Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The mechanics of crack-tip dislocation emission and twinning

Dislocation emission from a crack tip is a necessary mechanism for crack tip blunting and toughening. A material is intrinsically ductile under Mode I loading when the critical stress intensity KIe for dislocation emission is lower than the critical stress intensity KIc for cleavage. In intrinsically ductile fcc metals, a first partial dislocation is emitted, followed either by a trailing partial dislocation (“ductile” behavior) or a twinning partial dislocation (“quasi-brittle”). K Ie for the first partial dislocation emission is usually evaluated using the approximate Rice theory, which predicts a dependence on the elastic constants and the unstable stacking fault energy γusf . Here, atomistic simulations across a wide range of fcc metals show that K Ie is systematically larger (10–30%) than predicted. However, the critical crack-tip shear displacement is up to 40% smaller than predicted. The discrepancy arises because Mode I emission is accompanied by the formation of a surface step that is not considered in the Rice theory. A new theory for Mode I emission is presented based on the ideas that (i) the stress resisting step formation at the crack tip creates “lattice trapping” against dislocation emission such that (ii) emission is due to a mechanical instability at the crack tip. The new theory naturally includes the energy to form the step, and reduces to the Rice theory (no trapping) when the step energy is small. The new theory predicts a higher K Ie at a smaller critical shear displacement, rationalizing deviations of simulations from the Rice theory. The twinning tendency is estimated using the Tadmor and Hai extension of the Rice theory. Atomistic simulations reveal that the predictions of the critical stress intensity factor K Ie for crack tip twinning are also systematically lower (20–35%) than observed. Energy change during nucleation reveal that twining partial emission is not accompanied by creation of a surface step while emission of the trailing partial creates a step. The absence of the step during twinning motivates a model for twinning nucleation that accounts for the fact that nucleation does not occur directly at the crack tip. New predictions are in excellent agreement with all simulations that show twinning. A second mode of twinning is found wherein the crack first advances by cleavage and then emits the twinning partial at the new crack tip. The stacking fault stress dependence is analyzed through (i) the generalized stacking fault potential energy (GSFE) and (ii) the generalized stacking fault enthalpy (GSFH). At an imposed shear displacement, there is also an associated inelastic normal displacement ∆n around the fault. Atomistic simulations with interatomic potentials and/or first principle calculations reveal that
Statistical rock physics analysis and modelling in the Browse Basin

Summary In this study, we performed rock physics analysis and modelling in the Browse Basin, in which we analysed the relationships among elastic properties of end-member (EM) sandstone (SST) and EM-shale, and then, modelled the properties of non-EM-SST and non-EM-shale to simulate seismic amplitude responses at boundaries of realistic litho-facies. We found that the elastic properties of SST of the basin has similar trends to those in other basins; therefore, we adopted existing rock physics relationships with minor adjustments. On the other hand, it was found that the careful consideration of mineralogy and overpressure is required in the EM-shale trend analysis. The observed data was well defined by a semi-empirical rock physics model including the effect of the volume of clay (Vcl) variation and by an “Equivalent depth method” which accounts for overpressure. To express the elastic behaviour in mixed sand-clay systems, we adopted a “Triangular diagram model” and the established trends of defined EM facies. Simulated properties from this approach agree well with actual data from the Browse Basin.
A low-cost single-pixel terahertz imaging method using near-field photomodulation and compressed sensing

We propose and demonstrate a low-cost single-pixel terahertz imaging method based on near-field photomodulation and compressed sensing. By using monolayer graphene on a silicon substrate as the photomodulator, and a low-cost continuous-wave laser and digital micromirror device for effective patterned photomodulation, we achieve fast single-pixel terahertz imaging based on the compressed sensing algorithm. We further show that adopting a graphene on silicon substrate leads to deeper modulation depth and thus better image quality than a high-resistance silicon substrate. We expect this work will advance the development of low-cost single-pixel terahertz imaging and promote this technique into practical applications.
Characterization of the refractive index of isotropic materials by three-detector microwave ellipsometry

A three-detector microwave ellipsometer is an experimental free-space bench for characterization of non-transparent materials. It is a non-destructive characterization technic working in oblique transmission in the frequencies range of 26 to 30 GHz. A vector network analyzer (VNA) is used as microwave source. The method is based on the determination of complex diagonal tensor which requires the measurement of the sample transmission coefficients. Calibration of the network vector analyzer is needed in order to correct the values of this coefficients due to the measurement errors. The aim of this paper is to show that One Path Two Ports calibration method is convenient for this technic.
Pharmacogenomics of Oral P2Y12 Receptor Blockers

Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist is the cornerstone of therapy for patients. Thienopyridines (ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel) are prodrugs that need cytochrome–mediated conversion to active metabolites to block P2Y12 receptors and subsequent ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel response variability has been attributed to a variable generation of its active metabolite which is in turn influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes associated with intestinal absorption protein, ABCB1 and hepatic cytochrome isoenzymes particularly CYP2C19. Moreover, presence of loss-of-function allele of CYP2C19 gene has been associated with poor active metabolite generation, poor antiplatelet response and increased risk for cardiovascular event occurrences particularly stent thrombosis in patients treated with clopidogrel. Recent studies suggest that genetic variations in CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 may affect response to the drug; however its clinical significance is unknown at this time. Although, ticagrelor (a cyclopentyl-triazolo-pyrimidine), is a prodrug, it is metabolized by CYP3A4 and its active metabolite is as potent as parent drug. To date there are no reports of significant influence of genotype variations on ticagrelor metabolism, its antiplatelet response or clinical outcome. The optimal strategy to overcome the influence of LoF carriage in patients treated with clopidogrel is probably to switch therapy to either prasugrel or ticagrelor, although large-scale studies assessing this approach have not been performed.
Multiscale Data Fusion for Surface Soil Moisture Estimation: A Spatial Hierarchical Approach

Surface soil moisture (SSM) has been identified as a key climate variable governing hydrologic and atmospheric processes across multiple spatial scales at local, regional, and global levels. The global burgeoning of SSM datasets in the past decade holds a significant potential in improving our understanding of multiscale SSM dynamics. The primary issues that hinder the fusion of SSM data from disparate instruments are (1) different spatial resolutions of the data instruments, (2) inherent spatial variability in SSM caused due to atmospheric and land surface controls, and (3) measurement errors caused due to imperfect retrievals of instruments. We present a data fusion scheme which takes all the above three factors into account using a Bayesian spatial hierarchical model (SHM), combining a geostatistical approach with a hierarchical model. The applicability of the fusion scheme is demonstrated by fusing point, airborne, and satellite data for a watershed exhibiting high spatial variability in Manitoba, Canada. We demonstrate that the proposed data fusion scheme is adept at assimilating and predicting SSM distribution across all three scales while accounting for potential measurement errors caused due to imperfect retrievals. Further validation of the algorithm is required in different hydroclimates and surface heterogeneity as well as for other data platforms for wider applicability.
Plant Hydraulic Stress Explained Tree Mortality and Tree Size Explained Beetle Attack in a Mixed Conifer Forest

Drought predisposes conifer forests to bark beetle attacks and mortality. Although plant hydraulic stress mechanistically links to tree mortality, its capacity to predict trees' susceptibility to beetle attacks has not been evaluated. Further, both tree size and water supply could influence plant hydraulic stress, but their relative importance remained unknown. In this study, we modeled plant hydraulic stress of individual trees in a mixed forest of Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), and Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southern Wyoming, using an integrated model of plant hydraulics and hydrology, ground surveys of tree size as well as physiological and geophysical measurements. Based on the established link between plant hydraulic stress and tree mortality, we found interspecific differences in the relative importance of water availability and tree size. Pine mortality was best explained by the combination of tree size and water supply, and fir mortality was best explained by variations in water supply. We next compared the prediction of beetle attack by modeled plant hydraulic stress versus tree size and found tree size best explained beetle attack consistently for all three species. Taken together, our results suggested beetle attack was primarily influenced by beetle preference for large trees, potentially as food sources, rather than more hydraulically stressed trees. These findings highlighted the importance of integrated understanding of biotic/abiotic factors and their mechanistic pathways in order to accurately predict the sustainability of forests susceptible to drought and beetle outbreaks.
The expression and significance of MMP3 in synovium of knee joint of different stage in osteoarthritis patients

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of MMP-3 in knee joint synovium of different stage in osteoarthritis(OA) patients. Methods MMP-3 protein were detected by immunohistochemical method in knee synovial tissues from 90 OA patients(the OA group) and OA group was divided into 3 subgroups according to Kellgren and LawrenceX-ray diagnosing standards: the grade Ⅰ(n=30), grade Ⅱ(n=30) and grade Ⅲ subgroups(n=30). 30 patients were enrolled as control group. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MMP-3 protein in the tissue. Results The expression level of MMP-3 protein in OA group was significantly higher that in the normal synovium(P0.05). There existed significant difference in the expression of MMP-3 protein between the grade Ⅲ subgroup and the gradeⅠ, or Ⅱsubgroups(P0.05). The expression of MMP-3 protein related positively to the severity of OA(r=0.912, P0.05). Conclusion The expression of MMP-3 protein related closely to the pathogenic mechanism of OA. It may serve as an important indicator of early diagnosis and the activity of OA.
X-ray microanalysis of powders, obtained by electroerosion dispersion of the alloy W-Ni-Fe

