Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revenue-enhancing Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries

Recovering revenue loss due to the reduction in import tariffs is a major concern of many developing economies. In an economy with free entry, which affects the product market competition, we show that, even if there is no other tax reform such as a profit tax reform, the market mechanism itself takes care of the loss of government revenue following a tariff reduction if entry is sufficiently costly. A compensatory profit tax to compensate the loss of government revenue following a tariff reduction is required for an intermediate level of entry cost. If the entry cost is very small, the loss of government revenue following a tariff reduction cannot be compensated even with a profit tax reform. Hence, the net effect of a tariff reduction on government revenue therefore depends on how much tariff and tax revenues are created by entry, which is affected by changes in both the tariff rate and the profit tax rate.
Convergency and Divergency of Functional Coefficient Weak Instrumental Variables Models

In this paper, we consider a simultaneous equations model under a functional coefficient representation for the structural equation of interest and adopt the local-to-zero assumptions as in Staiger and Stock (1997) and Hahn and Kuersteiner (2002) on the coefficients of the instruments in the reduced form equation. Under this functional coefficient representation, models are linear in endogenous components with coefficients governed by unknown functions of the predetermined exogenous variables. We propose a two-step estimation procedure to estimate the coefficient functions. The first step is to estimate a matrix of unknown parameters of the reduced form equation based on the least squares method, and the second step is to use the local linear fitting technique to estimate coefficient functions by using the estimated reduced forms as regressors. We investigate how the limiting distribution of the proposed nonparametric estimator changes as the parameterization is allowed for different degrees of weakness. As a result, our new theoretical findings are that the possible convergency of the proposed nonparametric estimators can be attained only for the nearly weak case and the rate of convergence for the nonparametric estimator for coefficient functions of endogenous variables is slower than the conventional rate. But the nonparametric estimator for coefficient functions of endogenous variables is divergent for both the weak and nearly non-identified cases. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the resulting estimator and results support these theoretical findings.
Lessons from the Crisis. Did Central Banks Do Their Homework?

The outbreak of the global financial crisis triggered changes in thinking about the way monetary policy is conducted, in particular about the desired central banksâ€™ reaction function. However, a change in thinking does not necessarily mean that central banks really implemented these modifications. Therefore, I investigate whether four selected European central banks in small open economies â€“ E‡CeskÂ´a NÂ´arodnÂ´A± Banka, Magyar Nemzeti Bank, Narodowy Bank Polski and Sveriges Riksbank, have adjusted their reaction function to the new paradigm of how monetary policy should be conducted. To address this problem I use a logit model to see first, how the relative importance of inflation and GDP forecasts in the process of setting interest rates evolved over time, second, how the forecast horizon which central banks take into consideration when setting the interest rate has changed, and finally whether they conduct more accommodative monetary policy. The outcomes indicate that all banks after the Lehman Brotherâ€™s collapse became more flexible in the way they conduct monetary policy. In order to maintain the stability of the whole economy they are ready to accept an extended period or greater deviations of inflation from the target, although each one in its own way â€“ through extension of the forecasting horizon, the increase of the GDPâ€™s importance, permanent shift of the monetary policy stance to more accommodative one or a mixture of these factors.
Antiurolithic activity of different fractions of Aganosma dichotoma as folk medicine of Andhra Pradesh

Objective: Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum has been traditionally used in the treatment of urological disorder in Ayurvedic system of medicine and also used by tribals of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, this study aims to establish its traditional claims and investigate the effect of root extract and fractions of A. dichotoma (Apocynaceae) against ethylene glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Lithiasis was induced by oral administration of ethylene glycolated water (0.75% v/v) in rats for 28 days and was manifested by the high level of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in both urine and serum. Polarized microscopy of urine, as well as histological study of kidney, was also performed in rats. Alcoholic extract, petroleum ether, chloroform, and butanol fractions were evaluated in this study. Result: Supplementation with ethanolic root extract of A. dichotoma (EAD) and their fractions significantly (P ˂ 0.001) reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, calcium, and phosphate level as well as also decreased the level of creatinine, uric acid, and BUN in serum. In urine microscopy and histology of the kidney samples, EAD and petroleum ether fraction (PF) showed maximum inhibition of crystal deposition in a dose-dependent manner as compared to control group. Discussion and Conclusion: The result of this study revealed that EAD and PF are endowed with antiurolithic activity and justifying folk information of the plant. Further investigations are required to illuminate the chemical constituents and mechanism liable for antiurolithic activity.
The invigoration of deep convective clouds over the Atlantic: aerosol effect, meteorology or retrieval artifact?

