Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) in Cloud Environment based on Hidden Naïve Bayes Multiclass Classifier

Cloud Environment is next generation internet based computing system that supplies customiza-ble services to the end user to work or access to the various cloud applications. In order to provide security and decrease the damage of information system, network and computer system it is im-portant to provide intrusion detection system (IDS. Now Cloud environment are under threads from network intrusions, as one of most prevalent and offensive means Denial of Service (DoS) attacks that cause dangerous impact on cloud computing systems. This paper propose Hidden naive Bayes (HNB) Classifier to handle DoS attacks which is a data mining (DM) model used to relaxes the conditional independence assumption of Naive Bayes classifier (NB), proposed sys-tem used HNB Classifier supported with discretization and feature selection where select the best feature enhance the performance of the system and reduce consuming time. To evaluate the per-formance of proposal system, KDD 99 CUP and NSL KDD Datasets has been used. The experi-mental results show that the HNB classifier improves the performance of NIDS in terms of accu-racy and detecting DoS attacks, where the accuracy of detect DoS is 100% in three test KDD cup 99 dataset by used only 12 feature that selected by use gain ratio while in NSL KDD Dataset the accuracy of detect DoS attack is 90 % in three Experimental NSL KDD dataset by select 10 fea-ture only.
Federalism and the welfare state: The German case

The comparative welfare state research regularly highlights 'federalism' as a factor that has delayed welfare state development and sets clear 'limits to welfare state growth'. Yet, apparently German federalism goes together with one of the most generous welfare states of the world. This paper argues that federalism in Germany not only has not hindered strong welfare state expansion, but actually has contributed to it. The special variant of 'cooperative federalism' has blurred political and fiscal responsibilities, and the contribution financed Bismarckian welfare state has allowed the central government and the states to come to terms at the expense of a third party. A steady process of externalizing costs out of the public budgets and into the parafiscal budgets of the welfare state has been the result.
Miniaturized Dual-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Band-Pass Filters Loaded by Double/Single T-Shaped Structures

A new class of miniaturized dual-mode substrate inte- grated waveguide (SIW) band-pass fllters is proposed, which are loaded by double/single T-shaped structures. By introducing a double T- shaped structure in original dual-mode SIW band-pass fllter, the reso- nant frequency is lowered from 9.46GHz to 8.91GHz due to the longer efiective length. The introduced single T-shaped structure performs an even lower resonant frequency of 6.88GHz for the same reason. Compared with dual-mode band-pass fllters in references, the proposed dual-mode SIW band-pass fllters with double/single T-shaped struc- tures have the advantages such as compact size (like microstrip dual- mode fllters) and high Q factors (like SIW dual-mode fllters). The proposed fllters are fabricated and measured, and the experimental results are in good agreement with simulated ones.
Scaled biotic disruption during early Eocene global warming events

Late Paleocene and early Eocene hyperthermals are transient warming events associated with massive per- turbations of the global carbon cycle, and are considered partial analogues for current anthropogenic climate change. Because the magnitude of carbon release varied between the events, they are natural experiments ideal for explor- ing the relationship between carbon cycle perturbations, cli- mate change and biotic response. Here we quantify marine biotic variability through three million years of the early Eocene that include five hyperthermals, utilizing a method that allows us to integrate the records of different plankton groups through scenarios ranging from background to ma- jor extinction events. Our long time-series calcareous nanno- plankton record indicates a scaling of biotic disruption to cli- mate change associated with the amount of carbon released during the various hyperthermals. Critically, only the three largest hyperthermals, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maxi- mum (PETM), Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) and the I1 event, show above-background variance, suggesting that the magnitude of carbon input and associated climate change needs to surpass a threshold value to cause significant biotic disruption.
A review of camera trapping for conservation behaviour research

An understanding of animal behaviour is important if conservation initiatives are to be effective. However, quantifying the behaviour of wild animals presents significant challenges. Remote‐sensing camera traps are becoming increasingly popular survey instruments that have been used to non‐invasively study a variety of animal behaviours, yielding key insights into behavioural repertoires. They are well suited to ethological studies and provide considerable opportunities for generating conservation‐relevant behavioural data if novel and robust methodological and analytical solutions can be developed. This paper reviews the current state of camera‐trap‐based ethological studies, describes new and emerging directions in camera‐based conservation behaviour, and highlights a number of limitations and considerations of particular relevance for camera‐based studies. Three promising areas of study are discussed: (1) documenting anthropogenic impacts on behaviour; (2) incorporating behavioural responses into management planning and (3) using behavioural indicators such as giving up densities and daily activity patterns. We emphasize the importance of reporting methodological details, utilizing emerging camera trap metadata standards and central data repositories for facilitating reproducibility, comparison and synthesis across studies. Behavioural studies using camera traps are in their infancy; the full potential of the technology is as yet unrealized. Researchers are encouraged to embrace conservation‐driven hypotheses in order to meet future challenges and improve the efficacy of conservation and management processes.
Management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Purpose of review Intracranial aneurysms are frequent incidental findings on cranial imaging. The decision for preventive treatment depends on the presumed risk of rupture, the efficacy and risk of complications of preventive treatment, and the quality of life having to live with an unruptured aneurysms. Data on all these factors are still incomplete, and additional data are needed. Recent findings The current review describes advances of the last 2 years in assessment of risk of rupture, on risks of preventive aneurysms occlusion, on follow-up imaging and on medical management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Summary In addition to risk factors used to predict absolute risks of rupture, also aneurysm irregularity and aneurysm growth during follow-up are potential risk factors for rupture. To what extent these factors improve risk prediction in absolute terms is yet uncertain. Uncertainty also continues on whether endovascular or surgical occlusion is the preferred method, but a trial comparing these two strategies is ongoing. Aneurysm growth can now be predicted in absolute risks. Enhancement of the aneurysm wall on MRI probably is also related to aneurysm instability and reflects inflammation. A trial assessing the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment and blood pressure lowering on aneurysm growth and rupture is currently ongoing.
Prevalence of Salmonellae and their resistance to antibiotics in slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic

Salmonella prevalence was assessed in 816 pigs from fifteen herds which were slaughtered in ten slaughterhouses from June 2001 to December 2002. No Salmonellae were isolated in pigs from eight herds in four slaughterhouses. Salmonella prevalence in pigs originating from the other seven herds ranged from 2.0% to 12.0%. The most frequent site of Salmonella isolation was caecum (2.45%). This finding is statistically significant (P < 0.01) as compared to those obtained with mesenteric lymph nodes (0.73%) and carcass swabs (0.12%). Salmonellae were not found in samples from the environments (n = 197). A total of 27 Salmonella isolates were classified into serotypes S. infantis (n = 8), S. typhimurium (n = 5), S. agona (n = 4), S. kaapstad (n = 4), S. derby (n = 3), S. bredeney (n = 2), and S. london (n = 1). All five S. typhimurium DT 104 were resistant to the phenotype ACSSuT. Resistance genes bla P S E - 1 , floR, aadA2, sull, and tetG were identified in all pentaresistant strains. One strain of S. derby was resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulphonamides. The other Salmonella isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested.
COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF HOT AND COLD DUST ORBITING THE MAIN SEQUENCE A-TYPE STARS HD 131488 AND HD 121191

We report two new dramatically dusty main sequence stars: HD 131488 (A1 V) and HD 121191 (A8 V). HD 131488 is found to have substantial amounts of dust in its terrestrial planet zone (LIR/Lbol ≈ 4 × 10−3), cooler dust farther out in its planetary system, and an unusual mid-infrared spectral feature. HD 121191 shows terrestrial planet zone dust (LIR/Lbol ≈ 2.3 × 10−3), hints of cooler dust, and shares the unusual mid-infrared spectral shape identified in HD 131488. These two stars belong to sub-groups of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association and have ages of ∼10 Myr. HD 131488 and HD 121191 are the dustiest main sequence A-type stars currently known. Early-type stars that host substantial inner planetary system dust are thus far found only within the age range of 5–20 Myr.
Positive and Negative Affect in Illusion of Control

Research regarding the illusion of control was dominated by the studies examining the effect of depressive affect on the overestimation of control over uncontrollable events. However, the relative contributions of high Negative Affect (NA) and low Positive Affect (PA), as underlying dimensions of depressive states, has remained unclear. This study researched how both PA and NA had affected the illusion of control. Two weeks before illusion induction, trait PA and NA of 54 first-year university students were assessed, and just before and after illusion induction task their state forms were estimated. The induction consisted of solving unsolvable tasks and obtaining positive feedback for all the answers. The illusion of control was significantly correlated with all three PA scores, and none of the NA. After controlling for trait measures, the PA after illusion induction remained the only significant predictor of illusion. The relation of positive affect and illusory judgement in maintaining mental health were discussed.
Molecular gas and dust in the highly magnified z ~ 2.8 galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster

Context. The gravitational magnification provided by massive galaxy clusters makes it possible to probe the physical conditions in distant galaxies that are of lower luminosity than those in blank fields and likely more representative of the bulk of the high-redshift galaxy population. Aims. We aim to constrain the basic properties of molecular gas in a strongly magnified submm galaxy located behind the massive Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56). This galaxy (SMM J0658) is split into three images, with a total magnification factor of almost 100. Methods. We used the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) to search for 12 CO(1–0) and 12 CO(3–2) line emission from SMM J0658. We also used the SABOCA bolometer camera on the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope to measure the continuum emission at 350 μm. Results. CO(1–0) and CO(3–2) are detected at 6. 8σ and 7. 5σ significance when the spectra toward the two brightest images of the galaxy are combined. From the CO(1–0) luminosity we derive a mass of cold molecular gas of (1.8 ± 0.3) × 10 9 M� ,u sing the CO to H2 conversion factor commonly used for luminous infrared galaxies. This is 45 ± 25% of the stellar mass. From the width of the CO lines we derive a dynamical mass within the CO-emitting region L of (1.3 ± 0.4) × 10 10 (L/1 kpc) M� . W e ref ine the redshift determination of SMM J0658 to z = 2.7793 ± 0.0003. The CO(3–2) to CO(1–0) brightness temperature ratio is 0.56 +0.21 −0.15 ,w hich is similar to the values found in other star-forming galaxies. Continuum emission at 350 μm from SMM J0658 was detected with SABOCA at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.6. The flux density is consistent with previous measurements at the same wavelength by the Herschel satellite and BLAST balloon-borne telescope. We study the spectral energy distribution of SMM J0658 and derive a dust temperature of 33 ± 5 K and a dust mass of 1.1 +0.8 −0.3 × 10 7 M � . Conclusions. SMM J0658 is one of the least massive submm galaxies discovered so far. As a likely representative of the bulk of the submm galaxy population, it is a prime target for future observations.
Above-Threshold Queries of Environmental Conditions Based on Bilinear Interpolation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks can be regarded as sensor database systems, which permit users to query sensor data of interest. Among various spatial database queries, we focus the area-wise aggregate queries in the region where the sensor values are above a predefined threshold, which are summarized as above-threshold queries. In this paper, we propose a novel Bilinear Interpolation-Based (BIB) algorithm, which utilizes the bilinear interpolation to estimate the environmental variables inside a grid with the known sensor values at the vertexes, to support the above-threshold queries for regularly-deployed sensor networks and provide the closed-form solution of the above-threshold ratio. We designate experiments with both the artificially-constructed environment data and the real temperature data. Experiment results manifest that the proposed BIB algorithm shows a good performance in estimating the above-threshold ratios to support the above-threshold queries in an accurate and efficient manner.
Data Calibration Based on Multisensor Using Classification Analysis: A Random Forests Approach

This paper analyzes the problem of meaningless outliers in traffic detective data sets and researches characteristics about the data of monophyletic detector and multisensor detector based on real-time data on highway. Based on analysis of the current random forests algorithm, which is a learning algorithm of high accuracy and fast speed, new optimum random forests about filtrating outlier in the sample are proposed, which employ bagging strategy combined with boosting strategy. Random forests of different number of trees are applied to analyze status classification of meaningless outliers in traffic detective data sets, respectively, based on traffic flow, spot mean speed, and roadway occupancy rate of traffic parameters. The results show that optimum model of random forest is more accurate to filtrate meaningless outliers in traffic detective data collected from road intersections. With filtrated data for processing, transportation information system can decrease the influence of error data to improve highway traffic information services.
FOR THE DEGREE OF LICENTIATE OF ENGINEERING IN THERMO AND FLUID DYNAMICS Modeling of Spray Formation and Development in OpenFOAM with Application to Diesel and Alcohol Fuels

Legislation with reagards to fuel emissions are becoming more stringent. This creates a need for improved engine concepts and fuels. This work is part of an ongoin project to create a concept for a direct injection dual fuel engine, which uses alcohol as main fuel and diesel as a pilot. The work in this thesis is part of the task to create a CFD model for this engine that can be used for improving the current engine concept. The first part of this project has been to validate the in-house spray model, VSB2 for usage with alcohol fuels. This was done by comparing simululations made in OpenFOAM with experimental data obtained from the Chalmers HT/HP spray chamber. The simulations showed that the model could capture spray penetration at the simulation conditions accurately. It was also concluded that it was neccessary to fix the turbulent length scale in the injector cell to get an accurate prediction of the liquid penetration. The second part of this project has been to improve upon the spray model. This has been done by extending the spray break up treament inside VSB2. The model was extended by implenting a mechanism for removing the stable droplets inside each blob and using these to create child parcels, containing only stable droplets. It was shown that this improves the prediction of liquid penetration, especially at lower temperatures. The Third part of this project, that is still undergoing is to do CFD simulations of a direct injection dual fuel engine. Some preliminary results are shown in this work that show good agreement in the pressure trace. The sprays also ignites in a way that is expected, with the sprays closest to the pilot igniting first. There is still some uncertainty in the results, and further studies and development are needed to produce good results.
Understanding coral reefs as complex systems: degradation and prospects for recovery

