Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotavirus infection of murine small intestine causes colonic secretion via age restricted galanin-1 receptor expression.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms for age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea are unclear. Because rotavirus primarily infects small intestine, colonic contribution has not been widely studied. Recent data suggest that colonic secretion postbacterial infection is mediated by galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R). We evaluated age-dependent expression of Gal1-R in Rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-infected mice and its contribution to fluid secretion. METHODS Twenty-four hours after infection of C57BL/6J mice (wild type or Gal1-R knockout) with RRV or vehicle, closed small intestinal and colon loops were constructed. Net fluid content of the loops was calculated (milligrams/centimeters) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine. Gal1-R expression was quantified by automated chromogen analysis. RESULTS Viral antigen was detected in small intestinal epithelial cells but not in colon. Developmental Gal1-R was widely expressed in the small intestine but minimally in the colon. Postinfection, markedly increased Gal1-R was seen in the colon but not after day 25. Galanin caused a significantly higher increase in the net fluid content of infected colon than small intestine. Treatment with lidocaine reduced net fluid secretion in the small intestine and the colon. Mean diarrheal scores were significantly reduced in Gal1-R knockout mice compared with wild type (1.19 +/- 0.31, n = 22 vs 3.36 +/- 0.50, n = 35, P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS These data show that RRV infection of the small intestine increases colonic secretion through Gal1-R and provide a promising start toward understanding the age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea.
Polymorphs of Theophylline Characterized by DNP Enhanced Solid-State NMR

We show how dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to characterize polymorphs and solvates of organic solids. We applied DNP to three polymorphs and one hydrated form of the asthma drug molecule theophylline. For some forms of theophylline, sample grinding and impregnation with the radical-containing solution, which are necessary to prepare the samples for DNP, were found to induce polymorphic transitions or desolvation between some forms. We present protocols for sample preparation for solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) DNP experiments that avoid the polymorphic phase transitions in theophylline. These protocols include cryogrinding, grinding under inert atmosphere, and the appropriate choice of the impregnating liquid. By applying these procedures, we subsequently demonstrate that two-dimensional correlation experiments, such as 1H–13C and 1H–15N HETCOR or 13C–13C INADEQUATE, can be obtained at natural isotopic abundance in reasonable times, thus enabling more advanced structural characterization of polymorphs.
Physical interaction between two varicella zoster virus gene regulatory proteins, IE4 and IE62.

Transfection assays demonstrate that the varicella zoster virus (VZV) immediate-early 62 (IE62) protein is a major transactivator of VZV gene expression, whereas a second immediate-early protein, IE4, can act as a major coactivator of transactivation mediated through IE62. To test whether IE62 and IE4 interact physically, we performed several protein-protein interaction assays. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses using VZV-infected cell lysates as well as purified protein mixtures demonstrate that IE62 and IE4 form stable complexes in solution under stringent salt conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protein-protein interaction assays and maltose-binding protein capture assays demonstrate that IE62 binds IE4 in a concentration- and dose-dependent manner. Far Western blot analyses show that IE4 binds to an undermodified form of IE62, and the use of calf intestinal phosphatase and protein kinases suggests that the interaction with IE4 is dependent on the phosphorylation state of IE62. An IE4 binding domain on IE62 has been mapped using a set of truncated IE62 fusion peptides. Collectively, these results imply a direct and specific physical interaction between IE4 and less-phosphorylated forms of IE62. These data have implications for virion assembly, as well as for the regulation of gene expression in VZV-infected cells.
Effects of experimental psychological stress on distribution and function of peripheral blood cells.

&NA; Fifty male subjects (aged 24 to 55 years) were subjected to a mild and potentially uncontrollable interpersonal stress situation. They were asked to solve a difficult puzzle. Subsequently they were requested to explain their solution to “another subject,” actually a confederate to the researchers. The confederate frustrated the subjects' explanation efforts. Care was taken that neither solving nor explaining of the puzzle was successful. The experimental situation induced mild psychological strain as documented by mood changes in the experimental group when compared with a control group of 36 male subjects. Peripheral blood was drawn by an indwelling catheter just before, directly after, 15 minutes after, and 30 minutes after the stress situation. Numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, T‐cell subsets, natural killer (NK) cells, and B‐cells were determined. As functional assays we used in vitro proliferative responses of T‐ and B‐cells to mitogenic stimulation (PHA and PWM) and to an antigen cocktail. The potential influences of health‐ and biobehavioral variables were taken into account in the analyses, as well as incidental differences in initial mood or immunological baseline. The results replicated and expanded on previous research. In contrast to controls, experimental subjects showed a significant increase in numbers of NK cells after the stress‐period, returning to baseline values after 15 minutes of rest. A similar effect was shown on T‐suppressor/cytotoxic cells and, inversely, on T‐helper/suppressor ratio, but these effects could be attributed to changes in the numbers of CD8+CD57+ cells. No effects were observed on proliferation. From the results we conclude that the effects of a short lasting mild psychological stressor are mainly restricted to cells of the NK cell population.
Colon in Food Allergy

