Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Course Content As A Dynamic Variable In Supervision Of Medical Students

Background During clinical supervision, medical students are expected to gain experience through clinical work, with the support of their clinical supervisor. What each supervisor chooses to emphasize and considers important will have a decisive impact on students’ understanding of what is content necessary to master in order to gain clinical skills. Therefore, in this study, the focus of attention is on what supervisors choose to emphasise during clinical supervision of fourth year medical students during a surgical course.Method An ethnographic approach was used, including a selective intermittent time mode, where observation and informal interviews were conducted. Twelve supervisors and nine medical students at a teaching hospital in Sweden participated. Field notes were made during observation; these were transcribed and analysed qualitatively.Results The analysis resulted in six topic areas describing what was emphasized during supervision. The topic areas were: 1) Identifying, collecting and combining information, 2) Problem-solving and decision-making, 3) Handling treatment of disease, 4) Practical skills and illustration of technical equipment, 5) Communicating with patients, and 6) Handling organisational demands.Conclusions The findings of this study show the existence of several areas that are focused on in supervision. In authentic clinical situations, these topic areas were intertwined and overlapped and often appeared simultaneously. The clinical situations were adjusted neither to the students’ clinical experience nor to the needs of the students. Consequently, the students may find it difficult to determine what to learn and what to achieve during supervision. They may also find it difficult to understand the situations in the same way as their supervisors, because students focus on handling situations with a more theoretical and declarative approach to a larger extent than do their supervisors. The students therefore need supervisor support to develop and integrate theoretical knowledge. One conclusion that can be made is that supervisor awareness of students’ understanding is of crucial significance for the effective supervision. Regarding the nature of the content chosen in supervised situations, research in other settings and specialities would be required to map and to determine a more general theory of what is focused during medical supervision
Foundations for Wash Sales

Consider an ephemeral sale-and-repurchase of a security resulting in the same position before the sale and after the repurchase. A sale-and-repurchase is a wash sale if these transactions result in a loss within $\pm 30$ calendar days. Since a portfolio is essentially the same after a wash sale, any tax advantage from such a loss is not allowed. That is, after a wash sale a portfolio is unchanged so any loss captured by the wash sale is deemed to be solely for tax advantage and not investment purposes. This paper starts by exploring variations of the birthday problem to model wash sales. The birthday problem is: Determine the number of independent and identically distributed random variables required so there is a probability of at least 1/2 that two or more of these random variables share the same outcome. This paper gives necessary conditions for wash sales based on variations on the birthday problem. This allows us to answer questions such as: What is the likelihood of a wash sale in an unmanaged portfolio where purchases and sales are independent, uniform, and random? This paper ends by exploring the Littlewood-Offord problem as it relates capital gains and losses with wash sales.
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Debridement

ABSTRACT Recent evidence has shown that rotator cuff pathology, in most patients, is due to primary intrinsic tendon degeneration. This degeneration leads to a build up of tendinosis at the insertion of the rotator cuff. Arthroscopic debridement of this tendinosis tissue without acromioplasty has been shown to have long-term efficacy in the treatment of "impingement syndrome" (rotator cuff symptoms in the absence of a full-thickness tear). The details of this technique are described.
Shifting towards Nanoelectronics: A device level overview

Nowadays technology scales towards its least possible feature size of components. The reduction of size, power dissipation, noise immunity, logic swing, gain and feature size are some of the key player in nanoelectronics world. The trends shows that, as physical properties approaches to its technological limitation, then new domain of electronics will give the technological breakthrough. From this view point, this review presents the development of nanoelectronics and its allied fields. In addition to that, this review also presents an overview of paradigm shift of nanoelectronics and its counterparts in various domains.
Sports genomics: Current state of knowledge and future directions

Athletic performance is a heritable trait influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Sports genomics is a relatively new scientific discipline focusing on the organization and functioning of the genome of elite athletes. With genotyping becoming widely available, a large number of genetic case-control studies evaluating candidate gene variants have been published with largely unconfirmed associations with elite athlete status. This review summarizes the evidence and mechanistic insights on the associations between DNA polymorphisms and athletic performance. A literature search (period: 1997-2012; number of articles: 133) revealed that at least 79 genetic markers are linked to elite athlete status (59 endurance-related genetic markers and 20 power/strength-related genetic markers). Importantly, we have identified 20 genetic markers (25.3%) that have shown positive associations with athlete status in at least two studies (14 endurance-related genetic markers: ACE I, ACTN3 577X, ADRB2 16Arg, AMPD1 Gln12, BDKRB2 –9, COL5A1 rs12722 T, GABPB1 rs7181866 G and rs12594956 A, HFE 63Asp, KCNJ11 Glu23, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARD rs2016520 C, PPARGC1A Gly482, UCP3 rs1800849 T; and 6 power/strength-related genetic markers: ACE D, ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A 582Ser, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARA rs4253778 C). However, sports genomics is still in the discovery phase and abundant replication studies are needed before these largely pioneering findings can be extended to practice in sport. Future research including genome-wide association studies, whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiling will allow a better understanding of genetic make-up and molecular physiology of elite athletes.
Cetacean populations on the SE Bering Sea shelf during the late 1990s: implications for decadal changes in ecosystem structure and carbon flow

