Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convenient Screening Method of Chinese Cabbage for Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Using Soil-Drenching Inoculation

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a widespread disease that causes serious problems in many brassica growing areas. To establish more simple and reliable clubroot screening method of Chinese cabbage to P. brassicae using soil-drenching inoculation, the development of clubroot on Chinese cabbage according to several conditions such as soil type, inoculum concentration of P. brassicae GN-1 (race 9), plant growth stage and incubation period was studied. In a commercial horticulture nursery media soil (CNS), disease severity of the seedling according to inoculum concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner, but did not in mixture of CNS and upland soil (1:1, v/v). To facilitate and acquire precise result of resistance screening of Chinese cabbage to clubroot, 10-day-old seedlings should be inoculated by drenching the spore suspension of P. brassicae to give inoculum density of spores/pot. To develop the disease, the inoculated seedlings were incubated in a growth chamber at for 3 days, and then cultivated in a greenhouse () for five weeks. Under the optimum conditions, 25 clubroot-resistant (CR) and 3 clubroot-susceptible (CS) cultivars were tested for resistance to P. brassicae. All CR cultivars showed very clear resistance response, on the other hand all CS cultivars severly infected with the pathogen. The results suggest that this method is efficient screening method of Chinese cabbage for resistance to clubroot disease.
Effect of Duration and Temperature of Fermentation on Black Garlic Properties

This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and duration of fermentation on black garlic properties. The moisture content, lightness, total reducing sugar, proteins content, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity, were determined. The experimental Design used in this study were Factorial Completely Randomized Design. The factors were, factors 1 = fermentation temperature variations (60; 70; and 80°C) and factors 2 = fermentation time variation (7; 14; and 21 days) each treatment repeated 3 (three times). The results of this study show that temperature and duration of fermentation have significant effect on the physical, chemical and bioactive properties of black garlic. The increase of duration and temperature of fermentation process in black garlic production increase the level of reducing sugar, protein content, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and reduce the lightness and moisture content of black garlic.
Egg Recognition in Japanese Quail

Egg recognition allows birds to reduce the costs of heterospecific or conspecific nest parasitism, by allowing them to reject foreign eggs or abandon parasitised clutches. However, the precise phenotypic characteristics of eggs that are recognised and compared are not well understood. Using Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), which exhibit extremely high between-female and low within-female variation in egg colour, maculation patterns and shape, I show that females can learn to recognise the salient characteristics of eggs from a given clutch (not necessarily their own) and can use this learned template to discriminate against foreign eggs with a high probability when the eggs are phenotypically distinct. Specifically, female quail appear to use both maculation pattern and, to a lesser extent, egg shape to make these decisions. These findings are discussed with respect to cognitive mechanisms of egg recognition.
MOTIVATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN CYCLISTS: CASE OF TOC AND JGC – SCAM BICYCLE CLUBS

Abstract. Nowadays people aware of the importance of health is growing, one of which is the increasing number of sports enthusiasts. Outdoor sports cycling is one of the activities which is in great demand by urbanites. In addition to health purposes, cycling is a mean to escape from the fatigue of daily routines. The emergence of cycling groups in urban communities is a reflection of the need for exercise while having recreation outdoors. To find out the type of motivation for cycling activities in urban communities, questionnaires were conducted on two cycling communities in Indonesia. They are TOC (Trifold Owner Community) and JGC–SCAM (Jaserco Gowes Club–Serang-Cilegon-Anyer-Merak). The results obtained urban cyclists’ characteristics and motivations. There are various kinds of motivations, ranging from exercise, traveling, reducing the effects of air pollution, saving fuel and avoiding congestion, seeking new experiences and challenges, friendships, to just look for self-actualization.
Individual variation in the competitive ability of interference‐prone foragers: the relative importance of foraging efficiency and susceptibility to interference

