Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved equivalent circuit model of MMC and influence analysis of simulation time step

Modelling and simulation of a high voltage-level modular multilevel converter (MMC) is challenging due to large amount of semiconductor switches, various submodule (SM) circuits, and different operating conditions. Several equivalent models have been proposed for modelling and simulation in system level, which did not consider an industrial or digital controller. To accelerate MMC station design, a highly efficient model is needed with considering control parameters/strategies and accurate dynamics of voltage/current. In this study, an improved equivalent circuit model (ECM) is developed for large-scale system simulation and MMC station design. The proposed ECM considered the MMCs based on various SM circuits under different operating conditions. It can generate bipolar arm voltage and simulate static compensator under dc fault condition. Based on the proposed ECM, the influences of simulation time step on accuracy/efficiency are investigated by considering the sample period and voltage balancing strategies. This research is conducted based on an MMC-HVDC system in the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ECM and show the relationship between simulation accuracy/efficiency and control/simulation parameters for determining simulation time step. Based on study results, the computational efficiency of proposed model is not significantly affected by the complexity of SM circuit.
Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Newly Developed Strawberry Lines from British Columbia and Quebec

The total phenolic composition (TPC) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of eleven strawberry genotypes selected from the AAFC breeding program (BC2-72-17, BC2-90-43, BC96-33-4 and BC98-49-34 from British Columbia; and APF937-1, APF939-71, LL981-24, LL9819-14, LL982-14, LL0220-10 and SJ9332-7 from Quebec) were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. TPC and TAC values of these genotypes were compared to those of four commercially grown cultivars (‘Chambly,’ ‘Kent,’ ‘Veestar’ and ‘Yamaska’) and the effects on fruit quality and shelf life were studied. Several groups of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic and benzoic acids, were identified and quantified by HPLC. Significant variation of TPC was observed between genotypes, and anthocyanins were found to be the predominant phenolic group, contributing to 79.2% of the TPC. A significant correlation (r = 0.96) was observed between TPC and anthocyanin content. BC2-72-17 had the highest anthocyanin content and differed significantly from the other genotypes. Although the highest TPC (2123.8 μg g−1) was found in BC2-72-17, this genotype did not have the highest antioxidant capacity. The highest TAC (2259.0 μg g−1) was found in BC2-90-43, indicating that other phenolics may have made a greater contribution than anthocyanins to the high TAC. At room temperature, LL0220-10, SJ9332-7 and ‘Yamaska’ had a three-day shelf life, while it was only two days for all other genotypes. There was a negative correlation between shelf life and ellagic acids, flavonol and anthocyanin levels but this relationship was not significant (p > 0.0.). The fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) varied between genotypes. ‘Veestar’ and LL981-24 had the highest SSC (7.5). These results point to the importance of identifying genotypes with high phenolic monomer activities in screening for lines with high TAC, to ensure their use in breeding programs aimed at improving the nutritional value of strawberry.
Levels of fumonisins B1 and B2 in feeds associated with confirmed cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia

Leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a neurotoxic disease of Equidae caused by the ingestion of feed contaminated with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. Feed samples from the United States that were fed to horses prior to the development of LEM were analyzed for fumonisin B1 (FBI) and fumonisin Bz (FBz), toxic secondary metabolites of F. moniliforme. In addition, FBI, FBz, and moniliformin were determined in corn cultures of 10 isolates of F. moniliforme from these samples. None of the cultures produced moniliformin but all contained both FBI (160-3800 pg g-') and FBz (20-950 pg g-l). All 14 feed samples contained both FBI (1.3-27.0 pg g-l) and FBz (0.1-12.6 pg 6'). FBI was the major fumonisin in the cultures (80-96%) as well as in the feed samples (53-9396). These results support the finding that the fumonisins are causative factors in the development of LEM in horses.
Mechanisms of carbon acquisition for endosymbiont photosynthesis in Anthozoa

