Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Beneficial Health Effects of Fermented Foods-Potential Probiotics Around the World

Abstract The process of fermentation has been used worldwide as a means of preserving food and increasing its nutritional value. A wide variety of foods are fermented including milks, cereals, vegetables and root crops. Although detailed microbiology has not been done on many of these fermented products, it is evident that a large number of different microorganisms are used. A closer examination shows that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are often used in food fermentation processes. Many LAB are considered as probiotics and are therefore good for health. The lists of fermented foods in this paper may contain probiotic foods that will become important in the future.
Elemental analysis of pitfall‐trapped insect samples: effects of ethylene glycol grades

Insects are abundant in terrestrial environments and play an important role in metal-transport chains among trophic levels due to their large biomass and diversity (Lindqvist & Block, 1997). As toxic inorganic and organic pollutants are often found in soil, they can be easily accumulated by soil-dwelling insects (Nakamura et al., 2005). Pitfall trapping using ethylene glycol as a killing and preserving fluid is the most widespread method for sampling soil insects (Southwood & Henderson, 2000; Magura et al., 2010; Purchart et al., 2010). In an earlier study, Jud & Schmidt-Entling (2008) reported that the vapour pressure of ethylene glycol was lower (0.0053 hPa) than other trapping fluids such as formalin and propylene glycol, making this liquid resistant to evaporation (Jud & Schmidt-Entling, 2008). There is no difference in capture efficiency between traps filled with diluted or undiluted ethylene glycol (Topping & Luff, 1995). As water has the highest vapour pressure (23.4 hPa) (Jud & SchmidtEntling, 2008), evaporation of diluted ethylene glycol may result in differences in fluid concentrations. Therefore, undiluted ethylene glycol may be preferred as a trapping fluid under dry field conditions (Jud & Schmidt-Entling, 2008). The trapping fluid used may affect the capture efficiency, the condition of trapped insects, and the suitability of samples for further investigation (Sasakawa, 2007). However, the effect of trapping fluids on the concentration of elements in the insects has rarely been examined (Hendrickx et al., 2003; Braun et al., 2009). In this study, the effects of four grades of ethylene glycol (analytical, puriss, technical grade, and common antifreeze) were compared. The aim of our work was to explore whether the condition of insect samples remains suitable for further elemental analysis after trapping with undiluted ethylene glycol. Trappings were modelled by soaking the insects in the trapping fluid for 2-week and 1-month periods, respectively.
Modeling Indoor Concentrations and Exposures

Realistic conditions are especially important in the design of experiments to determine the effects from exposure to emissions from pollutant sources. The experiments should be conducted to mimic realistic exposures both in terms of concentration and duration of exposure to a given concentration. Indoor air quality (IAQ) modeling provides a convenient way to analyze all the interactions, to integrate results from a variety of experiments, and to extend chamber studies to the “real world. ” Modeling can also be extended to develop realistic exposure scenarios by considering individual activity patterns.
Intake and behaviour responses by sheep to changes in sward characteristics under rotational grazing

A 10-week grazing experiment was conducted on a perennial ryegrass sward with lactating ewes and their twin lambs. Three paddocks were rotationally grazed with rest periods of from 4 to 5 weeks. Sward surface heights at the start of each grazing were 145, 259 and 250mni for treatments RG1, RG2 and RG3. A further four paddocks were maintained by continuous variable stocking (CS) at sward surface heights (SSHs) of about 30, 60, 90 and 120mm. Sward and animal measurements were made on the two different grazing managements as the RG swards were grazed down, giving measurements at similar sward heights for treatments RG and CS. There was less green leaf and the total herbage mass present under RG was less than on CS swards at the same sward heights, demonstrating the differences in structure between rotationally and continuously grazed swards. Regression analysis of animal factors on sward factors showed that grazing behaviour was more highly correlated with green leaf mass than SSH or any of the other sward measurements. On the RG swards, maximum intake per animal was reached at about 1500 kg green leaf mass ha−1. A SSH of 60mm allowed the CS ewes to achieve the highest intake rate, but at this height the ewes on treatments RG2 and RG3 were restricted to approximately half this rate. The results suggest that green leaf mass or leaf area index, rather than sward surface height, could be used as a rational basis to relate intake of herbage to sward state for swards changing rapidly in leaf to stem ratio.
Aproximaciones computacionales para laidentificación de promotores eucariotas tipo II

