Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intra- and intertester reliability and criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for measuring maximum active knee flexion and extension of patients with knee restrictions.

OBJECTIVE To examine the intra- and intertester reliability of the universal goniometer (UG) and parallelogram goniometer (PG), and to assess the criterion validity of the same instruments on subjects with knee restrictions. DESIGN Reliability and validation study. SETTING Radiology department at university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Sixty subjects (34 men, 26 women; mean age, 52yr) with various knee restrictions. INTERVENTIONS Sixteen goniometric measurements were collected per patient by 2 physical therapists. Subjects were evaluated in knee flexion and knee extension positions. To serve as a gold standard, radiographs were taken in both positions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Active knee flexion and knee extension on 2 goniometers, radiographs. Maximum active range of motion (AROM). RESULTS The UG intratester reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs]) was . 997 in flexion and . 972 to . 985 in extension. The results were also high with the PG (ICC =.996,.953-.955) for flexion and extension, respectively. The intertester reliability was high for flexion (ICC =.977-.982) and for extension (ICC =.893-.926) when using the UG. For the PG, ICC results ranged from . 959 to . 970 for flexion and from . 856 to . 898 for extension. Criterion validity (r) varied from . 975 to . 987 for flexion and from . 390 to . 442 for extension with the UG, and from . 976 to . 985 for flexion and . 423 to . 514 for extension with the PG. CONCLUSION Intra- and intertester reliability were high for both goniometers. The results for the criterion validity varied. Our study also revealed that it is preferable to use goniometry rather than visual estimations when measuring AROM. It is recommended that the same therapist take all the measurements when assessing AROM for UG and PG goniometric measurements on patients with knee restrictions.
A Low-Noise Fundamental-Mode Orthogonal Fluxgate Magnetometer

We introduce a low-noise fundamental-mode orthogonal fluxgate magnetometer for use in magnetotelluric surveys. The fluxgate makes use of rapidly quenched amorphous wire having vanishing value of saturation magnetostriction constant (λ ≈ 10-7) and displaying ultrasoft magnetic behavior. The design of the fluxgate consists of multiple U-shaped sensor heads where pairs of wire pieces are inserted as core material. The novelty of this system resides in the use of a quadruple sensor head. Digital signal processing with effective electronic noise suppression allows this magnetometer to achieve a noise floor of 0.8 pT/Hz1/2 for frequencies above 10 Hz. The possibilities of in situ application are discussed and guidelines on noise suppression strategies are given.
Análisis de las implicaciones contables y tributarias generadas por el comercio electrónico del tipo B2C en el Ecuador

La Tesis titulada "Analisis de las Implicaciones contables y tributarias generadas por el comercio electronico del tipo B2C en el Ecuador", es un trabajo de investigacion que se dedica al estudio de este tipo de operaciones electronicas. La presente esta compuesta de capitulos objeto de estudio que sustentan la base teorica y practica del tema: analisis de la situacion actual del comercio electronico en el mundo y analisis del comercio electronico en el Ecuador; desarrollo de la parte teorica del tema; analisis de los temas mas relevantes de la Ley de Comercio Electronico y la Ley de Regimen Tributario Interno; implicaciones contables del comercio electronico del tipo B2C en el Ecuador; estudio tributario del impuesto al valor agregado y el impuesto a la renta que se generan de las operaciones de comercio electronico en el Ecuador; y elaboracion de ejemplos practicos referentes a las operaciones de comercio electronico del tipo B2C en el Ecuador.
The role of HSP90 in evolution

A mechanism by which morphological mutations are stored without expressing phenotypes was unraveled by Rutherford & Lindquist (1998 ) through genetic studies of Hsp83 (HSP90) in Drosophila. Cryptic mutations are essentially neutral and therefore evolve in the absence of selective constraint. A shift from neutral mutations to selective mutations is induced when flies are exposed to environmental stress. This is a step toward understanding macroevolution in molecular terms.
Hospital‐Associated Deconditioning and Dysfunction

H ospitalization is often a devastating event for elderly patients. In addition to the effects of whatever acute illness brought ' them to the hospital, older people frequently incur major functional setbacks stemming from in-hospital treatment and immobilization. Lamont et all documented that over two-thirds of previously home-living elderly patients deteriorate in their functional levels between hospital admission and discharge, and McVey et a12 documented a functional loss in about one-third of such patients. The study by Hirsch et a13 in the December 1990 issue of this journal provides additional descriptive data on this complex problem and attempts to shed light on the causes of hospitalassociated dysfunction. Reasons for functional decline in the hospital are manifold but can be conceptualized as stemming from three processes: the illness itself, adverse effects of the treatment, and general effects of deconditioning. Although hard to distinguish between the three processes quantitatively, all are of considerable importance. While direct adverse effects of the illness are generally understood and accepted by patients, and adverse effects of treatment are fairly predictable and patients are duly informed about them, the deconditioning effects of immobilization are often unanticipated and particularly disabling and disturbing. Studies of enforced bedrest, mostly performed within the United States space program, have demonstrated that the supine position and immobilization can have considerable effects on nearly every system in the body, effects likely to be more pronounced in elderly persons with illness4 While these effects were mostly reversible in young subjects, older persons have considerably more difficulty recovering. The systems most
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Amalakayas Rasayana : A polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation

Oxidative stress is initiated by free radicals, which seek stability through electron pairing with biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid in healthy human cells and cause protein and deoxyribonucleic acid damage along with lipid peroxidation. These changes contribute to formation of cancers, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, many other infl ammatory diseases, and aging. [1,2]) A ll human cells protect themselves against free radical damage by enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, or compounds such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and glutathione. [3] Sometimes, these protective mechanisms are disrupted by various pathological processes. Hence, antioxidant supplements are vital to combat oxidative damage.
parvum Cryptosporidium Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan ,

clicking here. colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to others here. following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles ): January 2, 2012 www.sciencemag. org (this infomation is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5669/441.full.html version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2004/04/15/1094786.DC1.html can be found at: Supporting Online Material 280 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag. org/content/304/5669/441.full. html#related-urls 76 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/genetics Genetics subject collections: This article appears in the following
Some Important Milestones in the Field of Blood Clotting

Several different kinds of ‘milestone' in the field of blood coagulation are described from the middle decades of the 20th century. Although viewed from the standpoint of clotting per se, attention is also given to implications for innate immunity. The first milestone considered is the protracted saga of clotting dependence on vitamin K, an adventure that spanned more than five decades beginning in the 1920s. The second has to do with the discovery of a half-dozen ‘new' clotting factors during the period immediately following World War II. A third pursues a narrower focus and examines the once mysterious transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin. Finally, the clinical treatment of classical hemophilia had a remarkable turning point in the 1960s as the result of simple but sensible measures.
Effect of local neutralization of basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor by a specific antibody on the development of the corpus luteum in the cow

Active angiogenesis and progesterone (P) synthesis occur in parallel during development of the corpus luteum (CL). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known to stimulate angiogenesis and P synthesis in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of bFGF or VEGF on the CL development in the cow by using a specific antibody against bFGF or VEGF. bFGF antibody, VEGF antibody, or saline as a control (n = 4 cows/treatment) were injected directly into the CL immediately after ovulation (Day 1), and the treatment was continued for 3 times/day over 7 days. Luteal biopsies were applied on Day 8 of the estrous cycle to determine the expression of genes associated with P synthesis and angiogenesis. Intraluteal injections with the bFGF antibody or the VEGF antibody markedly decreased the CL volume, plasma P concentration and StAR mRNA expression. bFGF antibody treatment decreased the mRNA expression of bFGF, FGF receptor‐1, VEGF120, and angiopoietin (ANPT)‐1, and increased ANPT‐2/ANPT‐1 ratio. However, VEGF antibody treatment decreased ANPT‐2 mRNA expression and ANPT‐2/ANPT‐1 ratio. These results indicate that local neutralization of bFGF or VEGF changes genes regulating angiogenesis and P synthesis, and remarkably suppresses the CL size and P secretion during the development of CL in the cow, supporting the concept that bFGF and VEGF control the CL formation and function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1449–1456, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise Addiction: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Etiology

Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in health maintenance and disease prevention. However, excessive exercise has the potential to have adverse effects on both physical and mental health. The scholastic and empirical discussion of excessive physical activity focuses on obsessive and compulsive exercising, and uses several labels. However, in this review, we argue that the most appropriate term for this phenomenon is exercise addiction, emphasizing that excessive physical exercise fits the typical and most common characteristics of behavioral addictions. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on symptomology, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology of exercise addiction.
Overview of collision tolerance mechanism in wireless sensor networks

