Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ten Years After the Wenchuan Earthquake: New Insights Into the Geodynamics of the Eastern Tibet

In 2008, the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake killed >80,000 and injured more than 370,000 people in the province of Sichuan, China. About 5 years later, Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquake occurred on 20 April 2013, only ~90 km further south. More recently, in 2017, a third event, Mw 6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, occurred ~250 km north of the Wenchuan earthquake epicenter. These events were all along the Longmen Shan thrust belt in eastern Tibet. The questions posed by these events still reverberate in the Chinese and international geoscience communities. In this special section, we summarize and report new data sets, observations, and modeling results of the eastern Tibet during the last decade. It covers the tectonics of eastern Tibet, the seismology, and the surface response of the earthquake. All these contributions will provide new insights into the geodynamics of the eastern Tibet. We further highlight a number of outstanding questions that remain to be addressed.
The efficiency of food utilization, digestibility of foodstuffs and energy expenditure of mice selected for large or small body size

The efficiency of food utilization, the digestibility of foodstuffs, energy metabolism, and body activity have been studied in three lines of mice, one selected for large, another for small body size, and a third, control, line. The gross efficiency of food utilization was highest in the large line, intermediate in the control line and lowest in the small line between 21 and approximately 35 days of age. During this period, gross efficiency declined in the large and control lines with increasing size and decreasing growth-rate, presumably due to an increase in maintenance costs in comparison with the weight gained. In the small line, the efficiency of food utilization increased up to 35 days of age but declined thereafter. The energetic efficiency (measured in Calories) was higher in the large than in the small line up to 4 weeks of age, i.e. when the growth-rate was high, and after 6 weeks of age, when fat was being deposited at an increased rate. The increased efficiency of large mice was not entirely associated with a greater proportion of the ingested food being absorbed from the gut. Large mice absorbed a greater proportion of protein, though the difference was not sufficient to account for the large weight difference between the large and small lines. The energy expenditure of mice of the large line was greater than that of the small line at all ages and similar for the same body weights. The reduced growth-rate of small mice was not due to abnormally high or low energy costs. There was no evidence that body activity determined or restricted the rate of growth in either line. Mice selected for small size were phenotypically unlike pituitary dwarf mice, although the low nitrogen retention during the growing-period indicated a deficiency of some growth stimulus.
Evidence for strong genetic structure in a regionally important, highly vagile cyprinid (Henicorhynchus lobatus) in the Mekong River Basin

– For effective management of a freshwater species, it is necessary to have an understanding of the spatial scale of population differentiation. In many cases, common ecological methods such as mark-recapture are inappropriate for large freshwater systems. In this study, a molecular genetics approach was employed to determine the population structure of a small, but regionally very important, cyprinid species (Henicorhynchus lobatus) in the lower Mekong River Basin (MRB). A fragment of the mtDNA ATPase 6 and 8 genes was sequenced for 136 individuals sampled from the main Mekong River channel, from two major tributaries of the Mekong River and from a site in an adjacent river drainage (Chao Phraya). An exact test and samova analysis revealed considerable differentiation among sites from the Mun River (a tributary of the Mekong River in Thailand) and all other samples from the MRB. Furthermore, the most upstream site in Lao PDR (BP) was significantly differentiated from sites further downstream. It is argued here that the former pattern is a result of historical drainage rearrangement and the latter a function of current ecological differences expressed as discrete migration pathways. The results of the study clearly show the existence of discrete population units for H. lobatus within the MRB that may require separate management strategies.
Notes on skulls of Pleistocene Saiga of Northern Eurasia

Eighteen fossil skulls of male Saiga from Northern Eurasia and 33 recent skulls from Kalmykia and Kazakhstan have been studied. Saiga from both the Khazarian Fauna of the Volga and Mammoth Fauna of Europe and Siberia are referred to Saiga horealis Tschersky, 1876. During the Pleistocene, 5. borealis distribution extended from England in the west to Alaska in the east and is characterized by an elongated neurocranium, small frontal angle of the temporal bone from the plane of the frontal, and long nasal bones. S. borealis was a typical representative of the “mammoth biome”; in the Pleistocene periglacial steppes and cryogenic savannahs. Two subspecies are recognized: S. borealis borealis Tschersky (Eastern Sibera and Alaska); and S.b. prisca Nehring, 1891 (Europe, Urals and Western Siberia). At the end of the Pleistocene, when the mammoth disappeared, the range of S. borealis was reduced. Today they live only in West Mongolia (S. borealis mongolica Bannikov, 1946). S. tatarica tatarica was widely distribut.
The Maintenance of Stable Dominance Hierarchies and the Pattern of Aggression: Support for the Suppression Hypothesis

Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the development and maintenance of dominance hierarchies. According to the first hypothesis the dominance hierarchy is a result of the animals fighting once at their first encounter and then using the outcome of that fight to determine the rank order. The second hypothesis proposes that a dominance hierarchy reflects the fighting ability of the individuals in the group at each moment and is therefore relatively fluid with individuals continuously fighting for position. A third hypothesis, the suppression hypothesis, states that the dominance hierarchy is based to a large extent on the outcome of the first fight between the individuals but the dominant animal in each pair continuously attacks the subdominant individuals to condition them to lose in future encounters. We studied six well-established flocks containing six adult hens each (Gallus gallus domesticus). Five of the flocks had linear hierarchies. The aggression was significantly more often directed towards the next low-ranking individual. There was a good correlation between rank and comb size (height x width), but no significant correlation between rank and weight, or rank and level of fluctuating asymmetry. There was no significant correlation between levels of aggression and similarity of comb size for individuals of neighboring ranks. Our results tentatively support the suppression hypothesis for the maintenance of dominance hierarchies in the domestic hen.
Crystal and molecular structure of fenspiride, C15H20N2O2

The crystal and molecular structure of fenspiride, a bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drug, are reported. Fenspiride crystallizes in the monoclinic system, with two crystallographically independent molecules in the general position of the space group P21/n (No. 14) and Z = 8. Rietveld refined unit cell parameters are a = 11.52013(8) Å, b = 5.614091(31) Å, c = 44.1567(4) Å, α = 90°, β = 93.0885(6)°, γ = 90°, and V = 2851.69(4) Å3.
Decomposition of litter from three major plant species of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest in relation to site fire history and soil type

Rates of weight loss and release of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl from litter of several species in jarrah (E. marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest were measured in relation to site fire history and soil type. Weight loss from leaf litter decreased in the order jarrah > marri (E. calophylla R. Br. ex Lindl.) > Banksia grandis Willd. After 18 months on the forest floor senesced leaves of jarrah, marri and Banksia had lost 45%, 42% and 19%, respectively, of their original weight. Although greatest rates of decomposition occurred on a site burnt 3 y previously by an intense autumn fire and slowest rates on a site which had not been burnt for 8 y, the differences between burn sites were small in comparison with the total weight loss from decomposing litter. The order of release of nutrients from decomposing eucalypt litter was P<N<Ca<S<Mg<Cl<K<Na. There appears to be only slow release of N and P from the litter layer of these forests in the period between successive control burns. Fresh jarrah leaves, which are similar in chemical composition to leaf litter falling after crowns have been scorched by intense fire, decompose rapidly in comparison with senescent leaf tissue. Release of nutrients, particularly N and P, is also more rapid from fresh leaves than from leaf litter. Rates of decomposition of green leaves differed between soil types in the order reddish gravels > dark sandy duplex soil > yellow gravels. These differences may be related to the higher nutrient status of the reddish gravel soils.
Long Noncoding RNA LINC00261 Reduces Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells via the NME1-EMT Pathway

Objective Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as a class of important biological regulators. lncRNAs participate in diverse biological functions and disease processes, especially those leading to tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigate the role of linc00261 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Methods linc00261 and NME1 expression levels were determined in breast cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue using qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation and migration were analyzed using MTT and transwell assays, respectively. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers were examined via Western blotting assay. RNA pull-down was used to examine the interaction between linc00261 and the NME1 mRNA transcript. Results linc00261 is expressed in lower levels on breast cancer tissues than in para-carcinoma tissues. Reintroduction of linc00261 can inhibit the migration of breast cancer cells and arrest their proliferation. Additionally, linc00261 knockdown is sufficient to cause breast carcinoma tumorigenesis. We also found that linc00261 interacts with NME1 mRNA, protecting it from degradation. This protection leads to increased cellular levels of NME1, which functions as suppressor of tumor metastasis. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate detailed mechanistic links between the linc00261/NME1 axis and tumorigenesis and show that linc00261 might serve as a novel therapeutic target.
The effects of broiler breeder age on intestinal development during hatch window, chick quality and first week broiler performance

