Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Fish Assemblage in Highly Human Managed Reservoirs Located on River Chenab, Pakistan

River Chenab is one of the highly hydrologically managed rivers in South Asia and facing several environmental issues related to human population growth, industrialization, agricultural advancements and rapid urbanization. These issues are the major threat to the fish diversity of the River Chenab. In this regard, the present study was designed to elucidate the fish diversity, distribution patterns, conservation issues at five artificial water reservoirs (barrages) during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in river Chenab, Pakistan. A total of 5715 individuals was sampled belonging to 16 families. The Cyprinidae (56.9%) was most dominant family followed by Bagridae (7.34%), Cichlidae (5.25%), Schilbeidae (4.55%), Siluridae (3.33%), Ambassidae (3.15%), Clupeidae (3.09%). In Cyprinidae family, Salmophasia bacaila was the most abundant species with relative abundance (10.70%) followed by Osteobrama catio (7.52%), Puntius sophore (5.44%). Ailia coila, Bagarius bagarius, Ompok bimaculatus and Ompok pabda showed low relative abundance. Highest number of fish individuals were reported from the Qadirabad barrage (27%) and lowest from Khanki barrage (14%). Oreochromis niloticus is an exotic species was the fourth most abundant fish species and could be a threat to the local species. Six near threatened species (Ailia coila, Bagarius bagarius, Ompok bimaculatus and Ompok pabda) with restricted distribution, and one endangered species (Tor putritora) was recorded. Generally, small sized fish species were high in number as compared to large sized fishes indicating over fishing of commercial fishes from the barrages. It was observed that there are several other fishing activities reducing the fish number. Illegal and destructive methods of fishing, pollution, flow reduction, water diversion, habitat reduction and human population growth are putting pressure on the fish diversity of River Chenab. Illegal fishing and discharge of effluents without treatment must be addressed to improve the ecological balance of fish assemblage and water quality of the river Chenab
Cephalic sensorial pores in galaxiid fishes from Chile (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae)

The number and arrangement of the cephalic pores of the lateral line in Chilean fishes of the family Galaxiidae, were studied. The study showed that Brachygalaxias differs from Galaxias, in the absence of mandibular pores and in pore number reductions in the preopeopercular series. The most important variations were recorded in Galaxias globiceps and G. platei. The former species differed from the other species in the absence of a pore in the preopercular series, while in G. platei the supraorbital pore situated behind the eye was the main distinctive feature observed, in contrast to the upper position observed in the other species studied. A taxonomic key using cephalic sensory pores is proposed. These results indicate that the cephalic sensorial pores of the lateral line are a useful taxonomic character in the improvement of the diagnosis of galaxiid fishes -and in taxonomic and systematic studies among family Galaxiidae members. Keywords: Galaxiidae, morphology, lateral line, cephalic pores, taxonomy, Chile.
Isopycnal Mixing in the North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone Revealed by RAFOS Floats

