Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE FREQUENCY AND PRICING OF PRODUCT INNOVATIONS

This paper constructs and analyzes an economic model of repeated product innovations in which the introduction of one product forms the base from which the development of the next product will start. The innovation process depends both on the flow of R&D expenditures and on the length of time over which they accrue. The products are durable, so although products become technologically obsolete due to the introduction of new and superior products, consumers need not replace the products they already possess. We determine rational expectations equilibria under the monopoly and the duopoly regimes, and use them to interpret a vast body of empirical literature which documents the frequency of innovations of various durable goods, changes in their quality adjusted prices, and how these variables vary in a cross section of products and over time. The model shows that the decentralized market equilibria are inefficient. We also analyze the effect of various policy instruments, including output taxes or subsidies and patent limitations, which can be used to remedy the inefficiencies. • This paper was presented at several institutions where we received many useful comments. We retain responsibility for remaining errors. • This paper was completed while the first author was visiting the WZB. He thanks the WZB for their hospitality and financial support.
A Short Review on the History of Anesthesia in Ancient Civilizations

Anesthesia is one of the main issues in surgery and has progressed a lot since two centuries ago. The formal history of surgery indicates that beginning of anesthesia backs to the 18th century, but reviewing the history of medicine shows that pain management and anesthesia has a long history in ancient times. The word “anesthesia”, comes from Greek language: an-(means: “without”) and aisthēsis (means: “sensation”), the combination of which means the inhibition of sensation. The oldest reports show that the Sumerians maybe were the first people that they cultivated and harvested narcotic sedative like the opium Poppy as early as 3400 BC and used them as pain killers. There are some texts which show us that Greek and Mesopotamia’s doctors prescribed alcoholic beverages before their surgeries. In the Byzantine time, physicians used an elixir known as “laudanum” that was a good sedative prior the patient’s operation. Ancient Persia and China were as the biggest civilizations, of which medicine anesthesia had a great role in. Also, Persian and other Muslim physicians developed the field of anesthesiology in early medieval era which is called Islamic Golden Age.
Promoting Homeostasis To Avoid Rebound Weight Gain In Yo-Yo Dieters

Rebound weight gain is more often the rule than the exception and the reason may not be lack of willpower. Recent findings in the study of weight homeostasis have uncovered a host of orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones working to keep a stable healthy weight. When energy stores are depleted through dieting, overcompensation to replenish them often occurs. Overeating is one of the homeostatic responses. However, there are other involuntary responses to hunger that lower metabolism, reduce thyroid hormones, and produce fat cells. Traditional weight control advice to cut down on caloric intake may inadvertently trigger the compensatory mechanism that lead to rebound weight and yo-yo dieting. Tuning into homeostatic cues to prevent excessive hunger without getting too full is the hallmark of intuitive eating. Tips are given on how to eat intuitively in order to promote homeostasis. Supporting homeostasis will help keep weight stable and prevent weight cycling and rebound weight gain that often accompanies dieting. WEIGHT CYCLING THE RESULT OF DIETING Cyclic weight gain and loss (yo-yo dieting) is a common problem with potentially more negative health effects than overt obesity.1, 2, 3,4 The phenomenon of weight gain after weight loss is more common than keeping the weight off after a weight loss plan.5,6 The weight regain that often occurs may in part be responsible for the excess weight plaguing much of the developed and developing world.7,8 The dual existence of record numbers of dieters, and overweight individuals may not be the paradox it appears.9,10,11,12 Physiologic research is now uncovering reasons why the more most of these individuals diet the heavier they become. As health care providers concerned with the health of patients, advanced practice nurses (APN) might want to examine the standard for patient education around weight control.13 In light of two decades of discoveries in the field of weight homeostasis, the upshot appears to be that cutting down and eating less may be at the root of much yo-yo dieting and the excess weight seen in chronic dieters.14 This paper will examine the wisdom of this advice in light of the effects hunger has on the complex system of weight homeostasis. Finally, a step-by-step alternative that providers can give patients will be provided.
Neonatal ECMO: Are Indications Changing?

