Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Uniformly Constructive and Semiconstructive Formal Systems

We propose a formalization of two notions of uniformly constructive formal system, we call uniform e-constructivity and uniform r-constructivity. On an intuitive ground, the first (extended) notion concerns formal systems characterized by calculi with the following properties: any proof of a formula such as A ∨ B (of a formula such as ∃xA(x)) contains sufficient information to build up a proof of A or a proof of B (respectively, a proof of A(t) for some term t). On the other hand, the second (restricted) notion takes into account the same properties only for A∨B, ∃xA(x) and t closed. Our treatment allows us to analyze both “weak” systems (containing only purely logical principles or, at most, weak mathematical axioms) and “powerful” ones (comparable with Intuitionistic Arithmetic or extensions of it), and exceeds the class of intuitionistic systems, as well as the class of systems for which normalization or cut-elimination theorems can be stated; moreover, it allows us to tackle systems to which the variants of recursive realizability interpretation most known in literature are not applicable. We also introduce a weaker notion of uniformly semiconstructive formal system, requiring classical logic to complete the “constructive content” involved in its proofs. We give examples of uniformly constructive and uniformly semiconstructive systems. Finally, we provide an example of a system which is not uniformly constructive (more than this, not uniformly semiconstructive), yet satisfying the disjunction property and the explicit definability property.
Rainwater Harvesting and Health Aspects-Working on WHO guidance

Introduction Rainwater harvesting is becoming increasingly popular as the availability of good quality water decreases. Rainwater harvesting is acknowledged as a sustainable source of water that has less impact on the environment. In 2004, 17% of households in Australia had rainwater as a source of water. In rural Western Australia 62% of the households owned rainwater tanks and 53% had rainwater as their main drinking source. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004).
Toward antiviral therapy/prophylaxis for rhinovirus‐induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: challenges, opportunities, and strategies

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life‐threatening lung illness characterized by persistent and progressive airflow limitation. Exacerbations of COPD contribute to the severity of this pathology and accelerate disease progression. To date, pharmacological treatment of both stable COPD patients and patients experiencing exacerbations is mainly symptomatic with bronchodilators and steroids as the mainstay of therapy. Bacteria trigger such exacerbations in a number of cases; hence, antibiotics might be included in the treatment as well. Several respiratory viruses are frequently detected in sputum from patients during COPD exacerbations. These include influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and, most often, rhinoviruses. In this review, we discuss the potential use of an anti‐rhinovirus drug for the treatment and prophylaxis of rhinovirus‐induced COPD exacerbations and the path forward toward the development and use of such a drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The resonant drag instability (RDI): acoustic modes

Recently, Squire & Hopkins showed any coupled dust–gas mixture is subject to a class of linear ‘resonant drag instabilities’ (RDI). These can drive large dust-to-gas ratio fluctuations even at arbitrarily small dust-to-gas mass ratios μ. Here, we identify and study both resonant and new non-resonant instabilities, in the simple case where the gas satisfies neutral hydrodynamics and supports acoustic waves (ω^2=c^2_sk^2). The gas and dust are coupled via an arbitrary drag law and subject to external accelerations (e.g. gravity, radiation pressure). If there is any dust drift velocity, the system is unstable. The instabilities exist for all dust-to-gas ratios μ and their growth rates depend only weakly on μ around resonance, as ∼μ^(1/3) or ∼μ^(1/2) (depending on wavenumber). The behaviour changes depending on whether the drift velocity is larger or smaller than the sound speed cs. In the supersonic regime, a ‘resonant’ instability appears with growth rate increasing without limit with wavenumber, even for vanishingly small μ and values of the coupling strength (stopping time). In the subsonic regime, non-resonant instabilities always exist, but their growth rates no longer increase indefinitely towards small wavelengths. The dimensional scalings and qualitative behaviour of the instability do not depend sensitively on the drag law or equation of state of the gas. The instabilities directly drive exponentially growing dust-to-gas-ratio fluctuations, which can be large even when the modes are otherwise weak. We discuss physical implications for cool-star winds, AGN-driven winds and torii, and starburst winds: the instabilities alter the character of these outflows and could drive clumping and/or turbulence in the dust and gas.
A Multicenter Double-Blind Randomized Trial of Deflazacort Versus Prednisone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy : Analysis after 2 Years

