Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Dopamine in Normal Rodent Motor Cortex: Physiological Effects and Structural Correlates

Abstract : Dopamine (DA) has been implicated in the cortical pathophysiology of several neurological disorders. Until recently, motor areas of the neocortex were thought to receive only sparse DA innervation. It is now known that the motor cortex of rodents and primates are densely innervated by DA, but its detailed circuitry and role in motor cortex function remain unclear. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to determine the laminar distribution and morphology of neurons that contain the protein and mRNA for the D1a, D2, and D5 receptors. Numerous pyramidal-shaped neuronal somata in layers II-VI of rodent motor cortex were immunoreactive for the D1a, D2, and D5 receptors, and sparse nonpyramidal-shaped neurons in layers V-VI were immunoreactive for the D1a receptor. Quantitative analysis revealed that all three receptor subtypes were expressed by neurons with distinct laminar distributions. Double label immunohistochemistry was used to determine if DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that acts as part of the D1 receptor signal transduction cascade, co-localized D1a, D2, or D5 receptors in motor cortex neurons. DARPP-32 was co-localized with D1a and D2 receptors in pyramidal-shaped neurons in layers V-VI, and with D5 receptors in neurons of deep layer VI. Tract tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine if pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs), output neurons from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, possess D1a, D2, or D5 receptors. All three receptor subtypes were found in identified PTNs. Locally applied DA induces both inhibitory and excitatory responses in the neocortex. Electrophysiological techniques were employed to determine the effects of iontophoretically applied DA on the spontaneous activity (SA) of PTNs, the receptors that mediate these effects, and DA's effects on glutamate-induced excitation of PTNs. The findings indicate that DA may have profound effects on motor cortex activity, through its influence on PTNs.
Transport of larvae and juvenile fish into central and northern Norwegian waters

The distribution of juvenile fish in Norwegian waters in spring and summer provides evidence that some of these are transported into Norwegian coastal waters from spawning grounds outside the ecosystems which comprise the central and northern Norwegian coast, the Barents Sea and the Spitsbergen area. The relevant species are capelin (Mallotus villosus Muller), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.), herring (Clupea hareri' gus L.) and saithe (Pollachius virens L.). A substantial part of the saithe and haddock stock along the central and northern Norwegian coast is considered to be recruited from spawning grounds in the northern North Sea. A contribution of these species from the spawning grounds around the Faeroe Islands and west of Scotland may also occur in some years. Herring from the northern North Sea are found scattered off the Norwegian coast north to 70oN. It seems likely that pelagic species such as capelin and herring are transported by the prevailing currents from Iceland.
Avaliação de procedimentos na estimação de parâmetros genéticos em bovinos de corte

RESUMO - Estimativas de variâncias, covariâncias e herdabilidades (h2) de dados de pesos ao nascimento (y1), a desmama (y2), aos 12 (y3), 18 (y4) e 24 meses (y5) e circunferencia escrotal aos 12 (y6) meses de idade foram obtidas de tres amostras de dados de animais Canchim, machos e femeas, nascidos de 1961 a 1991, em Sao Carlos, SP. Foram utilizadas analises univariada, por meio do Metodo 3 de Henderson, Maxima Verossimilhanca (ML), ML Restrita (REML), Metodo Iterativo Simples de Henderson (IHSM), Metodo da Estimacao Quadratica Nao-viesada de Variância Minima (MIVQUEo) e procedimento GLM do SAS, e multivariada por IHSM, ML e REML, com e sem a inclusao da matriz de parentesco entre os animais. As estimativas de h2 variaram de 0,33 a 0,34 (y1), 0,30 a 0,81 (y2), 0,28 a 0,68 (y3), 0,27 a 0,27 (y4), 0,40 a 0,40 (y5) e 0,40 a 0,40 (y6). Detectou-se afastamento da normalidade para quase todas as caracteristicas e heterogeneidade de variâncias para os efeitos fixos de sexo, ano e epoca de nascimento, idade da vaca ao parto, geracao do animal e efeito aleatorio de touros. A transformacao dos dados fornecendo escores normais como resposta foi a mais eficiente em aproximar os dados a uma distribuicao normal. Metodos de estimacao, analise univariada ou multivariada, amostragem e tipo de transformacao de dados, nesta ordem, foram os que mais influenciaram as estimativas de h2.
New data on the specificity of the root-knot nematode resistance genes Me1 and Me3 in pepper

