Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion I. Theoretical discussion

This paper was written early in 1941 and circulated to the Civil Defence Research Committee of the Ministry of Home Security in June of that year. The present writer had been told that it might be possible to produce a bomb in which a very large amount of energy would be released by nuclear fission—the name atomic bomb had not then been used—and the work here described represents his first attempt to form an idea of what mechanical effects might be expected if such an explosion could occur. In the then common explosive bomb mechanical effects were produced by the sudden generation of a large amount of gas at a high temperature in a confined space. The practical question which required an answer was: Would similar effects be produced if energy could be released in a highly concentrated form unaccompanied by the generation of gas? This paper has now been declassified, and though it has been superseded by more complete calculations, it seems appropriate to publish it as it was first written, without alteration, except for the omission of a few lines, the addition of this summary, and a comparison with some more recent experimental work, so that the writings of later workers in this field may be appreciated. An ideal problem is here discussed. A finite amount of energy is suddenly released in an infinitely concentrated form. The motion and pressure of the surrounding air is calculated. It is found that a spherical shock wave is propagated outwards whose radius R is related to the time t since the explosion started by the equation R = S(γ)ttEtρ0-t, where ρo is the atmospheric density, E is the energy released and S(γ) a calculated function of of γ, the ratio of the specific heats of air.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans sensitivity towards chlorophyll of Moringa leaf after activated by diode laser

Background: Regular brushing teeth with scaling and root planning (SRP) cannot effectively decrease the periopatogen bacterial colonies. Even with the addition of antibiotics to support SRP, such as tetracycline given with low doses and for a long time may cause bacteria to become resistant and the effectiveness to eliminate colonies of bacteria being reduced. Photodynamic is a treatment modality that does not cause resistance and potentially to eliminate the growth of bacterial colonies. Moringa oleifera is a plant that can be easily found in Indonesia, by extracting chlorophyll of Moringa oleifera leaves, it can be used as a photosensitizer agent to increase the absorption of light on photodynamic method. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the potential photodynamic inactivation therapy to inactivate (eliminate) periopatogen bacterium. Method: This study used Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans). Laser diode 660nm as a light source with 8mm optical fiber to guide the beam, also used 20% extract chlorophyll of Moringa oleifera leaf as photosensitizer. Four diode lasers energy density exposures (2,5J.cm -2 , 5J.cm -2 , 7,5J.cm -2 , and 10J.cm -2 ) are used from both at the in vitro photodynamic inactivation test. Result: The highest percentage of deaths occurred in the group treated with addition of photosensitizer and exposed by 660 nm diode laser with 10J.cm -2 energy density, which is 83.01%, compared to the results obtained in the group without addition of the photosensitizer. Conclusion: Chlorophyll of Moringa oleifera leaf after activated by diode laser effectively eliminates A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Below-ground secondary succession in tropical forests of Borneo

Abstract: As the destruction and severe disturbance of primary tropical forest continues, it is important to understand how these forests may recover from perturbations. Considerable work has been done on above-ground recovery but below-ground processes are less well understood. To determine changes in root mass during tropical secondary succession in lowland forests of Central Borneo, samples were taken from stands of increasing ages since abandonment of agriculture (1, 3, 14 and 31 y) with a primary forest control (six plots from 1-y-old stands and three from all other ages). Root mass and elemental concentrations were determined and soils were chemically analysed. There was no increase in root mass with stand age for fine-root (< 2 mm diameter) or small-root (< 5 mm diameter) mass but there was a trend for coarse-root mass (5–10 mm diameter) to increase with stand age. Negative correlations were shown between root mass and soil nutrient status. Fine-root C concentrations increased with stand age but there was no clear effect of stand age on fine-root N or P. Fine-root mass did not increase significantly with stand age suggesting a rapid recovery; instead, soil nutrient status appeared to be the most important factor controlling root mass. Of the soil nutrients measured in this study, N had a stronger control over root mass than P suggesting that this element may be limiting during secondary succession in tropical lowland forests of Borneo.
Describing the Unobserved: Methodological Challenges in Empirical Studies on Human Trafficking

In this paper we will discuss the production of various types of data on human trafficking analyse existing data and research and suggest methods for improving enhanced data collection techniques and developing new methodologies. We will focus both on the development of estimates of victims of trafficking as well as the production of data that describes the characteristics of this group. The discussion will be based on a review of publications on trafficking for sexual exploitation in Europe (Tyldum et al. forthcoming) as well as our own experiences from the study . Crossing Borders. on transnational prostitution and trafficking in Oslo. During our research we found some answers but also met with several questions and challenges relating to obtaining the best possible quality of data. We hope that our experience in this field may be of use to others working on the same topic a research field that indeed holds great challenges but through its urgency and importance also great rewards. (excerpt)
Do Work-Life Balance Measures and Workplace Flexibility Matter? An Empirical Analysis for Female Reinstatement Choice after the First Childbirth