The colon is a site of allergic reaction to food proteins. The most common manifestation is allergic proctocolitis. Although frequent in infancy, it may also affect older children. The diagnosis of allergic proctocolitis is mainly based on clinical and histological grounds, but there is a risk of overdiagnosis; challenge is strongly recommended to avoid unnecessary and expensive formula or changes in maternal diet that may discourage continuation of breast-feeding. The benign clinical course and the spontaneous resolution in most infants suggest the need for further prospective studies to validate markers that allow the identification of those children needing a dietary approach. It remains to be assessed whether lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the colon is a manifestation of food allergy. Finally, allergic proctitis may present clinically with refractory constipation; the true prevalence of food allergy–related constipation remains to be assessed.
The research of distributed suboptimal controller for continuous-time multi-agent systems

This paper revisits the distributed suboptimal LQR control problem for continuous-time multi-agent systems. Based on the system's topological structure, we design the distributed controllers in which each subsystem can use the information of its state and its neighbors'. The multi-agent system are described by an identical decoupled dynamical equation and a coupled performance index. Associating with the given matrix G and the designed suboptimal feedback gain matrices, the general distributed suboptimal controllers are obtained. By using the stable eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian matrix, the asymptotical convergence of the modified ARE is proved for infinite-horizon systems under mild conditions. To make this result more persuasively, the consideration for infinite-time distributed systems is presented and the suboptimal controllers are obtained.
Effects of dietary fat quantity and composition on fasting and postprandial levels of coagulation factor VII and serum choline-containing phospholipids

Dietary fat influences plasma levels of coagulation factor VII (FVII) and serum phospholipids (PL). It is, however, unknown if the fat-mediated changes in FVII are linked to PL. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fat on fasting and postprandial levels of activated FVII (FVIIa), FVII coagulant activity (FVIIc), FVII protein (FVIIag) and choline-containing PL (PC). In a randomized single-blinded crossover-designed study a high-fat diet (HSAFA), a low-fat diet (LSAFA), both rich in saturated fatty acids, and a high-fat diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) were consumed for 3 weeks. Twenty-five healthy females, in which postprandial responses were studied in a subset of twelve, were included. The HSAFA diet resulted in higher levels of fasting FVIIa and PC compared with the LSAFA and the HUFA diets (all comparisons P≤0·01). The fasting PC levels after the LSAFA diet were also higher than after the HUFA diet (P<0·001). Postprandial levels of FVIIa and PC were highest on the HSAFA diet and different from LSAFA and HUFA (all comparisons P≤0·05). Postprandial FVIIa was higher on the HUFA compared with the LSAFA diet (P<0·03), whereas the HUFA diet resulted in lower postprandial levels of PC than the LSAFA diet (P<0·001). Significant correlations between fasting levels of PC and FVIIc were found on all diets, whereas FVIIag was correlated to PC on the HSAFA and HUFA diet. The present results indicate that dietary fat, both quality and quantity, influences fasting and postprandial levels of FVIIa and PC. Although significant associations between fasting FVII and PC levels were found, our results do not support the assumption that postprandial FVII activation is linked to serum PC.
Facilities in School-Based, Agricultural Education (SBAE): A Historical Inquiry.

Vocational education, including SBAE, reoriented as its role in U.S. public schools and society changed. However, the types of facilities in which to teach SBAE have remained somewhat consistent, even as the program’s curriculum became less dominated by a production agriculture orientation. We examined the historical evolution of learning spaces and related resources for teaching SBAE. Findings revealed the need for specialized facilities in SBAE was emphasized by several early 20th century education philosophers and elected officials. The work of these early supporters of vocational training coupled with significant national and international events contributed to enactment of key federal legislation, which provided impetus to states and local schools to fund learning spaces for SBAE. The spaces included classrooms, agricultural mechanics laboratories, greenhouses, land laboratories, and food processing centers as locations for students to learn, apply, and develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Going forward, we suggest a diverse stakeholder group examine the facility and equipment needs of SBAE as related to enhancing its ability to prepare students for career pathways and/or pursue postsecondary education aligned with entry into STEM-related occupations. We also recommend systematic efforts to forecast trends likely to presage the facility and equipment needs of SBAE in the future.
Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contain a microRNA that promotes dormancy in metastatic breast cancer cells

The bone marrow delivers dormancy signals in exosomes to metastatic cancer cells. Promoting Cancer Cell Dormancy with Exosomes Metastatic disease often develops long after treatment of the primary tumor because of cells that spread into metastatic niches, particularly the bone marrow. Because these “dormant” cells have a slow rate of cell cycling, they are not killed by traditional chemotherapies that target rapidly dividing cells. Ono et al. examined how cells present in the bone marrow niche trigger dormancy of metastatic breast cancer cells. They found that exosomes (vesicles shed by cells) from bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells were taken up by cancer cells, in which they inhibited proliferation and promoted other characteristics associated with dormancy, in part through the delivery of a microRNA that suppressed the expression of a gene encoding a protein that promotes cell proliferation and motility. Thus, the bone marrow niche releases exosomes that deliver signals promoting metastatic cancer cell dormancy. Breast cancer patients often develop metastatic disease years after resection of the primary tumor. The patients are asymptomatic because the disseminated cells appear to become dormant and are undetectable. Because the proliferation of these cells is slowed, dormant cells are often unresponsive to traditional chemotherapies that exploit the rapid cell cycling of most cancer cells. We generated a bone marrow–metastatic human breast cancer cell line (BM2) by tracking and isolating fluorescent-labeled MDA-MB-231 cells that disseminated to the bone marrow in mice. Coculturing BM2 cells with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) isolated from human donors revealed that BM-MSCs suppressed the proliferation of BM2 cells, decreased the abundance of stem cell–like surface markers, inhibited their invasion through Matrigel Transwells, and decreased their sensitivity to docetaxel, a common chemotherapy agent. Acquisition of these dormant phenotypes in BM2 cells was also observed by culturing the cells in BM-MSC–conditioned medium or with exosomes isolated from BM-MSC cultures, which were taken up by BM2 cells. Among various microRNAs (miRNAs) increased in BM-MSC–derived exosomes compared with those from adult fibroblasts, overexpression of miR-23b in BM2 cells induced dormant phenotypes through the suppression of a target gene, MARCKS, which encodes a protein that promotes cell cycling and motility. Metastatic breast cancer cells in patient bone marrow had increased miR-23b and decreased MARCKS expression. Together, these findings suggest that exosomal transfer of miRNAs from the bone marrow may promote breast cancer cell dormancy in a metastatic niche.
Bradykinin metabolism in the isolated perfused rabbit heart

Background Bradykinin is a potent cardioprotective hormone, the beneficial role of which in vivo appears to be limited by its rapid metabolism. Inhibitors of peptidases that degrade endogenously formed bradykinin are themselves cardioprotective, presumably by increasing local bradykinin concentrations. As bradykinin-degrading peptidases are potential therapeutic targets, it is important to identify these enzymes in different animal models of cardiac function. Objective To determine the mechanism of bradykinin degradation in the coronary circulation of the rabbit, using an isolated perfused heart preparation. Design and methods [3H]Bradykinin (16 nmol/l) was perfused as a bolus through the isolated rabbit heart in the presence and absence of specific peptidase inhibitors. The effluent was collected and the radiolabeled metabolites of [3H]bradykinin were separated by high performance liquid chromatography, identified, and quantified. Results [3H]Bradykinin was metabolized to the extent of 62 ± 3% in a single passage through the rabbit coronary circulation at a physiological flow rate. The metabolites were identified as [3H]bradykinin(1−−5) and [3H]bradykinin(1−−7), accounting for 50 ± 4 and 12 ± 2% of the radioactivity, respectively. Co-perfusion with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramiprilat, completely blocked formation of these metabolites. Conclusions Angiotensin-converting enzyme fully accounts for the metabolism of [3H]bradykinin in the rabbit coronary circulation. This result contrasts with data obtained using rat heart, which demonstrated a prominent role for aminopeptidase P in bradykinin metabolism in this species.
The Influence of RMB Real Exchange Rate on the Technical Structure of Sino-US Export Trade Products

Based on the classification of HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System), and according to the method of Lall (2000) [1], Sino-US trade products are divided into five categories, namely primary products, resource-intensive products, low technology products, medium technical products and high-tech products. Based on the data from the first quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2017, the influence of bilateral real exchange rate on the structure of Sino-US export trade was studied by using VAR model in this paper. The empirical results show that there is a strong granger causality between Sino-US bilateral real exchange rate and Sino-US export trade product structure, the former being the latter’s granger reason; in the short term, the appreciation (devaluation) of the real exchange rate between China and the US is conducive (inconducive) to an improvement in the trade structure, which has long been detrimental (beneficial) to the improvement of the trade structure. In general, the appreciation of RMB is unfavorable to the improvement of the technical structure of Sino-US export trade. Variance decomposition shows that Sino-US bilateral real exchange rate has a great contribution to the technical structure of Sino-US export trade.
FYN‐dependent muscle–immune interaction after sciatic nerve injury

