Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CLEP_A_227621 1081..1088

Tra My Pham 1,2 James R Carpenter Tim P Morris 1 Manuj Sharma 2 Irene Petersen 2,4 1MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London WC1V 6LJ, UK; 2Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; 3Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicines, London WC1E 7HT, UK; 4Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark Aims/Hypothesis: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with high levels of disease burden, including increased mortality risk and significant long-term morbidity. The prevalence of diabetes differs substantially among ethnic groups. We examined the prevalence of type 2 diabetes diagnoses in the UK primary care setting. Methods: We analysed data from 404,318 individuals in The Health Improvement Network database, aged 0–99 years and permanently registered with general practices in London. The association between ethnicity and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes diagnoses in 2013 was estimated using a logistic regression model, adjusting for effect of age group, sex, and social deprivation. A multiple imputation approach utilising population-level information about ethnicity from the UK census was used for imputing missing data. Results: Compared with those of White ethnicity (5.04%, 95% CI 4.95 to 5.13), the crude percentage prevalence of type 2 diabetes was higher in the Asian (7.69%, 95% CI 7.46 to 7.92) and Black (5.58%, 95% CI 5.35 to 5.81) ethnic groups, while lower in the Mixed/Other group (3.42%, 95% CI 3.19 to 3.66). After adjusting for differences in age group, sex, and social deprivation, all minority ethnic groups were more likely to have a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes compared with the White group (OR Asian versus White 2.36, 95% CI 2.26 to 2.47; OR Black versus White 1.65, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.73; OR Mixed/Other versus White 1.17, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.27). Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was higher in the Asian and Black ethnic groups, compared with the White group. Accurate estimates of ethnic prevalence of type 2 diabetes based on large datasets are important for facilitating appropriate allocation of public health resources, and for allowing population-level research to be undertaken examining disease trajectories among minority ethnic groups, that might help reduce inequalities.
Measuring Classifier Performance with Risk and Error Matrix Charts

Measuring classifier performance is important in machine learning. Risk charts and error matrix charts have been developed for this purpose. The strengths and weak-nesses of using these charts are outlined. Challenges with using these charts are dis-cussed including how base rates and using prevalence data for building models and incidence data for evaluating models affect model performance. A number of solu-tions for overcoming these challenges are covered.
Finding Perfect Matchings in Dense Hypergraphs

We show that for any integers k ≥ 3 and c ≥ 0 there is a polynomial-time algorithm, that given any n -vertex k -uniform hypergraph H with minimum codegree at least n / k − c , ﬁnds either a perfect matching in H or a certiﬁcate that no perfect matching exists.
Fast and Space Efficient Spectral Sparsification in Dynamic Streams

In this paper, we resolve the complexity problem of spectral graph sparcification in dynamic streams up to polylogarithmic factors. Using a linear sketch we design a streaming algorithm that uses O(n) space, and with high probability, recovers a spectral sparsifier from the sketch in O(n) time.1 Prior results either achieved near optimal O(n) space, but Ω(n2) recovery time [Kapralov et al. '14], or ran in o(n2) time, but used polynomially suboptimal space [Ahn et al '13]. Our main technical contribution is a novel method for recovering graph edges with high effective resistance from a linear sketch. We show how to do so in nearly linear time by 'bucketing' vertices of the input graph into clusters using a coarse approximation to the graph's effective resistance metric. A second main contribution is a new pseudorandom generator (PRG) for linear sketching algorithms. Constructed from a locally computable randomness extractor, our PRG stretches a seed of O(n) random bits polynomially in length with just logO(1) n runtime cost per evaluation. This improves on Nisan's commonly used PRG, which in our setting would require O(n) time per evaluation. Our faster PRG is essential to simultaneously achieving near optimal space and time complexity.
FixCon: A Generic Solver for Fixed-Cardinality Subgraph Problems

In ﬁxed-cardinality optimization problems in graphs, we are given a graph G = ( V, E ), an objective function f , and an integer k and search for a set S ⊆ V of k vertices that maximizes f ( G [ S ]) where G [ S ] is the subgraph of G induced by S . We implement an enumeration-based algorithm for solving ﬁxed-cardinality optimization problems when G [ S ] needs to be connected. To avoid enumerating all connected subgraphs of order k , we present several generic pruning rules and a generic heuristic for computing a lower bound for the objective value. We perform an experimental analysis of the performance of the algorithm and the usefulness of the pruning rules for eight example problems in which one aims to ﬁnd dense, sparse, or degree-constrained connected subgraphs, respectively. Our experiments show that, when this generic solver is combined with problem-speciﬁc pruning rules, our algorithm is competitive with out-of-the-box ILP formulations for these problems.
OPTH_A_238756 89..94

