Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
4 Cryptography and Computation after Turing

This paper explores a topic in the intersection of two fields to which Alan Turing has made fundamental contributions: the theory of computing and cryptography. A main goal in cryptography is to prove the security of cryptographic schemes. This means one wants to prove that the computational problem of breaking the scheme is infeasible, i.e., its solution requires an amount of computation beyond reach of current and even foreseeable future technology. As cryptography is a mathematical science, one needs a (mathematical) definition of computation and of the complexity of computation. In modern cryptography, and more generally in theoretical computer science, the complexity of a problem is defined via the number of steps it takes for the best program on a universal Turing machine to solve the problem. Unfortunately, for this general model of computation, no proofs of useful lower bounds on the complexity of a computational problem are known. However, if one considers a more restricted model of computation, which captures reasonable restrictions on the power of a algorithm, then very strong lower bounds can be proved. For example, one can prove an exponential lower bound on the complexity of computing discrete logarithms in a finite cyclic group, a key problem in cryptography, if one considers only so-called generic algorithms that can not exploit the specific properties of the representation (as bit-strings) of the group elements. The author is supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Reprinted from The Once and Future Turing, edited by S.B. Cooper & A. Hodges, c ⃝Cambridge University Press 2015. Not for distribution without permission.
Managing the waste rock storage design — can we build a waste rock dump that works ?

For a waste rock dump to be managed both during operations and at closure, a thorough understanding of the composition of the waste is an important requirement. A comprehensive block model should be prepared, with an appropriate materials management and placement plan developed in conjunction with the mining schedule. However, a waste rock dump’s success is hinged on such compositional elements being regularly updated through ongoing materials characterisation over the life-of-mine. Failure to undertake this may potentially result in inappropriate material placement and classification for environmental purposes, and unnecessary costs to the mine and surrounding environment. A revised cover system and landform design was undertaken for a base metal mine in northern Australia following reclassification of its waste. The original permitted landform design comprised an extensive protective cover system of non-acid forming waste rock (88% of overall waste), encapsulating the small potentially acid forming waste volume (12% of overall waste). Additional geochemical studies indicated that these ratios were incorrect and as such, the total volume of clean non-acid forming waste available for the facility was further decreased to a fraction of the initial value. A cover system incorporating both the barrier and moisture ‘store-and-release’ concepts was proposed to limit net percolation into the reactive potentially acid forming waste. In addition, a landform design and extensive surface water management plan was prepared to manage both the high intensity wet season rainfall received at site and the naturally erosive materials available for landform construction. This paper presents the issues encountered during the design stage, which included: a tropical climate; geochemically reactive waste materials; and a surface water management system design, which was to be maintenance free and similar to natural systems in the long term.
Antioxidants in diabetes management

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants: The Antioxidant Network, -Lipoic Acid, and Diabetes Lester Packer Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Why Does Hyperglycemia Induce the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species? Peter Rosen, Xue Liang Du, and Guang-Zhi Sui Oxidative Stress Markers in Human Disease: Application to Diabetes and to Evaluation of the Effects of Antioxidants Barry Halliwell Plasma Lipid Hydroperoxide and Vitamin E Profiles in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Jaffar Nourooz-Zadeh Concentrations of Antioxidative Vitamins in Plasma and LDL of Diabetic Patients Wolfgang Leonhardt Oxidative Stress in Diabetes John W. Baynes and Suzanne R. Thorpe Antioxidative Defense in Diabetic Peripheral Nerve: Effects of DL- -Lipoic Acid, Aldose Reductase Inhibitor and Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Irina G. Obrosova, Douglas A. Greene, and Hans-Jochen Lang Pathways of Glucose-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Neuropathy Douglas A. Greene, Irina G. Obrosova, Martin J. Stevens, and Eva L. Feldman Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy: Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy Hans J. Tritschler, James D. Schmelzer, Yutaka Kishi, Yoshiyuki Mitsui, Masaaki Nagamatsu, Kim K. Nickander, Paula J. Zollman, and Phillip A. Low Antioxidants in the Treatment of Diabetic Polyneuropathy: Synergy with Essential Fatty Acids Norman E. Cameron and Mary A. Cotter A Thioctic Acid-Gamma-Linolenic Acid Conjugate Protects Neurotrophic Support in Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy Luke Hounsom and David R. Tomlinson Clinical Trials of -Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Polyneuropathy and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Dan Ziegler Oxidative Stress, NF-kB Activation, and Late Diabetic Complications Peter P. Nawroth, Valentin Borcea, Angelika Bierhaus, Martina Joswig, Stephan Schiekofer, and Hans J. Tritschler Molecular Basis of -Tocopherol Action and Its Protective Role Against Diabetic Complications Angelo Azzi, Roberta Ricciarelli, Sophie Clement, and Nesrin Ozer Protein Kinase C Activation, the Development of Diabetic Vascular Complications, and the Role of Vitamin E in Preventing These Abnormalities Sven-Erik Bursell and George L. King Oxidative Stress and Pancreatic -Cell Destruction in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Mizuo Hotta, Eiji Yamato, and Jun-ichi Miyazaki Interrelationship Between Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance Karen Yaworsky, Romel Somwar, and Amira Klip Oxidative Stress and Antixodant Treatment: Effects on Muscle Glucose Transport in Animal Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Erik J. Henriksen Oxidative Stress and Insulin Action: A Role for Antioxidants? Stephan Jacob, Rainer Lehmann, Kristian Rett, and Hans Ulrich-Haring
Work Ability and Stress Factors of Latvian Office Workers

