Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dysfunction of the subthalamic nucleus induces behavioral and movement disorders in monkeys

High‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in parkinsonian patients is reported to induce psychiatric effects. The likely explanation for these effects is the partitioning of the STN into sensorimotor, associative, and limbic anatomo‐functional territories. Thus, a specific neuronal dysfunction of the STN sensorimotor territory could lead to abnormal movements, whereas a dysfunction of the associative or limbic territory could lead to behavioral disturbances. To test this hypothesis, neuronal dysfunction of the STN was induced by microinjections of the GABA agonist muscimol, or antagonist bicucculline, in various parts of the nucleus in three monkeys. Stereotyped behaviors (licking and biting fingers) and/or violent hyperactivity were obtained with bicuculline injected into the anteromedial, associative, and limbic territories, whereas injections of muscimol induced no major effects. Abnormal limb movements (contralateral ballism) were obtained after muscimol or bicuculline injections into the posterolateral, sensorimotor territory. Control injections localized around the STN induced other effects (mainly torticollis), which underlines the specificity of STN injection effects. Our study supports the hypothesis that the anteromedial part of the STN is involved in behavioral control. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Self-Oscillating Control Methods for the LCC Current-Output Resonant Converter

A strategy for self-oscillating control of LCC current-output resonant converters, is presented, based on varying the phase-angle between the fundamental of the input voltage and current. Unlike other commonly employed control methodologies, the proposed technique is shown to provide a convenient, linear system input-output characteristic suitable for the design of regulators. The method is shown to have a similar effect as controlling the DC-link supply voltage, in terms of output-voltage/current control. The LCC converter variant is used as an application focus for demonstrating the presented techniques, with simulation and experimental measurements from a prototype converter being used to show the practical benefits. Third-order small and large-signal models are developed, and employed in the formulation of robust output-voltage and output-current control schemes. However, notably, the presented techniques are ultimately generic and readily applicable to other resonant converter variants.
Examining barriers in technology-enhanced problem-based learning: Using a performance support systems approach

This study focused on the barriers that middle school teachers faced when implementing technology-enhanced problem-based learning (PBL) in their classrooms. Using a human performance-based model, we interviewed teachers, administrators, university faculty and technical support staff to determine the perceived importance of multiple barriers to the implementation of technology-enhanced PBL. Twenty-one teachers, two school administrators and a project manager, two faculty members, and two technical support staff participated in the study. Interview data were supported by surveys, classroom observations and researchers' reflective journals. Results suggested that lack of a clear, shared vision was the primary barrier. Additional barriers included lack of knowledge and skills, unclear expectations and insufficient feedback. Recommendations to support teachers' efforts to integrate technology-enhanced problem-based learning are presented.
Spatial Variation in Sympathetic Influences on the Vasculature of the Synovium and Medial Collateral Ligament of the Rabbit Knee Joint

1 Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to assess the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of blood flow to the medial collateral ligament and capsule (synovium and overlying fibrous tissues) of the rabbit knee joint. 2 Electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve (width 1 ms; amplitude 20V; 1–30 Hz) produced a frequency‐dependent vasoconstriction of knee joint vasculature. The response was maximal at 30 Hz and gave the greatest fall in perfusion at the femoral insertion of the ligament (by 33.8 ± 7.4%, mean ±s.e.m.; n= 5–6) and the smallest decrease at the tibial insertion of the ligament (by 10.6 ± 2.9%). 3 Topical application of phentolamine (10−6 mol) had no significant effect on basal knee joint blood flow. However, it abolished the nerve‐mediated constrictor responses in all regions of the medial collateral ligament and synovium at all frequencies. 4 Topical administration of adrenaline (10−14 to 10−7 mol) caused a dose‐dependent decrease in knee joint blood flow with the highest dose producing > 75% reduction in perfusion at all areas. 5 There was no evidence of a reactive hyperaemia in the 5 min following a 5 min period of femoral artery occlusion. Artificial manipulation of arterial blood pressure by intravenous infusion or withdrawal of blood caused a proportional change in ligament and synovial blood flow. These observations may indicate a lack of autoregulation in the joint and its exclusion from baroreflex modulation. 6 These results suggest a potential role for the sympathetic nervous system in the control of knee joint blood flow. Neuromodulation of ligament perfusion appears to predominate at the femoral insertion and this could prove to have functional significance.
Chapter 2 Occupancy and Occupants ’ Actions

