Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Possible Worlds Semantics for Indicative and Counterfactual Conditionals? - A Formal Philosophical Inquiry into Chellas-Segerberg Semantics

Conditional logic is a sub-discipline of philosophical logic. It aims to provide an alternative account of conditionals in contrast to the traditional material implication analysis. The present thesis focuses on a specific possible worlds semantics for conditional logics, the Chellas-Segerberg (CS) semantics (Chellas, 1975; Segerberg, 1989), which has not been widely investigated, save by Nejdl (1992) and Delgrande (1987, 1988). The main thesis of this dissertation is that CS-semantics is an adequate framework for both (i) indicative and (ii) counterfactual conditionals. To argue for (i) and (ii) we, first, discuss the general need of a conditional logic approach, which goes beyond a material implication analysis. We address the difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals. We focus, then, on two arguments brought forward by Bennett (2003) against accounts of indicative conditionals in terms of truth and falsehood, which arguably include possible worlds semantics such as CS-semantics: (a) D. Lewis’ (1976) triviality result and (b) Bennett’s (2003) Gibbardian stand-off argument, which goes back to Gibbard (1980). We, furthermore, investigate a lattice of conditional logics based on the basic proof theoretic system for CS-semantics plus 29 further axioms. This framework allows us to describe – as we shall show – a range of conditional logic systems, such as the indicative conditional logic system by Kraus, Lehmann, and Magidor (1990) and Lehmann and Magidor (1992) and the counterfactual system of D. Lewis (1973/2001). For our formal investigation we distinguish between Chellas frames (Chellas, 1975) on the one hand and Segerberg frames (Segerberg, 1989) on the other hand: While Chellas frames are generalizations of Kripke frames, Segerberg frames rather correspond to what is often called ‘general frames’. We give, then, correspondence proofs for the lattice of systems on the basis of Chellas frames and discuss the notion of trivial frame correspondence. We, then, provide a completeness result for the lattice of conditional logics for standard Segerberg frames. This type of Segerberg frames is solely based on structural conditions and is – unlike the notion of (simple) Segerberg frame completeness – not trivial in the sense that any conditional logic is complete w.r. t. some class of frames. We finally, provide an objective and a subjective interpretation of CS-semantics by drawing on the notion of alethic modality and the Ramsey-test, respectively. We, then, argue that our objective and subjective account of CS-semantics can serve as basis for indicative and counterfactual conditionals, respectively.
Enabling Sustainable Investment in Social Interventions: A Review of Medicaid Managed Care Rate-Setting Tools

ISSUE: It is widely recognized that social factors, such as unstable housing and lack of healthy food, have a substantial impact on health outcomes and spending, particularly with respect to lower-income populations. For Medicaid, now dominated by managed care, this raises the question of how states can establish managed care rates to sustain investments in social supports. GOAL: To explore practical strategies that states can deploy to support Medicaid managed care plans and their network providers in addressing social issues. METHODS: Literature review, interviews with stakeholders, and analysis of federal regulations. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identify the following options: 1) classify certain social services as covered benefits under the state’s Medicaid plan; 2) explore the additional flexibility afforded states through Section 1115 waivers; 3) use value-based payments to support provider investment in social interventions; 4) use incentives and withholds to encourage plan investment in social interventions; 5) integrate efforts to address social issues into quality improvement activities; and 6) reward plans through higher rates for effective investments in social interventions. More needs to be done, however, to assist interested states in using these options and identifying pathways to braid Medicaid dollars with other social services funding. KEY TAKEAWAYS Social factors like unstable housing and lack of healthy food are widely known to affect health care outcomes and spending. While Medicaid traditionally has not covered or reimbursed for social interventions, it offers more practical options for doing so than is commonly recognized. With the predominance of Medicaid managed care, states require new contract and ratesetting strategies to enable plan and provider investment in social interventions. Options available to address social drivers of health include: classifying certain social services as covered Medicaid benefits, using value-based payments to support provider investment in social interventions, and rewarding managed care plans with higher payment rates. REPORT JANUARY 2018 Enabling Sustainable Investment in Social Interventions: A Review of Medicaid Managed Care Rate-Setting Tools Deborah Bachrach, Jocelyn Guyer, Sarah Meier, John Meerschaert, and Shelly Brandel
Supporting the Sustainable Growth of SMEs with Content- and Collaboration-based Personal Knowledge Management Systems

