Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How long does it take to boil an egg? A simple approach to the energy transfer equation

The heating of simple geometric objects immersed in an isothermal bath is analysed qualitatively through Fourier's law. The approximate temperature evolution is compared with the exact solution obtained by solving the transport differential equation, the discrepancies being smaller than 20%. Our method succeeds in giving the solution as a function of the Fourier modulus so that the scale laws hold. It is shown that the time needed to homogenize temperature variations that extend over mean distances xm is approximately xm2/, where is the thermal diffusivity. This general relationship also applies to atomic diffusion. Within the approach presented there is no need to write down any differential equation. As an example, the analysis is applied to the process of boiling an egg.
Corporate Governance System and Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Banking Sector: Evidence from a Developing Country

Streams of literature on Corporate Governance System (CGS) and Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) dwelt mainly on the association or effect of CGS dimensions: such as board structure, board size and tenure, on limited aspects of EO. Whereas these dimensions are observable in companies’ documents and end of year reports, stakeholders may have limited understanding of behavioral tendencies exhibited by boards, and the manner in which tasks are being executed. This study was therefore conducted to ascertain the nexus between behavioral indicators of CGS and EO. Specifically, we analyzed whether boards’ effectiveness, knowledge, commitment and involvement correlate with innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking. Copies of the questionnaire were self-administered to 101 senior managers of deposit money banks. The data extracted from responses were analyzed using Kendall’s tau-b. Results show that CGS correlates positively with innovativeness and proactiveness; while risk-taking has a moderately positive association with effectiveness, knowledge and commitment, but correlates negatively with boards’ involvement. Based on the results and findings, it was recommended that boards should employ moderate control and supervision; existing corporate governance mechanism should be redesigned to foster innovativeness by promoting flexible business culture for reasonable risk-taking.
Design of invisibility cloaks using surface integral equation method

Plasmonic and metamaterial cloaking is a scattering cancellation technique consisting of covering the scatterer by an invisibility cloak made up of single or multiple layers of homogeneous plasmonic, metamaterial, and/or dielectric materials. A suitable selection of the cloak geometry and materials allows dramatically reducing the overall scattered field from the cloaked object. In this work, we propose a novel cloaking optimization technique based on the application of surface integral equation (SIE) formulations and optimization techniques.
Treatment of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Challenges and Latest Development

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal codominant genetic disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. Patients can be heterozygous (HeFH) with one mutated allele, homozygous (HoFH) with two identical mutations, or compound heterozygous with different mutations in each allele. HoFH is the more severe form of the disease and is associated with extremely elevated levels of total cholesterol and low‐density lipopro‐ tein cholesterol (LDL‐C). These lipid abnormalities are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and an increased risk of cardiac events and early death. The prevalence of HoFH has been estimated to be 1 in 1 million; however, this is likely an underestimation as the disease is substantially underdiag‐ nosed and undertreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce CVD events. Aggressive therapy with conventional agents such as statins and ezetimibe produce substantial reductions in LDL‐C, but patients rarely reach target goals. Apheresis should be considered in all patients with HoFH, although LDL‐C levels rapidly rebound to baseline levels. Three recently introduced novel agents (mipomers‐ en, lomitapide, and evolocumab)—each with a unique mechanism of action—have increased therapeutic options in this difficult‐to‐treat population. When added to standard therapy, these agents produce significant additional LDL‐C lowering and can potentially improve clinical outcomes.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY RICE HUSK: ISOTHERM AND KINETIC STUDY

