Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen toxicity of the lung: an update.

The uses of high concentrations of therapeutic oxygen have expanded in recent decades. This situation came about both from the introduction of ventilation by intubation in the Intensive Care setting and with the use of hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of anaerobic infections. Furthermore, high concentrations of oxygen have been used in deep sea diving and in aviation and space exploration. With potential side-effects of exposure to high concentrations of oxygen it has become increasingly important to understand better the parameters of exposure that produce toxicity, the mechanisms by which it occurs and the potential protective devices against its tissue-damaging effects. It is the purpose of this review to address these considerations. The reader is also referred to other reviews (Clark and Lambertsen, 1971; Mustafa and Tierney, 1978; Deneke and Fanburg, 1980a; Fisher, 1980; Frank and Massaro, 1980) where certain aspects of the subject may be covered in more detail. Damage to tissues by oxygen seems to be related more to the partial pressure of oxygen than to its percent concentration. Hence, a high concentration of oxygen may be less damaging at high altitude where the atmospheric pressure is reduced than it is for the same concentration at normobaric pressure. The primary target of injury for normobaric hyperoxia is the lung, probably at least in part because lung cells are exposed to higher partial pressures of oxygen than are other cells of the body. With hyperbaric hyperoxia, the rapid onset of convulsions indicates that the central nervous system shows the earliest signs of toxicity. Hence, with higher partial pressures of oxygen than can be achieved under normobaric conditions, tissues of the central nervous system seem to be "more sensitive" than do cells of the lung. It is likely that certain
Both innate and acquired immunity to Listeria monocytogenes infection are increased in IL-10-deficient mice.

IL-10-deficient mice were highly resistant to Listeria monocytogenes during the course of infection. An increased innate immunity was suggested by reduced bacterial burdens (as much as 50-fold) early (days 2 and 3) in the infection, as compared with control mice. In addition, in vitro stimulation of both IL-10-deficient peritoneal exudate cells and spleen cells with heat-killed Listeria resulted in a dramatically enhanced proinflammatory cytokine response (e.g., IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-6). During later stages of a primary Listeria infection, the reduced bacterial burden in the infected organs of IL-10-deficient mice was accompanied by decreased tissue damage and earlier clearance of the pathogen, as well as a stronger Th1 polarization. The absence of IL-10 did not influence membrane-bound factors that stimulate Th cell responses, demonstrated by the finding of normal MHC class II, B7.1, and B7.2 surface expression on F4/80+ macrophages in vivo. IL-10-deficient mice were also more resistant to a secondary infection, accompanied by an enhanced Th1 response. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the absence of IL-10 augments innate and acquired immunity during primary and secondary L. monocytogenes infection by up-regulating proinflammatory type 1 cytokine responses. The resulting protective Th1 responses lead to an effective reduction of bacterial growth and tissue destruction and to an earlier clearance of the bacteria. The physiologic role of IL-10 during L. monocytogenes infection studies is discussed and compared with pathogenic infections that induce a more systemic cytokine response in IL-10-deficient mice.
Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans To Predict Mammalian Acute Lethality To Metallic Salts

The acute lethality of the salts of eight metals-HgCl2, BeSO4.4H2O, Al(NO3)3-9H2O, CuCl2-2H2O, ZnCl2, Pb(NO3)2, CdCl2, and Sr(NO3)2-was determined using a type of free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The LC50 values were compared to the published mammalian oral LDso values for salts of the same metals. Within this set of chemicals, C. elegans was found to be a predictor of mammalian acute lethality, generating LC50 values parallel to the rat and mouse LD50 values. The total expenses for this testing are about 10% of the cost for mammalian acute lethality testing. The method is considered to have great promise, but further study is needed.
Muscarinic receptors regulate two different calcium‐dependent non‐selective cation currents in rat prefrontal cortex

Pyramidal neurons of layer V in rat prefrontal cortex display a prominent fast afterdepolarization (fADP) and a muscarinic‐induced slow afterdepolarization (sADP). We have shown previously that both of these ADPs are produced by the activation of calcium‐dependent non‐selective cation currents. In the present report we examine whether they represent two distinct currents. In most pyramidal neurons recorded with caesium gluconate‐based intracellular solution, a calcium spike is followed by a fast decaying inward aftercurrent (IfADP). The decay of IfADP is monoexponential with a time constant (τ) of ≈ 35 ms. Administration of carbachol (10–30 μm) increases the time constant of this decay by ≈ 80% and induces the appearance of a much slower inward aftercurrent (IsADP). IfADP recorded in control conditions and in the presence of carbachol increases linearly with membrane hyperpolarization. In contrast, the carbachol‐induced IsADP decreases with membrane hyperpolarization. When the sodium driving force across the cell membrane was reduced, IfADP was found to reverse at around −40 mV whereas IsADP remain inward over the same voltage range tested. Finally, bath administration of flufenamic acid (100 μm–1 mm) selectively blocks the carbachol‐induced IsADP without a significant effect on the amplitude of IfADP. These differences in the electrical and pharmacological properties of IfADP and IsADP suggest that they were mediated by two distinct non‐selective cation currents.
VLSI Design Challenges for Gigascale Integration