Abstract. Associations between cloud properties and aerosol loading are frequently observed in products derived from satellite measurements. These observed trends between clouds and aerosol optical depth suggest aerosol modification of cloud dynamics, yet there are uncertainties involved in satellite retrievals that have the potential to lead to incorrect conclusions. Two of the most challenging problems are addressed here: the potential for retrieved aerosol optical depth to be cloud-contaminated, and as a result, artificially correlated with cloud parameters; and the potential for correlations between aerosol and cloud parameters to be erroneously considered to be causal. Here these issues are tackled directly by studying the effects of the aerosol on convective clouds in the tropical Atlantic Ocean using satellite remote sensing, a chemical transport model, and a reanalysis of meteorological fields. Results show that there is a robust positive correlation between cloud fraction or cloud top height and the aerosol optical depth, regardless of whether a stringent filtering of aerosol measurements in the vicinity of clouds is applied, or not. These same positive correlations emerge when replacing the observed aerosol field with that derived from a chemical transport model. Model-reanalysis data is used to address the causality question by providing meteorological context for the satellite observations. A correlation exercise between the full suite of meteorological fields derived from model reanalysis and satellite-derived cloud fields shows that observed cloud top height and cloud fraction correlate best with model pressure updraft velocity and relative humidity. Observed aerosol optical depth does correlate with meteorological parameters but usually different parameters from those that correlate with observed cloud fields. The result is a near-orthogonal influence of aerosol and meteorological fields on cloud top height and cloud fraction. The results strengthen the case that the aerosol does play a role in invigorating convective clouds.
Functional Contextual Processes in Posttraumatic Stress

A functional contextual conceptualization of posttraumatic stress is detailed. The preliminary model considers the role of several psychological processes that work to increase trauma victims' exposure to aversive stimulation and decrease their access to stable and long-term sources of positive reinforcement. These processes include cognitive fusion with negative evaluations, problematic behavioral rules, and recollections of traumatic events. Other processes addressed include experiential avoidance, skills deficits and excesses, stimulus discrimination problems, long-term effects of heightened physiological arousal, and physical barriers to positive reinforcement imposed by trauma. The article concludes with a discussion of assessment and treatment implications.
Methodological Considerations for an Evolving Model of Institutional Research.

A multi-case study was used in the self-study of three programs within an academic department of a mid-sized Southern university. Multi-case methodology as a form of self-study encourages a process of self-renewal and programmatic change as it defines an active stakeholder role. The participants in the three case studies were university faculty and administrators, current graduate students, graduates of the secondary teacher preparation program, and members of program advisory groups. Data collection techniques included surveys, focus groups, and the multi-case method itself. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data for each study. During the study, the frame of self-study emerged within the research process, resulting in a significant shift in the epistemological paradigm and attitudes of the faculty related to scholarly activities. This shift has further resulted in an evolutionary process of ongoing self-renewal within the case study analysis. The academic unit's faculty has substantially increased its commitment to the inquiry process at several levels. The faculty has become a living artifact in, and as a result of, the method. The evolutionary process of self-study, self-renewal, and mindful inquiry provided the opportunity for the faculty to engage in critical self-examination. (Contains 16 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Methodological Considerations 1 Running head: METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN EVOLVING Methodological Considerations for an Evolving Model of Institutional Research
Prediction of Final Concentrate Grade Using Artificial Neural Networks from Gol-E-Gohar Iron Ore Plant

In this study, the artificial neural networks methods were used to predict the iron, phosphor, sulfur and iron oxide content of final concentrate from the Gol-E-Gohar iron plant, Kerman province, Iran. The particle size (d80), iron, phosphor, sulfur and iron oxide percentages of run of mine (R.O.M) were used as the inputs for the network. Feed-forward artificial neural networks (FANNs), with 5-8-7-7-4 and 5-8-8-6-4 arrangements were used to estimate the final concentrate grade in both wet and dry magnetic separation processes. The outputs of the models were the iron, iron oxide, phosphor and sulfur content of the final concentrate. Satisfactory correlations of R2 = 0.98 were achieved in training and testing stages for the wet magnetic process prediction. The proposed neural network model, as an alternative to the simulation method, can be used accurately to determine the effects of changes in feed and concentrate grade of Gol-E-Gohar iron ore plant in dry and wet magnetic processes.
Polarization Insensitive Metamaterial Absorber with Wide Incident Angle

This paper presents the design, fabrication and measure- ment of a polarization insensitive microwave absorber based on meta- material. The unit cell of the metamaterial consists of four-fold rota- tional symmetric electric resonator and cross structure printed on each side of a print circuit board to realize both electric and magnetic reso- nances to achieve e-cient absorption of the incident microwave energy. Both the full wave electromagnetic simulation and the measurement on the fabricated absorber demonstrate high microwave absorption up to 97% for difierent polarized incident electromagnetic waves. To under- stand the mechanism, analysis is carried out for the electromagnetic fleld distribution at the resonance frequency which reveals the work- ing mode of the metamaterial absorber. Moreover, it is verifled by experiment that the absorption of this kind of metamaterial absorber remains over 90% with wide incident angle ranging from 0 - to 60 - for both transverse electric wave and transverse magnetic wave.
CFT representation of interacting bulk gauge fields in AdS

We develop the representation of interacting bulk gauge fields and charged scalar matter in AdS in terms of non-local observables in the dual CFT. We work in holographic gauge in the bulk, A_z = 0. The correct statement of micro-causality in holographic gauge is somewhat subtle, so we first discuss it from the bulk point of view. We then show that in the 1/N expansion CFT correlators can be lifted to obtain bulk correlation functions which satisfy micro-causality. This requires adding an infinite tower of higher-dimension multi-trace operators to the CFT definition of a bulk observable. For conserved currents the Ward identities in the CFT prevent the construction of truly local bulk operators (i.e. operators that commute at spacelike separation with everything), however the resulting non-local commutators are exactly those required by the bulk Gauss constraint. In contrast a CFT which only has non-conserved currents can be lifted to a bulk theory which is truly local. Although our explicit calculations are for gauge theory, similar statements should hold for gravity.
Bullet Fragments in Deer Remains: Implications for Lead Exposure in Avian Scavengers

Abstract Bullet fragments in rifle-killed deer (Odocoileus spp.) carrion have been implicated as agents of lead intoxication and death in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), and other avian scavengers. Deer offal piles are present and available to scavengers in autumn, and the degree of exposure depends upon incidence, abundance, and distribution of fragments per offal pile and carcass lost to wounding. In radiographs of selected portions of the remains of 38 deer supplied by cooperating, licensed hunters in 2002–2004, we found metal fragments broadly distributed along wound channels. Ninety-four percent of samples of deer killed with lead-based bullets contained fragments, and 90% of 20 offal piles showed fragments: 5 with 0–9 fragments, 5 with 10–100, 5 with 100–199, and 5 showing >200 fragments. In contrast, we counted a total of only 6 fragments in 4 whole deer killed with copper expanding bullets. These findings suggest a high potential for scavenger exposure to lead.
Addressing the acoustic tachocline anomaly and the lithium depletion problem at the same time

Current standard solar models neither account properly for the photospheric lithium abundance nor reproduce the inferred solar sound speed profile. Diffusive overshooting at the base of the solar convective envelope has previously been shown to solve either of these model inadequacies. In this paper, we present an analysis of solar models with four different parametrizations of diffusive overshooting. We find that these models are able to recover the correct lithium depletion, regardless of the parametrization, if overshooting is suppressed, during the early evolutionary stages. Further, parametrizations of diffusive overshooting have been shown to improve the inferred sound speed profile. However, none of the presented models are able to simultaneously solve both model inadequacies, showing that diffusive overshooting on its own is deficient to account for observations.
Bootstrapping & the origin of concepts

beings create scienti1⁄2c theories, mathematics, literature, moral systems, and complex technology. And only humans have the capacity to acquire such culturally constructed knowledge in the normal course of immersion in the adult world. There are many reasons for the differences between the minds of humans and other animals. We have bigger brains, and hence more powerful information processors; sometimes differences in the power of a processor can create what look like qualitative differences in kind. And of course human beings also have language–the main medium for the cultural transmission of acquired knowledge. Comparative studies of humans and other primates suggest that we differ from them as well in our substantive cognitive abilities– for example, our capacity for causal analysis and our capacity to reason about the mental states of others. Each of these factors doubtless contributes to our prodigious ability to learn. But in my view another factor is even more important: our uniquely human ability to ‘bootstrap. ’ Many psychologists, historians, and philosophers of science have appealed to the metaphor of bootstrapping in order to explain learning of a particularly dif1⁄2cult sort– those cases in which the endpoint of the process transcends in some qualitative way the starting point. The choice of metaphor may seem puzzling–it is selfevidently impossible to pull oneself up by one’s own bootstrap. After all, the process I describe below is not impossible, but I keep the term because of its historical credentials and because it seeks to explain cases of learning that many have argued are impossible. Sometimes learning requires the creation of new representational resources that are more powerful than those present at the outset. Early in the cultural history of mathematics, for instance, the concept of the number included only positive integers: with subsequent development the concept came to encompass zero, rational numbers (fractions), negative numbers, irrational numbers like pi, and so on.
Biological characteristics of a hydrothermal edifice mosaic community

