Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice over issues relating to the common foreign and security policy under the Lisbon Treaty

TOC Premier Santrauka (liet.): Tai, kad Europos Teisingumo Teismas neturi jurisdikcijos BUSP srityje, EB steigimo sutartyje buvo įtvirtinta jau Vieningu Europos Aktu 1986 m. ETT jurisdikcija siuo klausimu isliko apribota ir Mastrichto sutartimi. Požiūrį mėginta keisti Lisabonos sutartimi, siekiant praplėsti Teismo kompetenciją kai kuriais su BUSP susijusiais klausimais, įskaitant teise priimti prejudicinius sprendimus dėl BUSP teisės aktų aiskinimo ir galiojimo, institucijų ir valstybių narių teise kreiptis į ETT dėl BUSP teisės aktų anuliavimo. Sutarties dėl ES veikimo tekste sie pokyciai nebuvo įtvirtinti. Taciau nors ETT neturėjo jurisdikcijos BUSP srityje, ES sutarties 47 str. įgalino Teismą tikrinti, ar realizuojant kompetenciją BUSP klausimais nėra pažeidžiamos Bendrijų kompetencijos ribos. Lisabonos sutartis pakeitė Teismo jurisdikcijos reglamentavimo būdą: ankstesnis 46 str. numatė baigtinį sąrasą sricių, kuriose ETT turi jurisdikciją. Naujas požiūris – laikoma, kad Teismas turi jurisdikciją tose srityse, dėl kurių nėra taikomos isimtys. Tokia isimtis yra numatyta BUSP klausimu bent keletą kartų (pvz., Sutarties dėl ES veikimo 270 str.). Siame straipsnyje analizuojamas Lisabonos pakeitimų pobūdis, prielaidos ir galimos teisinės pasekmės, ypac asmenų teisių apsaugai ES. Nors sia tema yra rase nemažai gerai žinomų teisininkų, pvz. , prof. Tridimas, dr. Garbagnati Ketvel, prof. Eeckhout, dr. de Baere, jų darbai buvo parasyti dar iki Lisabonos sutarties teksto paskelbimo ir dėl to nebuvo orientuoti į Lisabonos sutartį. Tikslams pasiekti pirmiausia analizuojamos ETT jurisdikcijos apribojimo BUSP klausimams aplinkybės, kontekstas ir diskusijos Europos konvente, kurios ir nulėmė Sutarties dėl Europos Konstitucijos tekstą bei Teismo jurisdikcijos klausimais buvo perkeltos ir į Lisabonos sutartį. Antroje dalyje analizuojama Sutarties dėl ES veikimo 40 str. įtvirtinta ETT teisė kontroliuoti, kad realizuojant BUSP kompetenciją nebūtų pažeistos kitos ES kompetencijos. Trecioje dalyje analizuojami Lisabonos sutarties pakeitimai dėl ETT jurisdikcijos, kuriais sustiprinamos privacių asmenų teisės į teismine gynybą BUSP srityje: aptariamas Sutarties dėl ES veikimo 215 (2) str. dėl Tarybos teisės taikyti sankcijas privatiems asmenims bei susijusi Sutarties dėl ES veikimo 275 str. 2 d. , kuria ETT suteikiama kompetencija prižiūrėti, kaip laikomasi ES sutarties 40 str. , priimti privacių asmenų ieskinius dėl BUSP teisės aktų anuliavimo, prižiūrint teisėtumą Tarybos sprendimų, patvirtinancių ribojancias priemones fiziniams ir juridiniams asmenims. Straipsnyje taip pat polemizuojama, ar dabartinis reglamentavimas nepalieka erdvės gincyti, kad Europos Teisingumo Teismas galėtų priimti nacionalinių teismų prasymus dėl prejudicinių sprendimų BUSP klausimais, nors Sutarties tekstas aiskiai to nenumato. Galiausiai, trumpai aptariama problema dėl ETT teisės priimti isankstines nuomones dėl BUSP srityje sudaromų tarptautinių sutarcių suderinamumo su ES sutartimis.
How Learners Use Automated Computer-Based Feedback to Produce Revised Drafts of Essays

