Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits

Objectives To provide a scientific rationale for lower water temperature and wetsuit rules for elite and subelite triathletes. Methods 11 lean, competitive triathletes completed a 20 min flume swim, technical transition including bike control and psychomotor testing and a cycle across five different wetsuit and water temperature conditions: with wetsuit: 10°C, 12°C and 14°C; without wetsuit (skins): 14°C and 16°C. Deep body (rectal) temperature (Tre), psychomotor performance and the ability to complete a technical bike course after the swim were measured, as well as swimming and cycling performance. Results In skins conditions, only 4 out of 11 athletes could complete the condition in 14°C water, with two becoming hypothermic (Tre<35°C) after a 20 min swim. All 11 athletes completed the condition in 16°C. Tre fell further following 14°C (mean 1.12°C) than 16°C (mean 0.59°C) skins swim (p=0.01). In wetsuit conditions, cold shock prevented most athletes (4 out of 7) from completing the swim in 10°C. In 12°C and 14°C almost all athletes completed the condition (17 out of 18). There was no difference in temperature or performance variables between conditions following wetsuit swims at 12°C and 14°C. Conclusion The minimum recommended water temperature for racing is 12°C in wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits. International Triathlon Union rules for racing were changed accordingly (January 2017).
Location-only and use-availability data: analysis methods converge.

This Special Feature arose from a session on a topic of the same name that took place during The Wildlife Society meeting in Kona, Hawaii, from 5 to 10 November, 2011. The purpose of that session and this Special Feature is to compare methods for predictive modelling of species geographical distributions and the modelling of habitat (resource) selection by animals. The predictive modelling of species geographical distributions and the modelling of habitat selection based on the environmental conditions at sites where animals are known to occur are essentially the same problem. Presence-only and used-available data both consist of a sample of locations with known presence of a species or an individual. A separate sample of locations from a study area, with unknown presence (pseudo-absence), is also assumed to exist. The probability or relative probability of presence of a species or individual is modelled and estimated across a certain time implicitly defined by the sampling mechanism, for example, by the time period during which museum specimens or radiotelemetry data were collected. A number of modelling methods have appeared in the literature over the last couple of decades. Many of these methods were made feasible by the availability of geographical information systems (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) radiotelemetry and public online data access initiatives (e.g. global biodiversity information facility). The papers in this Special Feature are intended to present the state of the methodological art in their subject area, with particular attention paid to contrasting the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods of analysis for data. In this editorial for the Special Feature, we begin with a review of some early history of methods for analysing the selection of resources by animals and then briefly describe the methods covered in the Special Feature and some other methods that are relevant but not covered.
Hospice Nurses and Drug Disposal: The Convergence Between Nursing Practice and the Environment

In the United States, for the past decades, poison control centers have long recommended discarding medications to sewerage to prevent accidental and purposeful poisonings from occurring. The first federal disposal guidelines for drug disposal were published in 2007. In 2008, an Associated Press investigation revealed that pharmaceuticals were found in drinking water supplies of many Americans. However, pharmaceuticals in our drinking water are not a new finding; since humans began to use medicine for healing purposes, deposits of ingredients have been added to water. As pharmaceutical agents in the water have been linked to abnormalities in aquatic life, concerns about impact to human health have arisen. As public concern grows about the impact of pharmaceuticals in the water, hospice home care nurses, as the only nurse specialist required to ensure disposal of unused medications upon a patient's death, are also beginning to question if there is a better way to dispose of unused medication. This article will discuss (1) pharmaceutical agents in the water, (2) environmental pathways and aquatic exposure, (3) possible human health effects, (4) gaps in data about hospice nursing knowledge and practice, and (5) recommendations for hospice nursing practice, research, and advocacy.
Analysis of Ligand-Bound Water Molecules in High-Resolution Crystal Structures of Protein-Ligand Complexes

We have performed a comprehensive analysis of water molecules at the protein-ligand interfaces observed in 392 high-resolution crystal structures. There are a total of 1829 ligand-bound water molecules in these 392 complexes; 18% are surface water molecules, and 72% are interfacial water molecules. The number of ligand-bound water molecules in each complex structure ranges from 0 to 21 and has an average of 4.6. Of these interfacial water molecules, 76% are considered to be bridging water molecules, characterized by having polar interactions with both ligand and protein atoms. Among a number of factors that may influence the number of ligand-bound water molecules, the polar van der Waals (vdw) surface area of ligands has the highest Pearson linear correlation coefficient of 0.63. Our regression analysis predicted that one more ligand-bound water molecule is expected for every additional 24 A2 in the polar vdw surface area of the ligand. In contrast to the observation that the resolution is the primary factor influencing the number of water molecules in crystallographic models of proteins, we found that there is only a weak relationship between the number of ligand-bound water molecules and the resolution of the crystal structures. An analysis of the isotropic B factors of buried ligand-bound water molecules suggested that, when water molecules have fewer than two polar interactions with the protein-ligand complex, they are more mobile than protein atoms in the crystal structures; when they have more than three polar interactions, they are significantly less mobile than protein atoms.
Sedentary and Physical Activity Habits of Obese Adolescents

