Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
19. Conservation of Martens, Sables, and Fishers in Multispecies Bioregional Assessments

We review conservation strategies and guidelines for Martes species from several multispecies bioregional assessments throughout the world. We defi ne a “multispecies bioregional assessment” as an evaluation of a species’ status, habitat, ecology, and conservation needs at broad scales of geography and environmental conditions that integrates assessment and objectives for other species and ecosystem values. We review how conservation of Martes species is addressed in such assessments at broad landscape and regional scales, including descriptions of habitat conditions and patterns (e.g., forest structural and age classes, forest patch sizes, connectivity, and provision of key habitat elements) and integration with other regional-scale guidelines (including management for other species). Examples presented include bioregional assessments of sable ( M. zibellina ) in Far East Russia and northeastern China; Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) in south India; and Pacifi c marten ( M. caurina ), American marten ( M. americana ), and fi sher ( M. pennanti ) in the Columbia River Basin of the western United States, Sierra Nevada of California (USA), U.S. Pacifi c Northwest, and southeast Alaska (USA). We summarize these examples and present steps that can provide a general framework for multispecies bioregional assessments, and identify Martes species and locations where such assessments are lacking and could be developed.
HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND THE PERCEPTION OF ACTIONS IN IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS By

and Markus Leyrer for help with programming the experiments and data collection. with planning, writing, analyzing and reviewing has been greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank my two advisers, Dr. Betty Mohler and Dr. Bobby Bodenheimer, without whom this work would not have been possible. Betty took me on as an intern for three months in Tübingen, Germany without having ever spoken to me and I am so very grateful for that leap of faith and her continued investment of both time and support for my well-being. And from my first meeting with Dr. Bodenheimer, when he unquestioningly added me to his research team, to our now weekly Monday meetings, he has unfalteringly provided me with the perfect balance of direction, pressure and understanding which has shaped my college career and future for the better. And finally, to my friends and family who have remained supportive and loving throughout this entire journey–I could never have done it without you.
Les indices de traitement des phrases clivées chez l'enfant

On a recherche les indices utilises par des enfants âges de cinq a huit ans pour traiter des phrases clivees renversables. Ces phrases clivees resultent du croisement forme (active vs passive) et fonction semantique du premier nom (agent vs patient). Cent vingt-huit enfants, repartis en deux groupes selon qu'ils entendent les phrases avec ou sans accentuation marquee sur le premier nom, ont participe a l'experience. Ils miment les phrases a l'aide de jouets. Les resultats montrent que a) l'ordre des mots constitue l'indice le plus precoce ; b) les marques du passif sont exploitees a partir de sept ans ; c) meme chez les enfants les plus âges, les marques du clivage (c'est qui/c'est que) ne sont pas des indices efficaces pour l'interpretation semantique ; d) l'accent, a tout âge, se ligue a d'autres indices et facilite l'interpretation des phrases notamment celles a ordre non canonique.
Waring's Problem for N = 2

Given a natural number n, Waring’s problem asks for the minimum natural number sn such that every natural number can be represented as the sum of sn nth powers of integers. In this paper, we will answer this question for the case n = 2. To do this, we will examine the properties of two rings, one of which is a subring of the complex numbers, the other of which is a subring of the quaternions. These have naturally defined norms and division algorithms, which we will use to prove the result that all numbers can be written as the sum of four squares, as well as giving a necessary and sufficient condition for the sum of two squares.
Fruit consumption among adults in Germany

Eating fruit is part of a healthy diet and can help prevent various chronic diseases. According to GEDA 2014/2015-EHIS data, 54.2% of women and 38.1% of men eat fruit daily. 38.0% of women and 25.5% of men aged 18 to 29 years eat fruit daily; and in the age group of 65 and older this figure rises to 72.6% for women and 61.1% for men. In the age groups under 65, women with higher levels of education are more likely to eat fruit every day, for men this correlation applies only to those aged between 45 and 64. In Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, the proportion of women and men who eat fruit daily is higher than the German average, and in Bavaria and Saarland the proportion of men who eat fruit daily is lower than the German average.
Abstract— Exploiting Additional Information to Improve Traditional Inductive Learning Is an Active Research Area in Machine Learning. in Many Supervised-learning Applications, Training Data Can Be Naturally Separated into Several Groups, and Incorporating This Group Information into Learning May Imp

