Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature gradients in the channels of a single‐screw extruder

he temperature of a molten polymer stream is a keyprocessing parameter to know for all processes.The process temperature affects many critical materialparameters including the viscosity, density of the resin,and degradation kinetics (1). The temperature of themolten resin, however, is rarely known with great ac-curacy because of problems associated with thermo-couples, the most common instrument for temperaturemeasurement. In commercial processes, thermocou-ples transfer energy readily to and from the equipmentand thus are highly influenced by the temperature ofthe surrounding metal.Numerous methods have been developed to mini-mize the energy transfer associated with thermocoupleuse (2 7). The most common method is to place smallthermocouples in a bridge assembly that intersects theflow in a transfer pipe. For this arrangement, the ther-mocouples are imbedded into a high-temperature poly-meric support bridge and the thin thermocouple wiresare aligned in the flow direction for a short distance,(6 8) or a matrix of thermocouple junctions are formedfrom intersecting wires that have been welded togetherand supported in the flow stream (2, 3). These bridgesprovide an accurate temperature measurement of theflow, but the devices are extremely delicate and cannotbe used to measure temperatures inside an extruder.Esseghir and Sernas (9) developed a mechanical sys-tem to insert and retract a small thermocouple througha barrel wall of a lab extruder to measure the tempera-ture in a rotating screw channel. For this system, thethermocouple was inserted and then retracted for eachrotation to allow the screw flight to pass. As with thethermocouple bridge, this system is very delicate andonly for lab use. Moreover, conduction of energy fromthe surrounding metal will influence the measurementin the channel. This research was performed using amodel fluid (corn syrup), at nearly ambient conditions,and the probe was invasive to the flow path.
Increasing Returns, the Choice of Technology, and the Gains from Trade

This paper studies the implications of international trade in a general equilibrium model in which the returns to scale are internal and firms choose their production technologies. The production function generated from internal increasing returns and the choice of technology leads to returns to scale similar to those based on external increasing returns. Trade always increases a country's welfare in a two-sector model in which the agricultural sector has constant returns to scale and average cost in the manufacturing sector may decrease without being bounded asymptotically by a given level of marginal cost. Why a small country may lose from trade under external increasing returns is also illustrated.
Dropout in Institutional Emotional Crisis Counseling and Brief Focused Intervention

Increasingly scarce economic resources prompt the need for more efficient forms of health care; hence, brief outpatient crisis intervention has therapeutic and preventive goals with respect to suicide risk. The aim of this study was to assess which factors predict nonnegotiated termination of treatment. Patients who dropped out of treatment (n 1⁄4 26) were compared with those who concluded treatment (n 1⁄4 102). Intervention, which resembled outpatient-focused brief supporting psychotherapy, consisted of 10 weekly sessions lasting 45–50min. The first session envisaged an initial consultation; the following 2 sessions consisted of in-depth assessment, presentation of the intervention, and a battery of tests. Axis I, Axis II personality (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV, Axis II Personality Disorders), depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), anger (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory), social adaptation (Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale), and global functioning (Global Assessment Scale) were also clinically evaluated. The total dropout rate in the study was 20.3%. Logistic regression analysis identified borderline personality disorder as a predictor of dropout, which was associated with a mean age of less than 30 years, a prevalence of female gender, and the tendency to act out (dropout in the final sessions) and slightly correlated with a propensity for interpersonal deficits and lower resources or social support. No major differences were observed in Axis I, and the adopted clinical instruments did not seem able to predict dropout by clinical–symptomatological ‘‘magnitude. ’’ Even in crisis situations, dropping out appears to be correlated with borderline personality disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [4th ed.]). The extent to which this depends on crisis remission or poses a barrier to treatment remains to be seen. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 5:356–367 (2005)]
Global Annual Mean Atmospheric Histories, Growth Rates and Seawater Solubility Estimations of the Halogenated Compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116

