Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term time course of affective lability after subthalamic deep brain stimulation electrode implantation

The mechanism and time course of emotional side effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease are a matter for discussion. We report a 53-month follow-up of a patient with affective lability. Postoperative lesion plus bilateral stimulation strongly influenced mood in the first week in terms of laughing behavior, while voltage changes had only minor long-term impact up to 37 months on negative emotion, possibly caused by the right electrode stimulating the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent fiber tracts involving the internal capsule. Thus we conclude that affective lability can occur with different temporal dynamics of microlesion, and early and chronic stimulation.
TESTING THE CONSTANT‐RATE NEUTRAL ALLELE MODEL WITH PROTEIN SEQUENCE DATA

Langley and Fitch (1973, 1974) and Fitch and Langley (1976) statistically analyzed the pattern of nucleotide substitutions in seven proteins and 17 taxa and rejected the null hypothesis of a constantrate Poisson model of protein evolution. Their rejection of the constant-rate model was based on the extremely large observed value of a statistic (henceforth referred to as X2LF), which has a standard Chi-squared distribution under their null hypothesis. Gillespie and Langley (1979) showed that under a constant-rate neutral allele model, X2LF is not Chi-squared distributed. Though they did not obtain the exact distribution Of X2LF, they were able to show that the expectation Of X2LF is an increasing function of 0 = 4Nu, where N is the population size and u is the neutral mutation rate. Thus, the Langley and Fitch analysis does not constitute a test of the constant-rate neutral model. Evidently no test of the neutral model is possible using only the statistic X2LF, since no matter how large the observed value Of X2LF, a sufficiently large value of 0 could account for the observation. If one knew the distribution Of X2LF as a function of 0, one could use the observed value Of X2LF to estimate 0. I report here the results of Monte Carlo simulations that were used to characterize the distribution Of X2LF for several values of 0. The simulations were used to determine 0, the value of 0 for which the mean value Of X2LF over many simulation trials equals the observed value Of X2LF. The simulations were also used to determine Omil, the value of 6 for which approximately 5% of the simulation trials produced values Of X2LF greater than or equal to the observed val-
Characteristics of black treatment seekers for eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate differences in eating psychopathology between black and white treatment seekers at a specialty eating disorders (EDs) center. METHOD Participants were drawn from 1680 individuals (n = 32 blacks; n = 1648 whites) who received treatment for an ED at a specialized center between 1979 and 1995, and had completed the EDs Questionnaire. The 32 black participants were matched to 153 white participants for ED diagnosis, year of presentation, and gender. RESULTS The majority of the participants were diagnosed with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). No black participants met criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN). Black participants reported more body dissatisfaction and a higher percentage fulfilled the obesity criterion compared to white participants. There were few differences in reported history of previous treatment. DISCUSSION Black and white participants with EDs appeared similar in most respects, but AN was notably absent among black participants. In contrast to previous research, body dissatisfaction was surprisingly higher in black than in white participants.
Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome.

OBJECTIVE To propose criteria for diagnosis of the night eating syndrome (NES). METHOD An international research meeting was held in April 2008, and consensus criteria for NES diagnosis were determined. RESULTS The core criterion is an abnormally increased food intake in the evening and nighttime, manifested by (1) consumption of at least 25% of intake after the evening meal, and/or (2) nocturnal awakenings with ingestions at least twice per week. Awareness of the eating episodes is required, as is distress or impairment in functioning. Three of five modifiers must also be endorsed. These criteria must be met for a minimum duration of 3 months. DISCUSSION These criteria help standardize the definition of NES. Additional aspects of the nosology of NES yet to be fully elaborated include its relationship to other eating and sleep disorders. Assessment and analytic tools are needed to assess these new criteria more accurately.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TRANSITION ZONES IN SPECIATION AND POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF RANGE EXPANSION

Transition (hybrid, tension, intergradation and contact) zones are the focus of attention of many evolutionary studies. Concepts of speciation and population evolution are dependent on whether the zone is thought to be due to the differentiation of the populations in situ (i.e., primary zones) as in area effect, clinal and stasipatric speciation (Endler, 1977; White, 1978) or due to secondary contact of populations (i.e., secondary zones) as in allopatric speciation or differentiation. It has been pointed out (Endler, 1977) that a major logical flaw in many such studies is that one cannot distinguish between a primary and secondary original event by the nature of the zone. Irrespective of the truth of this it is obviously logically desirable to hypothesize the origin of a zone independent of its nature. Using grass snake populations as an example, this paper describes some ideas
Neuropsychological, behavioral, and anatomical evolution in right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia: A longitudinal and post-mortem single case analysis

