Special issue on anaesthetic neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity.

A group of experts in anaesthetic neuropharmacology and neurotoxicity convened on June 14–15, 2012 at Schloss Arenberg in Salzburg, Austria (see cover image) for the BJA Salzburg Seminar on Anaesthetic Neurotoxicity and Neuroplasticity. This focused workshop, sponsored by the British Journal of Anaesthesia, was organized to review and critically assess currently available evidence from animal and human studies, and to consider the direction of future research. The seminar was organized and co-directed by Hugh Hemmings of New York and Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic of Charlottesville. They convened 20 other neuroscientists and anaesthesiologists from around the world for 2 days of intensive lectures, meetings, and discussions at Schloss Arenberg last summer. This resulted in a Special Article (summary statement) published simultaneously in the British Journal of Anaesthesia. In addition, a collection of original submissions from meeting attendees and other papers submitted in response to a call for manuscripts are now collected in this Special Issue of the Journal. This Special Issue represents a landmark development in the history of the Journal: it is published only electronically and all submissions are freely available to all readers online immediately. Publication of a themed issue of the BJA covering these rapidly evolving developments in anaesthesia research in an open access format on the BJA website (http://bja.oxfordjournals.org) demonstrates the Journal’s commitment to facilitating anaesthesia research and education. The Special Issue includes two review articles and 11 original submissions. These cover three main areas of interest: developmental neurotoxicity, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and delirium, and neuroprotection. There are six papers and a review article in the Developmental Neurotoxicity section. Liu and colleagues examine the role of the critical survival enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3s in ketamine-induced developmental neuroapoptosis. Lacoh and colleagues show that general anaesthetics do not impair developmental expression of the cation-chloride cotransporter KCC2, which has been implicated in anaesthetic neurotoxicity. Boscolo and colleagues report that the mitochondrial protectant pramipexole prevents long-term cognitive impairment after early anaesthesia exposure in rats. Ramage and colleagues find differences between sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia in long-term neurocognitive outcomes after early exposure in rats. Culley and colleagues report that isoflurane affects the cytoskeleton but not survival or proliferation of astrocytes in rats, suggesting that its neurotoxic effects are not indirect. Creeley and colleagues report propofolinduced apoptosis of neurones and oligodendrocytes in fetal and neonatal macaque monkey brain, indicating that propofol has similar toxicity to isoflurane in non-human primates. And finally, a review article by Sanders updates current understanding of the impact of anaesthetics and surgery on neurodevelopment. There are four papers in the section on POCD and Delirium. The first two are clinical studies. Steinmetz and colleagues examine whether POCD is a risk factor for development of dementia. Radtke and colleagues report that monitoring depth of anaesthesia decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not of POCD. Lecker and colleagues show that Volume 110, Number S1, June 2013