Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Two Encodings : Comparing Bag-of-Words and Word 2 vec for VQA

In this paper, we analyze the effect of two text encoding methods on a VQA classifier model. We compare a naı̈ve bag-of-words encoding with a semantically meaningful word2vec encoding. We evaluate performance through ablation studies, manipulation of text and image inputs, and visualization of textual and visual attention. We find that the word2vec-based model learns to utilize both textual and visual information, whereas the bag-of-words-based model learns to rely more on textual input. Our analysis methods and results provide insight into how VQA models learn depending on the types of inputs they receive during training.
ON THE WEAK-WIND PROBLEM IN MASSIVE STARS: X-RAY SPECTRA REVEAL A MASSIVE HOT WIND IN μ COLUMBAE

μ Columbae is a prototypical weak-wind O star for which we have obtained a high-resolution X-ray spectrum with the Chandra LETG/ACIS instrument and a low-resolution spectrum with Suzaku. This allows us, for the first time, to investigate the role of X-rays on the wind structure in a bona fide weak-wind system and to determine whether there actually is a massive hot wind. The X-ray emission measure indicates that the outflow is an order of magnitude greater than that derived from UV lines and is commensurate with the nominal wind–luminosity relationship for O stars. Therefore, the “weak-wind problem”—identified from cool wind UV/optical spectra—is largely resolved by accounting for the hot wind seen in X-rays. From X-ray line profiles, Doppler shifts, and relative strengths, we find that this weak-wind star is typical of other late O dwarfs. The X-ray spectra do not suggest a magnetically confined plasma—the spectrum is soft and lines are broadened; Suzaku spectra confirm the lack of emission above 2 keV. Nor do the relative line shifts and widths suggest any wind decoupling by ions. The He-like triplets indicate that the bulk of the X-ray emission is formed rather close to the star, within five stellar radii. Our results challenge the idea that some OB stars are “weak-wind” stars that deviate from the standard wind–luminosity relationship. The wind is not weak, but it is hot and its bulk is only detectable in X-rays.
Functional and ecological relevance of intraspecific variation in body size and shape in the lizard Podarcis melisellensis (Lacertidae)

Within populations, individual animals may vary considerably in morphology and ecology. The degree to which variation in morphology is related to ecological variation within a population remains largely unexplored. We investigated whether variation in body size and shape among sexes and age classes of the lizard Podarcis melisellensis translates in differential whole-animal performance (sprint speed, bite force), escape and prey attack behaviour in the field, microhabitat use and diet. Male and female adult lizards differed significantly in body size and head and limb proportions. These morphological differences were reflected in differences in bite strength, but not in sprint speed. Accordingly, field measurements of escape behaviour and prey attack speed did not differ between the sexes, but males ate larger, harder and faster prey than females. In addition to differences in body size, juveniles diverged from adults in relative limb and head dimensions. These shape differences may explain the relatively high sprint and bite capacities of juvenile lizards. Ontogenetic variation in morphology and performance is strongly reflected in the behaviour and ecology in the field, with juveniles differing from adults in aspects of their microhabitat use, escape behaviour and diet. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 251-264.
Using Eye-Tracking to Explore Preference for High Value Visual Stimuli

Eye-tracking is becoming more prevalent in studying various phenomena in psychology. The physiological behavior of eye gaze can reveal psychological processes that may not be conscious. The current study explored whether gaze behavior can be linked to political attitudes. Participants looked at pictures of political candidates with an audio clip of one of their speeches playing as an eye-tracker recorded their gaze behavior. Participants were asked to rate the candidates on an attitude scale. Results showed that only attitudes toward Donald Trump were correlated with gaze duration. In addition, the survey showed that participants gave significantly more extreme answers (either a 1 or a 6) for Trump. This suggests that gaze behavior may correlate only with strong attitudes. This study introduces a possible new way to study attitudes toward visual stimuli. 3 Using Eye-Tracking to Explore Preference for High Value Visual Stimuli Using Eye-Tracking to Explore Preference for High Value Visual Stimuli
Study of Video Captioning Problem

With recent success of activity recognition on video, people have increasing interest in video captioning problem where a sentence (or more broadly speaking a paragraph) is generated to describe a video clip that captures its visual semantics. In this paper, we review various methods of video captioning in the literature, along with benchmark video captioning datasets and widely used evaluation metrics. At the end, we point out several possible future directions for video captioning problem.
Generate the corresponding Image from Text Description using Modified GAN-CLS Algorithm