We have conducted a double-blind, randomized, multicentric trial in 18 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) boys, whose age ranged from 5.2 to 14.6 years (mean 7.3 yrs) for treatment with either deflazacort (0.9 mg/kg/day) or prednisone (0.75 mg/kg/day). To reduce side effects after one year the treatment schedule was switched to an alternate day regimen. The two groups were randomized and stratified on the basis of age and functional score at the onset of treatment. We followed the patients every 3 months in the first year and then every four months, evaluating MRC scale in four limb muscles, two in the right upper limb (deltoid and triceps) and two in the right lower limb (ileopsoas and quadriceps femoris) and performance of four functions (walking for 10 meters, climbing stairs, Gowers’ manoeuvre, and rising from a chair). We evaluated the differences in MRC and functional score with respect to baseline. Statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney test. Side effects were monitored by a questionnaire and by routine blood examination (serum creatine kinase, glucose, ions, hematocrit and complete blood count) and weight and height were recorded at each visit. Change in body weight was evaluated with the student t-test. After 24 months there were 2 drop out patients in the deflazacort group and 3 in the prednisone group for loss of independent ambulation. The two steroids were equally effective improving motor function and functional performances in the first 6 months and then we observed a slow down in the course of the disease. At 9 months, the average weight increase respect to baseline value was 5% (2 Kg) in the deflazacort group and 18% in the prednisone group (p< 0.005) and after 24 months it was 19% in the deflazacort group and 41% in the prednisone group. Only 3 patients on deflazacort had an increase in body weight that exceeded 20% with respect to baseline, but all the remaining patients in the prednisone group had an increase in body weight of over 20%. Two fractures occurred in the deflazacort group. Bone formation and growth evaluated with X-ray of the left hand for bone age did not appear different in the two groups. Eye examination revealed a slight cataract in 3 patients in the deflazacort group and in 1 in the prednisone group. Other minor and slight side effects such as behavioural changes, increased appetite and cushingoid appearance were observed in both groups. Steroid treatment with deflazacort appears to cause less side effects than prednisone, particularly on weight gain, which could be important to maximize motor performances and to avoid long term complications such as spinal deformity and respiratory fatigue.
Modes d'admission des patients déments en hospitalisation de court séjour : comparaison avant-après l'instauration d'une filière gériatrique dans le Sud de la Réunion

Le recours a l'hospitalisation est un evenement frequent dans le parcours des patients dements. L'admission en court sejour geriatrique (CSG) doit etre coordonnee avec le medecin generaliste, tout en evitant le passage par le service d'accueil des Urgences (SAU). Notre etude a pour but d'evaluer l'impact de l'instauration, en 2009, d'une filiere geriatrique au centre hospitalier regional Sud Reunion sur le mode d'admission des patients dements en court sejour. Methode : Nous avons etudie retrospectivement les circonstances d'admission de cent patients en 2008 et cent en 2011, tires au sort parmi les patients dements hospitalises dans le service de medecine St-Joseph, avant et apres l'individualisation du CSG. Resultats : Le taux d'admissions directes par le medecin traitant (ADMT) est passe de 24 a 46%, celui des admissions via le SAU a diminue de 67 a 41% (p=0.0003 pour l'evolution comparee de ces deux modalites). Cette evolution concerne surtout les patients admis pour des pathologies somatiques (p=0.004) et des problematiques sociales (p=0.045), elle n'est pas significative pour les motifs cognitifs. Dans le meme temps, la proportion de patients dont le diagnostic de demence etait etabli precedemment a l'admission a augmente significativement (p< 0.0001). Les proportions de patients traites (avant l'admission) par benzodiazepines et ceux traites par antidepresseurs ont augmente significativement. La duree moyenne de sejour et le taux de rehospitalisation a six mois n'ont pas change. Conclusion : Concernant les patients dements du sud de la Reunion, depuis l'instauration de la filiere geriatrique hospitaliere, le recours a l'hospitalisation par admission directe a augmente au detriment des admissions par le SAU. Cette meilleure coordination du parcours de soin traduit une bonne collaboration entre les medecins generalistes et les geriatres, malgre l'absence de reseau formalise jusqu' a present.
Blimp-1 Induced by IL-4 Plays a Critical Role in Suppressing IL-2 Production in Activated CD4 T Cells1

