Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scanning the conceptual horizons of citizenship

This article scans recent developments within citizenship studies and relates them to the field of dementia, specifically the ‘dementia friendly communities’ agenda. The dementia friendly communities agenda is selected for several reasons, most notably because, it is an area of practice in the field of dementia where citizenship is perhaps most clearly enacted. The aim of the article is to help with the advancement of social citizenship as a key concept for dementia studies, by using two of the latest ideas within citizenship studies; namely, understandings of citizenship as (a) occurring in ordinary places and (b) potentially enacted within the domestic sphere to explore dementia friendly communities. It is argued that the interplay between these two developments pave the way for deeper consideration and realisation of social citizenship in the context of people with dementia.
Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigen by a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay

SUMMARY The Gonozyme test (Abbott Laboratories) is a new enzyme immunoassay for detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigens in specimens from the urethra in men and the endocervix in women. To evaluate the usefulness of the, assay 249 patients were investigated. The results obtained with the immunoassay were compared with those of culture and microscopy of Gram-stained smears. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were high in men with urethritis and acceptable in different groups of women. As the sensitivity of the Gonozyme test was much higher than that of microscopy for endocervical specimens it might be useful as a rapid screening test for the detection of gonorrhoea in women.
THE FIELD OF DESIGN AND EMOTION : CONCEPTS , ARGUMENTS , TOOLS , AND CURRENT ISSUES

In recent years, research in the field of product design has witnessed the emergence of the field of design and emotion. Several authors have introduced different emotion related concepts borrowed from different disciplines and adopted different perspectives for the role of emotions in design. Simultaneously, design researchers have developed different tools and techniques, to illuminate the emotional side of the user-product relationship and to design for this emotional side. The resulting picture is a rich blend of different arguments and various techniques, which is getting even richer. At this point, it is beneficial for the domain to summarize those concepts, arguments, and tools in order to provide a clear discussion basis for the further studies. This paper attempts to provide this basis by pointing out the similarities and differences among the emotional phenomena that have been introduced in the field. The different objectives and arguments of the design and emotion field are identified and the tools and techniques are discussed regarding their help in attaining these objectives. Lastly, current issues in the area that may provide the field with a boost towards achieving its objectives are briefly summarized and discussed. Alındı: 01.02. 2008; Son Metin: 21.04. 2008 Anahtar Sözcükler: tasarım ve duygu; duygusal tepki; duygusal deneyim; kullanıcı
Roles of O‐linked oligosaccharides in immune responses

Many functional glycoproteins are expressed on the lymphocyte cell surface. Some of them carry O‐linked oligosaccharides (O‐glycans), which are conjugated through serine or threonine residues. During various biological processes, including T‐cell activation, a tetrasaccharide on the T‐cell surface is dramatically converted to a branched hexasaccharide, called core2 O‐glycan. The same structural change in O‐glycans is also found on the lymphocytes from patients with immunodeficiency conditions such as Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome and AIDS. Several studies revealing the roles of core2 O‐glycans in immune responses show that this is a biologically significant change. In particular, core2 O‐glycans expressed on the cell surface reduce cell–cell interactions, thereby regulating immune responses. Furthermore, core2 O‐glycan is a key backbone structure in forming selectin ligands. Thus, O‐linked oligosaccharides, in particular those containing core2 branches, play vital roles in immune responses and may play dual roles in certain situations. This review will summarize the results obtained from various studies investigating the roles of O‐glycans in immunological processes. BioEssays 23:46–53, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Postoperative Epidural Infusion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Finding Trial of Clonidine in Combination with Bupivacaine and Fentanyl

The aim of this randomized, double-blind trial of postoperative thoracic epidural analgesic infusions was to determine whether clonidine at 10 micro g/h (group C10, n = 22), 15 micro g/h (Group C15, n = 24), or 20 micro g/h (Group C20, n = 24) improved postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal gynecologic surgery, without side effects or hemodynamic changes, when added to a 5-mL/h infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine and fentanyl 2 micro g/mL (Group C0, n = 22). The 24-h study infusion was supplemented, as required, by patient-controlled epidural fentanyl. Groups were similar for age, weight, duration, and type of surgery. Clonidine produced a dose-dependent improvement in analgesia at rest. Only 20 micro g/h significantly increased the percentage of patients who experienced no pain with coughing (relative risk 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.24-1.94), reduced pain scores with coughing (P < 0.05), and significantly lowered supplementary fentanyl requirements (P < 0.05). Groups were similar for sedation, pruritus, nausea, time to ambulation, and satisfaction with analgesia. Clonidine produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure and pulse rate and an increase in vasopressor requirement (P < 0.01). Epidural clonidine infused at 20 micro g/h improves analgesia during coughing when combined with epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery but is associated with hemodynamic changes and increased vasopressor requirement. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:1323-8)
Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer

Detection of circulating tumor DNA in patients with resected stage II colon cancer provides evidence of residual disease. Footprints of persistent cancer Stage II colon cancer, which has spread through the wall of the colon but has not metastasized to the lymph nodes, can present a therapeutic dilemma. On one hand, these tumors can usually be completely removed by surgery, and the majority does not recur even without chemotherapy. On the other hand, it is difficult to determine which of these tumors will recur and to identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. Tie et al. show that the presence of circulating tumor DNA in a patient’s blood after surgery is a sign of persistent tumor and a greatly increased risk of relapse, suggesting that this group of patients may require chemotherapy to prevent recurrence. Detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) after resection of stage II colon cancer may identify patients at the highest risk of recurrence and help inform adjuvant treatment decisions. We used massively parallel sequencing–based assays to evaluate the ability of ctDNA to detect minimal residual disease in 1046 plasma samples from a prospective cohort of 230 patients with resected stage II colon cancer. In patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, ctDNA was detected postoperatively in 14 of 178 (7.9%) patients, 11 (79%) of whom had recurred at a median follow-up of 27 months; recurrence occurred in only 16 (9.8 %) of 164 patients with negative ctDNA [hazard ratio (HR), 18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 7.9 to 40; P < 0.001]. In patients treated with chemotherapy, the presence of ctDNA after completion of chemotherapy was also associated with an inferior recurrence-free survival (HR, 11; 95% CI, 1.8 to 68; P = 0.001). ctDNA detection after stage II colon cancer resection provides direct evidence of residual disease and identifies patients at very high risk of recurrence.
The evaluation of error probabilities for low-frequency attenuation channels

Channels having large low-frequency attenuation are of much interest. Low-frequency removal may result from transformer or capacitor coupling. Examples include ISDN loop transmission (transformer coupling) and wireless systems (capacitor coupled amplifiers). Despite this interest, few works have explicitly examined the problem of calculating the average probability of error for these systems, in which the intersymbol interference from a single pulse may extend over hundreds or even thousands of symbols. Efficient series techniques for evaluation of the error probabilities of multilevel pulse amplitude modulations and multilevel duobinary signaling are derived. The method is applicable to any additive noise possessing an even probability density function. The Gaussian noise case is examined in detail. Examples of Nyquist I signaling and suboptimal detection of nonreturn-to-zero pulse codes are considered. The results are compared to previous published results. It is seen that an often cited upper bound, though within a factor of about ten in error probability for small to medium intersymbol interference conditions, may significantly overestimate the system degradation due to low-frequency attenuation when the intersymbol interference is large. >
acteriocins and their position in the next wave of conventional ntibiotics

Micro-organisms are capable of producing a range of defence mechanisms, including antibiotics, bacteriocins, lytic agents, protein exotoxins, etc. Such mechanisms have been identified in nearly 99% of studied bacteria. The multiplicity and diversity of bacteriocins and the resultant effects of their interactions with targeted bacteria on microbial ecology has been thoroughly studied and remains an area of investigation attracting many researchers. However, the incorporation of bacteriocins into drug delivery ntimicrobial peptides
APOPTOSIS VERSUS NECROSIS DURING COLD STORAGE AND REWARMING OF HUMAN RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS1

Background. A recent clinical study demonstrated that in renal allografts preserved in the cold apoptosis occurred soon after reperfusion. The mode of cell death during cold storage is generally considered necrotic. Whether apoptosis occurs as a part of cold storage is uncertain. The objective was to determine in human renal tubular cells whether apoptosis is specific for rewarming or it also occurs during cold storage and whether it could be modified. Methods and Results. Cold storage (4°C) of primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial (RPTE) in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution up to 48 hr caused a time-dependent increase in cell death measured by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release and vital dye exclusion methods. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that cell death in the cold was necrotic, involving considerable mitochondrial disruption, and was not apoptotic. The TUNEL assay that provides a specific, quantitative measure for apoptosis showed no increase in TUNEL-positivity during flow cytometry of cells stored in cold: 37°C, 0.23±0.14%; 24 hr cold, 0.23±0.1%; 48 hr cold, 1.79±0.58%. Annexin-V staining, a sensitive method for detecting early apoptosis, similarly showed no increase in positively stained cells during cold storage. Addition of antioxidants 2-methyl aminochroman and deferoxamine to UW solution inhibited necrotic cell death and preserved mitochondrial structure. In contrast to cold storage alone, rewarming (37°C for 24 hr) of cold stored cells, however, resulted in significant apoptosis (TUNEL positive: 48 hr cold: 2±0.6%, 48 hr cold and 24 hr rewarming: 54±17%), which was confirmed by the TEM based on typical apoptotic features. Addition of 2-MAC and DFO significantly inhibited rewarming-induced apoptotic cell death (plus 2-MAC: 3±1%, plus DFO: 3±2%). Conclusion. Our study in human tubular cells provides evidence that cold storage per se does not result in apoptosis, but is primarily necrotic. However, rewarming is associated with significant apoptosis in the presence of ongoing necrosis, speculatively due to the activation of the apoptotic enzymic process of sublethally injured cells. Inclusion of antioxidants in the storage solution confers protection against both cold storage and rewarming-induced necrosis and apoptosis.
An Efficient Data Structure for Lattice Operations

