Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth? The Case of India

This article examines whether financial development has ‘caused’ economic growth in India since 1996. The dynamic interactions between the growth of real Gross Domestic Product and indicators of financial development are investigated using the concept of Granger Causality after testing for cointegration using both the Engle-Granger and Johansen techniques. The ADF test for cointegration proposed by Gregory and Hansen (1996) reveals that there has been both the level shift and regime shift in the specifications relating economic growth and financial development. The empirical results obtained by the Johansen method and ADF test suggest the existence of a stable long-run relationship between stock market capitalization, bank credit and growth rate of real GDP. The growth rate of real GDP is also found to be cointegrated with financial depth. However, causality runs from the growth rate of real GDP to stock market capitalization. The sector-wise rates of growth of the industrial and services sectors are found to be cointegrated with the stock market development as well as banking sector development and financial depth. The direction of causality for both the sectors runs from the rate of growth to stock market capitalization. We also observe that financial depth causes industrial growth and causality runs in both directions between bank credit and industrial growth. Furthermore, volatility in stock prices is cointegrated with each growth rate—of GDP, of industrial sector output and of the service sector output. The article establishes that, in an overall sense, economic growth has ‘caused’ financial development in India.
Does Organizational Learning Affect the Performance of Higher Education Lecturers in Indonesia? The Mediating Role of Teaching Competence.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between lecturers’ performance and their teaching competence, measured by antecedent variables of organizational learning and need for achievement. It used the Structure Equation Model as data analysis technique, and the random sampling method to collect data from 207 lecturers of private universities in Central Java, Indonesia. The finding showed a positive significant relationship between the lecturers’ capability and performance. It reveals the valuable determinant of teaching competence in mediating the relationship between organizational learning and the performance. This study originally contributes significantly to the creation and transfer of knowledge in academic milieu, especially in higher education institutions. Does Organizational Learning Affect the Performance of Higher Education Lecturers in Indonesia? The Mediating Role of Teaching Competence Edy Hartono, Sugeng Wahyudi , Pahlawansjah Harahap b and Ahyar Yuniawan a a Diponegoro University, INDONESİA; b University of Semarang, INDONESİA
Methods and scales in soil erosion studies in Spain: problems and perspectives

Soil erosion is a major problem in some areas of Spain. Research groups have studied a variety of aspects of this problem in different environments, and at a range of scales using a diversity of methods, from piquettes and rainfall simulation to experimental plots, catchments and large regional areas. This has increased knowledge and identified the main problems: farmland abandonment, badland erosion, the effects of land use changes, and the role of extreme events and erosion in certain crops (particularly vineyards). However, comparison of results among various research groups has been difficult, posing problems in developing solutions from State and Regional administrators. The main problems arise from the use of differing scales, methods and study periods. Each scale is useful in analysis of a particular erosion process, but results obtained at small scales can not be easily upscaled. For instance, experimental plots can provide information on relationships among precipitation, runoff and sediment yield under different land uses, but no on rill or gully erosion, or sediment transfer to fluvial channels. In addition, the extreme interannual variability of Mediterranean precipitation makes it difficult to (i) compare erosion data from different periods, and (ii) elaborate comparable sediment balances. S oil erosion is a global problem with very complex causes, and potential solutions have political and social implications, and necessitate major changes in land management. Among issues involved, the effects of the changing policy on subsidies in the European Community, the consequences of local activities, the effects on soil erosion of changes in plant cover, the identification of eroded areas and their connectivity with the fluvial network, and the interrelations between the various sub-systems at a catchment scale. These issues require approaches at catchment or large basin scales, with finer scales (rainfall simulations, experimental plots) to address particular problems.
Climate‐driven global changes in carbon use efficiency

