Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Applicability of Behavioral Economics’ Tools to Policy Making Process Considering Sustainable Development Goals

Achieving sustainable development goals in a very dynamic and complicated world requires innovated solutions. As people are in the heart of the developmental process, understanding what motivates people and what drives their behaviors is a must for designing policies targeting the achievement of developmental goals. This paper aims to assess how the behavioral economics’ tools may be applied to directing people’s behaviors toward more sustainable activities and then contributing to achieve sustainable development goals. Using deductive qualitative approach, and a comparative analysis, the study explores and discusses to what extent insights and techniques from behavioral economics may affect and change policy making process and then public policies' outcomes specifically in the context of sustainable development disciplines. The results showed a vital role of behavioral economics tools in developing public policies in accordance to real behaviors of people which -in turn- help in achieving sustainable development goals. Moreover, it was concluded that changing humans' behaviors toward more sustainable patterns of life provides so many opportunities to strengthen the effectiveness of policies for sustainable development in both developed and developing countries. Using behavioral economics tools, policymakers can design more effective policies to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Spade Leaf Extract Phytosome Modulates Krox-20, Neuregulinـ1, Phospholipids, and Cognitive Function of Traumatic Brain Injury Model in Rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disorder of the central nervous system due to head trauma. TBI can damage nerve membrane phospholipids and decrease protein synthesis of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) because of the transcription factor Krox-20. These conditions cause the lowering in nerve re-myelination which contribute to the decline of cognitive function. In Indonesia, citicoline is a neuroprotective drug that widely used to repair and prevent further damage of the nerve cells membrane caused by trauma. Spade leaf ( Centella asiatica ) extract phytosome (SEP) is a model of drug delivery system which expected to enhance the therapeutic effects as neuroprotective drug. This study aims to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness from SEP and citicoline as a neuroprotective characterized by increasing the activation of Krox-20, the expression of NRG-1, the distribution of phospholipids, and the improvement of cognitive levels on TBI-induced rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups namely: control (-); control (+); treatment with SEP 90mg/kgBW; citicoline 250mg/kgBW, and SEP in combination with citicoline. Krox-20, NRG-1, and phospholipids expression were measured by immunohistochemical assay, while cognitive function were assessed with the Morris Water Maze test. According to ANOVA test results, it was showed that SEP improved the nerve cells through the activation of Krox-20, NRG-1 expression, and distribution of phospholipids significantly (p <0.05). Based on Morris Water Maze test, SEP also improved the cognitive function in TBI-induced rats. Thus, it can be concluded that spade leaf extract phytosome combined with citicoline increase a higher phospholipids distribution and give the fastest time in the cognitive tests compared with of spade leaf extract phytosome and citicoline alone. Keywords : NRG-1, Krox-20, phospholipids, phytosome, Centella asiatica.
Lymph Node T-Cells Induced By Live Attenuated Vaccines Protect Against SIV

More than thirty years of effort have gone into the development of an HIV vaccine. Several vaccine candidates have been tested, including whole killed virus, expressed proteins, and recombinant virus vectors (a non-HIV virus expressing HIV genes). However, the most effective vaccine strategy tested to date, capable of complete protection in a rhesus macaque model, involves the use of a live attenuated virus (LAV) (Daniel et al., 1992).
Women and fuelwood in Lupeta, Tanzania: Constraints to alternative fuels and fuelwood management strategies

ABSTRACT The women in Lupeta, Tanzania use fuelwood as the primary source of fuel. The choices and constraints women face in fuelwood collection were examined using walks with women and semi-structured interviews. Women primarily use fuelwood with limited charcoal use. They would prefer to use more charcoal but costs, limited income, competition and ownership of trees, and land constrains them in both fuelwood collection and alternative strategies.
Microbiological Characteristics of Fermented Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Sausage as The Result of Carrageenan Addition

Fermented sausages are the emulsion product and their stability is strongly determined by protein interaction which acts as an emulsifier along with binder compound in order to form cross-link. Thus the products become compact and resistant to the infection of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The current research was aimed to investigate the microbiological character-istics of sausage as the result of carrageenan addition. This descriptive re-search was repeated three times. The result revealed that pH will gradually decrease following to the length of fermentation. At the end of the fermen-tation, the lowest pH (4.84±0.01) found 2.5 % additional carrageenan. Addi-tion of carrageenan 1.25% up to 5% could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria 14th day onwards up to 28th day of fermentation, but not for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Surprisingly, on the last day of fermentation, carragee-nan did not affecting LAB growth. The growth of LAB on the treatment of 0 to 5 % carrageenan was not significantly different with 6.5134±0.08 and 6.6466±0.14 log CFU/ml, respectively. It is clear that the addition of carra-geenan to the concentration of 5% will only inhibit pathogenic bacteria but not for LAB.
Coordinated induction of apoptosis and extracellular matrix resorption reverses severe pulmonary vascular disease