The results of X-ray microanalysis of powders, obtained by electroerosive dispersion of the W-Ni-Fe alloy with various electrical parameters of the device, are presented. Conducted researches, aimed at establishing the elemental composition of powders, obtained by electroerosion dispersion of the alloy W-Ni-Fe, will determine the most rational area of their practical application.
Prediction of flow and dispersion in cross–ventilated buildings

The present paper presents a detailed computational analysis of flow and dispersion in a generic isolated single–zone buildings. First, a grid generation strategy is discussed, that is inspired by a previous computational analysis and a grid independence study. Different turbulence models are appliedincluding two-equation turbulence models, the differential Reynolds Stress Model, Detached Eddy Simulation and Zonal Large Eddy Simulation. The mean velocity and concentration fields are calculated and compared with the measurements. A satisfactory agreement with the experiments is not observed by any of the modelling approaches, indicating the highly demanding flow and turbulence structure of the problem.
An Insight into Internship Program for Undergraduate Arabic Language Learners in Malaysia

This study attempts to investigate the outcome of the internship training program in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature, at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Methodologically, this study was conducted to gather the opinions and experience on the internship program among Arabic language and literature students. The participants were purposively selected from 57 out of 66 students who have completed their three months internship program either in the public or private sector from July to September 2015 by using an online survey and open-ended questionnaire. General findings from this study show that internship training has essentially improved their soft skills and increased their workplace literacy and well-being. Despite the poor perception of Arabic language in the mutual graduate employability as well as its practicality aspects and job market by the industry, Arabic language and literature students are well accepted in both private and public sectors to undertake their internship training as reported in this article. In conclusion, internship training is crucial, particularly among Arabic language and literature students as it enriches their experiences, knowledge and skills in both their personal and social life. It also increased their level of confidence to explore their future opportunity in the Malaysian job market including setting up their own businesses through entrepreneurship knowledge and skill.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Endocarditis: Making an Impact on Outcomes: The Role of the Patient and the Organism

Three scientific approaches to infectious disease-case series, epidemiologic investigation, and molecular analysis-have aided researchers in understanding the evolution of pathogen activity. Four eras of pathogen activity have occurred from 1920 to the present (streptococcus, staphylococci, gram-negative rods, and multidrug-resistant organisms). The emergence of health care-associated and community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has resulted in the blurred distinction among the entities. In addition, there are several virulence factors that contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of the organism, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play an important role in determining an individual's response to infection. Health outcomes are significantly worse in MRSA patients compared with uninfected patients or those infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Ongoing molecular research will continue to elucidate mechanisms associated with virulence of MRSA.
Integrate Risk From Climate Change in China Under Global Warming of 1.5 and 2.0 °C.

Risk of climate‐related impacts results from the interaction of climate‐related hazards (including hazardous events and trends) with the vulnerability and exposure of human and natural systems. Despite the commitment of the Paris Agreement, the integrate research on climate change risk combining risk‐causing factors and risk‐bearing bodies, the regional differences in climate impacts are still missing. In this paper we provide a quantitative assessment of hazards and socioeconomic risks of extreme events, risks of risk‐bearing bodies in China under global warming of 1.5 and 2.0 °C based on future climate scenarios, and quantitative evaluation theory for climate change risk. For severe heat waves, hazards might significantly intensify. Affected population under 2.0 °C warming might increase by more than 60% compared to that of 1.5 °C. Hazards of severe droughts and floods might strengthen under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Economic losses might double between warming levels of 1.5 and 2.0 °C, and the population affected by severe floods might continuously increase. Under the integrate effects of multiple disasters, the regions with high population and economic risks would be concentrated in eastern China. The scope would gradually expand to the west with socioeconomic development and intensification of extreme events. High ecological risks might be concentrated in the southern regions of the Yangtze River Basin, while the ecological risk in northern China would expand. High agriculture yield risks might be distributed mainly in south of the North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin, south of the Yangtze River, and west of Northwest China, and the risk levels might continuously increase.
Thickness measurement opaque material by swept source optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-destructive and non-contact sensing tool for imaging optical scattering media with microscopic spatial resolution. According to its imaging mechanism, this technology is very suitable for imaging and thickness measurement of multilayer structures. Thus, OCT has been widely used for medical diagnostics and non-destructive inspection in industries. However, due to the limited imaging depth, OCT can only be used for non-opaque materials. In this study, we developed a novel technique based on OCT imaging for thickness measurement of opaque materials. To demonstrate the ability of the technique, we obtained a double side view by establishing two symmetrical sample beams based on a home-built 1060nm swept source OCT system. Using the OCT system we developed, we can collect two surface contour information for non-transparent materials, and eventually calculate the thickness of the nontransparent material. The results show that the developed system keeps the imaging capability of OCT and further extend for opaque material thickness measurement.
An in-ear pulse wave velocity measurement system using heart sounds as time reference

