Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photo- and thermo-stimulated luminescence of CsI-Tl crystal after UV light irradiation at 80 K

Abstract Thermo- and photo-stimulated luminescence are studied for CsI—Tl crystal after the irradiation with the UV light at 80 K. Creation spectrum of the photostimulated luminescence coincides with the D absorption band of Tl+ ions. Nature of the defects created by UV light at low temperatures is discussed basing on the correspondence between the thermostimulated glow curve peaks and thermal evolution of the photostimulation spectra observed after irradiation in the D absorption band. Three bands at 1400, 950 and 580 nm have been observed in the stimulation spectrum at 80 K. The 1400 and 950 nm stimulation bands are presumably explained as the optical transitions in the Tl0 centre forming the spatially correlated defect pair with Vk centre while the 580 nm stimulation band is connected with the unperturbed Tl0 centres. It is concluded that the Tl+ luminescence at low temperature is connected with the electron recombination with the Tl2+ centre.
Extracellular Polymer Produced in the Presence of Copper Minerals

Abstract A qualitative and semiquantitative assay was applied to estimate production of peripheral exopolymers by strains of bacteria isolated from flotation wastes during growth on copper sulphides and copper minerals wastes at neutral pH. Exopolymer production, expressed as percentage of Alcian Blue adsorption per μ g of cell protein, was the lowest on a complete organic medium and the highest on a nutrient-limited mineral medium. The exopolymer was highly resistant to acid hydrolysis and contained hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aromatic acids and aromatic acid esters, which are well known as artificial surfactants and plasticizers. Carbohydrates appeared incidentally and in trace amount only. Chemical components of the exopolymer or chemically similar compounds also were found in black shale particles in the flotation wastes.
PORE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND INFILTRATION

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the dependence of infiltration rate on changes in pore-size distribution of soils. It summarizes concepts of pore-size distribution, displacement pressure head, and relative permeability in the context of a capillary model of soil. These concepts are then applied to the Green-Ampt equation and to infiltration equations that account for flow of the gas phase developed by McWhorter (1971), Morel-Seytoux and Khanji (1976), and Morel-Seytoux (1974). The Green-Ampt equation and the analogous two-phase flow equation are compared. Effects of changes in pore-size distribution on infiltration rates into a semiinfinite soil under a constant depth of ponding, ponding times for a semi-infinite soil subject to a constant liquid flux boundary condition, and ponding times for a soil subject to a constant liquid flux and equal, but opposite, air counterflow boundary condition are discussed.
Spatially Selective Nucleation of Metal Clusters on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a very stable nanotube complex of a helical RNA and 2130 coat proteins. The special shape makes it an interesting nano‐object, especially as a template for chemical reactions. Here we use TMV as a chemically functionalized template for binding metal ions. Different chemical groups of the coat protein can be used as ligands or to electrostatically bind metal ions. Following this activation step, chemical reduction and electroless plating produces metal clusters of several nanometers in diameter. The clusters are attached to the virion without destroying its structure. Gold clusters generated from an ascorbic acid bath bind to the exterior surface as well as to the central channel of the hollow tube. Very high selectivity is reached by tuning PdII and PtII activations with phosphate: When TMV is first activated with PdII, and thereafter metallized with a nickel–phosphinate bath, 3 nm nickel clusters grow in the central channel; when TMV from phosphate‐buffered suspensions is employed, larger nickel clusters grow on the exterior surface. Phosphate buffers have to be avoided when 3 nm nickel and cobalt wires of several 100 nm in length are synthesized from borane‐based baths inside the TMV channel. The results are discussed with respect to the inorganic complex chemistry of precursor molecules and the distribution of binding sites in TMV.
Hydrogen Uptake and Methylene Blue Reduction Activities of Hydrogenase in Azotobacter agile

