Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Landslide Hazard Zonation by using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) model in GIS (Geographic Information System) Environment (Case study: Kordan Watershed)

Landslides are one of the critical phenomena that frequently lead to loss of human life and property, as well as causing severe damage to natural resources. Kordan watershed located in the Alborz province, which including areas that are prone to landslide. The area under investigation is located from 50 ° 45' to 05' ° 51' east longitude and 35° 55' to 36° 05' North with expansion of about 488 km 2 and elevation ranges from 1320 to 3900 m. The purpose of this study is to identify factors in landslides and zonate landslide hazard of Kordan watershed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) model in GIS environment. In this study, 4 factors, namely geology, hydrology, human and geomorphology were identified as important factors that could play an important role in Landslide watershed. In this study, geological mapping, using topographic maps and satellite images of the study area and data layers of various factors including lithology, fault, land use, roads, residential areas, slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall, temperature, congestion and drainage system in GIS using Arc GIS software has been developed and weight and relative importance of each factor in landslide hazard zonation with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were determined. Among the effective factors, sub-criteria of lithology, distance from the river, distance from fault, landuse and rainfall, respectively, with weights 0.314, 0.219, 0.105, 0.086 and 0.054 have been identified as the most important factors in the development of landslide in study area that In total,form up more than 75 percent of the total weight. The role of other factors reduces according to their weights in landslide. The final cumulative map of study area was categorized into four hazard zones and classified as zone I to IV (very low risk, low risk, medium risk and high risk). According to presented model and final zonation map, about 34 percent (30 km 2 ) of Kordan watershed area have the occurrence of high risk and about 29.16 percent (142.386 km 2 ) have the occurrence of moderate risk. As a result of the zonation performed according to the layers, most sensitive parts of the landslides are locted in the basin Quaternary deposits and the banks of rivers. The landslide hazard zonation map is useful for landslide hazard prevention, mitigration, and improvement to society, and proper palnning for land use and construction in the future.
Physical processes effecting the baryonic matter content of the Universe

In this thesis we have discussed physical processes effecting the generation of the matter content of the Universe. First, we have studied the processes effecting Big Bang Nucleosynthesis during which the chemical content of the baryonic component of the Universe was produced. We have provided detail numerical analysis of the BBN production of 4He, Yp, in the presence of νe ↔ νs neutrino oscillations, effective after electron neutrino decoupling. We have accounted for all known oscillations effects of neutrino oscillations on cosmological nucleosyntesis. We have calculated iso-helium contours and have obtained cosmological bounds corresponding to δYp/Yp = 5.2% in correspondance with the recently found higher uncertainty in 4He. In the framework of our analysis, iso-helium contours for δYp/Yp > 5% and different initial population of the sterile neutrino have been calculated, namely δNs = 0; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9, both for resonant and non-resonant oscillations. The change of cosmological constraints in case of non-zero δNs was determined. The results are important both for cosmology and for neutrino physics. Further we have studied the processes effecting the formation of the baryon content of the Universe. We have constructed Scalar Field Condensate baryogenesis model based on Affleck and Dine baryogenesis scenario, which is consistent with the low energy required by inflation and can naturally produce the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. We have provided precise numerical analysis of the SFC baryogenesis model numerically accounting for the particle creation processes by the time varying scalar field. We have shown that there is a considerable difference in the obtained results compared to the analytical approach for the rate of particle creation Γ calculation. We have numerically obtained the dependence of the field and baryon charge evolution and their final values on the model’s parameters gauge coupling constant α, Hubble constant during inflation HI , mass of the field m and self coupling constants λi. We have found the range of model parameters for which baryon asymmetry value close to the observed one can be generated. It has been shown that for a natural range of the model’s parameters the inhomogenious SCB model is able to predict astronomically interesting vast antimatter domains, separated from the matter ones by baryonically empty voids.
Behavioral and neurochemical evidence of deltamethrin anxiogenic-like effects in rats