Progressive pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) is characterized by smooth muscle ce11 (SMC) proliferation and migration Ieading to the formation of occlusive lesions. Reported in this thesis is the CO-distribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins fibronectin with migrating SMC and tenascin-C with proliferating SMCs in pulmonary arteries (PAS) from patients wi th congenital heart defects and pulmonq hypertension. As tenascin-C is regulated by mechanical stress, we investigated the response of SMCs in the whole vesse1 using either normal or hypertrophied PAS from piglets and rats embedded in 'attached' versus 'floating' collagen gels. While no difference in medial wdl thickness was observed with normal PAS, hypertrophied n t PAS showed increased elastase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, tenascin-C, and SMC proliferation correlating with progressive media1 thickening. In contrast, reduction of these features on floating collagen was related to induction of SMC apoptosis and loss of excess ECM, causing regression of the thickened media. This response was recapitulated by direct inhibition of either senne elastases or MMPs. However, selective repression of tenûscin-C by an tisense induced SMC apoptosis and arrested vascular thickening, but failed to induce regression. We related this to the concomitant expansion of a tenascin-independent SMC population which received proproliferative signals similar to tenascin-C frorn an alternative a& ligand, osteopontin. Induction of apoptosis and regression by proteinase inhibition was related to the unclustering of 63 integrins following loss of a& ligation to both tenascin-C and
Coordinated regulation of gene expression by E.coli chromatin proteins FIS and H-NS

Bacteria posses impressive ability to adapt to their environment. Adaptation is accomplished mainly by adjustment of the gene expression pattern. Studies on transcript profiling in E.coli demonstrated the existence of direct correlations between the global gene expression patterns and different phases. Previous work indicated that in E.coli the transcription is controlled by a global regulatory network whose main components are - DNA topoisomerases, chromatin proteins and the RNA polymerase. Aim of this project was to understand the structural mechanism of interaction of the components (DNA supercoiling and chromatin proteins) and the underlying functional coordination of gene expression in E.coli. To understand the molecular mechanism of the interplay, the problem was approached at two levels of complexity (1) global - using a novel DNA microarray-based approach combining mutations in the genes of chromatin proteins with directional changes of DNA superhelicity and (2) local - at the level of individual gene promoter, using tyrT promoter system. The study has led us to propose that the global transcription is spatiotemporally coordinated by the differential distribution of two types of information, 'analog' and 'digital'. The digital or discontinuous property of information is manifest in the pattern of expressed genes depending on the distribution of the analog component - DNA supercoiling - in different parts of the genome. The analog component is continuously converted in the pattern of expressed genes and vice versa, thereby modulating the physiology to a dynamic equilibrium. On the example of tyrT promoter we demonstrate how the sequence organization of the promoter determines the supercoiling sensitivity of the promoters. We also show that the transcription from a strong promoter, like tyrT, is a consequence of the local effect of binding of chromatin protein FIS at the promoter and the general effect of FIS on the average superhelical density of the DNA.
RISK PARAMETERS AND ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY dsRNA EXPOSURE IN FOLSOMIA CANDIDA

Assessing the risk of transgenic crop products is essential when determining the safety of a crop for deregulation and commercialization. United States and Foreign-based regulatory agencies and international standards institutions require a battery of tests to be performed on organisms that perform various ecosystem services. These assays are performed using ecotoxicology testing methods established for pesticides (Candolfi et al., 2001; Romeis et al., 2008; Rombke et al., 2009; Hilbeck et al., 2011). This methodology have been applied to testing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry protein toxins engineered into crop plants and a wealth of information exists on non-target organism (NTO) interaction. Toxicology assays are typically evaluated through a tier-based approach, where, if no or negligible risk is identified in lower tiers (oral toxicity or phenotypic changes), then a risk decision can be made. Long-term exposure studies are often performed after commercial release of the crop occurs and provide a more in depth understanding of impacts on the environment, such as the persistence of soil deposited Cry protein (Douville et al., 2007). Risk analyses have been recently performed on the next generation of GM-crops (expressing dsRNAs—focus on dsRNAs against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). These analyses have demonstrated the safety of ingested dsRNAs that were in vitro transcribed and have shown negligible negative impacts in several surrogate species. Here, we report the establishment and standardization of laboratory protocols for testing dsRNA produced in vitro through stability assays in the presence and absence of the nontarget surrogate detritivore, Folsomia candida. We show that in vitro transcribed dsRNA
Rapid Communication CD4 T cell control of acute and latent murine gammaherpesvirus infection requires IFNg

