Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Divergent responses of fire to recent warming and drying across south‐eastern Australia

The response of fire to climate change may vary across fuel types characteristic of differing vegetation types (i.e. litter vs. grass). Models of fire under climatic change capture these differing potential responses to varying degrees. Across south‐eastern Australia, an elevation in the severity of weather conditions conducive to fire has been measured in recent decades. We examined trends in area burned (1975–2009) to determine if a corresponding increase in fire had occurred across the diverse range of ecosystems found in this part of the continent. We predicted that an increase in fire, due to climatic warming and drying, was more likely to have occurred in moist, temperate forests near the coast than in arid and semiarid woodlands of the interior, due to inherent contrasts in the respective dominant fuel types (woody litter vs. herbaceous fuels). Significant warming (i.e. increased temperature and number of hot days) and drying (i.e. negative precipitation anomaly, number of days with low humidity) occurred across most of the 32 Bioregions examined. The results were mostly consistent with predictions, with an increase in area burned in seven of eight forest Bioregions, whereas area burned either declined (two) or did not change significantly (nine) in drier woodland Bioregions. In 12 woodland Bioregions, data were insufficient for analysis of temporal trends in fire. Increases in fire attributable mostly to warming or drying were confined to three Bioregions. In the remainder, such increases were mostly unrelated to warming or drying trends and therefore may be due to other climate effects not explored (e.g. lightning ignitions) or possible anthropogenic influences. Projections of future fire must therefore not only account for responses of different fuel systems to climatic change but also the wider range of ecological and human effects on interactions between fire and vegetation.
of Optimising Unicode Regular Expression Evaluation with Previews .

SUMMARY The jsre regular expression library was designed to provide fast matching of complex expressions over large input streams using user-selectable character encodings. An established design approach was used: a simulated non-deterministic automaton (NFA) implemented as a virtual machine, avoiding exponential cost functions in either space or time. A deterministic automaton (DFA) was chosen as a general dispatching mechanism for Unicode character classes and this also provided the opportunity to use compact DFAs in various optimization strategies. The result was the development of a regular expression Preview which provides a summary of all the matches possible from a given point in a regular expression in a form that can be implemented as a compact DFA and can be used to further improve the performance of the standard NFA simulation algorithm. This paper formally defines a preview and describes and evaluates several optimizations using this construct. They provide significant speed improvements accrued from fast scanning of anchor positions, avoiding retesting of repeated strings in unanchored searches, and efficient searching of multiple alternate expressions which in the case of keyword searching has a time complexity which is logarithmic in the number of words to be searched.
OR Forum - OR and the Airline Overbooking Problem

This paper surveys the application of operations research to airline overbooking, a distinctive problem of considerable significance to the public as well as the airline industry, and one which has received great attention in the press. The airlines have been overbooking their flights deliberately for decades, while moving gradually from a posture of categorical denial to a disclosure of their practices. Through the years, they have developed and employed a variety of statistical and tactical models to predict and control the consequences of this controversial procedure for increasing load factors. Yet, the situation still has not been resolved satisfactorily. The article analyzes the problems that motivate overbooking, discusses the relevant practices of the air carriers, and describes significant contributions and implementations of operations research.
First Trimester Biochemical Screening for Trisomy 21

I appreciate Dr Crowley's comments. At the time of writing I had seen one paper on lactic acidosis from Chattha et al.' published as a brief report. Subsequently, there have been a series of letters and additional papers published and I would agree that specific mention should now be made of lactic acidosis in HIV disease. In the absence of sepsis and hypoxia, thiamine deficiency and zidovudine therapy should be considered as possible causes. Indeed, the latest data sheet on zidovudine from Wellcome has added the following advice: 'Treatment with Retrovir should be suspended in the setting of rapidly elevating aminotransferase levels, progressive hepatomegaly, or metabolic/lactic acidosis of unknown aetiology'. 2 The value of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurements is not universally accepted, chiefly because the lack of tissue specificity may make interpretation difficult and isoenzyme studies are not readily available. We started measuring total LDH, not for its clinical value, but as a requirement for drug trials. While I agree that levels are usually increased in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), one survey concluded that it was a poor screening test in patients without dyspnoea and was no substitute for microbiological studies. " However, I would certainly accept that very high levels can be helpful in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Awareness and use of blood cholesterol tests in 40-74-year-olds by educational level.

