Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spain

Background: Continued exposure to prolonged periods of intense exercise may unfavourably alter neuroendocrine, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular function. Objective: To examine the relation between quantifiable levels of exertion (TRIMPS) and resting heart rate (HR) and resting supine heart rate variability (HRV) in professional cyclists during a three week stage race. Method: Eight professional male cyclists (mean (SEM) age 27 (1) years, body mass 65.5 (2.3) kg, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (V˙o2max) 75.6 (2.2) ml/kg/min) riding in the 2001 Vuelta a España were examined for resting HR and HRV on the mornings of day 0 (baseline), day 10 (first rest day), and day 17 (second rest day). The rest days followed stages 1–9 and 10–15 respectively. HR was recorded during each race stage, and total HR time was categorised into a modified, three phase TRIMPS schema. These phases were based on standardised physiological laboratory values obtained during previous V˙o2max testing, where HR time in each phase (phase I = light intensity and less than ventilatory threshold (VT; ∼70% V˙o2max); phase II = moderate intensity between VT and respiratory compensation point (RCP; ∼90% V˙o2max); phase III = high intensity (>RCP)) was multiplied by exertional factors of 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Results: Multivariate analysis of variance showed that total TRIMPS for race stages 1–9 (2466 (90)) were greater than for stages 10–15 (2055 (65)) (p<0.0002). However, TRIMPS/day were less for stages 1–9 (274 (10)) than for stages 10–15 (343 (11)) (p<0.01). Despite a trend to decline, no difference in supine resting HR was found between day 0 (53.2 (1.8) beats/min), day 10 (49.0 (2.8) beats/min), and day 17 (48.0 (2.6) beats/min) (p = 0.21). Whereas no significant group mean changes in HR or HRV indices were noted during the course of the race, significant inverse Pearson product-moment correlations were observed between all HRV indices relative to total TRIMPS and TRIMPS/day accumulated in race stages 10–15. Total TRIMPS correlated with square root of mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (r = −0.93; p<0.001), standard deviation of the RR intervals (r = −0.94; p<0.001), log normalised total power (r = −0.97; p<0.001), log normalised low frequency power (r = −0.79; p<0.02), and log normalised high frequency power (r = −0.94; p<0.001). Conclusion: HRV may be strongly affected by chronic exposure to heavy exertion. Training volume and intensity are necessary to delineate the degree of these alterations.
Chinese Relation Extraction by Multiple Instance Learning

Relation extraction, which learns semantic relations of concept pairs from text, is an approach for mining commonsense knowledge. This paper investigates an approach for relation extraction, which helps expand a commonsense knowledge base with little labor work. We proposed a framework that learns new pairs from Chinese corpora by adopting concept pairs in Chinese commonsense knowledge base as seeds. Multiple instance learning is utilized as the learning algorithm for predicting relation for unseen pairs. The performance of our system could be improved by learning multiple iterations. The results in each iteration are manually evaluated and processed to next iteration as seeds. Our experiments extracted new pairs for relations “AtLocation”, “CapableOf”, and “HasProperty”. This study showed that new pairs could be extracted from text without huge humans work.
Perceived Self-Efficacy and Its Effect on Online Learning Acceptance and Student Satisfaction

This paper investigates the effect of perceived self-efficacy on perceptions of ease of use and usefulness of online learning systems, and its effects on behavioral intention toward online learning acceptance and student satisfaction. Eight hundred and seventy-two samples collected from students in online classes in the United States and Korea were analyzed using factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques. The results show that: 1) perceived self-effi- cacy serves as an antecedent to online learning acceptance and its degree of importance is partially a function of cultural background; and 2) perceived usefulness of online learning systems influences positively on online learning acceptance and student satisfaction. Significant differences were found between Korean and US students but how much of this was due to cultural differences or degree of experience could not be determined.
Lung Disease and Hypertension

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Airflow limitation is a predictor of future risks of hypertension and cardiovascular events. COPD is now understood as a systemic inflammatory disease, with the focus on inflammation of the lungs. An association between inflammation and sympathetic overactivity has also been reported. In this article, we review the association between chronic lung disease and the risks of hypertension, cardiovascular morbidity, the underlying mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in patients with lung diseases.
Molecular identification of microsomal acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, a key enzyme in de novo triacylglycerol synthesis

Acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the first step during de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol. It has been well recognized that mammals possess multiple enzymatically distinct proteins with GPAT activity. Although the mitochondrial-associated GPAT has been cloned and extensively characterized, the molecular identity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated GPAT, which accounts for the majority of total GPAT activity in most tissues, has remained elusive. Here we report the identification of genes encoding human and mouse ER-associated GPAT (termed GPAT3). GPAT3 is a member of the acyltransferase family predominantly expressed in tissues characterized by active lipid metabolism, such as adipose tissue, small intestine, kidney, and heart. Ectopic expression of GPAT3 leads to a significant increase in N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive GPAT activity, whereas acyltransferase activity toward a variety of other lysophospholipids, as well as neutral lipid substrates, is not altered. Overexpression of GPAT3 in mammalian cells results in increased triacylglycerol, but not phospholipid, formation. GPAT3 is localized to the ER when overexpressed in COS-7 cells. GPAT3 mRNA is dramatically up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation, is reciprocally regulated in adipose tissue and liver of ob/ob mice, and is up-regulated in mice treated with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist. A substantial loss of GPAT activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was achieved by reducing GPAT3 mRNA levels through GPAT3-specific siRNA knockdown. These findings identify GPAT3 as a previously uncharacterized triacylglycerol biosynthetic enzyme. Similar to other lipogenic enzymes, GPAT3 may be useful as a target for the treatment of obesity.
Grid Coverage Algorithm & Analysis For Wireless Sensor Networks

The problem of having sufficient coverage is an essential issue in wireless sensor networks (WSN). A high coverage rate delivers a higher quality of service. The aim of coverage strategy is to ensure that there will be a minimum number of nodes (at least one node) with little redundant data to cover every point inside the interest area. This paper addresses the problems of coverage of WSN by proposing two grid-based algorithms: Grid Square Coverage version (1) and Grid Square Coverage version (2). Moreover, we have analyzed the performance of both algorithms and provided a compression between them. The results present that the Grid Square Coverage (1) algorithms has 78% coverage efficiency while the Grid Square Coverage (2) has 73%.
Intraoperative Electromyography

Summary Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) provides useful diagnostic and prognostic information during spine and peripheral nerve surgeries. The basic techniques include free-running EMG, stimulus-triggered EMG, and intraoperative nerve conduction studies. These techniques can be used to monitor nerve roots during spine surgeries, the facial nerve during cerebellopontine angle surgeries, and peripheral nerves during brachial plexus exploration and repair. However, there are a number of technical limitations that can cause false-positive or false-negative results, and these must be recognized and avoided when possible. The author reviews these basic electrophysiologic techniques, how they are applied to specific surgical situations, and their limitations.
NTPDase2 and Purinergic Signaling Control Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches of the Adult Mouse Brain

Nerve cells are continuously generated from stem cells in the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus. We have previously noted that stem/progenitor cells in the SVZ and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the dentate gyrus express high levels of plasma membrane‐bound nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2), an ectoenzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. We inferred that deletion of NTPDase2 would increase local extracellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations perturbing purinergic signaling and boosting progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Using newly generated mice globally null for Entpd2, we demonstrate that NTPDase2 is the major ectonucleotidase in these progenitor cell‐rich areas. Using BrdU‐labeling protocols, we have measured stem cell proliferation and determined long‐term survival of cell progeny under basal conditions. Brains of Entpd2 null mice revealed increased progenitor cell proliferation in both the SVZ and the SGL. However, this occurred without noteworthy alterations in long‐term progeny survival. The hippocampal stem cell pool and the pool of the intermediate progenitor type‐2 cells clearly expanded. However, substantive proportions of these proliferating cells were lost during expansion at around type‐3 stage. Cell loss was paralleled by decreases in cAMP response element‐binding protein phosphorylation in the doublecortin‐positive progenitor cell population and by an increase in labeling for activated caspase‐3 levels. We propose that NTPDase2 has functionality in scavenging mitogenic extracellular nucleoside triphosphates in neurogenic niches of the adult brain, thereby acting as a homeostatic regulator of nucleotide‐mediated neural progenitor cell proliferation and expansion. Stem Cells 2015;33:253–264
Novel single-state PWM technique in multilevel inverter for unbalanced dc sources

Single-state PWM technique (SS PWM) presents an optimised switching losses PWM scheme to be applied for multilevel inverter for possible reducing number of switchings in a sampling period. Nonlinear control characteristics and harmonic distortion factor can be significantly improved if the number of levels is high. To implement a single-state PWM control with minimised voltage error on condition of unbalance dc sources, a compensating technique is required. The paper will propose a possible solution for implementing the SS PWM with minimised voltage error, using carrier based approach. This again demonstrates the utilisation of carrier based and space vector PWM relationship in solving various optimised PWM problems in multilevel inverters.
Cholesterol metabolism and transport in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Apart from age, the major risk factor identified so far for the sporadic form of AD is possession of the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), which is also a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Other apolipoproteins known to play an important role in CAD such as apolipoprotein B are now gaining attention for their role in AD as well. AD and CAD share other risk factors, such as altered cholesterol levels, particularly high levels of low density lipoproteins together with low levels of high density lipoproteins. Statins – drugs that have been used to lower cholesterol levels in CAD, have been shown to protect against AD, although the protective mechanism(s) involved are still under debate. Enzymatic production of the beta amyloid peptide, the peptide thought to play a major role in AD pathogenesis, is affected by membrane cholesterol levels. In addition, polymorphisms in several proteins and enzymes involved in cholesterol and lipoprotein transport and metabolism have been linked to risk of AD. Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that changes in cholesterol metabolism are intimately involved in AD pathogenic processes. This paper reviews cholesterol metabolism and transport, as well as those aspects of cholesterol metabolism that have been linked with AD.
Comparison of clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila obtained in the UK over 19 years.

Between January 1980 and December 1998, 3458 cases of Legionnaires' disease were reported to the national surveillance scheme in England and Wales. Of these, 463 (13.4%) were reported as proven by culture and isolation of Legionella spp. , with 96.3% being Legionella pneumophila. Serogroup (Sgp), monoclonal antibody (mAb) subgrouping and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis data were obtained for 321 (69.3%) of these, of which 284 were classified as being unrelated to any other isolate in the study. Typing data were also available for 117 unrelated environmental isolates of L. pneumophila obtained from England and Wales, giving a total of 401 unrelated isolates in the study. Of the clinical isolates, 88.0% were Sgp1, compared with only 42.7% of environmental isolates (p <0.001); 79.6% of clinical isolates were subgrouped as mAb2+, compared with only 12.8% of environmental isolates (p <0.001). RFLP typing identified 67 types among the 401 isolates, with clinical isolates showing significantly less diversity than environmental isolates (index of diversity (IOD) 0.944 vs. 0.958; p <0.05), with three RFLP types (1, 5 and 14) accounting for 40.0% of all clinical isolates. Combining the phenotypic and genotypic data resulted in 173 distinct phenons, with clinical isolates showing significantly less diversity than environmental isolates (IOD 0.964 vs. 0.996; p <0.01). Three phenons accounted for 30% of all clinical isolates. These data strongly suggest that some strains of L. pneumophila are more likely to cause human infection than would be expected from their distribution in the environment.
German Medical Science – Journal for Medical Education: Respectable and very much in motion

The first issue of a new volume, which is the 32 of our Journal for Medical Education, is a good opportunity to take a look on what we have achieved during the last year, and what lies ahead of us as there are some innovations coming up that document the development of our journal. First of all some data: We published 35 articles in 2014. A good half of them (16) are research articles, almost a third are project reports (11), the remaining ones are reviews (1), position papers (3), and comments (4). These numbers illustrate that our journal lives up to its self-declared mission i.e. to promote the scientific discourse within the entire domain of education and professional development in medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine as well as in the health professions overall. However, there is still room for improvement. From an editorial perspective we would wish to havemore review articles since we consider the integration of insights from individual studies of utmost importance as these become increasingly difficult to keep track of in many domains. That we are also on the right track for our readers is documented by the growing access of our sites: Both on our “home” platformGMS [http://www.egms. de/dynamic/ en/index.htm] and on PubMedwhere our articles are also available as full text we enjoy growing popularity (see Figure 1). In 2014 we counted almost 100.000 hits on GMS. On PubMed where our journal is listed only since 2011 we still had almost 50.000 hits. Both measures are corrected for automated queries. Although we are really excited about this response we still want to develop the proliferation of our journal without making any compromises in terms of the quality of our articles. To achieve this and to come closer to the Impact Factor as an important milestone for our journal, we introduce three innovations that we hope will generate positive impetus for this development:
Passivitätsbasierte Kraft- und Impedanzregelung für Roboter mit starren Gelenken mittels Energietanks

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein neuartiger hybrider Kraft-/Impedanzregler vorgeschlagen, der zur Gewährleistung der Passivität des Gesamtsystems mit einem Energietank ausgestattet ist. Der Ansatz behebt die jeweiligen Limitierungen der (hybriden) Kraftregelung, Impedanzregelung sowie der indirekten Kraftregelung. Er erlaubt die simultane Kraftregelung, ein vollständig nachgiebiges Impedanzverhalten und die sichere Behandlung von unvorhergesehenen Kontaktverlusten durch eine reglerformende Funktion. Insbesondere wird hierbei ein Schaltverhalten vermieden, wie es üblicherweise bei anderen Methoden der Fall ist. Des Weiteren wird ein konstruktiver Weg vorgeschlagen Energietanks vorab durch eine Schätzung des Gesamtenergieverbrauchs einer Aufgabe zu initialisieren. Um die Wirksamkeit des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes zu zeigen, werden Simulationen und Experimente an einem realen 7-Achs-Roboter durchgeführt.
Caractérisation d'un modèle d'infection cérébrale in utero par le cytomégalovirus chez le rat : conséquences post-natales et rôle de l'activation microgliale

