Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Direct and Indirect Juvenile Victimization Experiences on Adult Victimization and Fear of Crime

Research has identified that juvenile victimization can play a detrimental role for individuals later in life. While this literature has focused on direct and indirect forms of victimization at different stages of life, the influence of juvenile victimization on fear of crime and violent victimization as an adult has been limited. To expand this body of literature, the present research examines the effects of direct (sexual victimization) and indirect (witnessing parental intimate partner violence) juvenile victimization on fear of crime as well as the prevalence of victimization as an adult. Using telephone survey data collected from randomly selected Texas adults, this study demonstrates that both juvenile sexual victimization and indirect victimization increase the likelihood of adult victimization, whereas juvenile sexual victimization increases the likelihood of adult sexual victimization. In contrast, fear of crime as an adult was not significantly influenced by either juvenile sexual victimization or indirect victimization. A discussion of how these findings relate to previous research, limitations, and implications are also provided.
Nephrin expression and three‐dimensional morphogenesis of the Xenopus pronephric glomus

Nephrin (NHPS1) encodes a transmembrane protein of approximately 1,200 amino acids that plays a critical role in podocyte slit‐diaphragm formation and the development of functional mammalian glomerular filtration barriers. In humans and mice with congenital defects in the nephrin gene, the glomerular filtration barrier is defective and protein leakage into the kidney filtrate causes a life‐threatening proteinuria. This protein also plays an essential role in the formation of the stellate cells of the Drosophila Malpighian tubules. In this report, the sequence and expression of a Xenopus ortholog of nephrin is described using both conventional and novel three‐dimensional (3D) visualization methodologies. Xenopus nephrin encodes a protein of 1,238 amino acids and is expressed at high levels in the forming pronephric kidney glomus, the equivalent of the mammalian glomerulus. Expression commences at stage 25 and is specific to the pronephric glomus up until at least tadpole feeding stages. Two‐color fluorescent whole‐mount in situ analysis of nephrin expression allowed the 3D shape of the glomus to be imaged and contrasted to the pronephric tubules throughout its morphogenesis. Confocal data processing pipelines were established to generate both volumetric and surface models of the developing pronephros, and a Web‐based visualization system was used to generate dynamic and manipulable models of the forming nephric organs. This system allows simple on‐line morphometric analysis of the developing pronephric components. As in fish embryos, the glomera first form laterally then migrate medially as the pronephros matures. Unlike in the zebrafish, in Xenopus, this migration stops short of complete fusion of the two glomera at the midline, but a nephrin‐positive glomeral nexus does form anteriorly and links the two structures from stage 38 onward. Developmental Dynamics 233:1131–1139, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus reactivation is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients treated with chemotherapy. We compared the efficacy of early and deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy in reducing the incidence of hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive lymphoma patients treated with chemotherapy. METHODS Thirty consecutive hepatitis B surface antigen-positive lymphoma patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy were randomized (1:1) to receive lamivudine 100 mg daily 1 week before chemotherapy (group 1) or to have this treatment deferred until there was serological evidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation on the basis of serial 2-week-interval serum hepatitis B virus DNA monitoring by a Digene Hybrid Capture II assay (group 2). RESULTS Eight (53%) patients in group 2 and none in group 1 had hepatitis B virus virological reactivation after chemotherapy (P = 0.002). Seven patients in group 2 still had hepatitis (5 anicteric hepatitis, 1 icteric hepatitis, and 1 hepatic failure). Survival free from hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus reactivation in group 1 patients was significantly longer than that in group 2 (P = 0.002 on the log-rank test). The median onset of hepatitis B virus reactivation in these patients was 16 weeks (range, 4-36 weeks) after the initiation of chemotherapy. Three (13%) of the 23 patients treated with lamivudine had hepatitis B virus-related hepatitis after lamivudine withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Lamivudine should be considered preemptively before or at the initiation of chemotherapy for all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive lymphoma patients undergoing intense chemotherapy.
Chronic hypoxia increases blood pressure and noradrenaline spillover in healthy humans

