Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergent Tribal Formations in the American Midcontinent

Archaic societies in the American midcontinent tend to be viewed as “archetypal” egalitarian, subsistence-oriented, gatherer–hunters. The strong techno-environmental orientation of most recent studies makes it hard to understand how and why increasingly socially differentiated gatherer-hunter societies emerged during the later Woodland period. In this article I attempt a social perspective on gatherer-hunters in general and those of the Archaic in particular. I suggest that alliance and exchange are universal hominid strategies and that, while they may have ecologically or biologically adaptive features, they are primarily about social relations and social reproduction. Gatherer-hunter reciprocity has been stressed in the literature, but the opposite side of the coin is debt, and debt is about inequality, however slight or well masked. The internal social feedbacks embedded in alliance and exchange that might exacerbate social differentiation, and the feedback between social demand and productive intensification are explored. The divide between the midcontinental Archaic and Woodland begins to crumble.
PIKfyve Inhibition Interferes with Phagosome and Endosome Maturation in Macrophages

Macrophages eliminate pathogens and cell debris through phagocytosis, a process by which particulate matter is engulfed and sequestered into a phagosome. Nascent phagosomes are innocuous organelles resembling the plasma membrane. However, through a maturation process, phagosomes are quickly remodeled by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to form the phagolysosome. Phagolysosomes are highly acidic and degradative leading to particle decomposition. Phagosome maturation is intimately dependent on the endosomal pathway, during which diverse cargoes are sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or for degradation in lysosomes. Not surprisingly, various regulators of the endosomal pathway are also required for phagosome maturation, including phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate, an early endosomal regulator. However, phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate can be modified by the lipid kinase PIKfyve into phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate, which controls late endosome/lysosome functions. The role of phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate in macrophages and phagosome maturation remains basically unexplored. Using Fcγ receptor‐mediated phagocytosis as a model, we describe our research showing that inhibition of PIKfyve hindered certain steps of phagosome maturation. In particular, PIKfyve antagonists delayed removal of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate and reduced acquisition of LAMP1 and cathepsin D, both common lysosomal proteins. Consistent with this, the degradative capacity of phagosomes was reduced but phagosomes appeared to still acidify. We also showed that trafficking to lysosomes and their degradative capacity was reduced by PIKfyve inhibition. Overall, we provide evidence that PIKfyve, likely through phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate synthesis, plays a significant role in endolysosomal and phagosome maturation in macrophages.
Attitudes and Preferences of Korean‐American Older Adults and Caregivers on End‐of‐Life Care

A growing body of literature suggests that diverse attitudes toward the end of life exist across and within ethnic minority groups. This focus‐group pilot study examined social and cultural factors influencing views of Korean‐American older adults and caregivers on advance care planning and hospice care. A total of 20 older adults and 16 caregivers in west central Florida participated in one of four focus groups. This study found diverse attitudes among Korean Americans toward end‐of‐life care and cultural and structural barriers to advance care planning and hospice use. Older adults and caregivers both expressed a lack of knowledge about advance care planning and hospice and agreed that the family would make the final decision about the end‐of‐life care, while acknowledging the challenge of initiating communications about treatment preferences. They interpreted the Korean value of filial piety to support both curative and palliative treatment. The traditional norm of home death and importance of physician communication influenced preferences for hospice and advance care planning, respectively. Future outreach and education efforts should include development of culturally sensitive educational and communication tools and collaboration with ethnic community organizations and healthcare providers in the dissemination and education of these instruments.
Annexin expressions are temporally and spatially regulated during rat hepatocyte differentiation

Annexin (Anx) 1, 2, 5, and 6 expressions were determined at the transcriptional and translational levels in the rat hepatocytes from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 17. Dramatic shifts were observed in Anx 1 and 2 levels, which peaked at day 1 and gestational day 20, respectively, and reached low levels thereafter. However, Anx 5 and 6 rates were more constant. Prenatal administration of dexamethasone (dex) resulted in a decrease of Anx 1 mRNA levels, and a strong increase in Anx 2 mRNA contents. In adult hepatocytes cultured in the presence of EGF or HGF, Anx 1 and 2 expressions resumed. By immunohistochemistry, Anx 1 was detected only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of 1‐ to 3‐day‐old rats, Anx 2 and 6 both exhibited a redistribution from the cytoplasm toward the plasma membrane, and Anx 5 was present in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Thus, Anx 1, 2, 5, and 6 have individual modes of expression and localization in the differentiating hepatocytes, where they might play unique roles at well defined phases of liver ontogeny. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane Insertion by Anthrax Protective Antigen in Cultured Cells

