Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contrasting the temporal dynamics of stand structure in even- and uneven-sized Picea abies dominated stands

Although proposed as a means of increasing structural diversity in managed forests, the impact of single-tree selection on the temporal dynamics of three-dimensional structure has not been previously evaluated. Forest structural development in Picea-dominated stands was contrasted over 15 years in stem-mapped randomized plots in southern Finland that underwent either low thinning (creating the even-sized (ES) structure of a bell-shaped diameter distribution) or single-tree selection (maintaining the uneven-sized (UES) structure of a reverse-J-shaped distribution) through multiple harvest entries. Structure was quantified with nonspatial stand attributes (e.g., density) and indices that quantify spatially explicit relationships among neighboring trees (e.g., structural complexity index (SCI)). Over time, three-dimensional structure reflected differential tree growth and mortality, resulting in minor changes in tree composition, spatial pattern, and tree size differentiation and somewhat greater changes in .
Peroxidase Isoenzyme Patterns in Cell Cultures derived from Cotyledon, Stem, Leaf and Fruit from Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell)

Abstract The expression of peroxidase isoenzymes capable of oxidizing 4-hydroxystilbenes was studied during the establishment of cell cultures derived from different tissues (cotyledon, stem, leaf and fruit) of Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell vines. This was carried out in order to elucidate whether different tissues of the same plant maintain persistent tissue-specific patterns of gene expression during in vitro culture or whether in vitro cultures are characterized by identical patterns of gene expression irrespective of the tissue's origin. The results illustrated that both the isozyme patterns and the substrate specificity of the peroxidase activity secreted to the medium are analogous for the profile of acidic (Prx A) and basic (Prx B) peroxidase isoenzymes, only quantitative differences being shown in the neutral peroxidase isoenzyme (Prx N) pattern. These results suggest that in vitro cultures of grapevines are characterized by similar patterns of gene expression, no matter what their tissue of origin.
Comparative embryogenesis of Australian and South African viviparous clinid fishes (Blennioidei, Teleostei)

The study follows the embryogenesis of 16 species of viviparous clinid fishes (Clinidae, Teleostei), from the Cape south coast of South Africa and from Australia, with comparative remarks on the development of juveniles in oviparous species. The sperm intromitted into the female duct fertilise the eggs within the follicles. The embryos then develop in individual follicles, nourished by nutrients derived from the mother, until they are mature for release. During the reproductive season in the South African genera Clinus and Muraenoclinus, the female's ovaries harbour eggs and embryos at various stages of development, whereas in species of the Australian genera Heteroclinus and Cristiceps, most embryos in each ovary are at an approximately equal stage of development. The ovaries of the studied species fall into two groups: species of Heteroclinus and Cristiceps that produce numerous small eggs, and species of Clinus and Blennophis that produce fewer, larger eggs. As a consequence, Heteroclinus spp. and Cristiceps spp. bear and release high numbers of smaller embryos, of c. 10-13 mm long, whereas others (e.g. Clinus superciliosus, C. cottoides) bear fewer embryos, of up to 22 mm long. The organogenesis of various organs is described, with particular emphasis on chondrification and ossification. The onset of gut, sensory organ and skeletal development in Heteroclinus and related species occurs in embryos of 2.5-3.0 mm, whereas in Clinus spp. organ development starts in 5.0-6.0 mm embryos, and occurs in parallel both in the head capsule and at the caudal ends. Consequently, the pace of embryogenesis in the studied Australian small-egg species is faster in several aspects, and their embryos at the time of release are smaller than those of the large-egg species. The developmental sequences and related phenomena are discussed.
The importance of scale for fishing impact estimations

