Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of GARCH Models for Volatility Estimation of Returns on Securities in Resource Group of Thai Stock Market

The objectives of this study are to estimate volatility of returns on securities in ResourceGroup of Thai Stock Market using basic specifications of ARCH/GARCH/EGARCH model, and to measure skewness and kurtosis of the error term distribution from models selection.A test of ARCH Effect is performed in order to examine whether all data fitt with the ARCH family, and then ARCH (1, 1), GARCH (1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) are developed. A conditional variance equation from ARCH (1,1) is 2 0 1 1 2 t = + t− σ α α e , and fromGARCH (1,1) is in a form 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 σ t = α +α at− + β σ t− and for EGARCH (1,1) is 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 ln( ) ln( ) − − − − = + − + + t t t t t t σ e γ σ e σ ω β σ α . The Akaike Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz criterion (SC) statisticsare used in model selection for non-nested alternatives-smaller values of the AIC and SC are preferred. For testing normality, a test statistic is Jarque-Bera and if the residual are normally distributed, the histogram should be bell-shaped and the Jarque-Bera statistic should not be significant, and if the null hypothesis is rejected, then innovation would be introduced through student’s t distribution. After all these steps, skewness and kurtosis are calculated in the study. Results of the study showed that 6 out of 30 securities data fitted with ARCH (1,1) model with insignificance statistical results which indicated that there must be a reconsideration of applying higher order of ARCHinstead of ARCH (1,1) model. There were 5 securities fitted with GARCH (1,1) model, with the same pattern, i.e., lower value for the coefficient of the ARCH term and higher value for the GARCH term which lead to a high fluctuations in GARCH. This finding indicated that the asset return was expectedly large in either the upward or the downward direction, and the estimation results indicated that GARCH (1,1) is appropriated to explain volatility cluster and estimate value of risk on security return. There were 19 securities that data esimation indicated that EGARCH (1,1) model was an appropriate form of variance equation, and showed that all volatility estimation were about 50% or about at moderated level. The skewness and Kurtosis of all residuals distributions showed that all skewness values were greater than zero (skewed to the right) and all Kurtosis values were greater than 3 (Leptokurtic distribution). This means that for each security, the daily price was concentrated on the left side of the mean value, and there were some extreme values to the right side. For the kurtosis, the distribution had a thicker tail which meaned that there was a high probability that the set of data would gain such extreme values
ARCHAIC MODERNITY VS THE HIGH PRIESTHOOD: ON THE NATURE OF UNSTABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL/ PALAEOANTHROPOLOGICAL ORTHODOXIES

In this article, the author presents a dialogue regarding various aspects of 'modernity' as it is conventionally expressed in the archaeological and palaeoanthropological literature. The structure of the Africanist model of 'behavioural modernity' is used to illustrate some very troubling aspects of American academics: the construction and use of temporary 'unstable orthodoxies' as means of economic niche construction by the same professionals who also function to police much of archaeological and palaeoanthropological publishing, hiring and grant-reviewing. Establishing the context of a problem Before I begin asking questions and opining, let me just state this: I could easily be in part or even completely wrong. The entirety of the essay I have herein assembled is based upon a subjective analysis of the contemporary (as of about late June 2013) archaeological state of past
Assessing sustainability support to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate qualitatively the impact of sustainability support to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) where quantitative results are often difficult to appraise. Many of these organisations require sustainable business support to enable them to start or build their business concepts on sound sustainable platforms. Many SMEs are unable to quantitatively evaluate the benefit which they have received from support programmes because they are in the project planning stage or have limited financial data. Without a form of evaluation, support networks often cannot retain funding support. This paper is based on the grounded theory approach to analyse qualitative data received from participants in a sustainability support programme. Research on such programmes to SMEs is scant. This paper proposes the use of qualitative data collection and its evaluation to be considered when making the case for funding such programmes, along with quantitative data when available.
Prepration and Characterization of Novel Ionoic Polymers to be Used as Artificial Muscles

