Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of optically driven antenna systems

In this paper, simple methods to obtain phase shifts and an amplitude regulation using electro-optical technique, with purpose to drive antenna array systems, are presented. This solution comprises true-time delay properties of the optics fiber, driven by tuneable lasers. In the following overview, several techniques proposed by different authors are presented. All methods are based on the same idea, which consists on setting the radiofrequency (RF) signal phase and amplitude in the optical domain instead of using radiofrequency techniques. Trough the electro-optical conversion the RF signal is transferred onto an optical carrier, where it can be influenced to achieve the desired result.
Hysteresis plus Timer based Handover Initiation Algorithm for Microcellular Systems

This paper presents a new handover initiation algorithm based on relative signal strength measurements without averaging, and a timer. The performance metrics used are average number of handovers per cell boundary crossing, and handover initiation delay. Both of these, need to be minimized. Proposed algorithm was compared with the algorithms based on both hysteresis margin, and averaging of signal strength measurements. Our results show that the new algorithm yields the same performance as that obtained through the latter. Since the algorithm does not use averaging of the signal strength measurements, its implementation in real mobile systems is quite easy, which proves the usefulness of the proposed algorithm. Moreover, averaging always makes the handover process sluggish. The present algorithm does not use signal strength averaging. This fact yields a fast handover initiation algorithm, making it particularly suitable for implementation in microcellular systems.
The Quiz for this Issue [Testing Ourselves]

Five years! It's been five years since the “Testing Ourselves” column took off We started with the first quiz back in February 2007. We have had variety of quizzes and, including this issue, 29 tutorials since then. We have discussed simple but fundamental issues, such as the meaning of the numbers we use [1], models and modeling [2], EMC [3], the antenna as a transducer [4], transverse waves [5], reciprocity [6], reliability [7], high-frequency asymptotics [8], the use of the discrete Fourier transform [9] and digital multi-meters [10], calibration in electromagnetics (EM) [11–13], statistics in EM [14], and bio-electromagnetics [15]. We have designed a rooftop antenna tracker [16] and a green energy supply system [17]. We have presented some interesting applications of, e.g., chaos [18] and FDTD [19]. We have also introduced MATLAB-based virtual tools (see, e.g., MWFilterDesigner in [20] and WedgeGUI in this issue).
Preparing Data Bases For Perspective Scene Generation

Preparing data bases for highly-realistic perspective scene generation has several difficult aspects, including mosaicking images and representing vertical features. A perspective scene is a digital image generated to simulate viewing the ground from a selected observation point, looking in a selected direction. Each perspective scene is generated from a data base containing digital image data and grid elevation data. In many cases, several digital images must be combined or mosaicked to produce the image data needed for generation of one or more perspective scenes. The image mosaicking requirements to prepare data bases for perspective scene generation are described. Alternative mosaicking approaches are then reviewed, identifying the more attractive methods. A semi-automatic mosaicking process using these methods is outlined. Digital images have been successfully mosaicked using this process, and experimental results are shown. The digital image data is normally vertical or orthorectified, and thus cannot directly represent the appearance of vertical and overhanging sides of ground features. The requirements are described for representing the sides of features to adequately support realistic perspective scene generation. Alternative feature representation approaches are then reviewed, selecting the more attractive methods. Planar feature surfaces can be extracted, including the surface location in ground coordinates and image data showing the appearance of the surface. A feature data format and corresponding perspective scene generation algorithms are outlined, and experimental results are shown.
A novel highly linear 1 GHz switched-current sub-sampling mixer

A study of a CMOS sub-sampling RF mixer, based on the first generation switched-current track (SI) and hold cell, is presented. The use of SI circuits to realize highly integrated RF receivers presents some new and unique design opportunities. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the first and second generation SI cells for use as a sub-sampling mixer and presents some preliminary simulation results. The results show that a SI sub-sampling mixer is feasible and offers excellent linearity and good dynamic range.
Detection of facial changes for hospital ICU patients using neural network

This paper presents an integrated system for detecting facial changes of patient in a hospital in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The facial changes are most widely represented by eyes movements. The proposed system uses color images and it consists of three modules. The first module implements skin detection to detect the face. The second module constructs eye maps that are responsible for changes in eye regions. The third module extracts the features of eyes by processing the image and measuring certain demensions of eyes regions. Finally a neural network classifier used to classify the motion of eyes either it open, half open or close. From 300 samples of face images, it is found that the maximum classification accuracy of 93.33% was obtained for the proposed features and classification technique.
Investigations in universal grammar: A guide to experiments on the acquisition of syntax and semantics