The impact of a bottom trawl fishery on fish or benthos is often determined by multiplying the frequency of the passing of the trawl by a factor for the effect (i.e., % mortality) of the singular passing of the gear. As fishing intensity in an area is not homogeneously distributed, it is necessary to determine the proportions of the area that are fished with dif- ferent trawling frequencies, as these subareas together contribute to the overall species' mortality. In this study, we show that the perceived proportion of the area fished with a specific trawling frequency depends upon the spatial and temporal scale used. A smaller spatial scale results in an increased perceived patchiness of the fishing intensity, while a longer time period does the opposite. The implication is that to determine the fishing-induced mortality of a particular species, the trawling frequency needs to be determined at those spatio-temporal scales that are appropriate considering the species' spa- tial processes (e.g., dispersion) or temporal processes described by life history characteristics. Resume´ : L'impact de la peche au chalut de fond sur les poissons ou sur le benthos se determine souvent en multipliant la frequence de passage du chalut par un facteur representant l'effet (par ex., % de mortalite´) d'un passage unique de l'engin. Comme l'intensitede peche dans une region n'est par repartie de maniere homogene, il est necessaire de deter- miner les proportions de la surface qui ont etesoumises aux differentes frequences de chalutage, puisque ces sous-surfaces contribuent ensemble ala mortaliteglobale de l'espece. Dans notre etude, nous montrons que la perception de la propor- tion de surface soumise aune intensitespecifique de chalutage depend de l'echelle spatiale et temporelle utilisee. Une echelle spatiale reduite a pour resultat la perception d'une contagion accrue de l'intensitede peche, alors qu'une periode de temps plus longue a l'effet contraire. Les consequences de cette observation est que, pour determiner la mortalitereliee ala peche chez une espece en particulier, il est necessaire de determiner la frequence de chalutage aux echelles spatiotem- porelles appropriees, compte tenu des processus spatiaux (par ex. la dispersion) et temporels de l'espece decrits par les car- acteristiques de son cycle biologique. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Propagation and Establishment of Three Endangered Mexican Orchids from Protocorms

Protocols for in vitro propagation from protocorms of Mormodes tuxtlensis Salazar, Cuitlauzina pendula La Llave & Lex. , and Lycaste skinneri (Batem. Ex. Lind.) Lind. , three endangered species distributed in Mexico and highly appreciated as ornamentals, were developed. The effect of two different culture media, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and modified Knudson (KCm), combined with varying concentrations of N 6 -benzyladenine (0,2.2,4.4, 8.9, and 13.3 μM) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0, 0.5 and 2.7 μM), were investigated. Shoot formation and development of protocorm-like bodies were observed. For all three species, cultures in MS produced more shoots per explant than those in KCm, and those shoots were longer and more robust in appearance. Maximum number of shoots for M. tuxtlensis (1.5) and C. pendula (24.3) were obtained in media supplemented with 13.3 μM and 2.2 μM N 6 -benzyladenine, respectively. Conversely, for L. skinneri the greatest shoot production (16.4) was achieved in medium supplemented with 2.7 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid. Subculturing explants in MS basal medium allowed further development and rooting of the shoots as well as growth of protocorm-like bodies. The effect of different potting mixes on ex vitro survival plantlets was also investigated; pine bark:oak charcoal:pumice (3:1:1) allowed the highest survival rates in all three species.
Dehydration tolerance in Awassi fat-tailed sheep