Cassandra C Brooks 1 Sayena Jabbehdari Preeya K Gupta 1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Abstract: Inflammation and pain are two prevalent findings after ocular surgery. Corticosteroids are widely administrated as a core treatment to control post-surgical inflammation and pain. Improper patient adherence to post-operative eye drop regimens, limited bioavailability of topical eye drops, and the negative impact of preservatives used in many of these eye drops, has made a strong case for novel therapies in the treatment of post-operative pain and inflammation. This review of the literature will focus on the role of intracanalicular sustained-release dexamethasone (Dextenza, Ocular Therapeutix, Bedford, MA, USA) for the management of ocular inflammation and pain.
Ionospheric Pre-Earthquake Anomalies From GPS Observations: A Study of the 28th May 2012 Mw=6.7 Argentina Earthquake

Le et al. [15] surveyed 736 earthquakes (M≥6.0) for statistical association with pre-earth‐ quake TEC anomalies. They found that the earthquake-associated TEC behavior depend‐ ed on the following factors: earthquake magnitude, earthquake depth. Xia et al. [65] investigated earthquake-related TEC anomalies before 20 earthquakes (M>5) in the Tibe‐ tan Plateau region. They investigated these earthquakes using a 15-day running median as normal TEC levels. They found for the period 11 days before these earthquakes TEC enhance‐ ment occurred for 17/20 (85%) of the earthquakes over the earthquake preparation zones and depletions occurred for 13/20 (65%). Their works make an interesting finding that the prevalence of enhancements or depletions varies with focal depth and not magnitude. Pu‐ linets et al. [41] found that for the earthquakes of an equivalent magnitude, the disper‐ sion factor for TEC increased threefold for deep focus earthquakes (depth 60-300 km) at the Chungli ionosonde in Taiwan for the period 1978 to 1986. They supposed that the in‐ creased scale of the disturbance zone for deep-focus earthquakes would generate a verti‐ cal electrical disturbance of 200 to 250 km in diameter at the earth’s surface that is large enough to create notable ionospheric disturbance. Pulinets [43] listed some possible rea‐ sons, including radon gas release causing lower atmospheric electric fields which travel up into the ionosphere along geomagnetic lines. Additionally, Freund [5] suggested P-type sem‐
Direct conversion of methane-to-methanol in Cu-exchanged small-pore zeolites

Fossil fuel consumption continuous to increase worldwide and of all the fossil fuels, natural gas is growing the most. The combustion of natural gas, which mainly contains methane, is more environmentally friendly than oil or coal thanks to its high specific energy. More energy gained and less CO2 released per kg fuel drives an increase in production. This in turn increases the demand on manageability, resulting in the common practice to liquefy natural gas. The gas is kept in liquid form, via high pressure or low temperature, for transport and distribution. In an effort to reduce the energy cost of managing gaseous energy resources, the conversion of methane into its liquid counterpart methanol is highly desired. The established procedure for the conversion is a large scale, multi-step, power-plant process, and there is a need for a small scale, direct conversion alternative. Copper-exchanged zeolites are considered promising candidates for the methane-to-methanol reaction, where mono-, dimer, and trimer Cu-clusters have been suggested to be the active site. In this thesis, the catalytic properties of Cu-dimers in zeolites are studied using first-principles calculations, ab initio thermodynamics, and micro kinetic modeling. As a first step, the stability of the Cu-dimer structure in SSZ-13 is investigated under direct conversion conditions. The zeolite is found to contain water and the structure of the proposed active site highly dependent on temperature and partial pressure of relevant gases. Under reaction conditions, the Cu2O and Cu2OH structures are found to be energetically preferred. Evaluating the reaction path for direct conversion over the identified active sites, reveals a low activity for the reaction, stemming from a high activation barrier of the C-H bond in methane and an inability for methanol to desorb. The activity of the Cu2O site is, however, increased when water is added into the reaction mechanism. Presence of water enables desorption of the reaction products and results in an endergonic reaction path. The Cu2OH site responds in an opposite manner with respect to water, becoming less active. The new insights on the nature of the active site and the reaction mechanism provide a deeper understanding, which will aid the future search for new catalytic materials with high activity and selectivity.
PPARs and the Development of Type 1 Diabetes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of transcription factors with a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism. PPARs are expressed in many cell types including pancreatic beta cells and immune cells, where they regulate insulin secretion and T cell differentiation, respectively. Moreover, various PPAR agonists prevent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. PPARs are thus of interest in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as they represent a novel approach targeting both the pancreas and the immune system. In this review, we examine the role of PPARs in immune responses and beta cell biology and their potential as targets for treatment of T1D.
Anomalous diffusion of a tagged monomer with absorbing boundaries

