Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
You can run--or you can hide: optimal strategies for cryptic prey against pursuit predators

We consider the optimal behavior of a cryptic prey individual as it is approached by a predator searching for prey. Although the predator has not yet discovered the prey, it has an increasing likelihood of doing so as it gets closer to the prey. Further, the closer the predator is to the prey when it discovers it, the more likely the predator will be to capture the prey. These arguments suggest that the prey should flee before the predator discovers it. However, the act of fleeing will alert the predator to the presence of the prey and trigger an attack that might not have occurred otherwise. We capture these conflicting outcomes in a mathematical model, which we then use to predict the optimal behavior of the prey and predator. We argue that the optimal strategy for the prey is either to run as soon as they detect a predator approaching or to only flee in response to having been detected by the predator. Running as soon as the predator is detected is associated with low predator search speeds, a low nonpredation cost to running, a large advantage to the prey in initiating chases rather than reacting, limited ability to spot the predator at distance, a high ability to spot prey by the predator, and a high probability that chases will be successful. The optimal strategy for the predator depends on whether its current trajectory is taking it closer to or further from the prey. In the latter case, the predator should attack immediately on discovering the prey; in the former case, it should delay its attack until it reaches the point on its current trajectory where distance to the prey is minimized. Copyright 2005.
The time derivative of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations in 4U 1636−53

We analysed all archival Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1636−53 up to 2010 May. In 528 out of 1280 observations we detected kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs), with ∼65 per cent of these detections corresponding to the so-called lower kHz QPO. Using this QPO we measured, for the first time, the rate at which the QPO frequency changes as a function of QPO frequency. For this we used the spread of the QPO frequency over groups of 10 consecutive measurements, sampling time-scales between 320 and 1600 s and the time derivative of the QPO frequency, u νQPO, over time-scales of 32–160 s. We found that (i) both the QPO-frequency spread and uQPO decrease by a factor of ∼3 as the QPO frequency increases. (ii) The average value of u νQPO decreases by a factor of ∼2 as the time-scale over which the derivative is measured increases from less than 64 to 160 s. (iii) The relation between the absolute value of u νQPO and the QPO frequency is consistent with being the same both for the positive and negative QPO-frequency derivatives. We show that, if either the lower or the upper kHz QPO reflects the Keplerian frequency at the inner edge of the accretion disc, these results support a scenario in which the inner part of the accretion disc is truncated at a radius that is set by the combined effect of viscosity and radiation drag.
Toward More Substantively Meaningful Automated Essay Scoring

This study evaluated a “substantively driven” method for scoring NAEP writing assessments automatically. The study used variations of an existing commercial program, e-rater®, to compare the performance of three approaches to automated essay scoring: a brute-empirical approach in which variables are selected and weighted solely according to statistical criteria, a hybrid approach in which a fixed set of variables more closely tied to the characteristics of good writing was used but the weights were still statistically determined, and a substantively driven approach in which a fixed set of variables was weighted according to the judgments of two independent committees of writing experts. The research questions concerned (1) the reproducibility of weights across writing experts, (2) the comparison of scores generated by the three automated approaches, and (3) the extent to which models developed for scoring one NAEP prompt generalize to other NAEP prompts of the same genre. Data came from the 2002 NAEP Writing Online study and from the main NAEP 2002 writing assessment. Results showed that, in carrying out the substantively driven approach, experts initially assigned weights to writing dimensions that were highly similar across committees but that diverged from one another after committee 1 was shown the empirical weights for possible use in its judgments and committee 2 was not shown those weights. The substantively driven approach based on the judgments of committee 1 generally did not operate in a markedly different way from the brute empirical or hybrid approaches in most of the analyses conducted. In contrast, many consistent differences with those approaches were observed for the substantively driven approach based on the judgments of committee 2. This study suggests that empirical weights might provide a useful starting point for expert committees, with the understanding that the weights be moderated only somewhat to bring them more into line with substantive considerations. Under such circumstances, the results may turn out to be reasonable, though not necessarily as highly related to human ratings as statistically optimal approaches would produce.
Application of a Three-Stage Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Extractable Metal Contents in Highway Soils

with aqua regia. Recoveries were found to be satisfactory and the detection limits of the elements investigated were in the range 0.01 to 0.72 µ gm L −1 for the different extraction stages. The effect of matrix components on the determination of metals was investigated by using a standard additions method. This study illustrates the importance of considering metal speciation when assessing the mobility of potentially toxic elements in industrially (especially from traffic) contaminated land. Enrichment factors were calculated based upon abundances of the elements in the Earth’s crust for soils, taking into consideration their total metal levels. This approach may represent a new dimension in the understanding of the dry and wet accumulation or pollution load of toxic heavy metals in soils.
Risk Factors That Affect Stroke Recurrence

