Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The contribution of starspots to coronal structure

Significant progress has been made recently in our understanding of the structure of stellar magnetic fields, thanks to advances in detection methods such as Zeeman-Doppler Imaging. The extrapolation of this surface magnetic field into the corona has provided 3D models of the coronal magnetic field and plasma. This method is sensitive mainly to the magnetic field in the bright regions of the stellar surface. The dark (spotted) regions are censored because the Zeeman signature there is suppressed. By modelling the magnetic field that might have been contained in these spots, we have studied the effect that this loss of information might have on our understanding of the coronal structure. As examples, we have chosen two stars (V374 peg and AB Dor) that have very different magnetograms and patterns of spot coverage. We find that the effect of the spot field depends not only on the relative amount of flux in the spots, but also its distribution across the stellar surface. For a star such as AB Dor with a high spot coverage and a large polar spot, at its greatest effect the spot field may almost double the fraction of the flux that is open (hence decreasing the spindown time) while at the same time increasing the X-ray emission measure by two orders of magnitude and significantly affecting the X-ray rotational modulation.
Dynamical Analysis of Three Distant Trans-Neptunian Objects with Similar Orbits

This paper reports the discovery and orbital characterization of two extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs), 2016 QV89 and 2016 QU89, which have orbits that appear similar to that of a previously known object, 2013 UH15. All three ETNOs have semimajor axes a ≈ 172 au and eccentricities e ≈ 0.77. The angular elements (i, ω, Ω) vary by 6°, 15°, and 49°, respectively, between the three objects. The two new objects add to the small number of TNOs currently known to have semimajor axes between 150 and 250 au, and they serve as an interesting dynamical laboratory to study the outer realm of our solar system. Using a large ensemble of numerical integrations, we find that the orbits are expected to reside in close proximity in the (a, e) phase plane for roughly 100 Myr before diffusing to more separated values. We find that an explanation for the orbital configuration of the bodies as a collision product is disfavored. We then explore other scenarios that could influence their orbits. With aphelion distances over 300 au, the orbits of these ETNOs extend far beyond the classical Kuiper Belt and an order of magnitude beyond Neptune. As a result, their orbital dynamics can be affected by the proposed new solar system member, referred to as Planet Nine in this work. With perihelion distances of 35–40 au, these orbits are also influenced by resonant interactions with Neptune. A full assessment of any possible new solar system planets must thus take into account this emerging class of TNOs.
Explorer Suggesting Accurate Method and Class Names

Descriptive names are a vital part of readable, and hence maintainable, code. Recent progress on automatically suggesting names for local variables tantalizes with the prospect of replicating that success with method and class names. However, suggesting names for methods and classes is much more difficult. This is because good method and class names need to be functionally descriptive, but suggesting such names requires that the model goes beyond local context. We introduce a neural probabilistic language model for source code that is specifically designed for the method naming problem. Our model learns which names are semantically similar by assigning them to locations, called embeddings, in a high-dimensional continuous space, in such a way that names with similar embeddings tend to be used in similar contexts. These embeddings seem to contain semantic information about tokens, even though they are learned only from statistical co-occurrences of tokens. Furthermore, we introduce a variant of our model that is, to our knowledge, the first that can propose neologisms, names that have not appeared in the training corpus. We obtain state of the art results on the method, class, and even the simpler variable naming tasks. More broadly, the continuous embeddings that are learned by our model have the potential for wide application within software engineering.
An Explanation for the Increasing Incidence of Testis Cancer : Decreasing Age at First Full-Term Pregnancy

sodes (mean, two versus seven) (P 4 .007). Six (86%) of the seven patients who received one dose of CP-122,721 alone as prophylaxis reported no delayed emesis. Acute emesis and delayed emesis were similar among the CP122,721 doses. No adverse effects of CP-122,721 occurred. This trial reports the first use of a substance-P antagonist to prevent cisplatin-induced emesis. The most dramatic finding was the prevention of delayed vomiting in 83% of the patients given a single prophylactic dose of CP122,721. Only 17% of previously treated individuals had no delayed emesis in their prior course ( P 4 .006). This observation that NK1 receptor blockade prevents delayed emesis suggests that substance P may, in part, mediate this reflex. In patients receiving CP-122,721 alone as prophylaxis for acute cisplatininduced emesis, vomiting was lessened compared with historical data ( 7), showing activity against acute emesis. For patients who had experienced acute emesis with a serotonin antagonist and dexamethasone in prior cycles, control during a subsequent cycle with CP-122,721 did not decline as expected ( 12). These data suggest that NK 1 antagonists may provide additive acute control. Further study of NK1 receptor antagonists provides a singular opportunity to improve our understanding and control of emesis.
Chapter 12 Management of Drug-Resistant TB

