Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Appropriate BMI cut-off values for identification of metabolic risk factors: Third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Iran (SuRFNCD-2007)

Aim: To determine the appropriate threshold of body mass index (BMI) associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in a large representative sample of an Iranian population. Subjects and methods: Data of third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) were used in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, and shortest distance on the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine gender-specific optimal cut-offs of BMI for cardiometabolic risk factors including elevated blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, high fasting plasma glucose and for ≥ 2 of the aforementioned risk factors. Results: There was a continuous increase in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors with increasing BMI (p < 0.001). At the BMI of 25–29 kg/m2 men were at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases compared to women (p < 0.001). The appropriate BMI cut-offs ranged from 24.6–26.1 kg/m2 for men and from 26.9–28.8 kg/m2 for women. The optimal BMI cut-offs for identifying any two or more of those risk factors were 25.2 and 27.3 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: In men the appropriate BMI cut-offs are ∼25 kg/m2, while in women higher BMI values are associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Tobacco Usage among Males in Rural Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Knowing the prevalence of tobacco use and the socio-demographic profile of users might prove useful in further strengthening the information, education, communicationand regulatory activities, thereby by decreasing tobacco use . The objective was to study the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among rural men aged 18 years and above in rural area of Tamil Nadu. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among 714 males aged 18 years and above in Vadagarai village of Tamil Nadu during 2010 and interviewed with a pretested questionnaire. Systematic random sampling was used to select the participants. Results: Prevalence of smoking was found to be 36.7%. Cigarette smoking was more common than beedi and smokeless tobacco. Conclusion: Strict enforcement of anti-tobacco legislation and awareness measures targeting ill-effects of tobacco can be intensified to reduce tobacco related morbidity and mortality.
Diversifying Kinesiology: Untapped Potential of Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Increasing the involvement of African Americans in the field of kinesiology has been an ever present issue. While many colleges and universities are making attempts to diversify their undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty, many are finding this a difficult task due to the lack of minority undergraduate kinesiology majors pursuing advanced degrees. There is a body of evidence that suggests that kinesiology programs should find ways to recruit African American students to undergraduate and graduate programs as a basis for diversifying the field. The three related problems discussed in this article are: (a) how to attract quality African American physical education teacher education students to the field of kinesiology; (b) how to identify African American students with the potential to thrive in graduate level coursework; and (c) how to recruit exceptional African American students to participate in professional organizations, such as the National Association for Kinesiology in Higher Education (NAKHE). Ultimately, I provide suggestions for recruiting African Americans to the field of kinesiology and ideas for involving them professionally in NAKHE.
Concurrent drug therapy for tuberculosis and HIV infection in resource-limited settings: present status and future prospects

Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings where the burden of tuberculosis (TB) is high has resulted in the increasingly frequent need for patients to receive TB treatment and ART concurrently. This presents a major challenge to ART programs in these settings, where the therapeutic options and the healthcare infrastructure to effectively deliver and monitor overlapping treatment are limited. This article reviews the issues of pharmacokinetic interactions, drug cotoxicity and TB immune reconstitution disease. The currently available treatment options and the impact of concurrent treatment on patient outcomes are described. The use of ART in the treatment of HIV-associated multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is also considered. Finally we discuss how new therapeutic agents currently in development may improve treatment options in the future.
Corneal collagen crosslinking: new horizons

Corneal collagen crosslinking using the photosensitzer riboflavin and UVA light has been introduced recently as an effective means of stabilizing the cornea in keratoconus and is currently entering mainstream use; the 6-year results have confirmed earlier positive results. Preoperative pachymetry to ensure a stromal thickness of at least 400 µm and individual control of the UVA irradiance of 3 mW/cm2 before each treatment are both mandatory to avoid serious risks. Complications such as keratitis, perforation or scarring are extremely rare. New applications of the technique are currently being explored, such as the treatment of post-laser in situ keratomileusis ectasia, pellucid marginal degeneration, therapy-refractive keratitis or bullous keratopathy. Thanks to crosslinking, the need for corneal transplantation should be reduced significantly in the future in various corneal disorders.
ANTEVERSION OF THE FEMORAL NECK IN THE NORMAL FEMUR: AND ITS RELATION TO CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP

In connection with some work which has been done during the past four years at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on anteversion of the femoral neck, when found in connection with congenital dislocation of the hip, I recently made a study of 200 normal femora at the anatomic museum of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, with the view of determining the frequency and extent of this condition in the normal femur, and beyond what degree it might be considered an abnormality, sufficient to justify a corrective osteotomy when found complicating congenital dislocation. The method employed in determining the angle of deformity was as follows: A line was drawn through the center of the upper surface of the head and neck of the femur parallel to its long axis. The femur was then laid on a plain surface, resting on the posterior eminences of both condyles and the greater or
Hypophosphatemic rickets caused by a novel splice donor site mutation and activation of two cryptic splice donor sites in the PHEX gene

Abstract X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is the most common inherited form of rickets. XLH is caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene and is transmitted as an X-linked dominant disorder. We investigated PHEX mutation in a sporadic Turkish girl with hypophosphatemic rickets. The patient was 2 years of age with a complaint of inability to walk. She had bowing of legs and growth retardation. Laboratory data showed normal calcium, low phosphate with markedly elevated ALP, and low phosphate renal tubular reabsorption. She was treated with Calcitriol 0.5 mg/kg/day and oral phosphate supplement with good response. The entire coding region of PHEX gene was sequenced from patient’s peripheral leukocyte DNA and a novel 13 bp deletion at the donor splice site of exon5 was found (c.663+12del). Instead of using the donor splice site of intron 4 to splice out exon 5 and intron 5, the spliceosome utilized two nearby cryptic donor splice sites (5′ splice site) to splice out intron 4, resulting in two smaller transcripts. Both of them could not translate into functional proteins due to frameshift. Her parents did not carry the mutation, indicating that this is a de novo PHEX mutation likely resulting from mutagenesis of X chromosome in paternal germ cells. We conclude that c.663+12del is a novel mutation that can activate nearby cryptic 5′ splice sites. The selection of cryptic 5′ splice sites adds the complexity of cell’s splicing mechanisms. The current study extends the database of PHEX mutation and cryptic 5′ splice sites.
Exercise intervention and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. Comparison between obese youngsters taking part in a physical activity school-based programme with and without individualised diet counselling: the ACORDA project

Abstract Aim: To determine the effects of a school-based exercise intervention programme on cardiovascular risk factors, including body fat (BF), metabolic profile and physical activity (PA) in children with and without individualised dietary counselling approach (IDC and WIDC). Subjects and methods: Forty-six overweight children from 6–16 years old (25 girls, 54.3%; age = 10.3 ± 2.8) of six schools took part in an 8-month interdisciplinary, school-based intervention programme. All children were engaged in PA classes, but only one group was exposed to individualised counselling. Blood pressure (BP), lipids and lipoproteins, accelerometer-based PA, percentage of body fat (%BF) and trunk fat (%TF) measures were taken before and after intervention. General Linear Model (Repeated Measures ANOVA) adjusted for age, maturation and height change was used to analyse the longitudinal effect of individualised counselling between two evaluations in each group. Results: Favourable changes were observed for %BF, %TF, systolic BP and total cholesterol in the IDC group. Subjects WIDC only increased light and moderate–vigorous PA. In IDC, significant effects for time * group interactions were found for systolic BP, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, indicating that counselling might add favourable changes in these markers, beyond those explained by PA and growth. Conclusion: School-based interventions can contribute to counteracting obesity in youth, particularly when individualised dietary counselling is provided. Therefore, the link between schools and professional counselling should be strengthened to ensure consolidated changes towards healthy behaviours.
Stressors experienced by nurses working in a dialysis setting

