Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Une interprétation probabiliste des informations de factivité

Nous presentons une nouvelle formalisation de la factivite, la dimension representant le degre de croyance qu'une source – l'auteur ou tout autre agent mentionne dans un texte – accorde a une eventualite donnee. Nous insistons sur l'aspect dynamique de cette notion ainsi que sur ses interactions avec la structure discursive. Nous montrons comment une interpretation en termes d'ensembles de probabilites permet de s'affranchir des principaux problemes que posait la formalisation utilisee dans les travaux precedents au calcul d'une factivite coherente a l'echelle du texte dans sa totalite.
Cultivar Differences in Response to Low Temperatures inVitis viniferaCallusIn Vitro

Callus cultures from Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Grenache, and White Riesling ( Vitis vinifera L.) were used to determine the effect of growth rate, acclimation temperature, and time of acclimation on cold hardiness in vitro . The growth rate of each cultivar on the prescribed media was established and used to determine equivalent starting times for treatment of each cultivar. Low temperature exotherms and freeze-regrowth analysis were evaluated to determine treatment effectiveness. Cabernet Sauvignon grew the most rapidly, with only a three-day lag phase before beginning exponential growth. Chardonnay, Grenache, and White Riesling were slower, with a seven- to 10-day lag phase and with fresh weights a third of that of Cabernet Sauvignon following 21 days in culture. Exotherm analyses were inadequate in determining cold hardiness in Vitis vinifera callus. The mean exotherm temperature for all cultivars was -11°C with a 10°C range between the first and the last exotherms in any given treatment. In freeze-regrowth and acclimation analyses, however, Chardonnay, Grenache, and White Riesling had mean survival temperatures of -10°C, -10C°, and -12°C, respectively, but Cabernet Sauvignon survived despite freezing to -20°C. Cabernet Sauvignon9s rapid growth in culture may be responsible for its unusual survival at -20°C. Chardonnay, Grenache, and White Riesling exhibited slow growth and did not survive the acclimation treatments or freezing temperatures. Callus cultures were unable to acclimate to low temperatures, and chilling injury possibly resulted from exposure to the acclimation temperatures. Thus, unlike intact plants where freezing tolerance is often associated with lack of growth or dormancy, here actively growing cells survived freezing.
Urban forest assessment in Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to conduct an urban forest assessment for Bangkok and pilot the appropriateness of adapting the i-Tree Eco International software in Thailand. Urban forest structure, function, and value were estimated from 184 stratified random sample plots. A total 48 tree species were encountered and the three most common that contributed 34.1% of total tree population were Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. (15.7%), Mangifera indica L. (13.0%), and Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (5.4%). The majority of trees (approximately 70%) were <23 cm in diameter. An estimated 2.5 (0.4 SEM) million trees with a canopy cover of 8.6% (1.3 SEM) exist in the Bangkok study area. These trees store an approximate total of 309,700 (73,726 SEM) metric tons of carbon and sequester 16,271 (2965 SEM) metric tons of CO2 annually. Additional research is needed to develop functional relationships for urban trees in Thailand to overcome a current limitation for using i-Tree Eco in Thailand to estimate structural and functional value of urban forests. Study results also provide land-use planners information on the current urban forest resource and the potential for future urban greening.
Effects of Ivermectin and Moxidectin on the Transcription of Genes Coding for Multidrug Resistance Associated Proteins and Behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans

Overexpression of the multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) is a regulatory mechanism that some organisms use to overcome drug effects and may be reflected as transcriptional upregulation. The objective of the study was to determine the role that MRP plays in protecting nematodes from the macrocyclic lactone drugs ivermectin and moxidectin, using Caenorhabditis elegans as the model nematode. Using real-time RT-PCR, the transcription of eight MRPs was examined in wild-type and an IVM-receptor-knock-out strain of C. elegans after drug exposure. Phenotype was then established in these strains before and after treatment. To determine the role of MRP in protecting C. elegans from drugs, the phenotype was examined in C. elegans MRP knock-out strains. Transcription of all MRP genes increased after drug treatment and was highest for MRP-3. The ivermectin-receptor-knock-out strain differed from the wild-type in that the initial stimulation of motility by 2.5 nM ivermectin changed to a rapid reduction in motility followed by recovery. The response to moxidectin was similar between the ivermectin-receptor-knock-out and wild-type strains after exposure to moxidectin but differed from that observed after exposure to ivermectin. The MRP 3, 4 and 8 deletion strains were more sensitive to ivermectin, whereas the MRP 6 and 8 deletion strains were more sensitive to moxidectin. This study provides evidence for the involvement of MRP in reducing the toxicity of ivermectin and moxidectin.
GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN GLADIOLUS HYBRIDS

Eight gladiolus hybrids and one check variety were evaluated for 20 characters to study the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation for identifying suitable gladiolus cultivar for coastal conditions of Andhra Pradesh, India. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was noticed in plant height at maturity, number of cormels per plant, number of corms per plant, days taken to sprouting of corm and weight of corm and cormels per plant.
The Cytotoxic Action of Leucocidin from pseudomonas aerugionsa on Human Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes

SUMMARY: Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes treated in vitro with leucocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa underwent characteristic morphological alterations as shown by phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Within a few minutes of exposure to leucocidin the granulocytes became round, and protoplasmic extrusions appeared on the cell membrane, were withdrawn again and put out at another point of the cell. The final stage of the leucocidin-treated leucocyte was an enlarged, rounded vesicle with apparently intact plasma membrane. Omission of calcium ions from the diluting buffer caused certain differences in the morphologic appearance of the damaged leucocytes.
New views of protein structure: applications to the caseins : Protein structure and functionality

Advances in the field of protein chemistry have enhanced our understanding of the possible intermediates which may occur during protein folding and unfolding. An enormous amount of information has been generated on folding pathways of globular proteins leading to the discovery of the molten globule state as a specific folding intermediate. Other partially folded conformations including pre-molten globule have been found that are intermediate between the random coils and compact globular conformations. Furthermore, many proteins appear as natively unfolded, intrinsically unstructured, or intrinsically disordered under physiological conditions. Purified caseins are not truly random coils, but appear to share many of the properties of these newly described intermediate states. Since casein structure is still being debated, clarifying how the caseins fit with these newly described protein states how the caseins fit with these newly described protein states would be beneficial. In this review quantitative measures based upon known physical and chemical properties of the caseins are used for their classification. By taking advantage of this "new view" of protein folding, and applying these concepts to casein fractions it may be possible to generate new potential food products from casein or casein fractions. Such products could also have neutraceutical or nanotechnological applications.
The potential of plants and plant products in stored insect pest management

In most of the tropical countries including Sri Lanka beetles attack store seeds and is a major cause of serious post harvest losses. In order to protect the stored product from insects not only pesticides but a formulation of plants and their products as powders, volatile oils, non volatile oils and extracts could be effectively used. An overview of available literature on use of plant products against the storage beetles in tropical regions is presented in order to highlight the importance, safe use, and effective control. Seed beetles cause an important part of the total insect damage to seed crops. The potential efficacy of a plant product can depend on the plant species, the plant part, and the time and way of harvesting. The mere fact that the natural products are used, implies that considerable variation is to be expected. Many of the tested plants do show effects against the seed beetles. The most effective plants or methods of application are not known, but results are promising and plant material can be an effective weapon in the battle against the beetles. Plants can be an effective replacement for chemical insecticides to protect stored seeds.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antimony transport, toxicity and resistance

Environmental context Antimony is a toxic metalloid that is used in a wide range of modern technology applications and in medical treatments. The accelerating needs for antimony in various industrial applications has led to concerns about increased human and environmental exposure. This review provides a brief summary of the biological properties of antimony and its mechanisms of actions in cells. Abstract Antimony is a toxic metalloid that is naturally present in low amounts in the environment, but can locally reach high concentrations at mining and processing sites. Today, antimony is used in a wide range of modern technology applications and is also an important constituent of pharmacological drugs. The increasing use of antimony has led to concerns about human and environmental exposure. Yet little is known about the biological properties of antimony and its mechanisms of actions in cells. This review will provide a brief summary of how antimony enters and affects cells, and how cells deal with the presence of this metalloid to acquire resistance.
Tunisian isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus subtilis can control Botrytis fabae on faba bean

