Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of drift, diffusion, and recombination in time‐resolved photoluminescence of CdTe solar cells determined through numerical simulation

Time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements are one of the key metrics available to determine the minority‐carrier lifetime in the absorber layer of direct band gap photovoltaic devices. Direct measurement of the minority‐carrier lifetime is essential to understanding the impact of changes in deposition and processing on material quality. Unfortunately, the TRPL signal is determined by a complex convolution of multiple physical factors including bulk carrier lifetime, interface recombination velocity, electric field, doping density, photo‐excited carrier density, and carrier mobility. To gain clarity, we have used numerical simulations to analyze the carrier dynamics after a CdTe device is illuminated with a short light pulse. After the light pulse, the photo‐generated carriers undergo complex dynamics including drift, diffusion, interface, and bulk recombination. In this work, we develop a new formalism that enables much greater insight into which factors dominate the TRPL decay dynamics. By breaking down the carrier dynamics into drift, diffusion, and recombination terms, we have developed six‐factor, four‐factor, and two‐factor analyses that provide clear understanding of which physical factors dominate the decay dynamics under various conditions and at different times during the decay. We show that in a typical CdTe device under the typical experimental conditions used in our laboratories, the faster part of the decay is dominated by charge separation, whereas the slower part is dominated by carrier recombination. Therefore, under the conditions investigated in this study, the slower part of the decay is a better parameter to explain the defect density in the CdTe layer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SectionLinks: Mapping Orphan Wikidata Entities onto Wikipedia Sections

Wikidata is a key resource for the provisioning of structured data on several Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia. By design, all Wikipedia articles are linked to Wikidata entities; such mappings represent a substantial source of both semantic and structural information. However, only a small subgraph of Wikidata is mapped in that way – – only about 10% of the sitelinks are linked to English Wikipedia, for example. In this paper, we describe a resource we have built and published to extend this subgraph and add more links between Wikidata and Wikipedia. We start from the assumption that a number of Wiki-data entities can be mapped onto Wikipedia sections, in addition to Wikipedia articles. The resource we put forward contains tens of thousands of such mappings, hence considerably enriching the highly structured Wikidata graph with encyclopedic knowledge from Wikipedia.
A short Review on Stomach Specific Floating in-situ gel

Oral drug delivery is a one of the simplest routes of delivery of drugs for systemic and in certain cases local effect. Liquid oral dosage forms are convenient to administer as compared to solid dosage forms but cannot achieve sustained effect due to less residential time in gastrointestinal tract. In-situ gel provides the best way to overcome problems of immediate release and short gastrointestinal residence of liquids. The in situ gel dosage form is a liquid before administration and after it comes in contact with gastric contents due to one or more mechanisms gets converted to gel which floats on gastric contents. This achieves increased residence as well as sustained release. This approach is useful for systemic as well as local effect of drugs administered. This review gives a short idea about floating oral in-situ gel formation and research done by various scientists on a number of drugs and polymers. KEY WORDS : Oral, In-situ gel, Floating drug delivery.
A Paradigm for Designing Parallel CFD Programs

— Because the price of hardware has been down significantly, PC clusters or workstation clusters become more popular than ever. However, it is still a nightmare to design parallel CFD programs for junior application scientists, because they were not trained to write such complicated programs for parallel computers. We present in this paper a paradigm for designing parallel CFD programs, we point out that decomposing domain, reordering data, generating overlap regions, and generating communication sets all can be down in preprocessing steps by tools. Programmers only need concentrate efforts to write shared-memory sequential code, occasionally to add OpenMP do-all statements for those do loops without data dependence, and to add MPI programming language directives for interchanging communication sets among processing elements. Experimental studies for the NASA EET wing, the NACA0012 airfoil, the backward facing step flow, and the lid-driven cavity flow on a PC cluster are reported.
Magnetic mesoporous iron oxide/carbon aerogel photocatalysts with adsorption ability for organic dye removal

Magnetic photocatalysts with strong Rhodamine B (RhB) dye adsorption ability, i.e., tri-functional mesoporous composite γ-Fe2O3/α-Fe2O3/carbon aerogel (CA) structures, are successfully developed in this study. The removal capacity of RhB dyes of the as-prepared mesoporous structures is increased from 83.5% to 91% under visible light irradiation. The mesoporous structures can also be separated by an external magnetic field to avoid further separation steps, such as centrifugation. This work demonstrates that the as-prepared tri-functional mesoporous composite γ-Fe2O3/α-Fe2O3/CA structures have great potential in wastewater treatments.
Adsorption of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Estuaries

