Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Composition of the Spore Wall and the Wall of Vegetative Cells of Bacillus subtilis

SUMMARY: The spore wall of Bacillus subtilis is composed largely of structural protein, in contrast to the peptide+amino sugar+sugar complex of the wall of vegetative cells. Alanine, glutamic acid, αe-diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine, muramic acid, glucose, ribitol compounds and O-ester groups are the principal constituents of the vegetative cell walls. All of the compounds characteristic of the peptide+amino sugar+sugar complex have been detected in the spore wall preparations but they account only for a minor part of the spore wall. The walls of the vegetative bacteria have a high phosphorus content and contain appreciable amounts of a ribitol phosphate polymer. Spore walls and vegetative cell walls differ also in the nature of their N-terminal amino acids; glycine is the principal N-terminal amino acid of the spore wall protein whereas alanine is the main amino acid found in the wall of vegetative cells.
Southern Italian wild boar population, hotspot of genetic diversity

The wild boar, Sus scrofa , is an important game species widely distributed in Eurasia. Whereas the genetic variability of most European wild boar populations is well known, the status of wild boar living in Southern Italy is not as clear. We evaluated the present and past genetic diversity (D-loop, mtDNA) of the South Italian population, comparing it with that observed in other Mediterranean glacial refugia. Italian population showed highest genetic variability, if compared to other two European refugia (Iberian and Balkan). Most of samples from Italy carried sequences belonging to the European E1 haplogroup (80.9%) with a small proportion of the private Italian E2 (10.2%) and of the Asian (8.9%) ones. Italian samples carrying an Asian haplotype were genotyped by MC1R nuclear gene, failing to disclose a recent introgression from domestic pigs. Mismatch distribution analysis of the Italian population was affected by secondary contacts between these different lineages. This genetic melting pot was detected since the Mesolithic and the Neolithic age, during which we found samples belonging to the indigenous Italian and European haplogroups. Further, a Near-Eastern haplotype was found in 1800 AD samples from Southern and Central Italy. Our results can be in agreement with post-glacial recolonization theories, as well as with the long history of human-mediated translocations of Sus scrofa in the Mediterranean basin.
The health impacts of the contemporary manufacturing and service sectors on men and women

Manufacturing and manual employment and, to a lesser extent, low-grade white-collar work have long been associated with poor health outcomes. This article reports important new findings based on longitudinal micro data that demonstrate important changes and gender-related patterns to this prevailing understanding. Specifically, manufacturing employment now has a protective health effect for men, and women’s health is not strongly influenced by occupation. High-paid service sector employment is found to be bad for health, particularly among men. Changing industry within the service sector is linked to a deterioration in health, particularly among women, whereas changing employment from manufacturing to services is found to be bad for men’s health. Confirming previous research, shifts from any sector of employment into unemployment and economic inactivity are strongly associated with a deterioration in health. The findings point to four conclusions: i) the emergence of new occupational hazards in the service sector; ii) the improvement of working conditions in manufacturing; iii) changing industry is damaging to an individual’s health, possibly due to skills mismatches that may arise, although further research is required to further disentangle the direction of causation; and iv) the impacts on health of different industrial sectors and changes between industrial sectors vary between men and women.
Active Disaster Alerting Service System based on App of Smart Moving Object

Previous alerting service based on LBS was caused severe overload problem of server by using the method to confirm the location of each moving object on server. In this paper, by loading an App on smart moving object, we proposed a novel algorithm named ADAS(Active Disaster Alert Service) for accessing to the server site with oneself location information as needed and implemented the disaster alerting service system with visualization for user. In the proposed method, running App access to the server periodically with the present location coordinate gained from GPS module or network module and the ID of moving object. Then, the server compare the present location coordinate of moving object and the coordinates of disasters registered in DIDB and transmit the n NDIs existed in near distance orderly from the coordinate of present moving object to the client. The App compares the coordinate of present location for moving object and the coordinates of NDI is transmitted from server by real time and executes the service with classifying levels of alert into three steps such as danger, carefulness and safety. And new NDIs are gained by accessing DIDB on Server periodically during running App. Therefore, this will be become a novel method for reducing fundamentally the server overload problem in comparison with previous alerting service that the career of moving object is managed on server.
Entertaining whilst defacing websites: Psychological games for hackers

Aim/Purpose This study aims to investigate various characteristics from both, victims - defaced websites and defacers that linked to the risk of being defaced through a set of descriptive analysis Background The current figures from a spectrum of sources, both academic and non-academic reports proved a progressive increase of website defacement attacks to numerous organisations Methodology This study obtains a set of data from Zone-H site, which is accessible to the public, including 99,437 defaced websites. The descriptive analysis is applied in order to understand the motives of defacers and the probability of website re-defacements through the statistical investigation Findings The motives for defacing websites drive mainly due to entertaining reason. This in turn has an implication on the type of techniques defacers attack websites.
Competing Orders in Coupled Luttinger Liquids

