Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control Effect of Botanical Pesticides against Ectropis oblique hmpulina and Empoasca pirisuga in Tea Plantation

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of several botanical pesticides against two pests in tea plantation. [Method] Using randomized block design,different concentrations of botanical pesticides were sprayed during the young larvae periods of Ectropis oblique hmpulina Wehrli and peak periods of Empoasca pirisuga,the reduction rate of population and control effects were investigated after spraying for 1,3,7 and 10 d. [Result] 5% rotenone EC 800 times had the best control effect against E.oblique hmpulina,and 0.5% veratridine soluble liquid 800 times had the best control effect against E.pirisuga. 0.5% veratridine soluble liquid,0.2% celangulin EC,0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E.oblique hmpulina;0.5% veratridine soluble liquid,0.2% celangulin EC,0.3% azadirachtin EC,0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E.pirisuga,of which 0.3% azadirachtin EC 600 times showed the best durable effect against E.pirisuga with control effect of 100% after spraying for 7 d. [Conclusion] The results provided basis for application of botanical pesticides in pests control in tea plantation.
Antibacterial property of moringa oleifera seed extract: comparative study of crude extract and membrane processed extract

In this research, the antibacterial property of both crude and membrane processed seed extracts were investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudosomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The defatted seeds were prepared with water and the water extract obtained was passed through 0.45? m microfiltration membrane system. The antibacterial activity was done using the agar well diffusion. The effect of concentration of the extracts were determined, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as well as Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was carried out. The result showed that the diameter inhibition zone ranges from 13mm to 30mm and increase in the seed extracts showed a corresponding increase in the inhibition of the bacterial strains. Statistical difference was found (P = 0.002) when the mean of antibacterial activity of the membrane processed seed extract against the bacterial strains was compared with the crude seed extract. Statistical results showed that membrane processed extract was more effective than the crude extract. The results of MIC and MBC values of membrane processed extract seed obtained shows that it was bactericidal against Pseudosomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and bacteriostatic against Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus respectively.
Inoculations showing the wide host range of Botryo-sphaeria ribis.

The importance of Botryosphaeria ribis as a pathogène on currant and gooseberry, Bibes grossularia, was demonstrated by Grossenbacher and Duggar (7). ^ They described the perfect stage as B. ribis. The imperfect stage, which is common on most hosts, is a Dothiorella. Later, Shear, Stevens, and Wilcox (17) verified their work and studied critically (using over 3,000 cultures) the closely related fungi collected from 26 different hosts. Shear, Stevens, and Wilcox (18) report 17 species of plants in the United States as hosts of Botryosphaeria ribis. Stevens (20) gives almost the same list, with additional species. Stevens and Shear (22) found B. ribis to be relatively scarce in the Hawaiian Islands. They made less than 30 collections, and list its occurrence on 14 species of plants. They grew cultures of the fungus from 15 of their collections, and proved the pathogenicity on currants of 5 of these cultures selected at random. Saccardo (16) lists and describes 72 different species of the genus Dothiorella that were found on 54 different genera, and on a greater number of species. Fawcett (Í, 2) found a species of Dothiorella attacking limbs of the English walnut, Juglans regial, named the disease melaxuma, and discovered that the arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis Ben th. , had typical cankers caused by the same fungus. This fungus, from its imperfect form, was provisionally determined as Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. which is now believed to be identical with the Dothiorella stage of Botryosphaeria ribis on currant and gooseberry, as described by Grossenbacher and Duggar (7). A decay of citrus fruits, especially of lemons, is listed by Fawcett (5, pp. 412-414) as caused by B. ribis. He reports Dothiorella sp. as girdling and killing large citrus branches, in Italy (S, p. 132), in Tunisia (4, p. 208), and in Algeria (4, p. 244). Eeichert and Hellinger (15) record B. ribis as the cause of decay of
Population structure, propagule pressure, and conservation biogeography in the sub‐Antarctic: lessons from indigenous and invasive springtails

The patterns in and the processes underlying the distribution of invertebrates among Southern Ocean islands and across vegetation types on these islands are reasonably well understood. However, few studies have examined the extent to which populations are genetically structured. Given that many sub‐Antarctic islands experienced major glaciation and volcanic activity, it might be predicted that substantial population substructure and little genetic isolation‐by‐distance should characterize indigenous species. By contrast, substantially less population structure might be expected for introduced species. Here, we examine these predictions and their consequences for the conservation of diversity in the region. We do so by examining haplotype diversity based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data, from two indigenous (Cryptopygus antarcticus travei, Tullbergia bisetosa) and two introduced (Isotomurus cf. palustris, Ceratophysella denticulata) springtail species from Marion Island. We find considerable genetic substructure in the indigenous species that is compatible with the geological and glacialogical history of the island. Moreover, by employing ecological techniques, we show that haplotype diversity is likely much higher than our sequenced samples suggest. No structure is found in the introduced species, with each being represented by a single haplotype only. This indicates that propagule pressure is not significant for these small animals unlike the situation for other, larger invasive species: a few individuals introduced once are likely to have initiated the invasion. These outcomes demonstrate that sampling must be more comprehensive if the population history of indigenous arthropods on these islands is to be comprehended, and that the risks of within‐ and among‐island introductions are substantial. The latter means that, if biogeographical signal is to be retained in the region, great care must be taken to avoid inadvertent movement of indigenous species among and within islands. Thus, quarantine procedures should also focus on among‐island movements.
Characterising lymphocyte trafficking across blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells

The recruitment of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to sites of inflammation and their subsequent traffic into the lymphatic circulation is important in host defense. However, surprisingly little is known about their recruitment from the blood vasculature into inflamed tissue, and almost nothing about their egress from inflamed tissue via the lymphatic circulation. We showed that both human macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells stimulated by TNF\(\alpha\) and IFN\(\gamma\), preferentially recruited memory T-lymphocytes (CD45RO positive cells) from a mixed pool of PBL. T-cells that had migrated across vascular endothelial cells subsequently utilised a combination of \(\beta\)1 and \(\beta\)2 integrins to traverse cytokine activated lymphatic endothelium. In addition we provide evidence that PGD2 was critical for the transmigration of lymphocytes through vascular endothelium. The process of trans-lymphatic migration was also significantly retarded in the presence of a function neutralising antibody against CCR7. Most importantly, we observed that memory T-cells showed a markedly enhanced capacity to migrate across lymphatic endothelium if they had first traversed a vascular endothelial cell barrier. We have shown that addition of exogenous PGD2 to isolated lymphocytes is able to restore the enhanced migration capacity of lymphocytes that have previously migrated through a vascular monolayer. The nature of the priming signal delivered by the process of migration across blood vessel endothelium remains to be fully identified, but is likely to be important in regulating the dynamics of an inflammatory response.
Ecological approaches to species recognition in birds through studies of model and non-model species

All birds propagate sexually and reproduction critically depends on individuals' abilities to secure matings within their own species. Discrimination of conspecifics from heterospecifics may also improve fitness in many additional social contexts, including foraging, roosting, migrating, and antipredator behaviour, that are separate from mating. Understanding the developmental basis of any universal behavioural trait, including avian species recognition, may benefit from the development and use of model systems where genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental variables can be identified and controlled. Indeed, extensive initial progress in the study of social affiliation and preference in birds was made based on laboratory studies of a handful of precocial and altricial species, especially in the context of filial and sexual imprinting. This research helped to establish ontogenetic paradigms and generated testable hypotheses for further laboratory and field studies of both avian and non-avian taxa regarding the importance of imprinting and early experience in the development of social choice. Here, we review and interpret the findings of species recognition studies in the context of ecological variation in avian taxa across gradients of parental care strategies, including "non-parental" megapodes and brood parasites. We highlight the benefits of a recent paradigm shift to describe the importance of non-imprinting based recognition mechanisms in the study of avian recognition systems and argue to include the full range of life history variation that birds exhibit in order to confirm or reject long-standing hypotheses regarding the constraints and flexibilities of avian cognitive architecture and their contributions to species recognition systems.
Implementing patient safety in laparoscopic surgery : quality assessment and process analysis

The main objectives of this thesis are to obtain clinically relevant tools to evaluate quality during the introduction of new interventions in laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) (the most frequently performed advanced gynecological minimally invasive procedure) and to support clinicians to ensure surgical safety by means of process analysis. We performed a Delphi study to achieve consensus on a uniform and multidisciplinary applicable definition. Based on this definition, we described the relevance, evidence and controllability of conversion rate as a means of evaluation in LH. We performed a systematic review with cumulative analysis to evaluate the outcomes of abdominal, laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomy (VH) in patients with a BMI ≥35kg/m2 and concluded that the feasibility of LH and VH should be considered prior to the abdominal approach to hysterectomy in these patients. Furthermore, we performed a prospective study using video observation, to assess the incidence and effect of equipment-/instrument-related surgical flow disturbances during LH and validated a questionnaire to detect potential safety hazards during the introduction of new interventions in an early stage. Finally, the Digital Operating Room Assistance (DORA) model was introduced which is a novel system for automated procedural progress monitoring that enables prediction of the remaining procedure duration.
Humeral homology and the origin of the tetrapod elbow : a reinterpretation of the enigmatic specimens ANSP 21350 and GSM 104536

