Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Palliative care in the USA and England: a critical analysis of meaning and implementation towards a public health approach

Abstract Delivering optimal and equitable palliative care is an international challenge. There are few cross-national comparisons examining challenges in expanding palliative care along public health lines. This paper presents a critical review of palliative care in the USA and England, which share similar challenges but have different contexts of healthcare. Beyond some obvious differences in the organisation of palliative care, a set of underlying common issues can be identified. A key tension in both is balancing attention ‘downstream’ in the dying phase, as well as ‘upstream’ earlier in the course of serious illness. In both, the dominant models of palliative care provision have resulted in excellent care towards the end of life for some patients, but there remain major deficiencies in care for the majority. England has a National Strategy for End-of-life care; the US has no equivalent, although a number of influential agencies have published statements. Achieving a public health approach in palliative care requires international consensus on the meaning and target population of palliative care, replacement of prognosis based understandings of entitlement to palliative care with a needs-based approach and development of an evidence base for cost-effective partnerships between providers across the specialist–generalist divide.
Performance-Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Panels On the WWW

This paper presents a dedicated computer program for analysis of reinforced concrete panels loaded in plane stress. The program can accurately predict the performance of parts of reinforced concrete walls and deep beams. It has been specially developed for routine use by structural designers. It can be used next to code formulae to show that critical parts of a structure fulfil all performance requirements. The material model is based on the modified compression field theory (MCFT). The program has been built in the Java language and is conveniently available on the WWW.
Relativistic Spacecraft Propelled by Directed Energy

Achieving relativistic flight to enable extrasolar exploration is one of the dreams of humanity and the long-term goal of our NASA Starlight program. We derive a relativistic solution for the motion of a spacecraft propelled by radiation pressure from a directed energy (DE) system. Depending on the system parameters, low-mass spacecraft can achieve relativistic speeds, thus enabling interstellar exploration. The diffraction of the DE system plays an important role and limits the maximum speed of the spacecraft. We consider “photon recycling” as a possible method to achieving higher speeds. We also discuss recent claims that our previous work on this topic is incorrect and show that these claims arise from an improper treatment of causality.
Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical Technology

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, therefore researches and developments are performed in various fields. In recent years application to the medical field of CNTs attracted attention, and a large number of studies have begun to be performed. An applied study to cancer diagnosis and treatment, and a study to use for scaffold for regenerative medicine, besides, a study to compound in CNTs for the improvement of the function and durability of conventional biomaterials. In the applied study that properties of all CNTs were fully made use of in, development in the future is expected. In this review, we state it about the contents of a performed study for medical application of CNTs now, and introduce in particular the basic studies that are performed to apply CNTs to biomaterials in detail.
TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI : GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI THE ADAPTATION OF HOW I LEARN INVENTORY INTO TURKISH : VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDIES

In this study, it was aimed to adapt “How I Learn Inventory” into Turkish. The validity of the structure and the concurrent, the internal-consistency and the reliability of test-repeated test were investigated in this study. As a result of investigating the language equivalence, it was found that there was a positive relationship between English and Turkish version of inventory. In order to analyse structure validity of the inventory, principal components analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used and items were grouped into four dimension. In the first and fourth groups there were seven items whereas in the second and third groups there were six items. In addition to this, in order to concurrent validity the inventory, Kolb Learning Style Inventory was used. For the reliability of the inventory, test-repeated test and Cronbach alpha internal consistency rates were used. The reliability is satisfactory.
Transplantation Antigens and Histocompatibility Matching

The presence of donor-specific HLA antibodies in kidney transplant recipients can be identi‐ fied by crossmatch. Since 1969, pre-transplant crossmatch has become a mandatory component of the transplant work-up process. It has largely eliminated hyperacute rejection. Crossmatch techniques have expanded from basic complement-dependent microcytotoxicity (CDC) assays to additionally include flow crossmatches and virtual crossmatches derived using the luminex assay. The improved sensitivity and specificity of virtual crossmatch when compared to CDC and flow crossmatches has revolutionised the pre-transplant crossmatch process, but also greatly increased its complexity.
Pushing ArF Dry Scanner Beyond Limitation

