Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nasal intubation: A comprehensive review

Nasal intubation technique was first described in 1902 by Kuhn. The others pioneering the nasal intubation techniques were Macewen, Rosenberg, Meltzer and Auer, and Elsberg. It is the most common method used for giving anesthesia in oral surgeries as it provides a good field for surgeons to operate. The anatomy behind nasal intubation is necessary to know as it gives an idea about the pathway of the endotracheal tube and complications encountered during nasotracheal intubation. Various techniques can be used to intubate the patient by nasal route and all of them have their own associated complications which are discussed in this article. Various complications may arise while doing nasotracheal intubation but a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and physics behind the procedure can help reduce such complications and manage appropriately. It is important for an anesthesiologist to be well versed with the basics of nasotracheal intubation and advances in the techniques. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy and the advent of newer devices have abolished the negative effect of blindness of the procedure.
A Comparison of Lamotrigine or Sodium Valproate on the Efficacy inAlzheimers disease with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms ofDementia: A Retrospective Open-Label Study Running Title: Efficacy ofAnticonvulsants for BPSD

Aim: We compared the clinical efficacy and subsequent changes in dosages of concomitantly used psychotropic drugs with lamotrigine and sodium valproate therapy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms on Dementia (BPSD). Methods: This study was a 16-week, retrospective, open-label study. The 45 subjects were inpatients. The outcome measures assessed were BPSD and cognitive function. BPSD was assessed using the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) and cognitive function was assessed using the mini-mental examination (MMSE). The changes in the dosages of concomitant psychotropic drugs were also assessed. Results: Although the mean changes from baseline NPI scores and the two NPI subscales (agitation and irritability) decreased both in the lamotrigine therapy group and in the sodium valproate therapy group, no significant difference was found between the two groups. The mean decrease in diazepam-equivalent dose from baseline was significantly greater in the lamotrigine therapy group than that in the sodium valproate therapy group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the sodium valproate therapy group, the occurrence rates of somnolence, body tilt, and dizziness were all 30%. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that while the administration of lamotrigine or sodium valproate might be effective in patients with severe AD with BPSD, special attention is required when using sodium valproate on a daily basis.
Rapid Antigen Test for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus

To the Editor: Drexler et al. recently compared the sensitivity of the BinaxNOW Influenza A & B Rapid Test (BinaxNOW; Inverness Medical, Cologne, Germany) with that of a real-time reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) assay specific for influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus (1). Of 1,838 clinical specimens tested, 221 were confirmed as positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 by RT-PCR. When 144 of these 221 specimens were evaluated by using the BinaxNOW, results were positive for only 16 (11%). At onset of the pandemic, we evaluated the first 135 nasopharyngeal aspirates submitted to the Regional Laboratory of Public Health Haarlem, the Netherlands. We compared the performance of the BinaxNOW for diagnosing influenza A (H1N1) virus by using molecular detection of influenza virus as the reference standard. Samples were analyzed with a general influenza A assay targeting the matrix gene (the RespiFinder assay) (PathoFinder B.V., Maastricht, the Netherlands [2]) and a pandemic (H1N1) 2009–specific RT-PCR assay targeting the neuraminidase gene (3). We tested 135 patient samples (76 from male patients); mean age of patients was 32 years (range 0–81 years). Samples from 38 (28%) patients had positive results in both RT-PCRs, and samples from 97 (72%) patients had negative results in the matrix gene RT-PCR and neuraminidase RT-PCR assays. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated to be 47% (18/38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 32%–62%) and 95% (92/97, 95% CI 88%–98%), respectively, for the BinaxNOW antigen test. Patients’ ages did not significantly differ between rapid test–positive and –negative results. Our results largely agree with those of Vasoo et al. (4) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5). Those studies determined that the sensitivity of the BinaxNOW compared with nucleic acid amplification tests is ≈40%. The lower sensitivity observed by Drexler et al. (1) might be because of differences in study type (retrospective evaluation compared with a prospective cohort in our study), sample size, technical factors (with regard to specimen collection, specimen transport, and specimen storage), differences in the test kit, and differences between individual patients (multiple categories of age and stages of illness, differences in virus shedding). Many clinicians are not aware of the performance of specific test devices and rely on test results to make clinical decisions. Because negative results cannot rule out influenza, this test is of little use in a clinical setting without appreciation of the limitations of the test. However, because the BinaxNOW has reasonable specificity, it might prove useful in clinical or epidemiologic situations in which test sensitivity is not critical, e.g., in facility outbreaks in which multiple specimens are collected to rapidly identify the causative organism.
POSSIBLE HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC EFFECT OF GINGER AND ROSEMARY OILS IN RATS