Exploiting additional information to improve traditional inductive learning is an active research area in machine learning. In many supervised-learning applications, training data can be naturally separated into several groups, and incorporating this group information into learning may improve generalization. Recently, Vapnik [9] proposed general approach to formalizing such problems, known as Learning With Structured Data (LWSD) and its SVM-based optimization formulation called SVM+. Liang and Cherkassky [5,6] showed empirical validation of SVM+ for classification, and its connections to Multi-Task Learning (MTL) approaches in machine learning. This paper builds upon this recent work [5,6,9] and describes a new methodology for regression problems, combining Vapnik’s SVM+ regression [9] and the MTL classification setting [6], for regression problems. We also show empirical comparisons between standard SVM regression, SVM+, and proposed SVM+MTL regression method. Practical implementation of new learning technologies, such as SVM+, is often hindered by their complexity, i.e. large number of tuning parameters (vs standard inductive SVM regression). To this end, we provide a practical scheme for model selection that combines analytic selection of parameters for SVM regression [3] and resampling-based methods for selecting model parameters specific to SVM+ and SVM+MTL.
Collaborative Coding Interfaces on the Web

​ The recent developments in Web technologies, including full‐stack reactive application frameworks, peer‐to‐peer communication and client‐side audiovisual APIs have introduced the possibility of creative collaboration in a number of contexts. Such technologies have the potential to transform the way Internet users interact with code. This paper introduces a theoretical and technical methodology for developing collaborative coding interfaces as web applications, tackling the issues of interactive rendering, user‐platform interaction and collaboration. A number of existing interactive programming environments are reviewed, followed by a technical description and evaluation of ​ CodeCircle, a collaborative coding web platform developed at Goldsmiths, University of London.
Computer-supported open learning environments: A multiple cases study in Italy

The overall goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of teachers’ views and use of computer supported-open learning environments (CS-OLE) while supporting mathematical problem solving as required by the official curriculum. The study has two main parts. First is an analysis of the mathematics national curriculum in Italy for the first degree secondary school. The analysis aims at identifying how mathematical problem solving and the concept of CS-OLE are treated and what suggestions for implementation in school are made. Second is a multiple cases study in order to clarify aspects of the mathematics curriculum processes for Italian teachers who endorse the notion of CS-OLEs and have the explicit intention to work with this notion as a method to support problem solving.
Econometric analysis of the Colombian oil sector from the perspective of the market efficiency hypothesis [Análisis econométrico del sector petrolero colombiano desde la perspectiva de la hipótesis de eficiencia de mercado]

A study on the Market Efficiency Theory in its weak and semi-strong form, for oil companies listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange is done, considering the effect of WTI in these. The article shows that only profitability series of Ecopetrol can be considered as random walk through a further transformation using the WTI in the model, but in the other assets there is no Market Efficiency in its weak form. Stable models in mean and variance for assets and additional models including the performance of WTI as a variable within models of actions were found, showing signs of market efficiency in its semi-strong form. Since then it is not possible to demonstrate efficiency for all actions, for purposes of this paper concludes that the Colombian market presents anomalies.
Multidimensional Interpolatory Subdivision Schemes

This paper presents a general construction of multidimensional interpolatory subdivision schemes. In particular, we provide a concrete method for the construction of bivariate interpolatory subdivision schemes of increasing smoothness by finding an appropriate mask to convolve with the mask of a three-direction box spline Br,r,r of equal multiplicities. The resulting mask for the interpolatory subdivision exhibits all the symmetries of the three-direction box spline and with this increased symmetry comes increased smoothness. Several examples are computed (for r = 2,.,8). Regularity criteria in terms of the refinement mask are established and applied to the examples to estimate their smoothness.
Using Bit Vector Decision Procedures for Analysis of Protein Folding Pathways

We explore the use of bit-vector decision procedures for the analysis of protein folding pathways. We argue that the protein folding problem is not identical to the classical probabilistic model checking problem in verification. Motivated by the different nature of the protein folding problem, we present a translation of the protein folding pathways analysis problem into a bounded model checking framework with bit vector decision procedures. We also present initial results of our experiments using the UCLID bit-vector decision procedure.
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society Metric Transforms and Euclidean Embeddings

It is proved that if 0 < c < 0.72/« then for any «-point metric space (X, d), the metric space (X,dc) is isometrically embeddable into a Euclidean space. For 6-point metric space, c = j log2 | is the largest exponent that guarantees the existence of isometric embeddings into a Euclidean space. Such largest exponent is also determined for all «-point graphs with "truncated distance".
Social avoidance in policing: Associations with cardiovascular disease and the role of social support.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the association of social avoidance among police, cardiovascular disease (CVD) (metabolic syndrome (MetSyn)), and social support. Design/methodology/approach Participants were officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study (n = 289). Social avoidance (defined as the tendency to avoid social contact) and other subscales from the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale were analyzed. The mean number of MetSyn components across tertiles of the Cook-Medley scales was computed using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Social support was measured with the Social Provisions Scale, categorized as high or low based on the median. Findings The mean number of MetSyn components increased significantly across tertiles of social avoidance (1.51 ± 0.18, 1.52 ± 0.12, and 1.81 ± 0.12); the only Cook-Medley subscale that remained significantly associated with MetSyn following adjustment for age and gender. Participants high in social avoidance reported significantly lower social support (79.9 ± 8.5 vs 85.8 ± 8.6; p = 0.001). Research limitations/implications The study is cross-sectional and therefore precludes causality. The authors were unable to determine the direction of associations between social avoidance and MetSyn. The measure of social support was unidimensional, including only perceived support; additional types of social support measures would be helpful. Practical implications This study suggests that occupational-based police social isolation is associated with health outcomes and lower support. Several suggestions are made which will help to improve communication between the police and public. Examples are the use of social media, training in communication techniques, and changing the police role to one of public guardians. Originality/value Social avoidance is the least studied the Cook-Medley subscale associated with CVD. It is important for the health of officers to maintain a social connection with others.
Efecto del ayuno en K sobre el transporte de agua en girasol. Mecanismos implicados

