Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cultural Practice and Environmental Impacts on the Flavonoid Composition of Grapes and Wine: A Review of Recent Research

Flavonoids are a large and diverse group of compounds that, by their presence or absence, contribute greatly to wine quality. While the flavonoid content and composition of a wine reflects the vinification process to some extent, the primary determinant is the composition of the grapes at harvest. Thus, considerable research has been directed toward understanding the nature of flavonoids in grapevines, the factors that influence their biosynthesis, and how this knowledge might be used to manage and manipulate the flavonoid composition of berries at harvest. This review examines the flavonoids as a class of compounds, the role these compounds play in the plant, their contributions to wine quality, and recent research on the impacts of environmental factors and cultural practices on the flavonoid content and composition of grape berries.
Dimethylboron bromide and diphenylboron bromide: cleavage of acetals and ketals

Reactivite des boranes du titre vis-a-vis du clivage d'acetals cycliques et acycliques, de cetals, de perhydropyrannyl- et perhydrofuryl ethers, de glycosides de methyle, d'acetonides, d'ethers de -methoxymethyle, -methoxyethoxymethyl et methylthiomethyle
Fluctuations de membranes : étude par diffusion de rayonnement

Resume. Les molecules amphiphiles s’auto-associent en solutions pour former des structures complexes. Les membranes sont un exemple de ce type de structures. Ce sont des objets bidimensionnels fluctuants qui presentent des proprietes physiques remarquables, mettant en jeu une gamme d’echelles spatiales tres large : echelle moleculaire nanometrique pour l’epaisseur de la membrane, de la centaine de nanometre a la dizaine de microns pour la taille des vesicules, et jusqu’au centimetre pour lasurface des membranes supportees. Ceci explique la grande variete de techniques experimentales utilisees pour leur etude : microscopie optique classique (contraste de phase.) et interferentielle (RICM), microscopie de fluorescence, microscopie a force atomique (AFM), diffusion de rayonnement. Cette derniere technique permet en particulier d’obtenir des informations uniques sur la structure moleculaire des membranes, mais aussi sur leurs fluctuations a des echelles submicroniques. Dans ce cours nous nous focaliserons sur ce dernier point, essentiellement au travers d’exemples d’etudes des fluctuations par diffusion de neutrons et de rayons X.
On planar laser-induced fluorescence with multi-component fuel and tracer design for quantitative determination of fuel concentration in internal combustion engines

Abstract This paper first presents an exposition of the theory relevant to quantitative planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements in an engine, at a level commensurate with the expertise of a specialist engineer. It is intended to provide a grounding in the technique, its theoretical basis, and a source of references. Second, this paper presents the design of a multi-component fuel and fuel tracer set that may be used for quantitative planar laser-induced fluoroscence (PLIF) where time and crank-angle resolved knowledge of the vaporization of different fuel fractions is required. Such a fuel is presented and shown to exceed the specifications of accepted single-component fuel tracers. The fuel distillation characteristics, construction, and key features are discussed in the context of the theory.
Vibrational Raman optical activity calculations using London atomic orbitals

Ab initio calculations of Raman differential intensities are presented at the self-consistent field (SCF) level of theory. The electric dipole–electric dipole, electric dipole–magnetic dipole and electric dipole–electric quadrupole polarizability tensors are calculated at the frequency of the incident light, using SCF linear response theory. London atomic orbitals are employed, imposing gauge origin invariance on the calculations. Calculations have been carried out in the harmonic approximation for CFHDT and methyloxirane.
USING MODELS TO UNDERSTAND AND DESIGN SWEETENERS

While most sweeteners have been discovered accidentally, many models have been devised to aid in understanding structure-taste relationships. Because of the diversity of structures which may exhibit sweet taste, it is difficult to devise a comprehensive model. In fact, it may not be appropriate to fit all sweeteners into a single model since multiple receptors may be involved. This paper describes the evolution of sweetness receptor models, culminating in computer-derived models which have successfully been used in the design of new sweeteners and in predicting how sweet new analogs will be.
Fermentation of paddy straw and fruit wastes for bioethanol production

A study was carried out for bioethanol production from alkali (2.0% NaOH) pretreated paddy straw by simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida sp. The paddy straw was pretreated with 2.0% NaOH by autoclaving at 15 psi for 1 h to degrade the lignin matrix. Mixed fruit solid wastes were used for enhancement of ethanol production from paddy straw. Effect of mixed fruit peel with paddy straw hydrolysate on yield of ethanol was investigated. The addition of mixed fruit peel during fermentation enhanced the quantity of ethanol produced. Different nutrient supplements were also used to carry out for ethanol production. The fermented paddy straw hydrolyzate with 0.3% urea and mixed fruit (apple and pomegranate) peel yielded ethanol content of 2.2 to 3.1% (v/v). The ethanol production increased with the progression of fermentation and reached the maximum value after 7 days of fermentation.
Video image method compared to a hand method for determining root lengths

