Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability to sexually transmitted disease: street children in Accra.

A street child is someone under age 18 years who spends a considerable amount of time living or working on the street. Street children may have either run away from the home without their parents' permission, been forced onto the streets by their parents, or be orphans. Data are presented on 1147 street children aged 8-19 years interviewed between May 13 and June 9, 1997, in four market areas of Accra. Respondents also participated in focus group discussions. They were of mean age 16.1 years with 75% aged 15-19 years and only 2% under age 10. 60% of the sample is male. The street children were from all regions of Ghana, although the highest proportion of 22.1% was from the Ashanti Region, 20.1% from the Northern Region, and 14.6% from the Eastern Region. Most respondents are sexually active and typically had their first sexual experience on the street and with prostitutes. Most have multiple sex partners, some engage in homosexual activity, and they rarely and inconsistently use condoms despite being aware of AIDS. The children were more ignorant of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) against which they tend to self-medicate. Some girls provide sex in exchange for money. Street children are therefore at high risk for contracting and transmitting HIV and other STDs. They are also exposed to physical and social elements which may adversely affect their health, have repeated illness and infections which receive inadequate treatment, and consume recreational drugs.
There is no simple temporal relationship between the initiation of rapid reactive hand movements and the phase of an enhanced physiological tremor in man

1 A postural hand tremor of enhanced size was induced in eleven subjects. There was rhythmic activity in the posturally active extensor muscles synchronised to the tremor oscillation, which implied an oscillatory modulation of motor neurones. 2 The subjects executed single rapid wrist flexion movements in response to a flash of light. The light flash was presented at an instant when the wrist was spontaneously moving in the flexion direction, extension direction or at random. The time taken to generate a movement was not significantly different or more consistent in any of the conditions. 3 Inspection of individual and averaged acceleration and EMG records strongly suggests that the movement is made at a time that is independent of the tremor cycle at the time of stimulus presentation or at the moment of movement initiation. 4 These observations suggest that the central or spinal mechanism generating tremor does not gate the central mechanism that produces voluntary movement.
Do HIV care providers appropriately manage hepatitis B in coinfected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy?

BACKGROUND The common occurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients who carry the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demands that both viruses be recognized, evaluated, and treated when appropriate. METHODS We identified 357 HIV- and hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients who underwent testing from 1999 to 2003; 155 patients who were new to our clinic and who initiated therapy for HIV and HBV coinfection were considered for inclusion in the study. The frequency of HIV testing (to determine HIV load and CD4+ cell count) performed during the first year of therapy was compared with the frequency of HBV measurements (to determine hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B e antigen, and HBV load), abdominal ultrasound examination, and measurement of levels of alpha-fetoprotein in serum. RESULTS HBV load data were obtained for only 16% of patients before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), whereas HIV load was determined for 99% of patients before initiation of ART. The total number of HIV load measurements obtained during the first year after ART initiation was 497 (median number of HIV load measurements per patient, 3.0), compared with 85 measurements of HBV load (median number of HBV load measurements per patient, <1; P<.001). The percentage of patients who received any level of HBV monitoring (i.e., tests to determine hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B e antigen, and HBV load) after ART initiation increased from 7% in 1999 to 52% in 2001 (P<.001), whereas the percentage of patients who underwent HIV load testing remained at 80%-90% during the same period. CONCLUSIONS Health care providers treating patients with HIV infection during the period 1999-2003 infrequently monitored HBV response in coinfected patients, but they systematically monitored HIV response after ART initiation. Improved physician adherence to guidelines that better delineate HBV treatment and monitoring for patients with HIV-HBV coinfection is needed.
A tryptophan that modulates tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent electron transfer in nitric oxide synthase regulates enzyme catalysis by additional mechanisms.

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are flavo-heme enzymes that require (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) for activity. Our single-catalytic turnover study with the inducible NOS oxygenase domain showed that a conserved Trp that interacts with H(4)B (Trp457 in mouse inducible NOS) regulates the kinetics of electron transfer between H(4)B and an enzyme heme-dioxy intermediate, and this in turn alters the kinetics and extent of Arg hydroxylation [Wang, Z. -Q. , et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 12819-12825]. To investigate the impact of these effects on NADPH-driven NO synthesis by NOS, we generated and characterized the W457A mutant of inducible NOS and the corresponding W678A and W678F mutants of neuronal NOS. Mutant defects in protein solubility and dimerization were overcome by purifying them in the presence of sufficient Arg and H(4)B, enabling us to study their physical and catalytic profiles. Optical spectra of the ferric, ferrous, heme-dioxy, ferrous-NO, ferric-NO, and ferrous-CO forms of each mutant were similar to that of the wild type. However, the mutants had higher apparent K(m) values for H(4)B and in one mutant for Arg (W457A). They all had lower NO synthesis activities, uncoupled NADPH consumption, and a slower and less prominent buildup of enzyme heme-NO complex during steady-state catalysis. Further analyses showed the mutants had normal or near-normal heme midpoint potential and heme-NO complex reactivity with O(2), but had somewhat slower ferric heme reduction rates and markedly slower reactivities of their heme-dioxy intermediate. We conclude that the conserved Trp (1) has similar roles in two different NOS isozymes and (2) regulates delivery of both electrons required for O(2) activation (i.e., kinetics of ferric heme reduction by the NOS flavoprotein domain and reduction of the heme-dioxy intermediate by H(4)B). However, its regulation of H(4)B electron transfer is most important because this ensures efficient coupling of NADPH oxidation and NO synthesis by NOS.
Diversification of Root Hair Development Genes in Vascular Plants1[OPEN]

A combined phylogenetic and transcriptomic analysis of root hair development genes in seven vascular plant species reveals unexpected diversification in gene structure and expression. The molecular genetic program for root hair development has been studied intensively in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To understand the extent to which this program might operate in other plants, we conducted a large-scale comparative analysis of root hair development genes from diverse vascular plants, including eudicots, monocots, and a lycophyte. Combining phylogenetics and transcriptomics, we discovered conservation of a core set of root hair genes across all vascular plants, which may derive from an ancient program for unidirectional cell growth coopted for root hair development during vascular plant evolution. Interestingly, we also discovered preferential diversification in the structure and expression of root hair development genes, relative to other root hair- and root-expressed genes, among these species. These differences enabled the definition of sets of genes and gene functions that were acquired or lost in specific lineages during vascular plant evolution. In particular, we found substantial divergence in the structure and expression of genes used for root hair patterning, suggesting that the Arabidopsis transcriptional regulatory mechanism is not shared by other species. To our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive view of gene expression in a single plant cell type across multiple species.
Simetrías potenciales de un modelo matemático que describe las vibraciones de una viga

La Ec. (1) describe la propagación de las ondas de flexión que produce una viga, en forma de barra rectangular, cuando existen pequeñas vibraciones transversales. u(x, t) mide el desplazamiento transversal, x es la coordenada espacial, t la coordenada temporal y el término f(u) representa el efecto que debe realizar el cable que sostiene la viga para contrarrestar la fuerza de la gravedad. Sophus Lie (1849-1899) inició el estudio de los grupos de transformaciones de Lie al descubrir que muchos de los métodos conocidos de resolución de ecuaciones diferenciales eran casos espećıficos de un procedimiento general de integración basado en la invarianza de los sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales bajo un grupo continuo de simetŕıas. Cada grupo de simetŕıa hallado permite reducir el número de variables que intervienen en la ecuación en derivadas parciales (EDPs), o bien reducir el orden de la ecuación diferencial ordinaria (EDOs) según el caso. En [4] Bruzón, Ramı́rez y Camacho estudiaron las simetŕıas clásicas de la ecuación (1).
Localization of wheat germ agglutinin lectin receptors on human sperm by fluorescence microscopy: utilization of different fixatives.

Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) seem to be the most widely studied of the lectins used to investigate sperm surface receptors. It has been reported that WGA receptors on human sperm membranes may be closely related to male fertility and that WGA receptor deficiency may cause human infertility. Although these claims may not be negated, there are many discrepancies in current literature regarding the localization and detection of human sperm WGA receptors. These discrepancies are probably the result of variations in the pretreatment of sperm before fixation and sperm-lectin interaction. This study investigated the effect of different fixation procedures on the localization of human sperm WGA receptors on normal spermatozoa. Comparative studies were performed on spermatozoa separated by wash-swim-up and fixed with 4% formaldehyde, 95% ethanol, or Bouin's solution, or nonfixed (air-dried) using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated WGA. There were significant differences (p < .01) in the % WGA receptor localization following the different fixation procedures on samples receiving the same treatment previous to fixation. The different fixatives affect the plasma membrane to different degrees, resulting in an alteration of lectin receptor localization. To allow a better comparison and understanding of results, a standardized preparation procedure is recommended during studies using lectins as molecular probes. The results suggest than an aldehyde fixative may be the fixative of choice for sperm membrane studies.
Padding and devices for foot comfort.

Pads and other devices which have been designed by orthopedic surgeons and technicians to correct foot balance will relieve many painful foot lesions which are seen by dermatologists. These adjuncts to treatment, which can be worn inside the patient's regular shoes, often clear up a painful corn or callus and sometimes even a wart. Soft corns may be healed by separating opposing condyles with suitable padding. Lesions on the heels are helped by using a plastic heel cup. Most of these pads can be fashioned by the dermatologist from felt, foam rubber, and adhesive tape to give the patient reasonable foot comfort during treatment.
The future of general practice. Caring for larger lists.

I Hoist K, Wilson PD. 'I'he prevalence of female urinary incontinence and reasons for not seeking treatment. N Z Med]7 1988;101:756-8. 2 King's Fund. Action on incontinence. London: King's Fund, 1983. (Project paper No 43.) 3'Thomas TM, Plvmat KR, Blannin J, Meade rw. P'revalence of urinary incontinence. BMJ 1980;281:1243-5. 4 Fenelev RC, Shepherd AM, Powell PH, Blannin J. Urinary incontinence: prevalence and needs. Br] Urol 1979;51:493-6. 5 Jolleys JV. Diagnosis and management of female urinary incontinence in general practice. ] R Coll Gen Pruct 1989;39:277-9. 6 Jarvis GJ, Millar DR. Controlled trial of bladder drill for detrusor instability. BAM 1980;281:1322-3. 7 Pengelly AW, Booth CM. A prospective trial of bladder training as treatment for detrusor instability. Br] Urol 1980;52:462-6. 8 Hilton P. Urinary incontinence in women. BMJ 1987;295:426-32. 9 Brocklehurst JC, Fry J, Griffiths l L, Kalton G. Urinary infection and symptoms of dvsuria in women aged 45-64 years. Age Ageing 1972;1:41-7. 10 Urinary incontinence in elderly patients. Lancet 1986;ii:1316-7. II Hall C, Castleden CM, Grove GJ. Fifty six continence advisers, one peripatetic teacher. BMJ 1988;297:1181-2. 12 Mohide EA, P'ringle DM, Robertson I), Chambers LW. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in patients recciving home care services. Can Med Assoc 7 1988;139:953-6. 13 Bates P, Bradley WYE, (ilen E. Standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Urology 1977;9:237-41. 14 McGrother CW, Castleden CM, Duffin H, Clarke M. Provisioni of services for incontinent elderly people at homc. 7 Epidemtol Community Health 1986;40: 134-8. 15 Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Asher MJ. Clinical and urodynamic studies in one hundred elderly incontinent patients. BMIJ 1981;282:1003-5. 16 Frankel SJ, Williams MH, Nanchahal K, Coast J. Epidemiologicallsy based needs assessment. Total hip and total knee joint replacemeni. Bristol: Health Care Evaluation Unit, 1990. 17 Stanton SL, Cardozo LD. Surgical treatment of incontinence in elderly women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1980(;150:555-7. 18 Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Mitchell EP. The effect of physiotherapy oin stress incontinence. Age Ageing 1984;13:235-7. 19 Harrison SM. Stress incontinence and the physiotherapist. 1'hysiotherapy 1983;69: 144-7. 20 Jarvis GJ, Millar DR. Controlled trial of bladder drill for detrusor instability. BAMJ 1980;281:1322-3. 21 Pengelly AW, Booth CM. A prospective trial of bladder training as treatmeiit for detrusor instability. Brj Urol 1980;52:463-6. 22 Sutherst J, Brown M, Shawer M. Assessing the severity of urinary incontinence in women by weighing perineal pads. Lancet 1981 ;i: 1128-30. 23 Fantl JA, Harkins SW, Wyman JF, Choi SC, Taylor JR. Fluid loss quantitation test in women with urinary incontinence: a test-retest analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:739-43. 24 Henalla SM, Kirwin P, Castleden CM, Hutchins CJ, Breeson AJ. The effect of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women at two hospitals. Brjf Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95:602-6. 25 Smith NK. Continence advisory services in England. Health 7rends 1988;20: 22-4.
Simulation of atmospheric turbulence for a qualitative evaluation of image restoration algorithms with motion detection

