Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Smallest snarks with oddness 4 and cyclic connectivity 4 have order 44

The family of snarks -- connected bridgeless cubic graphs that cannot be 3-edge-coloured -- is well-known as a potential source of counterexamples to several important and long-standing conjectures in graph theory. These include the cycle double cover conjecture, Tutte's 5-flow conjecture, Fulkerson's conjecture, and several others. One way of approaching these conjectures is through the study of structural properties of snarks and construction of small examples with given properties. In this paper we deal with the problem of determining the smallest order of a nontrivial snark (that is, one which is cyclically 4-edge-connected and has girth at least 5) of oddness at least 4. Using a combination of structural analysis with extensive computations we prove that the smallest order of a snark with oddness at least 4 and cyclic connectivity 4 is 44. Formerly it was known that such a snark must have at least 38 vertices [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 103 (2013), 468--488] and one such snark on 44 vertices was constructed by Lukot'ka et al. [Electron. J. Combin. 22 (2015), #P1.51]. The proof requires determining all cyclically 4-edge-connected snarks on 36 vertices, which extends the previously compiled list of all such snarks up to 34 vertices [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, loc. cit.]. As a by-product, we use this new list to test the validity of several conjectures where snarks can be smallest counterexamples.
Detection of Mean-Reverting Phenomenon from American Stocks with Unsupervised Techniques

This study aims to present different techniques in order to capture the mean reverting phenomenon on the market. The data used are the return of 398 assets extracted from American stocks over the period 2004-2017. To capture this structure, it is necessary to use algorithms such as principal component analysis, sparse principal component analysis, which eliminates noise compared to the first technique. Neural networks are also tested, autoencoders and LSTMs. These four algorithms enable us to reconstruct the returns. This reconstruction is compared with actual returns. The difference between actual returns and their reconstructions is considered as an anomaly. Indeed, if a daily actual return differs from the reconstructed return, this means that the real value does not correspond to the market structure. The mean-reverting in a market assumes that if a return deviates from the expected value then it will return to its standard value imposed by the market structure. Thus, this anomaly suggests taking a position of buying or selling for the concerned action. We construct strategies using anomalies that make it possible to compose portfolios on a daily basis. As result, the study shows that the strategies are generally successful over the test period, which validates the existence of mean-reverting on the market.
Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat

Purpose of review This review will provide the reader with an update on our understanding of the adverse effects of fatty acid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Recent studies will be reviewed. Cellular mechanisms involved in the lipotoxic response will be discussed. Physiologic responses to lipid overload and therapeutic approaches to decreasing lipid accumulation will be discussed, as they add to our understanding of important pathophysiologic mechanisms. Recent findings Excess lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues may arise in the setting of high plasma free fatty acids or triglycerides. Alternatively, lipid overload results from mismatch between free fatty acid import and utilization. Evidence from human studies and animal models suggests that lipid accumulation in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, liver, and kidney play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure, obesity and diabetes. Excess free fatty acids may impair normal cell signaling, causing cellular dysfunction. In some circumstances, excess free fatty acids induce apoptotic cell death. Summary Recent studies provide clues regarding the cellular mechanisms that determine whether excess lipid accumulation is well tolerated or cytotoxic. Critical in this process are physiologic mechanisms for directing excess free fatty acids to specific tissues as well as cellular mechanisms for channeling excess fatty acid to particular metabolic fates. Insight into these mechanisms may contribute to the development of more effective therapies for common human disorders in which lipotoxicity contributes to pathogenesis.
A Quantitative Performance Study on CAN and CAN FD Vehicular Networks

The amount of electronic systems in agriculture machinery grows, becoming more complex and multifunctional. Due to the increasing number of devices connected to the network and the complexity of their functions, the current controller area network (CAN) becomes overloaded and CAN with flexible data rate (CAN FD) emerges as an alternative. This paper presents the simulation of an agriculture machine vehicular network using the higher layer protocols J1939 and ISO11783 (ISOBUS) and the performance comparison of the network using CAN, CAN FD 8 B and CAN FD 64 B. The presented contribution is mainly twofold: the proposal of an SAE J1939/ISOBUS compliant CAN FD 64 B model for a highly demanding vehicular network, and a detailed analysis of the real-time properties of this model compared to CAN and CAN FD 8 B. In the performed experiments, on the network permanent regime, periodic messages of machine control functions and network management data were sent by the devices connected to the network. The bus load usage, the response time, and jitter of these messages were analyzed to evaluate the real-time characteristics of the network. Compared to CAN, CAN FD had faster object pool transference, lower bus load usage, shorter worst case response time, and lower jitter.
Lipids in the nutritional support of the critically ill patients

