Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual variations of net community production and air—sea CO2 flux from winter to spring in the western subarctic North Pacific

The role of spring biological production for the air—sea CO2 flux was quantified in the Western Subarctic Gyre (48°N, 165°E), where the vertical profile of temperature revealed the existence of a temperature minimum (Tmin) layer in the North Pacific. The vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC, in the upper water column were significantly variable year by year in spring, 1996–2000. Correspondingly, surface seawater at this site in spring was supersaturated with CO2 in 1997, 1999 and 2000, but was undersaturated in 1996 and 1998. The concentrations of DIC and nutrients in the winter mixed layer were estimated from those in the Tmin layer in spring with a correction for particle decomposition based on the apparent oxygen utilization. The net community production (NCP) and air—sea CO2 flux from winter to spring were calculated from the vertically integrated deficits of DIC and nutrients in the upper water column between the two seasons. The calculation of the carbon budget indicated large interannual variations of NCP (0–13 mmol m−2 d−1) and CO2 efflux (4–16 mmol m−2 d−1) for this period. The CO2 efflux was generally low in the year when NCP was high. The close coupling between biological production and CO2 efflux suggested the important role of the changes in the mixed-layer depth, as a key process controlling both processes, especially of the timing, so that a decrease in the mixed-layer depth could result in the activation of biological production. The early biological consumption of the surface DIC concentration could shorten the period for acting as a source for atmospheric CO2 and depress the CO2 efflux in the Western Subarctic Gyre from winter to spring in 1996 and 1998. On the contrary, in 1997, persistently deep vertical mixing until late spring could suppress the biological activity and give rise to long-lasting CO2 efflux.
Mixed Gaussian-lognormal four-dimensional data assimilation

Abstract In this paper, the current methods that are used for deriving the Gaussian cost function in four-dimensional variational (4D VAR) data assimilation, are extended to lognormal and mixed, lognormal and Gaussian, random variables (rv). It is also shown that transforming a lognormal rv into a Gaussian rv to use in a Gaussian based 4D VAR results in the analysis state being similar to a median in lognormal space. An alternative version of the functional approach is derived so that the minimum of this alternative cost function is the mode in lognormal space. However, the current approaches do not allow for a generalized probability density function (pdf) approach, to overcome this a general probability model is derived so that the mode is found for any pdf from Bayesian networks and conditional independence properties. It is shown that the current Gaussian cost function and the lognormal can be found by the probability model method. The paper is finished by comparing the median approach with the modal approach in the Lorenz 1963 model for both weak and strong constraint 4D VAR and show that the mode is a more reliable analysis statistic than the median under certain circumstances.
The Efficacy of a Single Intraperitoneal Injection of Flumequine in the Treatment of Systemic Vibriosis in Corkwing Wrasse Symphodus melops

Abstract In this investigation, the efficacy of a single intraperitoneal injection of flumequine in the treatment of systemic vibriosis in corkwing wrasse Symphodus melops was examined. In a population of corkwing wrasse that was experiencing daily mortality, the dominant bacterium cultivated from kidney samples of dead fish was tentatively classified as a species of Vibrio resembling V. splendidus. The infected fish were randomly divided into two groups, each of 60 individuals. Group 1 was treated with flumequine (25 mg/kg of fish) administered by a single intraperitoneal injection, whereas the fish from group 2 were injected with saline. The mortality was observed daily for 21 d. The cumulative mortality was significantly (P < 0.005) higher in the control group (58%) compared with the medicated group (11%). Bacterial examination of kidneys from dead and surviving fish of both groups indicated the Vibrio to be quickly and effectively eliminated by the antibacterial agent.
Does CNS Myelin Inhibit Axon Regeneration?