Risk factors that affect recurrence in strokes Introduction: Recurrent stroke is defined as a new cerebrovascular event which occurs after the stabiliza- tion of the previous stroke. Recurrence of stroke increases likelihood of disability-mortality associated with stroke. Systematic evaluation of stroke cases can help to reduce the risk of recurrence. Objective: In order to predict strokes which carry the risk of recurrence, we aimed to compare data related to risk factors, stroke type, etiology and disability-mortality rates associated with stroke. Material And Method: Patients with stroke who referred to Bakirkoy Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases Training and Research State Hospital between June 1, 2002 and February 28, 2003 were recorded into the stroke database in a consecutive and prospective manner. Strokes were classified as ischemic/hemor- rhagic and first/recurrent. For recurrent strokes, information about previous strokes was also recorded. Risk factors were classified as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation (AF), coronary artery disease (CAD), migraine, transient ischemic accident (TIA), family history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), oral contraceptive use, PAD, congestive heart failure (CHF), other heart diseases, smoking cigarette and alcohol consumption. Disability-mortality rates associated with stroke were evaluated. All data were compared for first and recurrent strokes. Results: In our study, 631 patients were evaluated, 52.3% of whom were female and 47.7% male. Frequency of stroke was statistically high (p<0.001) in females over 70 years old. Recurrent strokes were of the same type. For the first and recurrent strokes, HT was the highest risk factor. AF frequency increased with age (p<0.001). The rate of disability-mortality was found high in strokes of undetermined and cardioembolic origin. Conclusion: Knowledge of etiologic group can help to predict recurrence of stroke and prevent death. We think that effective treatment of modifiable risk factors identified in stroke groups where recurrence is the highest, and prioritising the investigation of cardioembolic risk factors in elderly women are significant in terms of primary and secondary stroke prevention.
Acute ischemic stroke severity , progression and outcome relates to changes in dipeptidyl peptidase IV and fibroblast activation protein activity Reference

Results DPPIV activity tended to increase shortly after stroke compared to the control population. DPPIV and FAP activities steadily decreased in the first week after stroke onset. Higher infarct volumes (≥ 5 ml) and a more severe stroke (NIHSS > 7) at admission were correlated with a stronger decrease in the activities of both enzymes. Moreover, these patients more often developed a progressive stroke, were more often institutionalized. Conclusions Patients with a stronger increase in DPPIV activity at admission and decrease in the activity of both DPPIV and FAP during the first week after stroke onset had a more severe stroke and worse short-term outcomes. As suggested by reviewer #2, the authors additionally discussed the potentialy sources of the studied encymes in the blood. By giving more attention to this point, the authors provide more background that helps to better understand the aim of their study. Authors' Response to Reviewer Comments
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE CHANGES THAT OCCURRED IN THE MANAGERIAL WORK IN POST-EU INTEGRATION ROMANIA

The aim of this paper is to inquire into the changes of the managerial work produced in Romania after the integration into the European Union. The new millennium poses a lot of problems to the Romanian organizations, but very few solutions. As a result, mangers should put a stake on innovations and on adopting an optimistic view in order for them to perceive not only the threat, but also the challenges of the new millennium. Therefore, we consider that the leaders of the organizations ought to be part of the solution, not the problem. The change on both macro and mi cro-social level is not possible without accessing and using knowledge, which is a process that involves both the leaders and as many employees of the organization or system as possible. The interrelation between the human resources management and the management based on knowledge is mutual and it influences the performance of the individual, as well as the organizational one.
Bayes regression with autoregressive errors

