Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compact NBTI Reliability Modeling in Si Nanowire MOSFETs and Effect in Circuits

For sub-20-nm FinFET and nanowire (NW) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is an important reliability issue and requires an accurate model to predict device and circuit performance. In this paper, we report a well-calibrated predictive and scalable compact Verilog-A-based compact model, integrated with an NBTI model for NW CMOS circuit simulation and design. The stress and recovery NBTI model for an Si NW field-effect transistor is obtained from experimental NW pMOSFETs using a range of stress voltage, time, and temperature. It is found that NBTI is more pronounced in SiNW FET compared to FinFET and planar metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. This is attributed to its cylindrical gate structure, resulting in enhanced 2-D hydrogen diffusion and stress-induced Si/SiO2 traps. This emphasizes the need to evaluate NW circuit performance. Using the developed model, the impact of NBTI on NW CMOS circuits: an inverter, 13-stage ring oscillator (RO), and 6T SRAM performance is analyzed. It is found that initially (for 1 year of life time) due to fast trapping, the interface states generation, inverter delay, and RO frequency degrade rapidly and saturate over the long-term 10-year lifetime. Finally, the design of the SRAM cell employing the multiwire sizing technique is investigated. We show that the NBTI impact on SRAM cells is configuration dependent, which can be reduced by using the appropriate design configuration. This paper underscores the need for predictive modeling and mitigation of NBTI degradation in NW CMOS, both at the device and circuit level.
[Nasal cavity volume and nasopharyngeal cavity volume in adults measured by acoustic rhinometry].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the range of normal value of total nasal cavity volume(NV) and total nasopharyngeal cavity volume (NPV) of healthy adults. METHOD Six hundred and fifty-nine healthy adults and eighty-two adults of chronic rhinitis were measured with acoustic rhinometry. RESULT The range of NV was 29.922-37.481 cm3 and NPV was 29.369-44.159 cm3. Comparing healthy adults with adults of chronic rhinitis, there was a significant difference in NV. CONCLUSION Acoustic rhinometry suited for objective assessment of the nasal airways in adults. It was demonstrated that these data could provide available information for the study of nasal physiology and pathophysiology, as well as for the diagnosis and judgement of therapeutic effectiveness of nasal diseases.
Influence of Inorganic Salts on Cadmium Adsorption By Montmorillonite and Illite in Alkaline Conditions

Cadmium adsorption features by montmorillonite and illite in alkaline conditions and the influence of inorganic salts were studied by experiment. The cadmium adsorption equilibrium time was 6 hours when the pH values in initiative solutions were 9, and the adsorption cadmium capacity by montmorillonite and illite was 6.910 mg.g -1 and 6.642 mg.g -1 . When there are inorganic salts in the solutions of which the pH values in initiative solutions were 9, cadmium adsorption capacity by montmorillonite and illite changed pronouncedly. Taking chloride for example, the orders of cations influencing on cadmium adsorption effect were NH 4 + >Ca 2+ >Na + >K + >Mg 2+ ; Taking sodium salt for example, the influence of anions in alkaline conditions were complicated: Cl - , NO 3 - decreased cadmium adsorption capacity while CO 3 2- , H 2 PO 4 - , HSO 4 2- increased adsorption cadmium capacity by precipitation adsorption.
How many cysteine residues regulate ryanodine receptor channel activity?

RyRs contain 80-100 cysteine residues per subunit, of which approximately 25% are free for covalent modification, while the remainder are either modified or form intraprotein disulfides. Oxidizing and nitrosylating reagents have several effects on single RyR channel activity, which depend on the type of modifying reagent, the isoform of the RyR, and ligands bound to the channel. We present evidence here for four major classes of functional cysteine residues associated with RyR channels, i.e., two classes with free -SH groups that either activate or inhibit channels when covalently modified and two classes, with endogenous modification, that either inhibit or activate. Single-channel characteristics provide evidence for four discrete responses within the first activating class, two responses within the second inhibiting class and two types of response within the third endogenously modified class. All but one of these changes in channel properties depend on residues located on the cytoplasmic or membrane-associated domains of the RyR; the remaining response is confined to the luminal domain. If it is assumed that each type of response depends on a separate subclass of cysteine residue and that each subclass contains a minimum of one cysteine per subunit, our results suggest that there are at least nine cysteine residues per subunit with functional connections to the gating mechanism of RyR channels. These cysteine residues may be selectively modified under physiological and pathological conditions to regulate Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contraction.
Central Nervous System Vasculitis Complicating Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Patient on a TNF Inhibitor: a Causal Association? Case Report and Systematic Review