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects of breeder age on incubation results, intestinal development during hatch window, chick quality and first week broiler performance. A total of 4800 eggs were obtained from commercial Cobb 500 broiler breeder flocks at 33 and 62 weeks old. Of these 33 and 62 weeks old flocks, 31.4% and 7.0% were hatched 24 h before pull time and 51.2% and 56.0% were hatched 12 h before pull time, respectively. Hatchability of fertile eggs and hatchability of total eggs were found higher in 33 weeks old flock than the other. The chick hatch weight was determined as 39.5 g and 41.4 g in 33 and 62 weeks old flocks, respectively. Chick weight/initial egg weight rate was found to be higher as 67.3% in the 33 weeks old flocks. On hatching day, chick length were also higher in 62 weeks old flock. Relative yolk-free chick weight was higher in 33 weeks old (85.0%) flock than the other (82.0%). Intestine weight rate was higher as 5.27% in chicks from 33 weeks old than the other (5.08%). At 1 week of age, the body weights and weight gains were 165.1 g and 156.0 g, and 125.6 g and 114.6 g in 33 and 62 weeks old flocks, respectively. Higher mortality ratio as 3.6% was observed in 62 weeks old flock. In conclusion, intestinal development during hatch window, incubation parameters, chick quality and first week broiler performance is affected by breeder age.
Geographic variation of three vocal signals in the Australian ringneck (Aves: Psittaciformes): Do functionally similar signals have similar spatial distributions?

In many animal species, chiefly birds and some marine mammals, the repertoire of acoustic communication signals represents learned features of the behavioural phenotype, acquired and transmitted across generations as cultural traditions. These signals often are found to vary spatially among sub-species or local populations (e.g., dialects), as well as among smaller social groupings (colonies, flocks, pods, clans). Moreover, within the whole repertoire of different vocal signals of a species there can be differences in the patterns of spatial variation from one type of vocalization to another. A previous study of birdsong, for example, showed that males had two different kinds of song, functionally differing and with discordant patterns of geographic variation. This, and other studies describing spatial distributions of different elements of a learned vocal repertoire, suggests a general hypothesis that functional differences among an ensemble of cultural traits may be manifest as differences in spatial variation. My extension of this hypothesis is that among such a suite of cultural traits those of similar function will tend to co-vary spatially. In this report, I use three vocalizations of a parrot species to test this hypothesis. I recorded vocalizations of the Australian ringneck ( Platycercus (= Barnardius ) zonarius ), at 49 sites across three subspecies distributions and quantified variation in the acoustic features of their vocal signals. Two of the vocal signals have similar function and, according to the hypothesis, should follow similar patterns of spatial variation, whereas the third signal has a differing function and is not expected to vary spatially in concordance with the other two signals. These predicted patterns were substantially upheld.
Assessment of the Management of Diarrhoea Among Children Under Five in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Purpose Irrational antibiotic use is a worldwide problem. One of the main reasons for excessive use of antibiotics is the failure to follow the clinical guidelines. Inappropriate use of antibiotics for infectious diarrhea is associated with the risk of increasing the development of antimicrobial resistance and the cost of health care. We therefore pursued to assess the appropriateness of the management of diarrhea in children in Addis Ababa. Materials and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between September 2014 and February 2015. Demographic characteristics, signs of dehydration, stool characteristics, drug types and other relevant information have been collected. Data analysis was performed using version 20 of the SPSS. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between dependent and independent variables. Indicators for the appropriateness of diarrhoea management have been established on the basis of the Standard Treatment Guideline and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Results A total of 803 medical records of children have been checked. Of this, 54.4% had received inappropriate management. At least one antimicrobial was prescribed to 73.2% of the children who visited the health centres. Oral ﻿rehydration ﻿solution (ORS) and zinc were prescribed only in 66.7% and 47.5%, respectively. Appropriate management among children diagnosed with dysentery was found to be 6.38 times higher adjusted odds ratios (AOR=6.38 (3.11, 13.63)) than children with watery diarrhea. Although antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately for most children, it is appropriate when the diarrhea is bloody. Appropriate management of diarrhoea among infants aged 2–11 months was 54% less compared to children aged 12–59 months (AOR=0.46 (0.24, 0.90)). Conclusion The magnitude of inadequate antibiotic prescription while managing diarrhoea in our setting was high. On the contrary, a low prescribing rate of ORS and zinc was observed. Our result highlights the need for urgent action to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Health﻿-care professionals should have clear information on the risks of inadequate diarrhoea treatment in children under five.
Functional and Structural Changes in Postherpetic Neuralgia Brain Before and Six Months After Pain Relieving

