Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEO cost differences between Europe and the US

This paper investigates Seasoned Equity Offering (SEO) cost differences between Europe and the US in the period 1990 to 2011. We find that the direct costs for the US companies are around 40% higher than those for the European companies. Results of this paper are consistent with strategic pricing on the part of investment banks in the US, while the European market is more competitive. However, if the European companies register with the Securities and Exchange Commission in the US, they are also affected by over 25% more in direct costs.
Soil and Tissue Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Sulfur as Affected by Dairy Manure Application in a No‐Till Corn, Wheat, and Soybean Rotation

The hypothesis of this study was that surface applied liquid manure may provide sufficient nutrients to silage corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] under a no-till system in the cool wet climate of Atlantic Canada. A 2-yr field study was conducted investigating the effect of crop rotation and fertility on P, K, Ca, and S availability to corn silage, spring milling wheat, and soybean in Nova Scotia, Canada. The rotations consisted of all six possible combinations of corn, wheat, and soybean, and the fertility treatments consisted of three rates of liquid dairy manure (LDM1-3) at 32.1, 48.1, and 64.3 Mg ha -1 , a mineral fertilizer treatment, and a control (no fertility applied). In general, nutrient availability as measured by Mehlich 3 (M3) was not well correlated with tissue concentration. Tissue S in corn was lower when it was grown after soybean than when grown after wheat, and was highest in the LDM1 and in the control treatments. Rotation X fertility effects observed in the wheat nutrient removals were accountable to similar differences in yield. Wheat uptake of P was significantly affected by fertility, with the highest removal of P occurring in the NPK treatment, which also provided the highest yield. Results indicate that Ca uptake by wheat may be hindered by competition with K, and that K applied in manure at higher rates could build up over time. Potassium recovery in wheat was higher from the inorganic NPK treatment (37%) than from manure (from 16 to 4%). There were few differences in M3 available nutrients in 2001. However in 2002, LDM application resulted in higher M3 concentrations of K and Ca; there was a drop in P availability with the LDM3 (at 64.3 Mg ha -1 ) application; and S availability was highest at LDM1 and LDM3 (32.1 and 64.3 Mg ha -1 , respectively). Further long-term studies may be needed to determine if surface applied LDM with no incorporation can sustain silage corn, soybean, and wheat nutrient requirements for P, Ca, K, and S, and maintain efficient nutrient use overtime under no-till conditions.
Alphabetized coauthorship

It is found that alphabetized coauthored papers with two authors are more highly cited than non-alphabetized coauthored papers in both economics and agricultural economics. Alphabetized coauthored papers with more than two authors are not cited more, suggesting an optimal team size of two, ceteris paribus. We speculate that the preponderance of non-alphabetized papers in agricultural economics, as compared to economics, is due in some part to the differential importance of nonmarket-based criteria to evaluate research in this area as opposed to economics departments.
Evidence that amylose synthesis occurs within the matrix of the starch granule in potato tubers

Transgenic potatoes expressing reduced levels of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) have been used to investigate whether the synthesis of amylose occurs at the surface of the starch granule or within the matrix formed by the synthesis and organization of amylopectin. Amylose in these potatoes is wholly or largely confined to a central region of the granule. Consequently this core region stains blue with iodine whereas the peripheral zone stains red. By making extensive measurements of the relative sizes of the granules and their blue-staining cores in tubers over a range of stages of development, we have established that the blue core increases in size as the granule grows. The extent of the increase in size of the blue core is greater in potatoes with higher levels of GBSSI. These data show that amylose synthesis occurs within the matrix of the granule, and are consistent with the idea that the space available in the matrix may be an important determinant of the amylose content of storage starches.
Balance of payments constrained growth model: an examination of Thirlwall's Hypothesis using McCombie's Individual Country Method

The balance of payments constrained growth (BOP) model is tested using the McCombie's cross-country and individual country test for 90 developed and developing countries for the period 1980 to 2000, and the McCombie's test is extended using export elasticity. If in the long run, the growth of exports is equal to the growth of imports and the affect of prices are not statistically significant, the estimated import elasticity from time series regression should not be statistically different from the BOP implied import elasticity, this also implied that the estimated export elasticity, also should not be statistically different from the BOP implied export elasticity. However, the finding shows that for only about 45% of the countries under study the individual country test is accepted even though cross-country analysis support the BOP model. Furthermore, for some countries where its estimated and implied import elasticity are not statistically different, its estimated and implied export elasticity are statistically different and vice-versa.
Amyloid precursor protein truncated at any of the γ‐secretase sites is not cleaved to β‐amyloid