Nursing patients who are on dialysis is demanding, and renal nurses working in a dialysis setting experience a multitude of stressors daily. This US review, conducted by Pandora Goode, examines the stressors that affect the mental and physical welfare of dialysis nurses, including stressors that relate to increasing workloads, staff issues, infectious diseases and patient–nurse relations.
The stunted child with an overweight mother as a growing public health concern in resource-poor environments: a case study from Guatemala

Abstract Background: Overweight and obesity are emerging at alarming rates in low income women in many countries. Guatemala has the additional burden of a high prevalence of chronic under-nutrition (stunting) in children. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to explore the dual burden of infant and child (5–23 months) under-nutrition and maternal over-weight and obesity in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Subjects and methods: Anthropometric measures were collected in 446 mother–infant dyads in a metropolitan population of mixed indigenous (Maya) and non-indigenous descent in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Children were identified as stunted based on a height for age <−2 below the WHO reference median and maternal overweight/obesity defined as a BMI ≥25. Stunted children with an overweight/obese mother were compared to other children who were not stunted and/or who did not have an overweight/obese mother. Results: The prevalences of stunting (38%) and maternal overweight/obesity (45%) were high, but just 17% of the mother and child pairs were dual burden. The socio-demographic characteristics of stunted children were not influenced by maternal overweight or obesity. Conclusion: Policies are needed to address under-nutrition as well as preventing obesity and obesity-related chronic disease risks of stunted children and their mothers.
FNAC diagnosis of medullary carcinoma thyroid: A report of three cases with review of literature

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is an unusual neoplasm, which is associated with specific supportive diagnostic markers. Despite this, its cytological diagnosis is often difficult. We report herewith three cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma. The diagnosis was established on fine-needle aspiration cytology. Plasmacytoid cell pattern was observed in two cases and spindle cell pattern in the third case.
A cell pattern approach to interpretation of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid lesions: A cyto-histomorphological study

Aim: Our study aimed at a cell pattern approach to interpret thyroid cytology and to demonstrate diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with an emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Materials and Methods: A total number of 218 goitre cases, from the year 2000 to 2004, were reviewed retrospectively from the cytology files, without considering the previous cytological diagnosis. Four cases with inadequate aspirate were excluded. The predominant cell pattern, such as macro/normofollicular, microfollicular, papillary, syncytial, dispersed and cystic pattern, was noted in each case. The final diagnosis was arrived by observing the cellular details and background elements. Cytological diagnosis was correlated with histopathology in 75 cases. The sensitivity and specificity were computed. Results: Normo/macrofollicular pattern was seen in 71.96% of nodular goitre and 6.9% of follicular neoplasms. Around 86.2% of follicular neoplasms and 17.6% of papillary carcinoma had microfollicular pattern. The papillary pattern was seen in 47% of papillary carcinoma. Syncytial pattern was noticed in 72.3% of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and 29.4% of papillary carcinoma. Cytological diagnosis was concordant with histopathological diagnosis in 65 cases. Overall sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in diagnosing neoplastic lesions of thyroid were 83.33 and 95.55%, respectively. Conclusion: FNAC is more sensitive and specific in triaging neoplastic from non-neoplastic thyroid lesions. Identification of the predominant cell pattern would be complementary to analysis of cell morphology and background details in cytological diagnosis of thyroid lesions. This approach helps to diagnose follicular neoplasm and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
The value of systematic pattern analysis in FNAC of breast lesions: 225 cases with cytohistological correlation