The identification of functional segments in DNA sequences is one of the more heavily studied fields at the present time. Due to the generation of large volumes of information from genome projects, the usefulness of computational predictions has attracted the attention of the general scientific community. At this point the identification of regulatory sequences has emerged as an important area in the field of genome analysis; however, given the enormous complexity of the transcription regulation process, the problem concerning the prediction of regulatory areas, although promising, has not been completely solved. This paper presents a description of some approaches developed for the identification of promoters and their elements, cis-regulators. The structures of functional and structural signals are also described that are recognition targets for some of these prediction programs as applied to the gene that codes for the subunit, NR1, from the glutamate receptor sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (iGluR-NMDA), which has been an object of study since the nineties.
Mutualism with Pollinating Seed Parasites Amid Co‐Pollinators: Constraints on Specialization

The genus Greya is closely related to the yucca moths, and Greya species interact with their host plants in many of the same ways as yucca moths. Females both pollinate and oviposit in the flowers of their host. Unlike yucca moths, however, pollinating Greya species share flowers with co—pollinators that do not oviposit on the host. We studied the interaction between Greya politella (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) and Lithophragma parviflorum (Hook.) Torr. & Gray (Saxifragaceae) to evaluate the effect on seed output of a pollinating seed parasite against a background of co—pollinators. Flowers were visited and pollinated mostly by bombyliid flies, solitary bees, and G. politella. Bombyliid flies alone composed 68—88% of the 5522 visits recorded over 2 yr. Although both male and female G. politella visited the flowers and probed for nectar, pollination by this species occurred only as females oviposited through the corolla tube, thereby passively transferring to the stigma pollen adhering to the abdomen. Visitation to flowers by all pollinators averaged 0.3—1.9 visits/h during daylight hours. Consequently, most flowers were visited multiple times during the several days that stigmas were receptive, and 77% of the flowers tagged during the 4 yr had some developing seeds. Pollination did not depend upon visitation by G. politella. Flowers receiving G. politella eggs had the same probability of producing some seed and the same mean number of developing seeds as flowers visited only by other insects. Most flowers received the eggs of only one G. politella female, and the larvae ate 15—27% of the developing seeds. The final number of mature seeds remaining in attacked flowers did not differ from unattacked flowers except at one site in 1 yr, in which the values for attacked plants were marginally lower. Other sources of variation affecting seed output masked the effects of seed consumption by Greya. Overall, G. politella females have the potential to be mutualistic with L. parviflorum: they are effective pollinators, generally visit most plants and about half the flowers in the populations, and impose a fairly small cost on seed output. Nonetheless, the abundant and effective co—pollinators, which do not eat the developing seeds, swamp Greya's mutualistic effects. Under the current conditions at Granite Point, the relationship between G. politella and L. parviflorum may be mostly commensalistic. The evolution of specialization to G. politella as an exclusive pollinator would seem to be possible only in L. parviflorum populations in which effective co—pollinators were either rare or unpredictable. That is, the potential for the evolution of specificity in this mutualism appears to depend upon the community context in which the interaction takes place rather than upon the simple outcome of the pairwise interaction between Greya and Lithophragma.
Vertical Distribution of Amphipods Living On Algae of a Brazilian Intertidal Rocky Shore

