Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Butterflies fly using efficient propulsive clap mechanism owing to flexible wings

Butterflies look like no other flying animal, with unusually short, broad and large wings relative to their body size. Previous studies have suggested butterflies use several unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms to boost force production with upstroke wing clap being a prominent feature. When the wings clap together at the end of upstroke the air between the wings is pressed out, creating a jet, pushing the animal in the opposite direction. Although viewed, for the last 50 years, as a crucial mechanism in insect flight, quantitative aerodynamic measurements of the clap in freely flying animals are lacking. Using quantitative flow measurements behind freely flying butterflies during take-off and a mechanical clapper, we provide aerodynamic performance estimates for the wing clap. We show that flexible butterfly wings, forming a cupped shape during the upstroke and clap, thrust the butterfly forwards, while the downstroke is used for weight support. We further show that flexible wings dramatically increase the useful impulse (+22%) and efficiency (+28%) of the clap compared to rigid wings. Combined, our results suggest butterflies evolved a highly effective clap, which provides a mechanistic hypothesis for their unique wing morphology. Furthermore, our findings could aid the design of man-made flapping drones, boosting propulsive performance.
A chromosome‐level genome of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain estampador) provides insights into the evolution of chemical and light perception in this crustacean

Mud crabs, found throughout the Indo‐Pacific region, are coastal species that are important fisheries resources in many tropical and subtropical Asian countries. Here, we present a chromosome‐level genome assembly of a mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). The genome is 1.55 Gb (contig N50 191 kb) in length and encodes 17,821 proteins. The heterozygosity of the assembled genome was estimated to be 0.47%. Effective population size analysis suggested that an initial large population size of this species was maintained until 200 thousand years ago. The contraction of cuticle protein and opsin genes compared with Litopenaeus vannamei is assumed to be correlated with shell hardness and light perception ability, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of three chemoreceptor gene families, the odorant receptor (OR), gustatory receptor (GR) and ionotropic receptor (IR) families, suggested that the mud crab has no OR genes and shows a contraction of GR genes and expansion of IR genes. The numbers of the three gene families were similar to those in three other decapods but different from those in two nondecapods and insects. In addition, IRs were more diversified in decapods than in nondecapod crustaceans, and most of the expanded IRs in the mud crab genome were clustered with the antennal IR clades. These findings suggested that IRs might exhibit more diverse functions in decapods than in nondecapods, which may compensate for the smaller number of GR genes. Decoding the S. paramamosain genome not only provides insight into the genetic changes underpinning ecological traits but also provides valuable information for improving the breeding and aquaculture of this species.
Anatomical asymmetries in the tectofugal pathway of dark-incubated domestic chicks: Rightwards lateralization of parvalbumin neurons in the entopallium

ABSTRACT The discovery of the role of light exposure for the development of lateralization in domestic chick embryos revolutionized this research field. However, two main issues remain unresolved: (i) while in chicks anatomical light-dependent lateralization is mostly confined to the thalamofugal visual pathway, in pigeons only the tectofugal pathway is lateralized after light exposure. However, no study in either species ever investigated anatomical lateralization in the entopallium, the forebrain station of the tectofugal pathway. (ii) It is now known that lateralization can be observed also in dark-incubated chicks, both at the behavioural and at the Immediate Early Gene-expression level. We hypothesized that lateralization of the tectofugal system may underlie these light-independent effects. To investigate structural lateralization in the tectofugal pathway of dark-incubated chicks, we used parvalbumin (PV) as a marker of a sub population of entopallial neurons, quantifying PV-ir cell densities in the left and right entopallium. We found higher density in the right hemisphere, revealing for the first time anatomical lateralization in entopallium and confirming its potential role in supporting lateralized brain processing in dark-incubated birds. Results are discussed in relation to the possible functional role of PV-ir cells in inhibitory neural functions.
Stem cells in pulmonary alveolar regeneration

ABSTRACT The lungs are constantly exposed to the external environment and are therefore vulnerable to insults that can cause infection and injury. Maintaining the integrity and barrier function of the lung epithelium requires complex interactions of multiple cell lineages. Elucidating the cellular players and their regulation mechanisms provides fundamental information to deepen understanding about the responses and contributions of lung stem cells. This Review focuses on advances in our understanding of mammalian alveolar epithelial stem cell subpopulations and discusses insights about the regeneration-specific cell status of alveolar epithelial stem cells. We also consider how these advances can inform our understanding of post-injury lung repair processes and lung diseases. Summary: The present Review focuses on advances in our understanding of mammalian alveolar epithelial stem cell subpopulations and discusses insights about the regeneration-specific cell status of alveolar epithelial stem cells.
Recent advances in the management of acute neurological problems in the ICU.

