Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tools for Traceable Security Verification

Dependable systems evolution has been identified by the UK Computing Research Committee (UKCRC) as one of the current grand challenges for computer science. We present work towards addressing this challenge which focusses on one facet of dependability, namely data security: We give an overview on an approach for modelbased security verification which provides a traceability link to the implementation. The approach uses a design model in the UML security extension UMLsec which can be formally verified against high-level security requirements such as secrecy and authenticity. An implementation of the specification can then be verified against the model by making use of run-time verification through the traceability link. The approach supports software evolution in so far as the traceability mapping is updated when refactoring operations are regressively performed using our tool-supported refactoring technique. The proposed method has been applied to an implementation of the Internet security protocol SSL.
Assessing Climate Driven Malaria Variability in Ghana Using a Regional Scale Dynamical Model

Malaria is a major public health challenge in Ghana and adversely affects the productivity and economy of the country. Although malaria is climate driven, there are limited studies linking climate variability and disease transmission across the various agro-ecological zones in Ghana. We used the VECTRI (vector-borne disease community model of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste) model with a new surface hydrology scheme to investigate the spatio-temporal variability in malaria transmission patterns over the four agro-ecological zones in Ghana. The model is driven using temperature and rainfall datasets obtained from the GMet (Ghana Meteorological Agency) synoptic stations between 1981 and 2010. In addition, the potential of the VECTRI model to simulate seasonal pattern of local scale malaria incidence is assessed. The model results reveal that the simulated malaria transmission follows rainfall peaks with a two-month time lag. Furthermore, malaria transmission ranges from eight to twelve months, with minimum transmission occurring between February and April. The results further reveal that the intra- and inter-agro-ecological variability in terms of intensity and duration of malaria transmission are predominantly controlled by rainfall. The VECTRI simulated EIR (Entomological Inoculation Rate) tends to agree with values obtained from field surveys across the country. Furthermore, despite being a regional model, VECTRI demonstrates useful skill in reproducing monthly variations in reported malaria cases from Emena hospital (a peri urban town located within Kumasi metropolis). Although further refinements in this surface hydrology scheme may improve VECTRI performance, VECTRI still possesses the potential to provide useful information for malaria control in the tropics.
A 3-D Folded Dipole Antenna Array for Far-Field Electromagnetic Energy Transfer

We present the concept and design of vertically stacked electromagnetic energy-harvesting system using folded dipole antennas. The proposed system is composed of stacked rectenna arrays or panels that are connected in various ways to channel the collected ac power to a single dc load. We show through experiments that by vertically stacking rectenna panels, the power collected per footprint is enhanced significantly. In fact, an improvement of up to 5 times is achieved in comparison to a single panel occupying the same two-dimensional footprint.
Milk in a glass, milk in a carton: The influence of packaging on children’s perceptions of the healthfulness of milk

Abstract Does the package have an impact on children’s perception of the healthfulness of milk? That’s the question we sought to answer as part of a survey given to 185 Canadian children aged 7–12. Children were randomly assigned to complete one of two surveys, in which they indicated the healthfulness of different food items, including milk in four different types of packaging. Milk with the least amount of packaging – milk in a glass – was perceived to be healthier than milk in a plain carton, milk in a carton with a macronutrient claim, or milk in a child-friendly container (p < 0.001). Such knowledge is useful from a public health perspective in terms of positively influencing consumer choice, and sheds important insight into how food packaging communicates to, and is understood by, children. While the food industry often frames declining milk consumption as a promotional problem – and one solved by increasing the fun factor of milk through packaging – more packaging is not the solution to creating a healthy food environment for children.
Nonlethal Techniques for Managing Predation: Primary and Secondary Repellents

Abstract: Conservation biology requires the development of practical tools and techniques to minimize conflicts arising from human modification of ecosystems. We applied behavioral theory of primary and secondary repellents to predator management by using aversive stimulus devices (electronic training collars) and disruptive stimulus devices (behavior‐contingent audio and visual repellents) in a multipredator (Canis lupus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Ursus spp.) study in the United States. We examined fladry and a newly developed disruptive stimulus device contingent upon behavior on six wolf territories in Wisconsin, (U.S.A.) and determined that the disruptive stimulus device gave the greatest degree of protection from predation. We also compared the efficacy of a primary repellent (disruptive stimulus device) versus a secondary repellent (electronic training collars) to keep captive wolves from consuming a food source. Disruptive stimulus devices effectively prevented captive wolves from consuming the food resource, but did not produce an aversion to that food resource. With training collars, logistical and behavioral variability limited our ability to condition wolves. Our studies highlight the complexity of application of nonlethal techniques in real‐world situations.
Formation free energy of clusters in vapor-liquid nucleation: A Monte Carlo simulation study