ABSTRACT The enzymatic moieties of anthrax toxin enter the cytosol of mammalian cells via a pore in the endosomal membrane formed by the protective antigen (PA) moiety. Pore formation involves an acidic pH-induced conformational rearrangement of a heptameric precursor (the prepore), in which the seven 2β2-2β3 loops interact to generate a 14-strand transmembrane β-barrel. To investigate this model in vivo, we labeled PA with the fluorophore 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) at cysteine residues introduced into the 2β2-2β3 loop. Each labeled PA was bound to CHO cells, and NBD fluorescence was monitored over time in stirred cell suspensions or by confocal microscopy. A strong increase was observed with NBD at positions 305, 307, 309, and 311, sites where side chains are predicted to face the bilayer, and little change was seen at residues 304, 306, 308, 310, and 312, sites where side chains are predicted to face the pore lumen. The increase at position 305 was inhibited by membrane-restricted quenchers, low temperature, or various reagents known to affect toxin action. Of the 24 NBD attachment sites examined, all but three gave results qualitatively consistent with the β-barrel model. Besides supporting the β-barrel model of membrane insertion, our results describe the time course of insertion and identify PA residues where NBD gives a strong signal upon membrane insertion in vivo.
Almost half of people suffering traumatic brain injury may later be diagnosed with axis I disorders

Main results 48% of participants had an axis I disorder that began after traumatic brain injury. 62% had an axis I disorder during their lifetimes. Common new disorders following traumatic brain injury were major depression (27%), alcohol abuse or dependence (12%), panic disorder (8%), specific phobia (8%) and psychotic disorders (7%). 23% had at least one personality disorder. Conclusions Traumatic brain injury may be associated with susceptibility to depression, delusional disorder and personality disturbances. The authors emphasise the importance of psychiatric follow-up after traumatic brain injury.
The cleavage plane of corneal epithelial adhesion complex in traumatic recurrent corneal erosion.

PURPOSE To determine the anatomic cleavage plane of the corneal epithelial adhesion complex in eyes with traumatic recurrent corneal erosion (RCE). METHODS A loosened sheet of corneal epithelium was obtained from corneal epithelial wounds in eight patients with traumatic RCE, before each patient underwent phototherapeutic keratectomy. Three control groups were employed in the study, including normal corneal epithelial sheets obtained by mechanical separation, normal corneal tissues obtained by partial lamellar keratectomy during pterygial surgery, and corneal tissues from three residual corneoscleral rims of corneas donated for transplantation. Immunofluorescence staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies against integrins beta1 and beta4, laminin 5, and collagen VII to identify abnormalities in specific layers of the adhesion complex. RESULTS In both experimental and control specimens, the suprabasal and basal cells stained positive for integrin beta1, and basal cells stained positive for integrin beta4. Similarly, a continuous line along the base of each epithelial sheet and each control specimen stained positive for laminin 5, a major basement membrane component. In contrast, in all controls there was a continuous linear staining pattern along the basement membrane of stain positive for collagen VII, a marker for the presence of fibrils that anchor corneal basement membrane to Bowman's layer, but epithelial sheets from eyes with RCE showed either a discontinuous line stained positive for collagen VII (three out of eight specimens) or no positively stained areas (five out of eight specimens). The results indicated the cleavage plane of RCE was located at collagen VII layer, between basement membrane and Bowman's layer. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a defect in collagen fibrils that anchor the corneal epithelium basement membrane to Bowman's layer as the cause of corneal epithelial loss in cases of traumatic RCE. As hemidesmosomes do not seem to be impaired, a treatment specific to restore anchoring fibril function might prove helpful.
Cornea 3 D Corneal Shape After Implantation of a Biosynthetic Corneal Stromal Substitute

Citation: Ong JA, Auvinet E, Forget KJ, et al. 3D corneal shape after implantation of a biosynthetic corneal stromal substitute. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:2355–2365. DOI:10.1167/iovs.15-18271 PURPOSE. The current and projected shortage of transplantable human donor corneas has prompted the development of long-term alternatives to human donor tissue for corneal replacement. The biosynthetic stromal substitutes (BSS) characterized herein represent a potentially safe alternative to donor organ transplantation for anterior corneal stromal diseases. The goal of this phase 1 safety study was to characterize the three-dimensional (3D) corneal shape of the first 10 human patients implanted with a BSS and assess its stability over time.
Localization in Cerebrum and Cerebellum