This work was focused on iron adsorption by rice husk. The use of rice husk for the removal of iron from aqueous solution at different contact time, pH, adsorbent doses and initial iron concentration was investigated. This study was also aimed to recognize the mechanisms that govern iron removal, and to find an appropriate isotherm and kinetic model in batch process. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir model. The pseudo-first, and pseudo-second order kinetic models have been used to investigate the mechanism of adsorption and potential rate controlling steps. The equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich model and mechanism of adsorption described well to pseudo first order kinetic. The iron adsorption process was highly dependent on pH, dosage and initial concentration dependent. Iron was reduced higher with decrease in iron concentration and increase in rice husk dosage. The suitable contact time for iron removal was found to be 180 minutes. ABSTRAK Fokus penelitian ini adalah adsorpsi besi dengan menggunakan adsorban sekam padi. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan memvariasikan waktu kontak, nilai pH, dosis adsorban dan konsentrasi awal besi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengamati mekanisme yang mempengaruhi penyisihan besi dan menemukan model isothermal dan kinetika yang tepat untuk proses adsorpsi besi. Kesetimbangan model isotermal dianalisis dengan model Freundlich dan Langmuir. Model kinetika order pertama dan kedua digunakan untuk mengamati mekanisme adsorpsi dan tahap kontrol kecepatan potensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa model adsorpsi yang tepat untuk penyisihan besi adalah model Freundlich dan mekanisme adsorpsi yang sesuai adalah kinetika orde pertama. Proses adsorpsi besi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH, dosis adsorban dan konsentrasi awal besi. Persentase penyisihan besi meningkat jika konsentrasi awal besi menurun dan dosis adsorban meningkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adsorpsi besi terjadi dengan baik pada waktu kontak sekurang-kurangnya 180 menit.
Top-down or bottom-up forecasting?

The operations literature continues on inconclusive as to the most appropriate sales forecasting approach (Top-Down or Bottom-up) for the determination of safety inventory levels. This paper presents the analytical results for the variance of the sales forecasting errors during the lead-time in both approaches. The forecasting method used was the Simple Exponential Smoothing and the results led to the identification of two supplementary impacts upon the forecasting error variance, and consequently, upon safety inventory levels: the Portfolio Effect and the Anchoring Effect. The first depends upon the correlation coefficient of demand between two individual items and the latter, depends upon the smoothing constant and upon the participation of the individual item in total sales. It is also analysed under which conditions these variables would favour one forecasting approach instead of the other.
An Investigation of Gender Differences in a Game-based Learning Environment with Different Game Modes

Background:This study aimed to explore the gender differences of participants’ learning results, perceptions and gaming behaviors related to an energy quiz game with both single-player and multiplayer game modes simultaneously provided for participants.Material and methods:Seventy-four ninth-grade students played the game in six classes over three weeks. The pretest-posttest on energy knowledge and a survey on computer gaming attitude, competitive attitude and participation perception were also conducted in this study.Results:The research findings indicated that although the female participants exhibited lower online gaming experience and a less positive gaming attitude than the male participants did before the experiment, all the participants had positive attitudes toward the quiz game, and the participants of both genders preferred the multiplayer game mode. However, the females had significantly better learning performance on energy knowledge acquisition than the males did after playing the game. More females than males were in favor of the single-player game mode according to the clustering analysis of students’ gaming behaviors.Conclusions:After an in-depth analysis, this study found that their negative attitude toward computer games could be an important factor in explaining why more females than males preferred the single-player game mode, and why females performed better on learning performance than males did.
Incentives and Forms of Cooperation in Research and Development

The paper examines the main factors that affect the incentive to cooperate in R&D, inquiring into the effects of cooperation on incentives to innovate in both a complete and an incomplete contract framework. It considers several forms of cooperative agreements and studies the circumstances that make one type of cooperation, more likely than others, to emerge. Theoretical considerations suggest that two of the main factors are uncertainty and spillovers. Further, the incentive to cooperate may be greater or less among symmetric than among asymmetric firms, depending on the source of the asymmetry. When firms cooperate, in most cases they prefer a research joint venture, but because of transaction costs, moral hazard and adverse selection problems other forms of cooperation in R&D may occur. Uncertainty and spillovers also affect the size and the nature of coalitions, and in some circumstances competing research joint ventures may be formed. Finally, the paper surveys the empirical evidence and discusses its consistency with the theoretical conclusions.
Overeducation and Happiness in the Malaysian Graduate Labour Market

The objective of this paper is to examine overeducation among Malaysian graduates with focus on its association with predetermined (before they enter the labour market) and current level of overall life happiness. Results reveal that there are a substantial percentage of overeducated graduates. Graduates who reported a higher level of predetermined happiness are less likely to be overeducated. Overeducation is also significantly and negatively associated with one’s current level of happiness. This finding suggests ‘hysterias’ of overeducation and supports Job Competition Theory’s prediction on persistent of overeducation. Thus, happiness might be one of the reasons why overeducation is a persistent and durable phenomenon.
Search for a Monetary Propagation Mechanism

