Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retornos a la educación de los economistas colombianos. Análisis desde las teorías del capital humano y la crítica de la teoría de la señalización (2009 -2013)

La teoría del Capital Humano se construye a partir de los postulados de William Schultz (1960), (1961); Gary Becker (1964), (1983), (1990) y Jacob Mincer (1958), (1970), (1974) en la década de 1960 bajo los lineamientos de la teoría Neoclásica de la Economía. Su aporte más emblemático, es que existe una relación directa entre a mayor número de años de educación como de experiencia de un individuo, con mayores retornos en el salario de la persona en cuestión a corto plazo. De igual manera, estos economistas emularon a uno de los padres de esta escuela, el profesor Marshall, en su libro Principios de economía, cuando expone que “el capital más valioso de todos es el que se ha invertido en seres humanos” (Becker, 1983). En consecuencia, Becker interpreta la inversión en educación, como el costo de oportunidad que sacrifica el individuo en el presente por un futuro en el cual obtendrá mejores retornos. De ahí que exponga que esta posibilidad, está determinada por la inversión que realice la organización y/o por el esfuerzo como la motivación del individuo (Becker, 1964). Grosso modo para Becker, el capital humano es una variable que puede mejorar el desarrollo como el crecimiento económico de un país. En este sentido el presente trabajo investigativo pretende identificar la tasa de rentabilidad de los egresados de la ciencia económica en Colombia desde los postulados de la teoría del capital humano y las crít icas de la teoría de la señalización. La metodología es de corte cuantitativo donde se utilizaron ecuaciones Mincerianas del ingreso, como el método de Heckman (1979) para corregir el sesgo de selección por medio de los datos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares en el periodo 2009 2013 para 11 profesiones. La principal conclusión, es que los egresados de la ciencia económica en el periodo estudiado evidencian retornos a la educación por encima de la gran mayoría de las profesiones.
Multi-Temporal and Spectral Analysis of High-Resolution Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery for Precision Agriculture: Assessment of Wheat Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content

This study evaluates the potential of high resolution hyperspectral airborne imagery to capture within-field variability of durum wheat grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) in two commercial fields in the Yaqui Valley (northwestern Mexico). Through a weekly/biweekly airborne flight campaign, we acquired 10 mosaics with a micro-hyperspectral Vis-NIR imaging sensor ranging from 400–850 nanometres (nm). Just before harvest, 114 georeferenced grain samples were obtained manually. Using spectral exploratory analysis, we calculated narrow-band physiological spectral indices—normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) and ratio spectral index (RSI)—from every single hyperspectral mosaic using complete two by two combinations of wavelengths. We applied two methods for the multi-temporal hyperspectral exploratory analysis: (a) Temporal Principal Component Analysis (tPCA) on wavelengths across all images and (b) the integration of vegetation indices over time based on area under the curve (AUC) calculations. For GY, the best R2 (0.32) were found using both the spectral (NDSI—Ri, 750 to 840 nm and Rj, ±720–736 nm) and the multi-temporal AUC exploratory analysis (EVI and OSAVI through AUC) methods. For GPC, all exploratory analysis methods tested revealed (a) a low to very low coefficient of determination (R2 ≤ 0.21), (b) a relatively low overall prediction error (RMSE: 0.45–0.49%), compared to results from other literature studies, and (c) that the spectral exploratory analysis approach is slightly better than the multi-temporal approaches, with early season NDSI of 700 with 574 nm and late season NDSI of 707 with 523 nm as the best indicators. Using residual maps from the regression analyses of NDSIs and GPC, we visualized GPC within-field variability and showed that up to 75% of the field area could be mapped with relatively good predictability (residual class: −0.25 to 0.25%), therefore showing the potential of remote sensing imagery to capture the within-field variation of GPC under conventional agricultural practices.
Quaternary geology of the Channeled Scabland and adjacent areas

The quaternary history of the channeled scabland is characterized by discrete episodes of catastrophic flooding and prolonged periods of loess accumulation and soil formation. The loess sequence was correlated with Richmond's Rocky Mountain glacial chronology. At least five major catastrophic flood events occurred in the general vicinity of the channeled scabland. The earliest episode occurred prior to the extensive deposition of the Palouse formation. The last major episode of flooding occurred between about 18,000 and 13,000 years ago. It probably consisted of two outbursts from glacial Lake Missoula.
Vision-Based Autonomous Sensor-Tasking in Uncertain Adversarial Environments

