Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early elevation of transforming growth factor-beta, decorin, and biglycan mRNA levels during cartilage matrix restoration after mild proteoglycan depletion.

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and the small proteoglycans biglycan and decorin in the repair of articular cartilage after proteoglycan depletion. METHODS Limited and reversible proteoglycan depletion was induced by injection of murine knee joints with 0.5% papain. Proteoglycan content of patellar cartilage was examined by safranin O staining on histological sections and overall proteoglycan synthesis was measured by incorporation of 35S sulfate. Changes in mRNA expression of TGF-beta, aggrecan, decorin, and biglycan were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Papain injection led to rapid depletion of proteoglycans, which was partly overcome 7 days after injection, while total replenishment of the cartilage matrix with proteoglycans was observed on Day 24. The incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate in patellar proteoglycans was initially decreased (up to Day 3), but significantly enhanced on Days 4 and 7 after papain injection. Upregulation of TGF-beta, decorin, and biglycan mRNA in patellar cartilage was observed on Day 2, markedly before elevation of overall proteoglycan synthesis. mRNA levels were less augmented on Day 7, and on Day 24 all messenger RNA levels had returned to control values. As well, in the soft tissue adjoining the patella swift upregulation of TGF-beta mRNA was observed. CONCLUSION mRNA of both TGF-beta and the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan are elevated at an early phase during cartilage repair after moderate proteoglycan depletion, implying a functional role for these molecules in this repair process.
Automated liver sampling using a gradient dual‐echo Dixon‐based technique

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the liver requires input from a physicist or physician at the time of acquisition to insure proper voxel selection, while in multiecho chemical shift imaging, numerous regions of interest must be manually selected in order to ensure analysis of a representative portion of the liver parenchyma. A fully automated technique could improve workflow by selecting representative portions of the liver prior to human analysis. Complete volumes from three‐dimensional gradient dual‐echo acquisitions with two‐point Dixon reconstruction acquired at 1.5 and 3 T were analyzed in 100 subjects, using an automated liver sampling algorithm, based on ratio pairs calculated from signal intensity image data as fat‐only/water‐only and log(in‐phase/opposed‐phase) on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis. Using different gridding variations of the algorithm, the average correct liver volume samples ranged from 527 to 733 mL. The average percentage of sample located within the liver ranged from 95.4 to 97.1%, whereas the average incorrect volume selected was 16.5–35.4 mL (2.9–4.6%). Average run time was 19.7–79.0 s. The algorithm consistently selected large samples of the hepatic parenchyma with small amounts of erroneous extrahepatic sampling, and run times were feasible for execution on an MRI system console during exam acquisition. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A subpopulation of mesenchymal stromal cells with high osteogenic potential

Current bone disease therapy with bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is hampered by low efficiency. Advanced allogeneic studies on well‐established mouse genetic and disease models are hindered by difficulties in isolating murine MSC (mMSC). And mMSC prepared from different laboratories exhibit significant heterogeneity. Hence, this study aimed to identify and isolate a sub‐population of mMSC at an early passage number with high osteogenic potential. Enrichment of mMSC was achieved by 1‐hr silica incubation and negative selection. Approximately 96% of these cells synthesized osteocalcin after 28 days of osteogenic induction in vitro, and displayed a complete dynamic alteration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with increasing osteogenic maturation and strong mineralization. Moreover, the cells displayed uniform and stable surface molecular profile, long‐term survival, fast proliferation in vitro with maintenance of normal karyotype and distinct immunological properties. CD73 was found to be expressed exclusively in osteogenesis but not in adipogenesis. These cells also retained high osteogenic potential upon allogeneic transplantation in an ectopic site by the detection of bone‐specific ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin and local mineralization as early as 12 days after implantation. Hence, these cells may provide a useful source for improving current strategies in bone regenerative therapy, and for characterizing markers defining the putative MSC population.
Comparison of core oestrogen receptor (ER) assay with excised tumour: intratumoral distribution of ER in breast carcinoma.

