Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BROILER PREFERENCE FOR LIGHT COLOR AND FEED FORM, AND THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS.

Over the decades much has been discovered about the appropriate lighting management strategies for raising commercial meat-type poultry. Our knowledge of light preference, wavelength, intensity, intermittent lighting, and avian spectral sensitivity continues to improve our management strategies. In this work, a total of 5 experiments were conducted. The first 2 experiments investigated the effects of Light emitting diodes (LED) lights on growth performance of broiler chicks. Broiler chicks were raised under LED lights at different intensities: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 lux. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.05) was found in experiment 1 between body weight gain and light intensity. In experiment 2, a linear trend was noticed between body weight gain and light intensity. As the light intensity increased, chick weight increased. Feed: gain ratios were not affected by light intensity. The third experiment also examined growth performance using LED lighting as well as the effects of feed form and different lighting intensities upon behavior. The broilers fed a pelleted diet had significantly better performance than those fed crumbles. Under more intense light it was discovered that broilers spend significantly more time (P< .05) consuming feed compared to dim light. The fourth experiment focused on broiler preference for light color, and feed form during feeding. The broilers were offered either pelleted or crumbled feed and served under 4 different light colors: red, white, blue, and green. It was found that broilers statistically preferred pelleted feed, and white lighting, with red being the 2 nd color choice of preference while green and blue were statistically not chosen. The fifth experiment focused on chick preference for feed color, when under different light color. One day old chicks were offered dyed feed: red, yellow, blue, green or light brown (control) under 5 different colors of light: red, yellow, blue, green, and white. It was found that chicks significantly preferred red dyed feed, especially under blue light. In conclusion, it was found that LED lights can have positive effects on broiler performance. Broilers show a preference for white lighting and pelleted feed. Young chicks show a preference for red dyed feed.
Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA

The effect of catastrophic winds on a forested landscape in central Massachusetts was examined to investigate the factors controlling the geographic pattern of damage. The study area, Tom Swamp Tract, Harvard Forest, comprises a valley and adjoining hillslopes supporting second-growth hardwood and conifer stands. Much of the study used records and maps that were analysed cartographically with a geographic information system (GIS). Areally, forest damage was distributed fairly evenly among different damage classes ranging from no damage to more than 75% of stems broken or uprooted. However, there was a negative exponential size distribution of contiguous areas of the same damage intensity, with a preponderance less than 2 ha; these areas ranged from less than 0.04 ha to more than 35 ha; hurricane damage exhibited a continuum ranging from minor damage of individual trees to extensive blow-down of broad areas of forest (.)
Lipids in the Classification and Identification of Coryneform Bacteria Containing Peptidoglycans Based on 2, 4‐diaminobutyric Acid

Strains of 2, 4-diaminobutyric acid-containing coryneform bacteria were degraded by acid methanolysis and the non-hydroxylated fatty acid esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The major fatty acid structural types were straight-chain, anteiso- and iso-methyl branched-chain acids. Polar lipids of the test strains were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. All strains possessed very characteristic polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and a number of uncharacterized glycolipids. Menaquinones (vitamin K) were the sole isoprenoid quinones detected in the test strains. Corynebacterium insidiosum, Cor. michiganense, Cor. nebraskense and Cor. sepedonicum contained unsaturated menaquinones with nine isoprene units, whereas unsaturated menaquinones with 10 isoprene units predominated in strains of Cor. iranicum and Cor. tritici and a strain labelled Arthrobacter sp. The single strain of Cor. aquaticum examined contained comparable amounts of menaquinones with 10 and 11 isoprene units whereas strains of Cor. mediolanum and Flavobacterium dehydrogenans contained major amounts of menaquinones with 11 and 12 isoprene units. The results of the present study indicate that lipid markers may be of considerable value in the classification and identification of 2, 4-diaminobutyric acid-containing phytopathogenic and saprophytic coryneform bacteria.
Non-segmented negative sense RNA viruses as vectors for vaccine development.

