Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Automatic Sleep Staging Method Using a Multi-head and Sequence Network

Sleep plays an important role in human life and sleep disorders are becoming a major public health issue. Identifying the sleep stages correctly with the polysomnogram, which is a collection of relevant physiological signals recorded during sleep, helps clinicians diagnose and treat sleep disorders. Nevertheless, the manual process of performing such a sleep staging task is very time consuming and prone to technicians' labeling errors. To tackle these issues, there have been many efforts in designing various machine learning/ deep learning-based automated methods for sleep staging over the past years, this paper proposed an innovative automatic sleep staging method based on a hybrid multi-head and sequence network architecture. Different from previous works, this method extracted multi-modality features from EEG and EOG with the multi-head CNNs and then integrated them with heuristic weights obtained through experiments. Moreover, the joint loss function based on cross entropy loss function was also applied, wherein multiple embedded losses were added simultaneously and propagated backward. We tested our method using the popular public dataset "Sleep-EDF[Expanded]" from the PhysioNet website. The best result showed an accuracy of 91.76% and Cohen's kappa value over 0.836 compared with human experts, which had competitive advantages over most of previous research results using automated methods on the same dataset.
The Buffer Conductivity Optimization for Single Bacteria Detection Based on Electrical Impedance Flow Cytometry

Electrical impedance flow cytometry (EIFC) based on microfluidic chip has been applied to the analysis of cells and micron particles, but the sensitivity needs further optimization for bacterial detections. In this paper, we propose an optimization of buffer conductivity to improve the sensitivity of EIFC. In this paper, polystyrene microspheres and yeast were suspended in buffers with different conductivity and detected by EIFC chip respectively. After analysing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and coefficient of variation (CV) of the data, the optimum buffer conductivities for detection were obtained for Polystyrene microspheres (~1.6 S/m) and bacteria (~6.4 S/m), respectively. Then using this optimized microfluidic detection system, the Ø1. 0 and Ø0. 8 μm microspheres, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albicans were analyzed, respectively. The results proved that the sensitivity of the EIFC chip can be improved by optimizing the buffer conductivity, which promotes a foundation for the detection, differentiation and analysis of submicron particles/bacteria in the future.
Parallels, Tangents, and Loops: Reflections on the 'Through' Part of RtD

While attention in Research Through Design (RtD) is often on the findings, in this pictorial, we choose to attend to the 'through' part of RtD in order to reveal the messy stories of how those insights were arrived at-stories that are often untold, truncated, or streamlined. We use a yearlong RtD project on human-data entanglements in the home as a case study to explore the contours of this process. We detail how our messy lines of inquiry crossed, dead ended, wove together, and looped. Grounded in illustrations of lines, we offer practical reflections on experiences we encountered while navigating these scribbly lines.
Effects of temperature on the development and abundance of the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The effects of ambient temperature on all component life cycle stages of the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata Meigen were examined under controlled conditions. The critical base temperatures and the number of day-degrees required for completion of each stage were determined. Using these data a simple simulation model was developed to evaluate temperature effects on the seasonal pattern of L. sericata abundance. The number of flies estimated by the model to be available for capture, together with the temperature over each capture period determining adult activity levels, were able to account for 77% of the variance in L. sericata abundance observed over a season.
Pictorial Unleashed: Into the Folds of Interactive Qualities

In this pictorial, we present two different tangible interaction designs that enable managing of wireless connections between devices in a smart home environment. One design (Interaction Tile) utilizes a centralized approach based on a high level of semantic abstraction. The other design (Nodes) employs a distributed and localized approached building on laws of grouping from Gestalt psychology. These works were previously used for a comparative study to develop insights into the different mental models users developed, while using these designs. In this pictorial, we focus on the interactive qualities of the two designs and we propose a way to invite the reader to actively and physically engage with the pages of this publication. The reader is asked to print the pages of this pictorial and to engage in folding sequences on particular pages in order to actively engage with the different ways of interacting between the two different designs.
Paleohistology of Micropholis stowi (Dissorophoidea) and Lydekkerina huxleyi (Lydekkerinidae) Humeri from the Karoo Basin of South Africa, and Implications for Bone Microstructure Evolution in Temnospondyl Amphibians

ABSTRACT Temnospondyl amphibians are a large and diverse group of early tetrapods, whose paleohistology has been incompletely studied. Here, humeri of Micropholis stowi and Lydekkerina huxleyi from the Karoo Basin of South Africa (Katberg Formation) were thin-sectioned for paleohistological analysis. Diaphyseal bone histology of both taxa exhibits a convergence to fibrolamellar tissue and an absence of lines of arrested growth; additionally, medullary cavities free of trabeculae support terrestrial lifestyles in both Micropholis and Lydekkerina. The presence of azonal tissue in Micropholis is unlike that of other dissorophoids or extant caudatans, suggesting an adaptation to local conditions in the Early Triassic of the Karoo Basin, as well as a complicated and incompletely studied pattern of histological evolution in dissorophoids. Additionally, the propodial histology of these and 12 other taxa were assessed through different broad-scale phylogenetic hypotheses for Temnospondyli. Results reveal convergence towards sustained, non-cyclical growth and an absence of lines of arrested growth in the diaphyses of Early Triassic temnospondyls. The optimization of histological traits on to existing phylogenetic hypotheses is equally parsimonious between the different topologies. Homoplasy among histological characters suggests that evolutionary history in this group is overshadowed by developmental plasticity in bone microstructure, potentially due to environmental and biomechanical constraints. However, the interpretation of these data is limited by small sample size, and increased sampling is required to validate the patterns revealed in this study.
Moral Hazard With Unawareness

The article introduces unawareness of actions into the standard moral hazard model in contract theory. We allow the contracting party (the principal or the agent) to be unaware of his or the other party's actions. The principal may also have an incorrect belief about the awareness of the agent. We provide a solution concept where the principal contemplates the incentive scheme according to his conjecture of the agent's mind and also contemplates informing the agent through the contract. In the post-contractual stage, either party may be surprised by the other party's action. Finally, we analyze the value of awareness for each party, and present the negative result that awareness is not always valuable.
Field observations on activity and feeding of bat‐eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) at Nxai Pan, Botswana

Summary A short field study at Nxai Pan in Botswana showed that bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) are diurnally active in that area although nocturnal activity could not be excluded. Activity appears to be closely related to availability of insects, particularly termites, which show maximum abundance on the surface of the pan around noon. Analysis of scats shows that termites constitute the main food item of foxes at Nxai Pan. Pairs of bat-eared foxes do not appear to be territorial and intolerance between pairs was not observed. RESUMEE Une breve etude de terrain au Nxai Pan (Botswana) a montre que l'otocyon (Otocyon megalotis) est diurne a cet endroit tout en n'excluant pas une activite nocturne. L'activite semble ětre etroitement liee a la disponibilite d'insectes, particulierement de termites, lesquels montrent un maximum d'activitea la suface de la cuvette aux environs de midi. L'analyse des feces montre que les termites constituent le principal element de nourriture de ces renards au Nxai Pan. Les couple d'otocyon ne semblent pas ětre territoriaux et l'on n'a pas observe d'intolerance entre les couples.
User Behavior Analytics for Anomaly Detection Using LSTM Autoencoder - Insider Threat Detection

Identifying anomalies from log data for insider threat detection is practically a very challenging task for security analysts. User behavior modeling is very important for the identification of these anomalies. This paper presents unsupervised user behavior modeling for anomaly detection. The proposed approach uses LSTM based Autoencoder to model user behavior based on session activities and thus identify the anomalous data points. The proposed method follows a two-step process. First, it calculates the reconstruction error using the autoencoder on the non-anomalous dataset, and then it is used to define the threshold to separate the outliers from the normal data points. The identified outliers are then classified as anomalies. The CERT insider threat dataset has been used for the research work. For each user, the feature vectors are prepared by extracting key information from corresponding raw events and aggregating the data points based on users' actions within respective users' sessions. LSTM Autoencoder has been implemented for behavior learning and anomaly detection. For any unseen behavior or anomaly pattern, the model produces high reconstruction error which is an indication of an anomaly. The experimental results show that in the best case, the model produced an Accuracy of 90.17%, True Positives 91.03%, and False Positives 9.84%. Thus, the results suggest that the proposed approach can be effectively used in automatic anomaly detection.
A comparative study of productive and physiological performance between two local strains of chicks.

The present work was carried out to evaluate and compare the productive and physiological performance and carcass traits of two local strains of chicks. Also, to find out the relationship among the studied traits. A total number of 450 one - day old chicks from each of Silver Montazah (S.M) and Matruoh (MAT), strains (210 males and 240 females) were randomly divided into four experimental groups. The main results could be summarized as follow: - Silver Montazah chicks had significantly higher live body weight (LBW) than MAT chicks at 4 and 12 wk of age, while at hatch and 8 wk of age the difference was not significant. - Body weight gain (BWG) of S.M chicks was significantly higher than MAT chicks at all studied periods (0- 4, 8-12 and 0-12 wk of age) except during the period from 4-8 wk of age, In addition, males LBW and BWG of each strain were significantly higher than females. - Matrouh chicks strain consumed significantly lower amounts of feed than that of S.M chicks during all studied periods and the males of each strain consumed significantly more feed than their females. - Feed conversion was significantly better for S.M chicks than MAT ones during the period from 8-12 weeks of age, while it was approximately equal for both strains and sexes during the rest of the experimental periods. - Small intestinal length of S.M chicks was significantly longer than that of MAT chicks, while the opposite was true for liver relative weight. While, sex effect was significantly appeared in small intestine length and both liver and Giblets relative weights. - Plasma calcium (Ca) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormone as well as blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were significantly higher in S.M
Detection of hybrids in commercially propagated Eucalyptus using 5S RDNA sequence

In South Africa, Eucalyptus grandis has been used extensively in commercial plantations. E. grandis, together with two other important South African forestry species (E. saligna and E. urophylla) form part of the Eucalyptus section Transversaria. Identification of these species and their hybrids is complicated by the presence of overlapping morphological features. Application of molecular diagnostics would, therefore, greatly simplify routine verification of species and hybrid identity. Our aim was to assess the value of the 5S ribosomal DNA repeat, for developing a PCR-based diagnostic method for differentiating E. urophylla, E. saligna and E. grandis. For this purpose we analysed the 5S repeat from E. urophylla, E. saligna and E. grandis, grown from seed that was collected from native trees known to represent these species in Australia and Indonesia. Three commercially grown E. grandis individuals were also included. Sequence analysis showed that the 5S spacer is sufficiently variable for distinguishing E. grandis, E. urophylla and E. saligna from each other. It also revealed that two of the three commercially grown E. grandis in South Africa are hybrids. Despite the utility of this approach the variable sites in the Eucalyptus 5S repeat appear to be unsuitable for constructing species-specific PCR-primers.
Incorporating the spatial access priorities of fishers into strategic conservation planning and marine protected area design: reducing cost and increasing transparency

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used to address multiple marine management needs, and the incorporation of stakeholders into the MPA planning and designation processes is considered vital for success. Commercial fishers are often the stakeholder group most directly affected by spatial restrictions associated with MPAs, and the success of MPAs often depends, at least in part, on the behaviours and attitudes of fishers. MPA planning processes that incorporate fishers, and minimize the negative impact of MPA designation on the fishing community, should therefore have a greater chance of success. Here, the incorporation of both quantitative and qualitative fisher-derived data in MPA planning is investigated using strategic conservation planning software and multi-scenario analysis. We demonstrate the use of spatial access priority data as a cost layer, and suggest a process for incorporating fishers' MPA suggestions into planning scenarios in a transparent, but flexible, way. Results show that incorporating fisher-derived data, both quantitative and qualitative, can significantly reduce the cost of MPA planning solutions: enabling the development of MPA network designs that meet conservation targets with less detrimental impact to fishing community. Incorporating fishers and fisher-derived data in MPA planning processes can improve both the efficiency and defensibility of planning outcomes, as well as contribute to reducing potential conflicts between biodiversity conservation and the fishing industry.
Efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature on performance and carcass characteristics of male broilers in the period from 22 to 42 days old. Three hundred and thirty-six male Avian Farm broilers, averaging 624 g were allotted to a randomized experimental design, with four treatments (temperatures of 16, 20, 25 and 32oC). The treatment 1 consisted of 12 replicates and the others of 24 replicates, all with four birds per experimental unity. The treatments affected weight gain, feed intake and metabolizable energy intake that quadractly increased until the estimated temperatures of 24.4, 19.1 and 19.1oC, respectively. Feed:gain ratio also changed in a quadratic way, increasing until the estimated temperature of 26.3oC. The treatments influenced the carcass and breast yield that changed in a linear way as the temperature increased from 16 to 32oC. Thigh yield changed in a quadratic way, increasing until the estimated temperature of 19.4oC. The absolute weights of heart, kidney and gizzard and the relative weights of heart and gizzard were affected by the environmental temperatures and were higher in cold environment (16oC) and smaller in the hot environment (32oC). The relative weight of kidney linearly increased as the temperature increase from 16 to 32oC. However, no treatment effect on absolute and relative weights of proventriculus was observed. It was concluded that the best results of weight gain and absolute weights of carcass, breast and thigh are obtained when the birds are reared on environmental temperatures from 22.3 to 24.7oC. Environmental temperatures bellow or above these values affect negatively weight gain and absolute weights of carcass, breast and thigh.
The Phenomenology of Remembering Is an Epistemic Feeling

This article aims to provide a psychologically informed philosophical account of the phenomenology of episodic remembering. The literature on epistemic or metacognitive feelings has grown considerably in recent years, and there are persuasive reasons, both conceptual and empirical, in favor of the view that the phenomenology of remembering—autonoetic consciousness, as Tulving influentially referred to it, or the feeling of pastness, as we will refer to it here—is an epistemic feeling, but few philosophical treatments of this phenomenology as an epistemic feeling have so far been proposed. Building on insights from the psychological literature, we argue that a form of feeling-based metacognition is involved in episodic remembering and develop an integrated metacognitive feeling-based view that addresses several key aspects of the feeling of pastness, namely, its status as a feeling, its content, and its relationship to the first-order memories the phenomenology of which it provides.
Broccoli Production in Forage Soybean and Foxtail Millet Cover Crop Mulches

'Emperor' broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Botrytis Group) was grown in Fall 1995 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Md. , and at the Kentland Agricultural Research Farm (KARF), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg. The objectives were to determine the effects of cover crop mulches in notillage production systems on marketable broccoli yield and weed suppression. The mulch treatments included cover crops of forage soybean (Glycine max L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.P. Beauv), and a combination of soybean and millet. Broccoli marketable yield from all three mulch treatments was equal to that from a conventional clean cultivation system, except for the millet treatment at BARC, which produced a lower yield. All treatments maintained weeds below levels that reduced yield. Cover crop biomass ranged from 4.6 to 9.6 t.ha -1 and N content from 10 g.kg -1 for millet to 28 g.kg -1 for soybean.
The chemical composition of oats I. The oil and free fatty acid content of oats and groats

The petroleum-ether extractable oil content of native oats (dry-weight basis) ranges 3·0–8·5%, and is chiefly dependent upon variety and kernel content (which is itself a varietal characteristic). That of the kernel, which comprises 64–81% of the grain by weight, is 4–11% with a spread of about 2·5% within the variety. The kernel contains in addition about 2·5% of more complex insoluble fatty material which is released on acid hydrolysis. The husk, on the other hand, contains only a few tenths of one per cent of petroleum-ether soluble oil together with about 1% of more complex material that can be released by acid hydrolysis. Certain environments favour higher levels of oil content within all varieties whereas others favour lower levels; Scottish samples tend to be slightly higher in oil content than English samples of the same variety. The free fatty acid content of the oil in the kernel ranges 3–10% for sound, viable grain; the value for any sample is more dependent on environment during cultivation, harvest and storage than on the variety. After the grain is milled or pulverized the free fatty acid content rises to much higher levels within a few days.
Augmenting Neural Metaphor Detection with Concreteness

The idea that a shift in concreteness within a sentence indicates the presence of a metaphor has been around for a while. However, recent methods of detecting metaphor that have relied on deep neural models have ignored concreteness and related psycholinguistic information. We hypothesis that this information is not available to these models and that their addition will boost the performance of these models in detecting metaphor. We test this hypothesis on the Metaphor Detection Shared Task 2020 and find that the addition of concreteness information does in fact boost deep neural models. We also run tests on data from a previous shared task and show similar results.
Season and severity of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests: Implications for understory native and exotic plants

Abstract We investigated herbaceous richness and cover in relation to fire season and severity, and other variables, five growing seasons following prescribed fires. Data were collected from six stands consisting of three randomly applied treatments: no burn, spring burn, and fall burn. Fall burns had significantly more exotic/native annual/biennial (an/bi) species and greater cover of these species (6.5% exotic; 1.7% native) compared to spring and unburned areas. These patterns are likely related to indirect fire effects associated with fire severity and resource availability, rather than direct fire effects due to burn timing. CART models indicated that high native and exotic an/bi richness and cover were associated with overstory gaps and higher fire severity areas, conditions common to fall burns. Exotics may be more successful at exploiting these environments. No treatment differences were found for native perennials. Location was important for explaining native perennial patterns, but richness and cover were also positively associated with lower fire severity, greater tree cover, and coarse woody debris. Expectations for increased native perennial plant diversity and abundance following prescribed fires may not necessarily be met and exotic species spread may compromise other ecosystem attributes. Restoration in these forests presents a challenge as prescribed fires interact with present environmental conditions that are very different from historical ones.