Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REFLECTION SPECTRA OF SOME GARNET AND ORTHOFERRITE SINGLE-CRYSTALS IN VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET

The near normal reflectivity of single crystal garnets (Y3Fe5O12, Y3Fe4GaO12, Ca3Fe2Ge3O12, Y3Al5O12, Gd3Ga5O12), and yttrium orthoferrite (YFeO3) are studied over the energy range from 5 to 30 eV using synchrotron radiation. The spectra of complex permittivity e1, e2, the optical constants n, k, α, and the energy loss function Im(1/e) are obtained by means of Kramers-Kronig analysis. The optical spectra are very similar in this region and are only slightly affected by the different chemical composition of the samples. An interpretation of basic features of the spectra is proposed in terms of a simple energy band model. Mittels Synchrotronstrahlung wird das Reflexionsvermogen der Einkristallgrante (Y3Fe5O12, Y3Fe4GaO12, Ca3Fe2Ge3O12, Y3Al5O12, Gd3Ga5O12) und von Yttriumorthoferrit (YFeO3) bei fast senkrechtem Einfall im Energiebereich von 5 bis 30 eV untersucht. Die Spektren der komplexen Dielektrizitatskonstanten e1, e2, der optischen Konstanten n, k, α und der Energieverlustfunktion Im (1/e) werden mittels Kramers-Kronig-Analyse erhalten. Die optischen Spektren sind in diesem Bereich sehr ahnlich und nur leicht durch die verschiedene chemische Zusammensetzung der Proben beeinflust. Eine Erklarung der Hauptcharakteristiken der Spektren mit einem einfachen Energiebandmodell wird vorgeschlagen.
A Comprehensive Survey and Detailed Study on various Face Recognition Methods

– Face Recognition which is still one of the challenging topic in Computer Vision and Image Processing field remains an open problem as the recent advancements has not yet reached high recognition performance in real world environment. With the usage of technologies for Computer Vision and Image Processing, Face Recognition has gained more interest due to it applications and concerns on high security. Human Face can be considered as a key identifier in various fields and Computational models of face recognition can be applied to a wide variety of problems involving security system, Identification of criminals or suspects, image and film processing, and human computer interaction. This field of computer vision and image processing involves recognition of face from image or a video source. Several algorithms and methodologies for face identification have been developed having their own pros and cons. In this paper, we will provide review and survey of some famous major face recognition algorithms, methodologies developed so far. This paper will study various face recognition algorithms developed and is categorized into 5 aspects, first involving introduction and review on existing history, second gives the technical details on methods, approaches developed so far, third gives benefits and applications of face recognition system, fourth one is the limitations involved in face recognition algorithms and fifth is the conclusion. It is our hope that by reviewing existing algorithms, we will see even better method developed to solve this fundamental problem.
Das Pol-Dipol-Teilchen im Gravitationsfeld und elektromagnetischen Feld

Die Bewegungsgleichungen für ein Pol-Dipol-Teilchen unter dem Einfluß vorgegebener Gravitations- und elektromagnetischer Kräfte werden aufgestellt und im Lagrange- sowie im Hamilton-Formalismus diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, daß die vom gravitationsfreien Fall bekannten Züge der Theorie des Pol-Dipol-Teilchens im wesentlichen erhalten bleiben; dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenschaften der mit den Analoga der Dirac-Matrizen γμ gebildeten klassischen Poisson-Klammern.
Detection of mite infestation in wheat by electronic nose with transient flow sampling

A total of 71 wheat samples of 70 g each, to which were added 0–70 flour mites (Acarus siro L), were scanned, 1–2 weeks after preparation, by a conducting polymer-type electronic nose with transient flow sampling. The device uses an array of non-selective sensors to produce a digital fingerprint (odour profile) relating to the volatile composition of the sample. The results demonstrate the ability of the device to detect the mites in wheat at concentrations of relevance to the cereal trade, of the order of just 1000 A siro kg−1 (around 0.001% by weight). One week from preparation, discrimination between samples with no added mites and samples with 70 added mites achieved a classification accuracy of over 83%. Evidence is presented which suggests the known mite-produced volatile undecane as the origin of the electronic nose response. © Crown copyright 1999
Nanosilver as a new generation of silver catalysts in organic transformations for efficient synthesis of fine chemicals

