Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of the surgical management of heel pressure ulcers in the 21st century

Heel ulceration, most frequently the result of prolonged pressure because of patient immobility, can range from the trivial to the life threatening. Whilst the vast majority of heel pressure ulcers (PUs) are superficial and involve the skin (stages I and II) or underlying fat (stage III), between 10% and 20% will involve deeper tissues, either muscle, tendon or bone (stage IV). These stage IV heel PUs represent a major health and economic burden and can be difficult to treat. The worst outcomes are seen in those with large ulcers, compromised peripheral arterial supply, osteomyelitis and associated comorbidities. Whilst the mainstay of management of stage I‐III heel pressure ulceration centres on offloading and appropriate wound care, successful healing in stage IV PUs is often only possible with surgical intervention. Such intervention includes simple debridement, partial or total calcanectomy, arterial revascularisation in the context of coexisting peripheral vascular disease or using free tissue flaps. Amputation may be required for failed surgical intervention, or as a definitive first‐line procedure in certain high‐risk or poor prognosis patient groups. This review provides an overview of heel PUs, alongside a comprehensive literature review detailing the surgical interventions available when managing such patients.
Ku-band hybrid GaN block upconverter for very small aperture terminals

Within this paper the development and design of a hybrid Ku-band block upconverter (BUC) with a GaN-HEMT amplifier is shown. The BUC is supposed to work within a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) where more often higher output power levels are required. Therefore the authors already developed GaN-HEMT power amplifiers up to Pout= 70 W. In here an integration of a 10 W amplifier within a newly developed BUC is shown that comes along with a small size and low weight, paired with a low amount of dissipated power. Additionally the BUC is equipped with a linearization technique that automatically improves the spectral regrowth for common modulation schemes (QPSK, 8PSK), as well as for future high order modulation (DVB-S2X, 5G). Finally the BUC is tested with a VSAT in a satellite link and demonstrates its function with up to data rates of 1 Mbit/s.
Toll-Like Receptors Are Temporally Involved in Host Defense

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that recognize microbial molecules and initiate host defense. To investigate how TLRs work together to fight infections, we tested the role of TLRs in host defense against the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Salmonella. We show that TLR4 is critical for early cytokine production and killing of bacteria by murine macrophages. Interestingly, later on, TLR2, but not TLR4, is required for macrophage responses. Myeloid differentiation factor 88, an adaptor protein directly downstream of TLRs, is required for both early and late responses. TLR4, TLR2, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 are involved in murine host defense against Salmonella in vivo, which correlates with the defects in host defense observed in vitro. We propose a model where the sequential activation of TLRs tailors the immune response to different microbes.
Effects of alatriopril, a mixed inhibitor of atriopeptidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme, on cardiac hypertrophy and hormonal responses in rats with myocardial infarction. Comparison with captopril.

The aim of the study was to compare, in a rat model of congestive heart failure, the effect of captopril, a selective angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitor, to that of alatriopril, a mixed inhibitor of ACE and atriopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11), an enzyme implicated in the degradation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. Groups of rats received orally twice daily captopril (10 mg/kg), alatriopril (100 mg/kg) or vehicle. Treatments were started 18 to 20 h after ligation and continued for 4 weeks. Hypertrophic and hormonal changes reflecting congestive heart failure were assessed in rats with large infarcts by measuring the relative weight of cardiac tissues as well as by assaying ANF in heart and plasma and by measuring renin activity in plasma. Both treatments significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy, but alatriopril showed a greater efficacy than captopril--the increase in relative heart weight reaching 38% with captopril and only 22% with alatriopril (P < .05). The hypertrophy of right ventricle was reduced by 47% with alatriopril and by 35% with captopril (N.S.), whereas the corresponding reductions for atria were 47% vs. 21% (P < .05). Both treatments prevented the ligation-induced increase of ANF level in the right ventricle. In contrast, plasma ANF level was significantly reduced after captopril but not after alatriopril treatment, a difference that probably reflects the protection of endogenous ANF in circulation resulting from atriopeptidase inhibition. Plasma renin was increased by 36-fold after captopril but only by 1.6-fold after alatriopril, a difference that presumably reflects the inhibition of renal renin secretion by endogenous ANF after alatriopril. These data suggest that enhancement of ANF levels in circulation via atriopeptidase inhibition magnifies the capacity of ACE inhibitors to prevent cardiac hypertrophy, and they show the potential therapeutic value of mixed ACE-atriopeptidase inhibitors in congestive heart failure.
Critical Review of Dietary Caffeine and Blood Pressure: A Relationship That Should Be Taken More Seriously