In WSN organize, we have huge number of sensor hubs. The fundamental errand of a sensor hub in a sensor system is to recognize occasions, perform information preparing inside the system, and afterward transmit the information. WSN hub has restricted power source and the substitution of force source may be unimaginable. Vitality effectiveness is one of the vital issues in remote sensor systems. We can build the vitality productivity by utilizing MAC conventions. S-MAC convention diminishes the listen time by releasing hub into occasional rest mode. For impact shirking S-MAC takes after virtual transporter sense, physical bearer sense and RTS/CTS system. S-MAC utilizes (Network Allocation Vector) NAV vector in virtual transporter sense. Upkeep of NAV vector all through the transmission is troublesome. In this paper, source hub communicates transmission time to the neighboring hubs, to release the neighboring hubs to rest mode. It can diminish the impacts and catching.
Mixed-Handedness Is Linked to Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Problems with language and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adolescence are often strongly linked to low scholastic performance. Early recognition of children who are at increased risk is necessary. Our objective was to determine whether mixed-handedness, which is associated with atypical cerebral laterality, is associated with language, scholastic, and ADHD symptoms in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Prospective data come from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort with assessments when children were 7 to 8 and 16 years of age (N = 7871). Teacher, parent, and/or adolescent reports were used to assess language difficulties, scholastic performance, and mental health, including ADHD symptoms. RESULTS: Mixed-handed children, relative to right-handed, had approximately a twofold increase in odds of having difficulties with language and scholastic performance at the age of 8 years. Eight years later, as 16-year-olds, adolescents had twofold increase in odds concerning difficulties in school with language and with ADHD symptoms. Mixed-handed children were more likely to have scores indicating probable psychiatric disturbance, including ADHD symptoms. As adolescents, mixed-handed children with previous behavioral problems were at considerably higher risk for scoring within the range of probable ADHD-inattention or ADHD-combined case. Mixed-handedness was associated with greater symptom severity in children and adolescents (P = .01) concerning psychiatric disturbance and ADHD inattention but not ADHD hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that mixed-handed children have a greater likelihood of having language, scholastic, and mental health problems in childhood and that these persist into adolescence. Thus, these results suggest that mixed-handedness, particularly in the presence of difficulties, could aid in the recognition of children who are at risk for stable problems. Additional research is needed to understand the connections between neural substrates related to atypical cerebral asymmetry, mixed-handedness, and mental health problems including ADHD symptoms.
2 . 1 Modern-Day Plastids and Their Genomes

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in the ancestors of present-day cyanobacteria transformed the biosphere of our planet (Blankenship 1994; ReyesPrieto et al. 2007). This landmark event was also an essential prerequisite for the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Plastids, or chloroplasts, are the lightgathering organelles of algae and plants whose origin can be traced back to cyanobacteria. Mereschkowsky (1905) is usually credited as being the first biologist to speculate on the possible evolutionary significance of similarities between cyanobacteria and plastids, and in the era of molecular biology and genomics, the evidence that plastids are derived from once free-living prokaryotes is now beyond refute. Modern-day plastids and the eukaryotes that harbor them are remarkably diverse in their morphology and biochemistry, but are nevertheless sufficiently similar to one another in their core features to be able to infer common ancestry. These include similarities in their plastid light-harvesting apparatus, the existence of protein import machinery with many cyanobacterial features, and an organellar genome of demonstrable cyanobacterial ancestry (Kim and Archibald 2009). This chapter provides an overview of the origin and diversification of plastids across the eukaryotic tree of life, an area of basic research that has benefited tremendously from advances in genomics and molecular biology. Genome sequences from an evolutionarily diverse array of eukaryotic phototrophs are now available and have made it possible to sketch a general picture of how plastids evolved. Yet, while the evidence in support of a cyanobacterial origin for plastids is stronger than ever, other questions pertaining to the biology and evolution of
Hepatitis B virus polymerase impairs interferon‐α–induced STA T activation through inhibition of importin‐α5 and protein kinase C‐δ

Treatment with exogenous interferon (IFN)‐α is not effective in the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recent evidence suggests that HBV has evolved strategies to block the nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 to limit IFN‐α–induced cellular antiviral responses. However, it remains unclear whether STAT1 translocation is impaired in chronic hepatitis B patients and what mechanisms are involved. Here we report that the expression of HBV polymerase (Pol) in human hepatic cell lines inhibited induction of IFN‐stimulated genes and resulted in a weakened antiviral activity of IFN‐α. Ectopic expression of Pol suppressed IFN‐α–induced STAT1 serine 727 phosphorylation and STAT1/2 nuclear accumulation, whereas STAT1 tyrosine 701 phosphorylation, and STAT1‐STAT2 heterodimer formation were not affected. Further studies demonstrated that Pol interacted with the catalytic domain of protein kinase C‐δ (PKC‐δ) and perturbed PKC‐δ phosphorylation and its association with STAT1, which resulted in the suppression of STAT1 Ser727 phosphorylation. Moreover, Pol was found to interfere with nuclear transportation of STAT1/2 by competitively binding to the region of importin‐α5 required for STAT1/2 recruitment. Truncation analysis suggested that the terminal protein and RNase H domains of Pol were able to bind to PKC‐δ and importin‐α5, respectively, and were responsible for the inhibition of IFN‐α signaling. More importantly, the inhibition of STAT1 and PKC‐δ phosphorylation were confirmed in a hydrodynamic‐based HBV mouse model, and the blockage of IFN‐α–induced STAT1/2 nuclear translocation was observed in HBV‐infected cells from liver biopsies of chronic HBV patients. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a role for Pol in HBV‐mediated antagonization of IFN‐α signaling and provide a possible molecular mechanism by which HBV resists the IFN therapy and maintains its persistence. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;)
Evidence that part of the NANC relaxant response of guinea‐pig trachea to electrical field stimulation is mediated by nitric oxide