ABSTRACT Faba bean crops worldwide are often attacked by different diseases, particularly chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. Fungal and bacterial isolates collected from faba bean and barley leaves in Tunisia were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against B. fabae. In a test on detached leaves, the highest rate of decrease in disease severity was scored by Trichoderma viride, followed by T. harzianum, the fungicide Carbendazim then Bacillus subtilis. Under glasshouse conditions, all tested fungi resulted in significant disease severity reduction. T. viride reduced the rate of chocolate spot infestation on leaves and stems by 35% and 31.5%, respectively, when the rate on the control was 100%. For T. harzianum, Carbendazim and B. Subtilis, the rates of infestation on the leaves were 41.7%, 43.1% and 59.7%, respectively. On the stems, T. harzianum scored the lowest rate of 54.2% followed by B. subtilis with 79.2% then Carbendazim with 87.5%. Two consecutive seasons of field trials using the Trichoderma species, B. subtilis and Carbendazim showed significant and consistent reduction in the severity of chocolate spot infestation rates. The highest protection against the disease was obtained from T. viride. Based on these results, Tunisian isolates of Trichoderma spp. can be recommended for developing commercial bio-fungicides for integrated management of chocolate spot.
HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATOR FOR STUDIES

The present work refers both to the improvement and optimization of a cardiovascular simulator for the evaluation of the resistance of blood vessels. This work follows a Master and a PHD work in medicine research developed at Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, according with a “Protocolo de Intenções” signed by Universidade de São Paulo/Escola Politécnica – EPUSP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP/EPM and Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia – IDPC, in April/1996, which had a duration of five years. The simulator consists basically of two parts: a central unit of pulsing flux and pressure to generate a wave pulse and a modular unit in which the various blood vessel tests were done. The vein segments used were obtained from surgery procedure of Saphena overpass and varix surgery. These segments were carefully removed during surgeries and after the choice of surgeons, the reminiscent and totally discarded parts of vascular segment presenting a good shape were used in the simulator, instead to go to incinerator. The calibration system was performed before vein rupture test. With the aid of an electromagnetic flow meter and Bourdon manometers, it was possible to get results of volumetric flux and pressure in the test section. The pressure values reached for vein segment ruptures are on the order of 300 kPa or more, showing the high resistance of the vein wall structure.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of axonal reinnervation in the cerebellar cortex

Neuronal damage caused by brain injury or neurodegenerative disorders often leads to a loss of axonal innervation in distal target areas. Damaged axons typically do not regenerate in the central nervous system, but surviving axons can sprout new collaterals to re-innervate the denervated target area. At this point, it is unclear how long axons are capable of sprouting new collaterals after damage and the extent to which a surviving axon can expand its innervation area. To observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of collateral sprouting in the intact brain, we performed longitudinal time-lapse imaging of isolated cerebellar climbing fiber (CF) axons in vivo . Sub-populations of CFs were damaged by injecting neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine into the inferior olivary nucleus (the origin of CFs) of transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in CF terminals. Time-lapse in vivo two-photon imaging of surviving, isolated EGFP-positive CFs revealed two distinct modes of axonal outgrowth : lateral outgrowth to expand CF innervation territory and outgrowth in the sagittal plane to innervate PCs within a CF’s existing territory. Lateral outgrowth appears to have a limited time window of 4-6 weeks after IO damage, but sagittal outgrowth continues after this period ends. Our data suggests that lateral expansion of CF innervation territory is likely guided by long-range attractive cues released by denervated PCs for a limited time after injury.
Effect of soil and foliar application of zinc on growth, yield attributes and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The experiment was performed in Randomized block design with 4 replications by taking 6 treatments viz., foliar application of zinc @ 250 ml ha-1, 500 ml ha-1, 750 ml ha-1, combination of basal application of zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha-1 + foliar application of zinc @ 750 ml ha-1 or alone basal application of zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha-1 and Untreated control. Maximum growth parameters viz., number of leaves plant-1, number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers m-2, filled grains panicle-1, panicle weight, panicle length, number of filled grain per panicle, grain yield and straw yield was noted with foliar application of zinc @ 750 ml ha-1 which was comparable with foliar application of zinc @ 500 or 250 ml ha-1 or combination of basal application of zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha-1 + foliar application of zinc @ 750 ml ha-1 and alone basal application.
Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Extracts of Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil (Erythroxylaceae)

Erythroxylum suberosum (Erythroxylaceae) is used in traditional Brazilian medicine as antidiarrheal, astringent, antirheumatic, anesthetic and against indigestion. The objectives of this study were to perform classical phytochemical screening, determine the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of E. suberosum. The extracts of the leaves were obtained by maceration. Phytochemical screening was performed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and specific reactions. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was performed by reduction of DPPH, reduction of Fe+3 and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Phytochemical screening suggested the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and condensed tannins in ethanol extract and flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids in the ethyl acetate extract. The amount of total phenolics detected was expressive, especially in the ethanol extract (575.50±2.50 mg gG1 of ethanol extract and 242.20±9.53 mg gG1 of extract in ethyl acetate). The ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant activity in the three methodologies employed (DPPH: IC50 of 0.18 mg mLG1, reduction of metal ion at 0.3 mg mLG1: 0.903±0.006-absorbance at 700 nm, CV: Increase of anodic current at 1.0 V at 2 mg extract mLG1) in comparison with the extract in ethyl acetate (DPPH: IC50 of 0.74 mg mLG1, reduction of metal ion at 0.3 mg mLG1: 0.871±0.007-absorbance at 700 nm, CV: Lower increase of anodic current at 1.0 V at 2 mg extract mLG1). The highest antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract may be associated with a higher content of phenolic compounds.
Avian İnfluenza Tip A Virüsleri: Etiyoloji,Teşhis ve Korunma

SUMMARY Avian influenza type A virus infections has been classified by the Office International Epizootica (OIE) as the most dangerous human and animal infections. Although during recent years many infectious diseases have been eradicated or controlled, avian influenza type A virus infections, H5N1 in particular, are still considered to be the most threatening infections for public health. In this review, the recent developments concerning avian influenza type A viruses are summarized. Key Words Avian Influenza Type A, Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis GIRIŞ Son yuzyilda kafes kuslari, tavuk, ordek ve hindi gibi birbircok infeksiyoz hastalik eradike veya kontrol edilmis olmasina ragmen, ozellikle H5N1 alt tipi basta olmak uzere avian influenza (AI) tip A virus infeksiyonlarinin 21. yuzyilin en onemli halk sagligi problemlerinden biri oldugu kabul edilmektedir (Hampson 2006; Juckett 2006; Kida 2008). Sadece gecen yuzyilda AI virusleri 4 farkli pandemi olusturarak, tum dunyada cok sayida insan ve kanatli hayvanin olumune neden olmustur (Wu ve Yan 2006). AI tip A virus infeksiyonlari Uluslararasi Salgin Hastaliklar Ofisi (OIE) tarafindan en tehlikeli insan ve hayvan hastaliklari grubunda siniflandirilmaktadir. Hastalik 19. yuzyilin sonlarindan itibaren bilinmekte olup, tavuk vebasi ile ilgili ilk raporlar Italyan Eduardo Perrencito tarafindan sunulmustur. Bunu takip eden 100 yillik surecte, zaman zaman patojenitesi yuksek avian influenza (HPAI) patotipindeki tip A viruslerinin neden oldugu cesitli salginlar yasanmistir. Bu salginlarin bir kismi etkili bir sekilde kontrol altina alinmis olmakla birlikte, bircogu onemli ekonomik kayiplara neden olmustur. 1959-1998 yillari arasinda hastaligin oneminin 19. yuzyila gore 100 kat arttigi ve bu surecte 23 milyon kanatlinin hastaliktan etkilendigi bildirilmektedir. 2000’li yillara gelindiginde ise salginlar dikkat cekici bir duzeyde artis gostermistir (Capua ve Alexander 2004; Hampson 2006; Knossow ve Skehel 2006). rekombinasyonlarla olustugu ifade
Genre et foresterie communautaire au Cameroun. Quelles perspectives pour les femmes

Depuis 1994, la politique et la legislation forestieres camerounaises permettent aux communautes rurales de reserver une foret communautaire et de la gerer de maniere participative, dans le cadre d'une convention signee avec l'Etat. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du concept de foresterie communautaire montre que toutes les parties, notamment les femmes et les jeunes, ne sont pas suffisamment representees lors de plusieurs phases de decision telles que la constitution de l'entite juridique, l'attribution de la foret, ou la soumission des dossiers aupres de l'administration. Or, les femmes s'impliquent davantage lors des etapes initiales : reunions, identification, elaboration et finalisation du plan simple de gestion de la foret. Les causes d'une telle representation sont d'ordre culturel, politique et social, dans un contexte recent de nouveaux enjeux et interets lies au processus de foresterie communautaire. L'analyse de cette situation a permis de proposer diverses recommandations ayant trait aux relations entre les hommes et les femmes, dans le cadre de la societe, en general, et de la foresterie communautaire, en particulier. Il s'agit notamment d'analyser les causes de l'inegalite entre hommes et femmes, de valoriser la participation des femmes aux differents processus, de mettre en place des mecanismes favorisant une participation equilibree et de prevoir des phases de formation et d'information en privilegiant l'emergence d'une opinion feminine affirmee.
Hatching asynchrony in birds: Multiple nesting attempts and the nest failure hypothesis

ABSTRACT Hatching asynchrony in birds, which occurs when incubation begins before egg laying is complete, has been a topic of study for many decades. The “nest failure hypothesis” posits that the distribution of the risk of nest predation across the nesting cycle (from egg laying to the fledging of young) determines the optimal degree of hatching asynchrony. If such risk is higher earlier in the nesting cycle, then much asynchrony (e.g., incubation on the first egg laid) is generally favored. Alternatively, if the risk of nest predation is concentrated later in the cycle, then greater synchrony (a late start to incubation) is favored. Adult mortality during incubation favors greater hatching synchrony. Existing models suggest that optimal hatching asynchrony should depend on the ratio of daily mortality risks prehatching and posthatching, or early and late in the nesting cycle. We show that these classic theoretical expectations depend critically on the assumption of a single nesting attempt per breeding season. Allowing for multiple nesting attempts per season leads to a large range of possible outcomes, often with large deviations from the expectations of single-attempt models. We show further that daily nest survival probabilities across the entire nesting cycle combine to influence optimal hatching asynchrony, not just a subset of values, or a ratio of values, as suggested by earlier theory. In addition, assumptions about the transitions in daily survival values between nesting stages (abrupt vs. gradual changes) are also important determinants of hatching asynchrony. Overall, however, a consideration of multiple nesting attempts does not alter the general expectation that high risk early in the nesting cycle favors hatching asynchrony, and that greater synchrony is favored by high risk later in the cycle or adult mortality during incubation.
Deciphering metabolic traits of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: redundancy vs. essentiality

has evolved to efﬁciently adapt tovarious stresses and to sustain nutritional supply by osmotrophy, which is characterized byextracellular substrate digestion followed by efﬁcient uptake of breakdown products thatare then fed into the fungal primary metabolism. These intrinsic metabolic features arebelieved to be related with its virulence ability.The plethora of genes that encode underly-ing effectors has hampered their in-depth analysis with respect to pathogenesis. Recentdevelopments in