Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of wear-stress on turfgrass growth components and visual density ratings

This study compared the relationship between visual density ratings and various turfgrass growth components using the combined data of 10 creeping bentgrass clones exposed to or not exposed to simulated foot-type wear-stress. Measurements were determined on 28 June, 12 July, and 2 Aug. 1985. There was a trend towards a reduction, rarely significant, in all turfgrass growth components measured due to simulated wear. Significant reductions in the visual density ratings occurred for the 12 July and 2 Aug. rating dates. There was no difference in the relationship between visual density ratings and the turfgrass growth components due to applied wear-stress. Visual density ratings were correlated to tiller number and leaf number and inversely to dry weight/tiller. Tiller number and leaf number are linearly related. Key words: Agrostis stolonifera, creeping bentgrass, visual density rating, tiller number, leaf number, simulated wear
Life histories of Clethrionomys and Microtus (Microtinae)

Although there have been numerous life-history reviews of mammals at high taxonomic levels (e.g. among families within orders), there are far fewer studies at lower taxonomic levels (e.g. among species within genera). Data on adult weights, litter size, gestation length, neonate weight, age and weight at weaning, growth rate to weaning, maximum life span, and length of the breeding season were compiled from the literature on five species of Clethrionomys and 33 species of Microtus. Variability in litter size and male body weights was not significantly different when compared between cyclic and non-cyclic populations. Coefficients of variation were also calculated for the three species with the most data (C. gapperi, C. glareolus and M. pennsylvanicus). These values showed that the amount of intraspecific variation differed among traits as well as among species. Gestation length was the most invariable of all traits and variation in adult weights, neonate weight, gestation length, and litter size had similar values to those reported for Peromyscus maniculatus. Five and eight traits differed among Clethrionomys and Microtus species, respectively. Differences in litter size, adult weights and length of the breeding season were common to both genera. Male weight, gestation length and neonate weight as well as length of the breeding season were different between genera. Very few traits covaried within C. gapperi, C. glareolus or M. pennsylvanicus. Similarly, few traits covaried among all Clethrionomys populations. However, among all Microtus populations and Microtus species, 11 and 12 correlations were significant. Many of the patterns found in Microtus involved positive relationships between female weight and some other trait. These patterns have also been found by broader surveys at higher taxonomic levels. Large species of Microtus had larger offspring, a greater litter size and occurred in short-season environments relative to small species of this genus.
Mitotic cell studies based on in vivo observations. XI. Various causes which prevent an elucidation of mitosis.:XI. Various causes which prevent an elucidation of mitosis

From the results of in vivo observations and experiments carried out mainly on the mitosis of living cells in Tradescantia staminal hair cells, the author has reached a conclusion that karyokinesis is performed according to a common principle in both plant and animal cells irrespective of whether they are of the higher or lower eucaryotes (Wada 1977). This principle has been understood by a few plant cytologists but disregarded by animal cytologists. This reason is very clear. This principle has no need for centrioles in the chromosome movement in anaphase as animal cytologists believe . Based on the atractoplasm theory (Fujii 1931) and the birefringent figures of spindles in living plant and animal cells (Inoue 1953), the author has taken into consideration the following new findings and principles which have brought epoch-making advances in biology in the later half of this century. There are 1) the existence of the spindle membrane, (an intracellular biological membrane); 2) the analysis of the behavior of centrioles, astral rays and karyokinetic spindles according to the one gene-one enzyme theory (Beadle and Tatum 1941); 3) the increase of gene DNA (chromosomes) in the course of evolution in eucaryotes; 4) gene control for the structure and func tion of mitotic spindles and 5) teleonomy in the manifestation of gene activity (Monod 1970). However, cytologists working on mitosis are practically indifferent to these new findings mentioned above. Animal cytologists seem concerned very little with the contributions which have developed in the field outside of fixation cytology (the latter including electron microscope studies). The subject of mitosis has been studied by hundreds of cytologists since the establishment of cytology but no sufficient interpretations has yet been achieved. This failure may be due fundamentally to a lack of knowledge by cytologists about the true situation concerning the differences between routine demonstrations of mitosis (discontinuous figures obtained from fixed cells) and the actual evidence (continuous behavior of dividing cells traced by in vivo observations). In this paper the author will point out various interpretations of mitosis com monly accepted and described in cytology books which have been precluding an elucidation of mitosis from the introduction of the new findings and principles in the modern biological sciences.
A new subspecies of the Red-billed Hornbill, Tockus erythrorhynchus, from West Africa

