Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Imprint Cytology

Background: The increasing utilization of lymphatic mapping techniques for breast carcinoma has made intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes attractive. Axillary lymph node dissection can be performed during the initial surgery if the sentinel lymph node is positive, potentially avoiding a second operative procedure. At present the optimal technique for rapid sentinel lymph node assessment has not been determined. Both frozen sectioning and intraoperative imprint cytology are used for rapid intraoperative sentinel lymph node evaluation at many institutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate experience with imprint cytology for intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective review of the intraoperative imprint cytology results of 678 sentinel lymph node mappings for breast carcinoma was performed. Sentinel nodes were evaluated intraoperatively by either bisecting or slicing the sentinel node into 4 mm sections. Imprints were made of each cut surface and stained with H&E and/or Diff-Quik. Permanent sections were evaluated with up to four H&E stained levels and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry. Intraoperative imprint cytology results were compared with final histologic results. Results: The sensitivity of imprint cytology was 53%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was 94%, negative predictive value was 82% and accuracy was 84%. The sensitivity for detecting macrometastases (more than 2mm) was significantly better than for detecting micrometastases (≤2 mm), 81 versus 21%, respectively (P < 00001). Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology are similar to that of intraoperative frozen section evaluation. Imprint cytology is therefore a viable alternative to frozen sectioning when intraoperative evaluation is required. If sentinel lymph node micrometastasis is used to determine the need for further lymphadenectomy, more sensitive intraoperative methods will be needed to avoid a second operation.
Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts and Fruit of Anisosciadium Orientale

The essential oils from aerial parts and fruits of Anisosciadium orientale DC. growing wild in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy-one compounds were identified in the fruit oil and fifteen in the oil from the aerial parts. The main oil components of the fruits and aerial parts were myristicin (33.5%-33.7%), α-terpinolene (22%-25.8%) and limonene (19.5%-19.7%). Some compounds, such as geranyl butyrate and germacrene-D, were only detected in the fruit oil.
Research on the link traffic based on passive measurement

In order to manage the whole network, a novel traffic model is proposed based on the active probe method. The core of the model has three parts: first, we measure routing probability matrix by injecting probe packet train into the network based on the Internet protocol measurement protocol (IPMP) by Poisson law. Second, we use passive measurement method to acquire sd traffic. Last, we can compute link traffic by means of network tomography. We prove the validity of edge measurement method. Our computing results show the competing link traffic error within about 30% by edge measurement model.
Improving clinical practices for children with language and learning disorders.

PURPOSE This lead article of the Clinical Forum addresses some of the gaps that exist between clinical practice and current knowledge about instructional factors that influence learning and language development. METHOD Topics reviewed and discussed include principles of learning, generalization, treatment intensity, processing interventions, components of language therapy, grammar goals, and goal prioritization for students with language and learning difficulties. CONCLUSION The gaps that exist between current knowledge about learning, language development, and clinical practice often do not receive as much attention as the gaps in the evidence base that addresses the efficacy and effectiveness of language intervention practices and service delivery models. Fortunately, clinicians do not have to wait for future intervention studies to apply their knowledge of learning and language development to clinical practices.
Cross-talk among gp130 Cytokines in Adipocytes*

The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines is a family of structurally and functionally related proteins, including IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). These proteins are also known as gp130 cytokines because they all share gp130 as a common transducer protein within their functional receptor complexes. Several of these cytokines (LIF, OSM, CNTF, and CT-1) also utilize the LIF receptor (LIFR) as a component of their receptor complex. We have shown that all of these cytokines are capable of activating both the JAK/STAT and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. By performing a variety of preincubation studies and examining the ability of these cytokines to activate STATs, ERKs, and induce transcription of SOCS-3 mRNA, we have also examined the ability of gp130 cytokines to modulate the action of their family members. Our results indicate that a subset of gp130 cytokines, in particular CT-1, LIF, and OSM, has the ability to impair subsequent signaling activity initiated by gp130 cytokines. However, IL-6 and CNTF do not exhibit this cross-talk ability. Moreover, our results indicate that the cross-talk among gp130 cytokines is mediated by the ability of these cytokines to induce ligand-dependent degradation of the LIFR, in a proteasome-independent manner, which coincides with decreased levels of LIFR at the plasma membrane. In summary, our results demonstrate that an inhibitory cross-talk among specific gp130 cytokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes occurs as a result of specific degradation of LIFR via a lysosome-mediated pathway.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout rats are insensitive to the pathological effects of repeated oral exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin

Sustained activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is believed to be the initial key event in AHR receptor‐mediated tumorigenesis in the rat liver. The role of AHR in mediating pathological changes in the liver prior to tumor formation was investigated in a 4‐week, repeated‐dose study using adult female wild‐type (WT) and AHR knockout (AHR‐KO) rats treated with 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Beginning at 8 weeks of age, AHR‐KO and WT rats were dosed by oral gavage with varying concentrations of TCDD (0, 3, 22, 100, 300 and 1000 ng kg−1 day−1). Lung, liver and thymus histopathology, hematology, serum chemistry and the distribution of TCDD in liver and adipose tissue were examined. Treatment‐related increases in the severity of liver and thymus pathology were observed in WT, but not AHR‐KO rats. In the liver, these included hepatocellular hypertrophy, bile duct hyperplasia, multinucleated hepatocytes and inflammatory cell foci. A loss of cellularity in the thymic cortex and thymic atrophy was observed. Treatment‐related changes in serum chemistry parameters were also observed in WT, but not AHR‐KO rats. Finally, dose‐dependent accumulation of TCDD was observed primarily in the liver of WT rats and primarily in the adipose tissue of AHR‐KO rats. The results suggest that AHR activation is the initial key event underlying the progression of histological effects leading to liver tumorigenesis following TCDD treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attention and Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia: The Role of Symptoms of Depression

BackgroundSchizophrenic patients suffer from neuropsychologic impairments in several cognitive domains, that is, attention and memory. Similar impairments have been observed in patients with depression. Therefore, the question arises whether and how the symptoms of depression seen in many patients with schizophrenia are linked to their neuropsychologic functioning. MethodsSeventeen schizophrenic in-patients (after attenuation of acute psychosis) and 17 healthy control subjects matched for sex, age, and education were investigated by use of an neuropsychologic test battery targeting at attention and memory. Symptoms of depression were evaluated by use of 3 self-rating scales and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. ResultsPatients performed significantly worse in all neuropsychologic tests applied, except in digit span. Additionally, patients exhibited significantly higher levels of depression according to all 3 self-rating scales and moderate depression severity according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (mean: 13.1). By taking the proportion of variance explained by the self-ratings of depression statistically into account, significant group differences disappeared in half of the attention measures and in all memory measures. ConclusionsThese results suggest that part of the neuropsychologic impairments seen in schizophrenia is linked with symptoms of depression. This seems to be especially true for attention and memory disturbances.
Antimicrobial agent resistance in mycobacteria: molecular genetic insights

The primary theme emerging from molecular genetic work conducted with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and several other mycobacterial species is that resistance is commonly associated with simple nucleotide alterations in target chromosomal genes rather than with acquisition of new genetic elements encoding antibiotic-altering enzymes. Mutations in an 81-bp region of the gene (rpoB) encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase account for rifampin resistance in 96% of M. tuberculosis and many Mycobacterium leprae isolates. Streptomycin resistance in about one-half of M. tuberculosis isolates is associated with missense mutations in the rpsL gene coding for ribosomal protein S12 or nucleotide substitutions in the 16S rRNA gene (rrs). Mutations in the katG gene resulting in catalase-peroxidase amino acid alterations nad nucleotide substitutions in the presumed regulatory region of the inhA locus are repeatedly associated with isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. A majority of fluoroquinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates have amino acid substitutions in a region of the DNA gyrase A subunit homologous to a conserved fluoroquinolone resistance-determining region. Multidrug-resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis arise as a consequence of sequential accumulation of mutations conferring resistance to single therapeutic agents. Molecular strategies show considerable promise for rapid detection of mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance. These approaches are now amenable to utilization in an appropriately equipped clinical microbiology laboratory.
Entrepreneurs politiques et engagement électoral. La loi LRU et le rôle de la conférence des présidents d'université

EnglishThis article seeks to explain why the French executive branch led by Nicolas Sarkozy kept its electoral promise to grant universities greater autonomy. While the multiple political projects successively developed since the 1960s to achieve this objective had all failed, the Pecresse Law on the liberty and responsibilities of universities (LRU in French) was successfully adopted less than two months after the 2007 legislative elections. Combining analytical frameworks derived from political sociology and public policy analysis, we identify two essential factors behind the fulfilment of electoral pledges: the mobilisation of a policy entrepreneur, especially when the latter enhances both the motivations and abilities of the executive branch to deliver on its promises. francaisL’objectif de cet article est d’expliquer pourquoi le pouvoir executif preside par Nicolas Sarkozy a tenu sa promesse electorale d’accorder plus d’autonomie aux universites. Alors que les projets politiques developpes successivement depuis les annees 1960 avaient echoue, la loi relative aux libertes et responsabilites des universites (LRU) fut adoptee en aout 2007, soit moins de deux mois apres les elections legislatives. Combinant des cadres conceptuels issus de la sociologie politique et de l’analyse des politiques publiques, l’article fait emerger deux facteurs essentiels de la realisation des promesses electorales : la mobilisation d’un entrepreneur politique lorsqu’il permet de renforcer a la fois les motivations et la capacite du pouvoir executif a faire ce qu’il a promis.
Converting UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to Decision-Making Objectives and Implementation Options at the River Basin Scale

