Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Riffe in Gefahr: Welche Werte stehen auf dem Spiel?

Korallenriffe sind der artenreichste Lebensraum im Meer und Oasen hoher biologischer Produktivität in den nährstoffarmen tropischen Meeren. Die hohe Kalkbildungsrate der riffbauenden Korallen begründet ihren Wert als nachwachsender Küstenschutz. Seit wenigen Jahrzehnten ist weltweit eine rapide Verschlechterung des Riffzustandes durch mechanische Zerstörungen, Sediment‐ und Nährstoffeinträge und einer Minderung der Kalzifikationsleistung zu konstatieren. Nicht zuletzt angesichts eines steigenden Meeresspiegels sind immense wirtschaftliche Verluste durch Missachtung ökologischer Zusammenhänge und die kurzsichtige Übernutzung natürlicher Ressourcen abzusehen.
Presence of μ and κ opioid receptor mRNAs in galanin but not in GnRH neurons in the female rat

USING a combination of radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridizations, the expression of μ and κ opioid receptor mRNA was investigated in neurons in the female rat preoptic nucleus expressing galanin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA. Numerous cells expressing both μ or κ and galanin were found in the intermediate and rostral regions of the preoptic area whereas little co-localization was observed at the rostral level. The number of κ/galanin expressing cells was greater than that of μ/galanin cells. μ/galanin co-localization was observed essentially in the anteroventral preoptic nucleus while neurons expressing κ/galanin were present in both the anteroventral preoptic nucleus and in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Co-localization of GnRH with μ or κ could not be detected in the preoptic area. These observations showed that galaninergic neurons but not GnRH neurons of the preoptic area might be directly regulated by endogenous opioid peptides.
Combining a Chinese Thesaurus with a Chinese Dictionary

1, Introduction Both ((TongYiCi CiLin)) (Mei. et al, 1983) and ((XianDai HanYu CiDian)) (1978) are important Chinese resources, and have been widely used in various Chinese processing systems (e.g., Zhang et al, 1995). As a thesaurus, ((TongYiCi CiLin)) defines semantic categories for words, however, it doesn't specify which sense of a polysemous word is involved in a semantic category. On the other hand, ((XianDai HanYu CiDian)) is an ordinary dictionary which provides definitions of senses while not giving any information about their semantic classification. A manual effort has been made to build a resource for English, i.e., WordNet, which contains both definition and classification information (Miller et al., 1990), but such resources are not available for many other languages, e.g. Chinese. This paper presents an automatic method to combine the Chinese thesaurus with the Chinese dictionary into such a resource, by tagging the entries in the thesaurus with appropriate senses in the dictionary, meanwhile assigning appropriate semantic codes, which stand for semantic categories in the thesaurus, to the senses in the dictionary. D.Yarowsky has considered a similar problem to link Roget's categories, an English thesaurus, with the senses in COBUILD, an English dictionary (Yarowsky, 1992). He treats the problem as a sense disambiguation one, with the definitions in the dictionary taken as a kind of c o n t e x t s in which the headwords occur, and deals with it based on a statistical model of Roget's categories trained on large corpus. In our opinion, the method, for a specific word, neglects the difference between its definitions and the ordinary contexts: definitions generally contain its synonyms, hyponyms or hypernyms, etc., while ordinary contexts generally its collocations. So the trained model on ordinary contexts may be not appropriate for the disambiguation problem in definition contexts. A seemingly reasonable method to the problem would be common word strategy, which has been extensively studied by many researchers (e.g., Knight, 1993; Lesk, 1986). The solution
Guest Editor's Introduction

The two most significant policy shifts and reforms in higher education in the Russian Federation in 2007 address the new degree structure and standards. There has been a great deal of heated debate attached to credentialism in Russia, and the worth and quality of Russian degrees, both within and outside the country. The traditionalists and conservatives favor the established degree structure of diploma of higher education, candidate of sciences, and doctor of sciences. Necessary structural and systemic adaptations were not particularly welcomed by some Russian academics and students (Agranovich 2006; Onokoi 2005). A November 2006 survey conducted by the Higher School of Economics [Vysshaia shkola ekonomiki] involving students from the top eleven VUZy [Vysshee uch ebnoe zavedenie, higher education institutions] in
Use Cases for a Sign Language Concordancer