Denervation of skeletal muscles results in loss of muscle mass and contractile force. Recent evidence suggests that local immune system activation plays a key role in these processes, but the mechanisms underlying muscle–immune system cross‐talk are not understood. The purpose of this study was to address the mechanisms by which muscle responds to denervation and to elucidate the specific role played by FYN in local immune system activation. We studied initial events taking place in the gastrocnemius of wild‐type and Fyn−/− mice following sciatic nerve transection. Discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to prepare lipid rafts at different time‐points (1, 7, and 14 days) after surgery. Activation of FYN, cytokine expression (IL‐1β and TNF‐α), and T‐cell activation (CD3 and IL‐15) were followed by in vitro kinase assays, enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation. Sciatic nerve injury resulted in increased SRC kinase activity in gastrocnemius lipid rafts. Production of both IL‐1β and TNF‐α was increased, peaking after 1 day, followed after 7 and 14 days by upregulation of IL‐15 and CD3 expression and the development of caveolin‐3 and CD3 complexes. The integrity of lipid rafts and the upregulation of SRC kinase activity, cytokine expression, and T‐cell activation and cross‐talk with muscle cells following denervation were abolished in Fyn−/− mice. The integrity of FYN‐dependent lipid rafts is required for local immune system activation within denervated muscle, and lipid rafts are implicated in orchestrating muscle–immune‐cell cross‐talk. These results are likely to provide new insights into the therapy of neuromuscular injury. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Meta-analysis of the association between variants in SORL1 and Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE To reexamine the association between the neuronal sortilin-related receptor gene (SORL1) and Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN Comprehensive and unbiased meta-analysis of all published and unpublished data from case-control studies for the SORL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that had been repeatedly assessed across studies. SETTING Academic research institutions in the United States, the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, Sweden, Germany, France, and Italy. PARTICIPANTS All published white and Asian case-control data sets, which included a total of 12,464 cases and 17,929 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alzheimer disease according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (now known as the Alzheimer's Association). RESULTS In the white data sets, several markers were associated with AD after correction for multiple testing, including previously reported SNPs 8, 9, and 10 (P < .001). In addition, the C-G-C haplotype at SNPs 8 through 10 was associated with AD risk (P < .001). In the combined Asian data sets, SNPs 19 and 23 through 25 were associated with AD risk (P < .001). The disease-associated alleles at SNPs 8, 9, and 10 (120,873,131-120,886,175 base pairs [bp]; C-G-C alleles), at SNP 19 (120,953,300 bp; G allele), and at SNPs 24 through 25 (120,988,611 bp; T and C alleles) were the same previously reported alleles. The SNPs 4 through 5, 8 through 10, 12, and 19 through 25 belong to distinct linkage disequilibrium blocks. The same alleles at SNPs 8 through 10 (C-G-C), 19 (G), and 24 and 25 (T and C) have also been associated with AD endophenotypes, including white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid measures of amyloid β-peptide 42, and full-length SORL1 expression in the human brain. CONCLUSION This comprehensive meta-analysis provides confirmatory evidence that multiple SORL1 variants in distinct linkage disequilibrium blocks are associated with AD.
The Timing of Surgical Intervention in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Evidence

Study Design. Evidence-based literature review. Objective. To provide updated evidence-based recommendations regarding spinal cord decompression in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Summary of Background Data. It is controversial whether early decompression following SCI conveys a benefit in neurologic outcome. Methods. MEDLINE search of experimental and clinical studies showing the effect of decompression on neurologic outcome following SCI. We focused on articles published within the last 10 years, with a particular emphasis on research conducted within the past 5 years. Results. A total of 66 articles were retrieved. Animal studies consistently show that neurologic recovery is enhanced by early decompression. There was 1 randomized controlled trial that showed no benefit to early (<72 hours) decompression. Several recent prospective series suggest that early decompression (<72 hours) can be performed safely and may improve neurologic outcomes. A recent systematic review showed that early decompression (<24 hours) resulted in statistically better outcomes compared to both delayed decompression and conservative treatment. Conclusions. There are currently no standards regarding the role and timing of decompression in acute SCI. We recommend urgent decompression of bilateral locked facets in a patient with incomplete tetraplegia or in a patient with SCI with neurologic deterioration. Urgent decompression in acute cervical SCI remains a reasonable practice option and can be performed safely. There is emerging evidence that surgery within 24 hours may reduce length of intensive care unit stay and reduce post-injury medical complications.
Prediction of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the 4‐h post procedure amylase level

Background: Pancreatitis is the commonest and most significant complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Early detection of post‐ERCP pancreatitis would allow the safe discharge of day‐case patients and targeted use of preventive therapies. Clinical diagnosis is inaccurate, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the 4‐h post‐ERCP hyperamylasemia as a predictor of pancreatitis.