Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Altered Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate Levels on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Carnation

The aim of this work was to examine the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (fru 2,6P 2 ) in the carbohydrate metabolism in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). For this purpose, transgenic plants harboring two modified bifunctional enzyme complementary DNAs of rat liver origin (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-biphosphatase) were generated. Transformation with the kinase construct resulted in a 45% to 85% increase in fru 2,6P 2 concentrations compared with the wild type. Transformation with the phosphatase construct reduced the fru 2,6P 2 contents by 45% and 70%. These alterations in fru 2,6P 2 amounts affected the key enzyme activities of sucrose and starch metabolism. Accordingly, plants with elevated fru 2,6P 2 concentrations had high levels of starch, fructose, and triose phosphates, and low levels of sucrose, glucose, and hexose phosphates. In plants with reduced amounts of fru 2,6P 2 different results could be observed in major carbohydrate compounds.
In vitro gas production kinetics and degradability of a diet for growing lambs: effect of fibrolytic enzyme products at different dose levels

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three fibrolytic enzyme products (cellulase (CEL), xylanase (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX)) at three dose levels (0, 1 and 3 μL/0.5 g DM) on the in vitro fermentation of a diet for growing lambs. Bottles were incubated for 96 h at 39 °C. A mathematical model was used to estimate the parameters describing the gas production (GP) curve (b, c and L). Dry matter degradability (DMD) and fibre (NDFD and ADFD) degradability were determined at the end of the incubation period. Metabolisable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were calculated at 24 h of incubation. The asymptotic GP (parameter b) was affected (p < 0.02) by enzyme product and dose level, with a significant linear response (p < 0.05). Dose level affected ME and SCFA with a significant linear (p < 0.05) and quadratic (p < 0.01) response. The interaction between enzyme product and dose level was significant (p < 0.05) for cumulative GP up to 72 and 96 h of incubation, pH, ADFD and DMD. The results suggest that application of exogenous cellulases has the potential to alter asymptotic GP and degradability of ADF and DM of a diet for growing lambs, but most of the results depend on the interaction between enzyme product and dose level. Future studies are required to determine the ideal combination between enzyme product and dose level for optimal degradation of ruminant feeds.
Salmonella Typhimurium invasion induces apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblast

Salmonella Typhimurium induces apoptosis in macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study we report that it induces apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF), by a scatter experiment using flow cytometry. This finding makes CEF the best model for molecular analysis of apoptosis induced by Salmonella, since culture and handling of CEF is more convenient than any other specialized cells.
Occurrence of Salmonellae in Raw Broilers and Their Products in Thailand.

A study was conducted to determine the presence of salmonellae in raw chicken meat, giblets (liver, heart, gizzard) and cooked chicken products (meatballs and sausages) in Bangkok. A total of 1,135 samples, collected from nine open markets, nine supermarkets and four poultry processing plants, were examined. Salmonellae were isolated from 467 (66%) of 705 chicken meat samples, 190 (86%) of 221 samples of giblets and 21 (10%) of 209 cooked products. Out of 678 tested isolates, 46 serotypes and one rough strain were found. The five most common serotypes isolated from chicken meat were Salmonella blockley , Salmonella virchow , Salmonella enteritidis , Salmonella hadar and Salmonella paratyphi B; these accounted for 14, 12, 12, 9 and 9%, respectively, of the strains isolated in this study. The major isolates from giblets were S. virchow , Salmonella Kentucky , S. enteritidis , Salmonella agona and S. blockley (15, 13, 12, 12 and 11%, respectively). Salmonella derby (33%) was the serotype most often isolated from the cooked poultry products.
The honeybees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of woodland savanna of southeastern Africa

The morphometric characters and sting pheromones of w orker honeybees, Apis mellifem Linnaeus, were analysed by multivariate methods to identify discrete populations in the southeastern woodland savanna of Africa. A discrete population in Mozambique is classified as A. m. litorea Smith, a second in Zimbabwe as A. m. scutellata Lepeletier and a third group in southwestern Zambia as A. nz. adansonii Latreille. A zone of introgression between the last two subspecies occurs in south-cenh·al Zambia and in the Zambezi Valley.
Survival, growth and seed mass in a mixed tree species planting for Atlantic Forest restoration

Selection of tree species is a key aspect of restoration in megadiverse biomes such as the Atlantic Forest, especially in degraded areas with past intensive land use, which usually present severe limiting conditions. The species must have high survival and growth, not only in the transition between germination and seedling but also between seedling and adult plant until allowing the establishment of a self-sustaining and renewable community. In order to reach this goal, restoration initiatives carried out in the Atlantic Forest have employed high-diversity plantings of tree species from different successional guilds. Notwithstanding, long-term silvicultural knowledge is scarce for the native species from this biome, and the effectiveness of these models is controversial. Our investigation has compared the survival and growth of species and guilds in high-diversity tree species plantings in areas with previous agricultural intensive use. The species and guilds were also compared with respect to seed mass since this parameter is pointed out as an indicator of high survival in early stages. Pioneer and secondary species did not present differences in survival and seed mass, although pioneers exhibited greater growth rate. The late successional (LS) species had lower survival and growth, and higher seed mass. Survival after 8 months and between 8–15 months after seedling planting was inversely correlated with seed mass (r2 = 0.35 and r2 = 0.36, P < 0.001). On the other hand, survival after 8 months was correlated with relative growth rate (RGR) in the same periods of time (r2 = 0.34, P < 0.001). Overall average survival was 41% after 15 months, with the survival of LS species at an average of 12%. Data suggests that the inclusion of LS seedlings could impair the efficacy of restoration during early phases, at least in highly degraded areas. Equally, the inclusion of species with high seed mass should be considered with caution.
WOOD ANATOMY AND TRAIT-BASED ECOLOGY

The largest part of forest biomass consists of wood. A global estimate of carbon stored in lignified tissues rises up to 400 Pg. Given these quantities, there is a growing interest of implementing wood research in diagnoses and evaluations of the carrying capacity of the global ecosystem and its forests. The question arises how disciplines like wood anatomy could respond to the increasing demands of a trait-based ecology, understood as a paradigmatic shift in addressing global changes. Dendrochronology and ecological wood anatomy, traditionally operating within the paradigm of species-based ecology, developed robust methods to address ecological questions. However, sampling strategies and database design will likely be different when wood traits are to be used to study individual tree performance, including responses to stress.Aiming at optimally involving wood research in trait-based ecology, some trait concepts are analysed. The value of the IAWA standard lists of wood anatomical features as starting points for trait databases is recognized. A summary of the functionality of wood is given to inform the trait-research community of basic aspects of tree performance. The time dimension is highlighted, as well as the foundations for understanding bio-hydraulics, bio-mechanics and metabolism of wood and relevant traits.Guidelines are given for sampling strategies and database concepts. Prospects of time axis construction and system integration are discussed, as well as the importance of standardizing for size.
Influence of color shading nets on ornamental sunflower development

One of the many functions of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is related to the use of its inflorescences in the flower market, which has guaranteed space for this species in floriculture in recent years. Sunflower has been highlighted as an ornamental plant for cutting. Studies have been performed aimed at reducing the size of this species, in order to improve its commercial production, which facilitates the production in field and in protected environments. The use of color shading nets can lead to growth manipulation and to the development of this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of full sun and the use of color shading nets Aluminet®, blue and red (Chromatinet®), on the development of ornamental sunflower cv. Pollenless Sunflower Sunbright. The studied variables were plant height, leaf number, diameter of the floral stem, inflorescence width and dry matter of leaves, stem and inflorescences. By the anatomical analysis of the leaves, it was possible to determine stomatal density, polar (DP) and equatorial (DE) diameters, as well as the relation DP/DE of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and leaf thickness. It is concluded that the best development of ornamental sunflower plants is observed in full sun and under Aluminet®.
Effects of pen size during rearing on later agonistic behaviour in piglets