This study defines the composition and biomass characteristics of 5 of 6 previously described faunal assemblages that form a mosaic community on hydrothermal sulfide edifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (northeast Pacific). Quantitative samples of each assemblage were acquired during 'ROPOS' Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) dive programs in 1994 and 1996. Total abundance, and species richness, as well as wet and dry weights, were calculated for each assemblage, and sampled surface area was measured directly or from scaled images of sample scars. These data were used to compare species composition, richness and biomass of the distinct assemblages and to estimate total biomass of a sulfide edifice. In addition to major compositional differences, we observed an increase in density, biomass and species richness along a proposed successional sequence from the Paralvinella sulfincola (annelid polychaete) assemblage (Assemblage I) to the low-flow Ridgeia piscesae (vestimentifera) community (Assemblage V-LF). Biomass (dry weight without vestimentiferan tubes) of the different sampled assemblages ranged from 0.011 kg m -2 for Assemblage I to 4.68 kg m -2 for Assemblage V-LF and 2.33 kg m -2 for the rarer high-flow Ridgeia piscesae community (V-HF). Resulting quantitative information was used to refine a previous model of community succession. Comparisons with other marine ecosystems showed that the biomass of these and other hydrothermal assemblages dominated by symbiont-bearing organisms (vestimentifera, bivalvia) is similar to those found in the most productive photosynthetically based assemblages. Tubeworm growth and sulfide accretion greatly increase total surface area available to vent organisms, and may attenuate competition for space. The 3-dimensional habitat formed by Ridgeia piscesae tubes may influence species distribution and enhance species richness. The tube worm assemblages comprise the major and probably the most stable component of total edifice biomass. At one site, over a 4 yr period, there was substantial environmental change and major shifts in coverage by other assemblages but relatively little change in total coverage by R. piscesae. As a result total edifice biomass (219 to 251 kg dry weight) varied by only 16% over 1 to 3 yr intervals Considerable quantitative ecological information can be derived from analyses of submersible-collected imagery, with sampling serving primarily as a ground truthing tool. Limitations of sampling and surtace area determinations are considered.
CFD Analysis of Double Pipe Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. Heat exchangers are important engineering devices in many process industries since the efficiency and economy of the process largely depend on the performance of the heat exchangers. The present work is directed towards the modeling of shell and tube parallel flow heat exchanger in SOLIDWORKS 2014 and setting up of flow simulation in SOLIDWORKS by inserting boundary conditions, running the calculations, inserting surface parameters, using cut plots and flow trajectories to visualize the resulting flow field. Finally compared the flow simulation results with effectiveness-NTU method. There is a difference of 7.3% of flow simulation results with effectiveness NTU method.
MNB WORKING PAPER 2004/11

There is ample empirical evidence on the presence of structural changes in financial time series. Structural breaks are also shown to contribute to the leptokurtosis of financial returns and explain at least partly the observed persistence of volatility processes. This paper explores whether detecting and taking into account structural breaks in the volatility model can improve upon our Value at Risk forecast. VAR is used by banks as a standard risk measure and is accepted by regulation in setting capital, which makes it an issue for the central bank guarding against systemic risk. This paper investigates daily BUX returns over the period 1995-2002. The Bai-Perron algorithm found several breaks in the mean and volatility of BUX return. The shift in the level of unconditional mean return around 1997-1998 is likely to be explained by the evolving efficiency of the market, but most of all by the halt of a strong upward trend in the preceding period. Volatility jumped to very high levels due to the Asian and Russian crisis. There were longer lasting shift too, most likely due to increasing trading volume. When in-sample forecasts are evaluated, models with SB dummies outperform the alternative methods. According to the rolling-window estimation and out-of-sample forecast the SB models seem to perform slightly better. However the results are sensitive to the evaluation criteria used, and the choice on the probability level. JEL classification numbers: G10, G21, C22, C53