Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated hydrological modeling of the North China Plain and implications for sustainable water management

Abstract. Groundwater overdraft has caused fast water level decline in the North China Plain (NCP) since the 1980s. Although many hydrological models have been developed for the NCP in the past few decades, most of them deal only with the groundwater component or only at local scales. In the present study, a coupled surface water–groundwater model using the MIKE SHE code has been developed for the entire alluvial plain of the NCP. All the major processes in the land phase of the hydrological cycle are considered in the integrated modeling approach. The most important parameters of the model are first identified by a sensitivity analysis process and then calibrated for the period 2000–2005. The calibrated model is validated for the period 2006–2008 against daily observations of groundwater heads. The simulation results compare well with the observations where acceptable values of root mean square error (RMSE) (most values lie below 4 m) and correlation coefficient (R) (0.36–0.97) are obtained. The simulated evapotranspiration (ET) is then compared with the remote sensing (RS)-based ET data to further validate the model simulation. The comparison result with a R2 value of 0.93 between the monthly averaged values of simulated actual evapotranspiration (AET) and RS AET for the entire NCP shows a good performance of the model. The water balance results indicate that more than 70% of water leaving the flow system is attributed to the ET component, of which about 0.25% is taken from the saturated zone (SZ); about 29% comes from pumping, including irrigation pumping and non-irrigation pumping (net pumping). Sustainable water management analysis of the NCP is conducted using the simulation results obtained from the integrated model. An effective approach to improve water use efficiency in the NCP is by reducing the actual ET, e.g. by introducing water-saving technologies and changes in cropping.
HOST RESISTANCE AND AGGRESSIVENESS OF A1 AND A2 MATING TYPES OF PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS IN POTATOES

Studies on the effect of host resistance on P. infeslans aggressiveness revealed that mostly A 2 mating type was more aggressive than A 1 mating type. However, in some cases aggressiveness varied with host background. The aggressiveness of A 2 was more on seedlings of 10 crosses, whereas that of A 1 was more on seedlings of 6 crosses. The performance of mixture of A 1 and A 2 mating types also varied with host background. The aggressiveness of the mixture was, in general, higher than A 1 or A 2 alone on potato cultivars but its effect on seedlings of different crosses was not similar. No statistical differences were observed in aggressiveness of the two mating types when tested on germplasm accessions using detached leaves and tuber slice tests. It is concluded that aggressiveness of the two mating types varies with host background and the germplasm accessions need to be evaluated using both the mating types to select parents with durable host resistance for use in resistance breeding programme.
Crosstalk between nitric oxide and hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathways: an update

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Research and Reports in Biochemistry 2015:5 147–161 Research and Reports in Biochemistry Dovepress
A Minimalist Approach to Scrambling. Evidence from Persian. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2005, 265 p., index thématique, index d’auteurs.

Cet ouvrage est consacre a un phenomene syntaxique designe par le terme « scrambling » dans la tradition generativiste de la syntaxe formelle. Le terme, forge par R. Ross (1967) dans Constraints on Variables in Syntax renvoie a la possibilite pour certains constituants syntaxiques d’etre ordonnes librement les uns par rapport aux autres. Le scrambling se distingue toutefois du phenomene general de l’ordre libre des mots dans certaines langues, dans la mesure ou, d’apres Ross, les differents o.
MODELS OF PARTICLE REINFORCED NONLINEAR-VISCOUS COMPOSITE

Two new models are described for a composite consisting of a nonlinear viscous matrix reinforced by rigid particulate inclusions: (1) An analytical plane strain solution for a uniform regular array of rigid hexagonal particles separated by a nonlinear viscous material; and (2) a numerical upper-bound solution using Hashin's composite sphere model for a composite consisting of rigid inclusions in a nonlinear viscous matrix. Suquet's closed-form solution for the nonlinear composite, obtained by transforming Hashin's linear solution, is also examined. Predictions of all models are compared with experimental measurements from uniaxial compression tests on composites consisting of bitumen reinforced with various volume fractions of aggregate.
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Boar culling in commercial Boar Studs in Southern China

The objectives of this study were to measure culling frequency and analysis of reasons for boar culling in commercial boar studs. Data were obtained from nine commercial boar studs included 2342 culled boars in Southern China during July 2013 to June 2016. Descriptive statistics of reasons for boar culling revealed that the frequency of unplanned cull boar accounted for a large proportion (88.04%), reproductive disorders (40.61%) and lameness (27.2%) were the most frequently cited reasons. Sperm-related problems accounted for the largest proportion (668, 70.24%) due to reproductive disorders, followed by the abnormal genital system (169, 17.78%). The highest frequency of reproductive disorders was arisen in May (17.98%), and the relatively high culling frequency lasted for 16 weeks until August (10.00%), especially for the Yorkshire boar that owned highest culling risk (47.09%) with the culled number reached peak in May (60, 21.82%), followed by July (33, 12.00%). In additionythe highest frequency of boar culling due to lameness appeared in May (90, 14.13%), followed by January (68, 10.68%) and December (66, 10.36%) with cold and wet. It was speculated that extreme weather was more likely to cause lameness. Our research suggested farmers under subtropical climate should take effective measures to reduce heat and humidity stress at the earliest, preferably from late spring to August to improve reproductive efficiency on boar studs, and also take breed differences into their decision-making processes to ensure adequate boar power and customer satisfaction.
A Disaggregated Analysis of the Allocation of Time within the Household