Bertram Louis Abrahams, in whose memory this lecture was founded, was a medical student in the early 'nineties. He was a Londoner born and bred, had a brilliant career with a University scholarship in physiology and later a registrarship at the Westminster Hospital, and ended as lecturer in physiology and as assistant physician there. He was only 38 when he died, but he had an established reputation as a consultant and a teacher, and he had lived a life full of intense interests and activities-and not only in the field of medicine, for he was an ardent cricketer and Freemason and the organizer of a boys' club. But one of his chief interests was physiology, and so it is fitting that his name should be associated with a lecture on a physiological theme. One way in which we might call him to mind would be to discuss and so to re-create in ourselves some of the thoughts and ideals which seem to have guided his work. Since he was a teacher of physiology as well as a clinician, he must often have had to face the perennial question of how physiology should be taught as a basis for medical work. If we dealt with this we might think of ourselves as carrying on, as it were, a discussion in which Abrahams must often have taken part 40 years ago. But I am afraid it would be found that there was little new to add to the discussion in spite of all the good advice which has been given from all sides in the past 40 years. The details of the picture have changed, but in its outlines the problem will remain as long as physiology is taught. Another theme in which Abrahams was keenly interested was that of the general physiological principles which govern the reactions of the cell or the organism to injury. But here the picture has changed too much. Nowadays the physiologist has few principles left; for the emphasis has passed from the general to the particular, from the katabolism of protoplasm to the details of carbohydrate cycles. Moreover, in these uncertain times I think most of us will prefer facts to theories, however narrow the field from which they have come: so I have chosen a very limited branch of physiology, of which the most important thing we can say is that it is going ahead.
Primary congenital glaucoma: 2004 update.

BACKGROUND Primary congenital glaucoma is the most frequent childhood glaucoma and an important cause of blindness. We describe the current understanding regarding this disease, the evaluation of children with it, and its treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We accessed information derived from a review of 287 patients with primary congenital glaucoma and current published data related to primary congenital glaucoma. RESULTS The nomenclature for childhood glaucoma has been inconsistent, but is clarified for children with primary congenital glaucoma. The epidemiology of primary congenital glaucoma notes its variable incidence worldwide. Familial occurrence supports autosomal recessive transmission; chromosomal loci have been identified, and the CYP1B1 gene has been identified and clinically correlated. The histopathology of eyes with primary congenital glaucoma confirms the presence of a variable trabecular meshwork anomaly and the absence of an imperforate membrane. Children with primary congenital glaucoma are diagnosed after recognition of corneal signs and symptoms of glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The examinations of patients with primary congenital glaucoma must be thorough to distinguish this glaucoma from other types of childhood glaucoma, to prepare for surgery, and to follow progress with treatment. Medical treatment must be tailored to the pediatric patient. Goniosurgery is the definitive procedure of choice for most children with primary congenital glaucoma, but other procedures are also used successfully after goniosurgery fails or is determined to be inappropriate. Future success will be determined by physicians who sustain continued progress for children with glaucoma.
Effect of the biological matrix on the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone ratio measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in doping analysis.

Testosterone doping in sport is detected by measurement of an increased testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio in urine. The critical limit is 6. The present study concerns calibration curves for the T/E ratio measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron impact) according to the guidelines of the International Olympic Committee. Testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) are measured as trimethylsilyl (TMS)-enol-TMS ethers in selected ion monitoring mode using m/z 432 with methyltestosterone (MT) (m/z 446) as internal standard. Calibration curves corresponding to T/E = 1, 6 and 12 prepared directly, i.e. without extraction of T and E, were non-linear. The non-linearity was caused by an increase of the relative molar response of T with respect to the internal standard MT with increasing concentration level. A mean increase of 82% was observed from T/E = 1 to T/E = 12 (E fixed). Adding T/E corresponding to 1/1, 6/1 and 12/1 to urine without endogeneous hormone content resulted in an almost linear calibration curve along the diagonal, with only a slight increase of the relative molar response of testosterone (16% from T/E = 1 to 12). Apparently, the biological matrix stabilizes the relative molar response over a wide concentration range. At a molar ratio of about 1/1 for T/MT, the relative molar response for direct measurement of T is identical to that observed in the presence of urine matrix, which is explained on the basis of a simple mathematical model. The practical conclusion of this study is that, contrary to the present-day practice, calibration curves for the T/E ratio should be based on T/E added to blank urine taken through the extraction procedure. Otherwise, the T/E ratio of urine sample is systematically easily underestimated by 30% or more.
Tuberculin reactivity in bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccinated populations: a compilation of international data.

