Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preventing Mismatch of Homogeneous Components in the Design of Software Architecture

The objective of this work is to examine the feasibility of, as well as to learn about, a process of developing software architecture that prevents the possibility of mismatch between homogeneous components implemented according to the architectural specification. This paper shows how the architecture can be organized, which restrictions it can use and, provided that they are used, how elaborate it should be in order to ensure that independently-developed artifacts are structurally compatible. Two components are deemed structurally compatible as long as they have appropriate code to avoid mismatch. Since the focus of the paper is on the structural forms of mismatch, the results are derived under the assumption that no run-time environment can prevent a component from executing any path in its code. The paper develops a formal model of architecture that provides a minimal set of concepts in terms of which the designers can reason about incompatibility of components. The model is used to identify the causes of structural mismatch and examine alternative ways of eliminating these causes. Following that, the paper adopts a set of architectural restrictions and shows how these restrictions can be applied in the design of software architectures to prevent the possibility of structural mismatch.
Disease boundaries in the retina of patients with Usher syndrome caused by MYO7A gene mutations.

PURPOSE To study retinal microstructure in Usher Syndrome type 1B (USH1B) caused by MYO7A mutations as a prelude to treatment initiatives. METHODS Patients with MYO7A-USH1B (n=17; ages 5-61) were studied with optical coherence tomography. Retinal laminae across horizontal and vertical meridians were measured. Colocalized visual sensitivity was measured with automated perimetry to enable comparisons of function and structure in the transition zones. RESULTS Laminar architecture of the central retina in MYO7A-USH1B ranged from normal to severely abnormal. Within the transition zone between normal and abnormal retina, the first detectable abnormality was an increase in prominence of the OLM (outer limiting membrane). Declining ONL thickness was accompanied by increased thickness of the OPL and normal or increased INL. Undetectable ONL and OPL and hyperthick INL were features of severe laminopathy at further eccentricities into the transition zone. Visual sensitivity in the transition zone declined with the decrease in ONL thickness. CONCLUSIONS Patients with MYO7A-USH1B can have regions of structurally and functionally normal retina with definable transitions to severe laminopathy and visual loss. The earliest detectable structural markers of disease may represent Müller glial cell response to photoreceptor stress and apoptosis. Visual losses were predictably related to a decline in ONL thickness. The prospect of focal treatment of MYO7A-USH1B, such as subretinal gene therapy, prompts the need to identify retinal locations that warrant consideration for treatment in early phase trials. The transition zones are candidate sites for treatment, and laminar architecture and visual sensitivity are possible outcomes to assess safety and efficacy.
Seasonal and Interindividual Variation in Field Water Metabolism of Female Meadow Voles Microtus pennsylvanicus

We analyzed variations in water flux rates on a large sample of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to quantify the effect of season on water metabolism of individuals and to examine patterns of intra‐ and interindividual variability. Voles were nonreproductive females maintained in outdoor enclosures where they fed on natural vegetation. They were injected one to three times with doubly labeled water, which resulted in one to six measures of daily water flux rate per individual. Summer water flux rates of voles were 258% of the predicted values for herbivorous eutherian mammals of similar size. To date, very few studies have focused on mammals with such high water flux rates. Body water volume of individuals was higher in summer than in winter (75.6% vs. 72.5%), and water flux rate of animals was 12.5% higher in the winter season (0.99 vs. 0.88 mL H2O g−1 d−1). Between‐season differences in water fluxes were proportional to differences in energy expenditures, hence the water economy index remained constant across seasons (0.30 mL H2O kJ−1). Intraindividual variability of water flux rate was high compared to interindividual variability (repeatability, \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $$r< 0.30$$ \end{document} ), which will make it difficult to study natural selection of water metabolism in a microevolutionary framework, at least in meadow voles.
Reactivity of Anti‐Asialo GM1 Serum With Tumoricidal and Non‐Tumoricidal Mouse Macrophages

