Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Les troubles de la dénomination

Si chercher un mot est une difficulte connue de tous les locuteurs, cette capacite est fortement touchee dans certaines pathologies langagieres. Les troubles de la denomination, ou manque du mot, apparaissent dans le tableau clinique de nombreuses pathologies langagieres (acquises et developpementales), et en sont la manifestation centrale ou le signe predicteur. Le manque du mot se caracterise par une deviation involontaire de l’intention denominative du locuteur, et/ou par la difficulte ou l’impossibilite de produire le mot juste. Les troubles de la denomination connaissent differentes origines : cognitive, ou atteinte du processus de lexicalisation. C’est de ce dernier aspect que traitera cet article de synthese. La comparaison des manifestations du manque du mot rencontre dans une pathologie acquise (aphasie rencontree chez l’adulte) et dans une pathologie developpementale (dysphasie) nous permettra d’evaluer si les niveaux linguistiques (phonologique, morphologique, lexical, semantique) intervenant dans la production et la selection lexicale sont atteints de facon identique. Cette comparaison est interessante car elle permet d’evaluer la qualite du stock lexical et de ses representations dans deux populations tres differentes : si le stock lexical est bien etabli chez l’adulte, il est encore en construction chez l’enfant.
Properties of mitochondria as a function of the growth stages of Neurospora crassa

The oxidative and phosphorylative properties of mitochondria isolated from Neurospora crassa were investigated as a function of growth stage. The rates of oxidation of exogenous NADH and NADPH varied independently of each other, thus ruling out the existence of only one unspecific dehydrogenase. Two different pathways were involved in the oxidation of NAD-linked substrates, as indicated by changes in the rate of oxygen uptake, the sensitivity to rotenone, and the efficiency of phosphorylation. One pathway was sensitive to rotenone and involved three energy-coupling sites, whereas the other was resistant to rotenone and bypassed complex I. Our results indicated that the activity of complex I of the respiratory chain increased markedly in the late exponential phase of growth, remained high in the stationary phase, and then decreased when conidiae were formed. In contrast, the activity of the rotenone-resistant bypass was maximal in the early exponential phase. With malate (plus glutamate) as a substrate, the sensitivity to rotenone and the ADP/O ratios were always lower than those observed with other NAD-linked substrates, suggesting a possible cooperation between malate dehydrogenase and the rotenone-resistant pathway. The rate of oxygen uptake measured in the presence of rotenone was significantly increased by the addition of exogenous NAD+, suggesting that added NAD+ could interact with the rotenone-resistant bypass.
Apoptotic Cells, at All Stages of the Death Process, Trigger Characteristic Signaling Events That Are Divergent from and Dominant over Those Triggered by Necrotic Cells

Current models of autoimmunity suggest that delayed clearance of apoptotic cells leads to the presentation of apoptotic antigens in the context of inflammatory signals, with resultant autoimmunity. These models implicitly assume that, in contrast to early apoptotic cells (that retain membrane integrity), late apoptotic cells (with compromised membranes) act like necrotic cells (which also lack intact membranes), possibly because of the release of proinflammatory intracellular contents. We showed previously that early apoptotic and necrotic cells induce distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase modules in macrophages with which they interact. Exposure to apoptotic cells led to nearly complete inhibition of both basal and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced ERK1/2 by macrophages. In contrast, necrotic cells induced ERK1/2. We show here that apoptotic cells also strongly induced both c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, whereas necrotic cells had no detectable effect on c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. We also compared the signaling events induced in macrophages by exposure to early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic cells, and necrotic cells. The signaling events induced by late apoptotic cells were identical to and just as potent as those induced by early apoptotic cells. Thus, apoptotic cells are functionally equivalent throughout the cell death process, irrespective of membrane integrity. Moreover, the effects of both early and late apoptotic cells on signaling were dominant over those of necrotic cells. These data show that apoptotic cells do not become proinflammatory upon the loss of membrane integrity and are inconsistent with the notion that delayed clearance alone can lead to autoimmunity.
Online Impersonation in Securities Scams

