Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-esteem development in the school context: The roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal social predictors.

OBJECTIVE When considering that social inclusion is a basic human need, it makes sense that self-esteem is fueled by social feedback and the sense of being liked by others. This is particularly true with respect to early adolescence, when peers become increasingly important. In the current article, we tested which components of social inclusion are particularly beneficial for the development of self-esteem by differentiating between intrapersonal components (i.e., self-perceptions of social inclusion) and interpersonal components (i.e., perceiver and target effects of liking). METHOD Using longitudinal data from 2,281 fifth graders and 1,766 eighth graders (TRAIN; Jonkmann et al., 2013), we tested mean-level self-esteem development and the role of intrapersonal components in this development. Using classroom round-robin data on liking from subsamples of 846 (689) fifth-(eighth-)grade students nested in 46 (39) classes, we tested effects of interpersonal relationship components on self-esteem development in the classroom context. RESULTS The three major findings demonstrated, first, no consistent trends in mean levels of self-esteem in early to middle adolescence; second, constant positive effects of intrapersonal components between students and within students across time; and third, no stable effects of interpersonal components. CONCLUSIONS The discussion highlights the role of intrapersonal components and the methodological challenges of our study.
Social Power and Cognition 28

Power asymmetries are common among social animals, and humans are no exception (Boehm & Flack, 2010). Whether in informal small groups, families, organizations, or nations, some enjoy more control and infl uence than others. Th ese differences in power have an important impact on the ways individuals feel, think, and act. Not surprisingly, social scientists have considered power to be a fundamental concept in social sciences. Some have argued that power is central to social science in the same way that energy is central to physics (Russell, 1938). In social psychology, there is a long-standing interest in power (e.g., Kipnis, 1972; Lewin, 1941), with a remarkable proliferation of knowledge in the past two decades. Recently, social cognition has emerged as an indispensable level of analysis for the understanding of how and why being in a powerful or powerless position aff ects individuals. Th is chapter reviews literature about how having or lacking power aff ects cognitive processes and their Abstract
Hospital-based pneumococcal immunization: epidemiologic rationale from the Shenandoah study.

To explore the potential usefulness of a strategy of hospital-based pneumococcal immunization, we studied a population-based linked record of hospital discharges for Medicare enrollees living in the Shenandoah region of Virginia. A retrospective study of 1633 persons discharged with pneumonia in 1983 showed that 61% to 62% had been discharged within the previous 4 years. Among these patients, 87% had had one or more high-risk conditions recognized during previous hospital admissions. A cohort study demonstrated that discharged patients had a 6% to 9% probability of readmission with pneumonia within 5 years. Each such readmission could be prevented by immunizing few (approximately 100) discharged patients with pneumococcal vaccine. Furthermore, the costs of vaccination would be approximately one-third the costs of hospital care for unvaccinated discharged patients readmitted with pneumonia. These results provide an epidemiologic rationale for current recommendations that elderly patients discharged from hospitals should be immunized with pneumococcal vaccine. ( JAMA . 1990;264:1117-1122)
An evaluation of energy intakes and the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMRest) in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey

Abstract Objective To examine energy intakes (El), their ratio to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMRest) and the contribution of food groups to energy intake in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. Design and setting Random sample of adults from the populations of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Food intake data were collected using a 7-day food diary. Body weight and height were measured and EI/BMRest was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate. Dieting practices were assessed as part of a self-administered questionnaire. Results Mean energy intake in men was 11.0 MJ and in women was 7.6 MJ, which is comparable to reported energy intakes in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland over a decade ago. Mean EI/BMRest was 1.38. This increased to 1.42 after the exclusion of dieters and those who were unwell, but still remained less than the established cut-off of 1.53. EI/BMRest was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in men than in women and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing BMI in both sexes. The four food groups that contributed 50% of energy in men and women were meat and meat products, breads and rolls, potatoes and potato products, and biscuits, cakes, pastries and puddings. Conclusions Energy intakes have not changed remarkably in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland in the last 10 years, but the mean EI/BMRest of 1.38 suggests that energy underreporting occurred. EI/BMRest was lower in women and in the overweight/obese. Additional multivariate analysis of the data is needed to identify more clearly subgroups of the population reporting lower than expected energy intakes and to evaluate the effect of low energy reporting on the consumption of various foods and food groups.
Recursive engagement: the public as data analysts and outreach creators

