Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spike propagation and conduction failure in the rat neural lobe.

1. Single units were recorded from the rat hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial system in vivo to test the hypothesis that action potential conduction failure might contribute to the relative inefficiency of neurohypophysial hormone release at low frequencies of stimulation, and following prolonged stimulation. 2. Recordings were made from the cell bodies of supraoptic neurones which project to the neural lobe of the pituitary. Stimuli applied to the neural lobe evoked antidromic action potentials (in ten of forty cells) at times when the axonal membrane at the site of stimulation should have been refractory following the passage of a spontaneous, orthodromically conducted action potential. This observation suggests that failure of orthodromic action potentials may occur intermittently in the neural lobe. 3. Recordings from single units in the neural lobe showed similar spontaneous patterns of activity to those seen from cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus. 4. Stimuli applied to the neural stalk evoked orthodromically conducted spikes in these single units: evoked spikes followed stimulation faithfully at 50‐80 Hz for 1 s or at 20 Hz for 1 min. Such stimulation was accompanied by a reduction in spike height and a prolongation of latency. 5. Comparable changes were seen in the latency and amplitude of evoked potentials recorded from the neural lobe with low‐resistance electrodes. 6. Stalk stimulation at 50 Hz for 1 s was accompanied by a reduction in the threshold for initiation of action potentials, suggesting an increase in the excitability of neural lobe axons. 7. We conclude that, during low‐frequency activation, spike failure occurs intermittently in neurohypophysial axons, and that changes in the excitability of the axons during activation at high frequencies may contribute to the facilitation of neurohypophysial hormone release that occurs with increasing frequencies of stimulation.
Exogenous Expenses in Industries with Vertical Product Differentiation and Quality Constraints

In this paper we study how an exogenous expense of owning a market good affects the equilibrium outcome in a market with vertical product differentiation i.e. consumers differ by income but have identical preferences for the good’s quality. We identify three possible subgame-perfect equilibrium outcomes dependent on the amount of the exogenous expense. First, at a small exogenous expense tending to zero, quality choice is characterized by maximal product differentiation and all consumers buy one of the two qualities in the market. Second, at a medium exogenous expense, some low-income consumers refrain from buying which incentivizes the producer of the low-quality good to minimize its difference from the high-quality good. In turn, it chooses the best quality from its individually constrained set of quality choices. Third, at a large exogenous expense at which the consumers of the low-quality good cannot afford it, the market is monopolized by the high-quality firm.
Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia.

To the Editor —The recent publication by the American Psychiatric Association of its Task Force report on tardive dyskinesia (TD) 1 provides a summary of the state of the art in both clinical practice and research-based knowledge that addresses issues of both phenomenology of the disorder and differential diagnosis. However, there has not yet been a systematic effort to reduce the diagnostic heterogeneity that is found within the range of patients who are identified as having TD. The diagnosis reported in the literature frequently represents nothing more than a score on a rating scale. Furthermore, investigators use a variety of terms to modify the primary diagnosis (eg, covert dyskinesia, masked dyskinesia, presumptive TD, withdrawal emergent symptoms, or widhrawal dyskinesia), making communication and comparison of results among investigators difficult.
Sex, age and normal post‐anticoagulation D‐dimer as risk factors for recurrence after idiopathic venous thromboembolism in the Prolong study extension

Summary. Background: The PROLONG randomized study showed that patients with an abnormal D‐dimer after anticoagulation suspension for a first unprovoked episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) benefited from anticoagulation resumption. Patients with normal D‐dimer after anticoagulation suspension had a low recurrence rate (4.4% patient–years) but their anticoagulation optimal duration remained uncertain. Objectives: To assess whether sex and age, in combination with normal D‐dimer, are risk factors for VTE recurrence in patients enrolled in the PROLONG study extended follow‐up. Methods: D‐dimer was measured at 1 month after anticoagulation suspension. Patients with a normal D‐dimer did not resume anticoagulants, whereas patients with an abnormal D‐dimer were randomized either to resume or not anticoagulants. Primary outcome was recurrent VTE. Results: After excluding patients resuming anticoagulants for abnormal D‐dimer, recurrences were higher in males than females [7.4% patient‐years – 47/639 vs. 4.3% patient‐years – 27/626; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.7; P = 0.027] and in patients aged 65 or older than in younger patients (8.4% patient‐years – 50/598 vs. 3.6% patient‐years – 24/667; HR = 2.1; P = 0.003). In patients with normal D‐dimer and younger than 65, recurrences were higher in males than in females (5.1% vs. 0.4% patient–years; adjusted HR = 10.6; P = 0.023) and both females and males aged 65 years or older had more recurrences (6.6% and 8.1% patient‐years, respectively, adjusted HR: 16.0; P = 0.008 and 16.0; P = 0.008, respectively) than females younger than 65. Conclusions: In patients with idiopathic VTE and a normal D‐dimer at 1 month after anticoagulation suspension, females younger than 65 had a very low risk of recurrence.
Edge and color preserving single image superresolution