Synthesizing images or texts automatically is a useful research area in the artificial intelligence nowadays. Generative adversarial networks (GANs), which are proposed by Goodfellow in 2014, make this task to be done more efficiently by using deep neural networks. We consider generating corresponding images from an input text description using a GAN. In this paper, we analyze the GAN-CLS algorithm, which is a kind of advanced method of GAN proposed by Scott Reed in 2016. First, we find the problem with this algorithm through inference. Then we correct the GAN-CLS algorithm according to the inference by modifying the objective function of the model. Finally, we do the experiments on the Oxford-102 dataset and the CUB dataset. As a result, our modified algorithm can generate images which are more plausible than the GAN-CLS algorithm in some cases. Also, some of the generated images match the input texts better.
Acceptance and Adoption of Open Access Publication (OAP) in University Libraries in South East Nigeria

This study examines the kinds of open access scholarly publication or information resources accepted and adopted by federal university libraries in South East Nigeria. The purpose was to determine the factors that affect open access scholarly publication or information resources acceptance and adoption in university libraries. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Findings revealed that university libraries accepts and adopts open access such as institutional repository, open journals, subject repository, e-books, personal websites among others with the use of computers, internet facilities and services among others. Inadequate internet facilities and services were identified as a major factor that affects open access acceptance and adoption in university libraries. The study concluded that open access scholarly communication or information resources are vital tool of solving not only financial problems in libraries in general and university libraries in particular but also enable university libraries to keep pace with information explosion or changing trends in libraries. Based on this, it recommends that university libraries should ensure that users are provided with adequate and quality open access information resources for there is a need for access and use of information materials in all formats and acceptance and adoption of open access information resources could incite users to quickly access and utilize university library resources to a high extent.
Short Report: Genetic Variability in Platelet Integrin a2b1 Density: Possible Contributor to Plasmodium vivax-induced Severe Thrombocytopenia

Understanding the pathogenesis of Plasmodium vivax malaria is challenging. We hypothesized that suscep- tibility to P. vivax-induced thrombocytopenia could be associated with polymorphisms on relevant platelet membrane integrins: integrin a2 (C807T), and integrin b3 (T1565C). Although b3 polymorphism was not related with P. vivax malaria, a2 807T carriers, which show high levels of integrin a2b1, had a higher probability for severe thrombocytopenia than wild- type carriers. This evidence of the association of integrin polymorphism and P. vivax morbidity was further demonstrated by a moderate but significant correlation between clinical disease and surface levels of the integrin a2b1.
Pre‐recession pattern of six economic indicators in the USA

This paper applies a tightly parameterized pattern recognition algorithm, previously applied to earthquake prediction, to the problem of predicting recessions. Monthly data from 1962 to 1996 on six leading and coincident economic indicators for the USA are used. In the full sample, the model performs better than benchmark linear and non-linear models with the same number of parameters. Subsample and recursive analysis indicates that the algorithm is stable and produces reasonably accurate forecasts even when estimated using a small number of recessions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic, 2001-2003

The prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. was evaluated in the caecum and on carcasses of pigs at slaughter and in the facilities of slaughterhouses in the period of 2001- 2003. During that timeframe, prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in both the pigs and the environment of slaughterhouses decreased. In 2001, Campylobacter spp. were detected in 34% of 316 samples; in 2002 there were 27% of positive findings out of the 624 samples; and in 2003, Campylobacter spp. were detected in 16% out of 300 samples. Campylobacter spp. were mostly found primarily in the caecum (292 isolates) and in smears collected from carcasses (21 isolates), while Campylobacter spp. were isolated only sporadically from the work surfaces of equipment in slaughterhouses. The majority of isolates were identified as C. coli. In 2001, 16 out of 109 strains of Campylobacter spp. were identified as C. jejuni; in 2002, 8 out of 167 strains were C. jejuni; and in 2003, none of 47 isolates was identified as C. jejuni.
Lost in space ? Regional differences in the employment transitions of mothers of young children in the UK

This paper explores regional differences in the involvement in paid work of mothers of children under 6 in the UK. It has two aims: firstly, to investigate the extent of sub-national heterogeneity in the transitions occurring during the initial years of motherhood, since previously this heterogeneity has mainly been analysed at the national level. Secondly, this paper quantifies the relative contribution of composition effects, regional labour market characteristics and gender-roles attitudes in explaining contrasts in transitions between ‘worklessness’ and full-time, standard part-time and marginal part-time work. Based on latent growth modelling of longitudinal Labour Force Survey data, the results highlight significant differences in trajectories between regions and show that regional differences can only be adequately explained by combining these three layers of explanations. This has consequences for the literature in both economics and sociology: multidisciplinary approaches should be encouraged together with more emphasis on the spatial dimension of economic
Developing a Mechanistic Understanding of Fish Migrations by Linking Telemetry with Physiology, Behavior, Genomics and Experimental Biology: An Interdisciplinary Case Study on Adult Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

Abstract Fish migration represents one of the most complex and intriguing biological phenomena in the animal kingdom. How do fish migrate such vast distances? What are the costs and benefits of migration? Some of these fundamental questions have been addressed through the use of telemetry. However, telemetry alone has not and will not yield a complete understanding of the migration biology of fish a or provide solutions to problems such as identifying physical barriers to migration or understanding potential impacts of climate change. Telemetry can be coupled with other tools and techniques to yield new insights into animal biology. Using Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) as a model, we summarize the advances that we have made in understanding salmonid migration biology through the integration of disciplines (i.e., interdisciplinary research) including physiology, behavior, functional genomics, and experimental biology. We also discuss opportunities for using large-scale telemetry arrays an.
Seasonal variations in haematological parameters in yellow-bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta)

Yellow-bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta) are increasingly being used as animal models for experimental purposes. The aim of this work was to generate some seasonal haematological information for captive yellow-bellied slider turtles as a useful and complementary tool for research trials. Blood samples from 30 healthy adult yellow-bellied turtles (13 males and 17 females) were obtained in winter and summer, and complete blood counts were performed. Within each season, the medians for males and females were compared using the Wilcoxon test for independent data. Likewise, the medians for both seasons were compared by means of the Wilcoxon test for paired data. All P-values were corrected using the Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure. The concordance of the two methods used to determine the thrombocyte count (haemocytometer and smear estimation) was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. The effects of sex were not statistically significant in either season (Bonferroni correction). However, values of heterophils, lymphocytes, basophils, and thrombocytes (haemocytometer method), when compared between seasons, exhibited differences that remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. Whereas heterophils were the most numerous leukocytes in summer for both sexes, basophils were the most numerous leukocytes in winter. In addition, lymphocyte percentages were also higher in winter for both sexes. Smear thrombocyte estimations did not show any significant differences between sexes and between seasons. However, when using the haemocytometer method, summer values were significantly higher than winter ones. The concordance between the two methods for measuring the thrombocyte count was not statistically significant in winter, but there was significant concordance in summer. Although the two techniques can be complementary, we recommend smear estimation as an easier and more reliable method. The haematological values obtained in this study may be useful as a complementary profile for researchers carrying out experimental procedures with this turtle subspecies.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Technopedagogical Education Competency and Technology Perception of Pre-service Teachers: Relation, Levels and Views

The main purpose of this research is to identify the competency and the perceptions of pre-service teachers on technopedagogical education. While study group of quantitative dimension is composed of 626 pre-service teachers; study group of qualitative extent is composed of 67 pre-service teachers. The sample represents 35% of the population of 1778 students. The quantitative data were collected through Technopedagogical Education Competency (Tpack-Deep) Scale and Technology Perception Scale and the qualitative data were collected with an open ended-question form. It was concluded that pre-service teachers generally regard themselves at a moderate level in the sense of technopedogogical education competency, have positive perception towards technology and there is a positive correlation between pre-service teachers’ technopedogogical educational competency and perception towards technology. According to results of qualitative analysis of the study, pre-service teachers think that educational technologies have contributions to preparing information-communication technologies based upon presentations, developing technology-based materials, preparing homework, doing research, raising awareness about the importance of educational technology use in the learning and teaching process, acquiring information about their department, developing skill of using technology based on information-communication technologies and having positive attitude
Advances in Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing

Recent advances in airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral imaging technology have provided end users with rich spectral, spatial, and temporal information, which make a plethora of applications for the analysis of large areas of the Earth surface feasible. However, a huge number of factors, such as high dimensions and size of the hyperspectral data, the lack of training samples, mixed pixels, light scattering mechanisms in the acquisition process, and different atmospheric and geometric distortions, make such data inherently nonlinear and complex, which poses extreme challenges for existing methodologies to effectively process and analyze the data sets. Hence, rigorous and innovative methodologies are required for hyperspectral image and signal processing and have become a center of attention for researchers worldwide. This paper offers a comprehensive tutorial/overview focusing specifically on hyperspectral data analysis, which is categorized into seven broad topics: classification, spectral unmixing, dimensionality reduction, resolution enhancement, hyperspectral image denoising and restoration, change detection, and fast computing. For each topic, we provide a synopsis of the state-of-the-art approaches and numerical results for validation and evaluation of different methodologies, followed by a discussion of future challenges and research directions.
Nonparametric Bayesian models for learning network coupling relationships

