Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Should the Model for Risk‐Informed Regulation be Game Theory Rather than Decision Theory?

Risk analysts frequently view the regulation of risks as being largely a matter of decision theory. According to this view, risk analysis methods provide information on the likelihood and severity of various possible outcomes; this information should then be assessed using a decision‐theoretic approach (such as cost/benefit analysis) to determine whether the risks are acceptable, and whether additional regulation is warranted. However, this view ignores the fact that in many industries (particularly industries that are technologically sophisticated and employ specialized risk and safety experts), risk analyses may be done by regulated firms, not by the regulator. Moreover, those firms may have more knowledge about the levels of safety at their own facilities than the regulator does. This creates a situation in which the regulated firm has both the opportunity—and often also the motive—to provide inaccurate (in particular, favorably biased) risk information to the regulator, and hence the regulator has reason to doubt the accuracy of the risk information provided by regulated parties. Researchers have argued that decision theory is capable of dealing with many such strategic interactions as well as game theory can. This is especially true in two‐player, two‐stage games in which the follower has a unique best strategy in response to the leader's strategy, as appears to be the case in the situation analyzed in this article. However, even in such cases, we agree with Cox that game‐theoretic methods and concepts can still be useful. In particular, the tools of mechanism design, and especially the revelation principle, can simplify the analysis of such games because the revelation principle provides rigorous assurance that it is sufficient to analyze only games in which licensees truthfully report their risk levels, making the problem more manageable. Without that, it would generally be necessary to consider much more complicated forms of strategic behavior (including deception), to identify optimal regulatory strategies. Therefore, we believe that the types of regulatory interactions analyzed in this article are better modeled using game theory rather than decision theory. In particular, the goals of this article are to review the relevant literature in game theory and regulatory economics (to stimulate interest in this area among risk analysts), and to present illustrative results showing how the application of game theory can provide useful insights into the theory and practice of risk‐informed regulation.
Efficient Data Retrieval Algorithm for Multi-Request in Multi-Antenna Wireless Networks

Given a set of multiple requests sent by clients, where each request contains multiple data items, multi-antenna data retrieval problem refers that finds an access pattern (to retrieve multiple requests by using multiple antennae) such that the access latency of each antenna is minimized and the total access latency in all antennae keeps balance. The problem has great value in mobile computing applications. Although almost researches have focused on data retrieval problem when the clients equipped with one antenna send single request and multiple requests, there are few studies on data retrieval problem with multiple requests sent by clients equipped with multiple antennae. Therefore, this paper proposes two algorithms that adopt two different grouping schemes (SG and WG) such that the requests can be reasonably retrieved by each antenna. For retrieving each request, we propose an algorithm that converts wireless data broadcast system to a super tree for finding an access pattern to download all requested data items in minimal access latency. Through experiments, the proposed scheme has currently most efficiency in existing schemes.
Changes in plasma testosterone levels during the annual reproductive cycle of the hibernating bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus with a survey of plasma testosterone levels in adult male vertebrates.

Plasma testosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in a wild population of the male hibernating bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus, (Chiroptera;Vespertilionidae) throughout the entire annual reproductive cycle. Baseline levels (2.5 ± 0.3-11.7 ± 3.2 ng/ml) occur during the early phases of spermatogenesis (May to mid-July), during the breeding period (September to May) and throughout hibernation (late September to April). These levels are similar to those reported for most adult breeding mammals. During the latter part of spermatogenesis (mid-July to late August) and just prior to maximum hypertrophy of the sex accessory glands, plasma testosterone rises to very high levels with a peak (59.1 ± 9.2 ng/ml) occurring in mid-August. This peak is one of the highest known values for adult mammals. The data suggest that a testosterone surge is required to stimulate the accessory glands fully, but lower levels of androgen are able to support them (as well as epididymal sperm and libido) during the breeding and hibernation seasons. However, these “lower” levels apparently are not sufficient to maintain the accessories when the bats emerge from hibernation in the spring, because these glands involute soon thereafter.
Attitude Determination Based on Location of Astronomical Markers With Skylight Polarization Pattern

Many social insects, such as desert ant and honeybees, are able to utilize the natural skylight polarization information for navigation, which has advantages in immunity to the interference of external environment and thus shows higher stability and accuracy. Inspired by it, we attempt to explore a new bionic method for attitude determination by use of polarization pattern. In practice, we first capture the polarization data and based on it, to figure out the location of the sun through clustering. Then, with respect to the relatively consistent spatio-temporal relation between the sun and the zenith, the location of the zenith is accordingly determined. The coordinate of the zenith is adopted to establish the attitude rotation matrix and by which to work out the vehicle's attitude. Finally, we set up a simulation vehicle platform to test the effectiveness of the approach with the theoretical polarization pattern derived from the Rayleigh single-scattering theory and actually detected pattern by the polarization analyzer.
Laser Doppler Vibrometric Assessment of Middle Ear Motion in Thiel-Embalmed Heads

