Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Evolution and Human History : A Complete Theory

Since Darwin we have been in possession of two superficially dissonant facts. On one hand, humans are merely one of millions of animal species, all products of common ancestry. On the other, humans enjoy a level of ecological dominance that is spectacularly, qualitatively greater than that of any other animal that ever lived, including our closest relatives. Moreover, this unique ascendancy results from a complex suite of attributes that are each individually also unprecedented, including cognitive virtuosity, complex language, and an expanded ethical sense. Collectively, these facts constitute the human uniqueness problem. In spite of its importance, the superficial complexity of this problem has frustrated attempts to resolve it. Though a vast body of earlier work produced important isolated insights, no earlier theory has proven complete or convincing. I briefly review here a new resolution of the human uniqueness problem.1 This new hypothesis appears to be the necessary theory-of-everything. It ostensibly accounts parsimoniously for every major nonstochastic feature of the human story from the origin of Homo approximately 2.0 to 2.5 million years ago through the present instant. I use secondary, review literature where possible here to improve interdisciplinary accessibility. As well, I apologize to the many investigators whose important work could not be directly referenced because of length constraints.
Biometric Template Security using Dorsal Hand Vein Fuzzy Vault

Biometric system is vulnerable to a variety of attacks aimed at undermining the integrity of the authentication process. More importantly template security is of vital importance in the biometric systems because unlike passwords, stolen biometric templates cannot be revoked. In this paper we describe the various threats that can be encountered by a biometric system. We specifically focus on attacks designed to elicit information about the original biometric data of an individual from the stored template. A few algorithms presented in the literature are discussed in this regard. We also examine techniques that can be used to deter or detect these attacks. Furthermore, we provide experimental results pertaining to a biometric system combining biometrics with cryptography, that converts dorsal hand vein templates into novel cryptographic structure called fuzzy vault. Initially, the pre-processing steps are applied to dorsal hand vein images for enhancement, smoothing and compression. Subsequently, thinning and binary encoding techniques are employed and then feature extracted. Then the biometric template and the input key are used to generate the fuzzy vault. For decoding, biometric template from dorsal hand vein image is constructed and it is combined with the stored fuzzy vault to generate the final key. The experimentation was conducted using dorsal hand vein databases and the FNMR and FMR values are calculated with and without noise.
Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone – Part 1: Measurement techniques, uncertainties and availability

Abstract. Peak stratospheric chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substance (ODS) concentrations were reached in the mid- to late 1990s. Detection and attribution of the expected recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in an atmosphere with reduced ODSs as well as efforts to understand the evolution of stratospheric ozone in the presence of increasing greenhouse gases are key current research topics. These require a critical examination of the ozone changes with an accurate knowledge of the spatial (geographical and vertical) and temporal ozone response. For such an examination, it is vital that the quality of the measurements used be as high as possible and measurement uncertainties well quantified. In preparation for the 2014 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, the SPARC/IO3C/IGACO-O3/NDACC (SI2N) Initiative was designed to study and document changes in the global ozone profile distribution. This requires assessing long-term ozone profile data sets in regards to measurement stability and uncertainty characteristics. The ultimate goal is to establish suitability for estimating long-term ozone trends to contribute to ozone recovery studies. Some of the data sets have been improved as part of this initiative with updated versions now available. This summary presents an overview of stratospheric ozone profile measurement data sets (ground and satellite based) available for ozone recovery studies. Here we document measurement techniques, spatial and temporal coverage, vertical resolution, native units and measurement uncertainties. In addition, the latest data versions are briefly described (including data version updates as well as detailing multiple retrievals when available for a given satellite instrument). Archive location information for each data set is also given.
Comparison of Post Exposure Effect of Music through Personal Listening Device (PLD) on Hearing in Young Adults

With the increasing massive use of Personal Listening Devices (PLDs) among young individuals, the major concern is that excessive exposure to high sound pressure levels (SPLs) may lead to a temporary or permanent hearing loss in this population. The purpose of the present study is to measure the output SPL of the PLDs at three different condition (quiet, bus noise and at maximum volume control setting) using probe microphone measurement. Also to evaluate auditory measures including high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustis emissions and speech perception in noise before and after abstaining from music for a period of 15 days. Results indicated that measured output SPL in the presence of bus noise and at the maximum volume control setting of the devices were higher than the quite condition. None of the auditory measures shows significant improvement before and after getting abstained from music. In general it is suggestive of permanent damage to both peripheral as well as central auditory structure.
Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art

