Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology in the Diagnosis and Management of Central Nervous System Tumors

Cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a relatively inexpensive, non-invasive method of diagnosing neoplastic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Since this technique only detects lesions that have gained access to the ventricles or subarachnoid space, the most efficient application of this tool is in patients who display signs and symptoms of meningeal infiltration or who are harboring a neoplasm that is known to spread by this route. Thus patient selection is one key factor in the effective application of CSF cytology. The natural history of different tumors involving the CSF is quite variable and, in many instances, has been modified drastically by modem therapeutic methods. Although a specific cytologic diagnosis can be made for many tumor types in CSF, areas of morphologic overlap exist. Knowledge of these limitations is necessary to determine whether CSF cytology is appropriate in a given case. Therefore, efficient application of CSF cytology requires an understanding of the natural history, current therapy, and cytologic morphology of the neoplasms that involve the CSF.
Glia Open Access Database (GOAD): A comprehensive gene expression encyclopedia of glia cells in health and disease

Recently, the number of genome‐wide transcriptome profiles of pure populations of glia cells has drastically increased, resulting in an unprecedented amount of data that offer opportunities to study glia phenotypes and functions in health and disease. To make genome‐wide transcriptome data easily accessible, we developed the Glia Open Access Database (GOAD), available via www.goad. education. GOAD contains a collection of previously published and unpublished transcriptome data, including datasets from isolated microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes both at homeostatic and pathological conditions. It contains an intuitive web‐based interface that consists of three features that enable searching, browsing, analyzing, and downloading of the data. The first feature is differential gene expression (DE) analysis that provides genes that are significantly up and down‐regulated with the associated fold changes and p‐values between two conditions of interest. In addition, an interactive Venn diagram is generated to illustrate the overlap and differences between several DE gene lists. The second feature is quantitative gene expression (QE) analysis, to investigate which genes are expressed in a particular glial cell type and to what degree. The third feature is a search utility, which can be used to find a gene of interest and depict its expression in all available expression data sets by generating a gene card. In addition, quality guidelines and relevant concepts for transcriptome analysis are discussed. Finally, GOAD is discussed in relation to several online transcriptome tools developed in neuroscience and immunology. In conclusion, GOAD is a unique platform to facilitate integration of bioinformatics in glia biology. GLIA 2015;63:1495–1506
Transient activation of microglia following acute alcohol exposure in developing mouse neocortex is primarily driven by BAX‐dependent neurodegeneration

Fetal alcohol exposure is the most common known cause of preventable mental retardation, yet we know little about how microglia respond to, or are affected by, alcohol in the developing brain in vivo. Using an acute (single day) model of moderate (3 g/kg) to severe (5 g/kg) alcohol exposure in postnatal day (P) 7 or P8 mice, we found that alcohol‐induced neuroapoptosis in the neocortex is closely correlated in space and time with the appearance of activated microglia near dead cells. The timing and molecular pattern of microglial activation varied with the level of cell death. Although microglia rapidly mobilized to contact and engulf late‐stage apoptotic neurons, apoptotic bodies temporarily accumulated in neocortex, suggesting that in severe cases of alcohol toxicity the neurodegeneration rate exceeds the clearance capacity of endogenous microglia. Nevertheless, most dead cells were cleared and microglia began to deactivate within 1–2 days of the initial insult. Coincident with microglial activation and deactivation, there was a transient increase in expression of pro‐inflammatory factors, TNFα and IL‐1β, after severe (5 g/kg) but not moderate (3 g/kg) EtOH levels. Alcohol‐induced microglial activation and pro‐inflammatory factor expression were largely abolished in BAX null mice lacking neuroapoptosis, indicating that microglial activation is primarily triggered by apoptosis rather than the alcohol. Therefore, acute alcohol exposure in the developing neocortex causes transient microglial activation and mobilization, promoting clearance of dead cells and tissue recovery. Moreover, cortical microglia show a remarkable capacity to rapidly deactivate following even severe neurodegenerative insults in the developing brain. GLIA 2015;63:1694–1713
A new 28-noroleanane triterpenoid from the aerial parts of Lantana camara Linn

