Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“Control information”: The missing element in Norbert Wiener’s cybernetic paradigm?

Norbert Wiener’s cybernetic paradigm represents one of the seminal ideas of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, its full potential has yet to be realized. For instance, cybernetics is relatively little used as an analytical tool in the social sciences. One reason, it is argued here, is that Wiener’s framework lacks a crucial element – a functional definition of information. Although so‐called Shannon information has made many valuable contributions and has many important uses, it is blind to the functional properties of information. Here a radically different approach to information theory is described. After briefly critiquing the literature in information theory, a new kind of cybernetic information will be proposed called “control information. ” Control information is not a “thing” but an attribute of the relationships between things. It is defined as: the capacity (know‐how) to control the acquisition, disposition and utilization of matter/energy in purposive (cybernetic) processes. This concept is briefly elucidated, and a formalization proposed in terms of a common unit of measurement, namely the quantity of “available energy” that can be controlled by a given unit of information in a given context. However, other metrics are also feasible, from money to allocations of human labor. Some illustrations are briefly provided and some of the implications are discussed.
A CMOS low-power voltage control oscillator applied in the GPS RF receiver

The VCO circuit is widely applied in various communication circuits. This paper describes a low power ring voltage control oscillator. The VCO consists of five stages, and each stage uses differential structure. The VCO is the single-ended output. The chip is fabricated in 0. 18μm CMOS technology of TSMC in Taiwan. The chip core area is 0.25mm × 0.05mm. Measurements show that the power consumption is about 9.2mW at a supply voltage of 1.75V. The center frequency is 62MHz. The phase noise is -89.39dBc/Hz@1MHz. The VCO can be used in PLL of the GPS RF receiver.
Nonlinear control of an artificially stimulated muscle-skeleton-load system

A nonlinear strategy for control of joint angle is proposed for a system consisting of an artificially stimulated muscle, controlling a joint, attached to a known load. This strategy is based on a nonlinear model of the muscle dynamics. The controller is obtained by inversion of this model. Preliminary experimental results show the feasibility of this control strategy. <<ETX>>
Adaptive dynamic programming for auto-resilient video streaming

Wireless video transmission encounters higher error rate than in wired network, which introduces distortion into the error-sensitive compressed data, reducing the quality of the playback video. Therefore, to ensure the end-to-end quality, wireless video needs a transmission system including both efficient source coding scheme and transmission technology against the influence of the channel error. This paper tackles a dynamic programming algorithm for robust video streaming over error-prone channels. An auto-resilient multiple-description coding with optimized transmission strategy has been proposed. Further study is done on the computational complexity of rate-distortion optimized video streaming and a dynamic programming algorithm is considered. Experiment results show that video streaming with adaptive dynamic programming gains better playback video quality at the receiver when transmitted through error-prone mobile channel.
An Effective Community Detection Method Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm

Detecting community structure from complex networks has triggered considerable attention in several application domains. This paper proposes a new community detection method based on improved genetic algorithm (named CDIGA), which tries to find the best community structure by maximizing the network modularity. String encoding is used to realize genetic representation. Parts of nodes assign their community identifiers to all of their neighbors to ensure the convergence of the algorithm and eliminate unnecessary iterations when initial population is created. Crossover operator and mutation operator are improved too, one-way crossover strategy is introduced to crossover process, the Connect validity of mutation node is ensured in mutation process. We compared it with three other algorithms in computer generated networks and real world networks, Experiment Results show that the improved algorithm is highly effective for discovering community structure.
20 ps resolution time-to-digital converter for digital storage oscilloscopes

A time-to-digital converter with 20 ps resolution has been developed to be used in digital storage oscilloscopes. It takes two independent inputs that have less than 4 ns time interval. The time interval is stretched by discharging-charging ratio with a pulse stretcher, and the stretched interval is counted with a coarse counter. The resulting count is proportional to the time interval of the two inputs. The LSB count of the TDC is 7.80 ps, and the RMS of standard deviation of the output is 14.1 ps. So the TDC can be used where less than 20 ps timing resolution is required. We have used it in a 250 MS/s data acquisition system for interpolating the 4 ns sampling clock period and verified its performance.
An Ontology-Based Automatic Semantic Annotation Approach for Patent Document Retrieval in Product Innovation Design