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has a high rating in the assessment of breast lesions. Various methods have been used to diagnose cytology of breast lesions. Aims: Present study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of application of systematic pattern analysis based on morphology in diagnosing breast aspirates. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of FNAC of the breast done over a period of 4 years in a tertiary care centre. A total of 225 cases of breast lesions for which FNAC was done with histological follow-up were included in the study. Breast aspirates were provisionally diagnosed based on systematic pattern analysis. Aspirates were grouped into six categories based on predominant cellular pattern, and correlation between cytological and histological diagnosis was assessed. Results: Application of pattern analysis on FNAC of breast lesions in our study had a sensitivity of 94.5%, specificity of 98%, diagnostic accuracy of 97%, positive predictive value of 95.8%, and negative predictive value of 97.4%. Conclusions: Systematic pattern analysis based on morphology of FNAC smears was found to be highly reliable and could be easily reproducible in the assessment of breast masses.
Maternal correlates of birth weight of newborn: A hospital based study

Background: weight of the baby at birth is considered to be a major determinant of future health and survival of the child. It is one of the important factors which determine the readiness with which the newborn baby adjusts to its surrounding. Many maternal socio-biological factors influence birth weight. Objective: To determine maternal socio-biological factors influencing birth weight of newborn. Methodology: Hospital based cross- sectional study undertaken in Obstetrics and Gynaecology ward of Nehru hospital, Gorakhpur. The study period extended from July 2011 to August 2012. The study subject included recently delivered mothers and data was collected on semi-structured interview schedule to know various socio-biological variables such as mother’s age, parity, inter-pregnancy interval etc, influencing the low birth weight of newborn. Chi-Square test was applied to observe the significance of association. Results: The overall proportion of low birth weight baby came out to be 32.06%. Out of various socio-biological factors taken the factors which came out to be statistically significant were age of mother, parity, inter-pregnancy interval, SLI, education. The factors which were not statistically significant were father’s education, religion. Conclusions: It was concluded that teenage pregnancy, non-utilization of antenatal care practices, anaemia, illiteracy are unfavorable predictors of birth weight of newborn babies.
Anthropometric parameters of malnutrition in children 5-15 years old in Khartoum State, Sudan

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted using a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements to assess chronic malnutrition (stunting) and acute malnutrition (wasting) for 570 children at 60 to 180 months age, including 294 girls and 276 boys at Dar EL Salam, Khartoum State, Sudan. The prevalence of malnutrition was calculated using World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro Plus; it was shown that severe and moderate chronic malnutrition in both male and female was 4.6 and 15.25%, respectively. The prevalence of chronic malnutrition (stunting) in male was 6.2 and 17.43% for severe and moderate stunting and in females was 3.03 and 12.85% for severe and moderate stunting, respectively. The prevalence of acute malnutrition in both males and females according to the BMI-for-age body mass index (BMI) was 6.99 and 19.19% for severe and moderate acute malnutrition. The prevalence of acute malnutrition (wasting) in males was 6.66 and 19.66% for severe and moderate acute malnutrition and in female was 6.95 and 18.93% for severe and moderate acute malnutrition.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer

Abstract In India, prostate cancer has an incidence rate of 3.9 per 100,000 men and is responsible for 9% of cancer-related mortality. It is the only malignancy that is diagnosed with an apparently blind technique, i.e., transrectal sextant biopsy. With increasing numbers of high-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment being installed in India, the radiologist needs to be cognizant about endorectal MRI and multiparametric imaging for prostate cancer. In this review article, we aim to highlight the utility of multiparamteric MRI in prostate cancer. It plays a crucial role, mainly in initial staging, restaging, and post-treatment follow-up.
Assessment of Thyroid Function in Two Hundred Patients with β-Thalassemia Major

Despite improved hematologic care, multiendocrine dysfunction is a common complication of homozygous transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. In this study our goal was to estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in a large homogenous group of thalassemic patients. Two hundred patients with β-thalassemia major (100 males and 100 females; mean age, 23.2 ± 6.7 years; age range 11-43 years), regularly transfused and desferioxamine chelated, were randomly selected from a pool of approximately 800 patients with β-thalassemia followed in our department. Thyroid function and iron-load status were evaluated by measurements of free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyrotropin (TSH), and serum ferritin levels. Of the subgroup of patients who proved to have normal thyroid hormone values, 26 (12 males, 14 females; mean age, 23.6 ± 6.8 years; age range, 15-36 years) were randomly selected and underwent a standard TRH stimulation test. Thyroid dysfunction was defined as follows: overt hypothyroidism: low.
Role of nutrition in preventing insulin resistance in children

