Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study On The Necessity Of Multicultural Educations For Human Resources Development

This study aims to provide suggestions for multicultural education as human resource development education after examining problems of multicultural education by interviewing NGO, schools, public organizations, and children from multicultural families, analyzing the necessity of human resource development education. The result of the interviews and analysis is summarized based on the principles of a qualitative research method. The results of this study are as follows. First, current multicultural education does not appeal to children and parents of multicultural families because it mainly consists of Korean language education and cultural experiences without considering the different circumstances that multicultural families are placed. Second, the children and parents of multicultural families and people related are acknowledging the necessity of multicultural education as human resource development education. In other words, children from multicultural families feel keenly that they need human resource development education, based on the analysis of their life experience. With these results, this study reviews the change of policies and the importance of multicultural education, providing suggestions for places and relations of multicultural education and efforts for change.
The use of the “+U” correction in describing defect states at metal oxide surfaces:oxygen vacancies on CeO2 and TiO2, and Li-doping of MgO

There are many examples of defects in strongly-correlated metal oxides for which density functional theory predicts electronic structures that qualitatively disagree with experimental data. This behaviour arises from the self-interaction error inherent to standard density functionals, and is demonstrated by both p- and n-type systems where the defect state is a small polaron associated with host lattice atoms. An approximate correction is to describe the electron—electron interactions in the orbitals of interest within the DFT+U formalism. This gives improved descriptions for systems where the states of interest are well represented by atomic-like orbitals. The qualitative failure of standard DFT and corresponding improvement achieved with DFT+U is illustrated for cases where the defect state is primarily associated with localised cation f and d states (O vacancies in CeO2 and TiO2) and anion p states (Li-doped MgO).
Transverse Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes

Experimental proof is presented that some of the motions responsible for transverse relation (T/sub 2/) in deuterium magnetic resonance (/sup 2/H NMR) experiments on acyl chains of a model membrane in the liquid-crystalline phase are extremely slow on the /sup 2/H NMR time scale being characterized by a correlation time tau/sub 2/ >> 10/sup -5/ s. The experiments used to investigate these slow motions involve a form of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence modified so as to be suitable for /sup 2/H NMR. The most plausible mechanism responsible for T/sub 2/ relaxation is the gradual change in the average molecular orientation due to lateral diffusion of the phospholipid molecules along curved membrane surfaces. A procedure for separating contributions to T/sub 2/ relaxation due to slow and fast motions is described.
Utilization of Alkoxysilyl Groups for the Creation of Structurally Controlled Siloxane-Based Nanomaterials

Silica-based materials have found many applications in various fields. Alkoxysilanes have been most widely used as precursors. Fine structural control of silica-based materials has become increasingly important for tuning their properties and for developing new functions. In this perspective, utilization of alkoxysilyl groups has been reviewed from the viewpoint of designing siloxane-based nanomaterials. Alkoxy groups have generally been used only as eliminating groups in the sol–gel processing; however, recent research has shown that they are useful for molecular assembly, for generating pores, for linking nanobuiliding blocks, and for selective synthesis of new oligosiloxane compounds.
The Chemistry of Alkyl Iodides on Copper Surfaces. 1. Adsorption Geometry

The adsorption geometries of iodomethane, iodoethane, 1-iodopropane, and 2-iodopropane on Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces were characterized by using reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy. At 100 K adsorption is molecular in all cases, but with adsorption geometries that change with increasing coverages. All alkyl iodides adsorb with the C−I bond perpendicular to the surface at low coverages and tilted at saturation. The hydrocarbon chains in iodoethane, 1-iodopropane, and 2-iodopropane follow the expected behavior, namely, the first molecules chemisorb flat on the surface and those added above about half a monolayer adopt a vertical orientation. All the adsorbed alkyl iodides decompose by 140 K via the scission of their C−I bond and generate alkyl groups on the surface. Those surface alkyls also change configuration with coverage, aligning themselves at saturation in a fashion reminiscence of that seen in self-assembled monolayers.
High-resolution spectrum and rovibrational analysis of the ν 1 CH-stretching fundamental in CHD2I