We consider the dynamics of a single (“tagged”) monomer that belongs to a long polymer chain in dilute solution. At times shorter than the relaxation time of the entire polymer, the tagged monomer performs anomalous diffusion, where its mean square displacement scales with time t as t, with α < 1. The value of α depends on the intermonomer potentials, as well as on velocity-dependent interactions between the monomers. For a nonself-interacting (“ideal”) polymer without velocity-dependent forces α = 1/2. Our model generalize anomalous diffusion of the tagged monomer to give any subdiffusion exponent (0 < α < 1). The dynamics of a polymer is frequently described in the Rouse (Fourier) space by Langevin equations governing the evolution of the different modes Xq. We show that by modifying the q-dependence of the noise correlation functions (and friction coefficients) in the dynamical equations, we can alter the value of α. Our dynamical model approximately corresponds to the introduction of velocity-dependent interactions that decay as a power-law of the separation between monomers (1/r), and lead to anomalous diffusion of the tagged monomer in an ideal polymer with α = 2/(2 + χ). We employ our model to study the behavior of a tagged monomer in the presence of one and two absorbing boundaries, as the anomalous diffusion exponent is varied. We demonstrate the differences and similarities between this process and the process described by the fractional diffusion equation. We show that the mean time for absorption is finite in the presence of two absorbing boundaries, and that the probability distribution function of the tagged monomer decays as a power law near the boundaries. Some aspects of the diffusion of a tagged monomer in the presence of two absorbing boundaries are analogous to the translocation of a polymer through a membrane pore. We compare the translocation of a polymer on a 2D lattice with our model, and find many qualitative similarities, as well as some quantitative differences.
Inhibitory effects of DVDMS-2-based-photodynamic therapy on the growth of tumor in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVE: To observe the inhibitory effect and strength of DVDMS-2-based-photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the growth of 4 kinds of cancer cells,S180 tumor in mice and human lung cancer cell H460 in nude mice. METHODS:The antiproliferative activity of DVDMS-2 was determined by MTT method. S180 tumor model was established in mice. All 35 mice were equally divided into 5 groups randomly:the negative control group,Photofrin positive control group and DVDMS-2 with low (38 J/cm2),medium (76 J/cm2),high (152 J/cm2) irradiation dose groups. DVDMS-2 at doses of 2.0 mg /kg was given intravenously to mice in low,medium and high irradiation dose groups on the day 2 after implantation of S180 cells. Negative control group was given saline in same volume,and positive control group was given intravenously. Photofrin at the dose of 10 mg/kg. PDT was given at 24 h after injection. All mice were killed at day 10 after PDT,and S180 tumors were taken out to measure the weight and calculate the tumor inhibition rate. Human lung cancer cells H460 transplant model was established in nude mice. DVDMS-2 at doses of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mg /kg was given intravenously on the day 7 after implantation of H460.Negative control group was given saline in same volume,and positive control group was given intravenously. Photofrin at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Then mice were treated with irradiation condition 76 J/cm2 (laser 630 nm) at 24 h after injection. All mice were killed at day 5 after PDT,and H460 tumors were taken out to measure the weight and size and calculate the tumor inhibition rate and the relative tumor-suppressing rate (T/C). Data were analyzed by SPSS software 13.0. RESULTS:Through the MTT assay,DVDMS-2-PDT could significantly inhibit the growth of cancer cells,including human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2),human non-small lung cancer cells (H460),human gastric cancer cells (BGC823) and human renal carcinoma cells (Ketr-3). MTT assay showed that the IC50 toward these tumor cells was 0.207-0.584 μg/mL. In the mouse model of S180 tumor,the tumor weight inhibition rates treated under irradiation condition (38,76,152 J/cm2) 24 h after DVDMS-2 (2 mg/kg) injection were 82.83%,88.56%,95.59% (P0.05),respectively. In human lung cancer cell H460 in nude mice,the tumor weight inhibition rates treated with DVDMS-2 (0.5,1,2 mg/kg) were 38.8%,47.9% and 53.9% (P0.05),respectively,under the irradiation condition of 76 J/cm2. CONCLUSION:DVDMS-2-PDT showed significant antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo.
Morphological changes of muscle and capillary endothelial cells after aerobic exercise training under different temperature conditions

