Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photoconductivity spectroscopy of deep levels in CdTe

High resistive (108-109Omega) CdTe samples (undoped, Cl and In doped) were investigated by means of spectral and temperature dependent photoconductivity (PC) with the goal to look for correlations of the signal from deep levels and transport properties represented by the mobility-lifetime product For comparison, low temperature PC measurements were performed on p-type undoped CdTe crystals having a low resistivity at room temperature. It was found out, that the transition dominating the below band gap PC in these undoped samples has the energy Ev+0.95 eV. We suppose, that the corresponding defect is native, probably related to Cd vacancy or Cd vacancy complex. Doping with shallow donors (In,Cl) results in practical disappearance of this transition, while in high resistive undoped CdTe the near midgap PC signal is observed, although with lower intensity, than in case of low resistive p-type undoped samples. A correlation between intensity of the Ev+0.95 eV PC transition and the mobility lifetime measured by alpha spectroscopy was observed. We suppose, that this deep level acts as a significant trap influencing performance of X and gamma ray detectors. Doping with shallow donors probably results in physical removing of the corresponding defect by a reaction with InCd or ClTe shallow donors, significantly reducing its ability to trap electrons
Eating Habits and Sustainable Food Production in the Development of Innovative “Healthy” Snacks

In recent years, science about nutrition and food technology has grown enormously. These advances have provided information about the human body’s need for certain nutrients and the impact of human nutrition on quality of life and health. New technologies enable the production of many new products that meet the expectations of food consumers. To meet the challenges posed by consumers, food producers are developing new food products that are included in the next generation food. Changing nutritional trends force the food industry and technologists to look for innovative products that are not only ready for immediate consumption, but are also unique in terms of nutritional value and contain a minimum number of additives. Existing research trends are intended to develop innovative products, which can be considered a healthy snack that can help in the fight against obesity, especially among children. Such products are freeze-dried fruit or vegetable gels, fruit skins or edible films. The aim of the work is to present a review of the problem of increasing childhood obesity, the place of snacks in the daily diet and the possibility of replacing unhealthy, high-calorie snacks with alternative products with beneficial properties, in which balanced production is used. For example, the use of freeze-drying and the addition of only natural hydrocolloids provides an “clean label” healthy snack that is appreciated by conscious consumers.
Statistical modeling for efficient parametric yield estimation of MOS VLSI circuits

Large statistical variations are often found in the performance of VLSI circuits; as a result, only a fraction of the circuits manufactured may meet performance goals. An automated system has been developed to obtain the process statistical variations and extract SPICE model parameters for a large number of MOS devices. Device length and width, oxide capacitance, and flat-band voltage are shown to be the principal process factors responsible for the statistical variation of device characteristics. Intradie variations are much smaller than the interdie variations, therefore, only the interdie variations are responsible for variations in circuit performance. This accurate and simple statistical modeling approach uses only four statistical variables, and thus enables the development of a very computationally efficient statistical parametric yield estimator (SPYE). A linear approximation for the yield body boundary is used to make an accurate prediction of parametric yield. With the addition of temperature and supply voltage as operating condition variables, a maximum of seven simulations are required; only slightly more than the three to five required for "worst case analysis. " The method has also been adapted statistical parametric specification of standard cells; performance ranges of circuit building blocks can be characterized once the statistical variations of process-dependent parameters are known. Predicted performance variations from SPYE have been compared with measured variations in delay and power consumption for a 7000-gate n-MOS inverter chain. Agreement with the mean delay and power are better than 5 percent where SPICE model parameters were obtained from the same slice used for circuit characterization. Excellent agreement was obtained in the predicted spread in the circuit delay and power consumption using measured variations in the statistical variables.
A DOI-dependent extended energy window method to control balance of scatter and true events

In a conventional PET scanner, coincidence events are limited by the energy window for detection of photoelectric events. In contrast, Compton scatter events occur both in a patient and detector crystals. Scatter events within the patient cause scatter coincidence, but scatter events within crystal have useful information for an activity distribution. The PET scanner with an extended energy window has higher sensitivity but higher scatter fraction than the PET scanner with a default energy window. In this work, we develop a scatter reduction method using a depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector. The DOI detector can make an upper layer act as an absorber of patient scatter for a lower layer. Therefore, crystal scatter with an interacting lower layer has a potential to discriminate patient scatter. Our method has a different energy window for each layer. The energy window of the upper layer is limited to the region of photoelectric events. The energy window of the lower layer is extended to the region of crystal scatter and photoelectric events. We applied our proposal technique for a whole-body PET scanner using GATE simulation. The DOI- PET scanner can provide more true events while keeping a low scatter fraction using this scatter reduction method. Based on simulation results, this method is judged to be promising for obtaining high image quality using DOI information and energy information.
A novel joint-in-via flip-chip chip-scale package