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively used for pest control around the house, flea prevention for pets, and plant sprays for the home and in agriculture. Deltamethrin (DTM) is a Type II pyrethroid insecticide used to control a variety of insects in agriculture and domestic environments. The present study investigated the possible anxiogenic effects of DTM (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) in rats using behavioral and neurochemical methods. We assessed general locomotor activity and behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field test. Striatal and hippocampal neurotransmitter and metabolite levels were also measured. DTM (i) reduced locomotion and rearing frequency, (ii) slightly increased the duration of immobility, (iii) reduced the time engaged in social interaction, (iv) reduced the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, (v) reduced the number of center crossings in the elevated plus maze, (vi) Striatal and hippocampal neurotransmitter and metabolite levels were also measured. DTM (i) reduced locomotion and rearing frequency, (ii) slightly increased the duration of immobility, (iii) reduced the time engaged in social interaction, (iv) reduced the percentage of entries into and time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, (v) reduced the number of center crossings in the elevated plus maze, (vi) increased striatal serotonin neurotransmitter and its metabolite, and (vii) did not alter motor coordination on the rotarod, grooming duration in the open field test, rectal temperature, or hippocampal neurotransmitter levels. These data suggest that DTM at the present doses and under these experimental conditions presented a similar profile to that of anxiogenic drugs, unrelated with the increased serotonin neurotransmission.
Photoresponse from oxide layers developed on copper electrode in Cu(II) solutions containing glycolic acid

Potentiometric and voltammetric investigations of oxide layers spontaneously developed in a Cu|Cu(II) – glycolic acid system were carried out under chopped illumination conditions. The negative open-circuit photopotentials and the positive photocurrents detected at moderate cathodic polarizations are indicative of n-type conductivity of the surface oxides. The peculiarity of the system consists in occurrence of two well-defined voltammetric peaks. The first, observed at ca. –0.7 V (NHE), is attributed to Cu 2 O reduction. An estimation of Cu 2 O formation rate, based on the analysis of this peak, yields 2 nm min –1 at pH 4.9 and a 6-fold larger quantity at pH 5.9. The second peak is supposed to be conditioned by electroreduction of oxygenenriched surface layers involving Cu(II). An inversion of photocurrent sign resulting in n → p transition was found to occur at a certain E inv depending on oxide layer thickness and solution pH.
Rejuvenation and memory in model spin glasses in three and four dimensions

We numerically study aging for the Edwards-Anderson model in three and four dimensions using different temperature-change protocols. In D=3, time scales a thousand times larger than in previous work are reached with the Spin Update Engine SUE machine. Deviations from cumulative aging are observed in the nonmonotonic time behavior of the coherence length. Memory and rejuvenation effects are found in a temperature-cycle protocol, revealed by vanishing effective waiting times. Similar effects are reported for the D=3 site-diluted ferromagnetic Ising model without chaos. However, rejuvenation is reduced if off-equilibrium corrections to the fluctuation-dissipation theorem are considered. Memory and rejuvenation are quantitatively describable in terms of the growth regime of the spin-glass coherence length.
Pirate plunder: game-based computational thinking using scratch blocks

Policy makers worldwide argue that children should be taught how technology works, and that the ‘computational thinking’ skills developed through programming are useful in a wider context. This is causing an increased focus on computer science in primary and secondary education. Block-based programming tools, like Scratch, have become ubiquitous in primary education (5 to 11-years-old) throughout the UK. However, Scratch users often struggle to detect and correct ‘code smells’ (bad programming practices) such as duplicated blocks and large scripts, which can lead to programs that are difficult to understand. These ‘smells’ are caused by a lack of abstraction and decomposition in programs; skills that play a key role in computational thinking. In Scratch, repeats (loops), custom blocks (procedures) and clones (instances) can be used to correct these smells. Yet, custom blocks and clones are rarely taught to children under 11-years-old. We describe the design of a novel educational block-based programming game, Pirate Plunder, which aims to teach these skills to children aged 9-11. Players use Scratch blocks to navigate around a grid, collect items and interact with obstacles. Blocks are explained in ‘tutorials’; the player then completes a series of ‘challenges’ before attempting the next tutorial. A set of Scratch blocks, including repeats, custom blocks and clones, are introduced in a linear difficulty progression. There are two versions of Pirate Plunder; one that uses a debugging-first approach, where the player is given a program that is incomplete or incorrect, and one where each level begins with an empty program. The game design has been developed through iterative playtesting. The observations made during this process have influenced key design decisions such as Scratch integration, difficulty progression and reward system. In future, we will evaluate Pirate Plunder against a traditional Scratch curriculum and compare the debugging-first and non-debugging versions in a series of studies.
In Vitro Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates to Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Cassia alata (Fabaceae)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Cassia alata leaves on the development of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. Method: The Trager and Jensen method with slight modifications was used. For the culture, RPMI 1640 and Albumax were used to replace human serum. The extracts as well as the reference drug (chloroquine) were diluted using RPMI medium. The P. falciparum field isolates were incubated with 8 concentrations ranging from 128 to 1 μg/ml in a 96-well microplate and incubated for 48 h in a candle jar. RPMI and 1% DMSO were used as negative controls. Result: The extraction yields of C. alata were 7.96 and 13.23% for aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively. RPMI and DMSO didn’t have any harmful effect on the growth of P. falciparum. On the other hand, in the wells treated with extracts of C. alata leaves, inhibition of P. falciparum growth was registered with increasing concentrations of extracts. The inhibitory effect of the methanolic extract was stronger and we obtained the maximum mean inhibition rate of 100 ± 0.00% and 99.87 ± 0.62% at the concentrations 128 and 64 μg/ml respectively. As for the aqueous extract, it yielded a mean inhibitory rate of 99.2 ± 0.76% at the concentration of 128 μg/ml. Given the IC50 obtained that is 0.48 ± 0.02; 0.67 ± 0.11 and 0.77 ± 0.08 μg/ml for methanolic extract, aqueous extract and chloroquine respectively. The extracts of C. alata may be classified as active. This activity may be due to the presence of terpenes and tannins in the extracts.
An Empirical Investigation of the Cognitions of Corporate Entrepreneurs

Studies that examine cognition imply that entrepreneurs think differently than other people: most often these studies have suggested that entrepreneurs think in a way that is distinct from managers in large corporations. Furthermore, patterns found in cognition research suggest that entrepreneurs think the same when considering whether to start a new venture. Our study of innovation-based corporation entrepreneurship initiatives suggest that it is the cognition-environment nexus that is most important, not simply the manner in which entrepreneurs think. Our study indicates that entrepreneurs and managers think alike with respect to identifying opportunities and starting new ventures but organization environments differentiate the manner in which they think as they go to execute these opportunities.
Modelling the Lost City hydrothermal field: influence of topography and permeability structure

The Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF) is hosted in serpentinite at the crest of the Atlantis Massif, an oceanic core complex close to the mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is remarkable for its longevity and for venting low-temperature (40–91°C) alkaline fluids rich in hydrogen and methane. IODP Hole U1309D, 5 km north of the LCHF, penetrated 1415 m of gabbroic rocks and contains a near-conductive thermal gradient close to 100°C/km. This is remarkable so close to an active hydrothermal field. We present hydrothermal modelling using a topographic profile through the vent field and IODP site U1309. Long-lived circulation with vent temperatures similar to the LCHF can be sustained at moderate permeabilities of 10e-14 to 10e-15 m2 with a basal heatflow of 0.22 W m2. Seafloor topography is an important control, with vents tending to form and remain in higher topography. Models with a uniform permeability throughout the Massif cannot simultaneously maintain circulation at the LCHF and the near-conductive gradient in the borehole, where permeabilities <10e-16 m2 are required. A steeply dipping permeability discontinuity between the LCHF and the drill hole is required to stabilize venting at the summit of the massif by creating a lateral conductive boundary layer. The discontinuity needs to be close to the vent site, supporting previous inferences that high permeability is most likely produced by faulting related to the transform fault. Rapid increases in modelled fluid temperatures with depth beneath the vent agree with previous estimates of reaction temperature based on geochemical modelling.
Sampling big sagebrush for phytomass.

Highlight: A double sampling procedure was employed for obtaining more reliable weight estimates for leaves, flowering stalks, live wood, dead wood, various combinations of the preceding, and total phytomass of sagebrush shrubs. Easily obtained dimension measurements were related to harvest categories using regression analyses. Volume (length x width x height) and length measurements were the most highly correlated to phytomass. Double sampling reduced the variance of the mean phytomass estimates ranging from 33% to 80% for the various categories assuming optimum allocation. The precision achieved by combining dimension measurements with harvesting is significantly higher than by harvests without supporting dimensional measurements.
A Quantitative Measure For Evaluating Project Uncertainty Under Variation And Risk Effects

The effects of uncertainty on a project and the risk event as the consequence of uncertainty are analyzed. The uncertainty index is proposed as a quantitative measure for evaluating the uncertainty of a project. This is done by employing entropy as the indicator of system disorder and lack of information. By employing this index, the uncertainty of each activity and its increase due to risk effects as well as project uncertainty changes as a function of time can be assessed. The results are implemented and analyzed for a small turbojet engine development project as the case study. The results of this study can be useful for project managers and other stakeholders for selecting the most effective risk management and uncertainty controlling method.
Modelling the solar wind interaction with Mercury by a quasi-neutral hybrid model