For a con man to convince a target to part with his or her money, he first must gain the target's trust. In cyberspace, securities scammers gain the trust of unwitting investors through a variety of means. Perhaps the most insidious of these involves a form of online impersonation in which the perpetrator uses the Internet's technical capabilities to create bogus online content that mimics information from trusted sources. The author briefly explores the use of various impersonation techniques by persons charged in US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions alleging market manipulation and fraud.
Long-Term Bosentan in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: There is no approved pharmacological treatment for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) who are not suitable for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). Objective: The study investigates the effect of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on exercise tolerance (6-min walking distance, 6MWD) and right ventricular function (Tei index) in patients with CTEPH over 24 months. Methods: Twelve consecutive patients (5 males and 7 females) with CTEPH not eligible for PEA or following partial or complete failure of PEA were included in a non-randomized, open-label prospective study. All patients were WHO class III. They were included, if progressive pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed despite best supportive treatment. Bosentan was started at 62.5 mg b.i. d. and increased to the final dose of 125 mg b.i. d. Results: 6MWD and the Tei index were assessed every 6 months. We observed a significant increase in 6MWD from 319 ± 85.0 m at baseline to 391 ± 76.9 m at 6 months and a significant decrease in the Tei index from 0.39 ± 0.10 at baseline to 0.34 ± 0.08 at 6 months. This improvement was maintained over 24 months (6 MWD: 381 ± 101 m; Tei index: 0.31 ± 0.03). Six patients exhibited an improvement in WHO class at 6, 12 and 18 months, 5 demonstrated improvement at the 24-month follow-up. The remainder were stable throughout the study period. Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating a long-term beneficial effect of bosentan on exercise tolerance (6MWD) and right heart function (Tei index) in CTEPH.
7 DNA Methylation in Development

Early embryonic development is a very precise and complicated process. When a sperm meets an egg, a series of well-orchestrated changes take place, which end up with distinct types of cells that make up an organism. Cells start from a pluripotent state and differentiate without changes in DNA sequence. A differentiated cell shares the same DNA sequence with the zygote from which it is descended (mammalian B and T cells being an exception). The diverse functions of different cells are due to tissue-specific patterns of gene expression, which are established during development; once the fates of the cells are decided, they will be maintained faithfully through cell divisions. Hence it is reasonable to assert that development is, by definition, an epigenetic process (Reik, 2007). The specific gene expression programs in differentiated cells are regulated by a more flexible system, which dynamically switches on and off the genes for maintaining homeostasis or responding to environmental changes.
Apocrine Cysts of the Breast

Up to one-third of women aged 30–50 years have cysts in their breasts and are presumed to be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. Here we present an extensive proteomic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) study of breast apocrine cystic lesions aimed at generating specific biomarkers and elucidating the relationship, if existent, of apocrine cysts with cancer phenotype. To this end we compared the expression profiles of apocrine macrocysts obtained from mastectomies from high risk cancer patients with those of cancerous and non-malignant mammary tissue biopsies collected from the same patients. We identified two biomarkers, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, that were expressed specifically by apocrine type I cysts as well as by apocrine metaplastic cells in type II microcysts, terminal ducts, and intraductal papillary lesions. No expression of these markers was observed in non-malignant terminal ductal lobular units, type II flat cysts, stroma cells, or fat tissue as judged by IHC analysis of matched non-malignant tissue samples collected from 93 high risk patients enrolled in our cancer program. IHC analysis of the corresponding 93 primary tumors indicated that most apocrine changes have little intrinsic malignant potential, although some may progress to invasive apocrine cancer. None of the apocrine lesions examined, however, seemed to be a precursor of invasive ductal carcinomas, which accounted for 81% of the tumors analyzed. Our studies also provided some insight into the origin, development, and enlargement of apocrine cysts in mammary tissue. The successful identification of differentially expressed proteins that characterize specific steps in the progression from early benign lesions to apocrine cancer opens a window of opportunity for designing and testing new approaches for pharmacological intervention, not only in a therapeutic setting but also for chemoprevention, to inhibit cyst development as both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase are currently being targeted for chemoprevention strategies in various malignancies.
Eccentricity diagnosis in 2p-Pole alternators through superimposition of four 2(p±1)-pole virtual machines

The rotor eccentricity (RE) of synchronous generators (SGs) is assessed in this paper, through measurement of internal currents in stator windings with parallel loops. REs cause an airgap flux density amplitude modulation, resulting in four superimposed flux distributions with 2(p±1) poles in 2p-pole SGs, which correspond to four virtual rotors. The armature winding is decomposed through symmetrical components, which define two additional 2(p±1)-pole virtual armatures. Four fault-related 2(p±1) -pole virtual machines are so obtained, whose currents provide a good estimation of REs. Theory and simulations for a six-pole 1950kVA machine are provided in this paper. Simulations of the 1950kVA SG and tests on a four-pole 17kVA SG with regulated eccentric flange provided confirmation of the theoretical work.
Celulasas fúngicas: Aspectos biológicos y aplicaciones en la industria energética