We consider the problem of two-coupled Luttinger liquids both at half filling and at low doping levels, to investigate the problem of competing orders in quasi-one-dimensional strongly correlated systems. We use bosonization and renormalization group equations to investigate the phase diagrams, to determine the allowed phases, and to establish approximate boundaries among them. Because of the chiral translation and reflection symmetries in the charge mode away from half filling, orders of charge-density wave~CDW! and spin Peierls ~SP! , diagonal current ~DC! , and d-density wave ~DDW! form two doublets and thus can be at most quasilong-range ordered. At half filling, Umklapp terms break this symmetry down to a discrete group and thus Ising-type ordered phases appear as a result of spontaneous breaking of the residual symmetries. Quantum disordered Haldane phases are also found, with finite amplitudes of pairing orders and triplet counterparts of CDW, SP, DC, and DDW. Relations with recent numerical results and implications to similar problems in two dimensions are discussed.
The Impact of Student Loans on Borrowers: Consumption Patterns and Attitudes towards Repayment. Evidence from the New England Student Loan Survey.

The extent to which educational debt is burdensome for borrowers who are currently in repayment was studied with attention to the actual impact of loan repayment on economic behavior and the perceptions of repayers concerning that impact. Opinions of borrowers concerning the role of student loans in providing access to and choice among higher education institutions were also considered. The data came from a mail survey of a random sample of 2,000 borrowers who were currently paying off their student loans. A 70% response rate was achieved. All recipients borrowed from the Guaranteed Student Loan Program, and one-third also borrowed from the National Direct Student Loan program. It was found that the number of borrowers owing more than $10,000 and paying $150 a month or more was rising, but these students were earning more money because of their education. Two-thirds of respondents said the availability of loans was very or extremely important in allowing them to continue their education after high school. About 55% said the loans were crucial in allowing them to enroll in the particular institution they attended. A similar majority of borrowers felt that the availability of loans allowed them to stay in school to complete their degrees. 22 references. (SW) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by,EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** The Impact of Student Loans on Borrowers: Consumption Patterns and Attitudes OMM. =MEW IIMIMsim MEM.
An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees

Current trends in global honeybee population changes have been linked to drastic declines in honeybee populations caused by complex interactions between pathogens, arthropod pests such as Varroa, pesticides, honeybee stress and habitat loss. Although substantial information exists for this sudden decline in honeybee populations in Europe and North America, in Africa the effect of this threat continues to draw debate. Despite recent reports showing the presence of V. destructor mites across the continent, knowledge on pathogens associated with bees and this mite in various parts of the continent is scanty. This review provides a comprehensive update on the documented diversity and geographic distribution of honeybee pathogens and points to the need of further information on these constraints of honeybee health.
Thresholds and Regime Change in the Market for Renewable Identification Numbers

The coupling of RIN prices appears to be the result of an ethanol market subject to RFS mandates that exceed the blend wall and non-binding mandates in the biodiesel market. It is thought that the ethanol mandate is binding beyond the market absorption ability, and thus the primary drivers of D6 ethanol RIN price are unobserved thresholds in renewable volume obligations, and deterministic variables such as corn price and ethanol blend margins. In regard to the market for biodiesel, the hypothesis is that biodiesel producers are over-complying with the RFS biodiesel mandates to meet an ethanol mandate which has crossed some threshold in proximity to the ethanol blend wall. Therefore biodiesel mandates are essentially non-binding. Nonlinear threshold models are applied to address nonlinearities occurring in the prices. These types of models are well suited to handling nonlinearities and regime changes, such as those which occur with RFS revisions. A candidate set of models are fitted to the data and model selection techniques are carried out to determine the most appropriate fit.
Big Fish: Oil Markets and Speculation

The role of speculators in the oil markets has been vastly investigated during the last few years. Several authors focused on the definition of speculation while others examined the relationship between oil prices and the behavior of trading actors. In this paper, we formulate a new theory able to describe “hedging needs” as well as the role of speculators in the crude oil market. According to our model, the different strategies of producers and consumers aimed at defending themselves against abrupt oil price changes can be satisfied only if speculators play a very active role. Due to the rapid growth in shale oil production, the importance of speculation in ensuring an equilibrium in the U.S. crude oil market has consequently grown noticeably. We estimate an econometric conditional Error Correction Model (ECM) applying Pesaran’s bound tests, over the sample February 2000 November 2014, using WTI and CFTC data. Our theory is well supported by econometric evidence. In other words, our model is suitable to demonstrate how commercial operators act on the market. In addition, the increasing importance of future contracts (also known as financialisation of crude oil market) helps in reaching a level of prices close to the equilibrium one. Finally, we are able to find evidence of a positive impact of the action of speculators on the efficiency of oil markets as they help stabilizing prices.
Relevance-Theoretic Objections to Levinson's GCI Theory (S. C. Levinson, Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature)