The 1960's were an exciting time in the development of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for lung failure. It was during this period that the silicone membrane lung was developed, and initial attempts at treatment of respiratory failure in the newborn population were attempted (1). Investigators were using ECMO as an artificial placenta, treating the pre-term infant, and although the technique could be successfully used, with good oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide, all infants died of complications, i.e., intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The successful treatment of the first term newborn infant by Barlett and colleagues at Irvine California in 1976, turned the field in the proper direction. It was during these learning years that present day indications and criteria for ECMO were developed, based on the known complications of the procedure. Although criteria have changed slightly, they still remain similar to those developed in the 1970-8's.
A Complicated Case Of Foreign Body In The Rectum: A Case Report And Review

Background: Foreign bodies in the rectum are a common occurrence encountered as a surgical emergency. Most cases can be managed by retrieval of object per rectum under anaesthesia using some ingenuity. However a few can be more difficult and require a laparotomy. Aim: To report a complicated case of rectal foreign body treated at our institution. Method: We reviewed our case and also extensive literature on this subject. Case: A 29 year old woman presented with a vibrator in the rectum whilst being used for anal eroticism. She had lower abdominal discomfort but no signs of peritonitis. Attempt to remove it per rectum under anaesthesia failed and a laparotomy was performed to retrieve the object. Conclusion: Early recognition of problems in extraction per rectum is vital. Practice low threshold in proceeding to laparotomy to prevent anal or rectal injuries.
DREIDIMENSIONALE BESTRAHLUNGSPLANUNG. UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR KLINISCHEN INTEGRATION

The routine use of three-dimensional treatment planning was evaluated in a clinical project funded by the German Krebshilfe at the Radiological Department of the University of Heidelberg. 166 patients entered the prospective study within 14 months, 155 of them were treated according to the 3D-plans. More than 50% of the patients had thoracic tumors, followed by pelvic tumors. One medicine physicist and one specially trained technician performed the treatment planning. The target volumes were contoured in the CT slices at the planning computer by the responsible radiotherapists. A mean of 6.5 hours per patient was necessary for all planning procedures, however, this time consumption shows a trend toward less time of only four hours including about ten optimization steps. Meanwhile approximately 20 to 30% of all computer assisted planning are performed in 3D, corresponding to about one plan per day. The achieved time consumption is a clinically accepted quantity, that allows the introduction of 3D-planning into clinical routine.
Stroke: Just a Chemistry

Stroke is a significant health issue with its neuropathological mechanisms requiring better understanding. Within the course of ischemic stroke, obstruction of a major brain artery results in an abrupt blood flow limitation below a critical threshold and focal ischemic brain insult arises. Chemical shift imaging using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and more advanced imaging methods have recently provided some novel insights into the chemistry of stroke. Given the fact that stroke disturbs the normal brain chemistry, assessing and perhaps targeting the metabolic pathways ought to be a practical and useful approach to better understand the neurobiochemical aspects of stroke. This perspective paper focuses on the evolving dimensions of neurochemical research in stroke. [GMJ.2016;5(2):49-55]
The relationship between physical activity and risk factors for non-communicable diseases of a population in transition : the PURE study

Each manuscript must be accompanied by an abstract of approximately 150-200 words in English and should be set on a separate page as a SINGLE paragraph (one and a half spacing). A list of three to seven key words in English is required for indexing purposes and should be typed below the abstract. Articles in Afrikaans must include an additional extended summary (500-1000 words) in English. This summary must start on a new page (just before the reference list) and also provide the English title of the article at the beginning.
The modification of heart rate variability in normal, overweight and type 2 diabetic individuals.

s Published: Dose-response effect of DHA rich fish oil on resting heart rate and heart rate variability N Sjoberg, C Milte, A Coates, J Buckley, PRC Howe, DA Saint Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16 (Suppl 3): S118 Heart Rate Variability but not Corrected QT Interval has a Dose–Response Relationship with Dietary DHA Rich Fish Oil Supplementation in Overweight Humans Nicholas Sjoberg, Catherine Milte, Alison Coates, Jon Buckley, Peter Howe and David Saint Heart, Lung and Circulation, Volume 17, Supplement 3, 2008, Page S234
Immunosuppression in Nigerians with hookworm infection.

T rosette cells results in patients with (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) hookworm infection, divided into groups on the basis of the degree of anaemia (Group I had marked anaemia Hb 1-7, hypochromia ), Group II had moderate anaemia (Hb 8-11, hypochromia ++) and Group III had no signs of anaemia despite the underlying hookworm infection), were compared with results in 28 healthy controls who had no signs of other infection and excreting no ova of hookworm or other parasites. The level of sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming T-lymphocytes (SE-TL) in the patients (Group I:42 +/- 8%; Group II:45 +/- 11%; Group III:47 +/- 6%) was markedly reduced compared to controls (58 +/- 13%) (P < 0.001). The leucocyte migratory responses to purified protein derivative (P.P.D); were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in all the subgroups as compared with the controls. The results support the hypothesis of the existence of immunosuppression in patients with hookworm infection.
States Address Concerns about Concussions in Youth Sports.