Objective Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect whether 6 months after pain relieving, the structural and functional abnormalities in the brain of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) patients are changeable. Methods Fifteen successfully treated PHN patients were enrolled﻿; the brain activity and structural abnormalities were detected and compared before and 6 months after treatment. The functional parameters were evaluated with resting-state functional MRI technique, i.e., the regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional amp﻿litude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF). Structural changes were detected with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). Results Six months after pain relieving, PHN brain showed different ReHo and fALFF values in the frontal lobe, caudate, supramarginal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), cuneus, middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum. In addition, VBM intensity in the cerebellum increased; DKI values decreased in the thalamus and increased in the temporal lobe after successful treatment. Conclusion Six months after pain relieving, functional and structural changes exist in PHN brain. Changes in some differential areas in PHN brain, such as ACC, frontal lobe, thalamus, and temporal lobe indicate that the central plasticity may be reversible after chronic pain relieving.
Assessing Factors That Influence Healthcare Provider Attitudes and Practices regarding Place-Based Exercise Prescriptions: Results of Principal Components Analysis of a Newly Developed Survey Instrument

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe development and preliminary assessment of an instrument designed to assess facilitators and barriers of provider-provided, place-based exercise prescriptions, including provider attributes, perceptions, knowledge, and resource needs. Although the American Medical Association-Supported “Exercise is Medicine” initiative encourages the practice of exercise prescription among member providers, only a small proportion engages in this practice. Additionally, little is known about the role of place-based exercise prescriptions, although access to physical activity resources differs based on residence, access to transportation, income, and other factors. To utilize potential for prescriptions to encourage physical activity, better understanding of the role of place is essential. Methods Previously validated and newly developed items were combined to create an 88-item survey that was administered to 166 healthcare providers. Results Results of principal components analysis suggested a five-factor structure; three factors—provider belief in exercise benefits, provider training needs, and place-based concerns—demonstrated high internal consistency. Factors demonstrating low internal consistency included provider attitudes about their role in exercise prescription and providers' perceptions of patient barriers. Conclusions Following this stage in survey validation, the 88-item developed survey could be shortened by eliminating items with low loadings. Providers may be more receptive to a shorter instrument, which could facilitate reliability and validity testing of a revised instrument. Further steps to validate the instrument include assessing consistent responses over time and considering predictive ability of the survey as an additional measure of validity. Results from the initial survey administration indicate that providers' lack of training regarding how to prescribe exercise and lack of knowledge of safe, affordable, or proximate locations for patients to engage in prescribed exercise present barriers to wider use of exercise prescriptions. Community-clinical linkages which network providers with area physical activity and exercise resources may present a partial solution. Knowledge of safe, affordable, or proximate locations for patients to engage in prescribed exercise presents a barrier to place-based exercise prescriptions.
Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil an Ally for Women's and Men's Cardiovascular Health?

Noncommunicable diseases are long-lasting and slowly progressive and are the leading causes of death and disability. They include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) that are rising worldwide, with CVD being the leading cause of death in developed countries. Thus, there is a need to find new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Polyphenols seem to have cardioprotective properties; among them, polyphenols and/or minor polar compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are attracting special interest. In consideration of numerous sex differences present in CVD and DM, in this narrative review, we applied “gender glasses. ” Globally, it emerges that olive oil and its derivatives exert some anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, modulate glucose metabolism, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. However, as in prescription drugs, also in this case there is an important gender bias because the majority of the preclinical studies are performed on male animals, and the sex of donors of cells is not often known; thus a sex/gender bias characterizes preclinical research. There are numerous clinical studies that seem to suggest the benefits of EVOO and its derivatives in CVD; however, these studies have numerous limitations, presenting also a considerable heterogeneity across the interventions. Among limitations, one of the most relevant in the era of personalized medicine, is the non-attention versus women that are few and, also when they are enrolled, sex analysis is lacking. Therefore, in our opinion, it is time to perform more long, extensive and lessheterogeneous trials enrolling both women and men.