Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DME use in self-ignition engines equipped with common rail injection systems

Technological progress observed in combustion engine constructions is determined mostly by increasing ecological requirements. There is a tendency to make modern engines less harmful to the environment and characterized by the smallest possible fuel consumption. In case of self-ignition (SI) engines fuel injection strategy has the largest impact on defining those parameters. It is largely dependent on the fuel system used. In order to decrease the industry’s environmental burden, research is conducted to limit the use of crude oil, which is a non-renewable resource, by using alternative fuels produced of renewable resources. One of such fuels is dimethyl ether (DME) which, thanks to properties similar to the conventional fuel, is a good substitute in self-ignition engines. Moreover, it turns out that the use of dimethyl ether in combination with high-pressure fuel injection allows for reducing the emissions of some harmful compounds. DME combustion in self-ignition engines equipped with modern injection systems allows most of all for the reduction of particulate matter emission to such a level that the need to apply an additional particulate matter filter to meet the most up-to-date emission norms is eliminated.
Organizational Innovation in the Face of Institutional Change: The Case of the Finnish Dairy Sector

Firms in the agri-food industry are embedded in a system of institutions, regulations and policies that shape their economic environment and affect their conduct and performance. Changes in this system can propose new challenges for the firms that need to adequately and efficiently change and adapt to the emerging environment. The following article examines how deep structural changes in the institutional and regulatory setting can be effectively addressed by organizational innovation and what can be the catalysts behind a successful innovation effort. In doing so the analysis examines the case of Valio, the largest Finnish dairy company and its reconstruction effort due to Finland’s EU accession in 1995. After years of restructuring and changing its business model the company remains a major player in Finland and one of the most well-known brands in the region.
Efficacy of SpayVac® as a Contraceptive in Feral Horses

We tested the efficacy of 2 formulations of the immunocontraceptive SpayVac®, which packages the immunogen porcine zona pellucida (PZP) and an adjuvant in multilamellar liposomes, as a contraceptive in captive feral horses (Equus caballus) for 3 consecutive breeding seasons (Pauls Valley, OK, USA; 2012–2014) following a single inoculation. Annual fertility rates in control adult female horses (n = 30 each yr) were 100%, 96.7%, and 100%. In the nonaqueous treatment group, fertility was 16.7% in the first year (n = 30) and 75.9% in the second year (n = 29), at which point we dropped the group from the study. Fertility rates in the aqueous group were 13.3%, 46.7%, and 43.3% (n = 30 each yr). Fifteen of the females in the aqueous group were infertile in all 3 years. Across 11 sampling dates postvaccination, mean PZP antibody titers in serum were 33.7–91.9% greater in nonpregnant females than pregnant females for the aqueous treatment group and 7.8–82.8% greater for the nonaqueous group. However, the 15 consistently infertile females did not necessarily have the greatest antibody titers. Reactions at the injection site occurred in 29.8% of the 84 females that received an injection other than saline solution, but there was no evidence that the reactions were painful or affected mobility. The nonaqueous formulation produced more local reactions than did the aqueous, but presence of PZP did not increase the frequency of reactions above that seen with liposomes + adjuvant. Uterine edema was not found at frequencies greater than would be expected in untreated females. Additional research to explore relationships between vaccine dose, adjuvant, and efficacy is warranted. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domainin the USA.
The Aakash tablet and technological imaginaries of mass education in contemporary India

Abstract We explore here public and private initiatives in technological solutions for educating the poor and the disadvantaged in India since the second half of the twentieth century. Specifically, we document Ministry of Human Resource Development’s project to develop an affordable tablet computer, named ‘Aakash,’ as a personal access device for digital courses and online learning materials. We approach this case study in relation to several educational technologies that preceded it, and with a wider interest in mapping a contemporary transition from satellite-based mass education to Internet-based mass education. We argue that this process cannot be easily seen as a transition from unilateral broadcasting to more democratic multi-casting model of communication and learning. Specifically, we study the manufacturing process of Aakash and the public debates around it, to comment on the nature of state power in India, as revealed in its attempts to imagine and develop a digital personal device to deliver mass education.
Chapter 5 Exercise for Hypertension

