Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limit functions of discrete dynamical systems

In the theory of dynamical systems, the notion of ω-limit sets of points is classical. In this paper, the existence of limit functions on subsets of the underlying space is treated. It is shown that in the case of topologically mixing systems on appropriate metric spaces (X, d), the existence of at least one limit function on a compact subset A of X implies the existence of plenty of them on many supersets of A. On the other hand, such sets necessarily have to be small in various respects. The results for general discrete systems are applied in the case of Julia sets of rational functions and in particular in the case of the existence of Siegel disks. 1. Limit functions on small sets Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let f : X → X be continuous. If f◦n := f ◦ · · · ◦ f denotes the n-th iterate of f and if L is an arbitrary subset of X we write Ωp(L, f) for the collection of all functions g : L → X that are pointwise limits of some subsequence of (f)n on L. Necessarily, such functions have to be of Baire class 1 (cf. [8, p. 192]). Moreover, let K(X) := {E ⊂ X : E nonempty and compact} . For E ∈ K(X), the set of continuous functions from E to X is denoted by C(E,X). We endow C(E,X) with the (complete) uniform metric du,E(f, g) := sup x∈E d(f(x), g(x)) and define Ωu(E, f) to be the set of all functions that are limits of some subsequence of (f)n in C(E,X). We recall some definitions from topological dynamics. A continuous function f : X → X is called topologically transitive if for all nonempty open sets U, V in X, an integer n exists which satisfies f◦n(U) ∩ V = ∅. If this holds true for all sufficiently large n, then f is called topologically mixing. Finally, f is said to be topologically weak-mixing, if f × f is topologically transitive on the product space X ×X. For basic results on topological transitivity and topological (weak-) mixing we refer to [7]. In particular, if (X, d) is separable without isolated points, the Birkhoff transitivity theorem implies that f is topologically weak-mixing if and only if there is a pair (x1, x2) ∈ X×X so that the orbit {(f ×f)(x1, x2) : n ∈ N} is dense in X × X. Thus, f is topologically weak-mixing if and only if there is a Received by the editors May 22, 2013 and, in revised form, November 20, 2013, December 30, 2013, and December 31, 2013. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 37A25, 37F10, 30K99.
Love and Money by Parental Match-Making: Evidence from Chinese Couples

How match-making methods aect marriage outcomes is an understudied topic. Using a survey of Chinese couples in 1991, this paper examines whether parental involvement in match-making aects a couple's marriage harmony and joint income. We …nd that, compared with those married through self search, couples relying on parental help in match-making have on average less harmony and less income in rural areas. This …nding holds after we use the area-speci…c tradition of parental match-making as an instrumental variable (IV) for parental involvement. In comparison, urban areas show a similar negative eect of parental match-making on marriage harmony, but the eect on income is slightly positive in OLS and becomes more signi…cant with the IV. These results are consistent with our theoretical prediction about the agency cost of using parents as matchmakers in the marriage market. JEL: J12, D82, D83.
Robust encoding by collective bursting in biologically plausible neural networks

We describe a novel type of bursting that we observe in simulations of large recurrent networks of biophysically plausible, intrinsically non-bursting neurons. The mechanism responsible for the bursting is a combination of excitatory feedback received from neighbouring neurons, together with an activity-dependent adaptation mechanism that slows down spiking. This collective bursting is shown to encode external inputs in the intervals between bursts. The interspike intervals during each burst are irregular and have a high output rate that is insensitive to the input strength. The encoding is reliable and precise, even when individual neurons have imperfect, varying properties and is robust to failure of large numbers of neurons.
Semi-infrastructured mobile ad-hoc mesh networking

The paper presents the role and architectural views of ad-hoc mesh networking in extending the edge-coverage of the future mobile networks. The key architectural principles and elements of the ad-hoc mesh networks when integrated to the legacy networks and forming the semi-infrastructured ad-hoc networks are introduced. Placement of the ad-hoc mesh networks in the future network environment and the enabling technologies that practically could realize them are outlined. The reasons that make the ad-hoc networking technology attractive for extending the coverage of the future mobile networks are introduced. Finally, the performance comparison of the ad-hoc mesh networking vs. point-to-multipoint (PMP) has been evaluated by simulation results.
Differential Expression of Vibrio vulnificus Elastase Gene in a Growth Phase-dependent Manner by Two Different Types of Promoters*

