Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Action potentials of the pyramidal neurones in the hippocampus of the rabbit

The hippocampus is a most favourable structure for an investigation of the action potentials of neurones by extracellular recording. The cell bodies of the pyramidal neurones are confined to a single dense band, while the long parallel dendritic shafts form a palisade on one side of the cell bodies, and the basal dendrites and axons border the other side. It is possible to stimulate axons afferent to these neurones at known depths and to record the summed electrical responses of the dendrites or the cell bodies separately. The correlation between structure and response can be made more certain and more detailed than in a less sharply differentiated tissue. The responses to be described in this paper were recorded from the pyramidal neurones in area CA1 of Lorente de No (1934). Afferent axons were stimulated electrically at various levels within the band of pyramidal neurones but 1 mm away from the recording electrode, and also at the level of the subjacent dentate gyrus and area CA4. Both repetitive and single stimuli have been applied, and at each level of recording the stimulus voltage has been switched over a preset range. Rabbits with transected brainstems have been used, and the effects of anaesthetics and asphyxia on the responses have been determined. The depths of the various parts of the pyramidal neurones have been measured in histological preparations. The records obtained have been analysed by means of graphs in which the time between the stimulus artifact and a deflexion was plotted against depth, and also by comparison with the histological measurements.
Coupled model transformations for QoS enabled component-based software design

Component-based software engineering aims at developing software systems by assembling pre-existing components to build applications. One advantage gained from this is an increased predictability of the system's performance based on its constituting components. As models are used during software design but performance is a run-time attribute, the necessary abstraction in models from implementation details might remove performance-relevant aspects resulting in a loss of prediction accuracy. The solution presented in this thesis introduces the Palladio Component Model for component-based software design with predictable performance attributes. Transformations map instances of this model into implementations resulting in a deterministic relationship between the model and its implementation. The introduced Coupled Transformations method uses this relationship to automatically include implementation details which increases their prediction accuracy. The approach is validated in several case studies showing the increased accuracy as well as the applicability of the overall approach by third parties.
Preemptive control of attentional capture by colour: Evidence from trial-by-trial analyses and orderings of onsets of capture effects in reaction time distributions

According to the preemptive-control hypothesis, participants can specify their control settings to attend to relevant target colours or to ignore the irrelevant distractor colours in advance of the displays. Two predictions of this hypothesis were tested. First, with the control settings being specified in advance, capture by a stimulus that better matches the settings was expected to temporally precede capture by a stimulus that matches the setting less well. Second, with the control settings being specified in advance, stronger capture by the better matching than by the less matching stimulus was predicted not to be a stimulus-driven consequence of the target colour in a preceding trial. Both predictions were shown to hold true under different conditions in three experiments.
Synaptic action of Group I and II afferent fibres of muscle on the cells of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

The synaptic connexions made by the primary afferent fibres of muscle give special opportunity for investigation of fundamental problems in neurophysiology. Such problems relate both to the detailed mechanisms of operation of individual synapses, and, more generally, to the organization of the functional connexions made by the afferent fibres from various types of receptors in the muscle. In the former category are considerations both of the time course of transmitter action (see Curtis & Eccles, 1959) and of the supply of transmitter during sustained stimulation at various frequencies (see Curtis & Eccles, 1960). In the latter category are several concepts relating to the manner in which the specific patterns of synaptic connexions are originally developed, and the role ofthe postulated chemical specificities in this development (Eccles & Oscarsson, 1961). A further general problem relates to the manner in which the information signalled by receptor organs from muscles of diverse function is transmitted and integrated. Though many valuable data have been derived from studies on the discharges of nerve cells under controlled conditions of synaptic stimulation, intracellular recording of the membrane potential changes produced by synaptic action (the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, EPSP and IPSP) give much more precise and detailed information relating to all the problems outlined above. Already this claim has been amply demonstrated with intracellular investigations on motoneurones. Hitherto there has been one preliminary intracellular study on the cells of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT cells) (Curtis, Eccles & Lundberg, 1958); but the present investigation is also closely related to the preceding systematic studies on the impulses discharged from the DSCT cells
Nectin and Nectin-Like Molecules: Biology and Pathology

Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls) are structurally related transmembrane proteins primarily involved in cell adhesion. Nectins and afadin, the adaptor or anchoring protein, stabilize the epithelium and endothelium and establish apical-basal polarity of epithelial cells, independently or in cooperation with other cell adhesion molecules. Necls facilitate cell–cell communication implicated in cell movement and proliferation, immune responses, and cancer cell phenotypes. Necls interact with nectins and specific ligands at cell–cell contacts, whereas Necls associate with integrin αvβ3 and growth factor receptors on the same cell surface. Besides their roles in cell adhesion, nectins regulate the activities of Rho family small G proteins which play critical roles in maintaining the apical junctions of epithelial cells through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Since mice lacking the Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI)α show massive proteinuria and degeneration of renal epithelial cells, nectins and other cell adhesion molecules may play roles in the structural and functional aspects of renal diseases. Here we summarize our knowledge of nectins and Necls and discuss cell adhesion biology in the kidney.
Overexpression and sequence of the Escherichia coli cheY gene and biochemical activities of the CheY protein

We overexpressed the CheY protein by fusing the cheY gene to the tryptophan promoter from Serratia marcescens. Expression of the trp promoter-cheY fusion and subsequent purification of the protein resulted in the isolation of up to 20 mg of homogeneously pure CheY protein from 100 mg of the cytoplasmic supernatant fraction. Purification of the CheY protein was accomplished by exploiting the affinity of CheY protein to cibacron blue dye and molecular sieve chromatography. Preliminary biochemical characterization of the pure CheY protein revealed specific interactions with S-adenosylmethionine and cibacron blue dye. Additional kinetic analysis showed that CheY protein inhibits EcoRI methyltransferase. The amino acid composition of the CheY protein predicted by the DNA sequence of the cheY gene and the amino acid analysis of the CheY protein were in agreement, confirming the authenticity of the purified CheY protein.
An ATMS-based architecture for stylistics-aware text generation

This thesis is concerned with the effect of surface stylistic constraints (SSC) on syntactic and lexical choice within a unified generation architecture. Despite the fact that these issues have been investigated by researchers in the field, little work has been done with regard to system architectures that allow surface form constraints to influence earlier linguistic or even semantic decisions made throughout the NLG process. By SSC we mean those stylistic requirements that are known beforehand but cannot be tested until after the utterance or — in some lucky cases — until a proper linearised part of it has been generated. These include collocational constraints, text size limits, and poetic aspects such as rhyme and metre to name a few. This thesis introduces a new NLG architecture that can be sensitive to surface stylistic requirements. It brings together a well-founded linguistic theory that has been used in many successful NLG systems (Systemic Functional Linguistics, SFL) and an exist¬ ing AI search mechanism (the Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System, ATMS) which caches important search information and avoids work duplication. To this end, the thesis explores the logical relation between the grammar formalism and the search technique. It designs, based on that logical connection, an algorithm for the automatic translation of systemic grammar networks to ATMS dependency networks. The generator then uses the translated networks to generate natural language texts with a high paraphrasing power as a direct result of its ability to pursue multiple paths simultaneously. The thesis approaches the crucial notion of choice differently to previ¬ ous systems using SFL. It relaxes the choice process in that choosers are not obliged to deterministically choose a single alternative allowing SSC to influence the final lexical and syntactic decisions. The thesis also develops a situation-action framework for the specification of stylistic requirements independently of the micro-semantic input. The user or application can state what surface requirements they wish to impose and the ATMS-based generator then attempts to satisfy these constraints. Finally, a prototype ATMS-based generation system embodying the ideas presented in this thesis is implemented and evaluated. We examine the system's stylistic sensitivity by testing it on three different sets of stylistic requirements, namely: collocational, size, and poetic constraints.
Beam forming and Adaptive beam forming Techniques and its implementation on ADSP TS 201 Processor

Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of discrete time signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. DSP includes subfields like: audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for communications, control of systems, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc. in this paper mainly concentrate on array signal processing. Array processing involves combining all sensor outputs in some optimal manner so that the coherent signals emitted by the source are received and all other inputs are maximally discarded. Beam forming algorithms are the foundation for all array processing techniques since this is an effective technique to estimate direction of arrival (DOA). The areas in which beam formers play an important role include radar, sonar, seismology etc. in this paper presents comparative study of beam forming techniques and its implementation on ADSP TS 201 processor
Current Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Diagnosis ofHepatocellular Carcinoma

The routine use of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents for studies of the liver has overcome several limitations of conventional B-mode and Doppler ultrasound techniques. Contrast-enhanced patterns of liver lesions can be studied during all vascular phases (arterial, portal venous, late phases), as in contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, the use of contrastenhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to characterize focal lesions in cirrhosis has recently been recommended in the clinical practice guidelines issued by the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB). CEUS is a well-known, non-invasive technique that can be used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and can be performed in real time and under complete control of the ultrasound operator. In this review article, we summarize the basic concepts and techniques of CEUS, focusing on hepatic applications for the diagnosis of HCC. We also report the main guidelines regarding CEUS in the diagnosis of HCC, which have recently questioned its front-line role in clinical practice.
Aliskiren directly improves endothelial progenitor cell function from Type II diabetic patients

Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) functions are impaired in the presence of diabetes mellitus. Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor, which is expected to modify proangiogenic cells. This study aimed to investigate whether and how aliskiren could improve the function of EPCs from patients with type II diabetes (T2DM).
Query by humming via hierarchical filters

This paper proposes an effective implementation of query by humming (QBH) system via hierarchical filters. Firstly locality sensitive hashing (LSH) is used to screen candidate fragments. Secondly linear scaling (LS) is applied to filter out more false candidates and a new method called linear alignment (LA) is presented to locate accurate boundaries of fragments. Then recursive alignment (RA) is employed for the remaining ones. Finally, scores of scaling factor (SF) is fused with scores of RA to rank the songs. Experiments conducted on a database of 5,000 MIDI files show that the proposed approach achieved the relative improvement of mean reciprocal rank up to 37.3% compared with the state-of-the-art method.
Thematic orientation of the ISJ within a semantic space of IS research

This study examines research published in the first 24 years of Information Systems Journal's (ISJ) publication history using a thematic space of all information systems (IS) research as the backdrop. To that end, abstracts from all contributing articles published in eight prominent IS journals in the period 1991–2014 were analysed to extract a latent semantic space of five broad research areas. A two‐dimensional projection of the results was used to create a two‐by‐two map, where one dimension represents the European vs. North American style of IS research and another dimension represents a micro vs. macro level of IS research. The ISJ is positioned in the ‘micro and European school’ quadrant. Over the course of the journal's first 24 years, research in the ISJ started with a relative focus on the IT artefact and IS development and gradually moved towards a more balanced position that includes a considerable amount of research on IT for teamwork and collaboration, as well as on IT and individuals.
Short-range order types in binary alloys: A reflection of coherent phase stability

The short-range order (SRO) present in disordered solid solutions is classified according to three characteristic system-dependent energies: (1) formation enthalpies of ordered compounds, (2) enthalpies of mixing of disordered alloys, and (3) the energy of coherent phase separation, (the composition-weighted energy of the constituents each constrained to maintain a common lattice constant along an A/B interface). These energies are all compared against a common reference, the energy of incoherent phase separation (the composition-weighted energy of the constituents each at their own equilibrium volumes). Unlike long-range order (LRO), short-range order is determined by energetic competition between phases at a fixed composition, and hence only coherent phase-separated states are of relevance for SRO. The authors find five distinct SRO types, and show examples of each of these five types, including Cu-Au, Al-Mg, GaP-InP, Ni-Au, and Cu-Ag. The SRO is calculated from first-principles using the mixed-space cluster expansion approach combined with Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, they examine the effect of inclusion of coherency strain in the calculation of SRO, and specifically examine the appropriate functional form for accurate SRO calculations.
The Effect of Speaker-Specific Information in On-Line Pragmatic Inferencing

Sentences frequently convey more information than they explicitly contain. For instance, suppose a speaker uses a noun phrase (NP) modified by an adjective, as in “the tall cup. ” In this situation, perceivers infer the existence of two sets of entities in the discourse: (1) a target set corresponding to the literal denotation of the expression (e.g., a tall cup), and (2) a contrast set containing an object matching the noun, but differing by virtue of the property expressed by the adjective (e.g., a short cup). Evidence for the latter inference comes from monitoring perceiver eye-movements as they listen to spoken instructions. In particular, in the presence of a contrasting object, individuals identify target objects faster and make fewer spurious looks to competitors that share the adjectival property (e.g, a tall pitcher) (Sedivy, et al, 1999). These effects can be observed within two hundred ms of the onset of the head noun. Existing evidence suggests that contrastive inferences arise from an understanding between conversational participants that speakers are only as informative as they need to be (Grice, 1975). A simple NP (e.g., “the cup”) would suffice to pick out the intended referent in a context with only a single entity. When a speaker uses a more elaborate form, the perceiver infers that a different state of affairs prevails. The adjective is most easily made informative by attributing to it a distinguishing function. In support of this view, contrastive inferences only arise for adjective types that are not used to label objects in isolation. Scalar and material adjectives are rarely used to label objects in isolation, whereas color adjectives are frequently included in such descriptions. Correspondingly, scalar and material adjectives are interpreted contrastively, but color adjectives are not (Sedivy, 2001). This effect is driven by discourse-level expectations and not the semantic class of the adjective. When color is a highly predictable property of an object (e.g., a yellow banana), color modifiers are rarely used in default labels. In this case, the use of a modifier is seen as overly informative and the modifier is interpreted contrastively. (Sedivy, in press). Because default descriptions are statically linked with individual referents, the inferences explored in the above studies do not require that perceivers consider the circumstances of the immediate discourse. Perceivers might reflexively infer a contrast upon deviation from a stored default form. In theory, many different factors might be weighed in deciding whether a modified form should be interpreted contrastively. These include the intrinsic properties of a referent, the linguistic context, the reliability of the speaker, the intentions of the speaker, and so on. It is unlikely that all of these are considered in the limited time frame that contextual contrast effects have been observed.
Dissociation of POMC peptides after self-injury predicts responses to centrally acting opiate blockers.

Apparent insensitivity to pain, ritualistic patterns of behavior, and improvement in symptoms after administration of opiate receptor blockers implicated the endogenous opioid system in the initiation and maintenance of SIB. This study was designed to determine whether plasma levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, beta-endorphin-like activity (beta E), ACTH, and adrenal cortisol immediately after an episode of SIB predicted subsequent response to an opiate blocker. Blood samples were collected from 10 patients with mental retardation within minutes of a self-injuring act and during an SIB-free control period. On another day, morning and afternoon samples were collected at least one week apart from the other samples. Effects on SIB of naltrexone hydrochloride (NTX) were examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. After an SIB episode, beta E, but not ACTH, was elevated compared with morning levels, p < . 003. Patients with increased plasma levels of beta E after SIB had the most positive response to 2 mg/kg NTX, p < . 03. Results suggest that changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after SIB may predict differences in individual patient response to opiate blockers.
Mixed (composite) glandular-endocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder.

BACKGROUND A mixed pattern of glandular and neuroendocrine elements is rare in tumours at any site within the gastrointestinal tract but particularly so in the gallbladder. CASE OUTLINE A 72-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and jaundice and was found to have a large mass in the fundus of the gallbladder.The mass was radically excised to include a wedge of liver and the hepatoduodenal lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of the resected gallbladder showed an invasive tumour composed of both adenocarcinoma and endocrine cell carcinoma, with apparent transitions between them. The patient received no further treatment and died two months later. DISCUSSION There are 14 previous case reports of mixed adeno/endocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder. Histochemical similarities between the two neoplastic components of the present tumour would support their origin from a common precursor cell, but the alternative hypothesis of coincidental neoplastic change in two different cell types cannot be excluded.
Acute hepatitis C virus infection, 1986-2001: a rare cause of fulminant hepatitis in Chiba, Japan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is controversial whether HCV causes fulminant hepatitis. METHODOLOGY To determine the clinical features and etiology of acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis in Japan, an endemic area of hepatitis C, between 1986 and 2001 inclusively, a retrospective study of consecutively referred patients was performed. Two hundred and sixty-three patients admitted to a liver clinic after diagnosis of acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis, were evaluated. RESULTS We found 181 cases of acute hepatitis and 82 cases of fulminant hepatitis/late onset hepatic failure. No cases of fulminant hepatitis were positive for HCV RNA. Only three cases had positive anti-HCV antibody, and they were thought to indicate past HCV infection. The main cause of infection in these three patients was hepatitis A virus in one,hepatitis B virus in one, and drugs in the remaining one. HCV did not seem to be the major cause. The three cases died without receiving liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS It was revealed that fulminant hepatitis C rarely occurs in Japan, as well as in the USA and European countries. Investigators should search for other causes in fulminant cases presenting an HCV marker.
Le vieillissement cognitif « normal »

Avec l'avance en âge, les performances cognitives connaissent un declin plus ou moins marque. Certains fonctions sont plus sensibles que d'autres. Il en est ainsi de l'attention selective partagee de la rapidite psychomotrice de la memoire de travail et de la memoire des faits recents. D'autres fonctions sont plus resistantes comme le langage, le raisonnement arithmetique, et la memoire semantique. En outre, des facteurs culturels, sociaux et sanitaires peuvent encore minorer les performances cognitives.