A new 28-norolean-12,17-diene triterpene lantigdienone (1) oxidised at C-11 and C-22 has been isolated from the aerial parts of Lantana camara, along with two known compounds, camarinin (2) and camangeloyl acid (3). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated as 3,25-epoxy-3α-hydroxy-22β-[β,βdimethylacryloyloxy]-11-oxo-28-norolean-12,17-diene, with the help of spectral studies.
Hematopoietic stem cell infusion/transplantation for induction of allograft tolerance

Purpose of reviewThe present review updates the current status of basic, preclinical, and clinical research on donor hematopoietic stem cell infusion for allograft tolerance induction. Recent findingsRecent basic studies in mice provide evidence of significant involvement of both central deletional and peripheral regulatory mechanisms in induction and maintenance of allograft tolerance effected through a mixed chimerism approach with donor hematopoietic stem cell infusion. The presence of heterologous memory T cells in primates hampers the induction of persistent chimerism. Durable mixed chimerism, however, now has been recently induced in inbred major histocompatibility complex-mismatched swine, resulting in tolerance of vascularized composite tissue allografts. In clinical transplantation, allograft tolerance has been achieved in human leukocyte antigen-mismatched kidney transplantation after the induction of transient mixed chimerism or persistent full donor chimerism. SummaryTolerance induction in clinical kidney transplantation has been achieved by donor hematopoietic stem cell infusion. Improving the consistency and safety of tolerance induction and extending successful protocols to other organs, and to organs from deceased donors, are critical next steps to bringing tolerance to a wider range of clinical applications.
Intravenous immunoglobulin in kidney transplantation

Purpose of reviewAntibody-mediated injury of renal allografts has assumed increasing importance with the availability of potent immunosuppressants directed against T-lymphocytes. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been used for prevention and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection. The review summarizes recent advances that shed light on mechanisms of action of IVIG and outlines current roles of IVIG in kidney transplantation. Recent findingsObservational studies support the use of IVIG for desensitization and treatment of acute rejection. Most studies are small and uncontrolled, but a matched case–control study reported a better survival with incompatible live-donor kidney transplant after desensitization using IVIG-containing regimens compared with dialysis or waiting for compatible transplant. Recent data indicate that variations in glycosylation and amino acid sequence cause the crystallizable fragment of immunoglobulin G to assume specific conformations that have high affinity for canonical crystallizable fragment receptors (FcR) or a newly discovered class of FcRs, labelled type II FcRs. Signaling through type II FcRs appears to trigger anti-inflammatory pathways. SummaryRecent discoveries expand our understanding of the mechanism of action of IVIG. Future research is expected to clarify the relevance of these findings to humans and could lead to the development of novel immunomodulatory agents.
Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados

OBJECTIVE: Increased life expectancy and consequent growth of the elderly population has resulted in changes in the epidemiological morbidity and mortality profile. In the group of chronic degenerative diseases, falls are a prevailing among those preventable conditions. The objective of the study was to assess prevalence of falls in the elderly and to describe their associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study comprising 4,003 elderly subjects (aged 65 years or more) living in areas covered by primary health care in 41 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants from seven Brazilian states. Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend were used for the estimation of significance level. Adjusted analysis was conducted using Poisson regression and adjusted prevalence rates were estimated. RESULTS: The prevalence of falls among the elderly was 34.8%, significantly higher in women (40.1%) than men. Among those who experienced falls, 12.1% had fractures as a consequence. The prevalence of falls was directly associated with older age, sedentary lifestyle, self-perception of poor health and more chronic drug use reported. The prevalence of falls was similar in the elderly attending different care services (basic health care units and Family Health Program). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of falls among elderly could be reduced through actions targeting their needs in health care units, especially regarding preventable associated factors.
Cross‐sectional investigation of indices of isokinetic leg strength in youth soccer players and untrained individuals

