Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of energy consumption for TCP data transfer with burst transmission over a wireless LAN

A common strategy for energy saving in wireless network devices is to remain in sleep mode for as long as possible. The timing of packet transmission and reception depends on the behavior of the transport‐layer protocols used by upper‐layer applications. Therefore, understanding the relation between the behavior of the transport‐layer protocols and energy efficiency using sleep mode is important for effective energy saving, especially when a wireless network interface (WNI) is activated in sleep mode at packet interarrivals. In this paper, we analyze the energy consumption of a client's WNI in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) data transfer over a wireless LAN by focusing on the detailed behavior of TCP congestion control mechanisms. This model considers three situations: the WNI is activated in continuously active mode, in sleep mode, and in sleep mode with burst transmission. The latter is proposed as an effective method to improve energy efficiency, which lengthens sleep periods by transmitting and receiving multiple packets in a bursty fashion. Through numerical examples, we show that sleeping without modification of transmission timing reduces energy consumption in TCP data transfer by only around 10%, and that the burst transmission can contribute further 50% energy reduction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral parallel force/position teleoperation control

The application of parallel force/position control to teleoperation systems is considered in this paper. Higher priority is given to position control at the master side and to force control at the slave side of the teleoperation system. The stability and performance of the proposed controller is investigated by analyzing the three decoupled systems obtained from projecting the closed-loop system dynamics onto the slave task-space orthogonal directions. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent force and position tracking performance provided by the new controller.
Diabetic cystopathy: A review 综述：糖尿病性膀胱病

Herein we review and discuss epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies on diabetic cystopathy, a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus with a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, providing directions for future research. A search of published epidemiological, clinical, or preclinical trial literature was performed using the key words “diabetes”, “diabetic cystopathy”, “diabetic bladder dysfunction”, “diabetic lower urinary tract dysfunction”, “diabetic detrusor instability”. The classic symptoms of diabetic cystopathy are decreased bladder sensation, increased bladder capacity, and impaired bladder emptying with resultant increased post‐void residual volume. However, recent clinical evidence indicates a presence of storage symptoms, such as overactive bladder symptoms. The pathophysiology of diabetic cystopathy is multifactorial, including disturbances of the detrusor, neuron, urothelium, and urethra. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and polyuria play important roles in inducing voiding dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Treatment choice depends on clinical symptoms and urodynamic abnormalities. Urodynamic evaluation is the cornerstone of diagnosis and determines management strategies. Diabetes mellitus could cause a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, leading to diabetic cystopathy with broadly varied estimates of the prevalence rates. The exact prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetic cystopathy remains to be further investigated and studied in multicenter, large‐scaled, or randomized basic and clinical trials, and a validated and standardized workup needs to be made, improving diabetic cystopathy management in clinical practice. Further studies involving only female diabetics are recommended.
Communication Gaps Associated With Donor‐Derived Infections

The detection and management of potential donor‐derived infections is challenging, in part due to the complexity of communications between diverse labs, organ procurement organizations (OPOs), and recipient transplant centers. We sought to determine if communication delays or errors occur in the reporting and management of donor‐derived infections and if these are associated with preventable adverse events in recipients. All reported potential donor‐derived transmission events reviewed by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee from January 2008 to June 2010 were evaluated for communication gaps between the donor center, OPO and transplant centers. The impact on recipient outcomes was then determined. Fifty‐six infection events (IEs; involving 168 recipients) were evaluated. Eighteen IEs (48 recipients) were associated with communication gaps, of which 12 resulted in adverse effects in 69% of recipients (20/29), including six deaths. When IEs and test results were reported without delay, appropriate interventions were taken, subsequently minimizing or averting recipient infection (23 IEs, 72 recipients). Communication gaps in reported IEs are frequent, occur at multiple levels in the communication process, and contribute to adverse outcomes among affected transplant recipients. Conversely, effective communication minimized or averted infection in transplant recipients.
CALCULATION OF STEAM-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY USING CAPILLARY PRESSURE DATA

Various capillary pressure approaches such as the Purcell, Burdine, Corey, and Brooks-Corey methods were used to calculate steam-water relative permeabilities using the measured data of steamwater capillary pressure in both drainage and imbibition processes. The calculated results were compared to the experimental data of steam-water relative permeability measured in Berea sandstone. The steam-water relative permeability and capillary pressure were measured simultaneously. The differences between the Purcell model and the measured values were almost negligible for water phase relative permeability in both drainage and imbibition but not for the steam phase. The insignificance of the effect of tortuosity on the wetting phase was revealed. A physical model was developed to explain the insignificance of the tortuosity. Steam phase relative permeabilities calculated by other models were very close to the experimental values for drainage, but very different for imbibition, as expected. The same calculation was made for the nitrogen-water flow to confirm the observation in the steam-water flow. The results in this study showed that it would be possible and useful to calculate steam-water relative permeability using the capillary pressure method, especially for the drainage case.
Effect of Cu content on the interfacial reliability of SnAgCu solder joints