This paper develops a practical framework for the Bayesian analysis of Gaussian and Student-c regression models with autocorrelated errors. As is customary in classical estimation procedures, the posteriors are conditioned on the initial observations. Recourse is taken to the method of Gibbs sampling, an iterative Markovian sampling method, and it is shown that the proposed approach can readily deal with high-order autoregressive processes without requiring an importance sampling function or other tuning constants. Several examples, including one with AR(4) errors, are used to illustrate the ideas.
An LTCC based differential microwave DRO module

Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology is a multi-layer ceramic process that is well suited to the realisation of low cost, high performance RF and microwave components. This paper describes the design, fabrication and evaluation of a 21.3 GHz differential dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) module fabricated in LTCC. It has a measured output power of +3 dBm and an amplitude imbalance between the output ports of <0.2 dB. The measured phase noise is -102 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset from carrier. The module was the prototype of a commercial product that is now under development. The commercial product will also include a small voltage tuning range to allow phase locking of the DRO for applications such as clock generation in 40 Gb/s optical transceivers. (9 pages)
Electric readout of magnetization dynamics in a ferromagnet-semiconductor system

We apply an analysis of time-dependent spin-polarized current in a semiconductor channel at room temperature to establish how the magnetization configuration and dynamics of three ferromagnetic terminals, two of them biased and third connected to a capacitor, affect the currents and voltages. In a steady state, the voltage on the capacitor is related to spin accumulation in the channel. When the magnetization of one of the terminals is rotated, a transient current is triggered. This effect can be used for electrical detection of magnetization reversal dynamics of an electrode or for dynamical readout of the alignment of two magnetic contacts.
Hz Onboard Vision for Quadrotor State Estimation

This paper introduces a high-speed, 100Hz, visionbased state estimator that is suitable for quadrotor control in close quarters manoeuvring applications. We describe the hardware and algorithms for estimating the state of the quadrotor. Experimental results for position, velocity and yaw angle estimators are presented and compared with motion capture data. Quantitative performance comparison with state-of-the-art achievements are also presented.
Physical activity in pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review

Earlier studies conducted in Africa have generally generated evidence that women in low income countries have a high physical workload that is sustained during pregnancy. This high physical workload was believed to contribute to the high incidence of low birth weight. However, there are only few published studies on physical activity among pregnant women in low-income countries, and most have been based on questionnaires. This research aims to explore the status of physical activity and factors influencing physical activity in pregnant women in Africa. Pubmed, Scopus and Cinahl databases were searched with no date restrictions using the Mesh terms “pregnancy”, “physical activity”, “exercise” and “Africa”. Articles were independently screened by 2 reviewers. A meta-analysis could not be done due to the heterogeneity of the articles hence a narrative synthesis of evidence was done instead. The results revealed a total of 5 articles from Africa. The major form of physical activity reported was household activities which fall below the recommended intensity during pregnancy. Physical activity tended to decrease as pregnancy progressed. The study thus, low levels of physical activity in pregnancy are prevalent in developing countries as well as in developed countries. However existing published data are too few to generalize to the whole of the African continent household activities. Key words: Pregnancy, exercise, physical activity
In the name of the Market: how the European Commission paved the way for monetary union

The advent of economic and monetary union (EMU) is often interpreted as the logical outcome of structural trends, macroeconomic consensus, or grand geopolitical bargains. This article argues, however, that such views miss an essential dimension of the EMU process, namely the political strategy developed within the European Commission in order to achieve that goal. As part of their integrationist agenda, Commission officials selectively marshaled the political and economic significance of Europe's emerging Single Market. Thus, over time, they induced key actors to re-articulate their preferences in terms of monetary union. The article discusses the two main facets of the Commission's strategy, i.e. the politics of monetary sovereignty and the politics of monetary orthodoxy.
Reversal of Long-Term Trends in Ethane Identified from the Global Atmosphere Watch Reactive Gases Measurement Network

Long-term observations of reactive gases in the troposphere are important for understanding trace gas cycles and the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere, assessing impacts of emission changes, verifying numerical model simulations, and quantifying the interactions between short-lived compounds and climate change. The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program coordinates a global network of surface stations some of which have measured reactive gases for more than 40 years. Gas species included under this umbrella are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There are many challenges involved in setting-up and maintaining such a network over many decades and to ensure that data are of high quality, regularly updated and made easily accessible to users. This overview describes the GAW surface station network of reactive gases, its unique quality management framework, and discusses the data that are available from the central archive. Highlights of data use from the published literature are reviewed, and a brief outlook into the future of GAW is given. This manuscript constitutes the overview of a special feature on GAW reactive gases observations with individual papers reporting on research and data analysis of particular substances being covered by the program.
Bunk attendance of feedlot cattle monitored with radio frequency technology