[La distribution verticale des amphipodes phytophiles des cotes rocheuses d'Itanhaem, Bresil, a ete etudiee pour la premiere fois. Les recherches ont porte sur la distribution et la densite de quinze especes, en relation avec la morphologie des frondes algales, la texture et le niveau de vie des algues et les predateurs. , La distribution verticale des amphipodes phytophiles des cotes rocheuses d'Itanhaem, Bresil, a ete etudiee pour la premiere fois. Les recherches ont porte sur la distribution et la densite de quinze especes, en relation avec la morphologie des frondes algales, la texture et le niveau de vie des algues et les predateurs. ]
Choice of coral species by naive and field-caught damselfishes

Most juvenile and adult coral reef fishes have very limited home ranges. In fact, coral reef fishes have home ranges an order of magnitude smaller in size than birds, lizards, and mammals of the same size (Sale, 1978). Because of the size of their home ranges, reef fishes will only have a limited area in which to find food, shelter, and spawning partners. Therefore, the initial selection of a settlement site will likely be an important factor in determining the survival and fitness of these fishes. Numerous studies have documented the im-
Desempenho produtivo de coelhos criados em diferentes densidades populacionais

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of population density on the productive performance of growing rabbits. One hundred and eight New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes, weaned at the 28 days of age and housed at the 35 days of age for an experimental period of 6 weeks, in galvanized wire cages with the dimensions of . 6 x . 6 x . 375 m, equipped with automatic feeder and drinking nipple installed in partially shut housing. The animals were ad libitum fed with a commercial granulated diet with 16% crude protein (CP), 11.84% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 17.49% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 1.20% calcium (Ca), . 60% phosphorus (P) and 2500 kcal of digestible energy (DE)/kg, during the experimental period and supplemented from the 56 days of age, with Pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens, STENT) containing 4.04% CP, 37.31% ADF, 52.04% NDF, . 61% Ca, . 10% P and 1180 kcal DE/kg, offered in the amount of 50 grams by rabbit/day. The population densities tested were of 1200, 900, 720 and 600 cm2/rabbit, equivalent to capacities of 3, 4, 5 and 6 rabbits per cage, respectively. The increase of the population density significantly decreases the weight daily gain and the daily intake of commercial diet per housed animal, without affecting the feed:gain ratio and carcass yield. There was no sex effect in the studied variables. The mortality during the experimental period did not present association with the population density.
Extraction and Functional Characteristics of Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa HBK) Globulin

Proximate analysis of Brazil nut kernel showed 68.6 and 16.5% lipid and protein contents, respectively. The protein content in defatted kernel flour increased to about 46.7%. Extraction with 50mM phosphate buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl (pH 7.2) solubilised about 81% proteins, out of which nearly 72% proteins (globulin) were recovered. Unextracted and soluble proteins accounted for 18.7 and 9.2% of total proteins, respectively. In relation to functional properties, the globulin showed pH of minimum solubility at 5.0. The globulin presented lower solubility (0.9-41.3%) in the pH range of 5.0-10.0 but above and below this pH range, there was a considerable improvement. The water and oil absorption capacities were 2.0 and 1.4 g/g globulin. The apparent viscosity of 1-3% globulin solutions at room temperature (29 [notdef]C) before and after heating at 90 [notdef]C for 15 min differed significantly. However, no significant difference was observed between apparent viscosity of unheated and heated globulin samples irrespective of their concentration. Emulsifying capacity varied with the pH, being maximum at pH 3.0 (94.5 mL/100 mg of globulin) and minimum (38.5 mL/100 mg globulin) at its isoelectric pH (5.0). Emulsion activity and stability also followed similar behaviour as that of emulsifying capacity.
Productivity and trophic-level biomasses in a microbial-based soil food web