Purpose of reviewThis review reports recent findings on lipid use in artificial nutrition in patients with acute respiratory failure or severe sepsis or undergoing major surgery. It examines current knowledge of fatty acid safety, biologic effects, and the impact on patients’ morbidity and mortality. The newly emerging area of genotypic influence and timing of immunonutrition is also discussed. Recent findingsIn acute respiratory distress syndrome, the debate concerning the use of long-chain fatty acids as opposed to physical mixtures of medium- and long-chain fatty acids, specifically regarding their effects on gas exchange and pulmonary hemodynamics, still remains unresolved. By contrast, providing fish oil fatty acids (mainly eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) and/or γ-linolenic acid, seems to decrease harmful excessive inflammatory/immune activation and to improve clinical outcome. Similar effects, although not conclusively demonstrated, have been reported for n-3 fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsions in patients with sepsis. Few recent studies examined the impact of n-3 fatty acid-enriched enteral formulas on patients undergoing major surgery. Most studies focused on intravenous fish oil and suggest beneficial effects both on inflammatory/immune parameters and patient outcome. Studies suggest that lipid use in critically ill patients may be improved by increased knowledge of genetic determinants of severity of injury and response to therapeutic agents as well as by the development of tools that allow better timing of immunonutritional intervention. SummaryOverall, lipids, in particular n-3 fatty acids, emerge as powerful nutrients with pharmacologic properties potentially improving prognosis in critically ill patients. However, heterogeneity in study design makes the interpretation of available studies difficult. Consequently, larger prospective, randomized, double-blind trials with comparable methodologies are necessary for detailed evaluation of the pharmacologic impact of lipids. In addition, a better knowledge of the influence of genotypic variation and postinjury inflammatory/immune temporal patterns may improve our current therapeutic use of various fatty acids.
Fewer adults add salt at the table after initiation of a national salt campaign in the UK: a repeated cross-sectional analysis

In 2003, the UK Food Standards Agency and the Department of Health began attempts to reduce national salt intakes via reformulation of processed foods and a consumer awareness campaign on the negative impacts of salt on health. The present study uses large nationally representative samples of households in England to assess whether discretionary salt use was affected by the national salt reduction campaign. Large cross-sectional datasets from the Health Survey for England were used to analyse trends in adults adding salt at the table between 1997 and 2007. Since 1997, there has been a steady decline in salt use at the table. Ordinal logistic regression analysis controlling for age, sex, total household income, region, ethnicity and background trends revealed that the reduction in salt use was significantly greater after the campaign (OR 0·58; 95 % CI 0·54, 0·63). Women (OR 0·71; 95 % CI 0·68, 0·74), non-white ethnic groups (OR 0·69; 95 % CI 0·62, 0·77), high-income households (OR 0·75; 95 % CI 0·69, 0·82), middle-income households (OR 0·79; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·84) and households in central (OR 0·90; 95 % CI 0·84, 0·98) or the south of England (OR 0·82; 95 % CI 0·77, 0·88) were less likely to add salt at the table. The results extend previous evidence of a beneficial response to the salt campaign by demonstrating the effect on salt use at the table. Future programmatic and research efforts may benefit from targeting specific population groups and improving the evidence base for evaluating the impact of the campaign.
Orosomucoid Proteins Interact with the Small Subunit of Serine Palmitoyltransferase and Contribute to Sphingolipid Homeostasis and Stress Responses in Arabidopsis[OPEN]

Loss of function of the orosomucoid proteins stimulates the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids, causes an early senescence phenotype, and enhances resistance to oxidative stress and pathogen infection. Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a pyridoxyl-5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. In humans and yeast, orosomucoid proteins (ORMs) negatively regulate SPT and thus play an important role in maintaining sphingolipid levels. Despite the importance of sphingoid intermediates as bioactive molecules, the regulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis through SPT is not well understood in plants. Here, we identified and characterized the Arabidopsis thaliana ORMs, ORM1 and ORM2. Loss of function of both ORM1 and ORM2 (orm1 amiR-ORM2) stimulated de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, leading to strong sphingolipid accumulation, especially of long-chain bases and ceramides. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ORM1 and ORM2 physically interact with the small subunit of SPT (ssSPT), indicating that ORMs inhibit ssSPT function. We found that orm1 amiR-ORM2 plants exhibited an early-senescence phenotype accompanied by H2O2 production at the cell wall and in mitochondria, active vesicular trafficking, and formation of cell wall appositions. Strikingly, the orm1 amiR-ORM2 plants showed increased expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress and defenses and also had enhanced resistance to oxidative stress and pathogen infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that ORMs interact with SPT to regulate sphingolipid homeostasis and play a pivotal role in environmental stress tolerance in plants.
Enterprise vs. product logic: the industrial reorganisation corporation and the rationalisation of the British electrical/electronics industry

Abstract This article examines how the corporate economy was shaped by government intervention through the facilitation of mergers by the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation (IRC) during the late 1960s. We focus on the IRC-led realignment of the electrical/electronics sector applying a conceptual framework to archival material relating to this sector. We find evidence that the mergers were informed by an enterprise-level view of the market while disregarding product-level decision-making and conclude that the IRC vision for the sector widely ignored the product-level logic associated with the designing, making and selling functions. Instead, they relied on assessments of enterprise-level management character.
Glaucoma management in developing countries: medical, laser, and surgical options for glaucoma management in countries with limited resources

Purpose of review Most people affected by glaucoma live in developing countries. Recent trials and reports provide sound evidence for management of glaucoma. This review extrapolates relevant articles to the developing world. Recent findings The predictive value of gonioscopy for progression of primary angle closure suspects (PACS) to primary angle closure (PAC) is only 22% (95% CI: 9.80–34.2). PACS are not uncommon; laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is neither indicated nor feasible for all. Twenty-eight and a half percent of PAC progress to primary angle closure glaucoma; the number needed to treat (NNT) for LPI to prevent progression is only 4. Laser peripheral iridoplasty controls acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) faster than medical therapy alone. Primary lens extraction has also been suggested as treatment for AACG after control of the acute attack. A 5-year NNT for ocular hypertension (OH) of 20 is too high to allow treatment of all OH. High-risk OH and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) have an NNT of 5 to 6 and merit treatment. Latanoprost and brimonidine are effective in lowering IOP in Asian eyes with POAG, but primary surgical therapy may be a more viable option. For cataract and coexistent glaucoma requiring filtration, trabeculectomy combined with the Blumenthal technique of cataract surgery may be as effective as trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification. Summary The principles of glaucoma management should be the same the world over. Considering the paucity of resources and competing opportunity costs, countries with limited resources have to extrapolate available information in a sensible and cost-effective manner.
Combining territory and competitiveness in EU Regional Policy? Analyzing ERDF investment profiles in regions with specific geographical features

ABSTRACT The policy priorities of European Union Regional Policy, particularly the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), shifted significantly between the 2000–06 and 2007–13 programming periods. The former period was based on a redistributive mechanism favouring the least favoured regions; the latter period was based mainly on growth-oriented objectives for all regions across the European Union. Focusing upon islands, mountains and sparsely populated regions, this paper explores the extent to which the shift in policy focus towards promoting ‘growth’ influenced the way in which the ERDF was used (or not) in these regions. The findings raise a number of policy insights related to addressing the inherent ‘territorial tensions’ in European Union Regional Policy.
Acute Stroke Care in the US: Results from 4 Pilot Prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry

Background and Purpose— The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry is being developed to improve the quality of acute stroke care. This article describes key features of acute stroke care from 4 prototype registries in Georgia (Ga), Massachusetts (Mass), Michigan (Mich), and Ohio. Methods— Each prototype developed its own sampling scheme to obtain a representative sample of hospitals. Acute stroke admissions were identified using prospective (Mass, Mich) or retrospective (Ga, Ohio) methods. All prototypes used a common set of case definitions and data elements. Weighted site-specific frequencies were generated for each outcome. Results— A total of 6867 admissions from 98 hospitals were included; the majority were ischemic strokes (range, 52% to 70%) with transient ischemic attack and intracerebral hemorrhage comprising the bulk of the remainder. Between 19% and 26% of admissions were younger than age 60 years, and between 52% and 58% were female. Black subjects varied from 7.1% (Mich) to 30.6% (Ga). Between 20% and 25% of admissions arrived at the emergency department within 3 hours of onset. Treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was administered to between 3.0% (Ga) and 8.5% (Mass) of ischemic stroke admissions. Of 118 subjects treated with intravenous rtPA, <20% received it within 60 minutes of arrival. Compliance with secondary prevention practices was poorest for smoking cessation counseling and best for antithrombotics. Conclusions— A minority of acute stroke patients are treated according to established guidelines. Quality improvement interventions, targeted primarily at the health care systems level, are needed to improve acute stroke care in the United States.
Aberrant DNA Methylation at Genes Associated with a Stem Cell-like Phenotype in Cholangiocarcinoma Tumors

