Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) and Chickpea Rust [Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. and Boy.]

The full potential of the soybean and chickpea is far from exploitation due to many biotic and abiotic stresses. These include rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. in soybean and Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. and Boy in chickpea. The investigations included survey, variability of pathogen, aerobiology, screening of genotypes, yield loss estimation and integrated disease management for soybean rust. Further survey and morphological variability of chickpea rust was also attempted. Soybean rust was more severe in irrigated black soil in northern Karnataka. During rabi 2010-11, the rust of chickpea appeared very late in the season in late sown irrigated condition at Arabhavi. Chickpea rust appearance and severity is related to rainfall during the month of December. Malic acid content on the leaf is responsible for resistance mechanism in chickpea for rust. Ugarkhurd isolate was found to be different among 23 different isolates of P. pachyrhiz with respect to size, shape and colour. RAPD data distinguished the 23 isolates of soybean rust pathogen into two major clusters. ITS sequences of Dharwad and Bailhongal isolate were highly similar. Aerobiological studies indicated fluctuation in uredospore deposition at different stages of the crop growth. Perpetuation of P. pachyrhizi in the uredinial stage occurs during the offseason. Detached leaf assay revealed only cowpea as collateral host. Severity (PDI) of the disease increased with delayed sowing and thereby drastic reduction in grain yield and 100 seed weight. Among the genotypes DSb 21 exhibited highly resistant reaction with high yield potential. Integrated disease management studies identified the effective biorationals and fungicides. Adaptive Module is the most preferred module over chemical and biointensive modules in integrated management of soybean rust
ACTINOMYCETES ISOLATED FROM SOIL SAMPLES FROM THE CROCKER RANGE SABAH

A diversity of actinomycetes was isolated from various sites of top soils throughout the Crocker Range in Sabah. The soils were mainly collected during the expedition (15—25 October 1999) together with 2 soil samples collected on 28 November 1999 under Rafflesia keithii in the Rafflesia Reserve Forest, Gunung Mas. A total of 78 strains of actinomycetes, probably mostly Streptomyces, were obtained from different sites. Amongst these strains 20 have been aerobically grown in shaking liquid cultures. Acetone extracts of these cultures were screened for MAPK Kinase and MAP Kinase Phosphatase in a yeast system in the preliminary screening of novel cancer drugs. This screening system is based on the fact that the MAP kinase pathway is homologues from yeast to human. However, no such inhibitors were found. A few strains with pigmentation were collected from specific locations.
Chelodina longicollis (Shaw 1794) – Eastern Long-Necked Turtle, Common Long-Necked Turtle, Common Snake-Necked Turtle

031.1 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group A.G. J. Rhodin, P.C. H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5. 031.longicollis. v1.2009 © 2009 by Chelonian Research Foundation • Published 13 November 2009
THE MANAGEMENT OF N AND P NUTRITION OF PLANTS USING NITROGEN FIXING AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA

The nitrogen and phosphorus management in agricultural systems leads to an increased input of plant nutrients and sustains the soil fertility. Microbes contribute through different mechanisms to nutrient cycles, transforming it available for plants. Isolation of 18 Azospirillum and 18 Azotobacter bacterial isolates was effectuated from the rizosphere and interior roots of the following plants: Carex fusca All. , Carex rostrata Stokes. , Eriogonum latifolium Sm. , Carex elata All. , and from Equisetum sylvaticum L. originated from the Bors ros raised bog natural reserve. Three rhizobial isolates were isolated from soil where Phaseolus vulgaris L. was cultivated. The bacterial isolates were characterized using biochemical tests. We also performed the molecular grouping of the Azospirillum and Azotobacter isolates due to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rDNA sequences. We determined the nitrogen fixing capacity. The ability of isolates to solubilize phosphates was detected using Pikovskaya s agar plates containing calcium-phosphate, whereas the siderophores producing ability was detected on Chrom Azurol S agar plates.
Degradation of carotenoids in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) slices as influenced by microwave vacuum drying