Abstract. The use of documentary evidence to investigate past climatic trends and events has become a recognised approach in recent decades. This contribution presents the state of the art in its application to droughts. The range of documentary evidence is very wide, including general annals, chronicles, memoirs and diaries kept by missionaries, travellers and those specifically interested in the weather; records kept by administrators tasked with keeping accounts and other financial and economic records; legal-administrative evidence; religious sources; letters; songs; newspapers and journals; pictographic evidence; chronograms; epigraphic evidence; early instrumental observations; society commentaries; and compilations and books. These are available from many parts of the world. This variety of documentary information is evaluated with respect to the reconstruction of hydroclimatic conditions (precipitation, drought frequency and drought indices). Documentary-based drought reconstructions are then addressed in terms of long-term spatio-temporal fluctuations, major drought events, relationships with external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, socio-economic impacts and human responses. Documentary-based drought series are also considered from the viewpoint of spatio-temporal variability for certain continents, and their employment together with hydroclimate reconstructions from other proxies (in particular tree rings) is discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and challenges for the future use of documentary evidence in the study of droughts are presented.
The Effect of Training Programs Based on the Patients’ Needs on Knowledge and Attitude of Patients about Chemotherapy

Introduction: Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for cancer that is associated with many side effects. These side effects may force the patients to stop the procedure of treatment due to lack of knowledge and negative attitude about the effects of chemotherapy. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of training based on training needs of patients on their knowledge and attitude about chemotherapy side effects in Aja (army) Hospital in Tehran. Material and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 50 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The patients were selected using the convenience sampling and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups (n=25, each group). Before intervention, researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and attitude of participants in both experimental and control groups. Then the training intervention was implemented based on the training needs of the patients in different domains affected by the chemotherapy for the intervention group and it was conducted during two cycles of chemotherapy face-to-face and individually. At the end of the second period, the questionnaires were completed again by both groups. Data were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistical tests by the SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean scores of knowledge and attitude of patients about the chemotherapy side effects before the intervention were 94.68±9.41, and 22.32±4.28 for the experimental group and 94.08±8.68, and 20.60±3.01 for the control group respectively. After receiving the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge and attitude were 119.68±3.71, and 33.28±2.88 for the experimental group and 98.88±7.44, and 21.08±3.44 for the control group respectively. The independent statistical t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups in attitude and knowledge scores about the chemotherapy side effects in the pretest stage (P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the two group, experimental group and control group, in attitude and knowledge scores about chemotherapy side effects in the post-test stage (P<0.001). Before and after the intervention, the paired t-test showed a significant difference in attitude and knowledge scores between the two stages in the experimental group (P<0.001). Discussion and Conclusion: Implementing training programs based on training needs of patients can be effective on their knowledge and attitude about the chemotherapy side effects.
Left Atrial Longitudinal Strain: Early Alterations in Young Patients with Mild Hypertension

mtsAc Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate early changes in left atrial longitudinal strain based on speckle tracking and the atrial stiffness index in patients with mild hyper- tension. Methods One hundred and one patients, between 30 to 50 years of age, were prospectively enrolled in the study: 32 healthy sedentary patients (Group 1), 35 healthy recrea- tional athletes (Group 2) and 34 controlled hypertensive patients (Group 3). Sixty eight patients were men (67.3%). Conventional echocardiographic assessments were performed, color tissue Doppler and lateral and septal pulsed tissue Doppler were re- corded and atrial volume was calculated. Left ventricular strain and strain rate and left atrial peak strain during the reservoir period were obtained by speckle tracking. The atrial stiffness index was calculated based on the (E/e)/ peak atrial strain ratio. Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. A p value <0.01 was considered statistically significant. Results The E/A ratio and the tissue e wave velocity were higher and the E/e ratio was low- er in the athlete group. Left ventricular mass index did not show statistical differ- ences among groups. Left atrial volume was higher in athletes without attaining significant difference. In hypertensive patients, atrial strain was lower (36.94 ± 7.71 vs. 46.17 ± 10.05 in Group1 and 46.80 ± 8.44 in Group 2; 95% CI 3.96-14.47; p < 0.0001) and the stiffness index was higher (30.49 ± 11.93 vs. 19.94 ± 8.12 in Group 1 and 18.99 ± 5.88 in Group 2; 95% CI 5.05-16.05; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Left atrial longitudinal strain during the reservoir period and the atrial stiffness index are altered in patients with mild controlled hypertension before the detection of other echocardiographic changes.
The Distributional Impacts of Meal Vouchers in the Czech Republic