L’infection par le cytomegalovirus (CMV) au cours de la grossesse est frequente et represente la premiere cause de pathologie neurodeveloppementale. En depit de cette importance medicale, il n’existe a ce jour aucun traitement preventif ou curatif satisfaisant, et les mecanismes physiopathologiques mis en jeu, en particulier au niveau du cerveau foetal, restent mal connus. Des decouvertes recentes sur les modeles murins d’infection cerebrale par le CMV, principalement realisees pendant la periode neonatale, ont apporte des donnees convergentes sur la physiopathologie de ces infections cerebrales ; notamment, le role joue par les cellules immunitaires peripheriques dans la resolution de l’infection, et l’implication du systeme immunitaire cerebral (SIC) au cours du processus infectieux. Afin de completer et preciser les resultats precedemment obtenus dans differents modeles murins, et de comprendre le role joue par le SIC, le premier objectif de ma these a consiste a mettre au point et a caracteriser un nouveau modele d’infection cerebrale par le CMV au cours du developpement in utero chez le rat. Dans l'ensemble, nos resultats confirment l'alteration du SIC au cours de l'infection par le CMV du cerveau en developpement, et suggerent fortement, dans ce modele, un role majeur joue par le systeme microglie/macrophage dans l'emergence de troubles neurologiques semblables a ceux observes dans la pathologie humaine correspondante.
THE AROMATIC FRAGRANCES OF PARADISE IN THE GREEK LIFE OF ADAM AND EVE AND THE CHRISTIAN ORIGIN OF THE COMPOSITION

According to the Greek life of Adam and Eve, before his expulsion from Paradise, Adam received permission to take four kinds of aromatic fragrances to use as earthly incense offerings. These four spices do not correspond with the ingredients of the biblical incense offering. The kinds of spices and the fact that they were taken from Paradise attests to the Christian nature of this tradition. The aromatic fragrances are the earthly remains of Paradise and a kind of substitute for the tree of life whose oil, which symbolized Christ, bestows eternal life and was promised to Adam only at the end of time—at the resurrection. The Christian nature of the fragrances in GLAE is also expressed in its role as a means for atonement and its theological meaning at Adam's funeral and death.
MR imaging of the mamillothalamic tract.

PURPOSE To demonstrate the normal and abnormal appearance of the mamillothalamic tract (MTT) on cranial magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two formalin-fixed normal human brain specimens sectioned in axial and coronal planes were used to demonstrate the normal anatomy of the MTT. MR images were obtained in 32 volunteers. Proton-density-weighted coronal and axial pulse sequences were used. The images were evaluated for visualization quality and size and signal intensity of the MTTs in correlation with the specimens. Abnormal MTTs were identified on cranial MR images in two patients, and the imaging findings were analyzed. The clinical history of the patients was also reviewed to determine the effect of these findings on patient care. RESULTS Normal MTTs were easily identified on MR studies of cadaveric brains and of the brains of the human volunteers. On MR images, normal MTTs were commonly symmetric in appearance, with signal intensity equal to that of other normal fiber tracts. The abnormal MTTs showed high signal intensity on images obtained with a long repetition time or asymmetric volume loss and were associated with atrophy of the ipsilateral mamillary body. CONCLUSION Normal MTTs are readily visible on conventional MR images. Abnormality of the MTT is a very subtle finding but may be a marker of a limbic system abnormality.
An efficient plant regeneration system for Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) using cotyledonary node explants

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to develop an efficient micropropagation system for Mucuna pruriens, an important medicinal plant in India. A range of cytokinins was investigated for multiple shoot regeneration with cotyledonary node explants from 7-d-old aseptic seedlings. Of all the cytokinins, 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN) and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP) tested in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), BA was the most effective and 5.0 μM was found to be optimum for inducing maximum shoots. Medium types, medium strength and pH were also investigated for induction and proliferation of shoots. The highest efficiency of shoot proliferation was observed in 5.0 μM BA and 0.5 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in half-strength MS medium at pH 5.8. The best condition for rooting was half-strength MS medium solidified with agar and with 2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After rooting, the plantlets were transferred to plastic pots filled with sterile soilrite where 90% grew and all exhibited normal development.