Abstract. We present consistent annual mean atmospheric histories and growth rates for the mainly anthropogenic halogenated compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116, all potentially useful oceanic transient tracers (tracers of water transport within the ocean), for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere with the aim of providing input histories for these compounds. Where available we utilize observations of the halogenated compounds made by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to the direct observational record we estimated the atmospheric history concentrations from other sources such as archived air measurements, firn air measurements and published model calculations. The results show that the atmospheric mole fractions for each species have been increasing since they were initially produced. Recently, their atmospheric growth rates are decreasing for HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b), increasing for HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23), and stable with small fluctuation for PFCs (PFC-14 and PFC-116). The atmospheric histories (source functions) and natural background values show that HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b) and HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-23) have the potential to be oceanic transient tracers for the next few decades only because of the recently imposed bans on production. When the atmospheric histories of the compounds are not monotonically changing, the equilibrium atmospheric concentrations (and ultimately the age associated with that concentration) calculated from their concentration in the ocean are not unique, reducing the potential as transient tracer. Moreover, HFCs have potential to be oceanic transient tracers for a longer period in the future than HCFCs as the growth rates of HFCs are increasing and those of HCFCs are decreasing in the background atmosphere. PFC-14 and PFC-116, however, have the potential to be the tracers for longer period in the future thanks to their extremely long lifetimes, steady atmospheric growth rates and no explicit ban. In this work, we also derive solubility functions for HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 in seawater to facilitate the use as oceanic transient tracers. These functions are based on the Clark-Glew-Weiss (CGW) water solubility functions fit and salting-out coefficients estimated by the poly-parameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs). Here we also provide three methods of seawater solubility estimation for more compounds.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Torsion in Short Axis View between Healthy Subjects and Significant Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Article history: Received: 9 Oct 2012 Accepted: 12 Jan 2013 Available online: 2 Feb 2013 ZJRMS 2013; 15(9): 39-46 Background: Coronary artery disease causes changes in biomechanical parameters and function of myocardial. Recently, torsion angle is one of the most important mechanical parameters. Therefore in this study, torsion angle in healthy subjects and LAD significant coronary artery disease patients, using echo tracking method in short axis view, was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In cross sectional study, 14 healthy subjects and 10 patients with significant stenosis of LAD were evaluated. Two dimensional echocardiography images were scanned in apical and basal parasternal short axis view were recorded. Successive ultrasonic images were processed by echo tracking under block matching algorithm and peak torsion angle were estimated. Difference between healthy group and patient group were extracted by using peak torsion angle by the confidence level of 95%. Results: In this study, basal rotation angle, apical rotation angle and torsion angle in short axis view in significant coronary artery disease patients significantly decreased 33%, 44% and 38% relative to healthy subjects, respectively. Also time to reach peak torsion angle in LAD coronary artery stenosis patients increased 19% relative to healthy group. Conclusion: It seems, torsion angle in short axis view, can diagnose LAD coronary artery stenosis patients reative to healthy subject. Copyright © 2013 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Potential impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill on subtidal oysters in the Gulf of Mexico

The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) drilling platform initiated an unprecedented chain of environmental perturbations that threatened sensitive nearshore habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Here, we examined subtidal oyster reef populations monitored by state resource agencies prior to and after the DWH incident in the spring−summer of 2010. Fishery-independent surveys were conducted in each of the following Gulf States using either diver-collected quadrat samples (Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida) or dredge surveys (Texas) at fixed sites to assess trends in oyster density of recently settled (spat), juvenile to young adult (seed), or adult (market) oysters. Compared to baseline values (average 2006−2009), the densities of spat, seed, and market oysters were extremely low in 2010, with little recovery in 2011 and 2012 in areas within the central portion of the northern Gulf of Mexico (eastern Louisiana−Mississippi). In contrast, densities of all oyster size classes in western Louisiana and Texas (outside the footprint of oil or freshwater release) and juvenile oysters in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, revealed no consistent pattern of change in 2010 compared to baseline levels in 2006−2009. Thus, major declines in oyster populations occurred within the northern Gulf of Mexico in summer 2010, and populations remained low through 2012. The spatial footprint of this decline is largely coincident with the oiling and freshwater diversion response activities associated with the DWH incident, although many potential confounding factors are also considered. Fisheries-independent datasets offer much-needed baseline data that can be used to assess potential impacts from disturbances.
Factors controlling contrail cirrus optical depth