Abstract : The key objectives of the proposed research was to build theoretical and computational foundations for developing efficient, robust and adaptive data-driven exploitation techniques and tools for automatic activity analysis in surveillance applications, and to incorporate dynamical systems, control theory, computer vision, machine learning and statistical techniques, through analytical and numerical methods, in the design of surveillance systems. The first goal is aimed at technology transition by creating and transitioning to Air Force generic tools that reduce analyst workload, enhance analysts situational awareness, and increase analyst efficiency and effectiveness in discovering and forecasting potential anomalous activities, and exploring hypotheses about those potential anomalous activities. Current autonomous sensor networks generate vast amounts of data while monitoring complex uncertain environments, provide limited actionable information, and are limited by the required number of human analysts. The aim of the second goal is to leverage dynamical systems and control theory to further optimize machine vision based surveillance systems such that they enable long term activity forecasting and early anomalous event detection; provide desirable tradeoff between false alarms and missed detection; and exhibit robust performance under varying environmental conditions and scene contexts. Current machine vision systems have limited ability to exploit context in the activity analysis, forecast activities, and analyze complex scenes with multiple interacting entities. Specific applications include autonomous aerial surveillance systems that cover broad areas of military operations, camera security systems that cover large crowded areas in urban environments, and large-scale wireless sensor networks that must minimize power consumption while providing actionable system state information.
Detection of Genetic Alterations in Breast Sentinel Lymph Node by Array-CGH

Abstract : The sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first node in the mammary gland to harbor malignant cells in breast tumors with metastasis, and SLN positivity is an indication for axillary lymph node dissection. The purpose of our study is to identify specific genetic alterations using array-OGH in the metastatic sentinel lymph node lesions, in comparison to the ones observed in the corresponding primary tumors from patients with breast cancer. We believe that the characterization of genetic alterations at the SLN site is a logical step to define the cytogenetic evolution of primary tumors to a metastatic state, and may represent the initial genetic events that occur in the early metastatic process, before distant metastasis occur. Ultimately these alterations can be used as molecular markers that can help in the reduction or elimination of the need for invasive surgical procedures, such as axillary dissection, in the management of breast cancer patients.
Category, Strategy and Validation of Software Change Impact Analysis

Impact analysis is defined as the process of identifying the potential consequences (side-effects) of a change, and estimating what needs to be modified to accomplish a change. We propose a UML model-based approach to impact analysis that can be applied before any implementation of the changes, thus allowing an early decision-making and change planning process. We first verify that the UML diagrams are consistent (consistency check). Then changes between two different versions of a UML model are identified according to a change taxonomy, and model elements that are directly or indirectly impacted by those changes (i.e., may undergo changes) are determined using formally defined impact analysis rules (written with Object Constraint Language). A measure of distance between a changed element and potentially impacted elements is also proposed to prioritize the results of impact analysis according to their likelihood of occurrence.
CORRELATION BETWEEN STANDARD AUTOMATED PERIMETRY GLOBAL INDICES AND HEIDELBERG RETINA TOMOGRAPH PARAMETERS CORRELACIÓN ENTRE LOS ÍNDICES GLOBALES DE LA PERIMETRÍA AUTOMATIZADA CONVENCIONAL Y LOS PARÁMETROS TOPOGRÁFICOS PAPILARES (HEIDELBERG RETINA TOMOGRAPH II)

Purpose: To correlate the optic nerve head topographic parameters measured by the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT) with the perimetric indices of standard automated perimetry (SAP). Methods: This study included 101 normal subjects, 247 ocular hypertensive eyes (increased intraocular pressure with normal SAP) and 102 glaucomatous subjects (IOP above 21 mm Hg and abnormal standard automated perimetry). Only one eye was randomly chosen from each subject for the study. The visual field was evaluated by means of Humphrey Field Analyzer (24-2 full threshold strategy). The HRT II (Heidelberg Engineering) was used to acquire and measure the optic disc topographic parameters. Pearson correlations between topographic data and perimetric indices were performed for the total sample and each group of patients. The distribution of values obtained in the samples was normal. Results: A significant correlation was found between several optic disc parameters and the global indi
Q Curvature on a Class of 3‐Manifolds

Motivated by the strong maximum principle for the Paneitz operator in dimension 5 or higher found in a preprint by Gursky and Malchiodi and the calculation of the second variation of the Green's function pole's value on 𝕊3 in our preprint, we study the Riemannian metric on 3‐manifolds with positive scalar and Q curvature. Among other things, we show it is always possible to find a constant Q curvature metric in the conformal class. Moreover, the Green's function is always negative away from the pole, and the pole's value vanishes if and only if the Riemannian manifold is conformal diffeomorphic to the standard 𝕊3. Compactness of constant Q curvature metrics in a conformal class and the associated Sobolev inequality are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bertrand and Cournot competitions in a dynamic game

This paper compares Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in a horizontally differentiated duopoly market with non-tournament R&D competition. We consider that success in R&D is uncertain. We show that whether firms invest more under Cournot competition or Bertrand competition is ambiguous and depends on the probability of success in R&D but does not depend on the degree of product differentiation. While ‘static’ welfare is higher under Bertrand competition, we find that ‘dynamic’ welfare may be higher under Cournot competition for moderate R&D productivities. Further, we show that whether the difference between the expected welfare under Cournot and Bertrand competitions increases with higher product differentiation is ambiguous and depends on the R&D productivity.
Creating mid-infrared single photons

Single-photon creation through parametric downconversion underpins quantum technology for quantum sensing and imaging. Here we numerically study the creation of single photons in the near- and mid-infrared regime from 1.5 - 12 um in a range of novel nonlinear semiconductor and chalcopyrite materials. We identify phase-matching conditions and single out regimes in which group-velocity matching can be achieved with commercially available pump lasers. Finally, we discuss how mid-infrared single photons can be detected. Using our numerical results, we identify materials and pump lasers for up-conversion detection in conventional wavelength bands. Our study provides a complete recipe for mid-IR single-photon generation and detection, opening up quantum enhancements for mid-IR applications such as bio-medical imaging, communication, and remote sensing.
Point, counterpoint: The evolution of pathogenic viruses and their human hosts

Viral pathogens play a prominent role in human health owing to their ability to rapidly evolve creative new ways to exploit their hosts. As elegant and deceptive as many viral adaptations are, humans and their ancestors have repeatedly answered their call with equally impressive adaptations. Here we argue that the coevolutionary arms race between humans and their viral pathogens is one of the most important forces in human molecular evolution, past and present. With a focus on HIV-1 and other RNA viruses, we highlight recent developments in our understanding of the human innate and adaptive immune systems and how the selective pressures exerted by viruses have shaped the human genome. We also discuss how the antiviral function of cellular machinery like RNAi and APOBEC3G blur the lines between innate and adaptive immunity. The remarkable power of natural selection is revealed in each host-pathogen arms race examined.
Positive Psychological Functioning with Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) Program

Since the twilight of human civilization, human beings have wondered about one of the biggest issues “what makes a good life”. It is a subject of universal interest and utility, and the scientists who are engaged in the study of human behaviour believe that an indispensable ingredient of the good life is that the person himself likes his life. Because of prevailing stress in day-to-day life, the need for subjective well-being is being increasingly recognized nowadays, more so because of the hectic lifestyle and intense work pressure under which we live today, everyone seeks peace and harmony. Experts have also pointed out the inner conflicts that appear when old ways of life are replaced by new ones, and the individual, denied his habitual security and value bases, feels lost in a changing world (Johannisson, 2006). From time to time almost every person experiences such agitation, irritation, disharmony. Once upon a time, curative healthcare used to be the major focus of health professionals. Individuals too were only concerned about their health when something went wrong. Through the years, traditional psychology has focused on ways to help in making ill people better by finding clinically valid and empirically supported methods to help fix things that are wrong with them (Kauffman, 2006). Clinicians have a number of treatment options for dealing with the emotional ills of patients, including psycho-education, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. The positive psychology movement has argued that it is necessary to consider well-being not only in terms of the absence of psychopathology, but also in terms of human strengths and potentials (Seligman & Csikzentmihalyi, 2000). Recently psychologists have reached a consensus that research has seriously neglected the strengths of human behaviour (Taylor, 2001). Along with the growing attention devoted to well-being by psychologists in recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the ability enhancement of individuals. Peterson and Park (2003) argue that psychology must pay as much attention to “fulfilling the lives of healthy people as to healing the wounds of the distressed”. Rightly so, the world has Editors
A Brief Review of Sentiment Analysis Methods

On today’s fast spreading use of social media, many websites have offer reviews of items like books, cars, mobiles, movies etc. They describe the product in some detail and evaluate them as good/bad, preferred/not preferred, so it is necessary to categorize these reviews in an automated way. Sentiment analysis is one kind of computational technique of Artificial Intelligence. It is the task of identifying positive and negative opinions, emotions, and evaluations. This article represents Sentiment analysis, it’s issues, applications and some of the methods used to evaluate the review using sentiment analysis.
Mesenchymal stem cells and pathotropism: Regenerative potential and safety concerns

Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs) are ubiquitously expressed in several organs, but the major sites in adults are bone marrow and adipose tissue. MSCs can form several cells belonging to all germ layers, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. MSCs have the potential to be used in cell therapy for many clinical problems, e.g., tissue regeneration, replacement, and to suppress inflammatory processes. MSCs are attractive due to reduced ethical concerns, ease in expansion and ability to be used as ‘off-the-shelf’ cells. MSCs can be indicated for clinical disorders due to their homing to regions of high cytokines such as tissue insult. This process is generally referred as pathotropism. MSCs have been placed in numerous clinical trials. Thus far, there is no evidence of safety concerns. Besides transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, treatments with other stem cells are relatively recent. Thus, MSC therapy requires strict monitoring for safety issues. The pathotropic effect of MSCs allows these cells to home to tumors. This property led to the use of MSCs as cellular vehicle for drugs. A major concern of using MSCs in regenerative medicine is their ability to protect and support tumor growth. This chapter focuses on the potential safety concerns of using MSCs. This issue is particularly important if the recipient of stem cells has an undiagnosed tumor or is in cancer remission.
Sampling and measurement issues in establishing a climate reference upper air network

The GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) is an international reference observing network, designed to meet climate requirements and to fill a major void in the current global observing system. Upper air observations within the GRUAN network will provide long-term high-quality climate records, will be used to constrain and validate data from space based remote sensors, and will provide accurate data for the study of atmospheric processes. The network covers measurements of a range of key climate variables including temperature. Implementation of the network has started, and as part of this process a number of scientific questions need to be addressed in order to establish a viable climate reference upper air network, in addition to meeting the other objectives for the network measurements. These include quantifying collocation issues for different measurement techniques including the impact on the overall uncertainty of combined measurements; change management requirements when switching between sensors; assessing the benefit of complementary measurements of the same variable using different measurement techniques; and establishing the appropriate sampling strategy to determine long-term trends. This paper reviews the work that is currently underway to address these issues.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CIRCUIT PARTITIONING ALGORITHMS

Circuit partitioning is a fundamental problem in VLSI design in general and FPGA design in particular. In this paper we present the experiments performed in order to compare two partitioning algorithms: a modified Kernighan-Lin algorithm and a simulated annealing algorithm. Both algorithms use the same cost function, which includes the cut size of the partition and the distribution of interconnections within the two parts of the partition. We used three criteria to compare these algorithms: an estimation of the network area for the circuit, the execution time and the cost function.
Credible Ecological Inference for Personalized Medicine: Formalizing Clinical Judgment

This paper studies the ecological inference problem that arises when clinicians seek to personalize patient care by making health risk assessments conditional on observed patient attributes. Let y be a patient outcome of interest and let (x = k, w = j) be patient attributes that a clinician observes. The clinician may want to choose a care option that maximizes the patient's expected utility conditional on the observed attributes. To accomplish this, the clinician needs to know the conditional probability distribution P(y|x = k, w = j). In practice, it is common to have a trustworthy evidence-based risk assessment that predicts y conditional on a subset of the observed attributes, say x, but not conditional on (x, w). Then the clinician knows P(y|x = k) but not P(y|x = k, w = j). Partial conclusions about P(y∣x = k, w = j) may be drawn if the clinician also knows P(w = j|x = k). Tighter conclusions may be possible if he combines knowledge of P(y|x) and P(w|x) with credible structural assumptions embodying some a priori knowledge of P(y|x, w). This is the ecological inference problem studied here. A substantial psychological literature comparing actuarial predictions and informal clinical judgments has concluded that clinicians should not attempt to subjectively predict patient outcomes conditional on attributes such as w that are not utilized in evidence-based risk assessments. The analysis in this paper suggests that formalizing clinical judgment through analysis of the inferential problem may enable clinicians to make more informative personalized risk assessments.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
The role of the racket in high-speed tennis serves

The high-speed first serve has become an increasingly dominant factor in tennis, raising concerns over the influence modern racket technology has on the game. One concern is that rackets are now too powerful and so overemphasize a player’s ability to produce fast serves. This may help explain the ‘penalty shoot-out’ scenario, where the match result is dictated by the relative speed and consistency of the players’ first serves. There is some concern that on the faster surfaces maximum service speeds have reached, or are approaching, the service returnee’s reaction threshold, making it virtually impossible for players to return the ball. To shed light on the issue the factors relating to ‘racket power’, the amount a racket magnifies a player’s innate ability to impart linear velocity to a tennis ball, need to be considered. Various studies have been performed that shed some light on the subject. This paper presents an overview of the published literature related to ‘racket power’ in the game of tennis including a review of previous research on specific and sometimes controversial issues. Areas meriting further investigation are identified to encourage future research into racket power.