Abstract Root lengths are much more sensitive to treatment effects than root weights. Therefore, root length measurements are essential to research concerning rhizosphere effects on plant roots. A video image analyzer method was compared to a hand method for determining the root length of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seedlings resulting from nutrient solution experiments. Initial root lengths were not significantly different, thus only final lengths were recorded. T‐tests for differences between hand and instrument values showed that although absolute values were often significantly different, there were much fewer significant differences in normalized data. Normalized instrumental root length data were well correlated with hand data (r > 0.96) and slopes of the regressions were equal to 1.00. Intercepts were higher than zero. Thus, although the normalized instrumental values for root length were somewhat higher than for hand root lengths, the instrument lengths were very precise in indicating re.
Seasonal variations of residence time and upper atmospheric contribution of aerosols studied with Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210 and Be-7

All daily precipitation samples amounting to 196 in total were collected during the period from January 1990 to June 1991 at a station in Hakodate, Japan, and precisely analyzed for radon daughters, Pb-210, Bi-210 and Po-210. The samples collected after July 1990 were also determined for Be-7. The mean concentration and deposition rate of Pb-210 in 1990 were 0.20 Bq/1 as a mean and 288 Bq/m 2 / yr, respectively, and they were a few times greater in winter due to the northwest winter monsoon. The total mean activity ratios with 95% confidence limits were 0.467 ± 0.024 and 0.0624 ± 0.0133 for Bi-210/Pb-210 and Po-210/Pb-210, respectively. The residence time of aerosols calculated from the Po-210/Pb-210 ratio was always longer than that calculated from the Bi-210/Pb-210 ratio. The difference is chiefly due to old aerosols derived from the upper atmosphere (probably the stratosphere), of which contribution for Pb-210 has been estimated to be 6% as a mean, or 12% in spring and 2% in early winter. Subtracting the upper atmospheric component, we have obtained the residence time of tropospheric aerosols carrying Pb-210 to be 4.8 ± 0.3 days for a whole year or 5.9 ± 0.7 days and 3.6 ± 0.5 days for the periods from February to April and from May to June, respectively. The deposition rate of Be-7 was correlated well with the upper atmospheric component of Pb-210. The larger deposition rate of Be-7 suggests that the study area is extremely effective for the removal of aerosols of stratospheric origin. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996. t01-4-00006.x
Fuzzy mathematical methods for soil survey and land evaluation

SUMMARY The rigid-data model consisting of discrete, sharply bounded internally uniform entities that is used in hierarchical and relational databases of soil profiles, choropleth soil maps and land evaluation classifications ignores important aspects of reality caused by internal inhomogeneity, short-range spatial variation, measurement error, complexity and imprecision. Considerable loss of information can occur when data that have been classified according to this model are retrieved or combined using the methods of simple Boolean algebra available in most soil and geographical information systems. Fuzzy set theory, which is a generalization of Boolean algebra to situations where data are modelled by entities whose attributes have zones of gradual transition, rather than sharp boundaries, offers a useful alternative to existing methodology. The basic principles of fuzzy sets, operations on fuzzy sets and the derivation of membership functions according to the Semantic Import Model are explained and illustrated with data from case studies in Venezuela and Kenya.
Synthesis of Aryl Ketones by Cross-Coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Carboxylic Anhydrides in Aqueous Phase

Abstract A highly efficient aqueous system of PdCl2-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of arylboronic acid with carboxylic anhydride (Suzuki-type reaction) without the use of phosphine ligands was developed. The reactions went smoothly in acetone/H2O phase to give good yields of aryl ketones in short reaction times (1–3 h) at room temperature in air and were unaffected by the presence of electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing substituents in both the arylboronic acids and carboxylic anhydrides.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions onto the Surface of Metal-Incorporated Hydrous Ferric Oxide Particles

The substitution of manganese ions for the lattice Fe 3+ ions in goethite (α-FeOOH) contributes to a preferential removal of Pb II from low-pH solutions. This effect was enhanced by the excess addition of manganese nitrate in the synthetic process for Mn-incorporated goethite particles. This enhancement was caused by the formation of the specific surface sites for the selective adsorption of Pb II .
Modal Interferometer Based on a C-Shaped Ultrathin Fiber Taper for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Measurement

The ultrathin fiber taper fabricated by adiabatically stretching a heated single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is made in a C-shape bent to form a modal interferometer. The interference fringes due to the mode beating in the multimode taper waist are dependent on the bending radius. Under an optimized bending radius, a maximum 18 dB interference depth can be obtained. The influence of the fiber taper geometry on the interference fringes is discussed. The proposed modal interferometer has a high refractive index (RI) sensitivity of ∼658 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) for RI= 1.333–1.353, which is expected to be useful for precision bio/chemical sensing applications.
Erosão hídrica em diferentes preparos do solo logo após as colheitas de milho e trigo, na presença e na ausência dos resíduos culturais

A rotating-boom rainfall simulator, operating at a constant rainfall intensity of 64 mm h-1 for sufficient time to runoff reaches steady-rate, was used to investigate water erosion and other related parameters in three tillage systems. The experiments were carried out immediately following corn and wheat harvesting, in a sandy loam Red-Yellow Podzolic soil (Paleudult) with a 0.066 m m-1 average slope, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1992 to 1994. No-tillage, chiselling and disk-plowing followed by disking, were studied in the presence and absence of fresh crop residues. Results showed that no-tillage and disk plowing followed by disking, combined with residues maintained on the surface, reduced soil losses more efficiently than when the residues were removed. No-tillage, with residues maintained, was the most efficient system to control erosion, while disk plowing followed by disking, without residues, was the least efficient. Water losses followed the same tendency of soil losses, although being less affected by the treatments.
Study of the interaction of 5-(alkylthio)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones with ß-cyclodextrin

Dithiolthiones are a family of compounds which have a great current interest for their properties especially as anti carcinogens. The problem for the use of this type of compounds is that they are quite water insoluble and this represents a problem for their bioavalability. We have studied the interaction of 5-RS-3 H -1,2-dithiole-3-thiones (R= ethyl, butyl, hexyl and octyl) with cyclodextrins and we report here that the ethyl and butyl derivatives form inclusion complexes with β -cyclodextrin with 1:1 stoichiometry. The complexes are characterized by Uv-vis, circular dichroism spectroscopy and by DSC analysis of the solid complexes. The solubility of the butyl derivative in water increases about two times in a solution of β -cyclodextrin 0.01M. The hexyl and octyl derivatives are aggregated in water even at 4-5x10 -6 M and in the presence of 0.001 M β -CD they are associated with destruction of the aggregates. The spectroscopic behavior indicates that these derivatives form complexes of higher stoichiometry probably 1:2.
Laboratory Simulation of the Effect of Ozone and Monochloramine on Biofilms in Drinking Water Mains

Cultivated on cement surfaces to simulate growth on cement mortar lined drinking water mains was investigated in a laboratory biofilm reactor. The biofilms were subsequently exposed to ozone and monochloramine. Inactivation of biofilm bacteria by ozone was found to be a non-linear function of the ozone dose, and the results provided a more rational basis for determining conditions for ozone disinfection of water mains. Results further suggest that monochloramine might be an effective disinfectant for biofilms on pipe walls. Microbiological observations indicated that monochloramine is a non-selective disinfectant compared to ozone.
The effect of concentrate feeding strategies on rumen parameters, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture

Ruminal pH is the rumen condition that varies most. Studying the cause and effect of diurnal variation offers means of improving ruminal conditions for rumen micro-organism with subsequent improvements in fibre degradation and milk yields. A research project was conducted at the Outeniqua research farm to study the effect of concentrate feeding strategies on the rumen environment of Jersey cows grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The project consisted of two studies i.e. a rumen study and a production study. The former investigated the effect on rumen parameters (pH, VFA) and in sacco degradation of fibre. The production study quantified the effect of the concentrate strategy on milk production and milk composition. Treatments consisted of concentrate supplements being allocated in different weight ratios between morning and afternoon allocation. No differences were found in ruminal pH between treatments. The time (h) spent below the critical ruminal pH i.e. 5.8 ) was of short duration. The concentration of certain VFA’s differed (P differences were not portrayed in graphs and data of the ruminal pH. No differences were observed in in sacco fibre and DM degradation between treatments. The ruminal environment, especially the ruminal pH thus seemed not to have been altered to the extent that fibre degradability was influenced. Neither milk production nor milk composition was affected by the treatments. The fact that treatments did not differ in terms of milk yield and milk composition in the production study can be explained by the lack of differences between treatments in terms of ruminal pH in the rumen study.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanosized Crystals of Diamond Under Sub-Natural Conditions

The hydrothermal synthesis of diamond was carried out in the silicon carbide - organic compound system. The organic compounds were expected to dissociate in a closed system to generate C-O-H supercritical fluids, which are known for their high dissolving power and influence on the type of elemental carbon formation, especially in stabilizing the sp 3 -hybridized carbon. The SEM studies reveal that the bulk portions of the carbon formed are spherical/ovoid shaped particles and in a few cases nanosized crystallites. The micro Raman spectral studies of carbon crystallites reveal that they are having typical spectra of sp 3 -hybridization, thus clearly demonstrating the formation of nano-sized diamond crystallites under sub-natural conditions. In all the above investigations metal catalysts or the seeded diamond were not used, unlike in earlier attempts on the hydrothermal synthesis of diamond.
Forms and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Axios delta of northern Greece