In contrast to free-living photoautotrophs, endosymbiontic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium must absorb their inorganic carbon from the cytoplasm of their host anthozoan cell rather then from seawater. The purpose of this paper is to review the present knowledge on the source of dissolved inorganic carbon supply for endosymbiont photosynthesis and the transport mechanisms involved. Symbiodinium spp. , generally known as zooxanthellae, live within the endodermal cells of their hosts, corals and sea anemones. They are separated from the surrounding seawater by the host tissues (oral ectodermal cell layer, collagenous basal membrane, endodermal cell, and perisymbiotic vesicles). The symbiotic association is therefore faced with the problem of delivering dissolved inorganic carbon to an endodermal site of consumption from an, essentially, ectodermal site of availability. Studies using original methods demonstrated that neither the internal medium (coelenteric fluid) nor paracellular diffusion could supply enough dissolved inorganic carbon for endosymbiont photosynthesis. A transepithelial active mechanism must be present in the host tissues to maintain the photosynthetic rate under saturating irradiance. A pharmacological approach led to propose a working model of dissolved inorganic carbon transport from seawater to zooxanthellae. This vectorial transport generates a pH gradient across the epithelium. The role of this gradient as well as the physiological adaptation of Symbiodinium spp. to symbiotic life are discussed.
The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Metriorhynchoid crocodylians represent the pinnacle of marine specialization within Archosauria. Not only were they a major component of the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous marine ecosystems, but they provide further examples that extinct crocodilians did not all resemble their modern extant relatives. Here, we use a varied toolkit of techniques, including phylogenetic reconstruction, geometric morphometrics, diversity counts, discrete character disparity analysis, and biomechanical finite-element analysis (FEA), to examine the macroevolutionary history of this clade. All analyses demonstrate that this clade became more divergent, in terms of biodiversity, form, and function, up until the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, after which there is no evidence for recovery or further radiations. A clear evolutionary trend towards hypercarnivory in Dakosaurus is supported by phylogenetic character optimization, morphometrics, and FEA, which also support specialized piscivory within Rhacheosaurus and Cricosaurus. Within Metriorhynchoidea, there is a consistent trend towards increasing marine specialization, with the hypermarine Cricosaurus exhibiting numerous convergences with other Mesozoic marine reptiles (e.g. loss of the deltopectoral crest and retracted external nares). In addition, biomechanics, morphometrics, and characterdisparity analyses consistently distinguish the two newly erected metriorhynchid subfamilies. This study illustrates that together with phylogeny, quantitative assessment of diversity, form, and function help elucidate the macroevolutionary pattern of fossil clades.
The effect of pH, sodium chloride, sucrose, sorbate and benzoate on the growth of food spoilage yeasts☆

Abstract The effects of pH, concentration of NaCl, concentration of sucrose and concentrations of sorbic and benzoic acids on growth were examined for 30 strains of food spoilage yeasts, representing Debaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kloeckera apiculata, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Zygosaccharomyces bailii did not grow at pH 7.0 and Z. rouxii, Kl. apiculata and P. membranaefaciens did not grow at pH 8.0. Only Kl. apiculata grew at pH 1.5–2.0. The remaining species grew at pH 2.5–8.0. None of the species grew at 20% NaCl but strains of D. hansenii, Z. rouxii and P. anomala grew at 15% NaCl. S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus were the least salt tolerant, showing no growth at 7.5% NaCl and 10% NaCl, respectively. Medium pH influenced growth in the presence of NaCl. For Y. lipolytica, D. hansenii and S. cerevisiae , greatest tolerance of NaCl occurred at pH 5.0–7.0, but for Kl. apiculata, D. membranaefaciens and Z. bailii best tolerance occurred at pH 3.0. K. apiculata grew in the presence of 12.5% NaCl at pH 2.0. All yeasts grew at 50% sucrose, with Z. rouxii, Z. bailii and P. anomala and D. hansenii growing at 60–70% sucrose. Medium pH in the range 2.0–7.0 had little effect on ability to grow in the presence of high sucrose concentrations. Z. bailii and Y. lipolytica were the species most tolerant of sorbate and benzoate preservatives (750–1200 mg l −1 ) at pH 5.0.
The effects of dwarf mistletoe, witches' brooms, stand structure, and site characteristics on the crown architecture of lodgepole pine in Oregon

We investigated the importance of lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.) in determining the height to crown top (HCT), height to crown base (HCB), and live crown ratio (LCR) of 2025 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm. ) growing over a 24-km2 study site in central Oregon. We compared the effects of infection and associated witches' brooms with those of site topography, soil type, shrub cover, stand density, and the abundance of mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws). using multiple regression and path analysis. The density of dominant-size P. contorta was consistently the most important factor influencing HCT, HCB, and LCR across the study site. In dense stands, trees tended to have elevated crown bases due to self-pruning and, hence, lower values of LCR. Dwarf mistletoe and related witches' brooms uniquely explained 6.9% of the variance in LCR, which was close to that of dominant P. contorta (7.1%) and more than that of.
Purification, properties and characterization of a high‐molecular‐mass b‐galactosidase isoenzyme from Thermusaquaticus YT‐I