The Eastern Tropical North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) is a biogeochemically important area in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands formed by a combination of biological and physical processes. We use data collected from isopycnal RAFOS floats that were precisely ballasted into two groups and deployed at five locations near the edge of the OMZ. One group was ballasted to drift on the isopycnal where oxygen is at its minimum, and the other group about 300 m deeper. Nearly every six hours for 600 days the floats recorded their positions, temperature, pressure, and (at the isopycnal aligned with the O2 minimum) dissolved oxygen concentration. Using the record of the float positions at each time interval, we calculate the relative dispersion of pairs of floats. The time derivative of this dispersion provides a diffusivity coefficient that serves to capture the net effect of eddy driven mixing along each isopycnal. With its sluggish mean circulation, the OMZ provided a study area in which this isopycnal mixing is observed with little interference by background advection. The use of Lagrangian subsurface platforms allowed us to investigate the scale dependent nature of two dimensional turbulence. We show that the relative dispersion of the floats in the OMZ area obeyed the canonical 4/3s power scaling that suggests it is representative of two dimensional turbulence. By estimating the de-correlation length scale, we determined that the maximum energy containing eddy length scale in the region is approximately 100 km in the zonal direction and 40 km in the meridional. At this length scale, the effective diffusivity is 1400 ± 500 m s−1 in the zonal direction and 800 ± 300 m s−1 in the meridional. Within our quantification of error, the diffusivities on the two isopycnals are indistinguishable from one another. We compared the estimate of the diffusivity from the paired dispersion with a tracer-based mixing length method. The magnitude of the diffusivity was similar with the two methods, but the dispersion method revealed substantial anisotropy that cannot be diagnosed from the mixing length method. We apply the isopycnal mixing coefficient in a simple model aimed at understanding the steady state O2 budget in the oxygen minimum zone. This model suggests that the vertical structure of the oxygen minimum zone may be set by the vertical profile of biological respiration and that the lateral structure on both isopycnals is set by a balance between the lateral distribution of biological respiration and the zonal and meridional mixing supply of oxygen.
INSECT POLLINATORS OF THREE RARE PLANTS IN A FLORIDA LONGLEAF PINE FOREST

Abstract As a result of human activity, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Miller) forests in the southern United States have been lost or drastically altered. Many of the plant species that historically occupied those forests now persist only as remnants and are classified as threatened or endangered. In order to safeguard such species, a better understanding of their pollination ecology is needed. We identified insect visitors and potential pollinators of Harperocallis flava (McDaniel) (Amaryllidaceae), Macbridea alba Chapman (Lamiaceae) and Scutellaria floridana Chapman (Lamiaceae) that occur in longleaf pine habitat on the Apalachicola National Forest in Florida. We observed that potential pollinators of H. flava were Halictidae, of M. alba were bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus), and of S. floridana were Megachilidae and Halictidae. However, the rates at which these insects visited the flowers were very low. Our results raise important concerns about how forest management practices affect the survival of rare plants, as well as their pollinators.
An enunciative approach to discourse markers : yet and still

The present study aims to provide a general model for the analysis of discourse markers, formulated within the Theory of Enunciative and Predicative Operations (TEPO) (cf. Culioli 1990, 1999a, 1999b). Discourse marking is seen as a complex activity of regulation, involving metalinguistic comment on operations of representation and / or reference assignment. In illustration of the model, a single schematic form for the markers yet and still is shown to give rise to contextually situated values of both micro‑ and macro‑syntactic scope as a function of various linguistically observable factors. All examples are taken from the spoken part of the British National Corpus.
Temporal Variations on Soil Salinity and Cation Displacement at Saemangeum and Yeongsangang Reclaimed Tidal Lands

Soil salinity at reclaimed tidal land in Korea is highly variable and depending on soil characteristics and weather conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal changes on soil salinity and the relationships between soil salinity and salinity parameters in reclaimed tidal lands. Soil samples were periodically collected at 0 - 20 cm (surface) and 20 - 40 cm (subsurface) layer at Saemangeum (sandy loam) and Yeongsangang (silty loam) reclaimed tidal land. Electrical conductivity (EC) had a wide range from 0.0 to 34.3 dS·m-1 during the experimental period. The average soil EC was 6.4 and 3.4 dS·m-1 at Saemangeum and Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal land, respectively. Soluble sodium concentration had great variations and it was the most important single factor for temporal variations of soil EC regardless of soil textural properties. Calcium concentration was negatively correlated with soil EC and soluble sodium. Soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was estimated as a function of soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and a linear regression model (ESP = 6.075 (SAR) + 0.677 for Saemangeum and ESP = 3.925 (SAR) + 0.421 for Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal soil) was suggested for predicting soil ESP from soil SAR. The characteristics of reclaimed tidal lands had different shares of saline and sodic properties during the experimental period. Saemangeum reclaimed tidal soil was highly characterized by sodium, but the effect of sodium on Yeongsangang soil was less pronounced. Our results indicate that persistent monitoring and modeling on soil salinity at reclaimed tidal soil is fundamental and the results can provide some useful information for deciding management plans for diverse utilization or to reduce salt damage for stable crop production at reclaimed tidal land.
Development of a model to predict the water retention curve using basic geotechnical properties

Resume: La courbe de retention d’eau (CRE) est devenue une fonction cle pour definir le comportement non sature des sols et d'autres materiaux meubles. Dans beaucoup de cas, il peut etre tres utile d'avoir une evaluation de la CRE dans les pr emieres phases d’un projet, lorsque peu ou pas de resultats d'essais sont disponibles. Des modeles predictifs, bases sur les proprietes geotechniques de base, peuvent aussi etre utilises pour evaluer comment le changement des parametres (en termes de porosite ou de granulometrie) affecte la CRE. Dans cet article, les auteurs presentent un ensemble d'equations developpees pour predire la relation entre la teneur en eau volumique θ (et le degre de saturation S r correspondant) et la succion ψ . Le modele propose pour la prediction de la CRE est une version modifiee du modele de Kovacs (1981), qui fait une distinction entre la retention d’eau due aux forces capillaires et celle par adhesion. Ce jeu d'equations est donne avec des relations complementaires developpees pour des applications specifiques sur des materiaux granulaires et sur des sols (argileux) plastiques/c oherents. Il est montre que le modele constitue un moyen simple et pratique pour estimer la courbe de retention d’eau a partir des proprietes geotechniques de base. Une discussion suit sur les capacites et les limitations du modele. ---------- Abstract: The water retention curve (WRC) has become a key material function to define the unsaturated behavior of soils and of other particulate media. In many instances, it can be very useful to have an estimate of the WRC early in a project, when little or no test results are available. Predictive models, based on easy to obtain geotechnical prope rties, can also be employed to evaluate how changing parameters (e.g. porosity or grain size) affect the WRC. In this paper, the authors present a general set of equations developed for predicting the relationship between volumetric water content θ (and the corresponding degree of saturation S r ) and suction ψ . The proposed WRC model is a modified version of the Kovacs (1981) model, which makes a distinction between water retention due to capillary forces and retention by adhesion. The complete set of equations is given together with complementary relationships developed for specific applications on granular materials and on plastic/cohesive (clayey) soils. It is shown that the model provides a simple and practical means to estimate the water retention curve from basic properties. A discussion follows on the capabilities and limitations of the model.
AN OVERVIEW OF IRRIGATION MOSAICSy

Irrigation mosaics, involving discrete patches of irrigated land dispersed across the landscape, may offer an alternative to traditional large-scale contiguous irrigation systems. This might be particularly attractive as a means of delivering improved social and economic opportunities for some rural and remote communities as well as better matching land use opportunities with landscape properties. The longer-term environmental impacts of irrigation mosaics that may impair the sustainability of an irrigation project and the surrounding area are still largely unknown. However, there are findings from ecological and hydrological studies of other mosaics that can help with analysis of irrigation mosaics. This paper provides an overview of some biophysical aspects of irrigation mosaics, lessons learnt from other mosaics (e.g. landscape and farming system mosaics) and the potential environmental impacts of irrigation mosaics. Application of some tools for particular groundwater conditions indicates some of these impacts compared to traditional large-scale systems. Irrigation mosaics could have both negative (more evaporation and water use, increased operational losses and costs) and positive (filtering surplus nutrients, enhanced biodiversity, preventing erosion, reduced area of impact around the irrigation area, lower water-table rise) effects on the environment. Copyright # 2010 Commonwealth of Australia. key words: irrigation mosaics; mosaics; irrigation impact; irrigation patches Received 2 August 2010; Accepted 9 August 2010
Translating HOL to Speciflcations for the Model Checker SMV