Hypothesis Thiel-embalmed human whole head specimens represent an alternative model in middle ear research. Background Research into middle ear mechanics and the evaluation of active middle ear implants are generally performed on fresh human temporal bone specimens. A drawback of this method is the limited period during which the specimen can be used before tissue decay begins. Tissue conservation that preserves mechanical properties is desirable. Methods Using laser Doppler vibrometry, the movement of the tympanic membrane, stapes, and round window were measured in 23 ears from 15 human whole head specimens embalmed according to Thiel. The ears were acoustically stimulated through the intact external auditory canal. The measurement results were compared with data from the literature. Results The results were similar to those measured in living subjects and from fresh temporal bones, after excluding measurements with nontypical shapes or low amplitudes, that is, 9% for tympanic membrane, 38% for stapes, and 67% for round window. The best agreement was found for the tympanic membrane (mean difference between 0 and 5.2 dB) and for the stapes measurements (mean difference between 0 and 7.4 dB). Larger differences were found for the round window measurements (mean difference between 3 and 19 dB). For the stimulation levels used, the Thiel specimens behaved linearly in amplitude. The results remained reproducible for more than 20 hours in ambient air, and when the specimen was put back into Thiel solution, the measurements were stable for up to several months between measurements. Conclusion Our results showed that the middle ears of Thiel-embalmed human whole head specimens can be used to study human middle ear mechanics; however, significant differences in some frequencies, particularly at the round window, have to be considered.
Improving Image Classification through Descriptor Combination

The efficiency in image classification tasks can be improved using combined information provided by several sources, such as shape, color, and texture visual properties. Although many works proposed to combine different feature vectors, we model the descriptor combination as an optimization problem to be addressed by evolutionary-based techniques, which compute distances between samples that maximize their separability in the feature space. The robustness of the proposed technique is assessed by the Optimum-Path Forest classifier. Experiments showed that the proposed methodology can outperform individual information provided by single descriptors in well-known public datasets.
A novel stable control strategy of single cylinder free-piston linear generator

This paper presents a novel control strategy for a single cylinder free-piston linear generator (FPLG) to stabilize the operation process when combustion fluctuation occurs. The FPLG is composed of an internal combustion engine (ICE), a linear Voice Coil Motor (VCM) and a mechanical spring which is assembled between the ICE and the VCM and functions as a rebounding device. When the piston is in expansion stroke, a two-stage control strategy is employed to guarantee the accuracy of bottom dead center (BDC) position of the piston. In compression stroke, a one-stage reference electromagnetic force is enough to control the TDC on account of the accurate control of BDC. The electromagnetic force of the VCM is controlled by the armature current through following the energy balance equation. The dead point position errors, in-cylinder pressure and piston velocity are regard as a feedback to the control loop to regulate electromagnetic force. A simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink is used to verify the effectiveness of this control strategy. The results validate that this strategy can achieve stable operation with the variation of ±6 mg fuel mass in combustion process. The settling time is less than 0.1s.
MOPSO based day-ahead optimal self-scheduling of generators under electricity price forecast uncertainty

In competitive electricity markets, self-scheduling for power producer is a conflicting bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem, where a producer tries to maximize his profit and at the same time, minimizes the risk associated with price forecast uncertainty, while satisfying all the operational constraints. This paper proposes a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) based meta-heuristic technique to provide Pareto optimal solution for thermal power producers to schedule their generators in a day-ahead electricity market. The locational margin price forecast uncertainty in PJM market is considered to implicitly include the uncertainty related to congestions. The achieved Pareto presents the optimal possible trade-off between expected profit and risk of the generator.
Discrete fuzzy high gain observer for a class of nonlinear systems

In order to improve the robustness of the discrete high gain observer with respect to noise measurements and enhance the convergence dynamics, we propose, in this paper, a fuzzy supervision for the observation of a class of nonlinear systems. Actually, a suitable tuning of the observer's gain is made by a fuzzy supervisor. Simulation results are given in order to show the performances amelioration relatively to the case where the classical discrete high gain observer is applied.
Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease.