This paper examines a monetary propagation mechanism in an economy where exchnages in goods and labor markets involve costly search. It is shown that an increase in the money growth rate increases steady state employment and output when the money growth rate is low but reduces steady state and output when the money growth rate is already high. The model produces persistent, hump-shaped responses in employment and output to money growth shocks even when the shocks have no persistence. The model also generates desirable features on job vacancy, sales, inventory, and the velocity of money. All these features emerge here in an economy with perfectly flexible prices and wages.
Tracheal Capillary Hemangioma in Childhood

An English abstract should be submitted with all submissions except for Letters to the Editor. Submitting a Turkish abstract is not compulsory for international authors. The abstract of Original Articles should be structured with subheadings (Objective, Material and Methods, Results, and Conclusion). Please check Table 1 below for word count specifications.
Preparation of Gallium Sulfide Nanosheets by Liquid Exfoliation and Their Application As Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts

Here, we demonstrate the production of large quantities of gallium sulfide (GaS) nanosheets by liquid exfoliation of layered GaS powder. The exfoliation was achieved by sonication of the powder in suitable solvents. The variation of dispersed concentration with solvent was consistent with classical solution thermodynamics and showed successful solvents to be those with Hildebrand solubility parameters close to 21.5 MPa1/2. In this way, nanosheets could be produced at concentrations of up to ∼0.2 mg/mL with lateral sizes and thicknesses of 50–1000 nm and 3–80 layers, respectively. The nanosheets appeared to be relatively defect-free although oxygen was observed in the vicinity of the edges. Using controlled centrifugation techniques, it was possible to prepare dispersions containing size-selected nanosheets. Spectroscopic measurements showed the optical properties of the dispersions to vary strongly with nanosheet size, allowing the elucidation of spectroscopic metrics for in situ estimation of nanosheet s.
Demystification of Hierarchical Linear Model Using SAS PROC MIXED.

Hierarchical data analyses in different discipline areas are reviewed in this article to compare statistical applications between the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) software and the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) MIXED procedure. Similar features of the two software programs are illustrated through reconfirmation of an HLM example using the MIXED procedure. Because SAS is a standard statistical package with a much larger group of users, discussions of the shared features in statistical computing may present additional options to demystify the existing methods for hierarchical data analyses. It is concluded that the SAS program can reproduce most results of HLM. Comparison also uncovers some potential "p" value computation problems with HLM. An appendix presents an SAS program to confirm an HLM example. (Contains 5 tables and 21 references.) (Author/SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************
Horses for the dead: funerary foodways in Bronze Age Kazakhstan

The authors examine the role of horses as expressed in assemblages from settlement sites and cemeteries between the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan. In this land, known for its rich association with horses, the skeletal evidence appears to indicate a fading of ritual interest. But that's not the whole story, and once again micro-archaeology reveals the true balance. The horses are present at the funeral, but now as meat for the pot, detected in bone fragments and lipids in the pot walls.
ONLINE PRODUCTION COMMUNITIES

While considerable research investigates collaboration in online production communities, particularly how and why people join these communities, little research considers the dynamics of the collaborative behavior. This paper explores one such dynamic, the relationship between viewing and contributing. Building on established theories of community involvement, this paper argues that a recursive relationship exists, resulting in a mutually reinforcing cycle where more contributors lead to more viewers and, in turn, more viewers lead to more contributors. We also analyze the effect of time and anonymity within this dynamic relationship. This paper offers guidance for research into online production communities that builds on the large behavioral data these communities generate.
Incisor heteromorphy within anthropoids and its significance to the Sivapithecus - Pongo Clade