Patent retrieval plays a very important role in product innovation design. However, current patent retrieval approaches lack semantic comprehension and association, and usually cannot capture the implicit useful knowledge at a semantic level. In order to improve the traditional patent search, this paper proposes a novel ontology-based automatic semantic annotation approach based on the thorough analysis of patent documents, which combines both structure and content characteristics, and integrates multiple techniques from various aspects. Multilayer semantic model is established to realize unified semantic representation. The approach first utilizes template schemes to extract the structure information from patent documents, and then identifies semantics of entities and relations between entities from the content based on natural language processing techniques and domain knowledge, and at last employs a heuristic pattern learning method to abstract patent technical features. Case study is provided to show that our approach can acquire multi-level patent semantic knowledge from multiple perspectives, and discover semantic correlations between patent documents, which can further promote the accurate patent semantic retrieval effectively.
173 Wavelet-based Technology of Reduced Coherent Speckle for SAR Image

ABSTRACT This paper studies Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images with the wavelets transform of lifting scheme, presents a new denoising method of wavelets analytic to reduce the coherent speckle noise. A lot of experiments approve that this new method not only suppresses the speckle noise effectively , but also preserves as many target characteristics of original images as possible . It shows that this denoising method offers a very attractive alternative to suppress the coherent speckle noise of the SAR images .
Adaptive control of wind energy conversion systems using radial basis networks

Grid connected wind energy conversion systems (WECS) present interesting control demands, due to the intrinsic nonlinear characteristics of windmills and electric generators. In this paper a direct adaptive control strategy for WECS control is proposed. It is based on the combination of two control actions: a radial basis function network-based adaptive controller which drives the tracking error to zero with user specified dynamics; and a supervisory controller based on crude bounds of the system's nonlinearities. It fires when the approximation properties of a finite neural network cannot be guaranteed. The form of the supervisory control and the adaptation law for the neural controller are derived from a Lyapunov analysis of stability. The results are applied to a typical turbine/generator pair, showing the feasibility of the proposed solution.
The Negative Consequences of the Door-to-Antibiotic Measure for Pneumonia

TO THE EDITOR: I read with interest the recent article by Wachter and colleagues (1). An additional consequence of policies from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has been the disruption of local pneumonia guideline processes. The 2007 American Thoracic Society–Infectious Disease Society of America pneumonia guideline (2) recommended that “locally adapted guidelines should be implemented to improve process of care variables and relevant clinical outcomes. ” In addition, “CAP [community-acquired pneumonia] guidelines should address a comprehensive set of elements in the process of care, rather than a single element in isolation. ” A guideline was implemented in the Intermountain Healthcare System (Utah and Idaho) beginning in 1995, with a demonstrated decrease in 30-day all-cause mortality and pneumonia admission rates (3, 4). As part of multiple care elements, Intermountain’s guideline recommends specific antibiotics (for example, ceftriaxone plus azithromycin for admitted patients) and recommends that antibiotics be administered at the site of initial care as soon as the diagnosis of pneumonia has been confirmed. With initiation of public reporting of CMS criteria, a competing focus developed within Intermountain Healthcare to achieve antibiotic administration within a 4-hour, and now 6-hour, window instead of our previous standard. In addition, the CMS list of acceptable antibiotics is broader than our local guideline, leading physicians at Dixie Regional Medical Center (St. George, Utah) to rewrite the local guideline to include CMS-accepted antibiotics, such as ertapenem. Compliance at Dixie Regional with Intermountain’s guideline as measured by initial antibiotic prescribed decreased from 90% in January 2005 to only 55% in January 2008 (Compliance rate for community-acquired pneumonia for Dixie Regional Medical Center. Intermountain.net. Internal system Web site). Although Intermountain Healthcare System has more than 90% compliance with the CMS antibiotic timing measure, the focus of internal processes has shifted to meeting these performance measures instead of reinforcing the use of the local guideline. An earlier consequence of CMS payment policies was to reduce payments to Intermountain Healthcare for patients with pneumonia by approximately $500 000 per year (5). Our guideline recommends treating more patients with pneumonia at home, which resulted in revenue loss under CMS payment policies because reimbursement for care of a hospitalized patient with pneumonia was much higher than care of a similar patient at home. Unlike CMS pneumonia performance measures, our guideline has been shown to improve patient outcomes. Unlike reporting of specific care elements, severity-adjusted measures of outcome, such as survival to discharge home, time to return to usual activities, and 30-day mortality rate, would support local guideline development and implementation. Real improvement in pneumonia outcomes would probably result instead of what we are seeing from well-intended but flawed performance measures.
Experimental campaign for the assessment of atmospheric water vapour retrieval by means of a GPS network

This paper considers the remote sensing of atmospheric integrated precipitable water vapour (IPWV) using a Global Positioning System (GPS) network in the Mediterranean area. The assessment of IPWV retrieval has been carried out by means of an experimental campaign comparing GPS estimates with measurements from a microwave dual-channel water vapour radiometer (WVR) and with data from radiosonde observations (RAOBs).
Performance improvement on mobile devices using MVC+Prefetch Controller Pattern