DOI:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000808 Undoubtedly, in the mind of most intensivists, the years 2020 and 2021 are likely to be remembered above all for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic and the management of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonitis and respiratory failure [1,2]. Yet, despite the pandemic, patient admission into ICUs continues across the globe. As we are likely to experience future pandemics, a deeper understanding of the impact of lock-downs on the influx of patients to ICUs, also those with brain injuries, is required. Regarding patients with an acute neurological problem, the findings of one recent study reported no differences in either the amount of, or the outcome for, patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) admitted to an academic neuro-ICU during the first wave of the pandemic [3]. Conversely, another study showed a clear decrease in the number of TBI patients admitted during a very strict lock-down [4]. The pandemic aside, the epidemiology of brain injury patients treated in the ICU is likely to change during the upcoming years, and this will have major ramifications on the system [5]. In the current issue of Current Opinion in Critical Care, recent developments in the care of patients with acute neurological problems are discussed. The entity ‘acute neurological problems’ encompasses several disease states, but in this set of published reviews, the focus was particularly on the management of patients with TBI and SAH. It also covers more general aspects of intensive care, including mechanical ventilation and rehabilitation. Crucial for the patient with a brain injury is, above all, the major impact of their condition on long-term outcomes and the extremely high treatment costs following their discharge from the hospital [6]. As the population ages, more elderly patients with TBI will require ICU care [7]. Moreover, the types of injuries encountered are changing from high energy impacts towards lower energy injuries, including ground level falls. The initial presentation of patients may be perceived as being less severe, as many patients do not present with coma. However, this will not necessarily preclude the need for ICU management and surgery.
Developing an evidence assessment framework and appraising the academic literature on migrant health in Malaysia: a scoping review

Background A large number of international migrants in Malaysia face challenges in obtaining good health, the extent of which is still relatively unknown. This study aims to map the existing academic literature on migrant health in Malaysia and to provide an overview of the topical coverage, quality and level of evidence of these scientific studies. Methods A scoping review was conducted using six databases, including Econlit, Embase, Global Health, Medline, PsycINFO and Social Policy and Practice. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted in Malaysia, peer-reviewed, focused on a health dimension according to the Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative (BARHII) framework, and targeted the vulnerable international migrant population. Data were extracted by using the BARHII framework and a newly developed decision tree to identify the type of study design and corresponding level of evidence. Modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used to assess study quality, and a multiple-correspondence analysis (MCA) was conducted to identify associations between different variables. Results 67 publications met the selection criteria and were included in the study. The majority (n=41) of studies included foreign workers. Over two-thirds (n=46) focused on disease and injury, and a similar number (n=46) had descriptive designs. The average quality of the papers was low, yet quality differed significantly among them. The MCA showed that high-quality studies were mostly qualitative designs that included refugees and focused on living conditions, while prevalence and analytical cross-sectional studies were mostly of low quality. Conclusion This study provides an overview of the scientific literature on migrant health in Malaysia published between 1965 and 2019. In general, the quality of these studies is low, and various health dimensions have not been thoroughly researched. Therefore, researchers should address these issues to improve the evidence base to support policy-makers with high-quality evidence for decision-making.
Reference values and subscale patterns for the task load index (TLX): a meta-analytic review

Abstract The Task Load Index (TLX) is the predominant instrument for self-reporting workload. On the basis of a meta-analytic review of 556 studies, this paper supplies reference values for TLX and its six subscales across domains, technologies, regions, and real-life/lab settings. Across domains, TLX spans mean values from 35 for leisure to 56 for manual labour. TLX tends to be driven upward by the subscales of mental demand and effort and downward by the subscales of physical demand and frustration. For technologies, handheld devices are associated with lower TLX, possibly because they are simpler and more task-specific. TLX also varies across regions in that it is higher for studies in Asia than in Europe and North America. This variation is only partly explained by co-variation in domains. Furthermore, TLX is higher and its subscales more inter-correlated when it is studied in real-life rather than lab settings. Practitioner summary: Practitioners can use the reference values supplied in this paper to benchmark their TLX measurements against those from the corpus of TLX research. Furthermore, the reported subscale patterns add to the diagnostic power of the TLX instrument. Abbreviations: TLX: task load index; MD: mental demand; PD: physical demand; TD: temporal demand; EF: effort; PE: performance; FR: frustration
Effects of storage practices on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation of preterm formula milk.

