Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional innovations and morphological diversification in parrotfishes Running title: innovations and morphological diversification Key words: Rates of evolution, disparity, Labridae, Scaridae, Biomechanics, adaptive radiation

1 Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616. 2 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Department of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511. 4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Neural Networks with Attention for Word Sense Induction

Attentional neural networks have achieved remarkable results for a number of tasks in the past few years. The fascinating success of neural networks with attention mechanism in natural language processing, especially in machine translation, suggests that these models can capture the meaning of ambiguous words considering their context. In this paper we introduce a new method for constructing vectors of ambiguous words occurrences for word sense induction based on the recently introduced model Transformer that achieved state of the art results for machine translation. Similar to the CBOW model for constructing word embeddings we train the Transformer to predict a word from it’s context and use its trained parameters for word sense induction. On some datasets the proposed method outperforms the simple but hard-to-beat baseline, which was among the best three methods in the recent shared task on word sense induction for the Russian language RUSSE-WSI 2018. On one of the datasets our method beats the top result from the competition. Furthermore, we explore how different methods of weighing word embeddings affect the performance in word sense induction. Together with weighted sums of word2vec vectors, we explore the performance of vectors from Transformer’s hidden layers and introduce a combined approach that improves previous results.
Comparative Genomics and Regulatory Evolution : Conservation and Function of the Chs and Apetala 3 Promoters

DNA sequence variations of chalcone synthase (Chs) and Apetala3 gene promoters from 22 cruciferous plant species were analyzed to identify putative conserved regulatory elements. Our comparative approach confirmed the existence of numerous conserved sequences which may act as regulatory elements in both investigated promoters. To confirm the correct identification of a well-conserved UV-light-responsive promoter region, a subset of Chs promoter fragments were tested in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. All promoters displayed similar light responsivenesses, indicating the general functional relevance of the conserved regulatory element. In addition to known regulatory elements, other highly conserved regions were detected which are likely to be of functional importance. Phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from both promoters (gene trees) were compared with the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships (species trees) of these taxa. The data derived from both promoter sequences were congruent with the phylogenies obtained from coding regions of other nuclear genes and from chloroplast DNA sequences. This indicates that promoter sequence evolution generally is reflective of species phylogeny. Our study also demonstrates the great value of comparative genomics and phylogenetics as a basis for functional analysis of promoter action and gene regulation.
DOES ROOT COMPLEXITY AFFECT THE RESPONSE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS SPP. MAYS) TO ABIOTIC STRESSES? BY ELIZABETH N. BLISSETT

As concerns of climate change grow and the world population increases the demands on agricultural production, developing stress tolerant cultivars is a key step towards feeding the world in 2050. The mechanisms of response that cause plants to tolerate abiotic stresses like drought, high temperature, or low nutrient availability are often not well understood; however, abiotic stresses are some of the most influential factors affecting maize yields. Two of the most relevant stresses faced by growers are drought stress and low nitrogen fertility. Furthermore, production in the U.S. Corn Belt will likely continue to be significantly affected by the more frequent occurrence of hot, dry growing seasons. In the cases of nutrient and water acquisition, it is obvious that the root system of the maize plant is essential. Given the importance of the root system in plant performance, it is intuitive that differences in root characteristics would impact the performance of maize under water and nutrient limited conditions. Despite its importance, maize root architecture and its involvement in plant performance is a relatively unexplored area; however, it is possible to accurately and quantitatively describe the root system of maize. A new and valuable tool in this effort is the use of fractal geometry and highthroughput phenotyping to assign a value to the complexity of the root system. Significant genetic variation exists for root system complexity in maize, making it a possible breeding target. Prior to the initiation of this study, fractal geometry was used to phenotype the root systems of maize hybrids selected for this study and to classify them as either highor low-complexity root systems. The impact of varying root characteristics on agronomic performance and overall yield still needs to be investigated. In stressed environments, the root system is likely critical in maintaining function and thus protecting yield. In this study we investigated the relationship between root complexity and biomass partitioning when maize plants are subjected to the abiotic stresses of low nitrogen availability and drought stress. These represent two of the primary stresses growers face and it has been suggested that the adaptability of maize to low nitrogen stress confers drought tolerance. By growing trials in both field and greenhouse environments, a comprehensive set of information was collected allowing us to better describe the role of root system complexity in creating stress tolerant cultivars. We anticipate that the findings of this study will be critical in understanding the relationship between root complexity and key abiotic stresses and will guide breeding efforts to develop maize cultivars with improved stress tolerance.
What does a comparison between Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan tell about the cognition and institutions as social capital in the extended market order?