The Tritium (T) uptake method for detecting hydrogenase (Hase) was applied to measure the Hase activity of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter agile. The cell-free extract of this bacterium contains the ATP-stimulated T-uptake activity, and this activity was separated from the nitrogenase activity. In the supernatant obtained by centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 30 min, this ATP-stimulated T-uptake activity existed mainly in large molecular weight fraction and was distributed to precipitate at 184,000 × g for 1 hr. After this ultra-centrifugation, the distribution patterns of methylene blue (MB) reduction and T-uptake activities were significantly different from each other, and MB reduction activity remained much more in the supernatant. The Hase activity detected by both T-uptake and MB reduction was mainly in the particle fraction precipitated at 20,000 × g for 30 min from the cell-free extract. When the activities of the praticle fraction were solubilized with Triton X–100, the ATP-stimulated .
Selective expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (gp 100) antigen on immature lymphoid cells and their malignant counterparts

The selectivity of monoclonal antibody J-5 (anti-gp 100, common ALL antigen) for normal and leukemic hemopoietic cells has been investigated. J-5 gave concordant reactions with rabbit anti-cALL, coredistributed on the cell surface, and precipitated a similar if not identical glycoprotein from leukemic and normal tissue. Normal, immature lymphoid cells reactive with J-5 were detected in bone marrow and in fetal thymus. In marrow they were largely coincident with the TdT+ population. J-5 defines a major subgroup of ALL (common ALL) with a favorable prognosis. Of 853 non-ALL acute leukemias investigated, 80 were J-5 positive. These included 14 cases diagnosed as AML, 51 TdT+ blast crises of CGL, and 15 cases diagnosed as “AUL. ” Of the 14 J-5+ AML, 13 were subsequently rediagnosed either as cALL (10 cases) or mixed lymphoid-myeloid leukemias (3 cases). One-hundred forty-three cases of mature lymphoid cell leukemia (91 B, 52 T) were investigated with J-5; 3 cases only, of disseminated B lymphoma, were positive, albeit weakly. A higher proportion of follicular lymphomas are, however, J-5 positive when studied in sections of biopsy material. A similar pattern of selective reactivity was observed in a series of leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. These studies emphasize the diagnostic value of monoclonal anti-cALL reagents.
High Dynamic Pressures and Modest Temperatures: A Broad Perspective and Bridging the Gap

Pressures up to a few 100 GPa and temperatures as high as a few 1000 K have been achieved with high dynamic pressures using a two-stage light-gas gun. Results are reviewed for molecular fluids, metallic hydrogen, solids, implications for planetary interiors, and structures and properties of materials recovered intact from high dynamic pressures.
Equilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Mn2+ by Haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. GUSF (MTCC3265)

The coastal waters of countries bordering on an ocean show increases in manganese pollution due to runoff from mining activity and from industries dealing with production of ferroalloys, steel, iron, petrochemicals, and fertilizers. One gram of dried cells of haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. GUSF (MTCC3265) adsorbed 99% Mn2+ in 60 min at pH 6.8 and 30ºC on contact with 109.54 mg Mn2+ per liter in saline solution. Adsorbed Mn2+ was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry and demonstrated on the cell surface by SEM-EDX. Mn2+ adsorbed to functional groups of the adsorbent was studied by FTIR. The adsorption process of Mn2+ showed saturation and followed pseudo–second-order kinetics; was consistent with the homogeneity of the Langmuir model (R2 of 0.99); exhibited a Qmax of 62.5 mg g−1 and a binding energy of 0.018 L mg−1. The Mn2+adsorption was also consistent with the heterogeneity of the Freundlich model by exhibiting a Kf of 1.0 mg g−1 with an n value of 1.1. Adsorption efficiency of 99% was retained even after a third adsorption-desorption cycle. This is the first report on metal ion adsorption, using Mn2+ as an example, by the haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. GUSF (MTCC3265) in the domain Archaea.
Electrochemical kinetics of Ag|Ag+ and TMPD|TMPD+ in the room-temperature ionic liquid [C4mpyrr][NTf2]; toward optimizing reference electrodes for voltammetry in RTILs