Abstract. Quasi-neutral hybrid model is a self-consistent modelling approach that includes positively charged particles and an electron fluid. The approach has received an increasing interest in space plasma physics research because it makes it possible to study several plasma physical processes that are difficult or impossible to model by self-consistent fluid models, such as the effects associated with the ions’ finite gyroradius, the velocity difference between different ion species, or the non-Maxwellian velocity distribution function. By now quasi-neutral hybrid models have been used to study the solar wind interaction with the non-magnetised Solar System bodies of Mars, Venus, Titan and comets. Localized, two-dimensional hybrid model runs have also been made to study terrestrial dayside magnetosheath. However, the Hermean plasma environment has not yet been analysed by a global quasi-neutral hybrid model. In this paper we present a new quasi-neutral hybrid model developed to study various processes associated with the Mercury-solar wind interaction. Emphasis is placed on addressing advantages and disadvantages of the approach to study different plasma physical processes near the planet. The basic assumptions of the approach and the algorithms used in the new model are thoroughly presented. Finally, some of the first three-dimensional hybrid model runs made for Mercury are presented. The resulting macroscopic plasma parameters and the morphology of the magnetic field demonstrate the applicability of the new approach to study the Mercury-solar wind interaction globally. In addition, the real advantage of the kinetic hybrid model approach is to study the property of individual ions, and the study clearly demonstrates the large potential of the approach to address these more detailed issues by a quasi-neutral hybrid model in the future. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (planetary magnetospheres; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions) – Space plasma physics (numerical simulation studies)
Inferring regional surface fluxes from convective boundary

Regional scale fluxes of sensible heat, latent /heat, and CO, are estimated by means of a method which involves the heat and mass budget õf the co5ectiGCboundary layer (CBL). This method is based upon an integrated form of the conservation equation for a given scalar and is used with radiosounding data collected during several clear days of measurements of the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel) at the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season in 1992. The regional estimates of sensible heat flux provide plausible results. For latent heat flux, only 4 days out of 8 give satisfactory agreement, and the introduction of a correction for advection does not improve the agreement for the rest of the days. For CO, flux calculation the method used links regional fluxes to concentrations measured within the surface layer. The estimates obtained for the CO2 uptake at a regional scale differ from those measured on a fallow savannah, but the overall trend (a decrease of the CO, uptake due to soil water depletion and vegetation drying out) is respected. Our general conclusion is that the CBL budget method can work to estimate sensible heat flux, but it is very hazardous to estimate latent heat flux and CO2 uptake. i O 10020949 I
(How) Do (Firms in) Clusters Create Knowledge?

The literature on clusters and cluster building has been rapidly growing both in academic and policy‐making circles. Central to this interest and body of work has been the assumption that location in clusters helps firms to exchange, acquire and generate new knowledge. Since knowledge is increasingly believed to be the basis of firm competitiveness clustered firms and industries will outperform others. This paper sets out to examine the evidence for propositions regarding the knowledge‐enhancing qualities of clusters by reviewing the literature with the expressed intention of examining whether such claims in fact rest upon rigorous and verifiable empirical findings. In order to do this we extract from the theoretical literature on clusters three hypothetical arguments for the knowledge creating and competitiveness generating power of clusters: knowledge in clusters is created through various forms of local inter‐organizational collaborative interaction; knowledge in clusters is created through increased competition and intensified rivalry; knowledge in clusters is created through spillover following from the local mobility and sociability of individuals. The paper goes on to assess and evaluate the number and rigour of empirical cases supporting these types of argument.
Spectroscopy of brown dwarf candidates in IC 348 and the determination of its substellar IMF down to planetary masses

Context. Brown dwarfs represent a sizable fraction of the stellar content of our Galaxy and populate the transition between the stellar and planetary mass regime. There is however no agreement on the processes responsible for their formation. Aims. We have conducted a large survey of the young, nearby cluster IC 348, to uncover its low-mass brown dwarf population and study the cluster properties in the substellar regime. Methods. Deep optical and near-IR images taken with MegaCam and WIRCam at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) were used to select photometric candidate members. A spectroscopic follow-up of a large fraction of the candidates was conducted to assess their youth and membership. Results. We confirmed spectroscopically 16 new members of the IC 348 cl uster, including 13 brown dwarfs, contributing significant ly to the substellar census of the cluster, where only 30 brown dwarfs were previously known. Five of the new members have a L0spectral type, the latest-type objects found to date in this cluster. At 3 Myr, evolutionary models estimate these brown dwarfs to have a mass of∼13 M Jup . Combining the new members with previous census of the cluster, we constructed the IMF complete down to 13 M Jup . Conclusions. The IMF of IC 348 is well fitted by a log-normal function, and we do not see evidence for variations of the mass function down to planetary masses when compared to other young clusters.