Using Kepone as the test compound, the relation of sediment suspension to fate of hydrophobic pollutants through adsorption is examined. Adsorption experiments show rapid attainment of an equilibrium condition that is a linear function of dissolved Kepone concentration and an inverse nonlinear function of adsorbing solids concentration. An apparatus creating a one‐dimensional distribution of suspended sediment over a sediment bed is used to experimentally simulate an estuarine tidal cycle during which the transfer of Kepone from the bed to water column is examined. A mathematical model of the adsorption and sediment resuspension process is used to analyze the experimental results. Resuspension and the variation of adsorption equilibrium with solids concentration are shown to be significant to the transfer. Adsorption kinetics are not significant because of the rapid approach to equilibrium.
Theory of resonant multiphonon Raman scattering in graphene monolayers

We present a detailed calculation of intensities of two-phonon and four-phonon Raman peaks in graphene. Writing the low-energy hamiltonian of the interaction of electrons with the crystal vibrations and the electromagnetic field from pure symmetry considerations, we describe the system in terms of just a few independent coupling constants, considered to be parameters of the theory. The electron scattering rate is introduced phenomenologically as another parameter. The results of the calculation are used to extract information about these parameters from the experimentally measured Raman peak intensities.
Humic substances II : in search of structure

The search for structure - setting the scene, Michael H.B. Hayes et al oxidative degradation of humic substances from freshwater environments, R.F. Christman et al oxidative degradation of soil humic substances, S.M. Griffith and M. Schnitzer hydrolytic degradations of humic substances, F.J.Stevenson degradations with sodium sulphide and with phenol, Michael H.B. Hayes and M.R. O'Callaghan thermal degradation relevant to structural studies of humic substances, J.M. Bracewell et al nitrogen in humic substances, H.A. Anderson et al derivatization of humic substances for structural studies, Jerry A. Leenheer and Ted Noyes application of liquid-state NMR spectroscopy to humic substances, Cornelius Steeling et al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of humic substances - basic concepts and techniques, Michael A.Wilson solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of humic substances - basic concepts and techniques, Michael A.Wilson application of solid-state C-NMR spectroscopy to geochemical studies of humic substance, Ronald L.Malcolm application of ESR spectroscopy to the study of humic substances, Nicola Senesi and Cornelius Steelink vibrational, electronic and high-energy spectroscopic methods for characterizing humic substances, P.R. Bloom and Jerry A.Leenheer molecular weight, size, shape and charge characteristics of humic substances - some basic considerations, Roger S.Swift molecular weight, shape and size of humic substances by ultracentrifugation, Roger S.Swift sizes and shapes of humic substances by viscosity measurements, C.E. Clapp et al determination of molecular weights of humic substances by Gel chromatography, Maria de Nobili et al studies of the molecular size and charge of humic substances by electrophoresis, J.M. Duxbury sizes and shapes of humic substances by electron microscopy, Y.Chen and M.Schnitzer coal humic acids, G.J.Lawson and D.Stewart structures of humic substances - the emergence of "forms", Michael H.B. Hayes et al.
NMR spectroscopy in studies of new chiral ionic liquids

Summary — Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) were discussed as new potential media for enantioselective organic synthesis, including enantioselective polymer synthesis. NMR spectra of new CILs, whose structures are shown in formulas (I)—(IV), were investigated in detail. In the case of 1 H NMR analysis of those compounds two characteristic doublets were observed — diasterotopic protons (AB spin system). In order to precisely determine the spectral position of each proton and carbon, but also to attribute in a detailed way the type of their signals, two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Additionally, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra indicated notable differences in the chemical shifts depending on the anion used. Comparing the differences between values of the chemical shifts, the anions, but also the quaternary ammonium salts, depending on the amine
Interactions between electromagnetic fields and cells

This book reviews the biological targets of electromagnetic exposure at the membrane and nuclear level. Electrical and electrochemical modelling of electromagnetically exposed cells are presented. Field effects on the interaction between ligands and their binding sites are studied and the polyelectrolyte theory and related experiments are presented. Field Force effects, and the biological effectiveness of pulsed or sinusoidal low-amplitude electromagnitic fields are demonstrated. Finally, attention is paid to field effects at the subcellular and cellular levels. EM-field induced force effects, frequency-dependent bilogical effects of low intensity microwaves and AC field effects of and by living cells are topics of discussion. Interaction forces between microscopic particles in an external electromagnetic field and cyclotron resonance in membrane transport are also examined.
Absorptive capacity and characteristics of team who integrate knowledge for research in higher education

This paper examines the role of absorptive capacity and team diversity and proposes an integrative model of the university research team, incorporating relevant insights from knowledge diversity and team diversity. Within this context, we discuss a conceptual model that shows theory-derived relationships between components of absorptive capacity that consists of knowledge recognition, knowledge assimilation and knowledge application with various aspects of diversity. The proposed results indicate the ability of a research team to recognize the value of new, external information, assimilate it, and apply it to research outputs is critical to its output capabilities. The outcomes consist of Process Performance and Product Performance which has reflected the diversity knowledge that has been diffused and applied in the research domains. This paper helps to promote better understanding of absorptive capacity and delineates the critical importance of team diversity for research team success.
Low-level alkaline solubilization for enhanced anaerobic digestion.