HOL and SMV have two radically different formal specification languages. Each is good at describing different aspects of systems and have very different analysis tools. We want to integrate them to make full use of their respective capabilities. One step towards this integration is automatically translating specifications written in HOL into SMV. We argue for the need of such an integration and translation for specification-based testing. We look at the differences between HOL and SMV and specify mechanical translation methods which are appropriate for modeling and testing secure operating systems.
A NOVEL CPW DUAL PASSBAND FILTER USING THE SPLIT-MODES OF LOADED STUB SQUARE LOOP RESONATORS

This paper presents a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) dual passband fllter using the split-modes of the loaded stub square loop resonators. With the CPW feeding line, two microstrip stub resonators built on the rear sides are used to suppress the flrst even resonance. The modes splitting characteristics of the proposed structure are analyzed. A dual passband fllter covering center frequencies of 4.8GHz and 6GHz is fabricated to verify the validity of the methodology. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is demonstrated.
A nickel-based pectin coordination polymer as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEA) with a cathode catalyst made of a nickel sodium pectate complex PG-NaNi with a 25% substitution of sodium for nickel, and with a commercial anode catalyst made of platinum black have been successfully created. Tests in a H2/O2 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) yielded the values of the maximum current density of 59 mA cm−2 and the maximum power density of 5.9 mW cm−2. These results permit the development of environmentally friendly and stable cathode catalysts for PEMFCs made of a readily available biological raw material, pectin.
A modified duffing system with a sawtooth-wave excitation and its synchronization

A duffing system under approximate sawtooth wave excitation obtained by a relaxation oscillator is proposed, and its dynamic properties (including phase trajectory, time evolution, bifurcation diagram) are analyzed, also the impact of excitation magnitude change on phase trajectory is discussed. The synchronization of two duffing systems under various excitations is achieved by nonlinear integral feedback method based on the sum of squared errors. Simulation results show that excitation amplitude affects the state of the system. Finally, it has been explained the effectiveness of this scheme on the generation of chaotic source in secure communication and synchronization control.
Biochemical profile and nutritional quality of Indian squid, Uroteuthis duvauceli

This study was designed to find out the biochemical and nutritional profiling of Indian squid. Proximate composition of Uroteuthis duvauceli showed a content of 80.47% for moisture, 17.5% for protein, 0.52% for fat and 1.13% for ash, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed a higher content of glutamine, followed by aspartine, tryptopan, leucine, alanine and glycine. Higher concentrations of total amino acid (TAA), total essential amino acid (TEAA), total acidic amino acid (TAAA), total neutral amino acid (TNAA), total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) and total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) were observed. In case of fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid contributed highest quantity; whereas, DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids in the sample. Among the macro minerals, potassium showed highest content followed by sodium and calcium. As in the case of micro minerals, magnesium content showed highest proportion and copper showed least quantity. Commendable quantities of biochemical and nutritional content in U. duvauceli signify the appropriateness of this moderately exploited resource as an essential nutrients for nutritionally deprived population.
Surface Chemistry of Ga(CH3)3 on Pd(111) and Effect of Pre-covered H and O

The adsorption and decomposition of trimethylgallium (Ga(CH3)3, TMG) on Pd(111) and the effect of pre-covered H and O were studied by temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TMG adsorbs dissociatively at 140 K and the surface is covered by a mixture of Ga(CH3)x (x=1, 2 or 3) and CHx(a) (x=1, 2 or 3) species. During the heating process, the decomposition of Ga(CH3)3 on clean Pd(111) follows a progressive Ga−C bond cleavage process with CH4 and H2 as the desorption products. The desorption of Ga-containing molecules (probably GaCH3) is also identified in the temperature range of 275–325 K. At higher annealing temperature, carbon deposits and metallic Ga are left on the surface and start to diffuse into the bulk of the substrate. The presence of precovered H(a) and O(a) has a significant effect on the adsorption and decomposition behavior of TMG. When the surface is pre-covered by saturated H2, CH4, and H2 desorptions are mainly observed at ∼315 K, which is ascrib.
The Potential of Rainfall for the Cloud Seeding Operations based onInstability Indices

