Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Briefing: riding the tiger: contextualising HIV prevention in South Africa

The fight to reduce HIV transmission in South Africa is shaped and constrained by complex, interconnected layers of factors ranging from the political to the psychological. The HIV epidemic reached South Africa a decade or so after central and East Africa providing a window of opportunity within which to implement appropriate prevention and management programmes. However, the apartheid government largely ignored HIV/ AIDS and the post-apartheid government has not risen to the challenge of the epidemic so that South Africa looks set to become the AIDS capital of the continent. Current estimates are that one in five adult South Africans are living with HIV or AIDS and 1,700 more are being infected every day. The highest rates of infection are among those aged 20 to 40 years, the most economically active and also the parents to a new generation of children. While the macro-economic impact of the epidemic will only be known with time, many of the social impacts are more easily predicted. By the year 2010 five million children will have lost at least one parent. Already there are households headed by children as young as nine years old acting as guardians to younger siblings, sometimes with no source of income. Having weathered the trauma of losing parents the high rates of mother-to-child transmission mean that they will now have to care for terminally ill siblings.
Habitual physical activity is associated with lower fasting and greater glucose-induced GLP-1 response in men

Rationale The hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) decreases blood glucose and appetite. Greater physical activity (PA) is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. While acute exercise may increase glucose-induced response of GLP-1, it is unknown how habitual PA affects GLP-1 secretion. We hypothesised that habitual PA associates with greater glucose-induced GLP-1 responses in overweight individuals. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of habitual PA levels and GLP-1 concentrations in 1326 individuals (mean (s.d.) age 66 (7) years, BMI 27.1 (4.5) kg/m2) from the ADDITION-PRO cohort. Fasting and oral glucose-stimulated GLP-1 responses were measured using validated radioimmunoassay. PA was measured using 7-day combined accelerometry and heart rate monitoring. From this, energy expenditure (PAEE; kJ/kg/day) and fractions of time spent in activity intensities (h/day) were calculated. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; mL O2/kg/min) was calculated using step tests. Age-, BMI- and insulin sensitivity-adjusted associations between PA and GLP-1, stratified by sex, were evaluated by linear regression analysis. Results In 703 men, fasting GLP-1 concentrations were 20% lower (95% CI: −33; −3%, P = 0.02) for every hour of moderate-intensity PA performed. Higher CRF and PAEE were associated with 1–2% lower fasting GLP-1 (P = 0.01). For every hour of moderate-intensity PA, the glucose-stimulated GLP-1 response was 16% greater at peak 30 min (1; 33%, P rAUC0-30 = 0.04) and 20% greater at full response (3; 40%, P rAUC0-120 = 0.02). No associations were found in women who performed PA 22 min/day vs 32 min/day for men. Conclusion Moderate-intensity PA is associated with lower fasting and greater glucose-induced GLP-1 responses in overweight men, possibly contributing to improved glucose and appetite regulation with increased habitual PA.
Differential Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Peel under Different Sunlight Intensities

Sunlight radiation is a main environmental factor which affects anthocyanin synthesis. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of sunlight on the synthesis of anthocyanin in apple peel, bagged apples were exposed to diverse intensities of sunlight through different shading treatments. Under an increased solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light intensity, the concentration of anthocyanin in apple peels was consistent with the Michaelis–Menten equation. Under lower sunlight intensities, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an inhibitor of plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase) treatment increased both the concentration of cyanidin-3-glycoside and the activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR). However, under higher sunlight intensities, DPI treatment decreased the concentrations of cyanidin-3-glycoside and quercetin-3-glycoside, as well as the activities of DFR and UDP-glycose: flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT). These results indicate that, under low sunlight intensity, anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel was limited by the supply of the substrate cyanidin, which was regulated by the DFR activity. Nevertheless, after exposure to high sunlight intensity, the anthocyanin produced in the apple peel was dependent on UFGT activity.
Influence of water antimicrobials and low temperature storage on MS2 bacteriophage and Escherichia coli O157:H7/O26:H11 on strawberries

OF THE THESIS ······················································································· ii ACKNOWLEDGEMEN ····························································································· iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ····························································································· vi LIST OF TABLES ····································································································· viii LIST OF FIGURES ···································································································· ix
Bedside clinical assessment predicts recurrence after hospitalization due to viral lower respiratory tract infection in young children

