Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Résumé Biologie florale et potentiel d ’ hybridation entre neufs accessions de pourghère ( Jatropha curcas L . ) provenant de trois continents

Jatropha curcas is a shrub which has an important economic and medicinal role in tropical and subtropical zones of the world. The oil of its kernels can serve as fuel feedstock to produce diesel, indicating its potential as a renewable source of energy. In an attempt to introduce new variation into cultivated Jatropha curcas, a program of intraspecific hybridization with several ecotypes originating from Africa, Asia and America was undertaken. Field studies were performed over three years 2009, 2010 and 2011. Before achieving hybridization, the floral ratio and the breeding system of physic nut were studied in Southern Benin ecological conditions. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed between the analysed ecotypes regarding the number of female flowers. This study has also confirmed that the breeding system of Jatropha curcas is essentially outcrossing and that foraging insects are the main pollination actors of female flowers. New intraspecific hybrid combinations were produced involving nine accessions. Crosses results varied according to the origin and the direction of the hybridization. Crosses between accessions of J. curcas originating from Africa and Asia gave hybrids without difficulty. The data obtained confirm that apomixis might play a major role in J. curcas a reproductive biology. Considering the high number of female flowers per inflorescence produced by the accession from Ecuador, and the large genetic distance existing between this accession and those from Africa and Asia, it should constitute a valuable genetic stock for the development of F1 hybrids with local ecotypes of J. curcas. However, the use of growth regulators might be necessary to improve the hybridization success rate when it is used as female parent. Floral Biology and Hybridization Potential of Nine Accessions of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) Originating from Three Continents
Reduction – A Solution For Financial Crisis

The paper examines the effects of interest rate and its adjustment to the economic growth. It did mention the theory on supply and demand of credit relate to interest rate movement. Background of the global financial crisis duly emphasized. The research intends to study the role of relationship between liquidity in the interbank market and effects on interest rate to GDP particulars in Malaysia for the year 2000 up to 2007. We will use quantitative approach to this research involves gathering and analysis of numeric data. The data collected will be analyze by way of correlation and regression – in the direction of prediction. The results show that interest rate adjustment is highly correlate to gross domestic products, thus play a vital role in recovering from financial crisis.
Inversions of the Ledoux discriminant: a closer look at the tachocline

Modelling the base of the solar convective envelope is a tedious problem. Since the first rotation inversions, solar modellers are confronted with the fact that a region of very limited extent has an enormous physical impact on the Sun. Indeed, it is the transition region from differential to solid body rotation, the tachocline, which furthermore is influenced by turbulence and is also supposed to be the seat of the solar magnetic dynamo. Moreover, solar models show significant disagreement with the sound speed profile in this region. In this paper, we show how helioseismology can provide further constraints on this region by carrying out an inversion of the Ledoux discriminant. We compare these inversions for Standard Solar Models built using various opacity tables and chemical abundances and discuss the origins of the discrepancies between Solar Models and the Sun.
The simulation of molecular clouds formation in the Milky Way

Using 3D hydrodynamic calculations we simulate formation of molecular clouds in the Galaxy. The simulations take into account molecular hydrogen chemical kinetics, cooling and heating processes. Comprehensive gravitational potential accounts for contributions from the stellar bulge, two and four armed spiral structure, stellar disk, dark halo and takes into account self-gravitation of the gaseous component. Gas clouds in our model form in the spiral arms due to shear and wiggle instabilities and turn into molecular clouds after $t\simgt 100$ Myr. At the times $t\sim 100 - 300$ Myr the clouds form hierarchical structures and agglomerations with the sizes of 100 pc and greater. We analyze physical properties of the simulated clouds and find that synthetic statistical distributions like mass spectrum, "mass-size" relation and velocity dispersion are close to those observed in the Galaxy. The synthetic $l-v$ (galactic longitude - radial velocity) diagram of the simulated molecular gas distribution resembles observed one and displays a structure with appearance similar to Molecular Ring of the Galaxy. Existence of this structure in our modelling can be explained by superposition of emission from the galactic bar and the spiral arms at $\sim$3-4 kpc.
Modulation of LPS-Stimulated Astroglial Activation by Ginseng Total Saponins

Ginseng, a traditional medicine in Asian countries, is known to prevent various neuropathologic diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) in particular are one of the most effective ginseng extract compounds for neuroprotection. However, their protective effects on astrocytes are rarely reported. In pathological circumstances, astroglial activation plays a pivotal role in neuroinfl ammation. Subsequently, neuroinfl ammation induced by activated astrocytes causes brain damage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the suppressive effects of GTS on astroglial activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated rat primary astrocytes. Astrocytes treated for 24 h with LPS demonstrated suppressed glial fi brillary acidic protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of GTS. GTS reduced production of proinfl ammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and inhibited the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Furthermore, GTS suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species production. These modulations due to GTS may indicate neuroprotective antiinfl ammatory properties which may in turn be related to improvements in neurological performance.
Isolation and Characterization of Potential Probiotic Bacteria Suitable for Mollusk Larvae Cultures