This article treats about a Sign Language concordancer. In the past years, the need for content translated into Sign Language has been growing, and is still growing nowadays. Yet, unlike their text-to-text counterparts, Sign Language translators are not equipped with computer-assisted translation software. As we aim to provide them with such software, we explore the possibilities offered by a first tool: a Sign Language concordancer. It includes designing an alignments database as well as a search function to browse it. Testing sessions with professionals highlight relevant use cases for their professional practices. It can either comfort the translator when the results are identical, or show the importance of context when the results are different for a same expression. This concordancer is available online, and aim to be a collaborative tool. Though our current database is small, we hope for translators to invest themselves and help us to keep it expanding.
Book Reviews: From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language, by Jerome A. Feldman

In From Molecule to Metaphor, Jerome Feldman proposes a theory of language and thought that treats language not as an abstract symbol system but as a human biological ability that can be studied as a function of the brain, as vision and motor control are studied. This theory, he writes, is a "bridging theory" that works from extensive knowledge at two ends of a causal chain to explicate the links between. Although the cognitive sciences are revealing much about how our brains produce language and thought, we do not yet know exactly how words are understood or have any methodology for finding out. Feldman develops his theory in computer simulations -- formal models that suggest ways that language and thought may be realized in the brain. Combining key findings and theories from biology, computer science, linguistics, and psychology, Feldman synthesizes a theory by exhibiting programs that demonstrate the required behavior while remaining consistent with the findings from all disciplines. After presenting the essential results on language, learning, neural computation, the biology of neurons and neural circuits, and the mind/brain, Feldman introduces specific demonstrations and formal models of such topics as how children learn their first words, words for abstract and metaphorical concepts, understanding stories, and grammar (including "hot-button" issues surrounding the innateness of human grammar). With this accessible, comprehensive book Feldman offers readers who want to understand how our brains create thought and language a theory of language that is intuitively plausible and also consistent with existing scientific data at all levels.
Trophic structure, species richness and biodiversity in Danish lakes: changes along a phosphorus gradient

1. Using data from 71, mainly shallow (an average mean depth of 3 m), Danish lakes with contrasting total phosphorus concentrations (summer mean 0.02–1.0 mg P L−l), we describe how species richness, biodiversity and trophic structure change along a total phosphorus (TP) gradient divided into five TP classes (class 1–5: 0.4 mg P L−1). 2. With increasing TP, a significant decline was observed in the species richness of zooplankton and submerged macrophytes, while for fish, phytoplankton and floating-leaved macrophytes, species richness was unimodally related to TP, all peaking at 0.1–0.4 mg P L−1. The Shannon–Wiener and the Hurlbert probability of inter-specific encounter (PIE) diversity indices showed significant unimodal relationships to TP for zooplankton, phytoplankton and fish. Mean depth also contributed positively to the relationship for rotifers, phytoplankton and fish. 3. At low nutrient concentrations, piscivorous fish (particularly perch, Perca fluviatilis) were abundant and the biomass ratio of piscivores to plankti-benthivorous cyprinids was high and the density of cyprinids low. Concurrently, the zooplankton was dominated by large-bodied forms and the biomass ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton and the calculated grazing pressure on phytoplankton were high. Phytoplankton biomass was low and submerged macrophyte abundance high. 4. With increasing TP, a major shift occurred in trophic structure. Catches of cyprinids in multiple mesh size gill nets increased 10-fold from class 1 to class 5 and the weight ratio of piscivores to planktivores decreased from 0.6 in class 1 to 0.10–0.15 in classes 3–5. In addition, the mean body weight of dominant cyprinids (roach, Rutilus rutilus, and bream, Abramis brama) decreased two–threefold. Simultaneously, small cladocerans gradually became more important, and among copepods, a shift occurred from calanoid to cyclopoids. Mean body weight of cladocerans decreased from 5.1 μg in class 1 to 1.5 μg in class 5, and the biomass ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton from 0.46 in class 1 to 0.08–0.15 in classes 3–5. Conversely, phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a increased 15-fold from class 1 to 5 and submerged macrophytes disappeared from most lakes. 5. The suggestion that fish have a significant structuring role in eutrophic lakes is supported by data from three lakes in which major changes in the abundance of planktivorous fish occurred following fish kill or fish manipulation. In these lakes, studied for 8 years, a reduction in planktivores resulted in a major increase in cladoceran mean size and in the biomass ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton, while chlorophyll a declined substantially. In comparison, no significant changes were observed in 33 ‘control’ lakes studied during the same period.
Overview of the 6th Workshop on Asian Translation

