Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Conversational Reasoning Contribute to Formal Reasoning Skills

A study investigated the relationship between formal and conversational logic. Thirty-two male and 32 female college students evaluated the conclusions of conditional syllogism and participated in an interview adapted from Deanna Kuhn's (1991) monograph, "The Skills of Argument. " Students were asked to provide explanations for several problems of interest to them, such as drinking problems, pregnancy, and college tuition. After providing a theory, students were asked to imagine the proof that would support it, and to specify the kinds of evidence that would refute their theory. Then they were offered an alternative theory, which they were to try to refute and then do the opposite--describe the evidence that would support it. Results supported the premise that reasoning in discourse is the same type of reasoning people employ in logical tasks if given the opportunity. But while the data show a relation between two contexts in mature reasoners, they do not illuminate the nature of the relation nor its developmental course. There three possibilities: (1) that both conversational reasoning and formal logic reflect the development of logical skills that are present prior to the advent of language and which will continue to develop; (2) that language plays a constitutive role with the emergence of conditional reasoning; and (3) that language and formal logic are mutually constitutive. The meanings language conveys enable representation of the premises, and the syntax enables coordination. Contains 13 references. (AA) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.G. DEPARTIGIEPIT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )(This document has been reproduced as kr) received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. r9 a Points of view or opinions stated in this docu'1' ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Does Conversational Reasoning Contribute to Formal Reasoning Skills? Ellin Kofsky Scholnick University of Maryland,College Park PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY # TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This paper is based on a presentation in a symposium at the Meetings of the International Society for the Study of Behavior and Development, Aug. 16, 1996 in Quebec City, Canada. This version benefitted from comments and issues raised by the panel members, Jim Byrnes, Henry Markovits, David Moshman, and Leslie Smith. Thanks are also due to my interviewers and scorers, Alyssa Garber and Carolyn Acevedo-Rodericks.
A satellite-based estimate of combustion aerosol cloud microphysical effects over the Arctic Ocean

Abstract. Climate predictions for the rapidly changing Arctic are highly uncertain, largely due to a poor understanding of the processes driving cloud properties. In particular, cloud fraction (CF) and cloud phase (CP) have major impacts on energy budgets, but are poorly represented in most models, often because of uncertainties in aerosol–cloud interactions. Here, we use over 10 million satellite observations coupled with aerosol transport model simulations to quantify large-scale microphysical effects of aerosols on CF and CP over the Arctic Ocean during polar night, when direct and semi-direct aerosol effects are minimal. Combustion aerosols over sea ice are associated with very large (∼10 W m−2) differences in longwave cloud radiative effects at the sea ice surface. However, co-varying meteorological changes on factors such as CF likely explain the majority of this signal. For example, combustion aerosols explain at most 40 % of the CF differences between the full dataset and the clean-condition subset, compared to between 57 % and 91 % of the differences that can be predicted by co-varying meteorology. After normalizing for meteorological regime, aerosol microphysical effects have small but significant impacts on CF, CP, and precipitation frequency on an Arctic-wide scale. These effects indicate that dominant aerosol–cloud microphysical mechanisms are related to the relative fraction of liquid-containing clouds, with implications for a warming Arctic.
An Novel Absorber Screen Design Method Based on Receiving Antenna Principle

This paper presents a novel design method to the absorber screen based on the receiving antenna technique. When the electromagnetic waves is incident upon the surface of absorbing structure, part of the electromagnetic energy transforms into current absorbed at the port, and the remaining energy is reflected. The former mechanism is similar to the receiving antenna. Hence, a dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole antenna is selected and optimized to obtain a broadband absorber screen unit after comparing the similarities between the antenna and absorber. The measurement results show that the finite 6 × 6 array absorber has a 73% bandwidth for 10 dB RCS reduction, while its thickness of substrate is below 1/9 wavelength of the center frequency in free space. The novel absorber screen can also be used in dual polarization because of its symmetrical property. The simulation and measurement are performed at the normal incidence in this paper.
The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on disclosure of macroeconomic risks by public firms in China

This paper presents the first empirical study on Chinese firms’ disclosure of macroeconomic risks. We study the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption in 2007 on listed Chinese firms’ disclosure of macroeconomic risks. 45 out of 100 firms improved their quality of disclosure in their 2010 annual report compared to 2005 (or 2006). We also find that that firms which employ Big 4 audit firms, belong to financial services industry or have already implemented IFRS voluntarily before 2007 are more likely to improve their disclosure of macroeconomic influence. Despite the improvement, none of the firms in our sample reaches the satisfactory level of macroeconomic risks disclosure that can help outsiders filter out impact of macroeconomic fluctuation and understand the intrinsic performance of the firm. In terms of level of disclosure in 2010, firms employing Big 4, early adopters, larger firms and firms within financial services industry are more likely to have higher level of disclosure, which is consistent with previous studies.
Converse magnetoelectric effect in laminated composites of PMN-PT single crystal and Terfenol-D alloy

