Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Trend in Iran from 2000 to 2009 and Prediction till 2020 using a Trend Analysis Method.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with a rising incidence rate in most countries. Considering the increase in life expectancy and change in lifestyle of Iranian women, this study investigated the age-adjusted trend of breast cancer incidence during 2000-2009 and predicted its incidence to 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 1997 and 2006 census results were used for the projection of female population by age through the cohort-component method over the studied years. Data from the Iranian cancer registration system were used to calculate the annual incidence rate of breast cancer. The age-adjusted incidence rate was then calculated using the WHO standard population distribution. The five-year-age-specific incidence rates were also obtained for each year and future incidence was determined using the trend analysis method. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated through the joinpoint regression method. RESULTS The bias adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer increased from 16.7 per 100,000 women in 2000 to 33.6 per 100,000 women in 2009. The incidence of breast cancer had a growing trend in almost all age groups above 30 years over the studied years. In this period, the age groups of 45-65 years had the highest incidence. Investigation into the joinpoint curve showed that the curve had a steep slope with an APC of 23.4% before the first joinpoint, but became milder after this. From 2005 to 2009, the APC was calculated as 2.7%, through which the incidence of breast cancer in 2020 was predicted as 63.0 per 100,000 women. CONCLUSIONS The age-adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer continues to increas in Iranian women. It is predicted that this trend will continue until 2020. Therefore, it seems necessary to prioritize the prevention, control and care for breast cancer in Iran.
Retinogeniculate Development: The Role of Competition and Correlated Retinal Activity

During visual development, projections from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in cat are refined to produce ocular dominance layering and precise topographic mapping. Normal development depends upon activity in RGCs, suggesting a key role for activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Recent experiments on prenatal retina show that during early development, "waves" of activity pass across RGCs (Meister, et al., 1991). We provide the first simulations to demonstrate that such retinal waves, in conjunction with Hebbian synaptic competition and early arrival of contralateral axons, can account for observed patterns of retinogeniculate projections in normal and experimentally-treated animals.
What is so Magical About a Theory of Intrinsic Intensionality?

Abstract Curiously missing in the vast literature on Hilary Putnam's so-called model-theoretic argument against semantic realism is any response from would-be proponents of what Putnam would call magical theories of reference. Such silence is surprising in light of the fact that such theories have occupied a significant position in the history of philosophy and the fact that there are still several prominent thinkers who would, no doubt, favor such a theory. This paper develops and examines various responses to Putnam's argument on behalf of the proponent of a magical theory of reference. While Putnam's explicit replies to such responses to his argument seem to involve little more than name calling, I develop arguments that show that there are significant problems facing any would-be proponent of such a view. While magical theories of reference are far from the strawmen Putnam seems to take them to be, there are, I argue, genuine reasons for a semantic realist to prefer a non-magical theory of reference.
Cooperation and Human Cognition

Cooperation and Human Cognition Michael Tomasello Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology GERMANY Abstract: Great apes cognitively represent and reason (make inferences) about the world. Humans, in addition, represent the world propositionally and conceptually (perspectivally), and they reason about it recursively and reflec- tively. The Shared Intentionality Hypothesis posits that these uniquely human forms of cognitive representation and reasoning emerged evolutionarily as cognitive adaptations for dealing with a distinctive form of social life, specifically, one in which individuals had to coordinate their intentional states with others in cooperative, and ultimately cul- tural, activities. Within these cooperative activities, early humans created shared realities (joint attention, common ground), which then enabled them to direct the attention and imagination of one another in relevant ways in acts of cooperative, and ultimately conventional, communication. Learning to cooperate and communicate within a cultural group during ontogeny creates uniquely human propositional-conceptual-reflective cognition.
itorial Interaction of phenol derivatives with ion channels

Phenols began to play a prominent role very early in modern operative medicine in the 1860s when Lister introduced his ‘antisepsis’ approach. The treatment of open wounds by carbolic acid dramatically reduced morbidity and mortality of surgical patients for the first time [1]. This central place in operative medicine was lost when, in the early 20th Century, ‘asepsis’ replaced ‘antisepsis’. The powerful antibacterial properties of the phenols have resulted in their derivatives being widely used as stabilizers and preservatives in a huge variety of drug preparations, although this was hardly noticed by clinicians. Certainly, the phenol derivative best known by anaesthetists is propofol, a GABAA agonist and modulator which revolutionized intravenous anaesthesia. The purpose of this editorial is to present current knowledge of the structure–activity relation of phenol derivatives with respect to membrane spanning ion channels and receptors. A substituted benzene ring is the common structural characteristic of a wide variety of pharmacologically active drugs, among them local anaesthetics [2,3] and the general anaesthetic propofol (2,6 diisopropylphenol) (Fig. 1). Other structurally closely related phenol derivatives, such as 4-chloro-m-cresol, ben-zylalcohol and thymol, are in widespread use as bacteriostatic stabilizers in parenteral drug preparations. Naturally occurring phenolicmonoterpenes e.g. thymol, eugenol and carvacrol [4–8] are the active ingredients in the essential oils of plants occurring in the Mediterranean flora. Several beneficial effects have been ascribed to these essential oils, among others their strong bactericidal and antifungal activity [5,9–12] and their anti-inflammatory properties [4,13–15]. In addition, aromatic alcohols with intact phenolic groups and different phenol derivatives have been shown to act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species, thus protecting neurons effectively against oxidative damage and cell death [16]. Although antinociceptive and local anaesthetic effects have long been described for benzylalcohol [17], eugenol and thymol [14], a possible molecular basis for these effects has only recently been
Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition: the impact of extralinguistic factors