We describe a patient with semantic variant of frontotemporal dementia who received longitudinal clinical evaluations and structural MRI scans and subsequently came to autopsy. She presented with early behavior changes and semantic loss for foods and people and ultimately developed a pervasive semantic impairment affecting social-emotional as well as linguistic domains. Imaging revealed predominant atrophy of the right temporal lobe, with later involvement of the left, and pathology confirmed bilateral temporal involvement. Findings support the view that left and right anterior temporal lobes serve as semantic hubs that may be affected differentially in semantic variant by early, relatively unilateral damage.
The Resorption and Action of Follicular Hormone rubbed into the Skin

WHILE during pregnancy hormones are deposited in the skin by means of the blood-stream (Loeser),' that is to say, from within, little is known whether hormones, conveyed into the skin from without, are deposited or transported through the skin into the blood-stream. The ability of the follicular hormone to penetrate the skin was examined : I. In castrated female monkeys. 2. In women from whom the ovaries had been removed, and in others suffering from primary and secondary amenorrhoea. 3. In healthy women and in women at the menopause.
The effects of immunologic brainstem encephalopathy on cognitive function following awakening from a progressive autoimmune coma

We describe a unique patient who experienced a progressive autoimmune coma from age 14 to 17. The patient awoke after treatment with immunosuppressant medication. Although alertness, verbalization, and mobilization markedly improved, the patient reported persistent cognitive difficulties. Neuropsychological assessment from age 21 showed impairments in selective attention, distractibility, and memory. Conversely, higher-order executive functions were preserved. Electrophysiological analysis also identified abnormal neural signatures of selective attention. Eighteen months after the neuropsychological assessment, voxel-based morphometry revealed reduced white matter in the medulla compared to controls. The findings are discussed in terms of the impact of brainstem encephalopathy on cognitive mechanisms.
Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Model in Rats

The effects of a Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) on ulcerative colitis (UC) were studied in a rat model of UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Daily oral administration of LG2055 improved the characteristics of feces, body weight gain and food consumption. LG2055 treatment was also associated with a change of the spleen weight, and an improvement of the hematological parameters and histological findings of the large intestine. These findings indicate that LG2055 may be useful for the treatment and/or prevention of UC.
Brain damage associated with apraxia of speech: evidence from case studies

ABSTRACT The site of crucial damage that causes acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) has been debated in the literature. This study presents five in-depth cases that offer insight into the role of brain areas involved in AOS. Four of the examined participants had a primary impairment of AOS either with (n = 2) or without concomitant mild aphasia (n = 2). The fifth participant presented with a lesion relatively isolated to the left anterior insula (AIns-L), damage that is rarely reported in the literature, but without AOS. Taken together, these cases challenge the role of the AIns-L and implicate the left motor regions in AOS.
Maternal eating disorders and infant temperament: findings from the Norwegian mother and child cohort study.

OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that women with eating disorders would be more likely to rate their infants' temperament higher on negative emotionality than women without eating disorders. METHOD Of 3,013 mothers with eating disorders, 44 reported anorexia nervosa (AN), 436 bulimia nervosa (BN), 2,475 binge eating disorder (BED), and 58 EDNOS purging type (EDNOS-P). The referent group comprised 45,964 mothers with no eating disorder. A partial proportional odds model was used to estimate the relation among maternal eating disorder presentations and infant temperament ratings while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Women with AN, BN, EDNOS-P, and BED were 2.3, 1.4, 2.8, and 1.4 times more likely to report extreme fussiness than the referent group of women with no eating disorder, respectively. DISCUSSION Mothers with eating disorders may rate their infants as more difficult because of information-processing biases or because their infants are emotionally difficult. Maternal perception of infant temperament may be a risk factor for children's emotional development.
MACRO‐ AND MICROGEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF A SPATIALLY SUBDIVIDED BEETLE SPECIES IN NATURE

Spatial subdivision of species can affect their population structure by allowing processes such as limited dispersal, spatial heterogeneity in selective pressures, small population sizes, and random events to operate. By studying species restricted to islands or “island” habitats, one can attempt to determine which of these factors have affected the current structure of the population. Collops georgianus (Coleoptera: Melyridae), a beetle species endemic to the “island” habitat of granitic rock outcrops, was chosen to see how its spatially subdivided distribution has affected its genetic structure. Its genetic structure was examined on both a macrogeographic and a microgeographic level using protein electrophoresis. Macrogeographically, 12 populations throughout its range were sampled. The discontinuous distribution of outcrops, and thus populations, throughout its range, has determined the connectivity of the populations. Significant variation in allele frequencies and substructuring (FST = 0.192) was found throughout the range, but there was no spatial autocorrelation. Microgeographically, in the central part of the range, where outcrops are denser and more continuously distributed in space, there was evidence of isolation by distance. Very little variation in allele frequencies was found, but a low but significant level of substructuring occurred among the populations. Comparison of disjunct and continuous populations microgeographically revealed no effect of disjunct distributions, although a significant effect of distance was detected. Effective population size variation among populations and between years, compounded with the effects of local extinctions, suggest that random processes such as drift and founder effects are important determinants of the population's genetic structure.
Epidemiology and control of nosocomial fungal infections

