Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the order of speciality of a simple, special, and complete linear system on a curve

The order of speciality of an ample invertible sheaf L on a curve is the least integer m so that L ›m is nonspecial. There is a reasonable upper bound of the order of speciality for a simple invertible sheaf in terms of its degree and projective dimension. We study the case where it reaches the upper bound. Moreover we for- mulate Castelnuovo's genus bound involving the order of speciality.
The ‘Social Gap’ in Wind Farm Siting Decisions: Explanations and Policy Responses

If approximately 80% of the public in the UK support wind energy, why is only a quarter of contracted wind power capacity actually commissioned? One common answer is that this is an example of the ‘not in my backyard’ (Nimby) syndrome: yes, wind power is a good idea as long as it is not in my backyard. However, the Nimby claim that there is an attitude–behaviour gap has been rightly criticised. This article distinguishes between two kinds of gap that might be confused, namely the ‘social gap’ – between the high public support for wind energy expressed in opinion surveys and the low success rate achieved in planning applications for wind power developments – and the ‘individual gap’, which exists when an individual person has a positive attitude to wind power in general but actively opposes a particular wind power development. Three different explanations of the social gap are distinguished, only one of which depends upon the individual gap. In the second section of the article the relevance of our three explanations for policy is considered. It is argued that the different explanations suggest different policy responses and that the success of efforts to increase wind energy capacity may depend on developing a better understanding of the relative significance of the three explanations.
Time delay estimation from HRTFs and HRIRs

Time delay, which is a propagation time for arriving an acoustic wave emitted from a sound source to an ear durum of listener, and Interaural-Time-Delay (ITD), which is the delay between two ears when acoustic waves reach each ear, are very important sound cues to perceive a sound source position. Therefore, it is essential to 3-D sound systems for formation of effective virtual sound. Time delay and ITD are well contained both in Head-Related-Transfer-Functions (HRTFs) and in Head-RelatedImpulse-Responses (HRIRs). However, it is not easy to estimate the accurate time delay and ITD from HRTF and HRIR due to the coarse time resolution and the pinna effect. In this work, we compare the performance of several typical methods for time delay estimation and introduce a HRIR interpolation method to improve accuracy of estimation.
Residential Redevelopment and the Entrepreneurial Local State: The Implications of Beijing’s Shifting Emphasis on Urban Redevelopment Policies

The entrepreneurial nature of local government activities has significantly influenced socioeconomic and spatial changes in urban China. It is against this backdrop that property-led redevelopment projects were implemented in Beijing after 1990, guided by a programme whose very success depended on the participation of real estate capital for financial contributions. In 2000, however, a new policy was put in practice, which aimed at supplying affordable housing on government-provided land to increase the rehousing rate. This paper analyses the implications of this shifting emphasis on Beijing’s redevelopment policy and examines whether the local government has become less entrepreneurial and more socially inclusive in its redevelopment approach. Based on the case study of two redevelopment projects, the paper argues that the local state’s entrepreneurial nature has persisted and that this is largely due to its power to dispose of urban land use rights, effectively making local governments de facto landlords.
The Inductive Practice and Essentials of Motion Graphics Design in Interface Design

The emergence of the Internet has changed the way of graphic design, from the practical design based on the entity to the virtual network design, from the plane and static design to the multi-dimensional dynamic design. The change of the over-all environment has improved people’s demand for visual performance and a new form of artistic expression emerged, namely motion graphics design. It as a brand-new form of expression has improved the information transmission and interactive experience greatly. The research on the its form and application methods in the interface design contributes to the popularization of this new form and makes it blossoms in the new mobile internet age. This paper summarizes some elemental methods in the motion graphics design, and categorizes the application scenarios of the dynamic graphics in the interface into four big categories: dynamic scene change, dynamic page, dynamic picture interchange and dynamic components according to the different realization of the technique; and it concludes the corresponding design methods of the dynamics in the graphic design.
Reflective Morphological Overviews as Part of Continuous Professional Development for Integral Design

Conceptual building design is becoming more and more complex. The aim is to support conceptual design activities within building design with a framework for structuring the design process: Integral Design. This method works with Morphological Overviews to support generation of conceptual ideas by structuring communication between design team members and stimulating multi-disciplinary knowledge exchange. Testing this theoretical idea in practice was done through workshops for professionals from the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI). In the last 3 years more than 100 professionals have participated in these workshops.
ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF LOCAL BERRIES IN COMPLEX FOOD PRODUCTS