Elastase activity of Vibrio vulnificus was highly dependent on growth phase, reached a maximum during the stationary phase, and was regulated at the level of transcription. The stationary phase production of elastase incrp or rpoS mutants, which were constructed by allelic exchanges, decreased about 3- and 10-fold, respectively. However, the promoter activity of vvpE encoding elastase was unaffected by those mutations in the log phase when analyzed using a vvpE-lux fusion. A primer extension analysis revealed that the transcription of vvpE begins at two different sites, consisting of putative promoter L (PL) and promoter S (PS). The PL activity was constitutive through the log and stationary phases, lower than the PS activity, and unaffected by the crp orrpoS mutations. The transcription of PS, induced only in the stationary phase, was dependent on RpoS. The mutation incrp reduced the activity of PS; however, the additional inactivation of crp did not influence the PS activity in the rpoS mutant, indicating that CRP exerted its effects through PS requiring RpoS. These results demonstrate thatvvpE expression is differentially directed by PL and PS depending on the growth phase and elevated by RpoS and CRP in the stationary phase.
The benefit of higher level of care transfer of injured patients from nontertiary hospital emergency departments.

BACKGROUND Although injured persons presenting to nontertiary hospitals are routinely transferred for further care, it is unknown whether there is an outcome benefit associated with this practice. We sought to assess whether the transfer of injured patients from nontertiary hospital emergency departments (EDs) is associated with improved survival. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis of all consecutive injured children and adults meeting state trauma criteria, presenting to 1 of 42 nontertiary hospital EDs (primarily rural) and requiring either admission or transfer (n = 10,176) from January 1998 through December 2003. Higher level of care transfer was defined as interhospital transfer from the ED to one of six Level I or II trauma centers. Propensity scores were used to adjust for the known nonrandom selection of patients for higher level of care transfer. The outcome measure was inhospital mortality. RESULTS There were 10,176 trauma patients who presented to nontertiary hospital EDs and were included in the analysis, of which 3,785 (37%) were transferred to a tertiary hospital from the ED. Transfer patients had higher unadjusted mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.06-3.89). After adjusting for the propensity to be transferred, transfer from the ED to a tertiary hospital was associated with a reduction in mortality (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.94), which was strongest among patients transferred to Level I hospitals (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.95). There was no measurable benefit for patients transferred to Level II hospitals (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.47-1.43). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for injury severity and the nonrandom selection of patients for transfer, trauma patients transferred from nontertiary EDs to major trauma centers had lower inhospital mortality than patients remaining in nontrauma hospitals. Recognition and early transfer of at-risk rural trauma patients may improve survival in a regionalized trauma system.
Effects of post-encoding stress on performance in the DRM false memory paradigm

Numerous studies have investigated how stress impacts veridical memory, but how stress influences false memory formation remains poorly understood. In order to target memory consolidation specifically, a psychosocial stress (TSST) or control manipulation was administered following encoding of 15 neutral, semantically related word lists (DRM false memory task) and memory was tested 24 h later. Stress decreased recognition of studied words, while increasing false recognition of semantically related lure words. Moreover, while control subjects remembered true and false words equivalently, stressed subjects remembered more false than true words. These results suggest that stress supports gist memory formation in the DRM task, perhaps by hindering detail-specific processing in the hippocampus.
Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of clinical trials.

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of antiplatelet or anti-coagulant therapy in preventing graft occlusions after coronary artery bypass surgery. DATA IDENTIFICATION Studies published from 1966 to 1988 were identified through a computerized search using MEDLINE, by searching the bibliographies of all identified articles, and by consulting with the cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons in the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antiplatelet Therapy After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. STUDY SELECTION All studies selected were randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing at least one active drug with a placebo or nonplacebo control group. DATA EXTRACTION Key data were extracted from each article, including the percentage of patients in each treatment group with one or more grafts occluded, the percentage of patients with completed postoperative catheterizations, timing of postoperative catheterization, and timing of start of treatment. These data were easily obtained from each article and did not require multiple observers. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS All studies had positive treatment-effect sizes in favor of active treatment, although some studies did not achieve statistical significance. A meta-analysis combining all treatment effects clearly shows that active treatment is beneficial (overall effect size = 0.30; CI, 0.21 to 0.38). Efficacy improves with early initiation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Early initiation of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs reduces the incidence of graft occlusions after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine.