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. , cause severe damage on solanaceous crops, including tomato and pepper. The objective of this study was to test whether nematodes virulent against the tomato Mi resistance gene were able to overcome the Me1 and Me3 resistance genes from pepper. For that purpose, a collection of 22 Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica isolates, avirulent or virulent against the Mi gene, was assembled. The reproduction of each isolate was evaluated on both susceptible and resistant tomato and pepper genotypes in a growth chamber. The Me1 resistance gene controlled all the avirulent and Mi-virulent nematodes tested, and therefore appears promising for pepper breeding. In contrast, one M. arenaria and two M, incognita virulent isolates were shown to overcome the pepper Me3 resistance gene. These results encourage the testing of a large number of Meloidogyne isolates to evaluate the plant -nematode interaction, which could have important consequences for the use and management of resistance genes in the field with respect to specificity and durability of the resistance.
Histological Alterations in the Liver Architecture of a Freshwater Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, after Chlorpyrifos Exposure

Chlorpyrifos treatment to Heteropneustes fossilis produced hypertrophy of nuclei and occurrence of exhausted cells in the liver at 48 h. After 72 h of treatment, vacuolar degeneration is observed. Following 96 h of exposure, rupture of cell walls and vacuolization were noticed.
Extinction vulnerability in marine populations

Human impacts on the world's oceans have been substantial, leading to concerns about the extinction of marine taxa. We have compiled 133 local, regional and global extinctions of marine populations. There is typically a 53-year lag between the last sighting of an organism and the reported date of the extinction at whatever scale this has occurred. Most disappearances (80%) were detected using indirect historical comparative methods, which suggests that marine extinctions may have been underestimated because of low-detection power. Exploitation caused most marine losses at various scales (55%), followed closely by habitat loss (37%), while the remainder were linked to invasive species, climate change, pollution and disease. Several perceptions concerning the vulnerability of marine organisms appear to be too general and insufficiently conservative. Marine species cannot be considered less vulnerable on the basis of biological attributes such as high fecundity or large-scale dispersal characteristics. For commercially exploited species, it is often argued that economic extinction of exploited populations will occur before biological extinction, but this is not the case for non-target species caught in multispecies fisheries or species with high commercial value, especially if this value increases as species become rare. The perceived high potential for recovery, high variability and low extinction vulnerability of fish populations have been invoked to avoid listing commercial species of fishes under international threat criteria. However, we need to learn more about recovery, which may be hampered by negative population growth at small population sizes (Allee effect or depensation) or ecosystem shifts, as well as about spatial dynamics and connectivity of subpopulations before we can truly understand the nature of responses to severe depletions. The evidence suggests that fish populations do not fluctuate more than those of mammals, birds and butterflies, and that fishes may exhibit vulnerability similar to mammals, birds and butterflies. There is an urgent need for improved methods of detecting marine extinctions at various spatial scales, and for predicting the vulnerability of species.
Effects of Fertilization of a Black Spruce Stand on Nitrogen Contents of Stemflow, Throughfall, and Litterfall

