Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The science and medicine of cricket: an overview and update

Abstract Research into the science and medicine underlying cricket performance and injury has progressed since the First World Congress of Science and Medicine in Cricket in 1999. This review covers material on the physiological and psychological demands of the game and preparation for it, the biomechanics and motor control of cricket skills, the psychology of team dynamics, performance analysis and cricket injuries. Technological aspects of cricket equipment are also covered, where such research could influence injury risk or player performance. Fielding remains the least studied of the skills. Much more research needs to be done before we can gain a full understanding of the scientific aspects of the game. There is a need to address common definitions of injury, along with more research into injury mechanisms. Research on batting needs to bring together motor control and biomechanics more fully. The fitness demands of the game are still poorly understood, along with the mechanisms causing fatigue. Evaluation of the efficacy of intervention strategies needs to continue and to develop. The applications of research need to be communicated more to coaches and players — for example, in team dynamics — so that they can be applied, and tested further, in international matches.
Evaluation of corticotropin releasing factor stimulation and basal markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic patients.

PURPOSE The aim of our study was to compare basal unstimulated levels of plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) with stimulated levels produced by the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) test in asthmatics taking high-dose inhaled steroid therapy. In theory, the CRF test would appear to be a suitable replacement for tetracosactrin (cosyntropin) (synthetic ACTH) as a test of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten patients with stable asthma and a mean age of 28.8 years, FEV1 of 88.9% predicted, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC of 57.0% predicted, were studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design comparing 4 days with budesonide, 1,000 microg bid, and placebo. Each dose was given at 8 AM and 10 PM for 4 days by metered-dose inhaler. Measurements were made at steady-state of basal 8 AM plasma cortisol and ACTH 10 h after the eighth dose, and CRF test (100-microg i.v. bolus) was then performed. RESULTS The results for 8 AM plasma cortisol (nmol/L, means and 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference) showed that budesonide produced significant suppression compared with placebo: budesonide (284.1) vs placebo (360.9) (95% CI, 9.3 to 144.3). Suppression also occurred for peak plasma cortisol in response to CRF: budesonide (375.9) vs placebo (470.2) (95% CI, 27.0 to 161.6). ACTH (ng/L, means and 95% CI for difference) demonstrated a similar nonsignificant trend to cortisol, with suppression in both basal and stimulated forms: 8 AM ACTH, budesonide (36.6) vs placebo (42.2) (95% CI, -2.6 to 13.8); CRF peak response, budesonide (49.9) vs placebo (62.8) (95% CI, -3.6 to 29.5). CONCLUSION In asthmatic patients receiving inhaled budesonide, 1,000 microg bid, the suppression of basal unstimulated 8 AM plasma cortisol was mirrored by the suppression of the CRF stimulation response. These results highlight the point that when basal 8 AM plasma cortisol levels are suppressed, a comparable degree of dynamic impairment of HPA axis response is also likely to be found with physiologic testing.
Efficient Identification of Low-Income Asian American Women at High Risk for Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B disproportionately affects Asian Americans. Because outreach to promote testing and vaccination can be intensive and costly, we assessed the feasibility of an efficient strategy to identify Asian Americans at risk. Prior research with California’s statewide toll-free phone service where low-income women call for free cancer screening found 50% of English-and Spanish-speaking callers were willing to participate in a study on health topics other than cancer screening. The current study ascertained whether Asian Americans could be recruited. Among 200 eligible callers, 50% agreed to take part (95% confidence interval 43%–57%), a rate comparable to our previous study. Subsequent qualitative interviews revealed that receptivity to recruitment was due to trust in the phone service and women’s need for health services and information. This was a relatively low-intensity intervention in that, on average, only five minutes additional call time was required to identify women at risk and provide a brief educational message. Underserved women from diverse backgrounds may be reached in large numbers through existing communication channels.
Women's Experiences with Deciding on Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy for Operable Breast Cancer: A Qualitative Study

Objective: We explored, qualitatively, in a sample of Australian early-stage breast cancer patients eligible for neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST): (i) their understanding of the choice of having NAST; (ii) when and with whom the decision on NAST was made; and (iii) strategies used by patients to facilitate their decision on NAST. Methods: A sub-sample of patients participating in a larger intervention trial took part in this study. A total of 24 semi-structured phone interviews were analyzed using framework analysis. Results: A number of women perceived they were not offered a treatment choice. Most patients reported that the decision on NAST was made during or shortly after the initial consultation with their doctor. Women facilitated decision-making by reducing deciding factors and “claiming” the decision. Most women reported that they made the final decision, although they did not feel actively involved in the decision-making process. Conclusions: When deciding on NAST, patient-centered care is not always delivered to patients. Clinicians should emphasize to patients that they have a treatment choice, explain the preference-sensitive nature of deciding on NAST and highlight that patients should be involved in this treatment decision. Providing patients with appropriate time and tailored take-home information might facilitate patient decision-making. Process-orientated research is needed to adequately examine patient involvement in complex treatment decisions.
Clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: use of bilateral lower extremity US as the initial examination--a prospective study.