In assessing the state of knowledge of any subject at a particular point in time, it is as important to define what is not known as it is to appreciate what is known. It is for this reason that I would like to discuss some of the problems still before us, with respect to vaccination against poliomyelitis, as well as to review knowledge gained in the course of recent work. "Can durable immunity be induced by a noninfectious poliomyelitis vaccine? " is one of the principal questions still to be answered. Since the ultimate answer to this question cannot be obtained until time has passed, we must content ourselves only with an examination of facts now known, from which we can make some tentative interpretations from the trends observed. The hypothesis that the presence of neutralizing antibody in the circulating blood is an effective barrier in reducing the likelihood of paralysis
A high density information concealment technique for digital rights management of MPEG coded video

As multimedia commerce grows, content distributors' needs for digital rights management schemes that provide flexible access control becomes more and more eminent. This paper proposes a digital rights management scheme that can provide pay-per-play access control in pre-distributed video applications. The paper explains the scheme and proves through an evaluation of its communication overhead, computational overhead and security that this scheme provides a favorable solution for pay-per-play access control requirements.
Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease: current concepts and unanswered questions.

HE SICKLE CELL diseases (SCD) are inherited T disorders of hemoglobin (Hb) structure and synthesis, and include homozygous sickle cell anemia (Hb SS), sickle-(= disease (Hb SC), double-heterozygous combinations of Hb S and P-thalassemia (Hb S-thal), and other less common variants. The clinical manifestations of SCD include chronic hemolysis, frequent infections, and a variety of other acute and chronic complications that produce organ damage, disability, and death (Tables 1 and 2). Although current thinking suggests that microvascular occlusion by poorly deformable sickle erythrocytes (SS RBC) is a key pathophysiologic event in SCD, the mechanism(s) of microvascular obstruction and the role of other vasocclusive processes such as vascular intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis, and vasospasm are not fully defined. This review seeks to summarize and critically evaluate current concepts regarding the cause(s) and consequences of vascular occlusion in SCD. Despite substantial recent progress, it is increasingly apparent that vascular occlusion in SCD is a very complex, multifactorial process, and that many important questions remain unanswered. OVERVIEW
Colorimetric detection of heat-labile toxin-encoding gene of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by PCR

In the developing world, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains which produce enterotoxins are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Heat-labile (LT) toxin PCR detection methods have been described, but they have limited applications in a routine laboratory setting. A colorimetric DNA method for the rapid amplification and detection of the LT toxin gene in ETEC strains is described. Target amplification together with colorimetric detection would overcome many of the limitations of conventional PCR. This paper describes a colorimetric PCR detection method specific for LT-gene-encoding ETEC strains. DNA was extracted from two representative colonies from each bacterial isolate and amplified by PCR. Digoxigenin was incorporated into the amplification product, permitting a one-step direct detection using anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody. This technique was applied to the investigation of 70 E. coli isolates derived from clinical fecal samples obtained from an Irish population. Eleven percent of the samples were LT positive, confirming the applicability of this method. All LT-positive ETEC strains (controls and clinical isolates) were detected, and no false-positive results occurred.
Use of the gamma probe to identify multigland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism.

AIM The purpose of this study was to determine threshold gamma probe counts to distinguish single adenoma (SA) from multigland disease (MGD) during radioguided parathyroidectomy. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 1656 patients was performed. Ex vivo counts of the first excised gland were taken and recorded as a percentage of background counts. RESULTS 69.4% of MGD patients had counts below the 50% threshold. The 50% threshold correctly grouped 72.8% of our cohort. Counts of more than 100% were accurate for grouping SA, with only 6.8% of patients with counts more than 100% having MGD. CONCLUSIONS The gamma probe can aid surgeons in deciding to continue neck exploration if MGD is suspected or wait for labs to confirm cure if SA is suspected.
Unknown primary

Although some malignancies may be diagnosed early in their course, others present at an advanced stage with metastases as the first sign of a malignant process. When tumors present at an advanced stage, conducting a directed diagnostic workup might identify the primary tumor site. However, in many other instances, the source of the metastatic tumor cannot be identified despite a focused search. In this scenario, a diagnosis of metastatic cancer of unknown origin is entertained. The standard medical investigation includes a detailed history, a physical examination including a pelvic and rectal exam, complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic and electrolyte studies, urinalysis, occult fecal blood tests, chest radiograph, and a complete pathologic evaluation of biopsied tissue. Further imaging, such as mammography or computed tomography of chest, abdomen, and pelvis may also be indicated, as well as detailed histologic and immunohistochemical studies. Thirty years ago, it was defined only as a primary that was not found even at autopsy; current studies show that between 30 and 82% of primary tumors are found on post-mortem examination [1,2]. In the United States, according to the 14-year Surveillance, Epidemiology, End-Results (SEER) survey, approximately 40,000 of the 950,000 new cancers diagnosed each year are cancers of unknown primary [3]. It is the seventh most common malignancy in the United States. CUP is also the fourth most common cause of cancer death in both men and women, and considered more common than non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The median age at presentation is 60 years of age, and is marginally more frequent in men. In children, it is extremely rare, and comprises less than 1% of diagnosed solid tumors [1]. The anxiety provoked by this clinical scenario may be caused by the uncertainty over treatment and an assumption of a grim prognosis, as current cancer treatment has been based on the identification of the primary tumor, but this disease entity actually represents a group of diseases with potentially widely divergent prognoses. However, it is important to recognize that there are certain patient subgroups that have more responsive tumors and therefore, better prognoses. It is essential to conduct a consistent and thorough diagnostic evaluation to determine if a patient falls into one of these favorable subgroups, although one should avoid the use of needless, invasive tests. This approach enables the physician to optimize the treatment regimen for each patient.
Analysis of Skin Wound Images Using Digital Color Image Processing: A Preliminary Communication

