Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of Mid Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) as screening tool in an urban township in the Eastern Cape: rationale for testing changed cut-off values to identify malnutrition

Introduction Children with a weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) -3 SD of this standard. The WHO therefore recommends the use of a WHZ of below -3 SD to identify children with SAM. The mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut-off values of 11.5 cm and 12.5 cm are used globally as screening tools to identify SAM and MAM, respectively, in children between six and 60 months of age. According to the WHO and UNICEF the WHZ and MUAC may be used interchangeably as a screening tool to identify malnourished infants and children, as they reveal a very similar prevalence of SAM in the field. However, more recent data indicate that there may be little overlap between the children identified with SAM and MAM by WHZ and those identified using the MUAC cut-offs. Therefore, more recently the recommendation is to use WHZ and MUAC measurements as independent but complementary admission criteria for SAM. Methods In this descriptive study with a cross-sectional design, data from a convenience sample of 400 infants and young children younger than 24 months were gathered from five clinics and 15 early childhood development (ECD) centres in Motherwell, Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD) from October 2015 to February 2016. The Pearson correlation co-efficient (r) was used to measure the strength or degree of the relationship between variables. Sensitivity and specificity tests were used on the data with the existing recommended MUAC cut-off values as well as new calculated MUAC cut-off values to determine whether the new MUAC cut-off values were more sensitive in the identification of children affected by wasting, without including false negatives (children without SAM or MAM). Results The current WHO MUAC cut-off values to identify MAM have a high specificity, but performed poorly when tested for sensitivity. The r-value (0.78) for the relationship between WHZ and MUAC suggests a dependent relationship between these two indicators. The least squares regression formula (Y = 15.409 + 0.803x (males); Y = 15.13 + 0.83x (females)) was then used to predict where WHZ = -2 is most likely to correspond with a MUAC value in cm. The new predicted MUAC values of 13.8 cm (males) and 13.5 cm (females) were subsequently tested for sensitivity and specificity. The sample was too small to calculate sensitivity for both genders, but 96.4% specificity was achieved for females. A sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.5% was achieved with the male MUAC cut-off. Thus, the proposed cut-offs identified all of the wasted children (WHZ < -2), while identifying an acceptably low number of false positives Conclusion The current WHO MUAC cut-off values lacked the sensitivity to identify cases of MAM in a South African urban township population. A revised, single MUAC cut-off value for males and females younger than two years may increase the correct diagnosis of MAM, thus providing health workers the opportunity to prevent SAM. This new cut-off value should be tested in the field with larger samples
Glacier evolution in high-mountain Asia under stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection geoengineering

Abstract. Geoengineering by stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection may help preserve mountain glaciers by reducing summer temperatures. We examine this hypothesis for the glaciers in high-mountain Asia using a glacier mass balance model driven by climate simulations from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). The G3 and G4 schemes specify use of stratospheric sulfate aerosols to reduce the radiative forcing under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario for the 50 years between 2020 and 2069, and for a further 20 years after termination of geoengineering. We estimate and compare glacier volume loss for every glacier in the region using a glacier model based on surface mass balance parameterization under climate projections from three Earth system models under G3, five models under G4, and six models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The ensemble projections suggest that glacier shrinkage over the period 2010–2069 is equivalent to sea-level rise of 9.0 ± 1.6 mm (G3), 9.8 ± 4.3 mm (G4), 15.5 ± 2.3 mm (RCP4.5), and 18.5 ± 1.7 mm (RCP8.5). Although G3 keeps the average temperature from increasing in the geoengineering period, G3 only slows glacier shrinkage by about 50 % relative to losses from RCP8.5. Approximately 72 % of glaciated area remains at 2069 under G3, as compared with about 30 % for RCP8.5. The widely reported reduction in mean precipitation expected for solar geoengineering is unlikely to be as important as the temperature-driven shift from solid to liquid precipitation for forcing Himalayan glacier change. The termination of geoengineering at 2069 under G3 leads to temperature rise of about 1.3 °C over the period 2070–2089 relative to the period 2050-2069 and corresponding increase in annual mean glacier volume loss rate from 0.17 to 1.1 % yr−1, which is higher than the 0.66 % yr−1 under RCP8.5 during 2070–2089.
Finding Complex Conjugate Solutions of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations

Numerical analysis of nonlinear algebraic equations is one of the most fundamental and important problems in scientific and engineering fields. In this pa- per, we propose an efficient SPICE-oriented algorithm for calculating the multiple solutions and bifurcation points. Firstly, a given nonlinear equation is replaced by the equivalent resistive circuit model using ABMs (ana- log behavior models) of SPICE. Therefore, the DC so- lutions correspond to those of the nonlinear equations. We apply the Newton homotopy method to solve the equations, where the homotopy paths are traced by an efficient algorithm based on the arc-length method. To find all the solutions, it is important to find the limit points and pitchfork bifurcation points, because the so- lution curve in the real space will be disappear at the limit points, and happens to appear the complex con- jugate solutions from the point. Therefore, we propose an algorithm for calculating the solution curves in the complex space starts from the limit point. In such way, we can find out all the solutions in most of the cases.
Oil Price & Exchange Rate: A Comparative Study between Net Oil Exporting and Net Oil Importing Countries

The goal of this paper is to estimate the long run effects of real oil price and real interest rate differential on real exchange rate for a monthly panel of 8 countries from 1980 to 2008. The modelling exercise follows three steps. In the first step, the paper investigates the integrational properties of the data and finds them to be integrated of order one. In the second step, using several different panel cointegration tests, the paper finds evidence for cointegration among the three variables. In the third step, using pooled mean group estimator, the paper finds a positive and statistically significant impact of real oil price on real exchange rate for net oil importing countries, implying that increase in oil price leads to real exchange rate depreciation. In contrast, there is no evidence of long run relationship between real oil price and real exchange rate in a panel that consists of net oil exporting countries.
Relationship between anthropometric variables and body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users

The purpose of this study was to identify the anthropometric dimensions related with body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users. Participants were 276 Brazilian members of fitness centers (168 males and 108 females) with ages between 17 and 39 years (Mage = 23.93, SD = 5.17). After body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (% BF) were measured, participants indicated their current (CS) and ideal (IS) silhouettes, allowing the calculation of body dissatisfaction as the difference between IS and CS. BMI and % BF were grouped by body dissatisfaction category and analyzed using one-way and repeated measures ANOVA. Results revealed that only 1.2 % of men and 6.5 % of women considered themselves satisfied with their body. Comparisons of global ratings of their CS and IS revealed that male and female individuals reported that their current bodies were significantly less muscular than their ideal bodies (p < .001), although the degree of dissatisfaction revealed no significant difference between sexes. Moreover, results demonstrated that the relationship between body composition and body dissatisfaction only occurs in individuals that feel very dissatisfied with their body image and appearance.
A Quasi-Three-Dimensional Variably Saturated Groundwater Flow Model for Climate Modeling

In this study, a quasi-three-dimensional, variably saturated groundwater flow model was developed by approximately dividing the three-dimensional soil water and groundwater flow into an unsaturated vertical soil waterflow and a horizontal groundwaterflow to simulate the interactions among soil water, groundwater, and vegetation. The developed model consists of a one-dimensional unsaturated soil water flow model with the water table as the moving boundary using an adaptive grid structure for a vertical soil column formed based on discrete grid cells in a horizontal domain, a two-dimensional groundwater flow model for the horizontal domain, and an interface model connecting the two components for the horizontal grid cells in the domain. Synthetic experiments by the model were conducted to test the sensitivities of the model parameters of river elevation, ground surface hydraulic conductivity, and surface flux, and the results from the experimentsshowedtherobustnessoftheproposedmodelunderdifferentconditions.Comparisonofthesimulation by the model and that by a full three-dimensional scheme showed its feasibility and efficiency. A case of stream water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was then applied to validate the developed model for simulation of the water table elevations at the Yingsu section. Finally, a numerical experiment by themodelfortheTarimRiverbasinwasconductedtodiscussthegroundwaterlatentflowforlarge-scalehighrelieftopographywithstreamwaterconveyance. Theresultsshowthatthemodel cansimulatethewatertable reasonably well.
Has Reform of Global Finance been Misconceived? Policy Documents and the Volcker Rule