In this paper the authors estimate a model of the allocation of time within the household using data that allows them to d istinguish between a large number of time uses. The model is explicitly derived within a utility maximization framework and can be estimated by relatively simpl e two-step estimation procedures. The model providesa natural framework to test implications of the more restrictive models of Reuben Gronau_(1977, 1980) and John Graham and Carole Green_(1984). Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.
A closer look at software refactoring using symbolic execution

Fowler’s classical definition of program refactoring as it appeared in [1] is many times broken in CASE tools, which claim non-refactorings to be refactoring operations. On other hand-side, there are often forgotten refactorings. According to the original definition [1], “Refactoring is the process of changing a software in a such way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code yet improves its internal structure. ” Many times, refactoring is done by hand, which needs a detailed verification. Based on the commutativity diagram of symbolic execution presented by King in [2] and the above definition of refactoring, we expressed the principle of program refactoring and our look at it using symbolic execution. These are presented in this paper as well as the overall principle of automated refactoring evaluation. For the question of “is it a refactoring? ” we offer an answer using Java PathFinder and Symbolic PathFinder for the Java programming language.
From Sets and Types to Topology and Analysis: Towards practicable foundations for constructive mathematics, edited by Laura Crosilla and Peter Schuster. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy

We introduce a new kind of models for constructive set theories based on categories of presheaves. These models are a counterpart of the presheaf models for intuitionistic set theories defined by Dana Scott in the ’80s. We also show how presheaf models fit into the framework of Algebraic Set Theory and sketch an application to an independence result. 1. Variable sets in foundations and practice Presheaves are of central importance both for the foundations and the practice of mathematics. The notion of a presheaf formalizes well the idea of a variable set, that is relevant in all the areas of mathematics concerned with the study of indexed families of objects [19]. One may then readily see how presheaves are of interest also in foundations: both Cohen’s forcing models for classical set theories and Kripke models for intuitionistic logic involve the idea of sets indexed by stages. Constructive aspects start to emerge when one considers the internal logic of categories of presheaves. This logic, which does not include classical principles such as the law of the excluded middle, provides a useful language to manipulate objects and arrows, and can be used as an alternative to diagrammatic reasoning [25]. Furthermore, it is sufficiently expressive to allow the definitions of complex mathematical constructions. This aspect has led to important developments in the study of elementary toposes [16]. The main purpose of this paper is to show how presheaves can be used to obtain models for constructive set theories [23, 5] analogous to the ones defined by Dana Scott for intuitionistic set theories [26]. In order to do so, we will have to overcome the challenges intrinsic to working with generalised predicative formal systems. By a generalised predicative formal system we mean here a system that is proof-theoretically reducible to Martin-Löf dependent type theories with W -types and universes [20, 12]. Generalised predicative systems typically contain axioms allowing generalized forms of inductive definitions [1] instead of proof-theoretically strong axioms such as Power Set. Our development will focus on categories of classes rather than categories of sets as the starting point to define presheaves, thus assuming the perspective of Algebraic Set Theory [15, 27, 7, 22, 6]. The main reason for this choice is that the properties of categories of sets do not always reflect directly the set-theoretical axioms adopted to define them. There are indeed axioms, such as Replacement, that do not express directly properties of sets, but regard the interaction between sets and classes. In categories of classes we can overcome this problem without loss, since sets can be isolated as special objects, those that are in some sense ‘small’. Date: December 10th, 2004. Research supported by an EPSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship in Mathematics (GR/R95975/01).
Why There is Debate over Labor Market Institutions: A Perspective on Long-Term Unemployment Rate

This paper tests economic impacts of labor market institutions on employment of OECD nations from the perspective of long-term unemployment rate (LUR) in order to alleviate endogeneity bias existed in the current literature on this topic, which is the root of the long-lasting debate over significance of these effects. Based on careful analysis of the model specifications of past literature, a set of models with dependent variable of LUR are subject to various robustness tests and compared with other models in literature, policy simulation is then conducted based on the best specification after these tests. We find that some institutions, particularly tax wedge, union density and their interaction do affect LUR, which has profound implication for institutions’ impacts on standard unemployment rate and provide further evidence in support of deregulation view held by IMF.
Accumulation and modeling of particles in drinking water pipe fittings

