Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Implicit Causality in Verbs

Natural languages display a great variety of devices that are used to speak of causal relations, ranging from prepositions, subordinating conjunctions and verbs. The present contribution provides a review of both theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language. The focus will be causal relations expressed by verbs. Implicit causality refers to the observation that certain verbs tend to prefer statistically reliable causal antecedents (Garvey and Caramazza, 1974). These causal biases can affect the likelihood of remention in the subsequent discourse.
The development of anthracene derivatives for organic light-emitting diodes

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been a hot technology for the great promise applications in full-colour displays and white solid-state lighting. For years, the anthracene plays an important role in the development and application of OLEDs materials. The anthracene derivatives were intensively utilized in OLEDs, such as emitting materials from blue to red, hole- and electron-transporting materials. In this Feature Article, we review the development of anthracene derivatives and discuss the different substituents in relation to the thermal stability and the electroluminescent performance.
Investigation of the mechanism of low‐density particle and liquid mixing process in a stirred vessel

In order to investigate the mechanism of the low-density solid particle and liquid mixing process, a specialised agitator structure was used. Bothcomputational ﬂuid dynamics simulation and experiments were carried out to study the two-phase mixing characteristics in the stirred vessel. Themixing process was captured by snapshots. The ﬂow ﬁeld and solid phase volume fraction evolution were analysed. Experimental and numericalresults agreed well with each other. Solid particles ﬂoating on the liquid surface were gradually transported to the bottom through the centre ofthe vessel and the mixing time was predicted and tested. Results indicate that the agitator structure used in this study is able to form an obviousaxialcirculationinthevesselandthenachieveagoodperformanceinlow-densitysolidandliquidmixingoperations.Thestudyprovidesavaluablereference for the design and optimisation of solid–liquid mixing equipment.Keywords: solid–liquid mixing, low-density particle, solid suspension, CFD simulation, experimental visualisation
Connectedness to school among adolescents: In relation to their mental health

Adolescent mental health has been one of the growing concerns worldwide. It is a period of physical, social and psychological transition. This transition period can be an especially vulnerable time for adolescents as it also coincides with the onset of many depressive and anxiety disorders. Research has found that school connectedness is important interrelated factors during transition that can positively promote the development of students. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between school connectedness and mental health of students during middle, secondary and senior secondary grades, and whether this relationship varies across gender. Regression analysis was used to determine the school connectedness as predictor of students’ mental health at each point of time.
An FPGA-based Intelligent Robotic Vehicle System for Agricultural Cyber Physical Systems

The technique of agricultural Internet-of-Thing (IoT), currently, is gradually applied to the management of crops in a greenhouse. However, for some crops such as annona squamosa, the growth environment is open and the environmental conditions are varying. Further, to support the research of prevention technology of crops, a large amount of growth information usually needs to be collected. This would take a lot of manpower and is very time-consuming. To solve the above issue, the concept of agriculture 4.0 is introduced into this work, and thus we propose an FPGA-based intelligent robotic vehicle (IRV) system for agricultural cyber physical system (CPS). An intelligent robotic vehicle is responsible for collecting the information of sensors, and then automatically deciding whether the corresponding actuators will be invoked. Compared to the most existing robotic vehicle designs, the FPGA device is adopted as the main control chip of this intelligent robotic vehicle, so that the sensor data collected can be processed in parallel and in real-time through hardware acceleration. The hardware virtualization technique is also integrated into the system design to enhance system adaptivity to changing environments. According to our experiments, the IRV system has been demonstrated it can support the agricultural CPS efficiently.
Distribution Behavior of α-Amino Acids and Aminobenzoic Acid by Extraction with Trioctylamine

The separation technique of extraction based on reversible chemical complexation can be a high-capacity and high-selectivity technology for separating polar organic solutes from dilute solution. The Lewis acid, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), is often chosen as extractant to separate amino acids from aqueous solution because of its high capability in the reversible chemical complexation. In this paper, trioctylamine (TOA) is used as extractant, and three α-amino acids [l-phenylalanine (l-phe), l-tryptophane (l-trp), and l-isoleucine (L-ile)] and aminobenzoic acid (ABC) are used as model amino acids. We present a series of extraction equilibrium experiments for them with TOA dissolved in n-octane and n-octanol. The effects of initial extractant concentration, equilibrium pH value, and the polarity of bulk solvent on the distribution ratio (D) of l-phe, l-trp, l-ile, and ABC between the organic and aqueous phases were discussed. Expressions for the distribution ratio are proposed, and the experimental data are in good agreement with the proposed expressions.
GATE RUDDER

