objective of future work is to significantly reduce the computational expense of the hybrid method by incorporating a more robust IP formulation.
Mediating effect of onset rate on the relationship between +Gz and LBNP tolerance and cardiovascular reflexes.

INTRODUCTION Research attempting to establish a relationship between human response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and +Gz acceleration has in general, disregarded the moderating effects of negative pressure and +Gz onset rates. Many of the past studies designed to examine the relationship between lower body decompression and +Gz acceleration tolerances have also ignored the problem of differences in body position typically encountered during LBNP and +Gz testing (supine LBNP vs. seated +Gz). METHODS There were 17 male subjects (24-34 yr) who were tested in a seated LBNP chamber and received 3 pressure onset rates of 0.067, 0.33, and 2.0 mm Hg x s(-1). Relaxed acceleration tolerance was assessed on a 6.1 -m centrifuge using three gradual onset rates of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.2 +Gz x s(-1). LBNP and +Gz tolerances were subjected to principle components (factor) analysis, and the resulting factors correlated with variables derived from autonomic reflex control tests (Valsalva and carotid-cardiac baroreflex responsiveness) and height. RESULTS The factor model suggested a two-dimensional solution consisting of an acceleration factor and an orthostatic factor. The general pattern of the factor loadings indicates the relationship between tolerances of the two forms of orthostatic stress (acceleration and LBNP) is a function of how fast each stress is delivered. The correlation between LBNP tolerance and acceleration tolerance increases as LBNP onset rate is increased, or +Gz onset rate is decreased. Height was highly correlated (-0.71) and carotid-cardiac baroreflex responsiveness moderately correlated (0.54) with general orthostatic tolerance. Valsalva measures of autonomic reflex control had low correlations with general orthostatic tolerance (<0.30). CONCLUSIONS Although both LBNP and +Gz exposure can lead to eventual loss of consciousness, syncopal events associated with intolerance to either stress are a function of somewhat different cardiovascular mechanisms. There are however, specific situations where LBNP may constitute a viable substitute for +Gz.
Reflection and diffraction of internal waves analyzed with the Hilbert transform

We apply the Hilbert transform to the physics of internal waves in two-dimensional fluids. Using this demodulation technique, we can discriminate internal waves propagating in different directions: This is very helpful in answering several fundamental questions in the context of internal waves. We focus more precisely in this paper on phenomena associated with dissipation, diffraction, and reflection of internal waves.
IKT und neue Formen der Arbeitsorganisation

In dem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Entwicklung der Arbeitsorganisation mit dem Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) verschrankt ist und welche Auswirkungen sich daraus fur die Gestaltung von Arbeit ergeben. Die Durchdringung mit IKT hat die Arbeitswelt in einem zuvor kaum gekannten Ausmas verandert und neue Formen und Moglichkeiten hervorgebracht. Gleichzeitig und parallel dazu ist in den letzten zwanzig Jahren die Organisation sowohl von Arbeitsprozessen als auch von Unternehmen zu einem zentralen Ansatzpunkt fur die Rationalisierung und Umgestaltung von Arbeit geworden. Diese beiden Hauptmotoren fur Veranderungsprozesse und ihre gegenseitige Verschrankung werden in einem Uberblick analysiert und dargestellt. In den Schlussfolgerungen werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungen in Thesenform komprimiert und die Bedeutung politischer Gestaltung herausgearbeitet.
Immunosuppression without immunosuppression? How to be a tolerant individual in a dangerous world

The field of transplantation has developed based on two principles: allografts are rejected because they express foreign antigens, and the immune system must be suppressed to prevent rejection. Recently, in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has accumulated that calls both of these beliefs into question. This article reviews an alternative approach to transplantation that focuses on tissue injury as the instigator of graft rejection and employs physiological mechanisms of tolerance to avoid graft loss. Methods that allow for defense against infectious microbes while at the same time allowing for graft survival are proposed. In particular, the rationale behind the use of anti‐CD154 antibody treatment is highlighted. A model is introduced that takes into consideration the experimental successes seen with anti‐CD154 therapies 1 .
Immunization of man against sporozite-induced falciparum malaria

