Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Surface Properties Activity of Novel Monoester Triethanolamine-Based Cationic Gemini Surfactants

The synthesis of surfactants derivatives of new two series of cationic gemini surfactants containing ethane or benzene as a spacer are described. The prepared compounds were analyzed using standard tools of analysis, elemental analysis, FTIR measurements, and H1 NMR spectra. The influence of dimerization and of the spacer group were examined in order to establish structure-property relationships. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each series has been determined using equilibrium surface tension measurements. Furthermore, air/water interface parameter including effectiveness (Πcmc), efficiency (P20), maximum surface excess (τmax), and minimum surface area (Amin) have been also derived using Gibbs adsorption equation at 25°C. Standard free energies of micelleization were calculated and biological activities were examined. The results revealed that the dimeric surfactants have a good effect on the biological activities.
Die Wechselwirkung divalenter Kationen mit Strukturelementen der chloroplastenkodierten psbA mRNA

Im Laufe der Chloroplastenentwicklung in hoheren Pflanzen ist die differentielle mRNA Stabilitat ein wichtiger Bestandteil der posttranskriptionellen Regulation der Genexpression. Der Mechanismus, durch den die differentielle Stabilisierung einer mRNA vermittelt wird, ist bisher noch nicht aufgeklart. Neben Proteinen werden auch andere Komponenten als trans-regulatorische Faktoren diskutiert, die an der Vermittlung der mRNA Stabilitat beteiligt sein konnten. So ist gezeigt worden, das Magnesiumionen einen genspezifischen, stabilisierenden Effekt auf chloroplastidare RNAs haben und daruber hinaus die Konzentration an freien Magnesiumionen im Chloroplasten einer entwicklungsspezifischen Anderung unterliegt. Die psbA mRNA, die fur das D1 Protein des Photosystem II kodiert, unterliegt in hohem Mase dieser entwicklungsspezifischen Stabilisierung. Auf diesen Ergebnissen aufbauend wurde in dieser Arbeit die Wechselwirkung der psbA mRNA mit Magnesiumionen charakterisiert, um Hinweise auf den Mechnismus der Stabilisierung zu erhalten. Daher wurden Bindestellen fur Magnesiumionen auf der psbA mRNA lokalisiert und ihre Abhangigkeit von der RNA-Struktur untersucht, sowie ein Minimalkonstrukt fur ein long range Strukturelement entworfen und analysiert. Dazu wurden verschiedene Abschnitte der psbA mRNA mit thermodynamischen Methoden, wie Temperaturgradientengelelektrophore (TGGE) und optischen Schmelzkurven, und durch chemische Sekundarstrukturanalysen mit Diethylpyrocarbonat (DEPC) und Blei-Ionen unter verschiedenen Ionenbedingungen untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das die psbA mRNA in Abhangigkeit von Magnesiumionen verschiedene sekundare und tertiare Wechselwirkungen ausbilden und dadurch eine kompakte, ubergeordnete Struktur einnehmen kann, die gegenuber nukleolytischen Angriffen geschutzt ist. Diese kompakte Struktur der psbA mRNA dient im reifen Chloroplasten moglicherweise als Speicherform, die gewahrleistet, das das fur die Photosynthese essentielle Protein D1 jederzeit synthetisiert werden kann.
Ultra‐thin barrier quaternary InAlGaN HEMTs with state of the art sheet resistance

We report transport properties measured from quaternary barrier InAlGaN high electron mobility transistor wafers on SiC substrates. With similar barrier thicknesses, higher mobility and sheet charge density were both demonstrated by a strained barrier quaternary In0.07Al0. 75Ga0.18N HEMT comparing to a ternary In0.17Al0. 83N HEMT with lattice matched barrier to the GaN buffer. With 1 nm AlN interlayer, sheet resistances of 218 Ω/□ and 228 Ω/□ were obtained from 4.8 nm and 4.4 nm barrier structures, respectively. Both structures also show excellent electron motilities. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zeta Potentials of Suspended Humus in Multivalent Cationic Saline Solution and Its Effect on Electro-Osomosis Behavior

The surface electrical charge was measured for laboratory grade organic soil colloidal particles by varying pH between 2 and 11 and at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mol/L of cationic saline solution (CaCl2, Na2Sio3, Al2(SO4)3, MgCl2, and Na2CO3) concentrations. The zeta (ζ) potential values showed low sensitivity to pH in salt solutions. The ζ potential of pure organic soils varied from +7.5 mV at pH 2.8 to −28.5 mV at pH 11.3. The ζ potential calculation of humus particles in distilled water showed an increase in ζ potential value beyond pH > 3.3, which could be due to charge development at the humic substances by direct transfer of H+ from organic soil to water. The surface electrical charge was almost zero at pH 3.25. Colloidal charge reversal was observed at several stages according to the electrolyte concentrations and chemical reagents. It was also found that using high molarities of multivalent saline solution (e.g., CaCl2, Na2Sio3, Na2CO3, and MgCl2) as electrolytes led to very high ζ potential values and consequently high electro-osmotic conductivity (Ke). On the basis of the results of this research, it is recommended that the ζ potential of the soils be determined before any application of electrokinetic (EK) treatment.
Simple equations to estimate ratios of new or export production to total production from satellite‐derived estimates of sea surface temperature and primary production

Two simple equations with sea surface temperature and total primary production as independent variables were used to estimate ratios of new or export production to total primary production (ef‐ratios) in the ocean. Both equations assume that ef‐ratios are negatively correlated with temperature in a linear manner and positively correlated with total primary production in a curvilinear manner characteristic of a Holling type II function. The two equations were parameterized based on different sets of field data: in one case entirely from estimates of new production based on nitrate uptake, and in the other case based on a comprehensive summary of new and export production estimates derived from a combination of techniques. Estimates of global export production based on satellite observations and use of the two equations were 9–13 Gt C per year. The form of both equations likely captures the principal effects of temperature and total production on ef‐ratios, and their mathematical simplicity should facilitate their prognostic application in climate change research and studies of the ocean's carbon cycle.
CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes

Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas after water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth. More than 98% of the carbon of the atmosphere-ocean system is stored inthe oceans as dissolved inorganic carbon. The key for understanding critical processes of the marine carbon cycle is a sound knowledge of the seawater carbonate chemistry,including equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties as well as stable isotope fractionation.Presenting the first coherent text describing equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties and stable isotope fractionation among the elements of the carbonate system. This volume presents an overview and asynthesis of these subjects which should be useful for graduate students and researchers in various fields such as biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, paleoceanography, marine biology, marinechemistry, marine geology, and others.The volume includes an introduction to the equilibrium properties of the carbonate system in which basic concepts such as equilibrium constants, alkalinity, pH scales, and buffering are discussed. It also dealswith the nonequilibrium properties of the seawater carbonate chemistry. Whereas principle of chemical kinetics are recapitulated, reaction rates and relaxation times of the carbonate system are considered indetails. The book also provides a general introduction to stable isotope fractionation and describes the partitioning of carbon, oxygen, and boron isotopes between the species of the carbonate system. Theappendix contains formulas for the equilibrium constants of the carbonate system, mathematical expressions to calculate carbonate system parameters, answers to exercises and more.http://www.elsevier. nl/inca/publications/store/6/2/2/4/8/7/index.htt
Retention of modified BSA by ultrafiltration membranes

BACKGROUND The efficiency of protein purification depends on membrane pore size and electrostatic repulsion between a protein and membrane surface. The current study investigates how deliberate protein modification affects the electrostatic repulsion, degree of protein separation and transmembrane flux. RESULTS The experiments were performed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified by guanidation, succinylation and citraconation. The latter modification is reversible and can be used to improve the protein separation. Modified and native proteins were filtrated through polyethersulphone PES-20 membrane in dead-end and cross-flow filtration modes at pH 5–10. Guanidation diminished electronegativity of the protein. In dead-end mode, the relative flux in separation of modified BSA decreased to 0.45–0.7 of the flux of pure water over 27.5 min. In the case of unmodified BSA, the average relative flux drop was 0.3–0.5. The separation of guanidated BSA increased on average by 11% in acidic conditions. Succinylation and citraconation increased BSA electronegativity. The average flux remained close to the flux of pure water declining by 0.2–0.4, and the separation was greater than 95% at alkaline conditions in both dead-end and cross-flow operational modes. CONCLUSION Suggested modifications do not require changes in chemistry of bulk suspensions and membranes, but do increase protein rejection keeping high transmembrane flux. The suggested approach is novel and holds the promise of achieving the purity level of therapeutic proteins required by drug authorities. Under the conditions investigated the best results were observed for succinylation and filtration in cross-flow mode at pH 5–10. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of operating conditions on Bromate Removal Efficiency in BAC filters

This study examined the use of biologically active carbon (BAC) filters for microbial reduction of bromate to bromide. In these filters, abiotic reduction by the activated carbon did not play a significant role in bromate removal. Bromate removal in a BAC filter decreased by 30% after a system perturbation, suggesting that filter history affects bromate removal. Although 25 and 51 mm (1 and 2 in.) inner‐diameter BAC filters provided comparable bromate removals for the tested contact times, the larger filter exhibited nitrite production; therefore, system performance must be monitored to prevent such undesirable compounds from entering the water. The mass of bromate removed increased as the influent bromate concentration increased, whereas bromate removal did not change after backwashing. Experimental evidence indicated that increased regrowth would not be observed in the distribution system following BAC filtration with a low influent dissolved oxygen concentration (2 mg/L) in the tested water.
An Application Software Analytics Toolkit for Facilitating the Understanding, Componentization, and Refactoring of Large-Scale Scientific Models

The complexity of large scientific models developed for certain machine architectures and application requirements has become a real barrier that impedes continuous software development. In this study, we use experience from several practices, including open-source software engineering, software dependency understanding, compiler technologies, analytical performance modeling, microbenchmarks, and functional unit testing, to design software toolkits to enhance software productivity and performance. Our software tools collect the information on scientific codes and extract the common features of these codes. In this paper, we focus on the front-end of our system (Software X-ray Scanner): a metric information collection system for better understanding of key scientific functions and associated dependency. We use several science codes from the Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program, Exascale Computing Projects (ECPs), Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) to explore cost-efficient approaches for program understanding and code refactoring. The toolkits increase the software productivity for the Interoperable Design of Extreme-scale Application Software (IDEAS) community which is supported by both US Department of Energy’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) and Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programs. We expect that these toolkits can benefit broader scientific communities that are facing similar challenges.
A SOI-nanowire biosensor for the multiple detection of D-NFATc1 protein in the serum

The detection of cancer protein marker D-NFATc1 in the serum with a reusable nanowire (NW) chip based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures was demonstrated. The NW surface was modified with aptamers against D-NFATc1 to attain the biospecific detection of the target protein. Two fabricated NW chip types – with narrow NWs (w = 90 nm) and wide NWs (w = 3 μm) – were compared with respect to their reuse, i.e. the realizability of the repeated detection–regeneration cycles upon D-NFATc1 detection in the serum. The analysis of the serum has shown that the signal obtained with wide NWs was much more stable than that obtained with narrow NWs. This makes the SOI-NW biosensor with wide NWs much more suitable for protein analysis in biological fluids. The signal stability exhibited by the wide NWs allowed for performing repeated detection–regeneration cycles of this chip for multiple detection of D-NFATc1 protein in the serum with 10−14 M sensitivity. Although the narrow NW chip allows for attaining higher sensitivity (with the concentration detection limit DL = 10−15 M), it exhibits much less signal stability upon analysis of multicomponent biological fluids (serum).
A study of a hydro magnetic fluid flow in a rotating system bounded by two parallel plates

An electrically conducting fluid flowing between two parallel plates has been consideredin this study. The fluid flow is unsteady and a magnetic field is appliedperpendicular to the plates. Various configurations have been considered for theplates with either one plate moving or both plates moving in opposite directionsrelative to each other. The whole system is then rotated in a direction normalto the plates with a constant angular velocity Ω. Temperature and concentrationgradients have been considered across the plates. The Hall current effect has alsobeen put into consideration when studying the fluid flow. The effects of changingvarious parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles hasbeen discussed. These parameters include the rotation parameter Er, the Schmidtnumber Sc, the Hall parameter m, the suction parameter S, the Eckert numberEc, the pressure gradient dPdx and time t. The results that are obtained are thenpresented on graphs and the observations are discussed. Later the effect of changingthese parameters on the skin friction, the rate of heat transfer and the rate ofmass transfer are studied. The results that are obtained are presented in tablesand then discussed.The effect of changing the parameters mentioned above is observed either to increase,to decrease or to have no effect on the velocity profiles, the temperatureprofiles, the concentration profiles, the skin friction and the rates of heat and masstransfer
In situ Raman spectroscopy of lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite thin films

Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the structural change of Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (Lai.xSrxCoO 3 -8) thin films across change in composition (0%-60% strontium) and temperature (30*C-520*C). Raman shift peaks were identified and correlated with specific vibrational modes. Results were consistent with relevant data, but no transition to the high spin state was observed above 200*C. Compositions were compared to oxygen catalytic data to investigate success in high temperature electrochemical applications. No structural phase changes were found in the research of this thesis, interesting effects in the surface regime were observed and possible explanations are offered. Future research should focus on resolving the surface regime via altered experimental set up.
Spectrophotometric and Refractometric Determination of Total Protein in Avian Plasma

The aim of this study was to compare the total protein values obtained in heparin plasma of chickens by a spectrophotometric technique (biuret method), and the values obtained on the same day in the same samples by refractometry. The results obtained by refractometry (average value 2.638±0.153g%) were higher than those obtained by the spectrophotometric method (average value 2.441±0.181g%). There was a low correlation (r = 0.6709) between the total protein values, determined with both methods. Protein is the major determinant of plasma refractive index, but glucose contributes too. The refractometric method is not recommended in chickens for the determination of total protein, because avian blood glucose concentration averages about twice than in mammalian blood.
Current state of the art of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies – a review focusing on wide coverage, high throughput and easy identification

Metabolomics aims at the comprehensive assessment of a wide range of endogenous metabolites and attempts to identify and quantify the attractive metabolites in a given biological sample. These metabolites have diverse physicochemical properties and are presented at different concentration ranges, which makes global analysis a difficult challenge. As a commonly used analytical platform, mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with various separation techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), has recently undergone rapid development, providing promising solutions to these problems. The ambient ionization techniques, including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), direct analysis in real time (DART) and extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), enable rapid detection of metabolites, making it ideal for high-throughput analysis in large-scale metabolomics studies. The current applications of these approaches are described with selected illustrative examples in the present review. Furthermore, regardless of “targeted” or “non-targeted” metabolomics study, the identification of the attractive biomarkers is required to further interpret the related metabolic pathways. Therefore, in the present review, recent novel MS-based techniques that allow more robust and easier metabolite identification are summarized, and their strengths and limitations are also discussed.
A mechanistic model for simulating methane emissions from unstirred liquid manure storages

The objective of the study was to develop a mechanistic model of methane (CH4) producing processes in unstirred conditions with potential application for estimating CH4 emissions from anaerobic manure storage facilities. Although models for describing anaerobic digestion processes are available, they largely relate to anaerobic digesters, and do not directly apply to the prediction of CH4 emissions from liquid manure storage. Based on extant models, six biochemical steps were described: hydrolysis, acetogenesis, hydrogenogenesis, homoacetogenesis, hydrogenous methanogenesis and acetic methanogenesis, performed by five bacterial groups. The model contains six state variables, and mass flow is mostly generated and quantified using bacterial kinetics. The model was coded in acslX and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with an integration step size of 0.05 d was used for numerical integration. The time courses of CH4 production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of two laboratory-scale liquid manure s.
EXPITAXIAL TILTING OF GAN GROWN ON VICINAL SURFACES OF SAPPHIRE

The epitaxial tilting effect of GaN films grown on vicinal (0001) surfaces of sapphire and its relationship with the offcut angles and the substrate surface steps have been revealed using synchrotron Laue method and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. This effect is a general consequence of the large out-of-plane lattice mismatch between GaN and sapphire and can be explained by the extended Nagai theory based on the step configurations. The large lattice tilts and their formation mechanism indicate that the substrate surface morphology may be a very important factor that influences the epitaxy process and the crystalline quality of GaN films in vicinal surface epitaxy.
Kinetics for the Removal of Paraquat Dichloride from Aqueous Solution by Activated Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Stone Carbon

For the adsorption of Paraquat dichloride (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridyl dichloride) from synthetic aqueous solutions, batch experiments were carried out to study the kinetics of Paraquat dichloride onto calcium oxide activated date (Phoenix dactylifera) stone carbon powder (particle size dia. about 0.85 mm). Studies were conducted at various initial concentrations of 75 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 125 mg/L of Paraquat dichloride with 8.0 g/L of adsorbent dose. The equilibrium time was found to be 140 minutes. Maximum removal was observed at pH 9.0. The regression analysis for the experimental data showed that the removal kinetic profiles followed a pseudo-second order kinetic models for all initial concentrations, pH, temperature, and salinity of sorbate. The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard change in Gibbs free energy, standard change in enthalpy, and standard change in entropy, were evaluated, indicating that the overall adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.
EFEITO DA PRÉ-MEDICAÇÃO COM ACEPROMAZINA OU XILAZINA NA INDUÇÃO DA ANESTESIA DISSOCIATIVA COM CETAMINA E DIAZEPAM EM CATETOS (Tayassu tajacu)

The effect of premedication with acepromazine and xylazine was evaluated in the dissociative anesthesia of collared-pecccaries (Tayassu tajacu). Twenty one animals randomized allocated into three groups of seven individuals. Groups I and II received acepromazine (0.2 mg/Kg) and group III received xylazine (1.0 mg/Kg) by intramuscular route. After 15 minutes, diazepam 0.5 mg/Kg and ketamine (2.5 mg/Kg) were given to group I and diazepam (0.5 mg/Kg) and ketamine (5.0 mg/Kg) to groups II and III, in the same syringe, intravenously (IV). The vital functions as well as the hemogasometry were evaluated. After the anesthesia, the vital functions average were: cardiac frequency (CF) = 133.85 ± 43.31 bpm, respiratory frequency (RF) = 64.57 ± 29.61 rmpm, temperature (T) = 39.82 ± 0.73°C; CF = 124.57 ± 29.43 bpm, RF = 57.28 ± 16.74 rmpm, T = 39.12 ± 0.93°C; and FC = 126.85 ± 34.15 bpm, RF = 95.42 ± 25.45 rmpm, T = 39.67 ± 0.98°C, for groups I, II and III, respectively. There was no significant difference in the hemogasometry. It was concluded that the tranquilization with acepromazine had highest quality. The protocols were safe, and xylazine (1.0 mg/Kg) was insufficient to sedate the animals, but association of acepromazine/ketamine (5.0 mg/Kg)/diazepam produced better results. KEY WORDS: Acepromazine, collared-peccariy, dissociative anesthesia, Tayassu tajacu, xylazine.