High blood pressure (HBP) does not cause discomfort but still, you need to take care of and treat it. Otherwise, over time, it can damage the heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes. Lifestyle changes are essential in HBP, and physical activity is a parameter of great influence. In order to achieve the benefits derived from physical activity, it must be adequately prescribed, an aspect that will be developed in this chapter. The first section addresses the physiopathology of hypertension, with special interest in the pathological mechanisms that may induce hypertension, devices for monitoring blood pressure (BP), and an overview of the particularities that present hypertension in the presence of other pathologies and over the life span. Second section focuses on exercise prescription for hypertensive people, exploring each type of exercise that has been proved to be effective. We discuss for each type of exercise, the benefits, mechanisms involved in these benefits, the appropriate dose of exercise, and other methodological considerations including risk management issues. We conclude with a clinical case study. A detailed exercise training program will be developed for this particular case study in order to try to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Spatial Development of Construction: Modeling and its Financial and Investment Support

The modern globalization economy requires new approaches to optimizing the spatial format of regional economies. The international experience in developing spatial development strategies of European countries, the USA, China has been researched in this survey. The key components of spatial development, which are based on the economic, social and ecological components of the region's development, are determined in this article. The analysis of literary sources confirmed the significant role of the construction industry in shaping the spatial economy of the state and its regions. The main type of economic activity of the Poltava region economy is construction, the development of which affects other types of economic activities: mining and processing industry, agriculture, transport, etc. The forecast of the construction contribution to the gross regional product of the Poltava region enabled to identify problems and prospects for the construction development. The authors have used the production function in order to model the dependence of the Poltava region’s key indicator - the gross regional product from the contribution of each type of economic activity, taking into account the available potential and their investment support. The calculations allowed to determine the growth points of the gross regional product and to construct a model that takes into account the contribution of extractive industry, construction and transport to the development of the region. As a result of redistribution of investment support of the studied industries, the optimal gross regional product was obtained. On the basis of the conducted modeling, a mechanism for regulating financial and investment support for spatial development of construction was developed.
Sorption and Desorption Studies on Toxic Metals From Brewery Effluent Using Eggshell as Adsorbent

The adsorption capacity of eggshell in removing Pb2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ from standard solution and consolidated brewery effluent was investigated in this study. The sorption process dependent on pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and sorbent dosage with pH 7.0 being the optimum value, and maximum sorption was attained within the first 60 minutes. The equilibrium sorption data followed the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with R2 ranges of 0.834 – 0.993 and 0.939 – 0.998 respectively. The kinetic data were best described with pseudo second order kinetic. Desorption of sorbed metal ions was efficient with 3.0 mol/L NaOH. The affinity of metal ion sorption was in the order of Co2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+. The percentage adsorptions of Mn2+ and Zn2+ from the brewery effluent were 95.86% and 44.29% respectively, while the corresponding percentage desorption of Mn2+ and Zn2+ were 19.94% and 35.48% respectively.
The Effects of Elderly Diabetes Mellitus Patients' Self-care Behavior and Health Conservation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Purpose: This study was performed in order to identify the relationships among self-care behavior, health con- servation,andcardiovascularriskfactorsandtoexaminetheinfluenceofself-carebehaviorandhealthconservation oncardiovascularriskfactorsamongKoreanelderswithdiabetesmellitus.Methods:Theparticipantswere105eld- ers with diabetes mellitus using senior welfare centers and elderly leisure houses in Daegu. Data were collected throughinterviewsduringtheperiodfromApriltoMayin2014.Self-carebehaviorwasmeasuredwithKim's(1997) Self-careBehaviorScale,healthconservationwithSung's(2005) HealthConservationScale,andcardiovascular riskfactorswiththeArizonaHeartInstituteCardiovascularRiskFactorQuestionnaire.Collecteddatawereanalyzed through one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS/WIN19.0program. Results:Anegativecorrelationwasfoundbetweenself-carebehaviorandcardiovascular riskfactors,andbetweenhealthconservationandcardiovascularriskfactors.Self-carebehavior explained6%and healthconservationdid49%of varianceinelderlydiabetesmellituspatients' cardiovascularrisk. Conclusion:The resultsindicatethat, inorder toreducecardiovascularriskfactorsamongKoreanelderswithdiabetesmellitus,we need nursing interventions for increasing health conservation and self-care behavior.
Investigation of natural levels of copper in fungi as protection in wearable textiles for electrically sensitive individuals