Current mobile devices have surpassed its boundaries as a more communication tool to a smart device which provides additional features. These features have supported the smart life of its users, but have reached its limit from low-performance processors and short-battery time. These issues can be resolved b implementing higher performing hardware, but they come with a burden of high cost. This paper introduces a new way of managing computing resources in a mobile device by enhancing the quality of human-computer interaction. The real-speed felt by users are mainly influenced by the time it takes form a user`s input to the device to display the completed result on the screen. Since the size of the screen for mobile devices are small, if the processor only fetch data to be used for displaying on screen, the time can be significantly reduced. MVC+Prefetch Controller pattern accomplished this goal by using the minimum amount of data from DB to fetch display and still manages to support high-speed data transfer to achieve seamless display. This idea has been realized by practice using Samsung mobile phone S8500, which demonstrated the superior performance on user`s perspective.
Supporting conceptual design with multiple VR based interfaces

Conventional computer aided design (CAD) systems have not provided enough support for conceptual design partly due to the lack of natural and intuitive human–computer interaction. Currently emerging virtual reality (VR) based techniques offer new ways to overcome these obstacles. In this paper, new CAD user interfaces including two-handed operation, haptic interaction, stereoscopic display and auditory feedback are investigated. The contribution of this work is to develop a new direct, natural and intuitive interaction paradigm required to support conceptual design. This paradigm enables designers to take fuller advantage of their visual, auditory and tactile sensorial channels to create, view, touch, hold, manipulate and listen to computer-generated virtual models. This is done more easily and freely in a more realistic three-dimensional (3D) environment through convenient interface device operation. A new conceptual design system called the LUCID system that fully integrates and implements these VR-based innovative interfaces into one design application is presented. As an approach to the next generation of human–computer interfaces for use in the design activity, the LUCID system has shown particular human computer interface benefits to designers during conceptual design based on the outcome from the user evaluation test.
Particle Tracking in 3D

The evanescent field of an optical waveguide can be used to trap and propel microscopic particles. A 1μm particle is trapped on a strip waveguide and propelled forward until it reaches a 10μm gap at the centre of a loop, created by splitting the waveguide into two branches. According to simulations, the particle will be elevated 3μm in the gap and be stably trapped in the middle of the gap. The goal of this thesis is to implement an algorithm that can track a spherical particle in three dimensions and verify the simulated results. Information about all three coordinates is found by using off-focus images, in which diffraction rings will appear around the particle. The x and y coordinates are determined by calculating the centre of the particle in each image. A linear relationship between the radius of the diffraction ring and the displacement along the z-axis (vertical) is exploited to determine the z coordinate. Prior to tracking, it is necessary to make a calibration series where the radius is found for known displacements along the z-axis. First, the algorithm was applied on a video of a trapped particle made with darkfield microscopy. That did not work, because of too much noise from the waveguides near the gap. Instead, fluorescence microscopy was used. Unfortunately, trapping within the gap was not achieved with the latter technique, but a video of a particle moving along the waveguide was analysed. The precision of ±0. 2μm with fluorescence will be sufficient to verify simulations where the particle is elevated 3μm.
Adaptive robust tracking of nonlinear systems and with an application to a robotic manipulator

Based on the input-output linearization technique and the variable structure control strategy, an adaptive control law is developed so that no prior knowledge of the bounds on the plant uncertainties is required. It is shown that the outputs of the closed-loop system asymptotically track the given output trajectories despite the uncertainties, and that the tracking errors can be made arbitrarily small. The scheme is then applied to the control of a two-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator with unknown payload. Simulation results indicate that the controller is robust with respect to uncertainties. <<ETX>>
Planning of an active range sensor structure for pose estimation of 3-D regular objects

In some 3-D object perception and pose estimation tasks an active range sensor structure is important for obtaining high accuracy results. In this paper an active triangulation photoelectric range sensor based on the electronic scanning of an integrated LED array is described and the sensor structure planning for pose estimation of 3-D regular objects is discussed. A simulation of the effect on the accuracy of a 3-D object's pose estimation of the location of the measured points on the object's surface constitute the background for the planning. Taking into consideration the results of the theoretical analysis, an approach to design the desired sensor for pose estimation of a certain set of objects is presented. The whole sensor structure planning process is illustrated with an example of pose estimation of cylindrical objects. Benefits of the approach presented to a certain class of pose estimation tasks, which are met in real industrial environments, include decreasing the costs of the range data acquisition hardware and the time consumed for range data reduction.
The Phase Estimation Algorithm of Arrival Phase Differences in Space‐Time Coded Communication