Incisor heteromorphy, the size of l(^1) relative to I(^2), has been considered a synapomorphy of the Sivapithecus - Pongo clade. Recent examinations of this condition within the fossil record, however, indicate the presence of this character within a number of fossil hominoid species. Dryopithecus, Ankarapithecus and Ouranopithecus, for example, appear to retain some form of this condition. No research, to date, has attempted to clarify the frequency of incisor heteromorphy within fossil hominoids and extant anthropoids. The purpose of this research is to examine incisor heteromorphy, in the wider context of anthropoids to shed light on the phylogenetic and functional importance of this characteristic. In total, 383 individual sets of measurements, from 24 anthropoid genera were analyzed. To discern the phylogenetic usefulness of incisor heteromorphy it was coded and then optimized through existing cladograms. To examine the functional aspects of incisor heteromorphy this character was correlated with dietary consumption percentages using standard regression techniques and independent contrasts. The analysis of incisor heteromorphy indicates widespread presence of this characteristic within extant anthropoids. Other than moderate / high incisor heteromorphy appearing to be the primitive condition for anthropoids, this characteristic is of little phylogenetic use. The phylogenetic analysis indicates a large number of anthropoid genera independently acquired this condition after the last common ancestor. Widespread homoplasy indicates the susceptibility of this characteristic to the immediate environment. The analysis of diet supports this fact. It appears that frugivoiy is the main force behind the adaptation of incisor heteromorphy. Frugivores, in general, have a higher degree of heteromorphy than folivores. Within frugivores the broader and more abrasive the diet, the more incisal preparation hence the higher the degree of incisor heteromorphy. These results indicate that hyper- incisor heteromorphy within anthropoids and, in particular, in Sivapithecus and Pongo, is due to frugivory rather than shared ancestry.
The effect of integrated nutrition care intervention on the nutritional status of HIV/AIDS children in Kilifi District, Kenya

The right to adequate nutrition in children is essential for the attainment of high standards of health. The health and nutritional status of orphans and vulnerable children is important as it affects their growth, health and mental development. However, these children suffer from malnutrition as they have limited access to adequate food and proper health care. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of an integrated nutrition care intervention in improving the nutritional status of children aged 6 - 14 years orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS in Kilifi District, Kenya. A longitudinal quasi-experimental study was carried out in selected households of two divisions of Kilifi District. Two-stage sampling was used to identify the target households. Random sampling was used to identify the study subjects. A sample of 276 children was included in the study for experimental (138) and control (138) groups drawn from 153 households. The data collected included anthropometry measurements, dietary intake and socio-demographic characteristics of the study children. The intervention measures of the study were food rations, health and nutrition education, Vitamin A supplementation and de-worming. The experimental group was put on all the intervention measures, whereas the control group was given Vitamin A supplements and de-worming tablets, given in all the three phases. Epi-Info Anthro’ software package was used to analyze anthropometry data. Nutri- survey package was used to compute the nutrient content of the children’s meals. In both study areas, 26.1% of the children were underweight and 17.8% were wasted at baseline. In the control group at baseline, underweight was 29.7% and 18.8% were wasted, whereas in the experimental group, underweight was 22.5% and wasting was 16.7%. At endline evaluation, the proportion of underweight children in the control group reduced insignificantly (p=0.203) from 29.7% to 22.6% and wasting reduced insignificantly (p=0.295) from 18.8% to 13.9%. Among the experimental group, there was significant reduction (p=0.007) of underweight children from 22.5% to 9.4%, and wasting reduced significantly (p=0.031) from 16.7% to 7.7%. There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in malnutrition among the children in the experimental group but no significant reduction (p>0.05) in the control group. There is need for food rations and nutrition education among orphans and vulnerable children to improve their nutritional status. These results can be used by policy makers to modify programmes targeting orphans and vulnerable children to assure their nutrition security and improve their quality of life.
Data report: X-ray fluorescence scanning of sediment cores from Holes U1382B, U1383D, U1384A, and 1074A from the North Pond area 1

We report semiquantitative geochemical data of four sediment cores from the North Pond area on the western flank of the MidAtlantic Ridge at 22°45′N, 46°06′W. Three of the sediment cores, from Holes U1382B, U1383D, and U1384A, were drilled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 336. Core from Hole 1074A (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 174B) was also included in this study. The data show highly variable fluorescence intensities for Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, and K. These variations can be explained by varying proportions and frequencies of foraminiferal sand intercalating with clayey nannofossil ooze. The sand layers show high Ca counts and low counts for all other measured elements. The ooze layers show noticeable counts for K, Al, and Si, which is interpreted as illite clay fraction. In addition, the concentrations of Fe and Mn increase toward the sediment/basement interface in Holes U1382B and Hole 1074A and especially in Hole U1384A, but not in Hole U1383D. The sediment pile at all four drill sites shows slight enrichments in Fe and Mn in the uppermost few meters. Rock debris (millimeter to centimeter sized) is present in Holes U1382B and U1383D and to lesser extent in Hole 1074A, but not in Hole U1384A in the northwesternmost part of the sediment pond. These data provide a cursory assessment of the different sediment lithologies in the North Pond area, in which coupled hydrological-geochemical-microbiological subbasement experiments are currently being conducted.