Instability indices are the parameters that could be used to determine instability in the different parts of the atmosphere. In this study, we have used some of the indices to determine the probability of rainfall for cloud seeding operation in Mashhad region of Iran during (1993-2010). Used indices are including Precipitation Water of Cloud (PWC), Showalter Index (SI), K Index (KI) and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE). The optimal threshold of specific index for cloud seeding decision has been estimated using the best fitted curve on scattering diagram of the rainfall data and the index data. The optimal thresholds of PWC, SI and KI for convective cloud seeding activities were found 10 mm, 2°C and 24°C, respectively. The results show that rainfall could be occur with different amount of CAPE, even zero. Therefore, we could not consider any threshold for this index. The rainfall increase with increasing PWC, KI and CAPE; and decreasing SI in the region.
Parameter splitting in dark energy: is dark energy the same in the background and in the cosmic structures?

We perform an empirical consistency test of General Relativity/dark energy by disentangling expansion history and growth of structure constraints. We replace each late-universe parameter that describes the behavior of dark energy with two meta-parameters: one describing geometrical information in cosmological probes, and the other controlling the growth of structure. If the underlying model (a standard wCDM cosmology with General Relativity) is correct, that is under the null hypothesis, the two meta-parameters coincide. If they do not, it could indicate a failure of the model or systematics in the data. We present a global analysis using state-of-the-art cosmological data sets which points in the direction that cosmic structures prefer a weaker growth than that inferred by background probes. This result could signify inconsistencies of the model, the necessity of extensions to it or the presence of systematic errors in the data. We examine all these possibilities. The fact that the result is mostly driven by a specific sub-set of galaxy clusters abundance data, points to the need of a better understanding of this probe.
A Single Component Adsorption of Alcohols in Zeolites

Author(s): Alturki, Abdulaziz Ali | Advisor(s): Simonetti, Dante | Abstract: Increasing global energy demand serve as the impetus for the development of alternative sources of fuels and chemical intermediates. Toward this goal, many biologically based processes have been recently invented to convert biomass into short chain oxygenated molecules that can be subsequently converted to fuels and chemicals. The primary advantage of these biological processes is their high selectivity and mild operating conditions. However, the major drawback is that the final product is typically produced as a very dilute aqueous solution. The primary purpose of this work is to examine the major factors that affect the performance of solid adsorbent materials for the extraction of small chain alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones from dilute aqueous solutions that contain a wide range of molecules and ions, similar to those derived from fermentation processes. To understand the fundamentals of adsorption using microporous, aluminosilicate materials, and adsorption isotherms were collected for alcohols and aldehydes on proton forms of BEA, MOR, FER, FAU and MFI zeolites. The Langmuir adsorption model was used to develop a quantitative understanding of the relationship between adsorbent structure and performance by determining the effect of solution composition and adsorbent structure on the parameters of each model (equilibria constants, saturation capacities, and interaction parameters). The effects of different zeolite structure on the parameters for the Langmuir model were initially probed using butanol as the adsorbate. Maximum adsorption capacities were similar for all zeolites tested. The adsorption equilibrium coefficient parameter was lower for FAU and MOR compared to BEA and MFI.
International Facebook “Friends”: Toward McLuhan’s Global Village

The term “global village” has become almost infamous in the informa-tion age. Its originator, Marshall McLuhan, is regarded by some as the most important scholar in media studies and his work is widely known to be ahead of its time. Often his work is even thought of has prophetic, including his discussions of the global village. The internet has brought the ability to send and receive information instantaneously, and many people are quick to connect the internet to a misinterpretation of McLuhan’s global village. Unfortunately this connection is often misguided and made without a true understanding of its theoretical origins. Although the internet serves as a vehicle that allows for the instant flow of information, there are important aspects of a global village that it does not address. However, online social networks have brought about some interesting trends in the uses of the internet.