One objective in developing the next generation of wireless communication systems is to increase data rates and reliability. A promising way to achieve this is to combine multiple‐input and multiple‐output signal processing with a space‐time coding scheme, which offers higher coding and diversity gains and improves the spectrum efficiency and reliability of a wireless communication system. It is noted, however, that time delay differences and phase differences among different channels increase symbol interference and degrade system performance. In this letter, we investigate phase differences and their effects on multiple‐input and multiple‐output systems, and propose a compensation algorithm for the Rayleigh fading model to minimize their effects.
Shape bottlenecks and conservative flow systems [medical image analysis]

Proposes an alternative to mathematical morphology to analyze complex shapes. This approach aims mainly at the detection of shape bottlenecks which are often of interest in medical imaging because of their anatomical meaning. The detection idea consists in simulating the steady state of an information transmission process between two parts of a complex object in order to highlight bottlenecks as areas of high information flow. This information transmission process is supposed to have a conservative flow which leads to the well-known Dirichlet-Neumann problem. This problem is solved using finite differences, over-relaxation and a raw to fine implementation. The method is applied to the detection of main bottlenecks of brain white matter network, namely corpus callosum, anterior commissure and brain stem.
Investigation of subsynchronous resonance risk in the 380 kV Turkish electric network

Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) occurs when a resonant frequency of a series compensated transmission system interacts with a natural frequency of the turbine prime mover. This form of SSR is referred to as torsional interaction which, under certain conditions, may become self-excited and cause serious damage to electrical equipment and turbine shafts. The presence of a thermal power plant (Kangal) in the close vicinity of a group of series capacitors in Eastern Turkey necessitated a careful investigation of SSR phenomena in the 380-kV network. Extensive computer simulations, utilizing both a frequency-scanning approach and time-domain analysis, revealed that under normal operating conditions the risk is minimal. However, due to inaccuracies in both the machine data and system data, and to the assumptions utilized, the results are non conclusive. <<ETX>>
Proven-prompt vector normalizer

The cosine of the angle between two vectors is a frequency needed quantity in computer graphics algorithms. Provided the vectors are normalized, it can easily be computed by evaluating their dot product. However, this requires the essential problem of rapidly normalizing a vector, which includes three divisions and one square root operation, to be solved. The authors describe a single-chip VLSI implementation of a pipelined vector normalizer and give design details of a fast and compact square root unit. <<ETX>>
Resources Allocation Scheme Based on Mode Switch for Multicast Services in MBSFN

The multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) in 3GPP LTE is characterized by multicast broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) operation. The multicast services are transmitted by single frequency network (SFN) mode, and the unicast services are delivered with point-to-point (PTP) mode. To avoid the network congestion of the multicast services in MBSFN, a novel resources allocation scheme (RAS) based on mode switch for the multicast services is proposed. The RAS takes advantages of the mode switch between SFN and PTP for the multicast services and minimizes the demanded radio resources of the maximum load cell. The simulation results show that the proposed RAS needs less demanded radio resources of the maximum load cell than SFN mode for all the multicast services.
Implementación de un manojo de medidas (bundle) de inserción para prevenir la infección del torrente sanguíneo asociada a dispositivo intravascular central en Cuidado Intensivo en Colombia.

Las infecciones asociadas a la instalacion y manejo de cateteres venosos centrales (CVC) son eventos frecuentes en unidades de cuidados intensivos pero evitables. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia en disminuir la tasa de infeccion asociada a cateter (IACVC) obtenida con la implementacion de un manojo de medidas (bundle) durante la insercion del dispositivo. Material y Metodos: Se condujo un estudio que compara un periodo pre-intervencion con uno de intervencion, de 6 meses cada uno, consistente en la implementacion de un manojo de medidas para la insercion de cateter venoso central (CVC), en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) del Hospital Universitario de Neiva, Colombia. En el periodo pre-intervencion (2010) se evaluo la tasa de IACVC y las caracteristicas de la poblacion. Durante la intervencion (2011) se implemento un manojo de medidas para la insercion de CVC que consistio en: higiene de manos, uso de clorhexidina 2%, empleo de maximas barreras esteriles y evitar el acceso femoral. Resultados: Se obtuvo reduccion de la tasa de IACVC de 5,56 a 3,26 X 1.000 dias CVC. Los dias de estancia en UCI y de exposicion al CVC se asociaron a mayor riesgo de desarrollar IACVC (p < 0,05); el cumplimiento del manojo de medidas fue un factor protector contra IACVC (OR 0,45; p = 0,615). La adherencia del personal al manojo de medidas fue mayor de 80%. Conclusion: La implementacion de un manojo de medidas para la insercion de CVC resulto ser una medida util para la prevencion de IACVC en nuestro hospital, lo que podria implementarse en otras instituciones hospitalarias de complejidad similar.