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and evaluate the use of symptoms and risk factors as selection criteria in the patient population undergoing lower extremity ultrasonography (US) as an initial examination for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred eighty-two consecutive patients referred for bilateral lower extremity US as the first examination for suspected PE were evaluated prospectively for predisposing factors and symptoms of DVT. Patients were placed into four groups: group 1, no symptoms or risk factors; group 2, both symptoms and risk factors; group 3, only risk factors; group 4, only symptoms. The prevalence of DVT detected at lower extremity US in each group was determined. RESULTS There were 89 patients in group 1, 12 in group 2, 43 in group 3, and 38 in group 4, with a DVT prevalence of 0%, 25%, 14%, and 24%, respectively. There was no significant difference in DVT prevalence between groups with symptoms or risk factors but a significant difference between these groups and the group lacking both symptoms and risk factors. CONCLUSION Lower extremity US as the initial examination in patients suspected of having PE should be used only in those patients who have symptoms or risk factors for DVT. This would substantially decrease the number of examinations performed without a decline in DVT detection.
First the seed : the political economy of plant biotechnology, 1492-2000

"First the Seed "spotlights the history of plant breeding and shows how efforts to control the seed have shaped the emergence of the agricultural biotechnology industry. This second edition of a classic work in the political economy of science includes an extensive, new chapter updating the analysis to include the most recent developments in the struggle over the direction of crop genetic engineering. 1988 Cloth, 1990 Paperback, Cambridge University PressWinner of the Theodore Saloutos Award of the Agricultural History SocietyWinner of the Robert K. Merton Award of the American Sociological Association
Differences in susceptibility of inbred mice to Bacillus anthracis

Animal species differ in their resistance both to infection by Bacillus anthracis and to anthrax toxin. A mouse model was developed to study the basis of the host differences and the pathogenesis of infection. When mice were infected with the virulent B. anthracis strain Vollum 1B, low 50% lethal dose (LD50) values (5 to 30 spores) were found for all 10 strains of inbred mice tested. However, analysis of time-to-death data revealed significant differences among the strains, which could be divided into three groups: most susceptible (A/J and DBA/2J); least susceptible (CBA/J, BALB/cJ, and C57BR/cdJ); and intermediate (the remaining five strains). In contrast, the mice were distinctly susceptible or resistant to lethal infection by the toxigenic, nonencapsulated Sterne vaccine strain. The LD50 for the susceptible A/J and DBA/2J mice was approximately 10(3) spores of the Sterne strain, whereas the remaining eight relatively resistant strains were killed only by 10(6) or more spores. F1 hybrid and backcross studies suggested that resistance to the Sterne strain is determined by a single dominant gene or gene complex. Mice lethally infected with B. anthracis showed an acute course of infection, characterized by extensive gelatinous edema and large concentrations of bacilli in the blood and organs (e.g., 10(9) CFU/g of spleen). The susceptibility of A/J and CBA/J mice to intravenously injected anthrax toxin components appeared to differ from their susceptibility to infection. The toxin LD50 values for both strains were similar. However, CBA/J mice died sooner than did A/J mice, with mean time to death of 0.9 and 3.7 days, respectively, in mice given 4 LD50 of toxin. The mouse model appears to be useful in studies on host resistance to anthrax and on the pathogenesis of the infection.
Physicians who do not take sick leave: hazardous heroes?

Background: Physicians seem to have problems in accepting their own illness, and they tend to avoid taking sick leave. This study reports the diseases that physicians bring to work, and discusses selected factors associated with the behaviour of working when ill. Methods: Of a random sample of 1,476 Norwegian physicians, 70% answered a mailed, anonymous questionnaire as a part of The Norwegian Medical Association's health survey. Results: During one year, 80% of the physicians had worked during an illness for which they would have sick-listed their patients. More than half of the physicians in the study had worked whilst having an infectious disease. Factors independently associated with the behaviour of working when ill include being in the age group 30-39 years, working as a clinician outside hospital, having received medical treatment during the last three years, and having low job satisfaction . Conclusion : A large number of physicians work whilst having infections and other diseases. This behaviour might be harmful to the physicians themselves as well as to their patients and staff members.
Rapid Large-Scale Privatization and Death Rates in Ex-Communist Countries: An Analysis of Stress-Related and Health System Mechanisms