 Abstract—ArF dry scanner contact hole printing capability was successfully driven down from 120nm to 100nm, exceeding Acceptance Test specification (ATP) contact printing capability. The improved 100nm printing capability showed good process margin, Critical Dimension (CD) uniformity and wafer-to-wafer repeatability. Phase Shifting Mask (PSM) showed better performance than binary mark. Larger mask bias demonstrated better printability. PSM with 40nm mask bias resulted in most rounded hole profiles with no formation of side-lobe. Conventional illumination with high partial coherence factor produced the least iso-dense bias. usable Depth of Focus (uDOF), Exposure Latitude (EL), CD Uniformity (CDU) and Wafer-to-Wafer (WTW) repeatability were quantified and established.
The impact of early ADME profiling on drug discovery and development strategy

The increased costs in the discovery and development of new drugs, due in part to the high attrition rate of drug candidates in development, has led to a new strategy to introduce early, parallel evaluation of efficacy and biopharmaceutical properties of drug candidates. Investigation of terminated projects revealed that the primary cause for drug failure in the development phase was the poor pharmacokinetic and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Discretion and Toxicity) properties rather than unsatisfactory efficacy. In addition, the applications of parallel synthesis and combinatory chemistry to expedite lead finding and lead optimisation processes has shifted the chemical libraries towards poorer biopharmaceutical properties. Establishments of high throughput and fast ADMET profiling assays allow for the prioritisation of leads or drug candidates by their biopharmaceutical properties in parallel with optimisation of their efficacy at early discovery phases.This is expected to not only improve the overall quality of drug candidates and therefore the probability of their success, but also shorten the drug discovery and development process. In this article, we review the early ADME profiling approach, their timing in relation to the entire drug discovery and development process and the latest technologies of the selected assays will be reviewed.
Fiscal Decentralization and Socio-economic Outcomes in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation

This study examines the status of fiscal decentralization and its relationship with socio-economic indicators in Turkey. As theoretical literature is ambiguous on the merits of fiscal decentralization, international evidence confirms this ambiguity by stressing the important role of administrative and political decentralization in obtaining the benefits of fiscal decentralization. Empirical evidence in this paper regarding the relationship between various socio-economic indicators and fiscal decentralization in Turkey, however, is mostly favorable. We observe that fiscal decentralization is positively related with both the level and the growth rate of output, and negatively related with personnel spending and the volatility in both central government spending and private investment. The positive association between expenditure decentralization and output volatility points at rooms for improvements with regards to transparency and accountability at lower levels of the government to reinforce the benefits of fiscal decentralization.
Juxtaposing Regulation Theory with Agency Behaviour: Understanding the Role of the Regulator in the Developing World with Evidences from Nigeria

This paper explores the interface between the theory and practice of social regulation, particularly in developing or Third World Countries. Using two popular theories of regulation, the paper builds upon the framework of ecology of administration to argue that social regulatory agencies in developing countries may acquire unique characteristics that not only affect their modus operandi, but also midwife their outcomes and assessment in ways that differ significantly from the experiences of their contemporaries in the developed world. The paper finds evidences for these by examining the activities of two agencies in Nigeria: (1) the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), an agency that is responsible for the regulation of food, drugs, chemicals, confectionery, cosmetics and related items; and (2)the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) that is responsible for the prevention of financial crimes, corruption and arraigning financial criminals in Nigeria. Among other recommendations to improve the outcomes of regulation in developing countries, the paper advocates for the creation of improved regulatory environment by government, strengthening of political commitment to the cause of regulation; government’s avoidance of playing ‘regulatory games’ in order to guarantee the regulatory freedom of agencies; improved funding; functional communication amongst stakeholders in regulation; and the use of new social heuristics that combines legalism with social realities in order to boost regulatory compliance amongst the regulated. Key w ords: Regulation Theory, Agency Behaviour, Role, Regulator
Investment decision and the interest rate in normal and exceptional times

Macroeconomics is a historical discipline. Comparing investment decisions and the interest rate in Brazil in 1970 and 1990, I show that in ‘normal times’ (early 1970s) firms give more attention to the expected rate of profit than to the interest rate because a "cushion pad" tends to exist setting apart the interest rate and the expected profit rate. Yet, in ‘abnormal times’ (early 1990s), when the country confronts a deep economic crisis, the expected rate of profit falls sharply while the market rate of interest rises, and the rate of interest assumes a more important role to explain autonomous investment behavior. The rate of investment in Brazil fell substantially from the 1970s to the 1980s. In the previous decade gross capital formation represented around 22 percent of GDP; in the 1980s, around 17 percent. The private rate of investment fell accordingly from around 17 to 13 percent. How to explain this sharp decrease? Do the investment decision theories offer an acceptable explanation to it? Or these macroeconomic theories are too theoretical, too far away from reality? In this paper I will try to give a short answer to this question, using as evidence two surveys I undertook with a lag of twenty years: one in 1970, when the Brazilian economy experienced an economic "miracle"; the other in 1990, in the middle of a deep economic crisis. My general conclusion on this part of the paper will be that, indeed, macroeconomic theories of investment have a reasonable explanatory power in "normal times", but in "exceptional times", when the country's economy is victim rather of structural (usually fiscal) crisis than of a cyclical crisis their explanatory power is reduced, whereas the significance of variables change. A second objective of this paper will be to offer some evidence on the historical character of macroeconomics, using as object the investment theories. Microeconomics,
Random Crank-Nicolson Scheme for Random Heat Equation in Mean Square Sense