Abstract. The effect of pipe fittings (mainly T-pieces) on particle accumulation in drinking water distribution networks were shown in this work. The online measurements of flow and turbidity for cast iron, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pipe sections were linked with analysis of pipe geometry. Up to 0.29 kg of the total amount mobilized in T-pieces ranging from DN 100/100–DN 250/250. The accumulated amount of particles in fittings was defined as J and introduced into the existing turbidity model PODDS (prediction of discoloration in distribution systems) proposed by Boxall et al. (2001) which describes the erosion of particles leading to discoloration events in drinking water network viz sections of straight pipes. However, this work does not interpret mobilization of particles in pipe fittings which have been considered in this article. T-pieces were the object of this study and depending of the diameter or daily flow velocity, the coefficient J varied from 1.16 to 8.02. The study showed that pipe fittings act as catchment areas for particle accumulation in drinking water networks.
Application of CART and IBL for Image Retrieval

In recent days there is an enormous growth in the storage of digital medical images in the databases. To access these images Content based image retrieval (CBIR) is used as an alternative to automated text based image retrieval approach. In CBIR the input query is in the form of medical image and retrieves diagnostic cases similar to it. To reduce the storage and transmission requirements of the medical images, Image compression techniques are utilized. In this paper, a method has been proposed which integrates image retrieval and compression techniques to minimize the bandwidth utilization. Loseless image compression is obtained using the Haar wavelet. Sobel edge detector and Gabor transforms have been employed for the extraction of the Edge and texture features from the compressed medical images. The classification is done using the Classification and regression tree (CART) and Instance based learner (IBL) and the accuracy obtained is 88% for the CART and 93% for IBL.
Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Ecological Economic System Based on the Functional Control

Qiu Li School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Email: liqiu0110@163.com Received Mar. 11, 2013; revised Mar. 19, 2013; accepted Apr. 1, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Qiu Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Przegląd stosowanych na świecie skal ryzyka operacyjnego choroby wieńcowej serca

Choroba wiencowa jest schorzeniem cywilizacyjnym XXI wieku. Stale doskonali sie metody jej leczenia chirurgicznego. Pozwala to na rozszerzenie grupy chorych, u ktorych mimo licznych dodatkowych obciązen stosuje sie leczenie operacyjne. Rokowanie pooperacyjne zalezy od wielu czynnikow, takich jak metody chirurgiczne czy anestezjologiczne, ale przede wszystkim od stanu pacjenta przed operacją. W celu zwiekszenia bezpieczenstwa operacji u pacjentow leczonych chirurgicznie z powodu choroby niedokrwiennej serca niezbedne staje sie opracowanie procedury pozwalającej ustalac poziom ryzyka operacyjnego poprzez klasyfikacje pacjenta do odpowiedniej grupy wyznaczającej określony stopien tego ryzyka. Wśrod wielu skal ryzyka operacyjnego na świecie najwieksze znaczenie prawdopodobnie mają skale EuroSCORE oraz Cleveland Clinic Foundation zarowno pod wzgledem wlaściwej kwalifikacji pacjentow do grup ryzyka, jak i prognostyki pooperacyjnej śmiertelności oraz powiklan. Populacje chorych w roznych krajach świata z powodu roznych uwarunkowan posiadają specyfike ograniczającą mozliwości prostego porownania wynikow badan miedzy nimi. Potwierdzono to w badaniach przeprowadzonych w Klinice Kardiochirurgii Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi, w ktorych wykazano, ze juz na biezącym etapie badan Polska Skala Ryzyka ( Polish Score ) jest bardziej przydatna w codziennym zastosowaniu niz powszechnie stosowane na świecie skale ryzyka.
Değişken hızlı rüzgâr türbinlerinde kanat ucu hız oranı tabanlı maksimum güç izleme denetimi ; kapsamlı bir tasarım

The most primitive control method of wind turbines used to generate electric energy from wind is the fixed speed control method. With this method, it is not possible that turbine input power is transferred to grid at maximum rate. For this reason, Maximum Power Tracking (MPT) schemes are proposed. In order to implement MPT, the propeller has to rotate at a different speed for every different wind speed. This situation has led MPT based systems to be called Variable Speed Wind Turbine (VSWT) systems. In VSWT systems, turbine input power can be transferred to grid at rates close to maximum power. When MPT based control of VSWT systems is the case, two important processes come into prominence. These are instantaneously determination and tracking of MPT point. In this study, using a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method based on tip speed ratio, power available in wind is transferred into grid over a back to back converter at maximum rate via a VSWT system with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Besides a physical wind turbine simulator is modelled and simulated. Results show that a time varying MPPT point is tracked with a high performance.
Capacity Expansions timing patterns in the United Kingdom’s petroleum refining industry between 1948 and 1998