Our previous results suggest that the use of Criterion, an automatic writing evaluation (AWE) system, is particularly successful in encouraging learners to produce amended drafts of their essays, and that those amended drafts generally represent an improvement on the original submission. Our analysis of the submitted essays and the IHHGEDFNSURYLGH GRQWKH�? UVWGU DIWVVXJJHVWV��K RZHYHU��WKDWWKH �VWXGHQWVXVHD� YDULHW\�RI� quite different strategies when using the automated computer-based feedback to produce amended drafts. These include simply accepting a suggested correction, interpreting a feedback comment to modify the text, and avoidance strategies such as leaving out text that was highlighted as incorrect or problematic. Our data suggest that the strategies the VWXGHQWVXVHDUH �DWOHDVWSDUWO\
Evaluation de méthodes de segmentation bayésiennes pour l'imagerie TEP en oncologie

This study deals with statistical segmentation methodologies for functional volume determination in PET imaging for oncology applications like radiotherapy. We present here a performance study of various Bayesian approaches (local and global, "hard" and "fuzzy") that were validated using simulated data and that are here confirmed using real acquisitions of the IEC phantom. Results show that the local fuzzy approach is the best one with respect to the reference thresholding method and other Bayesian approaches.
Optimizing Multi-Response Statistical Problems Using a Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, two methods to solve multi-response statistical problems are presented. In these methods, desirability function, genetic algorithm and simulation methodology are applied. The desirability function is responsible for modeling the multi-response statistical problem, the genetic algorithm tries to optimize the model and, finally, the simulation approach generates the required input data from a simulated system. The methods differ from each other in controlling the randomness of the problem. In the first method, replications control this randomness, while, in the second method, the randomness is controlled by a statistical test. Furthermore, these methods are compared by designed experiments and the results are reported.
Spatial associations between seabirds and prey: effects of large-scale prey abundance on small- scale seabird distribution

The purpose of this study was to examine whether variation in the extent to which marine birds track prey over small spatial scales can be attributed, in part, to fluctuations in regional prey abundance. The distributions of 4 marine bird species were compared to the distribution of acoustically determined prey biomass on days with contrasting prey abundances measured over a 10 × 20 km (regional) spatial scale. Spatial associations were measured at smaller (local) spatial scales, ranging from 0.2 to 7.6 km. Spatial concordance (i.e. overlap) between the distribution of acoustic biomass and the rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata and between acoustic biomass and the Pacific loon Gavia pacifica at the smallest spatial scale (0.2 km) was greater on days when regional prey abundance was relatively low than on days when regional prey abundance was relatively high. This pattern was not evident in Brandt's cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus or the common murre Uria aalge. The densities of all 4 marine bird species examined were, however, only significantly correlated with densities of acoustic biomass on days when regional prey abundance was relatively low. I propose that short-term fluctuations in regional prey abundance account for some of the wide- spread variation previously observed in the strength of spatial associations between marine birds and their prey.
Wind-based models for estimating the dissipation rates of turbulent energy in aquatic environments: empirical comparisons