The nitrogen (N) contents of stemflow, throughfall, litter, and rain were investigated in a black spruce stand with 95% crown closure treated with three levels each of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in a factorial design. Throughfall and rain were collected in standard rain gauges. Stemflow was collected using lead collars coated with an inert plastic and fixed on the tree trunks. Litter samples were collected with fiberglass screens. In all samples, NH4+-N and total-N were determined.During this study, 18–20% of the rainfall was lost through interception and evaporation, 80% was throughfall, and less than 0.5% reached the ground as stemflow. Average concentrations of NH4+-N for all fertilized plots in stemflow, throughfall, and rain were 0.15, 0.23, and 0.09 p.p.m. N, respectively, and the total-N in these samples was 1.69, 0.63, and 0.37 p.p.m. N in the same sequence. Quantities of nitrogen in the throughfall were highest in the fertilized plots, i.e. fertilization increased the concentration of NH.
Stability analysis in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Twenty cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) based F1 hybrids, three promising genotypes and a check were evaluated in three different environments for stability analysis. The correlation and path coefficient analysis were studied in 75 genotypes for 18 and 12 different quantitative characters, respectively. Variance due to genotypes × environment interactions were significant for all the characters except number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit weight plant-1. Considering all the stability parameters, JCH-47, BCH-24 and BVC-37 exhibited wider stability for dry fruit yield plant-1, JCH-01 had stability for favourable environment and JCH-05, JCH-14, JCH-23, JCH-24, JCH-54 and RCH-23 showed below average stability. Highest performing F1 hybrid JCH-54 was identified as stable performer under unfavourable environment for dry fruit yield. The highest correlations were found with dry fruit weight plant-1 and fresh fruit weight plant-1 (r=1.00), number of fruits plant-1 (r=0.63), dry fruit weight fruit-1 (r=0.44), number of seeds fruit-1 (r=0.35), fresh fruit weight fruit-1 (r=0.32) and fruit length (r=0.28). Path analysis indicated that the number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit weight fruit-1 were the two factors that exerted the greatest influence both directly and indirectly upon the dry fruit yield. These two traits were the most important components that involved dry fruit yield plant-1.
Engineering DNA Computation with Unnatural Nucleotides and Protein Function with Unnatural Amino Acids

Synthetic engineering methods, such as DNA computation and unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, have provided a route to improve the control of DNA and proteins. DNA computation encompasses a broad field that attempts to build computational devices from DNA structures. Logic gates are a fundamental component of any larger computational network, and have been constructed from purely DNA frameworks. Operation is determined by strict rules, which allow for the predictable creation of complex circuits. Described herein are methods to alter DNA logic gates with photochemical caging groups, interface logic gates with protein output, and optically control DNA amplification cycles. These methods have enabled precise temporal and spatial control, as well as merged the interface between DNA circuits and biological systems. Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis enables the site specific alteration of protein residues, through the insertion of a non-canonical amino acid. Incorporation of these unnatural residues has greatly expanded the function of proteins, with the introduction of new chemical functionalities. These chemical handles have enabled applications such as the study of abasic bypass in DNA polymerases and protein-RNA crosslinking.
Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate

Genotype by environmental interactions in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) present considerable challenges when selecting an appropriate cultivar for a particular location and farming system. Data on the yield and persistence of a range of lucerne cultivars and experimental lines grown in two Tasmanian environments, Forth (41.20°S, 146.27°E, Red Ferrosol soil, under cutting with high fertiliser inputs, i.e. a high yield potential environment) and Cranbook (42.00°S, 148.03°E, Red Ferrosol soil, under grazing with low fertiliser inputs, i.e. a low yield potential environment) were examined using winter activity class as the experimental factor. At Forth, winter-dormant lucernes were the lowest yielding genotypes. In contrast, at Cranbrook, highly winter-active genotypes had lower plant persistence and dry matter yield than winter-dormant genotypes. Modified joint linear regression analysis showed that in a cool temperate climate, winter-dormant genotypes are more suited to a low yield potential environment, whereas highly winter-active genotypes are adapted to a high yield potential environment. Both the semi-winter-dormant and the winter-active genotypes were adapted to all environments. The dry matter yield of winter-dormant and highly winter-active genotypes was most sensitive to environmental conditions in winter and spring, while performance of all cultivars and experimental lines was most stable over summer.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis: um olhar diferenciado no laboratório clínico

Coagulase-negatives staphylococci (CNS) are Gram-positives cocci commonly regarded as contaminants in clinical microbiology laboratories. Despite belonging to this group, Staphylococcus lugdunensis may cause complicated infections such as endocarditis, skin infections and soft tissue, osteomyelitis, among others. Apart from the formation of biofilms, it has pathogenic features similar to Staphylococcus aureus. It may be mistakenly identified as S. aureus when using rapid identification tests, such as clumping factor in slide coagulase or in agglutination latex tests. It is easily identified through available biochemical tests, such as the presence of ornithine decarboxylase and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR). It presents sensitivity to most antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the presence of beta-lactamase and mecA gene should be routinely investigated by testing with chromogenic cephalosporin and cefoxitin susceptibility, respectively. It is convenient to highlight that the interpretative criteria used to evaluate cefoxitin sensitivity are the same recommended for S. aureus and different from those used for other CNS. Despite the fact it is atypical, S. lugdunensis is a virulent pathogen, which must be accurately identified insofar as it will rarely be deemed as a contaminant when isolated from sterile sites.
Working Capital Management and Performance of Food and Beverage Industry in Nigeria.