An unusual high‐molecular‐mass b‐galactosidase isoenzyme from Thermus aquaticus YT‐1 was purified to homogeneity by chromatography using gel filtration (Ultrogel AcA 34), anion‐exchange (Mono Q) and gel filtration (Superose‐12). The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was > 700 kDa as estimated by gel filtration, and its subunit molecular mass was 59 ± 1 kDa as determined by SDS/PAGE. A single protein band of pI 4.9 was obtained by isoelectric‐focusing gel electrophoresis. The optimum tempera‐ture and pH for enzyme activity were 80 ° C and pH 5.5 respectively. The enzyme was stable over a wide pH range (pH 3‐12), and the thermostability of the enzyme was enhanced by CaCl2. The enzyme was significantly activated by alkali and alkaline‐earth‐metal salts. Whereas reducing agents enhanced b‐galactosidase activity, thiol‐binding agents drastically decreased the enzyme activity. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by the end products of the lactose hydrolysis reaction. The b‐galactosidase was specific for b‐D anomeric linkages, and the identity of the aglycone moiety also influenced enzyme activity dramatically. Oligosaccharide (OS) formation rates were directly related to lactose concentration. At a concentration of 19.4% (w/v) lactose, OS accounted for approx. 20′ of the total carbohydrates, and only two types of OS were observed. Moreover, once formed, OS were not rehydrolysed to monosaccharides, even during long residence times. OS synthesis was also observed with cellobiose and lactulose. Fructose, xylose, lyxose, rhamnose and arabinose were active as galactosyl acceptors, in contrast with glucose, ribose, fucose, tagatose and N‐acetyl‐glucosamine.
A trust region method with project step for bound constrained optimization without compact condition

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a trust region method for the solution of the nonlinear optimization problem with bound constraints. The method differs from the existing trust region method in that we use the trust region step as a trial step and the project step as a correction step. We prove that the generated sequence is bounded automatically without the compact assumption and obtain global convergence of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency when combined with suitable quasi-Newton update such as BFGS and Barzilai-Borwein update for the Hessian matrix.
Markovian model analysis for energy harvesting nodes in a modified opportunistic routing protocol

ABSTRACT Opportunistic routing protocol with cross-layer design mainly focuses on energy-harvesting principles and is named as modified energy-harvesting opportunistic routing protocol (MEHOR). In the cross-layer design, we follow the Markovian model where the parameters are exchanged between the different layers in order to optimise the usage of energy. MEHOR focuses on energy constraints at a sensor node because it requires recharge, once its energy level gets depleted. Basically, we put emphasis on regioning in order to overcome the multi-path routing problems, especially the energy availability. We minimise retransmission rate (12%), cost optimisation and reduce collision (8%) considering data packets received in a linear multi-hop energy-harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN). Finally, we compare MEHOR with other advanced routing protocols like opportunistic routing (OR) and energy-harvesting opportunistic routing (EHOR).
Impression Preference Tendency Between a Cute Robot and a Cool Robot

In human robot interaction (HRI), social robots are expected to equip with social skills to interact with people under diverse situations. The way human perceive robot is a crucial factor to inﬂuence the acceptability of robot. To investigate inﬂuential feature on robot behavior and understand human preference, this paper brieﬂy presented robot impression analysis of cute and cool style greeting respectively. We modiﬁed the behavior on Pepper robot and recruited participants to evaluate the robot expression style. The results showed the relation between expression patterns and tendency which indicated a few groups of preference similarity in small sample analysis. Further classiﬁcation of more impression preference group is highly anticipated. Undoubtedly, it is essential to personalize robot behavioral styles to satisfy individual necessity and maintain human robot communication.
Mycosphaerella diseases of juvenile foliage in a eucalypt species and provenance trial in Victoria, Australia

Summary The incidence of mycosphaerella leaf diseases and the severity of seven species of Mycosphaerella were assessed on the juvenile foliage of 13 eucalypt species and 35 provenances in a 2–3 year old trial in south-eastern Australia. Significant variation was observed between the 13 host species, with E. cypellocarpa and E. nitens recording the highest disease incidence and E. elata and E. oreades having no assessable disease. While wide variation was observed between provenances within species, variation was significant only between provenances of E. nitens. Seven species of Mycosphaerella were recorded on diseased leaves collected from the trial. M. cryptica and M. nubilosa were the most damaging, with M. cryptica being the most common and having the widest host range.
Aspects of the Water, Electrolyte and Carbohydrate Physiology of the Silvereye, Zosterops Lateralis (Aves).

Total body water content (TBW) and TBW turnover were measured by means of tritiated water (HTO) in free-ranging populations of silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis, near Margaret River, W.A. Birds were studied in their natural habitats during spring and summer, and compared with a vineyard population in summer. In the natural habitat TBW content was found to be 77.6% in spring, which was not significantly different from that measured in summer (78.3%). Birds in vineyards in summer, however, were dehydrated, with a TBW content of 69.4%. Calculated rates of water influx for spring, summer and summer vineyards birds were 1.44,2.20 and 0.65 ml g.day-' respectively. These water turnover rates are much higher than those of any other bird yet studied. Dehydration was marked in the vineyard birds, with a significantly lower TBW content and an average net water loss of 0.63 ml day-'. Laboratory studies showed that silvereyes have a low tolerance to sodium loading. Their tolerance is, however, quite adequate for them to drink the most concentrated free water available to them in the field. Ingestion of concentrated sugar solutions of up to 25% did not provoke an osmotic diuresis and thus cannot account for the dehydration and negative water balance of vineyard birds.
Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of bread made from flour, starch and solid waste flour of purple sweet potatoes

