Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neosis - A Parasexual Somatic Reduction Division in Cancer

Abstract We have recently reported a novel type of cell division involved in the origin and growth of cancers. Termed neosis, as opposed to mitosis and meiosis, this type of cell division occurs only in senescent polyploid giant cells and not in normal diploid cells. Up to ~10% of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, are polyploid giant cells and so far there is no explanation for their role in cancer. These resemble senescent cells, which are thought to play a tumor suppressor role. We have shown that such cells have the potential to undergo neosis, a parasexual, somatic reduction division characterized by karyokinesis via nuclear budding, followed by asymmetric cytokinesis, (often) giving rise to aneuploid daughter cells termed Raju cells, which are the progenitors of tumor cells. These Tumor Initiating Raju Cells (TIRCs) are unique in that they transiently display stem cell properties, have inherited genomic instability, differentiate into tumor cells and have extended, but, limited mitotic life span (*MLS). At the end of their extended MLS (EMLS), the tumor cells repeat the cycle of senescence, neosis and production of Tumor Rejuvenating Raju Cells (TRRCs), which repeat the same cycle of events several times through the life of tumor in a progressively non-synchronous fashion. When tumor cells are subjected to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, they undergo premature senescence; but, some cells escape senescence via S/T-neosis and yield TRRCs, whose mitotic progenies may be resistant to genotoxins. Although neosis-like events have appeared in the literature sporadically for more than a century under different names, they were neglected since the significance of such events was not known till now. The data on neosis questions the basic tenets of the current concepts of cancer, i.e., (1) Cancer arises via mitosis, (2) Cancer cells are immortal and (3) Cancer cell continuity is due to the unlimited asymmetric mitotic potential of mutant stem cells or Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). Neosis paradigm supports the concept that (1) Cancer arises via neosis, (2) cancer cells are not immortal, but undergo repeated senescent phases and that (3) tumor cell lineage continuity is due to escape from senescent phase via neosis, since tumor cells carry mutant or epimutant genes in the senescent checkpoint pathway. Thus, genesis and regenesis of Raju cells via repetitive neotic divisions is responsible for the origin and continuous growth of different tumor types. This concept accommodates epigenetic expression of telomerase, meiotic genes, multidrug resistance genes and stem cell-specific genes in tumor cells and also explains the role of senescent cells found in tumor tissues. Thus, neosis appears to involve global epigenetic modulation (EM), in order to fine-tune the chromatin with DNA damage important for producing reproductively viable genomes from the non-viable polyploid genome, before being discarded by post-neotic death of neosis mother cells (NMCs).
Competition between grain growth and grain-size reduction in polar ice

Abstract Static (or ‘normal’) grain growth, i.e. grain boundary migration driven solely by grain boundary energy, is considered to be an important process in polar ice. Many ice-core studies report a continual increase in average grain size with depth in the upper hundreds of metres of ice sheets, while at deeper levels grain size appears to reach a steady state as a consequence of a balance between grain growth and grain-size reduction by dynamic recrystallization. The growth factor k in the normal grain growth law is important for any process where grain growth plays a role, and it is normally assumed to be a temperature-dependent material property. Here we show, using numerical simulations with the program Elle, that the factor k also incorporates the effect of the microstructure on grain growth. For example, a change in grain-size distribution from normal to log-normal in a thin section is found to correspond to an increase in k by a factor of 3.5.
The geography of body size - challenges of the interspecific approach

Recent compilations of large-scale data bases on the geographical distributions and body sizes of animals, coupled with developments in spatial statistics, have led to renewed interest in the geographical distribution of animal body sizes and the interspecific version of Bergmann's rule. Standard practice seems to be an examination of mean body sizes within higher taxa on gridded maps, with little regard to species richness or phylogeny. However, because the frequency distribution of body sizes is typically highly skewed, average size within grid cells may differ significantly between species-rich and species-poor cells even when the median and modal sizes remain constant. Species richness influences body size patterns because species are not added to communities at random in relation to their size: areas of low diversity are characterized by a higher range of body sizes than is expected by chance. Finally, a consideration of phylogenetic structure within taxa is necessary to elucidate whether patterns in the geography of size result from turnover between or within intermediate taxonomic levels. We suggest that the highest and lowest quantiles of body size distribution be mapped in order to expose possible physiological or ecological limitations on body size.
The Impacts of Green Spaces on Crime in New York City

High crime rates have always been a characteristic of urban areas. Some of the largest and most worldly cities are also among the most dangerous. High densities of people tend to result in an increase of crimes committed, especially when other stresses are added to the situation. Changes in weather, financial standing, and the surrounding physical environment are only three factors that correlate with crime rates. Studies have also shown, however, that natural green spaces in urban landscapes can reduce stress. The presence of trees in urban areas has many environmental benefits, like controlling ground runoff and contributing to ambient air temperature reduction. Trees can also improve the mental wellbeing of individuals. While interning with the Crime Strategies Unit, an intelligence division within the New York County District Attorney’s Office, crime data was gathered and analyzed in order to derive a correlation between crime occurrences and natural green spaces in Northern Manhattan. This study drew on knowledge from the fields of criminal psychology, environmental psychology, and urban planning. Crime data for the past year (2015) was taken from CompStat 2.0 and the United States Census Bureau, primarily. Crimes were evaluated as two categories: personal crimes, specifically assault, homicide, and rape, and property crimes, specifically robbery, burglary, and grand larceny auto. By evaluating what types of crimes happen in cities, and where they tend to happen the most, city planners can be informed on how to construct the urban environment to promote safety, environmental health, and mental health among citizens, all while reducing crime rates.
High-Order harmonic generation of aligned acetylene in elliptically polarized strong laser fields

We perform an experimental study on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of aligned acetylene molecules induced by a 35-fs 800-nm strong laser field, by using a home-built HHG spectrometer. It is observed that the molecular HHG probability declines with increasing the laser ellipticity, which is in consistence with the deduction from the well-known tunneling-plus-rescattering scenario. By introducing a weak femtosecond laser pulse to non-adiabatically align the molecules, we investigated the molecular orbital effect on the HHG in both linearly and elliptically polarized driving laser fields. The results show that the harmonic intensity is maximum for the molecular axis aligned perpendicularly to the laser electric field. It indicates that both the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and HOMO-1 contribute to the strong-field HHG of acetylene molecules. Our study should pave the way for understanding the interaction of molecules with ultrafast strong laser fields.
Microvesicles Released from Human Red Blood Cells: Properties and Potential Applications

Microvesicles (MVs) are small spherical fragments of plasma membrane between 50 and 1000 nm in diameter. MVs arise through direct outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane. As almost all cells, human red blood cells (RBCs) are able to release MVs into extracellular environment under stimulating or storage conditions. Recently, it has been known that MVs not only play a role in homeostasis but also have diverse functions in cell-cell interactions and in the pathogenesis of diseases. In this chapter, the formation and release of MVs from human RBCs have been described. In addition, MVs have demonstrated to be potential vehicle for transport of nucleic acid and other molecules to the target cells. Although RBC-derived MVs are potential material for the development of delivery systems, it is still a great challenge to the clinical application. Future research should pay more attention to MVs as biological targets for diagnosis and practical therapeutics of cancer and other diseases.
Effect of Potassium Chloride and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Thermotolerance of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress

A t otal of 100-day-old broiler chicken were randomly divided into five groups and kept under elevated temperature (95-98.6 F) to observe the effect of potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate on the o weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level. Thermostress lead to significant in decrease (P<0.05) weight gain, serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level, while FCR was increased. During heat stress, KCl and NaHCO at levels of 1.5% and 0.5% respectively, improved 3 weight gain, and FCR and significantly increased (P<0.05) serum potassium and bicarbonate level. The results showed that combination of KCl and NaHCO supplementation alleviated the negative effects of heat 3 stress in broilers.
Firm Leverage and Unemployment During the Great Recession

We argue that firms balance sheets were instrumental in the propagation of shocks during the Great Recession. Using establishment-level data, we show that firms that tightened their debt capacity in the run-up ("high-leverage firms") exhibit a significantly larger decline in employment in response to household demand shocks than firms that freed up debt capacity ("low-leverage firms"). In fact, all of the job losses associated with falling house prices during the Great Recession are concentrated among establishments of high-leverage firms. At the county level, we find that counties with a larger fraction of establishments belonging to high-leverage firms exhibit a significantly larger decline in employment in response to household demand shocks. Thus, firms' balance sheets also matter for aggregate employment.
Distinctions in Descriptive and Instrumental Stakeholder Theory: A Challenge for Empirical Research