Although an inhibitory function of IL-4 in CD4 T cell IL-2 production has long been recognized, a mechanism mediating the inhibition remains unclear. In this study we demonstrate that IL-4 displays a potent suppressive function in IL-2 production of activated CD4 T cells through STAT6. IL-4-induced IL-2 suppression required IL-2 because IL-2 neutralization restored the production of IL-2 even in the presence of IL-4. In vivo, enhanced IL-2 production was found in nematode-infected IL-4- or STAT6-deficient animals, whereas immunization in the presence of IL-4 substantially diminished IL-2 production by Ag-specific CD4 T cells. IL-2 mRNA expression was reduced when T cells were stimulated in the presence of IL-4, whereas IL-2 mRNA decay was unaltered, suggesting that IL-4 mediates the suppression at a transcriptional level. Blimp-1 induced by IL-4 stimulation in activated CD4 T cells was found to be necessary to mediate the IL-2 inhibition as IL-4-mediated IL-2 suppression was less pronounced in activated CD4 T cells deficient in Blimp-1. Taken together, our results demonstrate a potential link with IL-4, Blimp-1, and IL-2 production, suggesting that Blimp-1 may play an important role in controlling IL-2 production in activated T cells and in adaptive T cell immunity.
Phase Transitions and Structure Of Crystalline Polymers

Crystalline polymers build up complex structural entities, which blend amorphous and crystalline domains at a very small scale (≈ 10 nm). The coexistence of domains, which are of molecular, dimensions stems from the fact that the chains tend to fold upon crystallisation: this chain folding is a characteristic feature of polymers, and creates an organisational scale which is unique to polymers. It induces a small scale subdivision of the polymer space, and makes it necessary to describe the structure of crystalline polymers at three different length scales: at the level of the unit-cell (characteristic dimensions: fractions of nanometers), at that of the chainfolded lamellae (thickness: 10 nm, lateral dimensions: several μm) and finally, spherulites (from μm to mm).
Adenovirus Virus-Associated RNAs Induce Type I Interferon Expression through a RIG-I-Mediated Pathway

ABSTRACT The current study demonstrates that adenovirus virus-associated RNA (VA) is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, and activates RIG-I downstream signaling, leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), similarly to Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA. Further analysis revealed that adenovirus infection leads to biphasic type I IFN induction at 12 to 24 h and 48 to 60 h postinfection. The later induction coincided with VA expression and was reduced by virus UV inactivation or RIG-I silencing. These results suggest that VA-mediated RIG-I activation is involved in activating innate immune responses during adenovirus infection.
Activation of Mrc1, a mediator of the replication checkpoint, by telomere erosion

Background information. In budding yeast, the loss of either telomere sequences (in telomerase‐negative cells) or telomere capping (in mutants of two telomere end‐protection proteins, Cdc13 and Yku) lead, by distinct pathways, to telomeric senescence. After DNA damage, activation of Rad53, which together with Chk1 represents a protein kinase central to all checkpoint pathways, normally requires Rad9, a checkpoint adaptor.
Etude biogéochimique du transfert du sélénium dans un système eau-plante-atmosphère : conséquences sur la physiologie du Zea mays subsp. mays (L.)

