Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of the Nectria haematococca-Fusarium solani species complex

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the phytopathogenic Nectria haematococca-Fusarium solani species complex, section Martiella of Fusarium, were inferred from sequence data from the nuclear large subunit 28S rDNA, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor (EF-la) gene introns and exons. Although a partition homogeneity test detected significant incongruence between the 28S rDNA and ITS datasets, results of the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-ranks Templeton test indicated that the data could be combined. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined dataset identified 26 phylogenetically distinct ingroup species, of which 15 are heterothallic, 7 are homothallic and 4 are putatively mitosporic. Included among these were 9 formae speciales described for F. solani which were all resolved as phylogenetically distinct species by the molecular phylogeny. Of these, F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae races 1 and 2 appear to represent reproductively isolated biological species with independent evolutionary origins. Results of the molecular phylogeny also provide strong support for clades within New Zealand, South America, Africa and India-Sri Lanka. The complex historical biogeography of this complex appears to reflect vicariant events associated with the fragmentation of Gondwanaland, possible gondwanic range expansions together with relatively recent distributional changes in these fungi associated with movement of economically important plants.
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Review: Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects

Living plants change the local environment in the rhizosphere and consequently affect the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. The rate may increase for 3- to 5-folds, or decrease by 10 % to 30 % by plant cultivation. Such short-term changes of rate (intensity) of SOM decomposition are due to the priming effect. In the presence of plants, a priming effect occurs in the direct vicinity of the living roots, and it is called rhizosphere priming effect (RPE). Plant-mediated and environmental factors, such as, plant species, development stage, soil organic matter content, photosynthesis intensity, and N fertilization which affect RPE are reviewed and discussed in this paper. It was concluded that root growth dynamics and photosynthesis intensity are the most important plant-mediated factors affecting RPE. Environmental factors such as amount of decomposable C in soil and N min content are responsible for the switch between following mechanisms of RPE: concurrence for N min between roots and microorganisms, microbial activation or preferential substrate utilization. Succession of mechanisms of RPE along the growing root in accordance with the rhizodeposition types is suggested. Different hypotheses for mechanisms of filling up the C amount loss by RPE are suggested. The ecosystematic relevance of priming effects by rhizodeposition relates to the connection between exudation of organic substances by roots, the increase of microbial activity in the rbizosphere through utilization of additional easily available C sources, and the subsequent intensive microbial mobilization of nutrients from the soil organic matter.
Can Quantum Computers Replace the Classical Computer

The first computer originated as an ordinary calculator in 19th century. Subsequently, the rapid evolution of computers began. The massive amount of processing power generated by computer manufacturers has always failed to quench the thirst for speed and computing capacity. If, as Moore's Law states, the number of transistors on a microprocessor continues to double every 18 months, then soon we will find the circuits on a microprocessor being measured on an atomic scale. Today's advanced lithographic techniques can squeeze fraction of micron wide logic gates and wires onto the surface of silicon chips. Thus it can be seen that very soon we will be facing the need to create quantum computers which can harness the power of atoms and molecules to perform memory and processing tasks. Quantum computers have the potential to perform calculations a billion times faster than any silicon-based computer. Also, theories suggest that every physical object, even the universe, is in some sense a quantum computer. If this is the case, then according to Turing's work which says that all computers are functionally equivalent; computers should be able to model every physical process. Scientists have already built basic quantum computers that can perform certain calculations; but a practical quantum computer is still years away. In this paper, we will be discussing about the history, development and the future scope of quantum computing. The pros and cons of this future technology have also been compared and our analysis has been put forth.
The identification and characterization of expression of Pftaire‐1, a novel Cdk family member, suggest its function in the mouse testis and nervous system

We have isolated a murine cDNA encoding for a novel putative Cdk‐related protein kinase, which has been named Pftaire‐1, by screening a testis cDNA library for new serine/threonine kinases. Pftaire‐1 showed 50% and 49% amino acid identity with Cdk5 and Pctaire‐3, respectively, and contains the eleven subdomains characteristic of the protein kinases. By northern blot analysis we detected two transcripts of approximately 5.5 and 4.9 kb in size. These transcripts were expressed at low level in all murine tissues tested, except in the brain, testis and embryo, where high expression was detected. Cellular localization of the mRNAs by in situhybridization analysis shows that Pftaire‐1 is expressed in late pachytene spermatocytes in the testis and in post mitotic neuronal cells both in the brain and the embryo, suggesting a role of Pftaire‐1 both in the process of meiosis as well as neuron differentiation and/or function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 50:18–29, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel Glycosylated Forms of Human Plasma Endostatin and Circulating Endostatin-Related Fragments of Collagen XV†