This article intends to cover two aspects of non-segmented negative sense RNA viruses. In the initial section, the strategy employed by these viruses to replicate their genomes is discussed. This would help in understanding the later section in which the use of these viruses as vaccine vectors has been discussed. For the description of the replication strategy which encompasses virus genome transcription and genome replication carried out by the same RNA dependent RNA polymerase complex, a member of the prototype rhabdovirus family - Chandipura virus has been chosen as an example to illustrate the complex nature of the two processes and their regulation. In the discussion on these viruses serving as vectors for carrying vaccine antigen genes, emphasis has been laid on describing the progress made in using the attenuated viruses as vectors and a description of the systems in which the efficiency of immune responses has been tested.
Transcriptome profiling of Finnsheep ovaries during out-of-season breeding period

Finnsheep is one of the most prolific sheep breeds in the world. We sequenced RNA-Seq libraries from the ovaries of Finnsheep ewes collected during out of season breeding period at about 30X sequence coverage. A total of 86 966 348 and 105 587 994 reads from two samples were mapped against latest available ovine reference genome (Oarv3.1). The transcriptome assembly revealed 14 870 known ovine genes, including the 15 candidate genes for fertility and out-of-season breeding. In this study we successfully used our bioinformatics pipeline to assemble the first ovarian transcriptome of Finnsheep.
Inhibition of browning on fresh apple juices by natural phytochemicals from Rumex crispus L. seed

Efficacy of phytochemicals of Rumex crispus L. seeds as an anti-browning agent was examined. Anti-browning candidates were screened using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Antioxidant activities of DPPH radical scavengers increased with increasing amount of the extracts. Butanol (BE) and ethyl acetate extracts (EE) displayed significantly higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity as compared to that of ascorbic acid. Anti-browning activity was evaluated by monitoring the change of L*, a*, and b* values as well as total color differences (△E). BE and EE effectively inhibited browning in apple juice at a concentration below 0.3 mg mL−1, whereas other extracts did not show anti-browning effects in apple juice. R. crispus L. seed extracts could be of good resources as anti-browning agents. Results indicate possible contribution to the development of new and natural anti-browning agents with potential applications to reduce oxidative damage.
Diet of post‐smolt and one‐sea‐winter Atlantic salmon in the Bothnian Sea, Northern Baltic

Until July, post-smolt salmon Salmo salar (n=337; 129 375 mm L T , mean 225 mm) in the Bothnian Sea relied iargely on surface fauna (mainly terrestrial insects). From August onwards. fish was the principal food type The smallest piseivorous post-smolts were <200 mm. but the main shift to piseivory occurred at sizes of 240-320 mm. Piscivory was promoted by a large smolt size. Almost all one-sea-winter (1-SW) salmon (n=316: 278 524 mm, mean 397 mm) were piscivorons. Over 70% of the post-smolt and 96% of the 1-SW salmon with identifiable fish species in their stomachs had preyed on herring Clupea harengus. Other fish prey included the ten spined Pangitins pungitins and three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus but no sprats Spraltus praltus. The results support earlier observations of a close relationship between recruitment of herring and production of salmon in the Bothnian Sea, and of the crucial role of smolt size in determining the ability of feeding salmon for utilizing the food resources of the area.
Historical and environmental influences on hedgerow snail faunas

In three areas of the English Midlands, composition and diversity of hedgerow snail faunas are influenced both by historical and environmental differences between hedges. Soil aciditv and climate are the most important environmental factors. Hedges originating in or near woodland have richer faunas than those planted in open fields, and some snail species are indicators of woodland origin. Snail diversity also increases with the age of the hedge, but this effect is slight in hedges over 100 years old. It is suggested that these differences are primarily due to the poor dispersal of snails rather than to existing environmental differences between hedges of differing age and origins, and the results are compared with the very similar ones obtained for plants. Historical influences on the distribution ol slow-dispersing organisms may be of very general importance, even in comparisons of adjacent habitats with considerable temporal stability.
Efeito da tosquia na temperatura corpórea e outros parâmetros clínicos em ovinos