Le selenium (Se) est un antioxydant et un oligo-element pour les animaux et les humains. Neanmoins, l’intervalle de concentration entre carence et toxicite est tres etroit. Ce metalloide est introduit indirectement dans la chaine alimentaire via son accumulation dans les plantes. La litterature sur ce sujet est encore restreinte et incomplete, s’effectuant couramment sur des plantes modeles et en presence de fortes concentrations en Se. Cette these porte sur le transfert du Se dans une plante de grande culture, le Zea mays, et les consequences de cette accumulation sur la physiologique de la plante a travers l’etude de l’accumulation des cations essentiels (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu). Des experimentations en milieu controle (cultures en hydroponie) ont donc ete realisees pour obtenir un ensemble d’echantillons analyses ensuite par des techniques d’analyse adequates et sensibles (CRC-ICP-MS par exemple). Diverses modalites influencant le transfert du Se dans la plante ont ainsi ete etudiees : la concentration et forme du Se source ainsi que le stade de developpement de la plante. Les resultats ont montre que l’absorption racinaire, la concentration au sein de la plante ainsi que le degre de metabolisation du Se, et par consequent les apports en Se pour les populations animales et humaines, sont fortement influences par les trois facteurs enonces. De plus, cette etude a mis en evidence que l’accumulation des cations au sein des plantes dependent du Se. Ces effets peuvent etre associes au desequilibre du systeme de detoxification des especes oxygenees reactives des cellules, en coherence avec le caractere ambivalent du Se: antioxydant ou pro-oxydant selon sa concentration
Comparative evolution of Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia.

OBJECTIVE To compare the evolution of Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and mixed dementia by cognitive domain. SETTING The University of Western Ontario Dementia Study, which is a registry of cases of dementia seen for secondary and tertiary assessment in a university memory disorders clinica with extensive follow-up data and histopathological confirmation of clinical diagnoses. PATIENTS One hundred twenty-nine patients with definite or probable AD, 12 patients with definite or probable VaD, and 36 patients with definite or probable mixed dementia. METHODS Patients were grouped as having an early, moderate, or advanced stage of disease according to the extended scale for dementia (ESD). The ESD was subdivided into cognitive domains, and the domain scores were compared for each stage of disease by diagnostic category with the use of a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS As expected, the scores in all domains decreased significantly with increasing severity. There was a significant difference in the decline in memory among the diagnostic groups (P = .02) that was mostly attributable to the difference between AD and mixed dementia (P = .03), with the difference between AD and VaD only approaching significance (P = .06). There was a similar finding for praxis. The interaction between diagnosis (AD and VaD) and severity was significant only for memory (P = .02), showing a less severe memory deficit at onset but a proportionately more rapid progression in VaD and arithmetic ability (AD and mixed dementia [P = .03]). CONCLUSIONS Alzheimer disease, VaD, and mixed dementia evolve similarly as assessed using cognitive domains obtained by subdivision of the ESD in a patient population derived from a memory clinic and by analyzing VaD as a single entity. Only memory impairment evolves differently between AD and VaD, with this depending on the severity. Memory is more severely impaired in the early stage of AD; however, with increasing severity of dementia, memory impairment in VaD accelerates and catches up with AD at the level of moderate impairment. The differences between AD and mixed dementia are greater than those between mixed dementia and VaD, suggesting an important role for the ischemic component of mixed dementia. Simple neuropsychological tools (eg, the ESD) may be incapable of distinguishing between AD and VaD, and more focused instruments may be required. Inherent bias in case selection may prevent extrapolation of these results to VaD in general, but the neuropsychological criteria for VaD may need to vary, depending on the severity.
The Scientific Papers of C. P. Snow