The goal of computational science is to develop models that predict phenomena observed in nature. However, these models are often based on parameters that are uncertain. In recent decades, main numerical methods for solving SPDEs have been used such as, finite difference and finite element schemes [1]-[5]. Also, some practical techniques like the method of lines for boundary value problems have been applied to the linear stochastic partial differential equations, and the outcomes of these approaches have been experimented numerically [7]. In [8]-[10], the author discussed mean square convergent finite difference method for solving some random partial differential equations. Random numerical techniques for both ordinary and partial random differential equations are treated in [4] [10]. As regards applications using explicit analytic solutions or numerical methods, a few results may be found in [5] [6] [11]. This article focuses on solving random heat equation by using Crank-Nicol- son technique under mean square sense and it is organized as follows. In Section 2, the mean square calculus preliminaries that will be required throughout the paper are presented. In Section 3, the Crank-Nicolson scheme for solving the random heat equation is presented. In Section 4, some case studies are showed. Short conclusions are cleared in the end section.
Application of Ontology Engineering in Satellite Network Simulation

Existed simulation works are always too dependent on a kind of particular techniques or tools to perform horizontal comparison and integration. There is no formal description for the simulation objects which leads to the lack of semantic support in the simulation. In order to guarantee the reusability and interoperability of heterogeneous models and services in satellite network simulation and provide verification support, a method based on ontology engineering is proposed. Based on the concept of simulation verification with semantic support, the purpose and requirements of applying ontology engineering in satellite network simulation are identified. A test is performed as to a specific simulation task, and the results show that, besides the semantic support, the former method can provide significant improvement in efficiency, which is over 200% in comparison with the latter one. It is concluded that it is quite feasible to apply ontology in the area of satellite network simulation.
Morphological study of the gastrointestinal tract of Larimichthys crocea (Acanthopterygii: Perciformes)

The present study aimed to investigate the macroscopic and histological structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Larimichthyscrocea (Richardson, 1846). It consists of esophagus, stomach regions, pyloric caeca, intestinal regions, and rectum. Sixteen tubular light yellowish pyloric caeca of similar sizes were observed in all individuals. The digestive wall consists of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia. No major differences appeared in the structure of the tunica, epithelial cell types, connective tissues and musculature glands of L.crocea GIT. The mucosal epithelia in the oesophagus has longitudinal branched folds with frontward and hindmost zones. The gastric tunica mucosa has a characteristic folded structure and can be divided into three regions. The intestinal tunica mucosa is characterized by villi structures and numerous mucus-secreting cells. Mucus-secreting goblet cells were strongly positive to AB at pH 2.5 in the oesophagus (excluding gastro-oesophageal junction) and intestine mucosal regions, which indicates an abundance of carboxylate mucins. The surface epithelia of the gastric mucosa is PAS-positive and AB-negative. SEM examination revealed that cells in the epithelium of the esophagus have an unbroken apical layer and goblet cells. The intestinal coefficient (IC) of L.crocea was 0.80 ± 0.21, consistent with a carnivorous or omnivorous habit. Our study adds the knowledge of the digestive system of L.crocea and might be useful in the management of L.crocea stocks.
Fabrication of ultrahigh aspect ratio silicon nanostructures using self-assembled gold metal-assisted chemical etching