Genetic abnormalities of cholangiocarcinoma have been widely studied; however, epigenomic changes related to cholangiocarcinogenesis have been less well characterized. We have profiled the DNA methylomes of 28 primary cholangiocarcinoma and six matched adjacent normal tissues using Infinium's HumanMethylation27 BeadChips with the aim of identifying gene sets aberrantly and epigenetically regulated in this tumor type. Using a linear model for microarray data, we identified 1610 differentially methylated autosomal CpG sites, with 809 hypermethylated (representing 603 genes) and 801 hypomethylated (representing 712 genes) in cholangiocarcinoma versus adjacent normal tissues (false-discovery rate ≤ 0.05). Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analyses identified gene sets significantly associated with hypermethylation at linked CpG sites in cholangiocarcinoma including homeobox genes and target genes of PRC2, EED, SUZ12, and histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27. We confirmed frequent hypermethylation at the homeobox genes HOXA9 and HOXD9 by bisulfite pyrosequencing in a larger cohort of cholangiocarcinoma (n = 102). Our findings indicate a key role for hypermethylation of multiple CpG sites at genes associated with a stem cell-like phenotype as a common molecular aberration in cholangiocarcinoma. These data have implications for cholangiocarcinogenesis, as well as possible novel treatment options using histone methyltransferase inhibitors. Cancer Prev Res; 6(12); 1348–55. ©2013 AACR.
Correlation between invariant chain expression level and capability to present antigen to MHC class II-restricted T cells.

In this study we investigated the role of the invariant chain (li) in the presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and measles virus hemagglutinin (HA) antigens to MHC class II-restricted T hybridoma cells. Fibroblastic cells transfected with Ed or Ak genes, and supertransfected or not with the li gene, were used as antigen-presenting cells (APC). For every APC pair analysed, the amount of exogenous antigen needed to obtain a T-cell response was inversely correlated with the level of li expression. Exogenously provided HEL was efficiently presented by li-supertransfected APC at doses of 10 micrograms/ml or below. In contrast, non-li transfected fibroblastic cells, which express a low level of endogenous li, required at least 10 times more HEL to stimulate most of the T hybridoma cells. Analogous results were also obtained using exogenous HA. Finally, two different experiments suggest that basal li expressed in fibroblastic cells is involved in the presentation of exogenous antigen. In the first one, we showed that li/class II ratio was increased in high-density grown fibroblastic cells and that this increase correlates with the ability of the cells to present exogenous antigen. In the second, treating high-density grown cells with an antisense li oligodeoxynucleotide could impair their ability to present exogenous HEL. We also examined the presentation of endogenously-synthesized HEL or HA after introduction of the antigen into the biosynthetic pathway of the APC by transfection of HEL and HA cDNAs. There was no apparent difference in the capability of high density grown fibroblastic cells, transfected or not with li gene, to present endogenous HEL or HA. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation and Characterization of Cyclopolymerizable Resin Formulations

An amine-catalyzed reaction between acrylates and formaldehyde has been used to convert mono-acrylates to difunctional monomers and di-acrylates to multifunctional oligomers by linking the acrylic double bonds together in 1,6-diene pairs. The resulting monomers and oligomers undergo efficient cyclopolymerization to high conversion with significantly less shrinkage than normally found for acrylates. In this study, a convenient single-step process was used with mixtures of mono- and di-acrylate starting materials to produce a series of resins with potential for effective cyclopolymerization. Incremental changes in the ethyl acrylate (EA) to ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate (EBPAD) ratio directly supplied cyclopolymerizable resins with a broad range of viscosities and product distributions. Those resins produced from reaction mixtures rich in EA have low viscosities because of high diluent monomer contents and limited oligomerization of EBPAD due to end-cap formation. Resin viscosity and average molecular weight of the oligomeric component of the resin were inversely related to the amount of EA used in the reaction. Through the choice of reactants and their ratio, this simple technique has the potential to provide cyclopolymerizable resins for use in a variety of dental polymer applications.
Myocardial perfusion MRI with sliding‐window conjugate‐gradient HYPR

First‐pass perfusion MRI is a promising technique for detecting ischemic heart disease. However, the diagnostic value of the method is limited by the low spatial coverage, resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and cardiac motion‐related image artifacts. In this study we investigated the feasibility of using a method that combines sliding window and CG‐HYPR methods (SW‐CG‐HYPR) to reduce the acquisition window for each slice while maintaining the temporal resolution of one frame per heartbeat in myocardial perfusion MRI. This method allows an increased number of slices, reduced motion artifacts, and preserves the relatively high SNR and spatial resolution of the “composite images. ” Results from eight volunteers demonstrate the feasibility of SW‐CG‐HYPR for accelerated myocardial perfusion imaging with accurate signal intensity changes of left ventricle blood pool and myocardium. Using this method the acquisition time per cardiac cycle was reduced by a factor of 4 and the number of slices was increased from 3 to 8 as compared to the conventional technique. The SNR of the myocardium at peak enhancement with SW‐CG‐HYPR (13.83 ± 2.60) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the conventional turbo‐FLASH protocol (8.40 ± 1.62). Also, the spatial resolution of the myocardial perfection images was significantly improved. SW‐CG‐HYPR is a promising technique for myocardial perfusion MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.