Questions on awareness, use, and results of blood cholesterol tests were included in telephone surveys on cancer conducted in 1988 on random samples of persons 40-74 years of age in Long Island, NY (N = 440), and in Connecticut (N = 453). Educational level was significantly and positively associated with the proportions reporting ever having heard of blood cholesterol tests, ever having had a test done ("by a doctor"), and having a recent test, 1987-88, but not with the proportion reportedly having been told by a doctor that their cholesterol level was "high. " In multivariate analyses, greater education (college graduate versus all others) and greater frequency of medical checkups (annual versus other) were significant independent predictors of ever having had a cholesterol test or having been tested in 1987 or 1988. Implications of findings were discussed with regard to monitoring changes over time in awareness and use of cholesterol tests according to educational level and to planning interventions aimed at less educated groups.
The effect of tolerance on the specificity of the antibody response: antibody to oxazolonated albumin of animals tolerant to the protein carrier.

Animals tolerant to human albumin (HA) produce antibody when immunized as adults with oxazolonated derivatives of HA. The proportion of animals producing antibody depends on the number of haptens per molecule of human albumin used in immunization. Two types of antibody-reactivities can be distinguished, one essentially directed to oxazolone and the other directed against protein determinants. The first of these constitutes the larger fraction of the total antibody. The protein antibody appears to be better adapted to the determinants of the native protein than to determinants of the modified protein, and is thus similar to previously described heteroclytic antibodies (18). These antibodies appear to be less well adapted to the immunogen than to a cross-reacting molecule. The findings are discussed in terms of the protein conformation of derivatives and of hypothetical receptor sites through which antibody synthesis may be initiated.
Tradução de manuais de montagem e manutenção de máquinas industriais.

O presente trabalho visa descrever o andamento de um projeto intitulado por Traducao de manuais de montagem e manutencao de maquinas industriais , que faz parte do programa da Petrobras PFRH (Programa Petrobras de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos – nivel tecnico) sobre traducoes de manuais de maquinas na area de mecânica. O projeto tem como participantes cinco alunos do curso de subsequente em mecânica e uma professora de lingua inglesa. A necessidade do projeto nasceu da real necessidade de desenvolvimento de ferramentas de consulta que contribuam na reducao de tempo e custos com servicos terceirizados para traducao de manuais no setor industrial, visto que a necessidade de eficiencia e agilidade no mundo do trabalho globalizado implica na otimizacao da comunicacao e interacao, buscando minimizar os problemas acarretados pelas barreiras linguisticas e os custos para traducao, ou mesmo o tempo levado para o devido aprendizado dos manuais em uma lingua estrangeira. O projeto ampara o desenvolvimento da pesquisa na area tecnologica e ajuda a formar profissionais que tenham habilidade multilinguistica na sua area de formacao, tendo como meta a aquisicao de conhecimento atualizado em sua area tecnica. No âmbito da lingua propriamente dita, trabalhamos com traducoes que se encontram na lingua inglesa, que serao traduzidos para a lingua portuguesa, utilizando a abordagem de ensino de lingua inglesa tecnica conhecido como ESP – English for Specific Purpose, e suas tecnicas de leitura que servirao de analise das formacoes e estruturas linguisticas presentes no genero textual dos manuais. Tambem sao utilizadas teorias de traducao para que os alunos passem a ter consciencia linguistica do sistema da lingua.
Mechanisms of structural colour in the Morpho butterfly: cooperation of regularity and irregularity in an iridescent scale

Structural colour in the Morpho butterfly originates from submicron structure within a scale and, for over a century, its colour and reflectivity have been explained as interference of light due to the multilayer of cuticle and air. However, this model fails to explain the extraordinarily uniform colour of the wing with respect to the observation direction. We have performed microscopic, optical and theoretical investigations, and have found that the separate lamellar structure with irregular heights is extremely important. Using a simple model, we have shown that the combined action of interference and diffraction is essential for the structural colour of the Morpho butterfly.
Characterization of General Transcription Factor 3, a Transcription Factor Involved in Slow Muscle-specific Gene Expression*

General transcription factor 3 (GTF3) binds specifically to the bicoid-like motif of the troponin Islow upstream enhancer. This motif is part of a sequence that restricts enhancer activity to slow muscle fibers. GTF3 contains multiple helix-loop-helix domains and an amino-terminal leucine zipper motif. Here we show that helix-loop-helix domain 4 is necessary and sufficient for binding the bicoid-like motif. Moreover, the affinity of this interaction is enhanced upon removal of amino-terminal sequences including domains 1 and 2, suggesting that an unmasking of the DNA binding surface may be a precondition for GTF3 to bind DNAin vivo. We have also investigated the interactions of six GTF3 splice variants of the mouse, three of which were identified in this study, with the troponin enhancer. The γ-isoform lacking exon 23, and exons 26–28 that encode domain 6, interacted most avidly with the bicoid-like motif; the α- and β- isoforms that include these exons fail to bind in gel retardation assays. We also show that GTF3 polypeptides associate with each other via the leucine zipper. We speculate that cells can generate a large number of GTF3 proteins with distinct DNA binding properties by alternative splicing and combinatorial association of GTF3 polypeptides.
SURVIVAL OF Listeria monocytogenes IN SOIL AND WATER1 2