Catalysis of silver nanoparticles, among the metal-based nanoparticles, has been of great interest in organic synthesis and has expanded rapidly in the past ten years because of nanosilver catalysts' unique reactivity and selectivity, stability, as well as recyclability in catalytic reactions. As can be seen from the research results reported in this critical review, the application of heterogeneous silver-based nanoparticles to general organic reactions has been proven to be an effective strategy in the development of highly efficient organic transformations in terms of efficiency and selectivity. In particular, this review revealed the strong potential of nanosilver catalysis in the total synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical molecules.
Photochemistry of hydrated electron clusters (H2O)−n (15≤n≤40) at 1064 nm: Size dependent competition between photofragmentation and photodetachment

Photofragmentation is found to be surprisingly efficient when hydrated electron clusters (H2O)−n, 15≤n≤40, are excited at 1064 nm (1.165 eV). The decay probability into ionic channels rises sharply from zero in the size range 15≤n≤20 before leveling off at a value of 0.56±0.10. The propensity of smaller clusters to detach an electron rather than fragment is correlated with the peculiar shape of the cluster ion distribution obtained by dissociative attachment of low energy electrons onto neutral water clusters, where the ionic clusters are only observed in abundance for n≥11.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties Related to the Adsorption of Copper and Zinc onto Zeolite Synthesized from Coal Fly Ash

Na-A zeolite (Z-Cl) was synthesized from coal fly ash, which is a byproduct of coal combustion for the generation of electricity. The adsorption of and onto Z-C1 was investigated via batch tests over a range of temperatures (303.15 to 323.15 K). The resultant experimental equilibrium data were compared to theoretical values calculated using model equations. With these results, the kinetics and equilibrium parameters of adsorption were calculated using Lagergren and Langmuir-Freundlich models. The adsorption kinetics revealed that the pseudo second-order kinetic mechanism is predominant. The maximum adsorption capacity () values were 139.0-197.9 mg /g and 75.0-105.1 mg . Calculation of the thermodynamic properties revealed that the absorption reactions for both and were spontaneous and endothermic. Collectively, these results suggest that the synthesized zeolite, Z-C1, can potentially be used as an adsorbent for metal ion recovery during the treatment of industrial wastewater at high temperatures.
Rapid headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze volatiles from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves

We used headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) to analyze volatiles collected from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Eleven compounds were identified from crushed leaves incubated for 30, 60, and 120 min at 50℃. 3-Pentanone, 1-Penten-3-one, Hexanal, (E）-2-pentenal, 1-Penten-3-ol, Heptanal, (E)-2-Hexenal, Methyl thiocyanate, (Z)-2-Penten-1-ol, 1-Hexanol and (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol were identified. The selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used with HS-GC-MS in the analysis of the volatiles. We concluded there was less temperature stress to the plants using the SIM mode that provided much higher sensitivity to detect volatiles emitted from the crushed leaf of Arabidopsis where we were able to detect the 11 volatiles at 35℃ after 60 min.
Directionality of Hydrogen Bonds to Sulfur and Oxygen

Hydrogen-bonded complexes involving sulfur bases are found to be quite different from the analogous oxygen complexes, both experimentally and in theoretical calculations. In general, hydrogen bonds to sulfur not only are weaker than those to oxygen but also show a marked preference for a more “perpendicular” direction of approach to the donor atom. Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level on the complexes of hydrogen fluoride with H2O, H2S, H2CO, and H2CS reproduce these differences, as does a search of structures in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Base. We show that the Laplacian of the charge density ∇2ρ predicts a qualitatively correct structure for all the systems considered, but gives poor quantitative predictions of hydrogen-bonding geometries. An analysis based upon Bader's atoms-in-molecules theory rationalizes the differences between sulfur and oxygen hydrogen bonds. A treatment of the hydrogen bond which explicitly considers the contributions of atomic multipoles to the electros.
Redox Reactions Between Guanidine Electron Donors and Silver Dicyanamide: Synthesis of C,N Material Precursors and Coordination Polymers

