Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cell age-related differences in the interaction of a potential-sensitive fluorescent dye with nuclear envelopes of Acetabularia mediterranea

Abstract. To study whether an electrical potential difference exists across the nuclear envelope or inner nuclear membrane of plant cells, the authors have used an optical probe of membrane potential, the cationic fluorescent dye, DiOC6(3) (MW = 572.5). This dye was microinjected into the nucleoplasm of isolated Acetabularia nuclei (which are still surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm) and its subnuclear localization visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Striking differences, which seemed to be correlated with the developmental stage of the isolated nucleus, were observed. In nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap stage formation, the dye was restricted to the nuclear envelope. In nuclei isolated from cells with intermediate or fully developed caps, there was increased nucleoplasmic staining, and the staining of the envelope was frequently diminished or abolished. In all nuclei, the dye remained within the nucleus after injection. Cytoplasmic staining was only observed when nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap formation were incubated in a hyper- or hypo-tonic medium. Various ionophores, injected before the dye into the nucleoplasm, had no effect on the subsequent nuclear localization of DiOC6(3), although they did rapidly induce nucleolar condensation in nuclei isolated from cells at the stage of early cap formation. The results suggested that the electrical properties of Acetabularia nuclear envelopes or inner nuclear membranes change during cell maturation. Furthermore, the retention of the dye in the nucleoplasm under isotonic conditions indicated that the nuclear pores were not open channels for molecules of this size.
Effects of population size on virus evolution: a baculovirus perspective

This thesis explores the population genetics of the baculovirus infection process and the consequences for virus evolution. Using Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and lepidopteran insect larvae as a model system, we attempt to characterize (1) elemental virus-host and virus-virus interactions pertinent to virus invasion and disease of the host, focussing largely on the number of virus individuals invading a host insect and including the first strong experimental evidence that a single virion can cause disease in a host animal, and (2) the interactions that can occur between virus genotypes during the process of diseasing the host, specifically competition. The development of two technologies was necessary to address these questions. First, a method for generating clonal baculovirus populations containing molecular tag sequences was devised: insect larvae were transfected with full-length baculovirus genomic DNA modified to allow replication in Escherichia coli (bacmids). Second, a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based assay was developed to measure the frequency of a baculovirus genotype in a mixed population. In order to estimate the number of pathogen individuals invading the host and causing death, a basic probabilistic model that links this number to host survival was developed and experimentally tested. This model is based on the independent action hypothesis (IAH): the notion that (1) every pathogen individual has a fixed probability of invading the host, (2) if a pathogen individual invades the host this will irrevocably lead to host death, and (3) that pathogen individuals act independently. Here the model was specifically developed to predict how often hosts are invaded by two pathogen genotypes, when being challenged by a pathogen population consisting of two genotypes. Model predictions were tested using two near-identical bacmid-derived virus genotypes, larvae of three host species, and the qPCR assay. IAH model predictions were confirmed in early instar (L3) larvae of permissive host species (Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni). This strongly suggests that in these instances it is the action of one invading virion which leads to host death. Model predictions did not hold for late instar larvae (L5) of permissive host species and both early and late larvae of a semi-permissive species (Mamestra brassicae), which show greater resistance to AcMNPV. In these instances there was a too high frequency of invasions with both genotypes, suggesting that more virions had invaded these larvae to cause disease than predicted by IAH.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in sportsmen two hours after strenuous exercise and in sedentary control subjects

Regular exercise has well documented health benefits. However, exercise can also induce imbalance between oxidant stress and antioxidant status. This study was designed to investigate the serum lipid profile and non-enzymatic antioxidants markers (serum uric acid and albumin) as well as lipid hydroperoxide (a marker of oxidative stress) in 39 sportsmen after 2 h of strenuous training exercise and also in 24 sedentary age-matched males who served as controls subjects. Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL-cholesterol were higher in the sportsmen but the difference was only significant in total and LDL-cholesterol (p significantly different. The lipid hydroperoxide was significantly higher in the sportsmen (p status during exercise would help to promote good health.
Childhood diet : a closer examination of the evidence from dental tissues using stable isotope analysis of incremental human dentine.

Incremental dentine analysis utilizes tissue that does not remodel and that permits comparison, at the same age, of those who survived infancy with those who did not at high temporal resolution. Here, we present a pilot study of teeth from a 19th-century cemetery in London, comparing the merits of two methods of obtaining dentine increments for subsequent isotope determination. Covariation in d13C and d15N values suggests that even small variations have a physiological basis. We show that high-resolution intra-dentine isotope profiles can pinpoint short-duration events such as dietary change or nutritional deprivation in the juvenile years of life.
Cryopreservation of cell suspensions of Citrus deliciosa Tan. and histological study

SUMMARY: During this work, optimal conditions for the cryopreservation of cell suspensions of Citrus deliciosa Tan. were defined, After a one-hour cryoprotective treatment with 0.15M sucrose and 5% DMSO, cells were prefrozen to -40°C at 0.5"C.min-1 and immersed in liquid nitrogen. After rapid thawing, survival was comprized between 50 and 60% of unfrozen controls. Proliferation in liquid medium was optimal after a 5-day recovery period on solid medium. Production of somatic embryos was higher with cryopreserved cultures than with unfrozen control cultures. Histological examination showed that in the cell aggregates, proembryogenic cells which displayed meristematic characters were little harmed &er freezing whereas more differentiated cells were severely damaged. Proembryogenic cells could start dividing within two days after thawing.
Mesoscale Patterns in the Floristic Composition of Forests in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

We describe the mesoscale floristic patterns in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, through combined analysis of woody species abundance and stand structure data from a network of ninety‐six 1‐ha sampling plots spread across 22,000 km2. A total of 61,906 individuals (≥10 cm gbh) comprising 400 plant species from 254 genera and 75 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae and Moraceae families constituted 23.5 percent of the total number of species encountered. The relative dominance of species was skewed with Poecilonueron indicum, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Anogeissus latifolia being dominant in some plots. Correspondence analysis (CA) and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of plots by species abundances data showed similar arching patterns, with significant correlation between the first axis of CA and NMDS (r=0.77). Hierarchical clustering of plot scores along the three first CA axes resulted in splitting the plots into five different categories that broadly reflect the major bioclimatic features of the region. A multiscale bootstrapping test indicated that categorization of the wettest (wet evergreen group 1 and 2) and driest (dry deciduous) groups were robust (P<0.05 with 1000 bootstraps), while the remaining two transitional groups were uncertain (P=0.12 and 0.26 for moist deciduous and semi‐evergreen group, respectively). Principal component analysis revealed that plots with similar floristic composition can encompass contrastingly different physiognomic structures (canopy cover, canopy height and mean tree diameter) probably in relation to their levels of disturbance. Observed patterns in the floristic composition have been discussed in the light of the complex interaction between the bioclimatic and disturbance regimes that characterize the region.
Scale of Management for Mature Male White-Tailed Deer as Influenced by Home Range and Movements

Abstract The scale at which populations use landscapes influences ecological processes and management. We used dispersal and home-range data of 3 age groups of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to determine the scale at which management will be effective. Home-range size at 5.5 years of age (182 ha ± 24.9 SE) was 56% smaller (P < 0.001) than home-range size of the same 13 males as yearlings (416 ± 59.4 ha). Percent overlap of yearling and 5.5-year-old home ranges was 62.7 ± 10.3% (n = 13). Distance between home-range centers of yearling and mature deer was 1,264.9 ± 407.4 m, including 3 deer that dispersed after 2.5 years of age. Average 95% fixed-kernel home-range size was 207.4 ± 20.4 ha and 225.7 ± 30.1 ha for all mature males in years 1 and 2 of our study, respectively. We found that properties >10,000 ha were needed to manage >50% of original yearling males found on the property, whereas properties of 4,500 ha would maintain 50% of original middle-aged (2.5–4.5 yr of age) and mature males (≥4.5 yr of age). Movements after dispersal were minimal, with deer shifting their center of activity <600 m and <350 m each year for middle-aged and mature males, respectively. These data could be used by managers developing management plans, recommending harvest rates, and interpreting harvest data of male white-tailed deer and by biologists attempting to understand ecological processes such as spread of disease.
Aquatic insects play a minor role in dispersing salmon-derived nutrients into riparian forests in southwestern Alaska

Recent research has highlighted the importance of nutrients derived from Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) carcasses for coastal freshwater and riparian ecosystems. To investigate the role of emerging aquatic insects in dispersing salmon nutrients from spawning streams to riparian habitats, we quantified the emergence and return rates of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera) on Pick Creek in southwestern Alaska and, using stable isotopes, estimated the associated flux of nutrients derived from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to streamside forests. Between June and September of 2004, 7.6 mg·m -2 of salmon-derived nitrogen emerged from Pick Creek in the form of aquatic invertebrates, 6.7 mg·m -2 of which was transferred to the terrestrial ecosystem. Dispersal patterns on four area streams showed that the majority of stream-borne nutrients are deposited within 25 m of the stream. Aquatic insects represent a minor vector for salmon nutrients to terrestrial systems, dispersing less than 0.03% of total nitrogen imported to Pick Creek by spawning salmon. Nevertheless, emerging insects make available salmon-derived resources otherwise inaccessible to some terrestrial consumers. Resume : Des recherches recentes soulignent l'importance des nutriments derives des carcasses de saumons du Paci- fique (Oncorhynchus spp.) pour les ecosystemes cotiers d'eau douce et les ecosystemes des rivages. Afin de determiner le role de l'emergence des insectes aquatiques dans la dispersion des nutriments de saumons depuis les cours d'eau de fraye vers les habitats du rivage, nous avons mesure les taux d'emergence et de retour des ephemeres (Ephemeroptera), des perles (Plecoptera) et des phryganes (Trichoptera) a Pick Creek dans le sud-ouest de l'Alaska; nous avons ensuite estime le flux correspondant de nutriments derives des saumons rouges (Oncorhynchus nerka) vers les forets riveraines a l'aide d'isotopes stables. Entre juin et septembre 2004, 7,6 mg·m -2 de nutriments provenant des saumons ont emerge de Pick Creek sous forme d'invertebres aquatiques, dont 6,7 mg·m -2 ont ete transmis a l'ecosysteme terrestre. Les pa- trons de dispersion dans trois sections du cours d'eau montrent que la majorite des nutriments provenant du cours d'eau sont deposes a moins de 25 m de la rive. Les insectes aquatiques representent un vecteur peu important pour le transfert des nutriments provenant des saumons vers les systemes terrestres et sont responsables de la dispersion de moins de 0,03 % de l'azote total importe dans Pick Creek par les saumons en fraye. Neanmoins, les insectes en emer- gence rendent disponibles des nutriments derives des saumons qui autrement seraient inaccessibles a certains consom- mateurs terrestres.
Layers in aviary system : Effects of beak trimming and alternative feed formulation on technical results and egg quality

Abstract Although the transition from cage housing to alternative systems commenced more than 20 yr ago, there is still an ongoing need for information supporting system understanding, system development, and genetic selection. Cannibalism remains one of the largest problems in these housing systems. Furthermore, recent developments in feed prices have increased the price of animal feed, raising production costs of eggs. Replacing feedstuffs with cheaper self-grown crops might be a possible solution to lower feed costs. In Belgium, and more specifically, in the Kempen region, corn is a widely grown crop that is usually used for feeding dairy cows, yet a ground mix of dry corn grains and a small part of the cob, known as corn cob mix (CCM), can also be used as poultry feed. In this paper the effect of the fibrous feed CCM on the prevalence of cannibalism on hens with trimmed and untrimmed beaks is investigated. The results show a positive effect of CCM on mortality; nevertheless, the mortality in the groups of untrimmed hens was very high, indicating the importance of beak trimming. Furthermore, a positive effect of CCM on egg weight was observed.
Spatial genetic analysis of two polyploid macrophytes reveals high connectivity in a modified wetland

Summary Modification of aquatic habitats by human activity changes physical and genetic connections and poses a risk to the ecological stability of wetlands. Altered water regimes and land use can change dispersal patterns due to altered landscape permeability that will vary with the dispersal vector. We hypothesised that modifications to the Gippsland Lakes wetlands of south-eastern Australia, affecting connectivity over many decades, would be reflected differently in the genetic structure of two widespread polyploid wetland plants, Phragmites australis and Triglochin procera due to different dispersal pathways. We found that genetic connectivity over the region, assessed with microsatellite markers, was high for both species. Phragmites australis consisted of a single genetic cluster, supporting the notion that wind is its primary dispersal vector. Contrary to expectations, Triglochin procera also showed high genetic connectivity, despite some differentiation between two wetland regions (Lake King and Lake Wellington). Spatial genetic autocorrelation revealed a high incidence of local-scale gene flow in both species. We conclude that despite significant anthropogenic habitat modification, genetic connectivity remains high for both species. The current patterns may reflect historical connectivity, with plant longevity buffering the effect of disruptions to gene flow, or contemporary dispersal may be sufficient to overcome anthropogenic influences. Waterbirds are likely to be a more significant dispersal vector of T. procera than anticipated because water dispersal alone cannot explain connectivity across river systems. As wetland systems are put under increasing pressure, we need to ensure that natural dispersal mechanisms still operate to maintain connectivity.
A simple method for non phenolic extraction of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis with high purity and pyrogenicity in rat

Salmonella species are the members of Enterobacteriaceae family, these organisms are gram- negative flagellated bacillus and most of their serotype except Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum are motile. Lipopolysaccharide in gram-negative bacteria has the complex construction and is composed of three parts including the complex part named fat A, polysaccharide, and side chain O. There are different methods for extraction, separation and purification of LPS which are expensive or poisonous and less safe. In this study, the methanol-chloroform method is introduced because it saves time, expense and lack of usaging phenol. Lipopolysaccharide of S. typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were extracted using methanol-chloroform method. The extracts were compared with standard lipopolysaccharide via SDS-PAGE following silver staining. Pyrogenicity effect of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide was studied on 12 rats by using 100 and 150 µg/kg of LPS. The results showed that extracted bands out of lipopolysaccharide of both bacteria, is same as their standard. The LPS extract of Salmonella typhimurium revealed increasing of rat body temperatures (1 to 2°C) in both 100 and 150 µg/kg dosages after 2 h treatment. While the rat body temperature increases by the dose of 150 µg/kg, higher than the dose of 100 µg/kg. Considering the results, lipopolysaccharide bands extracted by usingmethanol-chloroform method and comparing them with standard samples could be a proper method with less expense, and much safety in comparison with the other methods and also it has a very high yield. Key word: Salmonella, lipopolysaccharide, SDS-PAGE.
Inexpensive fine mapping and positional cloning in plants using visible, mapped transgenes

Vast numbers of crop, fungal, and animal accessions as well as insect vectors and evolving eukaryotic patho- gens await molecular analysis. Inexpensive methods are required to make map-based gene isolation accessible to more of the world's researchers. Today, positional cloning relies on genotyping and phenotyping large numbers of progeny to de- tect chromosome recombination events that break linkage between the trait of interest and flanking molecular markers fol- lowing meiosis. In the postgenome era, positional cloning will no longer be limited by the availability of high-density molecular markers but rather by the skilled labour and the expense of genotyping and phenotyping 10 3 -10 4 progeny to de- tect rare recombination events in a narrow chromosome block flanking the target gene of interest. Here, we review how linked, mapped transgenes that encode dominant, visible traits such as green fluorescent protein can be used to preselect meiotic recombinants inexpensively, thus reducing progeny genotyping and phenotyping requirements by >95% during po- sitional cloning. Because transgene markers such as green fluorescent protein are genotype independent, transgenes created in one inbred line may be used to fine-map genetic variation in large numbers of genotypes. Resume´ : Il existe un grand nombre d'accessions fongiques et animales, ainsi que d'insectes vecteurs et de pathogenes eu- caryotes en evolution, en attente d'analyse moleculaire. Un besoin existe egalement pour des methodes peu dispendieuses pour rendre l'isolation de gene basee sur des cartes, accessible aun plus grand nombre de chercheurs du monde. Aujourd'- hui, le clonage positionnel est basesur le genotypage et le phenotypage d'une nombreuse progeniture pour detecter les evenements chromosomiques qui brisent le lien entre le caractere d'interet et les marqueurs moleculaires correspondants, suite ala meiose. Al'ere post-genomique, le clonage positionnel ne sera plus limitepar la disponibilitede marqueurs a` haute densite´, mais plutot par l'expertise, et ceci aux depens du genotypage et du phenotypage de 10 3 -10 4 progenitures, pour detecter les rares evenements de recombinaison, dans un bloc etroit de chromosomes reliesa u gene cible d'interet. Les auteurs revisent comment les transgenes lies et cartographies, qui codent pour des caracteres dominants et visibles, comme la proteine fluorescente verte, peuvent etre utilisesapeu de frais pour la pre´-selection de recombinants meiotiques, reduisant ainsi les besoins en genotypage et phenotypage de >95 %, au cours du clonage positionnel. Parce que les mar- queurs transgeniques, comme la proteine fluorescente verte, sont independants du genotype, les transgenes generes dans une lignee consanguine, peuvent etre utilises pour produire des cartes fines de la variation genetique chez un grand nombre de genotypes.
Effect of Time of Inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae on Mango Fruits Susceptibility Epiphytic Survival of X. c. pv. mangiferaeindicae on Mango Fruits in Relation to Disease Development

Susceptibility of mango fruits to bacterial black spot disease was related to the stage of fruit development and to climatic factors (rainfall and temperature). The highest percentages of infected fruits occurred when inoculations were performed during the month just before harvest. Wounds and lenticels are effective entry sites for the bacterium. The ability of lenticels to take up bacterial inoculum was estimated using safranin. The susceptibility of lenticels to entry of the pathogen was directly related to the fruit age. X. c. pv. mangiferaeindicae can survive epiphytically on immature mango fruits. Bacterial populations around 105 c.f. u. /fruit are commonly detected. Epiphytic X. c. pv. mangiferaeindicae were not detected on symptomless mature fruits. Those resident populations are an important source of inoculum for fruit infection. The number of bacterial spots occurring on the fruits is directly related to epiphytic populations.
Determination of bycatch and discard catch rates on trawl fishing in Mersin-Anamur fishing ground.

Five barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. The experimental diets contained 5 true digestible P levels (from 0.16% to 0.39%), and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) was 2:1. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (P 0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (P > 0.05). These results suggest that there is no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. Therefore, dietary P levels may not affect the digestion and absorption of dietary nitrogen in growing pigs.
The Life Cycle and Taxonomic Affinity of the Coccolithophore Jomonlithus littoralis (Prymnesiophyceae)

Abstract Jomonlithus littoralis is a coccolithophore exhibiting unusual coccolith morphology that has previously only been reported from Japanese coastal waters. Jomonlithus is a mono-specific genus that has remained incertae sedis within the Prymnesiophyceae since its original description. We isolated a culture of the calcifying (diploid) stage of this species from Mediterranean coastal waters that subsequently produced a non-calcifying life cycle stage in culture. The non-calcifying (haploid) stage of J. littoralis is described for the first time through light and electron microscope observations of cytology, scale ornamentation and ultrastructure. A 28s rDNA molecular phylogeny is presented and the systematic affinities of Jomonlithus are discussed. This genus is placed in the Hymenomonadaceae and the diagnosis of this family is emended.