Remote sensing applications are generally concerned with observing objects over long distances. When imaging over long horizontal paths, image resolution is limited by the atmosphere rather than by the design and quality of the optical system being used. Atmospheric turbulence can cause quite severe image degradation, the foremost effects being blurring and image motion. Recently, interest in image processing solutions has been rising, not least of all because of the comparatively low cost of computational power, and also due to an increasing number of imaging applications that require the correction of extended objects rather than point-like sources only. At present, the majority of these image processing methods aim exclusively at the restoration of static scenes. But there is a growing interest in enhancing turbulence mitigation methods to include moving objects as well. However, an unbiased qualitative evaluation of the respective restoration results proves difficult if little or no additional information on the "true image" is available. Therefore, in this paper synthetic ground truth data containing moving vehicles were generated and a first-order atmospheric propagation simulation was implemented in order to test such algorithms. The simulation employs only one phase screen and assumes isoplanatic conditions (only global image motion) while scintillation effects are ignored.
Enhancement of immobility in a forced swimming test by subacute or repeated treatment with phencyclidine: a new model of schizophrenia

1 Immobility induced by forced swimming is well known as an animal model of depression. To develop an animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular the depressive symptoms, the effect of phencyclidine (PCP) on immobility in the forced swimming test was investigated in mice, since PCP produces such negative symptoms in humans. 2 Repeated treatment with PCP (10 mg kg−1 day−1, s.c., once a day for 14 days) prolonged the immobility time in the forced swimming test 24 h after the final injection compared with saline treatment; the effect was not obtained by single or 5 treatments with PCP (10 mg kg−1, s.c.), or by repeated treatment with methamphetamine (0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 day−1, s.c., once a day for 14 days). 3 The enhancing effect of PCP (10 mg kg−1 day−1, s.c.) on the immobility persisted for at least 21 days after the withdrawal of the drug. 4 Haloperidol (0.3 and mg kg−1, p.o.), ritanserin (3 and 10 mg kg−1, p.o.), risperidone (0.1‐1 mg kg−, p.o.), and clozapine (3 and 10 mg kg−1, p.o.) failed to attenuate the immobility induced by the forced swimming in mice repeatedly treated with saline when the drugs were administered 1 h before the forced swimming test. However, ritanserin (30 mg kg−1) and clozapine (30 mg kg−1) did attenuate this immobility. 5 The enhancing effect of PCP on the immobility was attenuated by ritanserin (3 and 10 mg kg−1, p.o.), risperidone (0.3 mg kg−1, p.o.), and clozapine (3 and 10 mg kg−1, p.o.), whereas haloperidol (0.3 and 1 mg kg−1, p.o.) had no effect. 6 These results suggest that the enhancement of immobility in the forced swimming test brought about by repeated PCP treatment could be used as a model of the negative symptoms, particularly the depression, of schizophrenia. This effect of PCP appeared to be mediated, at least in part, via 5‐HT2A receptors.
Effect of imipenem on monoclonal antibody-mediated protection against Escherichia coli O18K5

