Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MASTITIS AFTER INDUCED MAMMOGENESIS IN A NULLIPAROUS GOAT

This is a case report on a nulliparous Toggenbourg goat, one year of age that, after being submitted to superovulation with human menopause gonadotrophin, presented mammogenesis and lactogenesis. Both neoformed mammary glands were naturally infected with β-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus and evolved clinically in different forms. The left half evolved to acute catarrhal mastitis that responded positively to treatment using sodium cloxacillin, whereas right mammary gland evolved to phlegmonous gangrenous mastitis, with teat loss. The mammary tissue remaining had to be surgically removed. The present report emphasizes that multi-tissue effect should not be ignored when hormonal therapy is used. The potential risk of induced mammogenesis in nulliparous animals and the nosological diversity that mastitis may present should be considered, once the etiological agent and host were the same, and different inflammatory responses were observed in the two halves.
Eficacia de los programas de cribado de hepatocarcinoma: ¿mejoran las opciones terapéuticas de estos pacientes?

Aim: to evaluate whether the current surveillance programs (ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein testing every six months) are successful in detecting patients in the early stages. Material and methods: the health records of all patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in Donostia Hospital between 2003 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Eightyfive patients (11 women and 74 men) were included in the study and demographic data, risk factors and clinical data were obtained. Patients were split into two groups according to whether or not they had been included in a surveillance program. Results: seventy per cent of patients of the surveillance group is diagnosed in early stage opposite to 26.7% of patients in no surveillance group (p < 0.05). Thirteen patients cannot receive curative treatment in spite of the diagnosis in early stage (9 in the surveillance group and 4 in the no surveillance group. The global sensibility of the surveillance program in our series is 95%. Conclusions: current hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs, which comprise six-monthly ultrasonography and alp ha-fetoprotein tests, are highly sensitive and effective. These pro grams result in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in its early-stages, when potentially curative treatment may be offered.
Review Of NPY And NPY Receptor For Obesity

The prevalence of obesity continues to increase throughout the world and the burden of obesity and related co morbidities is large. However existing drug therapies for obesity are limited and agents with high efficacy, safety and tolerability are expected to meet patient needs and lead to more substantial commercial success. Contemporary consideration has focused on physiology of neuropeptides Y (NPY) and its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. NPY stimulates food intake, inhibits energy expenditure, and increases body weight and increases anabolic hormone level by activating the NPY Y1 and Y5 receptors in the hypothalamus. Based on these findings, several NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists have been developed in last two decade as potential anti-obesity agents and transgenic mice model lacking NPY, the NPY Y1 receptor or the NPY Y5 receptor have been generated. The data obtained to date with these newly developed tools suggests that NPY receptor antagonists, particularly NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonist, have potentiality to bless the obesity patients worldwide. However, the redundancy of the neurochemical systems regulating energy homeostasis may limit the effect of ablating a single pathway. In addition, patients in whom the starvation response is activated, such as formerly obese patients who have lost weight or patients with complete or partial leptin deficiency, may be the best candidates for treatment with a NPY receptor antagonist. New leads are under research by major pharmaceutical companies to limit the side effects and explore the area to meet clinical requirement.
Routine follow up after treatment for gynecological cancer

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are traditionally given follow-up. An earlier diagnosis of recurrent disease is thought to improve chances for curative treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the approach to routine follow-up after treatment for gynecological cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all gynaecologic departments in Norway. RESULTS: The number of examinations offered varies from eight to 15 during the first five-year period after primary treatment. Most departments offer four examinations during the first year, two during the second and third years, and one yearly thereafter. There are variations in the routine use of additional tests. Most departments use cytological tests for vulvar, cervical and uterine cancer patients. Chest roentgenography is used more frequently among cervical and uterine cancer patients compared with vulvar and ovarian cancer patients. For ovarian cancer patients, the use of ultrasound investigations is frequent; more than 90% of the departments use blood tests, CA-125 being the most common. INTERPRETATION: There are large variations in follow-up procedures. Advantages and disadvantages with routine examinations are discussed. Most recurrences are detected when they cause symptoms, most often in the interval between visits, and their effect on survival is uncertain. The protocols applied seem to be in line with the pattern of recurrence. Controlled trials investigating alternative protocols in relation to sensitivity, survival, cost and quality of life are important, especially for patients for whom potentially curative treatment is available.
“Check in, check up”: an evaluation of the impact of post-treatment follow-ups on substance users’ recovery

Abstract Aims: Post-discharge telephone check-ins were piloted in Change, grow, live (CGL), a leading UK-based social care and health charity, to measure substance misuse clients’ recovery through the use of the Treatment Outcomes Profile (TOP). The aims were to examine the effectiveness of these check-ins on re-presentation rates and to determine whether a case can be made for extending these check-ins across CGL. Methods: The cohort consisted of 1145 adult clients classified across four main drug groups: any opiate; alcohol only; non-opiate and alcohol; non-opiate only. The cohort clients had to have had a planned discharge from CGL services, been out of treatment for at least six months, and had a post-exit TOP within this 6 month period. Findings: Over the six months from discharge, there was a considerable reduction in the re-presentation rates for those clients who were checked in with, relative to CGL national averages and to PHE averages. Conclusion: Further research is required to verify the relationship between the post-exit check-ins and a reduction in re-presentations.
Cognitive-behavior therapy: why is it so vilified in the chronic fatigue syndrome community?