A low-level, ambient temperature alkaline solu bilization process has been investigated for its ability to enhance the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. The pretreatment process consists of adding 20 meq of alkali/L, followed by anoxic mixing for 24 hours. Both lime and sodium hydroxide were eval uated. Pretreatment using either chemical improves anaerobic digestion, however sodium hydroxide provides better perfor mance. Pretreatment using sodium hydroxide improves VS re movals in the range of 25 to 35% over no pretreatment and in creases gas production from 29 to 112% over the control sludge. Volatile solids and COD removals for sodium hydroxide pre treated sludge at a 7.5-day retention time were similar to the VS and COD removals without pretreatment at a 20-day retention time. Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 62, 81 (1990).
Core–shell hydroxyapatite/Mg nanostructures: surfactant free facile synthesis, characterization and their in vitro cell viability studies against leukaemia cancer cells (K562)

Hydroxyapatite/magnesium core–shell nanostructures were synthesized by a simple and cost effective precipitation method without a surfactant. The properties of the prepared samples were studied by using sophisticated analytical techniques. X-ray analysis confirms the phase purity and high crystallinity of the sample with an average crystallite size of 26 nm. The microscopic images show the spherical morphology of the pure and core–shell hydroxyapatite/magnesium. The other characterization studies also confirm the formation of pure hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite/magnesium core–shell nanostructures. The obtained materials were subjected to in vitro cell viability analysis by using human leukaemia cancer cells – K562 through a sulforhodamine-B assay. The results obtained depict that the HAp/Mg core–shell nanorods were not significantly toxic to K562 cells in the given concentrations compared with the pristine HAp. This is due to the enhanced biocompatibility and biodegradability of the magnesium shell. The present finding underlines the possible use of this material for biomedical applications.
CONVERBS AND INTERPROPOSITIONAL RELATIONS IN XIBE

Xibe is a Manchu-Tungus language spoken by approximately 40,000 individuals in Northwestern China (Xinjiang Uygur [Uighur] Autonomous Region). Most of the data for this paper is drawn from natural discourse, primarily folk narratives. Like other Machu-Tungus languages, Xibe employs partially inflected “converbs” [1] extensively in discourse. Recent work on clause combinations (e.g., [2], [3], inter alia) indicates that multi-clause constructions impose constraints on possible interpropositional relations, but do not determine them categorically. In this paper we show that clauses headed by converbs, and other dependent clause types, in Xibe constrain inferencing to varying degrees. Some constructions are very specific as to what interpropositional relations may be involved, whereas others are quite vague, allowing a variety of inferences depending on the context. Another interesting finding of this study is that there is a clear difference between dependent verb suffixes used in written vs. oral discourse. In this paper we describe the various dependent verb suffixes (including converbs) and arrange them on a continuum according to the degree to which each one constrains the possible semantic relations between the dependent and independent verb in the same construction. The following chart summarizes the construction types described in this study, along with the general degree of constraint they impose on possible interpropositional relations with the main, or “final” clause:
Heat dissipation in controlled environment enclosures through the application of water screens

The use of plate glass-water thermal barriers in controlled environment facilities effectively reduces the thermal load within the plant growth chamber. This allows high PPFs to be provided for plant growth and development studies, adequate simulation of daily light integrals, and simulation of peak PPF's. Further, substantial amounts of incandescent lamp supplementation can be used to achieve simulation of daylight R:FR ratios which are needed to ensure adequate stem development in some species. While the focus in this paper is on the use of entire thermal barriers which separate the lighting enclosure from the plant growth chamber, the same principles apply to the use of water jackets for cooling individual lamps (such as can occur with xenon-arc lamps). In this instance, the barrier separating the lamps from the plant chamber can be much simpler (e.g., plexiglass) as the main function of the barrier is to separate the air ventilation of the lamp enclosure from the air system within the plant growth chamber. The main advantage of water as a thermal barrier is the negligible absorption of radiation in the photosynthetically-active and near infrared wavebands. Consequently, plate glass-water barriers typically allow transmission of approximately 90% of radiation in these regions. While ventilated double and triple glazing systems appear to be attractive alternative to water barriers from an operating standpoint, their significant absorption in the biologically-important wavebands (7 - 12%) with each glass layer and longer-wave cut-offs (typically 2500 - 4000 nm) makes them a much less attractive alternative. The data presented here demonstrate clearly that measurement of PPF alone is not an adequate representation of the radiation environment being used in a controlled environment study. The amounts and proportions of long-wave and short-wave radiation in a plant growth chamber are dependent on lamp type, lamp combination, presence of a thermal barrier, the type of thermal barrier between the lamps and the plant growing area and the overall construction and design of the chamber. It is important, therefore, in reporting results of controlled environment studies, to adequately describe both the details of the lighting system used and the characteristics of the radiation produced by that system, so results of different studies can be adequately evaluated and compared.
Carbon Nanotubes as Free-Radical Scavengers