With the long-term aim of understanding the detailed mechanism of intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) from the CH-stretching mode to the low-frequency modes of the heavy atom framework, we have studied the infrared spectrum of CHD2I below 3100 cm−1 and around 6000 cm−1 using high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the ν1 fundamental based on 1349 assigned transitions results in an accurate band centre cm−1 and further spectroscopic parameters are summarised in Table 3. Numerous local perturbations are observed in the analysis. The results are discussed in relation to previous spectroscopic work on this molecule and to IVR processes observed previously by fs pump-probe spectroscopy in our group.
Surface plasmon excitation at metal surfaces studied by reflection high-energy positron diffraction

We investigated the excitation process of surface plasmon at metal surfaces by fast positrons using an energy-filtered reflection high-energy positron diffraction. We measured the positron and electron energy loss spectra for the specular spots from Al(111)-1×1 and Bi(001)-1×1 surfaces at grazing angles. The mean excitation number of surface plasmon by positrons is approximately twice as large as that by electrons. Owing to the existence of the total reflection, the surface plasmons are much excited by positrons as compared with electrons. The element dependence of the surface plasmon excitation process is not significant from the comparison between the Al(111)-1×1 and Bi(001)-1×1 surfaces.
Athletes' use of chewing-gum as psychogenic aid in sports performance.

The paper focuses on athletes’ use of chewing gum as an ergogenic aid in their sports engagements. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. Four each of research questions and hypotheses were raised to guide the study. A sample of 276 (164 males and 112 females) was purposively drawn from a population of athletes that participated during NUGA preliminaries in 2006. A self-structured validated questionnaire was used for the collection of data. The data collected were descriptively and inferentially analyzed. The findings revealed that: Athletes perceive chewing gum as an efficacious psychological means of adjusting to sports stress and conditions. The level of use of chewing gum by athletes as a psychogenic aid is dependent upon the importance attached to the sports engagement, the less the importance the less the use. Assorted reasons are projected by athletes for using chewing gum as a psychogenic aid. The use of chewing gum as a psychogenic aid favours female athletes more than their male counterparts. The degree of use of chewing gum by athletes as a psychogenic aid discriminates among various sports types.
Heterogeneous Graft Copolymerization of Chitosan Powder with Methyl Acrylate Using Trichloroacetyl−Manganese Carbonyl Co-initiation

A highly deacetylated chitosan powder was successfully trichloroacetylated under heterogeneous conditions. The trichloroacetylated chitosan powder was subsequently graft copolymerized heterogeneously with methyl acrylate using a Mn2(CO)10 co-initiator photoactivated with 436 nm light at room temperature. Reaction products were extracted with acetone in an attempt to separate homopolymer from the grafted powder. Portions of the grafted material (presumably surface grafted chitosan) were also removed from the bulk of the grafted powder. After monitoring the weights of reaction product and total polymer extracted from the reaction product (polymeric extract), gel permeation chromatography was used to resolve the polymeric extract into two separate species, assumed to be the grafted chitosan and homopolymer. With this general technique, graft and homopolymer yields for a series of grafting reactions were obtained. Graft yields greater than 600% (based on a percent weight increase of trunk polymer) were obtain.
The development of a fluorescent dual labelling technique for the quantitative measurement of reduced and oxidised protein thiols in biological tissue, and its application to exercise and recovery in muscles of rats and humans