Background: The independent association between sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) is such that, regardless of accumulated PA, high amounts of SB are detrimental to health, even in adolescents. Purpose: Our aim was to profile activity patterns in free-living environments and to measure levels of SB and light (LT) and moderate (MOD) PA in obese adolescents via accelerometry. Methods: Participants wore Actical accelerometers on the right hip for at least 5 days, from 07:00 am to 11:00 pm. The number of minutes per hour of sedentary, LT, MOD, and vigorous (VIG) activity was calculated using established cut-points. Sixteen subjects (5 males, 11 females;14.8 ± 1.5 years) recorded at least 3 weekdays and 2 weekend days of accelerometry data. Results: Subjects spent a majority of time with SB (727.6 ± 101.2 min/d), followed by LT (212.4 ± 91.6 min/d) and MOD PA (20.5 ± 23.1 min/d). Subjects spent 75.6% of their waking day with SB. Discussion: In addition to low levels of PA, obese adolescents accumulated a substantial number of SB minutes. Translation to Health Education Practice: Minutes of SB are high among obese adolescents. Health educators should design interventions to reduce SB as a complement to programs designed to increase PA.
Coherence in depth electrodes during induction of deep anesthesia

Our aim was to explore time-varying coherence values versus spacing and referencing of electrode contacts in thalamic level from human encephalographic (EEG) data. Data has been acquired during induction of propofol anesthesia until burst-suppression level in scalp EEG. Results are shown from coherence analysis applied to EEG signals from selected depth electrode contacts pair-wise of three subjects. Alpha coherence is the most prominent behavior in all channel pairs. It is persistent throughout the time period followed and in coherence calculated between bipolar derivations in depth electrodes.
Five-star Doctors for the 21st Century

The term ‘five-star doctor’ has been promoted to denote the model physician for today's society, who should be able to respond to the needs of both individual patients and their community. The B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) has adopted integrated, partially problem-based, organ system and community-oriented curriculum for medical graduates. The various field programmes related to community diagnosis, health care delivery system, family health exercise, epidemiology for health management, managerial skills for health services, and learning in fields are incorporated in the MBBS curriculum. Five-month postings during internships in zonal and district hospitals and one month in district public health offices and primary health centres are unique programmes to make it more socially accountable. Such exposure for MBBS students makes them to attain five-star status, that is, caregiver, decision maker, communicator, community leader and manager. Thus, BPKIHS is working as a pioneer in an endeavour to create five-star doctors for the 21st century.
Immunogenicity reloaded.

megakaryocytes seen in MYH9-deficient mice. Also, the authors do not rule out the possibility of involvement in proplatelet formation of other genes identified as regulated by MAL. For instance, the focus in the study at hand has been only on displayed genes known to have a key role in cytoskeleton organization. Future studies could explore the functional significance for proplatelet formation of other genes that are deregulated as a result of MAL down-regulation or overexpression. Finally, also of interest is the possibility that alpha granules heterogeneously scattered in the cytoplasm of AMLderegulated cells bear heterogeneous contents, a phenomenon that has been recently explored in other studies. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. ■ REFERENCES
P-wave characteristics after electrical external cardioversion: Predictive indexes of relapse

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the western countries and accounts for hundred thousand strokes per year. Electrocardiographic characteristics of AF have been demonstrated to help identify patients at risk of developing AF. Prolonged and highly fragmented P-waves have been observed in patients prone to AF, and time-domain. Morphological characteristics of the P-wave from surface ECG recordings turned out to significantly distinguish patients at risk of AF. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological and time-domain characteristics of the P-wave in patients with AF relapse after cardioversion, respect to patients without. 14 patients who underwent successful electrical cardioversion for persistent AF were enrolled. Five minute ECG recordings were performed for each subject, immediately post-successful cardioversion. ECG signals were acquired by using a 16-lead mapping system for high-resolution biopotential measurements (sample frequency 2 kHz, 31 nV resolution, 0–400 Hz bandwidth). From the 16 recordings, a standard 12-lead ECG was derived and analyzed in terms of signal-averaged P-wave. Time-domain and mor-phological characteristics were estimated from the averaged P-waves of each lead. Time-domain features were quantified as: maximum P-wave duration in any of the 12 leads (Pmax), minimum P-wave duration in any of the leads (Pmin), P-wave dispersion (Pdisp=Pmax-Pmin), and Pindex (standard devia-tion of P-wave duration in any of the 12 leads). Morphological characteristics were extracted from a Gaussian function-based model of the P-wave as: average model order (Nav), maximum number of zero-crossing (PCmax), and maximum and average number of maxima and minima (FCImax and FCIav) in any of the leads. The results obtained so far indicate that the morphological and time-domain characteristics distinguish between patients with AF relapse and patients without.
Intraspecific priority effects modify compensatory responses to changes in hatching phenology in an amphibian

In seasonal environments, modifications in the phenology of life-history events can alter the strength of time constraints experienced by organisms. Offspring can compensate for a change in timing of hatching by modifying their growth and development trajectories. However, intra- and interspecific interactions may affect these compensatory responses, in particular if differences in phenology between cohorts lead to significant priority effects (i.e. the competitive advantage that early-hatching individuals have over late-hatching ones). Here, we conducted a factorial experiment to determine whether intraspecific priority effects can alter compensatory phenotypic responses to hatching delay in a synchronic breeder by rearing moor frog (Rana arvalis) tadpoles in different combinations of phenological delay and food abundance. Tadpoles compensated for the hatching delay by speeding up their development, but only when reared in groups of individuals with identical hatching phenology. In mixed phenology groups, strong competitive effects by non-delayed tadpoles prevented the compensatory responses and delayed larvae metamorphosed later than in single phenology treatments. Non-delayed individuals gained advantage from developing with delayed larvae by increasing their developmental and growth rates as compared to single phenology groups. Food shortage prolonged larval period and reduced mass at metamorphosis in all treatments, but it did not prevent compensatory developmental responses in larvae reared in single phenology groups. This study demonstrates that strong intraspecific priority effects can constrain the compensatory growth and developmental responses to phenological change, and that priority effects can be an important factor explaining the maintenance of synchronic life histories (i.e. explosive breeding) in seasonal environments.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FOVEAL DEPRESSION

Among vertebrates which are not too strongly nocturnal a local modification of the retina for maximal visual acuity is of widespread occurrence. The modified area (which is single except in some birds) may be small or extensive, a broad horizontal band across the fundus or a suprapapillar crescent, round or in the shape of a variously oriented oval, located centrally or temporally even as far as the periphery and on or slightly above or below the horizontal meridian. The generic term for such a region of high resolving power is area centralis—misnomer though this name often is. An area centralis may be distinguished from the surrounding retina only by the visual cells being more numerous in it per unit of retinal area. When this massing of visual cells is marked, however, it is usual to find several accompanying adaptations: The visual cells are slenderized, to facilitate their aggregation; they
Design of multiple sequence alignment algorithms on parallel, distributed memory supercomputers

The challenge of comparing two or more genomes that have undergone recombination and substantial amounts of segmental loss and gain has recently been addressed for small numbers of genomes. However, datasets of hundreds of genomes are now common and their sizes will only increase in the future. Multiple sequence alignment of hundreds of genomes remains an intractable problem due to quadratic increases in compute time and memory footprint. To date, most alignment algorithms are designed for commodity clusters without parallelism. Hence, we propose the design of a multiple sequence alignment algorithm on massively parallel, distributed memory supercomputers to enable research into comparative genomics on large data sets. Following the methodology of the sequential progressiveMauve algorithm, we design data structures including sequences and sorted k-mer lists on the IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer (BG/P). Preliminary results show that we can reduce the memory footprint so that we can potentially align over 250 bacterial genomes on a single BG/P compute node. We verify our results on a dataset of E.coli, Shigella and S.pneumoniae genomes. Our implementation returns results matching those of the original algorithm but in 1/2 the time and with 1/4 the memory footprint for scaffold building. In this study, we have laid the basis for multiple sequence alignment of large-scale datasets on a massively parallel, distributed memory supercomputer, thus enabling comparison of hundreds instead of a few genome sequences within reasonable time.
Abstract P3-14-22: Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) and Paclitaxel (T) in Patients with HER2-Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) Previously Treated with a Trastuzumab-Containing Regimen

