Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locomotion Variations of Arch Index and Interlimb Symmetry in Shod and Barefoot Populations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations of arch index from static standing to dynamic walking and running; furthermore, the interlimb symmetry was checked in the two populations. A total of eighty male participants were recruited for this study, with forty habitually barefoot and forty habitually shod males, respectively. Arch index (AI) was calculated following the previously established “gold standard” measurement via contact areas recorded from EMED. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the difference between static and dynamic walking and running arch index. Paired-samples t-test and symmetry index (SI) were used to investigate the symmetry of the left foot arch index and right foot arch index. It was found that the dynamic arch index was significantly higher than the static arch index in barefoot and shod males, showing an increase from static weight-bearing standing to dynamic walking and running. However, interlimb (right-left) symmetry in the foot arch index was observed in the two populations. Dynamic changes of the arch index may provide implications that need to be considered while designing shoe lasts or insoles. Knowledge of the healthy arch index range reported from this study could also be used as a standard baseline to probe into foot and arch disorders.
The spatial–temporal total friction coefficient of the fault viewed from the perspective of seismo-electromagnetic theory

Abstract. Recently, it has been shown theoretically how the lithospheric stress changes could be linked with magnetic anomalies, frequencies, spatial distribution and the magnetic-moment magnitude relation using the electrification of microfractures in the semibrittle–plastic rock regime (Venegas-Aravena et al., 2019). However, this seismo-electromagnetic theory has not been connected with the fault's properties in order to be linked with the onset of the seismic rupture process itself. In this work we provide a simple theoretical approach to two of the key parameters for seismic ruptures which are the friction coefficient and the stress drop. We use sigmoidal functions to model the stress changes in the nonelastic regime within the lithosphere. We determine the temporal changes in frictional properties of faults. We also use a long-term friction coefficient approximation that depends on the fault dip angle and four additional parameters that weigh the first and second stress derivative, the spatial distribution of the nonconstant stress changes, and the stress drop. We found that the friction coefficient is not constant in time and evolves prior to and after the earthquake occurrence regardless of the (nonzero) weight used. When we use a dip angle close to 30 ∘ and the contribution of the second derivative is more significant than that of the first derivative, the friction coefficient increases prior to the earthquake. During the earthquake event the friction drops. Finally, the friction coefficient increases and decreases again after the earthquake occurrence. It is important to mention that, when there is no contribution of stress changes in the semibrittle–plastic regime, no changes are expected in the friction coefficient.
The syntactic complexity of Russian relative clauses Citation

Although syntactic complexity has been investigated across dozens of studies, the available data still greatly underdetermine relevant theories of processing difficulty. Memory-based and expectation-based theories make opposite predictions regarding fine-grained time course of processing difficulty in syntactically constrained contexts, and each class of theory receives support from results on some constructions in some languages. Here we report four self-paced reading experiments on the online comprehension of Russian relative clauses together with related corpus studies, taking advantage of Russian’s flexible word order to disentangle predictions of competing theories. We find support for key predictions of memory-based theories in reading times at RC verbs, and for key predictions of expectation-based theories in processing difficulty at RC-initial accusative noun phrase (NP) objects, which corpus data suggest should be highly unexpected. These results suggest that a complete theory of syntactic complexity must integrate insights from both expectationbased and memory-based theories. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. Open access under CC BY license.
From path integrals to tensor networks for the AdS/CFT correspondence

In this paper, we discuss tensor network descriptions of $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ from two different viewpoints. First, we start with a Euclidean path-integral computation of ground state wave functions with a UV cutoff. We consider its efficient optimization by making its UV cutoff position dependent and define a quantum state at each length scale. We conjecture that this path integral corresponds to a time slice of anti--de Sitter (AdS) spacetime. Next, we derive a flow of quantum states by rewriting the action of Killing vectors of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ in terms of the dual two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). Both approaches support a correspondence between the hyperbolic time slice ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$ and a version of continuous multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. We also give a heuristic argument about why we can expect a sub-AdS scale bulk locality for holographic CFTs.
On The Estimation of Temporal Changes of Snow Water Equivalent by Spaceborne Sar Interferometry: A New Application for the Sentinel-1 Mission

Abstract In this work we present a methodology for the mapping of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) temporal variations based on the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry technique and Sentinel-1 data. The shift in the interferometric phase caused by the refraction of the microwave signal penetrating the snow layer is isolated and exploited to generate maps of temporal variation of SWE from coherent SAR interferograms. The main advantage of the proposed methodology with respect to those based on the inversion of microwave SAR backscattering models is its simplicity and the reduced number of required in-situ SWE measurements. The maps, updated up to every 6 days, can attain a spatial resolution up to 20 m with sub-centimetre ΔSWE measurement accuracy in any weather and sun illumination condition. We present results obtained using the proposed methodology over a study area in Finland. These results are compared with in-situ measurements of ΔSWE, showing a reasonable match with a mean accuracy of about 6 mm.
Ganymede: A new radio source