Electro-smog from technologies such as Wi-Fi and mobile phones are a ubiquitous part of modern-day living and the incidence of electro hypersensitivity is rising. The growing number of individuals who are sensitive to electromagnetic fields is the forewarning of an emergent dystopia, from symptoms including skin rashes, heart palpitations and headaches to brain fog and attention deficit disorder. Efforts to address such detrimental concerns have become crucial in all sectors including the wearable technology in the fashion industry. To establish a mechanism for neutralizing the potentially harmful effects of manmade radiation, a pilot study was undertaken by this study to hypothesise and test that the hyper-accumulation of copper, in some species of fungi, could be extracted and used as a protective element for the electrically sensitive population in wearable textiles. Three samples of silk, pre-mordanted with alum or pomegranate skins, were treated with an extract of either Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), Blewit (Lepista nuda) or Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Applied kinesiology (Manual muscle testing) was further employed to determine the change in muscle strength of participants with the treated silk. The results showed that there was a significant difference between muscle strength and the fungi treated silk during exposure to cell phone radiation. Blewit and alum produced a better muscle response, warranting further experimental work with this variant. The study combines traditional and innovative methods of neutralizing electromagnetic fields.
Folk Intuitions about the Causal Theory of Perception

It is widely held by philosophers not only that there is a causal condition on perception but also that the causal condition is a conceptual truth about perception. One influential line of argument for this claim is based on intuitive responses to a style of thought experiment popularized by Grice. Given the significance of these thought experiments to the literature, it is important to see whether the folk in fact respond to these cases in the way that philosophers assume they should. We test folk intuitions regarding the causal theory of perception by asking our participants to what extent they agree that they would ‘see’ an object in various Gricean scenarios. We find that the intuitions of the folk do not strongly support the causal condition; they at most strongly support a ‘no blocker’ condition. We argue that this is problematic for the claim that the causal condition is a conceptual truth.
Thermal performance evaluation of different passive devices for electronics cooling

The advent of modern electronic technology lead to miniaturization and high power density of electronic devices, then the existing electronic cooling techniques cannot be used, directly affecting the performance, cost, and reliability of electronic devices. Thus, the thermal management of electronic packaging has become a key technique in many products. Passive heat transfer devices can be a good alternative to the stabilization of electronic devices temperature. In this re-search, an experimental evaluation of the thermal performance of four different passive devices was accomplished. The considered devices were a rod, a thermosyphon, a heat pipe with a metal screen as the capillary structure, and a heat pipe with microgrooves. The heat pipe is a highly efficient device that carries large amounts of power with a small temperature difference. The heat pipe consists of the involucre, the working fluid, and the capillary structure. The thermosyphon is a kind of heat pipe assisted by gravity. In other words, it has no wick structure to return the working fluid. The devices were made of copper with a total length of 200 mm and an outer diameter of 9.45 mm. The thermosyphon and the heat pipes used deionized water as working fluid with a filling ratio of 60% of the evaporator volume. The devices were tested in vertical and horizontal positions under thermal loads between 5 W and 45 W. All the devices have operated satisfactorily when tested in accordance with the behavior of the thermal resistance. The heat pipes were the best among the tested devices and the best position was vertical.
Effect of long-term oral administration of thyroxine on morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in broiler breeder hens

Published data on 4-week-long administration of extra thyroxine (T4) in broiler breeder hens to alleviate the cold-induced ascites in their offspring suggested that long-term maternal hyperthyroidism would affect the gastrointestinal tract morphology. Broiler breeder hens (n=70) were reared in individual cages and allotted to control and hyperthyroid groups (five replicates of seven hens each). Thyroxine, dissolved in water, was orally administered to the hyperthyroid group (0.3 mg T4/bird/day) for 100 days and the control group received an equal volume of drinking water. At the end of the experiment (64 week of age), two birds per replicate (20 hens in total) were selected for histological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract. Thyroxine treatment resulted in an increase in plasma concentration of T4; however, triiodothyronine (T3) level was not affected. The results of this study showed that long-term administration of T4 had no adverse effects on the gastrointestinal morphology in broiler breeder hens; therefore, long-term maternal T4 administration may be recommended as a treatment to reduce the ascites incidence in the progeny. However, further studies are needed to confirm this recommendation as a preventative treatment in reducing the ascites incidence.
Growth of Intermediate Goods Trade in East Asia

This paper examines what contributes to the trade growth of intermediate machinery goods in East Asia in the 1990s. To this end, this paper regresses the input allocation equation to obtain the estimator of border barriers in each country, and then, by using the estimators, the first difference logarithmic form of the gravity equation is regressed. Our empirical results suggest that reduction in border barriers and the production and expenditure growth of intermediate goods are important factors which contribute to the rapid growth of trade in machinery parts in East Asia.
Demographic Factors Driving Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases in Milola Ward, Lindi District, Tanzania: A Useful Guide for Launching Intervention Programmes

Background: Current information on the distribution of and risk factors for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases is scarce for most areas of southern Tanzania, including Milola Ward in Lindi District. This study was initiated to establish the status of these infections in Milola Ward and to assess how they vary with demographic factors. Methods: From September to October 2014, 2 sets of stool and urine samples were collected from residents of Milola Ward. The Kato–Katz technique was used to examine stool samples for faecal-borne parasites, and the filtration technique was used to examine urine for urinary schistosomes. A total of 195 individuals aged 5 to 90 years were enrolled in the study; 190 (97%) participants submitted adequate urine samples, of whom 107 (56%) were female and 83 (43%) were male. Of the 195 participants who took part in the initial sampling exercise, 158 (81%) provided adequate stool samples; 121 (77%) of these were adults, and the rest (n=37, 23%) were children. Only 53 urine and 26 faecal samples were obtained in the second round of sampling, and due to marked inconsistencies, these have been excluded from the analysis. Mean parasite abundance was analysed for its association with demographic factors, such as age and sex. Results: Three varieties of parasite were detected, namely, Schistosoma haematobium in 44 (23%) of 190 urine samples, hookworms in 12 (8%) of 158 stool samples, and Trichuris trichiura in 6 (4%) of 158 stool samples. The difference in S. haematobium prevalence between male and female participants (27 of 107 females, 25% vs 17 of 83 males, 20%) was not statistically significant (Kruskal–Wallis test, P=.47). Linear regression analysis of S. haematobium infection with age showed a significant association, with children having higher infection intensities than adults (P<.001). S. haematobium prevalence and intensity did not vary significantly between villages (intensity [Kruskal–Wallis test], P=.95; prevalence, P=.88). Discussion: These data confirm that in this setting, the mean age of peak helminthiasis prevalence decreases as transmission pressure increases, with non-school children below 18 years old being most at risk of acquiring parasitic infections. This was the first baseline survey of parasitic infections in Milola Ward, so the results will be crucial for guiding control efforts against parasitic diseases in the area.
High potential activity of alkaline phosphatase in the benthic nepheloid layer of a large mesotrophic lake: implications for phosphorus regeneration in oxygenated hypolimnion

Although the benthic nepheloid layer (BNL) in freshwater and marine systems is known to be an active site of material transformations, information is limited regarding the extent of and mechanisms underlying phosphorus regeneration in the BNL. We found that potential activity of par- ticle-bound alkaline phosphatase (APase) was remarkably high in the BNL of a large (surface area: 674 km 2 ; maximum depth: 104 m), mesotrophic lake (Lake Biwa, Japan) during periods of thermal stratification. The enhancement in the BNL of other ectoenzyme activities was not as pronounced as that of the APase; the ratios of the particle-bound potential activities in the BNL relative to those in the upper hypolimnion were 2.6 ± 1.0 (mean ± SE, n = 22) and 2.0 ± 0.6 for β-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase, respectively, whereas the corresponding ratio for APase was 4.5 ± 2.3. The APase activity increased in the BNL with increasing concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus, incon- sistent with a general notion that phosphate represses microbial synthesis of APase. Incubation experiments revealed that the net regeneration of P proceeded in waters collected in the BNL at rates comparable to the in situ accumulation rate of soluble reactive phosphorus in the hypolimnion of the basin. Our data suggest that the enzymatic cleavage of the P moiety of organic phosphorus con- tributes to the active regeneration of P in the oxic BNL of Lake Biwa.
IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2006: An Estimated Small Open Economy Model of the Financial Accelerator by Selim Elekdag, Alejandro Justiniano, and Ivan Tchakarov

This paper develops a small open economy model in which entrepreneurs partially finance investment using foreign currency–denominated debt subject to an external finance premium. We use Bayesian estimation techniques to evaluate the importance of balance sheet–related credit market frictions for emerging market countries by incorporating the financial accelerator mechanism. We obtain a sizable value for the external finance premium, which is tightly estimated away from zero. Our results support the inclusion of the financial accelerator in an otherwise standard model that—acting through balance sheets—magnifies the impact of shocks, thereby increasing real and financial volatility. [JEL C11, F41]
The unity and diversity of the subterranean realm with respect to invertebrate body size

A variety of subterranean habitats share an absence of light and a dependence on allochthonous productivity, but they differ in many features, including habitat volume. We examined the hypothesis that habitat volume is an important factor in community organization, especially with reference to body size, for a variety of communities for which data were available. We analyzed the results of ten studies that compared body sizes of obligate subterranean dwelling species with respect to habitat. All of the studies confirmed the hypothesis that habitat size was an important determinant of body size. However, surprisingly little information is available on the relationship between body size and habitat size, and only two of the studies reported directly on the size of habitat spaces. Habitat size appears to be an important determinant of body size in subterranean species, but more detailed studies, especially of habitat (pore) size are needed.