This paper presents the results of the shared tasks from the 6th workshop on Asian translation (WAT2019) including Ja↔En, Ja↔Zh scientific paper translation subtasks, Ja↔En, Ja↔Ko, Ja↔En patent translation subtasks, Hi↔En, My↔En, Km↔En, Ta↔En mixed domain subtasks and Ru↔Ja news commentary translation task. For the WAT2019, 25 teams participated in the shared tasks. We also received 10 research paper submissions out of which 61 were accepted. About 400 translation results were submitted to the automatic evaluation server, and selected submis- sions were manually evaluated.
Compensation by locusts for changes in dietary nutrients: behavioural mechanisms

ABSTRACT. The detailed behavioural mechanisms underlying an instance of compensation for changes in dietary nutrients are described for the first time in an insect. Nymphs of Locusta migratoria L. were given one of four artificial diets on the third day of the fifth instar, and their feeding patterns recorded in detail for 12 h. The diets represented combinations of two protein and two digestible carbohydrate levels (28% and 14% dry weight) presented in an otherwise complete nutrient mix. At the nutrient levels used, locusts regulated their intake of food with respect to protein but not digestible carbohydrate in the diet. They ate more of the lower protein diets by eating the same sized meals more frequently than insects fed on the higher protein diets. Compensation was not complete over the 12 h observation period: insects on the lower‐protein diets ingested and absorbed 72% as much nitrogen as those insects fed on the higher‐protein diets. Possible physiological mechanisms underlying the behavioural mechanisms are discussed.
Metaphor Suggestions based on a Semantic Metaphor Repository

Metaphors are not only remarkably pervasive in both informal and formal text, but reﬂect fundamental properties of human cognition. This paper presents an algorithmic model that suggests metaphoric means of referring to concepts. For example, given a word such as government , the method may propose expressions such as father , nanny , corresponding to common ways of thinking about the government. To achieve this, the model draws on MetaNet, a manually created repository of conceptual metaphor, in conjunction with lexical resources like FrameNet and WordNet and automated interlinking techniques. These resources are connected and their overall graph structure allows us to propose potential metaphoric means of referring to the given input words, possibly constrained with additional metaphoric seed words, which may be provided as supplementary inputs. The experiments show that this algorithm greatly expands the potential of the original repository for this task by enabling new connections to be drawn.
SemEval-2010 Task 7: Argument Selection and Coercion

We describe the Argument Selection and Coercion task for the SemEval-2010 evaluation exercise. This task involves characterizing the type of compositional operation that exists between a predicate and the arguments it selects. Specifically, the goal is to identify whether the type that a verb selects is satisfied directly by the argument, or whether the argument must change type to satisfy the verb typing. We discuss the problem in detail, describe the data preparation for the task, and analyze the results of the submissions.
Effect of Wheat Morphological Stage at Grazing Termination on Economic Return

The economic impact of timing of grazing termination in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain-stocker cattle (Bos sp.) enterprise has not been elucidated. A 4-yr study used the first hollow stem stage of growth in ungrazed wheat as a grazing termination indicator and the subsequent effect on net return. First hollow stem is the stage at which hollow stem can first be identified above the crown ; it occurs prior to the growing point reaching the soil surface. Net return was maximized when grazing was terminated at first hollow stem. Grain yield decreased (P < 0.05) 83 kg ha -1 d -1 as cattle grazed past first hollow stem. Increased weight gain by cattle was not sufficient to offset grain yield losses. Since hollow stem formation was delayed in grazed wheat, producers who use semidwarf wheat as a dual-purpose crop should monitor the morphological stage in ungrazed areas of the field to determine the optimum time to terminate grazing.
In silico analysis on the functional and structural impact of Rad50 mutations involved in DNA strand break repair

Background DNA double strand break repair is important to preserve the fidelity of our genetic makeup after DNA damage. Rad50 is one of the components in MRN complex important for DNA repair mechanism. Rad50 mutations can lead to microcephaly, mental retardation and growth retardation in human. However, Rad50 mutations in human and other organisms have never been gathered and heuristically compared for their deleterious effects. It is important to assess the conserved region in Rad50 and its homolog to identify vital mutations that can affect functions of the protein. Method In this study, Rad50 mutations were retrieved from SNPeffect 4.0 database and literature. Each of the mutations was analyzed using various bioinformatic analyses such as PredictSNP, MutPred, SNPeffect 4.0, I-Mutant and MuPro to identify its impact on molecular mechanism, biological function and protein stability, respectively. Results We identified 103 mostly occurred mutations in the Rad50 protein domains and motifs, which only 42 mutations were classified as most deleterious. These mutations are mainly situated at the specific motifs such as Walker A, Q-loop, Walker B, D-loop and signature motif of the Rad50 protein. Some of these mutations were predicted to negatively affect several important functional sites that play important roles in DNA repair mechanism and cell cycle signaling pathway, highlighting Rad50 crucial role in this process. Interestingly, mutations located at non-conserved regions were predicted to have neutral/non-damaging effects, in contrast with previous experimental studies that showed deleterious effects. This suggests that software used in this study may have limitations in predicting mutations in non-conserved regions, implying further improvement in their algorithm is needed. In conclusion, this study reveals the priority of acid substitution associated with the genetic disorders. This finding highlights the vital roles of certain residues such as K42E, C681A/S, CC684R/S, S1202R, E1232Q and D1238N/A located in Rad50 conserved regions, which can be considered for a more targeted future studies.
A Study of 1,000 Bovine Genitalia

Summary The average measurement (length, unless otherwise stated; for the various parts of apparently normal reproductive tracts from 100 parous cows were as follows: vulva, 3.8 ± 0.49 in.; vagina, 6.9 ± 0.72 in.; cervix, 3.1 ± 0.54 in. (2 to 4 transverse folds; diam. 1.3 ± 0.3 in.) ; uterine horns, 15.46 ± 2.80 in. (diam. 0.9 ± 0.2 in.) ; oviducts, 8.1 ± 0.9 in. (diam. 0.1 ± 0.01 in.) ; and ovaries, about 1.4 × 0.9 × 0.65 in. The right ovary and right uterine horn were, on the average, slightly larger than their counterparts on the left. Among 255 pregnant specimens studied, 57.3 r /r of the fetuses were found in the right uterine horn. The corpus luteum of pregnancy was found in the ovary opposite the horn carrying the fetus in four cases. Fetal membranes were studied in 153 specimens having single fetuses of varying sizes. Though there were obvious variations, the membranes appeared to extend into the nongravid uterine horn when the fetus was about 1.2 cm. long (35 days) and showed evidence of attachment in the gravid horn when the fetus was about 2.5 cm. long (40 days). Among 1,000 slaughter-house specimens, about 54% showed visible evidence of one or more abnormalities. Of the 1,000 organs examined, 3.3% had abnormalities which definitely would have rendered the cow sterile, and another 8.6% had abnormalities severe enough probably to cause lowered fertility. Granular vaginitis was present in 28.3% of the specimens and was the most frequent abnormality found. Yaginitis (nongranular), cervicitis, and metritis were much more frequent in specimens from cows than in those from heifers. Among specimens from heifers, granular vaginitis, persistent hymens, and other anatomical abnormalities were most often found. In general (all specimens), the incidence of abnormalities decreased as the distance from the exterior increased. (The ovaries were an exception to this rule, however.)
Synthesis and cytotoxicity of silicon nanoparticles with covalently attached organic monolayers

