Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of mechanism of hepatotoxicity of leflunomide using albino wistar rats

Leflunomide (LEF) is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis via inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and tyrosine kinase enzymes. It is metabolised by cytochrome 2C9 enzyme to active form A771726 (melononitrilamide) which is responsible for both its pharmacological and toxicological responses. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave black box warning in 2010 due to acute liver failure in humans. While the exact mechanism of its toxicity remains unknown, it has been postulated that the formation of toxic reactive metabolites and elevation of serum transaminase level may be responsible for its toxicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether oxidative stress has any role in inducing hepatotoxicity of this drug. LEF was administered orally in 10 mg/kg body weight to albino wistar rats. Then, liver and blood were collected at 4, 8, 12 and 16 h intervals. Liver glutathione (GSH), oxidized lipid (malonaldehyde MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were measured to determine the level of toxicity. GSH, CAT and SOD levels were found to be decreased with respect to control at all time points, whereas MDA level was significantly increased which signified liver cell injury after drug administration. The plasma ALT and AST levels were also increased at the same time, denoting liver tissue damage. Our result collectively indicated that oxidative stress might be responsible for LEF inducing hepatotoxicity. Key words: Leflunomide, A771726 metabolite, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress.
Emergence of Secular Travel in Bengali Cultural Universe: Some Passing Thoughts

This paper by no means presumes to provide a comprehensive analysis of the genesis and ramifications of Bengali travel consciousness either in thematic or chronological terms. It only seeks to highlight certain key aspects of Bengali ‘secular travel’ culture as it germinated in the colonial period. The term Bengali specifically implies the world of Hindu bhadralok and bhadramahila from where emerged the earliest writers of ‘secular’ travel accounts. This is of particular interest because travel, apart from pilgrimage, had no sanction within the traditional Brahamanical orthodoxy. The same cannot be said of the Islamic paedia, which was favourably inclined towards travel. Yet in the colonial period Bengali Muslims did not, in general, produce travel narratives of the ‘secular modern’ variety. One outstanding exception will be considered in this article. Travel among Bengalis took different forms. While there grew a tradition of travel within the country and producing books on them from the early eighteenth century, books on journeys to Europe and different eastern countries received the attention of publishers towards the end of nineteenth and early twentieth century. All these narratives are replete with binaries, such as we/they, home/ world and similar other usual tropes of articulation of ‘Self’ and the ‘Other’. The essay will end with a brief discussion of Deshe Bideshe (account of Kabul from 1927 to early 1929) by Syed Mujtaba Ali, which was quite exceptional in terms of both content and mode of ‘telling’.
Inactivación de genes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y su potencial utilidad en la prevención y el control de la tuberculosis

Availability of the M. tuberculosis genome sequence and the development of sophisticated systems for genetic manipulation of bacilli offer the potential for new and effective tools to prevent and control tuberculosis. Efficient methods to inactivate mycobacterial genes have been developed. These methods have become the cornerstone for the application and development of mycobacterial functional genomics. Specific mutants are generated to establish the role of targetted genes associated with mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Gene inactivation, supported directly or indirectly by the deciphering of the mycobacterial genome, has permitted the generation of large numbers of M. tuberculosis mutants. Analysis of these mutants has (in some cases) established relationships between gene products and their role in mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
Effects of pH and temperature on heterotrophic bacteria in acidified and non-acidified lochs

An investigation into the impact of acidification on bacterial populations in Scottish lochs revealed that in the range pH 3.8–6.5, increasing acidity had little effect on activities and diversities of aerobic heterotrophs. Only one organism, a Cytophaga species, showed reduced numbers at lower pH. Large and rapid increases in water temperature, however, resulted in decreasing diversities with the emergence of dominant populations of a few species, whilst others became undetectable. A dominant strain achieved higher numbers than a non-dominant strain in competition studies with both slow and rapid temperature increases, but as the organisms coexisted and washout did not occur it was inferred that the organisms were not competing for substrate.
A Summer Carrion Study of the Baby Pig Sus Scrofa Linnaeus

