Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The many uses of run

Multifactorial usage-feature analysis (profile-based approach) has been successfully applied to polysemy research (Gries 2006; Glynn 2009, 2010). This chapter represents a repeat analysis of Gries (2006). The study has three aims: (i) to verify the results of the previous study; (ii) to identify limitations in the applications of the statistical technique employed (hierarchical cluster analysis) in the previous study; and (iii) to demonstrate the need to account for sociolinguistic dimensions in polysemy research. The study is based on a sample of 500 occurrences of the lexeme to run, extracted in even proportions from British English and American English and from online personal journals (blogs) and conversations (American National Corpus and British National Corpus).
Surveillance des infections du site opératoire : résultats de la base de données nationale ISO-Raisin 1999-2004

Mais, en admettant que les problemes de validite et d’exhaustivite quant au recueil des donnees soient maitrises, l’utilisation des taux d’ISO cibles sur des actes traceurs, peut manquer de pertinence pour de nombreuses specialites chirurgicales, cela pour des raisons statistiques. A moins de recueillir des donnees exhaustives necessitant une surveillance continue, les ISO ciblees par actes traceurs deviennent des evenements « trop rares » a l’echelle d’un service ou d’un etablissement pour que des differences « significatives » entre groupes de patients homogenes pour le risque infectieux soient observables.
Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Rare Phenomenon of Paraplegia as an Atypical Presenting Manifestation

We describe a case presenting complaint of complete lower body paraparesis, which was discovered to have splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL). While paraneoplastic syndromes are more common in tumors, such as small cell lung cancer, very few reports exist on this condition with SMZL. We describe such a rare entity with a clinical course spanning twenty-four months after diagnosis.
The suprachiasmatic area in the female hamster projects to neurons containing estrogen receptors and GnRH

This study investigated whether the circadian regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) release may be through direct input of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to estrogen receptor (ER)- and/or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive neurons. We used Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as an ante- rograde tracer of SCN efferent? and performed double label immunocytochemistry for PHA-L and ER or GnRH. Between 8 and 30% of ER cells and 11–13% of the GnRH cells showed appositions with SCN efferents. Efferent projections of the subparaventricular hypotha- lamic nucleus and the retrochiasmatic area, relay stations of the circadian system, also made appositions with these two cell types. Results suggest that the circadian system could regulate the timing of the LH surge via two pathways, through input to GnRH and to ER cells.
Differential Susceptibility of Human Cells to Transformation by Murine and Avian Sarcoma Viruses

Abstract The susceptibility to Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV) and Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-SR) transformation of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), its Gardner's syndrome (GS) variant, and unrelated age and sex-matched controls was examined. Human skin fibroblasts from ACR and GS individuals were highly susceptible to transformation by Ki-MSV but not susceptible to RSV-SR transformation. However, the human osteosarcoma (HOS) clonal cells (TE-85 clone F-5), known to be sensitive to Ki-MSV transformation, could also be readily transformed by RSV-SR. The RSV-SR-transformed cells formed large cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base, formed colonies in soft agar with high efficiency, and grew to high saturation densities while the uninfected cells did not. The transformed cells produced tumors when transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. The morphologically altered cells produced neither infectious virus nor type C virus particles. However, they contained RSV-RS complement-fixing antigen, a RSV transformation-specific protein (p60src)-associated kinase activity, and a rescuable infectious virus.
P‐Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand‐1 Is Needed for Sequential Recruitment of T‐Helper 1 (Th1) and Local Generation of Th17 T Cells in Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) Colitis

Background: Activated effector T cells contribute to tissue injury observed in inflammatory bowel disease. T cells are recruited to effector sites after activation in peripheral lymph nodes directs expression of tissue‐specific homing receptors. One such mechanism for effector T cell recruitment employs activation‐induced fucosylation of P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)‐1 that mediates binding to endothelial P‐selectin. Here we examine the differential role of PSGL‐1 in recruiting effector T‐cell subsets in colitis. Methods: C57BL/6 wildtype and PSGL‐1−/− mice received 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 6 days and were euthanized 7 and 14 days after the initiation of DSS. Disease activity was monitored throughout. Histologic colitis scores, colonic CD4+ accumulation, and cytokine production were assessed at days 7 and 14. Recruitment of T‐helper (Th) subsets was assessed by enumerating adoptively transferred Th1 or Th17 CD4+ cells 2 days after transfer to DSS‐treated mice. Results: DSS colitis increases CD4+ T cells in colonic tissue and induces Th1 (interferon gamma [IFN‐&ggr;], tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) and Th17 (interleukin [IL]‐17, IL‐22) cytokines. Loss of PSGL‐1 attenuates DSS colitis, decreases colonic CD4+ T cell numbers, and reduces both Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. Colitis increases recruitment of Th1 (19‐fold) and Th17 (2.5‐fold) cells. PSGL‐1 deficiency in transferred T cells abrogates colonic recruitment of Th1 cells in DSS colitis, whereas Th17 recruitment is unaffected. Conclusions: PSGL‐1 selectively controls Th1 recruitment in colitis. Whereas Th17 recruitment is independent of PSGL‐1, generation of colonic Th17 cytokine requires initial Th1 recruitment. Therefore, attenuating PSGL‐1 binding may prevent colonic recruitment of disease‐causing Th1 cells that promote local Th17 generation. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
The regulation of the intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short chain fatty acids: implications for epithelial protection