Two recent outreach projects are making use of public communities to enhance and build upon the first phases set up by physicists. “ATLAScraft” is a recreation of ATLAS and the wider CERN complex in Minecraft. The basic layout was provided, but school students subsequently researched and created the experiment and subdetector models and their own mini-games to explain various aspects of the LHC and detector physics to others. “HiggsHunters” asked the public to search for displaced vertices in event displays, during which time a pool of trusted members arose in the associated discussion. A second phase also involved schoolchildren, with groups analysing the data this generated, through which they can both learn the principles of scientific research and contribute directly to it. (Less)
The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D3 and the threshold limit associated with the risk of health complications.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the threshold limit of vitamin D3 associated with the risk of nonskeletal health complications in humans. BACKGROUND Vitamin D3 deficiency is primary caused by a reduced sun exposure, consequent limiting of vitamin D3 production in the skin, and low intake of food with this vitamin. METHODS Ninety-two adults (25-95 years old) were admitted to III. Internal clinic or examined in outpatient department of The University hospital in Bratislava. Vitamin D3 levels were determined using electrochemical luminescence immunoassay. The least square method for the results processing was used. RESULTS Vitamin D3 level 16 ng/ml may be threshold limit for the risk of hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. A higher occurrence of the observed diseases was in female and male patients with vitamin D3 levels<16 ng/ml.The highest increase of occurrence of diabetes mellitus in women for vitamin D3<16 ng/ml (160%) compared to vitamin D3≥16 ng/ml (40%) was observed. Concerning the men, the highest increase refers to ischaemic heart disease (67%). CONCLUSION The limit value of vitamin D3, 16 ng/ml, confirmed the association between vitamin D3 insufficiency and the presence of hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. Its relation to age, sex and other variables was detected (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 27).
ON SOLID DISPERSION : A MODERN FORMULATION APPROACH IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Drugs those are given as solid dosage form and having low solubility often have a lack of flexibility in drug formulation and administration. The dissolution rate could be the rate-limiting process in the absorption of a drug from a solid dosage form of relatively insoluble drugs. Solid dispersion technologies are promising techniques for improving the water solubility, and hence dissolution and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. It is done for Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II Class drugs. Solid dispersion is the dispersion of one or more active ingredients in hydrophilic inert carrier matrix at molecular level. Solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drugs with water-soluble carriers have been reduced the incidence of these problems and enhanced dissolution. The focus of this review article is on advantages, disadvantages and the method of preparation, and characterization of the solid dispersion. This review also discusses the recent advances in the field of solid dispersion technology.
Ultraviolet B‐induced alterations of the skin barrier and epidermal calcium gradient

Abstract: Ultraviolet irradiation induces a variety of cutaneous changes, including epidermal permeability barrier disruption. In the present study, we assessed the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation in epidermal barrier function and calcium distribution in murine epidermis. Adult hairless mice were exposed to a single dose of UVB (0.15 J/cm2). Barrier function was evaluated by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), lanthanum perfusion. The morphological alterations were examined by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy using ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) postfixation. For evaluation of the effect on epidermal calcium distribution, the ion‐capture cytochemistry was employed. UVB irradiation caused a significant increase in TEWL, which peaked at day 4. In parallel, the increased number of sunburn cells and the changes in epidermal hyperplasia and proliferation were observed. Electron microscopic observation demonstrated that the water‐soluble lanthanum tracer was present in the extracellular stratum corneum domains, and the increased intercellular permeability was correlated with defective organization of the extracellular lipid lamellar bilayers of the stratum corneum. Moreover, UVB irradiation also caused an appearance of calcium precipitates in the stratum corneum and transitional cell layers as well as the increased cytosolic calcium in the lower epidermis, reflecting the alterations of the epidermal calcium gradient. These results suggest that the changes of the epidermal calcium distribution pattern may correlate with the perturbation of the epidermal barrier induced by UVB irradiation.
Microwave oven heating for antigen unmasking in routinely processed tissue sections