Observations by the Galileo plasma wave receiver during the first two flybys of Ganymede revealed that this Jovian moon is the source of narrowband electromagnetic radio waves, making it the only satellite in the solar system known to generate non‐thermal radio emissions. The emissions are the result of mode‐coupling from electrostatic electron cyclotron emissions near the upper hybrid resonance frequency, similar to non‐thermal continuum radiation found at the known magnetized planets.
Major Qualifying Projects ( All Years ) Major Qualifying Projects August 2015 Legged Robot Using Hydro-Muscles

4 Acknowledgements . 5 Chapter 1: Introduction . 6 Chapter 2: Background . 7 2.1 Previous MQP . 7 2.2 Hydro-Muscles as an Actuator for Legged Robots . 8 2.3 Biomimicry and Inspiration from Nature . 8 2.4 Existing Bipedal Robots . 10 2.4.1 Festo BionicKangaroo . 10 2.5 Advantages of Bipedal System for Hydro-Muscles . 11 Chapter 3: Project Objectives . 12 3.1 Determination of Design Specifications . 12 3.1. 1 Size and Weight . 13 3.1. 2 Cost . 13 3.1. 3 Actuation . 13 3.1. 4 Locomotion . 14 3.1. 5 Reconfigurability . 14 3.1. 6 Future Platform for Hydro-Muscles . 15 3.2 Project Scope and Limitations . 16 Chapter 4: Design and Construction . 17 4.1 Reconfigurable Construction System . 17 4.1. 1 80/20TM . 17 4.2 Skeleton Design . 19 4.3 Modelling and Simulation . 20 4.4 Hydro-Muscles as Actuators . 23 4.4.1 Power Augmentation . 23 4.4.2 Compliance of Hydro-Muscles to External Forces . 26 4.5 Fabrication of Hydro-Muscles . 27 4.5. 1 Elastomeric Tube . 27 4.5. 2 Sheathing . 27 4.5. 3 Barbed Fittings and Hose Clamps . 28
A Novel Study on Face Recognition Algorithms and its Challenges

Face recognition system is an application of computer vision and Image processing which is capable of performing two major tasks of identifying and verifying a person from an image or a video database. The human face is a complicated multidimensional model and it needs a sturdy recognition technique to recognize a human face. The face recognition accuracy is depends on two procedure which are human face detection and a feature extraction method. Many of face recognition feature extraction techniques are used to recognize the face but it needs more enhancements acquire to get optimum outcome. This paper majorly concentrates on comparative study between PCA (Principal Component Analysis), LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), Clustering and SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithms.
USDA's Low-Cost, Moderate-Cost, and Liberal Food Plans: Development and Expenditure Shares

The Low-Cost, Moderate-Cost, and Liberal Food Plans represent nutritious diets at various costs. This revision of the market baskets of each food plan using a mathematical optimization model reflects recent changes in dietary guidance and incorporates updated information on food composition, consumption patterns, and food prices at the same inflation-adjusted cost of the previous food plans. This analysis shows how food expenditures need to change to obtain a healthful diet. The analysis is particularly significant because average food expenses exceed the cost of the Low-Cost Food Plan. Hence, Americans could achieve a healthful diet at less the cost than they are currently paying.
Simulation study of a tree similarity measure based on small subtree counts

Augsten, Böhlen and Gamper [1] suggested a measure of similarity between ordered and labeled trees based on subtree counts: two trees are declared close if they contain similar number of copies of ordered and labeled subtrees of a given form, called pq-gram. We report the results of a simulation study of statistical properties of distances based on pq-grams.
CoronaTracker: World-wide COVID-19 Outbreak Data Analysis and Prediction

Background COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in Wuhan, China and has spread to more than 50 countries. WHO declared COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020. Naturally, a rising infectious disease involves fast spreading, endangering the health of large numbers of people, and thus requires immediate actions to prevent the disease at the community level. Therefore, CoronaTracker was born as the online platform that provides latest and reliable news development, as well as statistics and analysis on COVID-19. This paper is done by the research team in the CoronaTracker community and aims to predict and forecast COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries through predictive modelling. The model helps to interpret patterns of public sentiment on disseminating related health information, and assess political and economic influence of the spread of the virus.
Summary Handout Biomedical Modeling Using Imaging Data: Modeling Shape as a Biological Variable