βA4 secretion occurs upon processing of amyloid protein precursor (APP) by β‐secretase (N‐terminus of βA4) and γ‐secretase (C‐terminus). To determine the sequence of these activities and the processing intermediate of βA4, we expressed several truncated APP molecules in human HEK‐293 cells. Immunofluorescence and biotinylation studies indicated that full‐length APP or APP lacking the cytosolic domain both were located intracellularly, associated with the cell surface and secreted. APPs truncated after amino acid 40, 42, or 43 of βA4 were not inserted into cell membranes, were found intracellularly but not on the cell surface, and were efficiently secreted into the culture medium. The secretion of APP truncated at amino acid 40 of βA4 occurred without proteolytic processing. Neither βA4 nor P3 (the product of the α‐secretase) was secreted from any of the APP molecules truncated at the γ‐secretase sites. In sharp contrast to this, when the C‐terminal 100 amino acids of APP were expressed (APP truncated at the N‐terminus of βA4), a robust βA4 secretion was observed. Thus, the C‐terminal fragment of APP produced by β‐secretase activity is likely to be the processing intermediate of βA4. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary dormancy in Avena fatua: induction and characteristics in genetically pure dormant lines

The induction of secondary dormancy in caryopses of genetically pure dormant lines of Avena fatua L. is described. Seeds harvested from mature plants were after-ripened under controlled conditions (26°C, 25% relative humidity) until fully non-dormant. Secondary dormancy was then induced into these caryopses by incubation on moist filter papers in an aspirated nitrogen atmosphere at 20°C over periods from 3 h to 14 days. These caryopses failed to germinate when returned to an aerobic environment. The dose-response curves for gibberellic acid, sodium azide, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate and ethanol show that all of these treatments can overcome the induced secondary dormancy. Drying increased the sensitivity of secondary dormant caryopses to these treatments. These treatments overcame secondary dormancy at all times, indicating the presence of only one of the two known blocks to germination that exist during primary dormancy. Similarities between primary and secondary dormancy in A. fatua are discussed.
Non-Hydrolytic Cellulose Active Proteins: Research Progress and Potential Application in Biorefineries

Abstract A group of proteins including expansins, swollenins, and polysaccharide monooxygenases are non-hydrolytic cellulose active proteins (NHCAPs), which have been shown to enhance significantly cellulase-driven plant cell wall hydrolysis at reduced protein loadings. NHCAP-mediated enhancement of cellulase cocktails makes them important accessories in the molecular toolbox for producing fuels and chemicals from lignocellulose. This review presents an overview of the fundamental research advances involving these groups of proteins and considers their applicability to processes in the ongoing pursuit of an economically viable biorefinery.
Larva, pupa and adult male of Atopsyche (Atopsyche) maxi, a new species from northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae)

Abstract A new species of Atopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae) from northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia is described. Important taxonomic characters of the male imago, pupa and larva are described and illustrated. The systematic position of this species is discussed. The new species is related to A. ikonnikovi Martinov 1912, and belongs to the kingi complex (Ross 1953).
How forward-looking are central banks? Some evidence from their forecasts

We estimate forward-looking Taylor rules on data from macroeconomic forecasts of three central banks in order to determine the extent to which these banks are forward-looking. We find that all three banks are to some extent forward-looking, albeit to a varying degree. In general, the horizons for inflation seem to be longer than for output. We also find that central banks prefer to concentrate on one particular horizon rather than take into account the whole forecast.
Effects of price and deductibles on medical care demand, estimated from survey data

This paper estimates the price sensitivity of medical care demand from cross-sectional survey data by relating medical consumption to approximated copayment rates resulting from deductibles. Instead of the deductibles itself, a transformation is used that better takes into account that expected expenditures at policy level play an important role in the reaction of consumers with regard to their deductible. This transformation approximates the average expected copayment rate, that is, the portion of expenditures that one may expect - at the beginning of the year - to pay out-of-pocket, given the deductible and given the expected expenditures at policy level. The principal finding is an estimated price elasticity of medical care demand of -0.079. The highest price sensitivity was found for physiotherapy visits (-0.12) and general practitioner visits (-0.085), and the lowest for specialist visits (-0.074) and prescription drugs (-0.056). Hospital care demand appeared not to be affected by deductibles.
Energy and protein requirements of growing Nili‐Ravi buffalo heifers in tropical environment

