Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grossmassstäbliche Untersuchungen zur hydraulischen Stabilität geotextiler Sandcontainer unter Wellenbelastung

Im Rahmen des in diesem Bericht beschriebenen Projektes konnte der Wissensstand im Hinbliek auf die Bemessung geotextiler Sandcontainer auf Wellenbelastung wesentlich verbessert werden. Daraus konnten praktische Formeln und Empfehlungen fur die Bemessung von Dunenbarrieren, die sich an der Geometrie von Glowe bzw. Rerik orientieren, abgeleitet werden. Hierzu wurde zuerst das bekannte Wissen zum Thema im Hinblick auf die zu untersuchende Fragestellung zusammengestellt (Abschnitt 2). Dabei wurde in einen fur die Bemessungspraxis relevanteren parameterorientierten Teil (Abschnitt 2.3.2) und einen prozeBorientierten Teil unterschieden (Abb.7). Der prozeBorientierte Teil der Untersuchungen (Abschnitt 2.3.3) ist dabei insofem von Bedeutung, als daB er die vor, an und in der Dunenbarriere ablaufenden Prozesse erklart, was bei der Ubertragung der hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bei anderen Rahmenbedingungen von groBer Bedeutung ist. Aus den Erkenntnissen beider Teile der Untersuchungen konnten die am starksten belasteten Bauwerksteile identifiziert werden, denen bei der Bemessung und bei der Ausfuhrung eine erhohte Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken ist. Im Detail sind dies die Sandcontainer, die knapp unterhalb des Ruhewasserspiegels sowie auf der Krone liegen. Hierzu wurden die Prozesse aufgezeigt, die die Belastung in diesen beiden Bereichen verursachen. Aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen und den am LeichtweiB-Institut durchgefuhrten kleinmaBstablichen Modellversuchen, bei denen eine erhohte Parametervariation vorgenommen wurde (OUMERACI et al.; 2002b), wurden die groBmaBstablichen Modellversuche im GroBen Wellenkanal des Forschungszentrums Kuste geplant und durchgefuhrt (Abschnitt 3). Hauptaugenmerk lag dabei auf der Lagestabilitat der geotextilen Sandcontainer unter Wellenbelastung, wofur Versuche an moglichst groBen Sandcontainem (1501 Volumen) durchgefuhrt wurden, urn die MaBstabseffekte so klein wie moglich zu halten. Diese MaBstabseffekte, die auch im Schriftturn erlautert werden, sind dabei sowohl im Vergleich zu den kleinmaBstablichen Versuchen am LWI als auch im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen mit der zweiten am GWK eingesetzten SandcontainergroBe (25 I) deutlich geworden. Die kleineren Container verhielten sich aufgrund des in Relation zur ContainergroBe groberen Sandes stabiler als die groBeren Container. Die Ergebnisse mit den groBen 150 I Containem (Abb.33) sind deshalb als fur die Bemessung relevant heranzuziehen, da der GroBenunterschied zwischen diesen Containem und den spater in der Natur eingesetzten Containem so auf ein Minimum reduziert wird. Entsprechend der Erkenntnisse des Schrifttums, die durch die Versuchsauswertung bestatigt werden konnten, ist bei der Bemessung eine Unterteilung in Kronen- und Boschungselemente vorzunehmen. Die Belastung der Kronenelemente erfolgt dabei direkt durch den Schwall der auftreffenden Welle, wahrend fur die Belastung der Boschungselemente ein Porenwasseruberdruck im Bauwerksinneren verantwortlich ist, der sich nur zeitverzogert zum auBeren Gegendruck der Wellen abbaut.
Primary care renewal: regional faculty development and organizational change.