The formation free energy of clusters in a supersaturated vapor is obtained by a constrained Monte Carlo technique. A key feature of this approach is to set an upper limit to the size of cluster. This maximum cluster size serves essentially as an extra thermodynamic variable that constrains the system. As a result, clusters larger than the critical cluster of nucleation in the supersaturated vapor can no longer grow beyond the limiting size. Like changing the overall density of the system, changing the maximum cluster size also results in a different supersaturation and thereby a different formation free energy. However, at the same supersaturation and temperature it is found that the formation free energy has a unique value, independent of the upper limit of cluster size. The predicted size of critical cluster of nucleation is found to be consistent with the nucleation theorem as well as previous results using different simulation approaches.
A Study on Factors for Introducing Smart Factory to Improve Competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Metal Processing Companies

In order to improve manufacturing competitiveness in Korea, the government aims to improve the productivity of manufacturing enterprises through 20,000 smart factories by 2022. However, many SMEs are not actively investing in new facilities in smart factories due to the deteriorating manufacturing industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze smart factory construction factors and the effect of introduction of smart factory on the competitiveness medium-sized metal processing companies. For this purpose, we conducted an empirical analysis of 140 employees of SMEs in Daejeon TechnoValley, Sangseo-dong, Pyeongchon-dong small and medium manufacturing enterprises. As a result, corporate participation, participation of government support projects, and manufacturing capability have a positive impact on the smart factory construction effect. The results of this study can be a policy reference factor for the successful introduction of smart factory in SMEs and it is meaningful that construction of smart factory plays an important role in enhancing corporate competitiveness. †
Fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique (FBH) de révélation tardive: à propos d'un cas au CHU de Dakar

La fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique (FBH) est une forme grave du paludisme; caractérisée par la survenue d'une hémolyse intravasculaire aiguë se traduisant par une anémie hémolytique, une insuffisance rénale aiguë et une hypovolémie. Son diagnostic repose essentiellement sur la clinique notamment la couleur des urines d'aspect rouge porto. Nous rapportons un cas de fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique chez un jeune garçon de 10 ans originaire et vivant dans une zone d'endémie palustre, colligé dans un CHU de Dakar (Sénégal). V.G est un garçon de 10 ans qui était hospitalisé pendant 2 jours au service des urgences dans un centre de santé de proximité pour une fièvre associée à des vomissements qui évoluaient depuis 3 jours. Le test de diagnostic rapide (TDR) au paludisme était positif à la présence d'antigènes de Plasmodium falciparum dans le sang. Un traitement à base de quinine injectable (25 mg/kg/j), a été entrepris pendant 03 jours. Au quatrième jour, sont apparues une hémolyse intravasculaire aiguë et une hémoglobinurie avec une insuffisance rénale aiguë anurique. La goutte épaisse était revenue négative et le traitement par la quinine injectable arrêté. Le relais a été fait avec les dérivés de l'artémisinine. Trois (03) séances d'hémodialyse ont été réalisées. L’évolution était favorable, par la reprise de la diurèse et la normalisation de la fonction rénale. La FBH existe encore dans notre pratique quotidienne. Il faut y penser devant l'apparition brutale d'une hémolyse avec insuffisance rénale aiguë et urines rouges porto au cours du traitement d'un paludisme.
Establishing an information security culture in organizations : an outcomes based education approach

Information security is crucial to the continuous well-being of modern organizations. Humans play a significant role in the processes needed to secure an organization’s information resources. Without an adequate level of user co-operation and knowledge, many security techniques are liable to be misused or misinterpreted by users. This may result in an adequate security measure becoming inadequate. It is therefor necessary to educate the organization’s employees regarding information security and also to establish a corporate sub-culture of information security in the organization, which will ensure that the employees have the correct attitude towards their security responsibilities. Current information security education programs fails to pay sufficient attention to the behavioral sciences. There also exist a lack of knowledge regarding the principles, and processes, that would be needed for the establishment of an corporate sub-culture, specific to information security. Without both the necessary knowledge, and the desired attitude amongst the employee, it will be impossible to guarantee that the organization’s information resources are secure. It would therefor make sense to address both these dimensions to the human factor in information security, using a single integrated, holistic approach. This dissertation presents such an approach, which is based on an integration of sound behavioral theories.
Amphotericin B and Fluconazole Affect Cellular Charge, Macrophage Phagocytosis, and Cellular Morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans at Subinhibitory Concentrations

ABSTRACT Amphotericin B (AmB) and fluconazole (FLU) are the major antifungal drugs used in the treatment of cryptococcosis. Both drugs are believed to exert their antifungal effects through actions on cell membrane sterols. In this study we investigated whether AmB and FLU had other, more subtle effects on C. neoformans that could contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. C. neoformans cells were grown in media with subinhibitory concentrations of either AmB or FLU and analyzed for cellular charge, phagocytosis by macrophages with antibody and complement opsonins, appearance by scanning electron and light microscopies, and release of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan into the culture medium. Growth in the presence of either AmB or FLU resulted in major reductions in cellular charge, as measured by determination of the zeta potential. Phagocytosis studies demonstrated that exposure of C. neoformans to subinhibitory concentrations of AmB or FLU enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a large proportion of cells had an altered capsular appearance. Cells grown in medium with either AmB or FLU were smaller and released more glucuronoxylomannan into the culture medium than cells grown without antibiotics. The results suggest additional mechanisms of action for AmB and FLU that may be operative in body compartments where drug levels do not achieve the MICs. Furthermore, the results suggest mechanisms by which AmB and FLU can cooperate with humoral and cellular immune defense systems in controlling C. neoformansinfections.
Women’s and men’s responses to in-work benefits : the influence of younger children

This paper examines how the non-targeted earned income tax credit (EITC) introduced in Sweden in 2007 affected the labor supply of men and women living in a two-adult household and to what extent children in the household affects the outcome. Using a structural discrete labor supply model for two-adult households, we estimate the impact of the EITC on labor supply and disposable income separately for households with and without children. In a first step, the empirical model is evaluated by estimating wage elasticites for men and women separately. Our results correspond in level to those estimated elsewhere in the literature, with somewhat larger estimates for women than for men. Our results also suggest that the labor supply responses for men and women are more similar when no children are in the household. In a second step, the model is used to evaluate the labor supply effects of the EITC. Our results indicate that the largest response is on the extensive margin, with an increase in the labor force for both men and women. The labor supply effect on the intensive margin is smaller, yet positive for men and women working part-time in general, but the presence of children in the household brings difference between men and women. For households without children, the response is about the same in size for men as for women. For households with children, the response for men was about the same as for the case without children, but the response for women was about half in size. This indicates that women are less responsive to economic incentives than men when children are present in the household.
Adapting to Climate Change: Long-Term Effects of Drought on Local Labor Markets

We examine the long-term impacts of drought on local labor markets in Brazil. Us- ing rainfall data going back over a century, we build contemporaneous and historical drought indices for more than 3,000 local areas, and examine them in conjunction with five waves of population census data spanning 1970-2010. Results from a difference- in-differences design reveal that increased drought frequency in the previous decade reduces local value added, employment and wages in the agricultural sector; leads to job losses and pay cuts in the local manufacturing and services sectors; and induces out-migration, especially among younger cohorts, leading to relative population de- cline. These findings are in line with standard general-equilibrium theory featuring imperfect labor mobility across space.
HLA-Encoded Genetic Predisposition in IDDM: DR4 Subtypes May Be Associated With Different Degrees of Protection

Recent studies have shown that the risk conferred by the high-risk DQAl*03-DQBl*0302 (DQ8) haplotype is modified by the DRB1*O4 allele that is also carried by this haplotype. However, many of these studies suffer from lack of sufficient numbers of DQ-matched control subjects, which are necessary because there is a strong linkage disequilibrium between genes in the HLA complex. In the present study, using a large material of IDDM patients and DQ-matched control subjects, we have addressed the contribution of DR4 subtypes to IDDM susceptibility. Our data, together with recent data from others, clearly demonstrate that some DR4-DQ8 haplotypes are associated with disease susceptibility, while others are associated with protection, depending on the DRB1*O4 allele carried by the same haplotype. In particular, our data demonstrate that DRBl*0401 confers a higher risk than DRBl*0404. Based on combined available data on the genetic susceptibility encoded by various DR4-DQ8 haplotypes and the amino acid composition of the involved DRβ*04 chains as well as the ligand motifs for these DR4 subtypes, we have developed a unifying hypothesis explaining the different risks associated with different DR4-DQ8 haplotypes. We suggest that disease susceptibility is mainly conferred by DQ8 while DR4 subtypes confer different degrees of protection. Some DR4 subtypes (i.e., DRB1*0405, 0402, and 0401) confer little or no protection, while others (i.e., DRB 1*0404, 0403, and 0406) cause an increasing degree of protection, possibly by binding a common protective peptide. Features of a protective peptide that fit such a model are briefly discussed.
Antidepressant therapy in epilepsy: can treating the comorbidities affect the underlying disorder?

There is a high incidence of psychiatric comorbidity in people with epilepsy (PWE), particularly depression. The manifold adverse consequences of comorbid depression have been more clearly mapped in recent years. Accordingly, considerable efforts have been made to improve detection and diagnosis, with the result that many PWE are treated with antidepressant drugs, medications with the potential to influence both epilepsy and depression. Exposure to older generations of antidepressants (notably tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion) can increase seizure frequency. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that newer (‘second generation’) antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, have markedly less effect on excitability and may lead to improvements in epilepsy severity. Although a great deal is known about how antidepressants affect excitability on short time scales in experimental models, little is known about the effects of chronic antidepressant exposure on the underlying processes subsumed under the term ‘epileptogenesis’: the progressive neurobiological processes by which the non‐epileptic brain changes so that it generates spontaneous, recurrent seizures. This paper reviews the literature concerning the influences of antidepressants in PWE and in animal models. The second section describes neurobiological mechanisms implicated in both antidepressant actions and in epileptogenesis, highlighting potential substrates that may mediate any effects of antidepressants on the development and progression of epilepsy. Although much indirect evidence suggests the overall clinical effects of antidepressants on epilepsy itself are beneficial, there are reasons for caution and the need for further research, discussed in the concluding section.
Comparative studies on Salmonella typhi grown in vivo and in vitro I. Virulence, toxicity, production of infection-promoting substances and DPN-ase activity

1. The virulence of S. typhi strains Ty 2 and O 901 injected intra-abdominally into white mice was examined. The lethal dose of strain Ty 2 grown in vivo was lower than that of the corresponding culture grown in vitro, while the lethal doses of the in vivo- and in vitro-grown strain O 901 were almost identical. 2. The extracts of infected livers and spleens were not toxic, but acted as infection-promoting substances. Extracts from normal organs exerted similar but weaker effects. Glycogen together with sodium taurocholate were powerful infection-promoting substances. The highest increases of virulence were observed when spleen-grown bacteria together with extracts from infected organs were injected. 3. Extracts from infected spleen, pancreas, stomach and lower intestines, spleen-grown S. typhi, other spleen-grown Enterobacteriaceae, and bacteria taken from the intestines of normal and diseased animals, exhibited high DPN-ase activity. 4. The extracts from infected organs contained soluble bacterial antigens. Their presence was demonstrated by tube precipitation, agar gel precipitation and antibody production after immunization of rabbits with extracts from infected organs with addition of adjuvants. 5. Spleen-grown bacteria were able to absorb host antigens and to produce, in addition to the known agglutinating antibodies, anti-spleen precipitins.
BILIRUBIN METABOLISM AND JAUNDICE

representative on the central governing body; or some form of separate consultative council might be formed to deal with special matters, having representatives drawn from the various major medical bodies including the Australian Medical Association. We hope that the matter will receive the fullest discussion in the columns of this Journal and elsewhere. The time to discuss it is now, not after the new Association has been form-ed. Incidentally, we hope that not only will the new Association be accepted as the one body to carryon medico-political negotiations, but that it in its turn, while not in any way putting aside its interest in m-edicine, or compromising its status as a scientific medical body, will be ready and able to turn more and more to the Royal Colleges and other bodies for opinions on the scientific aspects of medicine.
Challenges in the Generation of Arabic from Interlingua

Nous decrivons un ensemble de problemes cruciaux que nous avons rencontres au niveau de la generation des phrases de la langue Arabe a partir des representations interlangues utilisees dans le systeme KANT « Knowledge-based Accurate NL Translation », un systeme de traduction automatique base sur des representations interlangues qui permet de traduire vers de multiples langues (Nyberg, E.H. and Mitamura, T. (1992)). Les problemes que nous avons rencontres sont categorises en deux groupes : les problemes lies aux differences linguistiques entre l’Anglais et l’Arabe et les problemes lies au systeme de transformation « mapper ». Ces problemes ont un effet non seulement sur la qualite de la traduction mais aussi sur la grammaticalite des phrases generees. Nous montrons comment nous avons traite ces problemes. Les resultats experimentaux sont aussi presentes.