In 1962, following a thorough investigation of fixation protocols suitable for immunofluorescent studies, Sainte Marie concluded that ‘antigen and antibody activity is inactivated by conventional methods’, thereby dismissing the hope of immunohistochemical demonstration of antigens in routinely fixed and processed surgical biopsy specimens. ’ Thirty years on, this has proved to be far from the case. Improved techniques for the detection of antibody bound to target antigen, coupled with the improved quality and range of commercial reagents, have played significant roles. Pivotal to the application of many antibodies to routine diagnostic work was the discovery that predigestion of tissue sections by proteolytic enzymes could expose antigen binding sites concealed by the process of formalin fixation with its attendant alteration of protein tertiary structure. Recently, Shi et aE. ’ described a different approach to antigen retrieval using microwave irradiation, and in this issue of the journal, Cattoretti et al. (p. 83) extensively investigate this alternative method of re-exposing antigens for immunohistochemistry using a variety of metallic salts and urea, and a wide panel of antibodies. Not only does microwave boiling produce comparable results to tissue proteolysis, but in some instances it shows marked superiority even for antibodies not usually requiring a predigestion step. ’,’ Furthermore, in a valuable minority this method rescues binding sites for antibodies previously considered unsuitable for use in routinely processed material.233 Not all antigens respond to this treatment, and the benefit is sometimes clonedependent for example when antibodies from identical leucocyte antigen clusters are compared. Importantly, however, for only a handful of antibodies is the process deleterious and the overall benefit considerably outweighs any demerits. Undoubtedly the technique works through further denaturation of protein species bearing target
Small-molecule pan-IAP antagonists: a patent review

Importance of the field: The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are critical regulators of cancer cell survival that have become important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. One strategy for targeting IAP proteins involves agents that mimic the amino terminus of the endogenous IAP protein antagonist second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct IAP-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) and thus block critical IAP protein interactions. Areas covered in this review: This review of the IAP antagonist patent literature covers the period from 2000 to mid-2009. Over 50 patents and patent applications pertaining to IAP antagonists have been published over the past 10 years. In the case of several filings, only the original source is reviewed in this analysis. What the reader will gain: Readers will gain an overview of IAP protein antagonist scaffolds, with representative examples including monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics, and an understanding of their structure–activity relationships. Take home message: The feasibility of disrupting IAP protein interactions with pro-apoptotic proteins using monovalent and bivalent Smac-derived peptidomimetic compounds has been broadly established. Four such compounds have entered or been approved to enter human clinical trials, which will hopefully allow the utility of this potential therapeutic approach to be evaluated in cancer patients.
The Education and Training of Future Protection Engineers: Challenges, Opportunities, and Solutions

It is becoming increasingly clear that electric power systems are undergoing rapid changes due to deregulation, the penetration of new technologies, and the adoption of efficient computation, communications, and control mechanisms. The primary goal of this paper is to recognize the importance of education and the training of future protection engineers and, second, to suggest course content needed to meet this challenge.
Improved pre-copy algorithm using statistical prediction and compression model for efficient live memory migration

Xen hypervisor is used to execute and migrate the guests on different architectures using a pre-copy algorithm. There are three major categories to improve pre-copy using live migration algorithms: 1) reducing dirty pages; 2) predicating dirty pages; 3) compressing memory pages. The methods based on reducing dirty pages can lead to performance degradation so the new approach called combined approach (including prediction and compression) is proposed in this paper. The prediction of dirty pages during a migration is performed using auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. A least recently used (LRU) stack distance-based delta compression algorithm is proposed for compression model to achieve efficient virtual machine migration. The results show that ARIMA-based model is able to predict 93% in the case of high dirty pages environment. The combined approach is able to reduce 19.16% downtime and 10.76% total migration time on an average compared to Xen's pre-copy algorithm.
Implementing action research in the modern language classroom

In this article, we report on an action research project we facilitated with three modern language teachers working in secondary schools in the West Midlands and Yorkshire. Over a period of approximately nine months we worked collaboratively with the teachers to facilitate action research processes in their classrooms, where they were teaching either French or Spanish. We outline the structure we put in place to sustain the project and explain what conducting classroom-based action research involves. We then briefly describe the research projects carried out by the teachers. We conclude by reflecting on some of the impacts of action research on the teachers’ practice and on our own thinking as teacher educators.
Comparative study of age estimation using dentinal translucency by digital and conventional methods