Summary 1. Individual variation in the competitive ability of foraging animals arises from variation in their intrinsic foraging efficiency and in their susceptibility to interference from competitors. Empirical and theoretical studies have concentrated on quantifying the latter and examining its role in determining the distribution and dynamics of animal populations, but have seldom considered the role of variation in foraging efficiency. Using the frequency of occurrence of oystercatchers in supplementary feeding habitats as an index of their competitive ability, we assessed the relative importance of foraging efficiency and susceptibility to interference in determining the overall competitive ability of an individual. 2. Individual mussel-feeding oystercatchers varied in their tendency to supplement their low-tide intake by feeding on other prey on upshore tidal flats and in fields. Individuals that opened mussels by stabbing occurred on upshore flats more often than birds which hammered mussels, whereas young birds were more likely to visit the fields than older birds. This difference between habitats emphasized the need to understand the individual differences underlying these class effects. 3. Foraging efficiency increased with age and differed between feeding methods. Dominance also increased with age, but did not differ between feeding methods. An individual's foraging efficiency was not related to its dominance. 4. Individual variation in the usage of either upshore flats or fields, and of each habitat separately, was related to individual variation in foraging efficiency, but not to variation in dominance. Individuals of poor intrinsic foraging ability made greater use of supplementary feeding habitats than did more efficient foragers. 5. Our results show that, even in an interference-prone system and across a wide range of circumstances, individual variation in foraging efficiency is the major determinant of overall competitive ability. We believe, therefore, that this source of individual variation is of greater importance in determining variation in mortality risk within a population than the effort invested in its study hitherto would suggest. We suggest that a modelling approach is necessary to establish the competitive conditions under which susceptibility to interference might become the more important determinant of competitive ability and, hence, whether such conditions are ever likely to occur in natural populations. We argue that greater emphasis needs to be placed on identifying the determinants of foraging efficiency and its variation between individuals.
Antagonism of lactic acid bacteria from goats' milk against pathogenic strains assessed by the ‘sandwich method’

Lactobacilli isolated from goats' milk were tested for their inhibitory effects toward Lisleria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus growth. Most of them were antagonistic against these pathogens, as demonstrated by a classical well‐diffusion method and a more sensitive deferred technique, named the ‘sandwich method’. Inhibitory zones, which were largely reduced in the presence of buffered and sugar‐limited medium, were not affected by protease treatment. On the contrary, a few streptococci exhibited inhibitory activity toward L. monocytogenes. Large zones of inhibition were observed, independently of the culture medium and sensitive to protease action, indicating the presence of proteinaceous antimicrobial compounds (bacteriocins). Therefore, the simple sandwich method was sensitive enough to discriminate between antagonistic activities supported by either acid production or bacteriocin action.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY OF RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE FROM TWO PHOTOSYNTHETIC DINOFLAGELLATES 1

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase (Rubisco) from the dinoflagellates Symbiodinium sp. Freudenthal and Amphidinium carterae Hulburt rapidly loses activity following cell lysis. Evidence presented indicates that this is not due to proteolysis. Using the tight binding inhibitor [14C] carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate as a marker, the Rubisco large subunit (LSu) from Symbiodinium sp. was purified. The subunit molecular weight was 56 kDa, while non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the purified protein had a molecular weight significantly less than that expected of the intact hexadecameric protein. No trace of the small subunit was apparent. The initial loss of carboxylase activity following cell lysis may be due to instability of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. Antibodies prepared to the purified LSU cross‐reacted with LSus from other dinoflagellates but not with the LSus of higher plants, diatoms, and other chromophytic algae. This suggests that the LSu of at least some dinoflagellates is antigenically different from that of other eukaryotes.
Satellite Monitoring of Yield Responses to Irrigation Practices across Thousands of Fields

Geographic information systems (GIS) present new opportunities for empirical agronomic research that can complement experimental and modeling approaches. In this study, GIS databases of irrigation practices for more than 4000 fields were compared with wheat yields derived from remote sensing for five growing seasons in the Yaqui Valley of Northwest Mexico. Significant yield effects were observed for both number and timing of irrigations, but not for reported water volumes, suggesting that proper timing is more important to yields than total water amounts. In most years, yield losses were observed when the second irrigation occurred more than 60 d after preplant irrigation, with an average loss of 11 kg ha -1 for each day above this value. Overall, we estimate that optimal timing and number of irrigations for all fields in Yaqui Valley could increase average yields by roughly 5%. Results varied by year, in part because of variability in growing season rainfall and in part because of variations in water allocations. Interactions with soil types were also evident, with greater yield variability attributed to irrigation on soils with higher clay contents. The results of this study provide new insight into specific causes of yield losses in farmers' fields, which can inform future field experiments, management, and water policy in this region. In general, empirical studies of large GIS databases can help to improve crop management, and meet the dual needs of higher yields and improved water use efficiency.
Some Chemical Factors Affecting the Quality of Processed Yam

Three species of yams (1) white (2) water, and (3) yellow were studied. Each was divided into three sections: head (stem end), middle and tail-and examined for quality characteristics which are important in the utilization of yam for convenience foods. The characteristics studied were susceptibility to discoloration and chemical composition including nutrients such as ascorbic acid, nitrogen constituents, total lipid and polyphenols. The polyphenol content was positively correlated with discoloration and was affected by storage time as well as by the section of yam utilized. The concentration of polyphenols was highest in the head region, which exhibited the greatest discoloration. The middle section was most suitable in preparating light-colored yam products since it was lowest in phenols and exhibited the least discoloration.
Desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares para análogos a genes de resistência em Arachis spp. silvestres

GUIMARAES, P.M. , JOSE, A.C. F.V. , PROITE, K. , BERTIOLI, D.J. & LEAL-BERTIOLI, S.C. M. Desenvolvimento demarcadores moleculares para analogos a genes de resistencia em Arachis spp. silvestre. Fitopatologia Brasileira 30:663-667. 2005.RESUMOO maior grupo de genes de resistencia de plantas ja clonados codifica para proteinas com um sitio de ligacao anucleotidios (NBS) na regiao N-terminal, e um dominio rico em repeticoes de leucina (LRR) na regiao C-terminal.Genes desta classe conferem resistencia a diversos patogenos incluindo virus, bacterias, fungos e nematoides. Paradiferentes especies do genero Arachis, primers de “polymerase chain reaction” (PCR) degenerados foram construidospara a regiao NBS, e o produto de traducao putativo indicou similaridade com proteinas de resistencia conhecidas sendodenominados analogos a genes de resistencia (RGAs). Doze destes RGAs foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento demarcadores moleculares baseados em seus padroes de hibridizacao com DNA de Arachis spp. digerido com enzimas derestricao. Inicialmente, avaliou-se o polimorfismo de cada RGA como sonda nos parentais de uma populacao demapeamento, contrastantes quanto a resistencia as manchas foliares e nematoides das galhas, e no hibrido F
Effects of artificially enhanced levels of ascorbate and glutathione on the enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Effect of high intracellular concentrations of the antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione on the extractable activity of the reducting enzymes dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase were investigated with spinach cells (Spinacia oleracea). An elevated ascorbate concentration was obtained by treatment with the ascorbate biosynthesis precursor L-galactono-1,4-lactone (GAL). To increase the intracellular level of glutathione, cells were treated with the 5-oxo-L-proline analog L-2-oxothiazolidin-4-carboxylate (OTC), or with the peroxidative herbicide acifluorfen (sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid). Extractable monodehydroascorbate reductase activity increased in the presence of a high level of ascorbate or glutathione, and enzyme activity was at maximum when cells were treated with acifluorfen + OTC, or acifluorfen + GAL. Extractable dehydroascorbate reductase activity decreased when the intracellular concentration of glutathione was high and non-enzymatic reduction of dehydroascorbate by glutathione was the dominant reaction. Maximal decrease of enzyme activity was found in cells treated with acifluorfen + OTC. Extractable activity of glutathione reductase (GR) increased after treatment of cells with acifluorfen alone, or acifluorfen + OTC, but enzyme activity was unaffected by a high intracellular concentration of glutathione obtained by treatment of cells with OTC alone, or by treatment with acifluorfen + GAL. The degree of GR activation seemed to be controlled by several factors including inhibition by a high concentration of glutathione and possibly oxidative damage to the enzyme. Overall, the enzymes tested in this study, which provide the reduced forms of ascorbate and glutathione, were differently affected by high antioxidant levels.
Diagnostics of nocturnal calls of Sciaena umbra (L., fam. Sciaenidae) in a nearshore Mediterranean marine reserve

Calls emitted by the brown meagre Sciaena umbra (L., fam. Sciaenidae) were recorded at the Natural Marine Reserve of Miramare (Trieste, Italy) in seven nocturnal surveys (12-h continuous sampling) during the summer of 2009. Calls consist of pulses, with the main energy content below 2 kHz and mean peak frequency of c. 270 Hz. Pulses were short, with an average duration of 20 ms and a pulse period of 100 ms. Sounds lasted approximately 500 ms. Three types of sound patterns were recognized: irregular (I), regular (R) and the chorus (C). Their acoustic parameters are described showing that I, R and C differ in pulse duration, pulse peak frequency and pulse period. Occurrence of the three call types changes throughout the night: the R pattern occurred mainly at dawn and dusk, C predominated after nightfall, while I calls were produced sporadically during the whole nocturnal period. Our results indicate that S. umbra has a pronounced nocturnal rhythm in vocalizing behaviour and highlight how the diagnostic time–frequency pattern of S. umbra calls can be used to identify the species in the field. Considering that the abundance of S. umbra is currently declining, the information presented here will be relevant in developing non-invasive and low-cost monitoring acoustic systems for managing S. umbra conservation and fishery along the Mediterranean Sea.
A Critique of the Biological Species Concept and Recommendations for a Phylogenetic Alternative

Discussions that have accompanied biological species definitions often imply corre- spondence between breeding groups and morphological and ecological units. It is often assumed that the cause of such correspondences is gene flow or the lack of it. This has generated confusion because breeding, morphology, and ecology can be, and often are, uncoupled, and the effects of gene flow may be limited. Another source of confusion has been the failure to distinguish clearly between species themselves (taxa) and concepts of the species category. The biological concept fails to provide unambiguous criteria for grouping organisms (or for assigning species rank), and as a consequence, biological species may not be monophyletic. A phylogenetic species concept, which emphasizes monophyly, is more appropriate for purposes of phylogeny reconstruction, cladistic classification, and the study of evolutionary processes.
Surveys of Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus and Other Waterbirds on the Kasenda Cluster of Crater Lakes in Western Uganda

ABSTRACT The african subspecies of the Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus infuscatus is limited to scattered populations in eastern and southern Africa. To evaluate their status in the Kasenda cluster of crater lakes in western Uganda in 2000, we visited 28 crater lakes, which include the only known sites for the species in Uganda. At each lake, we counted all waterbirds and recorded data on forest conditions of the crater walls and fishing activities. Deforestation of crater rims was severe; more than half of the craters had lost at least three quarters of their forest cover. Gill net fishing was observed at six of the lakes. Great Crested Grebes were observed at only one lake, although records from the 1990s document them on four other crater lakes in the area. These records include breeding on Lake Kyerabwato, inside Kibale National Park, in 1998. Given the small size of this isolated population, the future of great crested grebes in Uganda is highly uncertain. We recorded 30 waterbird species on these lakes; in addition to Great Crested Grebes, other species of conservation interest included White-Backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus and Giant Kingfisher Ceryle maxima.
Mapping gene(s) for grain protein in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) using a population of recombinant inbred chromosome lines