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of work-life balance measures and workplace flexibility on a female worker’s choice and timing of being reinstated into the labor market after the first childbirth. The results show that: (1) female workers who have not come back to work within one year after the first childbirth face a high risk of never being reinstated into the labor market; (2) a decrease in child care costs due to the presence of informal care and an increase in opportunity costs such as profession/skilled or clerical work with high annual income would motivate a female worker to be reinstated into the labor market within a short time period after the first childbirth; and (3) adjusting for the opportunity costs, the accessibility of work-life balance measures still remains a significant positive impact on the probability of a stable female employee to come back to work and thus shortens the length of being on leave.
6. Numerical Solution Of The Simple Monge–Ampère Equation With Nonconvex Dirichlet Data On Nonconvex Domains

The existence of a unique numerical solution of the semi-Lagrangian method for the simple Monge-Ampere equation is known independently of the convexity of the domain or Dirichlet boundary data - when the Monge-Ampere equation is posed as a Bellman problem. However, the convergence to the viscosity solution has only been proved on strictly convex domains. In this paper, we provide numerical evidence that convergence of numerical solutions is observed more generally without convexity assumptions. We illustrate how in the limit multivalued functions may be approximated to satisfy the Dirichlet conditions on the boundary as well as local convexity in the interior of the domain
The phylogeny of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the paleogeography of the centre of origin

Newts of the genus Triturus (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) are distributed across Europe and adjacent Asia. In spite of its prominence as a model system for evolutionary research, the phylogeny of Triturus has remained incompletely solved. Our aim was to rectify this situation, to which we employed nuclear encoded proteins (40 loci) and mitochondrial DNA-sequence data (mtDNA, 642 bp of the ND4 gene). We sampled up to four populations per species covering large parts of their ranges. Allozyme and mtDNA data were analyzed separately with parsimony, distance, likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. Existing knowledge on taxonomic relationships was confi rmed, including the monophyly of the genus and the groups of crested newts (four species) and marbled newts (two species). The genetic coherence of species and subspecies was also confi rmed, but not always with high statistical support (depending on taxon, characters under consideration, and method of inference). In spite of our efforts we did not obtain suffi cient phylogenetic signal to prefer one out of twelve potential topologies representing crested newts relationships. We hypothesize that the lack of phylogenetic resolution refl ects a hard polytomy and represents the (near)-simultaneous origin of crested newt species. Using a calibration point of 24 Ma (million years before present) for the most recent common ancestor of Triturus-species, the crested newt radiation event is dated at 7-6 Ma (scenario 1) or at 11-10 Ma (scenario 2), depending on the application of an allozyme versus mtDNA molecular clock. The fi rst biogeographical scenario involves the spread of crested newts from the central Balkans into four compass directions. This scenario cannot be brought into line with potential vicariance events for south-eastern Europe. The second scenario involves the more or less simultaneous origin of four species of crested newts through large-scale vicariance events and is supported by the paleogeographical reconstruction for the region at the end of the Middle Miocene. The subspecies Triturus carnifex macedonicus carries in one large area the mtDNA that is typical for the neighbouring species T. karelinii, which is attributed to introgression and a recent range shift. It is nevertheless a long distinct evolutionary lineage and we propose to elevate its taxonomic status to that of a species, i.e., from Triturus c. macedonicus (Karaman, 1922) to Triturus macedonicus (Karaman, 1922).
What Drives Provincial-Canada Yield Spreads?

Although recent research has led to a deeper understanding of the factors determining yields on long-term Canada bonds, there has been little corresponding work on provincial bonds. By using a carefully constructed new data set, we establish two important results. First, provincial fiscal positions (debt and deficits) are an important factor in determining yield spreads between provincial and Canada bonds. Second, we show that provincial bonds are a substitute for corporate debt, in that during recessionary `flights to quality' their yields react like those on corporate bonds.
Cultivating Students' Reading Literacy Using Digital Lexile-Based Reading in a Chinese Primary School.