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations cover all living things on Earth. However, downscaling the SDGs to regional scales for implementation is challenging. In the paper, we convert the general SDGs into tangible and actionable goals, targets and indicators for use in integrated river basin management (IRBM). Further, we propose a decision support framework that can be used to support IRBM implementation based on the SDGs. The framework offers a context for open thinking in which IRBM decision makers envision socioeconomic and ecosystem goals and the development tracks of a river basin and explore the various paths that can be followed to reach the goals. In particular, indicators are proposed for use in IRBM, which consider five aspects of river basins, specifically water, ecosystems, socioeconomic development, ability and data. To enable decision-making that promotes progress toward the goals, five scenarios, 17 sub-scenarios and 29 key parameters are provided that form a diverse set of scenarios corresponding to specific decision schemes. Moreover, these scenarios, sub-scenarios and parameters consider future uncertainties and both engineering and non-engineering measures that can be taken to achieve the co-development of human and natural factors in a basin.
Docetaxel/anthracycline combinations for breast cancer treatment

Anthracyclines and taxanes represent the most active group of cytotoxic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. Combining docetaxel with anthracyclines is widely used in the clinic, but, due to an overlap in toxicities this strategy remains somewhat challenging. Combinations of docetaxel with doxorubicin, epirubicin or liposomal doxorubicin in conventional or dose-dense cycles are reviewed in this article. A specific focus is given to the three-drug combination of docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (TAC regimen), as it is registered for the adjuvant treatment of node-positive breast cancer. Febrile neutropenia and associated toxicities are frequently associated with the TAC combination. However, when used as primary prophylaxis with granulocyte growth factors, as well as antibiotics, this regimen is considered as a safely-applicable standard option for early breast cancer treatment.
Prevalence of Vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy.

PURPOSE To evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and factors related to vitamin D inadequacy in postmenopausal North American women receiving therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis. METHODS Serum 25(OH)D and PTH were obtained in 1536 community-dwelling women between November 2003 and March 2004. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for suboptimal (<30 ng/ml) 25(OH)D. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of study subjects were Caucasian, with a mean age of 71 yr. Thirty-five percent resided at or above latitude 42 degrees north, and 24% resided less than 35 degrees north. Mean (sd) serum 25(OH)D was 30.4 (13.2) ng/ml: serum 25(OH)D was less than 20 ng/ml in 18%; less than 25 ng/ml in 36%; and less than 30 ng/ml in 52%. Prevalence of suboptimal 25(OH)D was significantly higher in subjects who took less than 400 vs. 400 IU/d or more vitamin D. There was a significant negative correlation between serum PTH concentrations and 25(OH)D. Risk factors related to vitamin D inadequacy included age, race, body mass index, medications known to affect vitamin D metabolism, vitamin D supplementation, exercise, education, and physician counseling regarding vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS More than half of North American women receiving therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis have vitamin D inadequacy, underscoring the need for improved physician and public education regarding optimization of vitamin D status in this population.
Anaerobic Acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic microbes experience conditions of anoxia, especially during the night when photosynthetic activity ceases. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, dark anoxia is characterized by the activation of an extensive set of fermentation pathways that act in concert to provide cellular energy, while limiting the accumulation of potentially toxic fermentative products. Metabolite analyses, quantitative PCR, and high density Chlamydomonas DNA microarrays were used to monitor changes in metabolite accumulation and gene expression during acclimation of the cells to anoxia. Elevated levels of transcripts encoding proteins associated with the production of H2, organic acids, and ethanol were observed in congruence with the accumulation of fermentation products. The levels of over 500 transcripts increased significantly during acclimation of the cells to anoxic conditions. Among these were transcripts encoding transcription/translation regulators, prolyl hydroxylases, hybrid cluster proteins, proteases, transhydrogenase, catalase, and several putative proteins of unknown function. Overall, this study uses metabolite, genomic, and transcriptome data to provide genome-wide insights into the regulation of the complex metabolic networks utilized by Chlamydomonas under the anaerobic conditions associated with H2 production.
Clinical strategies to avoid multiple pregnancies in assisted reproduction