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for development of atherosclerosis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential effect of ginger oil alone or combined with rosemary oil as hypocholesterolemic agent in rats fed high fat diet. Materials and methods: Healthy female albino rats (n=80) weighting about (150-180 g) were included in this study divided into two equal groups; Group (I): were fed on the basal diet. Group (I) were divided into 4 subgroups each 10: Group (Ia): negative control. Group (Ib): Rats received i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w of ginger oil. Group (Ic): rats received i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w of rosemary oil. Group (Id): Rats received i.p 5 g/Kg b.w mixture of ginger oil and rosemary oil (1:1). The second main groups; Group (II): high fat diet (HFD) were fed on the basal diet plus cholesterol (1%), bile salt (0.25%) and animal fat (15%) to induce hypercholesterolemia for six weeks. Group (II) was divided into 4subgroups: Group (IIa): HFD. Group (IIb): HFD were treated with i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w ginger oil. Group (IIc): (n=10) HFD were treated with i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w rosemary oil. Group (IId): (n=10) HFD were treated with i.p 5 g/Kg b.w mixture of oils. Results: It was found that HFD rats showed a significant elevation in glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase and a reduction in serum HDL-c compared with negative control. Treatment with ginger oil, rosemary oil and their mixture modulated the elevation of these parameters. Histopathological examination of the liver tissue of HFD rats showed a lipid deposition and macrophage infiltration and stenosis of hepatic vein. Treatment with mixture oils preserves normal structure of liver. Conclusion: It was concluded that, hypocholesterolemic effect was related to the active oil content as Rosemary oil contain - α-pinene, Camphor, cineole, borneol and Ginger oil contain Linalool, Terpineol, Borneol, Eucalyptol.
Vision system for high frame rate wireless capsule endoscope

The aim of this work is the development of a custom vision system for capsule endoscopy enabling real time data stream at 20 fps. The core components of the system is a custom imager purposely developed for the target application, combined with a red, green and blue LEDs illumination system and a low power FPGA for sensor control, image compression and interfacing with transmission.
Opioid Preconditioning Induces Opioid Receptor-Dependent Delayed Neuroprotection Against Ischemia in Rats

We have shown that exposure of neurons to opioid immediately before ischemia induces ischemia tolerance. This phenomenon is called acute opioid preconditioning. In this study, we test the hypothesis that opioids induce delayed neuropreconditioning (from hours to days after opioid exposure). Exposure to morphine, an agonist for &dgr;-, &mgr;-, and &kgr;-opioid receptors, or Tan-67, a selective &dgr;1-receptor agonist, for 30 minutes at 24 hours before a 35-minute oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, to simulate ischemia in vitro) dose-dependently reduced the OGD-induced neuronal death in the CA1 region of the rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. The morphine preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was inhibited by &bgr;-funaltrexamine, a &mgr;-opioid receptor antagonist, but not by 7-benzylidenenaltrexone, a &dgr;1-receptor antagonist, or nor-binaltorphimine, a &kgr;-receptor antagonist. The Tan-67 preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was inhibited by 7-benzylidenenaltrexone. The combination of morphine and Tan-67 did not induce a better preconditioning effect than did morphine or Tan-67 alone. Application of morphine and Tan-67 at 24 hours before permanent right middle cerebral arterial occlusion reduced brain infarct volume and improved neurologic functional outcome assessed 24 hours after the occlusion in adult male rats. These results suggest that morphine and Tan-67 induce a delayed preconditioning effect in the brain under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Whereas the delayed phase of morphine preconditioning may involve &mgr;-opioid receptors, Tan-67 preconditioning may be mediated by &dgr;1-opioid receptors. Morphine and Tan-67 may activate a shared intracellular signaling pathway to induce the delayed preconditioning effects in the brain.
The relationship between the number of preprocedural circulating endothelial progenitor cells and angiographic restenosis following coronary artery stent placement