Listeria monocytogenes survived over 8 weeks in pond water, with no evidence of multiplication. Listeria multiplied in sterilized soil during the late winter and early spring. The growth rate in soil was correlated (p<0.005) to the ambient air temperature. The evidence was interpreted to suggest that soil is the reservoir of Listeria on the George Reserve.
Isogenic Lysogens of Diverse Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Bacteriophages Produce Markedly Different Amounts of Shiga Toxin

ABSTRACT We produced isogenic Escherichia coli K-12 lysogens of seven different Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-encoding bacteriophages derived from clinical Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolates of serotypes O157:H7, O145, O111, and O83 to assess the variability among these phages and determine if there were phage-related differences in toxin production. Phage genomic restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and superinfection resistance studies revealed significant differences among these phages and allowed the seven phages to be placed into five distinct groups. Experiments revealed striking differences in spontaneous phage and toxin production that were correlated with the groupings derived from the RFLP and resistance studies. These results suggest that the genotype of the Stx2 prophage can influence the level of phage release and toxin expression by host strains and thus may be relevant to STEC pathogenesis.
Jaw‐muscle activity in ferrets, Mustela putorius furo

Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded bilaterally from the masseter and temporalis muscles of alert ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) during mastication and crushing. Electromyographic activity was also recorded during biting while a bite‐force transducer placed between the carnassial teeth registered forces ranging from 1.5 to 48.8 N. Linear regression analysis demonstrates that temporalis and masseter EMG activity are linearly related to bite force. Electromyographic activity from the balancing‐side muscles is nearly equal to EMG activity of the working‐side muscles during bone crushing with the carnassial teeth. It is hypothesized that a high percentage of balancing‐side muscle activity in ferrets can be recruited during carnassial biting because the postglenoid process prevents ventral displacement of the working‐side mandibular condyle. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 17β‐estradiol and flutamide on inflammatory response and distant organ damage following trauma‐hemorrhage in metestrus females

We hypothesized that administration of androgen receptors antagonist flutamide following trauma‐hemorrhage (T‐H) in metestrus females will maintain immune function and reduce remote organ damage under those conditions. Female B57BL/J6 mice (metestrus state, 8–12 weeks old) underwent laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (35.0±5.0 mmHg for 90 min) and then received 17β‐estradiol (E2; 50 μg/25 g), flutamide (625 μg/25 g), or E2 + flutamide. Four hours after resuscitation, plasma cytokine and chemokine (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and MCP‐1) concentrations and their release in vitro by hepatic and pulmonary tissue macrophages (MΦ) were determined by flow cytometry. Organ damage was assessed by edema formation (wet‐to‐dry weight ratio) and neutrophil infiltration [myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity]. Administration of E2, flutamide, or E2 + flutamide following T‐H resulted in a significant decrease in systemic TNF‐α, IL‐6, and MCP‐1 concentrations under those conditions. This was accompanied by significantly decreased in vitro TNF‐α release by Kupffer cells after administration of E2, flutamide, or E2 + flutamide. The in vitro release of proinflammatory cytokines by alveolar MΦ, however, was reduced significantly only by the addition of E2 or E2 + flutamide but not by the addition of flutamide. A significant decrease in pulmonary and hepatic edema formation as well as neutrophil infiltration in the lung was observed after E2, flutamide and E2 + flutamide administration. In contrast, hepatic neutrophil infiltration was only significantly reduced following E2 and E2 + flutamide administration. Thus, although flutamide does not produce synergistic, salutary effects with E2, its administration in females following T‐H also produces salutary effects on the immune and organ function, similar to E2 administration under those conditions.
A cluster of four D7‐related genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Four genes expressed in the Anopheles gambiae adult female salivary glands and similar in sequence to the Aedes aegypti D7 gene were identified. The genes, called D7‐related (D7r), are included in a single cluster encompassing approximately six kilobases on chromosome arm 3R. The deduced proteins contain secretory signals and they are probably injected by the mosquito into the host with the saliva during blood feeding. The region of similarity to D7 encompasses the carboxy‐terminal part of the Ae. aegypti protein and the different An. gambiae D7r show a degree of similarity to each other, varying from 53% to 73%. The weak but significant similarity to members of a wide family of insect proteins, including odourant‐ and pheromone‐binding proteins, raises the possibility that the D7r‐encoded proteins may bind and/or carry small hydrophobic ligands.
Couples therapy: effectiveness of treatment and long‐term follow‐up

Most couples therapy theories are developed and tested in the USA. In this clinical study, we investigated such therapies in a Swedish context. Over 300 couples were enrolled in the study of whom just under half completed the end-of-treatment assessment and just over 40 per cent a two-year follow-up. At the start, the study group displayed severe problems in marital adjustment, dyadic interactions and psychiatric symptoms. A relatively short treatment was used and 50 per cent of the couples attended less than nine sessions. Outcomes of treatment showed significant improvements in relationship matters, individual mental health and enhanced coping abilities. At long-term follow-up, all results remained the same and in some aspects improved for both sexes. This study confirms the effectiveness of such therapies in a Swedish context.
Acute Sensory Neuropathy Associated with Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin

Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) is indicated for the treatment of acute renal transplant rejection and has also been shown to be effective as an induction immunosuppressive agent after renal transplantation. We report a patient that developed a painful sensory neuropathy within an hour of receiving RATG. The neuropathic symptoms resolved within a month, and a careful review of his medications, exposures and comorbid conditions revealed no other causes of neuropathy. Since the administration of RATG and onset of symptoms were so closely related temporally and the symptoms resolved after the cessation of RATG, we believe it is likely this medication led to the development of neuropathy.
Development of a simple and effective protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated leaf disc transformation of commercial tomato cultivars

The transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens is still far from being routine, particularly when it comes to commercial varieties. In the present paper, we present an efficient and simple protocol for leaf disc transformation of three Vietnamese tomato cultivars (DM8, MTS, FM372C) by comparing shoot regeneration media for expanding leaves and examining different parameters of inoculation, co-culture and selection conditions. The present transformation method requires neither feeder layers of cell suspension cultures nor pre-culture. The data clearly show that appropriate cytokinin- and auxin combinations and concentrations provide competent tissues for transformation. Supplementing of 8µM trans-zeatin and 5 µM indoleacetic acid (IAA) into pre-treatment, inoculation and co-culture media resulted in higher frequency of transformation and stronger GUS-expression than that of media supplemented with 4 µM trans-zeatin and 2 µM IAA. The experiments also exhibited that tomato leaf tissues were more sensitive to glufosinate after inoculation with Agrobacteria compared to the untreated controls, so a more sophisticated scheme for the glufosinate selection had to be established.
Vision-based place recognition: how low can you go?

In this paper we use the algorithm SeqSLAM to address the question, how little and what quality of visual information is needed to localize along a familiar route? We conduct a comprehensive investigation of place recognition performance on seven datasets while varying image resolution (primarily 1 to 512 pixel images), pixel bit depth, field of view, motion blur, image compression and matching sequence length. Results confirm that place recognition using single images or short image sequences is poor, but improves to match or exceed current benchmarks as the matching sequence length increases. We then present place recognition results from two experiments where low-quality imagery is directly caused by sensor limitations; in one, place recognition is achieved along an unlit mountain road by using noisy, long-exposure blurred images, and in the other, two single pixel light sensors are used to localize in an indoor environment. We also show failure modes caused by pose variance and sequence aliasing, and discuss ways in which they may be overcome. By showing how place recognition along a route is feasible even with severely degraded image sequences, we hope to provoke a re-examination of how we develop and test future localization and mapping systems.
An Extension of the Concept of Partitioning Hereditary Variance for Analysis of Covariances among Relatives When Epistasis Is Present.

T is convenient, for purposes of description and analysis, to consider the I phenotypic expression of a characteristic as a sum of an hereditary or genotypic value and of an environmental value, If the actual joint results deviate from this linear description (i.e., if interaction effects exist) the breeder or geneticist must exercise caution in extrapolating from his results because in this case the hereditary and environmental values are defined specifically in terms of each other ( NELDER 1950). For some characteristics a transformation of scale may help in coming closer to additivity (WRIGHT 1950). With this linear description, the total or phenotypic variance may be considered to consist of the hereditary, environmental and interaction variances, and also of covariance terms if the components are correlated in their occurrence. The covariance between heredities and environments is often a troublesome feature in human and livestock populations. For example, where dairy cattle are fed in proportion to their production, the better genotypes are provided better environments. However, in designed experiments correlation in occurrence can, for the most part, be avoided by randomization devices. FISHER ( 1918) partitioned the phenotypic variance further by subdividing the hereditary variance into an additive portion resulting from average effects of genes, a portion resulting from dominance effects (allelic interactions) of genes and a portion resulting from epistatic effects (non-allelic interactions) of genes. FISHER showed the distribution of the additive and dominance portions in correlations between various relatives in a randomly mating population. The present paper shows the subdivision of the epistatic variance into components and gives the distribution of these epistatic components in the covariances or correlations between relatives.