BACKGROUND Preterm formula milk (FM) is often prepared in advance, potentially affecting nutritional quality. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), important for brain and immune system function, are prone to lipid peroxidation, which correlates with comorbidities of prematurity. The effects of clinical storage practices on LCPUFA content and lipid peroxidation of preterm FM were investigated. METHODS UK liquid and powder preterm FM (2017) (from two manufacturers) were subjected to routine storage conditions (liquid: refrigeration ≤10 h; powder: weekly preparation in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and refrigeration ≤24 h for 4 weeks). LCPUFA content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) content were analysed. RESULTS Storage did not significantly decrease LCPUFA content. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommended LCPUFA intake, whereas in utero accretion rates could not be achieved with both FM brands (liquid and powder). Lipid peroxidation was evident on opening, with 6× higher levels in powder. No effect of ≤10-h refrigeration on peroxidation was seen in liquid FM. In powder FM, it increased over refrigeration (HNE opening: 6.5-9.7 µg mL-1 versus day 28, 24 h: 16.6-36.5 µg mL-1 ) with a significant interaction between storage time and refrigeration (P = 0.015), with higher HNE at 4 h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that preterm FM and storage conditions do not support in utero accretion rates for LCPUFAs. Although the results suggest different susceptibility of liquid and powder FM to peroxidation upon refrigeration, they are too preliminary to make specific recommendations. We suggest minimising storage time of fresh and prepared powder FM, wherever possible.
Organic matter in size‐density fractions after 16–50 years of grass ley, cereal cropping and organic amendments

Size‐density fractionation, which was originally developed to examine short‐term decomposition of added material in sandy soil, was highly sensitive to medium‐ to long‐term changes in loam and clay soils. Materials from different size classes (>1 mm, 0.1–1 mm, 0.05–0.1 mm and <0.05 mm) were separated by density into light (ρ < 1.0 g cm−3), medium (1.0 < ρ < 1.85 g cm−3) and heavy (ρ > 1.85 g cm−3) fractions. In 16–18‐year cropping experiments the 0.1–1‐mm heavy fraction contained 17–19% of total carbon in ley soils compared with 7% in continuously cropped soils. Greater N‐mineralization rates after sieving of ley cropped soils could not be related to differences in C:N ratios of fractions, but this was assumed to be related to exposure of aggregate‐binding agents. In a 50‐year trial 40% of total soil carbon was contained in the 0.1–1‐mm heavy fraction in soil treated with sewage sludge compared with 7–9% in the fallow and ‘zero N’ treatments. Thus, the soils studied expressed an aggregate hierarchy dependent on organic carbon dynamics. The relative abundance of carbon in heavy organo‐mineral fractions >0.1 mm was inversely related to the relative abundance of C in black‐brown medium density material <0.1 mm, defined as uncomplexed particulate organic matter that was presumably released during ultrasonic disruption deterioration of finer (<0.1 mm) aggregated organo‐mineral particles. The size density fractionation allowed identification of materials of contrasting visual appearance, chemical qualities and, by inference, biological turnover times. However, they were found to be predominantly composite fractions and may be too complex to be represented by unique model pools.
Towards a methodology for filtering out gaps and mismatches across wordnets: the case of plWordNet and Princeton WordNet

This paper presents the results of large-scale noun synset mapping between plWordNet, the wordnet of Polish, and Princeton WordNet, the wordnet of English, which have shown high predominance of inter-lingual hyponymy relation over inter-synonymy relation. Two main sources of such effect are identified in the paper: differences in the methodologies of construction of plWN and PWN and cross-linguistic differences in lexicalization of concepts and grammatical categories between English and Polish. Next, we propose a typology of specific gaps and mismatches across wordnets and a rule-based system of filters developed specifically to scan all I(inter-lingual)-hyponymy links between plWN and PWN. The proposed system, it should be stressed, also enables one to pinpoint the frequencies of the identified gaps and mismatches.
Functional assessment of morphological homoplasy in stem-gnathostomes

Osteostraci and Galeaspida are stem-gnathostomes, occupying a key phylogenetic position for resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor from which jawed vertebrates evolved more than 400 million years ago. Both groups are characterized by the presence of rigid headshields that share a number of common morphological traits, in some cases hindering the resolution of their interrelationships and the exact nature of their affinities with jawed vertebrates. Here, we explore the morphological and functional diversity of osteostracan and galeaspid headshields using geometric morphometrics and computational fluid dynamics to constrain the factors that promoted the evolution of their similar morphologies and informing on the ecological scenario under which jawed vertebrates emerged. Phylomorphospace, Mantel analysis and Stayton metrics demonstrate a high degree of homoplasy. Computational fluid dynamics reveals similar hydrodynamic performance among morphologically convergent species, indicating the independent acquisition of the same morphofunctional traits and, potentially, equivalent lifestyles. These results confirm that a number of the characters typically used to infer the evolutionary relationships among galeaspids, osteostracans and jawed vertebrates are convergent in nature, potentially obscuring understanding of the assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan. Ultimately, our results reveal that while the jawless relatives of the earliest jawed vertebrates were ecologically diverse, widespread convergence on the same hydrodynamic adaptations suggests they had reached the limits of their potential ecological diversity—overcome by jawed vertebrates and their later innovations.
A functional assembly framework based on implementable neurobionic material

