Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFIKASI DIRI DAN MANAJEMEN DIRI PADA PASIEN DENGAN DIABETES TIPE 2: SEBUAH REVIEW SISTEMATIK

Pendahuluan: Diabetes merupakan penyakit yang bersifat swakelola, Keberhasilan pengelolaan diabetes bergantung pada aktivitas perawatan diri individu untuk mengontrol gejala dan menghindari komplikasi. Efikasi diri pada diabetes adalah keyakinan pasien terhadap kemampuannya untuk melakukan berbagai perilaku manajemen diri diabetes, dan manajemen diri pada diabetes merupakan tugas yang menantang yang membutuhkan perubahan gaya hidup jangka panjang, termasuk diet, minum obat, latihan fisik, maupun pemeriksaan kadar gula darah secara teratur. Metode: Review sistematik dilakukan dengan penelusuran database elektronik yaitu, CINAHL dan ProQuest. Publikasi jurnal mulai dari tahun 2006-2013, dengan menggunakan kata kunci: diabetes tipe 2, efikasi diri, manajemen diri diabetes, dan perawatan diri diabetes. Review sistematik ini menggunakan kriteria seleksi untuk melakukan data extraction yaitu; jurnal bahasa Inggris, full text dan mencakup abstrak, metode penelitian kuantitatif, subjek diabetes tipe 2. Hasil: Artikel terakhir yang digunakan dalam review sistematik ini sebanyak 12 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria seleksi. Dalam review sistematik ini menguraikan tentang definisi efikasi diri dan manajemen diri pada diabetes, instrumen penelitian yang digunakan, serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan manajemen diri pada diabetes tipe 2. Kesimpulan: Efikasi diri dan manajemen diri pada pasien diabetes merupakan dua komponen penting sebagai dasar untuk mencegah komplikasi terkait penyakit dan mempertahankan kualitas hidup pasien dengan diabetes tipe 2.
Auxin overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi have increased mycorrhizal activity

summary The ectomycorrhizal activity (expressed as the number of mycorrhizas per plant) of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindruspurum Rumagnesi and of their mono- and dikaryotic progenies has been studied in an attempt to clarify the role of fungal IAA in the establishment of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, The original mutants obtained from the hi monokaryon produced a higher number of mycorrhizas than did the wild type. The study of the mycorrhizal activity of synthesized dikaryons heterozygous for the FIR (fluoroindoleresistant) mutations, which are responsible for IAA overproduction, showed that these mutations are recessive. The vitro fruiting of a dikaryon heterozygous for a FIR mutation allowed the isolation of IAA-overproducing sib-monokaryons. Their average mycorrhizal activity was higher than that of non-overproducers. indicating that, although the mycorrhizal activity of sib-monokaryons is under polygenic control, high IAA production gives an advantage in mycorrhiza formation. This was confirmed by the higher number of mycorrhizas formed by synthesized dikaryons homozygous for a FIR mutation than by wild type mycelia. The mycorrhizas formed by the mono- or dikaryotic wild types were characterized by a uniseriate Hartig net, whereas it was pluriseriate in the case of mycorrhizas formed by IAA overproducer mutants. The mutants stimulated the growth of the host plants to the same extent as did the wild types, indicating that growth stimulation is not a direct consequence of fungal auxin production. The usefulness of these mutants as a model to study the role of fungal IAA in mycorrhiza formation is discussed.
Population Structure Has Limited Fitness Consequences in the Highly Selfing Plant Leavenworthia uniflora (Brassicaceae)

