Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
YEAST GROWTH AND GLYCEROL FORMATION II. CARBON AND REDOX BALANCES

Compared to alcoholic fermentation, the biosynthesis of a yeast cell is an oxidation process. To maintain the redox balance, this oxidation is counterbalanced by reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol. Many other substances affecting the redox balance of the yeast cell are also formed as by-products of alcoholic fermentation. Carbon and redox balances including thirteen substances are presented in this paper; they are in good agreement with the concept that the biosynthesis of I g. (dry matter) of yeast gives rise to the formation of about 6 mmoles of glycerol.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE GROUPS ON GELATIN‐ACACIA MICROCAPSULES

The lymphatic system acts as a route of absorption for lipophilic compounds which must first be incorporated into chylomicra before being discharged into the bloodstream. Long chain unsaturated fatty acids stimulate the production of chylomicra and several drugs have been co-administered with oils (Palin and Wilson, 1984) being absorbed concomitantly into the lymph. Microencapsulation of the drug dissolved in oil may overcome problems with patient compliance since a smaller amount of oil would be required to enhance absorption. Although gelatin microcapsules have been reputed to posess no mucoadhesive properties in vitro (Park and Robinson, 1985), it should be possible to link putative mucoadhesives onto the surface of the microcapsules in order to improve mucoadhesion. A knowledge of the density of functional groups available for linkage is thus essential and the purpose of this study was to determine the density of carboxyl and amino groups on the surface of gelatin-acacia microcapsules, employing 1-(3dimethylaminopropy1)3-ethylcarbodiimide HCl (EDC).
Association of TLR4 and CARD15/NOD2 polymorphisms with SCC in Holstein–Friesian cattle

Abstract. Mastitis is one of the most important dairy cattle diseases which results in economic losses in dairy production. Mastitis cases can be classified as subclinical or clinical. All forms of mastitis lead to changes in milk composition and induce an increase in somatic cell count (SCC). SCC is a very important and basic indicator of udder health. An increase in SCC is usually caused by the immune response to the invasion of pathogens contributing to mastitis. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the polymorphisms of selected genes (TLR4 and CARD15/NOD2) whose products are involved in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during the innate immune response to infection, and immunity to mastitis expressed as SCC. The genes under study were also examined for epistatic effects as well as effects of interactions with parity and stages of lactation. In all the studied classes, allele G of TLR4 had a favourable additive effect with negative values, contributing to a lower lnSCC. Allele A of CARD15/NOD2 had a desirable additive effect which varied with time and the changing internal environment during lactation. With regard to the dominance effect, allele A of CARD15/NOD2 was found to be significantly associated with a higher SCC in milk in the first lactation and in the third stage of each single lactation. Moreover, statistically significant epistatic effects were found, in particular additive–additive and dominance–additive interactions were favourably associated with SCC which was lower than expected in the case of no epistasis.
Avian responses to varying intensity of cattle production in Spartina densiflora saltmarshes of south-eastern South America

Abstract Saltmarshes of Spartina densiflora in south-eastern South America have been modified by anthropogenic activities, mainly production of livestock. We examined the effect of the intensity of cattle production on the structure of saltmarsh vegetation and the effect of these changes to vegetation on the richness, composition and size of the avian populations and the abundance of nests. The levels of cattle production were based on the combined intensity of prescribed burning and cattle grazing, classed as: (1) High grazing—High burning (HH), (2) Low grazing—Low burning (LL) and (3) No grazing—No burning (NN). Cattle production altered the vegetation structure of saltmarshes and indirectly modified the richness, composition and size of their avian populations and the abundance of nests. Saltmarshes with either LL or NN production levels were inhabited by tall grassland specialists and generalists and by species specialised to live in a mosaic of short and tall grassland patches. Conversely, saltmarshes with HH production levels were inhabited by short-grassland specialists. That avian species diversity does not differ between S. densiflora saltmarsh subject to low or no human impacts has several potential interpretations, which are discussed. These findings have implications for management of grasslands to maintain avian diversity.
Relationship between Glycated Hemoglobin and Serum Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – A Case-control Study

Aims: The aim of the study is to find whether there is any relationship between glycated hemoglobin level and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Study diabetic groups. HbA1c levels of both diabetic and non- diabetic groups showed a significant correlation with TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL (p<0.05) except for cholesterol. Conclusion: The findings of this study clearly indicate that HbA1 c as a useful biomarker for long-term glycaemic control and also as a good predictor of lipid profile.
ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE INCREASES ORGANIC CARBON FIXATION BY EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA), UNDER NUTRIENT‐LIMITED HIGH‐LIGHT CONDITIONS 1