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), fermentation products of bacteria, influence epithelial-specific gene expression. We hypothesize that SCFAs affect goblet cell-specific mucin MUC2 expression and thereby alter epithelial protection. Our aim was to study the mechanisms that regulate butyrate-mediated effects on MUC2 synthesis. Human goblet cell-like LS174T cells were treated with SCFAs, after which MUC2 mRNA levels and stability and MUC2 protein expression were analyzed. SCFA-responsive regions and cis -elements within the MUC2 promoter were identified by transfection and gel shift assays. Effects of butyrate on histone H3/H4 status at the MUC2 promoter were established by chromatin immunoprecipitation. One mM butyrate as well as propionate induced an increase in MUC2 mRNA levels. MUC2 mRNA levels returned to basal levels after incubation with 5-15 mM of butyrate. Interestingly, this decrease was not due to loss of RNA stability. In contrast, at concentrations of 5-15 mM of propionate MUC2 mRNA levels remained increased. Promoter regulation studies revealed an active butyrate-responsive region at -947/-371 within the MUC2 promoter. In this region we identified an active AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) cis -element at –818/-808 that mediates butyrate-induced activation of the promoter. Finally, MUC2 regulation by butyrate at 10-15 mM was associated with increased acetylation of histone H3 and H4 and methylation of H3 at the MUC2 promoter. In conclusion, 1 mM of butyrate and 1-15 mM of propionate increase MUC2 expression. The effects of butyrate on MUC2 mRNA are mediated via AP-1 and acetylation/methylation of histones at the MUC2 promoter. mainly associated with mono-/di-/tri-methylated K4H3 as well as to a lower extent with acetylated histone H3 and H4, which correlate with activation of transcription. At 5 mM butyrate this status of chromatin activation was confirmed with a stronger association with acetylated H3. At these two concentrations we also observed an increase of 3mK27H3, which is usually indicative of transcription inhibition. At 10 mM butyrate, histone modifications at the MUC2 promoter were characterized by modifications inducing active chromatin (AcH3, AcH4 and m/d/tK4H3) and usually indicative of inactive chromatin (mK9H3).
The new Bradykinesia Akinesia Incoordination (BRAIN) test: Preliminary data from an online test of upper limb movement

A 24-year-old female teacher presented with fever, headache, and vomiting. Then an akinetic-rigid syndrome with tremor developed several days later. There was no family or personal history of movement disorders or other neurological or psychiatric diseases. Exposure to toxic substances or illicit drugs was denied. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed normal chlorine and glucose content, but there were 50 white blood cells per cubic millimetre and slightly elevated protein content. CSF culture did not grow any organisms. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels of antiEBV–viral capsid antigen (VCA) were remarkably increased in serum and CSF. IgG levels of anti-EBV-VCA were increased in serum but not detectable in CSF. Anti–EpsteinBarr nuclear antigen (EBNA) antibodies were not detectable in either serum or CSF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral substantia nigra lesions on admission. After a 2-month treatment with Madopar, the patient recovered completely without any sequelae. Madopar was slowly tapered off and withdrawn. A repeated MRI after 3 months showed resolution of the lesions (Fig. 1).
Heparanase Degrades Syndecan-1 and Perlecan Heparan Sulfate