Guts of Crassostrea gigas , C. corteziensis , and Atrina maura were screened for bacilli and lactic acid bacteria with probiotic properties for bivalve mollusks. Characterization of the isolates included Gram stain, morphology, cell arrangement, catalase and hemolytic activity, hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation against Vibrio sinaloensis VHPC23, biofilm formation, counting of colony forming units (CFU), NaCl and pH tolerance, enzymatic activity, resistance to antibiotics, antagonism against Vibrio sinaloensis VHPC23, and molecular identification. Three isolates (BCR 4-3, BALCR 5-2, and BALOR 2-3) showed no hemolytic activity, high tolerance to pH and salinity, high adhesion potential, high autoaggregation and coaggregation, biofilm formation, well growth, and some resistance to antibiotics. The isolates were identified as Bacillus licheniformis (BCR 4-3) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (BALCR 5-2 and BALOR 2-3). The strains showed basic characteristics to be used as probiotics in mollusk larvae cultures.
Open-ended problem solving in chemistry during initial secondary education teacher training

We present a case study of the work with the Methodology of Problem-Solving as an Investigation (MPSI) in the context of the Spanish Master’s in Secondary Education. Here, future physics and chemistry secondary teachers had to solve some sequences of school open-ended problems, in order to promote reflection on its characteristics and favour its later use. The objectives of this research consist of describing how the problem “What might happen when a substance is heated up? ” was introduced, and analysing preservice teachers’ achievement levels in the competence dimensions of the MPSI. In addition, the article justifies the suitability of the above-mentioned problem to work on most of the curricular requirements about physical and chemical changes in a single problem. The results from the future teachers’ written reports can be considered as positive, and appear to be best for the “formulation of hypotheses” and worst for the “design of resolution strategies”. Moreover, these results do not seem to depend to any great degree on the preservice teachers’ previous studies. Finally, we call for the provision of more inquiry-based learning opportunities for future teachers, in order to promote improvement in these scientific competencies and favour a later inclusion of the Inquiry-Based Science Education at school levels.
NONLINEAR HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS WITH MEMORY: PHYSICAL MEANING AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS

We study nonlinear heat conduction equations with memory effects within the framework of the fractional calculus approach to the generalized Maxwell-Cattaneo law. Our main aim is to derive the governing equations of heat propagation, considering both the empirical temperature-dependence of the thermal conductivity coefficient (which introduces nonlinearity) and memory effects, according to the general theory of Gurtin and Pipkin of finite velocity thermal propagation with memory. In this framework, we consider in detail two different approaches to the generalized Maxwell-Cattaneo law, based on the application of long-tail Mittag-Leffler memory function and power law relaxation functions, leading to nonlinear time-fractional telegraph and wave-type equations. We also discuss some explicit analytical results to the model equations based on the generalized separating variable method and discuss their meaning in relation to some well-known results of the ordinary case.
Weed supression by smother crops and selective herbicides

Using a smother crop is thought to suppress weed density and to add other beneficial effects in sustainable agricultural systems. Weed suppression ought to be considered an essential component of integrated weed management. However, very little is known about the effects of green manure plants on weeds. This study evaluated the influence of three green manure species on weed suppression and selectivity of herbicides. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of the green manure species Crotalaria juncea, Arachis pintoi and pigeon pea on the weeds Brachiaria decumbens, guineagrass and hairy beggarticks, and on the natural weed infestation in the inter rows area of an avocado orchard. The weed species were suppressed differently by each green manure species. Soil samples collected from the field experiment presented a residual effect, of at least 30 d, in suppressing weed seed bank recruitment; this residual effect was caused by the residues of the green manure present in the soil. When the green manure was incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil or left on the surface, in a greenhouse experiment, the emergence of weed seeds was significantly inhibited, depending on the species, and on the amount and depth of green manure incorporation. Greenhouse experiments indicate that pre-emergence herbicides cause lower phytotoxicity than post-emergence Arachis pintoi. Smother crops using green manure species, when well established in an area, provide additional weed control to the cropping system and are effective and valuable tools in integrated weed management.
Catalytic Combustion of Low Concentration Methane over Catalysts Prepared from Co/Mg-Mn Layered Double Hydroxides

A series of Co/Mg-Mn mixed oxides were synthesized through thermal decomposition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) precursors. The resulted catalysts were then subjected for catalytic combustion of methane. Experimental results revealed that the Co4.5Mg1. 5Mn2LDO catalyst possessed the best performance with the °C. After being analyzed via XRD, BET-BJH, SEM, H2-TPR, and XPS techniques, it was observed that the addition of cobalt had significantly improved the redox ability of the catalysts whilst certain amount of magnesium was essential to guarantee the catalytic activity. The presence of Mg was helpful to enhance the oxygen mobility and, meanwhile, improved the dispersion of Co and Mn oxides, preventing the surface area loss after calcination.
A COMPARISON OF TWO SYSTEMS 1

Gödel’s First Incompleteness Theorem (Gödel, 1931) showed that in any consistent formal system powerful enough to do a certain sort of arithmetic there will be a true sentence that the system cannot prove. The theorem indicated a certain gap in Hilbert’s programme (Hilbert, 1901): truth cannot be achieved by provability; it can be only approximated by syntactic means. How to extend the Hilbert’s finitistic point of view and to overcome incompleteness of formal axiomatic systems? Hilbert in 1930 proposed to admit a new inference rule to be able to realize his program (it was a some kind of informal ω–rule). Also Turing in 1939 (Turing, 1939) pursued Church’s idea for his Ph. D. thesis, looking to ordinal logic as a way to “escape” Gödel’s incompleteness theorem. Now several approaches to the problem in question are known among them admitting the ω–rule, adding new axioms or adding (partial) notions of truth. In logics of programs (such as dynamic logic (Harel, 1979), Hoare–like logics (Hoare, 1969) or algorithmic logic (Mirkowska, Salwicki, 1987; Mirkowska, 1971, 1981)) by reason of complexity there also do not exist formal finitistic proof systems that are complete in the classical sense. There are two fundamental approaches to the construction of these logics: to limit a class of considered interpretations or to admit some ω–rules. Algorithmic logic is a result of the second approach. It is obvious that a formal verification of program correctness is a very important task. Consequences of possible errors in programs may prove expensive and sometimes irreversible, particularly nowadays when computers have become indispensable in all domains of our life. But the
The nature of competition within micro finance industry in Kenya.

Competition within an industry is one of the factors other than the regulatory, technological, economic, and commercial forces that determine its structure. It puts players into a world in which they have less control than they previously had and which will be characterized by continual change. The Kenyan microfinance marketplace has evolved at a very rapid pace with new entrants, new products and practice, a rise in movement between microfinancc institutions and multiple memberships of financial institutions. I he clientele have also become more demanding and discerning. It has many players and competition takes place in many fronts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and basis of the competition in this industry using the Porters' Five
Partner ethnicity and ethnic minority socio- economic occupation Evidence from the UK

What role does integration play in reducing disparities in the labour market between ethnic minority and white majority populations? We shed light on this question by comparing the socio-economic positions of ethnic minorities in co- and inter-ethnic partnerships. We implement propensity score matching techniques to account for selection bias. We find that ethnic minorities in co- and inter-ethnic unions are rarely comparable and a large part of the labour market differences is explained by their individual socio-demographic characteristics. Finally, having a white majority group partner affects the occupational position and labour market participation of only some groups of women.
Detection of a Population of Carbon-enhanced Metal-poor Stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

The study of the chemical abundances of metal-poor stars in dwarf galaxies provides a venue to constrain paradigms of chemical enrichment and galaxy formation. Here we present metallicity and carbon abundance measurements of 100 stars in Sculptor from medium-resolution (R ∼ 2000) spectra taken with the Magellan/Michigan Fiber System mounted on the Magellan-Clay 6.5 m telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. We identify 24 extremely metal-poor star candidates ([Fe/H] < −3.0) and 21 carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) star candidates. Eight carbon-enhanced stars are classified with at least 2σ confidence, and five are confirmed as such with follow-up R ∼ 6000 observations using the Magellan Echellette Spectrograph on the Magellan-Baade 6.5 m telescope. We measure a CEMP fraction of 36% for stars below [Fe/H] = −3.0, indicating that the prevalence of carbon-enhanced stars in Sculptor is similar to that of the halo (∼43%) after excluding likely CEMP-s and CEMP-r/s stars from our sample. However, we do not detect that any CEMP stars are strongly enhanced in carbon ([C/Fe] > 1.0). The existence of a large number of CEMP stars both in the halo and in Sculptor suggests that some halo CEMP stars may have originated from accreted early analogs of dwarf galaxies.
Encryption using Lattice-Based Cryptography

Lattice-based cryptography provides a much stronger notion of security, in that the average-case of certain problems in lattice-based cryptography is equivalent to the worst-case of those problems. There are strong indications that these problems will remain secure under the assumption of the availability of quantum computers, unlike both the integer-factorization and discrete logarithm problems as relied upon in many conventional cryptosystems. In this paper, the author will explore various methods to improve the practicality of lattice-based cryptosystems (GGH Encryption scheme) and to optimize the algorithm that make up these cryptosystems for modern computer processors.
Cuticular water permeability and its physiological significance

Cuticles act as solution-diffusion membranes for water transport. Diffusion in pores does not contribute to cuticular transpiration. An extensive literature survey of cuticular permeances (P) and minimum leaf conductances (g(min)) to water is presented. The two variables cannot be distinguished with most experimental techniques. Results from different experiments are in good agreement with each other for some species, for example, Fagus sylvatica L. , but not for others, such as Picea abies (L.) Karst. In a data set of 313 values of P or g(min) from 200 species, distributions of results obtained with different techniques were found to differ significantly. Likely reasons include water loss from incompletely closed or incompletely sealed stomata, and the dependence of P on moisture content of the cuticle and on storage time of isolated cuticles. Contrasting evidence for an interaction between cuticular transpiration and stomatal sensitivity to air humidity is presented. The occurrence of unusually high g(min) in trees growing at the alpine treeline and its physiological significance are discussed. It is shown that g(min) is of little value as a predictor for drought resistance of crops, with the possible exception of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Possible water uptake from fog or dew across cuticles is considered briefly.
The impact of a teaching intervention on sixth grade students' fraction understanding and their performance in seven abilities that constitute fraction understanding

In a previous study, we found that students' abilities in fraction recognition, definitions and explanations, argumentations and justifications, relative magnitude of fractions, representations, connections and reflection constitute fraction understanding of sixth grade students. In the present study, we examine the impact of an intervention comprising of lessons for developing the seven abilities on students' fraction understanding and their performance in the seven abilities. The sample comprised of 343 sixth grade students. Repeated measures analysis showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed those of the control group in their level of fraction understanding and their ability in fraction recognition, definitions and explanations, argumentations and justifications, connections and reflection.
The Effects of Modifying Peanut Shell Powder with Polyvinyl Alcohol on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene and Peanut Shell Powder Composites

The effects of the chemical modification of peanut shell powder (PSP) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were studied. Both modified and unmodified peanut shell powder were used to prepare recycled polypropylene (RPP) and PSP composites. The effects of various PSP loadings (0 to 40% by weight) on the processing, tensile properties, morphology, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and water uptake properties were examined. Results showed that RPP composites with polyvinyl alcohol-modified PSP had higher values of tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus, but lower water resistance, than RPP composites with unmodified PSP. FTIR analysis revealed slight changes in band positions and intensities, indicating a distinct interaction between hydroxyl groups of the PSP composites and PVOH. RPP composites with PSP modified with PVOH had better interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the filler than RPP composites with unmodified PSP, as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs.
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence variation in New Zealand and overseas specimens of Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).

Great white butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), was first detected in Nelson, New Zealand, during 2010 and is the target of a current eradication programme. Knowledge of genetic variation in introduced species can be useful for various reasons, such as inferring the geographic source of the invading population and recognising when the invaded area is reinvaded by new immigrants. Genetic variation in specimens of P. brassicae collected at Nelson, New Zealand, was assessed by sequencing a region of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). COI sequences were obtained from 27 Nelson specimens and three haplotypes were found. Comparison to other sequences of P. brassicae, retrieved from GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data System, revealed that one New Zealand haplotype was identical to a sequence from Spain, Romania and Pakistan, and another was identical to a sequence from Germany. A third haplotype did not match any of the other available sequences.
Title Novice Programmers and the Problem Description Effect

It is often debated whether a problem presented in a straightforward minimalist fashion is better, or worse, for learning than the same problem presented with a “real-life” or “concrete” context. The presentation, contextualization, or “problem description” has been well studied over several decades in disciplines such as mathematics education and psychology; however, little has been published in the field of computing education. In psychology it has been found that not only the presence of context, but the type of context can have dramatic results on problem success. In mathematics education it has been demonstrated that there are non-mathematical factors in problem presentation that can a↵ect success in solving the problem and learning. The contextual background of a problem can also impact cognitive load, which should be considered when evaluating the e↵ects of context. Further, it has been found that regarding cognitive load, computer science has unique characteristics compared to other disciplines, with the consequence that results from other disciplines may not apply to computer science, thus requiring investigation within computer science. This paper presents a multi-national, multi-institutional study of the e↵ects of problem contextualization on novice programmer success in a typical CS1 exercise.