Baleen whales typically migrate to high-latitudes to feed during summer in regions of predictably high concentrations of their zooplankton or fish prey. Therefore, their presence in shelf systems is a good indicator of productive food webs. Line-transect surveys of cetaceans conducted during the late 1990s in the SE Bering Sea (160.32 to 171.08° W) indicate that the middle shelf (50 m < z < 100 m) now supports the highest whale biomass in this region. In recent decades, whales were rare and hence their ecological role on the shelf was limited. During July 1997, the density and abundance (N) of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae and fin whales Balaenoptera physalus were highest on the middle shelf between 163.7 and 168.1° W: 0.0236 humpback whales km -2 , N = 1308 (coefficient of variation, CV = 0.65), and 0.00924 fin whales km -2 , N = 513 (CV = 0.61), respectively. Similarly, during June 1999, fin whales were the most numerically dominant species of large whale in the SE Bering Sea, with highest densities and abundance in the 'central' middle shelf (163.7 to 168.1°W): 0.0169 fin whales km -2 , N = 938 (CV = 0.54). During the summers of 1997 and 1999, 65 and 79% of the prey consumption by fin whales in the SE Bering Sea occurred on the central middle shelf. Prey biomass consumed by fin and humpback whales on the SE Bering Sea shelf and slope in 1997 (264474 to 723504 metric tons, mt) is equivalent to 34-94% of the 1997 echo-integration trawl estimate of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma biomass (age 1+) for the shelf east of 170° W (0.77 x 10 6 mt). Large whales were much more abundant on the middle shelf during the late 1990s than during preceding decades and, therefore, their foraging may have impacted trophic dynamics, carbon pathways and nutrient cycling. The partitioning of available carbon and energy in the pelagic and benthic systems of the shelf, as determined previously during the 1970s, when whales were rare, should now be reexamined relative to the increased ecological impact of these top-level predators. Fluxes of carbon that involve pathways through whales should be incorporated in shelf and oceanic carbon budgets.
A Novel Plasmid Carrying Capsule Gene Cluster Found in Lactococcus garvieae Isolated from Filefish

Lactococcus garvieae is recognized as a crucial bacterial pathogen of freshwater and marine fish species. It has been divided into two serological phenotypes, namely KG and KG. Difference of the two phenotypes is owing to the presence or absence of polysaccharide capsule, and a phenotypic change from KG to KG occurs during stocking of isolates for a long period or by repeated subculturing. We found that the phenotypic change occurred more readily in L. garvieae isolates from cultured filefish, thread-sail filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer and black scraper Thamnaconus modestus, than those from other fish species. Thus we studied the gene cluster for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis (capsule gene cluster) of a filefish isolate, strain BSLG13015, and revealed that the strain possessed the same capsule gene cluster as those from other fish species, but that it was integrated in a newly identified plasmid. The plasmid, a size of 31,654 bp and circular, was named pBSLG13015. It was detected in all of KG filefish isolates but not in KG filefish isolates or L. garvieae from other fish species. It is highly probable that the easier change from KG to KG in L. garvieae filefish isolates is attributed to the loss of the plasmid.
STOICHIOMETRIC NUMBER AND THE MECHANISM OF THE HYDROGEN ELECTRODE REACTION ON NOBLE METALS IN ACIDIC SOLUTIONS

The stoichiometric number, ))r, of the rate-determining step of the hydrogen electrode reaction on Rh, Ir, Au and Ag electrodes in aqueous sulfuric acid was determined by observing the exchange current density, io, from the rate of a deuterium exchange reaction and the reaction resistance at the isotopic mixed potential in the isotopically mixed system; the evaluation of io was performed without introducing any uncertainty due to the isotope effect. ))r was found unity for every electrode studied. The pH-dependence of io was studied in terms of reaction resistance in solutions of various pH and constant ionic strength. io was found to be independent of pH within the range 0 to 3.5 for every electrode studied. It was concluded from these results that recombination step of hydrogen adatoms IS determining the overall rate of the hydrogen electrode reaction on these electrodes. Introduction Mechanism of hydrogen electrode reaction (HER) H2 = 2H+ +2e( 1 ) has been established as yet only for a few metal electrodes. The present work is concerned with elucidation of mechanism of HER on typical catalyst metals, Rh, Ir, Au and Ag, by determining two mechanistically important parameters, the stoichiometric number, l. 'r, of the rate-determining step, r, and the pH-dependence of the exchange current density, io• Evaluation of io by extrapolating a linear portion of the Tafel line to zero value of overpotential, which was frequently used in the literature, is open to objections as pointed out previously! ); the Tafel line is often not sufficiently linear, even in the potential range sufficiently apart from the reversible potential, at which we may identify the observed current, i, with i_, the unidirectional cathodic current. The evaluation is possible without un*) The Research Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan.
Diversity and distribution of oligochaetes in tropical forested streams, southeastern Brazil