The muscle-like technology would be of enormous advantages for biomedical applications such as medical implants and human assist devices. Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are one kind of biomimetic actuators. An ionic polymer metal composite composed from an ionomer with high ion exchange capacity that packed between two thin metal layers. In the present study we focused on the preparation of a novel alternative polymeric ionomer to be used as artificial muscles. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) have been synthesized as a new class of ionomeric membrane materials. PEEK was sulfonated at various degrees with sulfuric acid and N,N-Dimethylacetamide as a solvent. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy confirmed the quality of substitution reaction. Sulfonated samples showed O-H vibration at 3490 and S=O peaks at 1085 and 1100-1300 cm-1. By increasing degree of sulfonation to 80%, ion exchange capacity, water uptake and the number of water molecules per the fixed sulfone groups ( λ) were increased to about 2.4 meq.g-1, 75% and 19, respectively. After calculating the optimum degree of sulfonation, the applications of these ionomers as actuators are studied. Rigid microstructure of PEEK backbone causes to slow displacement. However, this inflexible backbone showed the acceptable tip force during its actuation. These IPMC are easy to prepare and much less expensive than the commercial per-fluorinated membranes such as Nafion®. The results approve the utilization of sulfonated aromatic for artificial muscles applications as novel strong muscles with low flexibility.
Clinical Evaluation of Palingu abraga parpam in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus (Niddm)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorders prevalent worldwide and causes increase in the blood glucose level due to insufficient insulin secretion. Due to this peripheral utilization of glucose is reduced, which in turn disturbs the basic metabolism. Diabetes mellitus is categorized into Type I or Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Type II or NonInsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Complete destruction of islets of Langerhan's leads to sole dependence of insulin for the metabolic requirements in Type I diabetic patients, whereas relative insufficiency of insulin in Type II DM can be managed by oral hypoglycemic drugs. Palingu Abraga Parpam is one of the herbo-mineral based Siddha anti diabetic formulation for Type II non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. So the present research work was carried out to validate the anti diabetic activity of Palingu Abraga Parpam clinically on patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Open clinical trial was conducted in 75 diabetic patients for the period of six months. Fasting and post prandial serum blood glucose level and HbA1c were estimated before the enrollment of the study, during the trial period and after the completion of the study. At the end of the study period all these parameters were statistically analyzed. The clinical studies revealed that Palingu Abraga Parpam was highly significant in NIDDM (Blood sugar level varies from 180 to 300 mg / dl). The blood sugar level was controlled effectively within 4 weeks, when compared to its initial blood sugar level. Whereas HbA1c was decreased to its normal reference range within 3 months. During the study period there was no side effects identified and which confirms the traditional use of Palingu Abraga Parpam (PAP) for the treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus.
Evaluating success of various restorative interventions through drone‐ and field‐collected data, using six putative framework species in Argentinian Patagonia

Field data and unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, were used to analyze a long‐term experiment in a severely degraded area of the “Monte,” one of the most arid and degraded biomes in Argentina. Field methods and drone orthoimages obtained from flights of a quadcopter at 20 and 40 m were used to compare plantation plots versus natural recovery on scarified sites, and the field performance of six putative framework species under four different treatments was evaluated. After 5 years of recovery in soils with almost no organic matter and mean annual rainfall averaging 145 mm, plantation plots had high survival rates (>65%) for all species as determined through both field survey and drone imagery. Three species were planted with a greater number of seedlings due to their availability in nurseries. For these species experimental treatments were studied statistically. Independently of treatment applied (control; 1/2 L hydrogel; 1 L hydrogel; 1 L of hydrogel + 1/2 kg of organic compost), highest survival rates were found for P. flexuosa var. depressa (88% ± 14.8) and A. lampa (84% ± 14.8). Drone images and field data both showed that these two putative framework species had the highest plant cover. In sharp contrast, mechanical scarification without planting or other treatments induced very low recovery (<2%). We demonstrate that drone imagery provides a new and very valuable tool for evaluating and monitoring restorative interventions in drylands.
A novel technique for reducing the imaging domain in microwave imaging of two dimensional circularly symmetric scatterers

A novel technique for reducing the imaging domain in microwave imaging of 2D circularly symmetric scatterers is presented. The degree of symmetry vector of the measured scattered field is employed for the purpose of localizing the scatterer. The degree of symmetry for a transmitter position is computed as a function of the difference between the first half and the spatially reflected second half of the measured scattered‐field vector. The symmetry plots exhibit unique features of the direction and distance to the scatterer from the centre of the imaging domain, and thus the localization of the object in the imaging domain is possible. This reduces the degrees of freedom in the inversion for the unknown object, thereby aiding the global convergence of the solution. The computation time is considerably reduced and the convergence rate is improved. The technique has been tested on synthetic exact and noisy data and the results are promising. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 423–427, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20655
On the Accumulation of Wealth under Aspirations

We analyze the effects of the introduction of aspirations both on the pattern of wealth accumulation along the life cycle of individuals displaying a "joy-of-giving" motive for bequests and on the evolution of wealth within a dynasty. We will show that the introduction of aspirations at different ages display different effects on the amount of saving of workers. However, both adult and old aspirations dampen the positive effect on wealth accumulation brought about by warm-glow altruism. Therefore, under aspirations, both bequest motivated and non-bequest motivated individuals will behave more similarly than when they do not exhibit aspirational concerns. We also show that the introduction of aspirations raises the speed of convergence to the dynastic steady state when there exist a bequest motive. However, when this motive is absent, aspirations lower the speed of convergence.
Haplotype block partitioning and tagSNP selection under the perfect phylogeny model

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most usual form of polymorphism in human genome. Analyses of genetic variations have revealed that individual genomes share common SNP-haplotypes. The particular pattern of these common variations forms a block-like structure on human genome. In this work, we develop a new method based on the Perfect Phylogeny Model to identify haplotype blocks using samples of individual genomes. We introduce a rigorous definition of the quality of the partitioning of haplotypes into blocks and devise a greedy algorithm for finding the proper partitioning in case of perfect and semi-perfect phylogeny. It is shown that the minimum number of tagSNPs in a haplotype block of Perfect Phylogeny can be obtained by a polynomial time algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm on haplotype data of human chromosome 21 with other previously developed methods through simulations. The results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms the conventional implementation of the Four Gamete Test approach which is the only available method for haplotype block partitioning based on
Running Head: AGENDA SETTING THEORY IN HIP HOP CONTEXT International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture and Education

This concept paper examines the need to understand one media representation theory which is Agenda Setting Theory. Agenda Setting Theory provides an important framework for researches in researching ideas to improve women’s lives in a sociocultural context which sets the agenda on how to equate a woman’s worth to her body appearance and sexual functions. The study therefore relies on extensive literature on agenda setting theory. The paper finds that agenda setting theory is relevant in the study of hip hop music as it portrays the ways media sets the agenda on how women are to be portrayed to garner sales. Keyword:, Agenda Setting Theory, Mass Media, Women, Music, Hip Hop
Effects of water salinity on germination and early seedling growth of untreated and pelleted sugar beet seeds (Beta vulgaris L.)

Salinitat ist ein abiotischer Einflussfaktor, durch den insbesondere in ariden und semi-ariden Regionen das Wachstum vieler landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen begrenzt wird. Es wurde mit Hilfe von Keimtests untersucht, wie sich unterschiedliche Salzkonzentrationen und Saatgutbeizung auf die Keimung von Zuckerrubensamen und das Wachstum der Keimpflanzen auswirken. Die Samlinge von zwei Zuckerrubensorten und funf verschiedenen Zuckerruben-Genotypen wurden in Keimrollen unter Laborbedingungen angezogen. Es wurden NaCl-Losungen mit einer elektrischen Leitfahigkeit von 2, 4, 6, 8 und 10 dS/m hergestellt und an Saatgut mit und ohne Pelletierung getestet; als Kontrolle diente destilliertes Wasser (~0 dS/m). Auf die Keimung der Zuckerrubensamen hatte die Salzkonzentration der Anzuchtlosungen zunachst nur geringen Einfluss. Jedoch wurde die weitere Entwicklung der Keimpflanzen durch hohere Salinitat deutlich beeinflusst. Das Keimlingswachstum wurde signifikant gehemmt, das Frischmassegewicht der Samlinge jedoch gefordert. Unter Feldbedingungen kann sich eine verzogerte Jugendentwicklung negativ auf die Konkurrenzfahigkeit der Kulturpflanzen gegenuber Beikrautern um Raum, Licht, Wasser und Nahrstoffe auswirken, oder die Zeiten der Empfanglichkeit fur Schadlinge und/oder Krank­heiten verlangern. Es erscheint daher lohnend nicht nur die Salztoleranz insgesamt, sondern auch deren Inter­aktion mit der fruhen Jugendentwicklung der Pflanzen in Zuchtprogrammen zu berucksichtigen.
Null results from a dimensional study of error-related negativity (ERN) and self-reported psychiatric symptoms

Alterations in error processing are implicated in a range of DSM-defined psychiatric disorders. For instance, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalised anxiety disorder show enhanced electrophysiological responses to errors – i.e. error-related negativity (ERN) – while others like schizophrenia have an attenuated ERN. However, as diagnostic categories in psychiatry are heterogeneous and also highly intercorrelated, the precise mapping of ERN enhancements and impairments is unclear. To address this, we recorded electroencephalograms (EEG) from 196 participants who performed the Flanker task and collected scores on 9 questionnaires assessing psychiatric symptoms to test if a dimensional framework could reveal specific transdiagnostic clinical manifestations of error processing dysfunctions. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no association between ERN amplitude and symptom severity of OCD, trait anxiety, depression, social anxiety, impulsivity, eating disorders, alcohol addiction, schizotypy or apathy. A transdiagnostic approach did nothing to improve signal; there was no association between three transdiagnostic dimensions (anxious-depression, compulsive behaviour and intrusive thought and social withdrawal) and ERN magnitude. In these same individuals, we replicated a previously published transdiagnostic association between goal-directed learning and compulsive behaviour and intrusive thought. Associations between the ERN and psychopathology might be smaller than previously assumed and/or dependent on a greater level of symptom severity than other transdiagnostic cognitive biomarkers.
A SURVEY on DENIAL-of-SERVICE ATTACK DETECTION METHODS

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack causes major impact on end systems by consuming their bandwidth and resources. DoS attack traffic behavior is completely different from the legitimate network traffic behavior so this paper presents a survey on DoS attack detection system using various methods. Later allowing only the normal traffic to enter the network and blocking the illegitimate traffic. It becomes necessary for developers and researchers to understand behaviour of the DoS attack because it affects the target network without any advance warning. DOS attacks typically aim services that are hosted on high-profile web servers such as card payment gateways and domain name servers.
Social organization, home ranges, and extraterritorial forays of black‐backed jackals

: We monitored 15 black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) from 8 adjacent family groups on Benfontein Game Farm (hereafter Benfontein) in South Africa to investigate their movement patterns and social organization. Jackal family groups consisted of mated pairs (alphas), 0-3 nonbreeding adults (betas), and pups, depending on the season. Mean (±SE) home-range size of alphas (11.0 ± 0.8 km2, n = 4) did not significantly differ (P = 0.321) from betas (9.8 ± 0.7 km2, n = 8). Most beta jackals (8 of 10) remained philopatric on Benfontein, apparently due to the high density of springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), their preferred prey. Three of 5 alphas (60%) and all 8 betas (100%) went on extraterritorial forays (hereafter forays). Generally, betas spent more of their active time on forays (2-20% of time) than alphas (0-3%; P = 0.048), and betas went farther on forays (2-8 km) than alphas (2-3 km; P = 0.003). our results indicate forays by jackals are affected by availability prey, the cycle of jackals. We recommend several measures to reduce jackal predation on livestock farms near reserves, based on the preferred prey of jackals and the periods when jackals are ABSTRACT We monitored 15 black-backed jackals ( Canis mesomelas ) from 8 adjacent family 28 groups on Benfontein Game Farm (hereafter Benfontein) in South Africa to investigate their 29 movement patterns and social organization. Jackal family groups consisted of mated pairs 30 (alphas), 0-3 nonbreeding adults (betas), and pups, depending on the season. Mean (±SE) home-31 range size of alphas (11.0 ± 0.8 km 2 , n = 4) did not significantly differ ( P = 0.321) from betas 32 (9.8 ± 0.7 km 2 , n = 8). Most beta jackals (8 of 10) remained philopatric on Benfontein, 33 apparently due to the high density of springbok ( Antidorcas marsupialis ), their preferred prey. Three of 5 alphas (60%) and all 8 betas (100%) went on extraterritorial forays (hereafter forays). Generally, betas spent more of their active time on forays (2-20% of time) than alphas (0-3%; P 36 = 0.048), and betas went farther on forays (2-8 km) than alphas (2-3 km; P = 0.003). The number of forays differed ( P < 0.001) among seasons, as most forays occurred during summer (64%) jackals livestock predate Ovis aries Overall, our results indicate forays by jackals are affected by social status, seasonal availability of preferred prey, and the reproductive cycle of jackals. We recommend several preventative measures to reduce jackal predation on livestock farms near reserves, based on the preferred prey of jackals and the periods when jackals are most likely to travel outside of reserves.
Treatment and post-treatment effects of neem leaves extracts on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is improperly controlled with synthetic insecticides in vegetable crops. This practice, which pollutes the environment, led to human and animal health problems, and P. xylostella resistance. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is reported in the literature as a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of many insect pests including P. xylostella. The aim of our study is to evaluate the toxic and post- treatment effects of neem leaves extracts on P. xylostella larvae in comparison to synthetic insecticides namely Conquest plus 388 EC and Cydim Super. Results revealed that exposure of third instars larvae (L3) of P. xylostella on cabbage leaves treated with neem extracts for 24 h induced mortality rates between 1.67 and 6.67% (p > 0.05). Larvae consumed between 45.17 ± 4.48 and 210 ± 27.17 mm2 of cabbage leaves surfaces after 24 h exposure (p < 0.05). The emerging rates of P. xylostella adults were lower for extracts of neem and were between 19.44 ± 6.81 and 20.55 ± 5.38% compared to the controls and insecticide treatments which rates were between 34.07 ± 6.35 and 70.37 ± 10.25% (p < 0.05). The neem leaves extracts were more effective than synthetic insecticides in the control of P. xylostella. Therefore they can be considered as a new hope in developing a management program on P. xylostella. Key words: Neem leaves extracts, Plutella xylostella, cabbage consumed, mortality.
Metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is considered as a systemic disease due to associated systemic inflammation which can manifest as metabolic syndrome or its component illnesses. This study was undertaken to determine the proportion of metabolic syndrome in patients with COPD. Methods: 51 patients with COPD were compared with equal number of age and gender matched controls. GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria were used for diagnosing COPD. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on modified NCEP:ATP III criteria (National cholesterol education Program Adult Treatment Panel III). Subjects were evaluated for hypertension, WC, FBS, and serum triglycerides and serum HDL (High-density lipoprotein) to diagnose MS. Results: Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 16 (31.4%) patients with COPD and in 8 (15.7%) controls. The proportion of individual parameters of MS in cases and controls was as follows: DM in 19 (37.3%) cases and 13 (25.5%) controls, hypertension in 21(41.2%) cases and 9 (17.6%) controls, low serum HDL in 31 (60.7%) cases and 22 (43.1%) controls increased WC in 14 (27.5%) cases and 7 (13.7%) controls and elevated serum TG in 12 (23.5%) cases and an equal number of controls. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and its parameters are more prevalent in COPD patients. Early detection and treatment of MS in COPD patients can prevent development of complications due to the combined effects of both diseases.