Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
External Rotation-Lateral View of the Ankle in the Assessment of the Posterior Malleolus

Demonstration of a posterior malleolar fragment on a radiograph of an ankle fracture is important in the diagnosis and evaluation of posterior malleolus fractures. The size and extent of displacement of a posterior malleolar fragment can be evaluated. The diagnosis of nonunion of the posterior malleolus is also important because it can lead to failure of reduction of ankle fractures. The authors present a case in which nonunion of the posterior malleolus was diagnosed by an external-rotation lateral view of the ankle. This could not be demonstrated on the AP or the lateral views. Thirteen cadaver feet were then used to study the external-rotation lateral view. A posterior malleolar fracture was created, and the borders of the fracture line were marked with solder wire. The average external rotation angle required to best demonstrate the posterior malleolar fracture was 50° (range, 43°–55°). The actual size of the posterior malleolus fragment was measured and compared to the x-ray measurement. There was a 0.10 correction for the determination of the actual size of the fragment. The unmarked fragment could not be demonstrated on AP and lateral views.
Global Imbalances and Emerging Market Economies

THE GROWING IMBALANCES IN external payments among the world’s economies and the financing needs associated with those imbalances have provoked concern in international policy circles and anxiety in capital markets. The previous chapter discussed their nature and scale and identified the risks they posed for financial markets and the global economy. This chapter assesses the implications of such risks for developing countries—particularly emerging market economies, which depend on international capital markets to finance their investment and growth and, increasingly, to allocate their national savings.1 Our concern here is not only the traditional sensitivity of emerging-market finance to cyclical developments in international capital markets, but also the implications for external balance sheets of accumulations of foreign exchange reserves. The channels through which events in global financial markets affect developing countries reflect the changing character and growing significance of developing countries’ international financial relationships. An improved external environment, years of structural reforms in developing countries, and improved macroeconomic stability have combined to produce the current favorable cycle of healthy trade surpluses, surging foreign exchange reserves, low inflation, and strong growth prospects. Such developments have contributed to the marked strengthening of private capital flows in the past two years (2003–4) from their long slide after 1997 (see chapter 1). Reinforced by higher oil prices and fixed exchange rates in Asia, they also have resulted in a large buildup of foreign currency assets with monetary authorities and central banks of several developing
Memristive Model for Synaptic Circuits

As a promising alternative for next-generation memory, memristors provide several useful features such as high density, nonvolatility, low power, and good scalability as compared with conventional CMOS-based memories. In this brief, a voltage-controlled threshold memristive model is proposed, which is based on experimental data of memristive devices. Moreover, the model is more suitable for the design of memristor-based synaptic circuits as compared with other memristive models. The effects of memristance variations are considered in the proposed model to evaluate the behavior of memristive synapses within memristor-based neural networks.
Bispecific antibodies: design, therapy, perspectives

Antibodies (Abs) containing two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule are called bispecific. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) were first described in the 1960s, the first monoclonal BsAbs were generated in the 1980s by hybridoma technology, and the first article describing the therapeutic use of BsAbs was published in 1992, but the number of papers devoted to BsAbs has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Particular interest in BsAbs is due to their therapeutic use. In the last decade, two BsAbs – catumaxomab in 2009 and blinatumomab in 2014, were approved for therapeutic use. Papers published in recent years have been devoted to various methods of BsAb generation by genetic engineering and chemical conjugation, and describe preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs in a variety of diseases. This review considers diverse BsAb-production methods, describes features of therapeutic BsAbs approved for medical use, and summarizes the prospects of practical application of promising new BsAbs.
Late Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Lateral Condyle Fractures

To study the effects of late open reduction of lateral condyle fracture (LCF) on avascular necrosis (AVN), amount of displacement, and improvement, the records of 11 children with an open capitellar physis and a malunion or a nonunion treated >3 weeks after injury were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative displacement amounts were recorded. Radiographs were reviewed for AVN, lateral overgrowth, or fishtail deformity. There were no cases of AVN. Three patients had occasional pain. Four patients had displacement of >10 mm before surgery. In fractures with >1 cm of displacement, fragment position was minimally improved surgically, but final alignment and range of motion were good. These fractures showed more radiographic deformities at the time of late open reduction. The risk of AVN with late open reduction of LCF at >3 weeks is reduced if no tissue is stripped off the fracture fragment posteriorly. Even children without anatomic reduction had functional arms with little or no pain.
Mixed eccentricity fault diagnosis in the sensorless field oriented control induction motor using DWT technique

This paper deals with the mixed eccentricity fault detection in the closed loop of the induction motor driven by Field-Oriented Control. In this paper, in order to analysis, the unbalanced signals caused by the fault, two techniques are used for stator and quadratic currents component, such as FFT and wavelet transform. The result obtained by wavelet is more suitable for emergency signal analysis. This method is effective for stationary signal processing as well as non-stationary signal processing. Wavelet analysis was introduced to overcome the shortcomings of Fourier analysis.
Diagnosis, Treatment, Comorbidity, and Resource Utilization of Depressed Patients in a General Medical Practice

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of depression on the utilization of health care resources, after adjusting for age and comorbidity from data obtained on routine clinical practice. Method: The study is an observational cohort of 15,186 patients followed over a one-year period beginning December 1993. Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and utilization data were available from the computerized medical information system generated database of a general internal medicine practice in an urban academic medical center. Results: Four point seven percent of patients carried a provider-coded diagnosis of depression. With regards to utilization of health care resources, even after controlling for age and comorbidity, depressed patients had more primary care visits (5.3 vs. 2.9 visits, p < .001), higher rates of referral to specialists (1.1 vs. 0.5, p < .002), and radiologic tests (0.9 vs. 0.4 tests, p < .001). They had higher total outpatient charges ($1,324 vs. $701, p < .001) and total charges ($2,808 vs. $1,891, p < .001). Depressed patients also had longer length of stay when hospitalized (14.1 vs. 9.5 days, p < .002). Conclusions: Patients diagnosed as depressed had significantly higher resource utilization of all types, even after controlling for the higher burden of comorbid medical illness associated with depression.
Respite care in seven families with children with complex care needs.

AIM To evaluate the experience of nursing respite care in families caring for children with complex health needs. METHOD Seven mothers took part in semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were taped, transcribed and coded. Results were categorised thematically. FINDINGS Families described a positive impact on all aspects of life, the high value of respite care and the preference for more information, flexibility, choice and co-ordination of the different services. CONCLUSION Respite care is highly beneficial to family life, but there need to be clearer communication lines and a stable, flexible and adequately resourced workforce. Families value a single point of contact and would prefer more respite care to be available.
Allergy in hip arthroplasty

A prospective study was made in 85 patients of the relationship between implantation of metal‐to‐polyethylene hip prostheses and the incidence of delayed‐type allergy to components of the prostheses. It shows that sensitization to cobalt, nickel and chromate, and to methacrylate, can develop as a result of such implantation. Loosening did not occur in any of the cases of possible sensitization. Evidence of allergy to prosthetic components was not found in any of the 10 cases of loosening.
Symbol error rate analysis in multiuser underlay cognitive radio systems

We consider an underlay cognitive radio system consisting of a secondary transmitter (ST), K secondary receivers (SRs) and a primary receiver (PR). Data transmission is granted to the ST under the constraint that the generated peak interference to the PR is below a predetermined interference temperature level. Assuming that the ST can adaptively adjust its transmit power according to the fading state of the channel, our objective is to analyze the link reliability in terms of the symbol error rate (SER). In particular, we derive the exact SER expressions under the assumption that opportunistic scheduling is applied at the ST, where the SR with the highest channel gain is exclusively selected for data transmission. Numerical simulations are performed to verify the obtained SER expressions. Our results show that there exists an error floor region due to the interference constraint, i.e., the SER approaches to a certain constant as the allowed peak transmit power threshold increases. Moreover, we show that opportunistic scheduling can improve the SER performance under a fixed interference constraint.
Trends in use and safety of image-guided transthoracic needle biopsies in patients with cancer.

