Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE METABOLISM OF THE BRAIN OF INFANT AND ADULT DOGS

Hughlings Jackson made the suggestion that the nervous system is organized in such a way that the primitive reactions of the older parts are prevented from dominating behavior by inhibiting influences emanating from the higher levels. Thus, removal of some rostra1 part of the cerebrospinal axis may result in release phenomena. Examples of such release are seen in the decorticate and the decerebrate preparations. Similar phenomena are observed during hypoglycemia (1, 2) and anoxia (3) when the earliest effects reveal depression of the cortex and the basal ganglia and hypothalamus are released. Then the basal ganglia and hypothalamus are depressed while the midbrain becomes dominant. The midbrain is inhibited in turn when the subject exhibits the release phenomenon of decerebration (I, 2, 3). Hoagland et al. (4) have noted that during marked hypoglycemia the cortical rhythms of the dog disappear before those of the thalamus. BY producing cerebral anoxia, Heymans and others (5) have shown that the higher more newly developed parts of the adult brain are less resistant than the older regions. Sugar and Gerard (6) have reported similar results using the electroencephalograph. It has been previously demonstrated that the various parts of the ox brain (7) and rat brain (8) consume oxygen at different rates. The suggestion has, therefore, been made that the order of appearance of the release phenomena of anoxia and hypoglycemia and the alterations in electrical activity may be related to the different metabolic rates of the various parts of the brain. In order to obtain more information on this subject we have determined the oxygen consumption of the various parts of the brain of the adult dog. Additional light may be thrown on this subject by investigating the developing central nervous system. For this reason similar studies were made on the various parts of the brain of growing puppies. METHOD. The present observations were obtained on minced cerebral tissue of puppy and adult dog placed in the Warburg respirometer and
Induction of Daptomycin Heterogeneous Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus by Exposure to Vancomycin

ABSTRACT We studied vancomycin and daptomycin susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients exposed to vancomycin, glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus, and S. aureus passaged in vancomycin-containing medium. A correlation between vancomycin and daptomycin heteroresistance was noted in some strains, suggesting that exposure of S. aureus to vancomycin may affect susceptibility to daptomycin.
Tic symptom dimensions and their heritabilities in Tourette’s syndrome

Introduction Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is both genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous. Gene-finding strategies have had limited success, possibly because of symptom heterogeneity. Objective This study aimed at specifically investigating heritabilities of tic symptom factors in a relatively large sample of TS patients and family members. Participants and methods Lifetime tic symptom data were collected in 494 diagnosed individuals in two cohorts of TS patients from the USA (n=273) and the Netherlands (n=221), and in 351 Dutch family members. Item-level factor analysis, using a tetrachoric correlation matrix in SAS (v9.2), was carried out on 23 tic symptoms from the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Results Three factors were identified explaining 49% of the total variance: factor 1, complex vocal tics and obscene behaviour; factor 2, body tics; and factor 3, head/neck tics. Using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routine, moderate heritabilities were found for factor 1 (h2r=0.21) and factor 3 (h2r=0.25). Lower heritability was found for overall tic severity (h2r=0.19). Bivariate analyses indicated no genetic associations between tic factors. Conclusion These findings suggest that (i) three tic factors can be discerned with a distinct underlying genetic architecture and that (ii) considering the low tic heritabilities found, only focusing on the narrow-sense TS phenotype and leaving out comorbidities that are part of the broader sense tic phenotype may lead to missing heritability. Although these findings need replication in larger independent samples, they might have consequences for future genetic studies in TS.
Brexit: Potential Implications for Digital and ‘Fintech’ Industries

Following the outcome of the historic ‘Brexit’ referendum on 23rd June 2016 in which a majority of eligible voters in the UK voted to ‘Leave,’ the United Kingdom is potentially on course to leave the European Union, but to ensure continued economic success it will seek to maintain a favourable trading relationship with the EU. This article identifies and critically evaluates the various types of trade deals the UK might negotiate upon exit with a particular focus on trade in services since financial and digital services are key components of the UK economy. It also offers both pre and post exit guidance on the data protection permutations of each type of trade deal and concludes that post-withdrawal, the UK should ensure that its data protection law is fully compliant with Regulation (EU) 2016/679. Forging its own data protection path could lead to isolation.
Ordering Decisions, Cost of Capital, and the Value of the Firm

Since a holistic view of a firm can have a great impact on improving decisions, efforts to link the operations and finance decisions have been steadily growing in the literature. In that context, we present a model of a firm where the cost of capital for shareholders is affected by operational decisions. We provide an explicit expression for linking the cost of capital and an archetypical operational decision, namely, the ordering quantities, study the mechanisms through which this interaction takes place, and relate them to the firm's operating and financial risks. Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model, we find that, if risk comes only from additive financial exogenous shocks, investor's risk decreases with order quantity. Furthermore, we find that risk-averse investors should behave as risk-neutral agents to maximize the value of their investments, as far as the order quantity is concerned. Our results call into question the usual approaches to assessing risk in inventory models.
miR-1 Overexpression Enhances Ca2+ Release and Promotes Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis by Targeting PP2A Regulatory Subunit B56α and Causing CaMKII-Dependent Hyperphosphorylation of RyR2

MicroRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that regulate protein expression by hybridization to imprecise complementary sequences of target mRNAs. Changes in abundance of muscle-specific microRNA, miR-1, have been implicated in cardiac disease, including arrhythmia and heart failure. However, the specific molecular targets and cellular mechanisms involved in the action of miR-1 in the heart are only beginning to emerge. In this study we investigated the effects of increased expression of miR-1 on excitation–contraction coupling and Ca2+ cycling in rat ventricular myocytes using methods of electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging and quantitative immunoblotting. Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of miR-1 in myocytes resulted in a marked increase in the amplitude of the inward Ca2+ current, flattening of Ca2+ transients voltage dependence, and enhanced frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks while reducing the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content as compared with control. In the presence of isoproterenol, rhythmically paced, miR-1–overexpressing myocytes exhibited spontaneous arrhythmogenic oscillations of intracellular Ca2+, events that occurred rarely in control myocytes under the same conditions. The effects of miR-1 were completely reversed by the CaMKII inhibitor KN93. Although phosphorylation of phospholamban was not altered, miR-1 overexpression increased phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) at S2814 (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) but not at S2808 (protein kinase A). Overexpression of miR-1 was accompanied by a selective decrease in expression of the protein phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit B56α involved in PP2A targeting to specialized subcellular domains. We conclude that miR-1 enhances cardiac excitation–contraction coupling by selectively increasing phosphorylation of the L-type and RyR2 channels via disrupting localization of PP2A activity to these channels.
Brain activation inhomogeneity highlighted by the Isotropic Anomalous Diffusion filter

The visual appealing nature of the now popular BOLD fMRI may give the false impression of extreme simplicity, as if the the functional maps could be generated with the press of a single button. However, one can only get plausible maps after long and cautious processing, considering that time and noise come into play during acquisition. One of the most popular ways to account for noise and individual variability in fMRI is the use of a Gaussian spatial filter. Although very robust, this filter may introduce excessive blurring, given the strong dependence of results on the central voxel value. Here, we propose the use of the Isotropic Anomalous Diffusion (IAD) approach, aiming to reduce excessive homogenity while retaining the natural variability of signal across brain space. We found differences between Gaussian and IAD filters in two parameters gathered from Independent Component maps (ICA), identified on brain areas responsible for auditory processing during rest. Analysis of data gathered from 7 control subjects shows that the IAD filter rendered more localized active areas and higher contrast-to-noise ratios, when compared to equivalent Gaussian filtered data (Student t-test, p<;0.05). The results seem promising, since the anomalous filter performs satisfactorily in filtering noise with less distortion of individual localized brain responses.
Heterogeneous dataset acquisition for a continuously expandable benchmark (CEB)

Ongoing research within the field of computer vision yielded a wide range of image based 3D reconstruction approaches. Starting years ago with low resolution RGB images as input, we face today a wide and fast growing range of available imaging devices to perform this task. To allow for a good comparability of resulting reconstructions, many different benchmarks and datasets have been made available. At the same time, we observe, that these benchmarks commonly address only a single capturing approach omitting the chance to compare against results of other acquisition methods. In contrast to such homogeneous benchmarks, we present in this work a heterogeneous benchmark, considering different acquisition devices to obtain our datasets. Besides these datasets, we furthermore provide reference data for download. To lastly keep track of the rapidly increasing number of different acquisition sensors, we opt to provide occasional updates of this benchmark within the future.
Equity Market Response to Form 20-F Disclosures for ADR Firms

Non-U.S. companies may list securities in U.S. stock exchanges, provided that they file a set of audited financial statements as well as comply with extensive SEC disclosure requirements. We speculate that non-U.S. firms who choose to be listed in the major U.S. exchanges will comply with the supplemental disclosure requirements in order to have the supplemental disclosures impounded in the home country equity share price via the ADR share price in the manner described by Fishman and Hagerty (1989). We investigate the information content of non-U.S. firm’s earnings released vis-a-vis the SEC Form 20-F filings in both ADR and home country equity share markets. We employed models of the ADR and equity security share earnings release date abnormal returns controlling for the incremental firm-specific SEC Form 20-F disclosures required of exchange listed ADRs. Our results suggest that both ADR and home country equity share markets exhibit abnormal returns associated with the earnings release date. Particularly noteworthy, however, is the association between magnitudes of U.S. GAAP earnings and magnitudes of SEC Form 20-F filing date. Abnormal returns are significantly larger than the association between magnitudes of reported earnings and earnings report date abnormal returns in both the ADR and home country equity share markets. Our results seemingly suggest that the U.S. ADR share market’s response dominates the cross-market information flow, driving the home country equity share market response in a manner consistent with the notion that U.S. GAAP conveys price relevant information beyond reported earnings for non-U.S. firms.
Male Germ Line Stem Cells Have an Altered Potential to Proliferate and Differentiate During Postnatal Development in Mice1

Abstract Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) continuously support spermatogenesis after puberty. However, accumulating evidence suggests that SSCs differ functionally during postnatal development. For example, mutant mice exist in which SSCs support spermatogenesis in the first wave after birth but cease to do so thereafter, resulting in infertility in adults. Studies using a retroviral vector have shown that the vector transduces pup SSCs more efficiently than adult SSCs, which suggests that pup SSCs divide more frequently. Thus, it is hypothesized that the SSCs in pup and adult testes have different characteristics. As an approach to testing this hypothesis in the present study, we investigated the proliferation kinetics of pup SSCs (6–9 days old) and their self-renewal/differentiation patterns for the first 2 mo after transplantation, and compared them to those of adult SSCs. Using serial transplantation, we found that the number of pup SSCs declined over the first week after transplantation. Thereafter, it increased ~4-fold by 1 mo and ~9-fold by 2 mo after transplantation, which indicates that pup SSCs continuously proliferate from 1 wk to 2 mo after transplantation. Compared to the proliferation of SSCs derived from adult intact testes, that of pup SSCs was lower at 1 mo but similar at 2 mo, indicating the delayed proliferation of pup SSCs. However, the pup SSCs regenerated spermatogenic colonies at 1 mo that were similar in length to those of SSCs from adult intact testes. Therefore, these results suggest that some functional differences exist in SSCs during postnatal development, and that these differences may affect the abilities of SSCs to self-renew and differentiate.
Dermatophilosis in owl monkeys.

Dermatophilosis was diagnosed in recently imported owl monkeys (Aotustrivirgatus). Characteristic papillomatous, exudative lesions were present on the skin of all the legs, the tail, back, ears and head of 1 animal. Similar, isolated lesions were noted on another animal. Dermatophilus congolensis was easily detected on Giemsa-stained smears from skin crusts of both animals. The organism was also isolated on brain-heart infusion agar. A characteristic histologic reaction, with typical organisms, was noted in a skin biopsy. The skin lesions regressed approximately 1 month after initial symptoms. The disease was experimentally transmitted to 3 other species of monkeys: rhesus (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These experimental infections also regressed spontaneously.
A prospective study of the adverse effects of midazolam on withdrawal in critically ill children

Fifty‐three critically ill infants and children received midazolam as sedation in a regional intensive care unit. Assessment of the level of sedation was carried out at regular intervals on withdrawal of midazolam. Forty‐nine patients were fully alert within 4 h of midazolam being stopped. Four patients took from 6 h to 1 week to become fully alert. Four patients had abnormal behaviour highly suggestive of midazolam withdrawal. The onset of abnormal behaviour was within 12 h of discontinuation of midazolam. The duration of the abnormal behaviour ranged from 3 h to 1 week. One child had a paradoxical reaction to midazolam. The overall incidence of adverse effects to midazolam in the patients studied was 17%. No adverse effects were observed in infants; all adverse effects were observed in children. We have shown that it is possible to prospectively study the toxicity of sedatives in critically ill infants and children.
Safety of coil occlusion of the parent artery for endovascular treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysm

Many studies lay emphasis on the clinical importance of perforating branches of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and report that vascular damage of the perforators from ACoA aneurysm during surgery cause subsequent postoperative amnesia. The purpose of our study was to analyze the safety of parent artery occlusion for ACoA aneurysm coiling based on the anatomical features of the ACoA complex in 13 patients with 13 ACoA aneurysms. All patients underwent coiling of the aneurysm sac and ACoA. Aneurysm characteristics including size, dome-to-neck ratio, anterior/posterior orientation of the aneurysm dome with respect to the axis of the pericallosal artery, location of the aneurysm neck with respect to the A1–A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) or the ACoA, and the presence of hypoplasia/aplasia of A1 segment were assessed. The aneurysm neck was located directly on the ACoA in five aneurysms (38%), whereas eight (62%) had the neck located at the A1–A2 junction. Of the five patients whose aneurysm neck was located in the ACoA, four patients had infarcts in the basal forebrain. Three of the patients complained of amnesia. None of the aneurysms with the neck located at the A1–A2 junction were associated with infarction. There has been little evidence thus far that parent vessel occlusion of ACoA aneurysms is a safe method for the treatment of aneurysms. Patients with the aneurysm neck located at the A1–A2 junction and without A1 aplasia, who were treated with aneurysm sac and ACoA embolism, were potentially safe.
Visual Odometry Using Feature Point and Ground Plane for Urban Environments

In this paper, we propose a visual odometry system for accurate and robust 6DOF localization in urban environments. The visual odometry system integrates a feature based Visual odometry and normal vector information of a estimated ground plane in order to achieve the accurate Visual Odometry in untextured environments like urban. In the feature-based Visual Odometry, robustness and accuracy are improved by using RANSAC, three-point algorithm, and key frame adjustment. In the ground plane extraction, the stereo homography matrix is used. We use RANSAC to calculate the homography matrix robustly, . Unscented Kalman Filter is used for the sensor fusion to integrate these information. Normalized innovation squared Test is used for the fault detection of the ground plane extraction. In addition, we propose a localization system which integrates the Visual odometry system and a gyro sensor to reduce the influence of dynamic objects. Localization results of our Visual odometry system and localization system are presented, the effectiveness of our system is demonstrated.
The Fate of Axonal Debris in Wallerian Degeneration of Rat Optic and Sciatic Nerves: Electron Microscopy and Immunofluorescence Studies with Neurofilament Antisera

Immunofluorescence demonstrated that axonal debris reacting with neurofilament antisera persist up to 4 months in rat optic nerves undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Antisera used in this study allowed the isolation of the 72,000− and 150,000-dalton neurofilament polypeptides from rat spinal cord by immunoaffinity chromatography. After 2 weeks of degeneration, proteins co-migrating with these neurofilament polypeptides were no longer identifiable in rat optic nerves, which suggests that immunofluorescent structures persisting in the nerves after this period contained neurofilament degradation products of different molecular weight. Additional evidence as to the persistence of axonal debris in degenerated optic nerves was obtained by electron microscopy. Two distinct types of axonal degeneration were observed in rat optic nerves by this method, floccular swelling and increased electron density of the axoplasm. In both types of degeneration, axoplasmic filaments and tubules were not identifiable. Although floccular material disappeared after 2 weeks of degeneration, so that only empty myelin sheaths remained, electron-dense axons persisted longer and were probably phagocytosed together with their myelin sheaths. In sciatic nerves, cross-reaction with neurofilament antisera had almost completely disappeared 10 days after transection. The same was true for nerves which had been tightly ligated to prevent axonal growth and to squeezed nerves which showed vigorous regeneration. A few scattered, brightly immunofluorescent fragments which persisted in nerves up to 2 weeks after transection were exceptions to these findings.
Multiphase Permanent Magnet Motor Drive System Based on A Novel Multiphase SVPWM

Multiphase motor drives are multi-dimensional systems, so multiphase vector control and SVPWM must be implemented in a multi-dimensional vector space. In this paper, multi-dimensional multiphase vector control is developed based on a novel multiphase SVPWM strategy, which could synthesize the required voltage vectors not only in d-q subspace but also in other subspaces. Therefore, all voltage and current harmonics, which contribute to the torque positively, are controllable. Throughout this paper, a five-phase permanent magnet motor drive system is developed as an example, and simulation and experimental results verify these proposed strategies. Moreover, these strategies can be easily extended to other multiphase drive systems with any number of phases
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RATS DEPLETED OF LYMPHOCYTES BY CHRONIC DRAINAGE FROM THE THORACIC DUCT

The chronic drainage of lymph and cells from a thoracic duct fistula in rats results in a reduction in the weight of all the lymph nodes and of their content of small lymphocytes. The primary immune response to tetanus toxoid or sheep erythrocytes is severely depressed or abolished in such animals. This unresponsive state is related to the loss of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct fistula and, not to stress factors ensuing from the trauma of operation and restraint; it can be reversed by injecting inocula which contain almost exclusively small lymphocytes. In contrast to the severe impairment of the primary immune response in lymphocyte-depleted rats, such animals show a normal response to a second injection of tetanus toxoid. The mechanism by which small lymphocytes mediate the primary immune response is discussed.
The Relationship of Abnormal Audit Fees and Accruals: Bargain Power or Cost Control?

This paper uses the empirical data of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2013 to examine the relationships between abnormal audit fees and accruals (audit quality), and tries to find out the mechanism and the consequences of abnormal audit fees affecting accruals (audit quality). The research found that abnormal audit fees were negatively correlated with accruals. After taking the positive and negative nature of the abnormal audit expenses into consideration, research found that the abnormal audit fee reflects the economic bond between the auditor and the company, which impair the independence of auditors and degrade the audit quality. Negative audit fees reflect strong bargaining power of companies, and lower audit fees impel auditors to reduce audit effort, control audit costs to achieve a certain profit target, which will also degrade audit quality.