Abstract Personal knowledge management (PKM) has been envisaged as a decentralising revolution and as the most important educational concern. Its root objective aims for highly knowledgeable individuals acting competently in their daily lives, as part of the workforce, and as public citizens. However, such a promising state of knowledge management (KM) has not emerged yet. Over the past four years, the ongoing development of a PKM concept and prototype system has been accompanied by over 30 multidisciplinary peer-reviewed publications. To verify the undertaking, dedicated articles have applied accepted general design science research (DSR) guidelines aimed at creating innovative IT artefacts (that extend human and social capabilities and meet desired outcomes), at validating design processes (as evidence of their relevance, utility, rigor, resonance and publishability) and at ensuring theory effectiveness (a matter of purposeful utility, content, communication and presentation). Based on the formation of individuals’ autonomous PKM capacities and personal devices nourished by networked creative conversations, the novel PKM approach, on the one hand, aims at advancing lifelong PKM support and academic and professional growth benefiting individuals as contributors and beneficiaries of institutional and societal performance. On the other hand, the scope of anticipated outcomes also offers appealing opportunities for further stakeholders engaged in the context of curation, education, research, development and business. In the latter context, prior papers have looked at the impact for large enterprises in regard to organizational knowledge management (OKM) system generations, the potential of a fruitful OKM–PKM–Co-evolution, and the promises for strengthening organisational capabilities of innovativeness and leadership. The focus of this article shifts to the collaborative and growth-related challenges of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It pinpoints the entrepreneurial barriers of organisational development, and how the PKM concept and its technological and educational devices are able—as any SME moves through its dynamic stages of growth, predicaments or decline—to guide and rectify the associated tasks and problems. These demands necessitate performing effectively under growing pressures and communicating with rising numbers of internal and external stakeholders, as affirmed in Garnsey’s resource-based notion of new firm growth, Greiner’s evolution–revolution-based stage-growth model, and Levie’s and Lichtenstein’s dynamic states approach to entrepreneurship.
Targeting inter set write variation to improve the lifetime of non-volatile cache using fellow sets

High density and low static power exhibited by nonvolatile technologies (NVM) have made them popular candidates in the memory hierarchy, including caches. Writes within a cache set are governed by the access pattern as well as replacement policies, leading to a large write variation. This variation is of concern as it leads to early breakdown of the NVM cells due to large writes thus reducing the effective lifetime. This paper presents a technique to improve the lifetime of non-volatile caches by reducing the inter-set write variation. Our policy partitions the cache sets into groups called fellow groups. Every set has two logical parts: Normal and Reserved. Sets within a fellow group can use the reserved parts from their fellow sets to distribute the writes uniformly. Experimental results using full system simulation show that the proposed technique shows significant reduction in inter-set write variation over the baseline and existing technique.
Enhancing dendritic cell-based vaccination for highly aggressive glioblastoma

Introduction: Patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have a dismal prognosis despite standard therapy, which can induce potentially deleterious side effects. Arming the immune system is an alternative therapeutic approach, as its cellular effectors and inherent capacity for memory can be utilized to specifically target invasive tumor cells, while sparing collateral damage to otherwise healthy brain parenchyma. Areas covered: Active immunotherapy is aimed at eliciting a specific immune response against tumor antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent activators of de novo and recall immune responses and are thus a vehicle for successful immunotherapy. Currently, investigators are optimizing DC vaccines by enhancing maturation status and migratory potential to induce more potent antitumor responses. An update on the most recent DC immunotherapy trials is provided. Expert opinion: Targeting of unique antigens restricted to the tumor itself is the most important parameter in advancing DC vaccines. In order to overcome intrinsic mechanisms of immune evasion observed in GBM, the future of DC-based therapy lies in a multi-antigenic vaccine approach. Successful targeting of multiple antigens will require a comprehensive understanding of all immunologically relevant oncological epitopes present in each tumor, thereby permitting a rational vaccine design.
Factors Affecting People-Park Relationships in Peri-Urban National Parks

Protected areas such as national parks are key mechanisms for conserving nature. They also provide important opportunities for people to engage in a range of nature based tourism and recreation activities, engendering active lifestyles and providing access to fresh air, solitude and nature. In part due to the psychological and health benefits of these activities, visitation to protected areas is increasingly popular, especially for parks close to cities. Rapid urban growth in many cities has also heightened demand for, and increased use of, protected areas. Visitor use of protected areas can however, adversely impact both visitors and local communities if not properly managed. National park managers face the challenge of accommodating often times competing expectations about these types of protected areas, including providing access without negatively affecting the natural environment or visitors’ experiences. Reliable information is needed about visitor characteristics, the activities they undertake, and their expectations of parks including the types of activities permitted. We also need to know how the values, attitudes, and travel patterns of visitors shape their park experiences. Moreover, we need to know how nearby communities interact with the park and their attitudes about visitor activities. To better understand how these factors potentially affect people-park interactions, including parks close to cities, this thesis assessed six peri-urban national parks in South East Queensland, Australia.
Recovery Co-design and Peer Workforce Development in the Acute Inpatient Setting

