Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, associated burden, and current clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan

The burden of dementia in Japan is large and growing. With the world’s fastest aging population, it is estimated that one in five elderly people will be living with dementia in Japan by 2025. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), accounting for around two-thirds of dementia cases. A systematic review was conducted to examine the epidemiology and associated burden of AD in Japan and to identify how AD is diagnosed and managed in Japan. English and Japanese language databases were searched for articles published between January 2000 and November 2015. Relevant Japanese sources, clinical practice guideline registers, and reference lists were also searched. Systematic reviews and cohort and case–control studies were eligible for inclusion, with a total of 60 studies included. The most recent national survey conducted in six regions of Japan reported the mean prevalence of dementia in people aged ≥65 years to be 15.75% (95% CI: 12.4, 22.2%), which is much higher than the previous estimated rate of 10% in 2010. AD was confirmed as the predominant type of dementia, accounting for 65.8% of all cases. Advancing age and low education were the most consistently reported risk factors for AD dementia. Japanese guidelines for the management of dementia were released in 2010 providing specific guidance for AD about clinical signs, image findings, biochemical markers, and treatment approaches. Pharmacotherapies and non-pharmacotherapies to relieve cognitive symptoms were introduced, as were recommendations to achieve better patient care. No studies reporting treatment patterns were identified. Due to population aging and growing awareness of AD in Japan, health care expenditure and associated burden are expected to soar. This review highlights the importance of early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of AD as strategies to minimize the impact of AD on society in Japan.
Knowledge Discovery in Real Databases: A Report on the IJCAI-89 Workshop

The growth in the amount of available databases far outstrips the growth of corresponding knowledge. This creates both a need and an opportunity for extracting knowledge from databases. Many recent results have been reported on extracting different kinds of knowledge from databases, including diagnostic rules, drug side effects, classes of stars, rules for expert systems, and rules for semantic query optimization.
In vivo measurement of regional oxygenation and imaging of redox status in RIF‐1 murine tumor: Effect of carbogen‐breathing

The purpose of this study was to noninvasively monitor tumor oxygenation and redox status during hyperoxygenation treatment, such as carbogen‐breathing, in a murine tumor model using in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging techniques. The study was performed using implanted lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) microcrystals as the oximetry probe and 3‐carbamoylproxyl (3‐CP) as the redox probe in RIF‐1 tumors implanted in the upper hind leg of C3H mice. Repetitive measurements of pO2 from the same tumors as a function of tumor growth (8–24 mm in size) showed that the tumors were hypoxic and that the tumor pO2 values were decreasing with tumor growth. Carbogen‐breathing mostly showed an increase in the tumor oxygenation, although there were considerable variations in the magnitude of change among the tumors. The pharmacokinetic studies with 3‐CP showed a significant decrease in the overall tumor reduction status in the carbogen‐breathing mice. Spatially resolved (imaging) pharmacokinetic data over the tumor volume were obtained to visualize the distribution of the redox status within the tumor. The redox images of the tumor in the air‐breathing mice showed significant heterogeneity in the magnitude and spatial distribution of reducing equivalents. On carbogen‐breathing the tissue reduction status decreased considerably, with a concomitant decrease in the heterogeneity of distribution of the redox status. The results suggest that 1) carbogen‐breathing considerably enhances tissue oxygenation and significantly decreases the redox status in RIF‐1 tumor, and 2) changes in the magnitude and distribution of the redox status within the tumor volume during carbogen‐breathing are correlated with the increased tissue oxygenation. Magn Reson Med 48:723–730, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the miRNA-200 b by transcriptional regulators PEA 3 and ELK-1 affects expression of Pin 1 to control anoikis

MiRNA-200s regulate E-cadherin by directly targeting ZEB1/ZEB2, which are transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin. Decreased expression of E-cadherin results in cancer cells losing interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and detaching from the primary tumor. Normally, cells will undergo anoikis after losing interaction with the ECM. Cancer cells must therefore possess the ability to resist anoikis during the process of metastasis. Here, we show that miRNA-200b regulates anoikis by directly targeting the 3ˈUTR of Pin1 mRNA and regulating Pin1 expression at the translational level. We found that downregulation of miRNA-200b promotes cancer cells survival during metastasis, and the homeless status of these cells resulted in decreased expression of miRNA-200b in the MCF-7 cell line. We also found that expression of miRNA-200b is downregulated in human breast cancer during lymph node metastasis, which has a significant negative correlation with Pin1 expression. Two members of the ETS family (PEA3 http://www.jbc. org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M113.478016 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on September 26, 2013 as Manuscript M113.478016
Public Policy, Public Opinion, and Consent for Organ Donation