This paper introduces an innovative propulsion system which may not be categorized as a conventional energy saving device and it has not been even fully explored so far. Yet this system, which is called “GATE RUDDER“, has been already applied for the first time on a 2400 GT container ship and full-scale sea trials were conducted successfully in November 2017 in Japan. The new concept stemmed from a new idea of propulsive efficiency, called “Elementary Propulsive Efficiency”, that may be exploited by any arbitrary shape and arrangement of propulsor system apart from a conventional propeller-rudder system. The recent full-scale trials with 110m Japanese domestic container vessel have confirmed the superior performance of the GATE RUDDER system which is not only a remarkable energy saving (~14%) achieved over her sister ship fitted with a conventional (flap) rudder-propeller system but also it has other favourable performance characteristics (e.g. superior manoeuvrability, quieter aft end etc.) as discussed in the paper. The Authors believe the innovative GATE RUDDER system might eventually take place of the conventional high lift rudders for steering ships.
Role of Heterogeneous Transmission in the Decline of COVID-19 Cases During Winter of 2020/2021 in Massachusetts

Importance: Heterogeneity in transmission of COVID-19 is a significant multiscale phenomenon. However, the role of this heterogeneity in shaping the overall dynamics of disease transmission is not well understood. Objective: To investigate the role of heterogeneous transmission among different towns in Massachusetts in shaping the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, especially the recent decline during winter of 2020/2021. Design, Setting, Participants: Analysis of COVID-19 data collected and archived by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Exposures: The entire population of the state of Massachusetts is exposed to the virus responsible for COVID-19, to varying degrees. This study quantifies this variation. Main outcome measures: Weekly observations, by town, on confirmed COVID-19 cases in Massachusetts, during the period (April 15th, 2020 to February 9th 2021). Results: The relative decline in COVID-19 cases, during January 12th, 2021 to February 9th, 2021, in the group of towns with higher total accumulated cases in the period before January 12th, 2021 is significantly larger than the corresponding relative decline in the group of towns with lower accumulated cases during the same period. Conclusions and Relevance: Heterogeneous nature of transmission is playing a significant role in shaping the rapid recent decline (January 12th to February 9th, 2021) in reported cases in Massachusetts, and probably around the country. These findings are relevant to how we estimate the threshold defining herd immunity, suggesting that we should account for effects due to heterogeneity.
IQ moderation of cognitive decline supports cognitive reserve and not brain maintenance

Background: While cognitive decline has been frequently reported in aging research, moderating factors for cognitive changes in healthy aging have been inconclusive. This study evaluated 5 year changes in four cognitive abilities and the potential moderation of age and cognitive reserve (CR) factors on cognitive changes. Methods: Participants included 254 healthy adults initially aged 20 to 80 years. Six tasks estimated each of the four abilities: fluid reasoning, processing speed, memory and vocabulary. The proxies for CR included years of education and IQ. Cognitive changes and moderating factors were examine using multiple indicator latent change score model. Change point analysis pinpointed inflection points after which cognitive changes accelerated. Results: There was significant decline over five years in fluid reasoning, processing speed and memory, with age moderation such that older age was associated with steeper decline. Accelerated decline was observed earlier for reasoning and speed, at ages 58 and 59 years respectively, than for memory, at age 70 years. Vocabulary continued to improve until reaching peak performance at 67 years. For moderation of cognitive changes by CR proxies, while education did not show significant moderation, higher IQ was associated with reduced 5-year decline in reasoning and memory but not processing speed. CR moderation effect was found to be independent of mean cortical thickness. Conclusions: Using a robust statistical model to estimate the latent change in four cognitive abilities over 5 years, the results showed that cognitive reserve rather than brain maintenance is the potential mechanism underlying IQs protective effect on cognitive decline.
Disorganization of language and working memory systems in frontal versus temporal lobe epilepsy