NEMI recommended Sn3.9Ag0. 6Cu to replace the eutectic SnPb solder, but solder joints of this alloy have poor performance in reliability tests of electronic packages, especially the board level drop test. In this paper, the effect of Cu content in solder is studied on the interfacial reliability of SnAgCu solder joints on the Ni/Au plated pads. After preconditioning (three reflows post package assembly), some solder balls fell off during routine handling of the packages. Cracking occurred between the IMC layers of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and Ni3Sn4. Formation of the dual IMC structure is explained from the perspective of interfacial equilibrium. It is suggested that to improve the drop performance of the packages that have Ni/Au plated pads the key is to avoid the formation of the layer-type of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 at the interface. Approaches to do that are discussed. A rule for selecting solder alloy and surface materials on both sides of the joints is proposed for BGA packages.
Consensus Clustering for Cancer Gene Expression Data - Large-Scale Analysis using Evidence Accumulation Approach

Clustering algorithms are extensively used on patient tissue samples in order to group and visualize the microarray data. The high dimensionality and probe specific noise make the selection of the appropriate clustering algorithm an uneasy task. This study presents a large-scale analysis of three clustering algorithms: k-means, hierarchical clustering (HC) and evidence accumulation clustering (EAC) on thirty-five cancer gene expression data sets selected to benchmark the performance of the clustering algorithms. Separated performance analysis was done on data sets from Affymetrix and cDNA chip platforms to examine the possible influence of the microarray technology. The study revealed no consistent algorithm ranking can be inferred, though in general EAC presented the best compromise of adjusted rand index (ARI) and variance. However, the results indicated that ARI variance under repeated k-means initializations offers useful information on the need to implement more complex clustering techniques. If repeated K-means converges to the same partition, also confirmed by the HC clustering, there is no need to run EAC. However, under moderate or highly variable ARI in repeated K-means, EAC should be used to reduce the uncertainty of clustering and unveil the data structure.
Examining the dynamic nature of executive compensation : A firm life cycle approach

Contracting practices reflect a response to the nature and severity of a firm’s agency problem. We expand from the traditional static theorization of the principal agent model and employ an evolutionary framework to examine the dynamic nature of the agency problem and thus, executive compensation contracting as firms evolve over their life cycle. Specifically, we test and find significant differences in the level and mix of compensation across stages of firm development. Additionally, our results suggest differing weights on accounting and market measures of performance across the life of the firm, consistent with differences in the informativeness of each signal in that stage. Using disclosed bonus contract performance metrics, we identify differences in the number and types of metrics used, as well as the weights on alternative performance measures as the firm evolves. One implication of our results, important for researchers, suggests systematic biases in traditional pooled cross-sectional models of executive compensation, highlighting the need to understand the role of the dynamic agency problem in firm contracting decisions. JEL descriptors: J33, M12, M2
Growth of Competing Crystal Phases of α‑Sexithiophene Studied by Real-Time in Situ X‑ray Scattering

We report on a real-time in situ study of the growth of α-sexithiophene on silicon oxide substrates. Synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction experiments were performed during and directly after the growth in order to monitor the growth process. We observed a coexistence of two different crystal phases for different substrate temperatures. For films prepared at 233 and 308 K a disordered phase (β-phase) seems to be dominant compared to films prepared at 373 K where the so-called low-temperature bulk crystal phase (LT-phase) is dominant. From real-time measurements during growth we observed a temperature and film thickness dependent effect on the fraction of both phases in one sample. At 373 K the film growth begins primarily in the β-phase, and above a certain thickness the film growth proceeds mainly in the LT-phase. However, at 308 K the film growth is dominated by the β-phase for the entire thickness. We show that for kinetically limited growth conditions (high deposition rate and/or low substrate temperatu.
Dynamics of influenza-induced lung-resident memory T cells underlie waning heterosubtypic immunity

