Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Une approche hybride pour la construction de lexiques bilingues d’expressions multi-mots à partir de corpus parallèles (A hybrid approach to build bilingual lexicons of multiword expressions from parallel corpora)

Les expressions multi-mots jouent un rôle important dans différentes applications du Traitement Automatique de la Langue telles que la traduction automatique et la recherche d’information interlingue. Cet article, d’une part, décrit une approche hybride pour l’acquisition d’un lexique bilingue d’expressions multi-mots à partir d’un corpus parallèle anglais-français, et d’autre part, présente l’impact de l’utilisation d’un lexique bilingue spécialisé d’expressions multi-mots produit par cette approche sur les résultats du système de traduction statistique libre Moses. Nous avons exploré deux métriques basées sur la co-occurrence pour évaluer les liens d’alignement entre les expressions multi-mots des langues source et cible. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la métrique utilisant un dictionnaire bilingue amorce de mots simples améliore aussi bien la qualité de l’alignement d’expressions multi-mots que celle de la traduction.
Photocarcinogenesis: UVA vs. UVB Radiation

Recent research is revealing combinations of disturbed oncogenic and tumor-suppressive signaling pathways by altered or missing genes in skin cancers: mutated PTCH (in the mitogenic Sonic Hedgehog pathway) and mutated p53 tumor suppressor gene in basal cell carcinomas (BCC), possibly an activated mitogenic RAS pathway and mutated p53 in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and possibly an activated MET/RAS pathway and inactive p16INK4a tumor suppressor in cutaneous melanomas. UV radiation damages DNA and can give rise to genomic alterations, varying from point mutations to crude chromosomal dislocations. UVB radiation (wavelength band 280–315 nm) is more carcinogenic than UVA radiation (315–400 nm) in experimental induction of SCC. The impact of UVB radiation can be clearly inferred from the characteristic point mutations in p53 found in human SCC and BCC. In contrast to UVB radiation, much of the mutagenic and carcinogenic action of UVA radiation appears to be mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Experiments have shown that UVA1 (340–400 nm) exposure induces SCC largely without the characteristic point mutations in p53. Both UVB and UVA radiation can give rise to ROS-related point mutations (e.g. G to T) and crude genomic alterations (e.g. deletions) which may not be recognized as caused by UV radiation.
Differentiating Cache Files for Fine-grain Management to Improve Mobile Performance and Lifetime

Most mobile applications need to download data from the network. The Android system temporarily stores these data as cache ﬁles in the local ﬂash storage to improve their re-access performance. For example, using Facebook for two hours in one case generated 1.2GB cache ﬁles. Writing all cache ﬁles to the ﬂash storage has a negative impact on the overall I/O performance and deteriorates the lifetime of mobile ﬂash storage. In this paper, we analyze the access characteristics of cache ﬁles of typical mobile applications. Our observations reveal that the access patterns of caches ﬁles are different from application-level to ﬁle-level. While existing solutions treat all cache ﬁles equally, this paper differentiates cache ﬁles into three categories, burn-after-reading, transient, and long-living. A Fine-grain Cache File Management (FCFM) framework is proposed to manage different cache ﬁles differently to improve the performance and lifetime of the mobile system. Evaluations using YouTube show that FCFM can signiﬁcantly improve the performance and lifetime of mobile devices.
Spatial Dimension of Unemployment: Space-Time Analysis Using Real-Time Accessibility in Czechia

This paper focuses on the analysis of unemployment data in Czechia on a very detailed spatial structure and yearly, extended time series (2002–2019). The main goal of the study was to examine the spatial dimension of disparities in regional unemployment and its evolutionary tendencies on a municipal level. To achieve this goal, global and local spatial autocorrelation methods were used. Besides spatial and space-time analyses, special attention was given to spatial weight matrix selection. The spatial weights were created according to real-time accessibilities between the municipalities based on the Czech road network. The results of spatial autocorrelation analyses based on network spatial weights were compared to the traditional distance-based spatial weights. Despite significant methodological differences between applied spatial weights, the resulting spatial pattern of unemployment proved to be very similar. Empirically, relative stability of spatial patterns of unemployment with only slow shift of differentiation from macro- to microlevels could be observed.
Response of Photosynthesis and Dark-CO2-Fixation to Light, CO2 and Temperature in Leaf Slices under Osmotic Stress