A pesar de los sintomas severos de deshidratacion que provoca la carencia de K+ en la planta, se sabe poco como afecta la deficiencia de K+ a los mecanismos implicados en la regulacion del flujo de agua en la planta y su posible interaccion con el estres hidrico. En esta tesis se ha puesto de manifiesto que la planta debe de poseer mecanismos para la percepcion tanto de la disponibilidad de potasio en el medio, como de su estado nutritivo en K+. Las respuestas a la baja disponibilidad de potasio son rapidas iniciandose antes incluso de que se alteren los contenidos internos de potasio en la planta. Un ayuno moderado en potasio favorecio el transporte de agua y de potasio en la raiz e inhibio el efecto del estres hidrico sobre el cierre estomatico. Sin embargo, en las plantas bien nutridas en potasio el estres hidrico provoco el cierre del estoma. El efecto del cobalto en las plantas ayunadas en K+ y el efecto del ayuno sobre la sintesis de etileno, sugieren que el etileno se sintetiza en el proceso de transduccion del ayuno en K+ e interviene en la inhibicion de la apertura estomatica ante situaciones de estres hidrico. De estos resultados se desprende que en una primera etapa del ayuno en K+ las respuestas de la planta van encaminadas a favorecer la hidratacion y nutricion potasica de la parte aerea. Sin embargo, si perdura el estado de ayuno y estres hidrico se puede producir la deshidratacion de la planta Estas respuestas podrian estar relacionadas con algun mecanismo de evitacion del estres hidrico y/o nutricional.
Forensic Analysis Process Through

omputer forensics is the preservation, analysis, and interpretation of computer data [1]. There is a need for software that aids investigators in locating data on hard drives left by persons committing illegal activities. These software tools must reduce the tedious efforts of forensic examiners, especially when searching very large hard drives. A great deal of time is wasted by analysts trying to interpret massive amounts of data that isn’t correlated or meaningful without high levels of patience and tolerance for error. Visualization techniques can greatly aid forensic specialists to direct their search to suspicious files; in effect aiding the interpretation process. Essentially we are relying on the old adage: “A picture is worth a thousand words;” a saying derived from the fact that humans have the ability to visually interpret and comprehend pictures, video, and charts much faster than reading a textual description of the same. Indeed, humans perceive graphical images perceptually while text is perceived serially. VISUALIZATION
Mehrlagige mikrofluidische Systeme aus Polymeren zur zweidimensionalen Kapillarelektrophorese

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein mehrlagiges mikrofluidisches Lab-on-a-Chip-System auf Polymerbasis fur den Einsatz in der Ionenanalytik, Lebensmittelanalytik und Bioanalytik entwickelt. Hierfur wurden Folienchips mit einer integrierten Membran auf PC-COC-Basis und Folienchips auf PEEK-Basis hergestellt, welche die Durchfuhrung einer zweidimensionalen Kapillarelektrophorese (2D-CE) mit kapazitiv gekoppelter kontaktloser Leitfahigkeitsdetektion auf einem Chip ermoglichen.
Small intersection numbers in the curve graph

Let Sg,p denote the genus g orientable surface with p⩾0 punctures, and let ω(g,p)=3g+p−3>1 . We prove the existence of infinitely long geodesic rays (v0,v1,v2,…) in the curve graph satisfying the following optimal intersection property: for any natural numbers i and k , the endpoints vi,vi+k of any length k subsegment intersect at most fi,k(ω) times, where fi,k(x) is O(xk−2) . This answers a question of Dan Margalit.
Hyperfiniteness and Borel combinatorics