The distribution and beta diversity of oligochaete assemblages were investigated in different spatial scales to verify the influence of environmental factors and geographic distance on their structure. Two types of mesohabitats (riffles and pools) were sampled in eight first-order streams located in four preservation areas (Poco D’Anta Municipal Biological Reserve, Santa Cândida Municipal Biological Reserve, Ibitipoca State Park and a private farm called Fazenda Floresta) and two Atlantic Forest phytophysiognomies (Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Rocky Field). Variations in the taxon richness, abundance and composition of the oligochaete assemblages occurred between streams and phytophysiognomies, but not between riffles and pools in the same stream. Low beta diversity values were found and both turnover and nestedness contributed similarly in the environments studied, which could have occurred because of the high capability of oligochaetes to adapt to different environmental conditions. Although the canonical correspondence analysis explained 85.5% of the data (first three axes), the partial Mantel test showed greater influence of geographic distance on the faunal composition than the environmental variables measured. Simple linear regression confirmed this result and showed that the decay of similarity increased with distance between streams. The information from this study sheds light on how environmental and spatial factors determine the variation in the distribution and diversity of oligochaetes in forested low-order streams.
Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling of Insulin Sensitivity

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease where a person has high blood glucose levels. The disease has two main causes. The first one is inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. The second one is the inability of cells to respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes patients, the body fails to respond to insulin which results in low insulin sensitivity". In this thesis, measurements from Intra Venous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT) for both healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes patients were used together with Bergman's deterministic minimal model (ODE) to estimate the insulin sensitivity based on a nonlinear mixed effect model. In addition to the IVGTT data some basic covariates were included and tested for significance. Type 2 diabetes patients are shown to be less sensitive to insulin than healthy subjects and thus need larger amount of insulin to lower blood glucose level. A linear regression model from the covariates was used for estimating insulin sensitivity but did not give conclusive results. The covariates were included in the nonlinear mixed effect model to achieve better parameter estimates. By incorporating the covariates the estimated standard deviation for insulin sensitivity decreased substantially. An attempt was made to extend the deterministic minimal model to a stochastic differential equation (SDE) model to improve the performance and to get better parameter estimates.
A review of critical success factors which drives the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises

The survival of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) depends on their ability to effectively manage the factors that affect their performance. The study identifies through literature review, the various factors that may be critical to the success of MSMEs in the retail sector, and therefore enhance their survival. Identification of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) is important in that it may bring to the attention of MSMEs those CSFs which need to be focused on in order to operate in a profitable and sustainable manner. Owner/manager commitment, employee commitment, business planning, innovation, management of costs, customers, suppliers, information, revenue, competitors, sources of finance, enterprise’s pool of resources and conformance to regulations were identified as some of the CSFs which influence the success and survival of MSMEs. The study is informed and guided by the stakeholder theory. The research lays a foundation for future study on performance measurement framework for MSMEs in the retail sector.
Return-Volume Relation in the Tail: Evidence from Six Emerging Markets

This paper provides empirical evidence about daily return and trading volume relation for six emerging markets, including Argentina, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico and Thailand. I use bivariate threshold theory to explicitly model the joint distribution of absolute return and trading volume. I find overall a positive correlation between absolute return and trading volume. Five out of six countries have weaker but still significant correlations based on the observations exceeding optimal thresholds. I also find for all the six countries, the return and volume relation is asymmetry, i.e., the correlation associated with positive return and volume is greater than the correlation between negative return and volume. For four out of six countries in the sample, the results from the bivariate threshold model show that during extreme price movement, this asymmetry correlation still holds.
Interoperable EHR Systems – Challenges, Standards and Solutions