Bright, ambitious and resolved to distance himself from a background perceived to have been disadvantaged, C. P. Snow fitted several careers into his lifetime: academic scientist, civil service bureaucrat, author; and part-time journalist, critic, playwright and politician. Usually, two or three careers overlapped at a given time. Snow published three novels, including his first serious piece of fiction, The search, in 1932-35 while working as a physicist at Cambridge University, and much of the Strangers and brothers sequence was written while he was also a Civil Service Commissioner and Director of Personnel for the English Electric Company. Interest in science as distinct from an active part in its development remained a powerful force throughout his professional life, reappearing in pure form in his last book, The physicists, which was drafted in the few months immediately preceding his death in 1980. Snow's public service was recognized by the award of a knighthood in 1957, while his literary work and "two cultures" theme developed from earlier ideas ofH. G. Wells earned him many forms of international recognition during the 1960s and 1970s. He was created life peer in 1964 in order to represent a Labour administration, narrowly re-elected after a long spell in opposition, as Parliamentary Secretary or junior Minister to the Ministry of Technology. Snow's novels, and the perceptions embodied in his "two cultures" address, have been analysed many times and in many places. This article is concerned with neither: rather, it sets out to examine his work as a physicist, the occupation which absorbed the greater part of his attention between 1928 and 1935. Records of this work are in the scientific journals of the time and contain at least some clues as to the motives that led him to exchange the roles of scientist and author. Moreover, this evidence is totally independent of the more literary arguments based on analysis of the emotions, thoughts and actions of his fictional characters. Questions to which we will seek answers are: how great was the impact of his work on the physics of the time? and why, at age thirty, did he take an irreversible decision to build a new career? In later life Snow made no secret of his own answer to these questions. Stating that he had always believed "my ultimate vocation [was] writing", he continues: I
Solving economic dispatch problems utilizing Cuckoo Search algorithm

This paper presents one of the latest nature-inspired meta-heuristics algorithms, namely Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm to solve economic dispatch (ED) problems in power system. In order to obtain as close as to practical system, the effect of valve-loading effects together with the other constraints such as ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zones as well as generators operating limits have been taken into consideration in solving the most complex optimization problem. To show the effectiveness of proposed CS in solving ED problem, two test systems are utilized: TAIPOWER 40-units and 15-units systems and then the performance of proposed CS will be compared to the other recent techniques.
Rotation–vibrational states of and the adiabatic approximation

We discuss recent progress in the calculation and identification of rotation–vibrational states of at intermediate energies up to 13 000 cm−1. Our calculations are based on the potential energy surface of Cencek et al. which is of sub-microhartree accuracy. As this surface includes diagonal adiabatic and relativistic corrections to the fixed nuclei electronic energies, the remaining discrepancies between our calculated and experimental data should be due to the neglect of non-adiabatic coupling to excited electronic states in the calculations. To account for this, our calculated energy values were adjusted empirically by a simple correction formula. Based on our understanding of the adiabatic approximation, we suggest two new approaches to account for the off-diagonal adiabatic correction, which should work; however, they have not been tested yet for . Theoretical predictions made for the above-barrier energy region of recent experimental interest are accurate to 0.35 cm−1 or better.
Notice of RetractionConstruction of an Attenuated Listeria-Based Vaccine Delivery Plasmid

We aimed to construct an effective tumor targeting vaccine delivery plasmid that can express antigen protein in attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (LM). The produced fusion proteins were supposed to induce the antitumor immune response strongly. In our study, the gene of a truncated non-cytolytic form of listeriolysin O (LLO) was cloned in the plasmid pERL3 under the control of a hemolysin promoter (Phly). To check if the genes of interest were successfully inserted into pERL3, recombinant pERL3 was transferred into E. coli strain DH5α, and positive clones were obtained from Luria Bertani agar plate. Here we collected 46 positive clones and analyzed by PCR. Finally, we found a clear electrophoretic band in electrophoregram that was identified as a 726-bp fragment of hly. In conclusion, we've constructed a listeria-based vaccine delivery plasmid: pERL3-Phly-hly (441aa), with which we can express exogenous proteins in host cells, we planned to use it in delivering MIA (melanoma inhibitory activity) antigens to host cells to induce cellular immune response in further research.