Cognitive impairment is a common comorbidity of epilepsy, and adversely impacts people with both frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). While the underlying neural substrates in TLE have been extensively investigated, functional imaging studies in FLE are scarce. In this study, we profiled cognitive dysfunction in FLE, and directly compared FLE and TLE patients to establish commonalities and differences. We investigated 172 adult participants (56 with FLE, 64 with TLE, and 52 controls), using neuropsychological tests and four functional MRI tasks probing the neural correlates of expressive language (verbal fluency, verb generation) and working memory (verbal and visuo-spatial). Patient groups were comparable in disease duration and anti-epileptic drug load. We devised a multiscale approach to map the landscape of brain activation and deactivation during cognition, and track reorganization in FLE and TLE. Voxel-based analyses were complemented with profiling of task effects (i) across intrinsic functional systems, and (ii) along the principal functional connectivity gradient, which encodes a continuous transition from lower-level sensory to higher-order transmodal brain areas. We show that cognitive impairment in FLE is associated with reduced activation across attentional and executive systems, and reduced deactivation of the default mode system, indicative of a large-scale disorganization of task-related recruitment. Functional abnormalities in FLE were modulated by disease load. Patterns of dysfunction in FLE were broadly similar to those in TLE, but some traits were syndrome-specific: altered default-mode deactivation was more prominent in FLE, while impaired recruitment of posterior language areas during a task with semantic demands was more marked in TLE. Our study elucidates neural processes underlying language and working memory impairment in FLE, identifies shared and syndrome-specific alterations in the two most common focal epilepsies, and sheds light on system behavior that may be amenable to future remediation strategies.
Synthesis and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles with different sizes

Silver nanoparticles have well-known antibacterial properties, and is widely used in daily life as various medical and general products. In comparison with silver ion, there is serious lacking of information concerning the biological effects of silver nanoparticles. In this study, we observed significant effects of poly (amidehydroxyurethane) (PAmHU) capped Ag nanoparticles obtained by electrochemical synthesis against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Our results suggest that silver nanoparticles can be prepared in a simple and cost-effective manner and are suitable for formulation of new types of bactericidal materials
Evaluation of the Effect of Low Dose Aspirin on Cervical Length as an Indicator of Preterm Labor in Nulliparous Women

Preterm Labor; Cervical Length; Aspirin; Cervical Length ABSTRACT: Preterm labor is one of the most common midwifery problems in developing and even advanced countries imposing a huge cost on people and the health system. One of the most important causes of preterm labor is short cervical length. Periodic monitoring of cervical length is an important factor in predicting incidence of preterm labor. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low dose aspirin on cervical length in nulliparous women. In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, nulliparous pregnant women with gestational age of less than 13 weeks and 6 days were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Demographic, clinical and Para clinical data were recorded. The intervention group received 80 mg daily aspirin, while the control group received placebo. Cervical length and maternal and fetal outcomes were recorded and analyzed. The results have shown a decrease in cervical length at 12, 18 and 30 weeks of gestation in the control group and an increase in the intervention group, indicating the effect of aspirin administration on prevention of preterm labor (P <0.05). Maternal complications were not significantly different between the two groups. Cervical length with cut-off point of 30 at 30 weeks’ gestation had a positive predictive value of 64% and a negative predictive value of 94% in predicting preterm labor. Our study has shown that low-dose aspirin administration may prevent cervical length reduction and preterm labor, although it has had no effect on reducing maternal complications such as preeclampsia, vaginal bleeding, low birth weight, and spontaneous abortion. Moreover, measurement of cervical length (with cut-off point of 30 mm) in the third trimester of pregnancy is a good indicator in predicting preterm labor.
Supplier-Induced Demand and Quality Competition: An Empirical Investigation

The observable difference between "demand inducement" and "promotion" or "sales" is subjective and difficult to measure. Demand inducement has a pejorative connotation and is usually associated with significant asymmetric information. The evidence supporting the supplier-induced demand hypothesis in medicine is consistent with an alternate, more competitive hypothesis. Increasing competition may lead to higher service quality. If so, one could find a positive correlation between fees for service and the number of physicians in the community. This paper contains an empirical model that helps discriminate between these two competing hypotheses. We also provide empirical evidence on the role of income effects in the supplier induced demand debate suggested recently by McGuire and Pauly [1991].
Vermicompost affects growth, nitrogen content, leaf gas exchange and productivity of pepper plants