Worldwide, the number of people who are employed in offices has increased. Abilities of an office work employee have changed over the years due to changes in the working environment, equipment, work culture and responsibilities. Good work ability increases wellbeing and supports employment. The aim of the study was to investigate the subjectively estimated work ability, stress-causing factors and to determine the training programme’s (Metal Age®) impact on these stress factors and work ability of Latvian office workers. The study was carried out using questions from General Nordic Questionnaire, Occupational Stress Questionnaire and Work Ability Index Questionnaire. Respondents were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group and control group. Both groups were interviewed twice – in March/April 2012 (first stage) and in May/June 2013 (second stage). The intervention group had a training course between the surveys using Metal Age® (ME®) method but the control group did not. Metal Age® is a structured method for developing wellbeing at work and through that improving profitability and productivity in organisations. Latvian office workers displayed moderate and good work ability (WAI average score: 34.5–38.6). The best work ability was shown in the age group between 20 and 49 (WAI average score: 34.8–39.4); work ability decreased with age – WAI average score up to 33.6. WAI is affected by marital status and work experience, but it is not dependant on the type of work (mental or mixed mental and physical). Employees’ stress-causing factors included bad relationship with their workmates; competitive and strenuous atmosphere at workplace; psychological violence or bullying at workplace; the workplace not always being supportive and open to new ideas; suspending carrying out ongoing task because of an urgent matter; insufficient amount of discussion at workplace concerning the aims and tasks related to one’s work; possibility to accidentally ruin some valuable equipment or work result. Approximately half of the respondents considered their work being psychologically strenuous, and employees experienced stress at their workplace; the majority of employees could not relax after work. The closest relationship was observed between WAI and “get into situations that invoke negative feelings” (r = 0.26) and “carrying out ongoing tasks because of other interventions or more urgent matters” (r = −0.24). After ME® training, some of the stress-causing factors improved: the possibility to influence the situation at a workplace; work became more autonomous; more attention was paid to the relationships with workmates at workplace; there was less hurry to finish one’s task, or suspend carrying out an ongoing task; the number of employees who consider their job being psychologically strenuous decreased.
On the performance of superposition window

Superposition window is often used in the digital s ignal processing and other fields of signal processing such as power spectral estimat ion nd adaptive time-frequency analysis. Different overlap and windows used in superposition system may affect the final results. The main contribution of this paper is in providing the insight into the properties of the overlap-add technique with different window or overlap ratio, w hich is very helpful in selecting these parameters for a practical application.
Effect Of Co-Digesting Pig Slurry With Maize Stalk On Biogas Production At Mesophilic Temperature

The present energy crisis has stimulated various research programmes to evaluate energy potentials of renewable energy sources. To this end, the effect of co-digesting pig slurry with maize stalks was studied in a fed-batch reactor at mesophilic temperature (37 o C) for 36 days. The digester was fed with pig slurry-maize stalk mixtures calculated for the selected ratios based on the volatile solid (VS) concentration of the selected substrates. The co-digestion of pig slurry/ maize stalk at ratios 1:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 gave biogas yields of 176.77, 253.80, 261.45 and 340.38 lN/kgoDM respectively while the methane yields were 136.33, 177.31, 187.91 and 232.80 lNCH4/kgoDM respectively. At the same ratios, using the fresh mass of the selected substrates, biogas yields of 16.49, 27.64, 34.20 and 55.71 lN/kgFM were obtained for pig slurry-maize stalk while the methane yields from the fresh mass for the same ratios were 12.72, 19.31, 24.58 and 38.10 lNCH4/kgFM respectively. Co-digestion of pig slurry with maize stalk was found to have methane concentrations of 77.12, 69.86, 71.87 and 68.40% at pig slurry/maize stalk ratios of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 respectively. The study revealed that codigesting pig slurry with maize stalk at ratio 1:3 is optimum for biogas production (yields). Keywords—Co-digestion, pig slurry, maize stalk, batch experiment, mesophilic temperature
ON EXISTENCE OF GLOBAL SOLUTIONS OF SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS WITH SUBCRITICAL NONLINEARITY FOR L̂-INITIAL DATA