Phytoplankton play a key role in determining the partitioning of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean on seasonal, interannual, and millennial time scales. The magnitude of biological draw‐down of atmospheric CO2 and C storage in the oceans is affected by concurrent changes in other environmental factors, like nutrient supply. Furthermore, variations in carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C:N) and carbon‐to‐phosphorus (C:P) assimilation ratios modify the oceanic CO2 storage capacity. Here we show that increased atmospheric CO2 concentration enhances CO2 fixation into organic matter by a noncalcifying strain of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler only under certain conditions, namely high light and nutrient limitation. Enhanced organic matter production was accompanied by marked deviations of the C:N:P ratio from the canonical stoichiometry of marine particulate matter of 106:16:1 (C:N:P) known as the Redfield ratio. Increased cell organic carbon content, C:N, and C:P were observed at high light when growth was either nitrogen or phosphorus limited. Elevated CO2 led to further increases in the particulate C:N and C:P ratios. Enhanced CO2 uptake by phytoplankton such as E. huxleyi, in response to elevated atmospheric CO2, could increase carbon storage in the nitrogen‐limited regions of the oceans and thus act as a negative feedback on rising atmospheric CO2 levels.
Tissue Interaction and Signal Transduction in the Atrioventricular Canal of the Embryonic Heart a

Mesenchyme formation in the atrioventricular (AV) canal of the heart was previously demonstrated to be the result of tissue interaction between the myocardium and the endothelium. Using an in vitro three-dimensional assay, it was shown that epithelialmesenchymal transformation of avian AV endothelia could be produced by AV canal myocardium, an extract of cardiac AV canal extracellular matrix (ECM), or by conditioned media from a cell culture of AV canal myocardial cells. Inasmuch as analysis of the AV canal ECM suggested that one component of the stimulus might be a low molecular weight protein, we tested the effect of transforming growth factorj3 (TGFP) on competent AV canal monolayers. It was found that TGFPl (1-7 ng/ mL), in combination with ventricular myocardium, produced an endothelial transformation. Neither TGFP 1 nor ventricular myocardium, alone, produced this effect. Further, normal AV endothelial transformation was blocked by an antibody against TGFP when incubated with AV canal explants ( 2 10 pg/mL). Two separate antibody preparations against mammalian TGFP demonstrated the presence of an immunoreactive molecule in the heart. Using a human TGFPl cDNA probe and mRNA from stage 16-17 chick embryos, a message size of 4.6 kb was found. These data suggest that a native member of the TGFP family is one cofactor in a multifactorial ECM stimulus produced by the myocardium. In an additional approach, we have begun to explore the mechanism of signal transduction of the transforming stimulus. Epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation in AV canal cultures was blocked by the phosphotyrosine inhibitor, genistein, and by the protein kinase C inhibitors H-7 and staurosporine. Activators of protein kinase C, PMA, and mezerein, produced a change in cell phenotype without stimulating invasion of the collagen gel. This change in phenotype appeared to be a partial transformation of the AV canal endothelium. Two bacterial endotoxins that perturb G proteins, cholera toxin and pertussis toxin, were also tested in the collagen gel transformation assay. Pertussis toxin, but not cholera
The transport and metabolism of glucose in cowpea rhizobia

Cell-free extracts of several strains of cowpea rhizobia grown under free-living conditions were surveyed for key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes of the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) and Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathways were detected while 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was not detected, indicating the apparent absence of the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions were present, indicating a pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidines and purines from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Radiorespirometric analysis with specifically labelled glucose indicated that the ED pathway with the hexose cycle was the primary pathway of glucose dissimilation. The presence of isocitrate and malate dehydrogenases and results of radiorespirometric analysis with pyruvate and succinate demonstrates an operational tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in glucose-grown cowpea rhizobia. The transport of glucose was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorphenylhydrazone (CCCP.
Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians

Through its emphasis on recent research, its many summary tables, and its bibliography of more than 4,000 entries, this first modern, synthetic treatment of comparative amphibian environmental physiology emerges as "the" definitive reference for the field. Forty internationally respected experts review the primary data, examine current research trends, and identify productive avenues for future research.
Isolation of Spinach Wilt Fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, from Weed Roots grown in Fields

During the study on the population of spinach wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Sherb.) Sny. & Hans. , in field soils1), we noted that the pathogen was isolated from roots of weed plants grown in spinach fields in summer cropping areas, near Takayama City, Gifu prefecture. It has been reported that various wild and cultivated plants are symptomless carriers of some fusarial wilt pathogens2,3,4,5). MacDonald and Leach6) showed that F. oxysporum f. sp. betae causing stalk blight of sugar beet, which was assigned as race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae7), is able to attack pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and developed characteristic symptoms in a vascular disease, and also they identified some weeds, such as Chenopodium album, Brassica nigra and wild Anethum graveolens, as symptomless carriers of the stalk blight pathogen. We reported here symptomless carriers of spinach wilt fungus in spinach cultivated fields. Weed plants were collected, early in August, 1979, from two different plastic house fields where the severe spinach wilt occurred. All of the weed samples were examined for visible symptoms, and were washed under running tap water for over 30min, blotted, dipped in 70% ethanol for 30sec, surface disinfected in 0.5% NaOCl for 10min and cut into segments ca. 5mm length. Then 8-40 segments for each weed species were plated on Komada's selective medium8). After incubation for 5-7 days (25C), the number of segments yielding F. oxysporum was counted. Colonies of F. oxysporum selected at random were isolated from their hyphal tips and transfered directly on potato sucrose agar slants. At least 5 isolates of F. oxysporum from each of the weed species were tested as pathogenic trials to identify spinach wilt pathogen
Integrin αvβ3 mediates rotavirus cell entry