This Macau study investigates the unwillingness of primary 5 Chinese native students to read in English on a Lexile® Framework based digital reading platform provided by their school, with visible negative consequences on their English reading literacy, and whether or not it is possible for teachers to help improve students’ reading literacy by adopting specific instructional practices. The study, carried out in a school which uses Chinese (Cantonese) as medium of instruction, initially measured student’s reading level and tried to identify possible reasons that deterred students from reading in a digital reading platform. The investigation was based on an action research model (to look, think, act) while a mixed method approach was deployed to collect data: numerical information from the platform which informed about students reading ability was treated with descriptive and inferential statistics and focus group interviews were conducted to allow a deeper understanding of students’ attitudes towards reading. The findings revealed that students in general were not averse to reading, although they seemed to need someone to facilitate the process for them as well as to guide and encourage them to read. Extrinsic motivation strategies were found helpful and, by way of teacher’s same intervention with all her students (group A), such as constant reminders to read, compulsory reading of a certain number of books per month, publicly praising students and granting them bonus points on their marks, meaningful improvement was achieved. These findings are discussed in relation to the significance of the teacher’s intervention, in terms of providing constant support, facilitating the reading process and monitoring students’ reading activity, by adopting varied instructional practices to appeal and motivate children to engage in reading.
Occupational exposure to cleaning solvents among workers of screen printing units in Pakistan: A preliminary survey

*Corresponding Author Email: alihussainpu@yahoo.com Tel: +92-333-4974021 Organic solvents are being used extensively in many industrial processes. Occupational exposures to these solvents are often deleterious to workers. In order to determine stress profiles of exposed workers in the context of organic solvents’ (acetone, glycol ethers, methanol, toluene and xylene) exposure, a questionnaire based survey of screen printing units located in Lahore, Pakistan was conducted. Loss of memory was the key threat found among the workers and the percentage of patients suffering from this disorder reached up to 72%. The ratio of occurrence of this symptom was higher in workers of age between 40 and 50 years. Other common disorders included hypertension, depression, dizziness, dry skin, headaches, occupational fatigue, sore throat and vision difficulty. The percentages of patients suffering from such troubles were 47%, 53%, 56%, 55%, 49%, 56%, 30% and 38%, respectively. The overall trend of disorders increased with increase in age. These results necessitate guidance and strict appliance of proper working stations wherein efficient exhaust system(s) be installed immediately.
A Study of Rancidity of Fish Sold In Mubi Markets , Adamawa State , Nigeria

This study was carried out on the rancidity situation of fish sold in Mubi markets, Adamawa State Nigeria. Standard methods were used in data accumulation. Fish market at Mubi was visited during the month of July and August and the smoked, dead, dried and frozen fish were sampled and analyzed for peroxide value. There was low association between the smoke and dead Clarias and Tilapia and between the dried and frozen fish (Mormyrus rume and mackerel) sold in the markets in the month of July. Though the paired t-test value of t= 10.524 df = 1, P = 0.051 was recorded of smoke and dead fish and t= -11.211 df=1 was recorded for dried and frozen fish. The association between the peroxide values of smoked and dead fish sold in the market in the month of August was r=0.8, P=0.001 and frozen r=0.57 P=0.01 and the paired t-test association if t= -13.285 P= 0.001 shows a significant difference. The smoked and dead fish have correlation value of r=0.7 P=0.01 with t-value of t=-10.54, P=0.10 showing a significant difference between their peroxide value. There was correlation r= 0.6 between the smoked and dead fish with t-value of t= 28.08, P = 0.028 showing a significant difference between peroxide values of Clarias in the market. The dried and frozen fish peroxide values were not significantly different as well as the smoke and dead fish. The same relationships were recorded for smoked and dead Clarias and Tilapia, dried Mormyrus rume and frozen Mackerel. Based on the result of this study peroxide values varied with fish species and size. The dead fish had higher values than those processed. The health problems associated with rancid fish are highlighted.
Putting the shot

Our analysis of the path of a projectile has left out an important ingredient, namely, the human element. How does the athlete achieve the maximum initial velocity, height, and the optimum release angle, θ? In this chapter we examine shot putting. Grown men and women hurl a heavy round ball as far as they can. Perhaps from the point of view of a fan, not as exciting as a hockey game, but from the scientific point of view quite interesting nonetheless. Since air resistance has a negligible effect on the flight of a shot put (Chapter 1), the mathematical analysis is simplified since we can neglect the effects of air resistance: drag and lift. In fact we can obtain precise predictions in closed form (something that is rarely possible). Thus we have the possibility of directly comparing theory to observation.
Through Thin Film Ablation of Iron-Nickel Pixel Target

THROUGH THIN FILM ABLATION OF IRON-NICKEL PIXEL TARGET Name: Niu, Xiaoxu University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. P. T. Murray A novel multi-element nanoparticle synthesis technique, noted pixel target ablation (PTA) is reported here. In the experiments described here, Iron-Nickel pixel targets were prepared on a transparent disc by sputtering and by photolithography. By irradiating the target materials from the backside, the laser energy breaks the target materials into metal atoms, which then forms nanoparticles by recombination in the gas phase. The nanoparticles were subsequently captured by a substrate. The degree of interaction between the two metals species and the plume dynamics of this method were examined. The average composition and size distribution of synthesized nanoparticles were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. The results show that this process has congruent transformation of target materials weight ratio to particle composition, and controllable particle size distribution with no agglomeration. Additionally, the structure of the particles was determined by the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples were prepared by ablation in vacuum and in the presence of a background gas. A mixture of single-metallic and alloyed nanoparticles were collected. The implications of these observations for multi-element nanoparticle synthesis are discussed.
Hepatitis B virus infection in Iran