Membrane proteins on oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin (NI35/250) have been shown to block axon out growth in culture, and this is thought to be one of the major reasons for severely limited regeneration of severed axons in the CNS of higher vertebrates. In a recent study, adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are sensitive to these inhibitory proteins, regenerated successfully after transplantation into two white matter tracts of the rat brain without any intervention to suppress the inhibitory activity of CNS myelin. The results and implications of these two studies are considered. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:12-18, 1999
Aetiology and toxigenicity of Fusarium graminearum and F. pseudograminearum causing crown rot and head blight in Australia under natural and artificial infection

Globally fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum (FG) and crown rot (FCR) by F. pseudograminearum (FP). While both FG and FP can cause FHB in Australia, the reasons why the morphologically and culturally similar FG is not a major FCR pathogen has remained elusive. Using aetiology and toxigenicity, this study clarifies the contrasting roles of FG and FP in FCR and FHB in Australia. Naturally infected wheat from 42 sites during 2010 FHB epidemics, and wheat inoculated with either pathogen to induce FCR or FHB at three field plantings in 2011, were used to determine pathogen prevalence and deoxynivalenol (DON) content of the crown, stem base, stem top, rachis and grain. As the primary aetiological agent, FP prevalence in the crown correlated with FCR severity while FG in grain and/or the rachis correlated with FHB severity. FG was an effective colonizer of the crown and stem base but colonization was symptomless. DON content was linked to FG biomass in all tissues except the crown, where FP biomass was the main contributor. Of the 30 measures derived to analyse pathogen fitness in 2011, 10 described the superior fitness of FG for FHB; six defined FP fitness for FHB including inoculum dispersal; and eight defined FCR fitness of both FP and FG. FG had superior FHB fitness but weak saprophytic survival may have undermined its FCR fitness.
Blood concentration of GH and leptin in developing Sarda goats

In this research the blood levels of leptin, GH and glucose and its correlations with body weight, during the development of 20 Sardinian goat kids, was studied, from weaning up to the age of seven months. Blood levels of leptin and GH showed an increase (P<0.01) in relation to the rise of the animal’s body weight and a decrease upon reaching 28 kg. Leptin was found to positively correlate with GH and glucose and negatively correlate with weight. The variations of leptin ratios and their correlation with GH indicate an involvement of the lipidic hormone in regulating metabolism during development.
Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina isolados de fezes de frangos, pombos, gamos e ratos

The occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was investigated in feces of poultry, pigeons, deers and rats. Feces samples were collected from 25 broilers growing in poultry production farms that never used in the diets avaporcine as growth promoter, 6 broiler from different poultry production farms that used regularly avaporcine in the formulated diets until 1997, 8 deers from natural reservoirs, 15 pigeons, and 20 rats arrested from field conditions. The samples of Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from poultry feces were resistant to vancomycin independently of the use of avaporcine in the formulated diet.
A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy : an empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history

ABSTRACT The comparative osteology, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of all known taxa of fossil and living amiid fishes (Halecomorphi: Amiidae) are investigated in detail. Previously, the detailed osteology of nearly all fossil amiids was unknown. We present the first well-supported comprehensive phylogeny for fossil and living amiid fishes. We synthesize clearly documented phylogenetic data on amiids and other halecomorph fishes with other historical phenomena such as ontogeny, historical biogeography, stratigraphic paleontology, and paleoecology (both “stationary” and “historical”). We also use our study of halecomorph fishes as a platform to explore several fundamental methodological and theoretical concepts important to phylogenetic/evolutionary investigations. These concepts pertain mainly to (1) the use of comparative empirical data to interpret various historical patterns and (2) the practice of integrating fossil and living species together in original (i.e., non-literature.
Influence of habitats, climate, grazing and mining on terrestrial vertebrates at Olympic Dam, South Australia.