All peritoneal macrophage (pMφ) populations studied exhibited some binding of the anti‐asGM1 serum as assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of reactivity varied quantitatively among populations, depending on the combination of eliciting and activating agents employed prior to the harvest of pMφ. Resident pMφ contained a very small percentage (4%) of cells that were strongly asGM1 +. Any treatment of these cells that induced them to become stimulated or activated increased the percentage of highly asGM1 + cells. Treatments that enhanced anti‐asGMi binding including eliciting pMφ with proteose peptone (16% asGM1+) or Brewer's thioglycollate medium (66% asGM1+), treatment with the activating biological response modifiers (BRMs) MVE‐2 (12% asGM1 +) and P acnes (18% asGM1 +), or treatment with both peptone + MVE‐2 (37% asGM1 +) or peptone + poly IC/LC (33%). Increased expression of anti‐asGM1 was accompanied by some increase in the reactivity of the various pMφ populations to treatment with anti‐asGMj serum. This conclusion was based on the reduced viabilities of cells treated with both an eliciting agent and an activating agent prior to in vitro treatment with anti‐asGM1 + C, as well as by reductions in cytolytic activity of pMφ elicited with peptone and activated by MVE‐2, following anti‐asGM1 treatment in vitro or administration in vivo. Conversely, the cytolytic activity of resident pMφ activated in vivo by MVE‐2 or heat‐killed P acnes, agents that induced relatively small increases in the percentage of asGM1φ cells, was resistant to the effects of in vivo and/or in vitro treatment with doses of anti‐asGM1 serum that inhibit NK activity. These results indicate that stimulation of pMφ by eliciting or activating agents can increase the level of expression of asGM1 This increased expression of asGM1may be a useful marker for some aspects of macrophage heterogeneity, but increased expression is not necessarily directly related to expression of tumor‐ icidal activity. In fact, the results of this study demonstrate that anti‐asGM1 serum can be used for specific depletion of NK activity in vivo in normal mice and in mice treated with at least some BRMs. However, the results also demonstrate that the use of eliciting agents, particularly thioglycollate, or eliciting agents in conjunction with activating agents can cause pMφ to become reactive with anti‐asGM1 serum.
Role of hepatitis C virus in dual and triple hepatitis virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) share same transmission routes, thus dual or triple infection may occur and even persist in the same patients. A significant amount of literature has accumulated since the advent of HCV assays. It is pertinent to review and evaluate the clinical and virological significance of HCV in multiple hepatotropic viral infection. The reported series on seroprevalence of HCV indicate that HCV is found in more than 10% of HBV‐ or HDV‐infected patients worldwide. Of the patients with dual or triple infection involving HCV, those having coreplication of viruses tend to have severe and progressive liver disease that is resistant to interferon therapy, in contrast with patients having a single virus infection. Paradoxically, dual or triple hepatitis virus infections are associated with viral interference. In particular, HCV exerts a suppressive effect on HBV and HDV and may enhance seroclearance of HBV antigens or even usurp the role of preexisting virus as the agent for continuing hepatitis. Although HBV and HDV may also suppress HCV, it appears to be less effective. These findings clearly suggest the necessity of monitoring patients with HBV or HDV infections. In view of complex dynamism of viral interaction in multiple hepatotropic virus infection, the importance of HCV assay in the clinical studies can not be overemphasized. The basic mechanisms that regulate the viral interactions, in particular the impact of HCV in dual or triple virus infections, remain to be investigated. (HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22:1101–1108.).
The AIDS Epidemic in a Low-Income Country: Ethiopia

This review describes the evolving AIDS epidemic in Ethiopia and examines its driving forces within the socioeconomic, cultural and political context. The early concentrated epidemic, which infected mostly high-risk males and commercial sex workers has evolved in recent years into a generalized epidemic affecting all segments of the population. Whereas the pervasive impact of societal poverty persists and recent political unrest poses a new threat to prevention and control efforts, the influence of past wars, gender inequality, and various harmful attitudes and practices in HIV transmission and spread is declining, apparently due to recent awareness, prevention and control initiatives and programs. Spread of HIV from urban to rural areas is facilitated by population movements, widespread prostitution in towns, and lack of education. More research on transmission patterns and better HIV and behavioral surveillance systems are needed, especially in rural areas and among different socioeconomic and ethnic groups, to more fully determine the dynamics of the epidemic in Ethiopia’s diverse population and to develop effective and sustainable interventions.
Sequences of the Cotton Group 2 LEA/RAB/Dehydrin Proteins Encoded by Lea3 cDNAs.

