Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Pilates method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review

Introduction: Joseph Pilates created an authentic method of physical and mental conditioning, which he called Contrology and defined as the complete coordination of body, mind and spirit. Recent studies indicate that the Pilates Method is a useful tool in rehabilitation can improve overall health, sports performance and help in the prevention and attenuation of injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent and costly conditions that develop gradually, presenting a chronic course and often remain untreated. Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of the Pilates Method in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders through a systematic review. Methods: An active search was performed in the PubMed, PEDro, Scielo and Bireme databases. A total of 24 studies were pre-selected and their methodological quality was evaluated based on the PEDro scale. Of these, 14 fulfilled the selection criteria. Results: The studies analyzed indicate that Pilates can be effective both for the treatment of conditions such as scoliosis, back pain, ankylosing spondylitis and breast cancer, and for preventing injuries in adults, elderly people and athletes. Conclusion: The high methodological variability requires that these studies be viewed with caution. It indicates the need for the performance of new studies with high methodological quality and standardization of evaluation instruments.
Informational Paradox of external financing

In this paperI develop a model for small and medium enterprises’ external financing. I concentrate on a situation where a firm offering trade credit to his customer applies for a credit at a bank. The effect of a defaulting customer on the borrowing capacity of the supplier has not yet been covered by the litterature. In a contract theroretical more generaly, in a game theoretical framework, there is an informational asymmetry between the lender and the borrower on the credit worthyness of the entrepreneur. In this model, the informational asymmetry leads to moral hazard which results in credit rationing.An optimal contract considering also a possibly defaulting customer generates additional credit rationing. The paper develops two subcases: in the first one the borrower has informational advantage on his customer compared to the creditor, in the second there is not any informatioanl advantage related to the customer. The results show an informational paradox, the informational advantage of the borrower reduces the volume of credit he can receive, while the informational symmetry leads to a higher borrowing capacity.The model decribes a typical situation on the Hungarian market. Banks provide a low volume of credit to SME because the firms’s financial statements and their relationship with their customers is not opac. So the informational disadvantage induces the bank to offer a low level of credit even if the net present value of the financed projects is highly positive.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: New Empirical Evidence from the Emerging East Asian Economies

This paper examines the impact of bilateral real exchange rate volatility on real exports of five emerging East Asian countries among themselves as well as to thirteen industrialised countries. We explicitly recognize the specificity of the exports between the emerging East Asian and industrialised countries and employ a generalized gravity model that combines a traditional long-run export demand model with gravity type variables. In the empirical analysis we use a panel comprising 25 years of quarterly data and perform unit-root and cointegration tests to verify the long-run relationship among the regression variables. The results provide strong evidence that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on the exports of emerging East Asian countries. These results are robust across different estimation techniques and do not depend on the variable chosen to proxy exchange rate uncertainty.
Investigating the Asymmetry in Volatility for the Iranian Stock Market

This paper investigates the asymmetry in volatility of returns for the Iranian stock market using the daily closing values of the Tehran exchange price index (TEPIX) covering the period from March 25, 2001 to July 25, 2012, with a total of 2743 observations. To this end, two sets of tests have been employed: the first set is based on the residuals derived from a symmetric GARCH (1,1) model. The second set is based on the asymmetric GARCH models, including EGARCH (1,1), GJR-GARCH(1,1), and APARCH(1,1) models. To capture the stylized fact that the returns series are fat-tailed distributed, in addition to classic Gaussian assumption, the innovations are also assumed to have t-student distribution and GED (Generalized Error Distribution). The results indicate that there is no evidence of the leverage effects in the Iranian stock market, meaning that negative and positive shocks of the same magnitude have the same impacts on the future volatility level. This result is in contrast with the results of most empirical studies, where an asymmetry in volatility of stock returns has been found. This seems to be the result of the governmental or quasi-governmental nature of many companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.
Bank Credits and Investment Growth of Agricultural Sector in Iran

This study were examined relationship between bank credits and investment growth of agricultural sector in Iran during the period of 1982-2011 by auto regressive distribution lag bounds test approach. Basically, the growth investing of the agricultural sector in Iran is related to oil revenues, bank credits, value added of agriculture sector and capital stock. The results confirm the existence of a long-run relationship between variables in model. In addition, according to the results, bank credit is the most significant variable in explaining the growth investing, so that increases access to it will encourage growth investment of the agricultural sector in Iran. The estimations show that elasticity of bank credits, oil revenues, stock investment and value added are 0.103, 0.015, 0.049 and -0.058 in the agricultural sector respectively.
On the influence of shrub height and expansion on northern high latitude climate

There is a growing body of empirical evidence documenting the expansion of shrub vegetation in the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. Here, we conduct a series of idealized experiments with the Community Climate System Model to analyze the potential impact on boreal climate of a large-scale tundra-to-shrub conversion. The model responds to an increase in shrub abundance with substantial atmospheric heating arising from two seasonal land–atmosphere feedbacks: a decrease in surface albedo and an evapotranspiration-induced increase in atmospheric moisture content. We demonstrate that the strength and timing of these feedbacks are sensitive to shrub height and the time at which branches and leaves protrude above the snow. Taller and aerodynamically rougher shrubs lower the albedo earlier in the spring and transpire more efficiently than shorter shrubs. These mechanisms increase, in turn, the strength of the indirect sea-ice albedo and ocean evaporation feedbacks contributing to additional regional warming. Finally, we find that an invasion of tall shrubs tends to systematically warm the soil, deepen the active layer, and destabilize the permafrost (with increased formation of taliks under a future scenario) more substantially than an invasion of short shrubs.
Enforcement and the Stability and Growth Pact: How Fiscal Policy Did and Did Not Change Under Europe's Fiscal Framework

The Stability and Growth Pact has been a success in numerous EU countries, especially in guiding them toward underlying fiscal balance ahead of population aging. These countries tend to be smaller, subject to greater macroeconomic volatility, and reliant on a form of fiscal governance that emphasizes targets and contracts. Most of the new members share these characteristics. For the countries less compatible with the Pact, domestic governance reforms that increase the reputational costs for noncompliance can be useful complements to the fiscal framework.
About One Semi-analytic Method for the Solution of Scattering Problems with 3D Dielectric Scatterers

2 3 1 G R G / = ( S G G 1 1 ∪ = ). Interaction of the incident field with an inhomogeneity results in the appearance of scattered and interior fields which we denote as 1 1 H E r r , and 2 2 H E r r , , respectively. We shall refer to the properties of the surrounding medium by utilizing script “1” and script “2” will be used for denoting the constants of the material filling the body. By means of Maxwell’s equations and classical constitutive relations one can show that the fields j j H E r r , (j=1,2) satisfy the uniform Helmholtz equations. On the surface S the tangential parts of field vectors must be equated:
Cadmium-Induced Changes in Germination, Seedlings Growth, and DNA Fingerprinting of in vitro Grown Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Cd 2+ on germination, growth, proline content, lipid peroxidation, and DNA fingerprinting of in vitro grown C ichorium pumilum. Results showed that seed germination was highly inhibited by cadmium (down to 47% at 1600 µM CdCl 2 ). In addition, root and shoot growth showed significant decreases in response to CdCl 2 level. Analysis of proline content and lipid peroxidation showed that with increasing CdCl 2 levels in the growing medium, the amount of proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation increased gradually. Total chlorophyll content was found to increase only at higher tested levels of Cd 2+ (800 and 1600 µM). The results also show that Cd 2+ inhibits callus growth at different levels starting from 50 µM CdCl 2 compared with the control in the callus growth experiment. Callus growth ceased completely at 200 µM CdCl 2 and above. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed DNA alterations in Cd 2+ -treated C . pumilum microshoots compared with the control. The results of this experiment showed that Cd 2+ stress affects several physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in C . pumilum.
Toward Gauss-Newton and Exact Newton Optimization for Full Waveform Inversion

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) applications classically rely on efficient first-order optimization schemes, as the steepest descent or the nonlinear conjugate gradient optimization. However, second-order information provided by the Hessian matrix is proven to give a useful help in the scaling of the FWI problem and in the speed-up of the optimization. In this study, we propose an efficient matrix-free Hessian-vector formalism, that should allow to tackle Gauss-Newton (GN) and Exact-Newton (EN) optimization for large and realistic FWI targets. Our method relies on general second order adjoint formulas, based on a Lagrangian formalism. These formulas yield the possibility of computing Hessian-vector products at the cost of 2 forward simulations per shot. In this context, the computational cost (per shot) of one GN or one EN nonlinear iteration amounts to the resolution of 2 forward simulations for the computation of the gradient plus 2 forward simulations per inner linear conjugate gradient iteration. A numerical test is provided, emphasizing the possible improvement of the resolution when accounting for the exact Hessian in the inversion algorithm.
Theoretical Comparisons of the Concentration-Dependent Diffusion Coefficients from Dynamic Light Scattering and Taylor Dispersion Analysis

Dynamic Light Scattering and Taylor Dispersion Analysis are two methods employed for the measurement of the diffusion coefficients and interaction parameters of solutes. For self-associating solutes, the interaction parameter provides a measure for the degree of association and hence the stability of the solutes. Due to the characteristics, peculiar to each method, the measured values are weighted averages and are therefore different from the intrinsic or unweighted values. In this paper, using a simple model for self-association, theoretical expressions for the DLS, TDA and intrinsic diffusion coefficients are derived for self-associating solutes. The corresponding interaction parameters are also derived and compared. As expected, at low concentrations, it was found that the DLS gives higher diffusion coefficients than TDA and vice versa at high concentrations. More interestingly, points of inflection were found in the DLS and TDA diffusion coefficient-concentration curves which imply the presence of minima in measured interaction parameters with the TDA minimum occurring at a lower concentration than for DLS. These are absent in the intrinsic curves. Furthermore, it was found that whilst the intrinsic interaction parameter tends to a non-zero value in the limit of low concentrations, the measured interaction parameters vanish. These trends are important for the interpretation of the results obtained from both measurement methods especially when compared to the intrinsic values. With the interaction parameter being increasingly used as a measure of stability, consideration of these expected trends could prove valuable for explaining experimental data measured at low concentrations. Furthermore, they could prove important when comparisons are made between results from the two measurements which are increasingly being used as orthogonal methods for protein analysis.
A new approach to studying collective orientation in team contexts

We have proposed a new conceptual framework of collective orientation in team contexts with regard to vertical and horizontal dimensions of individualism and collectivism at the individual level. It has been argued that people may activate these schemas differently for different team contexts. An empirical longitudinal study of 270 students engaged in 82 academic teams confirmed the conceptualization by identifying four interpretable factors: vertical and horizontal idiocentrism and allocentrism. This new conceptual framework may have significant implications for studies of some aspects of team processes in organizational contexts. Contact details Babak Alavi, School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone: +61 2 9385 1958, E-mail: sbalavi@yahoo.com Acknowledgement We wish to acknowledge that preparation of this paper has been supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science, Research & Technology of I.R. Iran.
Evaluation of an active mating disruption concept against codling moth (Cydia pomonella) under the aspects of different application systems and varieties

Beside standard systems of mating disruption the activity of the product Exosex CM and Exosex 2 CM under the aspect of different application systems and several varieties were tested at the research station of the Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology Klosterneuburg. Male insects were attracted into the Exosex dispenser by using the appropriate pheromone, which acts on the pheromone receptive sensors on the male so that they cannot locate calling females. Standard mating disruption techniques usually rely on the introduction of amounts of pheromone emitted by natural populations of pest species into the atmosphere. Exosex CM significantly reduces deployment time and labour costs in the orchards, additionally the flexibility to fit in with IPM programmes was tested. The assessments were done visually on windfall fruits, fruits on the tree and on all fruits at harvest followed by statistical evaluation. Among the fruits sprayed with the IPM system there was an infestation rate of the first (Cydia pomonella) generation at the variety Idared of 0,8%, the second generation treated with Exosex showed an infestation of 13%. In the biological trial however the infestation by the first generation was about 4% and the infestation of the second generation about 31%.
Of reindeer and man, modern and Neanderthal: A creation story founded on a historic perspective on how to conserve wildlife, woodland caribou in particular

A review of successful systems of wildlife conservation, the North American included, suggests that broad public support and determined effort by volunteers is essential for wildlife conservation. Since North American wildlife conservation is the only large-scale system of sustainable natural resource use, and exemplifies the great economic and cultural benefits of a renewable resource held in common, its lessons may be profitably applied to Rangifer conservation. Animals that have value are surrounded by myths that tell of their relationship to humans. In our Anglo-American culture reindeer and caribou are rather deficient in this respect. However, reindeer feature prominently in the rise of modern humans and the demise of Neanderthal man early in the Upper Paleolithic. The colonization by humans of the periglacial environments during the last glaciation depended on the rich periglacial megafauna, Rangifer included. Archeological sites of the European Upper Paleolithic show that reindeer were the most important food source. The Upper Paleolithic, characterized by exceptional physical development and health of people, as well as by the first flowering of art, extended from Spain to Crimea with surprisingly little cultural change for some 25 000 years. While the cave paintings express an infatuation with dangerous game (woolly mammoth, woolly rhino, steppe wisent, giant deer, cave lions, bears etc), the archeological sites indicate that reindeer was the staple food. Reindeer play a minor role in cave art. Neither this art, nor archeological sites, show any evidence of warfare. It is hypothesized that during a mid-glacial interstadial modern people entered Europe having developed a highly successful system of hunting reindeer using interception based on the discovery of chronologic time. This led to a first flowering of culture based on a rich economy, but also to additional hunting mortality of the periglacial mega-herbivores that Neanderthal people depended on. That would explain the slow decline into extinction of the previously invincible Neanderthal people. Therefore, modern humans owe much of what they are to reindeer. We need to reciprocate. What is urgently required is a foundation formed by volunteers for the conservation of caribou, similar to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, focusing on the severely endangered wood¬land caribou.
Comparison of TNF-α and TGF-β Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues-with and without Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis

Background: Breast carcinoma dynamics can be seen from the inflammatory mediator produced and some of expressed cytokine mediators mostly found in breast cancer tissues are TNF-α and TGF-β. This research analyzed TNF-α and TGF-β influence in axillary lymph nodes metastasis to prove the role of cytokines in breast cancer dynamics and to be taken as prognosis. Methods: This research used paraffin block of breast carcinoma in various stages of axillary lymph nodes metastasis and TNF-α and TGF-β antibody to observe the expressions. Result: There were significant differences in TNF-α expressions improvement with p < 0.05 in lymph nodes metastasis N1 (13.18%) and TNF-α expressions reduction in lymph nodes metastasis N2 (52.27%) and N3 (27.27%) compared with lymph nodes without metastasis (52.73%). There were no significant differences in TGF-β expressions of all N groups. Conclusion: The result stated that TNF-α cytokines can be used as biomarker independently predicting breast carcinoma prognosis and progressivity. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Dinamika karsinoma payudara tercermin dari mediator inflamasi yang dihasilkannya dan salah satu mediator sitokin yang terekspresi banyak pada jaringan tumor payudara adalah TNF-α and TGF-β. Kami menganalisis pengaruh TNF-α dan TGF-β pada metastasis kelenjar getah bening aksila untuk membuktikan peran sitokin dalam dinamika kanker payudara dan untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai alat prognosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan blok parafin karsinoma payudara pada berbagai stadium metastasis kelenjar getah bening aksila dan menggunakan antibodi TNF-α dan TGF-β untuk mendeteksi ekspresinya. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan perbedaan peningkatan ekspresi TNF-α yang signifikan dengan p < 0,05 pada metastasis kelenjar getah bening N1 (73,18%) dan penurunan ekspresi TNF-α pada metastasis kelenjar N2 (52,27%) dan N3 (27,27%) dibandingkan dengan tanpa metastasis (52,73%). Tidak ada perbedaan signifika n pada ekspresi TGF-β antar semua kelompok N. Kesimpulan: Hasil ini menyatakan sitokin TNF-α dapat dipakai sebagai biomarker untuk memprediksi progresifitas dan prognosis karsinoma payudara secara independen
The Investigation of the English Learning Difficulties of Rural Junior Middle School Students from Students’ Subjective Perspective in Jiangxi Province

The English learning is the important part of junior middle school students’ study. However, the rural junior middle school students often encounter a lot of difficulties in learning English, which will not only affect their English learning self-confidence and learning achievement, and also affect the quality of rural English teaching. In order to fully understand the students' English learning difficulties in rural junior middle school, the research studies English learning students’ difficulties from students’ subjective perspective choosing three rural middle schools in the city of Yichun of Jiangxi province of China as the subjects via questionnaires and interviews, and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures, aiming at providing references for solving the difficulties in the rural junior high school, and further improving English teaching quality in rural areas.
Littératie médiatique et petite enfance. Appropriation de contenus audiovisuels par des jeunes enfants non-lisants et sourds

La these s'appuie sur le concept de litteratie mediatique. Apres l'avoir defini, elle s'emploie a le mettre en œuvre pour les enfants non-lisants (2 a 7 ans) du Togo et/ou sourds (7 a 12 ans) de France. Partant de l'hypothese que les contenus mediatiques peuvent contribuer au developpement, aux apprentissages et a la culture de ces enfants, l'analyse infocommunicationnelle des mecanismes d'appropriation de ces contenus est effectuee pour ces deux populations cibles. L'etude mobilise ainsi des experimentations de terrain au Togo et en France.La premiere partie fait un etat des lieux rapide des differents dispositifs mediatiquesd'interaction et d'apprentissage destines aux enfants des deux pays de reference. Cette revue preliminaire des terrains d'etude montre que les politiques et les dispositifs de communication propres a notre cible restent insuffisants d'une part, et que le champ est tres peu aborde dans les travaux anterieurs d'autre part.La deuxieme partie se penche sur le cadre theorique de la litteratie mediatique et precise sa conceptualisation dans le champ des sciences de l'information et de la communication. Le protocole VI.A. G.E est alors elabore pour evaluer le processus d'appropriation de contenus mediatiques aupres des enfants.La troisieme partie est consacree au depouillement des trois experimentations de terrain menees au Togo (visionnage experimental du film Kirikou et la sorciere) et en France (visioguide sur DVD et i-Pad, et interaction sur ecran geant tactile, notamment au Musee du Quai Branly). Leurs resultats respectifs sont exposes. Un bilan general clot la these : il recapitule les apports de la recherche a l'analyse de la litteratie chez les enfants et trace quelques perspectives pour des travaux futurs.