The voltammetry and kinetics of the Ag|Ag+ system (commonly used as a reference electrode material in both protic/aprotic and RTIL solvents) was studied in the room-temperature ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C4mpyrr][NTf2] on a 10 μm diameter Pt electrode. For the three silver salts investigated (AgOTf, AgNTf2, and AgNO3, where OTf- = trifluoromethanesulfonate, NTf2- = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and NO3- = nitrate), the voltammetry gave rise to a redox couple characteristic of a “deposition/stripping” process at the platinum electrode surface. Using potential step chronoamperometry, the diffusion coefficients of AgOTf, AgNTf2, and AgNO3 were found to be 1.05, 1.17, and 5.00 × 10-11 m2 s-1. All three voltammograms were theoretically modeled to reveal surprisingly slow standard electrochemical rate constants, k0, of 2.0, 1.5, and 0.19 × 10-4 cm s-1 respectively for the Ag+|Ag0 couple. As a potentially faster alternative to the Ag|Ag+ system, the voltam.
Surface plasmon resonance-mediated photocatalysis by noble metal-based composites under visible light

Harvesting abundant and renewable sunlight in energy production and environmental remediation is an emerging research topic. Indeed, research on solar-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis based on surface plasmon resonance has seen rapid growth and potentially opens a technologically promising avenue that can benefit the sustainable development of global energy and the environment. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and photocatalytic properties of plasmonic composites (e.g., hybrid structures) formed by noble metal (e.g., gold, silver) nanoparticles dispersed on a variety of substrates that are composed of metal oxides, silver halides, graphene oxide, among others. Brief introduction of surface plasmon resonance and the synthesis of noble metal-based composites are given, followed by highlighting diverse applications of plasmonic photocatalysts in mineralization of organic pollutants, organic synthesis and water splitting. Insights into surface plasmon resonance-mediated photocatalysis not only impact the basic science of heterogeneous photocatalysis, but generate new concepts guiding practical technologies such as wastewater treatment, air purification, selective oxidation reactions, selective reduction reactions, and solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion in an energy efficient and environmentally benign approach. This review ends with a summary and perspectives.
Evaluation of changes in the NADH level between carcinogenic and normal tissue samples by use of fluorescence spectroscopy

The metabolism of cancer cells frequently shows higher glycolytic activity than normal tissue. This glycolytic activity can result in changes of the NAD+/NADH equilibrium and variations of NAD+$ and NADH levels. The objective of this study has been to monitor changes in NADH fluorescence spectra of cancerous and normal bronchial tissue. Spectra were taken from in- vitro samples of normal and carcinogenic bronchial tissue in a microspektrofluorometric setup and in a spectrofluorometer, the latter giving the Emission-Excitation-Matrix (EEM of the tissue fluorescence. Two numerical approaches were taken to determine changes in the NADH spectra. (1) Graphical comparison of normalized emission spectra shows a blue shift of the maximum for carcinogenic tissue. There is a good correspondence between the form of the spectrum and the spectrum of LDH-bound NADH. (2) Numerical analysis of the EEM from freeze slices showed an increased signal in the case of normal tissue and a decreased one in the case of cancerous samples in the spectral range that is typical for NADH.
Wavelength-selective organic field-effect phototransistors based on dye-doped poly-3-hexylthiophene