Most linguistic processes — acquisition, change, deterioration — take place in and are determined by a complex and multifactorial web of language internal and language external influences. This implies that the impact of each individual factor can only be determined on the basis of a careful consideration of its interplay with all other factors. The present study investigates to what degree a number of sociolinguistic and extralinguistic factors, which have been previously demonstrated or claimed to be relevant in the context of language attrition, can account for individual differences in first language (L1) proficiency. Data were collected from attriting populations with German as their L1: one in a Dutch language context (n = 53) and one in a Canadian English setting (n = 53). These groups were compared to a reference group of Germans in Germany (n = 53). Overall, the proposed outcome measures (derived from both formal tasks and a free speech task) are argued to be stable and valid indicators of attrition effects. The predictor variables under investigation are shown to fall into several reliable factor groups, for example, identification and affiliation with L1, exposure to German language and attitude towards L1. These are the factor groups that have, so far, been considered the most important for the process of L1 attrition or maintenance. However, the predictive power exercised by these factor groups in the present study is shown to be relatively weak.
Influence of Dietary Supplementation of Coated Sodium Butyrate and/or Synbiotic on Growth Performances, Caecal Fermentation, Intestinal Morphometry and Metabolic Profile of Growing Rabbits

The aim of the present experiment was to study the synergistic effects of dietary supplementation with coated slow released sodium butyrate (CM3000 ® ) and a commercial synbiotic (Poultry-Star ® ) on the productive performance and intestinal morphometry of the growing rabbits. Thirty two apparently healthy male New Zealand rabbits with average body weight of 544 ± 9 g were divided randomly into four dietary treatments at weaning (28 th day of age). The control group (C) was fed on standard basal diet with no supplementation. Rabbits in the second group (T1) received the same basal diet supplemented with CM3000 ® 500 g/ton feed. Animals in the third group (T2) consumed the basal diet containing Poultry-Star ® 500 g/ton feed. Rabbits in the fourth group (T3) were fed on the basal diet enriched with mixture of CM3000 ® and Poultry-Star ® , 250 g/ton feed for each. Feed and water were offered ad-libitum during 70 days experimental period. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly to calculate body weight gain and feed conversion. At the end of the experimental period blood and caecal content samples were collected from all animals. Duodinal tissue samples were collected for histomorphometry. The results revealed that additives used improved significantly live body weight compared to the control group. Rabbits in T3 group showed the highest body weight gain. In addition, supplementation of the basal diet with a mixture of additives revealed significant increase of feed intake. The blood urea level was reduced significantly in bucks of T1. The rabbits in T3 group recorded the highest level of blood glucose. Caecal pH revealed a significant decrease in T1 and T3. The mixture of additives has positive results on the intestinal morphometry. Coated butyrate and synbiotic are capable of improving performance, enhancing intestinal health.
Cortisone (Compound E) and Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone in Rheumatoid Arthritis

WITH some fifty other physicians from all over the world I was privileged to see the work on Cortisone at the Mayo Clinic in June 1949, and it so happened that by chance I was called out by Dr. Hench to examine one of the two cases we saw both before and after treatment. There is no doubt in my mind, or I should imagine in the mind of anyone else who was there, of the remarkable changes effected by this drug in rheumatoid arthritis. As one would expect from such a team as Hench, Kendall, Slocumb and Polley (1949) the work has been most carefully checked and controlled, and the cases which we saw were suffering from severe active rheumatoid arthritis of some standing. We saw two cases before treatment, one with Cortisone and one with A.C. T.H. , and the change effected by only two and a half days' treatment was extraordinary. One woman of 55 years had suffered for three years; she could hardly walk and it took her two hours before she could do her hair in the morning. Her sedimentation rate was 67 and she was taking 60 grains aspirin per day. After even such a short period of treatment as two and a half days she was free from pain and we saw her walk normally. She felt a sudden improvement nine hours after the first injection-as she put it "I feel a load taken off"; another remark she made was "I can do anything right away". The history of the work is a fascinating one, for during the war it was rumoured that the German pilots were being given injections of suprarenal extract to increase their fighting efficiency and so momentum was given to work proceeding on the cortical substances. For many years Hench (1949) has been studying the reversibility of rheumatoid arthritis and eventually discarded the microbic theory, as he said in his Heberden Oration in this country last year, and turning to the biochemical possibilities he concluded that the "antirheumatic substance X", as he called it, might be an adrenal hormone. If we are to understand the work done on Cortisone we must study the present-day work on the adrenal steroids.
Monoidal extensions of a Cohen-Macaulay unique factorization domain