Working capital is a strategic management tool to ensure the success of any organization because it determines its ability to carry out its operations effectively and efficiently so as to improve its performance. This study explored the impact of working capital on the operation of an organisation particularly the food and beverage firms in Nigeria. The study aimed at determining if there is any relationship between working capital management and the performance (efficiency, liquidity and profitability) of the food and beverage industry in Nigeria. The population size used includes the all food and beverages firms quoted on the Nigeria stock exchange. Ratios were calculated from the selected companies annual reports and accounts (such as acid test ratio, current ratio, debtors collection period, creditors payment period, stock holding period, net profit margin, gross profit margin) and the data were presented and analyzed using simple regression and correlation analyses. The results of the analysis showed that a significant impact in Three hypothesis were analyzed which include testing the relationship between working capital management and efficiency; working capital management and profitability; working capital management and liquidity (p < 0.05). Positive relationship was revealed between working capital and the efficiency of management in Food and beverages industry in Nigeria (p < 0.05), improved accurate cost and profit information (p < 0.05), there is a relationship working management and the profitability of food and beverages industry. (P < 0.05). This is evidenced by p-value of 0.000. The study concluded that working capital management affects organizations’ performance in terms of their liquidity and also in the aspect of them being efficient however; it does not determine their profitability. In order to achieve its’ goals firms in Food and Beverages industry should effectively manage their working capital when carrying out the company’s operations since it leads to liquidity in terms of meeting the company’s current obligations and efficiency in terms of the company’s survival. Key words: working Capital, Performance, efficiency, profitability, liquidity and management
Cervical ribs and cleft arches in Brazilian Sotalia guianensis : contribution to comparative studies of skeletal morphology in northern and southeastern specimens

The Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis (Van Beneden, 1864), is a delphinid species found along the Brazilian coast. Morphological and genetic data point to the existence of different biological populations of the species within this portion of the range. The present paper compares the frequencies of developmental anomalies in two skeletal collections from geographically distant areas. The vertebral column of 43 specimens from Marajo Bay, located on the Para State coast, and 20 specimens from the central-north coast of the Rio de Janeiro State were analyzed. The only anomalies found were cervical ribs and cleft neural arches, both located on the seventh cervical (C7) vertebra. Cervical ribs were found in 12% of the Para specimens and in 45% of the Rio de Janeiro specimens; according to the Fisher’s Exact Test the difference was significant at a confidence level of α = 0.01, thus confirming that the series belong to different populations. The frequencies of cervical ribs observed in the present study were also compared to the frequencies of the same anomaly found in S. guianensis from the Ceara and Santa Catarina states, Brazil, and in tucuxi ( S. fluviatilis ) from the Brazilian Amazon. Although the results can be partially explained by demographic and evolutionary models for Sotalia , they may be affected by differences in the composition of the collections and in diagnostic methods/criteria used by different authors. Regarding the presence of cervical ribs, Amazon tucuxi were significantly different from the Rio de Janeiro and Para series, as well as other marine series, as previously stated in the literature. The difference in the frequency of cleft neural arches in specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Para was also significant, but no comparison could be conducted with other series due to lack of published material. A metric technique to discriminate transverse processes with and without fused cervical ribs is proposed as a methodological contribution for diagnosing the described anomaly.
Rectal temperatures before and after parturition in bottlenose dolphins

