Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methyl 4-O-benzoyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-a-L-rhamnopyranoside

A deeper understanding of the diversity of carbohydrates and the many applications of oligo- and polysaccharides found in nature are of high interest. Many of the processes involving carbohydrates affect our everyday life. This thesis is based on six papers all contributing to an extended perspective of carbohydrate property and functionality. An introduction to carbohydrate chemistry together with a presentation of selected carbohydrate synthesis and analysis methods introduces the reader to the research field. The first paper is an NMR spectroscopy reinvestigation of the structures of the O-antigens from the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Shigella dysenteriae type 3 and Escherichia coli O124. The repeating units were concluded to be built of identical branched pentasaccharides now with the correct anomeric configurations. Paper II is a structural investigation of the O-antigen from the LPS of E. coli O74 which is built of branched tetrasaccharide repeating units including the uncommon monosaccharide d-Fuc3NAc. Paper III is a conformational study of a rhamnose derivative, using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The benzoyl ester group positioned at C4 prefers an “eclipsed” conformation in the crystal as well as in solution. The use of site-specifically 13C-labeled compounds in conformational studies is discussed in Papers IV and V. The disaccharide α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-OMe was synthesized together with two 13C-isotopologues and studied with NMR spectroscopy to give seven J-couplings related to torsion angles φ and ψ. The trisaccharide α-L-Rhap-(1→2)[α-L-Rhap-(1→3)]-α-L-Rhap-OMe was synthesized with 13C-labeling at two positions which presented a solution to a problem of overlapping signals in the 1H NMR spectrum. The site-specific labeling also facilitated the measurement of two 3JCC and two 2JCH coupling constants. Finally, chapter 6 gives a short introduction to glycosynthase chemistry and discusses the synthesis of α-glycosyl fluorides. A novel cyclic heptasaccharide was synthesized from α-laminariheptaosyl fluoride using a mutant of the enzyme laminarase 16A and subsequently analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.
Solvation of nonelectrolytes in water probed by 17O NMR relaxation of the solvent

The concentration dependence of the 17 O NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate of the solvent water in nonelectrolyte solutions has been determined for a series of alcohols, amides, ethylene glycol, urea, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The values of T 1 0 /T 1 are linearly related to the solute mole fraction or molality with a slope B. This parameter is shown to depend on the number of solvation sites of the solute and on the change in the correlation time of water molecules between bulk and solvation shell. The possible dependence on changes in nuclear quadrupole coupling constant is ruled out by ab initio theoretical calculations, which show that the electric field gradient at the oxygen nucleus of water does not change appreciably between water dimer and methanol- or formamide-water complexes
Ionic self‐assembly and characterization of a polysaccharide‐based polyelectrolyte complex of maleic starch half‐ester acid with chitosan

A novel polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complex was formed via ionic self-assembly (ISA) of a carboxylic derivative of starch, maleic starch half-ester acid (MSA), with chitosan (CS) and precipitated from aqueous solution. Both Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elementary analysis results showed that there was CS in the complex. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal resistance of the complex was higher than that of two components and the corresponding blend. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis result revealed that the complex was amorphous, whereas its components were semi-crystalline. In addition, the drug release behavior of the complex that contains 5-fluorouracil behaved pH-responsive. All the experimental results verified the complex was composed of MSA and CS, and also indicated that the driving force for the self-assembly of the complex was predominantly the electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, cationic CS, and the anionic MSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Biyoteknolojik Uygulamalara ve Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalara GDO İlişkin Tüketici Davranışları

Consumer attitude, perception and acceptance towards genetically modified organisms and biotechnological applications were reviewed by analyzing relevant data published in literature. Although studies showed that knowledge, perception, attitude, acceptance and behavioral intentions of consumers for applications and genetically modified organisms are variable depending on the countries and demographic characteristics, genetically modified organisms are not generally known in detail by consumers and approved for human consumption
The composition and structure of jeanbandyite and natanite

Abstract The rare iron-tin hydroxide minerals natanite and jeanbandyite occur as small pseudo-octahedral crystals in high-temperature Sn-Cu-As veins at Penberthy Croft Mine and Hingston Downs Quarry, Cornwall. The lattice parameters for jeanbandyite and natanite are reported and compared to previously calculated values. The chemical composition of jeanbandyite is discussed and a significant proportion of divalent Fe and Mn is shown to be present.
An Overview of Hardware Security and Trust: Threats, Countermeasures, and Design Tools