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of microwave vacuum drying on carotenoids in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) slices. Carotenoids were measured using the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography technique. It was shown that compared with hot air drying, microwave vacuum drying inhibited color changes and significantly (p < 0.05) improved total carotenoid retention (89.1%) in pumpkin slices. During the microwave vacuum drying process, microwave power had an important effect on total carotenoid and all-trans carotenoids. As microwave power increased, the total carotenoid content significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and the levels of individual carotenoids, including all-trans-α-carotene, all-trans-β-carotene, and all-trans-lutein, generally decreased. However, there was an overall upward trend for the levels of 13-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 9-cis-α-carotene. The trans carotenoid quality of the finished products was improved within a certain range of vacuum levels. In addition to the degradation induced by microwave energy, isomerization was considered to be responsible for the loss of all-trans carotenoids. These results indicated that inappropriate drying methods and conditions might result in high losses of all-trans carotenoids in pumpkins.
Effects of divergent selection for osmotic adjustment on water relations and growth of plants of Lolium perenne

In order to determine the extent to which this «heritability» of osmotic potential (Ψ s ) was realised in practice, first generation lines were produced by crossing L. perenne plants having divergent leaf lamina Ψ s under drought. A second experiment was conducted to determine to what extent selection for lamina Ψ s might affect expression of leaf base Ψ s . A third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of genetic differences in osmotic adjustment on the maintenance of leaf growth during stress
Effectiveness of prosulfocarb-based treatments for the control of sensitive and herbicide resistant Lolium spp. populations

The rapid evolution of resistance to post-emergence herbicides in Lolium spp. (ryegrass species) has complicated weed management in cereals. Ensuring good pre-emergence control is therefore increasingly important to protect yields. Prosulfocarb is a broad spectrum thiocarbamate herbicide that kills plants by disrupting the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids. This is the first report of resistance to prosulfocarb in Lolium species from farm sites and glasshouse selection. The recurrent selection process with prosulfocarb applied pre-emergence at its maximum labelled rate (4,000 gai/ha) on a susceptible Lolium multiflorum Lam. population showed that the evolution of resistance due to repetitive use was possible but slow. Over three generations, it resulted in modicum levels of resistance which were not significant at practical field rates. For the last progeny obtained, there was no evidence of either cross-resistance or increased sensitivity to an herbicide under-development with a mode of action similar to prosulfocarb (RF50 = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.77 1.27). Likewise, high and increasing levels of non-target-site based resistance to clodinafop-propargyl did not result in cross-resistance to prosulfocarb. Prosulfocarb exerted low levels of negative cross-resistance on LL1781, SS1999, GG2078 and RR2088, four different ACCase mutant L. multiflorum sublines (average RF50 = 0.67). In order to control susceptible and resistant populations in winter cereals, prosulfocarb was mixed with diflufenican, metribuzin, pyroxasulfone and the formulated mixture {iodosulfuron:mesosulfuron}. Over the 86 mixtures tested, 11 showed a high potential. Prosulfocarb + diflufenican at 2,400 + 32 gai/ha presented interesting levels of synergism (+20 points on average). A non-random survey in 34 farm sites from England showed that most Lolium samples (80%) were sensitive or only partially resistant to prosulfocarb. However, prosulfocarb efficacy was lower where other herbicides had been used intensively. Future research may now concentrate on the determination of prosulfocarb resistance pathways in Lolium spp.
TOTAL NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE TRENDS IN CHINESE TALLOW ROOTS

Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum L. Roxb.) was introduced to the United States from China in the mid to late 1800s and has since naturalized throughout much of the southern U. S. Tallow continues to invade a wide variety of habitats, but control efforts have been inconsistent. We related root total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels and phenological development in Chinese tallow over an annual cycle to determine optimal timing for control treatments. Six phenological stages were recorded; (1) dormancy, (2) bud break, (3) leaf development, (4) seed formation, (5) seed maturation, and (6) leaf fall. Tallow root TNC concentrations varied by phenological stage (P<0.001), where concentrations were highest (P <0.05) during leaf fall (60.72%) and lowest during leaf development (41.11%) and seed formation (36.71%). Chinese tallow root TNC concentrations increased during the period of seed maturation until leaf fall. If foliar applied herbicides are delivered during this period of downward translocation, effective tallow control may be observed.
Pathological Studies on Reproductive Organs of Zebu Cow