The rate at which turbulent kinetic energy is dissipated influences growth, encounter probability, coagulation rates and vertical distribution of plankton. In this study we quantified the effectiveness with which boundary (wall) layer theory represents turbulent dissipation rates (E, W m-3) measured within natural surface mixing layers. This model explained 58 "/o of the variance in 818 literature-derived estimates of turbulent dissipation rates measured at 11 different geographic sites. The residual mean square error (RMSE) associated with the regression of loglo observed dissipation rate vs log,o predicted dissipation rate showed that ca 68 % of surface layer dissipation rates observed in nature were within a factor + 5.2-fold of dissipation rates estimated using boundary layer theory. Dissipation rates in more complex mixing environments, where turbulence was known to be caused by additional hydrographic phenomena (free convection, breaking of waves in the upper 1.5 m of the water column, current shear, upwelling), exceeded the boundary layer prediction by 1.5to 26-fold depending on the mechanism associated with turbulence-generation. We found no evidence that turbulence near the surface (0 to 5 or 0 to 10 m) during high winds (27.5 or 2 10 m S ' ) was higher than the boundary layer prediction. When all data were combined into one data set, n = 1088), a multlple regression model having wind speed (W) and sampling depth (2) as inputs (log F = 2 6881og W 1.3221ogz 4.812) explained 54 % of the variance in surface layer turbulent dissipation rates (RMSE = + 5.5-fold). The potential for developing more precise empirical models of mixlng layer turbulent d~ssipation rates is h ~ g h and can be achieved by reporting wind conditions prior to, and during, turbulence measurements more thoroughly, and by collecting replicate turbulence profiles. The existing theoretical and empirical models are, however, adequate for many biological applications such as estimating the nature and magnitude of interactions among, and distributions of, many plankton taxa a s a result of wind forcing.
Quaternion Photometric Stereo for Rotation Invariant Surface Texture Classification

Problem statement: The escalating growth of computer vision applicati ons has increased the need for faster and more accurate image analysi s algorithms. One application of image analysis tha t has been studied for a long time is texture analysi s. The majority of existing texture analysis method s makes the explicit or implicit assumption that text ure images are acquired from the same viewpoint. This study presents a rotationally invariant descri ptor for textures with different orientations based on the Quaternion Representation. Approach: A novel Quaternion Photometric Stereo (QPS) was proposed for Rotation invariant classification of 3 D surface textures. QPS was constructed by placing each pixel of three images of same texture with dif ferent orientation into the three imaginary parts o f the quaternion, leaving the real part zero. The Pea k Distribution Norm Vector (PDNV) was extracted from the radial plot of the Quaternion Fourier spec trum as rotation invariant texture signature used f or texture classification. Results: The quaternion representation of stereo images was to be effective in the context of Rotation Invariant Texture classific ation. Conclusion: The proposed Quaternion approach gives a successful classification rate wit h computational advantages than the previously developed Monochrome and Color Photometric Stereo Methods.
Investment performance of Common stocks in relation to their PTR -For KOSPI and KOSDAQ common stocks, simulated stock investment

It is widely understood that the Research and development (R&D) is an investment activity. And the output is an intangible asset that should be reflected in the observed market value of the firm. Bosworth, D. and Rogers, M suggested in their work that R&D and patent activity are positively and significantly associated with market value. Also, K. -C. Chang et al. (2012) showed patents are widely adopted in research concerning relationship between patent counts and corporation performance. In research regarding the relationship between patent performance and corporation performances, many scholars have confirmed the positive relation between patent citations and market value of firm. We suggest one another indicator PTR, which evaluates the firm's technology value. The technology value includes firm's patented R&D output and patents the firm possessed by purchase. Accordingly, low PTR means that the value of firm's R&D activity is not fully reflected in security prices and investing portfolios with low PTR stocks will result in high investment performance. In the simulation of long term investment, there was a size effect. The findings of this study confirmed the PTR portfolios outperform the PER portfolios. Therefore managers should consider PTR and technology value when they make investment decisions. Especially, firms between market value of 50 to 100 billion KRW should consider PTR. Due to the size effect, considering technology value is more proper for those firms.
Nonlinear plasmonic frequency conversion through quasiphase matching

Received 9 September 2010; published 6 October 2010An efﬁcient frequency conversion scheme of surface-plasmon polariton SPP is proposed for nonlinearplasmonic applications. Lossy coupling wave equations are deduced to describe the interaction among involvedSPP frequency components. The reciprocal vector of a microstructure could partially compensate the SPPwave-vector mismatch through quasiphase matching QPM . As an example, the frequency doubling of SPPover a periodically poled lithium niobate is studied. The high-ﬁeld concentration of SPP greatly enhanced thesecond-harmonic generation SHG over a short traveling distance. Although the high attenuation of SPPaffects the SHG severely, a long-range SPP SHG is further proposed and investigated, which shows greatefﬁciency improvement. The applications of QPM SPP frequency conversion are also discussed showing greatpotentials in miniature plasmonic sources and processors.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82. 155107 PACS number s : 73.20. Mf, 42.65. Ky, 78.20. Bh
Influence of Personnel Interests on Formation of Modern Career