The morphological changes of muscle cells and capillary endothelial cells of skeletal muscles were in wshigutet after long-term exercise training at various temperatures. One-hundred and forty rats were divided into seven groups and received a one-month exercise training at conditions of low (0 degree C), normal (26 degrees C) or high (42 degrees C) temperatures respectively. Muscle samples were obtained from extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and soleus muscle (SOL) of each animal. These samples were used to observe the hitological differences by light microscope, and to observe the changes in the number of muscular mitochondria and capillary endothelial pinocytotic vesicles by electron microscope. We found that both low and high temperature groups had higher frequency of atrophy and necrosis in muscle fibers than the normal temperature group. Moreover, EDL muscle had significantly more mitochondria and pinocytotic vesicle than SOL muscle in the high and normal temperature groups. From these results, we suggested that changes of the environmental temperature cause histological malformations of muscle fibersabtw; in addition, these effects were more prominent in fast twitch muscles.
ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress responses. The MAPK pathway includes three main kinases, MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase and MAPK, which activate and phosphorylate downstream proteins. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases that regulate cellular signalling under both normal and pathological conditions. ERK expression is critical for development and their hyperactivation plays a major role in cancer development and progression. The Ras/Raf/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway is the most important signalling cascade among all MAPK signal transduction pathways, and plays a crucial role in the survival and development of tumour cells. The present review discusses recent studies on Ras and ERK pathway members. With respect to processes downstream of ERK activation, the role of ERK in tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis is highlighted, and the role of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in tumour extracellular matrix degradation and tumour angiogenesis is emphasised.
Title: Arsenic release in Groundwater of Brahmaputra Valley: Evidence of involvement of a metal reducing bacterium

Increased concentration of arsenic in the ground water of Brahmaputra valley has been a matter of serious concern for the region. Although the presence of Arsenic in sediments and carbonaceous rocks is geogenic, its entry into the groundwater is mediated by several processes including microorganisms. It is well known thatmicroorganisms play a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycle of elements. However, the precise role of bacteria in contributing to increasingconcentration of arsenicin Brahmaputra valley has not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we report the isolation of a strain of Staphylococcus sp. (TA6) that reduces arsenate to a more toxic form, arsenite. The strain is not only able to grow in arsenate concentration exceeding ≥200mM and arsenite up to ≤ 30mMbut is also able to tolerate other heavy metals like Hg+2, Cd+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cr+2 in anMTC:≥10 mM. Analysis of functional characteristics showed that the bacterium had high siderophore (78.7 ± 0.004 μmol). The bacterium secreted arsenate reductase enzyme that reduced87.65% of As (V) into As (III) from initial concentration. Enzyme kinetics revealed that arsenate reductase had a Km 0.44 mM and a Vmax 6395 U/mg of protein with the highest activity at 500C and pH 5.5. The arsenic tolerance capacity of the isolate was found higher in comparison to siderophore mutants.
Comparison of headspace and compact sensor measurements of tropical lakepCO2

The majority of the inland waters are supersaturated in CO2 with respect to the atmosphere and exhibit a pCO2 diurnal variability that may be related to different factors. These environments have been recognized as a significant source of greenhouse gas at aglobal scale. Currently, continuous and direct measurements of water pCO2 remain scarce in aquatic environments. Most published pCO2 data are measured with the direct methods of headspace or by using an equilibrator, or calculated from temperature, pH and the total alkalinity. The objective of this study was to present the first results of direct and continuous measurements of pCO2, performed with a compact sensor in an Amazonian tropical lake and compare and evaluate these measures with the measures carried out using the headspace method. Descriptive statistical analysis, normality tests, parametric tests to compare the results and linear regression were performed. The tests reveal that the methods present significant difference and therefore a linear regression model for future calibration of data from the compact sensor was built. The overestimation of pCO2by the compact sensor (pCO2C) relative to the headspace method (pCO2H) was mainly due to the biofouling on the face of the sensor membrane. It is suggested that long-term measurements with immersed sensors be avoided, and if use of immersed sensors is necessary to perform such measurements, that periodic sensor cleaning is done and a water pump is inserted in the system, for the purpose of reducing the uncertainty of the measurements.
Acceleration of nonequilibrium Green's function simulation for nanoscale FETs by applying convolutional neural network model

We investigate the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to accelerate quantum mechanical transport simulations (based on the nonequilibrium Green ’ s function (NEGF) method) of double-gate MOSFETS. In particular, given a potential distribution as input data, we implement the convolutional autoencoder to train and predict the carrier density and local quantum capacitance distributions. The results indicate that the use of a single trained CNN model in the NEGF self-consistent calculation along with Poisson ’ s equation produces accurate potentials for a wide range of the gate lengths, and all within a signi ﬁ cantly shorter computational time than the conventional NEGF calculations.
PII: S0898-1221(00)00172-3

Keywords-Weiszfe ld algorithm, Convergence properties. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N A single facility minisum location problem (SFMLP) in the Euclidean plane (~2) is s tated as follows: min W(x) = ~ wj d(x, aj) , (1)