Two putative tetrapod humeri of Devonian age, ANSP 21350 from the late Famennian of Pennsylvania and GSM 104536 from the late Frasnian of Scat Craig, Scotland, are reinterpreted in the light of more recent discoveries. The morphology of ANSP 21350 can be more fully homologized with those of elpistostegids and early tetrapods than previously recognized. Unique features include distally displaced dorsal muscle attachments and a ventrally rotated distal face of the bone. This suggests that a weight-bearing ventrally directed forearm was created, not by means of a flexed elbow as in other tetrapods, but by distorting the humerus. The olecranon process on the ulna was probably poorly developed or absent. Primitive characters that are absent in other tetrapods add support to the contention that ANSP 21350 is the least crownward of known tetrapod humeri. Contrary to previous claims, Acanthostega has a characteristic tetrapod ulnar morphology with an olecranon process; it does not resemble an elpistostegid ulna and is not uniquely primitive for tetrapods. This suggests that the flexed tetrapod elbow with ulnar extensor muscles attached to the olecranon evolved simultaneously with the large rectangular entepicondyle typical for early tetrapods, probably as part of a single functional complex. GSM 104536 is denfinitely not a primitive tetrapod humerus, nor a sarcopterygian branchial bone, but cannot be positively identified at present.
Multiple Hybridisierung von Arten der Ameisen-Gattung Epimyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), und Beobachtungen zur Ausbeutung der Wirtsarten durch die Parasiten

Multiple hybridization of ant species of the genus Epimyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and observations on host exploitation by the parasite species. - Various species of the parasitic ant genus Epimyrma were experimentally hybridized. Because in a number of species the sexuals mate inside the nest it is possible to replace the male pupae of one species by male pupae of another species. After the heterospecific sexuals had mated, young queens were placed singly into artificial nests, together with a few host workers from the mother colony and some host species larvae and worker pupae, for colony foundation. After hibernation, host worker pupae were added until the young colony comprised about 40-50 host workers. Young (hybrid) females and workers developed from the eggs of the cross-mated queens in this first year, or after a second hibernation. Hybrid females in the Same way could be cross-mated with males of a third species, and so on. One of the experiments resulted in the production of female hybrids composed of two populations of Epimyrma kraussei (from Morocco and Crete), E. birgitae (from Teneriffa), E. bernardi (from Spain) and an undescribed Epimyrma species close to E. stumperi (from Greece). Other hybridizations were possible with E. birgitae X E. bernardi, and with E. kraussei X E. algeriana, always with production of nuyerous hybrid gynes and variable numbers of workers. However, hybrid females practically never had hybrid male offspring. Whereas it was possible to cross-mate females of E. ravouxi with E. kraussei and with E. adlerzi, only one hybrid female each was reared in the two experiments. Four crossmatings of E. (= Myrmoxenus) gordiagini with males of E. kraussei did not yield any progeny although two of the E. gordiagini females survived for four years, laying numerous eggs every year, and still having living sperm in their spermathecae. Both E. ravouxi and E. gor-diagini are swarming species. Successfui mating within their nests thus was initiated by the males of E. adlerzi and E. kraussei, respectively, both species being characterized by intranidal mating. It appears that the "degenerate slavemakers" with intranidal mating are very closely related among each other, so that their reproductive Isolation is mainly due to host specificity, intranidal mating, and a very low male production, whereas a more or less strong genetic isolation exists between this group on the one hand, and E. ravouxi and E. gordiagini on the other hand, with species of both groups conducting mating flights. The results of the hybridization experiments thus confirm earlier conclusions On the relationships within the genus. Epimyrma queens slowly throttle their host queens to death during colony foundation, they often sting some host species workers, and they eliminate host male pupae in parasitized nests. These observations are discussed as an optimized strategy of host colony exploitation.
Linking DNA Polymorphisms and Populations' Evolutionary History

4 Introduction . 4 Results . 9 Genetic barriers to gene flow and gene flow factor . 9 Neutral divergence and Fst . 9 Gene flow factor. 10 Expected Fst. 13 Variation in Fst. 14 Dynamics of the size of GIDs. 15 Divergence in weakly selected loci. 16 Discussion . 17 Is it really “hitchhiking”? 18 “Divergence hitchhiking” vs. “multilocus migration/selection balance”. 19 Effects of the population size and migration rate on Fst . 19 vii “Divergence hitchhiking” vs. “genome hitchhiking”. 20 References . 24 Appendix . 33 Individual-based simulations . 34 Defining DIG size . 35 Chapter 2 Distribution of coalescent times and number of pairwise differences in models of hybridization . 43 Abstract . 44. 44 Introduction . 44 Model . 47 Modelling assumptions . 47 General model . 47 Distribution of coalescent times, expected coalescent time and the distribution of pairwise differences . 49 Model with symmetric migration. 53 Discussion . 58 Distribution of pairwise differences . 60 Parameter estimation . 62 viii Conclusion . 65 References . 66 Appendix . 72 Calculating expected values and their functions . 78 The expression for elements of Qt e : . 80 Chapter 3 Serial Founder Model with historical migration . 82 Abstract . 83. 83 Introduction . 83 Model . 85 No migration . 85 Historical migration . 90 Discussion . 97 Distribution of coalescent times . 97 Expected coalescent times . 98 Heterozygosity . 99 Pairwise Fst . 101 Conclusion . 102 ix References . 104 Appendix . 107 Terms on the right hand side of equations 3.24 and 3.25 . 112 Conclusion . 114 Vita . 117
Changes in the carbon cycle at elevated CO{sub 2}