Lung-resident memory T cell memory depends on reseeding from the circulating effector memory pool. See the Focus by Borges da Silva and Jameson. Getting the lung to remember flu After influenza infection, some memory T cells enter the lung and become resident memory T cells (TRM). Although TRM play an important role in conferring protection against subsequent flu infections, TRM in the lung do not persist. Understanding how to improve TRM persistence is a longstanding goal in flu vaccination. Using a mouse model of flu, Slütter et al. report that TRM in the lung are prone to die and need to be constantly replenished from the circulating pool of memory T cells. Because circulating memory T cells wane with time, the lung eventually runs out of TRM. Given that immune cell infiltration can interfere with breathing, the lung may have evolved to limit immune cell residence. Lung-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) induced by influenza A virus (IAV) that are pivotal for providing subtype-transcending protection against IAV infection (heterosubtypic immunity) are not maintained long term, causing gradual loss of protection. The short-lived nature of lung TRM contrasts sharply with long-term maintenance of TRM induced by localized infections in the skin and in other tissues. We show that the decline in lung TRM is determined by an imbalance between apoptosis and lung recruitment and conversion to TRM of circulating memory cells. We show that circulating effector memory cells (TEM) rather than central memory cells (TCM) are the precursors for conversion to lung TRM. Time-dependent changes in expression of genes critical for lymphocyte trafficking and TRM differentiation, in concert with enrichment of TCM, diminish the capacity of circulating memory CD8 T cells to form TRM with time, explaining why IAV-induced TRM are not stably maintained. Systemic booster immunization, through increasing the number of circulating TEM, increases lung TRM, providing a potential new avenue to enhance IAV vaccines.
History taking by physiotherapists with low back pain patients: are illness perceptions addressed properly?

Abstract Purpose: Despite the increasing evidence that illness perceptions should be addressed in patients, there is a lack of studies evaluating whether physiotherapists question illness perceptions. This study, using a mixed-methods design, investigates the integration of illness perceptions during the first consultation of physiotherapists treating patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods: Thirty-four physiotherapists performed usual history taking in a patient with non-specific LBP. The interview was audiotaped and illness perceptions were indexed using an observational instrument, based on the domains of Leventhal’s Common Sense Model. Patients were also asked to fill in the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for LBP. Results: Physiotherapists assessed the illness identity, also perceptions regarding the (physical) cause and controllability of LBP were evaluated. Illness perceptions, such as timeline, consequences, coherence and emotional representation, were poorly assessed. Results of the questionnaire reveal that LBP-patients report overuse, workload and bad posture as primary cause. Patients held positive beliefs about the controllability and have high illness coherence. Conclusion: Belgian physiotherapists mainly question bio-medically oriented illness perceptions, e.g. physical symptoms and causes, but do not sufficiently address psychosocially oriented illness perceptions as recommended in LBP guidelines. Implications for Rehabilitation Belgian physiotherapists mainly question biomedical oriented illness perceptions (illness identity, provoking factors and treatment control) in patients with low back pain (LBP) during the history taking (i.e. the first consultation). From a bio-psycho-social view psychosocially oriented illness perceptions should be incorporated in the daily routine of physiotherapist’s to comply with the bio-psycho-social treatment guidelines for LBP. Continuing education is mandatory in order to improve physiotherapists’ knowledge regarding the use of all dimensions of illness perceptions in the assessment of patients with LBP.
Theiss Kristensen Rare Emission-line Galaxies in the COSMOS Field

Large scale surveys such as COSMOS are invaluable for observing galaxies across cosmic time. Coupled with narrow band filters, surveys can be used to search for galaxies with emission lines at specific redshifts. The 4-meter VISTA telescope contributes to the COSMOS with an ultra-deep survey (UltraVISTA) with narrow-band imaging utilizing the NB118 filter centered at 11910 Å. This filter enables the search for a number of strong emission lines at z ≤ 2.2. For z > 2.2, a number of rarer emission lines can be found such as Mgii at z = 3.3, Cii] at z = 4.1, and Ciii] at z = 5.2. Such emitters are rare. Combining the newest Y, NB118, and J images from UltraVISTA with the COSMOS2015 catalog containing precise photometric redshifts for more than half a million objects, the hope is to find a range of rare line emitters at high redshifts (z > 2.5). Candidates are selected if they shave narrow band excess. The method employed is evaluated in order to optimize the parameters for the present search. It is found that stricter detection parameters strongly influence the number of high redshift objects whereas selection parameters mostly affect the number of selected candidates rather than their redshifts. The 105 selected candidates, also called outliers, are found to have 〈z〉 = 3.08 ± 0.62, although a large number have undesirable traits leaving only 34 for further for analysis with 〈z〉 = 3.35 ± 0.56. Out of the 34 good outliers, 13 (∼ 38%) are likely Mgii emitters. Up to 8 (∼ 24%) more that may be Mgii emitters also but their nature is uncertain. 2 (∼ 6%) may be Cii] emitters and 1 (∼ 3%) outlier is consistent with Ciii] (∼ 3%). The remaining 10 (∼ 29%) are possibly [Oii] emitters, although their narrow band excesses may be emission lines not considered.
Protection Against Pertussis by Acellular Pertussis Vaccines (Takeda, Japan): Household Contact Studies in Kawasaki City, Japan