Part 1 The modularity matching model: constraints and universal grammar the poverty of the stimulus models of language development continuity versus input matching the competing factors model competing tasks - reaction time studies competing tasks - the act-out task competing tasks - imitation judgment tasks and competing factors context and competing factors language processing extralinguistic knowledge when principles and preferences collide performance errors methodological preliminaries. Part 2 The elicited production task: elicited production eliciting relative clauses asking questions- the "ask/tell" problem structure-dependence wanna contraction long-distance questions and the medial-wh why children make good subjects summary of designs. Part 3 The truth value judgment task: truth value judgments backward anaphora fundamentals of design: principle C what's wrong with this picture? strong crossover strongest crossover principle B following up on principle B sets and circumstances discourse binding universal quantification donkey sentences a potential drawback of the task resolving the dilemma - control sentences resolving the dilemma -varying the context.
The Application of UKF Algorithm for 18650-type Lithium Battery SOH Estimation

Lithium battery is widely used in recent years. In this paper, an improved battery model combined with the equivalent circuit model and the electrochemical model is established. The main efforts of our study are: Firstly, the Ohmic resistance of the battery model is identified online based on the Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) algorithm. Secondly, the estimation model of the State of Health (SOH) for the 18650-type battery is established. Thirdly, an improved battery SOH estimation method based on UKF algorithm is proposed. The experimental results indicate that our new battery model considers the different value of the battery internal resistance on the different working condition, like the different voltage, the different current and the different temperature.
Inverted image indexing and compression

Inverted file indexing and its compression have proved to be highly successful for free-text retrieval. Although the 'inverted' nature of the data structure provides an efficient mechanism for searching key words or terms in large documents, for image retrieval, the application of inverted files to the title, caption, or description of the images are not sufficient. One must be able to index and retrieve images based on the visual contents. Many content-based image retrieval techniques are used for the images as a whole picture. Analogous to free-text retrieval, a novel technique, called inverted image indexing and compression, is proposed in this paper. Similar to works in a document, each image can have multiple areas which are perceived to be meaningful visual contents. These areas are selected by users and then undergo two processes: automatic signature generation based on wavelet signatures, and users specification of high-level contents using ternary fact model. The contents in compressed form are inserted into an inverted image file. The concept of composite bitplane signature is also introduced.
Speech Emotion Recognition Using Gaussian Mixture Model

The importance of automatically recognizing emotions in human speech has grown with the increasing role of spoken language interfaces in human-computer interaction applications. In this paper, a emotion classification method base on GMM is presented. Five primary human emotions, including anger, surprise, happiness, neutral and sadness, are investigated. For speech emotion recognition, we combined 60 basic features to form the feature vector. Finally, the features of the speech were extracted by PCA were sent into the improved GMM for classification and recognition. Results show that the selected features are robust and effective for the emotion recognition .
A Wearable Accelerometer Array for Human Movement Analysis Based on rBSN Approach

: In this paper, we introduce a wearable accelerometer array system and propose a method for analysis of human movements. While many studies of sensor networks have aimed at scalability and / or accuracy, our concept is to introduce “redundancy” in the array to measure movements in human bodies. In particular, we gather data from as many points as possible, more than kinematic degrees of freedom, and then obtain various information by data mining. We developed an accelerometer array system based on our “redundant numbered BSN (rBSN)” concept. It measures 46 channels of 3-axis (15 channels of 6-axis) acceleration data in 1500Hz synchronously. We also evaluate our accelerometer array system in two applications discuss the applicability of our rBSN concept. Speciﬁcally, we describe methods to estimate arm sti ﬀ ness as well as center of gyration of human movement.
Image-based ATR utilizing adaptive clutter filter detection, LLRT classification, and Volterra fusion with application to side-looking sonar