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the vermicompost Lumbrical, produced by the Californian earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, on growth, nitrogen content, leaf gas exchange and productivity of pepper plants (cv. Gorogled 6). The experiments were carried out in 2007-2009, on experimental field of the Agroecological Centre of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Immediately before planting, two levels of the vermicompost were applied: 50 and 100 cm 3 per plant. Thirty days after planting, some of the plants fertilized with 50 cm3 Lumbrical (the third variant) were additionally fed with a solution of vermicompost (200 cm 3 per plant). Prior to the experiment, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on both the soil and vermicompost. During plant vegetation, some biometrical indices characterizing the plant growth were measured. The nitrogen concentration and nitrate reductase activity in leaves of pepper plants were determined. The leaf gas exchange was taken into account. The pepper yield and quality parameters of fruits were analyzed. The results of the present study showed that by feeding the pepper with the vermicompost Lumbrical it was possible to increase the plants’ vegetative mass improve the development of their generative organs. Incorporation of the vermicompost into the soil increased the content of N in the root area. It also considerably raised the nitrogen content in leaves of pepper plants. A positive correlation between the content N in leaves and the activity of the enzyme called nitrate reductase was observed. The positive effect of the vermicompost was reflected by improved leaf gas exchange parameters and productivity of plants.
Sovereignty or Identity? The Significance of the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute for Taiwan

Narratives of the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute expose the spectrum of Taiwan’s national identity. While Taiwan has long been struggling to legitimise its claim of representing China or to become an independent state, some of the Taiwanese people still welcome their former colonial master, Japan. This paper draws on academic and journalistic work on how Taiwan has responded to the islands dispute. The author also turns to the internet to examine popular sentiments in the region by examining netizens’ discourse on the islands from Taiwan’s largest bulletin board system BBS , Station-PTT. This survey finds that the sovereignty dispute surfaces issues of national identity
Comparative assessment of managed aquifer recharge versus constructed wetlands in managing chemical and microbial risks during wastewater reuse: a review

Constructed wetlands (CWs) and managed aquifer recharge (MAR) represent commonly used natural treatment systems for reclamation and reuse of wastewater. However, each of these technologies have some limitations with respect to removal of different contaminants. Combining these two technologies into a hybrid CW-MAR system will lead to synergy in terms of both water quality and costs. This promising technology will help in the reduction of bacteria and viruses, trace and heavy metals, organic micropollutants, and nutrients. Use of subsurface flow CWs as pre-treatment for MAR has multiple benefits: (i) it creates a barrier for different microbial and chemical pollutants, (ii) it reduces the residence time for water recovery, and (iii) it avoids clogging during MAR as CWs can remove suspended solids and enhance the reclaimed water quality. This paper analyzes the removal of different contaminants by CW and MAR systems based on a literature review. It is expected that a combination of these natural treatment systems (CWs and MAR) could become an attractive, efficient and cost-effective technology for water reclamation and reuse.
Mechanism of biomineralization of apatite on a sodium silicate glass: TEM-EDX study in vitro

The mechanism of biomineralization of apatite on a Na2O−SiO2 glass was investigated in vitro, in which the glass surface was surveyed by transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry as a function of soaking time in simulated body fluid (SBF), complemented with Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy of the glass surface and atomic emission spectroscopy of the fluid. The glass was found to exchange Na+ ions with H3O+ ions in the SBF to form silanol (Si−OH) groups on its surface at an early stage of soaking. Immediately after they were formed, the Si−OH groups incorporated calcium ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium silicate. After a long soaking time, the calcium silicate incorporated phosphate ions and further calcium ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium phosphate with a low Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.43. The amorphous calcium phosphate was eventually converted into crystalline apatite, which contained small amounts of Na, Mg, and Cl and had a Ca/P .
An Improved Synthesis of High‐Aspect‐Ratio Gold Nanorods

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Insider Information: Advisors' Perspectives on the Effectiveness of Enhanced Advising Programs for Community College Students

This study examines the structure of an enhanced advising program (EAP) through the perspectives of academic advisors. Utilizing a qualitative research design, interviews were conducted with 12 primary-role academic advisors employed within an EAP at a large, urban community college in Texas. Thematic analysis of the interviews identified the following distinguishing characteristics of EAPs: (1) improved student participation in academic advising; (2) stronger student engagement with advising; and (3) proactive construction of an educational plan. This study expands the literature on EAPs by providing additional context and description from the practitioner perspective and by delineating the EAP's strategy to strengthen advising programming at the community college level.