The authors present a strategy to manufacture wavelength-selective field-effect phototransistors by employing dye-doped poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) as a semiconducting layer. The dye doping of the semiconductor P3HT was achieved by blending organic molecules—coumarin 6, oxazine 1, and nile red—into the conjugated organic polymer. Illuminating these transistors with monochromatic light in the range of 400–700nm resulted in varying conductivities for certain wavelengths in dependence on the particular dye. This effect is attributed to the photogeneration of excitons on the dye molecules, which are subsequently transferred to the conjugated polymer.The authors present a strategy to manufacture wavelength-selective field-effect phototransistors by employing dye-doped poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) as a semiconducting layer. The dye doping of the semiconductor P3HT was achieved by blending organic molecules—coumarin 6, oxazine 1, and nile red—into the conjugated organic polymer. Illuminating these transistors with monochromatic light in the range of 400–700nm resulted in varying conductivities for certain wavelengths in dependence on the particular dye. This effect is attributed to the photogeneration of excitons on the dye molecules, which are subsequently transferred to the conjugated polymer.
Liquid crystalline polymer vesicles: thermotropic phases in lyotropic structures

This paper reviews the research work on the liquid crystalline (LC) polymer vesicles (polymersomes), where the thermotropic nematic and smectic phases are displayed in the lyotropic bilayer polymer membrane. LC polymersomes possess the properties of both liquid crystals and polymers, the two essential soft matters. LC polymersomes offer, on the one hand, novel examples of the interplay between orientational order and the curved geometry of a two-dimensional membrane. Spherical, ellipsoidal and tetrahedral vesicles are discussed. On the other hand, LC polymersomes enable novel design of stimuli-responsive polymersomes using intramolecular conformational change at nematic to isotropic phase transition of LC blocks. Photo-responsive polymersome bursting is highlighted.
Carbon nanotube optoelectronics

In this tutorial we review the optical and electro‐optical properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The nature of the excited states of CNTs, their production by photon and electrical excitation and their decay are analyzed. Two types of single CNT light emitters based on ambipolar e–h recombination and a novel unipolar internal impact excitation mechanism are discussed. The reverse process of light detection through photoconduction is also briefly considered. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Franz–Keldysh electrorefraction and electroabsorption in bulk InP and GaAs

Franz–Keldysh electrorefraction and electroabsorption were measured for semi‐insulating InP and GaAs at several electric fields and several wavelengths near the absorption edge. For InP, the experimental results are described well by an effective mass approximation theory with a correction that accounts for the exponential absorption tail. It is shown that, at least in InP, Franz–Keldysh electrorefraction is under some conditions much stronger than the Pockels effect.
Artificial Ageing of Wood Monitored by DRIFT Spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* Color Measurements. 1. Effect of UV Light

The effect of UV irradiation up to 200hrs was monitored on five wood species (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Populus euramericana, Robinia pseudoacacia) by spectro colorimetry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometry. The CIE L * a * b * color calculations exemplified the rapid change of total color difference (ΔE * ) in the first 25 to 50hrs of irradiation. All samples exhibited yellowing, i.e. a pronounced steep shift to positive Δa * values in the Δa * , Δb * coordinate system. Robinia p. showed an additional shift to redness, i.e. towards positive Δb * values. The colored compounds developed could be removed by water extraction only to a moderate extent. Thus it was concluded that the yellow color was mainly due to oligomeric chromophores, arisen probably from leuco chromophores of the lignin moiety of wood. In agreement with the literature, DRIFT measurements revealed the preferred degradation of aromatic structures and the formation of nonconjugated carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The DRIFT spectra indicate dehydration, oxidation to carboxyl groups and the formation of lactones or other esters. It was demonstrated by spectral subtraction that the increasing carbonyl bands consisted in the case of softwoods of two sub-bands with equal intensity at 1763 and 1710 cm -1 . The formation carbonyl bands of the hardwoods obeyed different rules. The formation of conjugated carbonyl groups below 1700 cm -1 was observed only to a limited extent. The carboxyl group containing photodegradation products could easily be removed by water extraction. This was interpreted that the oxidized compounds did not necessarily contribute to the formation of colored compounds. The plots of DRIFT band intensities, derived from baseline corrected and normalized spectra, vs. the irradiation time revealed pronounced intensity changes in the first 50 hrs of irradiation. The coherent intensity profiles were beveling above 100hrs of irradiation.
Electron spin relaxation in intrinsic bulk InP semiconductor