The 18 cloned cotton Lea (late embryogenesis-abundant) mRNAs are a diverse group encoding proteins that may be desiccation protectants (5). Lea mRNAs are coordinately induced by ovule abscission in cotton embryos during the postabscission stage before desiccation (5) and in cultured embryos by desiccation, osmotic stress, or exposure to ABA, a plant hormone that may be a transducer of water-related stresses (6). Homologs of the cotton Lea3 cDNA clone D 1I (1) have been identified as rab (responsive to ABA) in rice seedlings exposed to ABA or salt (10) and maize embryos and calli exposed to ABA (9), Dhn (dehydrin) in maize and barley seedlings exposed to water stress (2), pcD27-04 and pcC6-19 in dried leaves and ABA-treated calli of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum (7), RSLEA2 in dry seeds of radish (8), and TAS14 in tomato seedlings exposed to osmotica or ABA (4). Although the organization and amino acid sequences of these Group 2 LEA/RAB/dehydrin proteins are highly conserved, the carboxy terminus of the cotton D 1I LEA3 protein is singularly divergent. Because the nucleotide sequence of D 11 could encode a more typical terminus if there were frame-shift mutations or sequencing errors (2), we have independently determined the sequence of Dl I and, for comparative purposes, also determined the entire nucleic acid sequence of D147b and part of D71 and D131, three additional Lea3 cDNA clones (Table I). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of D147b and a comparison with those of Dl I are presented in Figure 1. We note that the published sequence of DIl (1) contains two relatively unimportant errors. First, D 1I contains two additional nucleotides at the 5' end that were not previously reported. Second, D 1 contains a G at D 11 nucleotide 353, not a C as previously reported. The latter cor' Supported by National Institutes of Health grant No. GM29495 to G.A. G. and U.S. Department of Agriculture/Cooperative State Research Service grant No. 91-37100-6615 to T.J.C.
Bandwidth‐Efficient Selective Retransmission for MIMO‐OFDM Systems

In this work, we propose an efficient selective retransmission method for multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) wireless systems under orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling. A typical received OFDM frame may have some symbols in error, which results in a retransmission of the entire frame. Such a retransmission is often unnecessary, and to avoid this, we propose a method to selectively retransmit symbols that correspond to poor‐quality subcarriers. We use the condition numbers of the subcarrier channel matrices of the MIMO‐OFDM system as a quality measure. The proposed scheme is embedded in the modulation layer and is independent of conventional hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) methods. The receiver integrates the original OFDM and the punctured retransmitted OFDM signals for more reliable detection. The targeted retransmission results in fewer negative acknowledgements from conventional HARQ algorithms, which results in increasing bandwidth and power efficiency. We investigate the efficacy of the proposed method for optimal and suboptimal receivers. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method on throughput for MIMO‐OFDM systems.
The Immunohistochemical Profile of the Tethered Filum terminale

The embryopathy underlying tethering of the filum terminale is poorly understood. Knowledge of normal filum development is the foundation upon which to compare normal fila to fila from patients with tethered cord syndrome. Thirty-four fila from patients with tethered cord syndrome were immunostained with caudal neural tube developmental markers H4C4 (CD44), VIN-IS-53, AC4, FP3 and NOT1, and a panel of mature neuroglial, neural crest, epithelial and mesenchymal markers. H4C4 (CD44) and NOT1 exhibited significant alterations in immunoexpression in tethered fila compared to controls. The change in expression may be indicative of altered cell identity in the filum and constitute the predisposition to tethering.
A meningococcal vaccination campaign on a university campus: vaccination rates and factors in nonparticipation.

OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to determine an accurate vaccination rate and identify factors influencing nonvaccination in a meningococcal vaccination campaign on a Connecticut university campus in May 1993. METHODS Vaccination and student data were merged to determine demographic factors associated with nonvaccination. A case-control study examined reasons for nonvaccination. RESULTS The estimated vaccination rate for students returning to the campus was 93%. Lower rates occurred among older students, students living off campus, graduate and nondegree students, and married students. Perceived poor access to the vaccination center was the strongest predictor of nonvaccination. CONCLUSIONS Higher vaccination rates may be achieved by specifically targeting students who live off campus and by providing multiple vaccination sites with extended hours.
General joint laxity in 1845 Swedish school children of different ages: age‐ and gender‐specific distributions

Aim: To evaluate general joint laxity in growing children with the aim of determining a cut‐off point for joint hypermobility. Methods: Using the Beighton score, 1845 children from 48 geographically randomly selected schools were evaluated for general joint laxity. The Beighton score evaluates the ability to perform a selection of manoeuvres involving five different joints. The children made up three different age groups (9, 12 and 15 y old) at the time of testing and were approximately equally distributed concerning age and gender in all groups. Results: There were significant differences in Beighton scores concerning both age and gender. Whereas boys presented significant decreases in the degree of general joint laxity with increasing age, girls presented the highest degree of general joint laxity at the age of 15. At all ages girls had a higher degree of general joint laxity
A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning

Changes in cognitive functioning often result from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and predict other important aspects of psychosocial recovery. Despite this pivotal role, no quantitative review of cognitive functioning across the spectrum of TBI severity has been reported. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of 39 mostly cross-sectional studies of the cognitive effects of mild head injury (MHI) and moderate–severe TBI from the acute phase through long-term follow-up. The studies reported 48 comparisons of patients (n = 1716) and control subjects (n = 1164). Averaged across all follow-up periods, the effect of moderate–severe TBI (weighted mean Cohen‘s d = −0.74) was more than three times the effect of MHI (weighted mean d = −0.24) on overall cognitive functioning. Further, the natural logarithm of the follow-up interval correlated very strongly with estimates of d among patients with MHI, but less so among those with moderate–severe TBI. In short, findings from published research suggest that overall cognitive functioning recovers most rapidly during the first few weeks following MHI, and essentially returns to baseline within 1–3 months. Cognitive functioning also improves during the first two years after moderate–severe TBI, but remains markedly impaired even among patients tested > 2 years post-injury.
Cancer resistance in the blind mole rat is mediated by concerted necrotic cell death mechanism

Blind mole rats Spalax (BMR) are small subterranean rodents common in the Middle East. BMR is distinguished by its adaptations to life underground, remarkable longevity (with a maximum documented lifespan of 21 y), and resistance to cancer. Spontaneous tumors have never been observed in spalacids. To understand the mechanisms responsible for this resistance, we examined the growth of BMR fibroblasts in vitro of the species Spalax judaei and Spalax golani. BMR cells proliferated actively for 7–20 population doublings, after which the cells began secreting IFN-β, and the cultures underwent massive necrotic cell death within 3 d. The necrotic cell death phenomenon was independent of culture conditions or telomere shortening. Interestingly, this cell behavior was distinct from that observed in another long-lived and cancer-resistant African mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat in which cells display hypersensitivity to contact inhibition. Sequestration of p53 and Rb proteins using SV40 large T antigen completely rescued necrotic cell death. Our results suggest that cancer resistance of BMR is conferred by massive necrotic response to overproliferation mediated by p53 and Rb pathways, and triggered by the release of IFN-β. Thus, we have identified a unique mechanism that contributes to cancer resistance of this subterranean mammal extremely adapted to life underground.
A New Mycobacterium which Caused Skin Infection

In October 1979, a 19-year-old girl had an ulcerous lesion in the left arm and was treated with various antibiotics, but the lesion was not cured. In May 1980, the girl came to the Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University Medical School. At that time, she had an ulcerous lesion, ca. 5 ern in diameter, in the elbow area of the left arm. From this lesion, acid-fast organisms were twice isolated. The patient was treated by oral administration of rifampicin (0.45 g daily), and the ulcer was cured after 2 weeks. The isolates were studied taxonomically in the Mycobacteriosis Research Laboratory of the National Chubu Hospital and considered to belong to a new species of the genus Mycobacterium. The present study is concerned with the taxonomy of this organism. Isolation of test strains. Acid-fast organisms were isolated twice from the ulcerous skin lesion. A portion of the lesion was placed in about 10 volumes of a 2% NaOH solution and homogenized at room temperature for 30 min. One-tenth-ml samples of the homogenized material were inoculated onto Ogawa egg medium and incubated at 27 C. An acid-fast organism, which produced about 40 colonies, was isolated after incubation for 4 weeks. The organisms were isolated on May 17 and on June 19, 1980. In skin tissue, many acid-fast organisms were revealed twice by the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Smears of the ulcerous skin lesion also contained many acid-fast organisms. One isolate was inoculated into four female mice of the C57BL/6 strain. A 0.05or O.I-ml sample of a bacterial suspension (2 mg wet weight/ml) prepared from a 3-week-old culture was inoculated subcutaneously. Ulcerous lesions on the skin developed and the mice died after 20 to 40 days. Details of the animal experiment will be reported elsewhere. Determination of characteristics. Six isolates, including isolates from the mice, were studied taxonomically. The characteristics determined and the methods of testing the strains were described previously (3). The results are expressed as + or -. As an aid for comparison with the present isolates, strains of Mycobacterium ulcerans, M. haemophilum, and M. marinum also were studied. For comparison with other species, the data from a previous study (4) were used. The type strain of M. ulcerans, ATCC 19423, was received from the American Type Culture
Image formation by nuclear magnetic resonance: The sensitive‐point method

An image formation method, using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, has been developed which provides direct and detailed information on the interior details of heterogeneous samples. Time‐dependent magnetic field gradients are used to limit and control the region of spatial sensitivity of a standard pulsed NMR spectrometer. A continuous string of intense phase‐alternated rf pulses is used to provide a continuous monitor of the nuclear magnetization. The image is produced by directly plotting the phase‐detected resonance signal on a xy plotter as the limited region of spectrometer sensitivity is scanned through the sample. An analysis of the method in terms of the phenomenological Bloch equations, a description of the experimental method, and a representative selection of images are presented. A spatial resolution of about 0.3 mm has been achieved.