A carrion study of the baby pig, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, was conducted during the summers of 1962 and 1963 in a mixed mesophytic hardwood—pine community at Clemson, South Carolina. Six stages of decomposition were delimited for carrion exposed to arthropods: fresh, bloated, active decay, advanced decay, dry, and remains. Five stages were recognized for carrion protected from arthropods: fresh, bloating and decomposition, flaccidity and dehydration, mummy, and desiccation and disintegration. Carrion free of insects decomposed and dried very slowly, retaining its form for many months, while 90% of the carrion open to insects was removed in 6 days. Carrion temperature during the bloated through advanced decay stages differed widely from that of air or soil. A definite ecological succession occurred among the fauna of carrion. Each stage of decay was characterized by a particular group of arthropods, each of which occupied a particular niche. Their activities were influenced by physical properties of carrion, rapidity of putrefaction, time of day, and weather. A total and 522 species representing 3 phyla, 9 classes, 31 orders, 151 families, and 359 genera were collected from decomposing pigs. Four orders of arthropods (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Araneida) accounted for 78% of the carrion fauna. Two coleopterous families, Histeridae and Staphylinidae and three dipterous families, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, and Muscidae, represented 26% of the fauna.
Forest Biodiversity and the Delivery of Ecosystem Goods and Services: Translating Science into Policy

Biodiversity is integral to almost all ecosystem processes, with some species playing key functional roles that are essential for maintaining the value of ecosystems to humans. However, many ecosystem services remain nonvalued, and decisionmakers rarely consider biodiversity in policy development, in part because the relationships between biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services are not generally appreciated. To date, the majority of work in which the functional importance of biodiversity has been examined has been conducted in relatively species-poor systems. Focusing on forest and agroforest systems, we synthesize recent research on the role of biodiversity in the provision of ecosystem services and provide examples of biodiversity science that informs ecosystem management and policy. Finally, we highlight barriers to the transfer of knowledge from scientists to decisionmakers and suggest that scientists can be much more effective at informing policy and improving resource management by asking policy-relevant questions and providing timely and consistent information to decisionmakers and the public on the linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem services, and their value to people.
Inheritance and Stability of Late Blight Resistance in Potato Population B3 of the International Potato Center

The mission of International Potato Centre (CIP) is to achieve food security for developing countries. Late blight is one of the most serious diseases of potato, and efficient control of the disease is needed to get proper yield. Chemical plant protection and resistant cultivars are the main keys in controlling late blight. CIP improves the food security by breeding late blight resistant genotypes, which are further tested in developing countries.
Fossils and astrobiology: new protocols for cell evolution in deep time

Abstract The study of life remote in space has strong parallels with the study of life remote in time. Both are dependent on decoding those historic phenomena called ‘fossils’, here taken to include biogenic traces of activity and waste products. There is the shared problem of data restoration from incomplete data sets; the importance of contextual analysis of potentially viable habitats; the centrality of cell theory; the need to reject the null hypothesis of an abiogenic origin for candidate cells via morphospace analysis; the need to demonstrate biology-like behaviour (e.g., association with biofilm-like structures; tendency to form clusters and ‘mats’; and a preference for certain substrates), and of metabolism-like behaviour (e.g., within the candidate cell wall; within surrounding ‘waste products’; evidence for syntrophy and metabolic cycles; and evidence for metabolic tiers). We combine these ideas into a robust protocol for demonstrating ancient or extra-terrestrial life, drawing examples from Earth's early geological record, in particular from the earliest known freshwater communities of the 1.0 Ga Torridonian of Scotland, from the 1.9 Ga Gunflint Chert of Canada, from the 3.4 Ga Strelley Pool sandstone of Australia, and from the 3.46 Ga Apex Chert also of Australia.
A STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME CLINICAL PATHOGENIC BACTERIA’S

INTRODUCTON Plants produce a wide range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of different types of medicines. Most of the drugs used today are acquired from natural sources or semi synthetic derivatives of natural products used in the traditional systems of medicine (Sukanya et al, 2009). Medicinal plants are finding their way into ABSTRACT The use of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity and other diseases have been observed to be promising remedies since ancient time in Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Arabic, and Unani medicine. The plants have traditionally furnish a source of hope for novel drug compounds, as plant herbal mixtures have made large endowment to human health and well-being. The use of plant extracts with known antimicrobial properties can be of appreciable significance for therapeutic treatment. Presently, the research has been initiated to study the antibacterial activity of chloroform, and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata to emphasize the potential of herbal components in the field of medical science to kill various dreadful pathogens. The agar well diffusion method was followed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf and stem extracts of A. paniculata against Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, Enterococcus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and E. coli. The result revealed that all the doses of both extracts of A. paniculata potentially inhibited the growth of all the pathogens tested. Hence, the present investigation evaluates the potential anti-bacterial activity of methanol extract of leaf and stem extract of A. paniculata.
Financial development, economic growth and welfare: evidence from emerging countries