Fungal infections present a new challenge to infection-control personnel. The investigation of recent outbreaks of candidiasis and aspergillosis suggests that the epidemiology of these infections is more complicated than previously thought. The application of more discriminatory genetic-typing system to the study of outbreak strains has helped in this process. Evidence for both endogenous and exogenous acquisition of fungal pathogens requires preventive strategies that incorporate both chemoprophylaxis and standard infection-control practices such as hand-washing. The role of sophisticated and expensive air-handling system on transplant units needs a critical reappraisal.
Self-Organizing Map-Based Color Image Segmentation with k-Means Clustering and Saliency Map

Natural image segmentation is an important topic in digital image processing, and it could be solved by clustering methods. We present in this paper an SOM-based k-means method (SOM-K) and a further saliency map-enhanced SOM-K method (SOM-KS). In SOM-K, pixel features of intensity and 𝐿∗𝑢∗𝑣∗ color space are trained with SOM and followed by a k-means method to cluster the prototype vectors, which are filtered with hits map. A variant of the proposed method, SOM-KS, adds a modified saliency map to improve the segmentation performance. Both SOM-K and SOM-KS segment the image with the guidance of an entropy evaluation index. Compared to SOM-K, SOM-KS makes a more precise segmentation in most cases by segmenting an image into a smaller number of regions. At the same time, the salient object of an image stands out, while other minor parts are restrained. The computational load of the proposed methods of SOM-K and SOM-KS are compared to J-image-based segmentation (JSEG) and k-means. Segmentation evaluations of SOM-K and SOM-KS with the entropy index are compared with JSEG and k-means. It is observed that SOM-K and SOM-KS, being an unsupervised method, can achieve better segmentation results with less computational load and no human intervention.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 restructured form (MMPI-2-RF) scale score differences in bariatric surgery candidates diagnosed with binge eating disorder versus BMI-matched controls.

OBJECTIVE Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is among the most common psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is a broadband, psychological test that includes measures of emotional and behavioral dysfunction, which have been associated with BED behaviors in bariatric surgery candidates; however these studies have lacked appropriate controls. In the current study, we compared MMPI-2-RF scale scores of bariatric surgery patients diagnosed with BED (BED+) with BMI-matched controls without BED (BED-). METHOD Three-hundred and seven BED+ participants (72.64% female and 67.87% Caucasian; mean BMI of 51.36 kg/m(2) [SD = 11.94]) were drawn from a large, database (N = 1304). Three-hundred and seven BED- participants were matched on BMI and demographics (72.64% female, 68.63% Caucasian, and mean BMI of 51.30 kg/m(2) [SD = 11.70]). RESULTS The BED+ group scored significantly higher on measures of Demoralization, Low Positive Emotions, and Dysfunctional Negative Emotions and scored lower on measures of Antisocial Behaviors, reflecting behavioral constraint. Optimal T-Score cutoffs were below the traditional 65 T score for several MMPI-2-RF scales. MMPI-2-RF externalizing measures also added incrementally to differentiating between the groups beyond the Binge Eating Scale (BES). DISCUSSION BED+ individuals produced greater elevations on a number of MMPI-2-RF internalizing scales and externalizing scales. Use of the test in conjunction with a clinical interview and other self-report data can further aid the clinician in guiding patients to appropriate treatment to optimize outcome.
FLORAL DISPLAY IN PHYLA INCISA: CONSEQUENCES FOR MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

The inflorescences of Phyla incisa consist of flowers in two phases: younger, nectar‐containing flowers that have yellow corolla throats and older, nectar‐lacking flowers that have dark purple corolla throats. Observations of pollinator visitation patterns to both natural and manipulated inflorescences were made to determine the role of each flower phase in pollinator attraction. The effect of older‐phase flowers on male and female reproductive success was determined by comparing stigmatic pollen loads and estimates of pollen removal from inflorescences having different numbers of these flowers.
How Iranian lay people in three ethnic groups conceptualize a case of a depressed woman: an explanatory model

Objective(s). Although depression is a major public health problem, little is known about lay people's views of this subject in Iran. The aim of this study was to explore how depression in women is viewed among lay people in three major ethnic groups – Kurd, Turk, and Fars. Design. Participants were selected from public urban healthcare centers. Four focus group discussions were conducted for each of the three ethnic groups and classified by level of education from three locations, in the capital city (Tehran), west (Ilam), and the northwest (Tabriz) of Iran. Twelve focus groups; 38 men and 38 women have been conducted by using a case vignette describing a woman with major depression. Results. Depression symptoms were perceived as a temporary phenomenon. It was regarded as a colloquial term for feeling blue, mostly related to external stressors (social model). The common terms used in all ethnic groups were depression, and nerve/soul distress. Environmental cause and war were considered as external causes of the symptoms, and emotional factors, cognition distortion, and biological reasons, as internal factors. The participants believed it was necessary to seek help from religion, family and friends, positive thinking, and distraction from social problems, besides consultations with psychologists as counselors. Medication was often seen as the last resort. Stigma was mentioned as an important factor that makes people avoid visiting psychiatrists. Conclusion. These data may have implications for mental healthcare practice, especially for the approach to diagnosis of depression. Moreover, there is a need for developing and integrating gender-relevant and cultural indicators in the existing national mental health systems in Iran.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND MOLECULAR VARIABILITY WITHIN AND AMONG SIX CHROMOSOME RACES OF SCELOPORUS GRAMMICUS (SAURIA, IGUANIDAE), BASED ON NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL MARKERS

Selected populations of Sceloporus grammicus from central Mexico were karyotyped and screened for variability at the protein, ribosomal‐DNA, and mitochondrial‐DNA levels. Molecular markers were used to construct phylogenies of the chromosome races, which were then qualitatively evaluated for congruence with each other and with the original chromosomal phytogeny proposed by Hall (1973). Between‐cytotype protein divergence generally was low, and few allozyme markers were fixed between cytotypes. Hence, these data were combined with the rDNA restriction‐site data for phylogeny reconstruction. This combined nuclear data set provided a phylogenetic hypothesis that, with one exception, is reasonably congruent with that based on standard karyotypes. Similar results were obtained from mtDNA restriction‐site data, although there are some discrepancies, and trees based on both DNA data sets are complicated by evidence for historical and/or ongoing hybridization. An unexpectedly rapid rate of rDNA divergence is demonstrated relative to the degree of allozyme divergence, suggesting that restriction‐site variation in rDNA has systematic utility at lower taxonomic levels.
Genetic and environmental influences on thin-ideal internalization across puberty and preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult development.

OBJECTIVE Mean-levels of thin-ideal internalization increase during adolescence and pubertal development, but it is unknown whether these phenotypic changes correspond to developmental changes in etiological (i.e., genetic and environmental) risk. Given the limited knowledge on risk for thin-ideal internalization, research is needed to guide the identification of specific types of risk factors during critical developmental periods. The present twin study examined genetic and environmental influences on thin-ideal internalization across adolescent and pubertal development. METHOD Participants were 1,064 female twins (ages 8-25 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Thin-ideal internalization and pubertal development were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Twin moderation models were used to examine if age and/or pubertal development moderate genetic and environmental influences on thin-ideal internalization. RESULTS Phenotypic analyses indicated significant increases in thin-ideal internalization across age and pubertal development. Twin models suggested no significant differences in etiologic effects across development. Nonshared environmental influences were most important in the etiology of thin-ideal internalization, with genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental accounting for approximately 8%, 15%, and 72%, respectively, of the total variance. DISCUSSION Despite mean-level increases in thin-ideal internalization across development, the relative influence of genetic versus environmental risk did not differ significantly across age or pubertal groups. The majority of variance in thin-ideal internalization was accounted for by environmental factors, suggesting that mean-level increases in thin-ideal internalization may reflect increases in the magnitude/strength of environmental risk across this period. Replication is needed, particularly with longitudinal designs that assess thin-ideal internalization across key developmental phases.
Explanatory models of hypertension among Nigerian patients at a University Teaching Hospital

Objective. To elicit the explanatory models (EM) of hypertension among patients in a hospital-based primary care practice in Nigeria. Design. Semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with 62 hypertensive patients. Interviews and focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was guided by phenomenology and content analysis using qualitative research software ATLAS.ti 5.0. Results. Patients expressed four categories of EM of hypertension: (1) perceptions of hypertension, (2) consequences, (3) effect on daily life, and (4) perception of treatment. Focus group discussions and individual interviews yielded a wide range of insights into the social and cultural factors influencing patients' beliefs and health behavior. Participants were aware of the risks of hypertension. There was disagreement between participants' own understanding of the serious nature of hypertension, the need for long-term treatment, and the desire to take long-term medication. Participants acknowledged the use of traditional medicine (e.g. teas and herbs) and healers. Different themes emerged for men versus women such that women often focused on family issues while men tended to discuss external stressors stemming from work as a cause of hypertension. Men were concerned with frequent urination, decreased libido, and erectile dysfunction. Conclusion. Knowledge gained will inform development of patient-centered treatment plans and targeted behavioral and educational interventions.