Selfing populations are often genetically depauperate and substantially differentiated. These genetic consequences of selfing are thought to contribute to the reduced longevity of natural populations. We analyzed multilocus microsatellite variation and population structure to examine the likelihood of high levels of selfing in Leavenworthia uniflora. We also conducted crosses between two populations with the greatest degree of microsatellite divergence to test the hypothesis that these populations have substantial mutation loads or express epistasis for fitness indicative of local adaptation or intrinsic reproductive isolation. Populations were inbred () and highly selfing () and maintained limited allelic diversity (). Genetic differentiation in L. uniflora reflects high levels of selfing and spatial structure (), with two recent seed dispersal events having strong effects on the distribution of genetic diversity. Reciprocal crosses between populations (Missouri and Indiana) revealed divergent germination and flowering rates, yet dominance and epistasis were not inferred for any trait. The Indiana cytoplasm lowered germination and flowering rates and fruit number in the F1, but these effects diminished in the F2, being caused by maternal environmental effects. Although L. uniflora reproduces predominantly through selfing in nature, the lack of support for heterosis or hybrid breakdown is likely explained by the recent divergence of populations in this species.
Cyclic Fluctuations of Population Density Intrinsic to the Host-Parasite System

Clements, F. E. 1928. Plant succession and plant indicators. The H. W. Wilson Co., N. Y. 453 pp. (pp. 352-355). Curtis, J. T. 1955. A prairie continuum in Wisconsin. Ecology 36: 358-366. Dyksterhuis, E. J. 1941. Possibilities and limitations of extensive grazing use in the Ozarks; with special reference to the watershed of the Upper White River. Unpubl. Rpt. For. Expt. Sta. , U. S. For. Serv. , New Orleans. 68 pp. and map. 1948. The vegetation of the Western Cross Timbers. Ecol. Monog. 18: 325-376. 1949. Condition and management of range land based on quantitative ecology. jour. Range Mgt. 2: 104. -115. 1952. Determining the condition and trend of ranges (natural pastures). Proc. Sixth Intl. Grassland Cong. Vol. II. pp. 1322-1327. Marbut, C. F. 1911. Soil reconnaissance of the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas. U. S. Dept. Agri. , Bur. Soils Rpt. No. 13. pp. 1727-1875.
The breeding biology and population dynamics of King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica on the Crozet Islands

Among King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica at Possession Island, one of the Crozet Islands, the length of the moult period, pre-laying period, incubating and brooding shifts were highly variable according to the year and to the stage of the breeding season. The moulting period was shorter in late breeders than in early breeders. Only half of the birds which successfully reared a chick bred the following cycle, but late in the season. Almost all these late breeders were unsuccessful. The reasons for the high variability in the breeding pattern observed in this species between years, as well as between colonies and between individuals are discussed. Breeding success was on average 30.6% and survival during the first year at sea could reach 50%. The survival of adult birds has increased during the past 10 years from 90.7% to 95.2% per annum. Despite an almost biennial breeding frequency and a very high rate of chick loss during the winter fast, the King Penguin population of Possession Island has doubled between 1966 and 1985 due to a high survival rate of adult and immature birds. The increase during the last decade in adult survival and in adult and chick condition suggests that the population increase could be the result of an improvement in food availability.
Functional and Genetic Analysis of Coronavirus Replicase-Transcriptase Proteins

The coronavirus replicase-transcriptase complex is an assembly of viral and cellular proteins that mediate the synthesis of genome and subgenome-sized mRNAs in the virus-infected cell. Here, we report a genetic and functional analysis of 19 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Murine hepatitis virus MHV-A59 that are unable to synthesize viral RNA when the infection is initiated and maintained at the non-permissive temperature. Both classical and biochemical complementation analysis leads us to predict that the majority of MHV-A59 ORF1a replicase gene products (non-structural proteins nsp1–nsp11) form a single complementation group (cistron1) while the replicase gene products encoded in ORF1b (non-structural proteins nsp12–nsp16) are able to function in trans and comprise at least three, and possibly five, further complementation groups (cistrons II–VI). Also, we have identified mutations in the non-structural proteins nsp 4, nsp5, nsp10, nsp12, nsp14, and nsp16 that are responsible for the ts phenotype of eight MHV-A59 mutants, which allows us to conclude that these proteins are essential for the assembly of a functional replicase-transcriptase complex. Finally, our analysis of viral RNA synthesis in ts mutant virus-infected cells allows us to discriminate three phenotypes with regard to the inability of specific mutants to synthesize viral RNA at the non-permissive temperature. Mutant LA ts6 appeared to be defective in continuing negative-strand synthesis, mutant Alb ts16 appeared to form negative strands but these were not utilized for positive-strand RNA synthesis, and mutant Alb ts22 was defective in the elongation of both positive- and negative-strand RNA. On the basis of these results, we propose a model that describes a pathway for viral RNA synthesis in MHV-A59-infected cells. Further biochemical analysis of these mutants should allow us to identify intermediates in this pathway and elucidate the precise function(s) of the viral replicase proteins involved.
Relationship between breeding and wintering ranges in Palaearctic‐African migrants

During the northern winter, Palaearctic migrant species are not evenly distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. Species numbers are greatest in a belt of savannah, lying south of the Sahara, and decline southwards. For any one latitude, species numbers are also greater in the east of Africa than in the west. Only about 3% of 187 species winter exclusively south of the equator, but other species migrate from north to south during the course of the northern winter. For 62 Palaearctic species which winter entirely in Africa, the areas of breeding and wintering ranges are strongly correlated. With some exceptions, species with the largest breeding ranges also have the largest wintering ranges. However, in 69% of species, the breeding range is larger than the wintering range, whereas in 31% of species the wintering range is larger. On average, the wintering ranges of 57 landbird species cover about two-thirds the area of their breeding ranges, and in many species only parts of the wintering range may be occupied at any one time. This implies that the per area carrying capacity of African wintering areas is greater than that of Eurasian breeding areas. The general correlation between the sizes of breeding and wintering ranges may have its basis in ecology, with generalists able to occupy wider areas than specialists in both breeding and winter quarters. At the same time, the correlation may result partly from an effect of numbers on range size, in that species which have a wide range at one time of the year may then achieve large numbers which occupy a wide range at the other time of year.
Sexual size and shape dimorphism in two species of newts, Triturus cristatus and T-vulgaris (Caudata: Salamandridae) :

Morphometric data from Fennoscandian populations of the crested newt Triturus cristatus and the smooth newt Triturus vulgaris were analysed for the presence of sexual size and shape dimorphism. The data sets included nine body-related and nine head-related measurements and were examined with univariate, bivariate and multivariate methods. Sexual dimorphism was demonstrated in both species. The separation of specimens was highly related to sex. Although the expression of sexual dimorphism differed between the two species, some patterns were shared. These are discussed in terms of evolution of intersexual dimorphism according to models of ecology, fecundity and sexual selection. In multivariate analyses, sexual dimorphism was restricted to body-related variables such as standard length and distance of extremities (with high values for females), contrasting against cloaca and limb-related characters (with high values for males). In both species, the ‘distance of extremities’ measure (i.e. trunk length) was one of the strongest sexually dimorphic traits. No evidence of sexual dimorphism in head morphology was found. The results are interpreted as primarily concordant with theories on fecundity selection. For example, it has been suggested that females with larger trunk volumes increase their reproductive capacity. The fact that males had longer extremities, in relation to other characters measured, could be attributed to sexual selection. Long limbs in male newts may be beneficial for courtship performance. Since head-related characters did not show any patterns of sexual dimorphism, no evidence was found to suggest that male and female crested and smooth newts have adapted to different feeding strategies.
A comparison of the feeding behaviour of young broiler and layer males.

Synopsis The feeding patterns of young broilers were compared with those of young layers to see if any differences might explain the faster growth rate of broilers. During 5 d of observation, the broilers ate almost twice as much as the layers and gained twice as much weight. However, the broilers also converted their food more efficiently and it was thought that this accounted for their faster growth rate. Since there was no difference in the ability of the two strains to digest their food, and since any differences in basal metabolic rate between the strains were likely to be small, it was suggested that the layer strain probably expended more energy on various behavioural responses. The broilers spent half as much time feeding as the layers but ate more meals which were larger and of shorter duration than those of the layers. Although both strains showed the same daily pattern of food consumption, their patterns of feeding activity differed markedly and in general feeding activity bore little relation .
The use of triflumuron on sugar‐baited targets for autosterilization of the housefly, Musca domestica

A target system, capable of delivering an effective transovarial dose of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron to the house fly Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), is described. A single 15 × 5 cm polyester target, dipped in triflumuron 10% suspension concentrate (s.c.) and 50% W/V sucrose solution and suspended in 30 × 30 × 30 cm cages of approximately 400 adult M. domestica for 24 h, reduced mean egg hatch to 47%. Egg hatch was reduced to 35% by allowing flies access to similar targets for 7 d. Exposure to triflumuron also interrupted the developmental cycle at the larval stage. After adult M. domestica had been exposed for 24 h to a target baited with 10% triflumuron s.c. and a 50% W/V sucrose solution, only 6% of eclosed larvae pupariated; longer exposure times prevented any pupariation. However, beyond pupariation, there appeared to be no further effect of triflumuron. The age of the flies at first exposure also affected the extent of the ovicidal and larvicidal effects induced, younger adults being more susceptible. However, effects were shown to decrease with time after exposure to triflumuron. A target dosed with 3% triflumuron s.c. resulted in a greater ovicidal effect than a target dosed with 10% triflumuron, suggesting that the higher doses were detected and elicited some negative response from the flies. Effects on females via the treatment of males were demonstrated. The results suggest that utilization of sugar‐baited targets dosed with a low concentration of triflumuron may be a useful step in the development of autosterilizing systems for house fly control.
Is the reptile community affected by Eucalyptus wandoo tree condition?

Abstract Context. Large portions of the world’s forests and woodlands are currently affected by declines in canopy condition of dominant tree species; however, the effects of these declines on faunal communities are largely unknown. Eucalyptus wandoo woodlands in the south-west region of Western Australia have demonstrated declines in condition since the early 1990s. Such declines in tree condition can result in reduced understorey vegetation, increased leaf-litter cover and coarse woody debris, potentially altering the habitat and resource available to reptiles. Prescribed fire events, another mechanism of habitat change for reptiles, are a common occurrence in these woodlands. Aims. The present research investigated whether reptile communities were influenced by E. wandoo tree condition, and the changes in the habitat associated with E. wandoo decline. Methods. Reptile trapping was conducted at 24 E. wandoo-dominated sites (of varying condition) in Dryandra State Forest and Wandoo Conservation Park, Western Australia. Overall, reptile abundance, species richness and individual reptile species abundances (only those species captured in sufficient numbers for analysis) were compared with a range of habitat characteristics that are likely to be altered by changes in E. wandoo tree condition. Key results. Overall, higher reptile abundance and species richness were observed at sites with longer time since fire and more site litter cover. There was also a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles at sites where E. wandoo trees exhibited fewer symptoms of tree decline. Similar analyses for the five most common skink species indicated species-specific relationships with tree-condition measures, time since last fire, site litter cover, distance to drift fence from E. wandoo trees, understorey vegetation density and the density of coarse woody debris. Conclusions. Abundance and species diversity of the reptile communities in E. wandoo woodlands were strongly related to time since last fire, E. wandoo tree condition and habitat characteristics such as site litter cover and the density of coarse woody debris. Implications. Decline in the condition of E. wandoo trees and the fire events in E. wandoo woodlands are both mechanisms of change correlated with reptile habitat and resources. Future management of E. wandoo woodlands may include reducing prescribed fire events in areas demonstrating symptoms of tree decline, to conserve reptile abundance and species richness.
Are flowers morphologically adapted to take advantage of electrostatic forces in pollination

Summary • The relationship between floral morphology and electrostatic pollination was studied here. To test the effects of floral morphology on pollen deposition on the stigma and other floral parts by means of electrostatic forces, metal replicas of almond (Amygdalus communis) flowers were constructed and then dusted with electrostatically charged and uncharged almond pollen. The pollen was applied to the flowers with a specially designed electrostatic powder-coating device. • Pollen deposition on the flower was found to be higher when the pollen was electrostatically charged than when it was not. Most of the charged pollen grains were deposited on the corolla extremities and on the stigma, whereas uncharged pollen grains were evenly distributed on the entire flower. • Stigma exsertion was the most important morphological feature of the flower promoting pollen deposition on the stigma when electrostatic charge was used. Large flowers with corollas showed higher electrodeposition on the corolla than smaller, narrower ones. • These results collectively imply that morphological features of a plant might be adaptations to take advantage of electrostatic forces. This provided us with a very important tool for future research on floral morphology and pollination biology.
Benchmarking End-to-end Learning of MIMO Physical-Layer Communication

End-to-end data-driven machine learning (ML) of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has been shown to have the potential of exceeding the performance of engineered MIMO transceivers, without any a priori knowledge of communication-theoretic principles. In this work, we aim to understand to what extent and for which scenarios this claim holds true when comparing with fair benchmarks. We study closed-loop MIMO, open-loop MIMO, and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) and show that the gains of ML-based communication in the former two cases can be to a large extent ascribed to implicitly learned geometric shaping and bit and power allocation, not to learning new spatial encoders. For MU-MIMO, we demonstrate the feasibility of a novel method with centralized learning and decentralized executing, outperforming conventional zero-forcing. For each scenario, we provide explicit descriptions as well as open-source implementations of the selected neural-network architectures.
Delay time and Non-Adiabatic Calibration of the Attoclock

The measurement of the tunneling time in attosecond experiments, termed as attoclock, offers a fruitful opportunity to understand the role of time in quantum mechanics. It has triggered a hot debate about the tunneling time and the separation into two regimes or processes of different character, the multiphoton ionization and the tunneling (field) ionization. In the present work, we show that our tunneling model presented in previous work, explains the non-adiabatic effects (photon absorption) in the interaction of atoms with strong field as well. Again, as it was the case in the adiabatic field calibration, we reach a very good agreement with the experimental data in the non-adiabatic field calibration of Hofmann et al (J. of Mod. Opt. 66, 1052, 2019). Interestingly, our model offers a clear picture for the multiphoton and tunneling parts. In particular, the tunneling part is now resolve by the non-adiabaticity, which is mainly the absorption of a number of photons that is characteristic for the barrier height. The well known separation of multiphoton and tunneling regimes (usually by Keldysh parameter) is clarified with a more advanced picture. Surprisingly, at a field strength $F < F_a$ the model indicates always a delay time with respect to the quantum limit, which is the ionization time at atomic field strength $F_a$, where the barrier suppression ionization sets up.
Finite-sample Analysis of Greedy-GQ with Linear Function Approximation under Markovian Noise

Greedy-GQ is an off-policy two timescale algorithm for optimal control in reinforcement learning. This paper develops the first finite-sample analysis for the Greedy-GQ algorithm with linear function approximation under Markovian noise. Our finite-sample analysis provides theoretical justification for choosing stepsizes for this two timescale algorithm for faster convergence in practice, and suggests a trade-off between the convergence rate and the quality of the obtained policy. Our paper extends the finite-sample analyses of two timescale reinforcement learning algorithms from policy evaluation to optimal control, which is of more practical interest. Specifically, in contrast to existing finite-sample analyses for two timescale methods, e.g., GTD, GTD2 and TDC, where their objective functions are convex, the objective function of the Greedy-GQ algorithm is non-convex. Moreover, the Greedy-GQ algorithm is also not a linear two-timescale stochastic approximation algorithm. Our techniques in this paper provide a general framework for finite-sample analysis of non-convex value-based reinforcement learning algorithms for optimal control.