A key priority of Victoria’s Department of Health and Human Services is to improve patient care, wait times and experiences within EDs (2009). This priority recognises that the ED can be a very stressful environment for those who work in it and those who access it, which is intensified by people presenting with mental health issues. For those who present with these issues in an already distressed state, the ED can be a traumatising experience (Hamilton & Love 2010). Although there have been significant studies focused on changes that can be made within mental health wards to reduce seclusion rates, many people are regarded to require seclusion as they arrive (Trauer, Hamilton, Rogers & Castle 2010).
Evaluation of plant-produced Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxoid in a vaccine against enterotoxaemia in sheep

Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) is a common bacterial disease of sheep caused by Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin. It has mortality rates of up to 30% in non-vaccinated animals. Current vaccines from whole cell cultures are expensive to manufacture and can induce local inflammatory responses in sheep. They usually have reduced immunogenicity because of the difficulty of standardising the inactivation step in vaccine manufacturing. In the current study, we evaluated the safety and potency of a recombinant plant-made epsilon toxoid protein (r-Etox) as an affordable and safer alternative vaccine for developing countries. Results of injection site reactions, rectal temperature and toxin neutralisation test in single and prime–boost inoculations of mice, guinea pigs and sheep suggest that the product is not toxic to animals and could protect sheep against enterotoxaemia.
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage from an atomic to a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate

Summary form only given. Coherent conversion of an atomic to a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a first step towards 'superchemistry', which is the atom optics analog of frequency conversion in nonlinear optics. A number of studies of this have shown that direct conversion via Raman photo-association appears feasible, based on stimulated free-bound and bound-bound transitions in the presence of two laser fields E/sup (1)/=E/sub 0//sup (1)/ cos(/spl omega//sup (1)/t) and E/sup (2)/=E/sub 0//sup (2)/ cos(/spl omega//sup (2)/t). Here pairs of atoms from the two-atom continuum are transferred-via an excited bound molecular state-to a bound molecular state of lower energy. Raman photo-association allows coupling to a single molecular state, which can be selected by the Raman laser frequencies /spl omega//sup (1)/ and /spl omega//sup (2)/. However, practical calculations using available lasers and transitions indicate that coherent transfer is often limited by spontaneous emission from the intermediate molecular excited electronic state. A possible route towards minimizing losses and decoherence from spontaneous emission is to use the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) method (Drummond et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 81, p. 3055, 1998) in which a counter-intuitive pulse sequence is used where the first input pulse couples the molecular levels, even when there are no molecules present.
Analysis of Words Per Minute Correlated to Fixation Length While Searching

Previous studies have shown that average fixation duration is different depending on what task a person is performing. Our goal was to find out whether or not one’s reading speed would affect their average fixation duration during a visual search. We collected data on 11 different participants, first measuring reading speed, measured in words per minute (wpm), by having them read a sample passage, then putting them through three different visual search tasks ranging from easy to very difficult to find the target. We hypothesized that faster readers would have shorter average fixation length, due to their ability and practice gathering information quickly during reading. Results do not support this hypothesis, however, as there seems to be no correlation between reading speed and fixation length at all. Based on this, we can conclude that people process information gathered by their eyes very differently depending on the source and goal of their task.
Treating non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease with transplantation of stem cells

Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment-based research has focused on developing therapies for the management of motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms do not respond to treatments targeting motor deficits, thus necessitating an urgent need to develop new modalities that cater to both motor and non-motor deficits. Stem cell transplantation is potentially therapeutic for PD, but the disease non-motor symptoms have been primarily neglected in such cell therapy regimens. Many types of stem cells are currently available for transplantation therapy, including adult tissue (e.g., bone marrow, placenta)-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The fact that mesenchymal stem cells can replace and rescue degenerated dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cells suggests their potential for the treatment of motor as well as non-motor symptoms of PD, which is discussed in this article.
Diagnostic model of management risk Analysis