In this cross‐sectional study, the differences in the isokinetic peak torque of the knee joint muscles (dominant and non‐dominant) were investigated in three groups of youths (n=45; age, 14.9±1.1 years) with different soccer training backgrounds. Significant main effects were observed for training background on the functional hamstrings to quadriceps ratios for knee flexion (HCON:QECC ratio; F2,42=4.023, P=0.025) and extension (HECC:QCON ratio; F2,42=8.53, P<0.001) at 4.32 rad/s. Post hoc tests indicated that both ratios were significantly different between conventionally trained players compared with resistance‐trained players and controls (mean±SD; HECC:QCON ratio, dominant limb; 0.91±0.10; 1.04±0.12; 1.10±0.22; non‐dominant limb; 0.89±0.09; 1.05±0.19; 1.06±0.15; HCON:QECC ratio, dominant limb; 0.36±0.06; 0.34±0.07; 0.30±0.08; non‐dominant limb; 0.33±0.05; 0.32±0.08; 0.28±0.07). Results suggest that the muscle‐loading patterns experienced in youth soccer may alter the reciprocal balance of strength about the knee under high‐velocity conditions. The findings also indicate that these balances may be improved by incorporating resistance training into the habitual exercise routines of youth soccer players.
Evidence-based medicine and routine clinical practice: the case of new antidepressant drugs

In medicina, ormai da diversi decenni, si ritiene che ogni intervento terapeutico, prima di essere utilizzato nella pratica clinica quotidiana, debba essere studiato in condizioni sperimentali, al fine di valutarne il profilo di tollerabilita ed efficacia. Questo e importante per non introdurre nella pratica clinica dei comportamenti terapeutici inefficaci o, addirittura, dannosi. Ad oggi, il piu raffinato strumento che il mondo della ricerca ha a propria disposizione per misurare efficacia e tollerabilita degli interventi sanitari e lo studio clinico controllato (RCT), detto anche trial. Nei trial si seleziona un campione di soggetti che, potenzialmente, potrebbe trarre beneficio dal nuovo intervento e, attraverso un procedimento di assegnazione casuale, si suddivide il campione in due gruppi, il primo trattato mediante intervento standard, il secondo mediante intervento sperimentale. Al termine dello studio, eventual i differenze di esito vengono attribuite proprio ai trattamenti ricevuti, poiche questi ultimi rappresentano l'unico elemento di differenza tra i due gruppi di soggetti, per il resto identici fra loro in ogni caratteristica sociodemografica, clinica, di storia di malattia, di intensita di sintomatologia e di contesto assistenziale in cui i trattamenti sono stati somministrati. Naturalmente, in ogni ambito della medicina, per ogni specifico problema clinico, possono essere a disposizione nessuno, pochi o molti RCT. Questi RCT costi-
The abdominal wall transplant as a sentinel skin graft

Purpose of reviewAbdominal wall transplantation is a technique used to achieve abdominal closure after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. This review focuses on whether there are additional benefits for the skin component as an immune-monitoring tool. Recent findingsThe largest series of abdominal wall transplants has recently been published. Alongside the physiological advantage gained in abdominal closure, the authors describe the immunological insight that the skin component can provide and how this contributes to the management of patients. The skin appears to develop a rash with early rejection, which facilitates early systemic treatment before significant visceral rejection occurs. It can also help in cases in which there is diagnostic doubt regarding the cause of bowel dysfunction such as in instances of intestinal infection. Despite the additional immunological burden of donor tissue, there appears to be no requirement for increased immunosuppressive therapy. SummaryThe technical and immunological feasibility of abdominal wall transplantation has now been demonstrated by several centres. Skin transplanted as part of the abdominal wall or as a separate vascularized sentinel skin flap may aid in the diagnosis of rejection. This has the potential to improve graft survival and reduce immunosuppressive morbidity.
The effect of chronic kidney disease on T cell alloimmunity