Trea, B. & Erord, C. 2000. A new subspecies of the Red-billed Hornbill, Tockus erythrorhynchus, from West Africa. Ostrich 71 (3&4):363-366. The Red-billed Hornbill, Tockus erythrorhynchus (Temminck), over most of its distribution range, has pale yellow or pink facial skin. However, in Senegal, The Gambia and Western Mali, where all Red-billed Hornbills are usually referred to the nominate subspecies, all adults have black circumorbital (facial) bare skin, conspicuous on live birds as well as on skinned specimens, and brown eyes. Field and museum studies suggest that these black-faced and brown-eyed birds from the western-most part of Africa belong to a yet undescribed subspecies. A review of the documents (including various black-and-white ond colour plates) on which Temrninck based his original description and naming of the species shows that there is uncertainty obout the locality of the type specimen illus-trated in the originol description. Furthermore, neither the plates nor their accompanying texts show the black facial pattern charac-teristic of these westem-most West African populations. To avoid confusion in future, and to ensure nomenclatural stability, a new type-locality and a neotype are designated for nominate Tockus erythrorhynchus, and a new nome is proposed for the populations extending from Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea to the inner Niger Delto in Mali. Further studies are needed to ascertain the status of these brown-eyed and black-faced birds: their facial colouration pattern could be associated with other eco-ethological characters and could play an important role in specific mate recognition sys-tems. [A French translation of the abstractis provided on p. 366. ]
Fatty Acid Profiles of Nitrite-oxidizing Bacteria Reflect theirPhylogenetic Heterogeneity

Summary The fatty acid profiles of all described species of the nitrite-oxidizing genera Nitrobacter , Nitrococcus , Nitrospina and Nitrospira were analyzed. The four genera had distinct profiles, which can be used for the differentiation and allocation of new isolates to these genera. The genus Nitrobacter is characterized by vaccenic acid as the main compound with up to 92% of the fatty acids and the absence of hydroxy fatty acids. The genus Nitrococcus showed cis -9-hexadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and vaccenic acid as main parts. Small amounts of 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid were detected. The genus Nitrospina possessed tetradecanoic acid and cis -9-hexadecenoic acid as main compounds, also 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid was detected for this genus. The genus Nitrospira showed a pattern with more variations among the two described species. These organisms are characterized by the cis -7 and cis -11-isomers of hexadecenoic acid. For Nitrospira moscoviensis a specific new fatty acid was found, which represented the major constituent in the fatty acid profiles of autotrophically grown cultures. It was identified as 11-methyl-hexadecanoic acid. Since this compound is not known for other bacterial taxa, it represents a potential lipid marker for the detection of Nitrospira moscoviensis relatives in enrichment cultures and environmental samples. A cluster analysis of the fatty acid profiles is in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence-based phylogeny of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
Biological rhythms and photoperiodism in plants

Ch 1. A clockwork green: circadian rhythms in photosynthetic organisms. Ch 2. Rhythms in organ movements. Ch 3. The cellular organization of circadian rhythms in plants: not one but many clocks. Ch 4. Stomatal rhythms. Ch 5. Genetic approaches to the analysis of circadian rhythms in plants. Ch 6. Molecular analysis of circadian clock-regulated gene expression in plants: features of the 'output' pathways. Ch 7. Carcadian rhythmicity in Neurospora crassa. Ch 8. Photoentrainment in the vertebrates: a comparative analysis. Ch 9. Photoperiodism: an overview. Ch 10. Photoperiodic induction in short-day plants. Ch 11. The photoperiodic control of tuberization in potato. Ch 12. Dormancy: night-timekeeping and day-timekeeping for the photoperiodic control of budset in Norway spruce. Ch 13. Developmental processes in insects: circadian rhythms and photoperiodism in the blow fly, calliphora vicina. Ch 14. Rhythms and photoperiodism in birds. Ch 15. Photoperiodic regulation of flowering time in arabidopsis. Ch 16. Genetic dissection of the photoperiod-sensing mechanism in the long-day plant arabidopsis thaliana.
Accounting for the World's Rangelands