An improved automatic target recognition (ATR) processing string has been developed. The overall processing string consists of pre-processing, subimage adaptive clutter filtering, detection, feature extraction, optimal subset feature selection, feature orthogonalization and classification processing blocks. The objects that are classified by three distinct ATR strings are fused using the classification confidence values and their expansions as features, and using "summing" or log-likelihood-ratio-test (LLRT) based fusion rules. These three ATR processing strings were individually developed and tuned by researchers from different companies. The utility of the overall processing strings and their fusion was demonstrated with an extensive side-looking sonar dataset. In this paper we describe a new processing improvement: six additional classification features are extracted, using primarily target shadow information and a feature extraction window whose length is now made variable as a function of range. This new ATR processing improvement resulted in a 3:1 reduction in false alarms. Two advanced fusion algorithms are subsequently applied: First, a nonlinear Volterra expansion (2nd order) feature-LLRT fusion algorithm is employed. Second, a repeated application of a subset Volterra feature selection / feature orthogonalization / LLRT fusion block is utilized. It is shown that cascaded Volterra feature- LLRT fusion of the ATR processing strings outperforms baseline "summing" and single-stage Volterra feature-LLRT fusion algorithms, yielding significant improvements over the best single ATR processing string results, and providing the capability to correctly call the majority of targets while maintaining a very low false alarm rate.
Failure Time Analysis of Office System Use.

Given a choice, individuals may experiment with certain types of office automation and accept them wholeheartedly, while others may reject them. This article develops models to characterize the probability of continued use of an office information system. It then tests these models with usage patterns of 210 study participants of the IBM PROFS Professional Office System during a two‐year period at the University of California at Berkeley. Two types of longevity analyses were performed, one using survival functions and the other using proportional hazard models. The survival function analysis showed that users did not try PROFS out and then immediately quit. Nevertheless, over a two‐year period, 50% stopped using the system. Subjective analysis of the data suggests a considerable number of these users moved to other systems rather than completely stopping use of any office automation software product. Proportional hazard models were employed to determine how the probability of terminating use related to user characteristics. It was found that the longer individuals had access to the system, the lower was the dropout rate. No relation was found between dropout rate and gender, age, or years working for the university. There was a direct relation between the probability of discontinuance and the individual's departmental affiliation, and that a participant was a faculty member. The data did not support conclusions about the relation between other job classifications and discontinuance of use. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
User involvement in the Open University library building project

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to show that the Open University library building project was particularly successful for its inclusion of library staff. This was mainly due to the emphasis on a partnering ethos with integrated workshops. The paper identifies the value of such approaches in all building projects and highlights additional factors that enabled a full contribution from the Library.Design/methodology/approach – The Open University project is used as a case study of user involvement in a building project.Findings – The paper finds that making partnering work is dependent on putting in place a structured approach that incorporates all the elements included in the definition: delivering better value for partners; reducing duplication and waste of resources; identifying and evaluating progress towards mutual objectives; developing an issue resolution process; and measuring through the use of performance indicators.Originality/value – This is the only example of a partnering project used for.
Excited‐State Electronic Structure of Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: A Quantum‐Chemical Approach to Optical Phenomena

Twenty years after the discovery by Heeger, MacDiarmid, Shirakawa, and co-workers1 that an organic conjugated polymer can be “doped” (i.e., in chemical terminology, oxidized or reduced) to metallic-like electrical conductivity,2 the field of conjugated oligomers and polymers has enjoyed a tremendous development, amply illustrated in the present issue of Accounts of Chemical Research. What once was a mere exotic curiosity has now turned into the market place. The interest goes all the way from making conducting transparent plastics3 to exploiting the nonlinear (both second-order and third-order) optical response4 and the semiconducting properties, for instance in thin-film field-effect transistors,5 light-emitting diodes,6 solid-state lasers,7 and photovoltaic devices.8 Since, in this specific class of polymers, small variations in chemical structure play an essential role and the properties of interest directly depend on the electronic structure, quantum-chemical approaches,9 which take the chemical nature fully into account, have provided a tremendous input to the field. This has helped in forging a fundamental understanding of the electronic and optical characteristics of the conjugated materials and in guiding the experimental efforts toward novel compounds with enhanced characteristics. It is the main purpose of our contribution to illustrate the usefulness of quantum-chemical methods (as we have exploited them in the Mons group over the past 10 years) in the field of conjugated oligomers and polymers, with a focus on luminescence phenomena. We do not wish to dwell on the theoretical methodologies that have been designed (these are detailed elsewhere9,10) but rather on the concepts. In the first section, we recall the basic electronic-structure ingredients of conjugated systems, which make their chemistry and physics so rich and fascinating. We then discuss the nature of the lowest excited states that play a key role in absorption, emission, transport, or nonlinear optical processes. As quantumchemical calculations had long been restricted to single chains, interchain interactions had often been neglected; their influence, which by now is realized to be significant, is described in the last section.
Fractal mapping for sea surface anomalies recognition