BACKGROUND Many reports, including the Future of Family Medicine, have called for change in primary care, but few have defined, implemented, and evaluated mechanisms to address such change. The regional, interdisciplinary Primary Care Renewal Project was designed to address problems in primary care practice and teaching related to practice management, compensation, increasing responsibility for teaching, and faculty development. METHODS Twelve northeastern US medical schools assembled a conference attended by teams of key stakeholders representing both clinical and educational missions. Teams developed and implemented an institutional plan to address identified needs. Outcome data was collected during, and for 1 year after, the conference. RESULTS Findings demonstrate novel ways of improving learning experiences, coordinating and centralizing planning efforts, and addressing faculty needs. The magnitude of organizational change ranged from establishing new administrative units with significant institutional authority (eg, restructuring dean's office) to enhancing the strategic planning process and refining mission statements to reflect emphasis on primary care. CONCLUSIONS A well-planned, regional interdisciplinary effort that fosters the development of concrete plans can be associated with significant change in medical education. A central theme emerged--that primary care medicine will survive only if institutions align their educational and clinical missions and foster system-wide change.
Adaptations underlying the development of excessive alcohol intake in selectively bred mice.

BACKGROUND This commentary discusses the important contributions of the article in this issue by Matson and colleagues entitled "Selectively bred crossed high-alcohol-preferring mice drink to intoxication and develop functional tolerance, but not locomotor sensitization during free-choice ethanol access" as well as providing comparison to studies on other drugs of abuse. METHODS The findings of the target article are evaluated and compared to the larger literature of intake escalation and vulnerability to addiction observed with other drugs of abuse. RESULTS In their study, Matson and colleagues report that mice derived by crossing different lines selectively bred for high alcohol intake exhibit initial alcohol intakes associated with motor impairment followed by marked escalation of consumption and tolerance to the effects of alcohol on motor coordination. In contrast, no evidence of pharmacokinetic tolerance or sensitization of alcohol-induced locomotion was observed. These results demonstrate that the cHAP mice constitute an appropriate model for the study of excessive drinking, which is produced by escalated alcohol intake and functional changes, leading to excessive intoxication. CONCLUSIONS Future work should assess adaptations in motivational processes and subjective effects of alcohol as well as the potential genetic and epigenetic bases of escalated alcohol intake.
The valid measurement of running economy in runners.

UNLABELLED Oxygen cost (OC) is commonly used to assess an athlete's running economy, although the validity of this measure is often overlooked. PURPOSE This study evaluated the validity of OC as a measure of running economy by comparison with the underlying energy cost (EC). In addition, the most appropriate method of removing the influence of body mass was determined to elucidate a measure of running economy that enables valid interindividual comparisons. METHODS One hundred and seventy-two highly trained endurance runners (males, n = 101; females, n = 71) performed a discontinuous submaximal running assessment, consisting of approximately seven 3-min stages (1 km·h increments), to determine the absolute OC (L·km) and EC (kcal·km) for the four speeds below lactate turn point. RESULTS Comparisons between models revealed linear ratio scaling to be a more suitable method than power function scaling for removing the influence of body mass for both EC (males, R = 0.589 vs 0.588; females, R = 0.498 vs 0.482) and OC (males, R = 0.657 vs 0.652; females, R = 0.532 vs 0.531). There were stepwise increases in EC and RER with increments in running speed (both, P < 0.001). However, no differences were observed for OC across the four monitored speeds (P = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Although EC increased with running speed, OC was insensitive to changes in running speed and, therefore, does not appear to provide a valid index of the underlying EC of running, likely due to the inability of OC to account for variations in substrate use. Therefore, EC should be used as the primary measure of running economy, and for runners, an appropriate scaling with body mass is recommended.
Sexual differentiation: early hormone synthesis and action.

Male and female embryos develop in an identical fashion during the initial phases of gestation and it is only after the gonads differentiate and endocrine function of the testis is initiated that male phenotypic differentiation can occur. If an ovary (or no gonad) is present the final phenotype is female; thus, no gonadal hormones appear to be required for development of the female phenotype. In contrast, two secretions of the fetal testis, Mullerian regression factor and testosterone, are responsible for the formation of the male phenotype. The former, a poorly characterized peptide hormone, is responsible for suppression of the Mullerian ducts. The re- mainder of male development is due directly or indirectly to testosterone secretion. The onset of testosterone synthesis in the fetal testis takes place just prior to the onset of male phenotypic differentiation and the process appears to be initially independent of gonadotropin control. Studies mutations that interfere androgen action have indicated that testosterone itself virilization of into the epididymis, vas deferens vesicles, the metabolite genitalia. the Wolffian ducts is normal, but the external genitalia and urogenital sinus derivatives are female in character. In the X-hinked disorders of the androgen receptor, a high affinity receptor necessary for the translocation of both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone into the nucleus is deficient or abnormal, the actions of both hormones are impaired and developmental abnormalities may involve both Wolffian derivatives and the external genitalia as well. In summary, the development of gonadal sex dictates the development of phenotypic sex with androgen secretion by the fetal testis serving as the agent for virilization of the Wolffian ducts, urogenital sinus, and the external genitalia. The molecular mechanisms by which the hormones act during fetal development appear to be the same as those operative in the postnatal state.
Child meets word: "fast mapping" in preschool children.

"Fast mapping" (Carey & Bartlett, 1978) is a hypothesized process enabling children to rapidly create lexical representations for the unfamiliar words they encounter. In this study, 35 normal preschool children, ages 2:1-5:11 (years:months), were exposed to a monosyllabic nonsense word and its novel object referent. On first exposure, 91% of the subjects inferred the connection between the novel word and referent. After this single encounter, 81% correctly identified the referent on hearing its label a second time. After hearing the new word twice, 45% were able to produce at least two of its three phonemes in labeling the novel referent. Of those children who did not attempt to label the novel referent, a significant percentage recognized the correct label. In addition, a significant percentage of subjects recalled some nonlinguistic information associated with the referent. Normal preschoolers appear to create fast mappings containing a great deal of linguistic and nonlinguistic information on the basis of even brief, casual encounters with new words.
Enteric adenoviruses: detection, replication, and significance

Adenoviruses can be demonstrated readily in the stools of pediatric gastroenteritis patients by electron microscopy or counterimmunoelectrophoresis, but in 45% of these cases the virus will not grow in cell culture. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy can be used to detect nongrowing strains of adenovirus; these strains have a unique single-cell fluorescence pattern. Hematoxylin and eosin staining reveals adenovirus-like inclusion bodies in the same distribution as fluorescent cells. Pretreatment of nongrowing adenovirus with convalescent-phase patient serum neutralized its ability to infect the cell culture and produce fluorescent cells. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy compared favorably with electron microscopy in demonstrating virus in the stools of patients.
Seasonal Changes in Adiposity: the Roles of the Photoperiod, Melatonin and Other Hormones, and Sympathetic Nervous System

It appears advantageous for many non-human animals to store energy body fat extensively and efficiently because their food supply is more labile and less abundant than in their human counterparts. The level of adiposity in many of these species often shows predictable increases and decreases with changes in the season. These cyclic changes in seasonal adiposity in some species are triggered by changes in the photoperiod that are faithfully transduced into a biochemical signal through the nightly secretion of melatonin (MEL) via the pineal gland. Here, we focus primarily on the findings from the most commonly studied species showing seasonal changes in adiposity—Siberian and Syrian hamsters. The data to date are not compelling for a direct effect of MEL on white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) despite some recent data to the contrary. Thus far, none of the possible hormonal intermediaries for the effects of MEL on seasonal adiposity appear likely as a mechanism by which MEL affects the photoperiodic control of body fat levels indirectly. We also provide evidence pointing toward the sympathetic nervous system as a likely mediator of the effects of MEL on short day-induced body fat decreases in Siberian hamsters through increases in sympathetic drive on WAT and BAT. We speculate that decreases in the SNS drive to these tissues may underlie the photoperiod-induced seasonal increases in body fat of species such as Syrian hamsters. Clearly, we need to deepen our understanding of seasonal adiposity, although, to our knowledge, this is the only form of environmentally induced changes in body fat where the key elements of its external trigger have been identified and can be traced to and through their transduction into a physiological stimulus that ultimately affects identified responses of white adipocyte physiology and cellularity. Finally, the comparative physiological approach to the study of seasonal adiposity seems likely to continue to yield significant insights into the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and for understanding obesity and its reversal in general.
Neutrino mixing with revamped A(4) flavor symmetry

This work is supported by MINECO Grant No. FPA2011-22975, and MULTIDARK Consolider CSD2009-00064, by Prometeo/2009/091 (Gen. Valenciana), and by EU ITN UNILHC PITN-GA-2009-237920. S. M. thanks DFG Grant No. WI 2639/4-1. J. C. R. also acknowledges the financial support from Grants No. CFTP-FCT UNIT 777, No. CERN/FP/123580/2011, and No. PTDC/FIS/102120/2008.
Methods for mining and summarizing text conversations

More and more today, people are engaging in conversations via email, blogs, discussion forums, text messaging and other social media. A person may want to archive these conversations and later retrieve information about what was discussed, or analyze a conversation in real-time. What topics are covered in these conversations? What opinions are people expressing? Have any decisions been made? Have action items been assigned? This tutorial will present various natural language processing (NLP) techniques that can help answer these questions, thus creating numerous new and valuable applications that can support people in more effectively participating in these conversation. The tutorial is based on a book that we have recently published, Methods for Mining and Summarizing Text Conversations.
Overexpression of Mal61p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterization of maltose transport in artificial membranes

For maltose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, multiple kinetic forms of transport as well as inhibition of transport by high concentrations of maltose at the trans side of the plasma membrane have been described. Most of these studies were hampered by a lack of genetically well-defined mutants and/or the lack of an artificial membrane system to study translocation catalysis in vitro. A genetically well-defined S. cerevisiae strain lacking the various MAL loci was constructed by gene disruption. Expression of the maltose transport protein (Mal61p) was studied by using various plasmid vectors that differed in copy number and/or type of promoter. The expression levels were quantitated by immunoblotting with antibodies generated against the N-terminal half of Mal61p. The levels of expression as well as the initial uptake rates were increased 20-fold compared with those in a yeast strain carrying only one chromosomal MAL locus. Similar results were obtained when the transport activities were compared in hybrid membranes of the corresponding strains. To generate a proton motive force, isolated membranes were fused with liposomes containing cytochrome c oxidase as a proton pump. Fusion was achieved by a cycle of freeze-thawing, after which the hybrid membranes were passed through a filter with a defined pore size to obtain unilamellar membrane vesicles. Proton motive force-driven maltose uptake, maltose efflux down the concentration gradient, and equilibrium exchange of maltose in the hybrid membranes vesicles have been analyzed. The data indicate that maltose transport by the maltose transporter is kinetically monophasic and fully reversible under all conditions tested.
A non‐redundant protein–RNA docking benchmark version 2.0

We present an updated version of the protein–RNA docking benchmark, which we first published four years back. The non‐redundant protein–RNA docking benchmark version 2.0 consists of 126 test cases, a threefold increase in number compared to its previous version. The present version consists of 21 unbound–unbound cases, of which, in 12 cases, the unbound RNAs are taken from another complex. It also consists of 95 unbound–bound cases where only the protein is available in the unbound state. Besides, we introduce 10 new bound–unbound cases where only the RNA is found in the unbound state. Based on the degree of conformational change of the interface residues upon complex formation the benchmark is classified into 72 rigid‐body cases, 25 semiflexible cases and 19 full flexible cases. It also covers a wide range of conformational flexibility including small side chain movement to large domain swapping in protein structures as well as flipping and restacking in RNA bases. This benchmark should provide the docking community with more test cases for evaluating rigid‐body as well as flexible docking algorithms. Besides, it will also facilitate the development of new algorithms that require large number of training set. The protein–RNA docking benchmark version 2.0 can be freely downloaded from http://www.csb. iitkgp.ernet. in/applications/PRDBv2. Proteins 2017; 85:256–267. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enrichment for Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation at Alu Repeats in Human Cells*

The aim of this study was to identify in human cells common targets of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-Lys9) methylation, a modification that is generally associated with gene silencing. After chromatin immunoprecipitation using an H3-Lys9 methylated antibody, we cloned the recovered DNA and sequenced 47 independent clones. Of these, 38 clones (81%) contained repetitive elements, either short interspersed transposable element (SINE or Alu elements), long terminal repeat (LTR), long interspersed transposable element (LINE), or satellite region (ALR/Alpha) DNA, and three additional clones were near Alu elements. Further characterization of these repetitive elements revealed that 32 clones (68%) were Alu repeats, corresponding to both old Alu (23 clones) and young Alu (9 clones) subfamilies. Association of H3-Lys9 methylation was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR using conserved Alu primers. In addition, we randomly selected 5 Alu repeats from the recovered clones and confirmed association with H3-Lys9 by PCR using primer sets flanking the Alu elements. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine rapidly decreased the level of H3-Lys9 methylation in the Alu elements, suggesting that H3-Lys9 methylation may be related to the suppression of Alu elements through DNA methylation. Thus H3-Lys9 methylation is enriched at human repetitive elements, particularly Alu elements, and may play a role in the suppression of recombination by these elements.
Room temperature plasmonic nanowire laser near the surface plasmon frequency

Summary form only given. The reduction in the size of semiconductor lasers has opened a path for future on-chip light sources for communications and sensing applications [1]. However, their minimum size is limited by the classical diffraction limit of light. Research has focused on surface plasmon based lasers to circumvent this limit, due to their nature of mixing light and electrons at the metal surface and thus generating intense optical localization [2]. Hybrid plasmonic nanowire lasers are of great interest as they allow mode sizes as small as λ2/400, are simple to fabricate, and allow a strong field confinement [3]. Until now, lasing from sub wavelength semiconductor nano wires has only been achieved at cryogenic temperatures. In this work, we present the first room temperature hybrid-plasmonic semiconductor nanowire laser operating at UV frequencies. We show that ZnO nanowires sitting on a Silver substrate, emitting at 385 nm at room temperature, generate lasing surface plasmons very close the surface plasmon frequency.Experiments are conducted on ZnO nanowires separated from a Silver substrate by a thin LiF gap layer of about 10 nm thickness. The nanowires were optically pumped (100 fs pulses @ 800 KHz) at 355 nm and the band edge luminescence was monitored spectrally at room temperature. We have observed plasmonic laser emission occurring for pump powers moderately larger than non-metal samples in the GWcm-2 range (Fig. 1b). Evidence for the lasing of plasmonic modes arises from a range of tests. Firstly, the optical modes of ZnO nanowires on glass substrates do not lase for diameters smaller than around 170 nm [4], whereas their plasmonic counterparts operated for diameters as small ~100 nm. We also verify surface plasmon lasing by polarization measurements of the emitted light. We have also observed a blueshift in laser emission at threshold with decreasing nanowire diameter, which we associate with both higher loss and slower group velocity. We believe this could be evidence for operation near the surface plasmon frequency, where the group velocity is expected to tend zero or even can become negative (Fig. 1a). These preliminary studies highlight the feasibility of surface plasmon lasers operating near the surface plasmon frequency, despite the extremely high losses associated with fast electron scattering of electrons metals [5].
Body image issues in women with breast cancer

Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer affects women physically as well as psychologically. There are many obvious and real factors that are related to psychological distress in women coping with breast cancer, such as facing a life-threatening illness, painful and impairing treatments, and significant role changes. Although these factors are clearly important, issues related to body image in women faced with breast cancer can also add to psychological distress. Women, in general, are concerned with their appearance, their weight, and their body, with recent studies suggesting 89% of women reported concerns with weight. Such premorbid concerns are often deeply ingrained and can contribute to psychological distress in women treated for breast cancer. The present article is a summary of the literature that has examined body image issues and related psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future investigations are discussed.