Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do prostate cancer risk models improve the predictive accuracy of PSA screening? A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Despite the extensive development of risk prediction models to aid patient decision-making on prostate screening, it is unknown whether these models could improve predictive accuracy of PSA testing to detect prostate cancer (PCa). The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review to identify PCa risk models and to assess the model's performance to predict PCa by conducting a meta-analysis. DESIGN A systematic literature search of Medline was conducted to identify PCa predictive risk models that used at least two variables, of which one of the variables was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Model performance (discrimination and calibration) was assessed. Prediction models validated in ≥5 study populations and reported area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of any or clinically significant PCa were eligible for meta-analysis. Summary AUC and 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS The systematic review identified 127 unique PCa prediction models; however, only six models met study criteria for meta-analysis for predicting any PCa: Prostataclass, Finne, Karakiewcz, Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), Chun, and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator 3 (ERSPC RC3). Summary AUC estimates show that PCPT does not differ from PSA testing (0.66) despite performing better in studies validating both PSA and PCPT. Predictive accuracy to discriminate PCa increases with Finne (AUC = 0.74), Karakiewcz (AUC = 0.74), Chun (AUC = 0.76) and ERSPC RC3 and Prostataclass have the highest discriminative value (AUC = 0.79), which is equivalent to doubling the sensitivity of PSA testing (44% versus 21%) without loss of specificity. The discriminative accuracy of PCPT to detect clinically significant PCa was AUC = 0.71. Calibration measures of the models were poorly reported. CONCLUSIONS Risk prediction models improve the predictive accuracy of PSA testing to detect PCa. Future developments in the use of PCa risk models should evaluate its clinical effectiveness in practice.
Pushing the boundaries of somatic copy-number variation detection: advances and challenges.

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Insulin access to skeletal muscle is impaired during the early stages of diet‐induced obesity

Insulin must move from the blood to the interstitium to initiate signaling, yet access to the interstitium may be impaired in cases of insulin resistance, such as obesity. This study investigated whether consuming a short‐ and long‐term high‐fat diet (HFD) impairs insulin access to skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin‐mediated glucose uptake.
Successful systemic high‐dose ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus‐induced infections occurring pre‐engraftment in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of respiratory tract infectious disease (RTID) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients associated with a high mortality once infection has progressed from upper RTID (URTID) to lower RTID (URTID). Aerosolized ribavirin (RBV) is considered a cornerstone of treatment, but is expensive and has toxic side effects on patients and staff. In this study, RSV infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from routinely collected throat swabs in HSCT patients. Infected individuals were treated according to an institutional protocol using intravenous (IV) RBV for patients with LRTID and oral ribavirin for URTID.
Chronic Medical Conditions Among Jail Detainees in Residential Psychiatric Treatment

Research suggests incarcerate populations have high rates of chronic medical conditions. Because of the association of having a mental illness (MI) with a variety of medical conditions, incarcerates in psychiatric treatment may have an even higher rate of co-occurring chronic medical conditions. In this study, multivariate logistic regression models compared the odds of having any of 15 chronic medical conditions for a sample of 289 adult male and 142 adult female jail detainees in psychiatric residential treatment, with National Comorbidity Survey Replication participants representing the non-institutionalized U.S. population. After controlling for model covariates, the detainee sample had higher lifetime odds for 4 of the 15 conditions: severe headaches, strokes, chronic lung disease, and epilepsy/seizures. Female detainees, participants with one or more MIs, and older participants had the highest odds of having any chronic medical condition. The implications for coordinating primary medical care with psychiatric treatment for detainees with MI are discussed.
Role of circulating tumor cells as prognostic marker in resected stage III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in early colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been determined yet. We evaluated the potential prognostic value of CTC in stage III CRC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective multicenter study of 519 patients with stage III CRC recruited between January 2009 and June 2010. CTC were enumerated with the CellSearch System after primary tumor resection and before the start of adjuvant therapy. A total of 472 patients were included in the analysis. RESULTS CTC ≥1, ≥2, ≥3 and ≥5 were detected in 166 (35%), 93 (20%), 57 (12%) and 34 (7%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 40 months. In the overall population, CTC ≥1 (disease-free survival (DFS): HR 0.97, P = 0.85; overall survival (OS): HR 1.03, P = 0.89), ≥2 (DFS: HR 1.07, P = 0.76; OS: HR 1.02, P = 0.95), ≥3 (DFS: HR 0.96, P = 0.87; OS: HR 0.74, P = 0.41) and ≥5 (DFS: HR 0.72, P = 0.39; OS: HR 0.48, P = 0.21) were not associated with worse DFS and OS. No clinicopathological characteristics were significantly associated with the presence of CTC. In patients with disease relapse, the proportion with CTC ≥1 was not significantly different between those with single versus multiple metastatic locations (37.9% versus 31.4%, P = 0.761). In the multivariate analysis, CTC ≥1 was not an independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR 0.97, P = 0.87) and OS (HR 0.96, P = 0.89). CONCLUSION CTC detection was not associated with worse DFS and OS in patients with stage III CRC. Given the scarcity of CTC in these patients, it is likely that CTC determined by CellSearch system does not have a prognostic role in this setting. However, a longer follow-up is needed.
Changes in Premature Mortality differentials by marital status in Hungary and in England and Wales