Abstract A series of highly monodisperse silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) with either positively (amine), neutral (azide) or negatively (carboxylic acid) charged covalently attached organic monolayers were synthesized and investigated for their cytotoxicity. Infrared data confirmed the presence of these covalently attached surface groups. The Si NPs were characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity was investigated in Caco-2 cells by determining the cell viability and proliferation. The IC50 values for the Si NPs ranged from 20 μg/l for the amine-terminated Si NPs, via 550–850 μg/l for the azide-terminated Si NPs to non-toxic (no measureable IC50) for the carboxylic acid-terminated Si NPs. These results indicate a trend in cytotoxicity, depending on surface charge, i.e., that positively charged Si NPs are more cytotoxic than negatively charged Si NPs. Interestingly, it appeared that the cytotoxicity of the Si NP-NH2 depends strongly on the presence of fetal calf serum in the medium.
Safety aspects of probiotic products

Probiotics (i.e. ingested living microorganisms) may theoretically be responsible for four types of side effects: systemic infections, deleterious metabolic activities, excessive immune stimulation in susceptible individuals, and gene transfer. Very few cases of adverse events have been reported in humans consuming probiotics, and these are summarized in this paper. I also briefly summarize the three approaches which can be used to assess the safety of a probiotic strain: studies on the intrinsic properties of the strain, studies on its pharmacokinetics, and studies searching for interactions between the strain and the host. Key words: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, probiotics, safety, side effects
Report on Essays on International Business Cycles Transmission PhD Thesis by Beka Lamazoshvili CERGE-EI

The essay is made up by three chapters. The first chapter analysis the role of consumer durables and capital goods in shaping the business cycle dynamics of key macro variables in a New Keynesian small open economy model. There is a vast literature analysing the transmission of shocks in dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) open economy models. The literature can be split between real business cycle (RBC) models, and models featuring some source of nominal rigidities (New Keynesian). Those models constitute the mainstream approach in the analysis of fiscal and monetary policy in an open economy. New Keynesian models are also the workhorse models used in policy circles, both for policy analysis as well as forecast. Notwithstanding this, all those models share a common drawback, as they al lack the ability to match the observed volatility of imports and exports, and the positive cross-correlation between imports and exports. Up until recently, another common feature of those models was the trade in durable consumption and investment goods was not allowed for. This is in stark contrast with the empirical evidence presented in Engel and Wang (2011). Looking at average values for a sample of 25 OECD countries in 2000, Engel and Wang (2011) show that once energy products are excluded from trade, durable goods constitute 68% of imports and 64% of exports. Based on this empirical evidence, Engel and Wang (2011) develop a two-country RBC model featuring both durable and non-durable goods. Durable goods can be consumed or used to create new capital goods. Only durable goods can be traded. Having trade in durable goods seems to improve the ability of the model to match the volatilities and cross-correlations of trade variables. Their model has two limitations: First, there is no role for monetary policy, so that it is not possible to study how/if the introduction of trade in durable goods affects the transmission channel of monetary policy; Second, it does not allow for trade in non-durable goods. In a related paper, Erceg, Guerrieri and Gust (2008) introduce trade in investment goods in a New Keynesian two-country model, and show that the introduction of nominal rigidities does not alter the ability of the model to replicate the business cycle dynamics of the trade variables. However, differently from Engel and Wang (2011), they do not allow for trade in durable consumption good. In the first chapter, Beka extends the model by Engel a Wang (2011) to a New Keynesian contest with the introduction of monopolistic competition and nominal price rigidity. This means that, differently from Erceg, Guerrieri and Gust (2008), Beka also allows for trade in durable consumption goods, thus keeping the model structure closer to the empirical evidence on trade provided in Engel and