Background T-DM1 is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of DM1 conjugated to trastuzumab. T-DM1 combines the antitumor properties of trastuzumab with the antimicrotubule activity of DM1. Nonclinical data suggest synergy for the combination of T-DM1 and taxanes. T-DM1 is expected to undergo proteolytic degradation with no significant involvement of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYPs). DM1 is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5. T is metabolized primarily by CYP2C8 and to minor metabolites by CYP3A4. Neither DM1 nor T inhibit or induce CYPs at clinically relevant concentrations. Since T and DM1 are substrates of CYPs, their PK may be altered by interaction with other compounds that are substrates, inhibitors or inducers of CYPs. Given these metabolic pathways, it is important to evaluate if a PK-based drug-drug interaction potential exists when T-DM1 and T are administered together. Methods The tolerability, PK and dose-limiting toxicities of T-DM1 (q3w and qw) and T (qw) (and pertuzumab in subsequent cohorts) in patients with HER2- positive MBC previously treated with a trastuzumab-containing regimen were investigated in this 3+3 phase Ib study, TDM4652g. In Part 1, patients received T-DM1 (2.4 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg q3w) and T (65 mg/m2 or 80 mg/m2 qw). In Cycle 1 of all cohorts there was a planned 1-day delay between T and T-DM1 administration; in later cycles, T was administered immediately after T-DM1, allowing within study PK comparisons of T ± T-DM1. Study patients were evaluated for serum concentrations of T-DM1, total trastuzumab (conjugated and unconjugated to DM1), and plasma concentrations of DM1 and T, at prespecified time points. PK of T-DM1 and related analytes were compared to historical monotherapy data by population analysis and/or noncompartmental analysis (NCA). Whether combination with T was a significant covariate of T-DM1 clearance (CL) and central volume of distribution (V1) was tested. PK parameters of T at Cycle 1 (without T-DM1) and Cycle 2 (with T-DM1) were estimated and compared by NCA. Results from 14 patients enrolled in Part 1 are reported here. Results The maximal concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values (days 0-7) of T-DM1 in combination treatment were comparable with historical monotherapy data (Table 1) as was the PK of total trastuzumab and DM1. Maximum DM1 level was . 05, by log likelihood ratio test). The PK for T was comparable from Cycle 1 (without T-DM1) and Cycle 2 (with T-DM1) for Cmax, AUC, half-life, CL and steady-state volume of distribution. Conclusions This assessment suggests a low potential for PK-based T-DM1 T interaction when these drugs are given in combination therapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-14-22.
Maximum Unbiased Validation (MUV) Data Sets for Virtual Screening Based on PubChem Bioactivity Data

Refined nearest neighbor analysis was recently introduced for the analysis of virtual screening benchmark data sets. It constitutes a technique from the field of spatial statistics and provides a mathematical framework for the nonparametric analysis of mapped point patterns. Here, refined nearest neighbor analysis is used to design benchmark data sets for virtual screening based on PubChem bioactivity data. A workflow is devised that purges data sets of compounds active against pharmaceutically relevant targets from unselective hits. Topological optimization using experimental design strategies monitored by refined nearest neighbor analysis functions is applied to generate corresponding data sets of actives and decoys that are unbiased with regard to analogue bias and artificial enrichment. These data sets provide a tool for Maximum Unbiased Validation (MUV) of virtual screening methods. The data sets and a software package implementing the MUV design workflow are freely available at http://www.pharmchem. tu-bs.de/lehre/baumann/MUV.html.
State of the Art Reviews: The Oatmeal-Cholesterol Connection: 10 Years Later

Ten years have passed since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) completed their review of the literature pertaining to the consumption of whole-oat sources of soluble fiber and a reduction in blood cholesterol concentrations. Since that time, data have continued to accumulate regarding oat-soluble fiber consumption, cholesterol, and other physiologic vectors related to cardiovascular health. The objective of this review was to compare the findings of more contemporary analyses of the oat and cholesterol-reduction literature to determine if newer information is consistent with the original conclusion reached by the FDA. A number of formal assessments have been conducted subsequent to the FDA review, and virtually all have reached the same conclusion, namely, consumption of oats and oat-based products significantly reduces total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations without adverse effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. In addition, a number of new insights about the potential benefits of oats have emerged over the past 10 years. These more recent data indicate that including oats and oat-based products as part of a lifestyle management program may confer health benefits that extend beyond total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction.
The effect of dietary advice on nutrient intakes: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART)

The effect of dietary advice on nutrient intakes was examined in a random subsample of 459 men who were taking part in a randomized controlled trial of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. The trial is of factorial design, to examine the effect of three dieteary aims, alone and in combination: 1 A reduction in total fat to 30% of energy, together with an increase in polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio (P/S) to 1.0. 2 An increase in fatty fish consumption to at least 300 g/week (3 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)). 3 An increase in cereal fibre intake to 18 g/day (total fibre 30 g/day). Men were randomly allocated to one of the eight regimens (fat, fish, fibre, fat plus fish, fat plus fibre, fish plus fibre, fat plus fish plus fibre, or none of these) and are being followed up for at least two years. Six months after the advice was given, nutrient intakes were assessed from 7-d weighed intake records. Of those advised to reduce fat intake and increase P/S ratio, mean intakes were 31% of energy and 0.85, respectively. This compared with 35% of energy and 0.45 for those not given this advice. Mean EPA intake was 2.5 g/week for the fish advice group and 0.79 g/week for the no fish advice group. Mean cereal fibre intake of the fibre advice group was 15 g/d (26 g/d total fibre) compared with 9 g/d (20 g/d total fibre) for the no fibre advice group. Thus for each of the dietary aims, the advice had a substantial effect on intakes.