Young Awassi sheep were subjected to 5-d periods of complete water restriction in metabolic cages. During water deprivation there were steady declines in food intake and faeces and urine excretion. The blood haematocrit and urine and plasma osmolalities increased. There was a decline in blood and faecal water. As dehydration progressed, urinary excretion of osmotically active substances was greatly reduced. When drinking water was presented following 5 d of restriction it took 24 h to replace water losses and for urine to be excreted. Faecal water did not return to normal within 24 h. The sheep were as capable of withstanding dehydration as the other small desert ruminants that are mentioned in the literature. The dehydrated sheep relied on faecal and renal water conservation to survive. The sheep are not rapid replenishers of water losses, nor are they rapid reabsorbers of water, making their stay at water holes longer than that of goats.
Plant essential oils as arrestants and repellents for neonate larvae of the codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Nonhost chemicals may be useful for controlling insect pests of crop plants by interfering with orientation to, and selection of, host plants. Essential oils of 27 plant species were tested in 2 different laboratory assays for evidence of arrest and repellency of neonate larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. In an olfactometer in which larval upwind movement toward apples was assessed, greatest arrest was achieved with oils of lavender, Lavandula officinalis L. ; pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium L. ; and cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L. Oil of lavender was most effective in preventing larvae from moving upwind in the olfactometer. In a barrier assay, essential plant oils were applied to the distal ends of a glass rod (15 cm long) on which larvae were placed. Larvae crossed the barrier to reach apples impaled on each end of the glass rod. The most effective repellents in this barrier assay were rue, Ruta graveolens L. ; garlic, Allium sativum L. ; patchouly, Pogostemom cablin (Blanco); and tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L. , oils. These 4 plant essential oils were most effective in causing larvae to turn away at the oil barrier. These materials, or their active ingredients, may be useful in protecting fruit from attack by codling moth larvae by preventing larvae from orienting to and arriving at fruit.
Fine-scale spatial genetic and clonal structure of Eleutherococcus senticosus populations in South Korea

For the conservation of clonal plant species, better understanding is required of the clonal recruitment process and the spatial distribution pattern of ramets and genets, especially when selecting individuals for ex situ conservation. Because of deforestation and illegal harvesting in natural populations of eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus), a constant conservation effort is needed. We investigated the clonality and spatial genetic structure of two populations located in Hongcheon and Inje using 30 polymorphic markers generated by RAPD or ISSR PCR. The averages of the clonal diversity and genotypic evenness using the multilocus genotypes were 0.961 and 0.880, respectively. These were a little higher than those that have been estimated for other clonal plant species. By spatial autocorrelation analysis, the ramets in Hongcheon were randomly distributed and genetically homogeneous within a meter, while those in Inje showed slight regularity in their distribution and non-genetic patchiness. The average clone size was larger in Hongcheon, but the clonal diversity was opposite. The differences of clonality and spatial structure in both populations might be caused by the distribution of rocks in the forest floor acting as a physical barrier against rooting. There was a mild soil with small pebbles in Hongcheon, whereas the forest floor habitat in Inje was rocky. The clonality and the spatial genetic structure could be easily estimated with information on “putative” clones, verified from molecular work. The clonal recruitment process and sampling strategy for the ex situ conservation of eleuthero are also discussed.
Winter Growth and Sex Ratio of a Northern Population of Anolis carolinensis (Sauria: Polychrotidae)

Abstract Anolis carolinensis (Sauria: Polychrotidae) does not hibernate, and in an East Tennessee population near the northern limit of its geographic range, individuals aggregate on a south-facing rock bluff and are active throughout the winter. During the winters of 1998–1999 and 1999–2000, we obtained data on body size (snout–vent length and mass) of aggregated lizards early in the season and again in March. There was significant growth in SVL in both field seasons but in mass only in 1999–2000. Growth rate was greater in 1999–2000 than in 1998–1999, possibly attributable to the earlier onset of warmer temperatures in 1999–2000. Males grew at a greater rate than females. Our data also indicate that the winter sex ratio of aggregated individuals is male-biased.
CALL ANALYSIS OF TRIPLOID HYBRIDS RESULTING FROM DIPLOID-TETRAPLOID SPECIES CROSSES OF HYLID TREE FROGS

ABSTRACT Calls produced by hybrids resulting from laboratory crosses of tetraploid Hyla versicolor females and either diploid Hyla chrysoscelis (type I) or Hyla arborea (type II) males were induced through manipulation of environmental conditions. Type I hybrids produced trilled calls similar in note repetition to H. versicolor, but more similar in dominant frequency to H. chrysoscelis. Mean duration was shorter than in both parent calls. Type II hybrids produced calls which were longer in duration and lower in note repetition rate than H. versicolor, but shorter in duration and higher in note repetition rate than H. arborea. Dominant frequency of type II hybrids was lower than in H. arborea but not significantly different than in H. versicolor. Hybrid calls were not strictly intermediate, and may provide information regarding parental relationships.
Effects of cold environments on the energy exchanges of young beef cattle.