Abstract. Most existing superresolution (SR) techniques focus primarily on improving the quality in the luminance component of SR images, while paying less attention to the chrominance component. We present an edge and color preserving image SR approach. First, for the luminance channel, a heavy-tailed gradient distribution of natural images is investigated as an image prior. Then, an efficient optimization algorithm is developed to recover the latent high-resolution (HR) luminance component. Second, for the chrominance channels, we propose a two-stage framework for luminance-guided chrominance SR. In the first stage, since most of the shape and structural information is contained in the luminance channel, a simple Markov random field formulation is introduced to search the optimal direction for color local interpolation guided by HR luminance components. To further improve the quality of the chrominance channels, in the second stage, a nonlocal auto regression model is utilized to refine the initial HR chrominance. Finally, we combine the SR reconstructed luminance components with the generated HR chrominance maps to get the final SR color image. Systematic experimental results demonstrated that our method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity, feature similarity, and the mean color errors.
Neurological sequelae following Dilantin® overdose in a patient and in experimental animals

W E RECENTLY OBSERVED a young woman who received large doses of diphenylhydantoin ( DilantinB) in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. She developed nystagmus and ataxia which persisted after withdrawal of the drug, suggesting that Dilantin@ had caused permanent neurological dysfunction. The first part of the paper gives the details of this patient and presents studies of her metabolism of Dilantina. The second part of the paper attempts to clarify the pathogenesis of her disorder and reports the DilantinB dosage, duration, and blood and tissue levels that have produced cerebellar damage in experimental animals.
Reliability of Performance Velocity for Jump Squats under Feedback and Nonfeedback Conditions

Randell, AD, Cronin, JB, Keogh, JWL, Gill, ND, and Pedersen, MC. Reliability of performance velocity for jump squats under feedback and nonfeedback conditions. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3514–3518, 2011—Advancements in the monitoring of kinematic and kinetic variables during resistance training have resulted in the ability to continuously monitor performance and provide feedback during training. If equipment and software can provide reliable instantaneous feedback related to the variable of interest during training, it is thought that this may result in goal-oriented movement tasks that increase the likelihood of transference to on-field performance or at the very least improve the mechanical variable of interest. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of performance velocity for jump squats under feedback and nonfeedback conditions over 3 consecutive training sessions. Twenty subjects were randomly allocated to a feedback or nonfeedback group, and each group performed a total of 3 “jump squat” training sessions with the velocity of each repetition measured using a linear position transducer. There was less change in mean velocities between sessions 1–2 and sessions 2–3 (0.07 and 0.02 vs. 0.13 and −0.04 m·s−1), less random variation (TE = 0.06 and 0.06 vs. 0.10 and 0.07 m·s−1) and greater consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83 and 0.87 vs. 0.53 and 0.74) between sessions for the feedback condition as compared to the nonfeedback condition. It was concluded that there is approximately a 50–50 probability that the provision of feedback was beneficial to the performance in the squat jump over multiple sessions. It is suggested that this has the potential for increasing transference to on-field performance or at the very least improving the mechanical variable of interest.
Tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic-acid synthetase from beef pancreas. Ligand binding and dissociation equilibrium between the active dimeric and inactive monomeric structures.

Binding of tryptophan, tryptamine and ATP to tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was studied by equilibrium dialysis experiments. There are two binding sites per mole of enzyme both for tryptophan and for tryptamine. Ks for tryptophan is 0.95 μM and for tryptamine is 1.8 μM. In the case of ATP no binding could be measured over the range of concentrations examined. The Scatchard plots of tryptophan and tryptamine binding do not shown any cooperativity between the subunits. Dissociation of the dimeric enzyme was studied at very low protein concentration. Upon dilution of the enzyme both the [32P]PPi-ATP isotope exchange activity and the tRNA charging activity are lost simultaneously. Kinetic evidence demonstrates that the inactivation is primarily due to the dissociation of the active dimer into inactive monomers. The dissociation is strongly promoted by alkaline pH and is inhibited by the presence of tryptophan or tryptophanyladenylate but not by that of tRNA. The dissociation constant of the dimer-monomer equilibrium at pH 8.5 is 15 nM at 25 °C. The dissociation form is more susceptible to denaturation than the dimeric species. The results reported in the paper suggest that even if there are not binding interactions between the subunits, the active conformation of the enzyme depends on their associated state.
Dynamic Debug