Circulating elongated forms of the angiogenesis inhibitor and potential anti-cancer drug endostatin were isolated from human blood filtrate. Immunoreactive endostatin was identified by a polyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against an N-terminal epitope of the polypeptide and purified by consecutive chromatographic steps and immunoblotting. N- and C-terminal sequence analyses of the isolated molecules revealed different forms of endostatin starting with V117HLRPAR. lacking the last and final three residues of the noncollagenous domain 1 (NC-1) of collagen XVIII, respectively. These polypetides are found to be O-glycosylated at T125 (residue 9) with a glycan structure of the mucin type consisting of galactose N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. Carbohydrate analyses were performed via the semiquantitative HPLC−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESMS) technique after exoglycosidase hydrolysis. Circulating endostatins are present as sialoglycoprotein (22 000 and 21 841 Da ± 0.
A Second Order Sliding Mode Controller Applications in Industrial Process

This paper proposes a second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC) for industrial process control applications. This SOSMC overcomes the problem of chattering occurred in classical sliding mode controller (SMC). The chattering is the major drawback of SMC. So that proposed controller is designed to achieve smooth and suitable control input for practical systems. The performance of the designed controller is verified in simulation and compared with existing well known super twisting SOSMC to prove the performance of the proposed controller for the process control systems such as a level control of coupled tank system and a concentration control of chemical continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The simulation is performed on the mathematical models of both mentioned systems to show the applicability of the proposed method for process control systems. Keywords— Sliding mode control (SMC), Second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC), Higher order sliding mode controller (HOSMC), Variable Structure System (VSS), Coupled Tank System, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor(CSTR)
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLA OF THE COLORLESS PHAGOTROPH PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM (EUGLENOPHYCEAE). I. FLAGELLAR MASTIGONEMES 1

The organization of two types of nontubular mastigonemes associated with the anterior flagellar surface of the phagotrophic biflagellate Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg) Stein is described from studies of thin sections, negative‐stained and shadow‐cast preparations of both intact and isolated, detergent‐treated flagella. Long mastigonemes form a unilateral, spiral array of tufts which curve toward the distal end of the flagellum, while two short mastigoneme ribbons form unequal halves of a bilateral array parallel to the flagellar long axis. Each ribbon is composed of individual overlapping fan‐shaped tiers of short mastigonemes interlinked by fine fibrils. A model proposed for Peranema mastigonemes is similar to recent models of mastigoneme organization in Euglena.
Compiler-assisted performance tuning

The enormous and growing complexity of today's high-end systems has increased the already significant challenge of maximizing performance on today's equally complex scientific applications. In this paper, we discuss the role of compiler technology in supporting application developers in a systematic approach to performance tuning of key application components. Based on scenarios taken from manual optimization of scientific codes, we describe how compiler support can enable the programmer to achieve the same or better performance in a much more productive way. We also present examples derived automatically from compiler optimization that show results comparable to hand-tuned performance.
Mitophagy is required for acute cardioprotection by simvastatin.

AIMS We have shown that autophagy and mitophagy are required for preconditioning. While statin's cardioprotective effects are well known, the role of autophagy/mitophagy in statin-mediated cardioprotection is not. In this study, we used HL-1 cardiomyocytes and mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion to elucidate the mechanism of statin-mediated cardioprotection. RESULTS HL-1 cardiomyocytes exposed to simvastatin for 24 h exhibited diminished protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, increased activation of unc-51-like kinase 1, and upregulation of autophagy and mitophagy. Similar findings were obtained in hearts of mice given simvastatin. Mevalonate abolished simvastatin's effects on Akt/mTOR signaling and autophagy induction in HL-1 cells, indicating that the effects are mediated through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Simvastatin-treated HL-1 cells exhibited mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and p62/SQSTM1, fission, and mitophagy. Because Parkin is required for mitophagy and is expressed in heart, we investigated the effect of simvastatin on infarct size in Parkin knockout mice. Simvastatin reduced infarct size in wild-type mice but showed no benefit in Parkin knockout mice. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase limits mevalonate availability for both cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) biosynthesis. CoQ supplementation had no effect on statin-induced Akt/mTOR dephosphorylation or macroautophagy in HL-1 cells, but it potently blocked mitophagy. Importantly, CoQ supplementation abolished statin-mediated cardioprotection in vivo. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Acute simvastatin treatment suppresses mTOR signaling and triggers Parkin-dependent mitophagy, the latter which is required for cardioprotection. Coadministration of CoQ with simvastatin impairs mitophagy and cardioprotection. These results raise the concern that CoQ may interfere with anti-ischemic benefits of statins mediated through stimulation of mitophagy.
DMWTCS BASED STBC-MC-DS-CDMA in Fast-Fading Multipath Channel