After 13-year-old Zackery Lystedt of Washington suffered catastrophic multiple concussions in a junior high football game in 2006, his state passed a law in 2009 that has been copied – with slight variations – by every state in the country. 1 Youth sports injuries concerned other states' legislators who passed Lystedt laws in quick succession because results can be horrific after the first concussion, reported rates are high and there may be some failure to report. While good statistics are hard to come by, the Centers for Disease Control estimates there are at least 1.7 million incidents of traumatic brain injury (TBI) annually – about 75 percent of which are concussions. Each year, almost half a million emergency room visits for TBIs are made by children 0 to 14 years. 2 Worries are justified; the developing brains of children and adolescents are more vulnerable than adult brains and take longer to recover. 3 ECS reviewed legislation in the 50 states to see how state leaders are responding to concerns about concussions in youth sports. Among some of the highlights: National overview  With Mississippi Gov. Phil Bryant's signature on Jan. 20, 2014, all states have youth sports concussion laws.  About half the state laws require coaches to complete a concussion management training program, while 80 percent require coaches get information on recognizing concussions. 4  Thirteen states extend concussion law requirements to private entities, such as private schools or youth athletic leagues, in addition to public schools.  Twelve states offer immunity from civil liability to school districts and employees, officials, volunteers or medical personnel; six don't create or modify liability. State examples  California extended concussion provisions to students in charter and private schools.  Connecticut requires annual concussion training for coaches of intramural and interscholastic athletics.  Texas prohibits districts from using football helmets that are 16 years old or older. Helmets 10 years old or older must be reconditioned at least every two years. In addition, this report briefly considers the potential of emerging science and technology – in baseline testing, a blood test and an iPad application – in shaping the future of state legislation.
Thoughts on the Structure of the European Aurignacian, with Particular Focus on Hohle Fels IV

Western Europe is often used as the basis from which to understand the Aurignacian of other regions. For some there is good inter-regional chronocultural agreement, whereas others see significant difference. One region frequently argued to differ is the Swabian Jura (southern Germany). In a recent contribution to this issue Bataille and Conard (2018) describe the Aurignacian assemblage from Layer IV of Hohle Fels. They convincingly outline important similarities with the Western European Late Aurignacian. However, they also argue that it is older than, and different from, the most comparable Western European assemblages, and therefore that it contradicts an Aurignacian chronocultural framework built on Western European evidence. Here we assess this claim, focusing on the sites used by Bataille and Conard in their comparison. Radiocarbon dates for Hohle Fels IV of 33–30,000 uncal bp are no older than dates for Western European Late Aurignacian assemblages. Most of the features of Hohle Fels IV argued to demonstrate its dissimilarity are, in fact, evident in the Western European Late Aurignacian. One potential difference is the reported absence from Hohle Fels IV of microblades with inverse/alternate retouch. However, due to the near absence of laterally retouched microblades and uncertainty over whether the fine fraction has been searched we doubt the significance of this observation. Other recent publications have similarly suggested that the Western European chronocultural model is incompatible with other regions. In light of this we consider Eastern Europe. Despite some difference, reliable data point to the pene-contemporaneity of characteristic bladelet/microblade technologies between the two regions, a pattern that stratigraphies from sites across Europe are also consistent with. The biggest complicating factor is radiocarbon dating, which has created a culturally complex picture that is inconsistent with all chronostratigraphic data. We therefore offer some thoughts as to the use of radiocarbon dates for this period. Despite ongoing problems dates are still frequently presented with an unwarranted confidence in their accuracy. Their presentation should instead explicitly acknowledge the method’s fallibility and its inferiority to more reliable evidence such as chronostratigraphic patterning and tephra. When radiocarbon dates contradict a consistent chronostratigraphic picture the burden of proof falls to those arguing the dates’ veracity. In these cases, the reasons for the discrepancy between the radiocarbon and chronostratigraphic records require exploration.
Thrombocytosis and Gemcitabine

Gemcitabine (2'-2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a novel nucleoside analogue of deoxycytidine recently introduced for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and non-small-cell-lung cancer (NSCLC). We studied the occurrence of thrombocytosis when using this drug.
Relationships between nutrient patterns and geodemographic characteristics in Korea