Purple sweet potato (PSP) is one of many agricultural commodities grown in Indonesia. However, its processing in increasing economic value is still very little done. In the PSP starch processing will be produced the fibre rich solid waste which is unutilized yet. The purpose of this research is to study the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of bread produced from PSP flour, PSP starch, and flour from solid waste of PSP starch processing (SWF) in various ratio namely: 100:0:0, 90:10:0; 90:5:5; 90:10:0; 80:0:20; 80:15:5; 80:10:10; and also bread from 100% wheat flour as control. The results showed a ratio of flour, starch, and solid waste flour provide a significant effect on the value of L, browning index, specific volume, hardness, % deformation, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, anthocyanin levels and sensory characteristics. Bread made from 100% PSP flour had the best quality and can be accepted by consumers.
Apparent rates of increase for two feral horse herds

Rates of increase for 2 Oregon feral horse (Equus caballus) herds were estimated from direct aerial counts to be about 20% per year. These rates can be achieved only if survival rates are high, and reproduction exceeds that normally expected from horses. A population dynamics model suggests adult survival to be the key parameter in determining rates of increase, and there is some direct evidence of high adult survival rates. Management implications are discussed.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF NUCLEAR ELIMINATION FROM THE LATE ERYTHROBLAST

The process of expulsion of the nucleus during the transformation of the late erythroblast to reticulocyte is described. Erythroid clones taken from the spleen of lethally irradiated mice transplanted with syngeneic bone marrow were used. 10–12-day old isolated clones were fixed in glutaraldehyde, then in osmium tetroxide. Ultra-thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate before examination. Late (orthochromatic) erythroblasts develop pseudopod-like cytoplasmic protrusions into one of which the nucleus gradually penetrates, being deformed by the extrusion through the relatively narrow passage. During the whole process, mitochondria and vesicular and membranous elements are concentrated in the cytoplasm. Once outside the cell, the nucleus reassumes its rounded form. It is surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm and structurally altered plasma membrane and is connected to the rest of the cell by a bridge. Elongated vacuoles appear within this bridge, with a resulting release of the enveloped nucleus which is soon phagocytized by macrophages; this leaves behind the newly formed reticulocyte. During this process, the cytoplasmic protrusions, the agglomeration of mitochondria, and the mode of separation of the nucleus from the rest of the cell are similar to those occurring in mitotic division.
The effect of maturity level on pH, total soluble solid, protein and fat content of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) from North Sumatera

Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) a type of endemic plant that is found in Indonesia widely planted by farmers. Asam gelugur have been used for traditional food like gulai pindang, asam pedas, arsik and manisan. This paper deal about effect maturity level on pH, total soluble solid, fat content of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) from North Sumatera. The results showed that when the level of maturity increased the protein decreased, meanwhile when the level maturity increased the pH, total soluble solid and fat content increased.
Local variation in soil microbial community structure in seminatural and artificial grasslands

Although above-ground and below-ground biological communities have mutual functional links, less is known about structural relationships between them. This study examines how soil microbial community structure is related to plant vegetation types and soil fertility in seminatural and artificial grasslands of Shiriyazaki, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Soil microbial community structure was analyzed by profiles of phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA). Soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents were much higher in artificial grasslands than in seminatural grasslands. Seminatural and artificial grasslands showed significant differences between them in relative abundances of six PLFA peaks out of 16 peaks used in this study. Seminatural grasslands consist of two distinctive vegetation types depending on grazing intensity: short-grass vegetation and tall-grass vegetation. Although plant species composition largely differed between the short-grass and tall-grass vegetation types, the soil microbial community structure did not show a significant difference between them. These results indicate strong influences of human management on the soil microbial community.
The effects of occupational noise exposure on the cardiovascular system: a review

The effects of occupational noise exposure on health are increasingly recognized. It is accepted that, in the absence of any protective measures, occupational noise can adversely affect both auditory and non-auditory systems. Beyond noise-induced hearing loss (HL), occupational noise can also precipitate sleep disturbance, feelings such as annoyance, and a higher incidence of occupational accidents. In addition, epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that occupational noise contributes to hypertension and to other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). These associations may exist because occupational noise is an environmental stressor that stimulates the sympathetic and endocrine systems, and triggers release of stress hormones. This review describes the impact of occupational noise exposure on the cardiovascular system and calls for a mitigation strategy for occupational noise reduction.