Basic trophic-dynamic models using prey-dependent prey-predator interactions typically predict (1) that the limiting factors, resources and predation, should alternate at adjacent trophic levels, and (2) that only biomasses at resource limited levels should increase when the productivity of a system is increased. However, experimental studies on aquatic systems have shown that biomasses tend to respond to increased productivity at all trophic levels. To test the predictions in a terrestrial environment. we performed an experiment with a soil food web. We established three food webs with one, two, or three trophic levels in microcosms containing an initially sterilized mixture of leaf litter and raw humus, and increased the productivity with additional glucose in half of the replicates of each food web. The first trophic level contained 22 species of bacteria and fungi, the second level a bacterivorous nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) and a fungivorous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.), and the third level a predatory nematode (Prionchulus punctatus). We sampled the microcosms destructively four times during the 22-week experiment to estimate the trophic-level biomasses and soil NH 4 + -N concentration. Evolution of CO 2 was measured to estimate microbial productivity. Microbial productivity was greater and the amount of NH 4 + -N lower in the communities provided with additional energy. The presence of microbivores also resulted in greater microbial productivity than in the pure microbial community. The biomass of microbes and microbivores increased when provided with supplementary energy independently of the number of trophic levels in the food web, while the biomass of the predatory nematode did not significantly respond to additional energy. The predatory and the bacterial feeding nematodes limited the biomass of their resources, whereas the fungal biomass was unaffected by the fungivore. The results infer that the biomasses at the first and second trophic level were simultaneously limited by resources and predation. which contradicts basic prey-dependent models. Prey refuges provided by soil structure may explain the inability of predators to control their preys as effectively as predicted by these models. Moreover, the results suggest that the nature of trophic interactions may differ at the bottom and top of soil food webs, and between the fungal and bacterial channels.
Population dynamics of phage-host interactions and phage conversion of streptomycetes in soil

The fate of Streptomyces lividans lysogens was studied in sterile and nonsterile soil microcosms. It was found that in sterile soil lysogens grew as well as the parental strain. However, in nonsterile soil, numbers of the lysogen decreased rapidly, indicating a decreased fitness when compared to the original organism. In addition, the release of this phage from a lysogen and its subsequent infection and lysogenisation of a recipient strain was demonstrated in sterile soil.
Mídias sociais e adolescentes : uma análise das consequências ambivalentes e das estratégias de consumo

Today’s young people continue to embrace social media as a means of achieving connectedness and managing relationships with their friends. However, the development of marketing initiatives aimed at this demographic group has often been hindered by a limited understanding of how young people actually differentiate between the media they use and of the effects which social media have on their lives. This limitation is due in part to a lack in the existing literature of accounts from adolescents themselves about their habits, and to a frequently paternalistic view of the impact of social media (Cook, 2008; Mason et al. , 2011). The present paper aims to make up for this shortcoming, proceeding from the assumption that social media present a number of technological paradoxes (Mick and Fournier, 1998), and that as a result young people develop behavioral strategies both to deal with the ambivalent consequences of their use and at the same time to derive desired benefits. Taking as its starting point an analysis of focal groups and in-depth interviews with 50 adolescents, the paper proposes a conceptual model of positive and negative dualities of social media use by young people, these dualities being balanced by four media selection and differentiation behaviors. These behaviors enable adolescents to derive maximum benefit from social media while minimizing the effort required to use them. In conclusion, the paper discusses the marketing implications of these behavioral strategies and argues for their relevance to the planning of relationship marketing and communication initiatives by businesses targeting young people through social media. Keywords: adolescents, marketing, social media.
Effect of Genistein on the Growth and Reproductive Function of Male and Female Yellow Perch Perca flavescens