Introduction: Estimating age using the dentition plays a significant role in identification of the individual in forensic cases. Teeth are one of the most durable and strongest structures in the human body. The morphology and arrangement of teeth vary from person-to-person and is unique to an individual as are the fingerprints. Therefore, the use of dentition is the method of choice in the identification of the unknown. Root dentin translucency is considered to be one of the best parameters for dental age estimation. Traditionally, root dentin translucency was measured using calipers. Recently, the use of custom built software programs have been proposed for the same. Objectives: The present study describes a method to measure root dentin translucency on sectioned teeth using a custom built software program Adobe Photoshop 7.0 version (Adobe system Inc, Mountain View California). Materials and Methods: A total of 50 single rooted teeth were sectioned longitudinally to derive a 0.25 mm uniform thickness and the root dentin translucency was measured using digital and caliper methods and compared. The Gustafson's morphohistologic approach is used in this study. Results: Correlation coefficients of translucency measurements to age were statistically significant for both the methods (P < 0.125) and linear regression equations derived from both methods revealed better ability of the digital method to assess age. Conclusion: The custom built software program used in the present study is commercially available and widely used image editing software. Furthermore, this method is easy to use and less time consuming. The measurements obtained using this method are more precise and thus help in more accurate age estimation. Considering these benefits, the present study recommends the use of digital method to assess translucency for age estimation.
7-1-2013 The Negative Side Of ICT-Enabled Communication : The Case Of Social Interaction Overload In Online Social Networks

This research aims to explain the negative side of ICT-enabled communications. Therefore, the perception of users that social interactions on online social networks (OSN) are threatening is suggested as a new variable called social interaction overload. The paper theorizes that individual, OSN-specific, and OSN-specific communication characteristics manifest the extent to which social interaction overload is perceived and how users response to it in a psychological and behavioral manner. Results of an empirical survey with 246 OSN users validate the assumed effects, so that we identify age, number of friends, and communication content as contribution factors of social interaction overload, which in turn has a direct effect on the two outcome variables satisfaction and continuous usage intention. Moreover, results reveal that social interaction overload has higher effects on OSN users’ satisfaction than perceived usefulness or perceived enjoyment.
Nutrient Requirements Body Weight and Food Intake Profiles Are Modulated by Sex Hormones and Tamoxifen in Chronically Hypertensive Rats 1

Sex hormones and the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen affect food consumption and body weight in normotensive rats. This study investigated the effects of hormone manipulation and tamoxifen on weight gain and food intake in the presence of chronic systemic hypertension. Male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were either neutered or sham operated before puberty, and subgroups of neutered females received either estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or tamoxifen at the age of 12 wk. Weekly body weight and food consumption were assessed, and food consumption was normalized to metabolic weight (g body). Neutering reduced weight gain in males (P 0.0001), but increased it in females (P 0.0001). Both ERT and tamoxifen treatment prevented this increase in weight, with body weight dropping to levels of sham-operated rats for ERT, whereas rats given tamoxifen maintained greater body weights than sham-operated rats (P 0.0001). This contrasts with previous work in normotensive females in which sham-operated and tamoxifen-treated females did not differ. Neutering reduced normalized food consumption relative to sham-operated rats in both males and females (P 0.05). Although ERT returned it to normalized intakes of sham-operated rats, tamoxifen reduced normalized food consumption relative to that of both sham-operated and ERT groups. In hypertensive rats, body weight is modulated by sex hormones in both males and females, but in opposite directions. Both estrogen and tamoxifen exert immediate effects in females. Interestingly, the effect of tamoxifen on body weight appears to be greater in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. J. Nutr. 132: 2246–2250, 2002.
Contract Enforcement in Transition

The mix of formal and informal mechanisms for contract enforcement is examined using survey data from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Poland, and Slovakia. Using the size of trade credit to quantify the success of contracting, we ask: Do the courts have a perceptible effect on contracting? When can a firm rely on its customer to repay trade credit voluntarily? Which is more effective, the courts or relational contracting? Do trade associations play a role in contract enforcement? Does relational contracting entail inefficiencies? Is the reliance on relation contracting merely a transitory phenomenon, reflecting the inadequacy of these countries' legal systems?
Instruction ( IAI 4 ) : Design Principles

This article proposes four design principles-The User, Active Learning, Conceptual Model of Teaching, and Modularity-as a conceptual framework of an Information Access Instruction (IAI). These principles, when put in practice as specific guidelines, seamlessly link information sources together, regardless of their implementation medium, information structure, or interface style. Examples are drawn from a section of a four-unit elective undergraduate course taught in the Department of Library and Information Science, University of California at Los Angeles.