It is believed that the slower-than-expected adoption of flip-chip (FC) packages is due to the lagging advancement in substrate designs and technologies with front-end processes. This lag has also resulted in the need for a costly redistribution layer (RDL), which fans out the die pads to meet the substrate design rule. This paper reviews the photographic metallization limitation of organic substrates and proposes an innovative joint-in-via architecture using existing substrate technologies to improve the pad pitch resolutions. The joint-in-via architecture consolidates the landing pads, the microvias, and the flip-chip joint into one common element, thereby saving valuable substrate real estate for high-density routing. It has been successfully conceptualized on a flex laminate at a pad pitch of 70 /spl mu/m and a receiving pad size of 50 /spl mu/m, potentially enabling the removal of the RDL layer for packaging. Robustness in flip-chip assembly is improved by the joint-in-via architecture as it prevents solder bridging and allows the use of existing packaging infrastructure. A new flip-chip chip-scale package (FC-CSP) has evolved with the implementation of the joint-in-via architecture. With material optimization, the FC-CSP passes standard reliability tests, further demonstrating the robustness of the joint-in-via technology.
After many a summer dies the swan

Just how different are humans from other hominids at the genic level? Howmany gene replacements are necessary to transform a chimpanzee into something that, in a subway train, would not cause massive panic (perhaps only a bit of intrigue)? Genome sequencing has revealed more than 3 million bp differences but those differences offer no insight into the functional questions answerable only by gene replacement. In this issue, Shi et al. provide the experimental support for the neoteny hypothesis, by which juvenile development in humans is posited to have been extended into adulthood [1]. In this view, human adults are akin to sexually mature babies. On the flip side, Aldous Huxley, in his science fiction After Many a Summer Dies the Swan, depicts an immortal human, the Fifth Earl of Gonister, who lived to 200 and became an ape, presumably after prolonged development [2]. Although numerous differences inmorphological, reproductive and behavioral traits exist between humans and apes, all these traits might be correlated. Louis Bolk, a Dutch anatomist, characterized these differences as being juvenile-prone in humans [3]. Themost notable ones are the size and bulbous shape of the cranium of adult humans that resemble the fetal features. According to this neoteny hypothesis, the bulk of biological differences between human and other apes could be driven by a small number of genes controlling the rate of embryonic and fetal development. Shi et al. transduce the human MCPH1 gene into the rhesus monkey. Prior extensive studies of this gene in mouse and monkey have implicated MCPH1 in brain development. What is remarkable is that the transgenic monkeys showdelayed neuronalmaturation, human-like delayed expressions of neuron differentiation genes and improved memory/reaction time. It thus appears that a single gene could have some detectable effects that hint at the neotenic development of the brain. Studies such as those by Shi et al. and others [4,5] on monkey cloning may foreshadow what will come in the near future. The evolution of human intelligence could be understood even before we unravel the intricatemechanistic details of the human brain.
In-Plane Magnetic Anisotropy Detection of Crystal Grain Orientation in Goss-Textured Ferromagnets

In this paper, a preliminary study about non-destructive diagnostics of crystal grain orientation in laminated Goss-textured magnetic material is presented. The reconstruction of the local lattice orientation is achieved by exploiting the surface magnetic anisotropy that is obtained by the contact-less magnetic measurements and lag angle plots elaboration. In addition, the experimental measurements are compared to the magnetic simulations of the crystal grains in order to extrapolate the local orientation of the system. The evaluation of the tilt angle between the easy axis and the rolling direction, as well as the angle of the other axes respect to the lamination plane, is carried out for different grains of an Fe–Si grain-oriented alloy specimen.
Design and implementation of a Costas loop down converter in FPGA

This paper presents the the design of a digital down converter (DDC) using a digital Costas loop in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The designed DDC is one of the modules in the receiver of the base station in a wireless local positioning systems (WLPS). WLPS is capable of localization in the GPS-denied environments such as indoor and underground. The final results and performance measures are quantified and discussed. At the bit error rate (BER) of 10−4 our fixed point implementation of the demodulator using the Costas loop performs only 0.125 dB worst than the theoretical limit.
Properties of Concept Lattice Reduction Based on Matrix Factorization