We studied the effect of genistein, a weak estrogenic compound found in soybean products, on the growth and reproductive development of yellow perch Perca flavescens. Four diets were prepared: control, estradiol-17β (E2) at 10 μg/g diet (E10), and genistein at 7.5 and 0.75 mg/g diet (G7.5 and G0.75). Fish (initial weight = 13–15.5 g and initial total length = 105–111 mm) were fed to excess for 63 d. The E10 diet promoted weight gain in yellow perch of both sexes, whereas the G7.5 diet decreased weight gain in females. The growth of the G0.75 group was not different from either the E10 group or the control group. Among females, fish fed the E10 diet had the lowest plasma concentration of E2 36 h after the last feeding of the study. The plasma concentration of E2 did not differ among the males from the four treatments. The E10-treated fish of both sexes had increased plasma concentration of alkali-labile phosphoprotein phosphorous (ALPP) in both sexes, indicating that vitellogenesis had been induced. Neither genistein diet increased plasma (ALPP) concentration. Male but not female yellow perch fed the E10 diet had significantly lower gonadosomatic indices compared to control and genistein groups. These results suggest that genistein may have a positive effect on growth in yellow perch, but no apparent estrogenic effects on reproductive function.
Area, altitude and aquatic plant diversity

Several explanations have been given for the decline in species richness with altitude. However, separating the influences of altitude, area, and isolation is difficult because of the conical shape of mountains. We used species lists of aquatic plants from > 300 lakes in a small geographical area to investigate the influence of altitude on species richness. Altitude and/or surface area were better predictors of species richness than any measure of water chemistry. The surface area and depth of individual lakes were not related to altitude, neither was the degree of isolation from other waterbodies. Although species range size increased with altitude, range sizes of all but the rarer species (in the data set) encompassed the lowest altitudes, indicating species loss rather than turnover and no influence of the Rapoport rescue effect. Nevertheless we found a decline in species richness with altitude, additive to the effect of area. Species were ascribed to attribute groups according to an a priori classification based on morphological and life-history traits. The number of attribute groups and number of species within each group increased with area, suggesting both increased diversity and coexistence within niches. With altitude, the number of attribute groups declined, but the number of species per group increased, consistent with a loss of richness and reduced competition. The species remaining at high altitudes were characterised by stress tolerant traits, associated with sites of low productivity. Our results suggest an absolute effect of altitude on species richness, irrespective of other influences and consistent with a decline in productivity.
Respiration in an Air-Breathing Fish, the Climbing Perch Anabas Testudineus Bloch

1. Respiration of the climbing perch Anabas has been studied under five different experimental conditions. ( a ) The mean O2 consumption of a fish allowed free access to air, is about 113 c.c. /kg/h at 25°C. The fish obtain nearly equal amounts of oxygen through the gills and through the accessory organs. ( b ) The overall O2 consumption from water of a fish allowed free access to nitrogen is nearly the same as during normal respiration from water with access to air. ( c ) The O2 consumption is reduced when the fish is out of water and obtains all its oxygen from air. ( d ) The O2 consumption from air increases considerably when the fish is maintained in de-oxygenated water and depends upon surfacing for its oxygen supply. ( e ) The O2 consumption of a fish kept in aerated water and prevented from surfacing remains at a minimum level relative to the other four conditions. 2. Much more carbon dioxide is released through the gills than through the accessory organs (10:1) when the fish respires from aerated water with access to air. The accessory organs are much more important for O2 uptake. 3. The respiratory quotient is approximately 1 when the fish is in aerated water, with or without access to air, but is only 0.7 when the fish is out of water. 4. Anabas can live out of water for 6-10 h if protected from dehydration. It continues to breathe quietly in air-saturated water using its gills alone for shorter periods (6-8 h) when denied free access to air.
The development of a method for assessing veld condition in three grassveld types in Natal.

Abstract A method for assessing the condition of veld has been developed in the Dry Tall Grassveld, Moist Tall Grassveld and Highland Sourveld of Natal. The method is based on Dyksterhuis’ Quantitative Climax Method which has been modified to suit the sub‐climax nature of this veld by the incorporation of three categories of plants: Decreaser species which decline in abundance with bad management; Increaser I species which increase with underutilization; and Increaser II species which increase with over‐utilization. In addition, this modified method allows for a deduction of marks for veld whose basal cover falls below that of veld in its optimum condition. In all three types there was a close relationship between the abundance of Themeda triandra and the veld condition. It is probable therefore, that this single measure can be used to forecast veld condition in these veld types.