Groups of four heifers were kept over winter at 20 C (controls) or outdoors with (sheltered) or without (exposed) shelter. Weather conditions were severe. Mean January temperature was −28 C. All animals received the same amount of grain. Calves in the control, sheltered and exposed groups ate on average 9.0, 11.3 and 10.9 g hay/kg body weight per day and gained, over winter, 156, 158 and 140 kg, respectively. Growth of new hair was similar in all groups. However, total hair cover in the cattle kept outside was, in February, twice that of the controls. This increase was attributed to reduced hair shedding. Tissue insulation increased throughout in all groups. External insulation was markedly reduced by exposure of the animals to wind. The influence of coat depth on external insulation was small. Still air critical temperature for the controls fell from 7 to −2 C during the experiment. The effect of acclimatization was to reduce critical temperature to −18 C in the sheltered group during February.The result.
Study of the emulsion‐diffusion of solvent: preparation and characterization of nanocapsules

The objective of this work was to obtained stable nanocapsules (NC), that is to say a core shell structure by a recently patented method, the emulsion diffusion of solvent. To study the capacity of encapsulation, the aim was first to control the nanocapsules size distribution before the characterization of the membrane. Nanocapsules (NC) were prepared by an emulsion‐diffusion method. The emulsion was prepared using a high‐speed stirrer (Ultraturrax T25), and the droplet size distributions were determined. The mechanism of particle formation is based on the diffusion of the solvent followed by the deposition of the polymer around the oil droplet. The solvent partially soluble in the water and included in oil droplets diffuses into the outer aqueous medium after the emulsion dilution with water. It is then removed under reduced pressure. In order to control the NC sizes, we studied the effect of various emulsion parameters such as the nature and the concentration of the polymer, the stabilizer, the organic/aqueous phases ratio on NC morphology and size. The mean size of NC was about 500 nm, but we could have NC with diameter size between 200 to 1,000 nm. Size distributions were found to be function of the polymer/oil ratio in the organic phase, and of the solvent volume in the droplet. The suspension of nanocapsules were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), density gradient centrifugation, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The formation of nanocapsules involves mass transfer of solvent, polymer, and oil between phases. The physicochemical properties of the system can be classified into transport parameters such as solvent diffusion into the non‐solvent and interaction parameters such as solvent solubility in the water and the polymer. The mechanism of NC formation was investigated experimentally by monitoring the solvent concentration as a function of time in the continuous phase after different dilutions. The solvent elimination in the NC was complete after a dilution step followed by an evaporation under reduced pressure. This NC study gave some important information on their structure (core shell). The mechanism of formation based on the diffusion of solvent towards the aqueous phase was very rapid and depended on the volume of water at a kinetic level. We also showed that the state of the polymer changes and that the polymer forms the shell around the oil. Drug Dev. Res. 57:18–33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth responses of a woody species to clipping and goat saliva

Studies on the role of mammalian herbivore saliva in plant–animal interactions have mostly focused on graminoid species and bovine saliva. A trial was performed in Botswana with clipping treatments to simulate browsing of shoots and the application of goat saliva on the woody species Combretum apiculatum Sonder (Combretaceae). Treatments were performed during early growing season while shoot growth was rapid, and responses of trees were recorded later in the same season. Clipped shoots with saliva had significantly enhanced shoot growth (tripled in length) and leaf production (2.7 times more leaves) compared to clipped shoots without saliva. However, unclipped shoots still grew more than clipped shoots, with or without saliva treatment. Resume Les etudes du role de la salive des mammiferes herbivores dans les interactions plantes-animal se sont principalement axees sur les graminees et sur la salive des especes bovines. On a fait un essai au Botswana, qui consistait a couper de jeunes tiges pour en stimuler la repousse et a appliquer de la salive de chevre sur une espece ligneuse, Combretum apiculatum Sonder (Combretaceae). Ces traitements ont ete appliques au debut de la periode de repousse, quand la croissance est rapide, et on a enregistre la reponse des arbres plus tard dans la meme saison. Les tiges coupees enduites de salive connaissaient une croissance significativement plus rapide (une longueur triple) et une augmentation de la production de feuilles (2.7 fois plus de feuilles), compare aux tiges coupees sans salive. Ceci dit, les tiges non coupees poussaient encore plus vite que les tiges coupees, avec ou sans salive.
The spiracular sense‐organ in Elasmobranchs, ganoids and dipnoans