VLSI system performance increased by five orders of magnitude in the last three decades, made possible by continued technology scaling, improving transistor performance to increase frequency, increasing integration capacity to realize complex architectures, and reducing energy consumed per logic operation to keep power dissipation within limit. The technology treadmill will continue, providing integration capacity of billions of transistors; however, power and energy consumption will be the barriers. Performance at any cost will not be an option in the future; VLSI systems will have to emphasize performance delivered in a given power envelope, with complexity limited by energy efficiency. This paper discusses potential solutions in process technology, circuits, and microarchitectures to exploit future gigascale integration capacity. The system on a chip (SOC) concept will help integrate diverse functional blocks, providing valued performance. The paper concludes with recommendations to the VLSI system designers on how to exploit these emerging paradigms.
A Kinetic Model for the Binding of Ca2+ to the Regulatory Site of Troponin from Cardiac Muscle*

The kinetics of the binding of Ca2+ to the single regulatory site of cardiac muscle troponin was investigated by using troponin reconstituted from the three subunits, using a monocysteine mutant of troponin C (cTnC) labeled with the fluorescent probe 2-[(4′-(iodoacetamido)anilino]naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (IAANS) at Cys-35. The kinetic tracings of binding experiments for troponin determined at free [Ca2+] > 1 μm were resolved into two phases. The rate of the fast phase increased with increasing [Ca2+], reaching a maximum of about 35 s−1 at 4 °C, and the rate of the slow phase was approximately 5 s−1 and did not depend on [Ca2+]. Dissociation of bound Ca2+ occurred in two phases, with rates of about 23 and 4 s−1. The binding and dissociation results obtained with the binary complex formed between cardiac troponin I and the IAANS-labeled cTnC mutant were very similar to those obtained from reconstituted troponin. The kinetic data are consistent with a three-step sequential model similar to the previously reported mechanism for the binding of Ca2+ to a cTnC mutant labeled with the same probe at Cys-84 (Dong et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 688–694). In this model, the initial binding in the bimolecular step to form the Ca2+-troponin complex is assumed to be a rapid equilibrium, followed by two sequential first-order transitions. The apparent bimolecular rate constant is 5.1 × 107 m −1 s−1, a factor of 3 smaller than that for cTnC. The rates of the first-order transitions are an order of magnitude smaller for troponin than for cTnC. These kinetic differences form a basis for the enhanced Ca2+ affinity of troponin relative to the Ca2+ affinity of isolated cTnC. Phosphorylation of the monocysteine mutant of troponin I by protein kinase A resulted in a 3-fold decrease in the bimolecular rate constant but a 2-fold increase in the two observed Ca2+ dissociation rates. These changes in the kinetic parameters are responsible for a 5-fold reduction in Ca2+ affinity of phosphorylated troponin for the specific site.
Individual Restoration of Tampered Pixels for Statistical Fragile Watermarking

An important issue of fragile watermarking for image is to locate and restore the tampered pixels individually and accurately. This issue is resolved for concentrated tampering. In contrast, for diverse tampering, only localization is realized. This paper presents a restoration method for the most accurate scheme tolerant against diverse tampering. We analyze the error probability and experimentally confirm that the proposed method accurately restores the tampered pixels. We also show two variations based on the fact that the authentication data used for deriving the watermark is a maximum length sequence code. key words: watermarking, fragile, tampering, detection, restoration, maximum length sequence code
Querying Uncertain Data in Resource Constrained Settings

Sensor networks are progressively becoming a standard in applications that require the monitoring of physical phenomena. Measurements like temperature, humidity, light, and acceleration are gathered at various locations and can be used to extract information on the phenomenon observed. Sensor networks are naturally distributed, and they display strong resource restrictions. Moreover, the gathered data comes in various degrees of uncertainty, due to noisy and dropped measurements, interference, and the unavoidable discretization of the examined domain. A basic task in sensor networks is to interactively gather data from a subset of nodes in the network. Surprisingly, this problem is non-trivial to implement efficiently and robustly, even for relatively static networks. In this thesis we address the traditional database problem of query optimization in this new setting. We identify the characteristics of sensor network environments and the requirements of applications that are relevant to querying. We focus on making queries more energy efficient by means of minimizing the communication and sensing that is required to provide sufficient answers. Our contributions include theoretical, algorithmic and empirical results. We provide complexity analysis for common data gathering tasks, develop algorithms that approximate the optimal query plans, and apply our techniques to a prototype implementation that tests our theory and algorithms over real world data, demonstrating the feasibility of our approach.
Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting for Building Energy Management Wireless Sensor Networks

