Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Appendix for “ The Political Legacy of American Slavery ”

Areal interpolation. We use areal weighting to interpolate data from the 1860 U.S. Census onto modern county boundaries (Saporito et al., 2007). While population-weighted interpolation generally produces better estimates of the underlying rates of various sub-populations, we use areal weighting becausewe are interested in interpolating both proportions (enslaved, free, etc) and levels (total population, improve farming acreage, etc), and areal interpolation allows us to use a consistent set of interpolationweights across these disparatemeasures. O’Connell (2012) andReece andO’Connell (2015) use a population-weighting approach to estimate proportion slave in modern county boundaries and our measure correlates with this measure at r = 0.986. For historical county boundaries, we relied on the Newberry Atlas of Historical County Boundaries (Siczewicz, 2011). The areal weighting schemeworks as follows. For a given census year, we create a ns×nt matrixA, where ns is the number of source (1860) counties and nt is the number of target (2000) counties. A is a row-normalized matrix, where each entry aij is the proportion of the area of source county i that is contained in target county j. We follow O’Connell (2012) and set aij = 1 and aij′ = 0 if more than 95% of an 1860 county is contained in a single 2000 county. Let yt be the vector of target values that we are trying to estimate and ys be the observed source vector of values. Then, we construct areal weighted estimated by yt = Ays. Essentially, this distributed the population in each 1860 county is distributed to 2000 counties based on how much of the 1860 county is contained in the 2000 county. Areal weighting assumes that distributions are evenly spread throughout the source counties, which may be false, and many methods exist to incorporate additional information such as roads to correct for these issues. Unfortunately, there is little information about the distribution of individuals or farms within counties in the antebellum period that could be reliably used across the entire country.
Barrier Lyapunov Function-Based Adaptive Control of an Uncertain Hovercraft with Position and Velocity Constraints

This paper considers the problem of constrained path following control for an underactuated hovercraft subject to parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. A four-degree-of-freedom hovercraft model with unknown curve-fitted coefficients is first rewritten into a parameterized form. By introducing a barrier Lyapunov function into the line-of-sight guidance, the specific transient tracking performance in terms of position error is guaranteed. A novel constrained yaw rate controller is proposed to ensure time-varying yaw rate constraint satisfaction, in which the yaw rate barrier is required to vary with the speed of the hovercraft. Moreover, a command filter is incorporated into the control design to generate the desired virtual controls and its time derivatives. Theoretical analyses show that, under the proposed controller, the position tracking error constraints and the yaw rate constraint can be strictly guaranteed. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed control scheme.
Detection of Human Faces in Color Nature Image

We present an approach for face detection based on skin color segmentation and unification. The proposed approach composed of three steps: the skin color segmentation step where an input image is segmented by using vector quantization (VQ) clustering algorithm, the skin color unification step where the cluster centers of the VQ results are integrated to generate candidate face regions in considering the Hue color component distribution of skin color in each cluster, and the verification step where the face candidate regions are verified with facial features. Comparisons with the existing face detector show that our method gives 5∼10% more accurate detection rate.
Frequency Modulated Magnetometer Using a Double-Ended Tuning Fork Resonator

A Lorentz force MEMS magnetometer based on a double-ended tuning fork (DETF) for out-of-plane sensing is presented here. A novel configuration using a hexagonal-shaped Lorentz force transducer is used, which simplifies the sensor configuration and improves its sensitivity. Frequency modulated devices were fabricated in an in-house process on silicon on insulator wafers (SOI) and then tested in vacuum. The final devices have a differential configuration and experimental characterization shows a sensitivity of 4.59 Hz/mT for a total input current (on the Lorentz bar) of 1.5 mA.
The distribution of interstellar dust in CALIFA edge-on galaxies via oligochromatic radiative transfer fitting

We investigate the amount and spatial distribution of interstellar dust in edge-on spiral galaxies, using detailed radiative transfer modelling of a homogeneous sample of 12 galaxies selected from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. Our automated fitting routine, FITSKIRT, was first validated against artificial data. This is done by simultaneously reproducing the Sloan Digital Sky Survey g-, r-, i- and z-band observations of a toy model in order to combine the information present in the different bands. We show that this combined, oligochromatic fitting has clear advantages over standard monochromatic fitting especially regarding constraints on the dust properties. We model all galaxies in our sample using a three-component model, consisting of a double-exponential disc to describe the stellar and dust discs and using a Sersic profile to describe the central bulge. The full model contains 19 free parameters, and we are able to constrain all these parameters to a satisfactory level of accuracy without human intervention or strong boundary conditions. Apart from two galaxies, the entire sample can be accurately reproduced by our model. We find that the dust disc is about 75 per cent more extended but only half as high as the stellar disc. The average face-on optical depth in the V band is 0.76 and the spread of 0.60 within our sample is quite substantial, which indicates that some spiral galaxies are relatively opaque even when seen face-on.
The end of the Bertrand Paradox