Photosynthesis and dark-C02-fixation were measured in vacuum-infiltrated leaf slices from the mesophyte Spinacia oleracea and the Mediterranean xerophytc Arbutus unedo under hypertonic stress as a function of light-intensity, C02-concentration and temperature, in the absence of stomatal control. Under hypertonic stress, photosynthesis and dark-C02-fixation were inhibited in leaf tissue from both plants. 50% inhibition of photosynthesis in spinach occurred at about —3 0 MPa, and of dark-C02-fixation at about -3-5 MPa. 50% inhibition of photosynthesis in Arbutus unedo was reached at about -4-0 MPa (sorbitol as osmoticum). In both plants, osmotic dehydration decreased the slope and the maximum of the C02- and light-response curves. The slope of the C02-response curve of dark-C02-fixation was also decreased under hypertonic stress, but the inhibition of the maximal fixation rate was less obvious than for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis and dark-C02-fixation differed significantly in their response to high temperature: under light- and C02-saturation, photosynthesis of spinach leaf slices had a temperature optimum at about 37 °C, and it was nearly completely inhibited at 45 °C. The rate of dark-C02-fixation, however, increased continuously up to 45 °C. Osmotic dehydration increased the resistance of photosynthesis to high temperatures.
Alignement de termes de longueur variable en corpus comparables spécialisés (Alignment of variable length terms in specialized comparable corpora)

Nous proposons dans cet article une adaptation de l’approche compositionnelle étendue capable d’aligner des termes de longueurs variables à partir de corpus comparables, en modifiant la représentation des termes complexes. Nous proposons également de nouveaux modes de pondération pour l’approche standard qui améliorent les résultats des approches état de l’art pour les termes simples et complexes en domaine de spécialité.
Traduction automatique du japonais vers le français Bilan et perspectives (Machine Translation from Japanese to French - Review and Prospects)

Nous étudions la possibilité de construire un dispositif de traduction automatique neuronale du japonais vers le français, capable d’obtenir des résultats à la hauteur de l’état de l’art, sachant que l’on ne peut disposer de grands corpus alignés bilingues. Nous proposons un état de l’art et relevons de nombreux signes d’amélioration de la qualité des traductions, en comparaison aux traductions statistiques jusque-là prédominantes. Nous testons ensuite un des baselines librement disponibles, OpenNMT, qui produit des résultats encourageants. Sur la base de cette expérience, nous proposons plusieurs pistes pour améliorer à terme la traduction et pour compenser le manque de corpus.
Analyse de sentiments à base d’aspects par combinaison de réseaux profonds : application à des avis en français (A combination of deep learning methods for aspect-based sentiment analysis : application to French reviews)

Cet article propose une approche d’analyse de sentiments à base d’aspects dans un texte d’opinion. Cette approche se base sur deux étapes principales : l’extraction d’aspects et la classification du sentiment relatif à chaque aspect. Pour l’extraction d’aspects, nous proposons une nouvelle approche qui combine un CNN pour l’apprentissage de représentation de caractères, un b-LSTM pour joindre l’apprentissage de représentation de caractères et de mots et un CRF pour l’étiquetage des séquences de mots en entités. Pour la classification de sentiments, nous utilisons un réseau à mémoire d’attention pour associer un sentiment (positif, négatif ou neutre) à une expression d’aspect donnée. Les expérimentations sur des corpus d’avis (publics et industriels) en langue française ont montré des performances qui dépassent les méthodes existantes.
Ideological cultures and media discourses on scientific knowledge: re-reading news on climate change

Focusing on the representation of climate change in the British “quality press,” this article argues that the discursive (re)construction of scientific claims in the media is strongly entangled with ideological standpoints. Understood here as a set of ideas and values that legitimate a program of action vis-à-vis a given social and political order, ideology works as a powerful selection device in deciding what is scientific news, i.e. what the relevant “facts” are, and who are the authorized “agents of definition” of science matters. The representation of scientific knowledge has important implications for evaluating political programs and assessing the responsibility of both governments and the public in addressing climate change.
Etude de la reproductibilité des word embeddings : repérage des zones stables et instables dans le lexique (Reproducibility of word embeddings : identifying stable and unstable zones in the semantic space)

Les modèles vectoriels de sémantique distributionnelle (ou word embeddings), notamment ceux produits par les méthodes neuronales, posent des questions de reproductibilité et donnent des représentations différentes à chaque utilisation, même sans modifier leurs paramètres. Nous présentons ici un ensemble d’expérimentations permettant de mesurer cette instabilité, à la fois globalement et localement. Globalement, nous avons mesuré le taux de variation du voisinage des mots sur trois corpus différents, qui est estimé autour de 17% pour les 25 plus proches voisins d’un mot. Localement, nous avons identifié et caractérisé certaines zones de l’espace sémantique qui montrent une relative stabilité, ainsi que des cas de grande instabilité.
Analyse morpho-syntaxique en présence d’alternance codique (PoS tagging of Code Switching)

L’alternance codique est le phénomène qui consiste à alterner les langues au cours d’une même conversation ou d’une même phrase. Avec l’augmentation du volume généré par les utilisateurs, ce phénomène essentiellement oral, se retrouve de plus en plus dans les textes écrits, nécessitant d’adapter les tâches et modèles de traitement automatique de la langue à ce nouveau type d’énoncés. Ce travail présente la collecte et l’annotation en partie du discours d’un corpus d’énoncés comportant des alternances codiques et évalue leur impact sur la tâche d’analyse morpho-syntaxique.
De l’usage réel des emojis à une prédiction de leurs catégories (From Emoji Usage to Emoji-Category Prediction)

L’utilisation des emojis dans les messageries sociales n’a eu de cesse d’augmenter ces dernières années. Plusieurs travaux récents ont porté sur la prédiction d’emojis afin d’épargner à l’utillisateur le parcours de librairies d’emojis de plus en plus conséquentes. Nous proposons une méthode permettant de récupérer automatiquement les catégories d’emojis à partir de leur contexte d’utilisation afin d’améliorer la prédiction finale. Pour ce faire nous utilisons des plongements lexicaux en considérant les emojis comme des mots présents dans des tweets. Nous appliquons ensuite un regroupement automatique restreint aux emojis visages afin de vérifier l’adéquation des résultats avec la théorie d’Ekman. L’approche est reproductible et applicable sur tous types d’emojis, ou lorsqu’il est nécessaire de prédire de nombreuses classes.
MOTS : un outil modulaire pour le résumé automatique (MOTS : A Modular Framework for Automatic Summarization )

Cet article présente un système open source et modulaire pour le résumé automatique : MOTS, développé en Java. Son architecture permet d’implémenter et tester de nouvelles méthodes de résumé automatique et de les comparer avec des méthodes existantes dans un cadre unifié. Ce système, le premier complètement modulaire pour le résumé automatique permet à l’heure actuelle de définir plus de cent combinaisons de modules afin de résumer automatiquement des textes en langage naturel.
The response of squid and fish to changes in the angular distribution of light

This paper describes the responses of a squid (Alloteuthis subulata) and a fish (Trachurus trachurus) to changes in the angular distribution of light. An apparatus was made that simulated the angular distribution of daylight in the sea. The apparatus enabled the direction of the brightest light to be changed and the positions of the animals in response to these changes were observed. Squid viewed head-on were observed to roll by a maximum of 20° when the incident light source was at angles between 20° and 90° (where 0° is vertically downwards). When viewed laterally, i.e. in the pitch plane, the squid were observed to position themselves more closely with respect to the angle of the light source, they swam in a near vertical plane when the incident light source was at an angle of 90°. Swimming movements in the roll and pitch plane became more horizontal with positions of the light source between 90 and 180°. Horse mackerel, in contrast, inclined their dorsal surfaces to almost perfectly match the angle of the incident light source, even swimming upside-down when light came from below. These experiments also revealed that squid display a counter-shading chromatophore pattern (‘Flexible Countershading’) in response to light coming from the sides, which involves darkening the side of the body facing the brightest light. The use of chromatophores in this way may explain why the dorsal light reflex in squid is so weak compared to that of fish.
Représentation et analyse automatique des discontinuités syntaxiques dans les corpus arborés en constituants du français (Representation and parsing of syntactic discontinuities in French constituent treebanks)

Nous présentons de nouvelles instanciations de trois corpus arborés en constituants du français, où certains phénomènes syntaxiques à l’origine de dépendances à longue distance sont représentés directement à l’aide de constituants discontinus. Les arbres obtenus relèvent de formalismes grammaticaux légèrement sensibles au contexte (LCFRS). Nous montrons ensuite qu’il est possible d’analyser automatiquement de telles structures de manière efficace à condition de s’appuyer sur une méthode d’inférence approximative. Pour cela, nous présentons un analyseur syntaxique par transitions, qui réalise également l’analyse morphologique et l’étiquetage fonctionnel des mots de la phrase. Enfin, nos expériences montrent que la rareté des phénomènes concernés dans les données françaises pose des difficultés pour l’apprentissage et l’évaluation des structures discontinues.
Non-random segregation of sister chromosomes by Escherichia coli MukBEF axial cores

The Escherichia coli structural maintenance of chromosomes complex, MukBEF, forms axial cores to chromosomes that determine their spatio-temporal organization. Here, we show that axial cores direct chromosome arms to opposite poles and generate the translational symmetry between newly replicated sister chromosomes. MatP, a replication terminus (ter) binding protein prevents chromosome rotation around the longitudinal cell axis by displacing MukBEF from ter, thereby maintaining the linear shape of axial cores. During DNA replication, MukBEF action directs lagging strands towards the cell center, marked by accumulation of DNA-bound β2-clamps in the wake of replisomes, in a process necessary for the translational symmetry of sister chromosomes. Finally, the ancestral (‘immortal’) template DNA strand, propagated from previous generations, is preferentially inherited by the cell forming at the old pole, dependent on MukBEF-MatP. The work demonstrates how chromosome organization-segregation can foster non-random inheritance of genetic material and provides a framework for understanding how chromosome conformation and dynamics shape subcellular organization.
The evolution of social dominance through reinforcement learning

Groups of social animals are often organised into dominance hierarchies that are formed through pairwise interactions. There is much experimental data on hierarchies, examining such things as winner, loser, and bystander effects, as well as the linearity and replicability of hierarchies, but there is a lack evolutionary analyses of these basic observations. Here I present a game-theory model of hierarchy formation in which individuals adjust their aggressive behaviour towards other group members through reinforcement learning. Individual traits such as the tendency to generalise learning between interactions with different individuals, the rate of learning, and the initial tendency to be aggressive are genetically determined and can be tuned by evolution. I find that evolution favours individuals with high social competence, making use of individual recognition, bystander learning and, to a limited extent, generalising learned behaviour between opponents when adjusting their behaviour towards other group members. The results are in good agreement with experimental data, for instance in finding weaker winner effects compared to loser effects.
A Psychometric Platform to Collect Somatosensory Sensations for Neuroprosthetic Use

Somatosensory neuroprostheses exploit invasive and non-invasive feedback technologies to restore sensorimotor functions lost to disease or trauma. These devices use electrical stimulation to communicate sensory information to the brain. A sensation characterization procedure is thus necessary to determine the appropriate stimulation parameters and to establish a clear personalized map of the sensations that can be restored. Several questionnaires have been described in the literature to collect the quality, type, location and intensity of the evoked sensations, but there is still no standard psychometric platform. Here we propose a new psychometric system containing previously validated questionnaires on evoked sensations, which can be applied to any kind of somatosensory neuroprosthesis. The platform collects stimulation parameters used to elicit sensations; records subjects’ percepts in terms of sensation location, type, quality, perceptual threshold, and intensity. It further collects data using standardized assessment questionnaires and scales, performs measurements over time, and collects phantom limb pain syndrome data. The psychometric platform is user-friendly and provides clinicians with all the information needed to assess the sensory feedback. The psychometric platform was validated with three trans-radial amputees. They platform was used to assess intraneural sensory feedback provided through implanted peripheral nerve interfaces. The proposed platform could act as a new standardized assessment toolbox to homogenize the reporting of results obtained with different technologies in the field of somatosensory neuroprosthetics.
Male migration and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys

Genetic, demographic, and behavioral evidence from a population of wild rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed to test the widely held assumption that social subdivision of mammalian populations, as seen in the rhesus monkey, results in inbreeding. This assumption has been important in attempts to explain rapid rates of evolution among mammals. Demographic records were kept over a period of 42 months on a study population comprising 292 animals, subdivided into seven social groups. Blood was collected from about 80% of the animals in five of these groups. The ecology and behavior of one group was studied intensively. Groups were not found to be inbred. Rather, they were genetically similar and possessed an excess of heterozygotes at a number of loci, indicating high gene flow between groups and avoidance of consanguineous matings throughout the population. This is consonant with behavioral observations of male‐limited natal group emigration, relatively short nonnatal group male tenure, and seemingly random distribution of male migration. These results, corroborated by genetic and behavioral data on other social mammals, raise questions about current theories that draw a direct causal link between social structure and inbreeding in mammals.
The prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rodent hosts in China and several Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Angiostrogylus cantonensis (A.cantonensis) is a zoonotic parasitic nematode, with a worldwide distribution, causing eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans. Although the biology of A.cantonensis is relatively well known, little is understood about the transmission level in different zoogeographical regions, especially in Asia. Here, to evaluate the prevalence of A.cantonensis in rodent hosts in China and several Asian countries, we conducted a systematic review registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020161665). Methods Records were selected systematically from 7 databases (Medline via to Pubmed, Web of science, Scopus, Google Scholar, CNKI, Wangfang, CBM). Forest plots and random-effects model were used to display pooled estimates. The Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation of R software was used to conduct meta-analysis and statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results A total of 67 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimates of A.cantonensis infection in rodents was 0.1003 (95%CI: 0.0765, 0.1268). There was significant heterogeneity in reported outcomes (p<0.0001). So we considered that there was no publication bias in the included studies. Conclusion The A.cantonensis infection rate among rodent hosts was still high in Asia, particularly in China, especially in Rattus norvegicus, and thus comprehensive measures should be taken for rodent hosts control to avoid an angiostrongyliasis outbreak. Due to the wide distribution and movement of rodent hosts, people in all regions of China, even in other Asia area live at risk of an infection. Hence, the development of more reliable diagnostic tests will be key for an effective identification of cases as well as improved patient care. Consequently, further studies are required to updated strategies for controlling A.cantonensis infection among human population.