A thermoelectric energy harvester powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs) module designed for building energy management (BEM) applications is built and tested in this work. An analytic thermoelectric generator (TEG) electrical model is built and verified based on parameters given in manufacturer data sheets of Bismuth Telluride TEGs. A charge pump/switching regulator two-stage ultra-low voltage step-up DC/DC converter design is presented in this work to boost the <0.5 V output voltage of TEG to usable voltage level for WSN (3.3 V). The design concept, device simulation, circuits schematic, and the measurement results are presented in detail. The prototype device test results show 25% end-to-end conversion efficiency in a wide range of input temperatures/voltages. Further tests demonstrate that the proposed thermoelectric generator design can effectively power WSN module which operates with a 1.7% duty cycle (5.8 seconds measurement time interval) when the prototype is placed on a typical wall-mount heater (60°C surface temperature). The thermoelectric energy harvesting powered WSN demonstrates duty cycles significantly higher than the required duty cycle for BEM WSN applications.
Host Anycasting Service

This RFC describes an internet anycasting service for IP. The primary purpose of this memo is to establish the semantics of an anycasting service within an IP internet. Insofar as is possible, this memo tries to be agnostic about how the service is actually provided by the internetwork. This memo describes an experimental service and does not propose a protocol. This memo is produced by the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).
Running head : FALSE MEMORY AND AGING False memory and aging : an event-related potential study

The DRM paradigm is used to examine false memory—when a list of highly associated words (e.g. SEWING, THREAD, THIMBLE) is studied, a nonpresented but associated false target (e.g. NEEDLE) is often confidently (but incorrectly) identified as having been studied. An ERP study was conducted with a sample of young and older adults to examine age differences in false memory and neurological distinctions between true and false recognition. DRM words were presented in a lateralized fashion, with the prediction that a contralateral sensory signature would be present for true but not false memories. ERP data was largely inconclusive, but does suggest that processing during the DRM paradigm may largely be carried out in the left hemisphere.
Risk Factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Surgical Site Infection

We prospectively evaluated 46 possible risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surgical site infection (SSI) among patients with MRSA carriage in a large intervention study. Of 6,130 study patients, 68 (1.1%) developed MRSA SSI, which occurred a median of 14 days after surgery. Risk factors associated with MRSA SSI were receipt of emergency surgery, presence of comorbid condition, receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, receipt of contaminated surgery, and a surgical duration longer than the 75th percentile. MRSA carriage on admission did not predict MRSA SSI.
Games for a better life: effects of playing Wii games on the well-being of seniors in a long-term care facility

In the current study, we examined the impact of playing Nintendo Wii games on the psychological and physical well-being of seniors in a long-term care facility. A six week-long intervention was held in SASCO Senior Citizens' Home, a long-term care facility in Singapore. Forty five residents aged between 56 and 92 years old participated in the longitudinal field experiment. Results showed that playing Wii games had a positive impact on the overall well-being of the elderly, compared to a control group that played traditional board games. Implications for future applications of Wii in interventions for the elderly are discussed.
Event-triggered filtering for uncertain system with missing measurements

The robust recursive filter is proposed for a class of multi-sensor system with parameter uncertainties, stochastic nonlinearities, event-triggered transmission and missing measurements in this paper. Both the parameter uncertainties and nonlinearities enter into the system in a random way characterized by random variables obeying the Gaussian distribution. By the event-triggered transmission, measurements are transmitted only when certain conditions are satisfied with different triggering thresholds. The missing measurements of each sensor has individual missing rates which are independent of each other. At each sampling time, the robust recursive filter is designed in the minimum-variance sense. A simulation example is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Catalytic Models in Hospital Epidemiology

To the Editor: In Hegger et al's report, "Transient and resident microflora of burn personnel and its influence on burn wound sepsis," the authors state that auto-contamination via the urinary tract was responsible for 27.6% of the burn wound sepsis. If 29 patients with wound sepsis were studied and seven had the infecting organism in their urinary tract, the incidence is only 24.1%. Secondly, Table 3 lists 27.6% as the incidence for the gastrointestinal tract. Unless these patients have cloacas, they are not the same tract. Which is it?
Evaluation of the fetal state by automatic analysis of the heart rate. 2. Deceleration areas and umbilical artery blood pH