Abstract Rotavirus strains differ in their need for sialic acid (SA) for initial binding to the cell surface; however, the existence of a postattachment cell receptor, common to most, if not all, rotavirus strains, has been proposed. In the present study, antibodies to the αv and β3 integrin subunits, and the αvβ3 ligand, vitronectin, efficiently blocked the infectivity of the SA-dependent rhesus rotavirus RRV, its SA-independent variant nar3, and the neuraminidase-resistant human rotavirus strain Wa. Vitronectin and anti-β3 antibodies, however, did not block the binding of virus to cells, indicating that rotaviruses interact with αvβ3 at a postbinding step, probably penetration. This interaction was shown to be independent of the tripeptide motif arginine-glycine-aspartic acid present in the natural ligands of this integrin. Transfection of CHO cells with αvβ3 genes significantly increased their permissiveness to all three rotavirus strains, and the increment of virus infectivity was reverted by incubation of these cells either with antibodies to β3 or with vitronectin. These findings implicate αvβ3 integrin as a cellular receptor common to neuraminidase-sensitive and neuraminidase-resistant rotaviruses, and support the hypothesis that this integrin could determine, at least in part, the cellular susceptibility to rotaviruses.
Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles and mineral sources on gaseous emissions

Abstract Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an important ethanol industry co-product, has been used as a high-protein feed in poultry production. Limited studies exist on their effect on air emissions, however. In the current study, 4 diets (2 × 2 factorial design: 0 or 20% DDGS + inorganic or organic mineral sources) were fed to Hy-line W36 hens from 50 to 53 wk of age and the effects of DDGS level and mineral sources on air emissions were monitored continuously for a 23-d period in environmentally controlled chambers. The NH3, H2 S, CH4, nonmethane hydrocarbons, N2 O, CO2, and CO2-equivalent emissions ranged from 0.51 to 0.64 g/day-hen, 0.71 to 0.84 mg/day-hen, 33.9 to 46.0 mg/day-hen, 54.1 to 60.0 mg/day-hen, 66.0 g to 72.2 g/day-hen, and 83.1 to 92.1 g/day-hen, respectively. Feeding DDGS to laying hens resulted in 14% decreased NH3 emissions but a 19% increase in CH4 emissions without affecting other gaseous emissions. More than 30% of N, 80% of P, 80% of K, and 50% of Ca was retained in the manure. In conclusion, feeding laying hens a diet containing 20% DDGS may be beneficial for the environment. Substitution for organic trace minerals did not affect hen performance or air emissions.
Variation in foliar nitrogen concentration by forest type and climatic gradients in North America

Published data were used to explore variation in foliar nitrogen (N) concentration in relation to forest type, foliar life-span, latitude, mean January temperature, mean July temperature, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual actual evapotranspiration, mean monthly solar radiation in foliar lifetime, and annual soil water deficit. The hypothesis was that foliar N concentration integrating carbon and N links should be closely correlated with climatic constraints at a broad regional scale. The data set included 49 deciduous broadleaf forests and 58 evergreen coniferous forests distributed across North America. Foliar N concentrations were correlated primarily with mean July temperature for deciduous forests (negative), but also with mean January temperature, mean annual temperature, latitude, and solar radiation for coniferous forests (negative quadratic). These correlations also existed for individual forest groups defined by N requirement or genera of dominant species. Deciduous forests ne.
Oxidoreductases and Hydroxynitrilase Lyases: Complementary Enzymatic Technologies for Chiral Alcohols

Biocatalytic processes are useful methods for the production of chiral intermediates. As an example, alcohol dehydrogenases are applied for the production of chiral alcohols by asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. From this class of enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis will be described with respect to its industrial application. The process for the production of methyl (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate using this enzyme is discussed in more detail. The application of alcohol dehydrogenases can be limited by the commercial availability of the starting material as, for instance, in the case of the synthesis of chiral α‐hydroxy acids. For these products asymmetric addition of hydrocyanic acid to aldehydes catalyzed by hydroxynitrile lyases such as (S)‐oxynitrilase from Manihot esculenta is a complementary approach. Also, this enzyme will be characterized in more detail with respect to its industrial production and application.
Divergent host phenotypes create opportunities and constraints on the distribution of two wing‐dwelling feather mites