Based on successful work with nonhuman malarias, an attempt was made to immunize man against mosquito-borne stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Strict ethical guidelines were followed. Mosquitoes carrying sporozoites of P. falciparum were X-irradiated and then fed on volunteers who had not previously been exposed to malaria. The sporozoites were inactivated at a minimum dosage of 15,000 rads, and did not produce adverse reactions in the volunteers. Three volunteers were each exposed during 84 days to 379 infected irradiated mosquitoes, and on day 98 were fed on by nonirradiated mosquitoes heavily infected with homologous strain P. falciparum. One of these men did not develop malaria, and continued to be immunized during the ensuing 217 days with 819 infected mosquitoes. On day 327, when antisporozoite antibody was first demonstrated in his serum by the circumsporozoite precipitation test, he was fed on by nonirradiated mosquitoes carrying homologous strain P. falciparum, and did not develop malaria. Possible causes of his failure to become infected were investigated, and it was concluded that he had become immunized to falciparum sporozoites of that strain. His continued susceptibility to strain-specific falciparum malaria induced by direct blood transfer was demonstrated.
Violent behavior by individuals with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE The perceived association between violent behavior and serious mental illness was explored to determine the validity of claims by mental health advocates that individuals with serious mental illness are no more dangerous than members of the general population. METHODS The author reviewed recent studies and media accounts of violent behavior by individuals with serious mental illness, with emphasis given to the most recent studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although the vast majority of individuals with serious mental illness are not more dangerous than members of the general population, recent findings suggest the existence of a subgroup that is more dangerous. A history of violent behavior, noncompliance with medications, and substance abuse are important predictors of violent behavior in this subgroup. The findings imply that the criteria for involuntary hospitalization, involuntary medication, outpatient commitment, the monitoring of medication compliance, and other mandated follow-up procedures may need to be revised. The existence of a subgroup of seriously mentally ill patients who exhibit violent behavior undermines efforts by mental health advocates to reduce the stigma of mental illness by denying an association with violence. Until the problem of violence by this subgroup is addressed, it will be difficult to substantially decrease the stigma associated with serious mental illness.
Variables and control procedures of children compliance behavior: a literature analysis

The purpose of this study was to indentify, by surveying literature, possible variables and control procedures responsible by the development and maintenance of children compliance behavior and its effects on this behavior. For this, a research was initially conducted in database sagepub, in Psychology, using the keywords: child compliance, obey, and obedience, of articles published in the last ten years. The articles found had the summaries read, and based on variables and control procedures identified in these articles, the search was extended to the following databases: sagepub, wos, psyinfo, scopus e scielo, using the keywords: child compliance, obey, instruction, prompt, reinforcement e obedience, in Psychology. The search was performed at JABA. The period was 20002010. 44 articles were found. The main control variables identified were: culture, parents-children reinforcement history, establishing operations, eye contact, effectives instructions. Among the control procedures found are: sequences of high and low probability, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, time in and time out. _____________________________________ Endereço para correspondência: Annie Wielewicki. R. Astorga, 190, Jd. Hedy. Londrina – Paraná. CEP 86061160. Telefone (43) 3328.0001. E-mail: annie@institutoinnove.com. br. Sobre as autoras: Annie Wielewicki – Psicóloga Clínica no Instituto Innove – Análise do Comportamento e Saúde e professora do Departamento de Psicologia Geral e Análise do Comportamento, na Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Bruna Colombo dos Santos – Discente do Programa de Mestrado em Psicologia Experimental na Pontifícia
Visual attention in orienteers at different levels of experience

Abstract This study explored how differences in orienteering experience are related to differences in how visual attention is allocated to the map, the environment and to travel. Twenty more experienced and 20 less experienced individuals orienteered while wearing a head-mounted video camera with microphone. The participants verbalized what they were attending to (map, environment or travel) at any given time. Each recorded film was coded at each point in time in terms of what the participant was attending to and whether the participant was moving or stationary. More experienced orienteers attended to the map markedly more while moving and spent less time stationary than less experienced orienteers. The participants' performance was significantly related to the ability to attend to the map while moving. The strategic control of attention is proposed to explain this ability. It is proposed that attentional training might enhance performance in sports characterized by multiple and dynamically varying elements.
Item recognition memory and the receiver operating characteristic.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of study time, study repetition, semantic and orthographic similarity, and category length on item recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). Analyses of ROC shape rejected A. P. Yonelinas's (1994) dual-process model. The normal unequal variance signal-detection model provided a better account of the data, except for a small but consistent excess of high-confidence errors. It was found that z-transformed ROC slope was increased by similarity, category length, and study item repetition, rejecting R. Ratcliff, G. McKoon, and M. Tindall's (1994) "constancy-of-slopes" generalization for these variables, but slope was relatively unaffected by massed study time.
Psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammograms in the UK

Objectives To identify the psychological effects of false-positive screening mammograms in the UK. Methods Systematic review of all controlled studies and qualitative studies of women with a false-positive screening mammogram. The control group participants had normal mammograms. All psychological outcomes including returning for routine screening were permitted. All studies had a narrative synthesis. Results The searches returned seven includable studies (7/4423). Heterogeneity was such that meta-analysis was not possible. Studies using disease-specific measures found that, compared to normal results, there could be enduring psychological distress that lasted up to 3 years; the level of distress was related to the degree of invasiveness of the assessment. At 3 years the relative risks were, further mammography, 1.28 (95% CI 0.82 to 2.00), fine needle aspiration 1.80 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.77), biopsy 2.07 (95% CI 1.22 to 3.52) and early recall 1.82 (95% CI 1.22 to 2.72). Studies that used generic measures of anxiety and depression found no such impact up to 3 months after screening. Evidence suggests that women with false-positive mammograms have an increased likelihood of failing to reattend for routine screening, relative risk 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.98) compared with women with normal mammograms. Conclusions Having a false-positive screening mammogram can cause breast cancer-specific distress for up to 3 years. The degree of distress is related to the invasiveness of the assessment. Women with false-positive mammograms are less likely to return for routine assessment than those with normal ones.
Dental Students’ Knowledge and Perception of Elderly in Relation to Geriatric Dentistry Training