RESUMEN. La actual demanda de gasolinas para uso automotriz y la creciente escasez de combustibles fosiles han provocado una intensa busqueda de sustitutos energeticos. El bioetanol de primera generacion es un compuesto alterno o complementario a las gasolinas que es producido mediante procesos biologicos a partir de la fermentacion de sacarosa o almidon provenientes de la cana de azucar y el maiz, respectivamente. Por otro lado, la biomasa vegetal como materia prima tiene grandes ventajas sobre estos compuestos, sin embargo, debido a su naturaleza altamente recalcitrante se requieren de enzimas con grandes capacidades degradativas que permitan su uso a niveles industriales. Los hongos producen tanto ligninasas como celulasas capaces de degradar todos los componentes de la madera. En esta revision se analizan los descubrimientos mas recientes de los aspectos biologicos de las celulasas de origen fungico y sus usos en la industria energetica, en el campo de la produccion de biocombustibles de segunda generacion.
Greedy Approach Based Heuristics for Partitioning Sparse Matrices

SUMMARY Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication (SpMxV) is widely used in many high-performance computing applications, including information retrieval, medical imaging, and economic modeling. To eliminate the overhead of zero padding in SpMxV, prior works have focused on partitioning a sparse matrix into row vectors sets (RVS’s) or sub-matrices. However, performance was still degraded due to the sparsity pattern of a sparse matrix. In this letter, we propose a heuristics, called recursive merging , which uses a greedy approach to recursively merge those row vectors of nonzeros in a matrix into the RVS’s, such that each set included is ensured a local optimal solution. For ten uneven benchmark matrices from the University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection, our proposed partitioning algorithm is always identiﬁed as the method with the highest mean density (over 96%), but with the lowest average relative di ﬀ erence (below 0.07%) over computing powers.
Low-cost and high-speed hardware implementation of contrast-preserving image dynamic range compression for full-HD video enhancement

This study presents a cost-efficient and high-performance field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based hardware implementation of a contrast-preserving image dynamic range compression algorithm, which is an important function used in modern digital video cameras and displays to improve visual quality of standard dynamic range colour images (8 bits/channel). To achieve this purpose, a hardware-friendly approximation to an existing fast dynamic range compression with local contrast preservation (FDRCLCP) algorithm is proposed. The computation of the proposed approximated FDRCLCP algorithm requires only fixed-point unsigned binary addition, multiplication, and bit-shifting. Moreover, the proposed hardware implementation uses a line buffer instead of a frame buffer to process whole image data. These advantages significantly improve throughput performance and reduce memory requirement of the system. The FPGA implementation of the proposed algorithm requires only about 98 K bits on-chip memory and achieves about 170.24 MHz operating frequency by using an Altera Cyclone II device. This is a large improvement compared with the existing results as it is quick enough to process full high-definition videos (1920 × 1080 pixels) at least 80 frames per second using a low-cost FPGA device.
Extraction de formules à partir de documents mathématiques

Cet article propose une methode d'extraction automatique de formules a partir des images des documents mathematiques sans passer par un systeme de reconnaissance optique de caracteres. l'extraction se fait d'abord par reperage des symboles les plus significatifs d'une formule, puis extension aux symboles avoisinants par l'utilisation de regles contextuelles, jusqu'a la delimitation totale de l'espace de la formule. l'etiquetage est realise a partir de modeles crees lors d'une phase d'apprentissage utilisant la logique floue. Le taux d'etiquetage primaire des composantes connexes est de l'ordre de 95.3%. Mais leur etiquetage secondaire accroit ce taux d'environ 4%. Les resultats obtenus montrent l'applicabilite de notre systeme puisque 95% des formules mathematiques sont bien extraites des documents imprimes de bonne qualite. Cet article synthetise le travail effectue, pose les problemes rencontres et presente les resultats obtenus.
Molecular evolution of the synapsin gene family.

Synapsins, a family of synaptic vesicle proteins, play a crucial role in the regulation of neurotransmission and synaptogenesis. They have been identified in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species, including human, rat (Rattus norvegicus), cow (Bos taurus), longfin squid (Loligo pealei), and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Here, synapsins were cloned from three additional species: frog (Xenopus laevis), lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), and nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans). Synapsin protein sequences from all these species were then used to explore the molecular phylogeny of these important neuronal phosphoproteins. The ancestral condition of a single synapsin gene probably gave rise to the vertebrate synapsin gene family comprised of at least three synapsin genes (I, II, and III) in higher vertebrates. Synapsins possess multiple domains, which have evolved at different rates throughout evolution. In invertebrate synapsins, the most conserved domains are C and E. During the evolution of vertebrates, at least two gene duplication events are hypothesized to have given rise to the synapsin gene family. This was accompanied by the emergence of an additional conserved domain, termed A. J. Exp. Zool. ( Mol. Dev. Evol. ) 285:360-377, 1999.
Implementing Ultra-Low-Latency Datacenter Services with Programmable Logic

