Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Five Key Process Areas to Improve the Requirement Engineering Process

Requirement engineering is the most powerful phase of software development process. It targets to collect good requirements from stakeholders in the right way. Requirements engineering is the initial phase of software engineering process in which user requirements are gathered, understood, and state clearly for developing quality software products. The current software process improvement standards have no special section mentioned to requirements engineering process and they widely treat it as a single activity in the overall development process. This research displays that in order to produce quality software greater attention must be given to the improvement of RE process. In this research paper five key process areas have been identified in order to improve the RE process. This research project aims to display that quality requirements will come after when the RE process supports these five KPAs. To implement these KPAs, a requirement elicitation, analysis and validation method (REAVM) is proposed. A framework has been developed in order to evaluate the REAVM.
Knee Arthroplasty Wound Closure With Absorbable Subcuticular Staples: A Retrospective Review Of 104 Consecutive Procedures

The selection of skin closure modality for knee arthroplasty is an important decision that can affect the risk of wound complications, operating room efficiency, patient satisfaction and the economic outcomes of the procedure. Absorbable subcuticular staples are a new closure modality reported to be as fast as percutaneous metal staples with the comfort and cosmesis of subcuticular suture and no staple removal. A study in the orthopedic literature that compared absorbable staples to metal staples in total hip arthroplasty demonstrated less wound discomfort, drainage, erythematous reaction, and higher patient satisfaction with absorbable staples. Absorbable staple use in knee arthroplasty has not been reported in the clinical literature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the experience and outcomes of wound closure with subcuticular absorbable staples in knee arthroplasty.
Testing the Von Thunen Theory in Uruguay

rT HE first and basic model from which the majority of land-use theories have been derived was presented by Johann Heinrich Von Thiinen in "Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalokonomie" (Hamburg, 1826). 1 Von Thiinen's primary objective was to determine the relationship between the intensities and types of agricultural production and the available markets. The physical and cultural complexities of the problem, however, led him to disregard the variations in a large number of environmental and social conditions. Instead, he made seven basic assumptions, which formed the core of the theory. The ideal site consisted of completely rational (optimizing) economic behavior, an isolated state, a single central city, settlement in villages away from the central city and a racially homogeneous population, uniform topography, uniform climate and soil fertility, and a relatively uniform and primitive transportation system.2
Stabilization of tubulin mRNA by inhibition of protein synthesis in sea urchin embryos

An increased level of unpolymerized tubulin caused by depolymerization of microtubules in sea urchin larvae resulted in a rapid loss of tubulin mRNA, which was prevented by nearly complete inhibition of protein synthesis. Results of an RNA run-on assay indicated that inhibition of protein synthesis does not alter tubulin gene transcription. Analysis of the decay of tubulin mRNA in embryos in which RNA synthesis was inhibited by actinomycin D indicated that inhibition of protein synthesis prevents the destabilization of tubulin mRNA. The effect was similar whether mRNA was maintained on polysomes in the presence of emetine or anisomycin or displaced from the polysomes in the presence of puromycin or pactamycin; thus, the stabilization of tubulin mRNA is not dependent on the state of the polysomes after inhibition of protein synthesis. Even after tubulin mRNA declined to a low level after depolymerization of microtubules, it could be rescued by treatment of embryos with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Tubulin mRNA could be induced to accumulate prematurely in gastrulae but not in plutei if protein synthesis was inhibited, an observation that is indicative of the importance of the autogenous regulation of tubulin mRNA stability during embryogenesis. Possible explanations for the role of protein synthesis in the control of mRNA stability are discussed.
Mechanisms involved in developmental programming of hypertension and renal diseases. Gender differences

Abstract Background: A substantial body of epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that a poor fetal and neonatal environment may “program” susceptibility in the offspring to later development of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases. Materials and methods: This review focuses on current knowledge from the available literature regarding the mechanisms linking an adverse developmental environment with an increased risk for cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases in adult life. Moreover, this review highlights important sex-dependent differences in the adaptation to developmental insults. Results: Developmental programming of several diseases is secondary to changes in different mechanisms inducing important alterations in the normal development of several organs that lead to significant changes in birth weight. The different diseases occurring as a consequence of an adverse environment during development are secondary to morphological and functional cardiovascular and renal changes, to epigenetic changes and to an activation of several hormonal and regulatory systems, such as angiotensin II, sympathetic activity, nitric oxide, COX2-derived metabolites, oxidative stress and inflammation. The important sex-dependent differences in the developmental programming of diseases seem to be partly secondary to the effects of sex hormones. Recent studies have shown that the progression of these diseases is accelerated during aging in both sexes. Conclusions: The cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases during adult life that occur as a consequence of several insults during fetal and postnatal periods are secondary to multiple structural and functional changes. Future studies are needed in order to prevent the origin and reduce the incidence and consequences of developmental programmed diseases.
Bioactive sphingolipids: metabolism and function This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants GM-43825 and CA-87584. Published, JLR Papers in Press, November 17, 2008.