In addition to pathology detection, an essential challenge in neuroimaging is to describe patterns of structural features: shape. To build quantitative descriptions of shape, Computational Anatomy [1] focuses on shape differences, rather than shape descriptions. These differences are modeled by transformations, which become the objects of study. In some applications, physical models for transformation are appropriate (e.g. deformations due to breathing). When describing shape across populations, more abstract mathematical models are necessary. In this session we focus on answering three questions: 1. How can biological shape be described quantitatively? 2. How can we apply statistical techniques to its study? 3. How can we construct biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease?
Negative Feedback in the Polar Ice System

One of the ingredients of the anthropogenic global warming hypothesis is the existence of large positive feedback in the climate system. An example is polar ice that, once melted, turns into blacker water that will increase radiation absorption and this rein-forces the melting. This causes a run-away scenario with a point of no return. Here it is shown that the polar ice can also have negative feedback aspects, where a melting of polar ice will cause it to reappear.
Laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy: a non-randomized comparative study

Background: Appendicectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in emergency surgery. Despite this, there is still lack of consensus about the most appropriate technique for appendicectomy. In this longitudinal analysis, we aimed to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) and the conventional technique or open appendicectomy (OA) in the treatment of acute appendicitis.Methods: A non-randomized longitudinal comparative study was conducted in NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur, India. From November 2017 to October 2019, 53 patients underwent OA and 59 underwent LA, making a total number of patients included in this study to be 112 (n). The two groups were compared for operative time, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain, post-operative ileus and complication rate.Results: Laparoscopic appendicectomy was associated with a shorter hospital stay (4.34±1.37 days in LA and 5.09±1.71 days in OA, p<0.01), with a lower post operative pain score [VAS] (2.93±0.80 in LA and 4.62±0.92 in OA, p<0.001). Operative time was shorter in the open group (42.70±12.05 min in OA and 43.39±16.59 in LA). Complications were lesser in the LA group with a significantly lower incidence of wound infection (3.4% in LA and 13.2% in OA). Conclusions: Laparoscopic approach is safe and efficient in appendicectomy and it provides clinically advantages over open method (shorter hospital stays, lower post op pain, early food tolerance, earlier return to work and lesser wound infection) against only marginally longer operative time.
FVSS-II : PNe kinematics of ICL 1881

We present the largest and most spatially extended planetary nebulae (PNe) catalogue ever obtained for the Fornax cluster. We measured velocities of 1452 PNe out to 200 kpc in the cluster core using a counter-dispersed slitless spectroscopic technique with data from FORS2 on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). With such an extended spatial coverage, we can study separately the stellar haloes of some of the cluster main galaxies and the intracluster light. In this second paper of the Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey, we identify and classify the emission-line sources, describe the method to select PNe, and calculate their coordinates and velocities from the dispersed slitless images. From the PN 2D velocity map, we identify stellar streams that are possibly tracing the gravitational interaction of NGC 1399 with NGC 1404 and NGC 1387. We also present the velocity dispersion profile out to ∼200 kpc radii, which shows signatures of a superposition of the bright central galaxy and the cluster potential, with the latter clearly dominating the regions outside R ∼ 1000 arcsec (∼100 kpc).
Does Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Influence Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Children ?

To the Editor—We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Schuhegger et al. [1], who highlight 2 issues in their letter. First, Schuhegger et al. [1] raise questions about the effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid vaccine in protecting against toxinproducing Corynebacterium ulcerans. It is known that there are genetic variations in the diphtheria toxin gene (tox) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans, as well as differences in the amino acid sequences of the diphtheria toxins they produce. However, given that the functional consequences of these differences have not been fully established for clinical diphtheria or diphtheria-like illness due to C. ulcerans, we believe that the use of diphtheria toxoid vaccine as a preventative measure, and especially the use of diphtheria antitoxin as part of the treatment for diphtheria-like illness due to C. ulcerans, is justified. In the case we reported, the patient who had extensive membrane in the pharynx and received equine diphtheria antitoxin recovered fully; the patient who did not receive the antitoxin had a fatal outcome. Second, we are in agreement that a careful probe design may be useful for specifically detecting unique tox sequences, but we believe that our study has clearly documented the presence of toxin-producing C. ulcerans. We reported that the real-time PCR for detection of the C. diphtheriae tox gene [2] revealed atypical amplification of subunit A and no amplification of subunit B for both patients. Consequently, test results were reported as negative for the tox gene. However, C. ulcerans was isolated from both patients, and conventional PCR and a modified Elek test results were positive for the detection of the tox gene and the diphtheria toxin itself, respectively [3]. In summary, we support the need for a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of C. ulcerans and the diphtheria toxin that it produces, because the spectrum of severity of this uncommon disease is unknown, and the diagnosis of mild infections may be missed completely, especially in a non– diphtheria outbreak setting. C. ulcerans produces an exotoxin that is very similar, if not identical, to the diphtheria toxin produced by C. diphtheriae, and it can also produce typical membranous lesions in the throat and complications that are clinically indistinguishable from those of respiratory diphtheria. Most commonly, C. ulcerans is isolated as an etiologic agent while investigating for diphtheria. Because respiratory diphtheria may be severe or fatal, treatment should be immediate and should not be delayed until laboratory results are available. Specifically, diphtheria antitoxin should be administered promptly to patients with clinical respiratory diphtheria to prevent serious complications and death, even in cases in which C. ulcerans, rather than C. diphtheriae, is isolated [3].
Galactic spiral patterns and dynamo action – II. Asymptotic solutions