To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine which has been in clinical use in Japan since 1981, a retrospective study was performed by a questionnaire survey of secondary pertussis attacks through family contact in 146 children with pertussis diagnosed in the period from January 1981 through May 1988. In this study, acellular vaccine made by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, which contains a high level of FHA (filamentous hemag‐glutinin), a low level of PT (pertussis toxin) and a small amount of agglutinogen, was evaluated. Secondary pertussis attacks through family contact were found in 17 of 29 siblings (58.6%) not immunized with pertussis vaccine. On the other hand, 27 siblings immunized with Takeda's acellular vaccine were exposed to pertussis through family contact and a secondary attack was seen in only one of them (3.7%). The present study revealed an efficacy rate of 93.7% for Takeda's acellular pertussis vaccine.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA SIGNALING THROUGH MODULATION OF D-SERINE LEVELS IN CEREBRAL CORTEX NEURONS

Background: Synapse formation and function is modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic non-autonomous factors. Results: Astrocytes induce synapse formation through TGF-β1 pathway. TGF-β1 synaptogenic property is dependent on Dserine signaling. Conclusion: TGF-β induces excitatory glutamatergic synapses in vertebrates. Significance: This is a novel molecular mechanism that might impact synaptic function and shed light on new potential therapeutic targets for synaptic-deficit diseases.
The Politics of Opt-Out in the European Union: Voluntary or Involuntary Defection?

According to Putnam’s Two-Level Games approach there are two kinds of defection from international negotiations: voluntary and involuntary. Once a state becomes a member in the unique institutional regime of the European Union (EU), is there defection from new integrationist treaties negotiated in Inter-Governmental Conferences? And if there is, is it voluntary or involuntary defection? First, the theoretical prospects will emerge from adjusting Putnam’s Two-Level Games approach to the EU. Second, empirical examination of five opt-out case-studies will corroborate or refute those theoretical prospects and questions. Both lead to the conclusion that opt-outs are the only form of defection that exist in the EU today, and that most opt-outs examined are involuntary defections. Finally, the implications of such classification will be
CNS involvement in overactive bladder: pathophysiology and opportunities for pharmacological intervention.

The pathophysiology of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is complex, and involves both peripheral and CNS factors. Several CNS disorders are associated with OAB, e.g. stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, and in each disorder the pathophysiology of OAB can be multifactorial. Irrespective of cause or pathophysiology of OAB, antimuscarinic drugs are the first line of pharmacological treatment. However, adverse effects and limited efficacy makes alternative therapeutic principles desirable. Most alternative drugs used for the treatment of OAB have a peripheral site of action, mainly affecting efferent or afferent neurotransmission or the detrusor muscle itself. New targets for pharmacological intervention may be found in the CNS. Several CNS transmitters/transmitter systems are known to be involved in micturition control, but few drugs with a defined CNS site of action (e.g. baclofen, imipramine and duloxetine) have been used for the treatment of voiding disorders. GABA, glutamate, opioid, serotonin, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine receptors and mechanisms are known to influence micturition, and drugs influencing these systems could potentially be developed for the treatment of OAB. Preclinical studies in different animal models have shown that modulation of normal micturition and detrusor overactivity by drugs acting within the spinal cord or supraspinally is possible. Promising results have been obtained in such models, e.g. with drugs interfering with GABA mechanisms, serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, mu-opioid receptors and alpha-adrenoreceptors. However, considering the limited predictability of existing animal models for efficacy in humans, positive proof of concept studies in humans are mandatory. Such studies are scarce and further investigations are needed.
Hybrid battery charging system combining OBC with LDC for electric vehicles

It presents a hybrid battery charging system unifying an on-board charger (OBC) with a low voltage dc-to-dc converter (LDC) for small and light design of EV charger. The proposed hybrid charger consists of three H-bridge converters including a selective switch, a high frequency transformer, and inductors. Front-end converter connected to the grid by a selective switch has two roles. One is to obtain unity power factor by ac-to-dc converting. It belongs to one of the behavior of OBC. The other is to charge an auxiliary battery by working a step-down converter. Back-end converter employs a transformer to ensure galvanic isolation between the grid and EV. It charges propulsion battery by phase-shift control, and as the occasion demands, energy stored in propulsion battery discharges to dc-link capacitor to supply power to the grid or auxiliary battery. To verify the validity of the proposed approach, we carry out computer-aided simulations and experiments.
Immunocompetence traits and their inheritance pattern in Kadaknath native chicken

Economics of poultry production can be improved by reducing input on health care (major investment) and increasing production. It necessitates evaluation and exploitation of immunocompetence traits of germplasm. An investigation was carried out on 174 Kadaknath native chickens, maintained at this institute to evaluate immunocompetence profile. Data on three traits viz., antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and serum levels of lysozyme and IgG, were analyzed by least squares analysis of variance taking sire as random and sex as fixed effects. Sire had significant effect on lysozyme (Pe achieved by selection for combination of different facets of host’s immune systems.