Dental students need to be equipped with skills, knowledge and positive attitudes while providing dental care to the elderly. Reports from Ministry of Health Malaysia indicated that the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was high among older people in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Dr Tanti Irawati Rosli, Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Tel: 603-9289 7750. Fax: 603-9289 7845. Email: tantiir@hotmail.com
Predictive Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Absence of MMP 2 Expression Correlates with Poor Clinical Outcomes in Rectal Cancer , and Is Distinct from MMP 1-Related Outcomes in Colon Cancer

Purpose: Treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC) are primarily disease stage based. However, heterogeneity in outcome within even a single stage highlights its limitations in predicting disease behavior. Recently, the role of gene expression as predictive and prognostic markers has been explored. Our objectives were to identify consistently differentially expressed genes through meta-analysis of highthroughput gene-expression studies, and evaluate their predictive and prognostic significance in colon (CC) and rectal (RC) cancers. Experimental Design: Publications applying high-throughput geneexpression technologies to specific CRC stages were identified. A vote counting strategy was used to identify the most significant differentially expressed genes. Their predictive and prognostic values were independently assessed in a tissuemicroarray of 191casesof stage II-IVCC/RC fromtwo tertiary care centers. Their biological effectswere alsoexamined in vitro. Results:MMP1 and MMP2 were identified as consistently underexpressed in liver metastasis compared with primary CRC. Shorter time to distant metastasis and overall survival occurred in stage III CC lacking MMP1 expression, and in stage III RC lacking MMP2. MMP1 levels in stage II and III CC were associated with increased likelihood of distant metastasis, whereas the risk of local recurrence in stage III RC could be stratified by MMP2. Promotion of cell invasion of CRC cell lines exposed to MMP1/2 inhibitors were
A categorical approach to convergence

We define the concept of a convergence class on an object of a given category by using certain generalized nets for expressing the convergence. The resulting topological category is then investigated whose objects are the pairs consisting of objects of the original category and convergence classes on them. We study full subcategories of this category which are obtained by imposing some natural convergence axioms. In particular, we find sucient conditions for the subcategories to be cartesian closed. We also investigate behavior of the closure operators associated with the convergence in a natural way.
Continuous fractal queueing models for mobile traffic

This paper discusses continuous fractal traffic queueing models by combining the density evolution method with fractal-chaos function theory. We use fractal-chaos functions to control the input process of queueing models. By setting up and carrying out the density evolution equations, we obtain the limiting probability of the number of packets in the system with invariant measures. Simulation results are obtained to show a heavy tailed property. We believe that this model will benefit engineering applications, where the engineer just needs to adjust the parameters of S/sub (x)/ to present the appropriate models in a mobile communication process.
Mammalian, Yeast, Bacterial, and Chemical Chaperones Reduce Aggregate Formation and Death in a Cell Model of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy*

Autosomal dominant oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is characterized pathologically by intranuclear inclusions in skeletal muscles and is caused by the expansion of a 10-alanine stretch to 12–17 alanines in the intranuclear poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PABP2). Whereas PABP2 is a major component of the inclusions in OPMD, the pathogenic mechanisms causing disease are unknown. Here we show that polyalanine expansions in PABP2 cause increased numbers of inclusions and enhance death in COS-7 cells. We observed similar increases of protein aggregation and cell death with nuclear-targeted green fluorescent protein linked to longerversus shorter polyalanine stretches. Intranuclear aggregates in our OPMD cell model were associated with heat shock protein (HSP) 40 (HDJ-1) and HSP70. Human HDJ-1, yeast hsp104, a bacterially derived GroEL minichaperone, and the chemical chaperone Me2SO reduced both aggregation and cell death in our OPMD model without affecting the levels of PABP2, and similar trends were seen with green fluorescent protein with long polyalanine stretches. Thus, polyalanine expansion mutations in different protein contexts cause proteins to misfold/aggregate and kill cells. The situation in OPMD appears to have many parallels with polyglutamine diseases, raising the possibility that misfolded, aggregate-prone proteins may perturb similar pathways, irrespective of the nature of the mutation or protein context.
The end of fertility: age, fecundity and fecundability in women

Summary Onset of capacity for childbearing in women is dated biologically by menarche, although actual onset may be delayed. The end of childbearing is less understood but recent demographic and biological research on fertility at older ages is clarifying the end of fertility. The demographic view of declining fertility with age is based on age-specific fertility in natural fertility populations, artificial insemination and pregnancy rates by age and World Fertility Survey data. New data from the Demographic and Health Surveys on exposure to the risk of pregnancy shows that whereas older women biologically need longer exposure to pregnancy, exposure declines on behavioural grounds such as duration of marriage. Actual fecundity is obscured by factors of fecundability. Recent research on medically assisted conception is adding to the understanding of declining fecundity with age, especially the relative contributions of endometrial and ovarian ageing. This paper reviews the available information on declining fertility with age and discusses the implications of the extension of fertility through new medical technologies.