AIMS The use of the H score (involving the assessment of intensity and distribution of positivity) on sections stained for the oestrogen receptor (ER) by immunocytochemistry (ICC) allows different samples to be compared and detailed correlations to be made between hormone receptor expression and morphology. This study assessed the reliability of core biopsy in predicting ER expression in the same tumour excised later at treatment. The distribution of ER within excised tumours was investigated. METHODS The distribution of ER positivity was investigated in 51 diagnostic core biopsies and across the diameter of 51 subsequently excised tumours in a field by field (magnification, x40; field diameter, 0.4 mm) assessment using the semiquantitive H scoring system. RESULTS The ER H score in diagnostic core biopsy was significantly higher (p = 0.05, paired rank test; overall mean, 130; n = 51) than the mean in the corresponding excised tumour (mean, 110; n = 51). There was a significant downward trend in ER positivity from the periphery of tumours towards the centre (p = 0.001). The reduction of ER positivity was 6 H score units (2%)/mm. If core biopsies were orientated with the tumour edge at one end no change in ER positivity with field number along the length of the core could be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS ER estimation in core biopsies correlated well with expression in tumours but ER expression was higher in the core biopsies than in the excised tumours. ER expression was higher at the periphery of tumours than at the centre. The higher ER expression in cores may reflect the higher chance of sampling the peripheral part of a tumour using a needle core.
RCT of effectiveness of motivational enhancement therapy delivered by nurses for hazardous drinkers in primary care units in Thailand.

AIMS To determine the effectiveness of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) for hazardous drinkers in Primary Care Unit (PCU) settings in rural Thailand. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in eight PCUs in Ubonratchatanee and Chachoengsao provinces in Thailand. Hazardous drinkers were identified using the World Health Organization-recommended Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Of 117 eligible participants (91% male), 59 were randomized to the intervention group to receive MET in three individual appointments with a trained nurse and 58 to an assessment-only control group. Outcome evaluations were carried out after 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. RESULTS Follow-up data were available on 84, 94 and 91% of subjects, respectively, at the three intervals. Self-reported drinks per drinking day, frequency of hazardous drinking assessed either on a daily or weekly basis, and of binge drinking sessions were reduced in the intervention group more than in the control group (P < 0.05) after both 3 and 6 months. The groups did not generally differ at 6 weeks. However, although self-reported consumption in both groups fell from baseline to 6-month follow-up, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase increased in both groups, which raises doubts about the validity of this marker in this sample and/or the validity of the self-reported data in this study. CONCLUSION MET delivered by nurses in PCUs in Thailand appears to be an effective intervention for male hazardous drinkers. Uncertainties about the validity of self-reported data jeopardize the safety of this conclusion.
Poverty Management Strategies for Small-Scale Farmers Through Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy

The research studies Poverty Management strategies for Small-Scale Farmers through Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy. After Thailand has been flourished for creating growth under modernized fundamental, which showed well result of industry development, exporting, public utilities system and higher national income, on the other hand, the development causes economic disparity, and wealth is dense among capital groups. Consequently, the majority of countries, especially small-scale farmers has been suffering from the lack of opportunity and poverty. The government has revised the policy by using Alternative Economics: The Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy in order to wipe out the poverty and it showed positive result since a number of small-scale farmers successfully managed to adopt philosophy of sufficiency economy and was able to land on their feet sustainably. The research found that capitalism impacts on small-scale farmers because the state centralized its management in all aspect; it only focuses on competition, efficiency and profitability by encouraging monocultural farming which its regulation is charitable to major producers an advantage. The market system is unfair. It also accelerates the destruction of nature and the environment as well as drives small-scale farmers who lacks of bargaining power and knowledge were taken for grant, discouraged and suppressed. Many people are suffering from bearing the high costs which is not worth trying for. Failure of practicing monoculture farming encourages small-scale farmers switch their method to aquaponic farming; adopting a new philosophy of sufficiency economy. The three-phase strategy include to survive, to be sufficient and to be sustainable immunize the farmers to achieve the complementary nature; adjusting farmland, reducing the use of chemicals, emphasizing the use of indigenous knowledge for well-being of the household to be able to live. Using appropriate technology of integration and professional networking opportunities and generating a steady income immunes the future risk.
AMP-activated Kinase Inhibits the Epithelial Na+ Channel through Functional Regulation of the Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4-2*

We recently found that the metabolic sensor AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibits the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) through decreased plasma membrane ENaC expression, an effect requiring the presence of a binding motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the β-ENaC subunit for the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. To further examine the role of Nedd4-2 in the regulation of ENaC by AMPK, we studied the effects of AMPK activation on ENaC currents in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing ENaC and wild-type (WT) or mutant forms of Nedd4-2. ENaC inhibition by AMPK was preserved in oocytes expressing WT Nedd4-2 but blocked in oocytes expressing either a dominant-negative (DN) or constitutively active (CA) Nedd4-2 mutant, suggesting that AMPK-dependent modulation of Nedd4-2 function is involved. Similar experiments utilizing WT or mutant forms of the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1), modulators of protein kinase A (PKA), or extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) did not affect ENaC inhibition by AMPK, suggesting that these pathways known to modulate the Nedd4-2-ENaC interaction are not responsible. AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 expressed in HEK-293 cells occurred both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential mechanism for modulation of Nedd4-2 and thus cellular ENaC activity. Moreover, cellular AMPK activation significantly enhanced the interaction of the β-ENaC subunit with Nedd4-2, as measured by co-immunoprecipitation assays in HEK-293 cells. In summary, these results suggest a novel mechanism for ENaC regulation in which AMPK promotes ENaC-Nedd4-2 interaction, thereby inhibiting ENaC by increasing Nedd4-2-dependent ENaC retrieval from the plasma membrane. AMPK-dependent ENaC inhibition may limit cellular Na+ loading under conditions of metabolic stress when AMPK becomes activated.
UP3: User profiling from Profile Picture in Multi-Social Networking