This paper analyzes price competition in the case of two firms operating under constant returns to scale with more than one production factor. Factors are chosen sequentially in a two-stage game implying a convex short term cost function in the second stage of the game. We show that the collusive outcome is the only predictable issue of the whole game i.e. the unique non Pareto-dominated pure strategy Nash Equilibrium. Technically, this paper bridges the capacity constraint literature on price competition with the one of convex cost function, solving the Bertrand Paradox in the line of Edgeworth's research program.
Book Reviews

The Light Crust Doughboys are a regional band with a national name. They began in March 1931 and are still performing today, with a succession of musicians carrying the torch for the group. The group is important to country music scholars and fans because two of its earliest members were Milton Brown and Bob Wills, who, along with the Light Crust Doughboys, are credited with ‘‘creating’’ the sound that became known as Western Swing. The other reason the group is important is because they performed on Texas radio for a number of years and many country artists who grew up in Texas heard them and were influenced by them. The Light Crust Doughboys band was started by W. Lee O’Daniel in March 1931. O’Daniel, a salesman for Burrus Mill, which made flour, was the frontman and emcee of the group. He was so successful as an emcee and ‘‘presence’’ that he was elected Governor of Texas and later Senator, defeating Lyndon B. Johnson when the future President made his first run for a Senate seat. During the 1930s, the Light Crust Doughboys recorded for Columbia, produced by the legendary Uncle Art Satherley. They appeared in two movies with Gene Autry— Oh, Susannah and The Big Show—and were truly ‘‘stars’’ in Texas, especially in the Fort Worth–Dallas area, where they lived and performed over WBAP. But the Doughboys did not play dances (which would hurt their ‘‘clean’’ image) and their recordings did not have the impact of those by Bob Wills and, later, Spade Cooley. Their fame came from radio and, though that fame was great, it evaporated when the Golden Age of radio ended in the 1950s. There are two new books on the Doughboys: We’re the Light Crust Doughboys from Burrus Mill, by Jean A. Boyd (University of Texas Press) and The Light Crust Doughboys are On the Air, by John Mark Dempsey (University of North Texas Press). Both books benefit from interviews with past Doughboys, especially Smokey Popular Music and Society Vol. 28, No. 1, February 2005, pp. 125–130
An Amphiphilic, Graphitic Buckypaper Capturing Enzyme Biomolecules from Water

The development of carbon nanomaterials for adsorption based removal of organic pollutants from water is a progressive research subject. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials with bifunctionality towards polar and non-polar or even amphiphilic undesired materials are indeed attractive for further study and implementation. Here, we created carbon buckypaper adsorbents comprising amphiphilic (oxygenated amorphous carbon (a-COx)/graphite (G)) nanofilaments that can dynamically adsorb organic biomolecules (i.e., urease enzyme) and thus purify the wastewaters of relevant industries. Given the dynamic conditions of the test, the adsorbent was highly efficient in adsorption of the enzyme (88%) while being permeable to water (4750 L·h−1m−2bar−1); thus, it holds great promise for further development and upscaling. A subsequent citric acid functionalization declined selectivity of the membrane to urease, implying that the biomolecules adsorb mostly via graphitic domains rather than oxidized, polar amorphous carbon ones.
Sequential Updating : A Behavioral Model of Belief Change

The way information is processed by decision makers is frequently at odds with the standard theoretical framework. On many contentious topics, decision makers’ beliefs often fail to converge despite exposure to a high number of signals, or still continue to polarize. Individuals have been shown to exhibit the backfire effect, holding onto their initial beliefs even more strongly when presented with evidence to the contrary. The first piece of information in a series often acts as an anchor, and thus has an excessively high weight in posteriors. Decision makers’ beliefs continue to shift after repeated signals, although no learning occurs. Based on recent findings on working memory, this paper proposes a cognitively less demanding yet ultimately incorrect way to update beliefs that accounts for these cognitive biases. If a signal is informative on multiple dimensions, and if individuals can hold only a limited number of items in working memory, then the order with which beliefs are updated across different dimensions leads to different posteriors. The unifying model advanced by this paper shows that polarization is possible even under common priors and common signals, and suggests new avenues of research for a better understanding of how information is processed by individuals, as well as how persuasion occurs.
“Going Too Far” or Shifting the Paradigm? An Intergenerational Response to Dr. Slochower’s Relational Heroines