Stakeholder theory is one of the most influential theories in business ethics. It is perhaps not surprising that a theory as popular as stakeholder theory should be used in different ways, but when the disparity between different uses becomes too great, it is questionable whether all the ‘stakeholder research’ refers to the same underlying theory. This paper starts to clarify this definitional confusion by distinguishing between three different ways in which different lines of stakeholder research are connected with descriptive and instrumental stakeholder theory. First, a distinction is made between research connected with descriptive and with instrumental stakeholder theory as defined by Donaldson & Preston in the narrow or broad sense. Second, a distinction is made between research that interprets descriptive and instrumental stakeholder theories as either hypotheses or research areas. Third, a distinction is made between research that interprets Donaldson & Preston's central concept of ‘stakeholder management’ as either behaviour or rationale. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of these differences for empirical research into stakeholder theory.
New adaptive algorithm for detecting low- and high ohmic faults in meshed networks

Statistics show that the major portion of grid faults are earth faults. Conventional relays are designed only for low ohmic earth faults under stationary conditions and for non meshed systems. They can handle neither high ohmic earth faults, which occur especially in rural networks with overhead lines, nor intermittent earth faults in compensated cable networks. Additionally all algorithms are very sensitive to real and virtual crosstalks from the load current to the zero-sequence-system, which occur in every meshed system. As a consequence, very often the earth fault is not recognized or the wrong feeder is selected to be healthy. In the paper the reasons for the crosstalk from the load current to the zero-sequence-system, the influence even to transient relays and the benefits of the new adaptive algorithm are explained in detail. The theoretical explanation is completed with the presentation of real field results from a very large meshed distribution network.
How Polish children switch from one case to another when using novel nouns: Challenges for models of inflectional morphology

The two main models of children's acquisition of inflectional morphology—the Dual-Mechanism approach and the usage-based (schema-based) approach—have both been applied mainly to languages with fairly simple morphological systems. Here we report two studies of 2–3-year-old Polish children's ability to generalise across case-inflectional endings on nouns. In the first study, we found that the morphological form in which children first encounter a noun in Polish has a strong effect on their ability to produce other forms of that same noun. In the second study, we found that this effect is different depending on the target form to which children are switching. Similarity between inflectional endings played a crucial role in facilitating the task, whereas the simple frequency of either source or target forms was not a decisive factor in either study. These findings undermine Dual-Mechanism models that posit all-or-none acquisition of abstract morphological rules, and they also present serious challenges for usage-based models, in which frequency typically plays a key role.
Preventive Behavior of HIV Transmission among Young Men Having Sex with Men (YMSM) Working in Entertainment Places of Chonburi Province, Thailand

This qualitative research aimed at identifying behaviors to prevent HIV transmission and its contributing factors among thirty young men having sex with men (YMSM) working in entertainment places in Pattaya City, Thailand. In-depth interviews were conducted between 1 August and 30 September, 2015. Content analysis was used to analyze data to verify key answer themes. Results revealed that the majority of YMSM aged 20 to 24 years came from northeastern Thailand. Poverty and being a good son to earn money to support their family were reasons to join the work. Half of respondents knew condom use can prevent HIV. Reasons for not using condoms included being drunk, request from male clients to exchange for money, sexual pleasure, love and trust in their lovers. The other behavior was having sex without penetration. Awareness on risk of HIV transmission, peers, and entertainment owners influenced condom use while work environments exposed respondents to risk of HIV. YMSM knew benefits of HIV-Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) but reasons for non-use were accessibility and and availability. Though health workers had raised awareness on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV prevention and promote free condom use, YMSM preferred utilizing outreach service at their workplace from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) due to embarrassment to go to public hospital.
INFLATION PERCEPTIONS AND ANTICIPATIONS IN THE OLD EUROZONE MEMBER STATES

There is empirical evidence that the introduction of the euro led to a significant increase of perceived inflation in most countries. Such an increase and persistence in the perceived inflation might then have an impact on inflation expectations and other macroeconomic variables. The authors have used expectational errors to describe the difference between inflation expectations/anticipations and its observed values, subsequently to identify the causality between these variables.
CONCEALED DATA AGGREGATION AND EXPONENTIAL PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR DELAY PERFORMANCE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are an exacting category of wireless ad hoc networks with the intention of catch the attention of growing concentration, together in academia and business. Routing in WSN is varied with the purpose of reasonable mobile ad-hoc networks. During this process it needs to support several numbers of transmissions such as single transmission, one to multihop transmission and multihop manner to reach destination. One of the major challenges in routing is security. This security and routing delay problem is solved by using data aggregation schemas in recent years. In this paper focus on routing problem in WSN is solved by using Concealed data aggregation schema. During data aggregation process each sensor nodes in the network generates the information of nodes through sensing its objective location and transmits the information of each nodes to specific node which is called as sink node. During this Concealed data aggregation schema generates the information of nodes through sensing its objective location and the information of each sensor nodes is encrypted using public homorphic system without delay in routing, since the proposed routing is performed based on exponential particle swarm optimization (EPSO) which results high well-organized and flexible Concealed data aggregation. Then routing in WSN is performed based on exponential particle swarm optimization (EPSO) with delay function as fitness function. The experimentation work of the proposed system is implemented in network simulation tool NS2 which is reasonable and normally even more less energy consumption results in well-organized than hop-by-hop encryption.
Coastal wetland change detection using high spatial resolution KOMPSAT-2 imagery

