Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Policies in Learning Systems with Malicious Experts

We consider a learning system based on the conventional multiplicative weight (MW) rule that combines experts' advice to predict a sequence of true outcomes. It is assumed that one of the experts is malicious and aims to impose the maximum loss on the system. The loss of the system is naturally defined to be the aggregate absolute difference between the sequence of predicted outcomes and the true outcomes. We consider this problem under both offline and online settings. In the offline setting where the malicious expert must choose its entire sequence of decisions a priori, we show somewhat surprisingly that a simple greedy policy of always reporting false prediction is asymptotically optimal with an approximation ratio of $1+O(\sqrt{\frac{\ln N}{N}})$, where $N$ is the total number of prediction stages. In particular, we describe a policy that closely resembles the structure of the optimal offline policy. For the online setting where the malicious expert can adaptively make its decisions, we show that the optimal online policy can be efficiently computed by solving a dynamic program in $O(N^2)$. Our results provide a new direction for vulnerability assessment of commonly used learning algorithms to adversarial attacks where the threat is an integral part of the system.
The C*-algebra of a cancellative semigroup

We give a new construction of a C*-algebra from a cancellative semigroup $P$ via partial isometric representations, generalising the construction from the second named author's thesis. We then study our construction in detail for the special case when $P$ is an LCM semigroup. In this case we realize our algebras as inverse semigroup algebras and groupoid algebras, and apply our construction to free semigroups and Zappa-Sz\'ep products associated to self-similar groups.
Depression und Suizidalität

Zusammenfassung Mit jährlich circa 10 000 Suiziden und circa 200 000 Suizidversuchen stellt suizidales Verhalten in Deutschland eine Herausforderung für das Gesundheits- und Versorgungssystem dar. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Aspekte wie Alters- und Geschlechtsunterschiede suizidaler Handlungen, Entstehungsmodelle und Präventionsansätze diskutiert. Hierbei wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob psychosoziale Aspekte wie beispielsweise Stress oder Arbeitslosigkeit sowie körperliche Erkrankungen als kausale Faktoren für suizidales Verhalten überbewertet werden. Gute Belege liegen dafür vor, dass in Europa ein Großteil der Suizide und Suizidversuche vor dem Hintergrund psychiatrischer und insbesondere depressiver Erkrankungen erfolgt. Wegen dieser engen Assoziation ist eine verbesserte Versorgung und Behandlung depressiv Erkrankter ein zentraler Baustein in Suizidpräventionsprogrammen. Das Deutschland- und europaweit implementierte und evaluierte gemeindebasierte 4-Ebenen-Interventionsprogramm der Stiftung Deutsche Depressionshilfe kombiniert die Ziele einer optimierten Versorgung depressiv Erkrankter und der Prävention suizidaler Handlungen.
The Inspiring Universe

Humans like to find things out. They naturally ask questions and explore the world around them. One observes such behavior already in neonatal infants. Inspiration to further develop such exploratory behavior, the quest to understand and do so deeply, is stimulated by different things, depending on the environment in which one is born and grows up. We thus do not all have the same chances to be inspired. However, there is one exception. Throughout human history humans around the world have stood in awe of the wonders of the sky, the universe. This is a source of inspiration that unites us all. The above considerations and possibly other ones have led to the Universe Awareness (UNAWE) project, which focuses specifically on underprivileged children between the ages of four and ten. Universe Awareness (UNAWE) uses the beauty and grandeur of the Universe to encourage young children, particularly those from an underprivileged background, to have an interest in science and technology and foster their sense of global citizenship from the earliest age.
Differentially Private M-band Wavelet-Based Mechanisms in Machine Learning Environments

