Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Gender and Plant Architecture on Allocation to Flowers in Dioecious Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae)

In dioecious species, reproductive allocation in females and males may differ as a result of the different reproductive functions and needs of the two sexes. In Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), males invested a total of 11% more biomass in flowers than females. However, individual female flowers were 2.6 times heavier than individual male flowers (on a dry mass basis), had significantly heavier sepals and pedicels, but not petals, and exceeded male flowers for five linear measures. Individual female flowers also contained 2.7 times more N and 2.9 times more P than individual male flowers. In females, N (on a mg/mg basis) was concentrated in ovules, nectary, petals, and styles and P was concentrated in ovules, nectary, styles, and petals. In males, N and P were concentrated in anthers, anthophor, and petals. Within flowers, the three currencies did not always predict each other, as anthers in males and ovules and styles in females contained higher, while sepals in both sexes contained lower, proportions of both nutrients than of biomass. Flower number was highly influenced by gender, pollination, and architecture. Males produced 2.9 times more flowers than unpollinated females and 14.3 times more flowers than pollinated females. In females, pollination of flowers on one of the two main inflorescence branches significantly reduced the number of flowers produced on that branch, both in comparison to the other inflorescence branch on the same plant and in comparison to the corresponding branch on control plants. Flower number also differed between the two inflorescence branches on control plants, indicating the importance of plant architecture on flower production. It is clear that selection can lead to different reproductive allocation patterns in females and males and that these patterns may vary depending on currency and in response to pollination and architecture in females.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY ON AMYLASE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

As reported in our previous papers (Kikkawa 1960; Kikkawa and Abe 1960), there are differences in amylase (glycoside hydrolase) activities in various strains of D. melanogaster, and they are controlled by co-dominant genes located near 80 on the second chromosome. At that time, it was assumed that the differences in amylase activities might be due to variations in the quantity of a particular type of amylase. However, by using agar-gel electrophoresis which was improved by Ogita (1962, 1963) in our laboratory, it has been demonstrated that the differences are mainly correlated with presence of different isozymes of amylase proteins. Preliminary results have been reported in our previous papers (Kikkawa and Ogita 1962; Kikkawa 1963 a, b). This paper deals with genetic analyses of amylase from the view-point of electrophoresis.
Switching, Functional Response, and Stability in Predator-Prey Systems

We consider a model for the functional response of a predator feeding on two species of prey. We assume that the predator searches randomly, at constant speed, for randomly distributed prey, but that whether it attacks a contacted prey will depend on the species of the prey, the species of the last meal, and the time since the last meal. We establish a formula for the expected time between meals on species 1, and take the functional response on species 1, the number of species 1 eaten per unit time by a single predator, to be the reciprocal of this. The general formulae are somewhat complicated, but if it is assumed that the probability of attack is independent of time, it is possible to obtain a fairly simple expression for functional response. This functional response is not necessarily stabilizing; it will be if there is a sufficiently strong (relative to the handling times) tendency for the predator to be more likely to attack a contacted prey if it is the species that was eaten last. (More detail is given at the end of the section Switching and Stability.) We then consider relative attack rates (still assuming that preference is independent of time since the last meal) first by taking the ratio of the two functional responses (for species 1 and species 2) and next by regarding the sequence of meals as a Markov chain. The answers are the same: the relative attack rate is a function only of relative density, and switching occurs provided only that the product of the probabilities of attacking the same species as last eaten is greater than the product of the probabilities of attacking the other species. It is possible to have switching and yet not have a stabilizing functional response.
Molecular phylogeny of fig wasp pollinators (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) of Ficus section Galoglychia

The obligate mutualism between fig trees and their fig wasp pollinators, together with the general tendency for each host species to be pollinated by one fig wasp species, led to the hypothesis that these two lineages have cospeciated. The pollinators of African figs of section Galoglychia form a diverse group of genera whose species seem to be less constrained to a specific host than other pollinating fig wasp genera. Various authors have suggested remarkably different phylogenetic relationships between the seven genera associated with section Galoglychia. These uncertainties concerning the classification make it difficult to understand the historical patterns of association between these wasps and their hosts. The phylogenetic tree for the pollinators was reconstructed with 28S, COI and ITS2 DNA sequence data and compared with morphological classification of the hosts. Pollinator genera were monophyletic in all analyses. However, the relative position of some genera remains unresolved. Investigation of host−fig association suggests that there have been frequent host jumps between host subsections. This indicates that cospeciation between fig trees and fig wasps is not as stringent as previously assumed. In addition, pollinators of the genus Alfonsiella associated with three host figs (Ficus craterostoma, F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii) are morphologically very similar in South Africa. We investigated the possibility that these pollinators form a complex of species with host‐based genetic differentiation. Molecular analyses supported the distinction of the pollinator of F. craterostoma as a good species, but the pollinators of F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii clustered within the same clade, suggesting that these two host species share a single pollinator, Alfonsiella binghami. Based on both molecular data and morphological re‐evaluation, a new Alfonsiella species is described, Alfonsiella pipithiensis sp. nov., which is the pollinator of F. craterostoma in southern Africa. A key to both females and males of all described species of Alfonsiella is provided.
The Contribution of Autecological and Genecological Studies to Our Knowledge of the Past Migrations of Plants

PROLOGUE Although the success or failure of a plant depends upon all of its relations with its environment taken together, sometimes a single aspect of this relationship, applying perhaps to a single stage in its life-cycle, may be crucial. This is not a new suggestion. It has been tacitly assumed by many botanists, and is a central plank in Good's Theory of Tolerance (Good, 1931, 1947). However, by seeking out these crucial stages, and discovering how the environmental factors controlling them have varied in the past, we may be provided with valuable information concerning the history of the taxa involved and, possibly, of the floristic elements which include them. It is the purpose of this paper to show that some of these data are available already and to indicate the manner in which further data may be sought. Four stages may be distinguished in the life-cycle of a higher plant species and each of these could be further subdivided: 1) Vegetative growth;
Responses to cadmium in leaves of transformed poplars overexpressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase

Poplars overexpressing a bacterial gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS) in the cytosol (lines ggs11 and ggs28) had a 30-fold increase in foliar gamma-ECS activity relative to untransformed controls. Foliar gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC) was increased by 10-fold while foliar glutathione accumulation increased by up to 3.5-fold in the leaves of the transformants, Untransformed and transformed poplars were grown with different soil concentrations of cadmium (0-1100 mu g g(-1) soil) for 2 weeks. Cadmium accumulated in the leaves of both transformed and untransformed poplars and growth was inhibited. Growth inhibition and foliar cadmium accumulation were greatest at the highest soil cadmium concentrations in all lines. Exposure to cadmium enhanced the foliar cysteine, gamma-EC and glutathione pools in all lines but less glutathione was present in the leaves of the untransformed controls than the transformants under all growth conditions. Cadmium-induced changes in the activities of malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase and guaiacol peroxidase were less pronounced in the leaves of the transformed poplars overexpressing gamma-ECS than in the untransformed controls. Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities were unchanged by exposure to cadmium. We conclude that overexpression of gamma-ECS activity and foliar glutathione accumulation in transformed poplar allows greater tissue cadmium accumulation but has only a marginal effect on cadmium tolerance in poplar.
Book Reviews

Paths and Rivers by Roxana Waterson is a ‘masterwork’ ethnography that blithely bucks the publishing trend towards short and narrowly themed academic works. Whereas many recent books, after initial reading, may rest mutely on a scholar’s bookshelf, Paths and Rivers promises a longer life of frequent consultation for both Sulawesi and Austronesian specialists. It is the kind of big and detailed ethnography of a single society, in this case the Sa’dan Toraja of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, through which many past European anthropologists forged their careers and disciplinary reputations. Fortunately, the Toraja are the kind of ritually flamboyant and intriguingly evolving society, in everything from their architecture to their funerals, to make such extensive reflection and documentation worthy of broad interest. Yet, even as Waterson’s book engages with past historical and structuralist tomes on Toraja culture and rituals, such as those by Terence Bigalke, Hetty Nooy-Palm, and the European explorers who preceded them, Paths and Rivers quickly reveals the author’s eagerness to bring comparative Austronesian studies and recent theoretical perspectives to bear on peoples whose ritual entrenchment now may have as much to do with tourism and political food fights (literally speaking) as with filial or cosmological concerns couched in botanical metaphors. Waterson writes in a brief personal introduction that her book’s title refers to the frequent use of ‘path’ and ‘river’ tropes in Toraja discussions of time, rituals, kinship genealogies, knowledge preservation, and the indigenous cosmology itself (pp. xiv xv.) She also notes that this imagery helped her focus on the trails of continuities and changes that the Toraja have experienced from the past centuries to the present decade of economic and political crises. But, Waterson’s key trope for the book really is social memory, and she struggles doggedly and candidly to meld diverse ethnographic commentary with myths and historical documents. Paths and Rivers draws on a fieldwork career spanning some twenty-five years from 1978 to 2004, Waterson’s last Sulawesi visit prior to her book’s publication. Part One on ‘the uses of the past’ interweaves archaeology, indigenous mythology, colonial history, and early postcolonial memories in thoughtful ways. Much of this
Synchrony in population dynamics

Our data are long-term population dynamics of a set of species in different localities in Finland. There is considerable level of species-specific synchrony in population fluctuations among the localities. The degree of synchrony levels off with increasing distance among the populations compared. Climatic perturbations and dispersal have been proposed as pace-making factors for synchrony. According to Moran’s theorem, local populations sharing a common structure of density dependence should become synchronized under the influence of a spatially correlated density-independent factor. This predicts synchrony to decay slower with increasing distance between local populations than if the synchrony is caused by dispersal. To explore the significance of the Moran effect and dispersal in explaining the observed regional synchrony, we used a metapopulation system. The Moran effect and dispersal are both capable to synchronize alone local population fluctuations. However, with dispersal the level of synchrony decreases with distance among the populations. Adding Moran’s effect does not greatly affect the level of synchrony, nor the negative correlation between synchrony and distance. This finding makes it difficult to tell apart whether an observed negative correlation between the level of synchrony and distance among the compared populations is caused by dispersal alone, or both dispersal and Moran’s effect acting together.
CIRCADIAN GROWTH IN PORPHYRA UMBILICALIS (RHODOPHYTA): SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM

The circadian rhythm in growth of the red macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) J. Agardh was investigated under different spectral light conditions in laboratory‐grown thalli. A free‐running rhythm was observed in constant green or red light at irradiances of 2.5 to 20 μmol photons·m−2·s−1, whereas arhythmicity occurred in constant blue light at 6–20 μmol photons·m−2·s−1. The circadian oscillator controlling growth rhythmicity in Porphyra uses most of the visible sunlight spectrum and possibly multiple photoreceptors with a high sensitivity for blue light and a lower sensitivity for red light. This was inferred from three experimental results: (1) The free‐running period, τ, of the growth rhythm decreased with increasing irradiance, from approximately 25 h at 2.5 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 to 22 h at 20 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 in red or green light, (2) Dark pulses of 3 h duration, interrupting otherwise continuous green or red light, caused advances during the subjective day and delays during the subjective night; the circadian oscillator in Porphyra can discriminate darkness from green or red light, and (3) Low‐irradiance blue light pulses (2.5 μmol photons·m−2·s−1) shifted the growth rhythm in red light of higher irradiance (e.g. 10 μmol photons·m−2·s−1), and a strong, high amplitude, type 0 phase response curve was obtained that is usually observed with light pulses shifting a circadian rhythm in otherwise continuous darkness.
Notch signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a form of pediatric leukemia that is thought to be caused by approximately 12 distinct chromosomal translocations that lead to aberrant expression of as many different cellular genes. Development of novel, rational therapies against such a diverse set of mechanistic targets has thus been a formidable challenge. Recent studies, however, have identified a large fraction of T-ALL cases carrying mutations in one of these genes, Notch1, suggesting for the first time that many cases may share a common pathogenic etiology, and perhaps may allow the development of targeted therapies that benefit the majority of patients with this disease.
Human immunodeficiency virus protease: A target for aids therapy

Human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV, is the etiologic agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This retrovirus produces a small, dimeric aspartyl protease which specifically cleaves the precursor forms of the structural proteins and enzymes of the virus. This proteolytic activity is absolutely required for the production of mature, infectious viral particles and is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Peptide analogues containing transition‐state mimics were synthesized and shown to inhibit the activity of the purified HIV protease in vitro to various extents. Most interestingly, the most potent inhibitors were shown to effectively block the protease in HIV‐infected cells and to impair the viral life cycle. Other approaches to interfere with the viral protease activity or production are also discussed.
Potential Range Expansion of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) in Southern U.S. Forestlands

Japanese honeysuckle is one of the most aggressive invasive vines in forestlands of the southern United States. We analyzed field data collected by the U.S. Forest Service to identify potential determinants of invasion and to predict likelihood of further invasion under a variety of possible management strategies. Results of logistic regression, which classified 74% of the field plots correctly with regard to species presence and absence, indicated probability of invasion is correlated positively with adjacency to water bodies, temperature, site productivity, species diversity, and private land ownership, and is correlated negatively with slope, stand age, artificial regeneration, distance to the nearest road, and fire disturbance. Habitats most at risk to further invasion under current conditions occur throughout Mississippi, stretching northward across western Tennessee and western Kentucky, westward across southern Arkansas, eastward across north-central Alabama, and also occur in several counties scattered within Virginia. Invasion likelihoods could be increased by global climate change and reduced most by conversion to public land ownership, followed by artificial regeneration, and fire disturbance. While conversion of land ownership may not be feasible, this result suggests the opportunity for decreasing the likelihood of invasions on private lands via using selected management practices.
Postmortem Changes in Muscle

ABSTRACTThe topic of the postmortem period in muscle has a rich history of scientific accomplishment. It is a topic being vigorously pursued at present with new approaches both by seasoned investigators and by a new generation of meat scientists. I must emphasize to you that I am confident it is a topic critically important to improvements in the industry which produces and distributes meat for human consumption. Postmortem change is a topic I feel comfortable with because I took my training and conducted my early work in the area—and that at a time of high activity and major accomplishments. There is a large number of excellent reviews recorded in the literature. I will not attempt to replay them here, but rather use the license of flexibility granted me to develop the concept of the crucial importance scientific work in the area of postmortem change plays in the economically important factor of meat quality.So there is my thesis—I believe that research on postmortem change. in muscle is leading to the s.
Reproductive ecology of the isopod Idotea baltica (Pallas) in the northern Baltic

Abstract The reproductive condition and body mass changes of Idotea baltica were studied by repeated sampling during the maturation and breeding period in 1986. Our observations indicate that I. baltica females have a capacity to produce more than one brood during warm summers in the Finnish SW archipelago of the Baltic Sea. First, new ovarioles may develop in gravid females while they are still carrying the late embryonal stages of their earlier brood. Second, there are two successive peaks of gravid females in June andJuly, and furthermore, the initiation of these peaks coincide with a high frequency of gravid females with broods at early developmental stages. Third, the condition index of gravid females increases during the incubation period and is extremely high in post-gravid females. This is in accordance with the earlier observations about the increase of food consumption and activity of females just before or after the release of juveniles, and would be a reasonable tactic for an iteroparous breeder.
An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny

The Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes in the Ascomycota, and the majority of its species are characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. It includes more than 600 genera with over 3000 species and represents a wide range of ecologies including pathogens and endophytes of plants, animal pathogens and mycoparasites. To test and refine the classification of the Sordariomycetes sensu Eriksson (2006), the phylogenetic relationship among 106 taxa from 12 orders out of 16 in the Sordariomycetes was investigated based on four nuclear loci (nSSU and nLSU rDNA, TEF and RPB2), using three species of the Leotiomycetes as outgroups. Three subclasses (i.e. Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae) currently recognized in the classification are well supported with the placement of the Lulworthiales in either a basal group of the Sordariomycetes or a sister group of the Hypocreomycetidae. Except for the Microascales, our results recognize most of the orders as monophyletic groups. Melanospora species form a clade outside of the Hypocreales and are recognized as a distinct order in the Hypocreomycetidae. Glomerellaceae is excluded from the Phyllachorales and placed in Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis. In the Sordariomycetidae, the Sordariales is a strongly supported clade and occurs within a well supported clade containing the Boliniales and Chaetosphaeriales. Aspects of morphology, ecology and evolution are discussed.
Capacidade da Lemna aequinoctialis para acumular metais pesados de água contaminada

Plant ability for tolerating and accumulating high amount of heavy metal is used as a promissory technology for removing contaminants from highly polluted environments. The ability of the macrophyte L. aequinoctialis to remove heavy metal was studied in two different sampling times during its flowering. Samples of plant tissue L. aequinoctialis and water were collected for 800 hours at 48 hour intervals. Concentrations of Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Fe present in L. aequinoctialis and water were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Data were subjected to the techniques of principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and boxplot. We found that rhizofiltration of L. aequinoctialis removes high amount of heavy metal in this order: Cr >Ni>Cu> Fe > Zn >Mn. Only significant changes in chemical composition of the water, pH and electrical conductivity alter the absorption capacity of L. aequinoctialis.
Introduction to the Symposium: Gastrulation

The symposium and these published proceedings are dedicated to Johannes Holtfreter. Even though his major contributions were in amphibian gastrulation, he has inspired and influenced so many embryologists, including those whose research has been and is on gastrulation, whatever the organism or specifics of their work. Holtfreter's 1943 and 1944 papers and the 1955 paper he published with Townes represent milestones in the history of contemporary research in this area of animal development. It is perhaps unfair, but certainly difficult to single out the most significant concept to have emerged from his voluminous published research. There is one concept which we believe has had a major impact not only in the study of embryogenesis but also in many other areas of biology. Holtfreter's experiments so elegantly revealed the cell surface as a crucial site for the driving mechanism of morphogenetic movements. Gastrulation, broadly speaking, is a time in embryogenesis when morphogenetic movements become a dominant category of events.