Wireless digital communications is rapidly expanding resulting in a demand for systems that are reliable and have a high spectral efficiency, to fulfill these demands, the Multicarrier modulation scheme, often called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), has drawn a lot of attention. On the other hand (CDMA) techniques have been considered to be a candidate to support multimedia services in mobile radio communications. In this work, STBC-OFDM block have been studied extensively, and proposed a new structure for STBC-OFDM that based on Multifilters called Multiwavelets using Critically-Sampled (DMWTCS), it has two or more lowpass and highpass filters, the purpose of this multiplicity is to achieve more BER performance than the conventional STBC-OFDM using FFT and DWT. The proposed STBC-OFDM systems have been examined in different channel models AWGN, flat fading and selective fading. After a study made to the STBC-OFDM systems and evaluated their BER performances with channels models. Several structures of STBC-MC-DS-CDMA systems will be studied, these structures based on FFT, DWT and DMWTCS. The simulation results are presented for a simulated AWGN, Flat fading and Selective fading channels. Index Terms —OFDM, DWT, DMWTCS, STBC, MC-DS-
Anatomía de la madera de cinco especies de la familia Rosaceae

Se presenta la descripcion anatomica, de tipo macroscopica y microscopica de la madera de cinco especies de frutales que pertenecen a la familia Rosaceae. Las especies recolectadas fueron: Crataegus mexicana Moc & Sesse ex DC. (tejocote), Pyrus communis L. (pera), Pyrus malus L. (manzana) subfamilia Maloideae, Prunus armeniaca L. (chabacano) y Prunus domestica L. (ciruela) subfamilia Prunoideae. La colecta se hizo en el estado de Puebla, en el municipio de San Felipe Teotlalcingo. Se muestreo un ejemplar por especie. Para el estudio macroscopico se usaron muestras de 15 x 7 x 1 cm y para el microscopico se hicieron laminillas fijas de cortes y de material disociado. Se obtuvieron tablillas y cortes de los tres planos de la madera que son el transversal, tangencial y radial. A los elementos mensurables se les hizo un analisis estadistico univariado y se clasificaron con base en la media. La madera de las cinco especies presento caracteristicas macroscopicas y microscopicas semejantes, aunque hubo diferencias entre las especies de la misma subfamilia y mas notables entre las dos subfamilias. El proposito del estudio fue proponer el uso de su madera, ya que generalmente la madera de estos arboles frutales no se aprovecha cuando se derriban una vez que han dejado de ser productivos
Sublethal amounts of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil and carvacrol cause injury and changes in membrane fatty acid of Salmonella Typhimurium cultivated in a meat broth.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether sublethal concentrations of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. (OVEO) and its major compound carvacrol (CAR) cause injury to the cell membrane and outer membrane of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 grown in a meat broth and to assess the effect of these substances on membrane fatty acid (FA) composition. Exposure of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 to sublethal concentrations of OVEO or CAR caused damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane. OVEO- and CAR-treated cells showed lower amounts of saturated FA than nontreated cells. Changes in membrane FA composition were mainly related to an increase of C16:1ω7c, C16:1ω7t, and C18:2ω6c, and to a decrease of C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, and C19:0 cyclo. These results indicate that exposure to sublethal concentrations of OVEO or CAR caused sublethal injury Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and suggest that an adaptive response to these stresses is related to increased synthesis of unsaturat.
Removal bias: a new cause of code growth in tree based evolutionary programming

Presents a new cause of code growth, termed removal bias. We show that growth due to removal bias can be expected to occur whenever operations which remove and replace a variable-sized section of code, e.g. crossover or subtree mutation, are used in an evolutionary paradigm. Two forms of non-destructive crossover are used to examine the causes of code growth. The results support the protective value of inviable code and removal bias as two distinct causes of code growth. Both causes of code growth are shown to exist in at least two different problems.
Peter Ladefoged (2001). Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of languages. Maldon, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Pp. xxii+191.

Reports drift up from South America suggesting that an obscure language uses an ‘ impossible’ phonetic element. So, the intrepid explorer/linguist tramps through the Amazon in search of a reputed sound never before studied by a phonetician, and perhaps thought to be impossible in human language. This kind of phonetic research has been derided as ‘butterfly collecting’. The somewhat colonialist tone of this story leaves a bad taste for some. Others have been offended because the most famous practitioner of cross-linguistic phonetic exploration has famously suggested that language preservation is not the linguist’s job (Ladefoged 1992; see also pp. 139–140 of Vowels and consonants). More importantly, though, the criticism of ‘butterfly collecting’ points to a supposed lack of attention given to phonetic/linguistic theory when the focus is on describing ‘vowels and consonants’. For two weeks in 1993 I joined Ladefoged and a rather large entourage on a phonetic field trip to the Oaxaca state of Mexico listening for ‘ballistic ’ syllables in Jalapa Mazatec (Pike & Pike 1947). We didn’t find them. But we did apply a range of phonetic and phonological data collection methods to an understudied language. The resulting work, published in a series of papers by variousmembers of the research team (Kirk et al. 1993, Steriade 1994, Silverman et al. 1995), provides a set of primary phonetic data for one particular language. It turns out that one of the most linguistically interesting aspects of the language was one that we didn’t anticipate – that Mazatec realises a contrast between breathy and creaky voice qualities in a somewhat unusual way. What is breathy voice? A butterfly-collecting trip to Mexico added a bit of information that can help us evaluate theories of phonetic realisation and perhaps also phonological representation. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) is the ultimate phonetic collection – a comprehensive survey of the range of phonetic segments in the languages of the world. As in all of Ladefoged’s (and Maddieson’s) work, the really major contribution is that the sounds are phonetically described using instrumental analyses of their acoustic and articulatory properties. Traditional impressionistic phonetic descriptions take a back seat to instrumental descriptions. And at first glance, Ladefoged’s latest book, Vowels and consonants, appears to be a continuation of this tradition of instrumental phonetic exploration. For in the preface he states:
Conjugation of protein to immunostimulatory DNA results in a rapid, long‐lasting and potent induction of cell‐mediated and humoral immunity

Immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) are a potent Th1 adjuvant. We hypothesized that conjugation of ISS to protein antigens would strongly enhance their immunogenicity because both antigen and adjuvant (ISS) would be delivered to the same locale / antigen‐presenting cell. To test this hypothesis, we conjugated a 22‐mer immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS‐ODN) to two test antigens of differing intrinsic immunogenicity, namely Escherichia coli β‐galactosidase and the HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. We show that the antigen‐ISS conjugates rapidly induce Th1 cells secreting high levels of IFN‐γ, strong CTL activity, and high titer IgG2a and HIV‐neutralizing antibodies, exceeding gene and protein vaccination alone or immunization with mixtures of antigen and ISS‐ODN. The data suggest that this procedure generates a novel and unique vaccine that rapidly triggers strong humoral and cell‐mediated immunity.
Ultrastructure of neurons and large synaptic terminals in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body of the cat

Neurons of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB), the most prominent periolivary nucleus of the cat superior olivary complex, form an important component of the descending auditory pathways and also innervate the medial superior olive. Cells forming the posteroventral subnucleus (pvLNTB), when investigated by light microscopy, exhibit morphological similarities with globular bushy cells of the cochlear nucleus and principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. These latter two cell types are integral components of brainstem circuitry mediating the early stages of sound localization. In this report, ultrastructural features of LNTB neurons are described. pvLNTB cell bodies are characterized by a round to oval shape, smooth nuclear membrane, and the relative paucity of stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, pvLNTB cell bodies and proximal dendrites are contacted by large synaptic terminals which contain round synaptic vesicles and form multiple asymmetric synaptic junctions. These ultrastructural characteristics are similar to those previously described for globular and principal cells and distinguish pvLNTB cells from cells of the main subnucleus. Large terminals contacting pvLNTB cells contain a specialized organelle assembly, including an adherens plaque associated by filamentous strands with a mitochondrion. We name this organelle assembly the mitochondria‐associated adherens complex (MAC) and note its proximity to synaptic junctions. Because high activity rates are characteristic of large terminals in the lower auditory system, the MAC may play a specialized role in membrane stabilization at synapses which generate high rates of vesicle membrane turnover. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:257–272, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ECHINACEA ROOT EXTRACT

Methanol extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea) roots were examined for free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. Root extracts of E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea were capable of scavenging hydroxyl radical. Similar scavenging activities for each variety were found for both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and ABTS radical. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities of all three varieties of Echinacea were found to delay the formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxide induced by the thermal decomposition of 2,2‘-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and extend the lag phase of peroxidation of soybean liposomes. Echinacea root extracts suppressed the oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein, as evaluated by reduced agarose electrophoretic mobility following oxidative modification by Cu2+. The mechanisms of antioxidant activity of extracts derived from Echinacea roots included free radical scavenging and transition metal chelating.