This paper considers cognition and institution as social capital. Its starts from the freedom of Economic report. It was noticed that the core tenants of the freedom of Economics are deeply embedded in the core tenants of social capital which also has strong linkages to culture. Culture also relates to the mind of the people and their way of thinking, by setting the framework within which all interaction that take place can be viewed as crucial elements underlying the of lives in the larger social existence. Quantitative indicators of culture and institutions as social capital was imputed from the World value Survey and was considered in the four countries under consideration, it was noticed that trust among Latvians though may take time but once given, is very strong. This same cannot be said for Lithuania, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. This can explain to some extent trust in public institution and high rate of economic growth in Latvia than the other countries.
In vivo 13 C MRS in the mouse brain at 14 . 1 Tesla and metabolic flux quantification under infusion of [ 1 , 6-13 C 2 ] glucose

In vivo C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables the investigation of cerebral metabolic compartmentation while, e.g. infusing C-labeled glucose. Metabolic flux analysis of C turnover previously yielded quantitative information of glutamate and glutamine metabolism in humans and rats, while the application to in vivo mouse brain remains exceedingly challenging. In the present study, C direct detection at 14.1 T provided highly resolved in vivo spectra of the mouse brain while infusing [1,6-C2]glucose for up to 5 h. C incorporation to glutamate and glutamine C4, C3, and C2 and aspartate C3 were detected dynamically and fitted to a two-compartment model: flux estimation of neuronglial metabolism included tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) flux in astrocytes (Vg1⁄4 0.16 0.03 mmol/g/min) and neurons (VTCA 1⁄4 0.56 0.03 mmol/g/min), pyruvate carboxylase activity (VPC1⁄4 0.041 0.003 mmol/g/min) and neurotransmission rate (VNT1⁄4 0.084 0.008 mmol/g/min), resulting in a cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) of 0.38 0.02mmol/g/min, in excellent agreement with that determined with concomitant F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). We conclude that modeling of neuron-glial metabolism in vivo is accessible in the mouse brain from C direct detection with an unprecedented spatial resolution under [1,6-C2]glucose infusion.
Management Quality and Equity Issue Characteristics: A Comparison of SEOs and IPOs

We use a unique sample of hand-collected data on the management quality of firms making SEOs or IPOs to analyze the relationship between the management quality of a firm and its SEO characteristics, and to compare the effect of management quality on equity issue characteristics in SEOs and IPOs. We hypothesize that higher quality managers are more credible to outsiders, thereby reducing the information asymmetry facing their firm in the equity market and outsiders’ information production costs about the firm. Thus, equity issues of firms with higher management quality will be associated with more reputable underwriters, smaller underwriting spreads and other expenses, and smaller discounts (for SEOs). Further, since better managers are able to select better (larger NPV for a given scale) projects, higher management quality will also be associated with larger offer sizes. Finally, since we expect SEO firms to suffer from a smaller extent of information asymmetry compared to IPO firms, the above effects will be smaller for SEO firms compared to IPO firms. Our empirical results support the above hypotheses. Our direct tests of the relationship between management quality and information asymmetry, and our comparison of information asymmetry in SEOs versus IPOs, provide further support for the above hypotheses.
Influence of Nano-Silica ( SiO 2 ) Content on Mechanical Properties of Cement-Bonded Particleboard Manufactured from Lignocellulosic Materials

The infl uence of Nano-SiO2 (NS) content and lignocellulosic material addition on hydration behavior of cement paste was studied through measurement of hydration temperature, initial and fi nal setting time of cement paste and compressive strength of hardened cement paste. Besides, the amount of NS, particle size of reed and bagasse as lignocellulosic materials and bagasse to reed particles weight ratio were selected as manufacturing variables for cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB) each at fi ve levels. The relationships between independent parameters and output variables (modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bonding (IB)) were modeled using response surface methodology (RSM) based on mathematical model equations (second-order multiple linear regression model) by computer simulation programming. The results indicated that cement pastes containing 3 wt. % Nano-SiO2 content mixed with milled reed or bagasse particles enhanced maximum hydration temperature; however, the time of reaching the main rate peak shortened. Besides, the increase of SiO2 replacement shortened the setting time. On the other hand, using reed particles, initial and fi nal setting times of cement prolonged, while bagasse particles shortened initial and fi nal setting times. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the adequacy of the mathematical model and its respective variables. The interaction effect curves of the independent variables obtained from simulations showed a good agreement between the measured MOR, MOE and IB of CBPB and predicted values obtained by the developed models, and hence, the proposed concept was verifi ed.
Subduction and vertical coastal motions in the eastern Mediterranean

Convergence in the eastern Mediterranean of oceanic Nubia with Anatolia and the Aegean is complex and poorly understood. Large volumes of sediment obscure the shallow structure of the subduction zone, and since much of the convergence is accommodated aseismically, there are limited earthquake data to constrain its kinematics. We present new source models for recent earthquakes, combining these with field observations, published GPS velocities and reflection-seismic data to investigate faulting in three areas: the Florence Rise, SW Turkey and the Pliny and Strabo Trenches. The depths and locations of earthquakes reveal the geometry of the subducting Nubian plate NE of the Florence Rise, a bathymetric high that is probably formed by deformation of sediment at the surface projection of the Anatolia–Nubia subduction interface. In SW Turkey, the presence of a strike-slip shear zone has often been inferred despite an absence of strike-slip earthquakes. We show that the GPS-derived strain-rate field is consistent with extension on the orthogonal systems of normal faults observed in the region and that strike-slip faulting is not required to explain observed GPS velocities. Further SW, the Pliny and Strabo Trenches are also often interpreted as strike-slip shear zones, but almost all nearby earthquakes have either reverse-faulting or normal-faulting focal mechanisms. Oblique convergence across the trenches may be accommodated either by a partitioned system of strike-slip and reverse faults or by oblique slip on the Aegean–Nubia subduction interface. The observed late-Quaternary vertical motions of coastlines close to the subduction zone are influenced by the interplay between: (1) thickening of the material overriding the subduction interface associated with convergence, which promotes coastal uplift; and (2) subsidence due to extension and associated crustal thinning. Long-wavelength gravity data suggest that some of the observed topographic contrasts in the eastern Mediterranean are supported by mantle convection. However, whether the convection is time dependent and whether its pattern moves relative to Nubia are uncertain, and its contribution to present-day rates of vertical coastal motions is therefore hard to constrain. The observed extension of the overriding material in the subduction system is probably partly related to buoyancy forces arising from topographic contrasts between the Aegean, Anatolia and the Mediterranean seafloor, but the reasons for regional variations are less clear.
The Operating Technician's Role in Video Distance Learning

Operating technicians play a number of roles in video, or televised, distance learning programs, the most obvious being the operation and support of the technology itself. Very little information exists, however, about the non-technical activities of technicians that may influence the instruction process. This paper describes these activities during the pre-instructional, instructional, and post-instructional phases of the video distance learning process. The study population consisted of four operating technicians from four sites of a university-based video distance learning program using compressed video technology. Their views were solicited as part of an evaluation of the institution's health professionals distance learning programs. Data were collected during a single focus group session conducted over the compressed video system. The interview guide for the session was based on important considerations identified by a review of distance learning literature. A thematic analysis was performed on session transcripts. Conclusions were accepted if they met two criteria: author group consensus and consistency with raw data. Results indicate that operating technicians undertake activities that can directly or indirectly influence the video distance learning environment. Directly, they can influence the learning environment by assisting instructors with course logistics and testing, operating and maintaining the technology, and controlling broadcast production and quality. Indirectly, they influence the learning environment by orienting participants to the technology, reducing the anxiety of participants about their involvement with the technology, and advising on instructional technique. It was also found that technicians do arrive at opinions about the competence of instructors to teach using video technology, and that these opinions are not always conveyed to instructors, and that technicians underestimate their ability to influence and improve the learning environment. (HAS)
An Empirical Analysis of Relationships of Forward Exchange Rates and Present and Future Spot Exchange Rates

The aim of this paper is to present an empirical analysis of the relationships between the forward and spot exchange rates in the Czech Republic. The forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis, the expectation hypothesis, the adaptive expectation hypothesis and the hypothesis of covered interest rate parity are formulated in this paper. To test the first two hypotheses the econometric procedure based on co-integration and weak exogeneity testing is proposed. The third and fourth hypotheses are verified by the Engle-Granger cointegration test. The estimates do not support the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis. On the contrary, the results confirm the hypothesis of adaptive expectation and the hypothesis of covered interest rate parity.
Dichotomy for arithmetic progressions in subsets of reals

Let H stand for the set of homeomorphisms φ : [0, 1] → [0, 1]. We prove the following dichotomy for Borel subsets A ⊂ [0, 1]: • either there exists a homeomorphism φ ∈ H such that the image φ(A) contains no 3-term arithmetic progressions; • or, for every φ ∈ H, the image φ(A) contains arithmetic progressions of arbitrary finite length. In fact, we show that the first alternative holds if and only if the set A is meager (a countable union of nowhere dense sets).
The 4 th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics ( ICEEI 2013 ) Implementation Strategy for D 2 Q 9 Model on Desktop Grid Environment

Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is a widely used method to simulate the computation of fluid dynamics. Its cost effectiveness and computing speed are some of the important reasons why it has become very popular in solving Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications. However, this method is not practical to be applied for large CFD problems in a single machine because it requires high memory usage and processing power. Desktop Grid Computing (DGC) is one of the possible choices among other methods such as Massively Parallel Processors (MPP), Symmetrical Multi Processors (SMP), multicores and GPGPU in overcoming the above problem. The main idea in DGC is scavenging unused resources for compute intensive tasks. In this work, we develop a new strategy for executing the two dimensional and nine velocity (D2Q9) LBM model by using HTCondor as DGC middleware. In this strategy, we reduced the communication overhead by sending only the data required by other machines and leave the rest of the data in the compute node. This strategy also allows the HTCondor server to remember the machines with a particular portion of the data so that appropriate data can be sent for further computation until convergence criterion is achieved. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Modelling of low energy ion sputtering from oxide surfaces

The main aim of this work is to present a way to estimate the values of surface binding energy for oxides. This is done by fitting results from the binary collisions approximation code Tridyn with data from the reactive sputtering processing curves, as well as the elemental composition obtained from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Oxide targets of Al, Ti, V, Nb and Ta are studied. The obtained surface binding energies are then used to predict the partial sputtering yields. Anomalously high sputtering yield is observed for the TiO2 target. This is attributed to the high sputtering yield of Ti lower oxides. Such an effect is not observed for the other studied metals. XPS measurement of the oxide targets confirms the formation of suboxides during ion bombardment as well as an oxygen deficient surface in the steady state. These effects are confirmed from the processing curves from the oxide targets showing an elevated sputtering rate in pure argon.
The Interplay of Algebra and Geometry in the Setting of Regular Algebras

This article is based on a talk given by the author at MSRI in the workshop "Connections for Women" in January 2013, while being a part of the program "Noncommutative Algebraic Geometry and Representation Theory" at MSRI. One purpose of the exposition is to motivate and describe the geometric techniques introduced by M. Artin, J. Tate and M. Van den Bergh in the 1980s at a level accessible to graduate students. Additionally, some advances in the subject since the early 1990s are discussed, including a recent generalization of complete intersection to the noncommutative setting, and the notion of graded skew Clifford algebra and its application to classifying quadratic regular algebras of global dimension at most three. The article concludes by listing some open problems.
Adsorption of Organic Constituents from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate in Coal Chemical Industry by Coking Coal

To solve the unwieldy problem of coal chemical wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), a novel treatment method in which coking coal was used to adsorb the organic from ROC and the adsorption mechanism involved was investigated. The results showed that the organic components in the ROC of coal chemical industry can be effectively absorbed by the coking coal and the total organic carbon, UV254 and chromaticity of treated ROC reduced by 70.18%, 70.15% and 59.55%, respectively, at the coking coal dosage of 80 g/L. The isothermal adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir model well. The kinetics were expressed well by the quasi-second-order kinetic model. The intragranular diffusion model and the BET (Acronym for three scientists: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) test showed that the adsorption occurred mainly on the surface of the coking coal and its macropores and mesopores. When the pollutants further diffused to the mesopores and micropores, the adsorption rate decreased. The result of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed that the coking coal mainly adsorbed the nitrogen and oxygen species and the halogenated hydrocarbon organic compounds in the ROC. The chlorinated hydrocarbons and heterocyclic organics in ROC are adsorbed on the surface of coking coal.
NLG Challenge : Neural Models vs . Templates

E2E NLG Challenge is a shared task on generating restaurant descriptions from sets of keyvalue pairs. This paper describes the results of our participation in the challenge. We develop a simple, yet effective neural encoder-decoder model1 which produces fluent restaurant descriptions and outperforms a strong baseline. We further analyze the data provided by the organizers and conclude that the task can also be approached with a template-based model developed in just a few hours.