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) is a rare disease that causes inflammation and destruction of the vessels within the CNS without evidence of a systemic vasculitic process. There is little known about the etiology of this disease entity but there are a limited number of case reports of CNS vasculitis being associated with biologic therapies in particular TNF antagonists. TNF antagonists have been in use for over 20 years for the treatment of numerous immunologic diseases. It is estimated that over 3 million people have been exposed to these drugs. TNF antagonists have rarely been associated with the development of vasculitis. Here we present a case of a biopsy proven CNS vascultis developing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis while taking etanercept with a systematic review of the literature regarding TNF antagonists and subsequent development of CNS vasculitis.
Achieving Laser Wavelength Stability for Use in Neutral Atom Quantum Computing

Quantum computing may still be decades away from realization but the pieces necessary for the construction of the first quantum chip are beginning to come together. One piece still eluding researchers is the ability to address individual atoms within a scalable quantum chip structure. The resolution to this issue may be found in any one of several promising implementations, including the use of neutral atoms trapped in 2D optical lattices. One method of constructing such lattices, which has been shown to be computationally viable, employs the diffraction pattern just behind a circular aperture. Laser wavelength stability plays a crucial role in this approach, which entails constructing a 2D optical lattice with an array of pinholes, populating the lattice with atoms collected by a magneto optical trap (MOT), and manipulating the atoms trapped within the lattice structure for quantum computations. Experimental work was done toward achieving the laser wavelength stability required for these tasks. First, we investigated inadequate temperature control of the laser diodes and a thermal mass issue attributed to the laser mounts was resolved. We proceeded to analyze the electronics of the laser locking feedback system, which were failing to hold the lasers steady at a desired wavelength. Several noise sources contributing to signal instability were identified and eliminated, but drifting of the error signal was persistent. A subsequent fix was then made to the locking electronics and sufficient laser wavelength stability was demonstrated when atoms were trapped for the first time in the Cal Poly MOT on September 2, 2011.
Using public administration theory to analyze public innovation

The study of innovation associated with ICT has been strong on the agenda of academics for many years. This focus can be seen as a response to the continuous effort of practitioners in public administration to innovate both public organizations and policies through the use of information and communication technologies. Such innovations offer the prospect of improving public administration without messy political choices being necessary, with the rhetorical claim that everyone concerned will benefit, both individual consumers and the organizations engaged in service provision (Cf. [8]). Academics have criticized these naive assumptions and they have convincingly pointed out that the value of innovation in the public sector cannot be directly compared to innovation in the private sector [2,3]. There is now a substantial literature about innovation in the public sector highlighting how processes of innovation can be strengthened [1–5]. Why, then, do we present another set of papers on innovation in the public sector? Our main reason is that previous studies have not been successful in interpreting ICT-driven or -enabled innovation by reference to the core literature in Public Administration. Many publications on innovation in the public sector take Rogers’ work [6] on the diffusion of innovations as their main theoretical framework [12,13] whilst many [14,15] in the information systems literature focus on various versions of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and its derivates [9]. Although we do acknowledge that studies of innovation need to relate their works to Rogers’ and Davis’ seminal research, the focus on the diffusion of innovations makes it difficult to connect this work to mainstream theories in Public Administration. The set of papers in this issue of Information Polity will connect discussions about innovation in the public sector more directly to the main body of literature in Public Administration. We accept that this ‘main body’ of literature is hard to define with precision but we refer here to theories discussed in standard text books on Public Administration: theories on the functioning of public organizations, democratic arrangements and public policy-making. The lack of integration of research findings about the use of technology in government into the core of Public Administration is, as one of us has pointed out before [10], a more general problem. Researchers have tended to develop a separate domain from such studies, which in turn facilitates communication within this community whilst limiting the value of this research for a broader audience. Additionally, a
Relationship of cortical atrophy to fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies reported that damage of the corticostriatothalamocortical circuit is critical in its occurrence. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between fatigue in MS and regional cortical and subcortical gray matter atrophy. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING National Institutes of Health. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four patients with MS and 24 matched healthy volunteers who underwent 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging and evaluations of fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) and depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relationship between thalamic and basal ganglia volume, cortical thickness of frontal and parietal lobes, and, in patients, T2 lesion volume and normal-appearing white matter volume and the extent of fatigue. RESULTS Patients were more fatigued than healthy volunteers (P = .04), while controlling for the effect of depression. Modified Fatigue Impact Scale score correlated with cortical thickness of the parietal lobe (r = -0.50, P = .01), explaining 25% of its variance. The posterior parietal cortex was the only parietal area significantly associated with the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS Cortical atrophy of the parietal lobe had the strongest relationship with fatigue. Given the implications of the posterior parietal cortex in motor planning and integration of information from different sources, our preliminary results suggest that dysfunctions in higher-order aspects of motor control may have a role in determining fatigue in MS.
No difference in the occurrence of mismatch repair defects and APC and CTNNB1 genes mutation in a multi‐racial colorectal carcinoma patient cohort