During the transition to capitalism, the postcommunist countries have experienced devastating rises in mortality, although there has been considerable variation within and between countries and regions. Much of this population-level variation remains unexplained, but alcohol and psychological stress are found to be major proximal causes of rising mortality rates. The authors show that implementation of neoliberal-inspired rapid, large-scale privatization programs (“mass privatization”) was associated with significant declines in life expectancy, as well as with greater alcohol-related deaths, heart disease, and suicide rates. The authors interpret these findings as evidence that rapid organizational reform created excess psychosocial stress, which, consistent with the public health literature, increases risk of death at the individual level. However, they also find that rapid privatization modestly contributed to a decline in health care resources, such as the number of physicians, dentists, and hospital beds per capita, although there is weak evidence that these reductions in health system capacity explain substantial differences in mortality at the country level.
Empirical study on customers' perception of psychological contract violation influenced by service management

With the service industry as the object, this study investigates 236 customers who have received travel services and uses structural equation model to focus on the influence of service firms' management communication, fairness of service and service practices on customers' perception of psychological contract violation. The result suggests that service firms' management communication has positive influence on customers' perception of psychological contract violation, but has positive influence on customers' perception of service firms' relational psychological contract violation. It also suggests that the fairness of service has strong and negative influence on customers' perception of service firms' transactional psychological contract violation, but has positive influence on customers' perception of relational psychological contract violation. In addition, service practices have strong negative influence both on customers' perception of transactional and relational psychological contract violation.
Informationsverarbeitung und mentale Repräsentation: die Analyse menschlicher kognitiver Fähigkeiten am Beispiel der visuellen Wahrnehmung

Wenn in der kognitiven Psychologie geistige Fahigkeiten des Menschen beschrieben oder erklart werden, ist dabei regelmassig von Meinungen, Wunschen, Wahrnehmungseindrucken oder anderen "gehaltvollen" Zustanden des kognitiven Systems die Rede. Menschen konnen sowohl als Besitzer geistiger Fahigkeiten wie auch als biologische Systeme beschrieben werden. Lassen sich beide Beschreibungen miteinander in Ubereinstimmung bringen? Im vorliegenden Band wird zunachst untersucht, welche Struktur psychologische Erklarungen geistiger Fahigkeiten haben mussen, um das Vorhandensein solcher Fahigkeiten verstandlich zu machen. Dann wird gefragt, welche objektiven Faktoren es rechtfertigen, dem kognitiven Sytem bestimmte Zustande zuzuordnen. Zum Schluss werden diese theoretischen Uberlegungen an einem empirischen Fall - der Wahrnehmungstheorie von David Marr - einer Uberprufung unterzogen.
Automatic computation of bernard quadrant in the distal femur

Quantification of the insertion site of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee can help understand the role of the ligament and develop its surgical methods to restore its function. The site of ACL insertion could be significantly affected by physician's experience and imaging plane in radiograph. In this study, we proposed a computational method that can detect features on a three-dimensional (3D) model of the distal femur for determining the Bernard quadrant. Forty distal femoral bone models were prepared and their ACL insertion sites were determined by an experienced clinician. Our automatic Bernard quadrant (ABQ) method starts with an algorithm to align a 3D model with a template model using the iterative closest point with scaling method, and to establish the sagittal plane of the distal femur. Then, the Blumensaat's line was calculated based on the intercondylar curve from the sagittal plane view of the femur so that the Bernard quadrant was automatically determined as close as the conventional method. Reliability and accuracy of the proposed method were quantified by comparing the ABQ results against the manual Bernard quadrant (MBQ) performed by three clinicians. The MBQ was determined manually on forty 3D distal femur models and digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR) from CT images using custom software. ACL insertion site of the forty specimens was located in average at 23.4% along the Blumensaat's line and 24.5% along the height (vertical to the Blumensaat's line) in the ABQ method. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the positions of ACL insertion sites determined in ABQ and MBQ were higher than 0.8 in both parallel and vertical directions to the Blumensaat's line. Intraclass correlation coefficients between the three observers for manually determining ACL insertion site with 3D models was higher than 0.8 and that with DRR models was 0.6. The proposed ABQ method could closely reproduce the ACL insertion sites determined by clinicians in 3D distal femur models. The method would help objective quantification of the ACL insertion site in future clinical ACL research.
Nocturnal partial seizures and arousals/awakenings from sleep: an ambulatory EEG study.