In the post-industrial world, data science and analytics have gained paramount importance regarding digital data privacy. Improper methods of establishing privacy for accessible datasets can compromise large amounts of user data even if the adversary has a small amount of preliminary knowledge of a user. Many researchers have been developing high-level privacy-preserving mechanisms that also retain the statistical integrity of the data to apply to machine learning. Recent developments of differential privacy, such as the Laplace and Privelet mechanisms, drastically decrease the probability that an adversary can distinguish the elements in a data set and thus extract user information. In this paper, we develop three privacy-preserving mechanisms with the discrete M-band wavelet transform that embed noise into data. The first two methods (LS and LS+) add noise through a Laplace-Sigmoid distribution that multiplies Laplace-distributed values with the sigmoid function, and the third method utilizes pseudo-quantum steganography to embed noise into the data. We then show that our mechanisms successfully retain both differential privacy and learnability through statistical analysis in various machine learning environments.
Time-dependent renormalized quantum master equation

Time-dependent renormalization was employed to derive a nonlinear quantum master equation (QME), in which the dynamics of a non-equilibrium fluctuation in an irrelevant system are fed back into that of a relevant one. In terms of application, the nonlinear QME was formulated from the viewpoint of the conventional theory for weak electronic coupling and analyzed numerically. In the case of a large energy gap between sites in the relevant system and the reorganization energy, the new equation reproduced the results obtained through numerically exact calculations; this behavior is in contrast with that of the conventional theory.
Acinetobacter baumannii: A Rare Cause of Meningoencephalitis in a Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis

Antimikrobik ajanlara karşı çoğul direnç gösteren Acinetobacter türleri, genellikle hastane kökenli infeksiyonlardan sorumlu olurlar. Bir kafa travması ya da nöroşirürjikal bir işlem olmaksızın Acinetobacter türlerine bağlı bir merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) infeksiyonu gelişmesi çok nadirdir. Bu yazıda sürekli ayaktan periton diyalizi uygulanan 36 yaşındaki diyabetik erkek hastada ortaya çıkan bir A. baumannii meningoensefaliti olgusu sunuldu. Ani başlayan bilinç kaybı ve çenesinde kilitlenme nedeniyle getirilen hastada yüksek ateş ve ense sertliği saptandı. Akut faz göstergeleri yüksek olan hastanın kraniyal bilgisayarlı tomografisi ve elektroensefalografisi normaldi. Beyin-omurilik sıvısı (BOS)’nda protein konsantrasyonu yüksek, glikoz düzeyi ise çok düşük olarak saptandı. BOS kültüründe A. baumannii üremesi üzerine meropenem tedavisi başlanarak tam şifa elde edildi. Klimik Dergisi 2011; 24(1): 65-7.
Towards a classification of networks with asymmetric inputs

Coupled cell systems associated with a coupled cell network are determined by (smooth) vector fields that are consistent with the network structure. Here, we follow the formalisms of Stewart et al (2003 SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 2 609–646), Golubitsky et al (2005 SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 4 78–100) and Field (2004 Dyn. Syst. 19 217–243). It is known that two non-isomorphic n-cell coupled networks can determine the same sets of vector fields—these networks are said to be ordinary differential equation (ODE)-equivalent. The set of all n-cell coupled networks is so partitioned into classes of ODE-equivalent networks. With no further restrictions, the number of ODE-classes is not finite and each class has an infinite number of networks. Inside each ODE-class we can find a finite subclass of networks that minimize the number of edges in the class, called minimal networks. In this paper, we consider coupled cell networks with asymmetric inputs. That is, if k is the number of distinct edges types, these networks have the property that every cell receives k inputs, one of each type. Fixing the number n of cells, we prove that: the number of ODE-classes is finite; restricting to a maximum of n(n − 1) inputs, we can cover all the ODE-classes; all minimal n-cell networks with n(n − 1) asymmetric inputs are ODE-equivalent. We also give a simple criterion to test if a network is minimal and we conjecture lower estimates for the number of distinct ODE-classes of n-cell networks with any number k of asymmetric inputs. Moreover, we present a full list of representatives of the ODE-classes of networks with three cells and two asymmetric inputs.
Detailed Iron-peak Element Abundances in Three Very Metal-poor Stars