Purpose- This study investigates how financial development has affected the economic growth and welfare for four emerging economies, namely Brazil, Turkey, Hungary, and, Poland over the period 2000-2013. Methodology- In this research, we employed a panel dataset for the four countries using five different indicators for financial development separately. Which are (financial development index, domestic credit to the private sector, stock exchange market capitalization, and Lerner Index). Findings- The results confirmed that financial development has a positive impact on economic growth, and there is a difference between Turkey, Brazil, Poland, and Hungary in terms of the impact size of financial development on economic growth. The highest and most energetic effect was on Turkey then on Poland, then on Hungary, and finally on Brazil Conclusion- This study found that GDP growth is highly correlated with financial development. Thus, countries may undertake different steps to increase the efficiency of their financial sectors and therefore enhance their economic growth.
The phytochrome gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Phytochrome apoproteins in angiosperms are encoded by a small gene family. Tomato (Solatium lycopersicum L.) serves well as a dicotyledonous model system for elucidating the extent of this gene family, its expression patterns, and the roles of individual members of the family. Five phytochrome genes (PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF have been characterized in tomato. Quantitative measurements of transcript abundances from each tomato PHY throughout the life cycle indicate that transcript levels generally range from 10 to 100 μmol mol−1 total mRNA, in the following order of decreasing abundance: PHYA, PHYB1, PHYE, PHYB2 and PHYF. PHYA transcripts were found to be most abundant in seedling roots, while PHYB2 and PHYF transcripts were expressed preferentially in fruit. PHYA mutants (fri) have been found to be the consequence of a single nucleotide substitution adjacent to the 3′ terminus of an intron. What are almost certainly PHYB1 mutants have also been described, although the molecular nature of these mutants remains to be revealed. Efforts to obtain PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF mutants are currently underway.
Molecular Weight Dependence of Antibacterial Activity in Cationic Disinfectants

New oligomers of in-chain quaternary ammonium salts as well as polymers were examined for antibacterial activity with special attention to the effect of their molecular weights. Two sets of homologs with different spacer structures were prepared: one with a rigid p-xylylene spacer and the other with a flexible hexamethylene spacer. It was found that the activity depends strongly on the molecular weight and that both bacteriostatic and bacteri cidal activity increase in the order of monomer — dimer < trimer < tetramer < polymer.
The impact of positive emotions on children

© National Wellbeing Service Ltd 2017 • www.nationalwellbeingservice. com/journals 1 of 7 Introduction Emotions influence a person’s daily functions in a variety of ways. Interestingly, an individual may not be aware of the impact emotions may be playing within an individual’s life because particular emotions can occur at unconscious and conscious levels (Fredrickson, 2003). This review discusses the impact of positive emotions on children with behavioral problems. First of all, it will define and discuss the function of positive emotions and how it can help children. Findings show that positive emotions share the ability to broaden an individual’s action repertoires and increase his or her physical, intellectual, social, and psychological resources (Fredrickson, 2003). As a consequence, children who experience positive emotions Abstract This review discusses the impact of positive emotions on children with behavioral problems. Findings show that positive emotions share the ability to broaden an individual’s action repertoires and increase his or her physical, intellectual, social, and psychological resources (Fredrickson, 2003). As a consequence, children who experience positive emotions at a higher rate are less likely to have behavioral and academic problems. These findings are extremely important for clinical practice because, by identifying a child’s positive emotions and encouraging the child to experience these emotions, problematic behavior can be treated more effectively.
Economic trends and drivers affecting the wheatbelt of Western Australia to 2030

Most of the farm businesses in Western Australia remain profitable, with rates of return comparable with non-farming sectors. However, there is continuing pressure on poor-performing farms, as well as a range of social pressures, which mean that there will continue to be a steady fall in the number of farms in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia. Most remaining farms will continue to be profitable, due in significant part to successful research and development (RD the levels of price premia for 'green' products; the rates of productivity improvement for agriculture in developing countries; and energy prices. Key uncertainties about R&D/technology include the availability of funds for R&D, and the contributions of biotechnologies. Use of information technologies will increase, although not as much as some expect, and in some cases driven by shortages of skilled farm labour rather than production advantages. The fundamental elements of managing a farm have altered little, and we do not expect them to change in the next 30 years. Successful farm management will continue to depend largely on good decisions about the farm's enterprise mix, machinery replacement, land leasing or purchase, labour hiring, and off-farm investments. Agricultural R&D should continue to address a diversified portfolio of issues, including attention to environmental issues, but not neglecting the need for ongoing productivity improvements in agriculture.
Power Transformer Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis using Support Vector Machine

