Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frank-Wolfe Method is Automatically Adaptive to Error Bound Condition

Error bound condition has recently gained revived interest in optimization. It has been leveraged to derive faster convergence for many popular algorithms, including subgradient methods, proximal gradient method and accelerated proximal gradient method. However, it is still unclear whether the Frank-Wolfe (FW) method can enjoy faster convergence under error bound condition. In this short note, we give an affirmative answer to this question. We show that the FW method (with a line search for the step size) for optimization over a strongly convex set is automatically adaptive to the error bound condition of the problem. In particular, the iteration complexity of FW can be characterized by $O(\max(1/\epsilon^{1-\theta}, \log(1/\epsilon)))$ where $\theta\in[0,1]$ is a constant that characterizes the error bound condition. Our results imply that if the constrained set is characterized by a strongly convex function and the objective function can achieve a smaller value outside the considered domain, then the FW method enjoys a fast rate of $O(1/t^2)$.
The FAST “ Seizure-Prone ” Rat Strains ; As a Possible Animal Model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD )

The FAST ‘seizure-prone’ rat strain has been a valuable tool in the study epilepsy over the past decades, recently it has been suggested that these animals may also display the behavioral characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study seeks to provide evidence suggesting the FAST rats as a model for ADHD. In order to suggest any animal model a validation criterion must first be met. In the current study the validation of the suggested animal model is carried out through the development of a novel behavioral paradigm. The test was designed to encompass a measure for each of the defining characteristics of ADHD, that being inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The current study sought to accomplish two main goals a) provide evidence that shows the ADHD characteristics of the FAST rats and b) validate the behavioral test as a reliable measure for ADHD in an animal. The conclusions from the present study clearly display a higher activity level of the FAST rat when compared to the SLOW rats, however measures of attention failed to present any significant results. Furthermore, the tests of impulsivity were not performed as a result of the fact that the animals both FAST and SLOW failed to learn the task in a manner that would have allowed these measures to be realized. Although the presented data shows the hyperactive nature of the FAST rats, hyperactivity alone does not warrant a diagnosis of ADHD, the failure of the behavioral test to accurately assess the defining characteristics of ADHD suggests that further validation of the FAST rats as a model of ADHD requires the use of previously established measures of hyperactivity, inattention and hyperactivity. R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
Predictive and prognostic values of BubR 1 and synuclein-gamma expression in breast cancer

The aim of this study is to determine the expression level of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteinsBubR1 and synuclein-gamma (SNCG) in human breast cancer tissues and to test whether there is a relationship between their expression levels and clinicopathologic parameters including respons to taxanes, tumor grade, estrogen receptor (ER) pozitivity, HER2 status, and overall survival (OS). We analyzed retrospectively paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 55 breast cancer patients whose clinical outcomes had been tracked after taxane treatment in neoadjuvan and metastatic setting. The expression status of BubR1 and SNCG was defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the anti-BubR1 and anti-SNCG antibody. The BubR1 and SNCG was overexpressed in 38% and 62% of the study group, respectively. There was borderline significant correlation between low BubR1 expression and increased taxane sensitivity (P=0.05). In contrast, high SNCG expression was significantly associated with decreased taxane sensitivity (P=0.01). There was no association between the clinicopathologic parameters including histologic grade, ER positivity and HER2 status and the level of these proteins. However, triple negative tumors showed significantly more high BubR1 expression than those other molecular subtypes (P=0.04). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis failed to show a significant correlation between expression levels of BubR1 and SNCG and overall survival although patients with low levels of both proteins had a marginally longer survival time compared to those with high levels. In summary, our data suggest that both BubR1 and SNCG may be promising predictive marker rather than prognostic marker in patients with breast cancer.
Tax evasion and self-employment in a high-tax country: evidence from Sweden