In this review article, I will first broadly outline the proposals made in Levinson (2000), then criticize his central ideas in discussing problems raised in recent papers by Wilson (2002a, 2002b, 2002c), Carston (1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001), Matsui (2002) and others, and finally extend the discussion to suggest how one might account for Levinson's observations in Relevance Theory (henceforth RT). Towards the end, I will offer an overall evaluation of the place of Levinson's theory of generalized conversational implicature (GCI) and Sperber and Wilson's RT in the recent literature on cognition and communication. The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, I will summarize the basic assumptions on which neo-Gricean pragmatics is based, and
Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells in Endocrinology- Review Article

Background: Because of the ability of proliferation, regeneration, conversion to differentiated cells and tissue producing, stem cell therapy has important clinical implications for treatment of different diseases. In this chapter we discuss different kinds of stem cells that have been used in treatment of neurologic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, heart diseases, bone disease, kidney disease, chronic wounds, graft versus heart disease, sepsis and respiratory diseases. Then we will discuss stem cell therapy in treatment of diabetes which is one of the most important diseases of Endocrinology and after that we will provide a brief summary of ethical challenges of stem cell transplantation.
Effect of dietary supplementation with Rhizopus oryzae or Chrysonilia crassa on growth performance, blood profile, intestinal microbial population, and carcass traits in broilers exposed to heat stress

Abstract. Dietary supplementation of additives has recently been part of strategies to deal with the detrimental effects of heat stress (HS) on the performance and carcass traits in broiler chicks. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the fungi Rhizopus oryzae or Chrysonilia crassa on growth, blood profile, intestinal microbial population and carcass traits in broiler chicks subjected to HS. R. oryzae and C. crassa are filamentous fungi isolated from the ileum of indigenous Indonesian chickens which exhibited probiotic and antioxidant properties. Two hundred and forty 21-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into six groups, including birds reared under normal temperature (28 ± 2 °C) (CONT), birds reared under HS conditions (35 ± 2 °C) (HS-CONT), birds reared under HS and provided with commercial anti-stress formula (HS-VIT), birds reared under HS and provided with R. oryzae (HS-RO), birds reared under HS and provided with C. crassa (HS-CC) and birds reared under HS and provided with rice bran (HS-RB). Body weight gain was highest (P
Foliar N⁄P ratio and nutrient limitation to vegetation growth on Keerqin sandy grassland of North-east China

To examine whether the critical leaf N ⁄ P ratios (of 14, 16) are valid to test nutrient limitation in the context of semi-arid sandy grasslands, an experiment was conducted on a Keerqin sandy grassland in North-east China to investigate the responses of plant biomass and nutrient concentrations to fertilization. Plant biomass production and leaf nutrient concentrations were measured after five consecutive years of fertilization with N (20 g N m )2 year )1 ) and ⁄ or P (10 g P2O5 m )2 year )1 ). Nitrogen fertilization increased the shoot biomass by twofold and consequently the shoot ⁄ root ratio, whereas P fertilization had little effect on either shoot biomass or shoot ⁄ root ratio. Leaf N ⁄ P ratio varied among species with an average of 5AE6 in the control, while the mean leaf N ⁄ P ratio (7AE5) under the N fertilization treatment remained below the threshold of 14. Our results suggest that the critical N ⁄ P ratio (14, 16) is not applicable as a test for nutrient limitations in the context of semi-arid, sandy grassland.
Image to sound transforms and sound to image visualizations based on the chromaticism of music

Numerous algorithms have been proposed for image to sound and sound to image transforms. Based on heuristic assignments of sound frequencies to RGB values, they perform effective mappings between musical entities (notes) and values for optical wavelengths. In this paper, the chromaticism of the sound domain is taken into account and the colouring of the performed music is depicted for interrelated sound segments that have acoustic polymorphism and form entities of pitch organization. This algorithm helps visualize musical files according to their melodic structure and not only according to their temporal characteristics (i.e. rhythm). Key-Words: Sound to Image Transforms, Visualizations, Chromatic Index of Music.
Is being single better? An analysis of employment structure and wages of Japanese female workers