Background: Electronic Health Record Systems (EHRS) and Personal Health Record Systems (PHRS) are core components of infrastructure needed to run any health system. Objectives: As health systems undergo paradigm changes, EHRS and PHRS have to advance as well to meet the related interoperability challenges. Methods: The paper discusses EHR types, implementations and standards, starting with different requirements specifications, systems and systems architectures, standards and solutions. Results: Existing standards and specifications are compared with changing requirements, presenting weaknesses and defining the advancement of EHRS, architectures and related services, embedded in advanced infrastructure systems. Conclusion: Future EHR systems are components in a layered architecture with open interfaces. The need of verifying data models at business domains level is specifically highlighted. Such approach is enabled by the ISO Interoperability Reference Architecture of a systemoriented, architecture-centric, ontology-based, policy- driven approach, meeting good modeling best practices.
Interaction of Debt Agency Problems and Optimal Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence

Abstract Does more leverage always worsen the debt agency problem? This paper presents a unified analysis that accounts for both risk-shifting and under-investment debt agency problems. For firms with positive marginal volatility of investment (defined as the change in cash flow volatility corresponding to a change of investment scale), equity holders' risk-shifting incentive will mitigate the under-investment problem. This implies that, contrary to conventional views, the total agency cost of debt does not uniformly increase with leverage. This model further predicts that, for high growth firms in which the under-investment problem is severe, the optimal debt ratio is positively related to the marginal volatility of investment. Empirical results support this prediction.
Improving observability of the Einstein-de Haas effect in a rubidium condensate

The main obstacle in the experimental realization of the Einstein–de Haas effect in a Bose-Einstein condensate is the need for very precise control of the extremely small (of the order of tens of μG) external magnetic field. In this paper, we numerically study the response of a rubidium condensate to a magnetic field that is linearly dependent on time. We find a significant transfer of atoms from the initial maximally polarized state to the next Zeeman component at magnetic fields of the order of tens of milligauss. We propose an experiment in which such a time-dependent magnetic-field-based scheme could enable the observation of the Einstein–de Haas effect in a rubidium atom condensate.
Comparison of Performance, Availability and Scalability of a Private Cloud Storage Infrastructure Service for Document Preservation

Cloud computing platforms provide easy and transparent access to a company’s storage infrastructure through services. it allows users to store their data at remote disks and access them anytime from any place. On the other hand, with the deployment of Electronic Document Management (EDM) to manage the insertion, sharing, and retrieval of information assigned to a digital document it is necessary that the processes of searching, indexing and storage of digital documents are carried out efficiently. Besides the use of computational tools focused on archiving digital documents, the storage solution must provide reliability and authenticity on the availability of digital documents. With object storage systems being increasingly accepted as replacements for traditional file or block systems and recognized as a preferred way to expose one’s storage infrastructure, it is important to effectively measure the performance of these services. This paper addresses the deployment project of a content-addressable storage infrastructure in a large company and conducts performance, availability and scalability evaluation to measure the gains in r/w access of the proposed solution in different scenarios proposed.
Of App d Economics UnNersity of Minnesota 1994 uford Ave-232 C 0 a 0

tLn this paper we characterize the optimal rate of emission of a pollutant whose stock poses a threat of damages of an unknown magnitude in the future, when abatement capital is sunk, the stock of pollutant is non-degradable, and there is an endogenous risk of catastrophic damages. The economic agent wants to avoid two situations: (i) building up a large stock of abatement capital when damages turn out to be negligible; (ii) allowing too large a build-up in the stock of a nondegradable pollutant when damages are revealed to be catastrophic. Unfortunately, the stock of pollutant cannot be reduced unless the agent invests in abatement capital. Given this trade-off, and the added feature that the probability of a catastrophe occurring may be endogenous, i.e., dependent on the pollutant stock which is in turn dependent on past investment decisions, our paper asks what should be the optimal rate of emission of the pollutant. Loosely speaking, we find a stronger effect on the optimal rate of emission associated with the accumulation of the pollutant than with investment in abatement capital. ,
The Economics of Social Media Stars: An Empirical Investigation of Stardom, Popularity, and Success on Youtube

The economic literature on the superstar phenomenon provides empirical evidence on different types of stars, above all athletes and musicians. A new and, to our best knowledge, unexplored area of this star theory arouse with the development of social media markets. In this paper, we analyse a unique sample of 200 YouTube stars out of four different video categories to address the research gap. By employing econometric methods from panel data analysis, we contribute to answering the following research questions: (i) Are the classic theoretical concepts of popularity and superstardom by Rosen, MacDonald and Adler applicable? (ii) Can social media stars actively influence their popularity by employing special upload strategies? We find empirical evidence that former success positively and significantly influences the current success of social media stars, as theoretically presumed by MacDonald. Furthermore, the results support Adler's assumptions that the most popular stars snowball into superstardom due to higher growth rates. Finally, our investigation shows that social media stars can actively influence their popularity with distinctive upload strategies and market behaviour.