Hardware security and trust have become a pressing issue during the last two decades due to the globalization of the semiconductor supply chain and ubiquitous network connection of computing devices. Computing hardware is now an attractive attack surface for launching powerful cross-layer security attacks, allowing attackers to infer secret information, hijack control flow, compromise system root-of-trust, steal intellectual property (IP), and fool machine learners. On the other hand, security practitioners have been making tremendous efforts in developing protection techniques and design tools to detect hardware vulnerabilities and fortify hardware design against various known hardware attacks. This article presents an overview of hardware security and trust from the perspectives of threats, countermeasures, and design tools. By introducing the most recent advances in hardware security research and developments, we aim to motivate hardware designers and electronic design automation tool developers to consider the new challenges and opportunities of incorporating an additional dimension of security into robust hardware design, testing, and verification.
The influence of vibration-rotation interaction on intensities in the electronic spectra of diatomic molecules II. The silver hydride molecule

The highly perturbed spectra of the A1E - X1E systems of the silver hydride and deuteride molecules are explained in terms of an anomalous rotationless potential curve for the A state. While this curve will explain the irregularity of the vibrational interval it is necessary to include the rotational energy term U(r)J = U(r)0 + (8π2/μ) J(J + 1)/r2, in order to explain the intensity distribution. The potential curves derived have meaningful quantum numbers, in direct contrast to the explanation of Gerö & Schmid (1943). The perturbation is due to the interaction between the 1E states formed by addition of a hydrogen atom to the 2P and 2D configurations of the silver atom. The dissociation energies of other silver-containing diatomic molecules are discussed. A partial analysis of the AgD spectrum yields the following constants in cm-1: X1E+ G(v) = 12500.9(v + 1/2) - 17.2(v + 1/2) 2 + 0.15(v + 1/2)3 - 0.025(v + 1/2)4, B(v) = 3.258 -0.073(v + 1/2), D(v) = 8.2 x 10-5; A1E+ G(v) = 29911.3+1101.5(v+1/2)-40.7(v+1/2)2-1.8(v+1/2)3, B(v) = 3.163 - 0.124(v + 1/2) - 0.0038(tv+1/2)2, D(v) = 9.0 x 10-5 + 1.7 x 10-6(v + 1/2); where the constants for the A state are only valid for v < 5, J < 25, as the violent perturbation observed in the hydride is again present.
Vegetal Refining and Agrochemistry

The industrial process developed by CIMV is a world first for the manufacture of whitened paper pulp, sulfur free linear lignin and xylose syrup from annual fiber crops and hardwood. This new technology allows the separation without degradation of the three main components, i.e., cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins, isolated from the vegetable matter. The CIMV process is a biorefinery functioning on a model resembling an oil refinery. The lignins have a linear structure that permits high reactivity with different monomers producing new polymers and new formaldehyde-free adhesive formulations. The C-5 sugar syrup can be used to produce additives for animal feeding and chemicals. The pilot plant in operation since 2006, near Reims, has given fully satisfactory results. The CIMV chemical engineering approach, proceeds by the use of classical industrial equipment. This should allow the scale up of the original CIMV concept to result in production at industrial levels in 2009.
Silica Nanoparticles for Bimodal MRI–Optical Imaging by Grafting Gd3+ and Eu3+/Tb3+ Complexes

Bimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/optical probes for bioimaging were obtained by grafting two types of lanthanide metal ions, Gd3+ and Eu3+/Tb3+, on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The resulting systems were endowed with relaxometry and photoluminescent properties, respectively. Grafting a pyridine-based aromatic backbone on to the silica surface enhances the emission quantum yield of the Eu3+-containing nanoparticles fivefold compared to similar systems that bear no aromatic antennae. The emission properties of the mixed Ln3+/Gd3+-based nanoparticles are not influenced by the presence of Gd3+. The relaxometric properties of these samples are slightly better than the properties of commercial [Gd(DTPA)]2 (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetate). When taken up by RAW 264.7 cells (mouse macrophage cell line), such bimodal probes exhibit both T1-weighted MRI increased contrast and fluorescence tracking.
Transient and steady-state shear banding in aging soft glassy materials

Transient and steady-state shear banding in a Laponite suspension were studied by particle imaging velocimetry in Couette and cone and plate flow geometries on samples with varying age. The time evolution of the velocity profile and shear stress was measured simultaneously as a fixed shear rate was imposed on the sample. By varying the aging time of the rejuvenated samples, we examined the effect of the stress overshoot on the shear banding behavior. Transient banding only occurred for aged samples that showed a stress overshoot. However, steady-state banding occurred when the imposed shear rate was below a critical value, even in the absence of a stress overshoot or transient banding. These results were consistent for independently prepared samples with vastly different overall ages, and in different flow geometries with varying intrinsic stress gradients. Different mechanisms for transient and steady-state shear banding will be discussed.
THE LUMINESCENCE OF COMPLEX MOLECULES IN RELATION TO THE INTERNAL CONVERSION OF EXCITATION ENERGY. PART I