We construct a local theory of the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equations iut + uxx ± |u|α−1u = 0, x ∈ R, t ∈ R, u(0, x) = u0(x) with α ∈ (1, 5) and u0 ∈ ̂ Lp(R) when p lies in an open neighborhood of 2. Moreover we prove the global existence for the initial value problem when p is sufficiently close to 2.
Influence of M-cells on the generation of re-entry in Short QT Syndrome

The distribution of M-cells have always been vital in creating intrinsic spatial heterogeneity thereby acting as a substrate for the development and maintenance of re-entry. Here, a 2D anisotropic transmural tissue made up of endocardial (endo), midmyocardial (mid) and epicardial (epi) layers was constructed by using the ventricular cell model developed by Ten Tusscher et al. Two configurations, the entire column of mid layer and an island within the mid layer of the tissue were considered as M cells. In the latter configuration, slight alterations were introduced in the slow delayed rectifying potassium current and the outward transient current so that the APD is highest in the M-cells followed by the endo, mid and epi cells. The likelihood of reentry generation under conditions of KCNQ1-linked Short QT syndrome type 2 (SQTS2) was then analysed in these two types of tissue configurations. Simulation results show that on including SQTS2 conditions and on pacing the tissue with premature beats in between normal beats, re-entrant waves were generated in the tissue containing a column of M - cells whereas in the tissue including the M-cell island, re-entry was not generated. This study is not in line with those reported earlier due to the variations in the size of the chosen M -cell island as well as the cellular electrophysiological properties. From this investigation, the need for further analysis on the size, location as well as the ionic properties of the M-cells in relation to the neighbouring cells has been emphasized.
Molecular Identification of Yeast Candida glabrata from Candidemia Patients in Iraq

This study aimed for isolation and identification of Candida glabrata from specimens of blood collected from national center of hematology /Al mustansiriya University of immunocompromised patients infection of candidemia after diagnosis by doctor. Results showed the morphological features on many media SDA and Corn meal and differential CHROMagar. Colonies appear small and pink pale to dark. Microscopic exam of show that C. glabrata not form pseudohyphae and not produce germ tubes, the cell size 2 3 microns, on the other hand, Biochemical test of C. glabrata have high ability for fermentation of glucose within three hours and trehalose given false positive within two hrs. , and the Urease test given negative result, on the other hand , The results indicated that the DNA of isolated strains was extracted successfully. The results of PCR amplification which was performed on that DNA extracted from all isolates were confirmed by the electrophoresis analysis. The primer amplified of the ribosomal DNA in all strains tested, resulting in amplified products of approximately 610 bp in C. glabrata.
Control of Movement Cortico-cerebellar network involved in saccade adaptation

Guillaume A, Fuller JR, Srimal R, Curtis CE. Cortico-cerebellar network involved in saccade adaptation. J Neurophysiol 120: 2583– 2594, 2018. First published September 12, 2018; doi:10.1152/ jn.00392. 2018. —Saccade adaptation is the learning process that ensures that vision and saccades remain calibrated. The central nervous system network involved in these adaptive processes remains unclear because of difficulties in isolating the learning process from the correlated visual and motor processes. Here we imaged the human brain during a novel saccade adaptation paradigm that allowed us to isolate neural signals involved in learning independent of the changes in the amplitude of corrective saccades usually correlated with adaptation. We show that the changes in activation in the ipsiversive cerebellar vermis that track adaptation are not driven by the changes in corrective saccades and thus provide critical supporting evidence for previous findings. Similarly, we find that activation in the dorsomedial wall of the contraversive precuneus mirrors the pattern found in the cerebellum. Finally, we identify dorsolateral and dorsomedial cortical areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that encode the retinal errors following inaccurate saccades used to drive recalibration. Together, these data identify a distributed network of cerebellar and cortical areas and their specific roles in oculomotor learning.
Revealing ideal number of children by households : A socioeconomic analysis using Pakistan demographic and health survey

Most of the developing economies including Pakistan are facing the problem of rapid population growth. All the efforts to control higher population growth become useless when the household desire larger number of children. In the study the determinants of ideal number of children revealed by the woman are probed. So along with sociocultural, economic, demographic and attitudinal characteristics of the household, a range of woman characteristics like her education, working status, BMI, exposure to media, ownership of assets, household decision-making, justification of violence and spousal age difference are included in the model. The results have shown that woman’s education, woman’s empowerment through household decision-making and resistance to violence against woman and inter-spousal age difference reduce the number of desired children. Exposure to media regarding the family planning programs has also shown negative impact on the ideal number of children. Wealth index has also been emerged as the strong predictor for keeping the ideal number of children low. On the other hand, son-daughter ratio and good health of the woman proxied by BMI positively impact the ideal number of children. From the policy perspective woman’s education, exposure to media and woman autonomy needs specific attention at the end of family planning programs and women development in Pakistan.
Phonetic convergence of Hong Kong English: sound salience and the exemplar-based account