Complex food degradation is caused by lipid oxidation process and as a result there may occur a rancid odor, colour change and texture may be modified, thus negatively influencing the sensory qualities of food. The results obtained through analysis of different methods of research has found that the oxidation process can be prevented or slowed down by using horticultural oily extracts fortified with natural antioxidants. The study determined whether the oily extracts enriched with antioxidants are characterized by a higher antioxidant capacity as compared to control samples and the highest value is characteristic for rosehip extract with 73,2%. In terms of sensory aspect, the products with high lipid content was appreciated positively, so we can conclude that products based on vegetable fat and enriched with natural antioxidants are an appropriate alternative to produce harmless and safe food products for consumers’ health. It was determined that oily extracts of sea buckthorn , hawthorn , rosehip berries show increased antioxidant capacity as compared to the control samples of sunflower oil. The highest value of antioxidant capacity is characteristic for rosehip extract with 73,2%. We can conclude that lipid products enriched with natural antioxidants are an appropriate alternative to produce natural, harmless and safe food for consumers’ health.
Market orientation among food processing SMEs in Hungary.

Understanding the customers’ mind and integrating it into the enterprise everyday activities is becoming the key issue of surviving the competition of the market. The MARKOR (market orientation measure) (Kohli, Jaworsky and Kumar, 1993) and MKTOR (market orientation) (Narver and Slater, 1990) scales are the tools to describe the positions of the companies in the evolving process. These models were chosen because these are the most well-known, and most frequently tested in several countries (eg. Matsuno, Mentzer and Rentz, 2005; Werhees and Meulenberg, 2004;Mavondo, 1999; Farell and Oczkowsky, 1997). The research program consists of four steps. In the second step (shown in this article), in 2010 we investigated 250 agricultural and food industrial SMEs with internationally used standard questions about their experience about areas that have an influence on marketing activity. Based on the investigations the adopted MARKOR and MKTOR scale (on condition of the results) is suitable for carrying out further investigations into the database of the small and medium sized enterprises operating in the food industry. Besides all these the analysis of each variable group gives the opportunity to identify some observed characteristics in the variable groups.
The Dynamics of Financial Crises and the Risk to Defend the Exchange Rate

Despite major recent advance in the literature on financial crises, the key role of central banks in the dynamics of financial crises are still not well understood. Our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of financial crises by explicitly modeling the strategic options of both traders and central banks. We analyze a global game in which both speculative traders and the central bank face imperfect information. In case of an attack, the central bank basically faces three alternatives. It can either give in to the speculative attack or it can try to defend its exchange rate regime. If it chooses to defend its currency, the defense can be successful or not. In accordance with stylized facts for emerging markets, immediate devaluations are associated with costs in terms of higher (imported) inflation, successful interventions are followed by sluggish growth due to the underlying restrictive monetary policy while unsuccessful interventions typically result in both high inflation and a recession. Taken together, intervention is risky. If a central bank chooses to defend its currency it can avoid the costs of a devaluation in case the defense is successful. However, if it fails it faces the even higher costs of an (unsuccessful) defense and a devaluation, i.e. higher inflation and lower growth. In our global game approach, the strength of the realized defensive measures - in contrast to the potential defense - in general does not monotonously increase with the fundamental state. Thus global games attack models need to take into account the difference between the fundamentals themselves . i.e. the strength of the status quo or the defensive potential . and the optimal central bank reaction to an attack, i.e. the realized defensive measures.
The rhythm window

The paper presents a combined production and perception study on speech rhythm in German. The perception part shows that identifying complex rhythm patterns is only possible for speaking rates of 4-8 syll/sec. Even acoustically monotonous stimuli within this range trigger “subjective rhythms”. In contrast, rhythm perception is flattened for speaking rates outside this range, irrespective of acoustic cues to rhythm. The production part accords with this finding. Speaking rates in everyday conversation vary between 4-8 syll/sec, and only fall below this range when speakers flatten their rhythm for emphatic purposes. Together, the production and perception evidence revealed a “rhythm window”, which is targeted or avoided by speakers. DOI: 10.28998/2317-9945.2013v2n52p67-93
Impact of feeding management on feather pecking in laying hens

In the near future EU-legislation will ban the use of conventional battery cages, while national legislation in some countries in Western Europe will ban beak trimming as well. The ban on battery cages and beak trimming causes an increased risk of feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens. Many factors influence feather pecking behaviour, but this paper focuses on nutritional factors. Nutritional factors can have positive and negative effects on feather pecking behaviour in laying hens. Severe feather pecking has been demonstrated in birds that were fed a too low mineral level in the diet, a too low protein level or a too low amino acid level (methionine, arginine). Sometimes somewhat more feather pecking was found when layers were fed diets with mainly vegetable protein sources as compared with diets with protein from animal origin. Also more feather pecking may occur when the diets were fed restrictedly, fed coarsely ground, or fed as pellets. Feeding high-fibre diets, low energy diets, or roughages reduced feather pecking. Providing additional grain or straw in the litter during rearing could result in lower levels of feather pecking behaviour in adult stages. Some of these positive effects on feather pecking seem to be related to the time birds spend on feed intake and foraging. This paper gives an overview of the relationships between the occurrence of feather pecking behaviour and nutritional factors, such as diet composition and feeding strategies in laying hens.
Did Pyrenean glaciers dance to the beat of global climatic events? Evidence from the Würmian sequence stratigraphy of an ice-dammed palaeolake depocentre in Andorra

Abstract The ice-marginal depositional sequence of La Massana provides a chronostratigraphic benchmark for reconstructing the Würmian glacial evolution of the Valira catchment in Andorra, SE Pyrenees. The sedimentary record of Andorra confirms the asynchronous chronology of glacier fluctuations in different parts of the Pyrenean mountain range. A major ice recession occurred at the end of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4. High magnitude valley-glacier fluctuations during MIS 3 constitute another important finding. Major readvances occurred toward the end of MIS 3, whereas MIS 2 (in particular, the global Last Glacial Maximum, or LGM) featured sharp contrasts in ice recession rates between Pyrenean valleys. Substantial distances separated MIS 4 glacier fronts (the Würmian maximum ice extent, or MIE) from those reached during the global LGM, in contrast to situations in the eastern Pyrenees, where Würmian MIE and global LGM ice fronts nearly coincided. Overall, the Valira glaciers reveal patterns that are more similar to those recorded elsewhere in the western and central Pyrenees than in the eastern Pyrenees. The rapid fluctuations recorded by Andorran glaciers during the second half of the Würm also suggest a response to global forcing events such as Heinrich events in the North Atlantic.
Development of a one‐dimensional ecosystem model including the iron cycle applied to the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific

[1] To investigate the iron cycle at Station A4 in the Oyashio region of the western subarctic Pacific, we developed a 1-D ecosystem model consisting of 14 components including the iron cycle. The parameters associated with the iron cycle were optimized by assimilating monthly averaged data from time series observations for depth-integrated net primary production, nitrate, silicate, dissolved and particulate iron within the surface mixed layer (ML) and at two depths (200 and 300 m depth). The model successfully reproduced the observations and demonstrated that (1) on an annual basis, winter mixing of subsurface water supplies more dissolved iron (Fed) to the ML than does dust dissolution, (2) Fed concentration in the ML rapidly declines to near-depletion during the peak period of the diatom bloom in spring, which results in an increasing consumption ratio of silicate to nitrogenous nutrients by diatoms as they become more iron-limited, causing a more rapid decrease of silicate compared to that of nitrogenous nutrients in the ML, followed by the silicate limitation of diatoms, and (3) Fed supplied to the ML by dust dissolution and desorption from particulate iron, by alleviating iron limitation of phytoplankton, supports their continuous utilization of nitrate from spring to fall even though Fed concentration in the ML remains low after the peak spring bloom. The model explained quantitatively the above behavior of Fed and other nutrients associated with Fed over the annual cycle in the Oyashio region.
Investigations of spherical grinding parameters on circularity error, finished diameter, and grinding forces for porous polyurethane foam

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of grinding variables on the circularity error, finished diameter, and grinding forces of porous polyurethane foam (PPUF). A cube of PPUF having the size of 21 mm was transformed into a round shape using a vertical wheel grinding with the circular groove pad developed. The grinding speed (Vs) of the wheel was varied between 1.41 and 5.18 m/s. The cross head speed of the circular groove pad (f) was controlled at 1, 3, 5 mm/min. The abrasive grit size (A) of 20 and 53 µm made of silicon carbide were applied. Two replications of experiment were randomly performed. Diameter and circularity error of the ground specimen were determined by vision measuring machine. The tangential and normal forces of grinding were obtained using a dynamometer. The experimental data were statistically analyzed. The study found that (1) the grinding speed could remarkably affect the circularity error, finished diameter, and grinding forces, (2) the grinding speed ranged between 2.83 and 3.77 m/s could contribute to sphere shape specimens, and (3) the grinding speed of 3.30 m/s, cross head speed of 1 mm/min, and abrasive grit size of 20 µm provided the least circularity error.
PHOTOELECTRON ENERGY LOSSES TO ELECTRONS THERMAL

(Received in~~~orrn 7 September 1970) Abstract-The photoelectron energy loss rate to the ambient electrons is discussed. It is shown that the conventional EIutler and Buckingham expression has been incorrectly applied in photoelectron calculations. The appropriate energy loss rates are indicated. It is also shown that the geomagnetic field has little influence on the photoelectron energy loss rate. 1. KNTRODUCMON The calculation of the photoelectron energy degradation in a planetary atmosphere requires a knowledge of the rate of energy loss to the ambient electrons. Most of the theoret- ical calculations of the photoelectron energy distribution to date have used an expression derived by Butler and Buckingham (1962). A few widely quoted examples are Dalgamo, McElroy and Moffett (1963), Hanson (1963), Geisler and Bowhill (1965), Hoegy, Fournier and Fontheim (1965), Nisbet (1968) and Fontheim, Beutler and Nagy (1968). This expres- sion, derived by considering two-body Coulomb encounters, neglects the generation of plasma waves. Furthermore, in these studies the close collision theory has itself been incorrectly applied. This note summarizes recent results which can be used to evaluate the energy loss rate of a photoel~tron which has a velocity much greater than the thermal speed. It is shown that the correct application of the test particle energy loss rate theory can increase the loss by as much as 70 per cent over that currently used. It is also shown that in the Earth's atmosphere the ambient magnetic field has very little influence on the rate of energy loss of a photoelectron.
A new regional high-resolution map of basal and surface topography for the Greenland ice-sheet margin at Paakitsoq, West Greenland

Abstract In 2005 an airborne survey was carried out from a Twin Otter aircraft at Pâkitsup Akuliarusersua (Paakitsoq) near Ilulissat in West Greenland. The survey aimed to measure ice thickness with a 60 MHz coherent radar and surface elevation with a scanning laser altimeter. Positioning information came from multiple on-board differential GPS units and an inertial navigation system. The region surveyed covers >80km along the ice margin and has a total area of ~2700km2 with varying density of measurements: the between-track distance was ~1 km near the margin, increasing to ~3km away from the margin. Regional high-resolution maps of basal topography under the Greenland ice sheet are useful for resolving important glaciological and hydrological questions and for enhancing related process studies, such as the influence of basal meltwater on ice dynamics. The ice-sheet margin in this region is also currently under consideration for hydropower development and has a long and continuing history of glaciological investigations, lately with emphasis on the connection between surface meltwater formation and surface velocity of the ice sheet. Here we present a new regional map of the surface and basal topography of the ice-sheet margin and discuss some of the implications for reported observations at Swiss Camp.
Escaping Mass Education - Why Harvard Pays

Private universities, as opposed to publicly financed ones, are dominant in some countries and almost non-existent in others. We develop a dynamic model to demonstrate that private providers emerge as soon as they can profitably sell an elite signal to the most highly talented. As private providers engage in cream skimming, the returns to publicly provided education decreases, but the average return to higher education increases because of the signaling benefit created. We use numerical simulations to demonstrate the dynamic implications of our model, and provide some basic empirical evidence in support of the theory presented
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO QUANTIFYING INTERACTION INTENSITY: COMPETITION AND FACILITATION ALONG PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENTS

Quantitative synthesis across studies requires consistent measures of effect size among studies. In community ecology, these measures of effect size will often be some measure of the strength of interactions between taxa. However, indices of interaction strength vary greatly among both theoretical and empirical studies, and the connection between hypotheses about interaction strength and the metrics that are used to test these hypotheses are often not explicit. We describe criteria for choosing appropriate metrics and methods for comparing them among studies at three stages of designing a meta-analysis to test hypotheses about variation in interaction intensity: (1) the choice of response variable; (2) how effect size is calculated using the response in two treatments; and (3) whether there is a consistent quantitative effect across all taxa and systems studied or only qualitatively similar effects within each taxon–system combination. The consequences of different choices at each of these stages are illu.
Total Factor Productivity of Thai Banks in 2007-2010: An Application of DEA and Malmquist Index

This research employs the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist index approaches to evaluate the efficiency and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) changes of Thai banking system in the period of 2007-2010 using panel data of 27 major banks in Thailand. This paper shows that the global crisis had a late effect on Thai banks as the TFP only dropped in 2010. While the local banks maintained their stable, foreign banks were more fluctuating – some improved their TFPs, some did not and become worst performers in the system. The reason behind it may relate to the fact that Thai banking system is currently running at decreasing returns to scale situation, which proposes that Thai banks are wasting resources in over-expansion. Hence, continuing to develop and restructuring the banking system is an emergence task for Thailand in the near future.
Cell-free Translation of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus: Readthrough of the Coat Protein Cistron

Summary RNA from isolate F13 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus, an isolate that lacks RNA-4, has been translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Abundant translation products of RNA-1 had molecular weights of 150 000 (150K) and 50K. RNA-2 directed synthesis of the 22K viral coat protein and an 85K polypeptide. Both RNA-2 translation products were precipitated by antiserum against virus. The time course of appearance of the 22K and 85K polypeptides, comparative peptide mapping, and translation experiments with added suppressor tRNA indicate that the cistron for the 22K viral coat protein is situated near the 5′ terminus of RNA-2 and that the 85K polypeptide arises by partial readthrough of the coat protein cistron.