Multiple pregnancies following assisted reproductive techniques (ART) became an epidemic in the early nineties. Since then, most European countries have tried to apply restrictive policies to avoid multiples and high order multiples as far as possible. Those pregnancies may cause severe consequences to both the fetuses and mother. Economic, social and ethical dilemmas are also avoidable if caution is exercised when using ART to achieve those pregnancies. When restrictive policies are used in ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization, the results show a clear reduction in the number of MP maintaining satisfactory rates.
Vaccination Coverage in 14-Year-Old Adolescents: Documentation, Timeliness, and Sociodemographic Determinants

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to measure the coverage and influencing determinants of hepatitis B virus, measles-mumps-rubella, and Meningococcus serogroup C vaccination in 14-year-old adolescents in Flanders, Belgium, in 2005. METHODS. A total of 1500 adolescents who were born in 1991 and were living in Flanders were selected with a 2-stage cluster sampling technique. Home visits to copy vaccination documents and complete a questionnaire on sociodemographic and other related factors were conducted by trained interviewers. Only documented vaccination dates were accepted. Missing data were, when possible, retrieved through medical charts of the School Health System. RESULTS. For 1344 (89.6%) adolescents, a home visit was performed. Vaccination coverage was 75.7% for the third dose of hepatitis B virus, 80.6% for the first dose and 83.6% for the second dose of measles-mumps-rubella, and 79.8% for Meningococcus serogroup C. Only 74.6% of the adolescents had proof of 2 measles-mumps-rubella vaccines. Although 1006 (74.8%) adolescents had vaccination data available at home at the time of the interview, only 427 (31.8%) were able to show written proof of all studied vaccines. The probably underestimated coverage rates are well below World Health Organization recommendations, but timeliness of vaccinations was respected. Univariate logistic regression showed that unemployment of the father as proxy measure of socioeconomic status was detrimental for vaccination status, in contrast to partial employment of the mother, which was a favorable factor. Previously unreported determinants of lower coverage rates inferred from this study are single divorced parents, larger families (≥4 children), lower adolescent educational level, enrollment in special education, and repeating a grade. CONCLUSIONS. Insufficient documentation is a major barrier in this vaccination coverage study. More attention should go to those with the lowest coverage rates, such as adolescents from large families, with separated parents, and with a lower socioeconomic background.
EXPOSURE TO FELINE AND CANINE PATHOGENS IN BOBCATS AND GRAY FOXES IN URBAN AND RURAL ZONES OF A NATIONAL PARK IN CALIFORNIA

Exposure of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a National Park in the San Francisco Bay Area, (California, USA) from 1992 to 1995. Testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus, Leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella henselae. Testing was also performed for Dirofilaria immitis. Significantly more gray foxes were seropositive for CPV in the urban zone than in the rural zone. In addition, radio-tracking of gray foxes in the rural zone indicated that all three of the rural CPV-seropositive foxes had traveled into adjoining small towns, whereas only one of the 11 seronegative animals had done so. Significantly more bobcats were seropositive for FCV in the rural zone than in the urban zone. Individual bobcats with positive FCV antibody titers had patterns of movement that intercepted park inholdings where domestic cats lived. Bobcat samples were seronegative for all five of the other viral feline pathogens, with the exception of a FECV-seropositive bobcat. High seroprevalence was detected for B. henselae and T. gondii in both zones. Variation in the seroprevalence for different pathogens might be related to differences in the exposure of bobcats and foxes to domestic animals: in the urban zone, gray foxes were located in residential areas outside the park, whereas bobcats were not. Although for most of the pathogens examined there was no relationship between urbanization and exposure, our results for CPV in foxes and FCV in bobcats indicated that proximity to urban areas or contact with humans can increase the risk of disease exposure for wild carnivore populations. Combining behavioral information from radio-tracking with data on pathogen exposure or disease incidence can provide valuable insights into the ecology of wildlife disease that might be missed with broadscale, population-level comparisons alone.
Analytical review on video-based human activity recognition

The objective of this research paper is to analyze the different methods that can be utilized for the analysis and recognition of human activities. The main aim of activity recognition is to automate the analysis of events from videos. Surveillance systems, patient monitoring systems are some of the areas where human activity recognition is required. The paper talks about various object segmentation, image processing and activity recognition method have been systematically analyzed and discussed. A comparative analysis of different action identification method has been performed. The core technique used and procedure followed have also been discussed. We have concluded our finding with the merits and demerits of using method and possible future scope in this area.