Medical advances in transplantation techniques have driven an exponential increase in the demand for transplantable organs. Unfortunately, policy efforts to bolster the organ supply have been less than effective, failing to provide a stopgap for ever-increasing numbers of patients who await organ transplantation. The number of registrations on waiting lists exceeded 65,245 in early 1999, a 325% increase over the 20,000 that existed 11 years earlier in 1988. Regrettably, more than 4,000 patients die each year while awaiting transplantation.
Recent Advances in Membrane Shaping for Plant Autophagosome Biogenesis

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which is highly conserved in eukaryotes. During this process, unwanted cytosolic constituents are sequestered and delivered into the vacuole/lysosome by a double-membrane organelle known as an autophagosome. The autophagosome initiates from a membrane sac named the phagophore, and after phagophore expansion and closure, the outer membrane fuses with the vacuole/lysosome to release the autophagic body into the vacuole. Membrane sources derived from the endomembrane system (e.g., Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi and endosome) have been implicated to contribute to autophagosome in different steps (initiation, expansion or maturation). Therefore, coordination between the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and membrane tethers from the endomembrane system is required during autophagosome biogenesis. In this review, we will update recent findings with a focus on comparing the selected core ATG complexes and the endomembrane tethering machineries for shaping the autophagosome membrane in yeast, mammal, and plant systems.
Radioimmunoassay of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

Summary A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in unextracted plasma in man has been developed using a rabbit antiserum raised against porcine GIP. Porcine GIP was employed also as standard and to produce a 125I-labelled tracer. The assay was able to distinguish 110 pg/ml GIP from zero in plasma samples. Negligible cross-reactivity was demonstrated with cholecystokinin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The mean overnight fasting plasma GIP level in 28 normal subjects was 203 pg/ml (range: undetectable—420 pg/ml). Plasma GIP levels rose, within 45 minutes of eating a mixed meal, to a mean level of 1573 pg/ml.
A study of colour transformation for colour deficient individual

In this paper, we look into the colour transformation algorithm, which focuses on the red-green colour vision deficient individuals. Red-green colour deficiency is the most common category of color blindness that causes red and green to be seen as beige color. Two main colour transformation algorithms namely the Daltonize and RGB-HSV algorithm are used to compare to see the different. These algorithms were compared based on several criteria such as the ease of use, the quality of the images, the accuracy of the images, the transformation speed and its efficiency. The colour transformation algorithm is then tested on a group of 12 people who have colour vision deficiency via a designed questionnaire handed out to them. Majority says satisfactory responses to the Daltonize algorithm. The transformed images look clearer to them. They are able to recognize and differentiate the colours of two unrelated areas that their eyes fail to detect accurately.
Comparative study of recent MEA malware phylogeny

Governments in the MEA did not take cyberwarfare seriously a few years ago. Nowadays, there is a shift to a more concerned posture on the subject of cyber security after a series of public revelations of networks being penetrated around the region. The struggle unpacked by the Stuxnet malware in 2009 and then pursued through Duqu, Flame, Shamoon, Gauss, Duqu2.0, Shamoon 2.0 and Stonedrill malware. This paper is a technical survey and a proof of concept of the operating vectors utilized by these malware. It takes this very complex approach, and shows how common stealth and evasion functions and similar stealth methodologies have greatly abridged this undertaking. It provides the understanding needed to analyze and go through the history and development of the most remarkable attacks in the Middle East, their objectives and describes the similarities involved in that process. However, it focuses this around the actual downsides of each malware analyzed and what make it vulnerable or detected. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the phylogenetic aspects infused in cyberattacks.
Sphenoidal-Clival Neoformation: An Endoscopic Approach

AbstractThe cranial base has distinct embryologic origins. The anterior cranial base is derived solely from the neural crest, similar to other facial bones, whereas the posterior cranial base is formed by the paraxial mesoderm. Both these parts also develop and grow with distinct features. Unlike other craniofacial bones that are mostly formed through intramembraneous ossification, the cranial base is formed through endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage plate, known as the chondrocranium, is formed first and soon replaced by bones. Individual bones are then connected by cartilaginous structures, termed synchondroses, which are morphologically similar to long-bone growth plates.These processes justify the presence of a disembryogenic cyst in the sphenoid bone. The authors present a case of a clival-sphenoidal region neoformation treated with a transnasal-endoscopic approach.
The British HIV Association national audit on the management of subjects co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B/C