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a well-established psychosocial intervention for psychiatric disorders, pain management, and stress related to medical conditions. [1] It has rarely provoked controversy, much less outright hostility. That is, until it was applied with apparent success to the illness of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in a number of published intervention trials over the past two decades. [2,3] In the CFS patient (and professional) communities, perhaps the strongest negative reaction to CBT occurred in response to the 2011 Lancet-published PACE trial,[3] the largest randomized trial (N = 641) of CBT (and graded exercise therapy) for CFS. Letters to the editor and numerous blog comments criticized the highly publicized PACE trial over concerns about generalizability of the findings, protocol changes during the trial that favored recovery outcomes, and more recently Lancet’s refusal to share data from the study. Furthermore, CFS researchers and other scientists posted an open letter [4] to the Lancet editor questioning the PACE trial with respect to its recovery criteria, failure to report data on objective outcomes, and conflict of interest concerns. Regarding the use of CBT in the PACE trial, David Tuller, a UC Berkeley lecturer on public health and journalism, wrote in a recent post on an academic blog [5] that people with CFS ‘bristled with offense at the suggestion they would get better if only they could change their perceptions about their condition. ’ And ‘pushing themselves to be more active not only wasn’t helpful, they insisted, but could trigger a serious and extended relapse. ’ This editorial examines the possible factors that have led to the rejection of CBT by many patients and professionals with an interest in CFS and offers some initial thoughts about what might be done to better educate practitioners to help these underserved patients, particularly when delivering behaviorally oriented management advice.
A new PWM method to reduce beat phenomenon in large capacity inverters with low-switching frequency

In an asynchronous PWM method, the ratio of the carrier frequency to the fundamental frequency must be at least 15-20 in order to suppress the beat phenomenon. However, it is impossible to achieve this condition for large capacity inverters (e.g. GTO inverters), when the fundamental frequency is high. Assuming that the beat phenomenon is caused by an error generated in the PWM process, the authors introduce a compensator to reduce the error. As a result, beat phenomenon can be decreased for a low carrier frequency. Effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by experimental results.
Clinical trials in children: Equity, quality and relevance

Background: Empiric studies of published clinical trials involving children have shown methodological flaws and high risk of bias but it is unclear if this reflects editorial processes of true problems in design and conduct. We aimed to ascertain the completeness of the reporting of key domains in the conduct of clinical trials involving children by evaluating the protocols of pharmacological interventions for trials submitted to the Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) of Children’s Hospitals in Australia. Method: HRECs of all Children’s Hospital were invited to participate. De-identified trial protocols submitted for review in 2012 were evaluated using checklists based on CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials), the Cochrane risk of bias tool and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Results: Four of 8 hospitals agreed to participate and 69 protocols were analysed. The domains most frequently reported were clustered around the background and trial plan (planned interventions for each group (99%), specific objectives (97%), and scientific background (96%)). Domains that were reported least frequently were clustered around the statistical analysis plan (66%), the justification for a new trial based upon a systematic review of the published literature (48%), and child-specific domains (48%). Conclusions: Protocols of trials involving children assessed by Ethics Committees are generally comprehensive, but many key domains in trial design and conduct are not reported. Problems in the design and conduct of clinical trials may lead to misleading conclusions in the healthcare of children. There is a need for development, implementation and compliance Chapter 5: Completeness of protocols of clinical trials in children submitted to ethics committees 98 with standards in the design of trial protocols to help improve the quality of trials, minimize risk of harm and generate reliable results to inform evidence-based child healthcare. What’s known on this subject Published trials in children are often analysed as high or unclear risk of bias, but it is uncertain whether this reflects editorial practices or whether this does indicate important omissions in the design and conduct of clinical trials involving children. What this study adds Paediatric trial protocols are generally comprehensive, but over 20% have major gaps, focused on the statistical analysis plan including sample size, and data analysis methods, and a justification for why an additional trial is needed, based upon a systematic review.
Atrial and AV-nodal physiology in horses : electrophysiologic and echocardiographic characterization and pharmacologic effects of diltiazem.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered the most common arrhythmia affecting exercise performance in horses. Quinidine is an effective therapy for conversion of AF to sinus rhythm, but treatment is associated with a number of adverse clinical effects. Furthermore, residual electrical and mechanical abnormalities of the equine atria may account for the recurrence of AF following successful quinidine therapy. Relative to these issues, we sought to better understand the physiology of the in vivo equine atria and the associated sinoatrial and atrioventricular (AV) nodal tissues. In treating horses with AF using the drug quinidine, a common adverse effect is marked acceleration of the ventricular response rate prompting early discontinuation of treatment. Diltiazem effectively controls ventricular response to AF in other species, but has not been evaluated in horses. In our first series of experiments we studied the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the calcium channel blocker diltiazem on the cardiovascular system in healthy horses in sinus rhythm. To further support these studies we characterized the clinical electrophysiology of the normal equine atria and then quantified the electrophysiologic effects of quinidine and diltiazem in a pacing model of atrial tachycardia. Lastly, we established echocardiographic techniques to assess mechanical function of the equine left atrium noninvasively and applied these methods to a subset of horses recently converted from AF to normal sinus rhythm.
The Three Ages of Voice The Young Adult Voice

Summary: Young adulthood is notable for rapid physical changes and psychosocial instability. Care of the young adult professional voice requires knowledge of the specific anatomic and physiologic changes associated with the mutational voice, as well as the effects of general growth and maturation on the vocal mechanism. The effects of psychological stresses common to young adulthood, such as educational commitments and early career choices, must also be understood. Upper respiratory infection and allergies are common in this age group. Treatment of these conditions must be tailored in the professional voice user because of the potential side effects of some medications and the performance imperatives of the patient. Surgical indications for tonsillectomy in the young voice patient are discussed. There are no special considerations in the evaluation and treatment of laryngeal pathology in the young adult, with the exception of limiting the use of sedative anesthesia. However, conservatism in surgical decision-making is advised. The development of a stable, efficient vocal technique and a mature professional background requires time, patience, and hard work. Key Words: Mutational voice--AllergyTonsillectomy--Voice abuse.
The peculiar challenges of blindness prevention in Nigeria: a review article.

AIM To describe the challenges peculiar to Nigeria in the implementation of vision 2020: the right to sight and to proffer solutions as to the way forward METHOD A review of the recently completed national blindness survey, current literature, and the advocacy experience of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria. FINDINGS The prevalence of blindness in Nigeria is 0.78%. Over 43% of these are blind from cataracts and a further 9% from uncorrected aphakia or complications of couching. 50% of all cataract interventions are carried out by itinerant couchers. Other major causes of blindness are glaucoma (16%) corneal opacities (12%), trachoma (4%), optic atrophy (3%) onchocerciasis (1%) and macular disease (1%). 70% of these are either preventable or reversible. Nigeria has a relatively favourable ophthalmologist/population ratio of about 2.8 per million, but has a low Cataract surgical rate of 300 per million per year. The reasons for this include a lack of ownership of blindness prevention programs, a lack of political will and parlous state of funding for vision 2020. There is an abdication of responsibility for both training and services on the part of government to the International NonGovernmental organisations. Teaching hospitals no longer generate enough patient surgical load to support training. We estimate it would cost N8.5 billion ($56.8 million) to sustain the WHO recommended Cataract Surgical Rate of 3000 per million per year in Nigeria. CONCLUSIONS Nigeria is not headed in the direction of meeting Vision 2020 targets. Advocacy involving funding through the MDGs, needs to be intensified.
The relevance of chronic respiratory symptoms without airflow obstruction : health-related characteristics and impact on patient prognosis

Individuals reporting chronic respiratory symptoms without airflow obstruction (AFO) were originally classified as “at risk” stage (GOLD Stage 0) of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, this stage was removed due to lack of evidence regarding its progression to diagnosed COPD. There remain many such individuals in the population, including some already misdiagnosed with COPD despite not meeting required criteria. This thesis aims to clarify the uncertainty around the relevance of “GOLD Stage 0”. There are three systematic reviews examining the risk of developing COPD amongst GOLD Stage 0 patients, their prognosis and the prognostic factors. The independent effect of respiratory symptoms versus AFO on quality of life is examined using data from the Health Survey for England. Baseline data from the Birmingham COPD Cohort Study are used for two cross-sectional analyses, (1) comparing GOLD Stage 0 patients with those recently identified with COPD and (2) examining the characteristics of those “overdiagnosed” with COPD. GOLD Stage 0 patients showed a similar pattern of poor health outcomes to those diagnosed with COPD. Overdiagnosis of COPD was common, particularly among GOLD Stage 0 patients. Obesity and restrictive disease were potential explanations for some overdiagnosed. The presence of chronic respiratory symptoms has a negative impact on patients’ health, regardless of the presence of diagnosed AFO.
Concordance of bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women studied at Kiran, Karachi, Pakistan.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Correlation of bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometery (DEXA) and biochemical parameters (Urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, zinc and serum estrogen) for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in pre and postmenopausal women of Karachi was carried out. A total of 90 women including 50 post menopausal and 40 pre menopausal women were selected. There was no history of any drug use for bone loss in both groups. Bone mineral density was measured by DEXA at the lumber spine (LS BMD) and total hip (H BMD). Biochemical parameters were measured on biochemistry analyzer or on spectrophotometer by using Randox and biosystem kits and serum estrogen was measured by using Enzyme Immunoassay. Comparison of BMD measured at hip and lumbar spine shows that the BMD at hip was 0.80 ± 0.017, 1.09 ± 0.026 gm/cm in post and pre menopausal women respectively which is significantly low in post menopausal subjects (P < 0.001). Similarly BMD at lumbar spine shows 0.75 ± 0.017, 0.94 ± 0.016 gm/cm in post and pre menopausal women respectively which is also significantly low in post menopausal women (P < 0.001). Distribution of postmenopausal women into normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic according to the finding of BMD measured at hip and spine depicts that out of 50 post menopausal women, only 4 (8%) were normal, where as 22 women (44%) were osteoporotic and remaining 24 (48%) were osteopenic. Biochemical parameters show that the mean urinary calcium, phosphate and zinc was significantly higher (P<0.001) where as estrogen was found to be significantly decreased in postmenopausal women. Key-words: Oseoporosis, skeleton disease, Bone Mineral Density, Post-menopausal women, Karachi, Pakistan.
Therapie des Sommerekzems mit Insol® Dermatophyton – eine Feldstudie

The main purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of Insol® Dermatophyton (ID) by employing a placebo controlled blind study, testing 51 horses suffering from summer eczema. The animals were vaccinated three times every two weeks in February of the year, in which the experiment took place, using ID (n=27) or placebo (n=24). Furthermore, the testing encompassed showing whether immunomodulatory effects could be detected when having used ID. For this purpose, each time the horses were tested –5 times in total– blood serum samples were taken to evaluate specific cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-10, IFNγ, TNFα). Changes of the clinical findings (alteration of skin, itching) were assessed by a score especially developed for this purpose, before, during and after the insect period of the respective testing year. Following the generally well-known predilection sites, 12 body regions were specified, each of which was analysed for five symptoms (hair breakage, alopecia, bloody/purulent skin alteration, skin thickening, dandruff) and rated using points between 0 (not apparent) and 5 (severe). By adding and evaluating these points, for each animal and each time-point, the clinical intensity of the summer eczema could be quantified. After having used ID in a therapeutic or prophylactic placebo controlled blind study, it could not be established that there was a significantly positive effect on the clinical findings of skin affected by summer eczema. However, a positive trend could be observed in that the ID vaccinated animals in summer had a lower score than the ones which had been treated with a placebo. The score, nevertheless, was not statistically significant. This trend, however, could be confirmed by an owner-survey comparing the year of treatment with the year before. On this occasion the owners of the verum group evaluated the clinical appearance of the symptoms as significantly improved in the year of treatment compared with the year before. This effect could not be seen in the placebo group. Furthermore, the “young eczema” horses treated with ID (with symptoms of 2 years maximum) had a respectively lower score than the “old eczema horses” each time they were examined. Concerning the cytokines, an immunomodulatory effect resulting from the therapy could be verified. For instance, the concentrations of IL-10, TNFα, and IFNγ in the verum group rose considerably and what is also statistically significant, they rose after the vaccination, too. This is to be interpreted as an immunomodulatory shift from Th2 (allergy) to Th1 (tolerance). However, this effect could only be shown in-vitro. Further studies will have to evaluate, if the immunomodulatory effect can be intensified by changing of the ID formula, hence allowing statistical evidence in-vivo.
Biopsychosocial comparison of adherent versus nonadherent multiple sclerosis patients

III LIST OF TABLES . VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . IX Chapter 1. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . 1 Multiple Sclerosis . 1 Adherence . 3 Social Support . 7 Depression in Multiple Sclerosis . 10 Clinical Disease Related Characteristics. 11 Summary . 12 Goals and Hypotheses . 13 2. METHODOLOGY . 14 Participants . 14 Procedures . 14 Measures . 15 Statistical Analysis . 17 3. RESULTS . 18 Descriptive Data . 18 Adherence Results . 22 4. DISCUSSION . 27 Summary of Findings . 29 Perceived Social Support . 29 Perceived Provider Support . 30 Depression and Medication Adherence . 31