Chronic hypoxia is associated with elevated sympathetic activity and hypertension in patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. However, the effect of chronic hypoxia on systemic and regional sympathetic activity in healthy humans remains unknown. To determine if chronic hypoxia in healthy humans is associated with hyperactivity of the sympathetic system, we measured intra‐arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, systemic and skeletal muscle noradrenaline (norepinephrine) spillover and vascular conductances in nine Danish lowlanders at sea level and after 9 weeks of exposure at 5260 m. Mean blood pressure was 28% higher at altitude (P < 0.01) due to increases in both systolic (18% higher, P < 0.05) and diastolic (41% higher, P < 0.001) blood pressures. Cardiac output and leg blood flow were not altered by chronic hypoxia, but systemic vascular conductance was reduced by 30 % (P < 0.05). Plasma arterial noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline concentrations were 3.7‐ and 2.4‐fold higher at altitude, respectively (P < 0.05). The elevation of plasma arterial NA concentration was caused by a 3.8‐fold higher whole‐body NA release (P < 0.001) since whole‐body noradrenaline clearance was similar in both conditions. Leg NA spillover was increased similarly (× 3.2, P < 0.05). These changes occurred despite the fact that systemic O2 delivery was greater after altitude acclimatisation than at sea level, due to 37 % higher blood haemoglobin concentration. In summary, this study shows that chronic hypoxia causes marked activation of the sympathetic nervous system in healthy humans and increased systemic arterial pressure, despite normalisation of the arterial O2 content with acclimatisation.
Synthesis and electrochemical performance of graphene/metal oxide nanocomposite electrodes in lithium secondary batteries and supercapacitors

A graphene/NiO and graphene/NiO-MnO<sub>2</sub> nano-composites were prepared by simple chemical precipitation followed by thermal annealing and using a chelating agent and Ni and Mn hydroxides on graphene. The graphene/NiO-MnO<sub>2</sub> was pretreated by ultrasonication followed by thermal annealing at 300°C for 2 h. Graphene/MoO<sub>2</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> composites were prepared by a hydrothermal reaction of molybdenum(IV) oxide with sodium sulfide and subsequent ball-milling with graphene. The results of XRD, FE-SEM, and FE-TEM analyses confirmed the presence of NiO, MnO<sub>2</sub>, MoO<sub>2</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the graphene surface. In the properties of anodes in lithium-ion batteries, the discharge capacities of graphene, graphene/NiO (59 wt.%) are about 302 and 856 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 5000 mA g<sup>-1</sup> (5 C), respectively. The cells containing 59 wt. % NiO show the best performance, and the graphene nanocomposite materials have high rate properties that are comparable to some of the good results reported in the literature using NiO. The mole ratios of MoO<sub>2</sub> and MoS<sub>2</sub> in the synthesized MoO<sub>2</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> powder were found to be approximately 62.3:37.7. The graphene/MoO<sub>2</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> composite anodes showed a high discharge capacity (~974 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>) after 20 cycles and superior high-rate capability. In the properties of electrode in supercapacitor, the maximum specific capacitance of the graphene/NiO-MnO<sub>2</sub> electrode was 242.15 F g<sup>-1</sup> by cyclic voltammetry at a scan rate of 0.2 mV s<sup>-1</sup>, which was significantly higher than that of a graphene electrode.
Endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in ethanol preference and its age-dependent decline in mice