Profiling Online Social Network (OSN) Users by matching their Profile Pictures in Multi-Social Networking requires their own frontal face images in consideration. Present State-of-the-Art algorithms are ineffective in detecting mouth and nose on the face, making it inefficient to be used in matching different faces by localizing their facial features. This work proposes a novel approach to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of face detection by bifurcating the detected face horizontally and vertically. The algorithm runs only on the portion of the detected face Bounded Box (BB) to generate bounded boxes of other facial objects, and later the Euclidian distance between the BBs with respect to that of the face is computed to get Logarithm of Determinant of Euclidian Distance Matrix (LDEDM) in Relative-Distance method and stored in the database. The LDEDM so computed is unique for the user image under consideration and is used for the purpose of matching the identity of the user images from the database. The Equal Error Rate (EER) is considerably low with the proposed User Profiling from Profile Picture (UP3) algorithm indicating better performance.
Representation of Communicative Competence in English Language Textbooks in Indonesia

English textbooks play a paramount role in teaching process, and are expected to contain appropriate contents that can support students to acquire required competences for effective communication. The expected contents should contain different aspects of language abilities or competences well-known as communicative competence. Thus, the present study is aimed to explicate the representation of communicative competence aspects in the spoken dialogue instances contained in Indonesian EFL textbooks. Three English textbooks, prepared and designed under the auspices of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, are selected for the analysis. The findings suggest the textbooks have not provided sufficient dialogues that give useful models for students to use in communication. Amid the scarcity of the models, the available dialogues also do not much reflect how authentic spoken dialogues occur in real-life communication due to inadequacy to reflect real-life communication as insufficient representation of the communicative competence particularly in contained dialogue models.
Tying and bundling in the digital era

ABSTRACT Hardly any doctrine of competition law has been modified more significantly by digitization than tying and bundling. While it was originally developed for the combined sale of two products, this concept was recently applied to cases like software integration or the prioritized display in search engine rankings. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to shed some light on the reasons that let the concept of tying and bundling evolve in the digital context. On the basis of Post-Chicago School concepts, it is argued that digital markets are particularly vulnerable to tying and bundling practices. This led to a broadening of the scope of the doctrine of tying and bundling: It may be applied to all cases where consumers are nudged to demand a supplementary product, thereby foreclosing the market for this supplementary product. In the context of digital markets, the doctrine tying and bundling thus evolved into a general theory of leveraging.
Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated regulation of Kupffer cell interleukin-6 production following trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent sepsis.

Studies indicate that trauma-hemorrhage results in activation of Kupffer cells to release inflammatory mediators and it leads to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to subsequent sepsis. The cyclooxygenase (COX) product prostaglandin (PG) E2 appears to be central to this process, however, non-selective inhibition of COX activity with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents that block both the constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) isoforms of cyclooxygenase has not yielded promising results in trauma patients. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether selective inhibition of COX-2 activity has any salutary effect following trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent induction of sepsis. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were subjected to laparotomy (i.e., soft-tissue trauma) and hemorrhagic shock (35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min, then resuscitated) or to sham operation. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or to sham CLP. The mice were treated with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (10 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) or vehicle immediately after trauma-hemorrhage or sham operation, 12 h thereafter, and following CLP or sham CLP. At 5 h after CLP, plasma PGE2, Interleukin-(IL) 6, and TNF-alpha levels were determined along with Kupffer cell IL-6 and TNF-alpha production in vitro. NS-398 treatment markedly suppressed the elevation in plasma PGE2 levels following CLP. The increase in plasma IL-6 levels after CLP were also significantly attenuated by NS-398 treatment. In vitro Kupffer cell IL-6 production after CLP was significantly reduced by in vivo NS-398 treatment. However, NS-398 had no effect on TNF-alpha levels, in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate that activation of COX-2 following trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent sepsis up-regulates Kupffer cell IL-6 production. Thus, selective inhibition of COX-2 activity may reduce the deleterious consequences of sepsis under such conditions.
New Antiplatelet Agents: Platelet GPIIb/llla Antagonists

The GPIIb/IIIa (α IIb β 3 ) receptor plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation and platelet thrombus formation. Inhibition of GPIIb/IIIa with the Fab fragment of the mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody 7E3, snake venom peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence, or peptides or peptidomimetics based on the RGD sequence results in abolition of platelet aggregation and platelet thrombus formation. This results in profound inhibition of thrombotic occlusions in animal models. The Phase III EPIC study demonstrated that c7E3 Fab, given as bolus followed by a 12 h infusion, reduced the risk of acute ischemic complications after coronary angioplasty by ∼35 % in patients at high risk of suffering such complications. Treated patients had an ∼2-fold increased risk of major bleeding, but no increase in cerebral hemorrhage or lethal bleeding. Treatment with c7E3 Fab may have had a beneficial effect on clinical restenosis at 6 months, but this needs to be confirmed. A possible anticoagulant effect of c7E3 Fab was also identified in EPIC, and in vitro studies support this possibility. With the approval of c7E3 Fab (abciximab ; ReoPro) for patients undergoing high-risk angioplasty in the US and several European and Scandinavian countries, GPIIb/IIIa inhibition joins the armamentarium of antithrombotic agents.
Complications Following Pediatric Tracheotomy.

IMPORTANCE Pediatric tracheotomy is a complex procedure with significant postoperative complications. Wound-related complications are increasingly reported and can have considerable impact on clinical course and health care costs to tracheotomy-dependent children. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to identify the type and rate of complications arising from pediatric tracheotomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective review of medical records of 302 children who underwent tracheotomy between December 1, 2000, and February 28, 2014, at a tertiary care pediatric referral center. Records were reviewed for preoperative diagnoses, gestational age, age at tracheotomy, tracheotomy technique, and incidence of complication. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Main outcome measures included incidence, type, and timing of complications. Secondary measures included medical diagnoses and surgical technique. RESULTS Of the 302 children who underwent tracheotomy, the median (SD) age at time of tracheotomy was 5 months (64 months) and the range was birth to 21 years. The most frequent diagnosis associated with performance of a tracheotomy was ventilator-associated respiratory failure (61.9%), followed by airway anomaly or underdevelopment (25.2%), such as subglottic or tracheal stenosis, laryngotracheomalacia, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The remaining indications for tracheotomy included airway obstruction (11.6% [35 of 302]) and vocal fold dysfunction (1.3% [4 of 302]). No statistical significance was found associated with diagnosis and incidence of complications. Sixty children (19.9%) had a tracheotomy-related complication. Major complications, such as accidental decannulation (1.0% [3 of 302]). There were no deaths associated with tracheotomy. Minor complications, such as peristomal wound breakdown or granuloma (12.9% [39 of 302]) and bleeding from stoma (1.7% [5 of 302]), were more common. Of all complications, 70% (42 of 60) occurred early (≤7 days postoperatively) and 20% (12 of 60) were late (>7 days postoperatively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Pediatric tracheotomy at our institution is associated with an overall 19.9% incidence of complications. Although the rate of major complications such as accidental decannulation or death is low, rates of peristomal skin breakdown and development of granuloma are more frequently reported and can occur at any point following tracheotomy. Further work is necessary to understand and mitigate wound care issues in post-tracheotomy care.
The Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 Establishes a Link between the Transmembrane Protein Occludin and the Actin Cytoskeleton*

The tight junction protein ZO-1 belongs to a family of multidomain proteins known as the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs (MAGUKs). ZO-1 has been demonstrated to interact with the transmembrane protein occludin, a second tight junction-specific MAGUK, ZO-2, and F-actin, although the nature and functional significance of these interactions is poorly understood. To further elucidate the role of ZO-1 within the epithelial tight junction, we have introduced epitope-tagged fragments of ZO-1 into cultured MDCK cells and identified domains critical for the interaction with ZO-2, occludin, and F-actin. A combination of in vitroand in vivo binding assays indicate that both ZO-2 and occludin interact with specific domains within the N-terminal (MAGUK-like) half of ZO-1, whereas the unique proline-rich C-terminal half of ZO-1 cosediments with F-actin. Consistent with these observations, we found that a construct encoding the N-terminal half of ZO-1 is specifically associated with tight junctions, whereas the unique C-terminal half of ZO-1 is distributed over the entire lateral surface of the plasma membrane and other actin-rich structures. In addition, we have identified a 244-amino acid domain within the N-terminal half of ZO-1, which is required for the stable incorporation of ZO-1 into the junctional complex of polarized MDCK cells. These observations suggest that one functional role of ZO-1 is to organize components of the tight junction and link them to the cortical actin cytoskeleton.