The architecture of nocturnal sleep in twenty subjects (9 males, 11 females, mean age 27 years) affected by partial cryptogenic epilepsy was investigated by means of ambulatory EEG (A-EEG) recording performed at home. The study aimed in particular to ascertain the immediate effects of nocturnal partial epileptic seizures on sleep stability and continuity. Data for a total of 49 recorded seizures indicate that 72% of the partial seizures which occurred during sleep were followed by arousal and awakening, and that sleep interruption lasted significantly longer when the seizure occurred between 4 and 7 a.m.
Nutritional and Functional Status Indicators in Residents of a Long-Term Care Facility

In a cross-sectional study, we determined whether results from the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL), were associated with nutritional status and mobility in long-term care residents. One hundred and fifteen study participants (mean [SD] age: 80.2 [10.6]) provided informed consent. Fifty eight percent (n = 66) responded to all three questionnaires: 12 were assessed as malnourished (MNA < 17) and 28 were depressed (GDS ≥ 6). Higher levels of depression were associated with lower serum zinc (n = 71, r = −.356, p = .001) and associated with a slower Timed Up and Go test (TUG, n = 38, r = .301, p = .030). MNA was also associated with serum zinc (n = 44, r = .307, P = .021). Non responders to questionnaires (n = 36) had a lower BMI (mean difference: −2.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2, p = .013) and serum 25(OH)D (−8.7 ± 3.8 nmol/l, p = .023) vs. responders. The GDS, in addition to the MNA, is useful in identifying poor nutritional status in residential care. Intervention programs that target depression and poor nutritional status could potentially improve overall quality of life, but it is not clear if depression is leading to poor nutritional status or if poor nutrition is leading to depression.
NMDA and non‐NMDA receptors may play distinct roles in timing mechanisms and transmission in the feline respiratory network.

1. Activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the brainstem network of respiratory neurones is required to terminate inspiration in the absence of lung afferents, but it is not required in the inspiratory motor act of lung inflation. In the present study we examined the involvement of non‐NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in these two mechanisms in the adult mammal. 2. Adult cats were either decerebrated or anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone, paralysed and ventilated. Inspiratory motor output was recorded from the phrenic nerve and central respiratory activity from neurones in the bulbar ventral respiratory group. 3. In decerebrate vagotomized cats, ionophoretic application of 2,3‐dihydroxy‐6‐nitro‐7‐sulphamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) onto single respiratory neurones decreased their spontaneous discharge rate and abolished the excitatory effect of exogenously applied (RS) alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) but not NMDA. 4. In these animals, intravenous infusion (12 mg kg‐1) of the non‐NMDA receptor blockers GYKI 52466 (1‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐7,8‐methylene‐dioxy‐5‐H‐2,3‐benzodi aze pine) or NBQX: (1) decreased (in 10/15 cats) or abolished (in 5/15 cats) the inspiratory‐related discharge of the phrenic nerve; (2) did not prolong the inspiratory phase; (3) reduced or abolished the spontaneous discharge of respiratory neurones; and (4) profoundly decreased the excitatory effects of AMPA but not NMDA ionophoresed onto these neurones. When both the phrenic nerve and the recorded respiratory neurone were silenced, neuronal excitation by ionophoretic application of NMDA first revealed a subthreshold respiratory modulation without lengthening of the inspiratory phase, then respiratory modulation became undetectable. 5. Additional blockade of NMDA receptors by a small dose (0.15 mg kg‐1) of dizocilpine (MK‐801), abolished the phrenic nerve activity which persisted after NBQX (apnoea), but the discharge or the subthreshold modulation of the bulbar respiratory neurones showed a lengthening of the inspiratory phase (apneusis). 6. Elevation of FA,CO2 increased or re‐established phrenic nerve discharges after blockade of non‐NMDA receptors or of both NMDA and non‐NMDA receptors. 7. Small doses of NBQX or GYKI 52466 induced apnoea in five of five cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. 8. In decerebrate animals with intact vagi, GYKI 52466 and NBQX depressed the Hering‐Breuer expiratory‐lengthening reflex. 9. The results suggest that: (1) there is a specialization of different classes of glutamate receptors participating in timing mechanisms and transmission within the mammalian respiratory network. Neural transmission predominantly involves activation of non‐NMDA receptors, acting in synergy with NMDA receptors. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Improved definition of the mouse transcriptome via targeted RNA sequencing

Targeted RNA sequencing (CaptureSeq) uses oligonucleotide probes to capture RNAs for sequencing, providing enriched read coverage, accurate measurement of gene expression, and quantitative expression data. We applied CaptureSeq to refine transcript annotations in the current murine GRCm38 assembly. More than 23,000 regions corresponding to putative or annotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 154,281 known splicing junction sites were selected for targeted sequencing across five mouse tissues and three brain subregions. The results illustrate that the mouse transcriptome is considerably more complex than previously thought. We assemble more complete transcript isoforms than GENCODE, expand transcript boundaries, and connect interspersed islands of mapped reads. We describe a novel filtering pipeline that identifies previously unannotated but high-quality transcript isoforms. In this set, 911 GENCODE neighboring genes are condensed into 400 expanded gene models. Additionally, 594 GENCODE lncRNAs acquire an open reading frame (ORF) when their structure is extended with CaptureSeq. Finally, we validate our observations using current FANTOM and Mouse ENCODE resources.