As the traditional machine learning setting assumes that the data are identically and independently distributed (i.i.d), this is quite like a perfect conditioned vacuum and seldom a real case in practical applications. Thus, the non-i.i. d learning (Cao, Ou, Yu & Wei 2010)(Cao, Ou & Yu 2012)(Cao 2014) has emerged as a powerful tool in describing the fundamental phenomena in the real world, as more factors to be well catered in this modelling. One critical factor in the non-i.i. d. learning is the relations among the data, ranging from the feature information, node partitioning to the correlation of the outcome, which is referred to as the coupling relation in the non-i.i. d. learning. In our work, we aim at uncovering this coupling relation with the nonparametric Bayesian relational models, that is, the data points in our work are supposed to be coupled with each other, and it is this coupling relation we are interested in for further investigation. The coupling relation is widely seen and motivated in real world applications, for example, the hidden structure learning in social networks for link prediction and structure understanding, the fraud detection in the transactional stock market, the protein interaction modelling in biology. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the learning and inferencing on the relational data, which is to further discover the coupling relation between the corresponding points. For the detail modelling perspective, we have focused on the framework of mixed-membership stochastic blockmodel, in which membership indicator and mixed-membership distribution are noted to represent the nodes’ belonging community for one relation and the his-
Heterochromatin drives organization of conventional and inverted nuclei

The mammalian cell nucleus displays a remarkable spatial segregation of active euchromatic from inactive heterochromatic genomic regions. In conventional nuclei, euchromatin is localized in the nuclear interior and heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery. In contrast, rod photoreceptors in nocturnal mammals have inverted nuclei, with a dense heterochromatic core and a thin euchromatic outer shell. This inverted architecture likely converts rod nuclei into microlenses to facilitate nocturnal vision, and may relate to the absence of particular proteins that tether heterochromatin to the lamina. However, both the mechanism of inversion and the role of interactions between different types of chromatin and the lamina in nuclear organization remain unknown. To elucidate this mechanism we performed Hi-C and microscopy on cells with inverted nuclei and their conventional counterparts. Strikingly, despite the inversion evident in microscopy, both types of nuclei display similar Hi-C maps. To resolve this paradox we developed a polymer model of chromosomes and found a universal mechanism that reconciles Hi-C and microscopy for both inverted and conventional nuclei. Based solely on attraction between heterochromatic regions, this mechanism is sufficient to drive phase separation of euchromatin and heterochromatin and faithfully reproduces the 3D organization of inverted nuclei. When interactions between heterochromatin and the lamina are added, the same model recreates the conventional nuclear organization. To further test our models, we eliminated lamina interactions in models of conventional nuclei and found that this triggers a spontaneous process of inversion that qualitatively reproduces the pathway of morphological changes during nuclear inversion in vivo. Together, our experiments and modeling suggest that interactions among heterochromatic regions are central to phase separation of the active and inactive genome in inverted and conventional nuclei, while interactions with the lamina are essential for building the conventional architecture from these segregated phases. Ultimately our data suggest that an inverted organization constitutes the default state of nuclear architecture.
Radiocarbon age offsets of foraminifera resulting from differential dissolution and fragmentation within the sedimentary bioturbated zone

[1] Shells of coexisting species of planktonic foraminifera from the Ontong Java Plateau reveal radiocarbon age offsets of up to 2200 years. Similar offsets are found between fragments and whole shells of single species. Steady state modelling of dissolution and bioturbation within the sedimentary mixed layer predicts age differences of up to several kiloyears due to the interplay between differential dissolution and fragmentation of foraminifer shells and bioturbation. The observation that fragile foraminiferal shells are systematically older than those of more robust species is more difficult to explain. Mechanisms of chemical erosion, interface dissolution, and sediment redistribution are all apparently unable to explain this phenomenon. A possible solution is presented in which a particular species may be represented by two distinct classes of shells which are more or less robust. In this case, differential dissolution and fragmentation causes an increase in the mean age as the fragile class contributes less to the remaining intact shells. This study highlights the vulnerability of low sedimentation rate cores to the effects of dissolution and bioturbation.