Small mammals, reptiles and amphibians were trapped in pitfalls in a range of habitats around the Olympic Dam Operations mine in central South Australia over a five year period (1987-91) to assess the impacts on these groups of climate, mining and grazing. Neobatrachus centralis, a frog, was the most abundant vertebrate in the region but was only recorded after heavy rains. Reptiles were both diverse and abundant in summer samples and in general maintained their population sizes during droughts. Mammals, however, exhibited considerable fluctuations in population size which were associated with climatic cycles. Sites within the mining lease consistently yielded higher species diversities and capture rates of reptiles than sites in pastoral land, but this could not be related directly to land use.
The control of slender thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L. and C. tenuiflorus Curt. (Compositae), in pasture by grazing management

The effect of grazing management on slender thistle populations and botanical composition of improved pasture was studied in two field trials in southern Tasmania. Deferring grazing until winter or spring reduced slender thistle populations in both trials. The reasons underlying these observations are discussed. Spring grazing favourably altered pasture botanical composition by increasing the frequency of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover and reducing the frequency of weed grasses. These changes arc discussed in relation to thistle control. It is suggested that deferred autumn grazing may be incorporated into the farm programme as an economical method for the control of slender thistle in pasture.
Transforming Growth Factor β1 is a Negative Regulator of Steroid 17α-Hydroxylase Expression in Bovine Adrenocortical Cells

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has been shown previously to induce striking alterations of bovine adrenocortical cell steroidogenic functions. One of the major lesions was characterized as a loss of steroid-17α-hydroxylase activity, a key step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to active corticosteroid hormones. The mechanism of this negative effect of TGF-β1 on adrenocortical differentiated functions was investigated. It was observed that: 1) bovine adrenocortical 17αhydroxylase activity rapidly decreased in cells exposed to TGFβ1, in a time (10–20 h)-dependent manner; 2) immunoblotting of the corresponding cytochrome P-45017α showed that the loss of activity was superimposable to the decrease of the cellular protein content; 3) the cell content in 17α-hydroxylase messenger RNA sharply dropped under TGF-β1 treatment (70–75% loss within 3-4 h) as determined by Northern blot analysis; 4) TGF- (8i inhibited as well the induction of P-45017α normally observed under adrenocorticotropin treatment; and.
Composição taxonômica da assembleia de larvas de peixes no reservatório de Rosana, Rio Paranapanema, Brasil

Em reservatorios, sao escassos os estudos que consideram as fases iniciais do ciclo de vida de peixes, sendo que informacoes sobre a ecologia de larvas de peixes sao uteis para o entendimento da biologia das especies, visto que os estagios iniciais representam um periodo critico no ciclo de vida dos peixes. Neste contexto, o conhecimento a respeito das assembleias de larvas pode ser valioso para a predicao e o entendimento do recrutamento, auxiliando desta maneira, no manejo do ambiente. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende verificar a composicao da assembleia de larvas de peixes em diferentes regioes do reservatorio. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente (marco, junho, setembro e dezembro) no ano de 2002, nas regioes limnetica e litorânea das zonas fluvial, transicao e lacustre do reservatorio de Rosana. No laboratorio, o material foi triado e as larvas foram separadas e identificadas ao menor nivel taxonomico possivel. Os taxons que tiveram maior contribuicao na regiao limnetica foram Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes), Hypophthalmus edentatus, Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes), Astyanax spp. e Roeboides descalvadensis (Characiformes), enquanto na regiao litorânea Bryconamericus stramineus e Apareiodon affinis (Characiformes). As regioes limnetica e litorânea do reservatorio, assim como suas respectivas zonas apresentaram diferencas na composicao de especies de larvas e a segregacao das assembleias pode estar sendo influenciada pela preferencia por habitats ou por questoes evolutivas que envolvem as estrategias reprodutivas das especies.
Maturation of the Epithelial Na+ Channel Involves Proteolytic Processing of the α- and γ-Subunits*

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is a tetramer of two α-, one β-, and one γ-subunit, but little is known about its assembly and processing. Because co-expression of mouse ENaC subunits with three different carboxyl-terminal epitope tags produced an amiloride-sensitive sodium current in oocytes, these tagged subunits were expressed in both Chinese hamster ovary or Madin-Darby canine kidney type 1 epithelial cells for further study. When expressed alone α-(95 kDa), β-(96 kDa), and γ-subunits (93 kDa) each produced a single band on SDS gels by immunoblotting. However, co-expression of αβγENaC subunits revealed a second band for each subunit (65 kDa for α, 110 kDa for β, and 75 kDa for γ) that exhibited N-glycans that had been processed to complex type based on sensitivity to treatment with neuraminidase, resistance to cleavage by endoglycosidase H, and GalNAc-independent labeling with [3H]Gal in glycosylation-defective Chinese hamster ovary cells (ldlD). The smaller size of the processed α- and γ-subunits is also consistent with proteolytic cleavage. By using α- and γ-subunits with epitope tags at both the amino and carboxyl termini, proteolytic processing of the α- and γ-subunits was confirmed by isolation of an additional epitope-tagged fragment from the amino terminus (30 kDa for α and 18 kDa for γ) consistent with cleavage within the extracellular loop. The fragments remain stably associated with the channel as shown by immunoblotting of co-immunoprecipitates, suggesting that proteolytic cleavage represents maturation rather than degradation of the channel.
Effects of feeding peas to high-producing dairy cows

The effect of substituting peas for soybean and canola meals as a protein source in a high-producing dairy herd was studied in 66 Holstein cows, divided into two groups based on stage of lactation, parity, level of milk production and days in milk. Two 18.5% crude protein grain concentrate diets were formulated based on the nutrient analyses of the forages available. The control grain mix contained standard protein sources, principally soybean and canola meal (SBM\CM) while the test grain mix was formulated to contain approximately 25% field peas as the major source of protein. Both grain rations were formulated to the same nutrient specifications and balanced for undegradable protein. The duration of the trial was 6 mo during which grain feeding levels were adjusted monthly based on milk yield. For cows in early lactation, 4% fat-corrected milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed pea based concentrates (31.3 kg d−1) than for cows fed SBM\CM supplement (29.7 kg d−1). Fat-corrected milk yield was not .
Inter-regional Inequality and the Dynamics of Government Spending (Short Title: Inter-regional Inequality and Government Spending)

We examine the distribution of economic productivity across sub-national regions as a factor explaining the level and allocation of central government expenditure. As regional productivity becomes more dispersed, the preferences influencing national decision-making should diverge, thus impeding agreement to expand the central state. However, if regional productivity becomes more right-skewed, an increasing number of less productive regions may be able to press for greater central outlays. Dispersion and skew of inter-regional inequality also shape the allocation of centralized spending. With growing economic dispersion across regions, decision-makers are more likely to agree to fund policy categories that aid qualified citizens in all regions over those that are locally-targeted. By contrast, with the distribution of regional productivity skewing farther to the right, central expenditure is likely to become more locally-targeted. We find strong evidence for these propositions in error correction models using new measures of inter-regional inequality and government policy priorities for a sample of 24 OECD countries.
The effect of supplementary light during winter on the growth, body composition and behaviour of steers and heifers

In two experiments the growth, body composition and behaviour of steers and heifers kept in a building with natural day length only (average 9·7 h/day, treatment N) were compared with similar groups of animals kept in identical housing with the day length artificially extended to 16 h/day, (treatment L). The effects were recorded for 126 days in steers and 180 days in heifers, with both groups of animals being slaughtered in March when the two experiments ended. There were no effects over the entire experiment on the growth rate or food intake of either steers or heifers. The growth of the steers was reduced in the first 2 weeks after the lights were switched on but they gained more weight to compensate over the next 8 weeks. Over the whole experiment there was no treatment effect on food conversion ratio for either steers or heifers but it was reduced for steers on treatment L over the first 10 weeks. Steers in treatment N produced fatter carcasses than those on treatment L. Ultrasonic scanning of the heifers showed that those on treatment N deposited more fatty tissue between autumn and winter and less between winter and spring compared with those on treatment L. The behaviour of steers on treatment L did not vary over the experiment but steers on treatment N changed their behaviour with season. They slept for more time in winter and less in spring. Over the whole experiment steers on treatment L slept less and spent more time lying ruminating than those on treatment N but the total time spent lying was not affected by treatment. In contrast, the heifers on treatment L lay down for longer than those on treatment N, suggesting that the effect of supplementary light on lying time, which has been observed previously with dairy cows, is confined to female cattle. Heifers on treatment L started mounting each other earlier than heifers on treatment N and, like the steers, they spent less time sleeping It is concluded that extending the photoperiod for cattle in winter reduced body fatness in both steers and heifers and increased the time heifers spend lying down but that there were no major effects on growth rate or food intake.
Distilling Task-Speciﬁc Knowledge from BERT via Adversarial Belief Matching

Large pre-trained language models such as BERT [1] have achieved strong results when fine-tuned on a variety of natural language tasks but are cumbersome to deploy. Applying knowledge distillation (KD) [2] to compress these pre-trained models for a specific downstream task is challenging due to the small amount of task-specific labeled data, resulting in poor performance by the compressed model. Considerable efforts have been spent to improve the distillation process for BERT, involving techniques such as leveraging intermediate hints [3], student pre-training [4] and data augmentation [5].
A Thorn by any other Name: Definitions, Typologies, and Various Explanations for Terrorism

An ancient Chinese parable tells of a poor young farmer who lost his only possession: The horse that he had inherited from his father. The members of the village visited the poor farmer and expressed their condolences for his loss. “How do you know that losing my horse was a misfortune? ” Sure enough, about a week later the horse returned with a healthy young mare as its wife. The citizens of the village were shocked, and they all went to visit the farmer to congratulate him on his good fortune. “How do you know that gaining the mare is good fortune? ” Again, the young farmer’s words rang true. About two weeks later, as he was breaking the mare, she threw him and he broke his leg. All the people of the village gathered around his bed to console him for his tragedy. “How do you know that breaking my leg was a tragedy? Later that month, the Japanese invaded. The emperor sent emissaries to every village to find healthy young men. All the young men of the village were sent to the front except the young farmer whose leg had not yet healed. None of the young men returned.all were killed in battle. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 160899 AThornbyanyotherNameDefinitionsTypologiesandVarious ExplanationsforTerrorism Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H
Simulation of Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Network

— Tracking mobile targets using wireless sensor networks is a potential surveillance application of practical importance suitable for military as well as civilian fields. It can be used for guiding robots in hard to reach areas e.g. nuclear power plants etc. The capabilities of a simple target tracking solution can be enhanced by providing guidance information for a friendly object to reach the manoeuvring adversary target. This paper presents a practical architecture for target tracking using wireless sensor network by providing solutions to key components like node localization, time synchronization, target detection and tracking. The methodology presented here gives a solution to compute the state parameters of the adversary target, tracks it and associate the same with the location in the periphery of wireless sensor networks. The simulation is done using OMNeT++ under Castalia framework.
THE FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF YOUNG AND MATURE CULL HOLSTEIN COWS

Twelve young and twelve mature lean Holstein cows were fed a high energy diet to appetite based on high moisture corn and haylage. In addition to the cows put on feed, six young and six mature cows were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial body composition. After 68 days on feed, two young cows and two mature cows were slaughtered on a weekly basis until the conclusion of the trial. Mature cows were initially 45 kg (P < 0.5) heavier than young cows and this difference had increased to 57 kg at the conclusion of the trial. There were no significant differences between young and mature cows in average daily gain (1.37 vs. 1.48 kg/day) or dry matter feed conversion rate (8.46 vs. 8.31 kg DM/kg gain). Average daily dry matter intake was higher (P < 0.05) for mature cows than young cows. There was no decline in average daily gain during the feeding period, although dry matter feed conversion increased for both young and mature cows. There were few differences between young and mature cows .