1 The nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitors NG‐monomethyl l‐arginine (l‐NMMA) and l‐nitroarginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) reduced relaxations of guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle elicited by stimulation of intramural non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic (NANC) nerves, but d‐NMMA had no effect. l‐NAME was 10–30 times more potent than l‐NMMA. Relaxations produced by sodium nitroprusside and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were not affected by l‐NMMA or l‐NAME. 2 The inhibitory effect of l‐NMMA on NANC‐mediated relaxations was partially reversed by l‐arginine but was not affected by d‐arginine. 3 VIP antibody and α‐chymotrypsin abolished or greatly reduced the relaxant action of VIP and reduced relaxations elicited by stimulation of NANC nerves; the residual NANC relaxation was further reduced by l‐NAME. 4 The results suggest that NO and VIP are mediators of NANC‐induced relaxations of guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle. We propose the term ‘nitrergic’ to describe transmission processes which are mediated by NO.
Expression of adhesion molecules by cultured human glomerular endothelial cells in response to cytokines: comparison to human umbilical vein and dermal microvascular endothelial cells.

We investigated the expression of cell adhesion molecules on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells (GEC), dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MvE), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that had or had not been stimulated by cytokines. PECAM-1 was constitutively expressed at a high level on HUVEC but its expression level decreased following stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). PECAM-1 was also constitutively expressed on microvascular endothelial cells MvE and GEC, but at lower levels than on HUVEC, and expression by these cells also decreased in response to TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. There was no dose-dependent effect on MvE but there was a dose-dependent effect on the level of expression of cell adhesion molecules on GEC. TNF-alpha induced the expression of VCAM-1 on HUVEC and GEC, but not MvE, while IFN-gamma induced VCAM-1 expression only on HUVEC. TNF-alpha induced the expression of E-selectin on all three kinds of endothelial cells, but IFN-gamma had no effect on E-selectin expression. GEC therefore showed expression patterns of PECAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin different from those seen in HUVEC and MvE upon treatment with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma. The use of cultured human GEC allows us to study not only the inflammatory processes, but also the pathophysiological role of GEC in hemodynamic disturbances and their interaction with intrinsic mesangial cells at the molecular and subcellular levels.
Complete glycan structure of the S-layer glycoprotein of Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus GS4-97.

Isolate GS4-97 was purified from an extraction juice sample of an Austrian beet sugar factory and affiliated to the newly described species Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus. It is closely related to the type strain of this species, A.thermoaerophilus L420-91(T), and possesses a square surface layer (S-layer) array composed of identical glycoprotein monomers as its outermost cell envelope component. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified S-layer showed an apparent molecular mass of approximately 109,000. After thorough proteolytic degradation of this material by pronase E and purification of the reaction mixture by gel permeation, chromatofocusing, and reversed-phase chromatography, a homogeneous glycopeptide fraction was obtained which was subjected to one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The combined chemical and spectroscopic evidence, together with N-terminal sequencing, suggest the following structure of the O-glycosidically linked S-layer glycan chain of the glycopeptide: This is the first description of a beta-d-GalNAc-Thr linkage in glycoproteins.
A novel micropump driver used in environmental sensor applications

The reaction times of environmental sensor units are potentially improved by the use of micropumps. Those micropumps require miniaturized driver electronics which generate dual-polarity high voltage pulses optimized to drive light, capacitive load piezoelectric micropumps. This paper presents a novel micropump driver consisting of a DC/DC converter circuit that is based on a combination of a boost converter and a charge pump. This combination generates asymmetric high voltages on two individual synchronous output nodes from a 5-V supply. Through reduction in the number of coils this method supports the overall system shrinking and allows a high level of chip integration. Compared to state-of-the-art miniaturized drivers, the presented topology allows single-ended and differential micropump driving at higher voltage levels (−100 V/+150 V). By connecting the micropump differential to the converter output, the maximum voltage can be increased to 250 V for capacitive micropump loads of up to 200 nF. The converter topology was validated by measurement. The presented novel, miniaturized micropump driver topology allows micropump integration into mobile devices for new fields of sensor applications with rapid reaction times.