Oxidative stress can result in the reversible oxidation of protein thiols. Since the activity of numerous proteins is sensitive to thiol oxidation, this has the potential to affect many cellular functions. The following describes a highly sensitive, quantitative labelling technique that measures global and specific protein thiol oxidative state in skeletal muscle tissue. The technique involves labelling the reduced and oxidised protein thiols with different fluorescent dyes. The resulting sample is assayed using a 96-well plate fluorimeter, and individual protein bands can be separated using SDS PAGE. The results show that artefactual oxidation during sample preparation and analysis has the potential to confound results and techniques to prevent this are described. The technique was tested by analysing the muscles of mdx and c57 mice, and the results show that the muscles of mdx mice were significantly (p < 0.05) more oxidised (13.1 ± 1.5 % oxidised thiols) than those of c57 mice (8.9 ± 0.7 % oxidised thiols). This technique provides an effective means to measure the extent to which oxidative stress affects the oxidation of protein thiols in biological tissues.
Single-chain collapse or precipitation? Kinetic diagram of the states of a polymer solution

Relaxation of a dilute polymer solution after an abrupt cooling from good- or θ-solvent to poor solvent is considered. Four processes are involved in relaxation, namely, single unknotted chain crumpling, single-chain knotting, interchain aggregation, and interchain entanglement formation. Five different regimes are described depending on the relaxation times of these stages; they are presented on a T-c diagram of the solution. The interpretation of recent experiments of Chu et al. 1 on the kinetic study of a coil-to-globule transition is discussed
Spatial distribution of sputtered atoms from magnetron source

The macroscopic distribution of atomic material leaving a magnetically enhanced sputtering source is described for dissimilar materials and for different target grain structures. This information is useful to the thin‐film process engineer and the magnetron designer. Results obtained give data on the flux of material sputtered from different areas of the target. A 110‐mm‐diam planar magnetron is used, powered by a 5‐kW dc supply in an Edwards ESM100 coating system. Al and Cu electrodes, 6.35 mm thick, are sputtered at 5×10−3 mbar in argon. Profilometric data are obtained from pinhole camera deposited images of the magnetron surface. Direct images of the sputtered atoms leaving the cathode surface are obtained by collecting them on glass substrates after passing through a small aperture in a manner analogous to a pinhole camera. Thickness distribution is measured by a Rank Taylor Hobson Talystep. By collecting data from such images the atomic emissions from points on the magnetron surface are quantified. I.
Strategies for covalently reticulated polymer multilayers

The past decade has seen a growing need for robust organic coating technologies in various fields going from biotechnology, sensing and electronic devices to membrane design. Polyelectrolyte multilayers constitute a major and versatile tool in this respect. Yet, these films usually suffer from chemical and mechanical weakness. Improvement of the chemical and mechanical stability of multilayer films can be brought about by covalent reticulation between the constituent polymers. Three main routes were developed for this purpose: post-reticulation after film buildup, step-by-step reticulation during film buildup and recently one-pot film construction. This review summarizes these main strategies with emphasis on the mechanisms of the chemical reactions used.
UNEP greenhouse gas abatement costing studies. Analysis of abatement costing issues and preparation of a methodology to undertake national greenhouse gas abatement costing studies. Phase one report

General information State: Published Organisations: Systems Analysis Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Authors: Christensen, J. M. (Intern), Halsnæs, K. (Intern), Lim jr., C. (Ekstern), Mackenzie, G. A. (Intern), Villavicencio, A. (Ekstern), Morthorst, P. E. (Intern), Fenhann, J. V. (Intern), Ghosh, P. (Ekstern), Brink, P. T. (Ekstern), Morrison, M. (Ekstern), Grubb, M. (Ekstern) Number of pages: 157 Publication date: 1992
Conformation of single chains of anion-centred edge-sharing tetrahedra

The conformation of single chains of edge-sharing [XA 4 ] anion-centred tetrahedra is discussed. The conformation can be interpreted as an adaptation of tetrahedral chains to the large halide ions. This adaptation is very reminiscent of that of silicate chains to large cations (Ca, Na, REE). Large anions rotate the [X 2 A 6 ] groups of two edge sharing [XA 4 ] tetrahedra just as large cations rotate corner sharing [SiO 4 ] tetrahedra in silicates. As a result of conformation, vierer chains of anion-centred tetrahedra are formed.
Growth and Electroluminescence of CaF2:Mn Thin Films

We have prepared the CaF2:Mn thin films on several buffer layer-coated glass substrates by electron beam evaporation method and investigated their structural and electroluminescent characteristics. The experimental results show that the diffraction peaks in the X-ray patterns of CaF2:Mn thin films correspond to the cubic fluorite phase. In addition, the crystallinity and orientation plane of the films strongly depend on kinds of buffer layer. The CaF2:Mn thin film electroluminescent devices show the blue emission of the 495 nm peak, originating from the 4T1g(4G) → 6A1g(6S) dipole-dipole transition of Mn2+ ions in the Oh crystal field.
Comparative analysis of supercritical CO2 extracts and essential oils from an Ocimum basilicum chemotype particularly rich in T-cadinol

Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) is an important essential oil plant used for different purposes (from food flavoring to pharmaceutical applications) characterized by the presence of several chemotypes. Here we show a comparative analysis between hydrodistillation of essential oils (EO) and supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) of an O. basilicum chemotype particularly rich in T-cadinol. SFE yielded a higher percentage of 1,8-cineole (10%; 4-fold), linalool (23.2%; 5.8-fold), eugenol (13.3%; 1.2-fold) and germacrene D (5.6%; 28-fold) with respect to EO. On the other hand, EO composition was characterized by higher percentages of T-cadinol (27.5%; 3-fold) and some other sesquiterpenes with respect to SFE. The presence of high percentages of T-cadinol in EO is of great importance owing to the biological activity of this compound in cancer therapy and as an antibiotic.
PID-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Nonlinear Processes

Sliding mode control (SMC) has excellent robustness to model uncertainties and disturbances. This would make SMC an ideal scheme for process control applications where model uncertainties and disturbances are common. The existing SMC, however, has the major drawback of control chattering; i.e., the controller output is a discontinuous high-frequency switching signal. This makes SMC not suitable for most chemical processes where the manipulated variables are continuous and where high-frequency changes are not permitted. To eliminate chattering, a new proportional−integral−derivative (PID)-based sliding mode control (PIDSMC) suitable for the chemical process is proposed here. The proposed control system consists of three components: a compensation of process nonlinearity, a linear feedback of state tracking errors, and a PID control of the sliding surface function. The chattering is eliminated via the replacement of the discontinuous switching in the SMC by a continuous input determined by a PID scheme. An.
SILICON ACCUMULATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SOME OF THE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS, MEMBRANE STABILITY AND YIELD IN RICE HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES GROWN UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS

Efforts to minimize water use in rice cultivation and stress tolerance are important in the present climate change scenario. Silica solubilizers might help in understanding the tolerance of plants to water deficit conditions or aerobic conditions. Rice cultivation in combination with silica was applied in the form of fertilizers (sodium silicate) and solubilizers (Imidazole and glycine) was studied in experimental farm and also in farmer's field. The varieties used were ‘KrishnaHamsa' (KH), ‘Rasi', ‘Jaya', hybrids ‘PA-6201' and ‘PHB-71' under aerobic conditions both in wet (Kharif) and dry (rabi) seasons. Transmission electron microscopy in this study provided evidence that silicon was deposited in the epidermal cell wall and the intercellular space of the silicon-treated rice leaves. The epidermal cell wall accumulation was absent in the control plants. Genotypic variation and treatment influences were observed for relative water content and cell membrane stability. Among the different rice cultivars ‘Rasi' followed by ‘PHB-71' and PA- 6201, were able to maintain cell membrane stability and chlorophyll content. Leaf rolling, chlorophyll, relative water contents, and dark adapted chlorophyll fluorescence were superior under aerobic conditions with application of solubilizers. However, significant differences in stomatal conductance were seen between seasons and genotypes. The silicon treated plants were able to maintain similar yields under aerobic conditions also as that of irrigated controls.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Paramagnetic Molecular Clusters

A brief overview is given of the literature of the use of solvothermal techniques − chemistry in superheated solvents − towards paramagnetic cluster synthesis. Although these techniques have been used extensively to prepare infinite lattice magnetic materials, there is much less work on preparing discrete molecular clusters other than the polyoxovanadates and -molybdates. This microreview details some of our early success in using these techniques towards high-nuclearity vanadium(III), chromium(III), manganese(II/III), iron(III) and nickel(II) clusters, including some very high spin ground state clusters (S ⩽ 25), and therefore demonstrates the potential in the synthesis of molecular materials such as single-molecule magnets. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Influence of Seed Priming on Phenophases, Morpho-physiological traits, Growth and Biophysical traits of Maize

Objective of this investigation is to study the influence of seed priming treatments on phenophases, growth. morphophysiological and biophysical traits in maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was carried out during kharif 2016 -17 at research farm JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) which was laid out in a randomized block design replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of nine seed priming treatments in maize cv, African tall viz., water, ZnSO4 @ 0.5%, KNO3 @ 0.5% & KH2PO4 @ 0.5% for 6 and 12 hrs and control which were assessed for growth and biophysical traits. The seed priming treatments showed variable response for most of the traits. Water primed treatments indicated the highest values for phenophases, morphophysiological and biophysical traits ie. , V8 (52 days), V9 (57.7 days), R5 (100.7 days), R6 (114 days), dry matter accumulation (0.92g at 20 DAS and 154.62g at 114 DAS), leaf area index(1.451), leaf area duration (34816 cm2.days), CGR (9.18g cm-2 day-1), RGR (0.052 g g-1 day-1,cholorophyll index (17.20),carboxylation efficiency (0.112 mmol m -2s-1(mmolm-1)-1), net photosynthesis (23.91 mmol m -2s-1)) and quantum efficiency (0.0193). ZnSO4 primed for 12 hrs had highest stomatal conductance (0.038) and transpiration rate (2.127). KH2PO4 primed for 12 hrs - mesophyll efficiency (4914.4).
Optimization of ASE Conditions for the HPLC Determination of Rutin and Isoquercitrin in Sambucus nigra L

Abstract The accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure has been examined as a sample preparation method for the HPLC analysis of rutin and isoquercitrin in Sambucus nigra L. The experimental extraction parameters (solvent composition, temperature, operation pressure, and static extraction time) have been optimized in order to receive the best recovery of both analytes from the flowers, leaves, and berries of black elder. The ASE recoveries obtained under the optimal extraction conditions were compared with analogous ones obtained by means of the maceration technique.
Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Cyanurate in Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate)

The flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and its combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) in glass-fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) were analysed using TGA including evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR), cone calorimeter measurements using various irradiations, flammability tests (limited oxygen index, LOI, UL 94) and chemical analyses of residues (FTIR, SEM/EDX). AlPi decomposed mainly through the formation of diethylphosphinic acid and aluminium phosphate and influenced the decomposition of the PBT only slightly. AlPi acted mainly through flame inhibition. A halogen-free V-0 PBT/GF material was achieved with a LOI of 44%. Additional charring influenced the flammability. MC decomposed independently of the polymer and showed some fuel dilution effects.
On the Jones birefringence

The possibility that a physical system may possess simultaneously two independent linear birefringences is a consequence of the Jones calculus formulated in 1948. Before this only one linear birefringence was known. The new one is characterized by a pair of orthogonal fast and slow axes that bisect those of the traditional linear birefringence. Apparently overlooked since it was initially postulated, the Jones birefringence is the subject of the present investigation. Pictorial symmetry arguments and a Mueller matrix method are used to identify systems in which both linear birefringences may exist. They are found to occur naturally in certain magnetic and non-magnetic crystals, for which the relevant uniaxial classes are listed. In addition, it is shown that the Jones birefringence may be induced in a fluid by the application of uniform electric and magnetic fields E and B, parallel to each other and transverse to the light path, the dependence being linear in EB. A quantitative theory relates both birefringences to physical property tensors and confirms the symmetry predictions. From the theory an assessment is made of the magnitude of the effect in a crystal and a gas, and although very much smaller than known linear birefringences, it should be capable of measurement.