Flow cytometry revealed that the binding of immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to Escherichia coli O18K5 was modulated by exposure of the bacteria to subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem. The binding of anti-K5 MAb was decreased, while the binding of anti-O18 MAb was increased. In addition, anti-lipid A MAbs bound only to imipenem-treated bacteria. The biological effect of MAb binding was investigated in BALB/c mice by determination of the levels of bacteremia, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in serum and survival after intraperitoneal challenge with bacteria preincubated with MAb. Neither MAb alone (150 micrograms per animal) proved to be protective against untreated bacteria. Anti-lipid A MAb on its own, in contrast to anti-K5 and anti-O18 MAbs, was not protective against imipenem-treated bacteria. Only combinations which included anti-O18 MAb and anti-K5 MAb exerted in mice enhanced protection against smooth E. coli O18K5 as well as imipenem-treated E. coli O18K5. This was reflected by reduced TNF levels in serum and increased survival. The addition of anti-lipid A MAb to the combination of anti-K5 MAb and anti-O18 MAb reduced serum TNF levels in mice, but not significantly.
A comparative study on the activities of six combination regimens against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in BALB/c mice

Abstract The objective of the present study was to compare the activities of six combination regimens in a murine tuberculosis model infected with a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolate. After 1 month of treatment, all the combination regimens dramatically reduced CFU counts in the spleens and lungs, especially the regimens containing six drugs which had no visible counts in either organ. After 2 months of treatment, the spleens of mice treated with the six regimens all became culture negative, but for the lungs, only those treated with the regimens containing six drugs became culture negative. When levofloxacin was replaced by moxifloxacin, the regimen displayed a better activity. The activity of amikacin is closely related to the dosage. Despite in vitro resistance, isoniazid showed moderate activity. Clofazimine was able to improve the combination therapy results. Three months post-treatment, both the spleens and lungs of mice treated with the two regimens containing six drugs remained culture negative, while the spleens of mice treated with the other four regimens became culture positive. The activity of the regimens improved as more drugs were added.
The Regulatory Network of Natural Competence and Transformation of Vibrio cholerae

The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium frequently encountered in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal regions. Within these environmental reservoirs, the bacterium is often found associated with zooplankton and more specifically with their chitinous exoskeleton. Upon growth on such chitinous surfaces, V. cholerae initiates a developmental program termed “natural competence for genetic transformation. ” Natural competence for transformation is a mode of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and contributes to the maintenance and evolution of bacterial genomes. In this study, we investigated competence gene expression within this organism at the single cell level. We provide evidence that under homogeneous inducing conditions the majority of the cells express competence genes. A more heterogeneous expression pattern was observable on chitin surfaces. We hypothesize that this was the case due to the heterogeneity around the chitin surface, which might vary extensively with respect to chitin degradation products and autoinducers; these molecules contribute to competence induction based on carbon catabolite repression and quorum-sensing pathways, respectively. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of these two signaling pathways to natural competence in detail using natural transformation assays, transcriptional reporter fusions, quantitative RT–PCR, and immunological detection of protein levels using Western blot analysis. The results illustrate that all tested competence genes are dependent on the transformation regulator TfoX. Furthermore, intracellular cAMP levels play a major role in natural transformation. Finally, we demonstrate that only a minority of genes involved in natural transformation are regulated in a quorum-sensing-dependent manner and that these genes determine the fate of the surrounding DNA. We conclude with a model of the regulatory circuit of chitin-induced natural competence in V. cholerae.