The present century is witness to unprecedented levels of coral reef degradation worldwide. Current understanding based on traditional ideas is unlikely to capture adequately the dynamics of phenomena accompanying this trend. In this regard, the ideas of complexity are reviewed. Some applications to coral reefs as complex systems have already been discussed in the literature although further progress is warranted as the search for new and more effective management tools continues, and the direction towards more holistic, integrative and large scale approaches gains wider acceptance. We distinguish between the concepts of robustness and resilience in the face of disturbance, highlight the various mechanisms that foster these stability properties and provide some coral reef examples. We identify some of the driving forces behind succession that are critical for community assembly and possible reef recovery. Finally, we consider how self-organization arises out of apparently random and chaotic processes and interactions to exhibit certain regularities and patterns especially when moving up on the scale of space and/or time.
Reducing dependence on big brother: Higher education looks for innovative funding opportunities

This paper presents innovative programs that business schools can utilize to reduce dependence on public funds. A review of the literature shows the theoretical and empirical foundation of higher education funding dilemmas. While higher education is moving towards a global ambition, scarcity hinders governments to fully support programs long-term; thus, cost-sharing and cost-shifting measures must occur for higher education to support current programs. In this study, we examine two universities (one U.S. and one U.K.) and provide practical summaries of programs that have provided additional funds. We show that diversity of funding sources is essential for survival of higher education institutions. Market forces require competition to reduce higher education operational costs while providing students and corporate clients an a la carte educational experience.
Evaluating Organizational Antifragility Via Fuzzy Logic : the Case of an Iranian Company Producing Banknotes and Security Paper

the antifragility concept has received high attention from researchers in recent years. Contrary to fragile systems that fail when exposed to stressors, antifragile systems prosper and gets better in response to unpredictability, volatility, randomness, chaos and disturbance. The antifragility implication is beyond resilience or robustness. The resilient system resists stresses and remains the same; while the antifragile system improves and gets better. Taleb discusses that antifragility is required for dealing with events that he called them as black swans or X-Events which are scarce, unpredictable, and extreme events. These events come as surprise and have major consequences. Antifragile was developed by Taleb in the socioeconomic context, not in industrial production. But authors think that this concept may have its largest practical utilization and be very useful if it is applied to industrial environments. Thus, we had focused on this concept in our work. In this paper, we are aiming to investigate the antifragility level in an organization. In order to perform this, authors used a case study on Iranian Security Paper Manufacturing Complex (TAKAB). Firstly a questionnaire was designed according to 7 antifragility analytical criteria using five-point Likert scale and devoted a triangular fuzzy number to each Linguistic term. In the next phase, the weight of each criterion was obtained using entropy technique. In the final stage, the Euclidean distance between the aggregation Fuzzy Antifragility Index (FAI) and each linguistic term used during this case study was calculated. Eventually based on results, the antifragility level of the organization assessed as â€œsatisfactorily antifragile", due to the minimum Euclidean distance.
Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS-2 Sequence Characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Galba truncatula

Background: Human fascioliasis is an important health problem in the province of Gilan, at the Caspian Sea, Iran. There is the overlapping of both fasciolid species, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Recent studies on both domestic animal and lymnaeid infection furnished evidence suggesting that F. gigantica and Radix gedrosiana may be the main fasciolid and lymnaeid involved in the disease in that province, controversy still being there concerning the presence and importance of F. hepatica and other lymnaeid species. The present paper includes the results of studies on Galba truncatula and the first finding of natural infection by F. hepatica in Gilan proved by molecular studies. Methods: Snail collections were carried out in summer, when their populations present the highest densities. Surveys on lymnaeids furnished the finding of a lymnaeid snail infected by trematode rediae and cercariae in the mountains of Talesh, in the Asalem district, western Gilan. Results: Nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences proved that they were F. hepatica and G. truncatula. The liver fluke ITS-2 sequence was identical to that of F. hepatica from Spain and the Northern Bolivian Altiplano and that of G. truncatula to the haplotype H-2 known in Portugal, Spain, France and The Netherlands. Conclusion: This genetic characterization suggests that both may be also involved in human fascioliasis infection in Gilan.