Fetal heart rate (FHR) deceleration areas were studied to obtain by objective measurement of the FHR, their prognostic value of the new-born state. 1. There is a reasonably good correlation between FHR deceleration areas and UApH (Tab. II). Such a correlation was found by SHELLEY and TIPTON [6] for the whole deceleration area, and by TOURNAIRE et al. [10] for areas divided in a slightly different way. The correlation coefficients between FHR deceleration areas and Apgar score at 1 minute are within a close range of those of the FHR deceleration area and UApH (Tab. I and II). 2. According to the time relationship between deceleration areas and uterine contractions the best correlation coefficient was obtained surprisingly for total, followed by residual and then simultaneous areas. These results agree with those of SHELLEY and TIPTON [6] suggesting that in practice a simple measurement of the whole deceleration area, regardless of the uterine contractions is a sufficient method in evaluating FHR patterns. 3. The special purpose computer built by the BAUDELOCQUE research group can be used on-line, thus in clinical practice. It was not the case for the manual method [4] or the method using a large programmed computer [10]. 4 The evaluation of deceleration areas appears to have several advantages: 1. It provides objective measurements. 2. The unit used is independant of factors such as display speed or scale of the strip-chart. 3. The data is reduced: A few numbers replace the long descriptions of the usual clinical classifications.
Revealing the webs: insights from the exploitation of complementary information from various magnetic resonance imaging related connectivity methods

Macroscopic Functional Connectivity Networks have received growing attention in recent years, as these manifestations of distributed neural processing are successively associated with tasks e.g. executive control networks in the Tower-of-London task and traits like altered Default Brain Network connectivity in Alzheimers disease. Many such networks are identified in fMRI studies employing resting state or single-task designs and are described only in that context. Until now larger pools of data have not yet been processed with one single tool in order to create a comprehensive typology of such networks. In the present work we assessed and sorted a multitude of networks using data from 90 participants performing 8 different experiments to identify the most stereotypical Functional Connectivity Networks. Furthermore we combined this data with data on region specific structure/function relationships in order to understand their influence on the formation of networks in the healthy brain. We demonstrate that brain regions with larger gray matter mass and higher relative perfusion are members of more distinct networks and that all observed Functional Connectivity Networks tend to form along direct anatomical connections. The number of stereotypical networks a region participates in can be predicted from such local
Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight.

Orthostatic intolerance occurs commonly after spaceflight, and important aspects of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We studied 14 individuals supine and standing before and after three space shuttle missions of 9-14 days. After spaceflight, 9 of the 14 (64%) crew members could not complete a 10-min stand test that all completed preflight. Pre- and postflight supine hemodynamics were similar in both groups except for slightly higher systolic and mean arterial pressures preflight in the finishers [15 +/- 3.7 and 8 +/- 1.2 (SE) mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05]. Postflight, finishers and nonfinishers had equally large postural reductions in stroke volume (-47 +/- 3.7 and -48 +/- 3.3 ml, respectively) and increases in heart rate (35 +/- 6.6 and 51 +/- 5.2 beats/min, respectively). Cardiac output during standing was also similar (3.6 +/- 0.4 and 4.1 +/- 0.3 l/min, respectively). However, the finishers had a greater postflight vasoconstrictor response with higher total peripheral resistance during standing (22.3 +/- 1.2 units preflight and 29.4 +/- 2.3 units postflight) than did the nonfinishers (20.1 +/- 1.1 units preflight and 19.9 +/- 1.4 units postflight). We conclude that 1) the primary systemic hemodynamic event, i.e., the postural decrease in stroke volume, was similar in finishers and nonfinishers and 2) the heart rate response and cardiac output during standing were not significantly different, but 3) the postural vasoconstrictor response was significantly greater among the finishers (P < 0.01).
Combining the Functional and Oject-Oriented Paradigms in the FOBS-X Scripting Language

A language FOBS-X (Extensible FOBS) is described. This language is an interpreted language, intended as a universal scripting language. An interesting feature of the language is its ability to be extended, allowing it to be adapted to new scripting environments. The interpretation process is structured as a core-language parser back-end, and a macro processor frontend. The macro processor allows the language syntax to be modified. A configurable library is used to help modify the semantics of the language, adding the required capabilities for interacting in a new scripting environment. This paper focuses on the macro capability of the language. A macro extension to the language has been developed, called the standard extension, that gives FOBS-X a friendlier syntax. It also serves as a convenient tool for demonstrating the macro expansion process.
Needle-Free Skin Patch Delivery of a Vaccine for a Potentially Pandemic Influenza Virus Provides Protection against Lethal Challenge in Mice

ABSTRACT In the event of another influenza virus pandemic, strategies for effective mass vaccination will urgently be needed. We used a novel transdermal patch delivery technology, known as the PassPort system, to vaccinate mice with recombinant H5 hemagglutinin with or without immunomodulators. This needle-free form of vaccine delivery induced robust serum antibody responses that were augmented by different immunomodulators that stimulated the innate immune system and protected mice against lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus.