Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Problems of Comparability in the German Microcensus Over Time and the New DDI Version 3.0

Introduction The Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) was created as an international documentation specification to improve the access to and the analysis of social science data. The DDI can be seen as a reaction to a growing need for data documentation standards, brought about by the increased diffusion of quantitative data in the social sciences, because “[. ] accurate use of data depends on access to comprehensive, accurate documentation” (Blank/Rasmussen 2004, 310). Initiated by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), the ongoing development of the standard is carried out by the membership-based DDI Alliance. The Alliance is developing the DDI specification, which is written in XML.1 At present, a new version of DDI, whose new possibilities have been discussed at the 2006 IASSIST conference2, is under review. As a contribution to this discussion, the paper will point out an example of use for the new DDI Version 3.0, with emphasis on the new grouping model. The German Microdata Lab at the Centre for Survey Research and Methodology in Mannheim prepares documentation for official data for the scientific community. The documentation of the German Microcensus refers to the DDI standard Version 2.1. As an annually-repeated survey, the German Microcensus contains some changes over time that must be documented. However, one of the biggest limitations of the second version of DDI is the lack of the capacity for documenting repeated surveys. The DDI 2.1 documentation pertains only to a single survey, without an option for recording changes over time in repeated surveys.
Dynamics of MAL2 During Glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐Anchored Protein Transcytotic Transport to the Apical Surface of Hepatoma HepG2 Cells

Delivery of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins to the apical surface takes place by transcytosis in hepatocytes and also probably in epithelial Madin–Darby canine cells. The integral protein MAL2 was demonstrated to be essential for basolateral‐to‐apical transcytosis in hepatoma HepG2 cells. Reduction of endogenous MAL2 levels impedes cargo delivery to the apical membrane, but, paradoxically, cargo does not accumulate in the subapical compartment where MAL2 predominantly resides but in distant endosome elements. To understand how transcytosis can be apparently mediated at a distance, we have analyzed the dynamics of machinery and cargo by live‐cell imaging of MAL2 and transcytosing CD59, a GPI‐anchored protein, in HepG2 cells. MAL2 was revealed as being a highly dynamic protein. Soon after basolateral endocytosis of CD59, a fraction of MAL2 redistributed into peripheral vesicular clusters that concentrated CD59 and that were accessible to transferrin (Tf) receptor, a basolateral recycling protein. Following Tf receptor segregation, the clusters fused in a MAL2+globular structure and moved toward the apical surface for CD59 delivery. All these processes were impaired in cells with reduced MAL2 content. Other GPI‐anchored proteins examined behave similarly. As MAL2 is expressed by many types of epithelia, the sorting events described herein are probably of quite general utility.
Unusual Mott transition in multiferroic PbCrO3

Significance Understanding of the insulator–metal Mott transition in correlated systems has been one of the central themes in condensed-matter physics for more than half a century. The original Mott concept of a transition mechanism has been proposed in terms of the screening of Coulomb potential at high pressures, which, however, has not yet been experimentally validated. Such a scenario, for the first time to our knowledge, is unveiled in multiferroic PbCrO3 with collapse of both the volume and Coulomb potential at high pressures, which is associated with atomic ferroelectric distortion. In addition, Mott critical behaviors, magnetic and ferroelectric properties, and the isostructural phase transition of this material are also explored. Findings in this work are fundamentally and technologically important for the study of correlated systems. The Mott insulator in correlated electron systems arises from classical Coulomb repulsion between carriers to provide a powerful force for electron localization. Turning such an insulator into a metal, the so-called Mott transition, is commonly achieved by “bandwidth” control or “band filling. ” However, both mechanisms deviate from the original concept of Mott, which attributes such a transition to the screening of Coulomb potential and associated lattice contraction. Here, we report a pressure-induced isostructural Mott transition in cubic perovskite PbCrO3. At the transition pressure of ∼3 GPa, PbCrO3 exhibits significant collapse in both lattice volume and Coulomb potential. Concurrent with the collapse, it transforms from a hybrid multiferroic insulator to a metal. For the first time to our knowledge, these findings validate the scenario conceived by Mott. Close to the Mott criticality at ∼300 K, fluctuations of the lattice and charge give rise to elastic anomalies and Laudau critical behaviors resembling the classic liquid–gas transition. The anomalously large lattice volume and Coulomb potential in the low-pressure insulating phase are largely associated with the ferroelectric distortion, which is substantially suppressed at high pressures, leading to the first-order phase transition without symmetry breaking.
Delayed versus immediate stenting for the treatment of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction with a high thrombus burden

ObjectivesHigh thrombus burden (HTB) is an independent predictor of no flow or low reflow during a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. This study aimed to compare immediate versus delayed stenting in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with HTB. MethodsIn this retrospective, nonrandomized study, a total of 103 consecutive STEMI patients with HTB (thrombus burden score, TBS≥3) were assigned to immediate stenting (IS group, n=50) or delayed stenting (DS group, n=53), a decision that was made at the discretion of the operators. The IS group received stent placement immediately, whereas the DS group was given enhanced antithrombotic therapies and deferred for stenting at least 7 days later. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow score (TIMIs) and myocardial blush grade (MBG) were assessed angiographically and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured echocardiographically. The major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was the composite of cardiac death, reinfarction, target vessel revascularization, heart failure, and major bleeding. ResultsThe DS group had better immediate MBG (P<0.001), higher LVEF at 6 months (P=0.044), and lower MACE rate at 1 year (log-rank P=0.008). Multiple logistic regression identified immediate stenting (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.1–26.6; P=0.002) and high TBS (odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1–6.5, P=0.034) as the independent predictors of poor myocardial perfusion. Delayed stenting benefited the male patients, those who were of a younger age, and those who had a larger infarction-related artery, higher TBS, or lower TIMIs in terms of MBG or MACE. Delayed stenting avoided stent implantation of the infarct-related artery in 12/53 (22.6%) patients particularly in the younger patients. ConclusionFor STEMI patients with HTB who have undergone initial thrombectomy, delayed stenting is safe and feasible, and may be associated with better immediate myocardial perfusion, more LV function recovery, and less occurrence of MACE at the 1-year follow-up.
A slot dipole antenna with polarization diversity for WLAN application

A slot dipole antenna with polarization diversity for wireless local area networks application is proposed. The proposed design has a very simple antenna structure. The two orthogonal polarizations of the proposed antenna are excited by the two modes of the coplanar waveguide feed, making the overall dimension compact. Details of the antenna design and simulation and measurement results are presented and discussed.
Distribution of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the basal ganglia of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

The distribution of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons was visualized in the basal ganglia of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), by using a highly specific antiserum raised against GABA‐glutaraldehyde‐lysyl‐protein conjugate and revealed by the indirect peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immuno‐histochemical method. In the dorsal striatum, GABA‐immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were small to medium in size (sectional area ranging from 90 to 125 μm2), but some larger ones (500‐600 μm2) were also found. These cells displayed no obvious clustering but were significantly more numerous in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen; their number was also markedly greater at caudal than at rostra1 striatal levels. A moderate number of evenly distributed positive axon terminals were visible in both the caudate nucleus and the putamen. In the ventral striatum, GABA‐immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and axon terminals were seen in fair number within the nucleus accumbens and in the deep layers of the olfactory tubercle. Many positive terminals but no somata were found in the islands of Calleja. In the globus pallidus, virtually all nerve cell bodies were GABA‐immunoreactive and the neuropil exhibited a multitude of positive terminals. In the Substantia innominata, clusters of small, globular GABA‐immunoreactive somata were scattered among aggregates of larger, nonimmunoreactive neurons belonging to the nucleus basalis, and the whole region showed a low to moderate number of evenly spread GABA‐positive terminals. In the subtha‐lamic nucleus, nerve cell bodies were generally surrounded by several GABA‐positive terminals but were not themselves immunoreactive. The substantianigra showed many GABA‐immunoreactive somata, which predominated in the pars lateralis and diminished progressively in number along the latero‐medial axis of the pars reticulata. These cells formed a rather pleomorphic group comprising round, fusiform, or polygonal elements of relatively large size (sectional area ranging from 200 to 800 μm2). In the pars compacta and ventral tegmental area, a few GABA‐immunoreactive neurons of small size were dispersed among larger, unreactive neurons. In both pars lateralis and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, the number of GABA‐positive termi‐nals was high and their distribution was rather uniform; a smaller number were visible in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and in the ventral tegmental area.
AN EVALUATION TO IDENTIFY THE BARRIERS TO THE FEASIBILITY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS: FIVE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN URBAN PLANNING IN IRAN

The rapid urbanization in many developing countries has indicated several challenges in different aspects. This is due to inefficient urban planning approaches towards managing the development process. Similar to many other developing countries, Iran has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. Although over the last few decades, urban planning processes have been applied to develop Iranian cities, urban planning has failed to tackle the challenges facing the cities. This paper seeks to identify the barriers that have prevented Iranian cities from achieving the goals of urban planning. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on the concept of urban planning and to assess the urban development plan process in Iranian cities. The required data were collected through a review of international theoretical studies, Iranian experimental research and governmental reports. The findings of this study reveal five major barriers to the feasibility of the urban planning process, including the urban plans context, structure of urban planning, related law and regulations, public participation, and financial resources.
Comparison of 4 Neutrophil‐Derived Proteins in Feces As Indicators of Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis

Background: To evaluate the diagnostic use of fecal concentrations of lactoferrin (Lf), calprotectin (Cal), polymorphonuclear neutrophil‐elastase (PMN‐e), and lysozyme (Lys) as indicators of disease activity in patients with active and inactive ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: A total of 76 fecal specimens were collected from 31 patients with UC in times of active and inactive status of disease. Disease activity was determined with the colitis activity index (CAI; Rachmilewitz index), which includes a combination of laboratory parameters and clinical symptoms, with a score of at least 6 indicating active disease. Fecal Lf, Cal, PMN‐e, and Lys were measured and reported as micrograms per milliliter feces. Levels of more than 7.25, more than 6.00, at least 0.062, and at least 0.6 for Lf, Cal, PMN‐e, and Lys, respectively, were considered elevated as specified by the manufacturers. Results: Based on the CAI classification, 25 of the samples were from patients with active disease status and 51 were from patients with inactive status. Lf, PMN‐e, and Cal but not Lys showed increased levels in samples from patients in active disease compared with those in remission (median for Lf: 28.12 ± 110.86 versus 179.54 ± 334.09, P < 0.001; median for Cal: 15.13 ± 30.27 versus 116.23 ± 182.29, P < 0.001; median for PMN‐e: 0.21 ± 0.44 versus 1.02 ± 0.89, P < 0.001; median for Lys: 1.54 ± 2.39 versus 3.75 ± 5.39, P > 0.05). All 4 parameters correlated with the CAI (Lf: r = 0.441, P < 0.001; Cal: r = 0.505, P < 0.001; PMN‐e: r = 0.604, P < 0.001; Lys: r = 0.295, P < 0.05). Introducing a composite index based on Lf, Cal, and PMN‐e, the specificity was 72.5% and the sensitivity 88% compared with the CAI. Conclusions: Among the neutrophil‐derived proteins in feces, PMN‐e, Cal, and Lf represent useful markers of disease activity in patients with UC. Using all 3 markers in a composite index may be an additional noninvasive tool for the management of ambulant patients with UC.
Surgical complications in irradiated patients.

Introduction In the past there have been numerous articles pertaining to surgical resections in tissue which had previously been irradiated. Prior to 1950, most articles written by surgeons stated that the complications attendant to operating in irradiated tissue were almost too high to justify the attempt. In later years, a more optimistic mood is noted in the literature, and surgeons have operated more frequently in irradiated tissues. The newer concept of combined therapy (irradiation followed by excision) for certain malignancies of the head and neck, as suggested by MacComb 1 and others, 2,3 has led to renewed interest in studies of complications attendant to surgery in irradiated tissues. Two years ago, the Section of Radiation Therapy, the University of Michigan, reported complication rates in 50 patients with head and neck carcinoma who were irradiated and then underwent surgery. Complication rates in these 50 patients were compared to and noted to
Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Cyclosporine A in Renal Allograft Recipients Shows a Quantitative Relationship Between Immunosuppression and the Occurrence of Recurrent Infections and Malignancies

Background. At present it is unclear which dose and consecutive blood levels of cyclosporine A (CsA) are optimal with respect to immunosuppressive efficacy and drug specific side effects at the level of individual patients. Several pharmacodynamic measures of CsA effects have been proposed, but have not become clinical routine yet. Besides the lack of practicability, the biological relevance of these assays has not been determined so far. Methods. Residual expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-regulated genes two hours after drug intake was used as molecular pharmacodynamic marker to assess CsA effects on lymphocytes and correlated with the frequency of recurrent infections and malignancies in patients with five or more years of follow-up posttransplantation. Results. Recurrent infectious complications were observed in 44% and malignancies in 20% of the 133 patients studied. Patients with a strong suppression of NFAT-regulated genes by CsA—as judged by a residual level of transcription of less than 15% after drug intake—develop more frequent infections (53% vs. 29%; P=0.005) and malignancies (22% vs. 4%; P=0.002). The lack of correlation between the incidence of these complications and CsA blood concentration might point to the interindividual differences in the sensitivity towards calcineurin inhibition. Conclusion. The data presented here reveal a clear relation between the frequency of infectious and malignant complications and the degree of suppression of NFAT-regulated genes by CsA in transplanted patients. Therefore, pharmacodynamic monitoring of CsA efficacy in transplanted patients might be a useful tool to adjust immunosuppressive therapy in individual patients.
Precooling can prevent the reduction of self-paced exercise intensity in the heat.

PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of precooling on performance and pacing during self-paced endurance cycling in the heat and, further, the effects of cooling on contractile function as a mechanism for performance changes. METHODS After familiarization, eight male cyclists performed two randomized 40-min time trials on a cycle ergometer in 33 degrees C. Before the time trials, participants underwent either a 20-min lower-body cold-water immersion procedure or no cooling intervention. Before and after the intervention and the time trial, voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)), superimposed force (SIF), evoked twitch force (peak twitch force (Pf)), muscle temperature, and blood metabolites were measured. Further, measures of core and skin temperature and HR were recorded before, during, and after cooling and time trial. RESULTS Results indicated that cycling performance was improved with precooling (198 +/- 25 vs 178 +/- 26 W for precooling and control, respectively; P = 0.05). Although core, muscle, skin, and mean body temperatures were lower in the cooling condition until the 20th minute (P < 0.05), performance did not differ until the last 10 min of the time trial, by which time no differences in physiological measures were present. Further, while MVC and SIF were reduced postexercise in both conditions, MVC, SIF, and Pf were not different between conditions preexercise or postexercise. CONCLUSION In conclusion, a precooling intervention improved self-paced endurance exercise; however, the improvement in performance became evident after measured physiological differences induced by precooling had dissipated. Further, the lack of difference between conditions in MVC, SIF, or Pf indicates that improvements in performance did not result from an improvement in contractile function, suggesting that improvements may result from other mechanisms such as muscle recruitment.
Self-organizing collective robots with morphogenesis in a vertical plane

This paper presents a novel concept of self-organizing collective robots with morphogenesis in a vertical plane. It is potentially applicable to autonomous mobile robots. For physical reconfiguration of a swarm of robots against gravity, new types of mechanisms and control strategies are proposed and demonstrated. Prototype robots have been fabricated in order to confirm the basic feasibility of the mechanisms. Each robot is composed of a body and a pair of arms. The body can be regarded as a cube with edge length of 90 mm, and is equipped with permanent magnets for bonding with another robot. The arms change the bonding configuration by rotating and sliding motions. As for the control strategies, we proposed the algorithms which can locally generate specific global formations of robots, with minimum interactions between neighboring robots. The overall scheme is similar to cellular automata. The control algorithms proposed have been tested by simulations.
A New Definition of Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities is a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic to the individual and presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction. Even though a learning disability may occur concomitantly with other handicapping conditions (e.g., sensory impairment, mental retardation, social and emotional disturbance) or environmental influences (e.g., cultural differences, insufficient/inappropriate instruction, psychogenic factors), it is not the direct result of those conditions or influences.
The Carotenase AtCCD1 from Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Dioxygenase*

Apocarotenoids resulting from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids serve as important signaling and accessory molecules in a variety of biological processes. The enzymes catalyzing these reactions are referred to as carotenases or carotenoid oxygenases. Whether they act according to a monooxygenase mechanism, requiring two oxygens from different sources, or a dioxygenase mechanism is still a topic of controversy. In this study, we utilized the readily available β-apo-8′-carotenal as a substrate for the heterologously expressed AtCCD1 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the oxidative cleavage mechanism of the 9,10 double bond of carotenoids. β-Ionone and a C17-dialdehyde were detected as products by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as NMR analysis. Labeling experiments using H218O or 18 O2 showed that the oxygen in the keto-group of β-ionone is derived solely from molecular dioxygen. When experiments were performed in an 18O2-enriched atmosphere, a substantial fraction of the C17-dialdehyde contained labeled oxygen. The results unambiguously demonstrate a dioxygenase mechanism for the carotenase AtCCD1 from A. thaliana.
Acidic compartments and rhoptry formation in Toxoplasma gondii

DAMP (3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3′amino-N-methyldipropylamine), which differentially accumulates in acidic compartments, was used to identify such compartments in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites at the electron microscope level. In both free tachyzoites and dividing intracellular parasites the only sites of DAMP accumulation were mature and forming rhoptries. No labelling of other secretory organelles (micronemes and dense granules), the ER, Golgi or any other membrane-bounded organelles or anything resembling a lysosomal system was observed. Labelling of the forming rhoptries was higher and more homogenous than in mature rhoptries in which labelling was confined to the expanded ends of each organelle. The acid pH-dependent accumulation of DAMP in the forming and mature rhoptries was blocked by ammonium chloride and monensin, reagents known to abolish intracellular pH gradients. Estimates of rhoptry pH, based on the level of DAMP accumulation, show that the intralumenal pH of forming rhoptries is more acidic (pH 5·5–3·5) than the mature rhoptries (pH 7·0–5·0).