PURPOSE Image-guided transthoracic needle biopsy (IGTTNB) is an important tool in the diagnosis of patients with cancer. Common complications include pneumothorax and chest tube placement, with rates ranging from 6% to 57%. We performed a population-based study to determine patterns of use, complications, and costs associated with IGTTNB. METHODS The Premier Perspective database was used to identify patients with cancer with ≥ one claim for IGTTNB from 2006 to 2012. Patients were stratified on the basis of inpatient versus outpatient setting. Pneumothorax was defined by a new claim within 1 month of IGTTNB; hospitalization and chest tube placement rates were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors associated with pneumothorax. RESULTS We Identified 79,518 patients with cancer who underwent IGTTNB: 42,955 (54.0%) outpatients and 36,563 (46.0%) inpatients. Of patients who underwent outpatient IGTTNB, 5,261 (12.2%) developed a pneumothorax. Of those, 1,006 (19.1%, 2.3% of total) were hospitalized, and 180 (3.4%, 0.42% of total) required chest tubes. Pneumothorax after outpatient IGTTNB was associated with number of comorbidities, rural site, hospital bed size of more than 600, and biopsy of parenchymal as opposed to pleural lesions. Of patients who underwent inpatient IGTTNB, 7,830 (21.4%) developed a pneumothorax, and 2,894 (36.0%, 7.9% of total) required chest tube. Over time, total IGTTNB volume increased by 40.6%, and mean outpatient cost per procedure increased by 24.4%. CONCLUSION While pneumothorax was frequent in outpatients, rates of hospitalization and chest tube placement were low. As screening for lung cancer increases, we anticipate an increased need for IGTNBB. Patients can be reassured by the low rate of serious complications.
Sprachrhythmus bei bilingualen Sprechern

Il presente contributo analizza alcune caratteristiche temporali di due lingue appartenenti a classi ritmiche diverse: l'italiano (isosillabico) e il tedesco (isoaccentuale). In particolare, si esaminano tre gruppi di parlanti (nativi, non-nativi e bilingui), formulando per i parlanti bilingui due ipotesi contrastanti: i) essi mostrano in tutte e due le lingue un ritmo di tipo 'nativo'; ii) essi parlano con un ritmo 'intermedio' che riflette in ciascuna lingua le caratteristiche dell'altra lingua. I risultati emersi da tre metriche diverse (velocità di eloquio, variabilità delle durate di intervalli vocalici e percentuale degli intervalli sonori) indicano che i bilingui sembrano in effetti collocarsi tra i parlanti nativi e quelli non-nativi, ovvero in una posizione intermedia dello spazio ritmico.
Drug Dosing and Estimated Renal Function - Any Step Forward from Effersoe?

Drug dosing in accordance with the renal function is a long-standing challenge to clinicians. For many years it has been evident that in many clinical situations there is no easy way to correctly dose any drug that is mainly cleared by the kidneys. Despite the development of many formulas for estimating the glomerular filtration rate, they all have serious shortcomings. Much effort has been put in to develop estimation formulas to evaluate the renal function as an alternative to direct methods with the aim of safely dosing drugs that are mainly cleared by the kidneys. Both creatinine- and cystatin C-based formulas with additional clinical and biochemical parameters deduced from association studies with methods to measure the glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) have been developed. None of them have been good enough to perform safely in the wide range of situations in daily clinical praxis. Despite serious limitations, there has also been a tendency to use estimated GFR (eGFR) as a “hard” clinical endpoint in clinical studies. This has increased the risk of misinterpretation and has led to conclusions that are not necessarily supported by data. Finally, new methods of testing drug toxicity and the use of pharmacological support in order to fix the right doses are mentioned in this short overview of studies; possible problems that are encountered using eGFR instead of mGFR in the clinic and in research are also mentioned in this report.
Nucleoplasmic bridges are a sensitive measure of chromosome rearrangement in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay.

We have performed experiments using the WIL2-NS human B lymphoblastoid cell line and primary human lymphocytes to: (i). determine the importance of including measurements of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay; (ii). provide evidence that NPB originate from dicentric chromosomes and centric ring chromosomes. In addition, we describe theoretical models that explain how dicentric chromosomes and centric ring chromosomes may result in the formation of NPB at anaphase. The results with WIL2-NS showed that it was possible to distinguish genotoxic effects induced by different oxidizing agents in terms of the NPB/micronucleus frequency ratio. The results with lymphocytes indicated a strong correlation: (i). between NPB, centric ring chromosomes and dicentric chromosomes in metaphases (r > 0.93, P < 0.0001); (ii). between micronuclei (MNi), acentric chromosome fragments and acentric ring chromosomes (r > 0.93, P < 0.0001). The dose-response curves with gamma-rays were very similar for NPB, ring chromosomes and dicentric chromosomes, as were the dose-response curves for MNi, acentric rings and fragments. However, not all acentric chromosomes and dicentric chromosomes/centric rings were converted to MNi and NPB respectively, depending on the dose of radiation. Preliminary data, using FISH, suggest that NPB often represent DNA from a structural rearrangement involving only one or two homologous chromosomes. The results from this study validate the inclusion of NPB in the CBMN assay which provides a valuable measure of chromosome breakage/rearrangement that was otherwise not available in the micronucleus assay. The CBMN assay allows NPB measurement to be achieved reliably because inhibition of cytokinesis prevents the loss of NPB that would otherwise occur if cells were allowed to divide.
Decoding codes with the identifiable parent property

In order to provide copyright protection for digital contents, a distributor can place marks in each copy of a digital object. Placing different marks in different copies, makes each copy unique, and at the same time allows one to trace the source of an unauthorized distribution. This embedding mark technique, known as fingerprinting, was introduced by Wagner (1983). A problem arises when a group of dishonest users collude, compare their copies, and by changing the marks where their copies differ they create a new copy that conceals their identities. Codes with the "identifiable parent property" or IPP codes, provide means of traceability in the presence of a collusion attack. We present a new decoding algorithm for IPP codes, that can also be used to improve the performance of the Silverberg-Staddon-Walker (see Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT2001, 2001) IPP algorithms.
Comparison between implanted boron and phosphorus in silicon wafers.

The photoluminescence of self-interstitials in silicon produced by ion implantation is investigated. A range of annealing temperatures have been used to follow the evolution of these defects. The effect on the formation of these defects in the presence of B and P dopants is considered. As expected, boron is found to reduce the W-line. Phosphorous also reduces the luminescence but to a lesser extent.
Off-state stress degradation mechanism on advanced p-MOSFETs

Deep insights into the Off-State Stress (OSS) degradation mechanism on p-MOSFETs with High-K/Metal Gate technology are presented in this paper. Large subthreshold slope degradation, or positive Vth shift is observed in high, or low Vth devices, where both phenomena impact the off current degradation. The OSS degradation mechanism in pMOS is generated by (1) hot carrier generation close to the drain junction by impact ionization, then (2) hot electron injection into the oxide bulk defects, and (3) Si/oxide interface degradation. Both TCAD simulations and measurement with VGate-to-Drain modulation demonstrate the mechanism. The Vth shift in OSS is toward an opposite direction compared to CHC or BTI, which suggest a means to restore the Vth to the initial value after the OSS degradation.
Optimizing Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Patients with Severe β-Lactam Allergy