Density functional theory calculations have been used to model the potential ability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to act as free-radical scavengers. The reactions of a (5,5) SWCNT fragment with six different radicals have been studied, and for hydroxyl radical, which is the most reactive and dangerous from all of the studied set, up to four additions were modeled. Energetic considerations show that, once a first radical is attached to the nanotube, further additions are increasingly feasible, suggesting that SWCNTs can act as free-radical sponges. For reactions with OH radicals, subsequent additions are expected to lead to products where the OHs are distributed in groups rather than regularly spread on the nanotube. Because nanotubes with none or an even number of OH groups attached are stable (nonradical) species that can be used for other purposes, their properties were analyzed in terms of global reactivity indexes and density of states (DOS). The results from these analyses suggest that, .
IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED PLANTS ON THE GROUND DWELLING BEETLE FAUNA IN THE HIGHLANDS OF THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS BENTE STØA Forord

Introduced plant species are common on the Galápagos Islands and their amounts might influence diversity and composition of ground dwelling beetles. I compared diversity and composition of ground dwelling beetles in sites with varying amount of introduced plants, within the Scalesia zone, Miconia zone and fern-sedge zone in the highlands of Santa Cruz (the Galápagos Islands). I also did a comparison between the Scalesia zones of three biogeographically isolated islands; Santa Cruz, the Sierra Negra volcano in the south of Isabela, and the Wolf volcano in the north of Isabela. These three islands have varying amounts of introduced plants. This comparison was done in order to elucidate any large scale differences in the beetle fauna within the Scalesia zone. The sampling was done from March to May 2006. The amount of introduced plants was used as an indicator of human caused habitat alteration. In the comparison between the three islands, the number of endemic beetle specimens and the number of endemic beetle species were highest in sites without introduced plants. In the comparison within the Scalesia zone of Santa Cruz, no such correlation was apparent. However, the number of beetle specimens in total (endemic, indigenous and introduced) was highest in sites with more introduced plants. This suggests that the number of non endemic beetles increases in disturbed habitats and that the fragments of undisturbed Scalesia forest on Santa Cruz may be too small to support a rich endemic beetle fauna. In the Miconia zone and the fern-sedge zone on Santa Cruz there were no relationships between introduced plants and number of beetles, or number of beetle species. Other factors such as vegetation cover, amount of the introduced fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, and soil depth were also correlated with the amount of beetle specimens in the Scalesia zone, in the comparison between all three islands. There were more beetle specimens in areas where W. auropunctata was absent, total vegetation cover was low and the soil was deep. Both the Wolf volcano and Santa Cruz have considerable conservation value due to differences in species composition of the beetle fauna between the islands. Wolf also holds a unique conservation value due to its very pristine condition.
Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils, Thymol and Carvacrol and Their Possible Synergism

Abstract In this study, chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol, as well as their possible synergism were investigated. For chemical profiling of essential oils, GC-MS analysis was performed. Antioxidant capacity was assessed throughout neutralisation of DPPH and OH radicals. For determination of antibacterial activity against selected gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Infantis, Escherichia coli O157:H7) broth micro-dilution method was used. Finally, the combination testing for potential synergy of thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol was performed using checkerboard method and evaluated with fractional inhibitory concentration. Thymol and carvacrol were found to be dominant components of investigated essential oils. All studied samples expressed strong antioxidant and antibacterial potential. In synergy testing, both combinations (thyme/oregano essential oils and thymol/carvacrol) were found to have additive effect (FIC=0.75). These results confirm thyme and oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol as well as their combinations for possible application as natural additives in different products (food, cosmetics and nutriceuticals).
Kraft pulp and papermaking properties of Phanerochaete chrysosporium-degraded aspen

Des copeaux de Populus tremuloides ont ete soumis a l'action du champignon P. chrysosporium pendant 0 a 30 jours. Ils ont ensuite subi une cuisson kraft pendant 1, 2 ou 3 heures avec 12 ou 16% de teneur en alcali. On examine l'effet du pretraitement sur le rendement, l'aptitude au raffinage, la retention d'eau, le volume de sedimentation et les proprietes mecaniques des pâtes.