Abstract The focus from mainstream economics on the global financial crisis (GFC) has been relatively narrow, based on an underlying narrative and this focus has extended to and informed the majority of major institutionally commissioned reports, analyses, and pre-policy documents, which might collectively be termed an elite position. Specifically, there has been a focus on the role of neo-classically informed theory as a cause of the crisis. This has tended to reduce problems of economic theory to problems of neo-classical economics and this then has helped to shape the context of engagement with problems of the GFC. Much of the subsequent reform has been about preparing for failure rather than questioning why we have a system that fails and the issues here can be illustrated using the implementation of the Volcker Rule in the USA.
The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I: The floating substrata

Rafting has been inferred as an important dispersal mechanism in the marine environment by many authors. The success of rafting depends critically on the availability of suitable floating substrata. Herein currently available information on floating items that have been reported to carry rafting organisms is summarised. Floating items of biotic origin comprise macroalgae, seeds, wood, other vascular plants, and animal remains. Volcanic pumice (natural) and a diverse array of litter and tar lumps (anthropogenic) are the main floating items of abiotic origin. Macroalgae, wood, and plastic macrolitter cover a wide range of sizes while pumice, microlitter, and tar lumps typically are <10 cm in diameter. The longevity of floating items at the sea surface depends on their origin and likelihood to be destroyed by secondary consumers (in increasing order): nonlignified vascular plants/animal carcasses < macroalgae < driftwood < tar lumps/skeletal remains < plastic litter < volcanic pumice. In general, abiotic substrata have a higher longevity than biotic substrata, but most abiotic items are of no or only limited food value for potential rafters. Macroalgae are most abundant at mid-latitudes of both hemispheres, driftwood is of major importance in northern and tropical waters, and floating seeds appear to be most common in tropical regions. Volcanic pumice can be found at all latitudes but has primarily been reported from the Pacific Ocean. Plastic litter and tar lumps are most abundant near the centres of human population and activities. In some regions of abundant supply or zones of hydrography-driven accumulation, floating items can be extremely abundant, exceeding 1000 items km -2 . Temporal supply of floating items is variable, being seasonal for most biotic substrata and highly sporadic for some items such as volcanic pumice. Most reported velocities of floating items are in the range of 0.5-1.0 km h -1 , but direct measurements have shown that they occasionally are transported at much faster velocities. Published trajectories of floating items also coincide with the main oceanic currents, even though strong winds may sometimes push them out of the principal current systems. Many studies hint toward floating items to link source regions with coastal sinks, in some cases across long distances and even entire ocean basins. Fossil evidence suggests that rafting has also occurred in palaeo-oceans. During recent centuries and decades the composition and abundance of floating items in the world's oceans have been strongly affected by human activities, in particular logging, river and coastline regulation, and most importantly oil exploitation and plastic production. The currently abundant supply and the characteristics of floating items suggest that rafting continues to be an important dispersal mechanism in present-day oceans.
Machine learning as a design material: a curated collection of exemplars for visual interaction