: Differential protection is the best protection technique for power transformers. However, differential relays cannot provide discrimination between internal fault and inrush currents; they always detect the inrush current as an internal fault state. This paper presents a proposed algorithm based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) for monitoring the three phase two windings transformer. The algorithm diagnosis different transformer conditions: normal, over excitation, inrush current, internal and external faults. Both primary and secondary currents and their second order harmonics are used to distinguish between these conditions. The transformer conditions are simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC in order to obtain the primary and secondary current signals. These signals are then used to train and test the SVM using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results are compared with corresponding results obtained by applying Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)- based method. The results prove that the proposed algorithm is accurate and very fast in detecting and classifying different transformer conditions.
Recanati and the cognitive view of language*

Many pragmaticians have distinguished three levels of meaning involved in the comprehension of utterances, and there is an ongoing debate about how to characterize the intermediate level. Recanati has called it the level of ‘what is said’ and has opposed the idea that it can be determined semantically — a position that he labels ‘pragmatic minimalism’. To this end he has offered two chief arguments: semantic underdeterminacy and the Availability Principle. This paper exposes a tension between both arguments, relating this discussion with Carruthers’s cognitive view of language, according to which some thoughts are, literally, sentences of our natural language. First we explain how this view entails minimalism, and we construct an argument based on semantic underdeterminacy that shows that natural language sentences do not have the compositional properties required to constitute thoughts. Then we analyze the example of a subject’s overhearing a sentence without an interpretive context, arguing that in the light of the Availability Principle the corresponding thought can be regarded as a natural language sentence. Thus, semantic underdeterminacy and availability pull in different directions, and we claim that there is no characterization of the latter that can relieve this tension. We contend that Recanati’s availability shares with Carruthers’s introspectivism an overreliance on intuitions about what appears consciously in one’s mind. We conclude, therefore, that the Availability Principle ought to be abandoned.
Effect of Intelligent Tutoring on Teaching and Learning Mathematics: The case of use of Ignite the Learning System in selected primary schools in Kenya

Research show that Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are beneficial for teaching and learning. The systems can help learners acquire skills and knowledge faster than those who only use traditional approaches such as learning from text books or chalk and talk. Moreover, there is a shortage of expert teachers particularly in rural areas in most developing countries including Kenya. To address this issue, an Intelligent Tutoring System that teaches mathematics to elementary school learners in Kenya was developed. Ignite the Learning is an Intelligent Tutoring System developed by Elimuplus team to teach mathematics in elementary schools. The system is a constraints-based tutor and provides worked-out examples, error flagging and hints feedback messages. A study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the system in public and private schools in Kenya. The results showed that both groups in public and private schools learned from Ignite the learning.
Constant scalar curvature metrics on fibred complex surfaces

This thesis proves the existence of constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics on certain connected compact complex surfaces. The surfaces considered are those admitting a holomorphic submersion to curve, with fibres of genus at least 2. The proof is via an adiabatic limit. An approximate solution is constructed out of the hyperbolic metrics on the fibres and a large multiple of a certain metric on the base. A parameter dependent inverse function theorem is then used to perturb the approximate solution to a genuine solution in the same cohomology class.
Evolution of Neogene Mammals in Eurasia: Environmental Forcing and Biotic Interactions

The relative weights of physical forcing and biotic interaction as drivers of evolutionary change have been debated in evolutionary theory. The recent finding that species, genera, clades, and chronofaunas all appear to exhibit a symmetrical pattern of waxing and waning lends support to the view that biotic interactions shape the history of life. Yet, there is similarly abundant evidence that these primary units of biological evolution arise and wane in coincidence with major climatic change. We review these patterns and the process-level explanations offered for them. We also propose a tentative synthesis, characterized by interdependence between physical forcing and biotic interactions. We suggest that species with evolutionary novelties arise predominantly in “species factories” that develop under harsh environmental conditions, under dominant physical forcing, whereas exceptionally mild environments give rise to “oases in the desert,” characterized by strong competition and survival of relics.