Although major progress has been made to reduce global incidence of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB), the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB over the past decade presents an unprecedented public health challenge to which countries of concern are responding far too slowly. Indeed, a recent WHO TB surveillance report indicates the highest global level of drug-resistance ever recorded, which affected disproportionately developing countries with an estimated 440,000 MDR-TB cases worldwide resulting in 150,000 deaths in 2009 [1]. Even more troubling is being the recent emergence of new strains of totally drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (Mtb), currently occurring in densely populated cities such as Teheran (Iran) [2] and Mumbai (India) [3]. Given that an untreated TB patient can infect up to 15 contacts in a year in overcrowded areas [4], it is highly likely that totally drug-resistant TB will continues spreading and one would worry that TB will again become an incurable disease.
Modeling binary alloy solidification by a random projection method

This paper addresses the numerical modeling of the solidification of a binary alloy that obeys a liquidus–solidus phase diagram. In order to capture the moving melting front, we introduce a Lagrange projection scheme based on a random sampling projection. Using a finite volume formulation, we define accurate numerical fluxes for the temperature and concentration fields which guarantee the sharp treatment of the boundary conditions at the moving front, especially the jump of the concentration according to the liquidus–solidus diagram. We provide some numerical illustrations which assess the good behavior of the method: maximum principle, stability under CFL condition, numerical convergence toward self‐similar solutions, ability to handle two melting fronts.
Protein kinase C- β inhibition attenuates the progression of nephropathy in non-diabetic kidney disease

Background. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy where therapy targeting the β isoform of this enzyme is in advanced clinical development. However, PKC- β is also increased in various forms of human glomerulonephritis with several potentially nephrotoxic factors, other than high glucose, resulting in PKC- β activation. Accordingly, we sought to examine the effects of PKC- β inhibition in a non-diabetic model of progressive kidney disease. Methods. Subtotally nephrectomized (STNx) rats were randomly assigned to receive either the selective PKC- β inhibitor, ruboxistaurin or vehicle. In addition to functional and structural parameters, gene expression of the podocyte slit-pore diaphragm protein, nephrin, was also assessed. Conclusions. These findings indicate firstly that PKC- β inhibition may provide a new therapeutic strategy in non-diabetic kidney disease and secondly that improvement in GFR is not inextricably linked to reduction in proteinuria. Abstract Background. Hyperphosphataemia is a risk factor for arterial calcification contributing to the high cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Calcium-based phosphate binders can induce hypercalcaemia and are associated with progression of vascular calcification. Therefore, the effect of lanthanum carbonate, a non-calcium phosphate binder, on the development of vascular calcification was investigated in uraemic rats. Methods. Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Modeling of human gait control using CPGs

—In this paper, a way of controlling musculoskeletal gait of human using central pattern generators (CPG) is presented. Our controller is able to produce healthy or altered gait in sagittal plane using musculoskeletal model with six joints and sixteen muscles. Controller consists of eight CPGs and it uses five types of sensory feedback. Simulation results in Matlab shows that changing intrinsic parameters of CPGs, model produces different types of gait.
Exploring the Effects of Car Ownership and Commuting on Subjective Well-Being: A Nationwide Questionnaire Study

How and to what extent household car ownership and commuting behavior affect individual subjective well-being (SWB) is of great interest for urban and transportation planning. Increasing attention has been paid to the associations between car ownership, commuting and SWB. However, only a limited number of studies examined the effects of travel-related factors on both cognitive and affective SWB aspects. This research empirically investigated the relationships from the two SWB aspects. Furthermore, we extend the modeling of generic cognitive SWB to several specific measures (e.g., satisfaction with life compared to a specific group of people, degree of free choice, social position, and social equality) to explore how car ownership and commuting behavior contribute to individual SWB. Drawing on the data derived from the 2014 China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey, a set of ordered probit models based on Bayesian inference are estimated. The findings point out that household car ownership has a significant effect on cognitive SWB but a limited influence on affective SWB. It appears that commuting time is significantly and negatively associated with individuals’ cognitive and affective well-being, whereas a positive correlation is found between the commuting by bicycle and affective SWB. The effects of commuting time and transportation modes on different measured satisfactions with life have no big differences. Finally, results of the Wald tests indicate that incorporating household car ownership and commuting behavior into the modeling framework can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of individual SWB.
G 994 T polymorphism in exon 9 of plasma platelet ‐ activating factor acetylhydrolase gene and lung ultrasound score as prognostic markers in evaluating the outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome

The present study aimed to discover potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in conjunction with lung ultrasound (LUS). Blood samples from 112 ARDS patients were collected to compare their partial oxygen pressure (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP), lactic acid, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and APACHE II score. Kaplan‐Meier plots and the log‐rank test were performed to analyse the association between the platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) G994T polymorphism and the outcome of ARDS regarding mortality. A negative correlation between the LUS score and PaO2/FiO2, PEEP and lactic acid, as well as with the SOFA, CPIS and APACHE II score was confirmed with correlation coefficients of ‐0.493, ‐0.548, ‐0.642, ‐0.598, ‐0.566 and ‐0.567, respectively (all P<0.05). The activity of PAFAH and high‐density lipoprotein‐PAFAH in the serum collected from subjects of the GG genotype was similar to that in subjects of the GT genotype, but the low‐density lipoprotein‐PAFAH activity in the serum collected from GG subjects was significantly higher than that in GT subjects. An evident reduction in the PEEP, level of lactic acid, as well as the SOFA, CPIS and APACHE II score was observed in GG subjects, accompanied by a significantly increased PaO2/FiO2. Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated that subjects with a high LUS score had a significantly higher survival rate than those with a low LUS score, and the mortality risk for GG subjects was significantly lower than that for GT subjects. Finally, among all groups (genotype and LUS groups), GG subjects with a high LUS score had the lowest mortality risk, whereas GT subjects with a low LUS score had the highest mortality risk. In addition, the survival rate of GT subjects with a high LUS score was higher than that of GG subjects with a low LUS score. In conclusion, the combination of the LUS score and the G994T polymorphism in exon 9 of the PAFAH gene may be used as a potential prognostic marker for ARDS.
0 A pr 2 01 8 Keldysh-Rutherford model for attoclock

We demonstrate a clear similarity between attoclock offset angles and Rutherford scattering angles taking the Keldysh tunnelling width as the impact parameter and the vector potential of the driving pulse as the asymptotic velocity. This simple model is tested against the solution of the timedependent Schrödinger equation using hydrogenic and screened (Yukawa) potentials of equal binding energy. We observe a smooth transition from a hydrogenic to ‘hard-zero’ intensity dependence of the offset angle with variation of the Yukawa screening parameter. Additionally we make comparison with the attoclock offset angles for various noble gases obtained with the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method. In all cases we find a close correspondence between the model predictions and numerical calculations. This suggests a largely Coulombic origin of the attoclock offset angle and casts further doubt on its interpretation in terms of a finite tunnelling time.
Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils on a 0.5-degree-grid-cell basis

Semimechanistic, empirically based statistical models were used to predict the spatial (0.5-degree grid cells) and temporal (monthly and annual) patterns of global carbon emissions form terrestrial soils. Emissions include the respiration of both soil organisms and plant roots. Geographically referenced data of mean monthly air temperature and precipitation, soil organic carbon and nitrogen content, soil type and natural vegetation type were used in the model development. It was found that, at the global scale, the rates of soil CO{sub 2} efflux correlate significantly with temperature and precipitation, have a pronounced seasonal pattern in most locations, and contribute to observed wintertime increases in atmospheric CO{sub 2}.
Low Cost Steerable Antenna Scan Beam System For Networking Communication on a lap-top Computer

The possibility of having a steerable antenna system on the back panel of a lap-top computer is very attractive for communication links such as the internet provider, phone lines or email services. Of course such a system must be designed using planar components for the antennas and the circuitry, and also the overall cost of the system should be contained in order to be competitive in a commercial market. In this paper a low cost microstrip version of an array of antennas with steering capability, is proposed and partially tested. The low cost of the system is guaranteed by the microstrip design on RT-DUROID substrate, combined with the use of planar ferroelectric ceramics as phase shifter elements. The system provides a theoretical global scan angle of 60° with less than 5mW power consumption utilized to achieve the scan of the beam. Measurement of reflection coefficient, and theoretical simulation of the radiation pattern are provided.
Explorer Not all cows are epidemiologically equal