Open-top chambers being used to grow Pinus ponderosa at 3 levels of atmospheric CO{sub 2} and 3 levels of soil N were modified for use as open-flow gas-exchange systems. We use these systems to explore the interaction of fertility and elevated CO{sub 2} on the flow through and over-all balance of carbon in ecosystems. By tracking carbon flux through our experimental treatments over time, we are able to examine both the impact of canopy development on whole ecosystem carbon flow and the manner in which single leaf gas exchange scales to the system level. Carbon sequestration is the result of a time lag between carbon influx and efflux. We have found that doubling the atmospheric CO{sub 2} level can more than double the input of carbon into ecosystems. Increasing the flux of carbon into systems has resulted in a proportional increase in flux out of the system. We are not yet able to locate a proportional increase in stored carbon however. Canopy and root closure are two important processes that effect the dynamics of biogeochemicals in ecosystems and thus the potential for carbon sequestration. Changes in ecosystem carbon dynamic are an inevitable result of changing atmospheric CO{sub 2} levels. Experimentsmore » with more precise accounting and scaling of whole-system fluxes and pools are needed to understand what those changes will be. « less
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ALLELIC DISCRIMINATION REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1 AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS OF THE VIRUS

OF DISSERTATION DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ALLELIC DISCRIMINATION REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1 AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS OF THE VIRUS Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can cause acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in horses. Rapid, accurate and timely diagnosis of EHV-1 infection in horses is important to curtail the spread of this pathogen. It has been reported that the neuropathogenic phenotype of EHV-1 can result from a single non-synonymous nucleotide substitution at position 2254 (A→G2254) in open reading frame 30 (ORF30). This was the basis for the development of an allelic discrimination, real-time PCR assay to distinguish between potential neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains. However, PCR analysis of a panel of EHV-1 abortion isolates revealed that other point mutations within ORF30 could produce false negative results with this previously described assay. Objective one of this dissertation project was to develop a more sensitive and specific allelic discrimination real-time PCR assay for the detection of EHV-1. This was achieved by redesigning the primers and probes targeting ORF30. The new assay was ten times more sensitive than the original assay, with a lower detection limit of 10 infectious virus particles. Of equal importance to proper diagnosis is the prevention of EHV-1 infection. None of the commercially available EHV-1 vaccines provides protection against EHV-1 neurologic disease. Objective two, therefore, was the in vivo characterization of a cell-passaged EHV-1 neuropathogenic strain, T953, to determine if this virus’s phenotype was attenuated and could possibly serve as the basis for a vaccine. Two separate groups of 28 BALB/c mice were inoculated with either the parental strain or passage 135 (T953 P135) of EHV-1 strain T953. The animals were observed for fourteen days, euthanized and their tissues analyzed for the presence of EHV-1. At the conclusion of the fourteen day observation period, all of the mice infected with T953 P135 survived and had regained their preinoculation body condition. Also, there were significant differences in virus titer and viral DNA concentrations between T953 P135 and the parental strain, further confirming the attenuated phenotype of the virus. Data from this study clearly demonstrate that sequential cell culture passage of the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1 results in attenuation and reduced pathogenicity in young adult BALB/c mice.
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Male Fertility : A Prospective Hospital Based Study

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that smoking is very much prevalent among 30% of all 15 years and older men. Approximately 46% of smokers (men) belong to reproductive age (20∼39 years of age). A survey from 187 countries reported that the prevalence of smoking in male smokers was decreased from 41.2% in 1980 to 31.1% in 2012. Though, the number of everyday smokers increased from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012. Methods: Eighty male cases were included in this study. Out of eighty male cases 51 had low sperm count & 29 cases were normal. The study was conducted in Department of General Medicine, Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, NatekalResults: In the present study, low sperm count was occurred in 36.3% and normal sperm count was occurred in 63.7% cases. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that smoking has severe effects on male fertility. It decreased the sperm motility and sperm count and causes a further decline with continuation of smoking for more than five years.