Background and aims: Colorectal cancers of different subtypes involve different pathogenic pathways like the Wnt and the mutator pathways. In this study, we screened 73 colorectal cancer cases from a multi‐racial group for genetic and expression profile defects with the aim of correlating these with patients' clinicopathological characteristics. Methods: Mutation screening of the entire coding region of APC and exon 3 of CTNNB1, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of APC, and microsatellite instability (MSI) status were assessed for 44 patients with available paired frozen normal and tumour tissues. In addition, 29 cases with available paraffin embedded tumour blocks were screened for mutation in exon 3 of CTNNB1, the APC mutation cluster region (codon 1286–1513), and hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6 protein expressions by immunohistochemistry method. Results: In our study, 15/73 cases showed APC mutations (20.5%), 1/73 cases had CTNNB1 mutation (1.4%), 5/32 cases had APC LOH (15.6%), and 16/70 (22.9%) cases revealed at least some form of mismatch repair (MMR) defect. Tumour grade (poor differentiation) was found to correlate significantly with right‐sided tumour and mucinous histology (p = 0.01879 and 0.00320, respectively). Patients of younger age (below 45 years) more often had tumours of mucinous histology (p = 0.00014), while patients of older age (above 75 years) more often had tumours on the right side of the colon (p = 0.02448). Tumours of the mucinous histology subtype often had MMR defects (p = 0.02686). There was no difference in the occurrence of APC and CTNNB1 mutations and MMR defects found within our multi‐racial colorectal cancer patient cohort. Conclusion: Our findings support the notion that racial factor may not be related to the occurrence of MMR defects and APC and CTNNB1 mutations in our multi‐racial patient cohort.
Posterior probability of linkage and maximal lod score

To detect linkage between a trait and a marker, Morton (1955) proposed to calculate the lod score z(θ1) at a given value θ1 of the recombination fraction. If z(θ1) reaches +3 then linkage is concluded. However, in practice, lod scores are calculated for different values of the recombination fraction between 0 and 0·5 and the test is based on the maximum value of the lod score Zmax. The impact of this deviation of the test on the probability that in fact linkage does not exist, when linkage was concluded, is documented here. This posterior probability of no linkage can be derived by using Bayes' theorem. It is less than 5% when the lod score at a predetermined θ1 is used for the test. But, for a Zmax of +3, we showed that it can reach 16·4%. Thus, considering a composite alternative hypothesis instead of a single one decreases the reliability of the test. The reliability decreases rapidly when Zmax is less than + 3. Given a Zmax of +2·5, there is a 33% chance that linkage does not exist. Moreover, the posterior probability depends not only on the value of Zmax but also jointly on the family structures and on the genetic model. For a given Zmax, the chance that linkage exists may then vary.
Comparison of Manual and Electric Toothbrush in Dental Plaque Removal: A Clinical Trial

Background: Mechanical oral hygiene procedures are the most effective means of plaque removal and toothbrush is the most commonly used tool for mechanical plaque removal worldwide. There is an array of available manual and electric toothbrushes in the market. Thus, choosing the best one for dental plaque removal can be of great help for patients. Objectives: This study aimed at compare the efficacy of dental plaque removal using a manual and an electric toothbrush. Materials and Methods: This experimental, single-blinded sequential clinical trial was conducted on 12 patients (ten females and two males) who aged 21 to 30 years old. The tested manual toothbrush was 35-mm soft Oral-B Pulsar and the electric one was Oral-B Professional Care 8500 DLX chargeable D18. Patients’ dental plaque score was set as zero through scaling, root planning, and polishing. Subjects were avoided tooth cleaning for three days and on day four, plaque accumulation was assessed using Tureskey's modification of Quigley and Hein plaque index. Results: The mean of plaque index was 2.13 ± 0.83 and 2.11 ± 1.01 in the manual and electric toothbrush groups, respectively. No significant difference was detected between the study toothbrushes in terms of plaque removal (P = 0.374); however, with the manual tooth brushing, plaque removal was significantly greater in the buccal than in lingual surface and in the maxilla than in the mandible (P = 0.03 and P = 0.015, respectively). Conclusions: Similar to previous studies, this study could not show the superiority of electric toothbrush over manual in plaque removal. After 72 hours, the mean of plaque index was greater in buccal than in lingual surface, which may be attributed to the natural cleansing action of the tongue.
Temporal Allocation of Visual Attention in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

