Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Análisis de la política de fomento a las pequeñas y medianas empresas en Chile

Resumen El analisis de las politicas de fomento para las pequenas empresas que se han desarrollado en Chile en los anos noventa reviste un gran interes para los estudiosos y los encargados de la formulacion de politicas que se ocupan de estos temas, principalmente por las siguientes razones: en primer lugar, porque la experiencia chilena es una de las pocas (si no la unica); experiencias que puede ser evaluada en una perspectiva de mediano plazo, ya que las principales lineas e instrumentos de accion han sido aplicados y monitoreados (mas o menos eficientemente); a lo largo de mas de una decada. En segundo lugar, porque en el paquete de programas desarrollados en este periodo se encuentran algunos de los instrumentos mas novedosos puestos en marcha en los anos noventa en la region; en tercer lugar, porque para garantizar eficiencia y transparencia, especialmente durante el proceso de masificacion de las iniciativas de apoyo, el sector publico ha realizado una reforma institucional innovadora que ha redefinido las responsabilidades y funciones de los actores publicos y privados que participan en las acciones de fomento productivo; en cuarto lugar, porque Chile ha sido pionero en la aplicacion de los principios de neutralidad, horizontalidad y orientacion a la demanda, posteriormente adoptados por la mayoria de los paises para el diseno de politicas de apoyo. Desde este punto de vista, el analisis de la experiencia chilena permite evidenciar los limites de dichos principios y sugerir elementos para el diseno de un nuevo enfoque metodologico. El articulo, recopila informacion oficial actualizada acerca de la importancia relativa y del desempeno de las micro, pequenas y medianas empresas; describe el sistema de fomento y realiza un analisis critico de los distintos instrumentos de intervencion, poniendo enfasis en las evaluaciones de los impactos y resultados alcanzados. Las principales areas consideradas son: politica de formacion de recursos humanos, innovacion tecnologica, articulacion productiva, fomento de las exportaciones, intermediacion financiera y marco regulatorio. En las conclusiones se fundamenta un juicio acerca de la efectividad de las politicas y de sus principios metodologicos.
Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical trials routinely use stroke scales to compare baseline characteristics of treatment groups. It is unclear which stroke scale provides the most prognostic information. This often leads to collection of multiple scales in clinical trials. We aimed to determine which of several commonly used scales best predicted outcome. METHODS A single observer scored consecutive admissions to an acute stroke unit on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Canadian Neurological Scale, and the Middle Cerebral Artery Neurological Score. Guy's prognostic score was determined from clinical data. Outcome at 2, 3, 6, and 12 months was categorized as good (alive at home) or poor (alive in care or dead). Predictive accuracy of the variables was compared by receiver operating characteristic curves and stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 408 patients studied, 373 had confirmed acute stroke and completed follow-up. The three stroke rating scales each predicted 3-month outcome with an accuracy of . 79 or greater. The NIHSS provided the most prognostic information: sensitivity to poor outcome, . 71 (95% confidence interval [CI], .64 to .79); specificity, . 90 (95% CI, .86 to .94); and overall accuracy, . 83 (95% CI, .79 to .87). Logistic regression showed that the NIHSS added significantly to the predictive value of all other scores. No score added useful information to the NIHSS. A cut point of 13 on the NIHSS best predicted 3-month outcome. CONCLUSIONS Baseline NIHSS best predicts 3-month outcome. The Canadian Neurological Scale and Middle Cerebral Artery Neurological Score also perform well. Baseline assessments in clinical trials only need to include a single stroke rating scale.
Utilization of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Ischemic Stroke: Are There Sex Differences?

Background: We evaluated whether there were sex-related differences in the administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) to patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to US academic medical centers. Methods: Medical records were abstracted for consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted to 32 academic medical centers from January through June, 2004, as part of the University HealthSystem Consortium Ischemic Stroke Benchmarking Project. Multivariate logistic models were used to test for sex-related differences in the receipt of IV-tPA with adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. Results: The study included 1,234 patients (49% women; mean age 66.6 years; 56% white). IV-tPA was given to 7% (6.5% of women versus 7.5% of men, p = 0.49). Women and men were equally likely to receive IV-tPA in risk-adjusted analyses (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.64–1.64). Approximately 77% of women and men who did not receive IV-tPA did not meet the 3-hour treatment window or their time of onset was unknown. Conclusions: Women admitted to academic hospitals receive IV-tPA as often as men; however, a substantial percentage of both women and men are not arriving within the 3-hour time window required for diagnostic assessment and administration of intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Additional efforts are needed to improve the rapid identification, evaluation and treatment of stroke patients.
Myocardial Bridging: Noninvasive Diagnosis With Multidetector CT