BACKGROUND Prospective studies suggest that hyperinsulinemia may be an important risk factor for ischemic heart disease. However, it has not been determined whether plasma insulin levels are independently related to ischemic heart disease after adjustment for other risk factors, including plasma lipoprotein levels. METHODS In 1985 we collected blood samples from 2103 men from suburbs of Quebec City, Canada, who were 45 to 76 years of age and who did not have ischemic heart disease. A first ischemic event (angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction or death from coronary heart disease) occurred in 114 men (case patients) between 1985 and 1990. Each case patient was matched for age, body-mass index, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption with a control selected from among the 1989 men who remained free of ischemic heart disease during follow-up. After excluding men with diabetes, we compared fasting plasma insulin and lipoprotein concentrations at base line in 91 case patients and 105 controls. RESULTS Fasting insulin concentrations at base line were 18 percent higher in the case patients than in the controls (P<0.001). Logistic-regression analysis showed that the insulin concentration remained associated with ischemic heart disease (odds ratio for ischemic heart disease with each increase of 1 SD in the insulin concentration, 1.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.4) after adjustment for systolic blood pressure, use of medications, and family history of ischemic heart disease. Further adjustment by multivariate analysis for plasma triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations did not significantly diminish the association between the insulin concentration and the risk of ischemic heart disease (odds ratio, 1.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.3). CONCLUSIONS High fasting insulin concentrations appear to be an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease in men.
Development of drugs for antimicrobial-resistant pathogens

Purpose of review Clinicians have noted an association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use since the introduction of these agents over 50 years ago. The problem of resistance becomes more pressing, however, when organisms acquire resistance mechanisms to multiple antimicrobial agents. Treatment options are limited for some multidrug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial resistance is a driving force for the need for new antimicrobial agents, especially for these multidrug-resistant pathogens. At the same time, large pharmaceutical companies have indicated that they are devoting fewer resources to antimicrobial drug development. Recent findings This article will review initiatives by the US Food and Drug Administration to identify problem pathogens for which drug development is of most public health importance, and to streamline the drug development process for antimicrobial agents. This article will also touch upon initiatives by federal agencies to implement programs to educate clinicians and the public on the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents to preserve the usefulness of currently marketed drugs. Summary The most effective way to address the issues of antimicrobial resistance appears to be striking a balance between promoting new drug development and the prudent use of older agents to preserve the usefulness of currently marketed products.
Density-dependent immunity and parasitism risk in experimental populations of lizards naturally infested by ixodid ticks.

When effective immune defenses against parasites are costly and resources limited, individuals are expected to alter their investment in immunity in response to the risk of infection. As an ecological factor that can affect both food abundance and parasite exposure, host density can play an important role in host immunity and host-parasite interactions. High levels of intraspecific competition for food and social stress at high host density may diminish immune defenses and increase host susceptibility to parasites. At the same time, for contagious and environmentally transmitted parasites, parasite exposure often increases with host density, whereas in mobile parasites that actively search for hosts, parasite exposure can decrease with host density due to the "encounter-dilution effect. " To unravel these multiple and potentially opposing effects of host density on immunity, we manipulated density of the common lizard Zootoca vivipara and measured local inflammation in response to PHA injection and levels of infestation by the tick Ixodes ricinus, a mobile ectoparasite for which we expected an encounter-dilution effect to occur. Local inflammation strongly decreased with lizard density in adults, but not in yearlings. Tick infestation (abundance and prevalence) was negatively correlated with lizard density in both age classes. Using path analyses, we found independent, direct negative density feedbacks on immunity and parasite exposure in adults, supporting the hypothesis of energy constraints and/or physiological stress acting on immunity at high density. In contrast, for yearlings, the best path model showed that density diluted exposure to parasites, which themselves down-regulated immune defenses in lizards. These results highlight the importance of investigating the pathways among host density, host immunity, and parasite infestation, while accounting for relevant individual traits such as age.
Genetics of Pseudomonas.