Reaction of the organic electron donors ttmgb [1,2,4,5-tetrakis(tetramethylguanidinyl)benzene] and tdmegb [1,2,4,5-tetrakis(N,N′-dimethylethyleneguanidinyl)benzene] with two equivalents of silver dicyanamide, Ag(dca), yielded the two salts (ttmgb)(dca)2 (1a) and (tdmegb)(dca)2 (1b). Their relatively high N/C ratios motivated an analysis of their suitability as precursors to C,N materials. The compounds melt at around 200 °C and decompose at 220 (1a) and 245 °C (1b). Reactions of the organic electron donors with an excess of Ag(dca) resulted in coupled redox and coordination reactions, leading finally to coordination polymers with different dimensionalities. The oxidized guanidine units in the polymers are connected through Ag–dca–Ag bridges, leading to stacks of co-planar C6 rings. The resulting cationic networks are neutralized by dca anions or anionic Ag(dca) chains.
Picosecond photofragment spectroscopy. IV. Dynamics of consecutive bond breakage in the reaction C2F4I2→C2F4+ 2I

Picosecond photofragment spectroscopy of the ultraviolet (UV)photodissociation of 1,2‐diiodotetrafluoroethane reveals consecutive breaking of the two C–I bonds. Spin–orbit excited (I^*) atoms show a prompt rise, in agreement with a direct mode dissociation of the first bond. Ground‐state (I) atoms show a biexponential buildup, one component being fast (≤1 ps) while the other component is slow (30–150 ps depending on total energy), characteristic of the second bond breaking. The transient behavior of I atoms changes with the available energy. These results are interpreted in terms of a two step model involving a weakly bound radical. Simulations of transient behavior of I atoms, based on estimated internal energy distributions from the primary step and a model for dissociation rates as a function of energy, suggest that surface crossings are relevant to the dynamics and that the quantum yield of I atoms varies with excitation energy.
Controlled synthesis of amphiphilic biodegradable polylactide‐grafted dextran copolymers

The whole controlled synthesis of novel amphiphilic polylactide (PLA)-grafted dextran copolymers was achieved. The control of the architecture of such biodegradable and potentially biocompatible copolymers has required a three-step synthesis based on the “grafting from” concept. The first step consisted of the partial silylation of the dextran hydroxyl groups. This protection step was followed by the ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide initiated from the remaining OH functions of the partially silylated polysaccharide. The third step involved the silylether group deprotection under very mild conditions. Based on previous studies, in which the control of the first step was achieved, this study is focused on the last two steps. Experimental conditions were investigated to ensure a controlled polymerization of D,L-lactide, in terms of grafting efficiency, graft length, and transesterification limitation. After polymerization, the final step was studied in order to avoid degradation of both polysaccharide backbone and polyester grafts. The chemical stability of dextran backbone was checked throughout each step of the synthesis. PLA-grafted dextrans and PLA-grafted (silylated dextrans) were proved to adopt a core-shell conformation in various solvents. Furthermore, preliminary experiments on the potential use of these amphiphilic grafted copolymers as liquid/liquid interface stabilizers were performed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2577–2588, 2004
Web Usability Guidelines for Air Force Knowledge Now Web Site

The Department of Defense Net-Centric Data Strategies number one key attribute is to ensure data is visible, available, and usable when and where needed to accelerate decision-making. The Internet provides opportunities for quick and efficient disseminating of information to the public, distributing information throughout the Air Force, and accessing information from a variety of sources. In 2002, the Air Force CIO designated the Air Force Knowledge Now (AFKN) as the center of excellence for Knowledge Management. The site is a one-stop resource, providing access to a great depth and breadth of information. This study seeks to determine how usable and accessible the web interface is to its customers. A literature review determined the usability inspection method called Heuristic Evaluation to be most favorable for this type of evaluation. The researcher conducted a case study using heuristic evaluation to determine the site usability compliance rate. A second case study using web content accessibility guidelines was then performed to determine the sites accessibility compliance rate. The study finally presented a comparative analysis of the usability and accessibility checklists to determine if any overlap occurred between the two or if one is a subset of the other. This exploratory research finds more emphasis on web usability and accessibility should be explored in the future for AFKN.
Preparation of CeO2 with Different Morphologies and Its Application to Catalytic Ozonation of Aqueous Lemon Yellow Solutions

Taking Ce (NO3)3•6H2O as cerium source, CeO2 nanosheets, CeO2 nanorods and CeO2 nanotubes were prepared using hydrothemal process. Characterization of chemical structure and surface properties for these materials was carried out and their efficacy in the catalytic ozonation degradation of wastewater was investigated. The results showed that the surface morphology and reaction conditions played great role in the removal of organic compounds. It was found that the CeO2 nanotubes showed superior catalytic activity. When 0.5 g of CeO2 nanotubes and 15 mg/min of ozone were applied in catalytic ozonation, the mineralization rate reached 97% after 2 h treatment for 1 L of model wastewater containing lemon yellow with 100 mg/L TOC.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Pharmaceutical Effluents of Industrial Area of Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India

"Heavy metals" which have specific gravity about 5 times that of water were determined in the different effluent samples taken from Selaqui industrial area. When water is contaminated with heavy metals then water becomes toxic and dangerous for our biological system. Quality of water affects our biological system and our surrounding is also affected. In the present study concentrations of some heavy metals in the effluents of pharmaceutical Industries operating in the industrial area (Selaqui region) of Dehradun were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The heavy metals analyzed in this study included Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Nickel, Zinc and Copper. Most of the samples were found to contain the metals in varying concentrations. The highest concentration of heavy metal detected was Iron with concentration of 10.80 mg/L. The highest concentration for Pb was found to be 0.26 mg/L while 0.55 mg/l for Cd.Zinc was obtained in the range of 1 to 1.3 mg/L, Copper in the range of 0.08 to 0.38 mg/L and Nickel 0.03 to 0.12 mg/l. Chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel were found to be above the permissible limit recommended by WHO standards. Different metals were found within the permissible limit in ground water sample but if these effluents containing above mentioned heavy metals are drained regularly without proper treatment, then after some years the ground water will not be suitable for drinking purpose and it may cause diseases in the human being and animals and will also affect the flora of the region. This study reveals the need for enforcing adequate effluent treatment methods before their discharge to surface water to reduce their potential environmental hazards.
Characterization of Submicrometer Aerosol Deposition in Extrathoracic Airways during Nasal Exhalation

Submicrometer and especially fine aerosols that enter the respiratory tract are largely exhaled. However, the deposition of these aerosols under expiratory conditions is not well characterized. In this study, expiratory deposition patterns of both ultrafine (<100 nm) and fine (100–1000 nm) respiratory aerosols were numerically modeled in a realistic nasal-laryngeal airway geometry. Particle sizes ranging from 1 through 1000 nm and exhalation flow rates from 4 through 45 L/min were considered. Under these conditions, turbulence only appeared significant in the laryngeal and pharyngeal regions, whereas the nasal passages were primarily in the laminar regime. Exhaled particles were simulated with both a continuous-phase drift flux velocity correction (DF-VC) model and a discrete Lagrangian tracking approach. For the deposition of ultrafine particles, both models provided a good match to existing experimental values, and simulation results corroborated an existing in vivo–based diffusion parameter (i.e., D 0.5 Q −0.28). For fine particles, inertia-based deposition was found to have a greater dependence on the Reynolds number than on the Stokes number (i.e., St0.1 kRe0.9), indicating that secondary flows may significantly influence aerosol deposition in the nasal-laryngeal geometry. A new correlation was proposed for deposition in the extrathoracic airways that is applicable for both ultrafine and fine aerosols over a broad range of nasal exhalation conditions. Results of this study indicate that physical realism of the airway model is crucial in determining particle behavior and fate and that the laryngeal and pharyngeal regions should be retained in future studies of expiratory deposition in the nasal region.
Interchangeability of halogen and ethynyl substituents in the solid state structures of di- and tri-substituted benzenes†

Examination of the solid state structures of bromo- and fluoro-substituted ethynylbenzenes, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, has demonstrated that the halogen and ethynyl substituents on these 1,4- and 1,3,5-substituted benzene rings can be interchanged without significant changes in their average solid state structures. Consideration of these structures, together with those of 1,4- and 1,3,5-substituted halogenobenzenes, suggests that, in most cases, shape complementarity may be of equal importance to interactional complementarity when attempting to rationalise the packing of these molecules in the solid state.
Effect of a transverse groove on cooling of a surrogate photovoltaic panel

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a rapidly advancing renewable energy technology which converts sunlight directly into electricity. One significant problem is the reduction in conversion efficiency with increasing PV panel temperature, which is closely associated with the increase in solar intensity and the ambient temperature. There has been much research recently into active and passive cooling in order to capture the available energy more effectively when the sun is most intense. While integrated cooling systems can lead to the highest total efficiencies, they are usually neither the most feasible nor the most cost-effective solution. This work examines the effect of the transverse square groove in manipulating the prevailing wind turbulence to enhance convective heat transfer over a heated plate in a wind tunnel.
17‐Butyl‐16,17a‐dioxo‐17‐aza‐d‐homoestra‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐3‐yl acetate

In the title compound, a modified synthetic d-homo steroid, C24H31NO4, the cyclo­hexene ring adjacent to the aromatic ring adopts a half-chair conformation, while the cyclo­hexane ring has an ideal chair conformation and the heterocyclic ring has a sofa conformation. The butyl substituent is nearly planar, with this plane lying almost perpendicular to the least-squares plane of the heterocyclic ring. The crystal structure contains a series of weak C—H⋯O intermolecular interactions.
Modeling of Kinetics of Air Entrainment in Water Produced by Vertically Falling Water Flow

This study analyzes the process of air entrainment in water caused by vertically falling water flow in the free water surface. The new kinetic model of air entrainment in water was developed. This model includes the process of air entrapment, as well as air removal, water sputtering and resorption. For the experimental part of this study a new method based on digital image processing was developed. Theoretical and experimental methods were used for determining air concentration and its distribution in water below the air-water interface. A new presented mathematical model of air entrainment process allows determining of air bubbles and water droplets concentrations distribution. The obtained theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.3. 4871
Single Particle Characterization of Automobile and Diesel Truck Emissions in the Caldecott Tunnel

Individual aerosol particles emitted from light-duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) were sampled in the Caldecott Tunnel (Berkeley, CA) using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). This instru ment determines both size and composition information of individual particles in real time. From the composition of individual particles, in conjunction with knowledge of the traffic patterns in the Caldecott Tunnel, information about the source of the particles can be determined. Based upon chemical composition, three main types of particles were detected: particles with significant mass spectral signal due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), elemental carbon (soot) particles, and inorganic particles containing substantial signal due to ions includ ing Al+, Ca+, Fe+, Ba+ and BaO+. Preliminary analysis of these classes shows that they encompass 61.4%, 10.3%, and 11.0%, respectively, of the total number of particles sampled with the ATOFMS instrument in 3 h, heavy traffic sampling periods, in an LDV-only bore of the tunnel. They represent 57.4%, 11.8%, and 18.0%, respectively, of the total number of particles sampled with the ATOFMS instrument in a 3 h sampling period in a mixed traffic (HDV and LDV) bore of the tunnel.
A Bichromophore Based on Perylene and Terrylene for Energy Transfer Studies at the Single‐Molecule Level

A functionalized dialkylperylene and a modified terrylenetetracarboxdiimide (TTCDI) were joined by a hexanediyl spacer. The resulting bichromophoric molecule 1 (R = 4-tert-butylphenoxy) is a suitable model system for donor–acceptor energy transfer studies at the single-molecule level.