Occupants’ presence and actions within the built environment are crucial aspects related to understanding variations in energy use. Within this chapter, first, a nomenclature for the field of research dealing with occupants in buildings is defined. This nomenclature distinguishes between occupants’ presence and behavior, states and actions, adaptive triggers, non-adaptive triggers, and contextual factors. Second, an extensive list of occupant behaviors is provided and categorizations of occupants’ actions are introduced. The list includes most of the possible phenomena that researchers may wish to study, measure, and ultimately model. The categories are physiological, individual, environmental, and spatial adjustments. Third, a list of adaptive and non-adaptive triggers together with contextual factors that could influence occupant behavior is presented. Individual elements are further grouped into physical environmental, physiological, psychological, and social aspects. Finally, a comprehensive table of studies related to occupant behavior and M. Schweiker (&) Building Science Group, Faculty of Architecture, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Englerstr. 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany e-mail: marcel.schweiker@kit.edu S. Carlucci Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway e-mail: salvatore.carlucci@ntnu.no R.K. Andersen Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 402, Office 218, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark e-mail: rva@byg.dtu. dk B. Dong Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, Engineering Building, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0670, USA e-mail: bing.dong@utsa.edu W. O’Brien Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, 3432 Mackenzie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada e-mail: liam.obrien@carleton.ca © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 A. Wagner et al. (eds.), Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9_2 7 the corresponding significant and non-significant predictors, based on an extensive literature review, is shown. This table highlights areas of research where numerous studies have been conducted, as well as areas where hardly any research has been published. The conclusion highlights the importance of publishing future occupant monitoring campaigns with sufficient detail to inform future researchers and save redundant effort. Such detail is especially necessary in relation to the methodology, including, for example, a clear description of the type of variables monitored, and in relation to the results, where both the influencing factors that were found to be significant and insignificant should be documented.
Sex Differences in Asthma Prevalence and Other Disease Characteristics in Eight States

Objectives. We assessed the sex differences in asthma prevalence and asthma-control characteristics within eight states. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Results. Lifetime and current asthma prevalence were higher for females in each of the eight states compared to males. Adult onset of asthma was reported more often by females with current asthma, and childhood onset was reported more often by males. Sex differences were identified for the eight asthma-control characteristics. Conclusions. Females in eight states presented higher asthma risk and poorer asthma profiles than males. State surveillance data can be used to identify disparities and to develop appropriate public health interventions.
Correlation and channel capacity of MIMO systems employing multimode antennas

A novel way of exploiting higher modes of antennas as diversity branches in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems is introduced. Essentially, antennas employing multiple modes offer characteristics similar to an antenna array, through multiple modes and using only a single element. The physical mechanism that yields different received signals is the fact that each mode has a different radiation pattern. Analytical expressions for the correlation between signals received by different modes are presented for a biconical and a circular microstrip antenna that employs higher order modes. It is found that the correlation is low enough to yield a significant diversity gain. Furthermore, the channel capacity of a MIMO system using a multimode antenna, i.e., an antenna employing multiple modes, is found to be comparable to the capacity of an array. Since only one element is needed, the multimode antenna offers several advantages over traditional arrays, and is an interesting antenna solution for future high capacity MIMO systems.
Innervation and the regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity during the development of normal and dystrophic chick muscle.

Two isozymes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the skeletal muscles of the chick embryo decrease to very low levels after hatching. These isozymes have been shown to be maintained in fast twitch muscles, the superficial pectoral and biceps brachii, of birds homozygous for inherited muscular dystrophy. Histochemical studies are presented that associate these isozymes with diffuse AChE activity in the sarcoplasm of embryonic and dystrophic muscle fibers. The hypothesis that neural activity inhibits the activity of the embryonic AChE forms in normal but not in dystrophic muscle after hatching was supported by the fact that biceps muscles of normal chicks denervated at two days still retained embryonic AChE activity when examined one month after denervation. In addition embryonic AChE forms reappeared within three days after denervation in muscles from month old chicks. One month after surgery, total AChE activity of denervated normal muscle was three to four times that of the controls. Moreover, unlike the normal, the AChE activity of dystrophic biceps muscle did not increase following denervation. Tenotomy of muscles from month old chicks had little effect on AChE activity.
A flatness based design for tracking control of pneumatic muscle actuators