In five parturitions of four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus gilli), rectal temperatures (Rts) were determined at least once a day during the late period of pregnancy. Four of the five pregnancies showed a drop in RT ranging from 0.7 to 1.3°C (an average decrease of 0.9°C) from 24 to 12 hr pre-partum. In these four cases, RT was significantly lower than their averages from 10 days to 1 day pre-partum (P < 0.05). In two dolphins, the first RT post-partum was higher than the average RT from 10 days to 1 day pre-partum. Seasonal changes in RT were observed in six non-pregnant dolphins. Average RT in June through August was significantly higher and in December through February was significantly lower than the rest of the year (P < 0.01). Zoo Biol 18:153–156, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of glycyrrhizine against streptococcal infection of young yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata

Glycyrrhizine is a main effective component of licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and it has been studied in relation to various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory activity, supressive effect on allergic reactions, and direct and indirect antiviral activity. In this study, effects on defence against streptococcal infection in young yellowtail fed glycyrrhizine were observed under laboratory conditions. GOT and GPT values in yellowtail serum were decreased with glycyrrhizine, and complement activity, lysozyme activity, production of antibody and resistance of yellowtail to artificial streotococcal infection were increased. However, hematocrit, serum protein and phgocytosis of macrophages in head kidney were not changed. The data shows that glycyrrhizine has an effect on the liver and gives improvement in fish condition. Therefore, the resistance of yellowtail to streptococcal infection may be increased. グ リチル リチ ンは甘草の主成分 であ り,ス テ ロイ ド 様作用,糖 質 ホルモ ン作用に拮抗 す る作 用を もち,肝 臓機能 の強化,解 毒 作用,潰 瘍発生 の抑 制および動脈 硬 化の予防な どに有効 で あ ると され て い る。 1)近年, 養殖 ブ リの魚病対策 として,化 学 療法剤に よる治療 に かわ って,ワ クチ ンによる予防法が検討 されてい る。 2) ワクチ ンの有効 性を高め るために は,適 切な飼育 によ る魚体 の生 態防御能を維持 しておかな ければ,そ の効 果 は低 下す ると思われ る。 そのために,ビ タ ミンお よ び グル タチオ ンな どの強化 された飼料を投与 し,養 魚 の生体 防御能を高め る研究が行われてい る。 3-5) そ こで,本 研究で は,グ リチル リチ ンを投与 した ブ リ稚魚 の生 体防御能 を調 べ るとともに,連 鎖球菌症に 対す る感染防御効果 について検討 した。
ACTIVITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARABIDAE, ARACHNIDA, AND STAPHYLINIDAE IN NEW BRUNSWICK POTATO FIELDS

Abstract A 3-year faunal survey of insecticide-free potato fields revealed that Carabidae were the most abundant ground arthropods followed by Arachnida and Staphylinidae. Generic and species composition of Carabidae did not vary substantially from year to year but abundance did. The arthropods were distributed along a gradient decreasing with distance from the edge of the field closest to the woodland. Results of yellow pan trappings indicated that all types of Carabidae present in the pitfalls could fly but that flight activity was variable among genera. More than 50% of Staphylinidae and 85% of the Carabidae were trapped in the yellow pans at the time of field colonization in June. The significance of these findings in relation to the potential of the arthropods for natural biological control of potato pests is discussed. Résumé Un inventaire faunique de trois ans effectué dans des champs de pomme de terre où l'on n'utilisait pas d'insecticides a révélé que les Carabidae étaient les arthropodes du sol les plus abondants suivis par les Arachnida et les Staphylinidae. Contrairement à leur abondance, la composition générique et spécifique des Carabidae n'a pas varié substantiellement d'une année à l'autre. Les arthropodes étaient distribués le long d'un gradient décroissant depuis la bordure du champ située à proximité de la forêt jusqu'à la bordure opposée. Les résultats du trappage au piège Moericke ont indiqué que tous les types de Carabidae présents dans les pièges de Barber pouvaient voler mais que l'activité de vol était variable parmi les différents genres. Plus de 50% des Staphylinidae et 85% des Carabidae ont été capturés au piège de Moericke durant le mois de juin, c'est-à-dire au moment de la colonisation des champs. L'importance de ces résultats en rapport avec le potentiel de ces arthropodes pour la lutte biologique naturelle contre les insectes nuisibles de la pomme de terre est discutée.