The reproductive tracts of 110 non descriptive cows, collected from Faisalabad abattoir, were studied for biometrical values and pathological changes during disease condition. The average length of right ovary was 2.40 ± 0.06 cm and that of left ovary was 2.31 ± 0.05 cm. The average width of right ovary was 1.15 ± 0.02 cm and that of left ovary 1.14 ± 0.03 cm. The average thickness of right ovary was 1.61 ± 0.04 cm and that of left ovary was 1.52 ± 0.03 cm. The average weight of right and left ovaries was 4.29 ± 0.29 and 3.97 ± 0.24 g, respectively. The average size of right and left horns was 20.69 ±0.59 and 19.76 ± 0.58 cm, respectively. The average length of circumference and number of cervical rings were 6.0 ± 0.22, 8.40 ± 0.21 and 4.62 ± 0.09 cm, respectively. The incidence of pathological conditions observed were ovario-bursal adhesions, cystic ovary, cystic corpus luteum, parovarian cysts, teratomas, pyometra, metritis, mummified foetus, mucometra, cervicitis, fibrosity of cervix, tortuosity of cervix and double cervices. No abnormalities of oviducts were found.
Suelta de espátulas comunes (Platalea leucorodia L., 1758) criadas en el Zoobotánico de Jerez tras el rescate de huevos realizado en 1997 y 2006

espanolEste trabajo analiza la efectividad de lassueltas de espatulas comunes (Platalea leucorodia) criadas a mano en el ZooBotanico de Jerez a partir del rescate de huevos de la colonia del Paraje Natural Marismas del Odiel (Huelva) realizada por la Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion del Territorio de la Junta de Andalucia en 1997 y 2006. El objetivo de esta actuacion era, por un lado, poner a punto la tecnica de crianza a mano de la especie y, por otro, el reforzamiento de las poblaciones. Se extrajeron 153 y 112 huevos que dieron lugar a la liberacion de 72 y 38 pollos en tres localidades del suroeste de Andalucia. Las espatulas liberadas se adaptaron perfectamente a las condiciones de libertad ya que mostraron comportamientos propios de los ejemplaressilvestres: (1) algunos ejemplares(n = 15) mostraron dispersion postgenerativa siendo observados en otras colonias ibericas; (2) la mayoria de los ejemplares (n = 39) mostro una fuerte filopatria por los lugares de cria en diversas colonias del sur de Espana; (3) algunas aves(n = 16) migraron a Africa para su invernada en las costas de Mauritania y Senegal; (4) un individuo fue observado invernando en elsur de la peninsula iberica, algo frecuente hoy dia en las espatulassilvestres. Estosresultadossugieren la efectividad de las sueltas realizadas y su utilidad como herramienta de manejo para esta y otras especies similares EnglishHere we report the results of a rescue action of Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) eggs performed by the Environmental Council “Consejeria de Medio Ambiente y Ordenacion del Territorio” from Junta de Andalucia in collaboration with ZooBotanico in Jerez. The eggs were collected from a colony settled at the Protected Area Marismas del Odiel (Huelva) in 1997 and 2006. The aims of this rescue action were to improve the hand-rearing techniques and the reinforcement of wild populations. A total of 153 and 112 eggs were collected and a total of 72 and 38 hand-raised birds were subsequently released within the Donana Natural Area (Huelva) within the same breeding season. The control of the color-ringed birds the following years showed that hand-raised Spoonbills were well-adapted to wildness as: (1) some birds (n= 15) showed a post-generative dispersion within the Iberian peninsula, a typical behavior for juveniles of many species; (2) many birds (n = 39) were recorded breeding at the same colony year after year (i.e. exhibited strong breeding philopatry); (3) some birds (n = 16) migrated to overwinter in western Africa (Senegal and Mauritania); and (4) one bird was recorded wintering at several sites of southern Spain, a pattern recorded in wild Spoonbills during the last years. These results suggest that the hand-rearing and the releasing procedure were very effective being a useful tool for the conservation of Spoonbills and ecologically-related species
The effect of germination time on moisture, total fat content and fatty acid composition of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) sprouts.

In this study, moisture content, total fat content and fatty acid composition were evaluated in brown (TR 77705) and yellow (TR 73572) flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) and their sprouts (at 5–13 day). Total fat content of brown and yellow flaxseeds reduced 68.72 and 76.61% after 5 days germination whereas, moisture content of seeds significantly increased as 14 and 17 fold respectively (P<0.05). Total fat in 5-day-old brown and yellow seed sprouts were determined as 13.23 and 10.54% on dry matter respectively and similarly 3.20 and 3.36% in 13-day-old sprouts. Highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid in brown and yellow seed sprouts were determined as 89,80 and 86.20% at 5 days and similarly α-linolenic acids were calculated as 52.58 and 45.15% respectively. The palmitic acids in noticably increased during germination and the highest levels were obtained as 18.96 and 16.73% in yellow and brown seed sprouts at 11 days respectively.
Indigenous aerobic sporeformers in high heat treated (127°C, 5 s) German ESL (Extended Shelf Life) milk

The aerobic heat resistant microflora of extended shelf life (ESL) milk from a German dairy, heat treated at 127 °C for 5 s, was analysed. The most probable number (MPN) of surviving spores was determined with respect to growth temperature. No growth was observed during incubation at 10°C within 23 weeks. Subsequent transfer to 30°C, however, led to spoilage within 10 d. The average MPN of sporeformers recovered after incubation at 30 °C was below 10 2 organisms per 1000 ml. The MPN of sporeformers growing at 60°C was below 10 cfu/1000 ml. More than 580 isolates recovered at 30°C were identified, using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy as the main technique. Bacillus licheniformis was the predominant species, representing 73% of the isolates. The proportions of B. subtilis, B. cereus and Brevibacillus brevis ranged between 6 and 3%. Subsequent determination of minimal growth temperatures revealed a remarkable intra-specific diversity of some species. Additionally, the ability of some isolates to grow at low temperatures was restored after pre-recovery at 30 °C.
Coating oil droplets with rice proteins to control the release rate of encapsulated beta-carotene during in vitro digestion

Food protein-based delivery systems have unique advantages. Herein, a facile one-step fabrication of oil droplets with a tunable release rate of encapsulated lipophilic compounds during in vitro digestion is reported. Modified rice proteins (MRPs) were deposited on oil droplets with a thickness controllable by the final pH during titration of an alkaline solution of MRPs blended with oil, resulting from significant changes of secondary structures and solubility of MRPs at pH 6.0–7.0. Oil droplets were smaller than 400 nm, and the tunable conformation of MRPs and therefore resistance against peptic and pancreatic digestions resulted in the release rate of encapsulated β-carotene controllable by shell structures formed during titration. The irregular aggregates at pH 6.2 resulted in the step release of encapsulated β-carotene, releasing ca. 25% and 100%, respectively, at the simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Whereas, the release of β-carotene was limited at the simulated gastric conditions but followed the zero-order kinetics at the simulated intestinal conditions, with a higher release rate for oil droplets with thinner shells produced at a higher pH between 6.4 and 7.0. Therefore, novel emulsion-based delivery systems can be fabricated with MRPs to control release profiles of lipophilic compounds during digestion.
Cultural Practices for Weed Resistance Management

Cultural practices, such as delayed crop seeding, tillage, black fallow, crop rotation, hand weeding, and competitive crops, when used to replace herbicides, provide an opportunity to reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to become resistant to herbicides. Herbicides on the other hand reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to resist cultural practices. Rotation of the two systems should then delay resistance to both systems. Growers consider many factors in addition to weed resistance in selecting herbicide or cultural weed control, from associated convenience to economic potential. Rotation of different types of weed control practices would delay resistance, compared to a continuous single practice. The extent of the delay depends upon genetics of resistance, weed reproduction characteristics, weed seed survival, and fitness of resistant weed plants. An understanding of the basic aspects of weeds and herbicides, as well as their interaction with the environment, would help in predicting the delay in resistance to an herbicide from use of cultural practices in the rotation. A grower's final choice of a weed control practice will involve available equipment, time, markets, and soil erosion in addition to potential weed resistance. Weeds that develop resistance to a control practice still allow for reversion to preresistance practices, an important component of a grower's decision. The rate of resistance development is dependent upon the removal of susceptible genes from the population and fitness of the resistant plants. Resistance might be delayed for many years or be manageable when the resistance is genetically recessive or resistant weeds are poorly fit. Growers may not want to accept alternative cultural practices as long as there is the potential for development of another herbicide or reversion to cultural control after resistance occurs.
Detection of Cholesterol in Suaeda Baccata (Chenopodiaceae)

This study detects the presence of cholesterol in an Iraqi plant named Suaeda baccata Forsk of the family Chenopodiacae, wildly and widely grown in Iraq. The absence of any publication concerning the sterol content of this Suaeda specie, and the industrial importance of cholesterol depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some hormones, like progesterone, acquired this study its value. The investigations revealed the presence of cholesterol that was proved by TLC together with the standard compound cholesterol, and anisaldehyde spray reagent using three different solvent systems, then authenticated by HPLC, in which the retention time of both the standard cholesterol and the plant extract cholesterol were identical. Key Words: Cholesterol, Suaeda Baccat and Chenopodiaceae
Avaliação citotóxica e genotóxica de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Mimosaceae)

Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. , popularmente conhecida como jurema preta, e uma planta da familia Mimosaceae, encontrada principalmente nos estados do Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe e Bahia, sendo esta especie tipica das areas semi-aridas do Brasil. Na medicina popular, a casca do caule e a principal parte da planta utilizada no tratamento de diversas enfermidades como infeccoes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a citotoxicidade e a genotoxicidade do extrato etanolico bruto (EEB) da Mimosa tenuiflora em celulas procarioticas e eucarioticas com a finalidade posterior de incentivar, com seguranca, a sua utilizacao como fonte de drogas potencialmente terapeuticas ou que atuem como ferramentas farmacologicas. Para tanto, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana frente a bacterias Gram negativas e Gram positivas de importância clinica, investigou-se o potencial citotoxico utilizando como parâmetro a atividade hemolitica e a fragilidade osmotica (anti-hemolitica), assim como o potencial oxidante e antioxidante em eritrocitos humanos, observou-se o potencial mutagenico e antimutagenico em celulas bacterianas atraves do teste de Ames e tambem avaliou-se o potencial clastogenico e aneugenico atraves do teste do micronucleo em sangue periferico de camundongos in vivo. Os resultados mostraram que o EEB e os taninos de M.tenuiflora tiveram atividade antibacteriana contra toda as linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli testadas, e esta foi caracterizada como forte com CIM variando de 62,5 a 250 μg. mL-1. Na investigacao citotoxica do EEB de M.tenuiflora observamos que o extrato nao induziu um grau significativo de hemolise e ainda protegeu a membrana do eritrocito contra hemolise. Nos testes de atividade oxidante o EEB de M.tenuiflora nao provocou oxidacao da hemoglobina e nos testes de atividade antioxidante o extrato se comportou como um poderoso agente antioxidante. Ja na investigacao genotoxica, observamos que o EEB da M.tenuiflora nao foi mutagenico, nem nos testes in vitro nem in vivo e apresentou efeito antimutagenico em algumas linhagens ensaiadas. Sendo assim, a baixa atividade citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade de M.tenuiflora nao comprometem seu uso como fonte de droga potencialmente terapeutica.
A Laboratory Exercise in Physiological Seed Dormancy Using Eastern Redbud

A laboratory exercise is presented that demonstrates the impact of seed coverings and hormones on seed dormancy and release in seeds with endogenous, physiological dormancy. The materials and methods are simple and inexpensive and can be accomplished as an on-campus laboratory or as a distance education exercise. The execution of the laboratory is rapid ( 1 hour), and the results are obtained in 2 weeks. The exercise generates an opportunity for the discussion of a complex subject that involves the interaction of two tissue types within the seed (the embryo vs. the seed coverings) and nicely illustrates their role in seed dormancy maintenance.