Abstract. We report the critical factors that control the geometry of silicon nanostructures produced by metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) using self-assembled islands from an ultrathin film of gold. We have conducted a systematic study of the process parameters that control the geometry of the metal structures and the resulting etched nanostructures. Compared to prior reports, which have focused on the crystal orientation and solution stoichiometry, our study finds that the anisotropy of the etched nanostructures is primarily controlled by the deposited metal geometry, while solution stoichiometry and crystal orientation play relatively minor roles. Using an optimized self-assembled geometry and etch process, we demonstrate what we believe is the highest aspect ratio to date (greater than 5000∶1) for high density top-down etched silicon nanostructures. These structures, which we refer to as silicon nanowalls, are in the size regime where quantum confinement effects could potentially be exploited for next-generation optoelectronic components and devices.
ROLE OF MICROFINANCE IN EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE POPULATION OF BAHAWALPUR DISTRICT

Empowerment of women is one of very important issue in developing countries. As women are integral part of society, her status and participation in decision making as well as economic activities is very low. Microfinance plays role in improving women decision making by contributing in economic activities. In this study an attempt is made to explore the socio economic determinants of women empowerment in which microfinance is crucial economic determinant. This study used regression analysis based on primary data of Bahawalpur City to check the relationship of different socio economic determinants on women empowerment. Women empowerment measured by constructing simple index using five indicators related to child health, education, selection of spouse of children, purchase of basic goods and decision about the use of loan. The results show that women empowerment is considerably influenced by age, education of husband, father inherited assets, marital status, number of sons alive and microfinance. Age, education of husband, no of live sons and father inherited assets are more statistically significant variables in this study. Further, this study decompose data with male and female using loan which implies that females uses loan by themselves has some better results than where loans were used by male family members. Finally, it is concluded that as microfinance is major explanatory variable in this study has some positive role in empowerment but not as much as was expected. It is suggested that education facilities and family protection must be provided in proper way. Microfinance institutions should strengthen and expand their support to resource poor women.
Video Content-Based Retrieval

Recently, multimedia applications have undergone explosive growth due to the monotonic increase in the available processing power and bandwidth. This incurs the generation of large amounts of media data that need to be effectively and efficiently organized and stored. While these applications generate and use vast amounts of multimedia data, the technologies for organizing and searching them are still immature. These data are usually stored in multimedia archives utilizing search engines to enable users to retrieve the required information. Searching a repository of data is a well-known important task whose effectiveness determines, in general, the success or failure in obtaining the required information. A valuable experience that has been gained by the explosion of the Web is that the usefulness of vast repositories of digital information is limited by the effectiveness of the access methods. In a nutshell, the above statement emphasizes the great importance of providing effective search techniques. For alphanumeric databases, many portals (Acuna, Marcos, Gomez, & Bussler, 2005) have become widely accessible via the Web. These portals use search engines that adopt keyword-based search models in order to access the stored information, but the inaccurate search results of these search engines is a known issue. For multimedia data, describing unstructured information (such as video) using textual terms is not an effective solution because they cannot be uniquely described by a number of statements. That is mainly due to the fact that human opinions vary from one person to another (Tešic & Smith, 2006), so that two persons may describe a single image by totally different statements. Therefore, the highly unstructured nature of multimedia data renders keyword-based search techniques inadequate. Video streams are considered the most complex form of multimedia data because they contain almost all other forms such as images and audio in addition to their inherent temporal dimension. One promising solution that enables searching multimedia data in general, and video data in particular, is the concept of content-based search and retrieval (Deb, 2005). The basic idea is to access video data by their contentsfor example, using one of the visual content features. Realizing the importance of content-based searching, researchers have started investigating the issue and proposing creative solutions. Most of the proposed video indexing and retrieval prototypes have the following two major phases (Marques & Furht, 2002):
A & B : Natural head position with posed smile . C : Posed smile

Introduction Smile evaluation has become an integral part of the clinical examination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate posed smile in males and females for Morley’s ratio, buccal corridors, smile arc and difference in esthetic perception between dental specialists and laypersons. Methods 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) were chosen and frontal smiling photographs of the subjects were cropped with the vertical limit from the nose tip to the soft tissue pogonion and transverse limit between perpendicular lines drawn down from zygomatic prominence on each side. The pictures were used to evaluate buccal corridor widths, Morley’s ratio, the consonance of the smile and attractiveness of the posed smile as perceived by dental specialists and laypersons using VAS scale. Results The Morley’s ratio was found to be more in females than males and so were the consonant smile arcs. There was a high correlation between right and left buccal corridor measurements in both sexes. There was no difference in perception of dental specialists and laypersons. Conclusions Consonant smile arcs result in more aesthetic smiles while buccal corridors seem to have no effect. Better VAS scores were observed in subjects with increased Morley’s ratio.