Objective This review aims to determine whether, and to what extent, dietary caffeine may be a risk to cardiovascular health. Methods A critical review of the relevant experimental and epidemiologic literature was conducted, with particular reference to studies of caffeine and blood pressure (BP). Results There is extensive evidence that caffeine at dietary doses increases BP. However, concern that the drug may contribute to cardiovascular disease appears to have been dampened by (1) the belief that habitual use leads to the development of tolerance, and (2) confusion regarding relevant epidemiologic findings. When considered comprehensively, findings from experimental and epidemiologic studies converge to show that BP remains reactive to the pressor effects of caffeine in the diet. Overall, the impact of dietary caffeine on population BP levels is likely to be modest, probably in the region of 4/2 mm Hg. At these levels, however, population studies of BP indicate that caffeine use could account for premature deaths in the region of 14% for coronary heart disease and 20% for stroke. Conclusions Current evidence supports the conclusion that the BP-elevating effects of dietary caffeine may be contributing appreciably to population levels of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Accordingly, strategies for encouraging reduced dietary levels of caffeine deserve serious consideration.
Association of impulsivity with feedback-related negativity during gambling task

Several neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as alcoholism and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, were reported to show abnormality in feedback-related negativity (FRN). These illnesses are characterized by deficits in control of impulsivity in addition to attentional control. Here, we investigated the relationship between FRN and impulsivity in healthy people. We performed correlation analyses between FRN recorded during a gambling task and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scores. All participants showed FRN to negative feedback information after monetary loss. The analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between FRN amplitude and the non-planning impulsiveness score, which assess lack of prior planning or future orientation. This finding suggests that FRN may be a neurophysiological marker of unplanned impulsiveness.
Wissensbasierte Navigation für die lärmreduzierte Auslegung rotierender Maschinen in der Produktentwicklung

Today, product developer face the challenge taking not only the requirements for mechanical properties of a product into account, but also other requirements like the acoustical properties, for instance. The problem is that important product properties like the acoustical properties are only revealed in the later development phases. Normally product developers elicit knowledge from experts to fulfil these additional requirements. In this contribution, an approach for a knowledge-based navigation for the development of noise-reduced machines is presented. Therefore the knowledge identification, acquisition, formalization and the implementation in an assistant system are described. This approach contributes to the improvement of knowledge transfer from expert to product developer vice versa.
Achieving Balance in the ARPG Genre of Video Games with Asymmetrical Choices

Video games are a large and still growing industry. Games are becoming more complex and manufacturers are competing for players. An Action Adventure Roll Playing Game (ARPG) is one genre of game in which a player develops a character with a primary emphasis on combat encounters. This paper will give basic theory for describing and modeling balance in this type of game, with a particular look at the resource management scenario with asymmetrical builds.
Whitepaper of NEWS 2015 Shared Task on Machine Transliteration

Transliteration is deﬁned as phonetic translation of names across languages. Transliteration of Named Entities (NEs) is necessary in many applications, such as machine translation, corpus alignment, cross-language IR, information extraction and automatic lexicon acquisition. All such systems call for high-performance transliteration, which is the focus of shared task in the NEWS 2015 workshop. The objective of the shared task is to promote machine transliteration research by providing a common benchmarking platform for the community to evaluate the state-of-the-art technologies.
Compressed air saving in symmetrical and asymmetrical pneumatic positioning systems

This article presents simulation and experimental results of an alternative scheme for reducing the consumption of compressed air in pneumatic positioning systems with external loads. The circuit adds a fast-switching on/off valve interconnecting the cylinder chambers on a typical system configuration comprising a symmetrical cylinder and a 5/3 directional proportional valve. The proportional valve is operated using a proportional–integral controller with dead zone compensation, and the auxiliary fast-switching on/off valve is controlled using a pulse-width modulation technique associated with another proportional–integral controller. An algorithm based on the pressure difference and the control signal for decision-making regarding compressed air saving is proposed. The results presented in this article show that the proposed scheme reduced the compressed air consumption by 47%–54%. The simulation results show that the presented approach can also be applied to circuits using asymmetrical cylinders with or without external loads.
Stress, internal resources and functioning in a person with spinal cord disease.

INTRODUCTION Spinal cord lesion due to injury or disease (SCD) has a severe impact on the level of functioning, results in body function impairments, causes restrictions in everyday life, and stress. This stress experience can have an additional negative impact on well-being and health of persons with SCD. Stress reduction is therefore an important aim in order to achieve and maintain health in SCD. Strengthening internal resources of a person can support this endeavor. OBJECTIVE To describe the role of internal resources for stress reduction as rehabilitation target in the context of interdisciplinary clinical rehabilitation of SCD using ICF-based rehabilitation management tools. METHODS Single Case Study. RESULTS Strengthening internal resources contributed to stress reduction in the rehabilitation of a person with SCD. Active involvement in decision taking increased the patient's perceived self-determination and reduced stress. Impairments in urination function remained a major stressor and negatively affected the patient's self-esteem. ICF-based documentation tools highlighted the role of internal resources, stress and functioning in rehabilitation management. CONCLUSION Internal resources should be strengthened when aiming at stress reduction in a patient with SCD. ICF-based documentation tools support this undertaking.
Aspects of social support associated with depression at hospitalization and follow-up assessment among cardiac patients.

PURPOSE High levels of depressive symptoms have been shown to affect the morbidity, mortality, and functioning of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Findings have shown that social support is associated with depression in both patient and community samples. This study examined various aspects of social support as they relate to depressive symptoms in patients with MI, both in the hospital and 2 weeks later. METHODS As part of the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) pilot study, measures of perceived social support, social networks, social support received, and social conflict were administered to 196 patients with MI. These patients also were administered the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Depression was reassessed 2 weeks later. Relations between social support indicators and the depression measures were examined. RESULTS The prevalence of depression symptoms was high, especially among poorer and younger patients. There was modest improvement across time. Patients with high social support scores, particularly those reflecting perceived support, had lower scores on depression measures at baseline. High levels of perceived support and low social conflict at baseline were associated with less follow-up depression, as measured by the Beck cognitive scale, but not the Beck somatic scale nor the Hamilton scale. There were few associations with measures of social networks and received support. CONCLUSIONS Social support indicators were differentially related to depression among patients with MI while in the hospital and 2 weeks later. The pattern of associations also depended on the measure of depression. A broad assessment strategy of both social support and depression is needed for a full understanding of their interrelations.
Comparison of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block and Intraligamentary Anesthesia on the Discomfort of Children

Intraligamentary anesthesia(ILA) can be an alternative to inferior alveolar nerve block(IANB) for the extraction of primary molars. To evaluate the effects of ILA and IANB on the discomfort of children during the extraction of mandibulary first primary molars. A single-blind, randomized split mouth study. Twenty-nine healthy children participated in this study. Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule(CFSS-DS) was used to evaluate the dental fear of children. Visual analog scale(VAS) scores of both ILA and IANB groups were recorded during the injection procedure. Heart rate values were recorded during the injection, decollement and extraction periods. Pain perceptions of children were evaluated with sound, eye and motor (SEM) scale by two trained observers during the injection and extraction procedures. The mean CFSS-DS score (22.86±5.829) did not indicate significant dental fear. Altough VAS scores of IANB was higher than ILA, there was no statistically significant difference between them (p＞0.05). A significant higher mean SEM score for IANB group was recorded in comparison to ILA during both injection and extraction periods (p＜0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate during different procedures between two groups (p＞0.05). Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 18.0 for Windows. Chi Square test, variance analysis and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used. ILA provides effective local pain control and may be an alternative method especially for children.
Influence of androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer on the frequency and timing of fatal myocardial infarctions.

PURPOSE We evaluated whether the timing of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) was influenced by the administration of androgen suppression therapy (AST). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study cohort comprised 1,372 men who were enrolled onto three randomized trials between February 1995 and June 2001. In the three trials, the men were randomly assigned to receive radiation therapy with 0 versus 3 versus 6, 3 versus 8, or 0 versus 6 months of AST. Fine and Gray's regression was used to determine the clinical factors associated with the time to fatal MI, and estimates of time to fatal MI were calculated using a cumulative incidence method. When comparing the cumulative incidence estimates using Gray's k-sample P values, increased weight was ascribed to the earlier data because recovery of testosterone is expected for most men within 2 years after short-course AST. RESULTS Men age 65 years or older who received 6 months of AST experienced shorter times to fatal MIs compared with men in this age group who did not receive AST (P = .017) and men younger than 65 years (P = .016). No significant difference (P = .97) was observed in the time to fatal MIs in men age 65 years or older who received 6 to 8 months of AST compared with 3 months of AST. CONCLUSION The use of AST is associated with earlier onset of fatal MIs in men age 65 years or older who are treated for 6 months compared with men who are not treated with AST.
Sex-specific expression of an evolutionarily conserved male regulatory gene, DMRT1, in birds

Based on its Z-sex-chromosomal location and its structural homology to male sexual regulatory factors in humans (DMRT1 and DMRT2), Drosophila (Dsx), and Caenorhabditis elegans (Mab-3), chicken DMRT1 is an excellent candidate for a testis-determining factor in birds. The data we present provide further strong support for this hypothesis. By whole mount in situ hybridization chicken DMRT1 is expressed at higher levels in the male than in the female genital ridges during early stages of embryogenesis. Its expression becomes testis-specific after onset of sexual differentiation. Northern blot and RT PCR analysis showed that in adult birds DMRT1 is expressed exclusively in the testis. We propose that two gene dosages are required for testis formation in ZZ males, whereas expression from a single Z chromosome in ZW females leads to female sexual differentiation.
Prevalence and risk factors of claw lesions and lameness in pregnant sows in two types of group housing.

Claw lesions and lameness in sows are an important welfare concern as well as a cause of considerable economic loss. These problems are more common in group housing than in individual housing systems. Given that group housing for gestating sows will become mandatory in the EU from 2013 onwards, the aim of the present study was: (1) to determine the prevalence of lameness and claw lesions in sows housed in groups during gestation, and (2) to analyze whether the type of group housing system and sow-related factors were associated with lameness and claw lesions. Eight Belgian pig herds with group housing of gestating sows were selected. Four herds used pens with electronic sow feeders (dynamic groups), the other four herds kept their sows in free access stalls (static groups). All sows were visually examined for lameness at the end of gestation. Claw lesions were scored after parturition. Information about feed, housing conditions and culling (strategy) was collected, as well as information about parity and breed. Of all 421 assessed sows, on average 9.7% (min. 2.4%, max. 23.1%) were lame. Almost 99% of the sows had one or more claw lesion with overgrowth of heel horn (93%) and cracks in the wall (52%) as the most prevalent lesions. Neither for lameness nor claw lesions was significant differences found between the two types of group housing. Lameness decreased while the mean claw lesion score increased with ageing. These results suggest that lameness can be caused by reasons other than claw lesions, especially in older sows. Although no difference was found between the two types of group housing, a huge variation between herds was observed. Moreover, as the prevalence of lameness and claw lesions in group housing is quite high and group housing will become mandatory in 2013, further investigation on risk factors of locomotor disorders in sows is necessary.
Shape and assembly of type IV procollagen obtained from cell culture.

Type IV procollagen was isolated from the culture medium of the teratocarcinoma cell line PYS‐2 by affinity chromatography on heparin‐Sepharose. Immunological studies showed that type IV procollagen is composed of pro‐alpha 1(IV) and pro‐alpha 2(IV) chains and contains two potential cross‐linking sites which are located in the short triple‐helical 7S domain and the globular domain NC1 . The 7S domain was also identified as the heparin binding site. Rotary shadowing visualized type IV procollagen as a single triple‐helical rod (length 388 nm) with a globule at one end. Some of the procollagen in the medium, however, had formed aggregates by alignment of 2‐4 molecules along their 7S domains. After deposition in the cell matrix, non‐reducible cross‐links between the 7S domains are formed while the globules of two procollagen molecules connect to each other. The latter may require a slight proteolytic processing of the globular domains NC1 . The shape of type IV procollagen and the initial steps in its assembly are compatible with a recently proposed network of type IV collagen molecules in basement membranes. Since both type IV collagen and laminin bind to heparin, the formation of higher ordered structures by interaction of both proteins with heparan‐sulfate proteoglycan may occur in situ.
A Study to Evaluate Mobile Phone Dependence Among Students of a Medical College and Associated Hospital of Central India

Nomophobia(1) literally means no mobile phobia that is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. If a person is in an area of no network, has run out of balance or even worse run out of battery, the persons gets anxious, which adversely affects the concentration level of the person. In recent times there seems to have been a transformation of the cell phone from a status symbol to a necessity because of the countless perks that a mobile phone provides like personal diary, email dispatcher, calculator, video game player, camera and music player. (2) Indian market has emerged as the second-largest market after China for mobile phone handsets. Our study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of nomophobia in the Indian scenario considering the tremendous increase in the number of mobile phone users in the past decade. We decided to conduct the study in our college since the younger generation is the latest consumer of the mobile phones, and the under 25 year age group in professional colleges like medical colleges use mobile phones quite frequently since most of them reside in hostels. Day scholar students too want to be in constant touch with their family members and friends since they are out of their homes for the whole day and at nights while studying in colleges and working in hospitals.