Purpose of review Altered differentiation and activation of T-cell subsets occur in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the impact on graft rejection and protective immunity during transplantation are not fully understood. Recent findings Patients with CKD have decreased frequency of naïve T cells, accumulation of activated, terminally differentiated memory cells, and skewed regulatory versus T helper 17 ratio. Naïve and memory T-cell subsets do not appear to improve following kidney transplantation. Retained thymic output is associated with acute rejection, whereas naïve lymphopenia and accumulation of CD8+ TEMRA cells correlate with long-term graft dysfunction. CD28null memory cells accumulate during CKD and appear to confer protection against acute rejection under standard immunosuppression and possibly costimulation blockade. T cells bearing CD57 are also increased in patients with CKD and may underlie rejection during costimulation blockade. Summary The mechanisms by which CKD alters the differentiation and activation status of T-cell subsets is poorly understood. Further research is also needed to understand which cell populations mediate rejection under various immunosuppressive regimens. To date, there is little use of animal models of organ failure in transplant immunology research. CKD mouse models may help identify novel pathways and targets to better control alloimmunity in posttransplant.
Introducing recovery-oriented practice in Indonesia: the Sukabumi project – an innovative mental health programme

Indonesia has pledged to abolish the practice of pasung, the physical restraint of mentally-ill people. Achievement of this goal requires collaboration between mental health services and key sectors such as social welfare, education, housing and employment, representing an enormous challenge for a rapidly urbanising nation with an inadequate infrastructure and a growing problem of homelessness. The Indonesian Government Ministry of Social Affairs is implementing an ambitious programme to improve its services for people with mental illness, particularly those who have been homeless or in pasung. With the support of Australian partners, Mind Australia and Asia Australia Mental Health, it is introducing the mental health recovery approach, commencing with pilots in two areas.
Differences in twitch potentiation between voluntary and stimulated quadriceps contractions of equal intensity

This study compared the extent of twitch and M‐wave potentiation (POT) between voluntary and stimulated quadriceps contractions performed at the same intensity. Sixteen healthy men completed 10‐s isometric knee extensions at 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction torque under electrical stimulation and voluntary conditions. Single stimuli were delivered to the femoral nerve to evoke twitches before (PRE) and from 3 to 600 s after the end of each conditioning contraction. Changes in twitch contractile properties and M‐wave characteristics were compared between the conditions. The extent of twitch peak torque POT was smaller for the stimulated (122±20% of PRE) than for the voluntary condition (133±20% of PRE). The magnitude of POT for the maximal rate of twitch torque development was also smaller for the stimulated trial. Rectus femoris M‐wave amplitude was potentiated by the voluntary but not by the stimulated contraction. It was concluded that stimulated contractions resulted in smaller twitch and M‐wave POT than voluntary contractions, despite equivalent torque output and duration. The spatially and temporally fixed recruitment of motor units with electrical stimulation and therefore the lower number of activated motor units compared with voluntary actions of equal intensity could explain the present findings.
Dealing With the Deficient Extensor Mechanism in Complex Revision Total Knee Arthoplasty

Extensor mechanism disruption (patellar tendon, patella, quadriceps tendon, or combination) is an uncommon but catastrophic complication in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This paper describes a technique of reconstructing disruptions of the extensor mechanism after TKA using an extensor mechanism allograft; tibial tubercle, with attached patellar tendon with patella, and quadriceps tendon. The results of extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction in TKA are dependent on initial allograft tensioning. Loosely tensioned allografts resulted in a persistent extension lag and clinical failure. Allografts tightly tensioned in full extension resulted in restoration of active knee extension and clinical success with no significant loss of flexion. Extensor mechanism allografts are a successful treatment for extensor mechanism failure. However, the allograft must be initially tightly tensioned in full extension. Using this technique, extensor mechanism allografts provide superior functional results compared with other methods of reconstruction.
DRUG ADDICTIONS.PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE IN SECTION ON NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES.

At the last regular meeting of this Section of the American Medical Association a discussion was held on the subject of drug addictions, one of the results of which was the appointment of a committee to formulate some plan for the outlining of a system of procedure which would lead to some definite knowledge of the subject. Accordingly a committee was formed of Drs. Smith Ely Jelliffe, New York, chairman; Brooks F. Beebe, Cincinnati, and Albert E. Sterne, Indianapolis. Inasmuch as the different members of this committee are distributed pretty widely over the United States, it has been impossible for them to get together. Therefore, the following syllabus of the report should be considered more as a report of progress from your chairman than as a complete report of the committee as a whole. The committee feels that the scope implied by the words "drug addictions" is too extensive for
Factors associated with physical activity among young adults with a disability

The purpose of this study was to examine: (1) total physical activity and (2) the relative importance of functioning and disability, environmental and personal factors for total physical activity among young adults with a disability. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health developed by the World Health Organization was used as a structural framework for a cross‐sectional survey, based on a questionnaire. The population studied was 327 young adults (age 18–30) with a disability who were members of interest organizations for persons with disabilities. Using an adapted version of the self‐administered short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the sample reported some differences in physical activity related to the type and the onset of disability. Linear regression analyses revealed that personal factors demonstrated more power in explaining the variance in physical activity than both the environmental factors and factors related to functioning and disability. As for the able‐bodied, intrinsic motivation and identity as an active person were the factors most strongly associated with physical activity behavior. This should have important consequences for how professionals try to motivate people with disabilities for physical activity, and how they plan and implement rehabilitation.
LC-ESI-MS characterisation of phytoalexins induced in chickpea and pea tissues in response to a biotic elicitor of Hypnea musciformis (red algae)

A simple extraction procedure and HPLC method was developed to analyse the major and minor components of induced phytoalexins of elicited tissues (seeds) of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) treated with a biotic elicitor (k-carrageenan) of Hypnea musciformis (red algae) from the Karachi coast. The level and timing of the induced phytoalexin production were estimated on the basis of various elicitor dilutions and as a function of time; the results are presented and discussed. A LC-ESI-MS/MS technique has been employed for the detection and characterisation of the induced phytochemical components (flavonoids and their glyco-conjugates). Nine flavonoids were identified from chickpeas: naringin, naringin malonate, liquiritigenin, naringenin, biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, maackiain and medicarpin, while five flavonoids were identified from peas: afrormosin, anhydropisatin, pisatin, pseudobaptigenin and maackiain. These compounds play a vital role as phytoalexins because of their antimicrobial activity.
Stem cell therapy for end-stage heart failure: indispensable role for the cell?

Purpose of reviewFor heart failure patients, the urgent need for heart transplantation exceeds the availability of donor hearts. Therefore, cell transplantation has emerged as an interesting and potential solution. This review will focus on the capability of different types of stem cells to regenerate the heart. Moreover, the mechanism for success will be addressed, focusing on the specific (and indispensable? ) role of the cells. Recent findingsIn recent years, many types of stem cells have been described as a possible source for cell transplantation in failing hearts, with mixed outcomes. Cell transplantation is hampered by suboptimal delivery techniques, limited survival of cells, and reduced proliferation and differentiation rates in vivo. Interestingly, the number of injected cells that engrafted the heart successfully cannot explain the observed beneficial effects and, therefore, paracrine effects are suggested for the success in cell therapy. SummaryThis review summarizes the current types of stem or progenitor cells used in cardiac cell therapy and beneficial effects on heart function and morphology in preclinical studies. Currently, the observed effects suggest that paracrine effects might be responsible, thereby triggering mobilization and activation of resident (stem) cells, which challenges the classical concept and true regenerative capacity of cell therapy at this point.