This article aims to analyse the distributional impacts of the meal voucher system in the Czech Republic, especially concerning income inequality. It analyses the redistributive effects of meal allowances on various income deciles providing rough estimates of the impact of meal allowance tax exemption on the government budget and simulating several scenarios for the replacement of the current meal allowance scheme with flat meal allowances. We estimate that meal allowance tax relief represents a direct burden of around 11.3 billion Czech korunas for the state budget, although this approximation does not take indirect effects into account and could thus be an overestimate. We provide evidence which suggests that the current form of meal allowances widens the income gap between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, within as well as across the income deciles. Affluent households receive meal allowances more frequently, and, moreover, the allowances they receive are both nominally and proportionately higher. According to our simulation using a constant budget of the size of our rough estimate replacing the current meal allowance scheme with a flat meal allowance system would promote income equality. Such a change would benefit the lower deciles, due to a higher share of individuals in these deciles being entitled to meal allowances, while the upper decile households would see a decline in their meal allowances.
Integrated evasive manoeuvre assist for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles

ABSTRACT Development and deployment of steering based collision avoidance systems are made difficult due to the complexity of dealing with oncoming vehicles during the evasive manoeuvre. A method to mitigate the collision risk with oncoming vehicles during such manoeuvres is presented in this work. A point mass analysis of such a scenario is first done to determine the importance of speed for mitigating the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle. A characteristic parameter was identified, which correlates well with the need to increase or decrease speed, in order to reduce the collision risk. This finding was then verified in experiments using a Volvo XC90 test vehicle. A closed-loop longitudinal acceleration controller for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles is then presented. The longitudinal control is combined with yaw stability control using control allocation to form an integrated controller. Simulations in CarMaker using a validated XC90 vehicle model and the proposed controller showed consistent reductions in the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle.
Monthly Streamflow Prediction of Yesilirmak Basin by Using Chaotic Approach

Streamflow prediction relies highly on reliable hydrological data. However, hydrological data are often inadequate because of ungauged or poorly gauged basins. Obtaining reliable streamflow time series in developing countries such as Turkey is required when planning and managing water resources. Although the streamflow time series usually show seasonality, the high instability of affecting factors leads to the chaotic and relatively random behavior. This behavior makes it difficult to predict and modelling streamflow time series. In this study, it was intended to predict short-term monthly streamflow by using chaotic approach. Thus, the phase space was reconstructed by using monthly streamflow data for different stations located in Yesilirmak Basin in Turkey which is used as a case study. The observation period was taken to be 1969-2011 for all stations. Phase space has two parameters that are time delay (τ) and embedding dimension (m). Firstly, Mutual Information Function (MIF) was obtained in order to find an optimum time delay. Then, False Nearest Neighbor (FNN) algorithm was applied to define embedding dimension. After obtaining phase space parameters, monthly streamflow data were predicted successfully by using local prediction method. Reliable streamflow time series obtained with the use of the chaotic approach will provide an important contribution to water resources planning and management
Anti-ethics and pseudoscience : On Albert Einstein ’ s theory of relativity

1. All of the conclusions are directly from or based on the arguments and discussions in the researchgate.net. Sometimes, the arguments are very intense and sharp. Till now, these conclusions seem solidly standing. 2. The problems discussed here are easily understood. Only the simple mathematics is used. From the literatures, it is clearly shown that Einstein did have no original work in the theory of relativity. It just is a faked story that Einstein independently presented all the conclusions of the theory of relativity. 3. The conclusions are radically violent. It is certainly declared that Einstein’s theory of relativity is only pseudoscience and the pseudoscience is produced from the anti-ethics: Einstein did have no original work in the theory of relativity. But, now, all of the results in the theory of relativity are ascribed to Einstein. 4. General readers may not believe the conclusions. But, as you know that the theory of relativity is filled with faked stories, you should know what it means. 5. The arguments in the researchgate.net showed that, at least, no relativist can disprove the conclusions. And, some of the rational relativists have to agree some of these conclusions. But, most of the relativists only can select silent. 6. Maybe, relativists will close their eyes on the conclusions to continue the declaration that the theory of relativity is a great theory as they did in the past. But, now, it is the internet time. The conclusions cannot be concealed and shielded as did before internet time. Now, they can be generally and quickly spread and transformed. Relativists shall lose their public credibility quickly if they could not have a valid response. 7. We clearly know, it is risk to criticize Einstein. But, the scientists, including relativists, want to know scientific truth. And, we believe, we have the clear and simple arguments. Therefore, we hope, some of the mainstream physicists should accept the conclusions.
Genomic Island Location in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains by tRIP-PCR Technique