Abstract Distribution and availability of heavy metals to plants is important when assessing the environmental quality of an area. The objectives of this study, conducted in 1992–1993, were: a) to determine the levels of the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper(Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), in the soils of the Axios Delta (a Ramsar wetland site in Northern Greece) so that the degree of pollution could be ascertained, b) to identify the various heavy metal forms present in soils using a fractionation scheme based on sequential extraction, and c) to find possible dependence on soil physicochemical properties. Total heavy metal content of the soils studied was generally higher than the levels reported in the literature for similar soils, suggesting some degree of pollution with heavy metals. The exchangeable forms of the heavy metals, however, were very low indicating that under present conditions, the availability of the heavy metals to plants is at a minimum. Most.
The design and verification of MuMax3

We report on the design, verification and performance of MUMAX3, an open-source GPU-accelerated micromagnetic simulation program. This software solves the time- and space dependent magnetization evolution in nano- to micro scale magnets using a finite-difference discretization. Its high performance and low memory requirements allow for large-scale simulations to be performed in limited time and on inexpensive hardware. We verified each part of the software by comparing results to analytical values where available and to micromagnetic standard problems. MUMAX3 also offers specific extensions like MFM image generation, moving simulation window, edge charge removal and material grains.
Osmosis in groundwater: Chemical and electrical extensions to Darcy's Law

In problems of groundwater flow and solute transport in clayey soils subject to salt concentration gradients, chemical and electro-osmosis can be too important to disregard, as is commonly done in geohydrology. In this thesis, we consider the quantification of these couple effects to be able to simulate experiments and natural situations involving possible chemically and electrically driven water flow. Because clay can act as a semi-permeable membrane, groundwater flow in clay layers may be driven by osmosis. This can be mathematically accounted for by extending Darcys law with a term related to a salt concentration difference. Also, electrical potential differences may induce water flow, in which case we speak of electro-osmosis. In this work, the incorporation of these processes in existing groundwater models has been thoroughly investigated. The relevant processes and corresponding coefficients have been reviewed and we have suggested some improvements. The equations are used to model lab and field experiments and it is shown how to obtain numerical and analytical solutions for these equations. Some mathematical properties of the model equations are studied and some existing numerical codes for groundwater flow are extended with chemical and electro-osmosis. An important result is derived when membrane potential is coupled to chemical osmosis. It is shown how an experiment that is shorted can be modeled and how measurements of parameters such as permeability should be corrected for electrical effects.
Fate of SiC and TiC nanoparticle dispersions in human reconstituted gastric fluid

In this work, we explore the evolution of the physicochemical properties of silicon carbide and titanium carbide nanoparticles in human reconstituted gastric fluid in the conditions of a normal digestion. The nanoparticles were pre-dispersed in water or in a pluronic F108 solution. Key parameters as the particle size distribution and the surface composition of the nanoparticles were monitored. The results show that the modifications produced during the simulated digestion are dispersion medium dependent. Carbon and nitrogen were found to be adsorbed on the surface of both nanoparticles in a dispersion medium dependent way. The reported results contribute to understand the biological impact of these nanoparticles in biofluids and biocompatible media.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Species in the Bed Sediments of an Atlantic Basin: Bioavailability and Relation with Surface Active Components of the Sediment

In this study, total phosphorus (P) concentrations and P fractions in the bed sediments of the Anllóns River (NW Spain) have been examined. The Lowest Effect Level of the Ontario Sediment Quality Guidelines was trespassed for total phosphorus (600 mg kg−1) at three out of the five sampling sites which, in addition, showed an average of 43% of bioavailable phosphate. The inorganic P fractions (loosely bound P, redox-sensitive P, metal oxide-bound P, carbonate and apatite P, and residual P) showed that inorganic P was mostly found as metal oxide bound P. The difference between total phosphorus and the sum of the inorganic P forms determined in these extracts is attributed to P associated to organic compounds being solubilized in some of the extractants, and represented in average 58% of total phosphorus. With the exception of loosely bound P, all the P fractions showed significant positive correlations with each other and with total phosphorus.
Accounting practices of small and medium enterprises

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical rolein numerous countries, including India, on account of theirjob for the nation's economic development. The study mainly focuses on the degree of cognizance towards the significance of accounting record-keeping practices and its use of data in the business. The exploration configuration depends on an overview approach utilizing an example of methodically chosen SMEs in Ongole city, Andhra Pradesh. The object populace was 57 SMEs, operating manufacturing companies and suppliers of different services units. It was presumed that most SMEs have full bookkeeping records. As a result, there's associate degree efficient practice of accounting info to abutment financial performance measuresof SMEs. The investigation likewise demonstrated that SME proprietors and managers were quick to become familiar with how to keep precise records of their business exchanges.