A 'Langdon' durum wheat line with a pair of 6B chromosomes from an accession of Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (Karn. in litt., in Schweinf.) Bowden [LDN(DIC-6B)] previously was shown to have a gene(s) for high grain protein content (GPC). The objectives of this study were to develop a mapping population segregating only for genes on chromosome 6B, map the gene(s) for high GPC, and identify closely linked markers for use in marker-assisted breeding for this trait. The 6B mapping population was grown in replicated field trials and evaluated for GPC. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map of this population was available. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses provided strong evidence that a gene(s) for high GPC (named QGpc.ndsu-6Bb) is located near the centromere of 6B. The most likely location for the gene(s) is in the short arm between Xabg387-6B and Xmwg79-6B. The logarithm of the odds (LOD) score for this interval is 18.9. Segregation in this segment accounted for 66% of the variation in GPC. Eleven additional markers have been mapped within 7 centimorgans (cM) of the midpoint of Xabg387-6B and Xmwg79-6B. One or more of these markers should be useful in marker-assisted breeding for high GPC in durum wheat.
Identification of a quantitatively inherited source of Hordeum bulbosum derived scald resistance from barley line 926K2/11/1/5/1

Scald resistance breeding requires identification and incorporation of novel resistance sources into local breeding populations. A New Zealand barley Hordeum vulgare L. ) line (926K2/11/1/5/1) was evaluated in scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis] nurseries at Lacombe and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, as a potential source of scald resistance derived from H. bulbosum. Primary objectives were to evaluate the level of resistance in 926K2/11/1/5/1 under Canadian conditions and determine its mode of inheritance. In western Canadian nurseries, 926K2/11/1/5/1 exhibited moderate resistance. 926K2/11/1/5/1 was crossed with the scald-susceptible cultivar CDC McGwire and resulting progeny (F2 and F4:5 recombinant inbred lines) were tested for normality of disease reaction distribution, and were used to estimate the number of effective factors controlling the resistance. F1 plants expressed an intermediate scald reaction compared with the parents. F2 and F4:5 data were normally distributed. Estimation of the .
THE DINOFLAGELLATE PELLICULAR WALL LAYER AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE DIVISION PYRRHOPHYTA 1

Forty‐five species of dinoflagellates were surveyed for the presence of a pellicular layer in the amphiesma or cell covering. Such a layer was found in 15 of the 20 genera studied. Half the pellicles tested were resistant to acetolysis and may contain a sporopollenin‐like material similar to that of some dinoflagellate cyst walk. Most organisms which formed pellicles were capable of reinforcing this layer with cellulose. Pellicles of Heterocapsa niei (Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich and Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich were studied with the electron microscope. Evidence is presented indicating that dividing cells of S. trochoidea from new walls while still enclosed in the parental pellicular layer.
Genetic Polymorphism Among Red Jungle Fowl and Domesticated Chicken Detected by DNA Markers

Abstract Tomar, A. , Shukla, P.K. , Gupta, J., Singh, A. , Churchil, R.R. and Sharma, D. 2007. Genetic polymorphism among Red Jungle Fowl and domesticated chicken detected by DNA markers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 205–208. Genetic polymorphism was detected between Red Jungle Fowl (RJF), White Leghorn (WL), Rhodes Island Red (RIR), White Plymouth Rock (WR), Red Cornish (RC), Aseel (AS) and Kadaknath (KN) using 3 DNA marker systems i.e. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymorphism (RAPD, 20 primers), Microsatellite/Minisatellite Associated Sequence Amplification (MASA, 3 primers) and Microsatellite markers (8 primers). Out of 119 bands amplified from the 18 polymorphic RAPD primers, 48% were polymorphic. Using MASA primers a total of 17 loci were amplified and about 39% of them were polymorphic. Out of 8 microsatellite markers, five markers were polymorphic. Number of alleles amplified with different microsatellite markers ranged from 3 to 6 with an average of 5.0 alleles per marker. Using three marker assay, comparatively lower genetic similarity was estimated between RJF and other domestic breeds, among whom, native breeds, specially Aseel was comparatively closer to RJF.