We describe a comparison of patterns of mortality by marital status in Hungary and in England and Wales. This demonstrates that increases in premature mortality in Hungary have been greatest among men who are widowed have never married and in particular are divorced with married men appearing to have been relatively protected. Among women the greatest increase has been among widows. We explore competing explanations for this difference and conclude that economic factors are likely to have been of major importance. (EXCERPT)
Televised obesity-prevention advertising across US media markets: exposure and content, 2010–2011

Abstract Objective To examine levels of exposure and content characteristics for recent televised obesity-prevention campaigns sponsored by state and community health departments, federal agencies, non-profit organizations and television stations in the USA. Design Nielsen television ratings for obesity-prevention advertising were collected for the top seventy-five US media markets and were used to calculate household exposure levels for 2010 and 2011. Governmental advertisements were coded for content. Setting United States. Results Average household exposure to obesity-prevention campaigns was 2·6 advertisements per month. Exposure increased by 31 % between 2010 and 2011, largely driven by increases in federal advertisements. In 2011, the federal government accounted for 62 % of obesity-prevention exposure, non-profit organizations for 9 %, community departments for 8 %, state departments for 3 %, and television station-sponsored public-service announcements for 17 %. The greatest percentage increase between 2010 and 2011 was in community advertising, reflecting efforts funded by the Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) programme. Among thirty-four state and community campaigns, the majority advocated both healthy eating and physical activity (53 %). Campaigns typically had positive or neutral emotional valence (94 %). Obesity or overweight was mentioned in 47 % of campaigns, but only 9 % specifically advocated weight loss. Conclusions Exposure to televised obesity-prevention advertising increased from 2010 to 2011 and was higher than previously found in 1999–2003, apart from in 2003 during the federal VERB campaign. Nevertheless, exposure remains low relative to advertising for unhealthy foods. New federal campaigns have increased exposure to obesity-prevention advertising nationally, while CPPW grants have increased exposure for targeted areas.
Authors’ response: Regarding the paper ‘The impact of a supermarket nutrition rating system on purchases of nutritious and less nutritious foods’ by Cawley et al.

Madam Nutrition guidance systems are widely seen as a potential way of facilitating healthier diets, but they remain understudied. The Guiding Stars nutrition rating system is one promising approach. In contrast to the Nutrition Facts panel, which was mandated by US federal law, Guiding Stars is a voluntary, private-sector solution to the problem of consumers having imperfect information at the point of purchase. The Guiding Stars system both gives consumers information that facilitates healthier choices and gives food manufacturers a reason to reformulate their products to make them healthier and earn one, two or three stars. The Guiding Stars system, and others like it, demonstrates that food marketing does not have to make us fat. Our analysis shows that Guiding Stars was successful in its objective of helping consumers make healthier decisions when food shopping. We found that the percentage of food purchases rated as nutritious (starred) rose by 1·39 % (P< 0·01) after the Guiding Stars system was introduced into Hannaford. Drilling down, we found that shoppers bought a similar amount of nutritious (starred) products, but fewer non-nutritious (unstarred) products. Improving this ratio was an objective of Guiding Stars and the stores in which it was implemented. In the data we were generously (and unconditionally) provided by Hannaford – which did not contain sales from non-food items, which can be a sizeable amount of grocery sales – we found that there was a net decrease in sales of food. We were interested to see, in the letter of the Guiding Stars’ Scientific Advisory Panel to the Editor of this journal, that total sales (which include non-food items) increased. This suggests that nutrition guidance systems may both be good for consumer diets and sustainable for business. John Cawley, Matthew J. Sweeney, Jeffrey Sobal, David R. Just, Harry M. Kaiser, William D. Schulze, Elaine Wethington and Brian Wansink
Binge abstinence is associated with reduced energy intake after treatment in patients with binge eating disorder and obesity

Binge eating disorder (BED) is strongly associated with obesity and related medical and psychiatric morbidities. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has consistently been shown to reduce binge eating frequency and improve psychological functioning, as well as to produce abstinence rates of roughly 50%. This study examined the relationship between binge abstinence and dietary and psychological outcomes after CBT for BED.
100 % Fruit juice: perspectives amid the sugar debate

A number of clinical and epidemiological studies have reported positive associations between high sugar or fructose intake and the risk for several chronic diseases or other conditions, including overweight and obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hyperlipidaemia. However, there are also studies that fail to support this relationship, especially when intakes are at levels that mirror typical consumption. The research on fructose also has implicated this sugar as having possible health risks, although the interpretation of this hypothesis has noteworthy limitations. The results of animal studies are frequently extrapolated to man even though there are metabolic differences related to fructose metabolism, while human clinical studies often suffer from methodological issues that can affect their interpretation and application to the general human population. For example, in most clinical studies fructose levels far exceed those consumed by the general population. Nevertheless, the potential health effects related to the consumption or overconsumption of sugars and fructose have captured the spotlight in scientific journal editorials and commentary and the lay press, as well as in business/finance institution reports related to global sugar consumption and health impacts. While most of the attention has focused on beverages containing added sugars, particularly high-fructose corn syrup, 100% fruit juices (FJ) have been swept into the discourse because of their sugar and fructose contents, which come not from added sugars but as naturally occurring sugars in the whole fruit. As a result, 100% FJ is often discussed in a context that focuses solely on its sugar content and neglects the nutritional value and potential health benefits associated with including 100% FJ in the diet. Moreover, the evidence to date suggests that the adverse effects associated with excess added sugar or fructose intake are not observed with respect to the consumption of 100% FJ at typical amounts.
Discrete gauge symmetry in continuum theories.

We point out that local symmetries can masquerade as discrete global symmetries to an observer equipped with only low-energy probes. The existence of the underlying local gauge invariance can, however, result in observable Aharonov-Bohm-type effects. Black holes can therefore carry discrete gauge charges\char22{}a form of nonclassical ``hair. '' Neither black-hole evaporation, wormholes, nor anything else can violate discrete gauge symmetries. In supersymmetric unified theories such discrete symmetries can forbid proton-decay amplitudes that might otherwise be catastrophic.
Emerging Poly‐Agonists for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Possibly as many as 2 billion adults currently have overweight or obesity, according to the World Health Organization, and obesity constitutes the most severe global health threat of our time. Dietary modifications and physical activity can promote weight loss, but adherence to these lifestyle modifications has so far proven impossible. Decades of research indicate that humans are evolutionarily wired to favor a positive energy balance and to stubbornly defend body weight gains (1).
Prior Endurance Training Enhances Beta‐Adrenergic Signaling in Epidydimal Adipose from Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet

Adipose tissue beta‐adrenergic signaling is attenuated in obesity and insulin resistance. It has been previously demonstrated that prior exercise training protects against short‐term, high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced weight gain and glucose intolerance. This study aimed to determine whether prior exercise training results in altered beta‐adrenergic and lipolytic signaling in adipose tissue when challenged with a HFD.
Dislocation-free Stranski-Krastanow growth of Ge on Si(100).

We show that the islands formed in Stranski-Krastanow (SK) growth of Ge on Si(100) are initially dislocation free. Island formation in true SK growth should be driven by strain relaxation in large, dislocated islands. Coherent SK growth is explained in terms of elastic deformation around the islands, which partially accommodates mismatch. The limiting critical thickness, ${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{c}}$, of coherent SK islands is shown to be higher than that for 2D growth. We demonstrate growth of dislocation-free Ge islands on Si to a thickness of \ensuremath{\approxeq}500 \AA{}, 50\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}higher than ${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for 2D Ge/Si epitaxy.
A review of the use of risk factor modification in the management of atherosclerotic arterial disease

ConclusionsBased on current knowledge, it appears that atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease. There are differences in the effects of atherosclerotic risk factors between the various vascular beds. More than one risk factor is found in the majority of the patients and, often there is atherosclerotic involvement of several vascular territories. In order to prevent or retard atherosclerotic complications and improve patient survival, it is prudent that all the major modifiable risk factors should be corrected in patients with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease.
Positive influences of home food environment on primary-school children’s diet and weight status: a structural equation model approach

Abstract Objectives The mechanism by which the home food environment (HFE) influences childhood obesity is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between HFE and childhood obesity as mediated by diet in primary-school children. Design Cross-sectional data collected from parents and primary-school children participating in the Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle Evaluation Project. Only children aged 9–11 years participated in the study. Matched parent/child data (n 3323) were analysed. Exploratory factor analysis underlined components of twenty-one HFE items; these were linked to child diet (meeting guidelines for fruit, vegetable and non-core food intakes) and measured child BMI, in structural equation modelling, adjusting for confounders. Setting Twenty geographically bounded metropolitan and regional South Australian communities. Subjects School children and their parents from primary schools in selected communities. Results In the initial exploratory factor analysis, nineteen items remaining extracted eight factors with eigenvalues >1·0 (72·4 % of total variance). A five-factor structure incorporating ten items described HFE. After adjusting for age, gender, socio-economic status and physical activity all associations in the model were significant (P<0·05), explaining 9·3 % and 4·5 % of the variance in child diet and BMI, respectively. A more positive HFE was directly and indirectly associated with a lower BMI in children through child diet. Conclusions The robust statistical methodology used in the present study provides support for a model of direct and indirect dynamics between the HFE and childhood obesity. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the most effective components of the HFE to target in childhood obesity prevention efforts.
Regionale Hyperthermie mit systemischer Chemotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Durchführbarkeit und klinische Verläufe bei 34 intensiv vorbehandelten Patienten mit prognostisch ungünstigen Tumorerkrankungen

: Temperature elevation for a few degrees (degrees C) increases significantly the cytotoxicity of several antineoplastic drugs under experimental conditions. An isolated elevation of the tumour temperature, which is possible since a few years, might be able to improve local tumour control without increasing the systemic toxicity. This study was performed to examine the feasibility of regional hyperthermia with systemic chemotherapy in pediatric patients. The special interests were the level of temperatures that could be achieved as well as the degree of toxicity and undesired side effects. Furthermore there was some hope to attain local tumour control in cases with very poor prognosis. 34 patients up to 18 years were treated in Munich and Essen until the end of 1992. 21 suffered of local relapse, in 11 cases it was the 2nd up to the 7th relapse. In another 11 cases the indication for the combined treatment was tumour progress or non-response to previous therapy. 33 patients were pretreated by aggressive chemotherapy, 20 patients had received radiotherapy before. In 28 cases the tumour was located in the pelvis. The heating device that we use is commercially available. It is based on external electromagnetic radiation which induces heat by absorption within the tissue. Since the temperature distribution inside the tumours is very heterogeneous thermometry is necessary which can only be performed invasively. For this sake we use closed tip catheters which are inserted into the tumour by puncture or surgically. The catheters remain in place for the whole treatment duration of several weeks. Chemotherapy was performed in treatment cycles (3.4/patient) mainly using etoposide, ifosfamide, and carboplatin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)