The diversity of symbionts (commensals, mutualists or parasites) that share the same host species may depend on opportunities and constraints on host exploitation associated with host phenotype or environment. Various host traits may differently influence host accessibility and within-host population growth of each symbiont species, or they may determine the outcome of within-host interactions among coexisting species. In turn, phenotypic diversity of a host species may promote divergent exploitation strategies among its symbiotic organisms. We studied the distribution of two feather mite species, Proctophyllodes sylviae and Trouessartia bifurcata, among blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla wintering in southern Spain during six winters. The host population included migratory and sedentary individuals, which were unequally distributed between two habitat types (forests and shrublands). Visual mite counts showed that both mite species often coexisted on sedentary blackcaps, but were seldom found together on migratory blackcaps. Regardless of host habitat, Proctophyllodes were highly abundant and Trouessartia were scarce on migratory blackcaps, but the abundance of both mite species converged in intermediate levels on sedentary blackcaps. Coexistence may come at a cost for Proctophyllodes, whose load decreased when Trouessartia was present on the host (the opposite was not true). Proctophyllodes load was positively correlated with host wing length (wings were longer in migratory blackcaps), while Trouessartia load was positively correlated to uropygial gland size (sedentary blackcaps had bigger glands), which might render migratory and sedentary blackcaps better hosts for Proctophyllodes and Trouessartia, respectively. Our results draw a complex scenario for mite co-existence in the same host species, where different mite species apparently take advantage of, or are constrained by, divergent host phenotypic traits. This expands our understanding of bird–mite interactions, which are usually viewed as less dynamic in relation to variation in host phenotype, and emphasizes the role of host phenotypic divergence in the diversification of symbiotic organisms.
Complexes of silver ion with natural and synthetic polynucleotides

A study of silver‐ion binding by nucleic acids and synthetic ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides, has been carried out by means of potentiometric titration, thermal transition, and difference spectra. It is clearly demonstrated that a strong complex between Ag+ and nitrogen atoms of bases is made reversibly. Binding constants and site numbers are determined for each type of polynucleotide. Base reactivity varies strongly with chain length, and a cooperative phenomenon is found in each case. Two successive complexes with DNA are seen in all the three techniques, and they have the same characteristics as complexes with respectively poly‐dGC and poly dAT. In the first complex, Ag+ is linked to four bases, provided two of them are a G‐C pair. Calculated and experimental values of site numbers agree very well for DNA of different G‐C content. Thermal stabilization occurs simultaneously, and the increase of melting temperature corresponds to calculated changes of stacking energy between base pairs. In the second complex a new ordered structure insensitive to temperature is formed, with simultaneous release of protons. The stoichiometry can be related to base sequence. Complexing with silver increases the resistance of TMV RNA to both temperature and ribonuclease; a tentative explanation is given in the latter case.
Partitioning of Lindane between sediment, water and the Crustacean Metapenaeus macleayi

The partitioning behaviour of lindane between sediment, water and the prawn Metapenaeus macleayi was investigated. The sediment-to-water partition coefficient was determined with sealed glass vials in laboratory experiments and found to be 9.52, or 2164 on an organic carbon basis. This is in agreement with relevant literature data and confirms that the organic matter of the sediment is the primary sorption site in this process. The bioconcentration factor was evaluated from laboratory experiments with prawns in sealed glass jars in which the lindane seawater solution was changed frequently. Under these conditions, effective equilibrium was attained after 24 h. Measured uptake (k1) and clearance (k2) rate constants were smaller than predicted on the basis of existing general relationships between k1, k2 and the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) for crustaceans. The bioconcentration factor (KB) was found to be 5.50, or 1273 on a lipid basis, which is also smaller than values estimated from general relationships. The sediment-to-prawn bioaccumulation factor was 0.58, which means that biotic concentrations will be significantly less than those observed in sediments.
The Evolution of Parental Care

Synthesizing studies of parental care in a wide variety of animals, this book is the first attempt to provide general answers to the following important questions: Why does the extent of parental care vary so widely between species? Why do only females care for eggs and young in some animals, only males in others, and both parents in a few? To what extent is parental care adjusted to variation in its benefits to offspring and its costs to parents? How do parents divide their resources between their sons and daughters? In this book separate chapters examine the evolution of variation in egg and neonate size, of viviparity and other forms of bearing, and of differences in the duration of incubation, gestation, and lactation. The book reviews theoretical and empirical predictions concerning the evolution of parental care and examines the extent to which these are supported by empirical evidence. The author examines the distribution of parental care among offspring, reviews the empirical evidence that parents invest to different extents in their sons and daughters, and discusses the degree to which parents manipulate the sex ratio of their progeny in relation to the availability of resources.