Abstract. Aircraft contrails develop into contrail cirrus by depositional growth and sedimentation of ice particles and horizontal spreading due to wind shear. Factors controlling this development include temperature, ice supersaturation, thickness of ice-supersaturated layers, and vertical gradients in the horizontal wind field. An analytical microphysical cloud model is presented and validated that captures these processes. Many individual contrail cirrus are simulated that develop differently owing to the variability in the controlling factors, resulting in large samples of cloud properties that are statistically analyzed. Contrail cirrus development is studied over the first four hours past formation, similar to the ages of line-shaped contrails that were tracked in satellite imagery on regional scales. On these time scales, contrail cirrus optical depth and microphysical variables exhibit a marked variability, expressed in terms of broad and skewed probability distribution functions. Simulated mean optical depths at a wavelength of 0.55 μ m range from 0.05-0.5 and a substantial fraction 20-50% of contrail cirrus stay subvisible (optical depth A detailed analysis based on an observational case study over the continental USA suggests that previous satellite measurements of line-shaped persistent contrails have missed about 89%, 50%, and 11% of contrails with optical depths 0-0.05, 0.05-0.1, and 0.1-0.2, respectively, amounting to 65% of contrail coverage of all optical depths. When comparing observations with simulations and when estimating the contrail cirrus climate impact, not only mean values but also the variability in optical depth and microphysical properties need to be considered.
Nitric Oxide and Nitrotyrosine Levels in Relation with Oxidative Stress-Related Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

ABS TRACT Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as one of the most common liver diseases when viral hepatitis and heavy alcohol consumption are excluded. Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD is still poorly understood, a crucial role has been proposed for oxidative stress. Nitric oxide, through the formation of peroxynitrite, has the potential to augment the oxidative stress seen in NAFLD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible contribution of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite to the pathogenesis of this disease. Material and Methods: Thirty-eight NAFLD patients [8 hepatosteatosis, 30 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)] and nine healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. Nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion and nitrotyrosine (peroxynitrite marker) levels were measured in blood samples. Results: Nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathion levels in NAFLD patients were higher than those in control subjects. On the other hand, the levels in hepatosteatosis group were not different from those in NASH group. In addition, there were no differences in nitrotyrosine levels between the groups investigated. In addition, nitrite/nitrate levels showed significant correlations with malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathion levels. In contrast, no correlations were found between nitrite/nitrate and nitrotyrosine and between malondialdehyde and nitrotyrosine levels. Conclusion: Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species seem to have a parallel role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
DATA AND DATA INTERPRETATION IN THE STUDY OF LIMB EVOLUTION: A REPLY TO GALIS ET AL. ON THE REEVOLUTION OF DIGITS IN THE LIZARD GENUS BACHIA

Galis and collaborators (2010) claim that our recent paper ( Kohlsdorf and Wagner 2006 ), presenting statistical evidence for the reevolution of digits in the genus Bachia, may be flawed. Their reanalysis of the data does not support the possibility of a reevolution of digits and the authors also argue that such a reevolution would be implausible on functional and developmental grounds. In response, we reanalyzed our data with additional outgroup species. Our results differ from the one published in 2006, but this incongruence is not statistically significant. In contrast, the hypothesis presented by Galis et al. is significantly worse. An analysis of digit number evolution, using novel techniques to test for irreversibility of character loss ( Goldberg and Igic 2008 ), confirmed our original conclusion that there is strong evidence for reevolution of digits in Bachia. We also point out that this result is not in conflict with the hypothesis by Galis and Metz (2001) that mutations affecting the initial digit patterning are associated with strong negative pleiotropic effects and thus unlikely to be fixed in evolution. An important avenue of future research will be to directly test whether reevolved digits develop from conserved digit condensations retained after digit loss.
Optimally (Distributional-)Robust Kalman Filtering

We present optimality results for robust Kalman filtering where robustness is understood in a distributional sense, i.e.; we enlarge the distribution assumptions made in the ideal model by suitable neighborhoods. This allows for outliers which in our context may be system-endogenous or -exogenous, which induces the somewhat conflicting goals of tracking and attenuation. The corresponding minimax MSE-problems are solved for both types of outliers separately, resulting in closed-form saddle-points which consist of an optimally-robust procedure and a corresponding least favorable outlier situation. The results are valid in a surprisingly general setup of state space models, which is not limited to a Euclidean or time-discrete framework. The solution however involves computation of conditional means in the ideal model, which may pose computational problems. In the particular situation that the ideal conditional mean is linear in the observation innovation, we come up with a straight-forward Huberization, the rLS filter, which is very easy to compute. For this linearity we obtain an again surprising characterization.
Identification of diagenetic calcium arsenates using synchrotron-based micro X-ray diffraction