Abstract Neurobionic material is an emerging field in material and translational science. For material design, much focus has already been transferred from von Neumann architecture to the neuromorphic framework. As it is impractical to reconstruct the real neural tissue solely from materials, it is necessary to develop a feasible neurobionics framework to realize advanced brain function. In this study, we proposed a mathematical neurobionic material model, and attempted to explore advanced function only by simple and feasible structures. Here an equivalent simplified framework was used to describe the dynamics expressed in an equation set, while in vivo study was performed to verify simulation results. In neural tissue, the output of neurobionic material was characterized by spike frequency, and the stability is based on the excitatory/inhibitory proportion. Spike frequency in mathematical neurobionic material model can spontaneously meet the solution of a nonlinear equation set. Assembly can also evolve into a certain distribution under different stimulations, closely related to decision making. Short‐term memory can be formed by coupling neurobionic material assemblies. In vivo experiments further confirmed predictions in our mathematical neurobionic material model. The property of this neural biomimetic material model demonstrates its intrinsic neuromorphic computational ability, which should offer promises for implementable neurobionic device design.
Effect of the Inclination on Three-Dimensional Incompressible Fluid Flow in a Discretely Heated Cavity

Natural convection in inclined cubic cavity, discretely heated, is studied numerically using a three-dimensional finite volume formulation. Two heating square portions are placed on the vertical wall of the enclosure, while the rest of the considered wall is adiabatic. These sections, similar to the integrated electronic components, generate a heat flux q". The opposite vertical wall is maintained at a cold uniform temperature Tc and the other walls are adiabatic. The fluid flow and heat transfer in the cavity are studied for different sets of the governing parameters, namely the Rayleigh number Ra (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 107), the cavity inclination γ (- 45° ≤ γ ≤ 45°) and the position of the heating sections λ (0.3 ≤ λ ≤ 0.7). The dimensions of the heater sections, ε = D / H and the longitudinal aspect ratio of the cavity Ax = H / L are respectively fixed to 0.35 and 1.
plWordNet in Word Sense Disambiguation task

The paper explores the application of plWordNet, a very large wordnet of Polish, in weakly supervised Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Because plWordNet provides only partial descriptions by glosses and usage examples, and does not include sense-disambiguated glosses, PageRank-based WSD methods perform slightly worse than for English. However, we show that the use of weights for the relation types and the order in which lexical units have been added for sense re-ranking can significantly improve WSD precision. The evaluation was done on two Polish corpora (KPWr and Składnica) including manual WSD. We discuss the fundamental difference in the construction of both corpora and very different test results.
Relative intensities of components of quadrupolar‐split multiplets in NMR spectra: Rationale for a simple rule

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in a uni- formly anisotropic environment like a stretched gel usually display multiplets of resonances whose components have particular relative intensities. We present the multiplicities and relative integrals of the components of the quadrupolar-split resonances in experimental NMR spectra of a series of quadrupolar nuclei in stretched gels. We give an intuitive expla- nation of the physical basis of the multiplicity and a simple mathematical formula that ena- bles one to calculate the values of their relative intensities given the spin quantum number of the nuclei. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 40A: 90-99, 2012.
Atypical Outcomes of Nasal and Lip Appearance After Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair: Judgment by Professionals, Patients, and Laypeople

Objective: To gain more insight into the assessment of “atypical” nasal and lip appearance outcomes compared to “typical” appearance outcomes after unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) repair, when judged by professionals, patients with repaired UCLP, and laypeople. Design: An online survey containing 3 series of photographs with various degrees of “typical” and “atypical” nasal and lip appearance outcomes after UCLP repair was sent to 30 professionals, 30 patients with repaired UCLP, and 50 laypeople in 2 countries. Participants were instructed to rank the photographs from excellent to poor based on overall appearance. Mean rank positions of photographs were analyzed and differences in mean rank score between “typical” and “atypical” results were assessed using a T-test. Agreement of ranking between the 3 groups was assessed with an analysis of variance analysis. Setting: Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Netherlands and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA. Patients: Photographs of 6- to 18-year-old patients with repaired UCLP. Results: “Atypical” appearance outcomes were ranked significantly less favorably (small nostril: P = 0.00; low vermillion border: P = 0.02; whistling deformity: P = 0.00) compared to “typical” outcomes. Difference between professionals, patients and laypeople in rank positioning the photographs was not statistically significant (P = 0.89). Conclusions: Noses with a smaller nostril and lips containing a whistling deformity were perceived as poorer outcome compared to the “typical” results. Professionals, patients, and laypeople are in agreement when assessing these outcomes.