SETTING The effect of previously administered bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on subsequent tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) complicates screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in foreign-born persons. OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of the TST as a screening test for LTBI in foreign-born persons. DESIGN A literature search was performed of published studies that compared tuberculin reactivity amongst BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. The percentages of positive reactors in the two groups were then used to calculate a prevalence ratio. RESULTS The prevalence ratio varied with the age of the groups tested and the incidence of TB in their countries of origin. The TST performed poorly in vaccinated persons of all ages from countries of low TB incidence, but was a useful screen for LTBI in vaccinated adults from countries of high and intermediate incidence. The test performed poorly as a screening method for vaccinated children under 2 years of age. Its usefulness in vaccinated children aged 2-14 years varied considerably. CONCLUSIONS The usefulness of the TST as a screening method for LTBI depends on the age of the patient and the incidence of TB in their country of origin.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Children

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive method for the in vivo monitoring of tissue oxygenation. Originally used predominantly to assess cerebral oxygenation, NIRS has gained widespread popularity in many clinical settings in all age groups. Changes in regional tissue oxygenation as detected by NIRS may reflect the delicate balance between oxygen delivery and consumption in more than one organ system. However, more studies are required to establish the ability of NIRS monitoring to improve patient outcome. This review provides a comprehensive description of NIRS in children.
Discrete cues paired with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute morphine dependence elicit conditioned withdrawal responses

Acute bolus doses of morphine induce a state of acute opioid dependence as measured by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Repeated morphine and precipitated withdrawal experience further enhances naloxone-induced withdrawal severity, partly because of direct neuroadaptation to repeated morphine, and partly because of conditioned associations of context and withdrawal experience. To determine whether a discrete tone/light conditioned stimulus could elicit conditioned withdrawal responses in acute dependence, rats trained on a fixed-ratio-15 operant schedule for food reward received morphine (5.6 mg/kg) 4× at daily or weekly intervals, with each morphine injection followed at 4 h by naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) and an operant session. The conditioned stimulus was presented to a Paired group after each naloxone injection. Separate control groups experienced the conditioned stimulus either at a different time of the day or on a different day of the week than naloxone (Unpaired), received naloxone without any conditioned stimulus exposure [Paired-no conditioned stimulus (Paired-NO CS)] or received vehicle instead of naloxone before conditioned stimulus presentation (NaI-Naive). On the test day, all rats received vehicle before conditioned stimulus exposure. The conditioned stimulus alone reliably suppressed responding in Paired groups relative to control conditions with either daily or weekly intervals between conditioning sessions. The administration of morphine 4 h before conditioned stimulus exposure on the test day was not necessary to observe conditioned withdrawal. Thus, conditioned withdrawal is reliably established to discrete cues associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute, infrequent (weekly) opioid exposure.
Recent advances in drug delivery systems for treating ocular complications of systemic diseases

Purpose of review To examine recent advances in the development of pharmacological agents and drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular conditions associated with systemic diseases including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, uveitis, and HIV-related retinitis. Recent findings Corticosteroids, vascular endothelial-derived growth factor antagonists, and anti-inflammatory agents have been investigated for treating ocular conditions associated with systemic diseases. Systemic pharmacotherapy for specifically treating eye diseases is discouraged as side effects may exacerbate preexisting conditions in patients with a debilitating systemic disease. Local therapy with injections into the vitreous has demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy and safety in treating certain ocular diseases; however, its usefulness in some cases can be limited by a short duration of action and the need for frequent readministration. Efforts have been underway to develop more effective drug delivery systems, such as sustained-release drug implants, to overcome these limitations. Summary Pharmacological agents are currently under investigation, and some have been FDA approved, for the treatment of ocular conditions associated with systemic disease. Advances in the development of drug delivery systems for these agents are expected to further improve the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for ocular diseases in the future.