Sphingolipids (SLs) are essential constituents of eukaryotic cells. Besides playing structural roles in cellular membranes, some metabolites, including ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, have drawn attention as bioactive signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. Understanding the many cell regulatory functions of SL metabolites requires an advanced knowledge of how and where in the cell they are generated, converted, or degraded. This review will provide a short overview of the metabolism, localization, and compartmentalization of SLs. Also, a discussion on bioactive members of the SL family and inducers of SL enzymes that lead to ceramide generation will be presented.
Non-Specifically Bound Immunoglobulins on Mouse Placental Cells

There seem to be some similarities between escape mechanisms employed by embryos and cancer cells from the maternal or tumor bearer's immune system. In the present study, we investigated the presence of hemagglutinins on placental cells and their relationship to circulating antibodies in mice immunized against sheep erythrocytes before mating. The results obtained demonstrated that placental cells may fix large quantities of maternal immunoglobulins. The hemagglutinins are probably fixed on placental cells by the Fc, since the combining sites of the antibody were free and able to react with the antigen in the « rosette » test. It was also demonstrated that placental tissue may fix up to 1/4 of the maternal circulating antibodies, while only 1/200 of them were transmitted to the fetuses. Some theoretical implications of the presence in the placenta of antibodies not directed against feto-placental antigens are also discussed.
Evaluation and measurement: some dilemmas for health education.

Seven dilemmas of evaluation and measurement posed by the nature of health education are presented, together with suggestions for their resolution. These include the dilemmas of : 1) rigor of experimental design vs significance or program adaptability; 2) internal validity or "true" effectiveness vs external validity or feasibility; 3) experimental vs placebo effectsl 4) effectiveness vs economy of scale; 5) risk vs payoff; 6) measurement of long-term vs short-term out-comon. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop a more cumulative data base through standardization of measures, replication of experiments in different settings, and better documentation, reporting, and diffusion of experiences in practice.
Workshop report: online communities.: supporting sociability, designing usability

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[Study on association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and the outcomes of HBV infection].

OBJECTIVE To explore whether the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms are associated with the outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Chinese Han population. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the polymorphisms of Fok I locus in exon 2 and Taq I locus in exon 9 of VDR gene. One hundred and eighty-four chronic hepatitis B patients and 205 asymptomatic HBV carriers were recruited to make the comparison of frequencies of genotype and haplotype of the VDR gene between the patients and the carriers. RESULTS The univariate analysis showed a significant difference in Fok I polymorphism between chronic hepatitis B patients group and asymptomatic HBV carriers group. The FF genotype frequency in chronic hepatitis B patients group was 44.6%,higher than 31.7% in asymptomatic HBV carriers group (P<0.05). After adjusting the confounders by multiple logistic regression analysis, the result still showed a significant difference in Fok I site polymorphism between chronic hepatitis B patients group and asymptomatic HBV carriers group (OR=1.95, P<0.05). The FT haplotype frequency in chronic hepatitis B patients group was higher than that in asymptomatic HBV carriers group (OR=1.45, P<0.05). The fT haplotype frequency in chronic hepatitis B patients group was lower than that in asymptomatic HBV carriers group (OR=0.72, P<0.05). CONCLUSION VDR gene polymorphism may be an influence factor of genetic susceptibility to HBV infection.
Throughput Scaling of Ultra-Wide Band Ad Hoc Networks with Infrastructure