Heparanase (HPSE-1) is involved in the degradation of both cell-surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) heparan sulfate (HS) in normal and neoplastic tissues. Degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in mammalian cells is dependent upon the enzymatic activity of HPSE-1, an endo-β-d-glucuronidase, which cleaves HS using a specific endoglycosidic hydrolysis rather than an eliminase type of action. Elevated HPSE-1 levels are associated with metastatic cancers, directly implicating HPSE-1 in tumor progression. The mechanism of HPSE-1 action to promote tumor progression may involve multiple substrates because HS is present on both cell-surface and ECM proteoglycans. However, the specific targets of HPSE-1 action are not known. Of particular interest is the relationship between HPSE-1 and HSPG, known for their involvement in tumor progression. Syndecan-1, an HSPG, is ubiquitously expressed at the cell surface, and its role in cancer progression may depend upon its degradation. Conversely, another HSPG, perlecan, is an important component of basement membranes and ECM, which can promote invasive behavior. Down-regulation of perlecan expression suppresses the invasive behavior of neoplastic cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. In this work we demonstrate the following. 1) HPSE-1 cleaves HS present on the cell surface of metastatic melanoma cells. 2) HPSE-1 specifically degrades HS chains of purified syndecan-1 or perlecan HS. 3) Syndecan-1 does not directly inhibit HPSE-1 enzymatic activity. 4) The presence of exogenous syndecan-1 inhibits HPSE-1-mediated invasive behavior of melanoma cells by in vitro chemoinvasion assays. 5) Inhibition of HPSE-1-induced invasion requires syndecan-1 HS chains. These results demonstrate that cell-surface syndecan-1 and ECM perlecan are degradative targets of HPSE-1, and syndecan-1 regulates HPSE-1 biological activity. This suggest that expression of syndecan-1 on the melanoma cell surface and its degradation by HPSE-1 are important determinants in the control of tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Concurrent detection of power supply noise

We propose a methodology for the concurrent detection of power supply noise affecting a general synchronous system and exceeding a tolerance bound to be chosen according to the system's constraints. Our solution is based on a suitable self-checking scheme which concurrently monitors a signal of the system clock distribution network and which is, by design, able to provide an output error message upon the occurrence of power supply noise. The produced error indication can then be exploited to recover from the detected noise (thus guaranteeing system's correct operation), or to accomplish diagnosis. Our scheme negligibly impacts system's performance, features self-checking ability with respect to a wide set of possible internal faults and keeps on revealing concurrently the occurrence of power supply noise, despite the possible presence of noise affecting also ground.
Vitros digoxin immunoassay evaluated for interference by digoxin-like immunoreactive factors.

Serum digoxin concentrations are routinely monitored because of the narrow therapeutic range of digoxin. Endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive factors (DLIFs) may cause a false analytic increase in the measured digoxin concentration of patients undergoing digoxin treatment (1)(2). DLIF interference is most commonly found in the sera of neonates, and cord blood and neonatal sera frequently produce false positive results for digoxin (3)(4). Here we examine the newly introduced Vitros digoxin immunoassay (DGXN, Johnson & Johnson Clinical Diagnostics) performed on the Vitros 250 analyzer and compare it to a method (OnLine, Roche Diagnostic Systems) substantially free from DLIF interference (5) and to a method (Digoxin II, Abbott Laboratories) where DLIF interference is known to be present (1). These particular methods are not unique with regard to interference by DLIFs, and methods vary considerably in the impact of DLIF interferences (1)(2)(6)(7). Serum samples used in this study were aliquots of samples that had been sent to St. Louis Children’s Hospital or Barnes-Jewish laboratories (BJC Health System) for the routine measurement of serum digoxin or aliquots of samples received for other routine chemistry analyses. Samples were from newborns (<2 weeks of age) and from adults. The study followed a protocol approved by the Human Studies Committee of Washington University. All samples were analyzed immediately or stored at −20 °C until use, with no more than three freeze-thaw cycles preceding analysis. The Vitros DGXN digoxin assay is an enzymatic heterogeneous, competitive immunoassay that uses dry slide technology. Digoxin-peroxidase conjugate and sample digoxin compete for a limited number of binding sites on the immobilized antibody reagent. After the unbound conjugate is eluted and …
Fetomaternal hemorrhage complicated pregnancy: risks, identification, and management