Cannabinoids and ethanol can activate the same reward pathways, which could suggest endocannabinoid involvement in the rewarding effects of ethanol. The high ethanol preference of young (6–10 weeks) C57BL/6J mice is reduced by the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716A to levels observed in their CB1 knockout littermates or in old (26–48 weeks) wild-type mice, in both of which ethanol preference is unaffected by SR141716A. Similarly, SR141716A inhibits food intake in food-restricted young, but not old, wild-type mice. There are no age-dependent differences in the tissue levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol or the density of CB1 in the hypothalamus, limbic forebrain, amygdala, and cerebellum. CB1-stimulated guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate (GTP[γS]) binding is selectively reduced in the limbic forebrain of old compared with young wild-type mice. There is no age-dependent difference in Gi or Go subunit protein expression in the limbic forebrain, and the selective reduction in GTP[γS] labeling in tissue from old mice is maintained in a receptor/G protein reconstitution assay by using functional bovine brain G protein. These findings suggest that endocannabinoids acting at CB1 contribute to ethanol preference, and decreased coupling of CB1 to G proteins in the limbic forebrain by mechanisms other than altered receptor or G protein levels may be involved in the age-dependent decline in the appetite for both ethanol and food.
A syntactic knowledge constrained paraphrase extraction for Chinese-English statistical machine translation

On the basis of general pivot method for paraphrase extraction which might introduce much noise in extracted paraphrases, this paper proposes a syntactic knowledge-enhanced method to extract higher-quality paraphrases to further improve the quality of statistical machine translation. Firstly, the syntactic knowledge is acquired and added to paraphrase extraction algorithm as constraints to obtain higher quality paraphrases from a parallel corpora. Then the extracted paraphrases are used to update the phrase table and reordering table of the translation system based on the unknown words and phrases in the source-side sentences of the development set and test set. Specifically, if a paraphrase of an unknown word or phrase in a source-side sentence of the development set and test set exists in the phrase table or reordering table, then a new phrase pair constructed with this unknown word or phrase with the target-side word or phrase of this paraphrase will be added to the phrase table or reordering table. In doing so, it can reduce the number of our-of-vocabulary words, and improve the coverage of the test set by the paraphrase-enhanced tables. Finally, the translation results are obtained using the updated phrase table and reordering table by translating the source language sentences. Experiments are carried out on NIST 2005 and NIST 2008 test sets, and results show that the method can significantly improve translation performance compared with the baseline system.
A novel optical read-out technology for large arrays of micromachined cantilever sensors

A novel, optical approach to the interrogation of MEMS cantilever sensors is discussed. We investigate the effects of placing a diffraction grating in a Si waveguide below a cantilever arm, to create a resonant cavity which will create interference on an optical signal through the waveguide. We look at FDTD simulations of the optical power transmitted through this device as the cantilever's height changes in relation to the diffraction grating. We discuss the use of this interrogation technique on micro-cantilever-based sensors operating in both the dynamic and static mode.
Assessing Potential and Impact on Bilateral Free Trade Scenario Between Indonesia and Mexico

The paper attempts to analyze the impact of a bilateral free trade (zero tariff) scenario between Indonesia and Meixco. The analysis is performed based on the integrated world trade databases owned by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). The study reveals that Indonesia and Mexico‘s consumer surplus and trade creation are expected to increase as a result of bilateral FTA but however it does reduce the tariff revenues. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there are plenty room to further enhance their exports. The paper suggests both countries should reduce their protective measures, both tariffs and non-tariff barriers and by eliminating trade barriers both countries will reap higher welfare and fulfilling the objectives of both countries to intensify bilateral trade relations.
High order interactions of xenobiotic metabolizing genes and P53 codon 72 polymorphisms in acute leukemia

Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing genes are associated with altered metabolism of carcinogens in acute leukemia (AL). This study applied two data mining approaches to explore potential interactions among P53 and xenobiotic metabolizing genes in 230 AL patients [131 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 99 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)] and 199 controls. Individually, none of the genotypes showed significant associations with AML risk. However, in ALL the CYP1A12A TC genotype was associated with increased risk (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.14–3.58; P = 0.01), whereas the GSTM1 null genotype imparted reduced risk (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.31–0.96; P = 0.03). In classification and regression tree analysis, combinations of GSTM1 present, CYP1A12C AA or GG, EPHX1 exon3 TC, and EPHX1 exon4 AA or GG genotype strongly enhanced the risk of AML (OR = 5.89; 95% CI = 1.40–26.62; P = 0.01). In ALL, combinations of CYP1A12A TT, P53 GG or CC and GSTP1 AG genotypes conferred the highest risk (OR = 4.19; 95% CI = 1.45–12.25; P = 0.004). In multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis, a four locus model (GSTP1, P53, EPHX1 exon3, and CYP1A12A) was the best predictor model for ALL risk. The association between this model and ALL risk remained true even at low prior probabilities of 0.01% (false positive report probability = 0.05). Interaction entropy interpretations of the best model of ALL revealed that two‐way interactions were mostly synergistic. These results suggest that high order gene–gene interactions play an important role in AL risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased risk of cesarean delivery with advancing maternal age: indications and associated factors in nulliparous women.

OBJECTIVE To investigate factors that contribute to the increased risk of cesarean delivery with advancing maternal age. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed demographic and ante- and intrapartum variables from a data set of term, nulliparous women who delivered at Brigham and Women's Hospital in 1998 (n = 3715). RESULTS Cesarean delivery rates increased with advancing maternal age (< 25 years, 11.6%; > or = 40 years, 43.1%). Older women were more likely to have cesarean delivery without labor (< 25 years, 3.6%; > or = 40 years, 21.1%). Malpresentation and prior myomectomy were the indications for cesarean delivery without labor that were more prevalent in our older population as compared to our younger population. Even among women with spontaneous or induced labor, cesarean delivery rates increased with maternal age (< 25 years, 8.3%; > or = 40 years, 30.6%). Cesarean delivery rates were higher with induced labor, and rates of induction rose directly and continuously with maternal age, especially the rate of elective induction. Cesarean delivery for failure to progress or fetal distress was more common among older parturients, regardless of whether labor was spontaneous or induced. Among women who underwent cesarean delivery because of failure to progress, use of oxytocin and length of labor did not vary with age. CONCLUSIONS Older women are at higher risk for cesarean delivery in part because they are more likely to have cesarean delivery without labor. However, even among those women who labor, older women are more likely to undergo cesarean delivery, regardless of whether labor is spontaneous or induced. Part of the higher rate among older women who labor is explained by a higher rate of induction, particularly elective induction. Among women in both spontaneous and induced labor, cesarean delivery for the diagnoses of failure to progress and fetal distress was more frequent in older patients, although management of labor dystocia for these patients was similar to that for younger patients.
A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Impact of Galantamine on Anterograde Memory Impairment During Electroconvulsive Therapy

Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) continues to be an effective treatment option for patients who fail to respond to pharmacological interventions, are unable to tolerate medications, and show a suboptimal response to behavioral and psychotherapeutic treatments. However, risks for cognitive impairment may contribute to some patients’ refusal of ECT. Methods The present study examined galantamine as a pharmacological intervention to reduce cognitive adverse effects from ECT. Thirty-nine inpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder; bipolar disorder, depressed type; or schizoaffective disorder, depressed type and admitted for ECT were randomized to galantamine or placebo. Study drugs were initiated 24 to 48 hours before starting ECT and continued throughout the course of ECT. A neuropsychological test battery was administered at baseline and 24 to 48 hours after completing a course of ECT treatments. Depression severity was monitored using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impression Scale at baseline, weekly, and end point. Self-rated adverse effects were monitored weekly. Results Thirty participants (12 patients in the galantamine group, 18 patients in the placebo group) had both pretreatment and posttreatment neuropsychological ratings. Those in the galantamine group scored significantly higher at discharge for delayed memory (t28 = 2.44, P < 0.05). Hierarchical regressions examined if treatment condition predicted changes in delayed memory scores from baseline to discharge. Inclusion of the treatment condition in the final model made a significant incremental improvement in prediction (&Dgr;R2 = 0.12, F1,27 change = 4.65, P < 0.05; &bgr; = 0.37, t = 2.16, P < 0.05). Galantamine was well tolerated with no clinically significant bradycardia or prolonged paralysis when administered with ECT. Conclusions Galantamine may be protective against impairment in retention of new learning. Galantamine exhibited minimal adverse effects and was safe when administered during ECT. The present findings require replication by future researchers using larger samples before broad conclusions can be drawn.
Actin bodies in yeast quiescent cells: an immediately available actin reserve?