ABSTRACT Antibiotic selection is challenging in patients with severe β-lactam allergy due to declining reliability of alternate antibiotics. Organisms isolated from these patients may exhibit unique resistance phenotypes. The objective of this study was to determine which alternate antibiotics or combinations provide adequate empirical therapy for patients with β-lactam allergy who develop Gram-negative infections at our institution. We further sought to determine the effects of risk factors for drug resistance on empirical adequacy. A retrospective analysis was conducted for adult patients hospitalized from September 2009 to May 2010 who had a severe β-lactam allergy and a urine, blood, or respiratory culture positive for a Gram-negative organism and who met predefined criteria for infection. Patient characteristics, culture and susceptibility data, and predefined risk factors for antibiotic resistance were collected. Adequacies of β-lactam and alternate antibiotics were compared for all infections and selected subsets. The primary outcome was adequacy of each alternate antibiotic or combination for all infections. One hundred sixteen infections (40 pneumonias, 67 urinary tract infections, and 9 bacteremias) were identified. Single alternate agents were adequate less frequently than β-lactams and combination regimens. Only in cases without risk factors for resistance did single-agent regimens demonstrate acceptable adequacy rates; each factor conferred a doubling of risk for resistance. Resistance risk factors should be considered in selecting empirical antibiotics for Gram-negative pathogens in patients unable to take β-lactams due to severe allergy.
AUTOEVALUACION DE INDICADORES AGROECOLÓGICOS EN SISTEMAS VITICOLAS ORGANICOS DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE

En el Centro Sur, desde region Metropolitana al Maule, se concentra mas del 80% de sistemas vitivinicolas organicos de Chile. En este estudio se desarrollo una nueva metodologia de autoevaluacion de indicadores agroecologicos con un grupo de 30 viticultores entre 2012 y 2013. Comenzando con talleres participativos de obtencion de indicadores agroecologicos, obtenidos en base a la problematica de cada grupo de viticultores, relacionados a principios agroecologicos, para los referentes: Secano, Valle Reserva, Costa Interior y Valle Premium. Se determinaron 7 principios, se evaluaron 13 indicadores y 27 subindicadores agroecologicos por sistema, en terreno; cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Se determinaron rangos de evaluacion en funcion de cada referente con valores de 1 a 5; siendo 1 poco agroecologico y 5 muy agroecologico. Se realizo e implemento software de autoevaluacion multicriterial, para completacion on-line. Obteniendose como resultado graficas de ameba comparativas de indicadores agroecologicos promedios, evolucionando de nivel 3,2 a 3,5 del 2012 al 2013. Permitiendo generar un analisis multicriterial en tablas y graficas de barras de los agroecosistemas autoevaluados por los viticultores del estudio.
Neurotransmitter and Peptide Receptors on Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neurons a

The vestibular nuclei are the site of termination of most of the primary afferent inputs from the peripheral vestibular organs and play a central role in the processing of vestibular information. While a considerable amount is known about the inputoutput relations in these nuclei, less is known about the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in integration in these structures. The goal of the present studies is to contribute to this body of information by study of the medial vestibular nucleus of the rat, using isolated brain slices in which one can record from the neurons using either extraor intracellular techniques, iontophoretic application of substances suspected of having biologic activity, and bath perfusion of antagonist drugs. Several observations from this and previous studies are important in understanding the functioning of this nucleus, The neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus are all endogenous pacemakers, having an intrinsic rhythm which is modulated by excitatory or inhibitory synaptic inputs. It is relatively unusual for central nervous system (CNS) neurons to have such a regular pacemaker rhythm, but this property makes the neurons exquisitely sensitive to transmitter actions. The endogenous synaptic input from the eighth nerve is blocked by antagonists of the kainate/ quisqualate type of excitatory amino acid receptor, consistent with the conclusion that the transmitter is glutamate or a related excitatory amino acid. Finally, there are potent excitatory receptors for acetylcholine (muscarinic), opiate peptides (mu and delta), and the excitatory amino acids. There is an interaction between the opiate and muscarinic receptors on these neurons that has not been seen elsewhere in the nervous system, but the functional significance of this interaction remains to be elucidated.