Many economically important cattle diseases spread between herds through livestock movements. Traditionally, most transmission models have assumed that all purchased cattle carry the same risk of generating outbreaks in the destination herd. Using data on bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Scotland as a case example, this study provides empirical and theoretical evidence that the risk of disease transmission varies substantially based on the animal and herd demographic characteristics at the time of purchase. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that purchasing pregnant heifers and open cows sold with a calf at foot were associated with an increased risk of beef herds being seropositive for BVDV. Based on the results from a dynamic within-herd simulation model, these findings may be partly explained by the age-related probability of animals being persistently infected with BVDV as well as the herd demographic structure at the time of animal introductions. There was also evidence that an epidemiologically important network statistic, “betweenness centrality” (a measure frequently associated with the potential for herds to acquire and transmit disease), was significantly higher for herds that supplied these particular types of replacement beef cattle. The trends for dairy herds were not as clear, although there was some evidence that open heifers and open lactating cows were associated with an increased risk of BVDV. Overall, these findings have important implications for developing simulation models that more accurately reflect the industry-level transmission dynamics of infectious cattle diseases.
Value relevance of companies' financial statements in Poland?

Paper presents three attempts to model the relationship between financial reports of the companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and their market valuation. Main sections of the paper include: (1) overview of the contemporary issues in the ''value relevance'' studies with reference to the methodology of financial microeconometrics, (2) outcome of the research by M. Kubik-Kwiatkowska on value relevance of annual and quarterly reports, (3) results of the attempts by R. Bilicz on the association between E/P ratio and quarterly accounting data, (4) findings by A. Pernach on the relationship between ROIC or revenue and the market value. All results show that various connections between financials and valuation exist, depending on the approach.
Selection for milk fat and milk protein composition

The suitability of milk for specific dairy products might be improved by changing milk fat or milk protein composition. In the RobustMilk project, we showed that milk fat composition is determined by genetic factors. In addition, recent studies indicate that milk protein composition is strongly affected by genetic factors. This suggests that there are opportunities to change milk composition by means of selective breeding. Traditional selection is based on large-scale phenotyping and not all analytical methods are suited for this purpose. The RobustMilk project team has shown that several fatty acids can be predicted on the basis of IR spectra. Accuracy of predicting individual milk proteins based on IR spectra is low. In addition to phenotypic records, selection might be based on genotypic information. DGAT1 and SCD1 genotypes are strongly associated with fat composition. β-Lactoglobulin, β-casein and κ-casein protein variants are strongly associated with protein composition. We conclude that tools are now available for changing detailed milk fat or milk protein composition by means of selective breeding.
Agricultural Transformation and Food and Nutrition Security: Does Farm Production Diversity (Still) Matter for Dietary Diversity among Ghanaian Farm Households?

Africa has experienced rapid economic growth based on structural change in recent years. The growth acceleration in some countries, such as Ghana, was accompanied by substantial poverty reduction. Transformation of agriculture appears to have played a key role in this context. However, the implications of agricultural transformation for rural food and nutrition security in Africa are not well understood. This paper studies the case of Ghana a country that may have outlined an Africa-typical path of growth-enhancing structural change. The analysis first describes patterns of agricultural transformation at the farm household level and then estimates the (causal) effects of farm production diversity and household income on household dietary diversity, using data from 2005-06 and 2012-13. The estimation results suggest that farm production diversity does still matter for dietary diversity across rural Ghana. However, the dietary diversity effect of farm production diversity greatly decreases with advancing agricultural transformation especially in the South, while the dietary diversity effect of household income remains fairly constant and is large. This implies that policies and programs promoting farm production diversification are likely to be increasingly less effective in improving food and nutrition security among farm households, particularly compared to those stimulating rural income growth. Acknowledgement : I am very thankful to several of my (former) colleagues at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). I thank Jean-Fran ois Trinh Tan for his assistance in conducting the research for this paper and to Xinshen Diao for commenting on draft versions. I thank Carlo Azzarri and M lanie Bacou of the HarvestChoice program for providing spatial agroecological data. I highly appreciate the support of the Ghana Strategy Support Program. This work was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (grant number: EEM-G-00-04-00013).