Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of male and female tourists satisfaction with service quality in areas in the province of Semnan

Customer satisfaction is considered as one of the important criteria among the successful organizations. These organizations certainly invest in the activities that increase the customers' satisfaction. Therefore, the survey of customer satisfaction is the most important for improvement of the operation, and considered as one the basic needs of the organization nowadays. The purpose of this research is the comparison of male and female tourists' satisfaction with Service Quality in Areas in the province of Semnan. The method of the present research is descriptive, survey in performance and applicable in purpose. According to Morgan’s Table, number of samples in the population determined to be 384 people. For this purpose, 420 Research questionnaires were distributed to random customers in west, east and center cities. From this number, 394 questionnaires were collected, and analyzed by SPSS software, descriptive statistics (frequency, average, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T-test and Mann-Whitney U) (p≤0.05). The information acquaints us that the focus in planning about tourist’s satisfaction should be on what groups. There were no significant difference in average rating of tangibility (0.15), reliability (0.72), trust (0.26) and empathy (0.52) components between men and women. It was only in response (0.02) variable that there was a significant difference between men and women. This means that men reported greater grades in comparison with women. So our results suggest managers should focus on response component in order to increase female tourists.
Priority effects of overwintered Rana tadpoles on larval southern toad (Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre)

In natural ecosystems, the order of species arrival can impact the development of the community. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Carolinas, wetland ponds exhibit a wide range of hydroperiods, ranging from ponds that dry up in late summer, to those that persist through fall and winter into spring. Ponds that persist through the fall and winter can be colonized by late-summer breeding southern leopard frogs, whose tadpoles must remain in the ponds until the following spring. Tadpoles of spring-breeding anurans, including Southern toads, are adversely affected by the presence of large tadpoles from the prior summer. I examined several mechanisms potentially responsible for this effect: overwintering tadpoles changing the environment during the winter; large tadpoles outcompeting small hatchling tadpoles; interspecific differences in competitive ability between leopard frog and Southern toad; and density-dependent effects. Leopard frog tadpoles had their primary adverse effect on Southern toads through processes occurring during the winter, prior to the arrival of Southern toads. The other mechanisms tested were not significant. The algal resource on which both species depend also showed a response to the presence of overwintered leopard frog tadpoles, being reduced where tadpoles had been present through winter and spring, and increased where overwintered tadpoles were present only in spring. This response did not become apparent until late in the spring, suggesting that resource depletion per se is not the mechanism at work, but that some other process occurring in winter leads to adverse conditions for spring-hatched tadpoles where overwintered tadpoles are present through winter. Because isolated wetlands often do not receive the same level of protection as wetlands connected to navigable waters, important amphibian habitat is often altered by humans in ways that change its habitat value. In managing for optimum biodiversity, it is important to consider the often conflicting needs of different species, and to conserve a range of different pond types of varying hydroperiods and degrees of connectivity.
Official Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market: Is it Effective, and, If so, How Does it Work?

In this Paper we assess the progress made by the profession in understanding whether and how exchange rate intervention works. To this end, we review the theory and evidence on official intervention, concentrating primarily on work published within the last decade or so. Our reading of the recent literature leads us to conclude that, in contrast with the profession's consensus view of the 1980s, official intervention can be effective, especially through its role as a signal of policy intentions, and especially when it is publicly announced and concerted. We also note, however, an apparent empirical puzzle concerning the secrecy of much intervention and suggest an additional way in which intervention may be effective but which has so far received little attention in the literature, namely through its role in remedying a coordination failure in the foreign exchange market.
Inflation, Growth and Crisis Performance of Hard Pegged Exchange Rate Regimes

The bipolar view of unsustainable intermediate exchange rate regimes transitioning into the corners of hard pegs and free floats has attracted much attention and criticism in recent times. While highly mobile capital is argued to render intermediate regimes unsustainable by the virtues of the impossible trinity (Fischer 2001), the prevalent “fear of floating” can eliminate the flexible pole of the bipolar view for developing countries (Calvo and Reinhart 2000). This paper employs four-way, de jure and de facto exchange rate classifications to compare the performance of hard pegged exchange rate regimes – currency boards in particular – against that of soft (adjustable) pegs, hard (heavy intervention) floats, and free floats. The conclusion from the analysis is that hard pegs offer exceptional inflation performance even when accounting for possible endogeneity of regime choice. Furthermore, hard pegged regimes stand out as the least crisis prone, while maintaining steady growth comparable to that of free floats. This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: http://digitalcommons.iwu. edu/uer/vol1/iss1/3 Undergraduate Economic Review A publication of Illinois Wesleyan University
Comparison of in situ egg production rate in Calanus finmarchicus and Metridia longa: discriminating between methodological and species-specific effects

A comparison of the in situ egg production rate (EPR) in Calanus finmarchicus and Metridia longa was conducted using freshly collected adult females (C6f), individually incubated in 45 ml dishes with and without egg separators at 6°C for 24 h. Incubations with egg separators resulted in significantly greater clutch size and in situ EPR in M. longa than without egg separation, while no significant effect was measured in C. finmarchicus. The use of egg separators resulted in lower hatching success and naupliar viability (%), an effect more pronounced in M. longa. A highly significant effect of food on egg removal was observed in M. longa, with C6f removing up to 85% of their eggs when the ambient algal biomass at capture was less than 50 mg chl a m -2 , suggesting an effect of the feeding 'history' of C6f. In the absence of cannibalism on the eggs, the combined effect of smaller clutch size and longer spawning interval resulted in a lower EPR in M. longa by a factor of 4 to 5 relative to C. finmarchicus. Based on egg and C6f weight, the weight-specific EPR (growth) in M. longa was half that in C. finmarchicus. M. longa produced eggs at a rate similar to C. finmarchi- cus only when C6f were incubated at a higher temperature (+ 4°C). These results are discussed in the context of the paradox between the low EPR and high abundance in Metridia species and the different life history strategies developed by Metridia and Calanus species.
State of the art and advances in Interspinous implants

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common condition in elderly patients and also one of the most common reasons to perform spinal surgery at an advanced age. Classical treatment is based on wide or limited surgical decompression, procedure for which many variants have been reported. However it can be a heavy intervention in elderly patients and carries a risk of iatrogenic instability. Lumbar stenosis is a dynamic phenomena as the diameter and surface of the spinal canal decreses during sagittal extension due to bulging of the disc. The rationale of the interspinous implants is to restrain extension thus avoiding the occurrence of neurogenic claudication. Over the time, however, their indications have widened to other degenerative conditions. In vitro studies have showed an effect of intradiscal pressure and unloading of facet joints. Evidence remains, however sparse as to their effectiveness. There is limited clinical evidence as to their results in spinal stenosis but not much in other indications. The use of a tension band has been reported but its true effect never truly analyzed. In an in-vivo animal study we reported the effect of a novel interspinous device with an added tension band on segmental instability. It decrease abnormal flexion motion and restores spinal stiffness.
Sensitivity optimization of injection-molded photonic crystal slabs for biosensing applications

For label-free assays employing photonic crystal slabs (PCSs), the sensitivity is one of the most important properties influencing the detection limit. We investigate the bulk sensitivity and the surface sensitivity of 24 different PCSs fabricated by injection molding of PMMA and subsequent sputtering of a Ta2O5 high-index layer. The duty cycle of the linear grating is varied in steps of 0.1 between 0.2 and 0.7. Four different Ta2O5 layer thicknesses (89 nm, 99 nm, 189 nm, 301 nm) are deposited. Both bulk and surface sensitivity are optimal for a Ta2O5 layer thickness of 99 nm. The maximum bulk sensitivity of 138 nm/RIU is achieved for a duty cycle of 0.7, while the maximum surface sensitivity of 47 nm/RIU is obtained for a duty cycle of 0.5. Good agreement between experimental results and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations is observed. The PCSs sensitivity is linked to the mode intensity distribution.
Diglossia and Its Applications : The Case of Saudi Arabia

Until its comprehensive and systematic treatment by Ferguson in 1959 in his seminal paper entitled "Diglossia", Arabic diglossia had almost been absent from the literature. Subsequently, researchers have evaluated the linguistic situation in different Arab countries, stressing the threat it poses to the Arabic language as well as its negative impact on education (e.g. Maamouri, 1998). While there is a consensus among Arab linguists on the two varieties suggested by Ferguson, namely the High (H) and Low (L) varieties with their defined functional complementarity, discrepancy is still found in the emergent Arabic varieties, thereby widening the gap between the Classical (H) and the Colloquial (L) to form a multi-level continuum that represents the varieties of Arabic in Iraq, Altoma, (1969), Egypt, Badawi (1973) and Mejdell, (2006), and Tunisia, Walters (2003). The present paper attempts to shed some light on Arabic diglossia with reference to Saudi Arabia, the largest country in the Gulf region, given that Arab linguists have given little or no attention at all to this particular issue. It also describes the relevant literature on diglossia in general and Arabic diglossia in particular and proposes a continuum of the diglossic situation in this part of the world. This new model delineates the size of the gap between the linguistic codes in Saudi Arabia that results from the immense geographic area and the diversified social structure of the Saudi society. The degree of overlap between different codes is shown. *Department of English Language and Literatur College of Languages and Translation Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
Measuring and Explaining the Impact of Productive Efficiency on Economic Development

A limitation of most empirical cross-country studies that focus on determinants of gross domestic product (GDP) is that they fail to distinguish explicitly between inputs used in production and conditions that facilitate production. For example, physical capital, human capital, and labor are production inputs, whereas the quality of institutions, macroeconomic stability, and market quality are conditions that facilitate production. This article takes this distinction seriously and uses a stochastic frontier approach to study factors affecting economic performance. A panel data set of 71 countries for the 1980-98 periods is used to estimate a production frontier with physical capital, human capital, and labor as inputs. The article also analyzes what drives productive efficiency, using the institutional framework, macroeconomic stability, market quality, and urbanization as possible explanatory factors. Urbanization turns out to be an important determinant, with the rule of law, inflation rate, and market quality also affecting productive efficiency.
SPHERES IN THE SHILOV BOUNDARIES OF BOUNDED SYMMETRIC DOMAINS

In this paper, we classify all nonconstant smooth CR maps from a sphere Sn,1 ⊂ C with n > 3 to the Shilov boundary Sp,q ⊂ Cp×q of a bounded symmetric domain of Cartan type I under the condition that p − q < 3n − 4. We show that they are either linear maps up to automorphisms of Sn,1 and Sp,q or D’Angelo maps. This is the first classification of CR maps into the Shilov boundary of bounded symmetric domains other than sphere that includes nonlinear maps.
Presenting a Framework for Effective E-Mentoring Relationships in Medical Sciences: A Meta-Synthesis Method

Background: Mentoring is used as a developmental model in many academic disciplines including clinical medicine and public health sciences. An effective relationship between the instructor or faculty member and the student can be particularly helpful in the professional growth and improvement of students, especially, in clinical disciplines. The current study aimed at presenting a framework for effective e-mentoring relationships in medical sciences to improve the quality of e-mentoring in this field. Methods: The current study presented a framework for effective e-mentoring relationships using a qualitative meta-synthesis method. The previous studies on the effective factors in mentoring relationships from 2000 to 2017 were analyzed. The research population included all indexed articles in PubMed, Sage, Taylor and Francis, Science Direct, Emerald, Springer, Scopus, and Web of Science. After 2 stages of screening based on the title and abstract of the articles, 90 articles were selected and studied. Finally, 27 articles with the highest relevance to the topic were selected as the research sample. Research data were extracted from these articles by means of open coding, and then, the data were analyzed and synthesized. Results: Twenty-eight minor components were identified for effective e-mentoring in medical sciences in higher education. The main e-mentoring framework was organized in terms of 4 major components; i e, communication medium, quantity of communication, quality of communication, and communication outcome. Conclusion: In light of the findings of previous studies on mentoring in higher education over 17 years, the current study presented a framework for policy-making, evaluation, and development of mentoring relationship between instructors and students in clinical medical sciences in higher education.
Infection of Triticum monococcum protoplasts with barley yellow dwarf virus

Summary Protoplasts from a Triticum monococcum cell culture line were successfully infected with barley yellow dwarf virus. Both purified virions and extracted RNA were shown to be infectious using a polyethylene glycol inoculation procedure. Up to 20% of the protoplasts contained viral antigens as judged by immunofluorescence assay. ELISA analysis showed that virus antigen expression was both dose- and time-dependent. Synthesis of new viral RNAs was confirmed by Northern blot hybridization. Studies of the expression of this economically important aphid-borne, phloem-limited virus should be greatly facilitated using this graminaceous protoplast system. It is the first reproducible protoplast infection system for this virus which can not be transmitted mechanically at the whole plant level.
The Relationship between Biology and Psychology

The relation between biology and psychology is an issue of broad significance for psychology as well as for many matters of social policy. Consider, for example, a recent article in the Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics that considered the question of whether genetic evidence for an association with the diagnosis of anti-social behavior is sufficiently predictive to be useful for prevention, intervention, and rehabilitation (Carey & Gottesman, 2006). Over the past ten to fifteen years I have been enormously impressed with the gains made in biology. In contrast with many parts of psychology, recent developments in molecular biology and neuroscience are based on foundation concepts and accepted research methods. Although a while ago my cell
Workplace Re-organization and Changes in Physiological Stress Markers

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physiological stress markers as a consequence of workplace reorganization. Moreover, we aimed to investigate changes in the psychosocial work environment (job strain, effortreward imbalance (ERI), in psychological distress (stress symptoms, perceived stress) and the mediating effect of these factors on changes in physiological stress markers. We used data from a longitudinal study that studied the health consequences of a major reorganization of non-state public offices executed in Denmark on 1 January 2007. Collection of clinical and questionnaire data was in 2006 and 2008, and in this sub-study we included 359 participants. To reflect stress reactions of the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system, we included 13 physiological markers. We observed significant change in several physiological stress markers. Moreover stress symptoms and perceived stress increased significantly but did not explain the physiological changes. ERI and job strain did not change significantly and adjustment for these factors did not change the results. In this study, we found a significant association between workplace reorganization and changes in several physiological stress markers. However, these changes could not be explained by a significant change in psychological distress.
Counterbalancing effects of competition for resources and facilitation against grazing in alpine snowbed communities

Alpine snowbeds are habitats where the major limiting factors for plant growth are herbivory and a small time window for growth due to late snowmelt. Despite these limitations, snowbed vegetation usually forms a dense carpet of palatable plants due to favourable abiotic conditions for plant growth within the short growing season. These environmental characteristics make snowbeds particularly interesting to study the interplay of facilitation and competition. We hypothesised an interplay between resource competition and facilitation against herbivory. Further, we investigated whether these predicted neighbour effects were species-specific and/or dependent on ontogeny, and whether the balance of positive and negative plant–plant interactions shifted along a snowmelt gradient. We determined the neighbour effects by means of neighbour removal experiments along the snowmelt gradient, and linear mixed model analyses. The results showed that the effects of neighbour removal were weak but generally consistent among species and snowmelt dates, and depended on whether biomass production or survival was considered. Higher total biomass and increased fruiting in removal plots indicated that plants competed for nutrients, water, and light, thereby supporting the hypothesis of prevailing competition for resources in snowbeds. However, the presence of neighbours reduced herbivory and thereby also facilitated survival. For plant growth the facilitative effects against herbivores in snowbeds counterbalanced competition for resources, leading to a weak negative net effect. Overall the neighbour effects were not species-specific and did not change with snowmelt date. Our finding of counterbalancing effects of competition and facilitation within a plant community is of special theoretical value for species distribution models and can explain the success of models that give primary importance to abiotic factors and tend to overlook interrelations between biotic and abiotic effects on plants.
Sexual Dimorphism in Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor in Kosovo: Albanian Population

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el dimorfismo sexual en el diente incisivo central superior permanente en una poblacion albanesa de Kosovo utilizando diametros lineales de las copas, modulo de corona (MC) y el indice de la corona (IC). La muestra del estudio consistio en 204 estudiantes de odontologia, seleccionados de la Escuela de Odontologia, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Pristina, Republica de Kosovo. Se tomaron mediciones mesiodistales (MD) y diametros bucolinguales (BL) de la corona de los dientes incisivos superiores permanentes izquierdo y derecho, en modelos dentales, utilizando un calibrador digital electronico Boss (Hamburgo ­ Alemania) con una precision de ± 0,01 mm. Se calculo la estadistica descriptiva, t-test y porcentaje de dimorfismo sexual en los diametros lineales de coronas dentales y los indices del diente incisivo central superior. Los resultados mostraron una diferencia estadisticamente significativa en MD (p <0,01) y diametros BL (p <0,0001) del diente incisivo central superior entre hombres y mujeres. Se observo un mayor dimorfismo sexual (4,78 %) en el diametro BL del diente incisivo central superior, que en el diametro mesiodistal (2,76 %). El MC presento un nivel mayor de dimorfismo sexual (3,76 %) en comparacion con IC (1,89 %). Los resultados de este estudio demostraron la existencia de dimorfismo sexual en los diametros lineales de la corona dental y de los indices dentales correspondientes al diente incisivo central superior en la poblacion albanesa de Kosovo.
Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Ovine Rinderpest) Affected Goats

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate oxidative stress in goats affected with peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The experiment was designed to collect blood samples from PPR affected as well as healthy goats during a series of PPR outbreaks which occurred during February to April 2012 in different districts of Rajasthan state (India). Out of total 202 goats of various age groups and of both the sexes, 155 goats were PPR affected and 47 were healthy. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining various serum biomarkers viz . vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase, the mean values of which were 1.71±0.09 µmol L -1 , 13.02±0.14 µmol L -1 , 2.22±0.09 µmol L -1 , 3.03±0.07 µmol L -1 , 135.12±8.10 kU L -1 , 289.13±8.00 kU L -1 , 6.11± 0.06 kU L -1 and 98.12±3.12 mU L - 1, respectively. Each parameter analysis of variance showed highly significant effect (P=0.0001) of health status and age category. Further interaction between health status and age category was also highly significant (P=0.0001) for each parameter studied. The results indicated that vitamins A, C, E and glutathione levels depressed by 18.95%, 38.67%, 47.64%, and 47.39%, respectively and the serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase activities increased by 90.79%, 75.11%, 90.34%, and 44.06%, respectively in affected animals as compared to that in healthy ones. On the basis of the altered levels of serum biomarkers of oxidative stress it was concluded that the animals affected with PPR developed oxidative stress.