Self-employed individuals have arguably greater opportunities than wage earners to underreport their incomes. This article uses recent Swedish income and expenditure data to examine the extent of underreporting of income among self-employed individuals. A key hypothesis is that underreporting of incomes among the self-employed would be visible in the data as ‘excess food consumption’, for a given level of observed income. Our results confirm the underreporting hypothesis. In particular, we estimate that households with at least one self-employed member underreport their total incomes by around 30%. Under-reporting appears to be much more prevalent among self-employed people with unincorporated businesses as among those with incorporated businesses.
ibro-C-Index : comprehensive , morphology-based uantification of liver fibrosis using second harmonic eneration and two-photon microscopy

Jagath C. Rajapakse National University of Singapore Computation and System Biology Program Singapore-MIT Alliance E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3 Singapore 117576 and Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Engineering Bioinformatics Research Center Singapore 639798 and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Biological Engineering 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Robust Document Retrieval and Individual Evidence Modeling for Fact Extraction and Verification.

This paper presents the ColumbiaNLP submission for the FEVER Workshop Shared Task. Our system is an end-to-end pipeline that extracts factual evidence from Wikipedia and infers a decision about the truthfulness of the claim based on the extracted evidence. Our pipeline achieves significant improvement over the baseline for all the components (Document Retrieval, Sentence Selection and Textual Entailment) both on the development set and the test set. Our team finished 6th out of 24 teams on the leader-board based on the preliminary results with a FEVER score of 49.06 on the blind test set compared to 27.45 of the baseline system.
The Origin of the Most Energetic Galactic Cosmic Rays: Supernova Explosions into Massive Star Plasma Winds

We propose that the high energy Cosmic Ray particles up to the upturn commonly called the ankle, from around the spectral turn-down commonly called the knee, mostly come from Blue Supergiant star explosions. At the upturn, i.e., the ankle, Cosmic Rays probably switch to another source class, most likely extragalactic sources. To show this we recently compiled a set of Radio Supernova data where we compute the magnetic field, shock speed and shock radius. This list included both Blue and Red Supergiant star explosions; both data show the same magnetic field strength for these two classes of stars despite very different wind densities and velocities. Using particle acceleration theory at shocks, those numbers can be transformed into characteristic ankle and knee energies. Without adjusting any free parameters both of these observed energies are directly indicated by the supernova data. In the next step in the argument, we use the Supernova Remnant data of the starburst galaxy M82. We apply this analysis to Blue Supergiant star explosions: The shock will race to their outer edge with a magnetic field that is observed to follow over several orders of magnitude B ( r ) × r ∼ c o n s t . , with in fact the same magnetic field strength for such stellar explosions in our Galaxy, and other galaxies including M82. The speed is observed to be ∼0.1 c out to about 10 16 cm radius in the plasma wind. The Supernova shock can run through the entire magnetic plasma wind region at full speed all the way out to the wind-shell, which is of order parsec scale in M82. We compare and identify the Cosmic Ray spectrum in other galaxies, in the starburst galaxy M82 and in our Galaxy with each other; we suggest how Blue Supergiant star explosions can provide the Cosmic Ray particles across the knee and up to the ankle energy range. The data from the ISS-CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment at the International Space Station) mission will test this cosmic ray concept which is reasonably well grounded in two independent radio supernova data sets. The next step in developing our understanding will be to obtain future more accurate Cosmic Ray data near to the knee, and to use unstable isotopes of Cosmic Ray nuclei at high energy to probe the “piston” driving the explosion. We plan to incorporate these data with the physics of the budding black hole which is probably forming in each of these stars.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY AND BACKGROUND ORIENTED SCHLIEREN MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Flow around cylinders has been investigated experimentally for a long time and has a very broad literature. The main objective of the present experimental investigation is to determine the temperature- and velocity field around a heated cylinder for the case of low Reynolds number and forced convection. The present experiments were also carried out in a wind tunnel using PIV and BOS systems. Detailed information about measurement systems and first results are presented in this study.
Europäische Bauwirtschaft bleibt bis 2021 auf Expansionskurs – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der EUROCONSTRUCT-Winterkonferenz 2018

Nach den aktuellen Analysen der Experten aus den 19 Mitgliedslandern des EUROCONSTRUCT-Netzwerks sind die Bauleistungen im vergangenen Jahr im Gesamtgebiet abermals kraftig gestiegen. Allerdings fiel das Wachstum mit knapp 3% deutlich geringer aus als 2017. Damals wurden die Bauaktivitaten noch um mehr als 4% ausgeweitet. Bis zum Ende des Prognosezeitraums durften sich die jahrlichen Zuwachsraten weiter sukzessive verringern. Mit einer Rate von weniger als 1½% wird die Bauproduktion im Jahr 2021 zwar nur noch in moderatem Tempo expandieren. Gleichzeitig ist jedoch fur 15 der insgesamt 19 Mitgliedslander von einer weiteren Zunahme der Bautatigkeit auszugehen. Wahrend der Hochbau inzwischen erheblich langsamer wachst als noch in den Jahren 2016 und 2017, hat der Tiefbausektor 2018 betrachtlich Fahrt aufgenommen. Auch im laufenden Jahr wird sich das Tiefbauvolumen wohl kraftig erhohen. Uber die gesamte Prognoseperiode bis 2021 durfte dieses Teilsegment die bei weitem hochsten Zuwachsraten aufweisen. Der Wohnungsneubau, der im Funfjahreszeitraum 2014 bis 2018 um insgesamt ein Drittel zulegen konnte, durfte dagegen ab 2020 kaum noch wachsen. Fur 2019 wird der vorerst letzte grosere Anstieg der Wohnungsfertigstellungen erwartet.
Effects of Age on the Subjective Presence Experience in Virtual Reality

The subjective “sense of being there”, otherwise known as presence experience in virtual reality (VR), plays an important role in VR research. However, inter-individual differences in the presence experience are not well examined yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of age on the subjective presence experience in VR. Therefore, we combined the results of four different VR studies, in which the presence experience of young and older people was assessed while interacting in immersive virtual environments. Age was negatively correlated with the presence experience in VR in young (18-28 years) as well as in older (4580 years) participants indicating that there is a strong relationship between interindividual difference such as age and presence experience in VR. Hence, as age increases, the intensity of the “sense of being” in VR decreases. The effects of age on the presence experience in VR might be caused by various factors such as personality, immersive tendencies, experience with computer technique, computer anxiety, or physiological and cognitive declines with age. Furthermore, the relationship between age and presence disappeared when the setting of the measurement changed. No correlation between age and presence was found when the participants’ brain activation was assessed using neurophysiological methods while interacting in VR. Conducting additional neurophysiological measurements, which are unrelated to the VR scenario, might hamper deep immersion in VR. Consequently, the real world around the VR user cannot be neglected easily any more.
Which Governance Mechanisms Promote Efficiency in Reaching Poor Clients? Evidence from Rated Microfinance Institutions

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of several governance mechanisms on microfinance institutions' (MFI) performance. We first define performance as efficiency in reaching many poor clients. Following the literature on efficiency in banks, we estimate a stochastic cost frontier and measure output by the number of clients. Therefore, we capture the cost minimisation goal and the goal of serving many poor clients, both of which are pursued by MFIs. We next explore the impact of measurable governance mechanisms on the individual efficiency coefficients. The results show that efficiency increases with a board size of up to nine members and decreases after that. MFIs in which the CEO chairs the board and those with a larger proportion of insiders are less efficient. The evidence also suggests that donors' presence on the board is not beneficial. We do not find consistent evidence for the effect of competition, and we find weak evidence that MFIs in countries with mature regulatory environments reach fewer clients, while MFIs regulated by an independent banking authority are more efficient.
Cardiovascular Function and Ballistocardiogram: A Relationship Interpreted via Mathematical Modeling

Objective: To develop quantitative methods for the clinical interpretation of the ballistocardiogram (BCG). Methods: A closed-loop mathematical model of the cardiovascular system is proposed to theoretically simulate the mechanisms generating the BCG signal, which is then compared with the signal acquired via accelerometry on a suspended bed. Results: Simulated arterial pressure waveforms and ventricular functions are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with those reported in the clinical literature. Simulated BCG signals exhibit the typical I, J, K, L, M, and N peaks and show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. Simulated BCG signals associated with reduced contractility and increased stiffness of the left ventricle exhibit different changes that are characteristic of the specific pathological condition. Conclusion: The proposed closed-loop model captures the predominant features of BCG signals and can predict pathological changes on the basis of fundamental mechanisms in cardiovascular physiology. Significance: This paper provides a quantitative framework for the clinical interpretation of BCG signals and the optimization of BCG sensing devices. The present paper considers an average human body and can potentially be extended to include variability among individuals.
KINEMATICS AND EXCITATION OF THE RAM PRESSURE STRIPPED IONIZED GAS FILAMENTS IN THE COMA CLUSTER OF GALAXIES

We present the results of deep imaging and spectroscopic observations of very extended ionized gas (EIG) around four member galaxies of the Coma Cluster of galaxies: RB 199, IC 4040, GMP 2923, and GMP 3071. The EIGs were serendipitously found in an Hα narrowband imaging survey of the central region of the Coma Cluster. The relative radial velocities of the EIGs with respect to the systemic velocities of the parent galaxies from which they emanate increase almost monotonically with the distance from the nucleus of the respective galaxies, reaching ∼ − 400 to − 800 km s−1 at around 40–80 kpc from the galaxies. The one-sided morphologies and the velocity fields of the EIGs are consistent with the predictions of numerical simulations of ram pressure stripping. We found a very low velocity filament (vrel ∼ −1300 km s−1) at the southeastern edge of the disk of IC 4040. Some bright compact knots in the EIGs of RB 199 and IC 4040 exhibit blue continuum and strong Hα emission. The equivalent widths of the Hα emission exceed 200 Å and are greater than 1000 Å for some knots. The emission-line intensity ratios of the knots are basically consistent with those of sub-solar abundance H ii regions. These facts indicate that intensive star formation occurs in the knots. Some filaments, including the low-velocity filament of the IC 4040 EIG, exhibit shock-like emission-line spectra, suggesting that shock heating plays an important role in ionization and excitation of the EIGs.
Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-Terminal VSC-Based HVDC after a Converter Outage: DC Control Strategy

aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of DC-voltage control strategy on the dynamic behaviour of multi-terminal Voltage-Source Converter (VSC)-Based HVDC after a converter outage. In this paper, two dc voltage control strategies are considered: (i) standard voltage margin method (SVMM) and (ii) standard voltage-droop method (SVDM). The impact is evaluated in this paper using time-domain simulations on a simple test system using DIgSILENT ® PowerFactory TM considering a sudden disconnection of a converter-station. Simulation results demonstrate how important is the dc-voltage control strategy and the location/number of dc-buses involved in the dc-voltage on the dynamic response of the MTDC systems. The voltage margin control is capable of surviving a converter outage just if this converter is operating in constant power mode.
Trace Fossils and Ichnofabric in Leg 119 Cores

Trace fossils and ichnofabric were examined from cores of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary age recovered from the Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean. Nearly all of the strata are completely bioturbated, with ichnofabric index 6 most commonly recorded. Preserved discrete trace fossils include Chondrites, Planolites, Zoophycos, and Thalassinoides. A continuous Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section preserved at ODP Site 738 occurs within a 15-cm-thick interval of laminated sediments. The lack of bioturbation indicates the disappearance of bioturbating organisms from the seafloor, possibly as a result of the same factors that caused the mass extinction or changes in other environmental conditions—most probably, bottom-water oxygen concentrations.
Time‐dependent transport in heterogeneous formations of bimodal structures: 1. The model