This article presents the use of digital image processing using hue, saturation, and intensity measurements as a technique for the color analysis of chronic wounds on the skin. An adaptive spline technique was used to segment the wound boundary in the images of venous leg ulcers. This technique was further used to approximate the position of venous leg ulcers. The amount of slough within the wound site was quantified using the software developed and was compared with a grading system based on visual inspection by an experienced clinician, and the results were compared by deriving Kappa (K) statistic. There was moderate agreement over all grades between the computer and clinician. At lower grades 1 and 2, there was excellent agreement. The results from this preliminary study suggest that this analytical technique has the potential to image process chronic skin wounds.
DNA binding and partial nucleoid localization of the chloroplast stromal enzyme ferredoxin:sulfite reductase

Sulfite reductase (SiR) is an important enzyme catalyzing the reduction of sulfite to sulfide during sulfur assimilation in plants. This enzyme is localized in plastids, including chloroplasts, and uses ferredoxin as an electron donor. Ferredoxin‐dependent SiR has been found in isolated chloroplast nucleoids, but its localization in vivo or in intact plastids has not been examined. Here, we report the DNA‐binding properties of SiRs from pea (PsSiR) and maize (ZmSiR) using an enzymatically active holoenzyme with prosthetic groups. PsSiR binds to both double‐stranded and single‐stranded DNA without significant sequence specificity. DNA binding did not affect the enzymatic activity of PsSiR, suggesting that ferredoxin and sulfite are accessible to SiR molecules within the nucleoids. Comparison of PsSiR and ZmSiR suggests that ZmSiR does indeed have DNA‐binding activity, as was reported previously, but the DNA affinity and DNA‐compacting ability are higher in PsSiR than in ZmSiR. The tight compaction of nucleoids by PsSiR led to severe repression of transcription activity in pea nucleoids. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the majority of SiR molecules colocalized with nucleoids in pea chloroplasts, whereas no particular localization to nucleoids was detected in maize chloroplasts. These results suggest that SiR plays an essential role in compacting nucleoids in plastids, but that the extent of association of SiR with nucleoids varies among plant species.
Síndrome de Walker-Warburg. Informe de un caso y revisión bibliográfica

*Medico Neuropediatra Adscrito al Servicio de Neuropediatria del Hospital de Pediatria. Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Mexico, D.F. * Medico Adscrito al Servicio de Pediatria. Hospital General Regional No. 72, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Estado de Mexico. Adiestramiento en Servicio en Neuropediatria. Hospital de Pediatria Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI (IMSS). Mexico, D.F. *** Jefe del Servicio de Neuropediatria del Hospital de Pediatria. Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Mexico, D.F. RESUMEN
How Can We Facilitate Spontaneous Termination of Ventricular Fibrillation and Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death? A Working Hypothesis

Spontaneous Ventricular Defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is one of the most life‐threatening arrhythmias encountered in daily clinical practice. Its occurrence cannot be completely prevented by currently used antiarrhythmic drugs, and, in most instances, VF is sustained and leads lo the patient's death unless a successful DC defibrillation is applied. However, spontaneous reversion of VF to sinus rhythm has been observed in various animals and occasionally even in man. Hence, facilitation of self ventricular defibrillation must be explored as an alternative therapeutic approach. In experimental studies using several mammalian species, we have found that self ventricular defibrillation requires a good intercellular coupling and well synchronized electrical activity in the ventricles, which, in untreated animals, depend on their myocardial catecholamine content. It can then be hypothesized that any agent that elevates the catecholamine level during VF would facilitate spontaneous ventricular defibrillation, and drugs inhibiting extraneuronal catecholamine reuptake have indeed been shown to possess this ability. It is suggested that their effects are mediated by an increase in the intracellular cAMP level, and any compounds sharing this property could well prove efficacious in making VF transient and in reducing sudden cardiac death.