The kernel is sprinkled with debug statements that are only available by individually re-compiling the various subsystems of the kernel. In addition, each subsystem has its own rules and methods for expressing these debug statements - dprintk(), DEBUGP(), pr_ debug() , etc. Dynamic debug , introduced in kernel 2.6. 28, organizes these debug statements and makes them available at run-time. Statements can be enabled on an individual basis, or via higher level organizations such as per-module. Dynamic debug can be thought of as a verbose mode for the kernel. We explore the design, usage, and performance impact of this new feature. We also highlight issues that have been debugged with this methodology and future work.
In vivo brain viscoelastic properties measured by magnetic resonance elastography

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a non‐invasive imaging technique used to visualise and quantify mechanical properties of tissue, providing information beyond what can be currently achieved with standard MR sequences and could, for instance, provide new insight into pathological processes in the brain. This study uses the MRE technique at 3 T to extract the complex shear modulus for in vivo brain tissue utilizing a full three‐dimensional approach to reconstruction, removing contributions of the dilatational wave by application of the curl operator. A calibrated phantom is used to benchmark the MRE measurements, and in vivo results are presented for healthy volunteers. The results provide data for in vivo brain storage modulus (G′), finding grey matter (3.1 kPa) to be significantly stiffer than white matter (2.7 kPa). The first in vivo loss modulus (G″) measurements show no significant difference between grey matter (2.5 kPa) and white matter (2.5 kPa). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
China's New Accounting Regime: its Implications for CPA Australia

The strong economic relationship between China and Australia provides great potential for CPA Australia to build a strategic relationship with the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA), the only local accounting professional body in China. It also provides potential career opportunities for CPA members to work in China. For Australian-based CPA members, it is useful to gain a better understanding of financial reporting in China, particularly with an increasing number of Chinese enterprises operating in Australia.
INFLUENTIAL INDIVIDUALS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS: AN EXAMPLE OF FACEBOOK IN GEORGIA

The paper analyzes a unique dataset with information on the demographic characteristics and behavior of Georgian users of Facebook. Based on this representative data, we construct a network of 2589 Facebook users and 4473 connections among them. The data also include the behavior of a subset of the respondents with respect to the opportunity to exert influence over their social contacts. We study the data using tools of Social Network Analysis. The major aim is to characterize the identity of influential individuals on Georgian Facebook. The main conclusion is that young women occupy key positions in the network and possess disproportionately high structural power, which provides them unique opportunity to influence others’ behavior and control the flow of information from various parts of the network.
Farm-Based Recreation: A Statistical Profile

Farm-based recreation provides an important niche market for farmers, but limited empirical information is available on the topic. Access to two USDA databases, the 2004 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and the 2000 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, provided researchers with a deeper understanding of who operates farm-based recreation enterprises, such as hunting and fishing operations, horseback riding businesses, on-farm rodeos, and petting zoos. Regression analysis identified the importance of various farmer and farm characteristics, as well as local and regional factors associated with farmer operation of, and income derived from, farm-based recreation.
KATAMARI1/MURUS3 Is a Novel Golgi Membrane Protein That Is Required for Endomembrane Organization in Arabidopsisw⃞

In plant cells, unlike animal and yeast cells, endomembrane dynamics appear to depend more on actin filaments than on microtubules. However, the molecular mechanisms of endomembrane–actin filament interactions are unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, katamari1 (kam1), which has a defect in the organization of endomembranes and actin filaments. The kam1 plants form abnormally large aggregates that consist of endoplasmic reticulum with actin filaments in the perinuclear region within the cells and are defective in normal cell elongation. Map-based cloning revealed that the KAM1 gene is allelic to the MUR3 gene. We demonstrate that the KAM1/MUR3 protein is a type II membrane protein composed of a short cytosolic N-terminal domain and a transmembrane domain followed by a large lumenal domain and is localized specifically on Golgi membranes. We further show that actin filaments interact with Golgi stacks via KAM1/MUR3 to maintain the proper organization of endomembranes. Our results provide functional evidence that KAM1/MUR3 is a novel component of the Golgi-mediated organization of actin functioning in proper endomembrane organization and cell elongation.
Nonlinear Foreign Exchange Exposure: Evidence from Brazilian Companies

The paper analyzes the exchange rate exposure of a sample of non-financial Brazilian companies from 1999 to 2009 using a smooth transition autoregressive model (STAR). The results confirm the importance of using nonlinear models to address companies’ exchange rate exposure. The results indicate that when compared to the linear model commonly used in literature, the nonlinear model leads to an increase in the number of firms exposed to exchange rate fluctuations, which allows a more accurate analysis of the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the value of firms.
ANALYSIS OF THE NON-BANK, NON- GOVERNMENT CUSTOMERS CREDITS, IN TERRITORIAL PROFILE

The purpose of this paper is represented by the structural analysis of loans, by territorial profile, of the non-bank, non-governmental customers, between 2004 and 2013. The choice of topic was the result of a careful observation and understanding of the loan mechanisms within the banking system, the loan representing an essential link in the functioning mechanism of the economy and the cornerstone of the general economic equilibrium which gives the impression of wealth. Thus, the economic crisis has led to a major shift in thinking, i.e. the habit of an accelerated loan growth has been replaced by an accelerated decrease and by the decline of confidence in the banking system. The resumption of growth in 2013 has led to the need for the banking system in Romania to find, as soon as possible, an appropriate structure of loans, in order to continue without worries the crediting of reliable customers (households and economic agents). The present research was conducted at regional level, using the principal components method, which is a descriptive method of multidimensional analysis data that applied to the study of the link between numerical variables that for analysis are standardized and reduced.
Impact of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients.

AIM To investigate the impact of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its metabolites in Asian breast cancer patients. METHODS A total of 165 Asian breast cancer patients receiving 20 mg tamoxifen daily and 228 healthy Asian subjects (Chinese, Malay and Indian; n= 76 each) were recruited. The steady-state plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The CYP2D6 polymorphisms were genotyped using the INFINITI™ CYP450 2D6I assay, while the polymorphisms in CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 were determined via direct sequencing. RESULTS The polymorphisms, CYP2D6*5 and *10, were significantly associated with lower endoxifen and higher N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDM) concentrations. Patients who were *1/*1 carriers exhibited 2.4- to 2.6-fold higher endoxifen concentrations and 1.9- to 2.1-fold lower NDM concentrations than either *10/*10 or *5/*10 carriers (P < 0.001). Similarly, the endoxifen concentrations were found to be 1.8- to 2.6-times higher in *1/*5 or *1/*10 carriers compared with *10/*10 and *5/*10 carriers (P≤ 0.001). Similar relationships were observed between the CYP2D6 polymorphisms and metabolic ratios of tamoxifen and its metabolites. No significant associations were observed with regards to the polymorphisms in CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. CONCLUSIONS The present study in Asian breast cancer patients showed that CYP2D6*5/*10 and *10/*10 genotypes are associated with significantly lower concentrations of the active metabolite of tamoxifen, endoxifen. Identifying such patients before the start of treatment may be useful in optimizing therapy with tamoxifen. The role of CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 seem to be minor.
Capital structure determinants of private small and medium-sized enterprises in China

This thesis examines the capital structure determinants of private SMEs in China and the extent to which financial theories of capital structure adequately explain their financing behaviour. It also investigates whether other theoretical perspectives can be utilised to explain their capital structure decisions. In order to investigate these issues a mixed method approach is utilised, combining analysis of secondary data, with field research in the form of semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires. Data analysis indicated that financial theories of capital structure alone do not provide a full explanation as to how SMEs are financed due to distinct institutional and cultural differences between China and the developed economy context in which these theories were developed. In order to better explain the financing behaviour of Chinese SMEs a theoretical model was developed based on insights from interviews with SME owner managers and the existing literature. This model highlighted the role played by managerial strategy, psychology, human capital and network ties in small business financing. Such factors are shown to be influential in determining the capital structure adopted by Chinese SMEs and are not taken into account by existing theories of capital structure in the finance paradigm. Based on the findings of this research theoretical and policy implications are provided. In order to support the continued growth of the SME sector Chinese government authorities should consider providing better support to entrepreneurs to access the formal financial sector. SME owner/managers must also understand the impact of their behaviour on the ability to access external financing and consider improving their accounting and information systems to reduce information asymmetries between themselves and their lenders.
Kinetics of Ultrasonic Disinfection of Escherichia coli in the Presence of Titanium Dioxide Particles

The ultrasonic disinfection of Escherichia coli was carried out in the presence of anatase‐type TiO2 particles, and the effectiveness of the combination of ultrasonic irradiation with TiO2 addition was verified. The rate constant was determined from the plot of the common logarithm of the survival cell ratio versus the ultrasonic irradiation time using first‐order kinetics. In the absence of particles, the rate constant was proportional to the ultrasonic power. When ultrasonic disinfection was carried out in the presence of TiO2 particles, which have a radical generation ability, the rate of disinfection was remarkably faster than that in the absence of TiO2. In the presence of silica particles, which have no radical generation ability, the rate of disinfection was the same as that in the absence of TiO2. These results suggest that the radical generation ability of TiO2 appeared as a result of the ultrasonic irradiation. The effect of the amount of TiO2 on the rate of disinfection was also examined. The rate constant for disinfection in the presence of TiO2 was saturated to a certain value and was represented using the Langmuir‐type equation. The proposed model well describes the effects of the ultrasonic power and the amount of TiO2 on the rate constant for disinfection.