An increase of employees role in organization is determined by the set of changes of activity environment. Restructuring of the country‘s economy, perfection of technology, development of information society, changes in structure of organizations, globalization and internationalization make organizations change the attitude to the personnel. An increasing role of employee inside organization changes a standing attitude to employee‘s training, motivation, demand satisfaction and forces to look for the new possibilities to satisfy personnel interests. Modern career formation could be considered as complex measures that ensure coordination of interests of personnel and organization. Career integrates a set of partial possibilities of personnel interests satisfaction (motivation system, innovative methods of work organization, planning of individual career for all employees in organization, etc.). Modern organizations supporting a model of modern career are being formed under the influence of up-to-date changes. Therefore in order to realize a modern career model effectively we primailly need to research the interests of organization‘s personnel. The performed research showed that employees highlight the social psychological interests more than material ones. The results of the research proved that the tendencies of personnel interests in Lithuanian organizations are close to those of western countries. Judging on results of the research, appropriate measures of interests satisfaction should be applied in the enterprises. It should be noted that personnel interests profile formed during the investigation can‘t be considered a typical interests profile of employees of Lithuania. This requires research of a wider extent.
AN INVESTIGATION OF ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG PUBLIC EMPLOYEES IN

This paper examines the multi-dimensionality of organizational commitment and studies the relationships between its three components – affective (AC), normative (NC), continuance - taking into account the high personal sacrifice (CCH) and the low perceived alternative (CCL) sub-components - with the selected consequences as well as antecedent variables that are deemed to be suitable for and never been tested before in the Saudi Arabian culture (i.e. culture dimension, organizational citizen behaviour (OCB), intention to leave). It investigates how are the components are differentially associated with and mediate the relationship with the set of work behaviour. A sample of 700 employees from different organization levels from 16 Saudi ministries in Riyadh and Jeddah was used. Hypothesis testing through structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed the fit of the proposed recursive model ACOCC. Regression paths between antecedents - opportunity for learning, impersonal bureaucratic arrangement, collectivism/individualism, power distance, masculinity/femininity - and AC, CCH and NC were significant, in which intention to leave and OCB fully mediated by commitment components. The findings reveal important issues pertaining to cultural dimensions and have significant implications for the nature and management of commitment in Saudi Arabia and GCC countries.
Subsampling Cumulative Covariance Estimator

In this paper subsampling Cumulative Covariance (CC) estimator is investigated specially on the optimal numbers of its subgrids. Although Hayashi and Yoshida (2005) proposed CC estimator to solve nonsynchronous bias problem under non-noise assumption, recent studies suggest that subsampling of CC estimator works for microstructure noise. However, it is also recognized that optimizing the numbers of subgrids is not straightforward. We provide a framework to select the subgrids by minimizing finite sample mean squared error. Some Monte Carlo studies are carried out to confirm the theory.
Towards Programmer Knowledge Profile Generation

The following article deals with static analysis of source code in Java and it is intended for readers interested in techniques focused on evaluation of programming abilities of students or potential job candidates. The main objective of the static analysis is to collect the most relevant and signiﬁcant data about programmers. If such data is properly visualized, it can result in knowledge proﬁle which further determines programmer’s real programming abilities as well as his habits. This can be useful mainly for impartial observer who does not know the code author. In the following article we present our ﬁrst attempts to create and visualize knowledge proﬁles through static analysis and statistics regarding frequency of language elements. In perspective, the conclusion combines advanced techniques towards creation of more precise proﬁles as the future work.
Functions of Surfactant Proteins in Vivo Discerned by Gene Targeting in Transgenic Mice