The relative fluorescence yields of a variety of double molecules have been measured as a function of the wavelength of exciting light. In some cases the yield from the second excited state is lower than from the first. This effect is attributed to either photodecomposition or to the enhancement of intramolecular energy transfer processes which can compete with the internal conversion between the excited singlet states. The experiments on bianthrone have suggested a method of elucidating the mechanism of the photochromic isomerization of this compound.
Industrial applications of phthalocyanines

Phthalocyanines are the second most important class of colorant, and copper phthalocyanine is the single largest-volume colorant sold. Traditional uses of phthalocyanine colorants are as blue and green pigments for automotive paints and printing inks and as blue/cyan dyes for textiles and paper. Phthalocyanines have also found extensive use in many of the modern high technologies, e.g. as cyan dyes for ink jet printing, in electrophotography as charge generation materials for laser printers and as colorants for cyan toners. In the visible region, phthalocyanines are limited to blue, cyan and green colours. However, their absorption may be extended into the near infrared and by suitable chemical engineering it is possible to fingerprint the 700-1000 nm region. The properties and effects of these infrared-absorbing phthalocyanines are diverse and cover many important hi-tech applications, including photodynamic therapy, optical data storage, reverse saturable absorbers and solar screens.
Frequency of episodic stratification in the near surface of Lake Opeongo and other small lakes

Wind-driven mixing in the epilimnion of a deep lake can be suppressed when there is a weak near surface stratification, which occurs frequently during periods of strong solar heating and weak winds. Using data from a vertical chain of fast response thermistors, we analyze the frequency of near surface stratification in the top 2 meters of the epilimnion in Lake Opeongo, Ontario for the periods between May and August in 2009 and 2010. Near surface thermoclines (as defined by dT/dz> 0.2 W Cm � 1 between 1 and 2 m) occur for 24% of the sampling period in 2009, 37% of the sampling period in 2010 and correspond to periods of high values of gradient Richardson number. During daytime the epilimnion is stratified up to 45% of the time. At night, cooling generally leads to a more isothermal profile, but near surface thermoclines still form at least 20% of the time. Extended periods of near surface stratification (>1 h), account for more than 80% of the stratified period. We compare these findings with previous observations from the Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario, and discuss the biological implications of episodic stratification.
Hurst Methods for Fractal Analysis of Electrocardiographical Signals

This article is devoted to the fractal analysis of the intervals between heart beats (RR intervals) obtained from electrocardiographical signals. The following methods are used to determine the fractal behavior of the studied signals by the Hurst exponent: Rescaled range, wavelet method, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. The Hurst exponent value determined by the proposed methods depends on a number of factors: the estimation method, the size of the data, the type of wavelet function, etc. To solve the problem associated with finding the optimal Hurst method, fractal Gaussian noise (FGN) was simulated with different inputs of the Hurst exponent (0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9) and with different data lengths (1000, 10000, 100000). The testing results of the accuracy of the Hurst exponent when applying those three methods is that at a data length of 100000 points, the relative error of the Hurst exponent is the smallest. The Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and wavelet method for estimating the Hurst exponents with respect to the precision parameter have a relative error of less than 1.4%. These two methods have been applied to examine the Holter recordings of two groups of people: healthy and unhealthy subjects. The results show that the Hurst values in healthy and diseased individuals differ. Another marker used to distinguish between the two groups is the generalized Hurst exponent, with diseased subjects having monofractal behavior and healthy subjects-multifractal. In the conclusion, based on the obtained results, it follows that fractal analysis is appropriate for estimating the fuction state of the human body.
Negative bias temperature instability mechanism: The role of molecular hydrogen

The role of dimerization of atomic hydrogen to give molecular hydrogen in determining negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) kinetics is explored analytically. The time dependency of NBTI involving molecular hydrogen was found to obey a power law with a slope of 1∕6, as opposed to the 1∕4 slope derived for a reaction involving atomic hydrogen. The implications of this dimerization reaction for voltage and temperature acceleration are also discussed. Simulation results validating these predictions are also described. The higher slopes typically reported for NBTI are shown to be an artifact of measurement, and experimental data supporting this lower time dependency is shown.
A Stable Quasicrystal in Al-Cu-Fe System

A thermodynamically stable quasicrystalline single phase with an icosahedral structure was found to be formed at an atomic composition of Al65Cu20Fe15 in a fully annealed state as well as in a conventionally solidified state. The stable quasicrystal consisted of large grains with an average size of 0.2 mm after annealing for 48 h at 1118 K (0.98 Tm).
Parallels in the formation of transition metal-amide bonds in solution and in the gas phase: an ion cyclotron resonance study of cobalt ion chemistry with amines