Objective In animals, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) beneficially influence the repair of the coronary vessel wall after damage by stent placement. However, their role in humans is less well understood. In the present study, the authors aimed to evaluate the relationship between the number of preprocedural EPCs defined as CD34+/KDR+/CD133+ cells and angiographic late loss as a measure of the growth of in-stent intimal hyperplasia. Design, setting, patients and interventions The 59 study patients were treated in the authors' clinic with a Genous EPC capturing stent, a bare metal stent (BMS) or a drug-eluting stent, and angiographic follow-up occurred between 6 and 13 months. Results The authors found no relationship between preprocedural EPCs and angiographic late loss, irrespective of stent type. Though statistically not significant, patients with a high number of preprocedural CD34 cells and treated with a Genous stent or BMS showed a numerically higher late loss (in Genous patients: 1.03±0.76 mm vs 0.71±0.50 mm, p=0.15; in BMS patients: 1.06±0.73 mm vs 0.35±0.62 mm, p=0.08). Conclusions Considering these and other varied observations, further studies aimed at identifying the biological mechanism and the individual roles of EPCs and/or CD34 cells in endothelial repair after coronary vessel stenting are needed.
Trichoderma atroviride G-Protein α-Subunit Gene tga1 Is Involved in Mycoparasitic Coiling and Conidiation

ABSTRACT The soil fungus Trichoderma atroviride, a mycoparasite, responds to a number of external stimuli. In the presence of a fungal host, T. atroviride produces hydrolytic enzymes and coils around the host hyphae. In response to light or nutrient depletion, asexual sporulation is induced. In a biomimetic assay, different lectins induce coiling around nylon fibers; coiling in the absence of lectins can be induced by applying cyclic AMP (cAMP) or the heterotrimeric G-protein activator mastoparan. We isolated a T. atroviride G-protein α-subunit (Gα) gene (tga1) belonging to the fungal subfamily with the highest similarity to the Gαi class. Generated transgenic lines that overexpress Gα show very delayed sporulation and coil at a higher frequency. Furthermore, transgenic lines that express an activated mutant protein with no GTPase activity do not sporulate and coil at a higher frequency. Lines that express an antisense version of the gene are hypersporulating and coil at a much lower frequency in the biomimetic assay. The loss of Tga1 in these mutants correlates with the loss of GTPase activity stimulated by the peptide toxin Mas-7. The application of Mas-7 to growing mycelial colonies raises intracellular cAMP levels, suggesting that Tga1 can activate adenylyl cyclase. In contrast, cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity drop when diffusible host signals are encountered and the mycoparasitism-related genes ech42 and prb1 are highly expressed. Mycoparasitic signaling is unlikely to be a linear pathway from host signals to increased cAMP levels. Our results demonstrate that the product of the tga1 gene is involved in both coiling and conidiation.
Audit of preoperative fluid resuscitation in perforation peritonitis patients using Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity

Context: Debate continues regarding fluid (crystalloid vs. colloid) of choice for resuscitation. Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) may be used to compare the benefits of preoperative fluid resuscitation with crystalloids and colloids in peritonitis patients. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare crystalloid and colloid for preoperative resuscitation using morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay (LOS), and time taken to resuscitate as the outcome parameters. Settings and Design: This was a prospective randomized clinical trial. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and seven peritonitis patients were prospectively randomized to fluid resuscitation by crystalloid (Group A) and colloid (Group B) solutions. Physiological score component of POSSUM was recorded before and after fluid resuscitation; operative score component was recorded at discharge/death. These scores were then used to calculate the predicted morbidity and mortality before and after the fluid resuscitation. Statistical Analysis Used: Effect on morbidity and mortality were compared by repeated measure analysis of variance, and its significance was tested by Tukey's test. LOS and time taken to resuscitate were compared using unpaired t-test. Significance was taken at 5%. Results: Fluid resuscitation improved mean predicted morbidity by 0.095 and 0.137 in Group A and Group B, respectively. Similarly, fluid resuscitation improved predicted mortality by 0.145 and 0.185 in Group A and Group B, respectively. These changes were statistically significant. Improvement in morbidity and mortality appeared greater in Group B. No difference was found in the two groups for LOS and time to resuscitate. Conclusions: Preoperative fluid resuscitation using either crystalloid or colloidal solutions decreases morbidity as well as mortality in peritonitis patients.
Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Aoatg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

ABSTRACT Autophagy is a well-known degradation system, induced by nutrient starvation, in which cytoplasmic components and organelles are digested via vacuoles/lysosomes. Recently, it was reported that autophagy is involved in the turnover of cellular components, development, differentiation, immune responses, protection against pathogens, and cell death. In this study, we isolated the ATG8 gene homologue Aoatg8 from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae and visualized autophagy by the expression of DsRed2-AoAtg8 and enhanced green fluorescent protein-AoAtg8 fusion proteins in this fungus. While the fusion proteins were localized in dot structures which are preautophagosomal structure-like structures under normal growth conditions, starvation or rapamycin treatment caused their accumulation in vacuoles. DsRed2 expressed in the cytoplasm was also taken up into vacuoles under starvation conditions or during the differentiation of conidiophores and conidial germination. Deletion mutants of Aoatg8 did not form aerial hyphae and conidia, and DsRed2 was not localized in vacuoles under starvation conditions, indicating that Aoatg8 is essential for autophagy. Furthermore, Aoatg8 conditional mutants showed delayed conidial germination in the absence of nitrogen sources. These results suggest that autophagy functions in both the differentiation of aerial hyphae and in conidial germination in A. oryzae.
Scientific basis for the content of routine antenatal care I. Philosophy, recent studies, and power to eliminate or alleviate adverse maternal outcomes

Background. Scope and content of antenatal care programs are ritualistic rather than evidence‐based. We wanted to identify elements of antenatal care which are of proven benefit in preventing or ameliorating specific adverse outcomes in the mother: bleeding, anemia, preeclampsia, sepsis and genito‐urinary infection and obstructed labor. Methods. Review of recent literature, especially randomized controlled trials. Results and conclusions. Recent trials indicate that fewer routine visits for low‐risk women do not put pregnancies at increased risk but may lessen patient satisfaction. Bleeding in pregnancy has many causes, none of which can be eliminated through antenatal care. Risk factors can be identified by history‐taking. Counselling and advice on what to do is the best option. Anemia in pregnancy is common, especially in developing countries. Routine iron supplementation is not necessary in well‐nourished populations, but iron and folate should be provided for every pregnant woman in areas of high anemia prevalence; based on circumstantial evidence. Hemoglobin (Hb) determination as a routine test is more important late (around week 30) than early in pregnancy: high Hb is a danger signal. It is uncertain whether early detection of pre‐eclampsia will reduce the incidence of eclampsia. Recent trials do not support routine aspirin to prevent pre‐eclampsia among low risk women, nor is there evidence that anti‐hypertensive treatment of mild pre‐eclampsia will prevent more severe disease, but improved detection and care may still lead to better outcome. As to infections, urine culture and dipstick for leucocyte esterase and nitrite with subsequent treatment of positive cases will reduce the risk of pyelonephritis and appears to be cost‐effective. Serological screening and treatment of syphilis is inexpensive and cost‐effective. Obstructed labor can be anticipated in multiparas based on obstetrical history. Hospital delivery should be secured. Height of nulli‐paras should be recorded where hospital birth is not routine and a discriminatory level for hospital delivery decided locally. External version of breech lie does reduce the incidence of breech births and cesarean delivery.
Hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous mediator of resolution of inflammation and injury.

SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen sulfide is emerging as an important mediator of many aspects of inflammation, and perhaps most importantly as a factor promoting the resolution of inflammation and repair of injury. RECENT ADVANCES In the gastrointestinal tract, H(2)S has been shown to promote healing of ulcers and the resolution of mucosal inflammation. On the other hand, suppression of endogenous H(2)S synthesis impairs mucosal defense and leads to increased granulocyte infiltration. H(2)S has been exploited in the design of more effective and safe anti-inflammatory drugs. CRITICAL ISSUES Enteric bacteria can be a significant source of H(2)S, which could affect mucosal integrity; indeed, luminal H(2)S can serve as an alternative to oxygen as a metabolic substrate for mitochondrial respiration in epithelial cells. Enterocytes and colonocytes thereby represent a "metabolic barrier" to the diffusion of bacteria-derived H(2)S into the subepithelial space. A compromise of this barrier could result in modulation of mucosal function and integrity by bacterial H(2)S. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improvements in methods for measurement of H(2)S and development of more selective inhibitors are crucial for gaining a better understanding of the pathophysiological importance of this mediator. Results from animal studies suggest that H(2)S-releasing agents are promising therapeutic agents for many indications, but these compounds need to be assessed in a clinical setting.
Morality, Compensation, and the Contractual Obligation

This article presents empirical estimates that two thirds of the people perceive breach of contract followed by compensation for the promisee as not immoral. In the absence of compensation, it reveals that most individuals perceive the moral value of breach depending on the consequences thereof, with the unfairness of the outcome – and not the inefficiency – as the main factor. Contract law reflects interpersonal morality and allows courts to rescind the contract on grounds of impossibility or impracticability if the breach is fair and the promisor avoids exceptionally high losses, but not if the breach is unfair and the promisor breaches to profit from a substitutive transaction. The law, moreover, does not punish breach, nor inevitably requires performance by the promisor, but rather aims at compensating the victim, thereby reflecting how most individuals perceive breach followed by compensation, from a normative standpoint: as not morally wrong.
Recovery from gastric mucus depletion in the intact guinea pig mucosa

Background: In developed countries one‐third of the population is infected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. In the early stages of H. pylori‐induced gastritis, typical symptoms include gastric erosions and mucus depletions. Artificial mucus depletion was generated, demonstrating both consequent irritation and recovery processes in the mucosa. Methods: The mucus depletion was examined by removing a small cylinder of mucus from the surface of the explanted guinea pig corpus mucosa, leaving the epithelial surface intact. pH microelectrodes were inserted into the mucosa in vitro, measuring the epicellular mucus pH, the pH i of the underlying epithelial cells and the pH inside the gastric glands during mucus regeneration. Using infrared microscopy, the same process of mucus layer renewal was followed in anaesthetized animals. Results: The depletion exposed the tissue surface to low luminal pH levels. At a luminal pH of 2.5, a decrease was observed in the crypt outlet pH and surface cell pH i , while deeper cells were less affected. However, a subsequent neutralization in the deep gland lumen was found. During the repair process, a quarter of the mucus layer was regenerated within the first 5 min. This newly secreted mucus formed a structure similar to that before depletion. Within 45 min, pH i and tissue‐near pH values had fully recovered. Conclusion: Following mucus depletion, there is a decrease in surface cell pH i and crypt outlet pH values. The repair process is then characterized by extensive mucus secretion and local cessation of acid secretion.