Previous theories of convergence either focus on the motivation of convergence or address the autonomy of convergence in a dialogue. However, neither of them provides a clear mechanism of how convergence occurs. The present study tries to answer the question by proposing the exemplar-based account of speech convergence. It argues that a speaker’s distributions of sound properties keep updating when he/she receives new input from the environment, and the more salient a sound is, the more it accommodates. An empirical study of Hong Kong English (HKE) was conducted to examine the account. Nineteen HKE speakers completed a map task with an RP speaker and with a General American English speaker separately for one hour. Their production of THOUGHT and BATH vowels, rhoticity, fricative /z/ and fricative /θ/ were examined before, during and after the map tasks. Significant convergence was found on rhoticity and fricative /z/, which supported the predictions of the exemplarbased account.
Chapter 2 Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury 2

Brain injury is a major public health problem and is commonly seen in falls and automotive crashes as well as in other environments, such as contact sports, military action, and assaults. Although the brain is protected by the skull, it can be injured in relatively low-speed impacts, such as in American football. Statistics on traumatic brain injury (TBI) provided by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control reveal that, in 2010, there were over 50,000 deaths due to TBI and that TBI was diagnosed in more than 280,000 hospitalizations and in 2.2 million emergency room visits. Falls are the leading cause of TBI, especially among the youngest and oldest age groups, while motor vehicle crashes were the third leading cause of TBI (14%). The various causes are shown in Fig. 2.1. Because of the fact that effective treatment of TBI, even mild TBI (mTBI), is generally not available, prevention of TBI should be a top priority, and biomechanics can play a leading role in this effort. Biomechanical research on TBI has been carried out in the USA for over 75 years (see Chap. 1), and there is some information about the response of the brain to impact and its tolerance. However, there is still a divided opinion on the causes of TBI because it is not clear whether linear acceleration or angular acceleration/velocity is the principal cause of TBI. It is more than likely that both forms of acceleration play a role in causing TBI since in a head impact both forms of acceleration are present and linear acceleration increases monotonically with angular acceleration.
On the Hardness of Robust Classi cation

It is becoming increasingly important to understand the vulnerability of machine learning models to adversarial attacks. In this paper we study the feasibility of robust learning from the perspective of computational learning theory, considering both sample and computational complexity. In particular, our de nition of robust learnability requires polynomial sample complexity. We start with two negative results. We show that no non-trivial concept class can be robustly learned in the distribution-free setting against an adversary who can perturb just a single input bit. We show moreover that the class of monotone conjunctions cannot be robustly learned under the uniform distribution against an adversary who can perturb ! (log n) input bits. However if the adversary is restricted to perturbing O(log n) bits, then the class of monotone conjunctions can be robustly learned with respect to a general class of distributions (that includes the uniform distribution). Finally, we provide a simple proof of the computational hardness of robust learning on the boolean hypercube. Unlike previous results of this nature, our result does not rely on another computational model (e.g. the statistical query model) nor on any hardness assumption other than the existence of a hard learning problem in the PAC framework.
IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING CONTENT-BASED TECHNIQUE

-The last decade has witnessed great interest in research on content-based image retrieval. This has paved the way for a large number of new techniques and systems, and a growing interest in associated fields to support such systems. Likewise, digital imagery has expanded its horizon in many directions, resulting in an explosion in the volume of image data required to be organized. In this paper, we discuss some of the key contributions in the current decade related to image retrieval and automated image annotation, spanning 120 references. We also discuss some of the key challenges involved in the adaptation of existing image retrieval techniques to build useful systems that can handle real-world data. We conclude with a study on the trends in volume and impact of publications in the field with respect to venues/journals and sub-topics. General Terms Algorithms, Documentation, Performance.
Relationships between Dimensions of Attachment and Empathy

Two studies explored the relationship between dimensions of attachment (closeness, trust, anxiety) and three forms of empathy (empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress). In Study 1, 134 college students completed Collins and Read’s (1990) Adult Attachment Scale and Davis’ (1983) Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Greater trust and comfort with closeness were associated with greater EC and PT, whereas greater anxiety was associated with greater PD. In Study 2, 261 college students completed the Study 1 measures, along with several additional attachment measures, and a measure assessing interdependent selfconstrual (Cross, Bacon, & Morris, 2000). Results were generally consistent with those found in Study 1: comfort with closeness predicted greater EC and PT, whereas greater anxiety predicted greater PD. Results also revealed links between an interdependent self-construal, secure attachment dimensions, and the more adaptive forms of empathy, but provided mixed support for the hypothesis that an interdependent self-construal mediates the relationship between attachment and empathy.