Abstract Pulse wave measurements provide vital information in medical diagnosis. For this reason, a measurement system is developed for determining the transient time of the pulse wave between the heart and the ear. To detect pressure variations in the sealed ear canal, caused by the arriving pulse wave, an in-ear sensor is developed which uses heart sounds as time reference. Furthermore, for extracting the heart sounds from the pressure measurements and calculating the pulse wave transient time, a MATLAB-based algorithm is described. An embedded microcontroller based measurement board is presented, which realizes an interface between the sensor and the computer for signal processing.
Study on Sampling and Detecting of Influenza Virus Aerosol in General Hospital

Objective To optimize the sampling method and investigate the contamination condition of influenza virus in general hospitals.Methods The aerosol samples of influenza virus were collected by BioSampler in waiting room and consulting room of general hospitals in Guangdong.Nested-PCR based on matrix and nucleoprotein gene was used to detect influenza A virus and influenza B virus respectively.Results The positive rate of influenza A virus and influenza B virus were 36.9%(24/65) and 44.6%(29/65) respectively.There was no significant difference in the positive rate of influenza virus between waiting room and consulting room.Collection medium(PBS) containing antifoams and BSA didn't improve collection efficiency.Conclusion The impinger is an available method to sample the influenza virus aerosol.There is influenza virus contamination in indoor air of general hospital.
Occurrence and Modeling Examination of Sporadic‐E Layers in the Region of the South America (Atlantic) Magnetic Anomaly

In this work, the occurrence of different types of sporadic‐E layers (Es) was described for two stations located in the region of the South America Magnetic Anomaly: Jataí and São José dos Campos. The results show the hourly and monthly values of the Es occurrences and presented five types of layers (cusp, high, flat, low, and slant), with the flat/low types (Esf/l) being the most frequent over both stations. We also analyzed the Es layer parameters of blanketing frequency (fbEs) and top frequency (ftEs) obtained from ionosonde data during storm‐time periods, in order to investigate possible evidences of energetic particle‐induced E‐layer ionization. The results revealed increases in the values of the nighttime ftEs and fbEs, which can be related to the particle precipitation in the South America Magnetic Anomaly region. Additionally, we investigated the roles of the wind shear mechanism in the formation of the Es types by using a modified form of the Ionospheric E‐Region Model (MIRE), which incorporates tidal winds obtained from meteor radar data. Furthermore, the electron densities deduced from fbEs parameter were compared with the maximum electron densities obtained from MIRE simulations. Depending on local time and season, the initial results revealed for both stations some discrepancies between modeled and measured electron densities. However, a better fitting was obtained when the amplitudes of the zonal/meridional wind components were adjusted by some factor, which may be attributed to the possible effects of day‐to‐day tidal wind variability and their interaction with gravity and planetary waves.
Psycho-social dysfunctions in patients after recovery from mania and depression.

: Contrary to popular opinion, complete functional recovery does not occur in approximately 25% of patients with a diagnosis of mood disorders. The current study aimed at finding the recovery status in major mood disorders. A sample group of 122 patients (77 bipolar and 45 major depression) was selected from the outpatient department, fulfilling the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. All patients had their index episodes at least one year prior to their date of inclusion and were either asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic during that time. Manics and depressives were rated with the Bech Raefelson Mania Scale (BRMS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) respectively. All the patients were also rated on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Dysfunction Analysis Questionnaire (DAQ) and Global Evaluation Scale of Disability Assessment Schedule by WHO (GES/DAS). They were compared with 40 age and sex matched normal controls. It was found that the symptomatic recovery was better than the functional recovery in both manics and depressives and patients with major depression were marginally more dysfunctional compared to those with mania. It is concluded that a majority of patients of both mania and depression do not achieve complete functional recovery and are in need of on-going psychosocial rehabilitation.
Myocardial Infarction due to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),an important method for the treatment of coronary heart disease,is widely used all over the world.Yet,considerable controversy and uncertainty exists about myocardial infarction due to PCI.The controversy surrounds the definitions and mechanisms of PCI-related myonecrosis,the difference between periprocedural myocardial infarction,and spontaneous myocardial infarction among others.This article reviews current perspectives on this issue.