INTRODUCTION . 419 AVAILABILITY OF MUTANTS IN PSEUDOMONAS 420 BACTERIOPHAGES OF PSEUDOMONAS 420 General Nature of Pseudomonas Phages 421 Lysogeny 421 Genetic Control of Lysogeny 422 Phage Conversion 422 Recombination in Pseudomonas Phages. 423 HOST-CONTROLLED MODIFICATION (HCM). 423 Nature of HCM 423 Genetic Control of HCM in P. aeruginosa 423 Gene differences between strains 423 Induced mutations affecting HCM 424 Phenotypic changes in HCM caused by growth of bacteria at 43 C. 424 Plelotropic effects of other mutations on HCM. 425 Other Types of Restriction 425 GENETIC RECOMBINATION. 426 Conjugation in P. aeruginosa 426 Nature of the Sex Factor FP 426 Transfer of Chromosome 428 HCM and Conjugation. 429 Conjugation in P. echinoides 431 Transformation . 431 Transduction in P. aeruginosa 431 Transduction in P. putida 431 Defective Transducing Phage as a Fertility Factor in P. putida. 432 GENE ARRANGEMENT IN PSEUDOMONAS 432 BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF PSEUDOMONAS 434 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa. 434 Isoleucine-Valine Biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa 435 Tryptophan Biosynthesis in P. putida 435 P-Ketoadipate Pathway 435 Control of Amidase Formation in P. aeruginosa. 436 Discussion of Control Mechanis 436 MUTANTS AFFECTING RECOMBINATION 437 OTHER FEATURES OF GENETIC INTEREST. 438 Autoplaque Phenomenon 438 Bacteriocins Produced by Pseudomonas. 438 Drug Resistance 439 Radiation Sensitivity. 439 Genetics of Psychrophily 440 SUMMARY.44 LITERATURE CITED.
Clinical and radiographic behaviour of 290 dental implants with a surface treated with hydrofluoric acid and passivated with hydrofluoric and nitric acid: early loading results after 2 years.

OBJECTIVE This work presents the results of clinical and radiological behaviour, for 2 years, of 290 implants treated with a first etching with HF and a second etching with HF and HNO3 acids and that were loaded 8 weeks after insertion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN It is a prospective study on 290 implants placed in 56 patients with an age range from 28 to 81. The selection was previously made through radiological study with panoramic and tomographic radiographs, followed by the implantological treatment with prosthetic loading and clinical (15 days, 1, 3 , 6, 12, 18 and 24 months) and radiological control (12 and 24 months). RESULTS During the healing period, 11 implants failed, resulting in a CSR of 96.21%. After prostheses placement at 2 months, 4 implants were retired, successfully remaining 275 implants. CONCLUSIONS The following and favourable results after the prosthetic loading of 179 implants (CSR of 98.56%), attest that early loading may and must be applied, after rigorous planning and case selection.
Outpatient use of erythromycin: link to increased erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci.

Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci has become an important problem among outpatients in Finland. The prevention of such problems requires information about the relationship between antimicrobial consumption and antimicrobial resistance. Having found considerable variation among health authority areas in the proportions of group A streptococci resistant to erythromycin, we investigated the potential impact of local differences in the consumption of this agent on the development of resistance. In 1992, 10,162 group A streptococcal isolates (nearly 100% were from outpatients) collected from 206 health authority areas were tested for erythromycin resistance; 1,647 isolates (16%) were resistant. Logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of isolates resistant to erythromycin clearly increased with increasing local erythromycin consumption by outpatients in 1991 (P = .006). This positive association indicates that a prudent policy for the treatment of outpatients is essential to maintenance of the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
The cortical visual area V6: brain location and visual topography

The brain location and topographical organization of the cortical visual area V6 was studied in five hemispheres of four awake macaque monkeys. Area V6 is located in the caudal aspect of the superior parietal lobule (SPL). It occupies a ‘C’‐shaped belt of cortex whose upper branch is in the depth of the parieto‐occipital sulcus (POS) and lower one is in the depth of the medial parieto‐occipital sulcus (POM), with the medial surface of the brain as a zone of junction between the two branches. Area V6 contains a topographically organized representation of the contralateral visual field up to an eccentricity of at least 80 °. The lower visual field representation is located dorsally, in the ventral part of POS, and the upper field ventrally, in the dorsal wall of POM. The representation of the horizontal meridian forms the posterior border of V6. It is adjacent to area V3 in POS as well as in the caudal part of POM, on the ventral convexity of the brain. The lower vertical meridian forms the anterior border of V6, adjacent to area V6A. The upper vertical meridian is in the depth of POM. The representation of the central visual field is not magnified relative to that of the periphery. The central visual field (below 20–30 ° of eccentricity) is represented in the medial‐most aspect of the annectant gyrus, in the lateral part of the posterior bank of POS. The visuotopic organization of area V6 suggests a role in the analysis of the flow field resulting from self‐motion, in selecting targets during visual searching as well as in the control of arm‐reaching movements towards non‐foveated targets.
Lapatinib concentration in cerebrospinal fluid in two patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and brain metastases.

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