In this paper, we consider the representation and management of an element set on which a lattice partial order relation is defined. In particular, let n be the element set size. We present an \nradn-space implicit data structure for performing the following set of basic operations: 1. Test the presence of an order relation between two given elements, in constant time. 2. Find a path between two elements whenever one exists, in O(l) steps, where l is the path length. 3. Compute the successors and/or predecessors set of a given element, in O(h) steps, where h is the size of the returned set. 4. Given two elements, find all elements between them, in time O(k log d), where k is the size of the returned set and d is the maximum in-degree or out-degree in the transitive reduction of the order relation. 5. Given two elements, find the least common ancestor and/or the greatest common successor in $O(\sqrt{n})$-time. 6. Given k elements, find the least common ancestor and/or the greatest common successor in $O(\sqrt{n}+k \log n)$time. (Unless stated otherwise, all logarithms are to the base 2.) The preprocessing time is O(n2). Focusing on the first operation, representing the building-box for all the others, we derive an overall \nradn-space\,$\times$\,time bound which beats the order n2 bottleneck representing the present complexity for this problem. Moreover, we will show that the complexity bounds for the first three operations are optimal with respect to the worst case. Additionally, a stronger result can be derived. In particular, it is possible to represent a lattice in space $O(n\sqrt{t})$, where t is the minimum number of disjoint chains which partition the element set.
The sex ratio in familial persistent stuttering.

We thank the NSP, the AIS, and the British Stammering Association for their help in identifying families. We are particularly grateful to the SFA for additional assistance in identifying and enrolling stuttering families. We also thank T. Friedman and H. Hoffman of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), for helpful comments and discussion. D.D. gratefully acknowledges the help and support of Dr. Eric Green in the early stages of this work. This work was supported by the NIDCD/NIH, Z01-00046-01, and by the National Human Genome Research Institute.
Computed Tomography Enteroclysis in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Diseases

The role of computed tomography (CT) enteroclysis in the imaging of small bowel diseases is expanded with recent technological advances in multidetector CT system. Computed tomography enteroclysis is the examination of choice for patients with symptoms of intermittent small bowel obstruction, especially when there is a history of prior complex abdominal surgery, abdominal tumor, radiation therapy, and also in high grade obstructions with suspicion of extraintestinal internal fistula. Computed tomography enteroclysis is becoming the first-line modality for the evaluation of advanced and complicated small bowel Crohn disease. Computed tomography enteroclysis can also become an important complementary imaging technique to capsule endoscopy in the assessment of small bowel neoplasms and occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In this study, the technique and clinical applications of CT enteroclysis are reviewed; its advantages and limitations compared with the other imaging techniques and capsule endoscopy are discussed.
An atlas of the arterial supply of the head and neck of the femur in man.

In the past twenty years, impressive contributions have been made to the surgical treatment of crippling hip diseases, particularly with the development of total hip joint replacement operations. For some years biomechanics appeared to have triumphed, in spite of the predictions of failure of hip prostheses that could have been made from a knowledge of the blood supply of the femur. Hip surgery is now evolving further and there is already a significant swing away from the use of “total joint replacements” in favor of the newer “surface replacements. ” That one should have been invited to contribute this brief chapter to such an important symposium on hip surgery is heartening, for it indicates that there is a growing awareness of the importance of preserving the blood supply of bone in the course of surgical operations. Microsurgeons now regularly isolate the blood vessels of bones and anastomose them at distant sites, assuring the viable transposition of particular bony fragments from one part of the body to another. And so the time has come for orthopedic sur-
Luminescence study on Eu3+ doped Y2O3 nanoparticles: particle size, concentration and core–shell formation effects

Nanoparticles of Eu3+ doped Y2O3 (core) and Eu3+ doped Y2O3 covered with Y2O3 shell (core–shell) are prepared by urea hydrolysis for 3 h in ethylene glycol medium at a relatively low temperature of 140 °C, followed by heating at 500 and 900 °C. Particle sizes determined from x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic studies are 11 and 18 nm for 500 and 900 °C heated samples respectively. Based on the luminescence studies of 500 and 900 °C heated samples, it is confirmed that there is no particle size effect on the peak positions of Eu3+ emission, and optimum luminescence intensity is observed from the nanoparticles with a Eu3+ concentration of 4–5 at. %. A luminescence study establishes that the Eu3+ environment in amorphous Y (OH)3 is different from that in crystalline Y2O3. For a fixed concentration of Eu3+ doping, there is a reduction in Eu3+ emission intensity for core–shell nanoparticles compared to that of core nanoparticles, and this has been attributed to the concentration dilution effect. Energy transfer from the host to Eu3+ increases with increase of crystallinity.
On the Design of Technology Heirlooms

In this paper we outline our current interests in the design and development of a form of technology which we refer to as technology heirlooms. In part, these might represent new devices but they also suggest a means by which existing mundane technologies such as digital files and data might come to be considered heirlooms and then require new forms of treatment and be associated with new forms of practice. We discuss ways in which we have and will be researching in this space to inform our design activities.
Impact of Structure Relaxation on the Ultimate Performance of a Small Diameter, n-Type $\langle 110 \rangle$  Si-Nanowire MOSFET

We investigate the impact of structure relaxation on the upper performance of a silicon nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) with small diameter employing a semiclassical transport model to calculate its ballistic I-V characteristics. For wires along the lang110rang axis and 1 nm diameter, structure relaxation induces large changes in the bond length of silicon atoms at the surface (~33%). Despite these bond length variations, the effect of reconstruction on the ballistic ON-current of Si-NW MOSFETs turns out negligible in the case considered, which can be attributed to an only slight variation of the electron effective mass after reconstruction
Boolean interpretation of conjunctions for document retrieval

It is generally recognized that the conjunction “and” plays an ambiguous role in natural language. When considered within the domain of Boolean document retrieval, this ambiguity makes the automatic Boolean interpretation of statements representing information needs a difficult task. The human analyst is able to resolve this ambiguity with relative ease. However, the processes employed appear complex and are not well understood. This article examines a semantic property of the conjunction, i.e., the semantic similarity between the conjuncts with a view to automatically resolving this ambiguity. Specifically, the idea examined is that if the two conjuncts are semantically similar then the conjunction is best interpreted as a Boolean OR, otherwise as an AND. The study resulted in an algorithm which utilizes semantic information and some syntactic information (both of which are derivable from a standard dictionary) to obtain the appropriate Boolean interpretation. The algorithm was successful when evaluated against human decisions. In addition to contributing the algorithm, this article draws attention to the effects of this ambiguity on the derivation of appropriate Boolean search specifications from natural-language statements representing information needs.
Extra Articular Extra-synovial Solitary Osteochondromatosis of the Ankle.

Synovial chondromatosis or osteochondromatosis is a benign neoplastic condition arising from synovial tissue of joints, tendon sheath and bursa. Commonly involved joints are the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and ankle. According to authors' knowledge, only four cases have been reported in the English literature, describing the extra articular synovial chondromatosis around the ankle joint. The peculiarity of the index case lies in its subtle clinical and radiological presentations which can create a diagnostic dilemma.
Mammary apoptosis and lactation persistency in dairy animals

The decline in milk yield after peak lactation in dairy animals has long been a biological conundrum for the mammary biologist, as well as a cause of considerable lost income for the dairy farmer. Recent advances in understanding the control of the mammary cell population now offer new insights on the former, and a potential means of alleviating the latter. The weight of evidence now indicates that a change in mammary cell number, the result of an imbalance between cell proliferation and cell removal, is a principal cause of declining production. Further, it suggests that the persistency of lactation, the rate of decline in milk yield with stage of lactation, is strongly influenced by the rate of cell death by apoptosis in the lactating gland. Mammary apoptosis was first demonstrated during tissue involution after lactation, but has now been detected during lactation, in mammary tissue of lactating mice, goats and cattle. Those factors that determine the rate of cell death by apoptosis are as yet poorly characterized, but include the frequency of milking in lactating goats. Initial evidence suggests that nutrition also is likely to influence cell survival after peak lactation, an important factor being the degree of oxidative stress imposed by feed and the tissue's ability to deal with, and prevent damage by, reactive oxygen species. Comparison of cows in calf or not pregnant during declining lactation also indicates a likely influence of reproductive hormones, with oestradiol and progesterone acting to preserve mammary ductal and alveolar integrity during the dry period, while allowing a degree of apoptosis and cell replacement. In each case, the molecular mechanisms controlling mammary cell survival (or otherwise) are as yet poorly defined. On the other hand, more persistent lactations are likely to benefit animal welfare through fewer calvings and by placing less emphasis on maximal production at peak lactation, and modelling of persistent lactation with longer calving intervals indicates their likely economic benefits. In these circumstances, there is considerable incentive to elucidate the determinants of mammary apoptosis, and the factors controlling the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and cell death in the lactating mammary gland.