An epicardial segment of a coronary artery that courses through the myocardium is termed “myocardial bridging”. Generally, this is a benign condition but it may lead to angina, ischemia or infarction. The current diagnostic standard of reference is coronary catheter angiography. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intracoronary Doppler (ICD) have been recently introduced as well. These are all invasive imaging modalities. We describe the utilization of gated multidetector CT (MDCT) as a non-invasive alternative for diagnosis of this anomaly. Information regarding the tunneled coronary artery including its length, depth, precise location and surrounding myocardium is easily obtainable.
A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond

Abstract Antarctic and Southern Ocean science is vital to understanding natural variability, the processes that govern global change and the role of humans in the Earth and climate system. The potential for new knowledge to be gained from future Antarctic science is substantial. Therefore, the international Antarctic community came together to ‘scan the horizon’ to identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond. Wide consultation was a fundamental principle for the development of a collective, international view of the most important future directions in Antarctic science. From the many possibilities, the horizon scan identified 80 key scientific questions through structured debate, discussion, revision and voting. Questions were clustered into seven topics: i) Antarctic atmosphere and global connections, ii) Southern Ocean and sea ice in a warming world, iii) ice sheet and sea level, iv) the dynamic Earth, v) life on the precipice, vi) near-Earth space and beyond, and vii) human presence in Antarctica. Answering the questions identified by the horizon scan will require innovative experimental designs, novel applications of technology, invention of next-generation field and laboratory approaches, and expanded observing systems and networks. Unbiased, non-contaminating procedures will be required to retrieve the requisite air, biota, sediment, rock, ice and water samples. Sustained year-round access to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean will be essential to increase winter-time measurements. Improved models are needed that represent Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Earth System, and provide predictions at spatial and temporal resolutions useful for decision making. A co-ordinated portfolio of cross-disciplinary science, based on new models of international collaboration, will be essential as no scientist, programme or nation can realize these aspirations alone.
Expression of the smooth‐muscle proteins α‐smooth‐muscle actin and calponin, and of the intermediate filament protein desmin are parameters of cardiomyocyte maturation in the prenatal rat heart

Coexpression of α‐ and β‐myosin heavy chain (MHC) is a characteristic of the primary myocardial tube. To establish if the smooth‐muscle proteins α‐smooth‐muscle actin (α‐SMA) and calponin, and the intermediate filament protein, desmin, contribute to the specific functional properties of these early cardiomyocytes, we studied their spatiotemporal expression pattern.
Is It Warm? Is It Real? Or Just Low Spatial Frequency?

Leonardo da Vinci's portrait of the Mona Lisa is famous for her smile. Perhaps it is the difference in her expression carried by high and low spatial frequency ranges (gradual versus sharp luminance gradations) that helps produce her smile's elusive quality. The spatial resolution of the human visual system changes dramatically with distance from the center of gaze ([1][1]), due to the fact that both the retina and the visual cortex devote disproportionately more neuronal machinery to the fovea. Acuity 6 to 7° eccentric of the center of gaze is about one-tenth the acuity at the center of gaze. This means that our central vision is dominated by significantly higher spatial frequencies than is our peripheral vision. Conversely, vision only a few degrees from the center of gaze is much blurrier than in the fovea. To see how Mona Lisa's smile would look at different eccentricities, the image has been filtered to exaggerate selectively low or high spatial frequencies. A clear smile is much more apparent in the low spatial frequency images than in the high spatial frequency image. Thus, if you look at the painting so that your gaze falls on the background or on Mona Lisa's hands, your perception of her mouth would be dominated by low spatial frequencies, so it would appear much more cheerful than when you look directly at her mouth. This explanation goes beyond the popular idea that da Vinci blurred her mouth ( sfumato ) to make her expression ambiguous ([2][2]). It seems that her smile is more apparent in the low spatial frequency range, and therefore more apparent to peripheral vision than to central vision. Hence the elusive quality—you can't catch her smile by looking at her mouth. She smiles until you look at her mouth, and then it fades, like a dim star that disappears when you look directly at it. 1. [↵][3]1. T. Wertheim , Zeit. fur Psychol. Physiol. Sinnersorgen. 7, 172 (1894). [OpenUrl][4] 2. [↵][5]1. E. H. Gombrich , The Story of Art (Phaidon, London, 1999), p. 300. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}? query=rft.jtitle%253DZeit. %2Bf%25FCr%2BPsychol. %2BPhysiol. %2BSinnersorgen. %26rft.volume%253D7%26rft.spage%253D172%26rft.atitle%253DZEIT%2BFR%2BPSYCHOL%2BPHYSIOL%2BSINNERSORGEN%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
Basic access rate adaptation for ad-hoc networks

In ad-hoc network, an accurate rate adaptation algorithm is required to enhance the performance of time-varying channel. The existing rate adaptation algorithms can be divided into sender- and receiver-based algorithms. They include receiver base autorate (RBAR), full auto rate (FAR), and opportunistic autorate (OAR). These algorithms rely on the request-to-send /clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) to estimate the channel quality.
DEPOSITION ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVES

In this study, a set of pulps containing different PSA products that were recycled at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) pilot plant were analyzed for deposition using the PIRA deposition device at North Carolina State University. The work is part of the United States Postal Service Environmentally Benign Pressure Sensitive Adhesive effort. The deposition device consists of a counter-rotating paper machine wire immersed in a low consistency pulp suspension. The contrast between the deposited PSA and the paper machine wire was increased by selectively dyeing the PSA deposited on the wires. Image analysis was performed on the wires to provide a value of the overall ppm, average size, and size distribution of deposits on the wire. The same pulps were dyed with an adhesive specific dye to increase the contrast between adhesive and fiber and image analysis was performed on handsheets at the FPL. The deposition results were found to correlate in general with image analysis results of the same pulp.
Serotonin-induced hypophagia is mediated via α2 and β2 adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens

ABSTRACT 1. Serotoninergic and adrenergic systems play crucial roles in feed intake regulation in avians but there is no report on possible interactions among them. So, in this study, 5 experiments were designed to evaluate the interaction of central serotonergic and adrenergic systems on food intake regulation in 3 h food deprived (FD3) neonatal layer-type chickens. 2. In Experiment 1, chickens received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), prazosin (α1 receptor antagonist, 10 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus prazosin. In Experiment 2, control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), yohimbine (α2 receptor antagonist, 13 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus yohimbine were used. In Experiment 3, the birds received control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), metoprolol (β1 receptor antagonist, 24 nmol) and co-injection of serotonin plus metoprolol. In Experiment 4, injections were control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), ICI 118.551 (β2 receptor antagonist, 5 nmol) and serotonin plus ICI 118.551. In Experiment 5, control solution, serotonin (56.74 nmol), SR59230R (β3 receptor antagonist, 20 nmol) and co-administration of serotonin and SR59230R were injected. In all experiments the cumulative food intake was measured until 120 min post injection. 3. The results showed that ICV injection of serotonin alone decreased food intake in chickens. A combined injection of serotonin plus ICI 118.551 significantly attenuated serotonin-induced hypophagia. Also, co-administration of serotonin and yohimbine significantly amplified the hypophagic effect of serotonin. However, prazosin, metoprolol and SR59230R had no effect on serotonin-induced hypophagia in chickens. 4. These results suggest that serotonin-induced feeding behaviour is probably mediated via α2 and β2 adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chicken.
Variations in US Hospital Performance on Imaging-use Measures

Background:The Hospital Outpatient Quality Reporting Program (HOQR) publicly reports measures of US hospitals’ use of 4 imaging studies that may be problematic if overused: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for low back, follow-up imaging after screening mammography, and abdominal and thoracic computed tomography (CT) with and without contrast. Objectives:To characterize performance on these measures, determine whether performance was consistent across measures, and identify hospital characteristics associated with highest-decile imaging use. Research Design:Cross-sectional analysis. Measurements:Correlation across measures was assessed using Spearman rank order tests. We linked 2008 HOQR data to the 2009 American Hospital Association Survey and used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between hospital characteristics and the likelihood of highest-decile imaging use. Results:Imaging use varied widely. Imaging use was weakly correlated (&rgr;<0.10) across most measures. Compared with hospitals with moderate imaging volume (25th to 75th percentile), hospitals with low volume (<25th percentile) were more likely to report highest-decile imaging use on all measures [adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) range from 1.38 (1.05–1.80) for CT Abdomen to 4.22 (3.04–5.84) for MRI Back]. Rural hospitals were more likely to report highest-decile use on most measures [MRI: 1.42 (1.21–1.68), CT Abdomen: 1.46 (1.28–1.66), and CT Thorax: 1.32 (1.16–1.51)]. For-profit hospitals were more likely to report highest-decile use on mammography [1.47 (1.10–1.98)] and CT Thorax measures [1.71 (1.28–2.27)]. Conclusions:Wide variations in imaging use and extraordinarily high use at some hospitals may indicate that imaging overuse occurs at US hospitals. The effectiveness of the HOQR measures to decrease imaging overuse remains to be seen.
Hybrid position/force control of flexible-macro/rigid-micro manipulator systems

Abstruct- In this paper, hybrid positiodforce control algorithms of combined flexible-macrokigid-micro manipulator systems are proposed. In the proposed system, the micro manipulator is attached at the tip of the flexible macro manipulator. The macro manipulator can move widely, but cannot realize fast and precise motion because of its flexibility. On the contrary, the micro manipulator cannot move widely, but can move fast and precisely. By taking advantage of the macrohicro system, both the end point position and the force exerted by its end effector can be easily controlled in spite of the flexibility in the macro part. This paper first discusses trajectory planning for the macrohicro system. Second, a quasi-static hybrid control algorithm and a dynamic hybrid control algorithm are developed. In our control algorithms, the macro part is controlled roughly to realize the desired trajectory, and suppress vibration. The micro part is controlled to compensate for the position and force errors due to the elasticity in the macro part. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms, experimental results are shown.
Identification of a Low Molecular Weight 65Zn Complex in Rat Intestine 1