Because of their high power/weight ratio pneumatic actuators, especially the so called pneumatic muscles, are very interesting for the use as actuators in robotics. But, in fact the physical model is highly nonlinear, in the following a flatness based position controller for the pneumatic artificial muscles is presented. The considered pneumatic muscle is produced by the manufacturer Festo and possesses a high pulling force to 4000N and a very long lifetime at least to 10 million switching cycles. The control objective is to track the payload along a specified reference path including an active attenuation. Since a model based control approach is pursued, a physical model is presented for an experimental setup. The model is very nonlinear making nonlinear flatness based control desirable. Experimental results are included and demonstrate the efficiency of the control.
Platelet-derived growth factor and arterial response to injury.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was identified as the first human homologue of a retroviral transforming gene (c- sis ). 1 2 Since that initial discovery, the complexity of the PDGF system has continued to be unraveled. PDGF is a family of proteins comprising two separate gene products, PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains.3 The individual proteins are able to form the covalent dimers AA, AB, and BB. In addition to the three isoforms of PDGF, there are two receptor polypeptides called α and β. The PDGF-α receptor is able to bind both the PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains, whereas the PDGF-β receptor binds only the PDGF-B chain. In the presence of ligand, the receptors form dimers on the cell surface so that α/α dimers bind all three PDGF isoforms (AA, AB, and BB), α/β dimers bind AB and BB, and β/β dimers bind only PDGF-BB.4 The specificity provided by the receptors dictates to which type of PDGF a cell is able to respond. Although PDGF was initially isolated from platelets, it has also been shown to be expressed by all vascular wall cells, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells, and macrophages. When rats are made thrombocytopenic or are treated with a polyclonal antibody to all forms of PDGF, intimal thickening induced by balloon catheter injury is inhibited even though the first wave of proliferation in the media is not blocked.5 6 Polyclonal antibodies specific for the PDGF-B chain also are able to block intimal thickening, whereas antibodies specific for the PDGF-A chain have no effect on lesion development (C. Hart and …
Critical approaches in physical therapy research: Investigating the symbolic value of walking

Research using a critical social science perspective is uncommon in physiotherapy (PT) despite its potential advantages for investigating questions other approaches cannot address. Critical approaches can be used to expose ideas and concepts that are dominant, given, or taken-for-granted in practice in order to reflect on how “things could be otherwise. ” The purpose of this paper is to use an example of research examining the symbolic value of walking to outline the key features of critical research and its application to PT. The study drew from Pierre Bourdieu's sociology of practice to illuminate how socially ingrained notions of normality and disability are reflected in rehabilitation practices and affect parents and children with cerebral palsy. Dominant social assumptions about the value of walking are shown to shape individual choices and contribute to parental feelings of angst and doubt, and negative self-identities for children. The example reveals how critical approaches to research can be used to reveal the socio-political dimension of rehabilitation practice and address important research questions that have been largely neglected.
Quantification of immunohistochemistry—issues concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment I

Immunohistochemistry is no longer a technique used only for research but is employed increasingly for diagnosis and for the assessment of therapeutic biomarkers. The latter, in particular, often require a semiquantitative evaluation of the extent of their presence. There are many factors that can affect this that relate to the method: fixation of tissue, duration and type of antigen retrieval, antibody specificity, antibody dilution and detection systems. Other complexities relate to assessment. Different scoring systems are used for either the same or different antigens. Cut‐off levels for assessing whether a tissue is ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ can vary for the same antigen. Whilst there are quality assurance schemes for the methodology that have improved standards of staining, there are no similar schemes that relate to interpretation, although errors here can create as many problems. There have been improvements in automated analysis but availability is limited and it is still predominantly a research tool. In order for quantification of immunohistochemistry to be a reliable and reputable tool, there must be easy to use, reproducible, standardized protocols for assessment which are international. Improvements in automated analysis with wider applicability could lead to standardization.
Phylogenetic relationships of the columbellid taxa Cotonopsis and Cosmioconcha (Neogastropoda: Buccinoidea: Columbellidae)*