The exploration of mean-field galactic dynamos affected by a galactic spiral pattern, begun in Chamandy et al. (2013, hereafter Paper I) with numerical simulations, is continued here with an asymptotic solution. The mean-field dynamo model used generalizes the standard theory to include the delayed response of the mean electromotive force to variations of the mean magnetic field and turbulence parameters (the temporal non-locality, or {\tau} effect). The effect of the spiral pattern on the dynamo considered is the enhancement of the {\alpha}-effect in spiral-shaped regions (which may overlap the gaseous spiral arms or be located in the interarm regions). The axisymmetric and enslaved non-axisymmetric modes of the mean magnetic field are studied semi-analytically to clarify and strengthen the numerical results. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between the asymptotic solution and numerical solutions of Paper I for a global, rigidly rotating material spiral (density wave). At all galactocentric distances except for the co-rotation radius, we find magnetic arms displaced in azimuth from the {\alpha}-arms, so that the ridges of magnetic field strength are more tightly wound than the {\alpha}-arms. Moreover, the effect of a finite dynamo relaxation time {\tau} (related to the turbulence correlation time) is to phase-shift the magnetic arms in the direction opposite to the galactic rotation even at the co-rotation radius. This mechanism can be used to explain the phase shifts between magnetic and material arms observed in some spiral galaxies.
Accounting for Geographical Variance in the Union Satisfaction Gap

Evidence of spatial variance in the relationship between trade union membership and job satisfaction is limited. Using three nationally representative data sets, we examine lower levels of satisfaction among union members and considers how this relationship varies geographically across the nations and regions of Great Britain. The analysis demonstrates that the union satisfaction gap can largely be accounted for by relative characteristics of union members and the jobs that they hold. However, there is evidence of geographical variance. The union satisfaction gap is generally found to be highest within Scotland and North of England. Despite high levels of union membership, evidence of a union satisfaction gap in Wales is relatively weak. These differences relate to differences in the perceptions of industrial relations among employees across these areas, which appear to be related to geographical variance in worker heterogeneity.
Non-Gaussian forecasts of weak lensing with and without priors

Assuming a Euclid-like weak lensing data set, we compare different methods of dealing with its inherent parameter degeneracies. Including priors into a data analysis can mask the information content of a given data set alone. However, since the information content of a data set is usually estimated with the Fisher matrix, priors are added in order to enforce an approximately Gaussian likelihood. Here, we compare priorless forecasts to more conventional forecasts that use priors. We find strongly non-Gaussian likelihoods for 2d-weak lensing if no priors are used, which we approximate with the DALI-expansion. Without priors, the Fisher matrix of the 2d-weak lensing likelihood includes unphysical values of $\Omega_m$ and $h$, since it does not capture the shape of the likelihood well. The Cramer-Rao inequality then does not need to apply. We find that DALI and Monte Carlo Markov Chains predict the presence of a dark energy with high significance, whereas a Fisher forecast of the same data set also allows decelerated expansion. We also find that a 2d-weak lensing analysis provides a sharp lower limit on the Hubble constant of $h > 0.4$, even if the equation of state of dark energy is jointly constrained by the data. This is not predicted by the Fisher matrix and usually masked in other works by a sharp prior on $h$. Additionally, we find that DALI estimates Figures of Merit in the presence of non-Gaussianities better than the Fisher matrix. We additionally demonstrate how DALI allows switching to a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling of a highly curved likelihood with acceptance rates of $\approx 0.5$, an effective covering of the parameter space, and numerically effectively costless leapfrog steps. This shows how quick forecasts can be upgraded to accurate forecasts whenever needed. Results were gained with the public code from this http URL