How much rangeland do we have? Globally we do not know. I suspect the same can be said nationally. If we do not know what we have, how can we monitor it and develop a strategy for management? Existing statistics and definitions for rangelands or grasslands vary widely. In addition, definitions of various land classes such as rangeland and forest overlap. Not only is the definition important for accounting purposes, how one classifies lands could dictate who will administer the lands and how they will be managed. To help resolve the problem, I offer a definition for rangelands that one can use to objectively inventory and report on rangelands at the national and international level. The intended audience is anyone who has to account for and report on the area of rangelands.
Nutrient contents of some popular freshwater and marine fish species of Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out on the proximate and mineral contents of widely consumed freshwater small indigenous species (SIS), culture and marine fish species of Bangladesh. Proximate composition (crude protein, fat, ash, moisture, carbohydrate and energy) and selected mineral (Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) contents were determined eighteen locally available fish species of Bangladesh. Considering proximate composition high protein fishes are Thai Sarpunti 17.5 ± 0.15%, Rui 16.82% ± 0.02; high fat fishes are Thai Pangus 10.03±0.1%, Thai Sarpunti 9.38±0.37%; high Ash contents in Poa 4.78 ± 0.92 %, Ganges Chapila 3.96 ± 0.51%, Thai Sarpunti 3.31 ± 0.14%; high energy found in Thai Sarpunti 157.02 ± 2.61 Kcal/g and Thai Pangus 151.59 ± 2.71 Kcal/g. Considering mineral compositions, Ca rich fishes are Punti 1984.32 ± 1.1 mg, Mola 1267 ± 2.2 mg, Dhela 1717.8 ± 3.1 mg, Chapila 1100.6 ± 1.21 mg, Thai Sarpunti 1373.9 ± 5.32 mg. K rich fishes are Taki 501.47 ± 2.9 mg, Coral 415.24 ± 2.8 mg and Na rich fishes are Thai Sarpunti 780.01 ± 3.8, Ganges Chapila 415.32 ± 2.34 mg, Loitta 497.38 ± 4.21 mg. Trace mineral, Mg is high in Coral 187.98 ± 0.61 mg, Punti 148.16 ± 0.62 mg, Datina 144.05 ± 0.35 mg, Kachki 143.49 ± 0.3 mg fishes, whereas Fe are high in Chapila 15.95 ± 0.03mg, Punti 10.31 ± 0.2, Poa 7.01±0.66 and Zn in Thai Sarpunti 40.20 ± 0.34 mg, Poa 29.32 ± 0.32 mg fishes. Considering Mn, Chapila 6.34 ± 0.04 mg is the highest. This study indicate that small fishes with bones are important source of essential minerals especially Ca. Culture species found to be rich in source of protein, energy and lipids. Marine species exhibit good combination of protein and minerals. This study also encourage to take a culture species like Thai Sarpunti (Barbonymus gonionotus) for its high nutritional meat values and also to consume marine fishes and small fishes with bones for better nourishment. Promotion of the production and consumption of small fishes therefore be encouraged for better nutritional achievement. Bangladesh J. Zool. 42 (2): 251-259, 2014
Estimation of immigration rate using integrated population models

