Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promoting trust through institutional design

If, as economists, we are really interested in promoting people’s happiness, we should devote much attention and effort in understanding the process that leads us from individual and interactive choices to happy or unhappy outcomes. In interactive situations, this process is almost always constrained by the rules of the game and quite often such rules are designed according to the prevalent economic theory, in particular, according to principal-agent theory. In recent years, however, such prevalent view has been challenged, on a descriptive ground, by behavioral economists. Intrinsic motivations, gift-giving, trust, trustworthiness and reciprocity are just some of the factors that affect real people behavior and that are inconsistent with the standard economic model where agents are supposed to be selfish, consequentialist and opportunistic. The paper discusses the role of two different sets of behavioral principles, namely intra-personal and interpersonal mechanisms. These mechanisms describe how real people react to individual internally-generated and social relationally-generated incentive. Since laws and institutions can be though of as (dis)incentive providing systems designed to favor a desired conduct and hinder dysfunctional behaviors, the understanding of the dynamic behind intra-personal and inter-personal mechanisms is essential to the design of efficient institutions and normative schemes. JEL Classification: M52, C7, C91, D23.
Direct Somatic Embryo Formation from Roots of In Vitro-Seedlings of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineesis Jacq.)

The induction of somatic embryos (SEs) directly from the roots of oil palm plantlets raised in vitro -seedling and origin of somatic embryos. SEs were directly induced from the roots of oil palm plantlets regenerated from immature oil palm fruit (3 months after pollination: 3MAP) and provided by Golden Tenera Company. The plants were cultured on OPCM medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 200 mg/l ascorbic acid and 0.5 mg/l NAA. The culture was maintained under light conditions at an intensity of 15 µmol/m 2 /s, 14 h photoperiod, 28±1 °C for 2 months. Histological studies revealed that SEs were initiated from epidermal cells and a few parenchymatous cells. Parenchyma cells had a large nucleus, dense cytoplasm with a broad basal area in contact with maternal tissue. Those cells underwent rapid cell division to form proembryonic mass (PEM) and finally developed into SEs through somatic embryogenesis (SE). The highest number of SEs was 1.2 SEs/root and the percentage of SE formation was recorded to be 80. The present study confirms direct SE formation from roots and describes the origin of SE. doi: 10.14456/WJST.2016. 5
Methods for Character Identification in Movies: A Review

: Now a day’s character Identification from films is a very challenging task due to the huge variation in the appearance of each & every character. It will lead significant research interests and may have many interesting applications in today’s life. It is a challenging problem due to the huge variation in the appearance of each character. In particular, character identification for movie used video and script. Face tracking and clustering from video and name of person extract from script. Many challenges for face clustering and face-name matching are present. In good situation and clean environment existing methods gives better result, but in a complex movie scene performance is limited because face tracking and clustering process generate a noise. In this paper, we discussed about the methods and techniques used for Automatic face identification of characters in movies.
The effect of a multi-vendor loyalty programme - From a customer loyalty perspective

The establishment of multi-vendor loyalty programmes is on the rise, however academic literature on the effects of this type of loyalty programme on customer behaviour is still in its infancy. This explorative research aims to fill this gap, by answering the question: What is the effect of a multi-vendor loyalty programme on customer loyalty? The results show no statistical significant differences in customer loyalty between members of a single-vendor loyalty programme and a multi-vendor loyalty programme, meaning that in this research situation no effects of a multi-vendor loyalty programme on customer loyalty can be noted. With this main finding, this research made one of the first contributions on the effects of multi-vendor loyalty programme on customer loyalty. Beside this theoretical relevance, this research provides practitioners in the field with the advice that the incorporation of partners into the loyalty programme does not lead to higher levels of customer loyalty, compared to a single-vendor loyalty programme. However, when it is decided to establish a multi-vendor loyalty programme, practitioners should pay attention to its partnership portfolio, satisfaction of members with the purchase process of the reward at the partners and communication aspects of the loyalty programme.
Reverse Logistics Processes In Industrial Waste Management As An Element Of Sustainable Development

This article has a brief introduction about reverse logistics usage in wastemanagement. Then Authors proposed own elaborated descriptive model of reverse logisticsprocesses in enterprises managing industrial waste. There was a research made in Poland inSilesia region on six different enterprises managing industrial waste, so model is based on reverselogistics literature studies and practical activities of waste management in enterprises managingindustrial waste. The paper presents very clear the role of reverse logistics processes in enterprisesmanaging industrial waste. It shows very interesting connection between logistics and waste, whatis an interesting element of sustainable development conception for achieving ecological goals.
A review on Data sharing in cloud storage with key-aggregate cryptosystem

The encryption and decryption keys may be different for different set of data. Only those set of decryption keys are shared that the selected data can be decrypted. Here a public-key cryptosystems which generate a ciphertext which is of constant size. So that to transfer the decryption rules for number of ciphertext. The difference is one can collect a set of secret keys and make them as small size as a single key with holding the same ability of all the keys that are formed in a group. This compact aggregate key can be efficiently sent to others or to be stored in a smart card with little secure storage.
Hata-Okumura Model Computer Analysis for Path Loss Determination at 900MHz for Maiduguri, Nigeria

Empirical propagation models are used extensively for coverage prediction during the design and planning of wireless networks. Some of the most widely used empirical models include the COST 231 Hata Model (COST 231 1999, Saunders 2000, COST 231 revision 2), COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model (COST 231 1999), etc. These models, however, are not universally applicable due differences in terrain clutter. Thus, when planning a wireless communication network it is necessary to determine radio propagation characteristics optimal to the terrain in question. In this paper, the applicability of the COST 231 Hata Model to the metropolis of Maiduguri, Nigeria, is tested by computing variations between the COST 231 Hata predictions and predictions based on the Least Squares function, being the best fit curve through measured data points. This was achieved with the help of a software system comprising of Visual Basic as Front End and Microsoft Excel as Back End. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was found to be 5.33dB, which is acceptable, the acceptable maximum being 6dB. Further statistical proof testifies to the acceptability of the COST 231 Hata Model for path loss prediction across the metropolis of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Keywords: COST 231 Hata, Hata-Okumura Model, COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model, Root Mean Square Error, , Mean Prediction Error
Two-mode entanglement in spin and spatial degrees of freedom

The predictions of quantum mechanics often differ from our everyday experiences. In the classical case, the state of a system can be predicted precisely, assuming the exact knowledge of all parameters. This is not possible in quantum mechanics. For example, the spin of one particle can be simultaneously in two different states, until a measurement defines the actual state. If multiple particles are in such superposition states, their spins can be coupled with each other such that the measurement of one particle changes the physical state of the other particles. This coupling effect is a fundamental part of quantum mechanics and is called entanglement. It is a central requirement for applications in the fields of quantum communication, quantum cryptography and quantum computing. One possibility to create entanglement are spin-changing collisions in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate. These collisions are described by a nonlinear process, which creates non-classical correlations between all atoms of the Bose-Einstein condensate. Within this thesis, Rb spinor Bose-Einstein condensates are used to demonstrate EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen entanglement by the generation and analysis of a two-mode entangled state in spin space [A1]. These states are applied in an interferometric measurement with a resolution of 2.05 −0.37 dB beyond the standard quantum limit [A2]. Depending on the dynamics, the process can also be analogous to the dynamical Casimir effect [A3]. The entanglement between the particles in these publications is strongly connected with their indistinguishability. It is thus possible to make the particles distinguishable again and recover the entanglement between the now separated particles? This question is approached by cutting an entangled state of indistinguishable particles into two spatially separated atomic modes creating a two-mode entangled state in real space. As shown in Ref. [A4], the entanglement between the two separated clouds of a Bose-Einstein condensate can be measured directly. In the future, the created state can be employed for a test of quantum nonlocality.
A Statistical Framework for Non-Contact Heart Rate Estimation via Photoplethysmogram Imaging

Although medical progress and increased health awareness over the last 60 years have reduced death rates from cardiovascular disease by more than 75%, cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death, hospitalization, and cause of prescription drug use. Resting heart rate can act as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular mortality, while more detailed blood volume waveforms can offer insight on blood pressure, blood oxygenation, respiration rate, and cognitive stress. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are widely used in the clinical setting due to their accurate measurement of heart rate and detailed capture of heart muscle depolarization, making them useful in diagnosis of specific cardiovascular conditions. However, the discomfort caused by the required adhesive patches, as well as the relatively high cost of ECG machines, introduces the need for an alternative system when only the resting heart rate is required. Photoplethysmography (PPG), the optical acquisition of blood volume pulse over time, offers one such solution. The pulse oximeter, a device which clips onto a thin extremity and measures the amount of transmitted light over time, is widely used in a clinical setting for heart rate and oxygen saturation measurements in cases where ECG is unnecessary or unavailable. Recently, a technique has been demonstrated to construct a blood volume pulse signal without the need for contact, offering a more sanitary and comfortable alternative to pulse oximetry. This technique relies on camera systems and is known as PPG imaging (PPGI). However, the accuracy of PPGI methods suffers in realistic environments with error incurred by motion, illumination variation, and natural fluctuation of the heart rate. For this reason, a statistical framework which aims to offer higher accuracy in realistic scenarios is proposed. The initial step in the framework is to construct a PPG waveform, a time series correlated to hemoglobin concentration. Here, an importance-weighted Monte Carlo sampling strategy is used to construct a PPG waveform from many time series observations. Once the PPG waveform is established, a continuous wavelet transform is applied, using the so-called pulselet as the mother wavelet, to create a response map in the time-frequency domain. The average of frequencies corresponding to the maximum response over time is used as the heart rate estimation. To verify the efficacy of the proposed framework, tests were run on two data sets; the first consists of broadband red-green-blue (RGB) colour channel video data and the second contains single channel near infrared video data. In the first case, improvements over state-of-the-art methods were shown, however; in the second case, no statistically significant improvement was observed.
Government Bond Liquidity and Sovereign-Bank Interlinkages ∗ Sören Radde

Banks in the euro area typically hold a large amount of government debt in their bond portfolios, which are valued both for their low credit risk and high liquidity. During the sovereign debt crisis, these characteristics of government debt were severely impaired in stressed euro area countries. In order to understand the transmission channels of stress from government debt markets to the real economy, we augment a standard dynamic macroeconomic model with a banking sector and a market for government debt characterized by search frictions. A sovereign solvency shock modelled as a haircut on government bonds is introduced to study the interaction of sovereign credit and liquidity risk. As banks react to this shock by rebalancing towards highly liquid short-run assets, such as central bank deposits, demand for government bonds collapses, which endogenously worsens their market liquidity. Thus, a sovereign liquidity risk channel from government bond markets to the real sector emerges. Endogenous government bond liquidity negatively affects the funding conditions of the fiscal sector, tightens financing constraints in the banking sector and lowers investment and output. The model is able to match a number of stylised facts regarding the behaviour of sovereign debt markets during the euro area sovereign debt crisis, such as depressed turnover rates and rising bid-ask spreads. ∗The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank (ECB). We gratefully acknowledge research assistance by José Federico Geli Manzano and support by the DFG Priority Program 1578 ’Financial Market Imperfections and Macroeconomic Performance’. ‡Corresponding author. European Central Bank, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) and Technische Universität Berlin. Email: soeren.radde@ecb.europa. eu §Department of Economics, University College London. ¶European Central Bank.
Signal transduction downstream of salicylic and jasmonic acid in herbivory‐induced parasitoid attraction by Arabidopsis is independent of JAR1 and NPR1

Plants can defend themselves indirectly against herbivores by emitting a volatile blend upon herbivory that attracts the natural enemies of these herbivores, either predators or parasitoids. Although signal transduction in plants from herbivory to induced volatile production depends on jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), the pathways downstream of JA and SA are unknown. Use of Arabidopsis provides a unique possibility to study signal transduction by use of signalling mutants, which so far has not been exploited in studies on indirect plant defence. In the present study it was demonstrated that jar1-1 and npr1-1 mutants are not affected in caterpillar ( Pieris rapae )-induced attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula . Both JAR1 and NPR1 (also known as NIM1) are involved in signalling downstream of JA in induced defence against pathogens such as induced systemic resistance (ISR). NPR1 is also involved in signalling downstream of SA in defence against pathogens such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). These results demonstrate that signalling downstream of JA and SA differs between induced indirect defence against herbivores and defence against pathogens such as SAR and ISR. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that herbivore-derived elicitors are involved in induced attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula
Smoke toxicity effect of Artemisia Parviflora against dengue vector Aedes Aegypti

Background and Objectives: This paper reports the smoke toxicity effect of Asteraceae plant species against the dengue vector, adult Aedes aegypti. These plants are used traditionally as source of medicine. Methods: The mosquito coils were prepared by using leaves, root, and the stem of Artemisia Parviflora by mixing with coconut shell and charcoal powder as burning material. Test mosquito coil were compared with commercially available coils. The percentage of unfed mosquitoes and % of population reduction was calculated. Results: Smoke emerged from the coil made up of leaves showed maximum protection 51% and population reduction was 83.8%. Contol II showed highest toxic effect and more population. The smoke from root and stem coils showed moderate amount of protection. Conclusion: The result suggested that the smoke toxic effect of Artemisia Parviflora affects the central nervous system and hence affects the neuroendocrine system to inhibit the hatchability of eggs and reduces the egg laying capacity as well the egg hatchability of the mosquitoes.
Cost Should Be No Barrier: An Evaluation of the First Year of Harvard's Financial Aid Initiative

This paper evaluates the first year of Harvard's Financial Aid Initiative, which increased aid and recruiting for students from low income backgrounds. Using rich data from the Census and administrative sources, we estimate family incomes for the vast major of plausible applicants from the U.S. We find that the Initiative had a significant effect almost entirely because it attracted a pool of applicants that was larger and slightly poorer. It appears that very similar standards of admission were used for this group as had been used in previous years. This group, once admitted, enrolled at a rate very similar to that of previous years. Thus, there are a greater number of low income students in the Class of 2009 than in the Class of 2008 simply because more well-qualified, low income students applied. Many apparently qualified students still do not apply, and many of these "missing applicants" come from high schools that have little or no tradition of sending applications to selective private colleges. Targeted outreach to such "one offs" -- that is, students who are one of only a few qualified students from their school in recent years -- may be a way for selective private colleges to increase their income diversity.
Analysis of HCl and ClO time series in the upper stratosphere using satellite data sets

Previous analyses of satellite and ground-based measurements of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) have suggested that total inorganic chlorine in the upper stratosphere is on the decline. We create HCl and ClO time series using satellite data sets extended to Novem- ber 2008, so that an update can be made on the long term evolution of these two species. We use the HALogen Oc- cultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Atmospheric Chem- istry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE- FTS) data for the HCl analysis, and the Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (Aura-MLS) measurements for the study of ClO. Altitudes between 35 and 45 km and two mid-latitude bands: 30 S- 50 S and 30 N-50 N, for HCl, and 20 S-20 N for ClO and HCl are studied. ACE-FTS and HALOE HCl anomaly time series (with QBO and seasonal contributions removed) are combined to produce all instrument average time series, which show HCl to be reducing from peak 1997 values at a linear estimated rate of 5.1 % decade 1 in the Northern Hemisphere and 5.2 % decade 1 in the Southern Hemi- sphere, while the tropics show a linear trend of 5.8 % per decade (although we do not remove the QBO contribution there due to sparse data). Trend values are significantly dif- ferent from a zero trend at the 2 sigma level. ClO is de- creasing in the tropics by 7.1 %± 7.8 % decade 1 based on measurements made from December 2001 to November 2008. The statistically significant downward trend found in HCl after 1997 and the apparent downward ClO trend since 2001 (although not statistically significant) confirm how ef- fective the 1987 Montreal protocol objectives and its amend- ments have been in reducing the total amount of inorganic chlorine.
Causes of Landslides in Darjeeling Himalayas during June-July, 2015

Landslides are the significant form of natural disaster that causes the loss of properties and lives, especially in the mountainous areas. The mountainous terrains are characterised by high energy with instability and variability of the masses [1]. Landslide differs from the other mass movement processes and it is the movement of the mass occurs primarily along a discrete failure surface. The internally unreformed plane slips the materials and disintegrates the mass and further movement includes the flow element [2]. In India, most of the hilly regions are characterised with the landslide disaster. In the Himalayan region, several avalanche zones are prominent, such as Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Kumayun, Darjeeling and Sikkim and North-eastern hilly states [3]. In the Himalayan foothills where rainfall is prominent, the occurrence of landslides is significant. The Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya are among the most vulnerable areas of landslides. The main triggering factors (excluding geological and geomorphological) of the landslide are heavy rainfall and seismicity [4]. Of late, landslide disasters have been accelerated by the several anthropogenic activities in this region [1]. However, to mitigate or reduce the occurrences of landslide, landslide susceptibility [5] mapping of landslide hazard [6,7] along with engineering geomorphology [8] are some of the post landslide initiatives.
The contribution of corporate policies to the creation of competitive advantage: the case of the Unimed de Paranavaí corporate organization

In the competitive global context, organizations in a sector are seeking to develop different strategies to stand out from their competitors. Thus, they seek organizational policies as plans of action to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to analyze corporate policies and their contribution to the creation of sustainable competitive advantage in a cooperative organization. The object of study is Unimed de Paranavai, in Parana State. The research is predominantly descriptive and qualitative. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation, with a sample of employees of the Administrative area and Personnel Department of the organization in question. According to the data analysis, the results show the importance of corporate policies in organizations, as Unimed has established flexible, comprehensive, coordinated and ethical policies. All the stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process, which is very important and helps the organization to generate a form of competitive advantage.