The aim of this work was to survey current service provision and adherence to the British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines for the management of HIV and hepatitis B/C co-infected patients in the UK. Sites were invited to complete a survey of local care arrangements for co-infected patients. A case-note audit of all co-infected attendees during a six-month period in 2009 was performed. Data including demographics, clinical parameters, hepatitis disease status, antiretroviral and hepatitis B/C therapy were collected. Using BHIVA guidelines as audit standards, the proportion of sites and subjects meeting each standard was calculated. One-hundred and forty sites (75%) responded and data from 973 eligible co-infected patients were submitted. Approximately a third of sites reported not re-checking hepatitis serology or vaccination titres annually. Of all co-infected patients, 122 (13%) were neither vaccinated nor immune to hepatitis A and 26 (5%) of patients with hepatitis C were neither vaccinated nor naturally immune to hepatitis B. Of HBsAg-positive subjects, 25 (6%) were receiving lamivudine as the sole drug with antihepatitis B activity. In the UK, the management of HIV and hepatitis B/C co-infection remains highly variable. Optimizing the care of this high-risk patient group is a priority.
Evaluation of local features for scene classification using VHR satellite images

We compare the scene classification performance of 13 features, including structure, texture and color features. First, image classification are performed using a single feature and the performance of different features are compared. Both the k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classifier and the support vector machine classifier (SVM) are employed. And for the KNN classifier, we use four different distance measures. Then, according to the classification results, three of these features with good performance are combined by simple concatenation. The combined feature is subsequently used for classification. This yields an overall comparison of the 13 features. Experiments on the very high resolution satellite images reveal that the combined feature consistently outperforms the other features and improves the results obtained.
Clinician Judgment in the Diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in Children

Clinician judgment methodology was used to explore the influence of gender nonconformity and gender dysphoria on the diagnosis of children with Gender Identity Disorder (GID). A convenience sample of 73 licensed psychologists randomly received a vignette to diagnose. Vignettes varied across sex of child, gender conforming behavior, and gender dysphoria (including all possible permutations). Eight percent of respondents given a vignette involving a child who met purely behavioral criteria for GID diagnosed the child with GID. When additional information was provided, which in addition to gender nonconforming behavior the child also self-reported a cross-gender identity, this increased to 27% (significant at 5%).
A 0.68 pJ/bit inductor-less optical receiver for 20 Gbps with 0.0025 mm2 area in 28 nm CMOS

This paper presents the design, electrical and optical measurements of a receiver for optical communications in 28 nm CMOS. Electrical measurements show an error-free transmission with a bit error rate (BER) of 10-12 up to 20 Gbps. Inductor-less peaking methods are used, thus the circuit is very compact. With only 0.0025 mm2, 13.6 mW power consumption, yielding 0.68 pJ/bit it is one of the smallest and most energy efficient receiver to this date for 20 Gbps data rate (DR). The receiver was bonded to a printed circuit board (PCB) and to a 14 Gbps, 850 nm photo diode. An error-free transmission over the optical link was obtained up to 17 Gbps with an input optical sensitivity of -4.3 dBm. The measured sensitivity at 15 Gbps is just -7.5 dBm and -8.4 dBm for 10 Gbps.
Lessons from biological processing of image texture

When designing artificial vision systems, it may be useful to examine the solutions 0.5 billion years of biological evolution have produced. Recent studies of human vision; studies of macaque visual cortical function; and behavioural studies of bee vision, all indicate that different species have evolved related approaches for discriminating image textures. This common strategy uses short-range 4th-order spatial correlations. Isotrigon textures, ensemble averages of which have 3rd-order correlation functions that are equal to 0, are useful for studying this sense. Recent results from humans and bees, and methods for producing new isotrigon textures are described. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
NetExpert : sistema basado en inteligencia artificial para la localización de expertos

Localizar las competencias y conocimientos de los miembros de una comunidad es un problema clave para mejorar la gestion del conocimiento en un grupo. En la actual sociedad, inundada por grandes cantidades de informacion, las personas que tengan conocimientos en un tema concreto, (tambien llamadas expertos), pueden ayudar a ahorrarrecursos y esfuerzos. Encontrar el experto adecuado y saber como poder llegar a el son problemas que siempre han existido pero, debido a las nuevas tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion, el problema esta adquiriendo mas y'mas importancia ya que las nuevas tecnologias ocultan gran parte del conocimiento sobre el resto de nuestra comunidad (tambien llamado entorno social).
Basement membrane lectin binding sites are decreased in the esophageal endoderm during the arrival of presumptive muscle mesenchyme in the developing asteroid Pisaster ochraceus

Basement membranes (BMs) of vertebrates and invertebrates have been shown to contain glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which include oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. Lectin binding sites were characterized in the BM of gastrulating embryos of the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus. In early and mid‐gastrulae, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐lectin conjugates of concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) reveal the presence of mannose/glucose and glucosamine/sialic acid residues in the BM of all regions of the embryos. However, in the late gastrula embryo, an apparent reduction of these components is observed over the esophageal BM. Ultrastructural studies using the lectin‐gold conjugates Con A, Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), specific for sialic acid, and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), specific for galactosamine, demonstrate that most mannose/glucose and galactosamine containing residues lie in the lamina densa, whereas most sialic acid residues are located over the lamina lucida. In addition, a statistical analysis of lectin binding in the late gastrula embryo reveals that the amount of labelling with both Con A and LFA is significantly reduced in the esophageal region, suggesting that mannose/glucose and sialic acid residuces are reduced in this region. These results confirm the observations of the FITC‐lectin studies described above. They also confirm earlier studies that demonstrated a difference in BM morphology of the esophageal region (Crawford, '88). Mesenchyme cells, some of which arise from the forming coeloms (Crawford, '90), and which may represent a distinct population, colonize exclusively on this esophageal BM, where they later differentiate into muscle. Quantitative differences in BM glycoconjugates may act to direct the presumptive muscle cells to the region of the esophagus. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutral Network Sizes of Biological RNA Molecules Can Be Computed and Are Atypically Large

SFI Working Papers contain accounts of scientific work of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Santa Fe Institute. We accept papers intended for publication in peer-reviewed journals or proceedings volumes, but not papers that have already appeared in print. Except for papers by our external faculty, papers must be based on work done at SFI, inspired by an invited visit to or collaboration at SFI, or funded by an SFI grant. ©NOTICE: This working paper is included by permission of the contributing author(s) as a means to ensure timely distribution of the scholarly and technical work on a non-commercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the author(s). It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may be reposted only with the explicit permission of the copyright holder. www.santafe. edu
A data‐driven method for the stochastic parametrisation of subgrid‐scale tropical convective area fraction

Observations of tropical convection from precipitation radar and the concurring large‐scale atmospheric state at two locations (Darwin and Kwajalein) are used to establish effective stochastic models to parameterise subgrid‐scale tropical convective activity. Two approaches are presented which rely on the assumption that tropical convection induces a stationary equilibrium distribution. In the first approach we parameterise convection variables such as convective area fraction as an instantaneous random realisation conditioned on the large‐scale vertical velocities according to a probability density function estimated from the observations. In the second approach convection variables are generated in a Markov process conditioned on the large‐scale vertical velocity, allowing for non‐trivial temporal correlations. Despite the different prevalent atmospheric and oceanic regimes at the two locations, with Kwajalein being exposed to a purely oceanic weather regime and Darwin exhibiting land‐sea interaction, we establish that the empirical measure for the convective variables conditioned on large‐scale mid‐level vertical velocities for the two locations are close. This allows us to train the stochastic models at one location and then generate time series of convective activity at the other location. The proposed stochastic subgrid‐scale models adequately reproduce the statistics of the observed convective variables and we discuss how they may be used in future scale‐independent mass‐flux convection parameterisations.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF YEAST NUCLEIC ACID BY A HEAT RESISTANT ENZYME.

The yeast nucleic acid used in these experiments was a commercial preparation purified by treatment with picric acid (3). A sample of yeast nucleic acid and one of thymus nucleic acid were kindly supplied by Dr. P. A. Levene to whom the author wishes to extend his heartiest thanks. The effect of the enzyme preparations on nucleic acid was followed by determining the amount of total phosphorus rendered soluble in hydrochloric acid during the incubation of the enzymesubstrate mixture. To this end, the mixture was treated with HCl (final conoentration 0.2 ~)j and then immediately cooled and centrifuged in the cold. The supernatant was then analyzed for phosphorus by the Youngburg and Youngburg method (4) modified in details. It was found necessary to prolong the digestion with sulfuric acid for 40 minutes in order to obtain a complete liberation of the phosphorus in the inorganic form. MacFadyen followed the decomposition of nucleic acid by deter-
Rehabilitación basada en la Comunidad

La atencion integral a la salud constituye uno de los componentes y funciones de la Atencion Primaria de Salud, fundamentada en la interrelacion entre aspectos de promocion, prevencion, curacion y rehabilitacion, entre lo biologico con lo psicologico y lo social, asi como con las condiciones del medio ambiente en que se desarrolla la vida y que condicionan el proceso salud-enfermedad. En el cumplimiento de esta funcion el equipo de salud que labora en la comunidad, realiza acciones de promocion, prevencion de riesgo y enfermedades, curacion y rehabilitacion de la salud. La rehabilitacion como proceso busca el maximo desarrollo de todas las aptitudes de la persona, por lo que no puede reducirse a una restauracion fisica, psicologica o profesional, sino al bien global de la persona. Las organizaciones de personas con discapacidad tienen la mision de instruir a los discapacitados sobre sus derechos, fomentar acciones para garantizarlos y colaborar con los asociados para ejercer el derecho al acceso, a servicios y oportunidades. El presente trabajo de revision brinda los elementos basicos de la rehabilitacion basada en la comunidad como una de las acciones necesarias para ofrecer una atencion integral a las personas en el mantenimiento de su salud y bienestar, el de sus familias y la comunidad.