AimCarbon use efficiency [net primary production (NPP)/gross primary production (GPP) ratio] is a parameter related to the allocation of photosynthesized products by plants and is commonly used in many biogeochemical cycling models. But how this parameter changes with climates is still unknown. Faced by an aggravated global warming, there is a heightened necessity in unravelling the dependence of the NPP/GPP ratio on climates. The objective of this study was to examine how ongoing climate change is regulating global patterns of change in the NPP/GPP ratio. The study finding would elucidate whether the global vegetation ecosystem is becoming more or less efficient in terms of carbon storage under climatic fluctuation. LocationThe global planetary ecosystem. MethodsThe annual NPP/GPP ratio of the global terrestrial ecosystem was calculated over a 10-year period based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data and an ecosystem productivity model. The temporal dynamics of the global NPP/GPP ratio and their dependence on climate were investigated. ResultsThe global NPP/GPP ratio exhibited a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2009 due to decreasing NPP and stable GPP over this period. The temporal dynamics of the NPP/GPP ratio were strongly controlled by temperature and precipitation. Increased temperature lowered the NPP/GPP ratio, and increased precipitation led to a higher NPP/GPP ratio. ConclusionsThe NPP/GPP ratio exhibits a clear temporal pattern associated with climatic fluctuations at a global scale. The associations of the NPP/GPP ratio with climatic variability challenge the conventional assumption that the NPP/GPP ratio should be consistent independent of environmental conditions. More importantly, the findings of this study have fundamental significance for our understanding of ongoing global climatic change. In regions and time periods experiencing drought or increased temperatures, plant ecosystems would suffer a higher ecosystem respiration cost and their net productivity would shrink.
Entrepreneurial leadership in crowd funded startups and SMEs - A critical incident analysis of entrepreneurs and managers

Crowd funding has made external capital more widely available for startups and matured companies. While this innovation offers access to funding capital to any person with a persuasive vision or business model, it minimized the required qualification in terms of leadership expertise. Particularly, entrepreneurial leadership (EL), which is often seen as natural form of leading a startup or innovative projects in matured companies, is therefore of interest and closely connected to the new form of funding. In this research a first connection between the topics of entrepreneurial leadership in crowd funded ventures and SME’s is drawn. By addressing the entrepreneurial leadership approach of successful crowd funded entrepreneurs and comparing it to employed managers, this research is providing insight for entrepreneurs with little prior leadership experience and managers, willing to lead more entrepreneurial. The research is based on critical incident interviews with the two groups of business leaders, gathering qualitative data to form a foundation for further leadership and crowd funding research. The research has been carried out by giving different propositions concerning important aspects of EL utilization were made, anticipating divergent utilization by entrepreneurs compared to managers. In practice, however, the findings indicate a wide consensus on general use of EL, with minor variations. While the data did not support most parts of the propositions, there were still specific implications drawn from the findings that will benefit business leaders for leading entrepreneurial as well as the related field of research. These conclusions depict a practicable overview for the utilization of entrepreneurial leadership that is not limited to specific industries or company types.
Wireless sensor networks for environmental data collection and events detection

There are two opposite approaches in the technology for collecting environmental data. The first can be realized by autonomous recorders of physical quantities (loggers): devices are installed at a required point to scan parameters at a required frequency, keeping them in a local storage. In order to obtain data from such device, a direct contact has to be established with it. This is inconvenient, if the device is installed in a remote place (for example, trees, wells etc.), and can be time consuming, if several dozen devices are installed at the studied area. The second approach is to use a fixed wire or wireless data collection network, capable of transmitting large amounts of data in real time. The disadvantage of this approach is high energy consumption, the need for laying cables or radio paths, regular maintenance of units, and the vulnerability of the entire network in the event of failure of communication channels. All this leads to a substantial increase in the cost and time of deployment. This paper presents a compromise technology, which is a rapidly deployable wireless network consisting of a set of almost autonomous recorders (wireless sensor network, WSN). The nodes of the network do not require maintenance and replacement of power supply for months, even years, but at the same time collecting data from all nodes can be performed remotely from different places and at any time. The basis of this technology is weather-sealed intellectual sensors (motes) with a built-in microprocessor, connected by a digital radio channel with a decentralized peer to peer (P2P) communication protocol (IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee), tolerant to faults of individual transponders and equipped with software, op-
Introduction: Regional Growth and Development Theories in the Twenty-first Century – Recent Theoretical Advances and Future Challenges

I.1 The resurgence of regional economics Regional economics is back on the stage. Regional development is not only an efficiency issue in economic policy, it is also an equity issue due to the fact that economic development normally exhibits a significant degree of spatial variability. Over the past decades this empirical fact has prompted various strands of research literature, in particular the measurement of interregional disparity, the causal explanation for the emergence or persistent presence of spatial variability in economic development, and the impact assessment of policy measures aimed at coping with undesirable spatial inequity conditions. The study of socio-economic processes and inequalities at meso and regional levels positions regions at the core places of policy action and hence warrants intensive conceptual and applied research efforts. For decades, the unequal distribution of welfare among regions and/or cities has been a source of concern for both policy-makers and researchers. Regional development is about the geography of welfare and its evolution. It has played a central role in such disciplines as economic geography, regional economics, regional science and economic growth theory. The concept is not static in nature, but refers to complex space–time dynamics of regions (or an interdependent set of regions). Changing regional welfare positions are often hard to measure, and in practice we often use gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (or growth thereof) as a statistical approximation (see Stimson et al., 2006). Sometimes alternative or complementary measures are also used, such as per capita consumption, poverty rates, unemployment rates, labour force participation rates or access to public services. These indicators are more social in nature and are often used in United Nations welfare comparisons. An example of a rather popular index in this framework is the Human Development Index which represents the welfare position of regions or nations on a 0–1 scale using quantifiable standardized social data (such as employment, life expectancy or adult literacy) (see for example Cameron, 2005). In all cases, however, spatial disparity indicators show much variability. Regional disparities may have significant negative socio-economic cost consequences, for instance, because of social welfare transfers, inefficient production systems (for example due to an inefficient allocation of resources) and undesirable social conditions (see Gilles, 1998). Given a neoclassical framework of analysis, these disparities (for example in terms of per capita income) are assumed to vanish in the long run, because of the spatial mobility of production factors which causes at the end an equalization of factor productivity in all regions. Clearly, long-range factors such as education, research and development (R&D) and technology play a critical structural role in this context. In the short run, however, regional disparities may show rather persistent trends (see also Patuelli, 2007).
Research on the Effect of Perceived Risk to Consumer Adoption Will of Tourism M-commerce

With the spreading of smart phone and PAD, the space for tourism M-commerce’s development has become bigger and bigger. Considering the opening of tourism M-commerce, the user’s perceived risk is a key obstacle to the progress. This article bases on the theory of technology acceptance model, brings the perceived risk as a prior variable, then Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use take the role of intermediate variables, and by using willingness to accept as an outcome variable, a model of acceptance in tourism M-commerce is constructed. The consequence is as follows: Product Risk affects adoption by Perceived Usefulness, Economic Risk, Privacy Risk and Technology Risk work through Perceived Ease of use.
Opinion and Sentiment Variations Analyzed on Twitter and Facebook

: Twitter platform is priceless to comply with the public sentiments. Realizing customers factor of views and reasons in the back of them at more than a few point is an principal learn to take detailed decisions. Categorization of positive and poor opinions is a procedure of sentiment analysis. In this paper, we have carried out further analysis to hold the useful insights for PSV utilizing tweets and facebook feedback with a exact target. We propose a Novel reason Mining Algorithm to seek out the feasible explanations affecting PSV in huge sentiment variation interval. It uses incremental iterative technique to refine the final record of most influential factors. To provide more intuitive representation, the algorithm ranks a collection of mined motive candidates. The purpose candidate with probably the most quantity of tweets/feedback is the main intent for sentiment variation in that point period. The quality of mined causes most commonly is dependent upon the high-quality of clusters formed previous to reason mining.
The Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change in Pastoral Communities of Ethiopia

The world’s drylands are home to 2 billion people, many of whom depend on natural resources, biodiversity and agro-biodiversity for their livelihoods. The vulnerability of pastoral communities to climate change is higher than those who depend on agriculture (crop production) due to the synergic effect of inadequate health services, inadequate infrastructure, poverty (especially among rural communities), lack of alternative means of income(especially in marginal areas), inadequate public awareness of disease risks, illiteracy, and so on. As a result, this review focuses on the adaptive and mitigation strategies for pastoral communities to climate change and variability in Ethiopia. The objective of this review is to identify different adaptation and mitigation strategies (both traditional and modern) to climate change that should be used in different Pastoral communities of Ethiopia. In other words, it helps those pastoral communities to share the information about applicability and benefits of the new adaptation and mitigation strategies, and/or improve the implementation process of previously existing strategies (measures). Consequently, the loss of human and livestock life, damage of buildings by wind, reduction in production and productivity, extra cost for cure, inappropriate (sudden migration), and disturbance of overall activities of pastoral community can be minimized by sharing the important information about the future occurrence of disasters. The appropriate measures either used by local communities and/or recommended by different researchers after their findings are: keeping or improving animal health, de-stocking and re-stocking livestock depending on weather conditions, keeping the sustainability of livestock feed and water, diversifying livelihood, seasonal migration, using alternate energy sources other than fire wood and charcoal, improving human health (sanitation) and clean water supply, market and infrastructure development and improvement, using integrated natural resource management, and sound policy and Conflict resolution methods.
Challenging design students to be ethical professionals in a changing landscape of technologies

School of CommunicationUniversity of South AustraliaDespite the existence of Web accessibility guidelines since 1999, the evidence suggests acontinuation of design practices that limit the accessibility of Websites for diverseaudiences. This problem has been further compounded with the increasing popularity oftechnologies such as Flash, which have encouraged many designers to place greateremphasis on form than function. This paper examines these issues and proposes ahumanistic approach to Web design; one which acknowledges the designer’s responsibilityto create sites that contribute to and improve the quality of life for all users. The role thatdesign educators need to play in challenging their students to engage in design practicesthat will ensure the sites they develop are accessible in a changing landscape oftechnologies are explored in this paper, and the benefits of incorporating changes into thedesign curriculum that address the need for graduate designers to be aware of, and toengage in, inclusive design practices are discussed. After presenting the case for changes inthe design curriculum that engage students in inclusive design practices, a case study basedon the development of an undergraduate program that promotes inclusive design ispresented. The strategies developed to ensure students understand the techniques requiredto create accessible and compliant Flash designs are discussed in some detail and in thefinal section of the paper, the benefits for students and the community groups with whichthey engage through their program of studies are discussed.Keywords: web design, curriculum design, form and function, ethical issues, advanced webtechnologies, Flash design, web accessibility, universal design
Modelling Goal Selection of Characters in Primary Groups in Crowd Simulations

This work presents an agent based behavioural model that simulates decision making ability of individual characters of primary social groups in crowd simulations. The proposed approach includes a decision function which is used by each character in order to select the most appropriate goal from a list of predefined goals. This decision function selects a goal for an agent by evaluating attractions to goals, distance to goals, decisions of fellow companions in the agent’s group, and attractions towards such companions. The behavioural realism of this model was evaluated through a series of experiments that compared parameters of real world scenarios with their simulated counterparts. The level of realism at which the model simulates characters is suitable for crowd simulations in entertainment related applications such as video games and movies. Further, the profiling of the algorithm shows that the approach is capable of being deployed in real-time applications such as video games. (Received in March 2015, accepted in May 2016. This paper was with the authors 7 months for 1 revision.)
The Growth Mechanisms of Macroscopic Bodies in Protoplanetary Disks

The formation of planetesimals, the kilometer-sized planetary precursors, is still a puzzling process. Considerable progress has been made over the past years in the physical description of the first stages of planetesimal formation, owing to extensive laboratory work. This review examines the experimental achievements and puts them into the context of the dust processes in protoplanetary disks. It has become clear that planetesimal formation starts with the growth of fractal dust aggregates, followed by compaction processes. As the dust-aggregate sizes increase, the mean collision velocity also increases, leading to the stalling of the growth and possibly to fragmentation, once the dust aggregates have reached decimeter sizes. A multitude of hypotheses for the further growth have been proposed, such as very sticky materials, secondary collision processes, enhanced growth at the snow line, or cumulative dust effects with gravitational instability. We will also critically review these ideas.
Application of a Thermal Mannequin to the Assessment of the Heat Insulating Power of Protective Garments for Premature Babies

Abstract In this study, the new tool for measuring thermal insulating power of garments for premature babies under coupled heat and moisture transport was developed. The thermal mannequin corresponds to the body weight and size of a premature baby born in the thirty fourth week of pregnancy. The mannequin surface temperature can be set at various levels, while the heat loss is measured in W/m2. The mannequin is divided into eleven independent heating zones and seven independent zones of moisture evolution. The study also presents the test results of heat insulating power obtained for the newly developed garment set with commercially available garment set for babies, conducted under different climatic conditions. The results exhibit the advantage of the new material construction of the garment over the commercially available one.