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gHV68, MHV-68)-specific CD4 T cells control gHV68 infection by reducing the frequency of latently infected cells and by inhibiting viral replication. We have previously demonstrated that CD4 Tcells do not require CD8 Tor B cells to control gHV68 replication, demonstrating a helper-independent activity of CD4 Tcells during gHV68 infection. The effector mechanism(s) required for this helper-independent function of CD4 Tcells and for the inhibition of the establishment of latency by CD4 Tcells are not known. Since IFNg has been previously shown to be important for control of acute, latent, and persistent gHV68 infection, we tested the hypothesis that CD4 T cells require IFNg to limit gHV68 latency and replication. We utilized a previously described system in which T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells (DO.11.10) and a recombinant virus (gHV68.OVA) allow for evaluation of high numbers of virus-specific CD4 T cells during both acute and latent infection. We show here that virus-specific CD4 T cells require IFNg for their anti-viral function in both acute and latent gHV68 infection. We additionally show that an in vitro derived T helper type 1 (TH1) CD4 T cell clone, which produces IFNg, inhibits gHV68 replication after adoptive transfer into RAG mice. Together, data presented here demonstrate that both CD4 T cell-mediated helper-independent control of gHV68 replication and inhibition of the establishment of gHV68 latency require IFNg.
Synthesis and biological activities of novel 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

New series of 3, 6-disubstituted-1, 2, 4-triazolo-[3, 4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (5a-j) have been synthesized by condensation of 3-aryl substituted-4-amino-5-mercapt-(4H) - 1, 2, 4-triazole (4a) with various aromatic acids in the presence of phophorus oxychloride. The structure of synthesized compound was supported by elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral data. The compounds 5a-j was screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger and antioxidant activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide methods. Among all the synthsised products, the compounds 5d, 5f and 5h bearing hydroxy phenyl ring in 6th position of triazolo-thiadiazole exhibited significant antifungal activity with MIC value at 6.25 μg/ml. All the compounds showed moderate to good antioxidant activity by both the methods.
The Influence of Turbidity on Prey Consumption in the Tessellated Darter

AbstractIncreased turbidity and the resulting decreases in water clarity have been shown to alter fish foraging behaviors in potentially detrimental ways. Given the ecological importance of darters of the genus Etheostoma and their dependence on visual cues, we examined the impact of a range of turbidity levels (3.5, 6, 10, 20, 22, and 25 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) on the number of prey consumed by the Tessellated Darter Etheostoma olmstedi. While a study of the Fountain Darter E. fonticola found that turbidity affected prey consumption at slightly elevated levels (≥8.7 NTU), we found no significant differences in consumption by the Tessellated Darter across turbidity levels. While there may be intragenus variation in the use of olfactory cues, another and perhaps more likely explanation is the difference in long-term exposure to a range of turbidities. The Fountain Darter is endemic to clear, primarily spring-fed rivers, whereas the Tessellated Darter is, comparatively speaking, a generalist th.
Effect of supplementing milk replacer with aromatic oregano (Oreganum onites L.) water on performance, immunity and general health profiles of Holstein calves

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of supplementing milk replacer (MR) with aromatic oregano (Origanum onite L.) water on weaning age, performance during the pre- and post-weaning periods, immune systems, blood parameters and general health of 40 Holstein Friesian calves. The calves fed with oregano water (OW)-supplemented MR were weaned earlier than those in the Control group. There were no statistical differences in the liveweight and body measurements among the groups at the weaning age and post-weaning period. The feed intake of the calves fed with OW was higher than that of calves in the Control group in the pre-weaning period. The OW supplementation significantly increased the faecal firmness of calves (P < 0.05). It also decreased the number of E. coli, Coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, but only the amount of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Non-pathogens, such as Lactic acid bacteria, were not affected by OW supplementation. The OW supplementation had no significant effect on hematologic and biochemical blood values. There was significant interaction between age and groups in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.05). The immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) values of calves were steadily higher than those of the calves in the Control group. The general health profiles of the calves improved. It can be concluded that MR containing 1–2% OW fed to calves in the early weaning period is a promising treatment to improve their wellbeing and shorten the weaning period.
Identification and Mechanistic Elucidation of the Rgg2/3 Quorum Sensing Circuit of Streptococcus pyogenes

Cell-cell communication, or quorum sensing, is a widespread phenomenon in bacteria used to coordinate gene expression among local populations. Its use by bacterial pathogens to regulate genes that promote invasion, defense, and spread, has been particularly well documented. With the ongoing emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, there is a current need for development of alternative therapeutic strategies. An anti-virulence approach by which quorum sensing is impeded has caught on as a viable means to manipulate bacterial processes, especially pathogenic traits that are harmful to human and animal health and agricultural productivity. Identification and development of chemical compounds and enzymes that facilitate quorum-sensing inhibition (QSI) by targeting signaling molecules, signal biogenesis, or signal detection are reviewed here. Overall, evidence suggests that QSI therapy may be efficacious against some, but not necessarily all bacterial pathogens, and several failures and ongoing concerns are discussed that will hopefully steer future studies in productive directions. Nevertheless, various QSI successes have rightfully perpetuated excitement surrounding new potential therapies, and this review highlights promising QSI leads disrupting pathogenesis in both plants and animals.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum - Experimental challenge and immune response

An experimental model for immersion challenge of rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease was established in the present study. Although injection-based infection models are reliable and produce high levels of mortality attempts to establish a reproducible immersion model have been less successful. Various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were evaluated before being used as a pre-treatment stressor prior to immersion exposure to F. psychrophilum. H2O2 accelerated the onset of mortality and increased mortality approximately two-fold; from 9.1% to 19.2% and from 14.7% to 30.3% in two separate experiments. Clinical signs observed in the infected fish corresponded to symptoms characteristically seen during natural outbreaks. These findings indicate that pre-treatment with H2O2 can increase the level of mortality in rainbow trout fry after exposure to F. psychrophilum. Citation: Henriksen MMM, Madsen L, Dalsgaard I (2013) Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Immersion Challenge of Rainbow Trout Fry with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. PLoS ONE 8(4): e62590. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0062590 Editor: Dongsheng Zhou, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, China Received December 14, 2012; Accepted March 22, 2013; Published April 30, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Henriksen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was performed as a part of the Danish Fish Immunology Research Centre and Network (DAFINET; www.dafinet.dk) supported by the Danish Council of Strategic Research (grant 2101-080017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: mmah@vet.dtu. dk
Laboratory culture of Moina with organic anainorganic fertilizers

An experiment was conducted in the laboratory condition to determine the effect of organic (poultry drop, cow dung and mustard oil cake) and inorganic fertilizer (urea) on production, reproduction rate and maturation time of Moina species. Production rate was also determined in both aerated and non-aerated system in plastic containers with carrying capacity of 2.5-liter each. Total production was significantly higher in both aerated (2475 individuals/2.5 l water) and non-aerated (3253 individuals/2.5 l water) containers using poultry manure compared to other fertilizers. Moreover, the reproduction rate and maturation time in poultry drops showed distinct efficacy in Moina species. Reproduction rate of 11 individuals was the maximal while lowest maturation time was found 78 hours. Reproduction and maturation were induced surprisingly in test tube where the aeration system was absent.
Polycomb Silencing of the Thor Gene

by HEATHER MARIE MASON-SUARES In addition to their well-known role in epigenetic silencing of the homeotic genes, Polycomb group (PcG) proteins have been implicated in a growing number of developmental processes. Homozygous mutations in the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) subunits E(Z), SU(Z)12, or both ESC and ESCL cause an imaginal disc growth defect. They survive through the larval period, due to maternal rescue, but have small imaginal discs that are unable to develop into adult structures, resulting in a failure to pupate. Here we report that E(z) homozygotes also exhibit a cell growth defect; the cells comprising their small imaginal discs are also smaller than normal. To identify potential direct targets of Polycomb silencing that might underlie the small disc phenotype; we searched a list of candidate genes for binding sites for DNA binding proteins found in wellcharacterized Polycomb Response Elements (PREs). Using this approach, we identified a putative PRE in the Thor gene, which encodes the global translational
Stress Response Monitoring of Photoautotrophic Higher Plant Suspension Cultures by Fluorescence Imaging for High-Throughput Toxic Compound Screening

Photoautotrophic suspension cultures have been established from various model and crop plants and proved to be valuable and robust experimental system to assess coordinated responses of primary and secondary metabolism to metabolic and stress related signals. The use of suspension cultures combines the ease of handling microalgae in microtiter plates with the advantage of testing physiological responses of higher plants, notably in combination with the assessment of the response of photosynthetic activity by PAM chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as well as monitoring changes in secondary metabolite production and ROS formation by steady state fluorescence of plant fluorophores or introduced fluorescent probes. Photoautotrophic cultures provide various advantages as fast, highly sensitive, robust and high-through-put experimental system for screening and characterization of the impact of toxic compounds on higher plants. This opinion article discusses and critically evaluates the potential of photoautotrophic cultures of higher plants in combination with fluorescence imaging assays in microtiter plates as a complement to existing guidelines for testing the toxicity of chemicals in plants.