Summary A low-molecular-weight 65Zn complex was identified in the intestinal lumen and mucosa following oral administration of 65Zn to rats. Analysis of the 65Zn complex by thin layer chromatography indicates that the complex possesses properties markedly different from those of zinc salts and simple zinc-amino acid complexes. These experiments demonstrate that zinc is bound to a low-molecular-weight ligand as well as a variety of macromolecules in the intestine of the rat.
Autophagy protects gastric mucosal epithelial cells from ethanol-induced oxidative damage via mTOR signaling pathway

Alcohol abuse is an important cause of gastric mucosal epithelial cell injury and gastric ulcers. A number of studies have demonstrated that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism, has a protective effect on cell survival. However, it is not known whether autophagy can protect gastric mucosal epithelial cells against the toxic effects of ethanol. In the present study, gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1 cells) and Wistar rats were treated with ethanol to detect the adaptive response of autophagy. Our results demonstrated that ethanol exposure induced gastric mucosal epithelial cell damage, which was accompanied by the downregulation of mTOR signaling pathway and activation of autophagy. Suppression of autophagy with pharmacological agents resulted in a significant increase of GES-1 cell apoptosis and gastric mucosa injury, suggesting that autophagy could protect cells from ethanol toxicity. Furthermore, we evaluated the cellular oxidative stress response following ethanol treatment and found that autophagy induced by ethanol inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species and degradation of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that ethanol can activate autophagy via downregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, serving as an adaptive mechanism to ameliorate oxidative damage induced by ethanol in gastric mucosal epithelial cells. Therefore, modifying autophagy may provide a therapeutic strategy against alcoholic gastric mucosa injury. Impact statement The effect and mechanism of autophagy on ethanol-induced cell damage remain controversial. In this manuscript, we report the results of our study demonstrating that autophagy can protect gastric mucosal epithelial cells against ethanol toxicity in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that ethanol can activate autophagy via downregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, serving as an adaptive mechanism to ameliorate ethanol-induced oxidative damage in gastric mucosal epithelial cells. This study brings new and important insights into the mechanism of alcoholic gastric mucosal injury and may provide an avenue for future therapeutic strategies.
Indiens urbains : processus de "reconformation" de l'identité ethnique indienne à Manaus

Au Bresil l'appellation indio est utilisee de facon auto-attributive comme une veritable political-agency. Pour la tradition republicaine, indien, qui habite hors du territoire indien, n'est pas indien. De ce fait les indiens urbanises n'ont pas la jouissance des droits reconnus constitutionnellement aux arborigenes. Retracant les routes de l'immigration des peuples de la region de l'Alto Rio Negro et des Satere-Mawe, et formes que prend leur presence a Manaus, cette these aborde l'analyse de trois processus de "reconformation" ethnique: 1. L'utilisateur du "collecteur formel de sens" caboclo comme strategie de solution politique dans la dissolution de la difference radicale; 2. Trois formes d'urbanisation des facteurs ethniques autour de la fonctionnalite de la langue, l'expression artistique, et les roles des genres; 3. Trois formes de conversion de l'urbain en ethnique, autour de l'utilisation de la monnaie, la formalite des organisations et les alliances matrimoniales.
Plaque stabilisation by systemic and local drug administration

Clinical manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis are mainly a consequence of one of the following pathogenesis: The lack of a linear relation between stenosis severity and the probability of developing an ACS is well recognised.3 Indeed the majority of plaques (∼70%) leading to acute myocardial infarction are not of angiographic significance, implying that factors other than stenosis severity determine the probability of vessel closure. The term “vulnerable” plaque defines the vascular substrate most subject to superficial erosion or plaque rupture which may in turn lead to ACS. While there are multiple complex risk and “trigger” factors at work, accurate identification of a “vulnerable” plaque and efficacious treatment to “stabilise” it, thereby reducing the risk of thrombotic induced acute events, would be of major clinical use. In this review we examine stabilisation and passivation of the “vulnerable” plaque by systemic and local drug delivery (LDD). Plaque stabilisation can be defined by any intervention or interaction which, by causing a change in either the structure, content or function of an atherosclerotic plaque and/or the overlying endothelium, will either prevent or reduce the severity of erosion or rupture. Plaque passivation is defined as any intervention that decreases the thrombogenicity of the endoluminal oriented vascular surface. Established risk factors of plaque vulnerability include: