Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic

A dramatic shift in the genetics of host-parasite interaction and balance occurred in the U.S. corn crop in the 1970 growing season. Southern corn leaf blight incited by Helminthosporium maydis Nisikado & Miyake evolved from a minor disease that causes an average annual loss of less than 1 percent, to one that caused more than the 12 percent average expected from all diseases of corn in the United States. In 1970 the losses to corn leaf blight approaches 710 million bushels. Reserves of corn and other grains ease the impact on the economy and food supplies but there are important domestic and foreign effects of the loss. The epidemic illustrates the vulnerability of our food crops to pests. Sources of genetic resistance to the new race of Helminthosporium maydis are available. The seed industry estimates that for 1971 enough resistant and partially resistant seed to plant about one-half of the crop may be available. Adequate supplies are expected in 1972. Sustained research programs are essential in protecting our food supplies from potential losses of catastrophe magnitude. Several professional groups, including the American Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of America, have urged that a program and facilities be established for the study of exotic pests that threaten our agriculture so that controls may be found before the pests are here. Such a program would be desirable but covers only one aspect of the problem. What is really needed is an overall strengthening of research on crop pests.
Comparison of Wind Power Converter Reliability With Low-Speed and Medium-Speed Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators

More and more wind turbine manufacturers turn to using the full-scale power electronic converter due to the stricter grid code requirements to thoroughly decouple the generator from the grid connection. However, a commonly used type of this generator is still unclear, where the selections of the low-speed (LS; direct-drive) and medium-speed (MS; one-stage) permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are both promising solutions. This paper will assess and compare the reliability metrics for the machine-side converter (MSC) for those two configurations. First, a translation from the mission profile of the turbine to the current and voltage loading of each power semiconductor is achieved based on synchronous generator modeling. Afterward, a simplified approach to calculate the loss profile and the thermal profile is used to determine the most stressed power semiconductors in the converter. Finally, according to the lifetime power cycles, the lifespan can be calculated when operating in various wind classes. It is concluded that, although the LS PMSG is able to eliminate the gearbox, the lifespan of its MSC is lower than the one-stage MS generator.
Calcium release from intracellular stores evoked by extracellular ATP in a Xenopus renal epithelial cell line

1 The signal transduction mechanism mediating extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐induced calcium release in a renal epithelial cell line (A6) was investigated using the whole‐cell voltage‐clamp technique and fura‐2 fluorescence measurement. 2 ATP (10 μM) activated calcium‐dependent non‐selective cation channels in cells held under voltage clamp. 3 Guanosine 5′‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate) (GDPβS; 0.1–1.0 mM) in the pipette inhibited the ATP‐activated calcium‐dependent currents. With guanosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS; 0.1–1.0 mM) in the pipette, the currents were spontaneously elicited without application of ATP. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) affected neither the ATP‐activated currents nor the increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+])i evoked by ATP. 4 Intracellular application of neomycin or heparin inhibited the ATP‐activated currents. Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3; 0.1–100μM) in the internal solution produced currents similar to those due to ATP activation. 5 These results suggest that a PTX ‐insensitive guanosine 5′‐triphosphate (GTP)‐binding regulatory protein (G protein) is involved in extracellular ATP‐induced phosphoinositide turnover and subsequent calcium release from IP3 ‐sensitive stores, which subsequently activates the calcium ‐dependent channels in A6 cells.
GRMR: Greedy Regional Multicast Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

SUMMARY Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture as an alternative paradigm to traditional IP networking. The innovative concepts, such as named data, name-based routing, and in-network caching bring lots of beneﬁts to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Simple and robust communication model of ICN, based on interest / data messages exchange, is appealing to be deployed in WSNs. However, ICN architectures are designed for power supplied network devices rather than resource-constrained sensor nodes. Introducing ICN-liked architecture to WSNs needs to rethink the naming scheme and forwarding strategy to meet the requirements of energy e ﬃ ciency and failure recovery. This paper presents a light weight data centric routing mechanism (GRMR) for interest dissemination and data delivery in location-aware WSNs. A simple naming scheme gives assistance for routing decision by individual nodes. Greedy routing engaging with regional multicast mechanism provides an e ﬃ cient data centric routing approach. The performance is analytically evaluated and simulated in NS-2. The results indicate that GRMR achieves signiﬁcant energy e ﬃ ciency under investigated scenarios. key words: data centric routing
The evaluation of agreement on continuous variables by the intraclass correlation coefficient.

a long term decline or increase in the disability incidence rates. Over the 20th century, French male mortality rates declined substantially, and we would argue that it is quite implausible to assume that the mortality rates of disabled men would not have declined along with those of non-disabled men. In the French male population, life expectancy has not remained unchanged, and it is not reasonable to expect outflows from the disabled state to remain unchanged. We made the arbitrary assumption that the relative risk of death for disabled versus nondisabled people remained constant at 3.66 in the published simulations. We also carried out simulations where the relative risk ranged from 1 to 10 and also varied with age. We found that the results were not highly sensitive to the value assumed and did not affect our conclusions. In response to criticism of the constant relative risk assumption, we have carried out additional simulations in which we assume that the ratio of the mortality risk for disabled male to the average mortality risk for all males remains constant at its value in the year 1945, and so is independent of changes in disability prevalence. This had very little effect on the estimated health expectancies under any of the scenarios and confirms our published comment that the results are not highly sensitive to assumptions about the mortality rates for disabled people.
Root exudates drive interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N2 fixation

Significance Plant diversity often leads to an increase in ecosystem productivity, but the underpinning mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that faba bean/maize intercropping enhances productivity, nodulation, and N2 fixation of faba bean through interspecific root interactions. We provide a mechanism explaining how maize promotes N2 fixation of faba bean, where root exudates from maize increase root hair deformation and nodulation in faba bean, double exudation of flavonoids (signaling compounds for rhizobia), and up-regulate the expression of a chalcone–flavanone isomerase gene involved in flavonoid synthesis, and genes mediating nodulation and auxin responses. Our results provide a mechanism for facilitative root–root interactions explaining how species diversity may enhance ecosystem productivity with important implications for developing sustainable agriculture. Plant diversity in experimental systems often enhances ecosystem productivity, but the mechanisms causing this overyielding are only partly understood. Intercropping faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) result in overyielding and also, enhanced nodulation by faba beans. By using permeable and impermeable root barriers in a 2-y field experiment, we show that root–root interactions between faba bean and maize significantly increase both nodulation and symbiotic N2 fixation in intercropped faba bean. Furthermore, root exudates from maize promote faba bean nodulation, whereas root exudates from wheat and barley do not. Thus, a decline of soil nitrate concentrations caused by intercropped cereals is not the sole mechanism for maize promoting faba bean nodulation. Intercropped maize also caused a twofold increase in exudation of flavonoids (signaling compounds for rhizobia) in the systems. Roots of faba bean treated with maize root exudates exhibited an immediate 11-fold increase in the expression of chalcone–flavanone isomerase (involved in flavonoid synthesis) gene together with a significantly increased expression of genes mediating nodulation and auxin response. After 35 d, faba beans treated with maize root exudate continued to show up-regulation of key nodulation genes, such as early nodulin 93 (ENOD93), and promoted nitrogen fixation. Our results reveal a mechanism for how intercropped maize promotes nitrogen fixation of faba bean, where maize root exudates promote flavonoid synthesis in faba bean, increase nodulation, and stimulate nitrogen fixation after enhanced gene expression. These results indicate facilitative root–root interactions and provide a mechanism for a positive relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity.
Delayed administration of FK 506 is sufficient to suppress acute rejection changes after aortal transplantation in rats

Arterial allografts are used now‐a‐days as a modality in the treatment of vascular prosthesis infections. Prolonged administration of immunosuppressive drugs seemed to be essential for long‐time patency rates of alloarterial vascular reconstructions. Nevertheless, the use of immunosuppressives if there exist an acute infection is controversial. The experimental work described herein studied effects of a delayed low‐dose FK 506 administration on the development of acute rejection changes 30 days after aortal transplantation in rats. The response of the recipient's immune system to aortal wall antigens of the donor in the field of no immunosuppression resulted in an intimal proliferation and its infiltration by immunocompetent cells of the recipient, necrosis of medial smooth muscle cells, including deposition of immunoglobulins, and a massive adventitial infiltration of CD4 and CD8 positive cells. On the other hand, all the principal histological signs of rejection listed above were suppressed by FK 506 administration, no matter whether the immunosuppressive was administered on day 0 or day 7 after the transplantation.
A Case of Tuberous Sclerosis with a Giant Angiofibroma

This is a case study of tuberous sclerosis with unusually large facial angiofibromas. The patient had other intense skin manifestations. Histological findings in the angiofibroma included large and glial‐appearing cells specific for this disease. Karyotype analysis revealed a translocation of chromosome (12q–, 15q+).
Changes in Bone Structure and Mass With Advancing Age in the Male C57BL/6J Mouse

To determine whether the mouse loses bone with aging and whether the changes mimic those observed in human aging, we examined the changes in the tibial metaphysis and diaphysis in the male C57BL/6J mouse over its life span using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Cancellous bone volume fraction (BV/TV) decreased 60% between 6 weeks and 24 months of age. Loss was characterized by decreased trabecular number (Tb.N), increased trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), and decreased connectivity. Anisotropy decreased while the structure model index increased with age. Cortical bone thickness increased between 6 weeks and 6 months of age and then decreased continuously to 24 months (−12%). Cortical bone area (Ct.Ar) remained constant between 6 and 24 months. Fat‐free weight reached a peak at 12 months and gradually declined to 24 months. Total mass lost between 12 and 24 months reached 10%. Overall, the age‐related changes in skeletal mass and architecture in the mouse were remarkably similar to those seen in human aging. Furthermore, the rapid early loss of cancellous bone suggests that bone loss is not just associated with old age in the mouse but rather occurs as a continuum from early growth. We conclude that the C57BL/6J male mouse maybe a useful model to study at least some aspects of age‐related bone loss in humans.
Modèle spatio-temporel pour des variables mixtes

Nous etudions la modelisation de donnees spatio-temporelles de nature mixte ; c'est-a-dire que les donnees sont composees de valeurs discretes et continues. Dans la plupart des cas, il s'agit de zeros accompagnes de valeurs positives. Ce phenomene est souvent rencontre dans de nombreux domaines. Par exemple en pluviometrie, on mesure la quantite de pluie pendant des periodes, suivies de zeros lorsqu'il ne pleut pas. Nous proposons ici une approche non hierarchique pour la modelisation de ce type de donnees.
Program Planning and Staff Competencies for Forensic Assertive Community Treatment: ACT-Eligible Versus FACT-Eligible Consumers

PURPOSE: Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) is a recent adaptation of the assertive community treatment (ACT) model; however, more information is needed about how FACT and ACT consumers differ and how FACT should be modified to accommodate these differences. METHOD: Linked, multisystem administrative data from King County, Washington, were used to compare the demographic, clinical, and criminal justice characteristics of ACT- and FACT-eligible consumers. RESULTS: FACT consumers were more likely to be male, persons of color, and had more complex clinical profiles. Also, some FACT consumers were incarcerated for sex offenses, and more than half had violent offenses. CONCLUSIONS: Traditionally, ACT teams avoid serving consumers with personality disorders, violent consumers, and sex offenders; however, given increased use of mandated outpatient treatment and mental health courts, FACT teams may have less discretion to choose whom they serve. The addition of clinical interventions and other modifications may be particularly important for FACT teams.
Complex b-manifolds

A complex $b$-structure on a manifold $\M$ with boundary is an involutive subbundle $\bT^{0,1}\M$ of the complexification of $\bT\M$ with the property that $\C\bT\M = \bT^{0,1}\M + \bar{\bT^{0,1}\M}$ as a direct sum; the interior of $\M$ is a complex manifold. The complex $b$-structure determines an elliptic complex of $b$-operators and induces a rich structure on the boundary of $\M$. We study the cohomology of the indicial complex of the $b$-Dolbeault complex.
Circularly polarized microstrip fractal antennas

A miniaturized circularly polarized antenna based on the Sierpinski gasket is presented. In exchange for size reduction, minimum axial ratio and the bandwidth of this antenna are degraded. An additional new microstrip fractal antenna named the crown square antenna is also introduced and illustrated to have circular polarization when its feed location is near to the center of the antenna. We have also optimized this microstrip fractal antenna to get minimum axial ratio of 3.94 dB.
Prioritizing Paperwork Over Patient Care: Why Can't We Do Both?

Much of a physician's day is spent maintaining the patient health record.1–6 Not only has this negatively impacted job satisfaction for residents and attending physicians,7,8 but it also may be significantly reducing available time for patient care and negatively impacting patient outcomes.9,10 In a 2013 poll, 92% of residents reported that clinical documentation obligations are excessive, and 73% of residents reported compromises in patient care by these requirements.11 Among internal medicine residents surveyed in 2006, two-thirds reported spending more than 4 hours daily on documentation, while only one-third recounted spending this amount of time with patients themselves.1 For every 3 minutes spent face-to-face with a patient, 1 minute is needed for clerical tasks, with charting comprising the brunt of this work.3,12–14 These data are corroborated by a meta-analysis from 2010 that reported only 23% of a hospitalist's time is spent directly interacting with patients.15 One would think that advances in technology16 might reduce time committed to clinical documentation due to streamlining of data through an electronic health record (EHR); however, residents and attending physicians may be spending up to 3 times longer with the EHR than when they were using paper charting.17,18 The purpose of this perspective is to review the utility of the current practice of clinical documentation in US hospitals, assess areas of weakness, and discuss potential avenues for improvement.
Expression and Functional Characterization of Breast Cancer-Associated Cytochrome P450 4Z1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

CYP4Z1 is an “orphan” cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme that has provoked interest because of its hypothesized role in breast cancer through formation of the signaling molecule 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). We expressed human CYP4Z1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and evaluated its catalytic capabilities toward arachidonic and lauric acids (AA and LA). Specific and sensitive mass spectrometry assays enabled discrimination of the regioselectivity of hydroxylation of these two fatty acids. CYP4Z1 generated 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, and 11-hydroxy LA, whereas the 12-hydroxy metabolite was not detected. HET0016, the prototypic CYP4 inhibitor, only weakly inhibited laurate metabolite formation (IC50 ∼15 μM). CYP4Z1 preferentially oxidized AA to the 14(S),15(R)-epoxide with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, a reaction that was also insensitive to HET0016, but neither 20-HETE nor 20-carboxy-AA were detectable metabolites. Docking of LA and AA into a CYP4Z1 homology model was consistent with this preference for internal fatty acid oxidation. Thus, human CYP4Z1 has an inhibitor profile and product regioselectivity distinct from most other CYP4 enzymes, consistent with CYP4Z1’s lack of a covalently linked heme. These data suggest that, if CYP4Z1 modulates breast cancer progression, it does so by a mechanism other than direct production of 20-HETE.
Monte Carlo dose calculation using a cell processor based PlayStation 3 system

This study investigates the performance of the EGSnrc computer code coupled with a Cell-based hardware in Monte Carlo simulation of radiation dose in radiotherapy. Performance evaluations of two processor-intensive functions namely, HOWNEAR and RANMAR_GET in the EGSnrc code were carried out basing on the 20-80 rule (Pareto principle). The execution speeds of the two functions were measured by the profiler gprof specifying the number of executions and total time spent on the functions. A testing architecture designed for Cell processor was implemented in the evaluation using a PlayStation3 (PS3) system. The evaluation results show that the algorithms examined are readily parallelizable on the Cell platform, provided that an architectural change of the EGSnrc was made. However, as the EGSnrc performance was limited by the PowerPC Processing Element in the PS3, PC coupled with graphics processing units or GPCPU may provide a more viable avenue for acceleration.
Interdependence of CD3‐Ti and CD2 activation pathways in human T lymphocytes.

Human T lymphocytes can be activated through either the antigen/MHC receptor complex T3‐Ti (CD3‐Ti) or the T11 (CD2) molecule to proliferate via an IL‐2 dependent mechanism. To investigate the relationship of these pathways to one another, we generated and characterized Jurkat mutants which selectively express either surface CD3‐Ti or CD2. Here we show that CD3‐Ti‐ mutants fail to be stimulated by either pathway to increase phosphoinositide turnover, mobilize calcium or induce the IL‐2 gene. The activation capacity of these mutants via CD2 as well as CD3‐Ti can be restored following reconstitution of surface CD3‐Ti expression upon appropriate DNA transfer (e.g. Ti beta subunit cDNA into Ti beta‐ Jurkat variants). Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD3‐Ti and CD2 pathways are interdependent and that phosphoinositide turnover is linked to the CD3‐Ti complex.
[Analysis of CD117 expression on leukemia cells].

OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of CD(117) on different types of leukemia and its significance. METHODS CD(117) expression was analysed by three-color flow cytometry with CD(45)/SSC gating strategy. RESULTS CD(117) was expressed in 68% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80% of chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC) cases, but in only 2% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases. CD(117) was negative in CML in chronic phase and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cases in AML, CD(117) was expressed in 72% of M(0)/M(1), 88% of M(2), 50% of M(4), 75% of M(5a), 100% of M(6) and 100% of M(7) cases but was less expressed in M(3) (39%) and M(5b) (29%) cases. Expression of CD(117) was more frequent than CD(34) and HLA-DR in M(3) and some M(2) cases. There was a significant inverse relationship between CD(117) and CD(14) expression in AML. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of CD(117) expression may be of help in distinguishing myeloid from lymphoid leukemia and leukemia clone from normal cells.
E. coli Response under Chemical Stress: An Experience with Amikacin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin

Chemical stress caused by toxic and harmful compounds may facilitate bacterial transition from free-living organisms to a host invading pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of E. coli to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) and fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) when chemically stressed with triton X-100 or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). E. coli isolated from urine and stool samples were studied. The isolates were cultured in Muller Hinton broth and incubated either with H2O2 (10mM) or Triton X-100 (0.05%) in the presence or absence of one of the following antibiotics: gentamicin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin of concentrations from 0.0312 to 32 μg/ml at 37oC . Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with either H2O2 or Triton X-100 improve the susceptibility of E. coli at MIC range from ≥ 1 to 32 μg/ml. The addition of H2O2 improved the susceptibility of E. coli to amikacin and gentamicin. Adaptive response of E.coli was observed in one isolate incubated with triton X-100 and gentamicin. It concludes that Triton X-100 induces chemical stress in E.coli treated with gentamicin while H2O2 produces synergism with aminoglycosides.