In this paper I respond to Dr. Slochower’s “Going Too Far: Relational Heroines and Relational Excess” from my vantage point as a second generation relational analyst. While mindful of the risks of overemphasizing expressiveness and interaction (Stern, 2014), I do not see the pervasive clinical excess Dr. Slochower critiques as representative of relational work today. I appreciate many of Dr. Slochower’s suggestions for advancing the “individual element” and focusing on the inner world. My principle differences involve some of the assumptions that underlie Dr. Slochower’s discussion in her paper. Specifically, I believe that relational psychoanalysis represents a paradigm shift and not an over-reach in a dialogic pendulum. I question the shaping role Dr. Slochower assigns to analytic ideals in contemporary theory and practice. I differ with her interpretation of mutuality and uncertainty, which I understand to be descriptions of aspects of the analytic relationship and the analyst’s relationship to knowledge, rather than ideals that direct clinical conduct. I suggest that analytic intent, which I define by building on Mitchell’s (2000) notion of the analyst’s intention with the addition of analytic love, offers a more useful compass for navigating the therapeutic journey than the concept of relational ideals.
Modelling the Impact of Transit Media on Information Spreading in an Urban Space Using Cellular Automata

Information spreading processes are the key drivers of marketing campaigns. Activity on social media delivers more detailed information compared to viral marketing in traditional media. Monitoring the performance of outdoor campaigns that are carried out using this transportation system is even more complicated because of the lack of data. The approach that is presented in this paper is based on cellular automata and enables the modelling of the information-spreading processes that are initiated by transit advertising within an urban space. The evaluation of classical and graph cellular automata models and a coverage analysis of transit advertising based on tram lines were performed. The results demonstrated how the number of lines affects the performance in terms of coverage within an urban space and the differences between the proposed models. While research is based on an exemplary dataset taken from Szczecin (Poland), the presented framework can be used together with data from the public transport system for modelling advertising resources usage and coverage within the urban space.
Liquefaction Structures from a High-Magnitude Paleoseismic Event at about 12,400 C14-Years BP in Southern Sweden

The Swedish catalogue of paleoseismic events includes 64 separate events. The seismic activity was especially high, in magnitude and frequency, in the Late Glacial with peak rates of glacial isostatic uplift. At about 12,400 C14-years BP (14,600 cal⋅yrs BP), there was a very strong event on the Swedish west coast. The magnitude was estimated at M > 8. It was linked to intensive liquefaction and a major tsunami event. In this paper we describe sedimentological structures of liquefaction, ground shaking and tsunami wave actions from the Hunnestad gravel pits, to the east of the city of Varberg on the Swedish West Coast. The liquefaction structures documented offer impressive and educational insight into the process of liquefaction at high-magnitude earthquakes.
Numerical Prediction of Far-Field Combustion Noise from Aeronautical Engines

A hybrid methodology combining a detailed Large Eddy Simulation of a combustion chamber sector, an analytical propagation model of the extracted acoustic and entropy waves at the combustor exit through the turbine stages, and a far-field acoustic propagation through a variable exhaust temperature field was shown to predict far-field combustion noise from helicopter and aircraft propulsion systems accurately for the first time. For the single-stream turboshaft engine, the validation was achieved from engine core to the turbine exit. Propagation to the far field was then performed through a modeled axisymmetric jet. Its temperature modified the acoustic propagation of combustion noise significantly and a simple analytical model based on the Snell–Descarte law was shown to predict the directivity for axisymmetric single jet exhaust accurately. Good agreement with measured far-field spectra for all turboshaft-engine regimes below 2 kHz stresses that combustion noise is most likely the dominant noise source at low frequencies in such engines. For the more complex dual-stream turbofan engine, two regime computations showed that direct noise is mostly generated by the unsteady flame dynamics and the indirect combustion noise by the temperature stratification induced by the dilution holes in the combustion chamber, as found previously in the turboshaft case. However, in the turboengine, direct noise was found dominant at the combustor exit for the low power case and equivalent contributions of both combustion noise sources for the high power case. The propagation to the far-field was achieved through the temperature field provided by a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulation. Good agreement with measured spectra was also found at low frequencies for the low power turboengine case. At high power, however, turboengine jet noise overcomes combustion noise at low frequencies.
Lifshitz and other transitions in alkaline-earth 122 pnictides under pressure

We demonstrate, using $T=0$ first principles total energy calculations, that observed pressure-driven anomalies in the entire 122-pnictides family ($A$Fe$_2$As$_2$; $A$ = alkali earth element Ca, Sr, Ba) can be understood as consequences of Lifshitz transitions (LTs) \cite{Lifshitz60}. Our results for energy band dispersions and spectra, lattice parameters, enthalpies, magnetism, and elastic constants over a wide range of hydrostatic pressure provide a coherent understanding of multiple transitions in these compounds, namely, enthalpic, magnetic and tetragonal (T) - collapsed tetragonal (cT) transitions. In particular, the T-cT transition and anomalies in lattice parameters and elastic properties, observed at finite temperatures, are interpreted as arising from proximity to $T=0$ Lifshitz transitions, wherein pressure causes non-trivial changes in the Fermi surface topology in these materials.
Slow-fast stochastic diffusion dynamics and quasi-stationary distributions for diploid populations