Electron spin dynamics in intrinsic bulk indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor is studied by time resolved pump probe reflectivity technique using the cocircularly and countercircularly polarized femtosecond pulses at room temperature and 70 K. The reflectivity change from bleaching into absorption is observed with increasing pump photon energy, which can be explained in terms of the spin sensitive band filling and band gap renormalization effects. Density dependence of electron spin relaxation time shows similar tendency at room temperature and 70 K. With increasing carrier density, the electron spin relaxation time increases and then decreases after reaching a maximum value. Our experimental results agree well with the recent theoretical prediction [Jiang and Wu, Phys. Rev. B 79, 125206 (2009)] and D’yakonov–Perel’ mechanism is considered as a dominating contribution to the electron spin relaxation in intrinsic bulk InP semiconductor.
Two New Concepts to Measure Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer via Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Theory and Experimental Realizations

In this study, we demonstrate two new concepts, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), to characterize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The two approaches were tested experimentally by measuring a series of double-stranded DNA molecules, with different numbers of base-pairs separating the donor (Alexa488) and acceptor (Cy5) fluorophores. In the first approach, FRET efficiencies are determined from the detected acceptor fluorescence rate per molecule. Here, the unique possibility with FCS to determine the mean number of molecules within the detection volume is exploited, making a concentration calibration superfluous. The second approach takes advantage of FRET-dependent fluorescence fluctuations of photophysical origin, in particular fluctuations generated by trans−cis isomerization of the acceptor dye. The rate of interchange between the trans and cis states is proportional to the excitation rate and can be conveniently measured by FCS. Under FRET-mediated excitation, this rate .
Sol-gel vanadium pentaoxide glucose biosensor

The supporting matrix of amperometric enzyme electrodes determines the metrological characteristics of biosensors and therefore attracts large scientific efforts. ' Currently, supporting matrices are constructed of conductive2 or nonconductive polym e r ~ , ~ conductive organic salts,4 or layers of (modified or unmodified) enzymes adsorbed onto electrode surface^. ^ In this communication we present a new class of enzyme electrodes made of conductive, porous vanadium pentaoxide prepared by the sol-gel doping procedure. Both the synthesis of conductive bioceramic material and the demonstration of sol-gel enzyme electrode are reported here for the first time. The well-studied, cheap, stable, and practically useful glucose oxidase was selected as a model enzyme. Sol-gel is a low-temperature technology for the production of ceramic materials through the formation of colloidal suspension of metal oxides.6 Avnir et al.' demonstrated that it is possible to immobilize organic compounds in inorganic supports by introducing the organic compounds with the polymerization precursors. Indeed, this new class of organic-inorganic materials found a plethora of diagnostic8 and other application^. ^ Braun et al.IO demonstrated the possibility of protein immobilization in
Surface modification of monetite in water at 37°C: characterisation by XPS

Hydrolysis of dicalcium phosphate CaHPO 4 (DCPA) was studied as a function of time, in deionised water at 37°C, with a high liquid/solid ratio (2500 ml g –1 ) in order to avoid solubility limits being reached. Analyses of the liquid showed that DCPA dissolution is not congruent. Although the solutions were not saturated as regards the solubility of monetite, dissolution stopped after 4 days and a very thin film, a few tens of A thick, was formed. Usual bulk analysis methods did not allow the composition of the film to be determined but X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the film was composed of a calcium phosphate, probably apatitic, with an atomic Ca/P ratio close to 1.50. The change of Ca/P with time in solution indicates that two processes occur. The first is DCPA dissolution while the second corresponds to incorporation of part of the Ca ions released by dissolution, at the monetite surface, leading to an apatitic film through a topotactic reaction. Formation of this film, probably in heteroepitaxy with DCPA, explains the low dissolution observed in deionised water.