Flow of uniform mean velocity U takes place in a heterogeneous medium made up from a matrix of conductivity K0 and inclusions of a different conductivity K. The inclusions of given shape are implanted at random and independently in the medium, without overlapping. The aim of the study is to derive simple, approximate solutions of advective transport of solutes in such heterogeneous formations for arbitrary permeability ratio κ = K/K0 and inclusions volume fraction n. Transport is characterized by the spatial moments, which in turn are equal to the one particle trajectory statistical moments for ergodic plumes. The flow and transport problems are solved for isotropic media, for circular (2D) and spherical (3D) inclusions by using the model of composite inclusions of Hashin and Shtrikman [1962]. The results tend to the dilute limit analyzed in the past by Eames and Bush [1999] for n = o(1). Asymptotic, analytical results are derived for weak heterogeneity (κ ≃ 1); they coincide with those of Rubin [1995] for a similar structure. Similarly, simple asymptotic expressions of the macrodispersivity are derived for low‐permeability inclusions, κ = o(1). The theoretical developments are applied to effectively computing trajectories moments in part 2 [Fiori and Dagan, 2003].
Coping with urban floods: a special decision-support system to improve resilience

In a context of over-urbanisation and global warming, urban floods have increased in intensity and probability. Cities have to adapt themselves to climate change by developing new urban strategies to better integrate flood risk and urban development. After the attacks of 11 September 2001, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the major accident of Fukushima in 2011, scientists, managers and politicians have been focusing on the concept of resilience as a new paradigm for implementing integrated risk management plans. In policy, economics, urban planning, architecture and scientific research, the aim is to make urban systems simultaneously less vulnerable and more resilient to climate-related disasters, while addressing the long-term challenges of sustainability and quality of life. This concept is referring to the ability of a system to keep its own variables despite disturbances. Nevertheless, despite the increasing use of this concept, very few concrete actions have been made, probably because cities are too complex systems to modify. The objective of this research is therefore to (re)working on the operationalization of resilience by defining new objectives and actions. To do this, this study is building up a tool facilitating understanding of this notion, and especially its integration into management and planning policies, at the crossroads of urban, technical and social resilience. We are developing a decision-support system with our partner: Avignon city council (France), to measure current resilience. By designing resilience indicators, we are helping Avignon to increase knowledge on its territory, to understand resilience and to build a strategy to improve urban capacities to face to floods. Preliminary results show precisely the components accentuating or diminishing resilience.
Laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of molecules analyzed using optical Bloch equations and the Fokker-Planck-Kramers equation

We study theoretically the behavior of laser-cooled calcium monofluoride (CaF) molecules in an optical molasses and magneto-optical trap (MOT), and compare our results to recent experiments. We use multi-level optical Bloch equations to estimate the force and the diffusion constant, followed by a Fokker-Planck-Kramers equation to calculate the time-evolution of the velocity distribution. The calculations are done in three-dimensions, and we include all the relevant energy levels of the molecule and all the relevant frequency components of the light. Similar to simpler model systems, the velocity-dependent force curve exhibits Doppler and polarization-gradient forces of opposite signs. We show that the temperature of the MOT is governed mainly by the balance of these two forces. Our calculated MOT temperatures and photon scattering rates are in broad agreement with those measured experimentally over a wide range of parameters. In a blue-detuned molasses, the temperature is determined by the balance of polarization gradient cooling, and heating due to momentum diffusion, with no significant contribution from Doppler heating. In the molasses, we calculate a damping rate similar to the measured one, and steady-state temperatures that have the same dependence on laser intensity and applied magnetic field as measured experimentally, but are consistently a few times smaller than measured. We attribute the higher temperatures in the experiments to fluctuations of the dipole force which are not captured by our model. We show that the photon scattering rate is strongly influenced by the presence of dark states in the system, but that the scattering rate does not go to zero even for stationary molecules because of the transient nature of the dark states.