Let A be a Noetherian Cohen-Macaulay domain, b, c 1 ,. , c g an A-sequence, J = (b,c 1 ,…,c g )A, and B = A[J/b]. Then B is Cohen-Macaulay, there is a natural one-to-one correspondence between the sets Ass B (B/bB) and Ass A (A/J), and each q ∈ Ass A (A/J) has height g + 1. If B does not have unique factorization, then some height-one prime ideals P of B are not principal. These primes are identified in terms of J and P∩A, and we consider the question of how far from principal they can be. If A is integrally closed, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for B to be integrally closed, and sufficient conditions are given for B to be a UFD or a Krull domain whose class group is torsion, finite, or finite cyclic. It is shown that if P is a height-one prime ideal of B, then P ∩ A also has height one if and only if b ¬∈ P and thus P ∩ A has height one for all but finitely many of the height-one primes P of B. If A has unique factorization, a description is given of whether or not such a prime P is a principal prime ideal, or has a principal primary ideal, in terms of properties of P n A. A similar description is also given for the height-one prime ideals P of B with P ∩ A of height greater than one, if the prime factors of b satisfy a mild condition. If A is a UFD and b is a power of a prime element, then B is a Krull domain with torsion class group if and only if J is primary and integrally closed, and if this holds, then B has finite cyclic class group. Also, if J J is not primary, then for each height-one prime ideal p contained in at least one, but not all, prime divisors of J, it holds that the height-one prime pA[1/b] ∩ B has no principal primary ideals. This applies in particular to the Rees ring R = A[1/t,tJ]. As an application of these results, it is shown how to construct for any finitely generated abelian group G, a monoidal transform B = A[J/b] such that A is a UFD, B is Cohen-Macaulay and integrally closed, and G ≅ Cl(B), the divisor class group of B.
Mycobacterial Dose Defines the Th1/Th2 Nature of the Immune Response Independently of Whether Immunization Is Administered by the Intravenous, Subcutaneous, or Intradermal Route

ABSTRACT It is believed that cell-mediated immunity alone can containMycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis. The induction of antibody, or of a mixed cell-mediated/humoral response, is associated with tuberculous disease. It is therefore important to determine the conditions of immunization with bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used to vaccinate humans against tuberculosis, that optimally induces an exclusive cell-mediated, Th1 response. Such a determination will then allow an assessment of whether the generation of such an exclusive Th1 response results in the generation of a Th1 imprint against mycobacteria. This Th1 imprint would ensure that the Th1 response is predominant following any challenge. We therefore tested the proposition that the dose of mycobacteria used for immunization generally determines the Th1/Th2 nature of the ensuing response. Our results demonstrate that relatively low doses lead to an almost exclusive cell-mediated, Th1 response, while higher doses induce a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Furthermore, the dependence on dose is independent of whether BCG is administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or intradermally. The implications of our findings to understanding how different classes of immunity are induced, to the epidemiology of tuberculosis, and to the design of effective vaccination strategies are discussed.
Comparing Two Soft Embryo Transfer Catheters: Results of Patients that Received Oocytes from the Same Donor

We compared the efficacy of two different soft catheters on pregnancy rates and designed this study to remove factors that could interfere in the results, i.e., oocyte/embryo quality, endometrial preparation and operator interference. A total of 68 patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer, in oocyte donation cycles were prospectively studied. Every two patients received oocytes from the same donor and were sequentially allocated to either the Frydman or Sidney IVF catheter. Duration of endometrial preparation, number of oocytes, fertilization rate and transferred embryos were similar in both groups. The overall pregnancy rate was 45.5% (31/68), 10 in the Frydman catheter group (29.4%) and 21 in the Sidney IVF catheter group (61.7%). Clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher in patients who used Sidney IVF catheter compared to those who used Frydman catheter. Out of the 34 pairs of patients, there were 19 discordant pairs. In four cases pregnancy occurred only in the Frydman catheter group and in 15 cases only in the Sidney catheter group. The other 6 pregnancies occurred in patients of both groups (p = 0.02). The choice of embryo transfer catheter may affect the outcome of ART cycles as our study suggests that some soft catheters have better results than others.
Rap1 GTPase Regulation of Adherens Junction Positioning and Cell Adhesion

Cell-cell junctions are distributed evenly around the lateral circumference of cells within an epithelium. We find that the even distribution of adherens junctions is an active process that requires the small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1. Cells mutant forRap1 condensed their adherens junctions to one side of the cell. This disrupted normal epithelial cell behavior, and mutant cell clones dispersed into the surrounding wild-type tissue. Rap1 is enriched at adherens junctions, particularly between newly divided sister cells where it may reseal the adherens junction ring. The regulation of adherens junction positioning could play a role in cell mobility and cell division.
Sentiment Classification Using Negation as a Proxy for Negative Sentiment

We explore the relationship between negated text and negative sentiment in the task of sentiment classiﬁcation. We propose a novel adjustment factor based on negation occurrences as a proxy for negative sentiment that can be applied to lexicon-based classiﬁers equipped with a negation detection pre-processing step. We performed an experiment on a multi-domain customer reviews dataset obtaining accuracy improvements over a baseline, and we further improved our results using out-of-domain data to calibrate the adjustment factor. We see future work possibilities in exploring negation detection reﬁnements, and expanding the experiment to a broader spectrum of opinionated discourse, beyond that of customer reviews.
Animal-assisted therapy in patients hospitalized with heart failure.

BACKGROUND Animal-assisted therapy improves physiological and psychosocial variables in healthy and hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVES To determine whether a 12-minute hospital visit with a therapy dog improves hemodynamic measures, lowers neurohormone levels, and decreases state anxiety in patients with advanced heart failure. METHODS A 3-group randomized repeated-measures experimental design was used in 76 adults. Longitudinal analysis was used to model differences among the 3 groups at 3 times. One group received a 12-minute visit from a volunteer with a therapy dog; another group, a 12-minute visit from a volunteer; and the control group, usual care. Data were collected at baseline, at 8 minutes, and at 16 minutes. RESULTS Compared with controls, the volunteer-dog group had significantly greater decreases in systolic pulmonary artery pressure during (-4.32 mm Hg, P = .03) and after (-5.78 mm Hg, P = .001) and in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during (-2.74 mm Hg, P = .01) and after (-4.31 mm Hg, P = .001) the intervention. Compared with the volunteer-only group, the volunteer-dog group had significantly greater decreases in epinephrine levels during (-15.86 pg/mL, P = .04) and after (-17.54 pg/mL, P = .04) and in norepinephrine levels during (-232.36 pg/mL, P = .02) and after (-240.14 pg/mL, P = .02) the intervention. After the intervention, the volunteer-dog group had the greatest decrease from baseline in state anxiety sum score compared with the volunteer-only (-6.65 units, P =.002) and the control groups (-9.13 units, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Animal-assisted therapy improves cardiopulmonary pressures, neurohormone levels, and anxiety in patients hospitalized with heart failure.
Carboxypeptidase E mediates palmitate-induced β-cell ER stress and apoptosis

Obesity is a principal risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and elevated fatty acids reduce β-cell function and survival. An unbiased proteomic screen was used to identify targets of palmitate in β-cell death. The most significantly altered protein in both human islets and MIN6 β-cells treated with palmitate was carboxypeptidase E (CPE). Palmitate reduced CPE protein levels within 2 h, preceding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death, by a mechanism involving CPE translocation to Golgi and lysosomal degradation. Palmitate metabolism and Ca2+ flux were also required for CPE proteolysis and β-cell death. Chronic palmitate exposure increased the ratio of proinsulin to insulin. CPE null islets had increased apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Reducing CPE by ≈30% using shRNA also increased ER stress and apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of CPE partially rescued β-cells from palmitate-induced ER stress and apoptosis. Thus, carboxypeptidase E degradation contributes to palmitate-induced β-cell ER stress and apoptosis. CPE is a major link between hyperlipidemia and β-cell death pathways in diabetes.
Immunohistochemical expression of IL‐10 in mycosis fungoides

Abstract Immunoreactivity of the cytokine IL‐10 has been investigated in situ in mycosis fungoides (MF). Expression of IL‐10 was detected using immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies (n=8) and T‐cell lines (n= 2) from mycosis fungoides patients. IL‐10 positivily was seen in the dermal cell infiltrates and in T‐cell lines in mycosis fungoides. The dermal IL‐10 reaction in a skin biopsy from an active lesion in MF indicates the possibility for disease progression.
Multivalent interactions of the SUMO-interaction motifs in RING finger protein 4 determine the specificity for chains of the SUMO

RNF4 (RING finger protein 4) is a STUbL [SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier)-targeted ubiquitin ligase] controlling PML (promyelocytic leukaemia) nuclear bodies, DNA double strand break repair and other nuclear functions. In the present paper, we describe that the sequence and spacing of the SIMs (SUMO-interaction motifs) in RNF4 regulate the avidity-driven recognition of substrate proteins carrying SUMO chains of variable length.