We have found experimentally and theoretically that laminated composites comprising one layer of length-magnetized Tb0.3Dy0. 7Fe1.92 (Terfenol-D) magnetostrictive alloy sandwiched between two layers of thickness-polarized, electro-parallel-connected 0.7Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) piezoelectric single crystal have a large converse magnetoelectric effect characterized by a large magnetic induction in response to an applied ac voltage. The reported converse magnetoelectric effect originates from the product of the converse piezoelectric effect in the PMN–PT layers and the converse magnetostrictive effect in the Terfenol-D layer. Large converse magnetoelectric coefficient in excess of 105mG∕V is obtained in the composites at a low magnetic bias field of 170Oe. The measured magnetic induction has an excellent linear relationship to the applied ac voltage with amplitude varying from 50to160V. These made the composites to be a promising material for direct realization of core-free magnetic flux control de.
Microstructure-based prediction of the elastic behaviour of hydrating cement pastes

The development of the elastic properties of a hardening cement paste results from the microstructural evolution due to cement hydration. The elastic behaviour of cement paste can be predicted by a combination of the hydration model and micromechanical analysis, which originates from a microstructural representative volume where the elastic behaviour of different hydrating cement products can be recognised. In this paper, the formation of the microstructural volume is simulated with the computational code HYMOSTRUC3D for cement hydration. The obtained microstructure is an input for a micromechanical modelling. A 3D regular lattice model is proposed to predict the elastic modulus of the microstructure, considering a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio within the range [0.30-0.50]. In addition, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to compare and validate the results from the lattice model. Predictions from these two modelling approaches are then compared to the experimental results provided by the EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method) testing technique, the latter allowing measurement of the elastic modulus of hydrating cement pastes. Finally, the above-referred numerical models are used to evaluate the influence of the following features: the particle size distribution of the cement grains, the microstructure discretisation refinement and the elastic modulus of the C-S-H cement hydration product.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY PARALLEL METAMATERIAL CYLINDERS

Electromagnetic Scattering problem by multiple metamaterial cylinders are studied. A formulation for coating conducting cylinders by metamaterial is presented. The formulation is based on the expansion of electromagnetic fields by Bessel functions in local cylindrical coordinates and then transformation from local coordinates to others using addition theorem of Hankel function. Near fields and scattering cross sections for metamaterial and dielectric cylinders are studied and compared to each other. We have shown that an array of metamaterial cylinders increases forward scattering cross section which may use to increase the directivity of antennas.
Illegality is in the Eye of the Beholder: Experimental Evidence on Criminality and Risks of Irregular Migration

Why do so many migrants decide to live clandestinely in foreign countries despite the risks involved? Existing work on illegal migration is closely tied to economic incentives, but we expect that individual perceptions and attitudes represent an important, but highly underrepresented, component of illegal migrant behaviour. We identify three psychological motivations underlying illegal migration: perceived necessity, considerations of risk, and norms that condone law-breaking. We test each mechanism through the analysis of two list experiments in Jamaica, an origin country with a disproportionately high migrant population and a wide variety of migration channels. We examine two important strategies available to migrants: falsifying documents and working under-the-table, and we find that the psychological motivations behind each strategy vary substantially. Support for falsifying documents is driven by perceived necessity, and support for working under-the-table is largely a function of the perceived risks and legitimacy of immigration laws. Our findings suggest that public policies and empirical research that conflate illegal migrant strategies may be incomplete or ineffective. The full picture may only come together after these strategies are decomposed.
AN OPTIMAL APPROACH TO THE MULTIPLE-DEPOT HETEROGENEOUS VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH TIME WINDOW AND CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) has become a crucial industrial issue for its impact on product distribution costs. Though quite important in practice, the time-constrained version of the VRP accounting for several types of vehicles and m- depots, called the extended VRP with time windows (m-VRPTW), has received less attention. Since it is an NP-hard problem, most of the current approaches to m-VRPTW are heuristic, thus providing good but not necessarily optimal solutions. This work presents a novel MILP mathematical framework for the m-depot heterogeneous-fleet VRPTW problem. The new optimization approach permits to find both the optimal vehicle route/schedule and the fleet size by choosing the best set of preceding nodes for each pick-up point. To get a significant reduction on the problem size to tackle larger m-VRPTW problems, some elimination rules have been embedded in the MILP framework. When applied to a pair of examples, it was observed a remarkable saving in computer costs with regards to prior VRPTW optimization methods.
Luftfahrtindustrie: Problematisches Duopol