En conexi6n con el espirsiculo o hendidura hiomandibular de 10s elasmobranquios adultos y en estados del desarrollo de 10s ganoideos y dipnoos se han descrito varios diverticulos, algunos de ellos con 6rganos sensoriales. Estos 6rganos sensoriales espiraculares est&n inervados por un ram0 6tico facial o por un pequedo nervio que nace en la inmediata vecindad de dicho ramo. La presencia de ampollas de Lorenzini en el espiraculo de algunos embriones de Selacios y la estructura del 6rgano espiracular de Squalus acanthias conducen a la conclusi6n de que el tiltimo es una ampolla de Lorenzini sumainente modificada.
Multiple pathways for woody plant establishment on floodplains at local to regional scales

1 The structure and functioning of riverine ecosystems is dependent upon regional setting and the interplay of hydrologic regime and geomorphologic processes. We used a retrospective analysis to study recruitment along broad, alluvial valley segments (parks) and canyon segments of the unregulated Yampa River and the regulated Green River in the upper Colorado River basin, USA. We precisely aged 811 individuals of Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenii (native) and Tamarix ramosissima (exotic) from 182 wooded patches and determined the elevation and character of the germination surface for each. We used logistic regression to relate recruitment events (presence or absence of cohort) to five flow and two weather parameters. 2 Woody plant establishment occurred via multiple pathways at patch, reach and segment scales. Recruitment occurred through establishment on (1) vertically accreting bars in the unregulated alluvial valley, (2) high alluvial floodplain surfaces during rare large flood events, (3) vertically accreting channel margin deposits in canyon pools and eddies, (4) vertically accreting intermittent/abandoned channels, (5) low elevation gravel bars and debris fans in canyons during multi‐year droughts, and (6) bars and channels formed prior to flow regulation on the dammed river during controlled flood events. 3 The Yampa River's peak flow was rarely included in models estimating the likelihood that recruitment would occur in any year. Flow variability and the interannual pattern of flows, rather than individual large floods, control most establishment. 4 Regulation of the Green River flow since 1962 has had different effects on woody vegetation recruitment in canyons and valleys. The current regime mimics drought in a canyon setting, accelerating Tamarix invasion whereas in valleys the ongoing geomorphic adjustment of the channel, combined with reduced flow variability, has nearly eliminated Populus establishment. 5 A single year's flow or a particular pattern of flows over a sequence of years, whether natural or man‐made, produces different recruitment opportunities in alluvial and canyon reaches, in diverse landforms within a particular river reach, and for Populus and Tamarix. The design of flows to restore riparian ecosystems must consider these multiple pathways and adjust the seasonal timing, magnitude and interannual frequency of flows to match the desired outcome.
Genetic variability in host plant adaptation of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), is polyphagous on over 400 plant species in more than 50 families. Phenotypic plasticity of individuals and genetic variability in the population presumably contribute to this polyphagy. The genetic variability in field populations of M. persicae was assessed with respect to their adaptation to sugar beets and potatoes. An analysis of more than 1 000 clones, sampled during 1980, 1981 and 1982 from different host plants in the field, revealed a wide genetic variability in host plant adaptation to sugar beets as well as to potatoes. Both traits seem to be inherited independently from each other and do not correlate with clone‐specific host plant preference of apterous adults. The aphid M. persicae can be characterized as a polyphagous insect species with a wide, continuously distributed variability and a broad phenotypic plasticity. A general differentiation of herbivorous species into generalists and specialists tends to ignore the genetic component in the complex of insect‐plant relationships.