We try to get a handle on whether capacity expansion timing patterns in oligopoly among incumbents are followed. We study the United Kingdom ´s petroleum refining industry between 1948 and 1998. Using fixed-effects logit models, we find that U.K.´s refiners have not followed any definite capacity expansion-timing pattern.
Natural Skeletal Pathologies in a Population of Gray Squirrels

Antemortem bone remodeling following severe trauma leads to bone disfigurement that serves as a skeletal record of the injury resulting from events such as nonfatal predator attacks, aggressive intraspecific interactions, or accidental injuries related to lifestyle hazards. In the current study, pathologic bone regrowth was analyzed in a sample of 91 eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) skeletons from Putnam County, Georgia. The occurrence, frequency, and position of bridging fracture calluses, bone misalignments, bone-surface perforations, and localized superficial calluses were recorded and compared to other terrestrial, semiarboreal, and arboreal mammalian species. Evidence of healed bone fractures was observed in 41% of individuals, with 26% of the skeletons displaying multiple healed fractures. Healed long bone fractures were noted in 19% of the skeletons. Pathologic ribs, caudal vertebrae, and metatarsals were most commonly observed and likely resulted from falls or nonfatal predator attacks.
Reputation Capital, Financial Capital, and Transition to Entrepreneurship

We provide a theory for career choices of employees willing to become entrepreneurs and facing credit constraints. We show that they need a sufficient mix of reputation and financial capital. We consider their choice to work for transparent or opaque firms. Transparent firms disclose more information about their employees. It has two consequences. First, it eases the updating of the employees'reputation, which is positive for those with a bad initial reputation and negative otherwise. Second, it fosters incentives to exert effort, which increases the wage, and thus, the financial capital available for setting a business venture. Employees thus adopt strategies that depend on their initial reputation. We also show that employees whose alternative is to choose between transparent and opaque projects to work on once employed make transparency choices that differ from employees who choose firms to work for. The former are less likely to become entrepreneurs than the latter.
Dynamical control of atoms with polarized bichromatic weak field

We propose ultranarrow dynamical control of population oscillation (PO) between ground states through the polarization content of an input bichromatic field. Appropriate engineering of classical interference between optical fields results in PO arising exclusively from optical pumping. Contrary to the expected broad spectral response associated with optical pumping, we obtain subnatural linewidth in complete absence of quantum interference. The ellipticity of the light polarizations can be used for temporal shaping of the PO leading to generation of multiple sidebands even at low light level.
Effect of groundnut plant residues on germination and radicle elongation of four crop species.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) )yield has been reported to decrease by more than 50% with successive croppings. Filtrates from fresh and decomposed groundnut plant residues were bioassyed for their effects on germination and radicle elongation of four crop species. Results obtained indicated that the inhibitory substance(s)present in the residues is soluble in water; heat treatment or prolonged decomposition seemed 10 reduces or possible eliminate the inhibitory activity of the residues. The production of the inhibitor(s) also seem to follow a cycle and may also be associated with changes in pH of the residue filtrates.Delaying D planting of the subsequent crop is suggested as a precaution against poor germination and early growth if plant residue Were incorporated or left on Ihe soilsurface after harvest.
FABRICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND HYDROGEN PERMEATION IN PREPARED BY SOLID- STATE REACTIVE SINTERING by

This dissertation focuses on the fabrication and characterization of BCZY for hydrogenseparation applications. The structural and hydrogen-permeation properties of a series of protonconducting oxides based on the solid solution of BaZrO3-BaCeO3 as an emerging class of ceramic hydrogen-separation membranes were investigated. Yttrium was used as the specific dopant; the ceria and zirconia contents were varied from 0  x  0.4 . Materials were prepared by solid-state reactive sintering from both BaCO3 and BaSO4 barium precursors. The cubic phase was observed over all ranges of the differing ceria to zirconia ratios. In an effort to decrease the thickness and increase the flux of hydrogen through these membranes, two-phase membrane-support tubes were fabricated from 65 wt-% NiO / 35 wt-% BCZY27, and then spray coated with BCZY27 membranes; the active area of these thin BCZY27 membranes approached 75 cm 2 . Hydrogen-permeation measurements were executed utilizing two different measurement techniques. The first technique used mass spectroscopy to measure the flux of hydrogen through the membrane under a hydrogen partial-pressure difference. The second technique used a method of titration to indirectly calculate hydrogen flux across the membrane. Results from both techniques reveal that BCZY27 had thermally activated hydrogen transport at temperatures above 700 °C. This phenomenon is attributed to ambipolar diffusion of protons and electrons. A simple computational model and Arrhenius analysis were used to compare and understand the observed results. These thin BCZY27 membranes on tubular porous Ni-BCZY27 supports demonstrated in this dissertation are the first realization of this architecture in high-temperature proton-conducting ceramics.