Formal Concept Analysis is a well known method for the analysis of object-attribute data. However it is difficult to deploy when it comes to large datasets. Several complexity issues of this method can be addressed by reduction using matrix factorization methods. However their behavior within this environment is not easily explainable, but can be partly illustrated using several both general and Formal Concept Analysis-specific measures. We have also introduced a new notion of Primary Concepts which may help in understanding the reduction process.
The Trigger System of the MAGIC Telescope

The MAGIC telescope aims at the detection of very low energy gamma rays (E>30 GeV) through the atmospheric emission of Cherenkov light. The high background rate originating from the night sky background, muons, hadronic showers and bright stars sets a serious challenge to this goal. Application of topological selection cuts at trigger level can have a big impact on background reduction allowing the telescope to operate at lower thresholds and reducing the minimum detectable energy. The trigger of the MAGIC telescope is a two-level system following a pipeline philosophy, similar to those adopted in high energy physics experiments. Operative since October 2002, the trigger system has been a key point in the commissioning of the MAGIC telescope that is now taking data. The trigger hardware is described in detail
A Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Framework for 2.5D Map Building Based on Low-Cost LiDAR and Vision Fusion

The method of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) using a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor is commonly adopted for robot navigation. However, consumer robots are price sensitive and often have to use low-cost sensors. Due to the poor performance of a low-cost LiDAR, error accumulates rapidly while SLAM, and it may cause a huge error for building a larger map. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes a new graph optimization-based SLAM framework through the combination of low-cost LiDAR sensor and vision sensor. In the SLAM framework, a new cost-function considering both scan and image data is proposed, and the Bag of Words (BoW) model with visual features is applied for loop close detection. A 2.5D map presenting both obstacles and vision features is also proposed, as well as a fast relocation method with the map. Experiments were taken on a service robot equipped with a 360° low-cost LiDAR and a front-view RGB-D camera in the real indoor scene. The results show that the proposed method has better performance than using LiDAR or camera only, while the relocation speed with our 2.5D map is much faster than with traditional grid map.
Eliminating ground current in a transformerless photovoltaic application

A single phase converter can be used for low-power grid connected applications. In photovoltaic applications it is possible to remove the transformer in the inverter in order to reduce losses, costs and size. Galvanic connection of the grid and the DC sources in transformerless systems can introduce additional leakage currents because of the earth parasitic capacitance. This currents increase conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions, harmonics injected in the utility grid and system losses. Amplitude and spectrum of ground current depends on the converter topology, on the switching strategy and on the resonant circuit formed by the ground capacitance, the converter, the AC filter and the grid. In this paper, the leakage current in a 1.5 kW photovoltaic installation is measured. The installation includes a string of sixteen panels, a full bridge inverter and a LCL filter. Influence of inverter topology and modulation strategy on the magnitude of the leakage current is presented. Finally, the use of neutral point clamped inverters in transformerless photovoltaic applications is studied.
Modeling and Formal Verification of IMPP

This paper describes the modeling and formal verification of the application layer protocol, Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol (IMPP). Spin is a model checker for the verification of asynchronous, distributed and concurrent finite state systems. It accepts the system specification in a high level language called PROcess MEta LAnguage (PROMELA) and verification claims in temporal logic. We have selected Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol (IMPP) for modeling, simulation and verification as it is characterized by concurrency and distributed computing, which makes it a good candidate to explore the potential of model checking and verification. Further, the important properties of the protocol are verified using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). One of our aims was also to get an insight into the scope and utility of formal methods based on state space exploration in testing larger and complex software systems which has been achieved to some extent.
Assessment of the nutritional effects of olestra.

Olestra is a mixture of polyesters formed from sucrose and fatty acids derived from edible fats and oils. It is not absorbed or digested and can serve as a zero-calorie replacement for dietary fat. Because olestra is lipophilic and not absorbed, it has the potential to interfere with the absorption of other dietary components, especially lipophilic ones, when it is in the digestive tract with those components. A series of studies were conducted in the domestic pig and in healthy adult humans to define the nature and extent of olestra's effect on fat-soluble vitamins, selected water-soluble micronutrients, and macronutrients, and to demonstrate that the effects of olestra on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins can be offset by adding extra amounts of the affected vitamins to olestra foods. Before conducting the human and pig studies, the intake of olestra from the consumption of snack foods made with olestra was estimated for various subgroups. The potential for olestra to affect the absorption of nonessential but potentially beneficial dietary phytochemicals was also assessed. In addition, an assessment of how consumption patterns influence the effect of olestra on the absorption of the highly lipophilic carotenoids was made. Finally, the results from the pig and human studies were used to assess the potential for olestra to affect the nutritional status of subgroups of the population who have particularly high nutrient needs or unique dietary patterns that may lead to large olestra-to-nutrient intake ratios.
A Great-Appendage Arthropod with a Radial Mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany

Great-appendage arthropods, characterized by a highly modified anterior limb, were previously unknown after the Middle Cambrian. One fossil from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany, extends the stratigraphic range of these arthropods by ∼100 million years. Schinderhannes bartelsi shows an unusual combination of anomalocaridid and euarthropod characters, including a highly specialized swimming appendage. A cladistic analysis indicates that the new taxon is basal to crown-group euarthropods and that the great-appendage arthropods are paraphyletic. This new fossil shows that features of the anomalocaridids, including the multisegmented raptorial appendage and circular plated mouth, persisted long after the initial radiation of the euarthropods.
On the use of a single-fiber multipoint plastic scintillation detector for 192 Ir high-dose-rate brachytherapy.

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to prove the feasibility of using a single-fiber multipoint plastic scintillation detector (mPSD) as anin vivo verification tool during 192 Ir high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatments. METHODS A three-point detector was built and inserted inside a catheter-positioning template placed in a water phantom. A hyperspectral approach was implemented to discriminate the different optical signals composing the light output at the exit of the single collection optical fiber. The mPSD was tested with different source-to-detector positions, ranging from 1 to 5 cm radially and over 10.5 cm along the longitudinal axis of the detector, and with various integration times. Several strategies for improving the accuracy of the detector were investigated. The device's accuracy in detecting source position was also tested. RESULTS Good agreement with the expected doses was obtained for all of the scintillating elements, with average relative differences from the expected values of 3.4 ± 2.1%, 3.0 ± 0.7%, and 4.5 ± 1.0% for scintillating elements from the distal to the proximal. A dose threshold of 3 cGy improved the general accuracy of the detector. An integration time of 3 s offered a good trade-off between precision and temporal resolution. Finally, the mPSD measured the radioactive source positioning uncertainty to be no more than 0.32 ± 0.06 mm. The accuracy and precision of the detector were improved by a dose-weighted function combining the three measurement points and known details about the geometry of the detector construction. CONCLUSIONS The use of a mPSD for high-dose-rate brachytherapy dosimetry is feasible. This detector shows great promise for development ofin vivo applications for real-time verification of treatment delivery.
A 16-Mb 400-MHz loadless CMOS four-transistor SRAM macro

We have used a 5-metal 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS logic process to develop a 16-Mb 400-MHz loadless CMOS four-transistor SRAM macro. The macro contains: (1) end-point dual-pulse drivers for accurate timing control; (2) a wordline-voltage-level compensation circuit for stable data retention; and (3) an all-adjoining twisted bitline scheme for reduced bitline coupling capacitance. The macro is capable of 400-MHz high-speed access at 1.8-V supply voltage and is 66% the size of a conventional six-transistor SRAM macro. We have also developed a higher-performance 500-MHz loadless four-transistor SRAM macro in a CMOS process using 0.13-/spl mu/m gate length.
Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor having gashed pole

In this paper, the results of a finite element analysis are carried out on new stator geometry of a four phase Linear Switched Reluctance Motor (LSRM). In the new geometry, stator pole faces are gashed. LSRM performance for variable load conditions is discussed. The two dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis (FEA) results, have demonstrated validity of the proposed new design.
Development of forward-looking ultrasound transducers for microbubble-aided intravascular ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third-leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease. Currently, PE is treated via catheter-delivered, ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis using side-fired, low-intensity ultrasound energy (0.5 W/cm2) at ∼2 MHz to reduce the required dose of thrombolytic drugs because of the enhanced drug penetration into the clot. However, several clinical studies have shown that the relatively high-frequency (2 MHz), low-power ultrasound is insufficient for improving thrombolytic efficacy. Low-frequency (< 1 MHz), higher intensity ultrasound yields a higher thrombolytic rate, however, the propagation of ultrasound toward the vessel wall (side looking) results in increased likelihood of healthy tissue damage from overexposure of acoustic energy. We hypothesize that a forward-looking intravascular ultrasound transducer design will enable generation of higher pressures at a lower operating frequency, which can enhance the lytic rate and reduce the required dose of the drug.
Time-domain partial element equivalent circuit solver including non-linear magnetic materials

The PEEC solution of problems which include magnetic materials has recently been considered. Most of these solvers include linear magnetic material only. In this paper, we present a new PEEC solver including non-linear magnetic materials. A benchmark problem is presented in the time domain where the magnetic material operates in the non-linear region.