Infants requiring hospitalization due to a viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) have a high risk of developing recurrent respiratory illnesses in early life and asthma beyond childhood. Notably, all validated clinical scales for viral LRTI have focused on predicting acute severity instead of recurrence. We present a novel clinical approach combining individual risk factors with bedside clinical parameters to predict recurrence after viral LRTI hospitalization in young children. A retrospective longitudinal cohort of young children (≤3 years) designed to define clinical predictive factors of recurrent respiratory illnesses within 12 months after hospitalization due to PCR-confirmed viral LRTI. Data collection was through electronic medical record. We included 138 children hospitalized with viral LRTI. Using automatic stepwise logistic model selection, we found that the strongest predictors of recurrence in infants hospitalized for the first time were severe prematurity (≤32 weeks’ gestational age, OR=5.19; 95% CI 1.76 to 15.32; p=0.002) and a clinical score that weighted hypoxemia, subcostal retractions and wheezing (OR=3.33; 95% CI 1.59 to 6.98; p<0.001). After the first hospitalization, the strongest predictors of subsequent episodes were wheezing (OR=5.62; 95% CI 1.03 to 30.62; p=0.04) and family history of asthma (OR=5.39; 95% CI 1.04 to 27.96; p=0.04). We found that integrating individual risk factors (eg, prematurity or family history of asthma) with bedside clinical assessment (eg, wheezing, subcostal retractions or hypoxemia) can predict the risk of recurrence after viral LRTI hospitalization in infants. This strategy may enable clinically oriented subsetting of infants with viral LRTI based on individual predictors for recurrent respiratory illnesses during early life.
Homeostatic control of cell wall hydrolysis by the WalRK two-component signaling pathway in Bacillus subtilis

Bacterial cells are encased in a peptidoglycan (PG) exoskeleton that protects them from osmotic lysis and specifies their distinct shapes. Cell wall hydrolases are required to enlarge this covalently closed macromolecule during growth, but how these autolytic enzymes are regulated remains poorly understood. Bacillus subtilis encodes two functionally redundant D,L-endopeptidases (CwlO and LytE) that cleave peptide crosslinks to allow expansion of the PG meshwork during growth. Here, we provide evidence that the essential and broadly conserved WalR-WalK two component regulatory system continuously monitors changes in the activity of these hydrolases by sensing the cleavage products generated by these enzymes and modulating their levels and activity in response. The WalR-WalK pathway is conserved among many Gram-positive pathogens where it controls transcription of distinct sets of PG hydrolases. Cell wall remodeling in these bacteria may be subject to homeostatic control mechanisms similar to the one reported here.
Mortality and Obesity among US Older Adults: The Role of Polygenic Risk.

OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between obesity and mortality as a function of polygenic risk for obesity among older US adults. METHOD Using data from the 1994-2014 Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with genome-wide data, we evaluated the risk of mortality as a function of obesity classification, an individual's polygenic risk score (PGS) for obesity, and their interaction, stratified by sex. We conducted our analyses using cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Among those with an average PGS for obesity (8,143 [68.8 %]), obese I (HR = 0.79, p = 0.336) adults show no difference in their risk for mortality and obese II/III (HR = 3.17, p = 0.000) adults present higher risk of mortality relative to non-obese adults. The interaction of obesity classification and PGS suggests that obese II/III respondents with low PGS in the total sample (HR = 2.71, p = 0.006) and among women (HR = 3.02, p = 0.023) are at significantly higher risk of death when compared to obese II/III respondents with average or high PGS. DISCUSSION We posit that these findings suggest that the pathway to obesity, in this case more socio-behavioral rather than genetic, may influence subsequent risk of death in older adults. We suggest that practitioners and population researchers be mindful of these pathways as to better identify and understand mortality risk.
The Prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV and Mycoplasma genitalium in Chlamydia trachomatis positive and Chlamydia trachomatis Negative Urogenital Samples among Young Women in Finland

Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) cause sexually transmitted infections. In addition, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) may be a genital co-pathogen. The prevalence rates of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes were investigated by PCR in urogenital samples of the C. trachomatis nucleic acid amplification test positive (n = 157) and age-, community- and time-matched negative (n = 157) women. The prevalence of HPV DNA was significantly higher among the C. trachomatis positives than the C. trachomatis negatives (66% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of HSV (1.9% vs. 0%), HHV-6 (11% vs. 14%), and M. genitalium DNA (4.5% vs. 1.9%) was not significantly different between the C. trachomatis-positive and -negative women. Thirteen per cent of test-of-cure specimens tested positive for C. trachomatis. The prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes did not significantly differ between those who cleared the C. trachomatis infection (n = 105) and those who did not (n = 16). The higher prevalence of HPV DNA among the C. trachomatis positives suggests greater sexual activity and increased risk for sexually transmitted pathogens.
The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea

Although many studies have revealed that both air quality and walking activity are dominant contributors to public health, little is known about the relationship between them. Moreover, previous studies on this subject have given little consideration to the day-to-day atmospheric conditions and floating populations of surrounding areas even though most pedestrian count surveys are not conducted on a single day. Against this backdrop, using the 2015 Pedestrian Volume Survey data and quasi-real-time weather, air quality, and transit ridership data in Seoul, this study investigates the relationship between particulate matter (PM)10 and pedestrian street volumes empirically. The regression results suggest that PM10 concentration determines people’s intention to walk and affects the volume of street-level pedestrians. The three regression models, which adopted different spatial aggregation units of air quality, demonstrated that PM10 elasticity of pedestrian volume is the largest in the borough-level (the smallest spatial unit of air quality alert) model. This means that people react to the most accurate information they can access, implying that air quality information should be provided in smaller spatial units for public health. Thus, strengthening air quality warning standards of PM is an effective measure for enhancing public health.
Brucellosis: An Overview

Brucellosis is zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution and still remains endemic in some developing countries. The main pathogenic species worldwide are B. abortus, responsible for bovine brucellosis, B. melitensis. The B. abortus is most common in Korea. Each Brncella spp. has a preferred natural host that serves as a reservoir of infection. The incubation period varies between 5 and 60 days, and Brucella infection may be asymptomatic or symptomatic. The majority of patients complained of fever (undulating fever), sweats, malaise, anorexia, and arthralgia. The diagnosis of brucellosis requires the isolation of Brucella from blood Of body tissues, or the combination of suggestive clinical presentation and positive serology. There were first patients in 2002, thereafter 16 patients in 2003, and 47 patients in 2004, the human brucellosis are increasing more gradually in Korea. Brucellosis is an occupational risk for farmers, veterinarians, and abattoir workers. The main sources of Brucella are infected animals or their products, such as milk, blood, carcasses, and abortion products. Routes of transmission of the infection to humans include direct contact with infected animals and their secretions through cuts and abrasions in the skin, by way of infected aerosols inhaled or via the ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products. A combination of doxycycline and streptomycin has been used widely in brucellosis. Prevention of brucellosis in human still depends on the eradication or control of the disease in animal hosts, the exercise of hygienic precautions to limit exposure to infection through occupational activities and the effective heating of dairy products, and other potentially contaminated foods. Also, physicians and veterinarians must be concerned about specific environments and clinical patterns of brucellosis.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Vaccine Strains and One Field Isolate of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of poultry can cause significant losses for poultry producers. Live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccines mitigate the losses caused by infection, although the antigens that lead to immune protection have not been identified. Here, we report the sequencing of two vaccine strains and one field strain. ABSTRACT Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of poultry can cause significant losses for poultry producers. Live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccines mitigate the losses caused by infection, although the antigens that lead to immune protection have not been identified. Here, we report the sequencing of two vaccine strains and one field strain.
Preventing “Critogenic” Harms: Minimizing Emotional Injury from Civil Litigation

Litigation is always stressful for the parties involved, and certain emotional injuries from litigation itself, termed “critogenic” (law-caused) harms, can be identified to aid attorneys in recognizing them. These harms include delay, adversarialization, retraumatization, violation of boundaries, loss of privacy, and arrested healing. After discussing critogenic benefits of litigation for balance, the authors offer approaches for minimizing the impacts of the above harms on clients.
Inhibitory Effects of Glucosylceramide on Tumorigenesis Induced by a Carcinogen in Mice

Glucosylceramide (Glu‐Cer), a glycosylated form of ceramide, has been reported to have cytotoxic effects in the cells of various cancers. We previously reported that dietary Glu‐Cer from rice bran had inhibitory effects on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in nonobese diabetes (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. In HNSCC, preventing recurrence and second primary cancer is required to improve prognosis. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether dietary Glu‐Cer had anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic effects in a mouse model of HNSCC.
Properties of Pectin Extracted from Vietnamese Mango Peels

This study was carried out to investigate the properties of pectin extracted from Vietnamese mango peels that have been discarded as waste. Three different mango cultivars named Hoa Loc, Ghep and Cat Chu at three different maturities were studied. Pectin extracted from immature, ripe and overripe stages ranged from 18.4 to 31.7 g/100 g dry weight (DW); the highest yields were obtained from the ripe fruits. Ghep peels contained the highest pectin amounts which ranged from 24.2 to 31.7 g/100 g DW, followed by Cat Chu (19.2 to 26.5 g/100 g DW) and Hoa Loc peels (18.4 to 24.1 g/100 g DW). Except for degree of esterification and emulsion capacity, other properties of the extracted pectin including water holding capacity, solubility and emulsion stability were significantly affected by the fruit maturation. Varieties, solubility, degree of esterification, emulsion activity and emulsion stability of the pectin isolated from the three cultivars ranged from 77.4% to 86.0%; 50.3% to 55.8%; 11.8% to 34.3% and 28.5% to 94.5%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared results showed that almost all collected pectin samples could be classified as the high methoxyl pectin. Rheology data indicated viscosity of the isolated pectin was strongly dependent on temperatures.
Telehealth and telemedicine applications for the diabetic foot: A systematic review

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the peer‐reviewed literature on the psychometric properties, feasibility, effectiveness, costs, and current limitations of using telehealth and telemedicine approaches for prevention and management of diabetic foot disease. MEDLINE/PubMed was searched for peer‐reviewed studies on telehealth and telemedicine approaches for assessing, monitoring, preventing, or treating diabetic foot disease. Four modalities were formulated: dermal thermography, hyperspectral imaging, digital photographic imaging, and audio/video/online communication. Outcome measures were: validity, reliability, feasibility, effectiveness, and costs. Sixty‐one studies were eligible for analysis. Three randomized controlled trials showed that handheld infrared dermal thermography as home‐monitoring tool is effective in reducing ulcer recurrence risk, while one small trial showed no effect. Hyperspectral imaging has been tested in clinical settings to assess and monitor foot disease and conflicting results on its diagnostic use show that this method is still in an experimental stage. Digital photography is used to assess and monitor foot ulcers and pre‐ulcerative lesions and was found to be a valid, reliable, and feasible method for telehealth purposes. Audio/video/online communication is mainly used for foot ulcer monitoring. Two randomized controlled trials show similar healing efficacy compared with regular outpatient clinic visits, but no benefit in costs. In conclusion, several technologies with good psychometric properties are available that may be of benefit in helping to assess, monitor, prevent, or treat diabetic foot disease, but in most cases, feasibility, effectiveness, and cost savings still need to be demonstrated to become accepted and used modalities in diabetic foot care.
OP-MOLB120144 1..9

Zooarcheological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated in Southwest Asia 8,500 BC. They then spread across the Middle and Near East and westward into Europe alongside early agriculturalists. European pigs were either domesticated independently or more likely appeared so as a result of admixture between introduced pigs and European wild boar. As a result, European wild boar mtDNA lineages replaced Near Eastern/Anatolian mtDNA signatures in Europe and subsequently replaced indigenous domestic pig lineages in Anatolia. The specific details of these processes, however, remain unknown. To address questions related to early pig domestication, dispersal, and turnover in the Near East, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA and dental geometric morphometric variation in 393 ancient pig specimens representing 48 archeological sites (from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the Medieval period) from Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Syria, and Turkey. Our results reveal the first genetic signatures of early domestic pigs in the Near Eastern Neolithic core zone. We also demonstrate that these early pigs differed genetically from those in western Anatolia that were introduced to Europe during the Neolithic expansion. In addition, we present a significantly more refined chronology for the introduction of European domestic pigs into Asia Minor that took place during the Bronze Age, at least 900 years earlier than previously detected. By the 5th century AD, European signatures completely replaced the endemic lineages possibly coinciding with the widespread demographic and societal changes that occurred during the Anatolian Bronze and Iron Ages.
The Effect of A Symptom Self-Management on Psychotic Symptoms for Multiple episodes Schizophrenic Patients

Background : Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder and chronic disease. The exacerbation of psychotic symptom has influenced to cause psychotic relapse which the relapse can cause significant personal distress, interfere with rehabilitation efforts, and result in psychiatric hospitalization. Some literatures showed self-management can reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent the complication of disease. As schizophrenia is a critical problem, the Symptom Self-Management Program (SSMP) was developed. Therefore, an evaluation of this program was needed. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the SSMP on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients compared with an usual care. Setting : An outpatient ward at Galya Rajanagarindra Institute, Bangkok. Research design: Randomized control trial . Patients and methods: There were 80 eligible schizophrenic patients. 40 of them were in the control group who obtained usual care while the other 40 were in the experimental group who were obtained usual care in addition to SSMP. The severity of psychotic symptoms was measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Results: The findings revealed that the mean score of psychotic symptoms in experimental group in 1 month after receiving intervention was significant statistically lower than the control group at the level . 05. Conclusion: It could be suggested that a SSMP could decrease psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Therefore, this program can be implemented within nursing practice in order to decrease psychotic symptoms and prevent of complication of disease.
PENICILLAMINE IN INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE: A TIMELY REMAINDER OF AN OLD FOE

ABSTRACT Penicillamine-induced lung injury has been sparsely reported in the literature. We report one such case with its wide-ranging ramifications. We present an unusual case of drug induced-interstitial lung disease (DI-ILD) caused by penicillamine, resulting in acute lung injury in a young patient with Wilson’s liver disease. Patient had a interstial lung disease which was attributed to the drug pencillamine. Penicillamine-induced lung injury has been sparsely reported in the literature and dose-dependent toxicity in a patient with neuro-psychiatric diseases adds to the rarity of the case. Furthermore, the complexities involved in diagnosing DI-ILD are deliberated. Keywords: Interstitial lung disease, Wilson’s disease, Penicillamine.