Coastal wetlands store terrestrial carbon and conserve biodiversity, thus playing an essential ecological role. Reliable regional-scale assessments of wetland dynamics, such as analysis of land use and land cover (LULC), and coastal monitoring, provide important hydrographical and socio-geographical information. Remote sensing images, such as Earth Observation satellite data, are useful for examining temporal LULC changes and providing environmental monitoring data. This study presents a method of mapping and monitoring changes in coastal LULC using classified multispectral images acquired by the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2). Wetland changes are monitored in three different protected tidal flats areas on the coastal boundary of the Korean Peninsula with the Yellow Sea, for the period of 2008 2015. High overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient values for the accuracy assessment indicate the suitability of LULC classification using high spatial resolution KOMPSAT imagery, even when an unsupervised classification approach is adopted. The LULC maps were analyzed and evaluated using post-classification change detection methods. Results showed spatial decreases of 6 and 20% for mixed forest and wetlands in the Gyeonggi area, respectively, but no significant changes over time for Jeonbuk and Jeonnam. There was a 12% increase in developed areas for Gyeonggi but only 1.9 and 6% for Jeonbuk and Jeonnam, respectively. LULC change is thus easily identified through a pixel-based analysis of multispectral KOMPSAT-2 images over time. Such data are useful for environmental and policy managers when developing advanced coastal management strategies. Article history: Received 14 December 2017
Does Corporate Capital Structure influence Corporate Financial Performance in Developing Economies? Evidence from East African Stock Markets

This paper examines the statistically significant influence which capital structure has had on corporate financial performance of listed non-financial companies in East African stock markets. It used panel data of 272 observations including 34 East African non-financial listed firms listed in East African stock markets such as Dar Es Salaam Stock Market (DSE), Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) and Uganda Securities Exchange (USE) for a period of 8 years {i.e. 2006-2013}. Using the Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSEs) and Fixed Effect (FE),the study formulated two (2) econometric models with return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as dependent variables and measures of corporate financial performance respectively, three (3) independent variables such as short term debt ratio (STDR),long term debt ratio (LTDR) and total debt ratio (TDR) as a measure of capital structure, furthermore the study used size of the firm (SIZ) as a control variable in order to control the differences in firmi¯s operating environment. The result indicate that capital structure has a negative and statistically significant influence on East African listed firmi¯s financial performance at 5% significance level. These results show that in average profitable listed firms in East African prefers to use internal source of financing in their capital structure as compared to external source of financing {like Debts-STDR,LTDR and TDR} and this results are supporting pecking order theory. Lastly the study recommends to corporate financial managers of East African non-financial listed firms should reduce financing their operations and growth by debt (STDR,LTDR and TDR) on their capital structure in order to enhance their corporate financial performance, regulatory authorities in East African region such as East African member states securities regulatory authority (EASRA) to formulate policies that will improving of financial markets in the region in order to reduce the cost of debt, further research could examine the influence {if any} of capital structure on sector wise (as per industry-like Manufacturing firms) for East African non-financial listed firms, take into account more control variables which are likely to influence financial performance such as macroeconomic variables (like gross domestic product - GDP) and consider other capital structure theories like ,market timing theory, agency theory which were not considered in our study.
Limitations in Mtbe Biodegradation

The methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolic pathway was partially elucidated in Mycobacterium austroafricanum IFP 2012 by identifying the degradation intermediates. Several enzymatic activities were specifically induced during growth on MTBE. Among those required for the first steps of MTBE degradation to tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), the same monooxygenase was responsible for the oxidation of both MTBE and TBA, with a low affinity for TBA (Km = 1.1mM). An esterase was involved in the hydrolysis of tert-butyl formate (TBF). The slowness of the degradation of MTBE by M. austroafricanum IFP 2012 was the result of complex interactions, especially the negative effect of TBF formed during MTBE oxidation on the MTBE/TBA moonoxygenase and the absence of TBA oxidation in the presence of residual MTBE. Moreover, concerning the downstream steps of MTBE metabolism, Co++ ions were required for the degradation of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) formed by oxidation of TBA as shown by the low growth yield on HIBA in the absence of cobalt.