We study the relationship between hyperfiniteness and problems in Borel graph combinatorics by adapting game-theoretic techniques introduced by Marks to the hyperfinite setting. We compute the possible Borel chromatic numbers and edge chromatic numbers of bounded degree acyclic hyperfinite Borel graphs and use this to answer a question of Kechris and Marks about the relationship between Borel chromatic number and measure chromatic number. We also show that for every $d > 1$ there is a $d$-regular acyclic hyperfinite Borel bipartite graph with no Borel perfect matching. These techniques also give examples of hyperfinite bounded degree Borel graphs for which the Borel local lemma fails, in contrast to the recent results of Cs\'oka, Grabowski, M\'ath\'e, Pikhurko, and Tyros. Related to the Borel Ruziewicz problem, we show there is a continuous paradoxical action of $(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})^{*3}$ on a Polish space that admits a finitely additive invariant Borel probability measure, but admits no countably additive invariant Borel probability measure. In the context of studying ultrafilters on the quotient space of equivalence relations under $\mathrm{AD}$, we also construct an ultrafilter $U$ on the quotient of $E_0$ which has surprising complexity. In particular, Martin's measure is Rudin-Kiesler reducible to $U$. We end with a problem about whether every hyperfinite bounded degree Borel graph has a witness to its hyperfiniteness which is uniformly bounded below in size.
Trajectoires de vie et transition à la vieillesse : le Portugal comme une étude de cas

 Résumé En Europe, à part l’Allemagne, les pays du Sud sont les plus âgés en raison de la croissance du nombre de seniors. Cette évolution soulève toutes sortes de problèmes. Elle est objet de débats et de controverses, liées à ses principales implications surtout en ce qui concerne le développement socioéconomique et les chances de viabilité des systèmes de sécurité sociale et de santé. Cependant, les conséquences futures du nombre et du rythme de croissance du vieillissement de la population sont susceptibles d’être influencés par différents parcours de vie, en particulier en ce qui concerne les trajectoires individuelles en matière de scolarité et de profession, ainsi que la mise en œuvre de projets familiaux.
Efeitos Macroeconômicos E Redistributivos De Políticas Fiscais No Brasil

The purpose of this article is to identify and measure the impact on macroeconomic aggregates in Brazil, as well as the distributional impacts on income, consumption and welfare of different economic agents induced by changes in government fiscal policy. Specifically, it is intended to simulate the effects of alternative scenarios of fiscal policies through a variant of the neoclassical growth model, admitting the existence of restrictions on credit and heterogeneity in labor productivity of different types of economic agents. Particularly, the p-type agents are those with credit constrained (with savings constraint) and lower labor productivity, while those who are not restricted to credit (without savings constraint) and possess higher labor productivity agents are named q-type. We used data from the National Accounts (IBGE), National Household Survey (2009) and IPEADATA to calibrate the model according to the Brazil’s economy in 2009. According to the model 11.31% of p-type agents generates 0.65% of the total income and are responsible for paying 0.66% of the total tax burden. While other agents (qtype) generate 99.35% of income accounting for 99.34% of the payment of the tax burden. In terms of importance of income sources, the p-type agent’s income transfers correspond to 55% of labor income while for q-type agents these correspond to only 16%, which leads to different choices about work and leisure between these two agents’ types. The simulation results show that for a certain range of percentage reductions in transfers of the q-type agents and respective increase in spending on public infrastructure make possible welfare gains that can be significant for both agents, featuring therefore a choice efficient tax policy. Key-Words: Infrastructure, Welfare, Fiscal Police. JEL: D58; E13; E62. ANPEC Classification: AREA 4. 1 Professor Assistente da Universidade Federal do Ceará – Campus Sobral. Doutorando do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Economia CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, weligtongomes@gmail.com. 2 Doutorando do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Economia CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, arleyrb@hotmail.com. 3 Curso de Pós-Graduação em Economia CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará. E-mail: rpereira@caen.ufc. br.
A Systematic Review of Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering a Systematic Review of Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering

BACKGROUND – The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code is important since it can help direct test effort, reduce costs and improve the quality of software. As a consequence, many different fault prediction models have been developed and reported in the literature. However, there is no consensus on what constitutes effective fault prediction. OBJECTIVE – To investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques applied influence the performance of fault prediction models. METHOD – A systematic literature review identifying 208 fault prediction studies published from January 2000 to December 2010. A synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative results of those 35 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information according the criteria we develop and apply. This synthesis includes a detailed analysis of the relative predictive performances of 203 models (or model variants) reported in 18 of these 35 studies which allow us to calculate precision, recall and f-measure. RESULTS –There are large variations in the performance of these 203 models. The models that perform well tend to be based on simple modelling techniques such as Naïve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used by models that perform well. These combinations include product, process and people metrics. Feature selection has been applied to these combinations by models which are performing particularly well. In addition, such models tend to have been trained on large data sets which are rich with faults. CONCLUSION – The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive performance. Although there are a set of fault prediction studies in which confidence is possible, many open questions remain about effective fault prediction. More studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which report their context, methodology and performance comprehensively. This would enable a meta-analysis across more studies. It would also produce models more likely to be used by industry.