In two experiments, we examined the ability of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to preocess multiple targets appearing in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream. Using a standard attentional blink (AB) task, subjects were required to both identify a target in the RSVP stream and detect a probe appearing in one of several posttarget serial positions. In Experiment 1, ADHD adults exhibited a protracted AB compared to controls, in that their probe detection did not improve as a function of increasing probe-to-target intervals (450-720 msec). In Experiment 2, the ADHD group performed as well as controls in detectin probes appearing immediately (i.e., 90 msec) after the target. Taken together, the results demonstrate that adults with ADHD exhibit a selective deficit in rapidly shifting attention between the target and the probe, when two appear several hundred milliseconds apart. These results suggest that adults with ADHD can use automatic (reflexive) attention to detect items in close temporal proximity in the RSVP stream, but have difficulty allocating controlled attention to multiple stimuli separated by several hundred milliseconds.
Body composition and aging.

he changes in composition of the aging T human body is of both gerontologic and geriatric interest and reflects genetic factors and environmental factors such as physical activity, nutrition, and disease, as well as the normal aging processes. In the study of normal aging, that is, aging per se, long-term trends in body compartments are important. In the field of clinical geriatrics, body composition is also of great interest in the study of obesity, malignant disease, and clinical pharmacology and biochemistry. Changes of body cell mass, body fat, and body water occur frequently in both disease and aging. These changes in body compartments may alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in old age. The amount of body fat and the amount of body cell mass are important parameters when judging the net effect of energy intake and expenditure. Thus, examination of body composition adds information to an overall picture of nutrition of the elderly. Such overall knowledge also requires data on actual dietary habits of elderly populations in different countries. Not only intakes of energy, nutrients, and food items are important, but also distribution and composition data on meals and data on medical, psychologic, and socioeconomic conditions are prerequisites for the analysis of the relationship between requirements and actual intake. The need for broad epidemiologic approaches to these questions is obvious. Concepts The frequently used concept of “lean body mass” has two meanings, namely, body weight minus neutral fat, but including some lipids such as phospholipids, the exact amount of which is unknown. Lean body mass is, according to this meaning, similar to, but not identical with, fat-free body mass. Although lean body mass has a relatively constant specific gravity, from a biologic point of view it is a heterogenous body component with varying energy consumption, since it also comprises-apart from body cel I massfat-f ree ext race1 I u lar solids and extracellular water. Furthermore, since the water content of adipose tissue may show great variation and is also difficult to estimate, the definition of lean body mass should be body weight minus body fat, that is, fat-free mass. Many workers, nowadays, however, avoid the concept of a lean body mass and fat-free mass, since the body is not a simple two-compartment system. Moore and collaborators’ many years ago suggested that the concept of body cell mass would provide a better estimate than lean body mass of metabolically active tissue. Many workers now prefer to divide body weight into body cell mass, extracellular water, body fat, and fat-free extracellular solids that are present primarily in bone and connective tissuea2 For a review of the concepts of body compartments, see references 1, 3, 4, and 5.
MICRO BLAZE IMPLEMENTATION OF GPS/INS INTEGRATED SYSTEM ON ZYNQ FPGA

Emphasis of the present work is on Micro blaze implementation of GPS/INS Integrated System on Spartan 6. Real time issues related to accuracy of position, GPS outages, Selective availability of GPS, Higher variances of accelerometers, Resource usage of FPGA in terms of Slices, DSP48 and BRAM, Computation time, latency and power consumption. This paper describes an improved design of a loosely coupled GPS/INS integrated system. In the proposed system, Micro blaze on a Zynq Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used for inertial navigation solution and Kalman filter computation. The Micro blaze on Zynq FPGA provides an efficient interface of the Global Positioning System (GPS) with the Inertial Navigation System (INS). The system is designed to give real time processed navigation solutions with an update rate of 100 Hz.
Regulatory targets for transcription factor AP2 in Xenopus embryos

The transcription factor AP2 (TFAP2) has an important role in regulating gene expression in both epidermis and neural crest cells. In order to further characterize these functions we have used a hormone inducible TFAP2α fusion protein in a Xenopus animal cap assay to identify downstream targets of this factor. The most common pattern comprised genes predominantly expressed in the epidermis. A second group was expressed at high levels in the neural crest, but all of these were also expressed in the epidermis as well as in other tissues in which TFAP2α has not been detected, suggesting modular control involving both TFAP2‐dependent and TFAP2‐independent components. In addition, a few strongly induced genes did not overlap at all in expression pattern with that of TFAP2α in the early embryo, and were also activated precociously in the experimentally manipulated ectoderm, and thus likely represent inappropriate regulatory interactions. A final group was identified that were repressed by TFAP2α and were expressed in the neural plate. These results provide further support for the importance of TFAP2α in ectoderm development, and also highlight the molecular linkage between the epidermis and neural crest in the Xenopus embryo.