Thirty Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers (average initial weight 119 kg) were used to assess energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth. The calves were randomly divided into six equal groups and were fed six diets consisting of three levels of energy (55%, 60% and 65% total digestible nutrient—TDN) in ration and two levels of protein (10% and 12% crude protein—CP) in ration in factorial arrangement ad libitum until they attained 400 kg body weight. Energy and protein requirements at different stages of growth were estimated by partitioning of the metabolizable energy (ME), CP and metabolizable protein (MP) intake for maintenance and body weight gain by regression analysis. All of the multiple regression equations derived for different body weight ranges were highly significant (P < 0.01) and had high R2 values. The ME (kJ), CP (g) and MP (g) requirements for maintenance at different body weights were 443–542, 5.89–9.38 and 4.03–6.30 kg−0.75 d−1. The respective values for average daily gain in body weight (ADG) were 26–53, 0.24–0.48 and 0.18–0.31 g−1 ADG d−1. The predicted requirements matched well with their corresponding actual intake values across the data range. Regressed values were used to develop new feeding standards for buffalo heifers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in Algal Dispersal and Recruitment: The Importance of Episodic Events

Spatial and temporal variation in dispersal and recruitment of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica and of filamentous brown algae (FBA) consisting primarily of Ectocarpus siliculosus were examined off southern California, USA. These three taxa of sublittoral brown algae show enormous differences in adult morphology and demography, but release propagules near the bottom that are similar in size, shape, and motility. Their weekly variation in recruitment was measured on replicate frosted glass slides placed at different distances from stands of fertile adults at three sites. For all taxa, significant temporal variation was observed in recruitment at the zoospore source as well as at distances out to 4000 m from the source. For the kelps, this variation was due to variable rates of both zoospore settlement and early postsettlement mortality. In general, recruitment density of both kelps rapidly declined with distance from the adult stand; significantly lower recruitment was observed at as little as 3 m away. In contrast, dispersal of FBA was much greater; no significant decrease in recruitment density was observed out to 500 m. The differences in dispersal between these two algal groups may result from behavioral differences of their zoospores. Unlike those of kelps, zoospores of FBA are positively phototatic. This enables FBA zoospores to remain in the water column longer, thus increasing the distances over which they disperse. The predominant pattern of limited dispersal in the two kelps, however, was not constant over time. Dispersal was greatly expanded during episodic periods of high recruitment that coincided with winter storms. Turbulent water flower associated with these storms may resuspend kelp zoospores normally occurring near the bottom and allow them to be transported greater distances by prevailing currents. Although species characteristics of the adult stand appeared to influence the distribution of recruits, the effect disappeared within 10 m of the stand. At a short—range study site, decreases in spatial variation in recruitment density between the zoospore source and 3 and 10 m away indicated that the distribution of zoospores became more uniform with distance. Likewise at a long—range site, recruitment out to 4000 m appeared to occur uniformly and coincided with recruitment at the zoospore source and at all intermediate distances. This uniformity and coincidence of recruitment indicated that dispersal over longer distances was probably via individual zoospores rather than via clumps of drifting plants or reproductive fragments as suggested in previous studies. Although episodic, such dispersal is probably essential in promoting the persistence of these plants in highly disturbed and unpredictable environments.
Theoretical Basis for Genetic Parameters of Herd Life and Effects on Response to Selection

Abstract A theoretical model of herd life was used to quantify biases in genetic parameter estimates from culling on production and to study effects on response to selection. Herd life was modeled as a linear function of production and ability to survive regardless of production (survival). Genetic improvement of survival is of interest. Results of analytically derived formulas showed that estimates of heritability obtained from analysis of herd life are biased for survival. For moderately negative genetic correlations between production and survival, biases tended to be upward. The genetic correlation between production and survival was severely overestimated when based on production, and herd life. Adjustment of phenotypic herd life for phenotypic production removed some of the biases in genetic parameter estimates unless little direct culling for production occurred. Incorporation of estimated breeding values for herd life that were adjusted for production in a selection index, along with estimated breeding values for production, resulted in more response in a breeding goal consisting of production and survival than did inclusion of estimated breeding values for herd life when the standardized direct effect of production on herd life was larger than . 15. For smaller values, adjustment of herd life for production reduced response to selection. Given current levels of culling on production, measures of herd life should be adjusted for production when included in selection strategies.
Analysing rationing policies: drought and its effects on urban users’ welfare (Analysing rationing policies during drought)

The aim of this paper is to study the impact on consumers of rationing policies implemented during water shortages. Water scarcity gives rise to the need for rationing, and various methods, including supply cutoffs, can be used. A model is devised to quantify the welfare losses associated with qualitive and quantitive restrictions. Based on virtual prices and using the consumer surplus as a welfare measurement, welfare variations for different users have been calculated. To achieve the aim, information relative to Seville (Spain) has been used, analysing the drought period that took place in the first half of the 1990s. It has been possible to observe the main source that led to welfare losses for each kind of user.
Are the Australian and New Zealand stock prices nonlinear with a unit root?