2018. Т. 18, No 4. С. 103–114 103 Introduction The world’s and home practice show that stable and effective work of companies in constantly changing conditions of our outside environment with high level of uncertainty and risk can only be possible through effective management of process strategic development. This management is carried out in accordance with the strategic goals. These goals form the company's investment policy, which reflects the management style (behavior) of the company's management. For a proper study of the attitudes and mechanisms of the decision-making process, it is necessary to take into consideration subjective and psychological aspects of behavioural economics [2]. In modern conditions we feel the need to evaluate the strategic development level of a company in the process of forming its investment policy [12]. The choice of investment policy according to strategic objective of the company is closely connected with a stage of its lifecycle [14]. The process itself can be exercised in different variants: exposure of necessities in the course of reaching strategic aims of the company development, defining form and volume of investments, forming and managing the investment policy in accordance with development strategy, managing the development and accomplishment of investment project portfolio [1]. The investing activities shall provide achievement of long-term goals of the company and are performed according to developed investment policy [6]. Need for forming of investment policy and management according to the declared strategy of the company is obvious, it is caused by limitation of a number of scientific methods of its assessment and control. The management of the companies in practice relies on the accumulated experience and an intuition. How to promote the innovative activities is an important problem for modern society [8]. As a result we have a need for development of new approaches for formation of investment policy taking into account such important factor as management style. Within this article we declare that we understand investment policy as a complex of actions for management of investment activity according to the formulated development strategy of the company. It is demands consideration of the following questions: the choice of strategy at various stages of development of the company; formation of investment policy and control of efficiency of its realization. DOI: 10.14529/ctcr180410
Critical care--an all-encompassing specialty.

The August 29 issue of the Journal will include the first in a series of review articles on critical care. Critical care is a young specialty that is generally considered to have developed from the successful use of invasive ventilation during the 1952 polio epidemic in Copenhagen. In his report of the response to that epidemic, Ibsen described much more than the use of invasive ventilation; he also described collaborative, multidisciplinary care that can serve as a model for critical care services to this day.1 He described managing severe infections and respiratory failure, providing cardiovascular support with resuscitation fluids and .
The inverse association of salmonellosis in infancy with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma at school‐age: a longitudinal study

Background: Respiratory allergies are inversely related to early acquisition of food‐borne and fecal‐oral infections, consumption of unpasteurized milk, early exposure to stables and high endotoxin concentrations in a farming environment. We tested therefore if infection by Salmonella in early life can protect from development of respiratory allergies later in life.
Probing Interfacial Electronic Structures in Atomic Layer LaMnO3 and SrTiO3 Superlattices

The interfacial electronic structure characterization of a m x (LaMnO{sub 3})/n x (SrTiO{sub 3}) superlattice based on scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Evidence of interfacial band alignment and electron transfer are presented based on the observation of O K edge of individual transition metal and oxygen atomic columns. Electron probe aberration correction was essential for the high spatial resolution mapping of interfacial electronic states.
Hepatic hepatitis C virus RNA as a predictor of a long-term response to interferon-alpha therapy.

OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of a long-term response to interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C and to determine whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) was eradicated in patients with chronic hepatitis C who had a long-term response to therapy. DESIGN A retrospective analysis. SETTING In- and outpatient liver clinic of a municipal hospital in Japan. PATIENTS 47 patients with chronic hepatitis C who responded to interferon-alpha were divided into two groups: 22 patients with a long-term response (serum aminotransferase levels remained normal for > 1 year after therapy) and 25 patients with a short-term response (serum aminotransferase levels increased again after therapy). MEASUREMENTS Genotyping of HCV, titers of HCV RNA in liver and serum samples (using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), histologic activity index, and liver histologic tests during and 1 year after therapy. RESULTS Among the 22 long-term responders, HCV RNA was no longer detectable in liver and serum samples of 21 (95%) at the end of therapy and remained undetectable in the serum of 20 (91%) and in the liver of 19 (86%) 1 year after therapy. Liver histologic tests improved substantially immediately after therapy and 1 year after therapy in the long-term responders; however, 18 (82%) of these patients still had mild, chronic hepatitis. Among the 25 short-term responders, HCV RNA was still detected in the liver of 19 (76%) and in the serum of 9 (36%) at the end of therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the persistent presence of hepatic HCV RNA at the end of therapy was the strongest predictor of relapse. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that HCV infection was eradicated in most of the long-term responders to interferon-alpha therapy because HCV RNA could no longer be detected in their serum and liver samples and because a significant improvement gradually occurred in their liver histologic results. The persistent presence of hepatic HCV RNA at the end of therapy was the most important predictor of relapse.