The aim of this study was to determine the variation of the temperature after shearing in sheep under dry and hot environment conditions and to compare the temperature changes with variation in cardiac and respiratory frequencies, ruminal movements and hydration status. Twenty Suffolk unshorn ewes were studied. Physical examination was performed in all animals three times a day at 7:00 AM, 1:00 PM and 7:00 PM, during 42 days (22 days before shearing and 20 days after shearing). The skin temperature was measured by infrared thermometer over several surfaces of the body. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, for comparisons between groups (shorn versus unshorn) at each time, and the significant difference was evaluated at level of P<0.05 by Tukey test. The respiratory frequency was statistically significant at all times. When air humidity was high, the respiratory frequencies were low. The thermal stress was clear in sheep of this study, reflecting marked changes in cardiac and respiratory frequencies and rectal temperature. The respiratory frequency was the parameter more reliable to establish a framework of thermal stress in the unshorn sheep, with values on average three times higher than those reported in the literature. The heart rate monitors the thermal variation of the environment and is also an indicator of heat stress. This variation shows the Suffolk breed is well adapted to hot climates. The correlation between the body surface temperatures with environment temperature and air humidity was negative, as explained by the effect of wool insulation, i.e. even with an increase in environment temperature and humidity, the body temperature tends to maintain a compensating balance. In the shorn animals, the correlation between skin temperature with environment temperature and air humidity showed that the skin temperature increases when the environment temperature increases. The increase in the environment temperature does not affect the body temperature of unshorn animals due the insulating effect of the wool. However, when environment temperature rises, the presence of the wool starts to affect the thermal comfort as the heat absorption is larger than the capacity of heat loss. In this study, the best thermal stress indicators were the respiratory frequency and rectal and skin temperatures. The temperatures of the skin measured at the perineum, axillae and inner thigh were considered the most reliable.
Fish, Manso Reservoir region of influence, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

The Rio Manso, a tributary to Rio Cuiaba, Rio Paraguai basin, is situated upstream from the Brazilian Pantanal and its ichthyofauna has many species in common with the typical fishes from the Pantanal and with those from the Rio Paraguai proper. The Manso Reservoir region of influence was sampled up to the Pantanal, including different environments, such as rivers, streams, lagoons, and the Reservoir itself, in the Rio Manso. Fish species were collected from March 2000 to February 2005, using different fishing gear, such as gill nets, seines, casting nets, and electro fishing. Considering the entire period, 250 fish species were collected, and are distributed in three Classes, 11 Orders, and 37 Families, from which 33 species do not yet correspond to any formal description, indicating that they should be new.
Replacement of bovine milk with vegetable milk: Effects on the survival of probiotics and rheological and physicochemical properties of frozen fermented dessert

In this study, frozen fermented desserts containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-05; L) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bb-12; B), were made from bovine (W), soya (S), coconut (C) and composite (i.e. combinations of coconut or bovine milks with soya milk) milks. The changes in frozen dessert eating qualities and the survival of added microbes were evaluated. The highest viscosity and melting resistance, and the lowest total sensory scores, were found in the products made using soya milk. After 90-day storage at −20 °C, the highest survival percentage of La-05 was found in the products made using coconut milk (CL); and for Bb-12, it was found in the products made using soya milk, coconut milk and a 25:75 blend of soya milk and coconut milk respectively ( samples SB, CB and SC3B) SB, SCB and CB samples.
The pathogenicity of experimental infections of Cooperia pectinata Ransom, 1907 in calves

Studies are reported on the pathogenicity of experimental infections of Cooperia pectinata in calves. Infections arising from doses of 100 000 infective larvae resulted in the passage of soft to diarrhoeic faeces, anorexia, loss of weight or reduction in weight gain, and, in some calves, hypoproteinaemia. Calves dosed with 500 000 infective larvae showed similar but more severe signs of infection, and polycythaemia. The animals became moribund 3 to 4 weeks after infection. There was no direct association between faecal egg count and pathogenic effect.
Rhodopsin Sees the Light