We are interested in the long-time behavior of a diploid population with sexual reproduction, characterized by its genotype composition at one bi-allelic locus. The population is modeled by a 3-dimensional birth-and-death process with competition, cooperation and Mendelian reproduction. This stochastic process is indexed by a scaling parameter $K$ that goes to infinity, following a large population assumption. When the birth and natural death parameters are of order $K$, the sequence of stochastic processes indexed by $K$ converges toward a slow-fast dynamics. We indeed prove the convergence toward 0 of a fast variable giving the deviation of the population from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while the sequence of slow variables giving the respective numbers of occurrences of each allele converges toward a 2-dimensional diffusion process that reaches $(0,0)$ almost surely in finite time. We obtain that the population size and the proportion of a given allele converge toward a generalized Wright-Fisher diffusion with varying population size and diploid selection. Using a non trivial change of variables, we next study the absorption of this diffusion and its long time behavior conditioned on non-extinction. In particular we prove that this diffusion starting from any non-trivial state and conditioned on not hitting $(0,0)$ admits a unique quasi-stationary distribution. We finally give numerical approximations of this quasi-stationary behavior in three biologically relevant cases: neutrality, overdominance, and separate niches.
The Effect of Antibiotics and Corticosteroids on Orthognathic Surgery: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Perioperative systemic corticosteroids are widely applied in orthognathic surgery so as to prevent postoperative complications; nevertheless the beneficial effects of this practice are questionable and concerns over its potential side effects are growing. Moreover, prescribing postoperative antibiotic regimes is considered a controversial issue. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the effectiveness of antibiotics and corticosteroids in orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: The electronically searched resources between 2010 and 2019 included a direct scientific article; PubMed, Wiley online library, Google Scholar, Upto- date, and the keywords used comprised antibiotics, corticosteroids, orthognathic surgery, orthognathic. The articles more relevant to the subjects were selected. Results: Only four of the 11 papers included in the primary evaluation satisfied the eligibility criteria and were used in the final review in studies that used antibiotics in orthognathic surgery. The remaining 7 articles were included in the final review in studies using corticosteroids in orthognathic surgery. A total of 622 patients, aged at least 30.5 years, were included in the 4 studies using antibiotics. Conclusion: The findings of the present systematic review did not reveal significant differences between the effects of five and fifteen mg of dexamethasone on facial reduction. Antibiotic regimen was also found to prevent infections in orthognathic surgery.
A new condition for a Heegaard splitting to be reducible

A d-pseudo core is always considered to be an ordered link, a link whose components are ordered. And, for a d-pseudo core L, a family D of meridian disks as above is called a meridian disk family associated with L. The main result of this paper is the following theorem which gives a method for estimating the Heegaard genus from above, where the Heegaard genus of M is the minimum genus among all the H-splittings of M.
Learning in lectures : multiple representations Article Type : paper Learning in lectures : multiple representations

Learning in lectures: multiple representations LEIGH. N. Wood*†, SADHBH. JOYCE†, PETER. PETOCZ† and MELISSA RODD§ † Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, Australia, 2109 § Institute of Education, University of London, UK Correspondence *Corresponding author. Email: leigh.wood@mq.edu. au Lectures remain the lynchpin of mathematics teaching at university even with advances in information technology and access to the internet. This paper examines the requirements for learning mathematics and shows how important it is for lecturers to be aware of the different modes of presentation they are using. We consider ways to assist students to make the connections between different representations with particular reference to students whose first language is not English.
Analyzing the Characteristics of Soil Moisture Using GLDAS Data: A Case Study in Eastern China

In this paper, we use GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) to analyze the effects of air temperature and precipitation on the characteristics of soil moisture in the eastern region of China from 1961 to 2011. We find that the temperature and precipitation in different seasons have different degrees of influence on the characteristics of soil moisture in each layer. The results show that over the last 50 years, the soil moisture in eastern China has a tendency to dry out, especially between the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The change of soil moisture with the depth of soil layer has similar inter-annual and seasonal patterns. Soil moisture in different depths (0–200 cm) positively correlates with the air temperatures of spring, summer and autumn, but negatively correlates with the air temperature in winter at 0–10 cm, 40–100 cm and 100–200 cm. Similarly, soil moisture is positively related to the precipitation in spring, summer and autumn, and the opposite is true in winter. The results also show that precipitation has a significant effect on the shallow soil moisture (0–10 cm), while air temperature most affects the deep soil moisture (100–200 cm).