In this work, we identify the type of calcium arsenates found in sediment samples from an aquifer located in Matehuala, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Sediments in contact with levels up to 158 mg/L of arsenic in neutral pH water were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray analyses (SEM-EDS), and synchrotron based X-ray diffraction. Identification of these calcium arsenates by X-ray analysis has proved to be very difficult to achieve because the precipitates of interest are on the microscale and immerse in a matrix of calcite, gypsum, and quartz comprising nearly 100 % of the samples. Needle-like specimens composed of calcium, arsenic, and oxygen were, however, commonly observed in sediment samples during SEM-EDS analyses in backscattered mode. Synchrotron based X-ray analyses revealed some peaks that were compared with published data for guerinite, haindingerite, and pharmacolite suggesting that these were the calcium arsenates present in sediments, the calcium arsenates that control the solubility of arsenic in the contaminated aquifer in Matehuala, and the calcium arsenates that prevail in the long-term in the environment after cycles of dissolution and precipitation. The identification of these calcium arsenates is consistent with the environmental conditions prevailing at the study area and the SEM-EDS observations. However, its identification is not unequivocal as the comparison of experimental data collected in single crystal specimens against X-ray diffraction references collected in powders prevents a strictly proper identification of the specimens analyzed. In this way, scorodite was also identified by synchrotron based Xray analyses however its presence is inconsistent with the environmental conditions and the calcium arsenate associations found in this study. Scorodite identification was therefore considered tentative. A thorough examination, with additional and/or improved analytical techniques, should be undertaken to find an environmentally sound explanation for the diffraction peaks assigned to scorodite, which might be from a clay a mineral, probably with no arsenic.
Detection of important segments in cooking videos

The paper presents a method to delineate visually important segments from cooking videos, which is expected to be a core technique for cooking video indexing. Visual information is exceptionally important in cooking videos, since it represents essential technical skills owing to properties of instruction type videos. We reveal that an ordinary shot-based video indexing approach will not work for cooking videos, since visually important segments are absorbed in a shot. Based on the observation of cooking videos, the method detects repetitious motion segments as visually important segments by using relatively simple and robust techniques. The experimental evaluation shows that the method detects more than 80% of manually selected segments, while 84% of detected segments were correct. We also develop a cooking video abstraction system as a sample application of our method and confirm that the proposed method is useful for a real application.
Time-Laspe Video Study of Mating Behavior in Sagebrush Crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans)

Sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) are primitive acoustic insects which occur only in mountainous areas of Wyoming and Colorado (Morris and Gwynne 1978). In Grand Teton National Park, adults become sexually active in early May and matings subsequently occur over a 3 6 week period. Each night of the breeding season, males emerge from the soil litter shortly after sunset, climb into the sagebrush and begin to sing, presumably to attract sexually receptive females. Copulation is initiated when a receptive female climbs onto the dorsum of a male, at which time he attempts to · transfer a spermatophore (Dodson et al. 1983, Sakaluk et al. 1987, Morris et al. 1989).
Impact of Bundle Structure on Performance of on-Chip CNT Interconnects

CNTs are proposed as a promising candidate against copper in deep submicron IC interconnects. Still this technology is in its infancy. Most available literatures on performance predictions of CNT interconnects, have focused only on interconnect geometries using segregated CNTs. Yet during the manufacturing phase, CNTs are obtained usually as a mixture of single-walled and multi-walled CNTs (SWCNTs and MWCNTs). Especially in case of SWCNTs; it is usually available as a mixture of both Semi conducting CNTs and metallic CNTs. This paper attempts to answer whether segregation is inevitable before using them to construct interconnects. This paper attempt to compare the performance variations of bundled CNT interconnects, where bundles are made of segregated CNTs versus mixed CNTs, for future technology nodes using electrical model based analysis. Also a proportionate mixing of different CNTs has been introduced so as to yield a set of criteria to aid the industry in selection of an appropriate bundle structure for use in a specific application with optimum performance. It was found that even the worst case performance of geometries using a mixture of SWCNTs and MWCNTs was better than copper. These results also reveal that, for extracting optimum performance vide cost matrix, the focus should be more on diameter controlled synthesis than on segregation.