This study was performed to detect the presence of genomic islands which usually insert in the tRNA genes and other non-coding RNA genes, in this study eight strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (AYE, A457, A14, A424 A473, A92, ACICU, A25) were tested by used of tRIP-(tRNA site Interrogation for Pathogeni city islands, prophases and other GIs)-PCR method. The results of PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis for eight strains of two loci #7, #24 were: the results of #7 loci screening showed that all strains were positive except A. baumannii A457 strain was negative. While the results of #24 loci showed presence of foreign DNA in A. baumannii AYE, A457, A14, A424, A473, A92 except the results of (ACICU, A25) was positive.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes during Initial Floral Development in Oncidium Pseudobulb

We used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray techniques to isolate genes that increased abundantly in the pseudobulb of Oncidium Gower Ramsey during initial inflorescence development. A subtraction cDNA library was generated by using the cDNA from pseudobulbs in two different stages: the ones with initial inflorescence (2-3cm) and the other with longer inflorescence (7-8cm), and the former was subtracted against the latter. In this work, a total of 425 clones with differential expression were obtained. With microarray analysis, forty-five clones which have expression levels up regulated two-fold in the initial inflorescence stage were obtained, and they shared the average insert size of 328bp. Thirty-one ESTs showed homology to the known genes. Eight out of 31 genes were related to stress responses, including peroxidase, mannosebinding lectin precursor, metallothionein, and RD22. It is interesting that the appearance of peroxidase gene related to flowering time. Ten genes were involved in regulation, including latex-like protein, dicarboxylate transporter, profilin, allantoinase, ADP-ribosylation factor, and heat shock protein. One gene was related to cell wall metabolism, which is GTP-binding protein Rac. One gene encoded a structural protein, alpha-tubulin. Four genes were involved in protein synthesis and degradation, including ribosomal protein and ubiquitin. Seven genes were related to photosynthesis. Additionally, fourteen genes showed no homology with previously-reported sequences.
Effect of dietary levels of a modified meat meal on performance and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens

A locally produced meat meal in Ardabil province in Iran is mixed with 150 g wheat bran, 100 g feather meal and 150 g zeolite per kg. Experimentally, this leads to an improvement in physical texture and preservation characteristics. In this experiment, six hundred 3-week-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks of both sexes were assigned randomly to 24 floor pens with 25 chicks in each pen. Dietary modified meat meal at six inclusions levels of 0 (control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal), 20, 35, 50, 65 or 80 g/kg, created the treatments of a completely randomized design to survey analysis the performance traits. For histological data, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement was used. The experimental factors were bird sex at 2 levels and dietary modified meat meal at the corresponding levels noted above. The experiment was carried out at 21 to 42 days of age. Dietary modified meat meal did not affect on birds’ feed intake and body weight gain, but feed conversion ratio improved in the birds fed diet with 20 g modified meat meal/kg in comparison to the control. Compared to the control, the birds fed 20, 35 and 50 g of modified meat meal/kg diet had a significantly lower villus height, crypt depth and crypt depth to villi height ratio, increased goblet cell number and higher epithelium thickness in duodenum. However, these values significantly altered after feeding of 65 and 80 g of modified meat meal/kg diet and showed an almost similar value to control. The same condition observed in jejunum section, with the exception of the goblet cell number that was not affected by dietary alteration. Ileal histological morphology was not influenced by dietary manipulation. The only significant effect of sex was the higher jejunal epithelial thickness in females compared with males. The results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of modified meat meal up to 80 g/kg of broiler diets resulted in comparable small intestinal morphometric characteristics to a common commercial fish meal based diet. It seems that the processed meat meal can be used as a suitable alternative to dietary fish meal in broiler chickens diets.