Although machine learning is not a new phenomenon, it has truly entered the spotlight in recent years. With growing expectations, we see a shift in focus from performance tuning to awareness of meaningful interaction and purpose. Interaction design and UX research is currently in a position to provide important and necessary knowledge contributions to the development of machine learning systems. Machine learning can be viewed as a design material that is arguably more unpredictable, emergent, and “alive” than traditional ones. These characteristics suggest practice-based work along the lines of research-through-design as a promising approach for machine learning system development research. Design researchers using a research-through-design approach agree that a created artefact carries knowledge, but there is no consensus on how such knowledge is best articulated and transferred within academic discourse. Knowledge contributions need to be abstracted from the particular to a higher level. We suggest curated collections, a variation of annotated portfolios, as a way to abstract and communicate intermediate-level knowledge that is suitable and useful for the research-through-design community. A curated collection presents thoughtfully selected and inter-related exemplars, articulating their salient traits. The insights collected in a curated collection can be used to inform future design in related design situations. This paper provides a curated collection addressing the fine-grained details of interaction with machine learning systems. The examples are drawn from highly visual interaction, predominantly in the domain of digital pathology. The collection of interaction examples is used to elicit a set of salient traits, including the preservation of visual context, rapid real-time refinement, leaving traces, and applying judicious automation. Finally, we show how this curated collection could inform the design of a future system in a different domain. The insights are applied to a case of interaction design to support air traffic controllers in their collaboration with future agentive systems
Ecological growing of potatoes with using of grass mulch and black textile mulch

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of different mulch materials on the occurrence of Colorado Potato Beetle, weed biomass and especially on the yield of ware potatoes. The experiment with different types of mulching (grass mulch, black textile mulch, non-mulched control) and 2 varieties (Finka and Katka) was carried out under organic system in 2009. The results showed that the grass mulch was the best mulching material for reaching the highest yield, where an increase of the yield of ware tubers by 6.6 - 7.8 t/ha in comparison with non-mulched control variant was observed. In the experiment the mulching of organic potatoes had a positive effect on a lower activity of an oviposition of Colorado Potato Beetle and a consecutive occurrence larvae by the variant with the grass mulch, a lower weed infestation by the variant with the black mulch textile in comparison with non-mulched control.
Effect of environmental conditions on the growth of Cryptosporiopsis spp. causing leaf and nut blight on cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.)

A new disease (cashew leaf and nut blight) in Tanzania caused by a fungus related to the genus Cryptosporiopsis was identified in 2006. The present work investigated the effects of environmental factors on the growth of Cryptosporiopsis spp. causing blight on cashew. The mycelial growth, colony character and sporulation pattern of 10 fungal isolates, grown on seven different culture media namely, corn meal agar (CMA), malt extract agar (MEA), tryptone dextrose agar (TDA), potato carrot agar (PCA), water agar (WA), potato dextrose agar (PDA) and host leaf agar were observed after 10 days of incubation at 25±2°C. The colony diameter, culture characteristics and sporulation of the 10 isolates were greatly influenced by the type of growth medium used. The best mycelial extension was recorded in 12 h alternating light/dark followed by total light and total dark conditions, respectively. Seven media were evaluated for best growth of the fungi that is, Cryptosporiopsis spp. grew maximum on WA followed by host leaf extract media and PDA, respectively but least grew on the TDA medium. The growth ofCryptosporiopsis spp. was maximum in temperature range of 25 to 30°C. The most suitable pH level for growth of fungus was 7.0 and 6.0. These results will be useful for fungal taxonomic studies. Key words: Cryptosporiopsis spp. , culture media, light, temperature.
Effects of Emulsifier and Multi-enzyme in Different Energy Densitydiet on Growth Performance, Blood Profiles, and Relative Organ Weight in Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted to determine the effects of emulsifierand multi-enzyme in different energy density diet on growth performance, blood profiles, and relative organ weight in broiler chickens. A total of five hundred and forty2-d-oldmale Ross broilers (BW of 42.4 ±1.3 g) wereused in a 35-d experiment and randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: 1) NC [low energy diet, 3% tallow, ME = 3000 (1 to 21 d) and 3100 kcal/kg (22 to 35 d)], 2) PC [high energy diet, 5.5% soybean oil, ME = 3150 (1 to 21 d) and 3250 kcal/kg (22 to 35 d))], 3) P1 (NC+0.1% multi-enzyme), 4) P2 (NC + 0.05% emulsifier), 5) P3 (NC + 0.1% multi-enzyme + 0.05% emulsifier). Multi-enzymecontained ? -galactosidase, galactomannase, xylanase, and beta-glucanase. Emulsifier was a commercial product named Prosol ® which wassodium stearoyl-2-lactylate.There were 9 replications per treatment with 12 birds per pen. From d 0 to 21, body weight gain (BWG) in PC and P1 treatments increased (P < 0.05) compared with NC treatment. From d 22 to 35, feed intake (FI) was greater (P < 0.05) in P3 treatment than PC treatment. On d 35, triglyceride concentration in PC, P1 and P3 treatments was greater (P < 0.05) compared with NC treatment. No differences were observed on white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and glucose concentration. The relative weight of the spleen was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in P3 treatment compared with PC treatment. Furthermore, the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius in P3 treatment was higher (P < 0.05) than PC, P1 and P2 treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emulsifier andmulti-enzymein low-density diets can partially improve growth performance, triglyceride, and relative organ weight in broiler chickens, which can counterpart the negative effects caused by the decreased nutrient concentration.
Questioning the link between Self-Expressed Attitudes and Repurchasing Behavior: Relations Between Cognitive, Affective and Action Loyalty