Abstract Nutrition during prenatal, early postnatal and pubertal period is crucial for the development of insulin resistance and its consequences. During prenatal period fetal environment and nutrition seems to interfere with metabolism programming later in life. The type of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, protein, fat and micronutrient content in maternal nutrition could influence insulin sensitivity in the newborn. The effects of lactation on metabolism and nutritional behavior later in life have been studied. Dietary habits and quality of diet during puberty could prevent the onset of a pathological insulin resistance through an adequate distribution of macro- and micronutrients, a diet rich in fibers and vegetables and poor in saturated fats, proteins and sugars. We want to overview the latest evidences on the risk of insulin resistance later in life due to both nutritional behaviors and components during the aforementioned periods of life, following a chronological outline from fetal development to adolescence.
The Profile of Candida Species in Oral Candidiasis Patient with HIV&AIDS Infection

Latar Belakang Sampai saat ini di Indonesia keberadaan spesies Candida nonalbicans sebagai penyebab Kandidiasis Oral pada pasien HIV&AIDS belum banyak diteliti. Spesies ini dapat menyebabkan masalah pada penatalaksanaanya.Tujuan Mengetahui profil spesies Candida dan jumlah sel CD4 pada pasien kandidiasis oral dengan infeksi HIV&AIDS Metode Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif observasional potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan selama tiga bulan mulai Juli 2012 di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Sesuai dengan kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan pasien didapatkan jumlah sampel sebesar dua puluh tujuhsubjek penelitian yang terdiri dari delapan belas pria dan sembilan wanita. Identifkasi spesies Candida dengan tiga metode yaitu kultur Cornmeal Tween 80, uji fermentasi karbohidrat, dan kultur media CHROMagar Candida. Penentuan jumlah sel CD4 dengan metode flowcytometri.Hasil Ditemukan spesies C. albicans 88,8%,C.glabrata 7,4%, dan C.tropicalis 3,8%. Perbandingan C.albicans dan C. nonalbicans sebesar 8 1. Jumlah sel CD4 pada rentang 1-285 sel/mm3. Jumlah sel CD 4 terbanyak pada kelompok < 200 sel/mm3 85,2% diikuti kelompok CD4 200-350 sel/mm3 14,8%. Jenis Spesies pada kelompok CD4 < 200 sel/mm3 adalah C.albicans, C.glabarata, dan C.tropicalis. Kelompok CD4 200-350 sel/mm3 spesies C.albicansdan C.glabrata. Simpulan Pada penelitian ini C.albicans merupakan spesies terbanyak yang ditemukan pada pasien Kandididasis oral dengan infeksi HIV&AIDS.
Locomotor training in subjects with sensori-motor deficits: An overview of the robotic gait orthosis lokomat

It is known that improvement in walking function can be achieved in patients suffering a movement disorder after stroke or spinal cord injury by providing intensive locomotor training. Rehabilitation robots allow for a longer and more intensive training than that achieved by conventional therapies. Robot assisted treadmill training also offers the ability to provide objective feedback within one training session and to monitor functional improvements over time. This article provides an overview of the technical features and reports the clinical data available for one of these systems known as "Lokomat". First, background information is given for the neural mechanisms of gait recovery. The basic technical approach of the Lokomat system is then described. Furthermore, new features are introduced including cooperative control strategies, assessment tools and augmented feedback. These features may be capable of further enhancing training intensity and patient participation. Findings from clinical studies are presented covering the feasibility as well as efficacy of Lokomat assisted treadmill training.