1. Epidemiology of hepatitis B 1.1. Global epidemiology and burden of HBV HBV infection is a worldwide major health problem. About 2 billion people have been infected with this virus and 350 million of these are chronically infected (or carriers) with the virus (1). The global prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies widely and world can be divided into three categories of HBV prevalence; high (prevalence of about 8%), intermediate (prevalence of 2-7%) and low (prevalence of fewer than 2%) (2). Despite the availability of effective HBV vaccines, new infection is common. The incidence of new cases of HBV is about 200/000-300/000 in USA and 1 million in Europe each year (3,4). Worldwide, 350 million people with chronic HBV infection have a 15% to 25% risk of dying from HBV-related liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (5). HBV is estimated to be responsible for 500,000–700,000 deaths each year (6,7). 1.2. Epidemiology of disease in Iran Iran is located in the intermediate area of HBV prevalence. In the previous studies, it was estimated that over 35% of Iranians have been exposed to the HBV and about 3% are chronic carriers, ranging from 1.7% in Fars Province to
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) from Mediterranean to Sub-Saharan Areas

There are differences in the allele frequency of MTHFR polymorphism between Western and African population. The aim of this study is to determinate the prevalence of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in young and old people living in different areas from Mediterranean to sub-Saharan areas. The observed vs expected genotype frequencies of 677T were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, with the exception of old Sardinian subjects (P=0.02). Calculation of 677T allele frequency in young and old African subjects (8% and 3%, respectively) indicated that the 677T allele was disadvantaged in old Africans (P=0.02). The difference among young and old Sardinians and Sicilians were not significant at the same degree (43% vs 37% P=0.07 and 46% vs 42% P=0.28, respectively). However, the reproducible trend that showed the prevalence of 677T allele in the young subjects of the three studied areas confirms the disadvantage of this polymorphism with the age. There was a significant difference (P=0.005) on the observed vs expected frequency of 1298C homozygosity in African old subjects compared to younger ones, while the observed vs expected genotype frequencies were in equilibrium in young and old Sardinian and Sicilian subjects. The frequencies of 1298C and 1298A alleles were comparable between young and old African, Sardinian and Sicilian subjects. The lower frequency of 677T allele in old African, Sardinian and Sicilian subjects compared to young ones and the absence of TT genotype among old African subjects, should be considered as a consequence of an elevated mortality of 677T carriers.
Photosynthetic characteristics and estimated growth rates indicate grazing is the proximate control of primary production in the equatorial Pacific

Macronutrients persist in the surface layer of the equatorial Pacific Ocean because the production of phytoplankton is limited; the nature of this limitation has yet to be resolved. Measurements of photosynthesis as a function of irradiance (P-I) provide information on the control of primary productivity, a question of great biogeochemical importance. Accordingly, P-I was measured in the equatorial Pacific along 150°W, during February-March 1988. Diel variability of P-I showed a pattern consistent with nocturnal vertical mixing in the upper 20 m followed by diurnal stratification, causing photoinhibition near the surface at midday. Otherwise, the distribution of photosynthetic parameters with depth and the stability of P-I during simulated in situ incubations over 2 days demonstrated that photoadaptation was nearly complete at the time of sampling: photoadaptation had not been effectively countered by upwelling or vertical mixing. Measurements of P-I and chlorophyll during manipulations of trace elements showed that simple precautions to minimize contamination were sufficient to obtain valid rate measurements and that the specific growth rates of phytoplankton were fairly high in situ, a minimum of 0.6 d−1. Diel variability of beam attenuation also indicated high specific growth rates of phytoplankton and a strong coupling of production with grazing. It appears that grazing is the proximate control on the standing crop of phytoplankton. Nonetheless, the supply of a trace nutrient such as iron might ultimately regulate productivity by influencing species composition and food-web structure.
An Overview on Fuzzy Logic & Fuzzy Elements

JCOET,Yavatmal,MH-445001 Abstract: Fuzzy logic is used in the applications which involves vagueness, hesitation, linguistic uncertainty, measurement imprecision, natural diversity and subjectivity . In this paper ,we study the different approaches such as Trapezoidal , Triangular fuzzifiers used for conversion of crisp variables to linguistic variables, different fuzzy inference approaches such as Mamdani, Takagi-Sugeno and defuzzification approaches such as center of gravity,