The impact and benefits of infrastructure support are shown by introducing an achievable throughput scaling law of a ultra-wide band (UWB) ad hoc network in which m base stations (BSs) are regularly located. The existing multi-hop scheme consisting of two variants, with and without BS help, is utilized with a slight modification. Our result indicates that the derived throughput scaling depends on the path-loss exponent due to the power-limited characteristics for all operating regimes examined. Furthermore, it is shown that the total throughput scales linearly with parameter m as m is larger than a certain level. It thus turns out the use of infrastructure is also helpful in improving the throughput scaling of UWB networks in some conditions. key words: Ad hoc network, base station (BS), infrastructure, multi-hop, power-limited, throughput scaling, ultra-wide band (UWB)
Automatic red eye correction and its quality metric

The red eye artifacts are troublesome defect of amateur photos. Correction of red eyes during printing without user intervention and making photos more pleasant for an observer are important tasks. The novel efficient technique of automatic correction of red eyes aimed for photo printers is proposed. This algorithm is independent from face orientation and capable to detect paired red eyes as well as single red eyes. The approach is based on application of 3D tables with typicalness levels for red eyes and human skin tones and directional edge detection filters for processing of redness image. Machine learning is applied for feature selection. For classification of red eye regions a cascade of classifiers including Gentle AdaBoost committee from Classification and Regression Trees (CART) is applied. Retouching stage includes desaturation, darkening and blending with initial image. Several versions of approach implementation using trade-off between detection and correction quality, processing time, memory volume are possible. The numeric quality criterion of automatic red eye correction is proposed. This quality metric is constructed by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for consumer opinions about correction outcomes. Proposed numeric metric helped to choose algorithm parameters via optimization procedure. Experimental results demonstrate high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm in comparison with existing solutions.
Twenty‐eight days at 3454‐m altitude diminishes respiratory capacity but enhances efficiency in human skeletal muscle mitochondria

Modifications of skeletal muscle mitochondria following exposure to high altitude (HA) are generally studied by morphological examinations and biochemical analysis of expression. The aim of this study was to examine tangible measures of mitochondrial function following a prolonged exposure to HA. For this purpose, skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 8 lowland natives at sea level (SL) prior to exposure and again after 28 d of exposure to HA at 3454 m. High‐resolution respirometry was performed on the muscle samples comparing respiratory capacity and efficiency. Exercise capacity was assessed at SL and HA. Respirometric analysis revealed that mitochondrial respiratory capacity diminished in complex I‐ and complex II‐specific respiration in addition to a loss of maximal state‐3 oxidative phosphorylation capacity from SL to HA, all independent from alterations in mitochondrial content. Leak control coupling, respiratory control ratio, and oligomycin‐induced leak respiration, all measures of mitochondrial efficiency, improved in response to HA exposure. SL respiratory capacities correlated with measures of exercise capacity near SL, whereas mitochondrial efficiency correlated best with exercise capacity following HA. This data demonstrate that 1 mo of exposure to HA reduces respiratory capacity in human skeletal muscle; however, the efficiency of electron transport improves. —Jacobs, R. A. , Siebenmann, C. , Hug, M. , Toigo, M. , Meinild, A. ‐K. , Lundby, C. Twenty‐eight days at 3454‐m altitude diminishes respiratory capacity but enhances efficiency in human skeletal muscle mitochondria. FASEB J. 26, 5192–5200 (2012). www.fasebj. org
The natural history of hepatitis.

URING the past few decades, particularly since World War II, 1/ viral hepatitis has become an increasingly important clinical and public health problem throughout the world. Its origins are as obscure as those of most other infections presumably unique to man. The disease was first described more than 2,000 years ago in writings attributed to Hippocrates. The earliest recorded epidemic occurred in Europe little more than 200 years ago. During the i 9th and early 20th centuries numerous small and large outbreaks of jaundice, presumably infectious hepatitis, were noted throughout Europe and parts of the United States. Major epidemics were frequently associated with various military operations in Europe, the Civil War in the United States, and the Boer War in South Africa. ' Confusion in diagnostic terminology and in theories of pathogenesis was clarified gradually during the early part of this century, but firm evidence supporting a viral etiology and the differentiation between infectious (IH) and serum (SH) hepatitis were not obtained until the late 1930's. Even so, confusion in diagnosis and terminology still exists. Both IH and SH are generally considered to have a world-wide distribution, but in most areas they are not differentiated for purposes of reporting. Although the relative frequencies of these two epidemiologically distinct forms of viral hepatitis undoubtedly vary from place to place and time to time, it is generally agreed that under most circumstances SH accounts for only a relatively small proportion of the total reported cases of viral hepatitis. With full recognition of the present and future potential importance of SH, this discussion will concentrate almost entirely on infectious hepatitis. Understanding of the etiology, epidemiology, clinical variations, and prevention of hepatitis has grown steadily during the past 30 years, but the answers to many of the questions remaining in each of
Wind Power Forecast Error Simulation Model

