Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products

The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.
Reduced Order LQG Control Design for Infinite Dimensional Port Hamiltonian Systems

This article proposes a method that combines linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control design and structure preserving model reduction for the reduced order control of infinite dimensional port Hamiltonian systems (IDPHS). For that purpose the weighting operators used in LQG control design are chosen such that the resulting dynamic controller is passive and the closed-loop system equivalent to control by interconnection. The method of Petrov–Galerkin is then used to approximate the balanced realization of the IDPHS by a finite dimensional port Hamiltonian system and to provide the associated reduced order LQG controller. The main advantages of the proposed method are that, first, both control and reduction are driven by closed-loop performances and that, second, due to the passivity properties of the controller the closed-loop stability is guaranteed when the finite dimensional controller is applied to the infinite dimensional system.
Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders: a review

A review of the literature showed that spider abundance was increased by diversification in 63% of studies. A comparison of diversification modes showed that spider abundance in the crop was increased in 33% of studies by ‘aggregated diversification’ (e.g. intercropping and non‐crop strips) and in 80% of studies by ‘interspersed diversification’ (e.g., undersowing, partial weediness, mulching and reduced tillage). It is suggested that spiders tend to remain in diversified patches and that extending the diversification throughout the whole crop (as in interspersed diversification) offers the best prospects for improving pest control. There is little evidence that spiders walk in significant numbers into fields from uncultivated field edges, but diversification at the landscape level serves to foster large multi‐species regional populations of spiders which are valuable as a source of aerial immigrants into newly planted crops. There are very few manipulative field studies where the impact of spiders on pests has been measured in diversified crops compared with undiversified controls. It is encouraging, however, that in those few studies an increased spider density resulted in improved pest control. Future work needs are identified.
Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Control of Stream Periphyton: Effects of Nutrients and Herbivores

We conducted two experiments to determine the relative effects of herbivory and nutrients on an algal community in Walker Branch, a stream having effectively two trophic levels: primary producers and herbivorous snails. The first study (1989), performed in streamside channels, tested the effects of three factors: (1) stream water nitrogen (N), (2) phosphorus (P), and (3) snail grazing, on periphyton biomass, productivity, and community composition. The second study (1990), conducted in situ, tested the effects of snail grazing and nutrients (N + P). In the 1989 study, nutrients had positive effects, and herbivores had negative effects, on algal biomass (chlorophyll a, ash-free dry mass, total algal biovol? ume) and primary productivity (area- and chlorophyll-specific). Likewise, both nutrients and snail grazing exerted effects (+ and -, respectively) on biomass measured in the 1990 study (chlorophyll a, algal biovolume). Grazed communities were dominated by chloro- phytes and cyanophytes, which were overgrown by diatoms when herbivores were removed. Algal species that were reduced most by herbivores were increased most by nutrient ad? dition, and vice versa, suggesting a trade-off between resistance to herbivory and nutrient- saturated growth rates. Increases in algal biomass and productivity were slight with the addition of either N or P compared to responses observed when both nutrients were added together, suggesting that both nutrients were at growth-limiting levels. The greatest changes in periphyton structure or function were observed when both nutrients were added and simultaneously, grazers were removed, in contrast to lesser effects when nutrients were added under grazed conditions or grazers were removed at low nutrient levels, indicating dual control by both factors. Nutrient addition also positively affected snail growth in both experiments, indicating tight coupling between herbivore and algal growth (top-down ef? fects) and that bottom-up factors that directly affected plant growth could also indirectly affect consumers belonging to higher trophic levels. Indices quantifying the direct effects of top-down factors relative to bottom-up factors (top-down index, TDI) and the importance of interactions between these factors (interaction coefficient, IC) were computed. These indices showed that the relative strength of top-down and bottom-up factors varied among biomass and productivity parameters and that top-down and bottom-up effects, alone, were less important than their combined effects.
Effect of Dietary Protein Levels and Soybean Oil Supplementation on Broiler Performance

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different protein and soybean oil levels on broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day old broiler chicks of a commercial breed (Ross 308) from both sex with equal ratio were placed in 32 pens, fifteen in each pen. Treatments were included soybean oil at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% levels and crude protein levels were NRC (1994) recommendation and 10 percent more than NRC recommendation (NRC × 1.10). Each treatment replicated four times. Inclusion of soybean oil in diet had no significant effect on feed intake in chicks in NRC protein level. Feeding high protein diet resulted to more feed intake than NRC. Increasing diet protein up to 10 % more than NRC recommendation could not improve body weight gain in broiler chickens except for 7-21d old chicks that fed a diet containing no soybean oil and high protein level that resulted to highest weight gain. In 7-21 d old chicks feeding a diet with 2.5% soybean oil and a protein level 10% more than NRC recommendation resulted to lowest feed conversion ratio. Feeding different levels of soybean oil and protein had no effect of carcass, pancreas, intestine and preventriculus weight. Lowest abdominal fat was observed in chicks fed with a diet containing 7.5% soybean oil with NRC recommendation protein level. In chickens that fed with higher protein level, fat supplementation resulted to an increase in plasma triglyceride.
Caracterização das condições de microssítio de áreas em restauração com diferentes idades

Os microssitios de regeneracao sao caracterizados por diversas combinacoes de atributos que representam condicoes que influenciam a germinacao de sementes e o estabelecimento de plântulas. O conhecimento desses atributos pode contribuir para a determinacao de metodologias adequadas de manejo, visando ao restabelecimento dos processos ecologicos nas areas em processo de restauracao. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e diferenciar as condicoes fisico-quimicas de microssitios de regeneracao de areas em processo de restauracao florestal, visando identificar possiveis limitacoes fisicas e quimicas ao estabelecimento de especies arboreas nativas no sub-bosque. O estudo foi desenvolvido em reflorestamentos de especies nativas com diferentes idades (10, 22 e 55 anos). Foi realizada a avaliacao do grau de compactacao, porosidade, umidade, conteudo de materia orgânica e nutrientes e granulometria do solo, bem como a massa de materia seca de serapilheira e a cobertura do dossel de cada area de estudo. Houve aumento da cobertura do dossel, da porosidade, da umidade, do conteudo de argila, da materia orgânica e de outros nutrientes, e uma diminuicao da compactacao do solo, com o aumento da idade da restauracao. Assim, conclui-se que, com a evolucao da restauracao, as condicoes de microssitio de regeneracao estao se assemelhando gradativamente as presentes nos ecossistemas de referencia, sendo este um aspecto positivo para que o recrutamento de especies nativas seja favorecido ao longo do tempo.
A vegetation map of Central Africa derived from satellite imagery

Aim This paper presents the Joint Research Centre's TREES Project satellite derived Vegetation Map of Central Africa, at 1:5,000,000 scale, with a detailed description of the vegetation classes and their distribution. The information content of the map is compared with other conventional and satellite derived maps of the region for validation and evaluation purposes.
Wideband Millimeter-Wave Dual-Mode Dual Circularly Polarized OAM Antenna Using Sequentially Rotated Feeding Technique

In this letter, a 2 × 2 wideband bidirectional dual circularly polarized (CP) orbital angular momentum (OAM) antenna array at millimeter-wave frequency is presented, which can be used to generate dual mode simultaneously by the sequential rotation feeding method. The proposed antenna array is composed of four bidirectional radiating dual CP elements that rotate 90° sequentially to each other in the clockwise direction. The antenna element structure consists of two metasurface patch layers that are loaded on the bidirectional cavity-back slot antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide technology. Results indicate that the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) with a mode lOAM = −1 in the +z-direction and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) with a mode lOAM = +1 in the −z-direction, over a wide impedance (S11 < 10 dB) and 3 dB axial-ratio relative bandwidth of 32.3% from 26 to 36 GHz. An acceptable agreement has been achieved with the comparison between the measurement and simulation results. The proposed antenna provides a method of generating multimode OAM beams for wideband millimeter-wave wireless communication applications.
Probing the mechanisms of the yellow vine syndrome development in the American cranberry: shade effect.

Yellow vine symptoms are often observed in cranberry bogs. To explore the mechanisms of the formation of yellow vine syndrome in cranberry leaves, the shade effect on the chlorophyll (Chl) content and photosynthetic activities in cranberry bogs were investigated by spectrometric, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and in vivo Chl fluorescence kinetics. Spectrometric and HPLC analyses revealed that the yellow vine leaves were associated with a 11% ± 5% and 14% ± 5% increase in Chl a/ Chlbratio after shading,respectively.The Chla/Chlbratio wasthe same inboth types of leaves, suggesting the photosystem (PS) II organization remains invariant. The rise in chlorophyll content suggested that the number of reaction sites on PS II is increased in the shaded yellow vine leaves. The results of in vivo chlorophyllfluorescence analysis also indicated that the electron transport chain in the PS II is enhanced and that the size of the quinone pool is increased. In addition, the overall photosynthesis index is drastically improved by shading. These three lines of evidence imply that the shading of cranberry plants appeared to reduce the syndrome by improving the photosynthetic activity and increasing the chlorophyll content. The techniques presented here may be valuable for characterizing variations of plants by stress or disease.
Kv1.5-Kvβ Interactions: Molecular Determinants and Pharmacological Consequences

Kv1.5 channels are homotetramers of α-pore subunits mainly present in human atrium and pulmonary vasculature. Thus, Kv1.5 is a pharmacological target for cardiovascular diseases. Kvβ1. 3 assemblies with Kvα1. 5 and modifies its gating and pharmacology. A further knowledge of α-β interactions and pharmacology will lead a better design of new drugs.
A mini review fermentation and preservation: role of Lactic Acid Bacteria

LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) has very big importance industrially and is used for milk preservation, fermentation and cheese, yogurt, and kefir and butter milk. Species from the Gram Positive bacteria group are used which includes the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Pediococcus. They can be recognized from their fermentative ability and they are enriching nutrients, improving organoleptic attributes, improving food safety and also provide health benefits.1‒4
Wall ultrastructure and cytochemistry and the longevity of pollen of three grass species

The ultrastructures and cytochemistry of pollen grains with different longevities of three grass species, rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and pennisetum (Pennisetum alopecuroides Spreng.), were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The pollen wall of rice is the thinnest and that of pennisetum the thickest. The exine of rice pollen grains is loose and porous with communication channels, or microchannels, and thick columellae, but that of pennisetum pollen grains is very dense and nearly without microchannels and columellae. The tectum of pennisetum pollen wall is also the thickest of the three species. In the pollen walls of rice and maize, the microchannels traverse the tectum and foot layer. The exinous microchannels are slightly more abundant in rice pollen wall than in pennisetum pollen wall and the intines of the pollen walls of rice and pennisetum have higher electron densities than that of maize. In rice pollen wall glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are located in the exine, mainly on the surface, along the microchannels and in the spaces between columellae, and in the intine. However, they occur mainly in the intine of maize pollen wall and on the surface of pennisetum pollen wall. Under natural conditions, rice’s thinnest pollen wall with richer exinous microchannels, G6PD and SDH, appears to be related to the short life of the pollen grains, while the opposite characteristics of pennisetum pollen grains are associated with greater longevity.
Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment, Root Restriction, Photosynthesis, and Dry-matter Partitioning in Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Crops

Bruce SchafferTropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,18905 S.W. 280 Street, Homestead, Florida 33031Anthony W. WhileyMaroochy Research Station, Centre for Subtropical Fruit, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Department ofPrimary Industries, P.O. Box 5083 S.C. M.C. , Nambour 4560, Queensland, AustraliaChristopher SearleBundaberg Research Station, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Ashfield Road,Kalkie 4670, Australia
ON CIRCULATION, PHOSPHATE‐PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, AND ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES IN THE UPPER PART OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN1

The circulation of the Pacific Ocean may be considered to consist of two high-latitude cyclonic gyres, two subtropical anticyclonic gyres, and a series of subequatorial zonal flows in alternate directions. The phosphate-phosphorus at the surface is related to the surface divergence and is high in the cyclones, low in the anticyclones, and high in regions of coastal and equatorial upwelling. The PO4-P at 100 m is related to the depth of the pycnocline and is also high in the cyclones and low in the anticyclones, and high at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. The zooplankton volume is distributed very much as is the PO4-P, particularly that at 100 m. It is also low in the anticyclones and high in the cyclones, at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. At the center of the subarctic cyclone, however, zooplankton is only moderate, but PO4-P concentration is high both at the surface and at 100 m. It is suggested that the surface divergence is too rapid for zooplankton to accumulate in the center of the cyclone, even though reproduction and growth may be prolific. In the California Current zooplankton volume appears to vary inversely with temperature, and an area of minimum volume and maximum temperature is found near the tip of Baja California. It is speculated that this indicates a change from subarctic to subequatorial species. This, and the close relation of the plankton volume to the system of gyres, suggests that the gyres may represent the principal plankton communities.
Extrapair paternity and egg hatchability in tree swallows: evidence for the genetic compatibility hypothesis?

Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) show one of the highest levels of extrapair paternity in birds, and there is evidence that females have control over who fathers their offspring. However, it is unclear which benefits female tree swallows obtain from mating with multiple males. Using microsatellite DNA fingerprinting, we studied extrapair paternity in relation to nesting success and male, female, and offspring characteristics. More than 70% of all nests contained extrapair young, and more than half of all offspring were extrapair. Within broods, the extrapair young were often fathered by several males. Despite screening all resident and some floater males, we could identify the biological father of only 21% of all extrapair offspring. All identified extrapair males were close neighbors. Extrapair males did not differ from within-pair males in any of the measured characteristics, except that the former had larger cloacal protuberances than the latter. Extrapair males were equally successful in gaining paternity in their own broods as males that did not father extra young. In nests with mixed paternity, extrapair young did not differ from within-pair young in body size or mass. However, nests with extrapair young had higher hatching success than nests without extrapair young. All examined unhatched eggs were fertilized and thus hatch failure resulted from embryo mortality. The available data are in accordance with the genetic diversity and the genetic compatibility hypothesis, but not with the good genes hypothesis. Key words: extrapair fertilization, genetic compatibility, genetic diversity, good genes, microsatellite DNA fingerprinting, multiple paternity, Tachycineta bicolor, tree swallows. [Behav Ecol 10:304‐311 (1999)]
Colonization preference of Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula in transgenic cotton varieties, peanut, and soybean

Producers of Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), in the southeastern USA face significant losses from highly polyphagous stink bug species. These problems may be exacerbated by crop rotation practices that often result in cotton, peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. , and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (both Fabaceae), growing in close proximity to one another. Because all of these crops are hosts for the major pest stink bug species in the region, we experimentally examined colonization preference of these species among the crops to clarify this aspect of their population dynamics. We planted peanut, soybean, Bt cotton, and glyphosate‐tolerant (RR) non‐Bt cotton at three sites over 3 years in replicated plots ranging from 192 to 1 323 m2 and calculated odds ratios for colonization of each crop for Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say) (both Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In four of five experiments, both E. servus and N. viridula preferred soybean significantly more often than Bt cotton, non‐Bt cotton, and peanut. Neither N. viridula nor E. servus showed any preference between non‐Bt and Bt cotton in any experiment. Both species had higher numbers in Bt and non‐Bt cotton relative to peanut; this was not significant for any single experiment, but analyses across all experiments indicated that N. viridula preferred Bt and non‐Bt cotton significantly more often than peanut. Our results suggest that soybean in the landscape may function as a sink for stink bug populations relative to nearby peanut and cotton when the soybean is in the reproductive stage of development. Stink bug preference for soybean may reduce pest pressure in near‐by crops, but population increases in soybean could lead to this crop functioning as a source for later‐season pest pressure in cotton.
Calcareous sponges from São Paulo State, Brazil (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) with the description of two new species

Calcareous sponges (Calcarea: Calcinea) are being described, for the first time, from São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of five species are described, two of which are new to science (Clathrina alcatraziensis sp. nov. and Leucascus roseus sp. nov.). The remaining three species have their distribution widened (Clathrina aurea, C. conifera and C. tetractina).
Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils - Effects of no-tillage

The long-term stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in tropical and temperate regions is mediated by soil biota (e.g. fungi, bacte- ria, roots and earthworms), soil structure (e.g. aggregation) and their interactions. On average, soil C turnover was twice as fast in tropical com- pared with temperate regions, but no major differences were observed in SOM quality between the two regions. Probably due to the soil mineralogy dominated by 1:1 clay minerals and oxides in tropical regions, we found a higher aggregate stability, but a lower correlation between C contents and aggregate stability in tropical soils. In addition, a smaller amount of C associated with clay and silt particles was observed in tro- pical versus temperate soils. In both tropical and temperate soils, a general increase in C levels (≈ 325 ± 113 kg C·ha -1 ·yr -1 ) was observed under no-tillage compared with conventional tillage. On average, in temperate soils under no-tillage, compared with conventional tillage, CH4 uptake (≈ 0.42 ± 0.10 kg C-CH4·ha -1 ·yr -1
Aerobic conversion of dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide by Methylophaga sulfidovorans: implications for modeling DMS conversion in a microbial mat

Methylophaga sulfidovorans is an obligately methylotrophic, DMS-oxidizing organism, isolated from microbial mat sediment. DMS and H2S, both present in marine microbial mats, can be used as energy sources by this organism. In batch cultures of M. sulfidovorans, sequential H2S and DMS utilization occurred. In energy-limited continuous cultures, with DMS, methanol and H2S as substrates, mixotrophic growth of M. sulfidovorans was observed, showing that at low concentrations these substrates can be used simultaneously. Oxygen and H2S uptake experiments showed that the critical concentration at which sulfide inhibition of DMS oxidation occurred was between 15 and 40 μmol l−1. Also in crude enrichments of DMS oxidizers a decrease of 50% in DMS-oxidizing capacity for about 200 μmol l−1 H2S was observed. The new physiological data obtained with the pure cultures of M. sulfidovorans were incorporated in a compartment model of a microbial mat and gave improved predictions of DMS profiles and DMS emissions from the mat, both when phototrophic activity is present (day) and when it is absent (night).