Members of the seven transmembrane receptor superfamily bind a remarkable variety of ligands, from neurotransmitters to odorants, and activate a spectacular array of G protein signaling molecules. These G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important in many cellular functions and so there has been great interest in elucidating how they transmit their signals to the interior of the cell after activation by ligand. As Bourne and Meng explain in their Perspective, the molecular movements of activated GPCRs are becoming clear now that the first crystal structure of a GPCR (rhodopsin, the light-trapping receptor found in the retina of the eye) has been reported ( Palczweski et al.).
Diversification in the Hexapoda : a molecular phylogenetic perspective

Hexapoda (insects and their relatives) comprise over half of all described species, and demonstrates large variation in species richness among major sub-clades. This has led to various hypothesized controls responsible for structuring diversification within hexapod lineages, including morphological key innovations, dietary shifts (in particular plant feeding) and small body size. This thesis explores these ideas in the context of an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis for the group, constructed from published sequence data and literature derived constraints, and dated using a fossil calibrated relaxed molecular clock (Chapter 2). Based on this framework, models of the diversification process identify complete metamorphosis as a likely key innovation in the hexapod radiation, in addition to further up and down shifts in diversification rate responsible for the observed richness distribution (Chapter 3). Analysis also suggests that ideas regarding the role of plant feeding in diversification are related to restricted clade sampling, and a more comprehensive approach recovers no consistent association between particular diets and net diversification rates, in addition to heterogeneity in the age of dietary groups and in transition rates among dietary categories (Chapter 4). Our data also suggests body size evolution in hexapods occurs independently of clade richness, and is broadly dominated by neutral evolution on a log scale (Chapter 5). Thus, this thesis supports some hypotheses regarding controls on insect richness, whilst conflicting with other, well established ideas. It also provides a novel dated phylogenetic framework for further studies of hexapod evolution and identifies several novel directions for research into the origins and development of this diverse and important radiation.
First records of the banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in British Columbia

The banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov was detected for the first time in British Columbia near Kelowna during 2010. Fifty-eight S. schevyrewi were captured in an experiment that targeted the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham). It was a test of the efficacy of a new trap design relative to the multiple funnel trap currently used in surveillance programs for invasive bark— and wood—boring Coleoptera. Data on the seasonal occurrence of the banded elm bark beetle are presented.
Importance of CD8+Vβ8+ T Cells in IFN-γ-Mediated Prevention of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Genetically Resistant BALB/c Mice

In our attempt to identify a major T cell population(s) that recognizes protective Toxoplasma gondii antigens and produces interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) for prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), we found T cell receptor Vbeta8(+) cells to be the most frequent IFN-gamma-producing population infiltrated into the brain of T. gondii-infected BALB/c mice genetically resistant to the disease. To examine the role of IFN-gamma production by this T cell population for resistance, we transferred Vbeta8(+) immune T cells purified from spleens of infected BALB/c and IFN-gamma(/) mice into infected, sulfadiazine-treated, athymic nude mice. After discontinuation of sulfadiazine treatment, control nude mice that had not received any T cells and animals that had received Vbeta8(+) T cells from IFN-gamma(/) mice all died because of reactivation of infection (TE). In contrast, animals that had received the cells from BALB/c mice survived. Thus, IFN-gamma production by Vbeta8(+) T cells plays an important role in prevention of TE in these animals. When Vbeta8(+) immune T cells were divided into CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, a potent protective activity was observed only in the CD8(+) subset, whereas a combination of both subsets provided greater protection than did the CD8(+)Vbeta8(+) population alone. These results indicate that the CD8(+) subset of Vbeta8(+) T cells is a major afferent limb of IFN-gamma-mediated resistance of BALB/c mice against TE, although the CD4(+) subset of the T cell population works additively or synergistically with the CD8(+)Vbeta8(+) population.
First record of a mermithid nematode emerging from the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Juveniles of a nematode belonging to the family Mermithidae were found from wolf spiders, Pardosa pseudoannulata, collected in a paddy field in Kyoto, Japan. Their morphological characteristics are briefly reported along with some ecological notes. This is the first record of a mermithid from P. pseudoannulata.
Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH)