Using the 1993-2010 Japanese Panel Survey of Consumer data, this paper examines Japanese women’s labour force participation and determinants of earnings by marital status with a particular focus on the unmarried. Estimates confirm that experience and education increase women’s labour force participation, but age reduces it among unmarried women and increases it among the married. Estimates further show weak evidence of a 1.4 per cent wage penalty for being single. Age, high education, and full-time employment status produce a wage premium for women, regardless of their marital status, but experience has no effect on unmarried women’s earnings and reduces married women’s wages by 2.3 per cent. Occupational differences have a large effect on earnings: professional and technical occupations offer high wage premiums for women, regardless of their marital status. Industry differences also matter: unmarried women in the finance/insurance/real estate industry and married women in public administration earn sizable wage premiums.
Sulphur balance in agroecosystem.

This field study shows how different crops and soil treatments with different nitrogen fertilization levels affect sulphur balance. Sulphur deposition, leaching through soil and water seepage, availability and uptake by crops, effects on crop yield and losses were investigated. The research was conducted on a field trial from 1996 to 2014 in temperate continental climate on Stagnosols. The soil was treated 10 times with mineral nitrogen fertilizers in an ascending doses from 0 to 300 kg N ha -1 and additional two 250 kg N ha -1 treatments, one with phosphogypsum and one with zeolite tuff and CaCO3. Drainpipes and lysimeters were installed to collect water samples and measure the effects of N doses, amendments and precipitation on sulphur losses. Average annual sulphur losses were from 4.9 to 68.7 kg ha 1 through drainage water, and from 1.5 to 24.9 kg ha -1 through lysimeter water. Depending on a crop, year and yield, average crop losses ranged from minimal 2.8 kg ha -1 in winter wheat up to 17.6 kg ha -1 in oilseed rape. Average total S content in soil varied from 882 to 1764 kg ha -1 . Overall agroecosystem S balance between input and output, calculated for all crops and all treatments was positive only in the treatment with phosphogypsum for winter wheat, corn and oilseed rape. Water shortage in 2011 caused positive S balance for soybean in other treatments too, not only in the treatment where phosphogypsum was applied.
M E T H O D S TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF SPATIAL SIMULATION MODELS

Turner, M.G. , Costanza, R. and Sklar, F.H. , 1989. Methods to evaluate the performance of spatial simulation models. EcoL Modelling, 48: 1-18. Quantitative methods are necessary to compare spatial patterns and evaluate the performance of spatial simulation models. We present and review several approaches to the analysis and comparison of spatial patterns. The methods are readily applicable to digital data that are in matrix (i.e., grid cell or raster) format, and include: (a) indices of particular aspects of spatial pattern, including fractal dimension, contagion, and interface; (b) spatial predictability; and (c) a variable resolution approach for measuring the degree of fit between two patterns. Because these methods measure different aspects of spatial patterns, they may be differentially suited to particular modeling and analysis objectives. In this paper, we describe the methods, apply each method to a sample data set, then evaluate the information provided and appropriate situations for its use.
The beginnings of dairying as practised by pastoralists in ‘green’ Saharan Africa in the 5th millennium BC

Previous research has identified the antiquity and chronology of dairying practices as beginning in the Near East and its subsequent spread across Europe. In the Libyan Sahara, archaeological evidence, confirmed by the remarkable rock art depicting cattle herding, together with faunal evidence, also suggests an early inception of dairying practices in North Africa and the formation of an independent ‘secondary products’ economy by mobile pastoral groups. In this paper, we elaborate on the first unequivocal chemical evidence, based on the δ 13 C and Δ 13 C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat, for the adoption of dairying practices by prehistoric Saharan African people in the fifth millennium BC.
Effects of Inflation Targeting Policy on Inflation Rates and Gross Domestic Product in Ghana

Inflation targeting has been widely adopted in both developed and developing economies. The Bank of Ghana (BOG) formally adopted an inflation targeting regime as a major monetary policy framework in May 2007, becoming the second African country to do so after South Africa. This research paper sought to investigate the effect of inflation targeting policy on inflation rates and gross domestic product. The research adopted the quantitative method by comparing the effect of inflation targeting policy on inflation rates and gross domestic product in the pre inflation targeting period (2000-2006) and the post inflation targeting period (2007-2013). The resultsrevealed that there was a significant difference between the mean inflation rates for the two periods. The inflation rate for the post inflation targeting period is significantly less than the pre-inflation targeting period. It was also revealed that inflation targeting did not have a statistically significant effect on economic growth in Ghana. The study concluded that policy makers are encouraged to explore other policy alternative including inflation targeting regime to maximize production in the economy. Keywords: Inflation Targeting Policy, Inflation Rates, Gross Domestic Product