Datacenters require many low-level network services to implement high-level applications. Key-value store (KVS) is a critical service that associates values with keys and lets machines share these associations over a network. Client machines send a key search request over Ethernet, and KVS servers return values associated with these keys. Critical metrics for the KVS service in the datacenter are latency, throughput, and power. Low latency is desired to minimize the time required for a client to wait after it sends a key to a server and the value is returned. High throughput is sought to maximize the rate at which each server performs lookups. Power-efficient implementations are desired to reduce the amount of energy required to operate the service. Most existing datacenters run KVS services using software on microprocessor cores. In this work, the authors implemented KVS in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic and found it to be 14 times faster while using 13 times less power than the best software implementation using kernel bypass. A latency below a half-microsecond (0.5 μs) and throughput of 150 million searches per second (MSPS) was achieved.
PCR-RFLP Genotyping of C1q Mutations and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Malaysian Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

ABSTRACT Five types of known mutations within the C1q gene [located at C1qA-Gln186 (C > T), C1qB-Gly15 (G > A), C1qB-Arg150 (C > T), C1qC-Gly6 (G > A), and C1qC-Arg41 (C > T)] and two SNPs located at C1qA-Gly70 (G/A) and C1qC-Pro14 (T/C) were screened in a multiracial Malaysian population. One hundred thirty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 130 matched healthy control subjects were genotyped using PCRRFLP methods. We found no occurrence of the five types of mutations in either the homozygous or heterozygous form among the 260 samples studied. Statistical analysis also revealed that there were no significant associations observed in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies among the patients with SLE and healthy control subjects with both C1qA-Gly70 (G/A) and C1qC-Pro14 (T/C) SNPs. Overall, C1q deficiency was not proven as a primary causative genetic predisposition factor for SLE in the Malaysian population.
Adaptive structural changes of the vascular walls in hypertension and their relation to the control of the peripheral resistance.

Summary. 1 The functional importance of an increased wall/lumen ratio due to e. g. hypertrophy of the walls of the resistance vessels in hypertensive disease has been dealt with. Ito is theoretically highly probable that the mere existence of an increased wall mass must cause a proportionally bigger lumen decrease for a given smooth muscle shortening, so that a structurally based “potentiation” of the vasoconstrictor reeponse is obtained. 2 For this reason a given level of smooth muscle tone will probably result in a higher flow resistance in hypertensive disease, where vascular wall hypertrophy has taken place, as compared with the normal vascular bed, provided that the maximally dilated vessels do not show an increase of the lumen as a result of the hypertrophic change. Experimental evidence suggests that this is not the case; if anything the maximally dilated resistance vessels seem to be slightly narrowed in cases of well-established essential hypertension. 3 In addition it is pointed out that a primary increase of pressure may in many haemodynamically important regions raise the vascular tone, simply due to some strictly local influences on the resistance vessels, where no engagement of specific vasoconstrictor agents or increased smooth muscle sensitivity is implied. 4 Such more chronic and acute secondary consequences of a primary rise of blood pressure may importantly contribute to the increased flow resistance, and possibly most, so in so-called essential hypertension.
The selection of acceptable protein mutations

We have determined the general constraints that govern sequence divergence in proteins that retain entirely, or very largely, the same structure and function. To do this we collected data from three different groups of orthologous sequences: those found in humans and mice, in humans and chickens, and in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. In total, these organisms have 21,738 suitable pairs of orthologs, and these contain nearly 2 million mutations. The three groups differ greatly in the taxa from which they come and/or in the time that separates them from their last common ancestor. Nevertheless, the results we obtain from the three different groups are strikingly similar. For each group, the orthologous sequence pairs were assigned to six different divergence categories on the basis of their sequence identities. For categories with the same divergence, common accepted mutations have similar frequencies and rank orders in the three groups. With divergence, the width of the range of common mutations grows in the same manner in each group. We examined the distribution of mutations in protein structures. With increasing divergence, mutations increase at different rates in the buried, intermediate, and exposed regions of protein structures in a manner that explains the exponential relationship between the divergence of structure and sequence. This work implies that commonly allowed mutations are selected by a set of general constraints that are well defined and whose nature varies with divergence.