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether fractal maps extracted from sea SAR images are useful for discriminating the sea from other entities or anomalies. Fractal mapping consists of locally estimating the fractal dimension of the image. To this purpose four different methods based on covering and spectral analysis are proposed and compared when applied to real ERS1-2 GEC images. Wind falls, sea and line coast are well distinguishable in the fractal maps. This result clearly shows that the use of image fractal processing is a promising and powerful technique for identifying sea surface anomalies.
An incremental learning algorithm for support vector machine

The traditional SVM does not support incremental learning. And the traditional training method of SVM is not working when the amount of training samples are so large that they can not be put into the RAM of computer. In order to solve this problem and improve the speed of training SVM, the natural characteristics of SV are analyzed in this paper. An incremental learning algorithm (I-SVM) for SVM with discarding part of history samples is presented. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that this algorithm can not only speed up the training process, but also reduce the storage cost, while the classification precision is also guaranteed.
A Model of Computer Architecture with Applications

In this paper we present a model of computer architecture. The proposed model uses a triplet to describe the static structures of a computing machine; the more dynamic parts of the architecture are modeled as relations between the triplet components. A recursive formalism of the model is developed to facilitate the hierarchical representation of an entire machine's architecture or the architecture of its components. A simple, but functional, 8-bit microprocessor architecture is used to show how the formalisms of the model may be applied to existing architectures. Two additional applications of the model are presented to describe microprogramming and virtualization.
A lightweight adaptive multicast algorithm

In this paper, we present a multicast protocol which is built upon the temporally-ordered routing algorithm (TORA). The protocol-termed the lightweight adaptive multicast (LAM) routing algorithm-is designed for use in a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) and, conceptually, can be thought of as an integration of the CORE based tree (CBT) multicast routing protocol and TORA. The direct coupling of LAM and TORA increases reaction efficiency (lowering protocol control overhead) as the new protocol can benefit from TORA's mechanisms while reacting to topological changes. Also during periods of stable topology and constant group membership, the LAM protocol does not introduce any additional overhead because it does not require timer-based messaging during its execution.
Antitubercular Natural Terpenoids: Recent Developments and Syntheses

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide and is responsible for more than two million deaths annually. The recent increase in the number of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis has created an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antituberculosis leads. This review covers recent reports terpenoids that have demonstrated moderate to high activity in bioassays realized in vitro against M. tuberculosis; their organic synthesis is included in some cases. In this review, monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesterterpenes and triterpenes, their structural analogs and semisynthetic derivatives will be discussed, with particular emphasis on the reported syntheses for each compound.
Tropospheric ozone from space: tracking pollution with the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) instrument

Two new products have been developed from the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite instrument to resolve pollution in the tropics and mid-latitudes. The modified-residual technique uses v.7 TOMS total ozone and is applicable to tropical regimes in which the wave-one pattern in total ozone is observed. The second method, the TOMS-direct method is a new algorithm that uses TOMS radiances to extract tropospheric ozone in regions of constant stratospheric ozone. In these regions, tropospheric ozone displays the high mixing ratios seen in urban pollution episodes. Electronic versions of daily and 9-day averaged modified-residual tropospheric ozone ("TTO" data and images) for the Nimbus 7/TOMS observing period (1979-1992) and the Earth Probe/TOMS (8/1996-2000) are available at 1-degree latitude /spl times/ 1.25-degree longitude resolution at http://metosrv2.umd. edu//spl sim/tropo. The 1998-2000 TTO (tropical tropospheric ozone) column amounts have been validated using data from a network of ozonesonde stations; http://code916.gsfc. nasa.gov/Data_services/shadoz.
A Layered Context-Aware Agent for Mobile Applications Based on Users Needs Hierarchy

In order to improve the user’s experience in using mobile applications, a layered context-aware agent for mobile applications was proposed based on user’s needs hierarchy. In the proposed model, the layers were employed to distinguish different types of needs in the hierarchy and the priority of different layers was used to determine the time for showing the recommendation information. At first, the agent framework was proposed. And then, based on the proposed framework, the layered context-aware agent was developed based on the Maslow’s theory. At last, an experiment was conducted on the comparison between two methods of the random model and the proposed layered model for sending recommendation messages. And the result verified that the proposed agent was effective.