Bunk attendance of 72 feedlot cattle (412 ± 23.6 kg) was monitored for 86 d using radio frequency technology. Late morning and late afternoon were confirmed as primary ad libitum feeding periods. The system detected differences (P < 0.005) in feeding behaviour in response to level of feeding and frequency of meals. Key words: Feeding behaviour, limit feeding, feeding frequency
Active Learning in a Virtual Environment: Miriam College's Experience in Teaching Online Facilitation

A critical literacy of faculty members in 21 st century teaching is the heutagogical competence in information and communication technology underscoring the capacity to handle classes in virtual learning environments. Miriam College, a women's college in the Philippines, has conducted four online classes on teaching online facilitation to 87 faculty members and staff. The course aims to enable traditional classroom teachers to handle a blended or online class. The course utilized social constructivism and connectivism as its teaching and learning frameworks and active learning as a teaching approach as afforded by a virtual learning environment. A content analysis of all forms of engagement in course activities presents an informative picture of the quality of learning among the teacher learners along vital teaching and learning precepts. This paper aims to contribute to the experiences of traditional classroom teachers who are faced with the challenge of digital educational technology and the 21 st
Organisational Factors as Predictors of Female Professionals' Job Performance in Electronic Media in South-West Nigeria

Female Media Professionals’ (FMPs) employment and involvement level in Electronic Media Houses (EMHs) have increased over the years. Despite this significant increase, the FMPs are still concentrated at the lower and middle employment stratum. This study, therefore, examined the influence of organisational and demographic factors on the employment status and job performance of female media professionals in electronic media houses in South West Nigeria.The descriptive survey research design was adopted. Total enumeration sampling technique was used to select 1,231 FMPs from 42 EMHs across the six states of south-west. The instruments used were FMPs Job Performance Scale (r=0.89), and Organisational Factor Scale (r=0.88). Two research hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data were analysed using Pearson’s product moment correlation, and multiple regression and content analysis.Organisational and demographic factors jointly predicted job performance (F (21228) = 65.28); accounting for 96% in the variance of job performance. The components of organisational factors positively correlated with job performance: supervisory support (r= 0.86), organisational culture (r=0.74), work environment (r=0.36), networking (r= 0.34), mentoring (r=0.11), training (r=0.67), and condition of service (r=0.65). In order to improve the female job performance, it was recommended among other things that Management should always ensure reward for hard work and sacrifices made, especially for female workers in electronic media in order to encourage them to do more. This will positively impact on their job performance and also improve their employment status.
Detection of Ampc and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent opportunistic pathogen isolated from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Resistance to β -lactam antibiotics may arise from over expression of the naturally occurring AmpC cephalosporinases or acquired extended-spectrum β -lactamases (ESBL). The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles as well as the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC production in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from CF patients in Tehran. Methods: Antibiotic resistance of 50 non-duplicate P. aeruginosa isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. AmpC β -lactamase production was detected by the antagonism disc test and ESBL production was detected by the phenotypic confirmatory test. The presence of ESBL and AmpC genes was assessed by PCR, followed by sequencing the PCR products. Results: The antibiotic resistance rates were as follows: 22% to ceftriaxone, 20% to cefotaxime, 10% to imipenem, 8% to carbenicillin and 6% to ticarcillin, 4% each to cefepime, tobramycin, amikacin and aztreonam and 2% to each piperacilin, meropenem and ceftazidime. AmpC production was observed in 47 isolates (94%) and ESBL production was observed in one isolate (2%). PCR results showed that all isolates carried the bla AmpC β lactamase gene. One multidrug-resistant isolate carried both bla TEM and bla PER-1 genes. Conclusion: The results showed that despite the low rate of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa CF isolates,the presence of multiple β -lactamases even in one isolate is alarming and can complicate the already difficult treatment of chronic infections in the lungs of CF patients.