Most eukaryotic cells spend most of their life in a quiescent state, poised to respond to specific signals to proliferate. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, entry into and exit from quiescence are dependent only on the availability of nutrients in the environment. The transition from quiescence to proliferation requires not only drastic metabolic changes but also a complete remodeling of various cellular structures. Here, we describe an actin cytoskeleton organization specific of the yeast quiescent state. When cells cease to divide, actin is reorganized into structures that we named "actin bodies. " We show that actin bodies contain F-actin and several actin-binding proteins such as fimbrin and capping protein. Furthermore, by contrast to actin patches or cables, actin bodies are mostly immobile, and we could not detect any actin filament turnover. Finally, we show that upon cells refeeding, actin bodies rapidly disappear and actin cables and patches can be assembled in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. This led us to propose that actin bodies are a reserve of actin that can be immediately mobilized for actin cables and patches formation upon reentry into a proliferation cycle.
Psychiatric Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Clinical Features, Symptoms, and Signs of Central Nervous System Activity in 43 Patients

Forty-three female inpatients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied by a multidisciplinary team to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the features of the psychopathology in patients with active SLE? and 2) In these patients, what is the relationship between psychiatric disorders and symptoms and signs suggesting activity of SLE in the CNS? Our a priori hypothesis was that, in patients with active SLE, those with psychiatric manifestations would have more symptoms and signs of CNS activity than those without psychiatric manifestations. Psychiatric evaluation consisted of standardized psychiatric instruments and diagnostic criteria. The assessment of SLE systemic and central nervous system (CNS) activity consisted of rheumatologic, neurologic, and ophthalmologic evaluations; serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) analysis; brain computerized tomography (CT); and electroencephalogram (EEG). Twenty-seven patients (63%) presented psychiatric symptoms (Psychiatric Group), and 16 (37%) patients presented no current psychiatric diagnosis (Nonpsychiatric Group). These groups were compared in terms of the above variables. Depressive syndrome was the most frequent diagnosis (44%) followed by delirium (7%) and dementia (5%). Psychiatric symptoms were associated with subjective cognitive impairment (85%) and neurologic abnormality (85%). Widened cortical sulci was the most frequent CT alteration and was equally common in both groups. No statistical difference was found between the 2 groups regarding their general clinical evaluation, serum and CSF exams, or EEG alterations. To determine whether the severity of psychiatric symptoms was related to CNS activity, we divided the 27 patients with psychiatric manifestations into 2 groups: the Major Group--18 patients with major psychopathology, and the Minor Group--9 patients with mild depressive syndromes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monitoring Role of Venture Capital in the Initial Public Offerings: Evidence from Korea

ABSTRACT Because the government has initiated the development of venture capital firms in Korea, independent venture capital firms have been significantly influenced by government regulations and interventions; in contrast, corporations have made venture investments internally to avoid the regulations. This study investigates whether the Korean institutional environment harms the monitoring role of independent venture capital firms, while it does not significantly impact corporate venture capital firms. In an IPO setting, we find that earnings management (long-term performance) significantly decreases (increases) with the ownership of corporate venture capital firms. However, we do not find a significant relation between the ownership of independent venture capital firms and earnings management or long-term performance. The results suggest that Korean independent venture capital firms do not play a role in monitoring their investee companies; in contrast, corporate venture capital firms play a monitoring role.