Aim It is important to identify differences in nutrient patterns by region so that local governments can be better equipped to design effective public health plans in their administrative areas. The aim of this study was to identify the nutrient patterns of Korean adults living in various regions with different dietary cultures. We explored if there are regional associations with nutritional patterns along with other socio-demographic characteristics. Methods We utilised data for 17 415 adults who participated in the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). First, we reduced 18 nutrient intake variables to nutrient patterns via exploratory factor analysis. Next, we used multiple linear regression analysis to identify the associations between nutrient patterns and geodemographic characteristics. Results Five nutrient patterns were identified: ‘Meat-Related Nutrients', ‘Minerals', ‘Fibre/Vitamin C', ‘Vitamin A' and ‘Retinol'. Nutrient patterns in the Honam and Jeju region were significantly different from those in the Capital region. Age, gender, household income, education level and number of family members were significantly associated with the identified nutrient patterns. Conclusions We confirmed that there are differences in nutrient patterns by region. Our results suggest that the Honam and Jeju region should implement different regional public health plans from those in the Capital region.
SP0074 The Global Burden of Use and Abuse of Opiods in Non-Malignant Pain

Over the last decade there have been massive increases in prescribing of opioids in many countries, including the United States of America, Canada, and many European countries, including Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom. It is sobering to consider that the USA, less than 5% of the world's population, uses 80% of the global supply of opioids. The increase in prescribing in the USA has been paralleled by increasing misuse and mortality associated with these drugs and unintentional oversdose is now a leading cause of accidental death. In attempts to tackle the growing prescritpion opioid epidemic, lawmakers have responded with numerous policies and legislation that manadate ceiling doses, require utilisation of prescription monitoring programmes and implementation of risk minimisation strategies. A global alarm has been sounded among countries wishing to avoid this path. There have been similar trends of increased opioid consumption in the United Kingdom and other European countries, albeit at lower levels. However, this has not been associated without apparent increases in reported misuse or drug-related deaths. Differences in prescribing, culture, and health systems probably account for some of the differences in opioid prescribing and opioid overdose mortality and suggest features that may be permissive or protective in the development of a public health crisis. Most opioids are prescribed for non-cancer indications. Prescribing opioids has the potential to provide benefit for some patients when used as part of a comprehensive pain management plan. Unfortunately for the majority of patients opioids have little impact on pain and lead to bothersome side effects. The increased use of opioids has had little impact on the societal burden of pain, perhaps unsurprisingly, as the role of medicines in long-term pain management is limited. Basic, proactive steps, such as promoting good prescribing practice, regular review, enhanced surveillance – of overdoses, marketing practices, prescribers, and patients – and education programmes are essential to ensure appropriate opioid use and improve clinical outcomes. Disclosure of Interest R. Knaggs Grant/research support from: Grunenthal UK Ltd
Cartolabe: A Web-Based Scalable Visualization of Large Document Collections

We describe Cartolabe, a web-based multiscale system for visualizing and exploring large textual corpora based on topics, introducing a novel mechanism for the progressive visualization of filtering queries. Initially designed to represent and navigate through scientific publications in different disciplines, Cartolabe has evolved to become a generic framework and accommodate various corpora, ranging from Wikipedia (4.5M entries) to the French National Debate (4.3M entries). Cartolabe is made of two modules: The first relies on natural language processing methods, converting a corpus and its entities (documents, authors, and concepts) into high-dimensional vectors, computing their projection on the two-dimensional plane, and extracting meaningful labels for regions of the plane. The second module is a web-based visualization, displaying tiles computed from the multidimensional projection of the corpus using the Umap projection method. This visualization module aims at enabling users with no expertise in visualization and data analysis to get an overview of their corpus, and to interact with it: exploring, querying, filtering, panning, and zooming on regions of semantic interest. Three use cases are discussed to illustrate Cartolabe’s versatility and ability to bring large-scale textual corpus visualization and exploration to a wide audience.
Contextual-Bandit Based Personalized Recommendation with Time-Varying User Interests

A contextual bandit problem is studied in a highly non-stationary environment, which is ubiquitous in various recommender systems due to the time-varying interests of users. Two models with disjoint and hybrid payoffs are considered to characterize the phenomenon that users' preferences towards different items vary differently over time. In the disjoint payoff model, the reward of playing an arm is determined by an arm-specific preference vector, which is piecewise-stationary with asynchronous and distinct changes across different arms. An efficient learning algorithm that is adaptive to abrupt reward changes is proposed and theoretical regret analysis is provided to show that a sublinear scaling of regret in the time length T is achieved. The algorithm is further extended to a more general setting with hybrid payoffs where the reward of playing an arm is determined by both an arm-specific preference vector and a joint coefficient vector shared by all arms. Empirical experiments are conducted on real-world datasets to verify the advantages of the proposed learning algorithms against baseline ones in both settings.