Bei groseren Passagierflugzeugen besteht bereits seit 1997, als Boeing den Konkurrenten McDonnell Douglas ubernahm, ein Duopol. Doch die Hersteller Airbus und Boeing lieferten sich einen scharfen Wettbewerb um Grosauftrage. Zudem drangen Regionalflugzeugbauer ins grosere Segment vor. Aber die beiden Duopolisten haben nun ihr Angebot durch Ubernahme der grosten Produzenten kleinerer Passagierflugzeuge erweitert. Die Gefahr einer Wettbewerbseinschrankung steigt.
Use and understanding of organic amendments in Australian agriculture: a review

A wide range of organic amendments (OA) is currently available to Australian farmers. These products have numerous agronomic applications, including the supply of plant nutrients, control of pests and diseases, and in management of soil health. Several of these products are also used in contaminated and degraded land remediation. The most commonly identifiable groups of OA in Australia are composts, compost teas, vermicasts, humic substances, meat, blood and bone meal, fish hydrolysates, seaweed extracts, bio-inoculants, biodynamic products, and biochars. Many of these OA contain nutrients within organic molecular structures; these nutrients are usually not immediately available to plants and must first be mineralised. Mineralisation often occurs as OA are consumed by microbes, thereby stimulating soil microbial activity. The application of OA such as bio-inoculants, humic substances, and seaweed extracts can potentially stimulate crop growth and development through the actions of plant growth-promoting hormones, including cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins. Yet despite these apparent benefits, the widespread adoption of OA in Australia has been limited, due in part to the high application rates required to produce agronomic benefits, a lack of consistency in the composition of some products, a poor public perception of their utility, and a lack of unbiased scientific research into the agricultural potential of these products.
AGING BEHAVIOR AND PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE- GRAINED ALUMINUM ALLOYS OF Al-Mg-Si SYSTEM

This work is focused on the study of the features of ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure formation, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the aluminum alloys of Al-Mg-Si system subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD). High strength of the material under study is provided by UFG state due to the decrease in grain size and formation of hardening phase precipitations in the aluminum matrix after aging. The increased electrical conductivity in the material results from the decrease in concentration of the alloying elements in the aluminum matrix because of solid solution decomposition during SPD processing and also less disloca- tion density in the formed structure.
Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Preschool Children Using Multiple Methods

Background : The ability to determine the relationship between diet and health outcomes in children requires reproducible and validated long-term dietary assessment tools such as food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Objective : To test the reproducibility and relative validity of a FFQ for young children using 24-hour food recalls (24HRs), anthropometric measurements, and a comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire (CFPQ). Methods : Children (aged 5-6) and their mothers were recruited during one school-year (2008) from preschools. Children's anthropometric measurements were obtained. Mothers provided during a personal interview on three occasions a 110-item semiquantitative FFQ, 24HRs and CFPQ. Pearson-correlation coefficients were calculated between the results of the FFQ and 3*24HR. Validity coefficients between the FFQ and the different measurements were calculated. Scores of the 12 factors of the CFPQ were calculated and related to dietary intake. Results : Sixty-six healthy children (47% boys) were recruited. Pearson's correlations between the average of the FFQs and 3*24HRs ranged from 0.3-0.6 (P<0.05). The highest correlation coefficients were 0.59 for total fat intake and 0.56 for energy. Dietary intake of energy and carbohydrates differed significantly (P=0.05, 0.001 respectively) across the three BMI z-score levels (normal-weight, overweight, obese) and the three waist circumference tertiles (0.019, 0.006 respectively). Obesogenic factors from the CFPQ correlated with consumption of empty calories like sweets, snacks, junk foods and sweet drinks. Conclusions : The modified FFQ is a relatively valid instrument to estimate mean energy intake in preschool children. The questionnaire performs reasonably well to rank children with respect to macronutrients intake as well as obesogenic food groups.
Agglomeration Mechanism of Horizontally Integrated Multinationals under D-S Model of Limited-Number Enterprises

By pointing out the limitation of a classical model of new economic geography –the Krugman model -- by loosening the assumption of the number of enterprises, we present a more general model under the circumstances of labor force relatively overmuch to investigate agglomeration mechanism of horizontally integrated multinationals in host country. The results of the model show that agglomeration of horizontally FDI is the outcome which includes accumulating and increasing the process of supply and consumption. Market equilibrium is attained by market jams and market enlarges the two kinds of contrary strength.
Analysis of association football playing styles: An innovative method to cluster networks

In this work, we develop an innovative hierarchical clustering method to divide a sample of undirected weighted networks into groups. The methodology consists of two phases: The first phase is aimed at putting the single networks in a broader framework by including the characteristics of the population in the data, while the second phase creates a subdivision of the sample on the basis of the similarity between the community structures of the processed networks. Starting from the representation of the team's playing style as a network, we apply the method to group the Italian Serie A teams’ performances and consequently detect the main 15 tactics shown during the 2015–2016 season. The information obtained is used to verify the effect of the styles of play on the number of goals scored, and we prove the key role of one of them by implementing an extension of the Dixon and Coles model.
A QUANTUM IMPROVEMENT ON DIJKSTRA'S ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTER NETWORK ROUTING

The aim of this paper is to improve the Dijkstra algorithm which is widely used in the internet routing. Quantum computing approach is used to improve the work of Dijkstra algorithm for network routing by exploiting the massive parallelism existing in the quantum environment and to deal with the demands of continuous growing of the internet. This algorithm is compared according to the number of iterations and time complexity with Dijkstra's algorithm and the result shows that the quantum approach is better in finding the optimal path with better time complexity when it is implemented in quantum computer.
Examination of Monteith's parameterization of canopy resistance

For more than twenty years, the most common approach to parameterize the effect of environmental factors on stomatal behaviour has been the so-called Jarvis type models (Jarvis, 1976), in which stomatal resistance is expressed as a minimum resistance multiplied by a series of independent stress functions combined in a multiplicative way (each function representing the influence of one factor). Recently, the response of stomata to humidity has been reinterpreted in a different way: It seems that the correlation between stomatal resistance and atmospheric humidity is purely empirical and that the mechanism underneath is based on the waterloss rate of the leaf (Mott and Parkhurst, 1991). Stomata appear to respond to the rate of transpiration rather to air humidity per se. Monteith (1995a,b) showed that the leaf stomatal conductance can be interpreted as a linear decreasing function of transpiration with two empirical parameters: a maximum conductance and a maximum rate of transpiration. He suggested also that this relationship between stomatal conductance and transpiration rate could be up-scaled from leaf to canopy, in the same way as the Jarvis model. The aim of this paper is to assess and discuss this new formulation of stomatal behaviour proposed by Monteith and to interpret the parameters at canopy scale.
Cry1Ab protein levels in phytophagous insects feeding on transgenic corn: implications for secondary exposure risk assessment

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and bioassays were used to estimate levels of Cry1Ab protein in four species of phytophagous insects after feeding on transgenic Bt‐corn plants expressing Cry1Ab protein or artificial diets containing Cry1Ab protein. The level of Cry1Ab in insects feeding on sources containing the Cry1Ab protein was uniformly low but varied with insect species as well as food source. For the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), feeding on diet solutions containing Cry1Ab protein, the level of the protein in the aphid was 250–500 times less than the original levels in the diet, whereas no Cry1Ab was detected by ELISA in aphids feeding on transgenic Bt‐Corn plants. For the lepidopteran insects, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), levels of Cry1Ab in larvae varied significantly with feeding treatment. When feeding for 24 h on artificial diets containing 20 and 100 ppm of Cry1Ab, the level of Cry1Ab in the larvae was about 57 and 142 times lower, respectively, than the original protein level in the diet for O. nubilalis, 20 and 34 times lower for H. zea, and 10 to 14 times lower for A. ipsilon. Diet incorporation bioassays with a susceptible insect (first instar O. nubilalis) showed significant Cry1Ab bioactivity present within whole body tissues of R. maidis and O. nubilalis that had fed on diet containing a minimum of 20 ppm or higher concentrations (100 or 200 ppm) of Cry1Ab, but no significant bioactivity within the tissues of these insects after feeding on transgenic Bt‐corn plants. The relevance of these findings to secondary exposure risk assessment for transgenic Bt crops is discussed.
Do Firms in Incubation Innovate Too? Evidence from Portugal

This article examines innovation in micro- and small firms in incubation in Portugal. The research set out to identify patterns of innovative activity toward a sustainable development. A conceptual study was developed, based on the literature and empirical studies, to help understanding of the factors determining innovation in small businesses in incubation facilities. Two conclusions can be drawn from the findings. On the one hand, businesses in incubation units see innovation as an essential, continuing activity with interrelated dimensions. These firms tend to introduce new products, innovate in processes and implement changes in the organization and exploration of new markets. On the other hand the research showed that some areas of innovation depend on the type of origin of the firm, and its size.