Summary 1. The dynamics of many populations is strongly affected by immigrants. However, estimating and modelling immigration is a real challenge. In the past, several methods have been developed to estimate immigration rate but they either require strong assumptions or combine in a piecewise manner the results from separate analyses. In most methods the effects of covariates cannot be modelled formally. 2. We developed a Bayesian integrated population model which combines capture–recapture data, population counts and information on reproductive success into a single model that estimates and models immigration rate, while directly assessing the impact of environmental covariates. 3. We assessed parameter identifiability by comparing posterior distributions of immigration rates under varying priors, and illustrated the application of the model with long term demographic data of a little owl Athene noctua population from Southern Germany. We further assessed the impact of environmental covariates on immigration. 4. The resulting posterior distributions were insensitive to different prior distributions and dominated by the observed data, indicating that the immigration rate was identifiable. Average yearly immigration into the little owl population was 0·293 (95% credible interval 0·183–0·418), which means that ca 0·3 female per resident female entered the population every year. Immigration rate tended to increase with increasing abundance of voles, the main prey of little owls. 5.Synthesis and applications. The means to estimate and model immigration is an important step towards a better understanding of the dynamics of geographically open populations. The demographic estimates obtained from the developed integrated population model facilitate population diagnoses and can be used to assess population viability. The structural flexibility of the model should constitute a useful tool for wildlife managers and conservation ecologists.
Use of Brine Shrimp (Artemia) In Dispersant Toxicity Tests: Some Caveats1

ABSTRACT Several Latin American countries currently use Artemia to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of dispersants. Test methods used to evaluate dispersant toxicity to Artemia are not uniform. The study reported here demonstrates how varying Artemia test conditions can significantly affect toxicity results for the dispersant Corexit® 9500. The type of seawater used in Artemia toxicity tests affects 48 hour LC50 values for Corexit 9500 (lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms). Nominal LC50 values ranged from 35 to 147 ppm when natural seawater was used. Nominal LC50 values ranged from 29 to 39 ppm when a synthetic seawater prepared from Crystal Sea® Marinemix was used. Greater toxicity was observed when synthetic (reconstituted) seawater was prepared according to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1987) Artemia dispersant test guideline. Observed nominal LC50 values ranged from 8.4 to 14 ppm. Age of the Artemia nauplii is another test variable that can significantly affect toxicity res.
Effect of Trap Color and Size on Relative Efficiency of Water-Pan Traps for Sampling Alate Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Potato

Laboratory and field comparisons of four different, green, horizontal, waterpan traps with each other, with yellow water-pan traps, and with suction traps currently used to monitor aphids on potato, Solanum tuberosum L. , were done between 1985 and 1987 to assess their effectiveness in measuring absolute landing rates of aphids. Potato leaf traps met the greatest number of criteria for an ideal trap. The mosaic-green-tile, waterpan trap met many criteria but trapped as many species as the attractive yellow traps. Two types of green-tile traps were also attractive to aphids and did not match the reflective spectogram of potato leaves above 650 nm. Results support the theory that the level of aphid catch per unit of surface area is independent from the size of the trap when traps have color reflectance spectograms similar to the crop, but the results are in conflict with the hypothesis that it should result in unbiased sampling.
Dysregulated FcεRI Signaling and Altered Fyn and SHIP Activities in Lyn-Deficient Mast Cells1

Studies in B cells from Lyn-deficient mice have identified Lyn as both a kinetic accelerator and negative regulator of signaling through the BCR. The signaling properties of bone marrow-derived mast cells from Lyn−/− mice (Lyn−/− BMMCs) have also been explored, but their signaling phenotype remains controversial. We confirm that Lyn−/− BMMCs release more β-hexosaminidase than wild-type BMMCs following FcεRI cross-linking and show that multiple mast cell responses to FcεRI cross-linking (the phosphorylation of receptor subunits and other proteins, the activation of phospholipase Cγ isoforms, the mobilization of Ca2+, the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, the activation of the α4β1 integrin, VLA-4) are slow to initiate in Lyn−/− BMMCs, but persist far longer than in wild-type cells. Mechanistic studies revealed increased basal as well as stimulated phosphorylation of the Src kinase, Fyn, in Lyn−/− BMMCs. Conversely, there was very little basal or stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation or activity of the inositol phosphatase, SHIP, in Lyn−/− BMMCs. We speculate that Fyn may substitute (inefficiently) for Lyn in signal initiation in Lyn−/− BMMCs. The loss of SHIP phosphorylation and activity very likely contributes to the increased levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and the excess FcεRI signaling in Lyn−/− BMMCs. The unexpected absence of the transient receptor potential channel, Trpc4, from Lyn−/− BMMCs may additionally contribute to their altered signaling properties.
Cloning and characterization of hSRP1γ, a tissue-specific nuclear transport factor

Nuclear import of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) is dependent on the presence of a cytoplasmic NLS receptor, the GTPase Ran, and p10/NTF2. The NLS receptor is a heterodimeric protein consisting of subunits of approximately 60 and 97 kDa, which have been termed importin α/β, karyopherin α/β, or PTAC 58/97. Members of the 60-kDa/importin α subunit family directly bind to the NLS motif and have been shown to function as adaptors that tether NLS-containing proteins to the p97/importin β subunit and to the downstream transport machinery. Herein we report the identification and characterization of hSRP1γ, a human importin α homologue. The hSRP1γ protein is around 45% identical to the two previously identified human importin α homologues hSRP1α/Rch1 and NPI/hSRP1. hSRP1γ can form a complex with importin β and is able to mediate import of a BSA-NLS substrate in an in vitro nuclear import system. Interestingly, hSRP1γ shows a very selective expression pattern and is most abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, representing more than 1% of the total protein in this tissue. A potential role for hSRP1γ in tissue-specific transport events is discussed.
FACTORES QUE MODIFICAN LOS NIVELES DE HORMONAS TIROIDEAS EN AVES DOMÉSTICAS

Objective: to analyze the factors which modify the thyroid hormone levels in domestic birds. Materials and methods: information from the last 50 years included in the BBCS-LILACS, Fuente Academica, IB-PsycINFO, IBSSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus and Scirus, data bases as well as historical articles, texts and references cited in work published to date were analyzed. Results: important information related to the objectives proposed in the present review was found and analyzed. The information was later divided into two sections as follows: synthesis, liberation and metabolism of thyroid hormones and factors which modify the thyroid hormones levels. Conclusion: thyroid hormones production can be influenced by factors such as temperature, incubation, diet, fasting, photoperiods and stress.
Evidence of Iron Association with Emulsion Droplets and Its Impact on Lipid Oxidation

ζ-Potential measurements were used to evaluate conditions that influence iron−emulsion droplet interactions. Fe2+ and Fe3+ associated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, anionic) but not with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB, cationic) and polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (Brij, nonionic) stabilized hexadecane emulsions. Association of iron with SDS-stabilized emulsion droplets increased with decreasing pH and decreased in the presence of EDTA, phytate, and NaCl. Oxidation of the SDS-stabilized salmon oil emulsion increased as iron−emulsion droplet interactions increased. EDTA concentrations (≥1000 μM) that resulted in no detectable association of iron (500 μM) with the emulsion droplets were the most effective at inhibiting oxidation. The ability of iron to associate with emulsion droplets seems to be an important factor in the promotion of lipid oxidation; therefore, techniques that control iron's physical location could be effective in controlling oxidation. Keywords: Lipid oxidation; iron; chelator.
Volatile induction of three cereals: influence of mechanical injury and insect herbivory on injured plants and neighbouring uninjured plants

Herbivore damage and mechanical injury to leaves can stimulate the emission of volatile compounds. It is well known that emission of these volatile organic compounds (VOC) from plants can influence interactions with pests and their natural enemies. In our experiment, we studied the VOC responses of Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Bombona’, Avena sativa cv. ‘Deresz’ and Hordeum vulgare cv. ‘Rastik’ under mechanical injury and/or adult cereal leaf beetle herbivory, Oelema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In the first part of our experiment, we confirmed that increased amounts of several green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and terpene VOC were released by tested cereal plants after leaf injury. The quantities of multiple induced VOC varied significantly between our tested cereals. When undamaged wheat, barley and oat plants were positioned near to mechanically injured or insect-damaged wheat plants, these neighbouring uninjured plants of all three test cereals also emitted significantly more VOC than control plants. The degree of VOC induction was significantly greater when an uninjured plant was closer to an injured wheat plant. This phenomenon may be useful for crop protection, as VOC manipulation may result in improved pest management and help reduce the use of harmful pesticides.