Mammalian pulmonary surfactants contain four distinct surfactant proteins, termed surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D), that play unique roles in host defense, surfactant phospholipid homeostasis, and surfactant function. While in vitro studies supported overlapping roles for the surfactant proteins, unique functions for each surfactant protein were identified by studies in transgenic mice in which the surfactant proteins were deleted by gene targeting. Findings in transgenic mice lacking SP-A and SP-D demonstrated that each plays distinct roles in host defense, and in the regulation of surfactant structure and metabolism. Targeting of SP-B gene demonstrated its critical role in lung function after birth; mutations in the mouse or human SP-B gene caused respiratory failure in the immediate postnatal period. Likewise, mutations in the SP-C gene altered pulmonary function in mice. Thus, surfactant proteins play distinct and important roles in pulmonary function and host defense. The critical role of the reduction of surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome and the transition to air breathing after birth was recognized more than 40 years ago. 1 Surfactant phospholipids play a critical role in reducing surface tension in the alveolus, and the lack of surfactant causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. In subsequent years intense research activities were focused to determine the composition and function of pulmonary surfactants. 2 While consisting predominantly of phospholipids, mammalian surfactant also contain neutral lipids, fatty acids, and proteins. Four distinct surfactant proteins, now termed SP-A, SP-B, SP- C, and SP-D, were identified in pulmonary surfactants. In the human lung, surfactant proteins are synthesized and secreted by respiratory epithelial cells, including Type II epithelial cells in the alveolus, and subsets of non-ciliated secretory cells in tracheal glands and conducting airways. 3-6 The structures of surfactant proteins were further elucidated by cDNA cloning, nucleotide and polypeptide sequencing that provided their primary structures. More recently, the role of surfactant proteins in lung function was determined by gene targeting in transgenic mice.
Daytime identification of summer hailstorm cells from MSG data

Abstract. Identifying deep convection is of paramount importance, as it may be associated with extreme weather phenomena that have significant impact on the environment, property and populations. A new method, the hail detection tool (HDT), is described for identifying hail-bearing storms using multispectral Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) data. HDT was conceived as a two-phase method, in which the first step is the convective mask (CM) algorithm devised for detection of deep convection, and the second a hail mask algorithm (HM) for the identification of hail-bearing clouds among cumulonimbus systems detected by CM. Both CM and HM are based on logistic regression models trained with multispectral MSG data sets comprised of summer convective events in the middle Ebro Valley (Spain) between 2006 and 2010, and detected by the RGB (red-green-blue) visualization technique (CM) or C-band weather radar system of the University of Leon. By means of the logistic regression approach, the probability of identifying a cumulonimbus event with CM or a hail event with HM are computed by exploiting a proper selection of MSG wavelengths or their combination. A number of cloud physical properties (liquid water path, optical thickness and effective cloud drop radius) were used to physically interpret results of statistical models from a meteorological perspective, using a method based on these "ingredients". Finally, the HDT was applied to a new validation sample consisting of events during summer 2011. The overall probability of detection was 76.9 % and the false alarm ratio 16.7 %.
Magnetic dynamics of single-domain Ni nanoparticles

The dynamic magnetic properties of Ni nanoparticles diluted in an amorphous SiO2 matrix prepared from a modified sol–gel method have been studied by the frequency f dependence of the ac magnetic susceptibility χ(T). For samples with similar average radii ∼3–4 nm, an increase of the blocking temperature from TB∼20 to ∼40 K was observed for Ni concentrations of ∼1.5 and 5 wt %, respectively, assigned to the effects of dipolar interactions. Both the in-phase χ′(T) and the out-of-phase χ″(T) maxima follow the predictions of the thermally activated Neel–Arrhenius model. The effective magnetic anisotropy constant Keff inferred from χ″(T) vs f data for the 1.5 wt % Ni sample is close to the value of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bulk Ni, suggesting that surface effects are negligible in the present samples. In addition, the contribution from dipolar interactions to the total anisotropy energy Ea in specimens with 5 wt % Ni was found to be comparable to the intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy barrier.