In psychology attitude is defined as favorable or unfavorable evaluations towards a person, group, object or event. Attitudes are formed by past and present experiences and are expected to change as a function of experience. Three components of the attitude defined as cognitive (what we know about the subject), affective (how we feel towards the subject) and behavioral (intention to behave towards the subject). Our behavior is defined as a complex combination of beliefs, feelings, capabilities and norms. The majority of consumer behavior literature examined the main antecedents of purchase behavior. Attitudes are described as one of the most important determinant of the behavior. There are several methods and techniques to assess attitude; the most used one is the self-report paper and pencil measures. Brand loyalty is another important concept related with repetitive purchasing behavior. While cognitive loyalty is related with the information, affective loyalty is related with feelings. Behavioral loyalty is described as the past behaviors or experiences. Some of our behaviors are determined by the cognitive component of the attitude while others may be directed by the affective part. Main focus of the research is to find out whether there is a level of compliance between cognitive, affective and behavioral attitude of consumers. 1000 forms are distributed in order to identify the attitudes and purchasing behaviors of consumers 783 forms are evaluated
MICROSATELLITE DATABASE OF GRAPEVINE (Vitis vinifera L.) CULTIVARS USED FOR WINE PRODUCTION IN PORTUGAL

Six nuclear microsatellite loci (VVMD 5, VVMD 7, VVMD 27, VrZAG 62, VrZAG 79 and VVS 2) were chosen to study the differentiation of 313 grapevine cultivars offi cially authorized for wine production in Portugal (Portaria no 428/2000, Diario da Republica no 163, 17th July 2000). These loci were found to be highly informative and therefore constitute a useful marker set for the discrimination of the targeted cultivars. This study allowed for the detection of 244 distinct genotypes as well as for the identifi cation of synonyms in 40 cultivars, where 2 to 6 (synonymous) cultivars represent seventeen genotypes. The remaining 29 cultivars are distributed in 11 distinct sets, where each set displays identical SSRs profi les. However, these should be considered as distinct cultivars considering that these differ in berry colour. Taken together, the results of this work will contribute to improve the management of the Portuguese Grapevine National Collection as well as give a good technical support for the update of the list of cultivars offi cially authorized for wine production in Portugal (Portaria no 428/2000). Furthermore, it will also be a useful for the control of plant material in the future. The SSR database will be available at the web page of Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biologicos (INRB) www.inrb. pt