Etude du mecanisme des reactions ion-molecule de type Co(CO) x + et CoNO(CO) 2 + (x=0-3) avec les amines primaires, secondaires et tertiaires. Formation d'intermediaires amides secondaires et tertiaires
A simple method for fabrication of highly ordered porous α-alumina ceramic membranes

By taking anodic aluminum oxide membranes as the starting materials and selectively removing the outer layers from the unit cells of anodic aluminum oxide membranes after a proper hydrothermal treatment, highly ordered porous α-alumina ceramic membranes are fabricated successfully. This fabrication method might be a new approach for the preparation of α-alumina ceramic membranes with nanochannel-array architecture not only at the submicron scale but also at the nanometer scale. The obtained membranes are anticipated to become a new generation of filters and supports for catalysts or absorbents, and have wide applications in the fields of nanomaterial synthesis, biology and electronic devices.
Cyanoethylation of Tamarind Kernel Powder

Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) is derived from the seeds of Tamarindus indica Linn. , a common tree of India and South East Asia with high economic importance. TKP is used in cotton sizing, as a wet-end additive in the paper industry as well as a thickening, stabilizing and gelling agent in the food industry. Cyanoethylation of TKP was carried out with acrylonitrile (AN) in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. Variables studied were concentration of sodium hydroxide and AN, gum-liquor ratio as well as reaction temperature and time. The degree of substitution (DS), reaction efficiency (RE) and total extent of etherification were determined. The optimum conditions for preparing cyanoethyl-TKP (DS 0.49) comprised 0.088 mol (1.3 equiv./OH group) of sodium hydroxide, and 0.050 mol (0.7 equiv./OH group) of AN at 30°C for 45 min using 0.026 mol TKP (0.07 mol OH groups) in 100 mL water. Rheological studies of cyanoethyl-TKP solution exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, relatively high viscosity, cold-water solubility, solution stability and clarity as compared with unmodified TKP.
The influence of slow release fertilizer on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in sandy soils.

Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown under sandy soil conditions in the experimental station of the National Research Center in Nubaria region. The experiments aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of slow release fertilizer (Ensyabine: a slow release N fertilizer contains 40% of N) on vegetative growth, yield, quality of pods and physiological responses of snap bean plants. Five levels of Ensyabine were applied (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/Feddan). Several measurements were recorded to investigate the effects of these levels including vegetative growth measurements, yield, and pod quality, N, P and K contents of leaves and protein content of pods. The results indicated that increasing levels of slow release fertilizer significantly improved vegetative growth and yield of bean plants. The highest level of Ensyabine had significantly higher growth and yield compared to control plants that received the conventional nitrogen application of ammonium sulfate. Chemical analysis of leaves showed that the high levels of treatments significantly increased N content and protein content of pods. The low levels of Ensyabine had lower effects than the control treatment especially the levels: 30 and 60 Kg/Feddan. Further effects of the treatments on growth, yield and chemical analysis of leaves and pods are explained.
Nano Bubbles on a Hydrophobic Surface in Water Observed by Tapping-Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

The silicon wafer hydrophobized with OTS was immersed into water to observe the surface in-situ by tapping-mode AFM. A large number of nano-size domain images were found on the surface. Their shapes were characterized by the height image procedure of AFM, and the differences of the properties compared to those of the bare surface were analyzed using the phase image procedure and the interaction force curves. All the results consistently implied that the domains represent the nanoscopic bubbles attached on the surface. This was confirmed by the fact that no domain was observed in the case of the surfaces hydrophobized in the AFM fluid cell without exposure to air. The apparent contact angle of the bubbles was much smaller than that expected macroscopically, which was postulated to be the reason bubbles were able to sit stably on the surface.
THE SYNTHESIS OF SYRINGALDEHYDE FROM VANILLIN

Syringaldehyde has been synthesized in high yields from vanillin. The process consists of the iodination of vanillin, followed by the interaction of the resultant 5-iodovanillin with sodium methoxide in anhydrous methanol at temperatures of 130 ± 4 °C. for one hour in the presence of a copper catalyst. Along with the syringaldehyde, small amounts of unchanged 5-iodovanillin and vanillin were always found in the reaction mixture. Analysis of the final product was made by an initial separation of the components by downward paper chromatography using a mixture of petroleum ether (b.p. 100–120 °C), di-n-butyl ether, and water (10: 1: 1) as the developing agent for a period of 10 hr. The separated compounds were extracted from the paper and their concentrations in alcoholic alkaline solutions determined spectrophotometrically.Under conditions by which 5-iodovanillin was converted to syringaldehyde in better than a 95% yield, 5-bromovanillin gave only a 61% yield and 5-chlorovanillin gave no detectable amounts .