Phylogenetic reconstructions are still lacking for many molluscan groups, making evolutionary inferences much weaker. The genera Cotonopsis Olsson, 1942 and Cosmioconcha Dall, 1913 are part of the so called Strombina group, and as such have been used as models to study patterns of speciation and extinction brought about by the rise of the Central American gateway. Earlier work, based on a few species of each genus, pointed towards a very close relationship of these genera, which prompted a complete cladistic analysis, including all species of both genera to evaluate the level of relationship. Cladistic analyses based on shell morphology support the monophyly of the group composed by Cotonopsis + Cosmioconcha. Cotonopsis as currently defined is paraphyletic and includes Cosmioconcha. Cotonopsis (Turrina) keeps its constituency and may retain its subgeneric status. Cotonopsis sensu stricto should be redefined to include part of Cosmioconcha. Cosmioconcha should be subdivided into two groups. One of these groups should be included in Cotonopsis sensu stricto. The second group should be given subgeneric status. Cotonopsis has a much earlier time of origination and most probably derives from Cosmioconcha. Obtained results give support to some of the evolutionary patterns documented earlier for the Neogene molluscan faunas of tropical America and contribute to a better understanding of the Plio-Pleistocene divergence and turnover events related to the rise of the Panamanian land bridge.
A GaN-based MHz active clamp flyback converter with adaptive dual edge dead time modulation for AC-DC adapters

The Active Clamp Flyback (ACF) converter utilizing Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) is expected to achieve high switching frequency and high efficiency for system miniaturization in AC-DC adapter applications. Due to high switching speed and large reverse conduction loss of GaN devices, the improper dead time length in a high-frequency ACF converter can lead to severe oscillation and efficiency decrease. This paper presents a high-frequency and high-efficiency ACF converter with an adaptive dual edge dead time modulation which can realize ideal Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) ON for primary GaN FETs and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) for GaN synchronous rectifier. Designed by a high voltage 0.18um BCD process, the controller IC can enable a 65 W (19.5V/3.3A) ACF converter to operate at 1 MHz and automatically adjust the dead-time length under universal input (100VAC-260VAC) as well as wide load condition (0.33A-3.33A). With the proposed adaptive dual edge dead time control, the ACF converter can achieve the maximum efficiency of 94.3% and around 80% efficiency at the worst case. In addition, the converter based on this analog IC solution excludes any external active sampling devices, which will bring lower system cost.
Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology.

It is often not just life stress but also a person's idiosyncratic response to life stress that leads to psychopathology. Thus, despite problems in reliability, the validity of defenses makes them a valuable diagnostic axis for understanding psychopathology. By including a patient's defensive style as part of the diagnostic formulation, the clinician is better able to comprehend what seems initially most unreasonable about the patient and to appreciate what is adaptive as well as maladaptive about the patient's defensive distortions of inner and outer reality. Clinical appreciation of the immature defenses (e.g., hypochondriasis, fantasy, dissociation, acting out, projection, and passive aggression) is particularly useful in classifying and caring for individuals with personality disorders.
A time moments approach to the design of robust fractional PID controllers

The purpose of this paper is the synthesis of fractional PID controllers ensuring robustness to system gain variations. Robustness is specified by an open loop reference model derived from the CRONE template, where the fractional order allows robustness to gain variations. The tuning of the controller parameters is performed thanks to the method of moments. Numerical examples are proposed to illustrate the capabilities of this tuning technique.
ETV6 gene rearrangements in invasive breast carcinoma

The ETV6/TEL gene encodes a transcription factor frequently rearranged in several types of cancer. We looked for ETV6 rearrangements in invasive breast cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of BAC probes on sections of tissue microarrays containing 632 tumor samples. Of these samples, signal of sufficient quality for screening by FISH was obtained for 356. Five cases (one lobular, one nontypical secretory, one mixed, and two ductal carcinomas) showed ETV6 rearrangement. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.