One of the major difficulties introduced with wind power penetration is the inherent uncertainty in production originating from uncertain wind conditions. This uncertainty impacts many different aspects of power system operation, especially the balancing power requirements. For this reason, in power system development planing, it is necessary to evaluate the potential uncertainty in future wind power generation. For this purpose, simulation models are required, reproducing the performance of wind power forecasts. This paper presents a wind power forecast error simulation models which are based on the stochastic process simulation. Proposed models capture the most important statistical parameters recognized in wind power forecast error time series. Furthermore, two distinct models are presented based on data availability. First model uses wind speed measurements on potential or existing wind power plant locations, while the seconds model uses statistical distribution of wind speeds. Keywords—Wind power, Uncertainty, Stochastic process, Monte Carlo simulation.
An integrated fuzzy approach for information technology planning in collaborative product development

Collaborative product development (CPD) processes are generally based on technological infrastructures. Various information technologies (IT) are proposed every day to facilitate collaboration, integration, co-design and co-development processes. In this highly uncertain environment, a systematic methodology is essential to plan the IT infrastructure needed to start and maintain a collaborative process. This study offers an integrated IT planning methodology combining fuzzy quality function deployment, fuzzy axiomatic design and fuzzy rule-based systems. The methodology is tested in a CPD case and the outcome presents an improvement path for IT for each of the collaborative parties.
Crystal structure of the DNA-recognition component of the bacterial virus Sf6 genome-packaging machine

In herpesviruses and many bacterial viruses, genome-packaging is a precisely mediated process fulfilled by a virally encoded molecular machine called terminase that consists of two protein components: A DNA-recognition component that defines the specificity for packaged DNA, and a catalytic component that provides energy for the packaging reaction by hydrolyzing ATP. The terminase docks onto the portal protein complex embedded in a single vertex of a preformed viral protein shell called procapsid, and pumps the viral DNA into the procapsid through a conduit formed by the portal. Here we report the 1.65 Å resolution structure of the DNA-recognition component gp1 of the Shigella bacteriophage Sf6 genome-packaging machine. The structure reveals a ring-like octamer formed by interweaved protein monomers with a highly extended fold, embracing a tunnel through which DNA may be translocated. The N-terminal DNA-binding domains form the peripheral appendages surrounding the octamer. The central domain contributes to oligomerization through interactions of bundled helices. The C-terminal domain forms a barrel with parallel beta-strands. The structure reveals a common scheme for oligomerization of terminase DNA-recognition components, and provides insights into the role of gp1 in formation of the packaging-competent terminase complex and assembly of the terminase with the portal, in which ring-like protein oligomers stack together to form a continuous channel for viral DNA translocation.
Cervical cancer risk as a predictor of Pap smear use in rural North Carolina.

Risk for invasive cervical cancer is reported to be higher in rural areas than urban ones, and cervical cancer-related mortality is higher in rural women due to poorer utilization of preventive services and subsequent presentation at late stages of the disease. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer and the degree of compliance with risk-appropriate screening guidelines for cervical cancer. Secondary data were analyzed for 614 women from Robeson County, NC, aged 40 and older, and of mainly rural and low socioeconomic status. High-risk status was determined by the presence of any of the following five risk factors: a history of more than two sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse under 18 years, history of sexually transmitted disease, history of sexually transmitted disease in sexual partner(s), and smoking. Low-risk status was the absence of all factors. A high-risk participant was considered compliant if she had had at least three Pap smears in the 3 years prior to the interview, while a low-risk participant was considered compliant if she had had at least one Pap smear within the previous 3 years. Overall, 82% of the participants were at high risk for cervical cancer. However, only 41% of all participants were compliant with the risk-appropriate screening guidelines. Low-risk status was significantly associated with compliance with cervical cancer screening guidelines (adjusted OR = 6.7; 95% CI = 3.7 to 11.1, p = .0001). Findings in this study population suggest rural women at high risk for cervical cancer are less likely to be compliant with appropriate Pap smear screening guidelines, indicating the need to target educational programs.