Whether or not stock prices are characterized by a unit root has important implications for policy. For instance, by applying unit root tests one can deduce whether stock returns can be predicted from previous changes in prices. A finding of a unit root implies that stock returns cannot be predicted. This paper investigates whether or not stock prices for Australia and New Zealand can be characterized by a unit root process. An unrestricted two-regime threshold autoregressive model is used with an autoregressive unit root. Among the main results, it is found that the stock prices of both countries are nonlinear processes that are characterized by a unit root process, consistent with the efficient market hypothesis.
Is technical analysis profitable on US stocks with certain size, liquidity or industry characteristics?

We consider whether popular moving average and trading range breakout technical trading rules are profitable on a subset of the US stocks with certain size, liquidity and industry characteristics. We find these rules are rarely profitable during the period 1990 to 2004, however there is some evidence that they are more profitable for smaller, less liquid stocks. There is no evidence to any industry bias in applying these rules and when a rule does produce statistically significant profits on a stock, these profits tend to be greater for longer decision period rules.
Predictive habitat modelling of reef fishes with contrasting trophic ecologies

The success of marine spatial management and, in particular, the zonation of marine protected areas (MPAs), largely depends on the good understanding of species' distribution and habitat preferences. Yet, detailed knowledge of fish abundance is often reduced to a few sampled locations and a reliable prediction of this information across broader geographical areas is of major relevance. Generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to describe species� environment relationships and identify environmental parameters that determine the abundance or presenceabsence of 11 reef fishes with contrasting life histories in shallow habitats of the Azores islands, Northeast Atlantic. Predictive models were mapped and visualised in a geo- graphic information system (GIS) and areas with potential single or multi-species habitat hotspots were identified. Schooling, pelagic species typically required presenceabsence models, whereas abundance models performed well for benthic species. Depth and distance to sediment signifi- cantly described the distribution for nearly all species, whereas the influence of exposure to swell or currents and slope of the seafloor depended on their trophic ecology. Potential presence of sin- gle species was widespread across the study area but much reduced for multiple species. There were no habitats shared by high abundances of all species in a given trophic group, and areas shared by minimal abundances were smaller than expected. Potential habitat hotspots should be considered as priority sites for conservation, but were only partially included in the existing MPA network. These findings highlight the potential of this methodology to support scientifically sound conservation planning, including but not restricted to fragmented and constrained habitats, such as those of oceanic archipelagos.
UTILIZATION OF LIGHT ENERGY BY THE STRICTLY AEROBIC BACTERIUM ERYTHROBACTER SP. OCH 114

The ability of Erythrobacter to utilize light energy in the aerobic environment is reported. The cellular ATP level increased in light. Incorporation of 14CO2 was clearly enhanced by light. In contrast to other known photosynthetic bacteria, the CO2-incorporation activity in Erythrobacter was stimulated by oxygen. The favorable effect of light on the survival of Erythrobacter was observed in the absence of an organic energy source.
What Curves α-Solenoids?

The α-helical solenoid proteins adopt a variety of elongated curved structures. They have been examined to identify the interactions that determine their curvature. A sequence pattern characteristic for strongly curved α-helical solenoids has been constructed and was found to match protein sequences containing the proteasome/cyclosome repeats. Based on this, a structural model of the repeat-containing domains of the Rpn1/S2 and Rpn2/S1 proteins, which represent the largest subunits of the 26 S proteasome, has been proposed. The model has a novel architecture resembling an α-helical toroid. Molecular modeling shows that these toroids have a central pore that would allow passage of an unfolded protein substrate through it. This implies that the Rpn1 and Rpn2 toroids are aligned along the common axial pores of the ATPase hexamer and form an “antechamber” of the 26 S proteasome. The proposed quaternary structure agrees with the available experimental data. It is suggested that the function of this antechamber is assistance to the ATPases in the unfolding of protein substrates prior to proteolysis. An evolutionary link between the PC repeat-containing proteins and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins is proposed.
Can macroeconomic variables explain long-term stock market movements? A comparison of the US and Japan

Within the framework of a standard discounted value model, we examine whether a number of macroeconomic variables influence stock prices in the US and Japan. A cointegration analysis is applied in order to model the long-term relationship between industrial production, the consumer price index, money supply, long-term interest rates and stock prices in the US and Japan. For the US, we find the data are consistent with a single cointegrating vector, where stock prices are positively related to industrial production and negatively related to both the consumer price index and the long-term interest rate. We also find an insignificant (although positive) relationship between the US stock prices and the money supply. However, for the Japanese data, we find two cointegrating vectors. We find for one vector that stock prices are influenced positively by industrial production and negatively by the money supply. For the second cointegrating vector, we find industrial production to be negatively influenced by the consumer price index and a long-term interest rate. These contrasting results may be due to the slump in the Japanese economy during the 1990s and consequent liquidity trap.