The agonistic behaviour during experimental social encounters between 2 unfamiliar pigs was studied in pigs ca. 10 weeks old reared in pens of 3.5 m 2 or 6.7 m 2 . Results showed that the pigs reared in 3.5 m 2 pens which became dominant in the experimental social encounters performed more abnormal agonistic behaviour than reared pigs reared in 6.7 m 2 pens.
Genetic variability of Ethiopian bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) using agro-morphological traits and their gliadin content

Wheat is grown worldwide because it is a major diet component. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when grown in the Wollo highland areas, applying agro-morphological data and gliadin content. A total of twenty accessions of bread wheat received from Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI), Sirinka Agricultural Research Centre (SARC) and also newly collected accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design, starting mid-January, 2014, using irrigation. Agro-morphological data was recorded following the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGR) descriptors list, and the gliadin content was examined by acid page electrophoresis. Analysis of variance showed that most agro-morphological data varied significantly between accessions. By using both dendrogram based on agro-morphological traits and cluster analyses of gliadin, the accession 226944 and the landrace Debalit were found to cluster closely. Newly collected accessions and EBI accessions showed higher diversity than released varieties applying Nei’s genetic distance and gene diversity (H*) analysis. Accessions originating from the West part of the South Wollo province were found to be grouped together, applying principal component analysis. It can be concluded that high genetic variability exists on the bread wheat genotypes, some of them holding exceptionally promising values, making them interesting for further selection. Key words: Acid page electrophoresis, agro morphological traits, Ethiopia, genetic variability, gliadin, Triticum aestivum.
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Vitex simplicifolia in alloxan induced diabetic wister rats

The effects of oral administration and lipid profile levels of alloxan induced diabetic Wister rats conducted with 30 Wister rats, assigned of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Vitex simplicifolia for 21 days was done. induced in overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of 150 mg/kg body weight of Alloxan monohydrate. group 3 was administered 10mg/kg of glibenclimide (positive control) and groups 4 administered 250,500 and 1000m extracts respectively. There was s levels relative to their initial values decrease by 8, 16 and 17% for normal control rats maintained a stable FBG control decreased by 65%. There were cholesterol(TC), triacylglycerol lipoprotein –cholesterol(HDL –C) for the animals administered with the extract compared with the control groups. The result of this the management of hyperglycemia.
Subcellular Localisation of Copper and Partial Isolation of Copper Proteins in Roots from Rice Plants Exposed to Excess Copper

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were grown over a 30 day period in nutrient solution containing concentrations of Cu varying from 0.002 to 6.25 mg/L. Electron microscopy of root tissues showed large amounts of electron-dense Cu-containing deposits inside the root cell vacuoles in concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/L. Cu-binding proteins, 30 and 8.5 kDa in size, were partially isolated from plants grown in Cu concentrations between 0.002 and 1.25 mg/L. Two additional Cu-binding protein peaks corresponding to sizes of 11 and 2 kDa were observed in the 6.25 mg/L Cu treatment. A positive correlation between Cu concentrations and both histidine and methionine was observed in all protein fractions. These amino acids decreased in the 30 kDa protein fractions and increased in the 8.5 kDa protein fractions, in parallel with increasing Cu concentrations. The existence of a specific subcellular localisation of Cu in rice is presented. Furthermore, Cu proteins in rice roots which appear to be related to Cu accumulation were partially isolated.
Lakeshores in the Tusket River valley, Nova Scotia: destribution and status of some rare species, including Coreopsis rosea Nutt. and Sabatia kennedyana Fern.

The Tusket River valley in southwestern Nova Scotia has many rare Atlantic coastal plain plant species. Sixteen lakes were examined for some specific rare shore line plants: seven lakes through which the Tusket River flows and nine similar-sized lakes adjacent to or discharging into the Tusket River. The seven Tusket River lakes had significantly more rare species (P = 0.01): the richest shoreline floras occurred lowest in the watershed (P< 0.02). Two environmental factors which could produce these distributions are water level fluctuations associated with the Tusket River and presence of different glacial tills. Shoreline species such as Coreopsis rosea and Sahatia kennedyana are threatened by the disruptive effects of cottage development and all-terrain vehicle use.
Biosynthesis, Conjugation, and Possible Role

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural inducer of disease resistance in some dicotyledonous plants. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) had the highest levels of SA among all plants tested for SA content (between 0.01 and 37.19 ,ug/g fresh weight). The second leaf of rice seedlings had slightly lower SA levels than any younger leaves. To investigate the role of SA in rice disease resistance, we examined the levels of SA in rice (cv M-201) after inoculation with bacterial and fungal pathogens. SA levels did not increase after inoculation with either the avirulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae D20 or with the rice pathogens Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, and Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of sheath blight. However, leaf SA levels in 28 rice varieties showed a correlation with generalized blast resistance, indicating that SA may play a role as a constitutive defense compound. Biosynthesis and metabolism of SA in rice was studied and compared to that of tobacco. Rice shoots converted ['4C]cinnamic acid to SA and the lignin precursors p-coumaric and ferulic acids, whereas ['4Clbenzoic acid was readily converted to SA. The data suggest that in rice, as in tobacco, SA is synthesized from cinnamic acid via benzoic acid. In rice shoots, SA is largely present as a free acid; however, exogenously supplied SA was converted to P-0-D-glucosylSA by an SA-inducible glucosyltransferase (SA-GTase). A 7-fold induction of SA-GTase activity was observed after 6 h of feeding 1 mm SA. Both rice roots and shoots showed similar patterns of SA-GTase induction by SA, with maximal induction after feeding with 1 mm SA.
PLANT REGENERATION FROM IMMATURE EMBRYO EXPLANTS OF HORDEUM SPONTANEUM AND HORDEUM VULGARE

SUMMARY Plant regeneration was obtained from embiyogenic callus induced from immature embryo explants of two species of Hordeum, H. spontaneum and H. vulgare cultured on B5 medium. Growth and regeneration potential of callus initiated on low levels of 2,4-D (2.5 mg/1) in combination with kinetin (0.5 mg/1) was poor. However, higher concentration of 2,4-D (5 and 7mg/l) in combination with kinetin (0.5mg/l) favoured long term high plant regeneration in both the species of Hordeum. The embiyogenic callus initiated on higher levels of 2,4-D was maintained for ten to twelve months, after which it lost its potential to regenerate healthy green plants. Proper rooting of regenerated plants was achieved either on plain B5 medium or supplemented with IAA. The regenerated plants of both the species were transferred to field conditions where they developed to normal fertile plants.
Hormonal changes in various tissues of mango trees during flower induction following cold temperature

Cold temperature (around 15°C) plays a major role in flower induction of mango trees. But so far hardly anything is known whether plant hormones mediate this temperature effect. To investigate this question, 16 potted 2-year-old 'Tommy Atkins' mango trees were subjected to either 13 or 25°C for 3 months, which led to almost 100 and 0% flowering trees, respectively. After changing the temperature the main plant hormones, viz. IAA, ABA, GA 3 and CK s were analyzed in terminal buds, bark and wood of the trees. IAA in leaf diffusates was also measured. In general, Z/ZR concentrations in all tissues, ABA in wood and IAA in leaf diffusates were higher, whereas GA 3 and IAA (wood and bark) were lower under cold temperature.
Control of chromosome biorientation by a feedback loop involving the Ska complex and Aurora B kinase

Proper chromosome attachment to opposite spindle poles (biorientation) and error-free chromosome segregation relies on the plasticity of kinetochore-microtubule attachments; these must remain flexible enough to allow the release of erroneously attached spindle microtubules, yet become sufficiently stable to harness forces for chromosome movements and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Aurora B kinase fosters chromosome biorientation by facilitating the dynamics of kinetochore-microtubule attachments through phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins that bind microtubules. Prominent among the substrates, whose microtubule and kinetochore binding is curtailed by Aurora B, is the Ska complex, a key factor for kinetochore-fiber stability. Here, we show that Ska is not only a substrate of Aurora B, but is also required, in turn, for Aurora B activity. Ska-deficient cells fail to biorient and display lagging chromosomes and micronuclei as a result of suppressed kinetochore-microtubule turnover. These defects coincide with diminished kinetochore localization of the Aurora B effectors MCAK and CENP-E, as well as reduced Aurora B substrate phosphorylation. We further show that Ska requires its microtubule binding capability to promote Aurora B activity in cells and directly stimulates Aurora B catalytic activity in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate that PP1 counters Aurora B activity to enable Ska kinetochore accumulation once biorientation is achieved, which allows Ska to exert its kinetochore-fiber stabilizing function. Together, we propose that the Ska complex enhances Aurora B activity to limit its own microtubule and kinetochore association and ensure that the dynamics and stability of kinetochore-microtubules fall within an optimal balance for chromosome biorientation and faithful chromosome segregation.
Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes

Campanulaceae are a large, nearly cosmopolitan angiosperm family that are well-accepted as monophyletic but whose intrafamilial and intrageneric relationships are controversial. We used DNA sequences of the chloroplast genes atpB, matK, and rbcL to infer the phylogeny of 102 taxa in 41 genera plus four outgroup taxa. Our sampling represents a wide taxonomic and geographic diversity from within the family. Results from maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses provide strong evidence for two major clades in the family, with the platycodonoids sister to the remaining members of the family, the wahlenbergioids and campanuloids. There are two clear divisions within the campanuloids that correspond well with the historical Campanula s.str. and Rapunculus groups ofBoissier and Fedorov. The phylogenetic positions of the Northern European species Wahlenbergia hederacea and the genus Jasione remain unresolved. Our results also provide evidence that the large, inclusive genera Wahlenbergia and Campanula are polyphyletic, and the smaller, segregate genera Symphyandra, Prismatocarpus, and Legousia are not monophyletic. Insights are provided into the different biogeographic origins of several oceanic island endemics. Heterochaenia, Nesocodon, and Berenice occur in a single clade, which suggests a single colonization of the Indian Ocean Mascarene Islands. Conversely, Wahlerrbergia linifolia and W. angustifolia of St. Helena Island in the mid-Atlantic are not sister taxa. The Macaronesian taxa, Canarina canariensis, and Musschia aurea, which display convergent bird-pollination adaptations and with Azorina vidalii of the Azores, woody growth form, fall into separate major lineages. The North American Campanulaceae also do not form a monophyletic group, providing evidence that these taxa are the descendents of multiple introductions onto the North American continent.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Flocculation of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The flocculation behavior of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing either Flo1 or NewFlo phenotype was examined. The behavior of the two strains was examined while varying ethanol (0–l0.0 ml/100 ml), pH (3.8–5.8), ionic strength (0.01–0.20M), and temperature (5–25°C). The flocculation behavior of Flo1 cells was insensitive to ethanol and pH changes. NewFlo cells exhibited significantly increased flocculation with increases in ethanol concentration (P < 0.05) and pH value (P < 0.01). Increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature significantly (P < 0.01) retarded flocculation in both strains. The apparent activation energy of flocculation at pH 4.0 and 1 × 108 cells per milliliter was estimated to be 3.2 and 11.0 kcal/mol for Flo1 and NewFlo strains, respectively, indicating distinct sensitivities to temperature. Interestingly, flocculation inhibition by urea was reversed by washing with 100 mM acetate buffer (20°C, pH 4.0, containing 1.0 mM Ca2+), presumably due to the reversible unfolding of zymolectin molecules. A semiempirical model was developed that indicated that the flocculation behavior is affected by the cell volume fraction for both Flo1 (r2 = 0.93) and NewFlo (r2 = 0.97) strains. This semiempirical model allows adjustment of Helms values due to variation in cell volume fraction, thus partially explaining reported variations of Helms values with respect to fermentation time.