Purpose of review This article aims not only to review recent literature about the clinical features of massive fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) and identification of risk factors, but also to alert obstetricians and pediatricians to this underdiagnosed and underestimated severe obstetrical issue. In addition, a simplified flow chart for the antenatal management of suspected FMH is proposed. Recent findings Improvements in obstetrical and neonatal care have decreased perinatal morbidity and mortality and the rate of stillbirth. Unfortunately, because of the nonspecific signs on presentation, adverse outcome associated with massive FMH has not followed this trend and still has devastating consequences. As even the definition varies among publications and there is lack of universal screening, the real nature still remains obscure. Improvements in the diagnosis of fetal anemia, laboratory and intrauterine transfusion techniques, and the implementation of prenatal and postnatal neuroprotection give some hope for the better outcome in the most severe cases. Unfortunately, obstetricians’ awareness of the massive FMH remains still at an unacceptably low level. Summary There is an urgent need for the internationally accepted definition, standardized pregnancy management protocol, and structured follow-up of neonates from such pregnancies. We suggest the international registry of massive FMH cases.
Technology trends of high-definition digital still camera systems

In the recent several years, the digital still camera (DSC) has achieved a remarkable progress in terms of pixel numbers, compactness, performance, and power consumption, mainly owing to the progress in silicon technology. This report summarizes the technological trends of DSC, with particular attention given to CCD image sensors, digital/analog LSI, and recording media, and incorporation in DSC.
The Role of Birds in Early Navigation

It is not generally recognized how important a part was played by birds in the guidance of early voyagers when sailing on the uncharted seas of the ancient world, and how their regular migrations year by year and season by season, along definite routes have contributed to the discovery of many lands and isolated islands. We know that Columbus made his first American landfall by noting the south-westerly direction taken by great flocks of small field-birds seen flying overhead in the evening towards land as yet out of sight of those aboard the ships; we know, too, that the significance of their flight was at once recognized, for did not Pinzon point out its meaning to his crew by his remark ‘Those birds know their business’ (Morison, 1841, 664-5)? How true his words were we now know, for it is about the time of year (October) when Columbus saw these battalions of birds darkening the sky, that certain species of landbirds set out from the eastern shores of North America by a southerly route, via Bermuda, to seek a warmer climate and a more plentiful supply of food.
Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), blaTEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for blaCMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.
Protective effect of trapidil and l-arginine against renal and hepatic toxicity induced by cyclosporine in rats

Rationale: Cyclosporine A (CsA) leads to renal and liver injury, production of free radicals and nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. This study investigates the possible protective effects of trapidil and l-arginine against CsA-induced tissue injury. Objectives: Forty adult male Wistar rats (180 ± 20 g) were divided into five groups, eight animals in each. The first group served as control, second group served as CsA group, third group served as CsA + trapidil group, fourth group served as CsA + l-arginine group, and fifth group served as CsA + trapidil + l-arginine group. Kidney and liver functions, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, oxidant and antioxidant parameters as well as histopathological studies of renal and liver tissue were assessed in all groups. Main findings: CsA induced renal and hepatic dysfunction, which was confirmed by laboratory and histopathological examination. Administration of trapidil diminished the renal and liver injury and significantly attenuated the levels of serum creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and oxidative stress, while it significantly elevated the level of serum nitric oxide and the activity of antioxidative stress. l-Arginine gave the same trend as trapidil, but trapidil effect was more pronounced. Coadministration of trapidil + l-arginine significantly ameliorated the toxic effect of CsA, but did not differ significantly from the effect of trapidil alone. Conclusions: Treatment with trapidil or l-arginine diminished the renal and hepatic CsA-induced toxicity. However, the effect of trapidil was more pronounced. Therefore, treatment with trapidil alone may be the most economic and effective as a potential therapeutic agent in CsA injury.
Oxidative stress and myocardial injury in the diabetic heart

Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species play an integral role in both myocardial injury and repair. This dichotomy is differentiated at the level of species type, amount and duration of free radical generated. Homeostatic mechanisms designed to prevent free radical generation in the first instance, scavenge, or enzymatically convert them to less toxic forms and water, playing crucial roles in the maintenance of cellular structure and function. The outcome between functional recovery and dysfunction is dependent upon the inherent ability of these homeostatic antioxidant defences to withstand acute free radical generation, in the order of seconds to minutes. Alternatively, pre‐existent antioxidant capacity (from intracellular and extracellular sources) may regulate the degree of free radical generation. This converts reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to the role of second messenger involved in cell signalling. The adaptive capacity of the cell is altered by the balance between death or survival signal converging at the level of the mitochondria, with distinct pathophysiological consequences that extends the period of injury from hours to days and weeks. Hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance enhance oxidative stress in the diabetic myocardium that cannot adapt to ischaemia–reperfusion. Altered glucose flux, mitochondrial derangements and nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in the presence of decreased antioxidant defence and impaired prosurvival cell signalling may render the diabetic myocardium more vulnerable to injury, remodelling and heart failure.