We have obtained new detailed abundances of the Fe-group elements Sc through Zn (Z = 21–30) in three very metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≈ −3) stars: BD+03o740, BD−13o3442, and CD−33o1173. High-resolution ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra in the wavelength range 2300–3050 Å were gathered, and complemented by an assortment of optical echelle spectra. The analysis featured recent laboratory atomic data for a number of neutral and ionized species for all Fe-group elements except Cu and Zn. A detailed examination of scandium, titanium, and vanadium abundances in large-sample spectroscopic surveys indicates that they are positively correlated in stars with [Fe/H] ≤ −2. The abundances of these elements in BD+03o740, BD−13o3442, CD−33o1173, and HD 84937 (studied in a previous paper of this series) are in accord with these trends and lie at the high end of the correlations. Six elements have detectable neutral and ionized features, and generally their abundances are in reasonable agreement. For Cr we find only minimal abundance disagreement between the neutral (mean of [Cr i/Fe] = +0.01) and ionized species (mean of [Cr ii/Fe] = +0.08), unlike most studies in the past. The prominent exception is Co, for which the neutral species indicates a significant overabundance (mean of [Co i/H] = −2.53), while no such enhancement is seen for the ionized species (mean of [Co ii/H] = −2.93). These new stellar abundances, especially the correlations among Sc, Ti, and V, suggest that models of element production in early high-mass metal-poor stars should be revisited.
Free braided nonassociative Hopf algebras and Sabinin $\tau $-algebras

Let $V$ be a linear space over a field ${\bf k}$ with a braiding $\tau : V\otimes V\rightarrow V\otimes V. $ We prove that the braiding $\tau$ has a unique extension on the free nonassociative algebra ${\bf k}\{V\}$ freely generated by $V$ so that ${\bf k}\{V\}$ is a braided algebra. Moreover, we prove that the free braided algebra ${\bf k}\{V\}$ has a natural structure of a braided nonassociative Hopf algebra such that every element of the space of generators $V$ is primitive. In the case of involutive braidings, $\tau^2={\rm id}$, we describe braided analogues of Shestakov-Umirbaev operations and prove that these operations are primitive operations. We introduce a braided version of Sabinin algebras and prove that the set of all primitive elements of a nonassociative $\tau$-algebra is a Sabinin $\tau$-algebra.
A Landau–Ginzburg mirror theorem via matrix factorizations

Abstract For an invertible quasihomogeneous polynomial 𝒘 {{\boldsymbol{w}}} we prove an all-genus mirror theorem relating two cohomological field theories of Landau–Ginzburg type. On the B-side it is the Saito–Givental theory for a specific choice of a primitive form. On the A-side, it is the matrix factorization CohFT for the dual singularity 𝒘 T {{\boldsymbol{w}}^{T}} with the maximal diagonal symmetry group.
Characterization of osteoclast precursors in human blood.

Osteoclast precursors (OCPs) circulate in the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood (PB), but their abundance and surface characteristics are unknown. Previous studies suggest that the receptor activator for NF-κB (RANK) on cytokine-treated OCPs in mouse bone marrow interacts with osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL/ODF) to initiate osteoclast differentiation. Hence, we used a fluorescent form of human OPGL (Hu-OPGL-F) to identify possible RANK-expressing OCPs in untreated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Monocytes [CD14-phycoerythrin (PE) antibody (Ab) positive (+) cells, 10–15% of PBMCs] all (98–100%) co-labelled with Hu-OPGL-F (n > 18). T lymphocytes (CD3-PE Ab+ cells, 66% of PBMCs) did not bind Hu-OPGL-F; however, B cells (CD19-PE Ab+ cells, 9% of PBMCs) were also positive for Hu-OPGL-F. All Hu-OPGL-F+ monocytes also co-labelled with CD33, CD61, CD11b, CD38, CD45 and CD54 Abs, but not CD34 or CD56 Abs. Hu-OPGL-F binding was dose dependent and competed with excess Hu-OPGL. When Hu-OPGL-F+, CD14-PE Ab+, CD33-PE Ab+, Hu-OPGL-F+/CD14-PE Ab+ or Hu-OPGL-F+/CD33-PE Ab+ cells were cultured with OPGL (20 ng/ml) and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 (25 ng/ml), OC-like cells readily developed. Thus, all freshly isolated monocytes demonstrate displaceable Hu-OPGL-F binding, suggesting the presence of RANK on OCPs in PB; also, OCPs within a purified PB monocyte population form osteoclast-like cells in the complete absence of other cell types in OPGL and CSF-1 containing medium.
Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer

Purpose of review Although chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is the strongest known risk factor for development of gastric adenocarcinoma, only a small proportion of infected individuals will ever develop tumours. This article discusses various bacterial, host and environmental factors which may influence an individual's susceptibility. Recent findings Recent research on bacterial virulence factors has focussed upon the cag pathogenicity island, particularly its roles in regulating epithelial growth and adhesion. Studies of host genetic factors have included several analyses of polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokines in human cohorts. Animal studies have recently clarified the roles of dysregulated epithelial apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation pathways during gastric carcinogenesis, and novel experiments involving H. felis infection of bone marrow transplanted irradiated mice have suggested that gastric cancer may originate from bone marrow-derived stem cells. Important roles for signalling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, particularly myofibroblasts, are also emerging. Recent research on the importance of environmental factors has demonstrated how helminth coinfection may protect against atrophic gastritis and T helper type 1 responses. Summary Complex interactions between several bacterial, host genetic and environmental factors determine whether H. pylori infected individuals develop gastric carcinoma. The importance of bone marrow stem cell engraftment during human gastric neoplasia is an area requiring urgent investigation.
Characteristics, Mortality, and Outcome of Acquired Anasarca in the NICU

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, etiology, demographics, and outcome of infants who develop anasarca in a large NICU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review for the period 1/1/06 to 12/31/07 of infants who manifested an increase in body weight of at least 30% over a ten day period. Charts were retrieved and information regarding patient demographics, presumptive cause(s) of the condition, as well as outcome data was recorded. RESULTS: Thirty seven (1.3%) of 2834 infants met criteria. The mean birth weight was 1256g with a range of 4203920g, and mean gestation was 28 (23-39) weeks. The mean age at onset was 32 (0-166) days; mean time to maximum weight gain was 16 (0-66) days. Infants gained an average of 106% (37-315) from weight at onset. Overall, 78% (29 of 37) died. Of those with renal failure, 86% (19 of 22) died; 83% (19 of 23) with clinical or confirmed sepsis expired; and 75% (9 of 12) with NEC died. All 6 infants with congenital heart disease died. Many infants had more than one diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired anasarca in the NICU is uncommon, but not rare. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a common cause of acquired anasarca. Renal failure is frequent in these infants and further complicates management. As our supportive abilities have improved, more infants are surviving longer in the NICU and are therefore more prone to complications such as anasarca which is associated with a high mortality rate, regardless of etiology. Anasarca likely contributes to morbidity and mortality in this patient group.
Cyk-4

During cytokinesis of animal cells, the mitotic spindle plays at least two roles. Initially, the spindle positions the contractile ring. Subsequently, the central spindle, which is composed of microtubule bundles that form during anaphase, promotes a late step in cytokinesis. How the central spindle assembles and functions in cytokinesis is poorly understood. The cyk-4 gene has been identified by genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Embryos from cyk-4(t1689ts) mutant hermaphrodites initiate, but fail to complete, cytokinesis. These embryos also fail to assemble the central spindle. We show that the cyk-4 gene encodes a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Rho family GTPases. CYK-4 activates GTP hydrolysis by RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in vitro. RNA-mediated interference of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 indicates that only RhoA is essential for cytokinesis and, thus, RhoA is the likely target of CYK-4 GAP activity for cytokinesis. CYK-4 and a CYK-4:GFP fusion protein localize to the central spindle and persist at cell division remnants. CYK-4 localization is dependent on the kinesin-like protein ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 and vice versa. These data suggest that CYK-4 and ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 cooperate in central spindle assembly. Central spindle localization of CYK-4 could accelerate GTP hydrolysis by RhoA, thereby allowing contractile ring disassembly and completion of cytokinesis.
Effect of an Injection of GnRH at Time of Insemination Following Detection in Standing Estrus on Beef Cow and Heifer Pregnancy Rates

An injection of GnRH at the initiation of standing estrus has been reported to increase pregnancy and circulating concentrations of progesterone in repeat breeder dairy cows, cows that have normal estrous cycles but will not conceive. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administering an injection of GnRH at time of insemination on subsequent concentrations of progesterone and conception rates in beef cattle that have exhibited standing estrus. Eighty-two beef heifers at 2 locations were synchronized with the Select Synch-CIDR protocol (n = 42) or the 14-19 MGA protocol (n = 40) and AI was performed following detection in standing estrus by qualified personnel. At location 1, blood samples were collected on d 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, and 18 after insemination. Heifers that were pregnant had elevated concentrations of progesterone on day 18 compared to nonpregnant heifers. Among heifers, conception rates were 71% and 59% for GnRH treated and control, respectively, and were not different between treatments. Two hundred and thirty-six postpartum beef cows at 2 locations were synchronized with the Select Synch-CIDR protocol, and AI was performed following detection in standing estrus by qualified personnel. Among cows conception rates were 70% and 70% for GnRH treated and control, respectively and were not different between treatments. Overall conception rates were 70% and 67% for GnRH treated and control, respectively, and were not different between treatments. In summary, injection of GnRH at time of insemination did not influence subsequent concentrations of progesterone and had no influence on conception rates in beef cattle that had exhibited standing estrus.
Maternal and Fetoplacental Hypoxia Do Not Alter Circulating Angiogenic Growth Effectors During Human Pregnancy Short title: ANGIOGENIC GROWTH EFFECTORS IN HYPOXIC HUMAN PREGNANCY

One causal model of preeclampsia (PE) postulates that placental hypoxia alters the production of angiogenic growth effectors (AGEs), causing an imbalance leading to maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. We tested this model using the natural experiment of high altitude (HA) residence. We hypothesized that in HA pregnancies (1) circulating sFlt-1 is increased and PlGF decreased, (2) AGE concentrations correlate with measures of hypoxia. A cross-sectional study of healthy pregnancies at low (400 m) versus HA (3600 m) compared normal (n=80 at HA, n= 90 at LA) and PE pregnancies (n=20 PE at HA, n = 19 PE at LA). Blood was collected using standard serum separation, and, in parallel, by a method designed to inhibit platelet activation. AGEs were measured by ELISA. AGEs did not differ between altitudes in normal or PE pregnancies. AGE concentrations were unrelated to measures of maternal or fetal hypoxia. PlGF was lower and sFlt-1 higher in PE, but overlapped considerably with the range observed in normal samples. PlGF correlated with placental mass in both normal and PE pregnancies. The contribution of peripheral cells to the values measured for AGEs was similar at LA and HA, but was greater in PE than in normotensive women. Hypoxia, across a wide physiological range in pregnancy, does not alter levels of circulating AGEs in otherwise normal
Antibióticos. ¿Amenaza para la salud? Antibiotics. Threat for health?

RESUMEN Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la antibioticoterapia, la resistencia a los antimicrobianos y la ecología microbiana a partir de la evaluación de los autores consultados con el objetivo de valorar los efectos nocivos de los antibióticos para la sociedad y el ambiente por la extensión de su uso y mal uso. Se analiza la importancia de mantener un equilibrio adecuado de todos los organismos vivos que forman parte de la gran diversidad de especies del planeta entre ellas los microorganismos por su papel en el control ambiental. Se utilizan métodos observacionales descriptivos así como estadísticos. Se concluye que usar correctamente los antimicrobianos debe ser una prioridad en las condiciones ambientales actuales. Se debe contribuir a que los antibióticos y otros antimicrobianos constituyan un arma contra los microorganismos patógenos y no contra los hombres y la sociedad. Palabras clave: ANTIBIÓTICOS
Diminishing the Impact of Substance Abuse and Improving Mental Health in the United States

Antony Fernandez1,3* and W. Victor R. Vieweg1,2 1Departments of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA 2Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA 3Psychiatry Service, Virginia Commonwealth University, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA