Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revisión del género Valeriana (Valerianaceae) en Sudamérica austral

El genero Valeriana es el mas diverso de la familia Valerianaceae y se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en las zonas templadas del hemisferio norte, Africa y Sudamerica, presentando en la region andina un importante centro de diversificacion secundaria. Este trabajo comprende la revision de las especies de Sudamerica austral sobre la base de material de Argentina y Chile desde los 33°S hasta los 55°S. Se describen 40 especies de Valeriana de esta region, se citan ilustraciones ya publicadas y se incluye una clave para identificarlas. Se incluyen sinonimias nuevas basadas en el estudio de los tipos nomenclaturales y se lectotipifican varios taxones. Se hace referencia a las caracteristicas distintivas de cada especie, su fenologia, distribucion geografica y habitat, material adicional examinado y afinidades taxonomicas. Se amplia la distribucion geografica de algunas especies y se citan nuevos registros para Argentina y Chile.
Stabilization of Lipids in a Biodegradable Zein-Oleate Film by Incorporation of Antioxidants

ABSTRACT Zein has been studied extensively for use as an edible, biodegradable food film. To function as such, as much as 40–50% oleic acid is added as a plasticizing agent. Over the course of time, these films became discolored and developed off-odors. It was speculated that this was due to oxidation of incorporated oleic acid. This study sought to reduce oxidative changes in film lipids by incorporation of antioxidants. Incorporation of 4,000 ppm of BHA into the films eliminated peroxide formation during accelerated UV storage conditions. Gas chromatography and headspace (GC-HS) chromatography revealed that total volatile components of UV-treated control films were 9× higher than fresh control volatiles. Comparison of the profiles led to the demonstration of major differences in peaks of a specific region, suggesting the presence of oxidation products in that region. Differences in UV-treated BHA films and UV-treated control films appeared in the same specific region of the chromatogram. Solid-phase mic.
From Diploids to Allopolyploids: The Emergence of Efficient Pairing Control Genes in Plants

Polyploidy has played a major role in the evolution of higher plants. Precise control of chromosome pairing is vital for conferring meiotic regularity, and hence reproductive stability in allopolyploids. In this review, we examine whether strong evidence has accumulated for the presence and activity of pairing control genes in different allopolyploid species that are entirely bivalent forming and that display a strict disomic inheritance. We show that very good evidence has been adduced in Triticum species, Avena sativa, Festuca arundinacea, Brassica napus, Gossypium hirsutum, and G. barbadense, and in amphidiploids related to the diploid species Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum. More circumstantial evidence has been obtained for polyploids in the genera Aegilops, Hordeum, Nicotiana, and Coffea, which have received far less attention than the other species. Although these pairing regulators seem to control different processes operating throughout the premeiotic interphase and the meiotic prophase, little is known about their precise mode of action. We present three hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the origin and evolution of pairing control genes; none of them has been supported by direct evidence, and the origin of most pairing suppressors is still unknown. Accordingly, the study of pairing control genes is still an important task for understanding the stabilization and establishment of allopolyploid species.
An experimental test of potential host range in the ant parasitoid Apocephalus paraponerae

1. The work reported here tested experimentally whether specialisation in Apocephalus paraponerae was due to physiological interactions that limit the parasitoid to the host ant Paraponera clavata. The suitability of other ant species as hosts was tested, and behavioural traits that may promote a high degree of specificity within this host–parasitoid system are discussed.
Application of the Enzymolysis and Membrane Technology in Glucan Extraction and Purification from Grifola frondosa

It has been investigated that the application of the enzymolysis and membrane technology in the extraction and purification of glucan from Grifola frondosa. The fruitbody of Grifola frondosa was been used to extract polysaccharides. Compared the yield, protein content and polysaccharide content in the extracts under 3 different process modes, it was found that the procedure processed by complex enzyme was better than the others. Microfiltrated with membrane of 0. 2μm aperture and then ultrafiltrated with membrane with molecular weight cutoff of 1000 Dalton, it had glucan retained rate of 80.42% and protein removed rate of 88.27%. GCP experiment indicated that the glucan get from the procedure was a homogeneous polysaccharide with weight average molecular weight of 130355 Dalton. The index of molecular weight distribution was 1.1844. The desalination rate was increased by adding water to the concentrate while ultrafiltration was in progress. When the quantity of water added was 1.5 times of the concentrate volume, it had effective desalination effect with the ash content of 3.79% in final product.
ADELGES COOLEY1 GILLETTE (HEMIPTERA, ADELGIDAE) OF THE DOUGLAS FIR IN BRITAIN: COMPLETION OF ITS LIFE CYCLE

SUMMARY 1 Adelges cooleyi is a pest of Sitka spruce, the primary host, and Douglas fir, the secondary host, on the latter of which it has been known in Britain since 1913. 2 Hitherto its life cycle in Britain has been regarded as incomplete because of the non-viability of generation I (sexuales) on Sitka spruce and consequent absence of the subsequent generation II (fundatrix vera) and generation III (gallicolae). 3 Both of these generations have been discovered for the first time in Britain and their development followed. 4 The investigation began with the finding of the dead galls of A. cooleyi on Sitka spruce at Glen Tress in February 1935. Subsequently, dead galls were also found at Stobs, Melrose, Dreghorn and Murthly. At Melrose they were found on a new secondary host, the white spruce, Picea alba. Later the fundatrix vera of generation I was found. 5 The growth of the galls was followed on cut twigs in the laboratory and on growing shoots in the field; galls of the current season were found at Glen Tress, Dreghorn and Murthly. 6 The winged gallicolae of generation II were observed migrating to Douglas fir, where they settled and oviposited. From the eggs there hatched typical hibernating first-instar nymphs (sistentes). 7 Generation III (colonici) was determined to be triple-brooded, and this character has recently been noted in Adelges cooleyi in British Columbia. 8 The population of the sistentes on Douglas fir during any one winter was found to be composed of four categories, which hav* been designated. 9 The migration of generation IV (sexuparae) to Sitka spruce and white spruce was observed at Glen Tress and Melrose respectively. It was also verified in the laboratory. 10 Generation V (sexuales), for some cause or causes yet unknown, was practically exterminated during development. Only a few adults were observed. The solitary egg laid by the female of this generation was not discovered. 11 Further investigation is required concerning: (a). The causes of mortality of the sexuales. (b). The oviposition of the sexual female, and the sexually produced egg. (c). The extent of the distribution and establishment of the spruce generations in Britain. (d). The prospective status of A. cooleyi as a pest of Sitka spruce in Britain. 12 With regard to status, it would be unsafe, at the present juncture, to speculate, especially as the investigation has been conducted for only one year. I have, therefore, refrained from discussing possibilities of damage to the spruce host until more evidence is available. The writer is indebted to Mr R. Carrick, B.Sc, Research Student in the Department of Entomology, for the photograph of the winged gallicollae reproduced in PI. XXV, fig. 4. Part of the expenses incurred in conducting the investigation were met by a grant from the Earl of Moray Endowment of the University of Edinburgh, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge this assistance.
Weed Community Dynamics and Suppression in Tilled and No-Tillage Transitional Organic Winter Rye–Soybean Systems

Abstract Grower adoption of no-tillage (NT) approaches to organic soybean production has been limited, in part because of the perceived risks of ineffective cover crop management and lack of season-long weed suppression. We conducted research in 2008 and 2009 to assess those risks by quantifying the effects of winter rye cover-crop management (tilling, crimping, or mowing), soybean planting date (mid May or early June), and row width (19 or 76 cm) on weed recruitment, emergence patterns, season-long suppression, and late-season weed community composition in transitional organic production systems. The weed plant community consisted largely of summer annual species in each year, with velvetleaf or common lambsquarters as the most abundant species. Seedling recruitment from the soil seedbank varied between years, but velvetleaf recruitment was consistently greater in the tilled rye than in the NT rye treatments. Weed emergence tended to peak early in the season in the tilled rye treatment, but in the NT rye treatments, the peak occurred in mid or late season. More-diverse summer annual and perennial species were associated with the NT rye treatments. Even so, weed suppression (as measured by late-season weed shoot mass) was much greater in crimped or mowed rye NT treatments than it was in the tilled treatment. Weed suppression among NT rye treatments was greater in 19- than in 76-row spacing treatments in each year and was greater for mid May than it was for early June planted soybean in 2009. The NT planting of soybean into standing rye before termination (crimping or mowing) facilitated timely planting of soybean, as well as effective, season-long weed suppression, suggesting that those approaches to rye and weed management are of less risk than those typically perceived by growers. Our results suggest that NT systems in winter rye provide effective weed-management alternatives to the typical tillage-intensive approach for organic soybean production. Nomenclature: Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH; cereal rye, Secale cereale L. ; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Beryllium-7 Concentrations in the lower Atmosphere at the region of Thessaloniki (40°N)

Atmospheric concentrations of 'Be were measured over a 6year period (July 1987 December 1992) at the region of Thessalloniki, Greece (4038'N, 2258'E)in temperate latitude with very dry (precipitation-free) climate at east longitude in the European continent of the Northern Hemisphere. Our concern was focused in the variation of atmospheric concentrations of 'Be and the main influencing factors. Beryllium-7, a most important isotope in studying atmospheric processes because of its convenient half-life and sufficiently detectable radiation, has served principally for studying precipitation scavenging, vertical and horizontal removal of air masses, aerosol transit and residence times in the troposphere, aerosol deposition velocities and deposition patterns of airborne contaminants. Monthly, mean seasonal and mean annual values of 'Be concentrations in the atmosphere, have been concerned for our study. Monthly values of 'Be concentrations showed strong variation with time, while seasonal and mean annual values, showed slighter variations. Local meteorological conditions were the most important factors that affected the monthly atmospheric concentrations of Be at the region of Thessaloniki, especially the wind velocity and direction and the precipitation height. The lowest concentration 1.96 mBq/m occurred during the winter of 1991, while the highest value 12.0 mBq/m occured on September 1987. Considering the mean seasonal concentrations of Be for a long period as long as 51/2 years, the monthly variations become less noticeable and the differences are interpreted by large scale variations that are taken place at higher altitudes in the troposphere in combining with the regional meteorological conditions. The minima occurred during the winter, whereas the maxima occured during the summer and spring, each year. Finally, the mean annual concentrations of ^Be showed a small variation, each year.This was not a statistical phenomenon, but it was due to the strong relation between the eleven year solar cycle and the cosmic-ray flux, and thus, to the production rate of cosmogenic radionuclides. The highest 'Be concentration 6.29 mBq/m during 1987 was related with the minimum of solar activity, while the lowest concentration 3.79 rr.Bq/m during 1991 was related with high solar activity.
A comparison of deterministic and stochastic models for predicting the impacts of different sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis) management practices

A deterministic model for predicting the prevalence of lice in sheep flocks was compared with a stochastic model. The stochastic model was based on data from 100 000 simulated farms and encompassed: a range of lice detection levels at shearing, whether or not treatment was applied where no lice were detected, the efficacy of treatments used, and the adequacy of quarantine measures against entering sheep. The deterministic model generated more extreme estimates of the effects of lice management changes, and was judged unsatisfactory for long-term decision making. Predictions based on the stochastic model were consistent with reported survey values, suggesting the stochastic model could be used to predict benefits and costs associated with changes in louse-control methods. According to the stochastic model, the two factors that could provide the greatest reduction in dollar costs were improvement of quarantine by limiting the incidence of lice entering the flock, and improvement of eradication methods. The deterministic model suggested that there would be large benefits from improvement in detection, but the stochastic model only found small dollar benefits with improved detection in the absence of changes such as more effective treatments. Changing the proportion of flocks that were treated when no lice were detected had little effect on the predicted incidence of lousy flocks.
Quality Attributes of Cheddar Cheese Containing Added Lactobacilli

Various strains of homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli isolated from cheddar cheese were added to milk with a commercial streptococci culture to produce cheddar cheese. The heterofermatative lactobacilli L. brevis and L. fermentum almost always led to the development of fruity flavors, openness and late-gassing within 10 months of aging. Cheddar cheese produced using combined cultures of heterofermentative lactobacilli and L. casei-casei or L. casei-pseudoplantarum did not exhibit gas formation and openness. The overall grading scores of cheese containing added lactobacilli were not higher than those for the control cheese (without lactobacilli). A definite correlation was found between the lactobacilli used and the flavors of the cheese. The controlled acidity development during cheese making, the fat and the salt in moisture content of the cheeses were not affected.
La tuberculose bovine dans la faune sauvage en France. Risques pour l’élevage bovin

Tuberculosis (TB) due to M. bovis has been described in wildlife species of many countries, albeit, depending on the situation, being considered as a sentinel or a reservoir of the infection for livestock and/or human. In France, TB has been discovered for the first time, in 2001, in wild ungulates of the Brotonne Forest (Normandy). Since then, passive and active surveillance for the disease has been implemented in several regions, and later expanded to the whole country through the Sylvatub surveillance program since 2011. Firstly described in wild boar and red deer, it has also been detected in 2009 in badgers of Cote d’Or, then in 2010 in Dordogne and Charente. The presence of high density populations of wild animals and some practices as artificial feeding, which lead to non-natural high concentrations of animals, are major factors of emergence and persistence of TB in wildlife. In several French regions, M. bovis would be circulating in a multi-host system including bovines (and pigs, in Corsica only), several wildlife species and their environment which thus complicates the epidemiology and sanitary management of the disease
Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome, by definition, is not a disease but is a clustering of individual metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These risk factors could dramatically increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The reported prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies, greatly depending on the definition used, gender, age, socioeconomic status, and the ethnic background of study cohorts. Clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome starts with central obesity. Because the prevalence of obesity has doubly increased worldwide over the past 30 years, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has markedly boosted in parallel. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as the leading cause for the metabolic syndrome since it is strongly associated with all metabolic risk factors. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is not unique to the USA and Europe and it is also increasing in most Asian countries. Insulin resistance has elucidated most, if not all, of the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome because it contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, a major contributor to the development of insulin resistance is an overabundance of circulating fatty acids. Plasma fatty acids are derived mainly from the triglycerides stored in adipose tissues, which are released through the action of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase. This review summarizes the latest concepts in the definition, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome, as well as its preventive measures and therapeutic strategies in children and adolescents.
Capacitation and the acrosome reaction in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) spermatozoa evaluated by the chlortetracycline fluorescence assay

Capacitation and the acrosome reaction in squirrel monkey seminal spermatozoa diluted in Tyrode's medium (TALP) and TC‐199 were monitored by a chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence assay. Four CTC patterns, similar to those found in human sperm, were readily characterized by fluorescent staining on the heads of the spermatozoa. The appearance of the capacitated (CP) pattern was dependent on the concentration of the bovine serum albumin. Acrosomal loss was observed in a maximum of 15% of the sperm in the populations studied here. Calcium ionophore A23187 (5 μM to 20μM) induced acrosomal loss in 60–70% of capacitated spermatozoa. However in freshly ejaculated sperm incubated under capacitating conditions or in spermatozoa incubated in Ca+ +‐free medium, A23187 failed to induce acrosomal loss. Furthermore, spermatozoa incubated in the presence of seminal plasma or spermatozoa obtained following a 1‐hour “swim‐up” procedure showed an identical timecourse of appearance of the CP pattern, indicating the lack of effect of seminal plasma on capacitation in the squirrel monkey.
α-SNAP Functions in Insulin Exocytosis from Mature, but Not Immature Secretory Granules in Pancreatic β Cells

Abstract To explore α-SNAP function in insulin exocytosis from either immature or mature secretory granules in pancreatic β cells, we studied the effects of overexpression of adenovirus-mediated wild-type α-SNAP and C-terminally deleted α-SNAP mutant (1–285) on newly synthesized proinsulin and insulin release by rat islets and MIN6 cells. Rat islets overexpressing α-SNAP and mutant α-SNAP were pulse-chased. Exocytosis from immature and mature insulin secretory granules was measured as fractional (%) labeled-proinsulin release immediately after the pulse-labeling and percentage labeled-insulin release after a 3-h chase period, respectively. There was no difference in percentage labeled-proinsulin release between the control and α-SNAP or mutant α-SNAP-overexpressed islets. Although percentage labeled-insulin release after a 3-h chase period was significantly increased in α-SNAP-overexpressed islets, it was decreased in mutant α-SNAP-overexpressed islets. Thus, the results demonstrated that α-SNAP overexpression in rat islets primarily increased exocytosis from mature, but not immature insulin secretory granules. On the other hand, in MIN6 cells, α-SNAP overexpression scarcely affected glucose-stimulated insulin release; therefore, we examined the effect of mutant α-SNAP overexpression as the dominant-negative inhibitor on the newly synthesized proinsulin/insulin release using the same protocol as in the rat islet experiments. α-SNAP mutant (1–285) overexpression in MIN6 cells decreased the percentage labeled insulin release from mature secretory granules, but not percentage labeled proinsulin release from immature secretory granules. Thus, our data demonstrate that α-SNAP functions mainly in the mature insulin secretory granules in pancreatic β cells.
Formation of the primary protective layer and phellogen after leaf abscission in peach

Potted peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Loring) were mechanically defoliated and the influence of temperature on formation of the primary protective layer and phellogen generation in the leaf abscission region was examined histologically. Plants maintained at 7.5, 12.5, and 17.5 °C showed first indications of primary protective layer formation at 18, 9, and 6 days, respectively. Subsequent generation of phellogen and the appearance of the first phellem cell were observed at 30, 18, and 12 days, respectively. The primary protective layer formed approximately 700 μm proximal to the separation zone and was composed of cells with lignified walls and thin suberin linings.
Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for maternal transfer of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB‐TK) model was developed to describe the uptake, distribution, and elimination of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) in female brook trout during a 6‐month feeding and depuration study. Dietary uptake was modeled under two assumptions, uptake proceeds to equilibrium between blood exiting the intestinal tract and the contents of the intestinal tract, and uptake is limited by desorption of TCDD from gut contents and/or diffusion from the lumen into tissues. Model outputs were evaluated by comparison with measured TCDD residues. The best model fit to the data was obtained by imposing a moderate diffusion limitation on gut uptake. Of the parameters that comprise the gut submodel, whole body residue predictions were most sensitive to changes in the diffusion rate constant and fecal egestion rate. Chemical residues in fat were indicative of an internal disequilibrium with other tissues during the loading phase of the study. Accurate simulations of this behavior were obtained using a diffusion‐limited tissue description. Chemical residues in liver, muscle, and ovaries were adequately described by assuming that uptake and elimination were blood flow limited. Spawning probably resulted in a small increase in whole body TCDD concentration and did not appear to represent an important route of chemical elimination. These results suggest that field‐derived whole body TCDD residues could be used to estimate residues in developing ovaries of brook trout to within a factor of two, provided that whole body and ovary lipid content were known.