マイ クロデ ィセ クシ ョン法 は,直 接病理組 織切片上 より腫瘍 細胞 な ど特定 の細胞集 団 を取 り分 けて,遺 伝子解析 に利 用 す る方法 で ある. 微 小 細胞集 団の もつ 不均一 な遺伝子 変化や正 常部の細 胞 集 団に よ り隠 蔽 されて いた遺伝 子変化 が解析 可能 にな るとい う利点 が ある. ヘ テ ロ接合 性消失 (loss of heterozygosity;LOH)は 癌抑制 遺伝子 の機 能消失 と密接 に関係 してお り,腫 瘍 に特徴 的 なLOHが 知 られて い る. ま た,腫 瘍 発生 ・進展 に伴 い,LOHの 蓄積 ・進展 が認め られ る. 本 稿 で は,筆 者 の 自検 例 を中心 に,マ イ クロデ ィセ クシ ョンの 方法 ・利点 ・応 用 ・LOHの 原 理. LOHの 検 出解析方 法 を概 説す る. そ れ らの方法 を駆使 す る ことに よ り,ヒ ト腫 瘍 ク ロー ンの発 生 進展 に伴 っての詳細 な分子病 理学 的解析 が可能 とな る. 乳 癌 の非浸潤性 乳管 内癌か ら浸 潤癌 に 至 る過程,ま た複雑 な組織型 を示す腫 瘍の解析例 と して,混 合型 肝癌 ・女性生殖 器癌肉腫,さ ら に特殊 な発育進展様式 を示す表 面型大腸 癌の遺伝 子解析 の結果 を紹 介す る. キ ー ワ ー ド:マ イクロデ ィセク シ ョン,ヘ テ ロ接合 性消失,マ イク ロサ テライ ト, 癌 抑制遺伝 子,ク ローン
Relevamiento de vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas en peridomicilios del área rural del Departamento Ayacucho, San Luis, Argentina

Due to the importance of peridomestic populations in the reinfestation process of the domicile, the aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of triatomines in peridomiciles located in the San Francisco del Monte de Oro community, Ayacucho dept., Argentina. The presence of triatomines was evaluated in 18 peridomiciles between the months of October to March (2003/2004). The type of construction, host and number of triatomines were recorded for each peridomestic annex. The captured triatomines were taxonomically classified and their infectivity recorded. The 98.3 % of the triatomines corresponded to the species Triatoma infestans (Klug). The 79.3 % of the evaluated annex were found positive. The infestation indexes for goat corrals and chicken coops were 94.4 % and 54.5 %, respectively. There were no insects infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas). The corrals were differentiated in: stone pile, palisade and wood pile. Stone pile corrals showed larger number of triatomines than the palisade corrals (p< 0,05) Stone pile corrals seem to offer an adequate shelter for triatomines, probably due to the high number of empty spaces that offer and a higher difficulty for chemical control.
Integrin αvβ8 Functions as a Receptor for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Role of the β-Chain Cytodomain in Integrin-Mediated Infection

ABSTRACT Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been shown to use three αv integrins, αvβ1, αvβ3, and αvβ6, as cellular receptors. Binding to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved RGD motif located on a surface-exposed loop of VP1. The RGD tripeptide is recognized by several other members of the integrin family, which therefore have the potential to act as receptors for FMDV. Here we show that SW480 cells are made susceptible to FMDV following transfection with human β8 cDNA and expression of αvβ8 at the cell surface. The involvement of αvβ8 in infection was confirmed by showing that virus binding and infection of the transfected cells are inhibited by RGD-containing peptides and by function-blocking monoclonal antibodies specific for either the αvβ8 heterodimer or the αv chain. Similar results were obtained with a chimeric αvβ8 including the β6 cytodomain (αvβ8/6), showing that the β6 cytodomain can substitute efficiently for the corresponding region of β8. In contrast, virus binding to αvβ6 including the β8 cytodomain (αvβ6/8) was lower than that of the wild-type integrin, and this binding did not lead to infection. Further, the αvβ6 chimera was recognized poorly by antibodies specific for the ectodomain of αvβ6 and displayed a relaxed sequence-binding specificity relative to that of wild-type integrin. These data suggest that the β6 cytodomain is important for maintaining αvβ6 in a conformation required for productive infection by FMDV.