Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Root production and belowground seagrass biomass

The root and rhizome biomass of the seagrass species present in 3 mixed and 2 monospecific meadows representative of different floras (Spanish Mediterranean, Mexican Caribbean, Kenyan coast, and the South China Sea off The Philippines) was examined to test for the existence of general patterns in the distribution of their biomass in the sediments, and to test a simple approach based on age determinations to estimate root production. The thickness of the roots was scaled to the thickness of the seagrass rhizomes (r = 0.92, p 100 and >200 g DW m(-2), respectively) for the mixed meadows examined; these belowground structures had a projected surface area often exceeding 1 m(2) m(-2) when roots and rhizomes were considered together, and they formed a dense web of root material comprising several hundred meters per square meter. Belowground biomass showed considerable vertical stratification within the sediments, with a tendency for the larger species to extend deeper into the sediments than smaller ones. This tendency for segregation should reduce the potential interspecific competition for sediment resources, which is likely to be greater in the uppermost layers, where the belowground biomass is more evenly distributed among species. The rate of adventitious root production on vertical shoots varied from species that produced a root on almost every node to species that produced 1 adventitious root for every 10 nodes. Root production-both on horizontal rhizomes and Vertical shoots-was substantial, with the combined root production approaching, or exceeding, 1000 g DW m(-2) yr(-1). The resulting root turnover was quite high, with most Values ranging between 2 and 10 yr(-1), indicative of a characteristic turnover time of months for the root compartment. The estimates of root production derived here often exceed those of rhizome production and reach Values comparable to leaf production, clearly demonstrating that root production is an important component (up to 50%) of total seagrass production. [KEYWORDS: seagrass; roots; rhizomes; biomass production Cymodocea-nodosa; syringodium-filiforme; thalassia-testudinum; posidonia-oceanica; growth-patterns; carbon; beds;decomposition; limitation; responses]
Enhancing spammer detection in online social networks with trust-based metrics.

ENHANCING SPAMMER DETECTION IN ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS WITH TRUST-BASED METRICS by Alexander J. Murmann As online social networks acquire larger user bases, they also become more interesting targets for spammers. Spam can take very different forms on social Web sites and cannot always be detected by analyzing textual content. However, the platform's social nature also offers new ways of approaching the spam problem. In this work the possibilities of analyzing a user's direct neighbors in the social graph to improve spammer detection are explored. Special features of social Web sites and their implicit trust relations are utilized to create an enhanced attribute set that categorizes users on the Twitter microblogging platform as spammers or legitimate users.
Market Risk Management: The Applicability and Accuracy of Value-at-Risk Models in Financial Institutions

2 Abstract The paper focuses on evaluating the most performant Value-at-Risk models from the perspective of financial institutions. A number of 18 VaR methodologies were used for this purpose, comprising of parametric and non-parametric methods, some of which include time-varying volatilities estimated by means of GARCH and asymmetric GARCH models. All methods were applied on real P/L data extracted from four commercial banks. Furthermore, we use two backtesting frameworks to validate the results: the Kupiec test (1995) and the newly developed Risk Map (2011). The use of the latter method allowed us to account not only for the number of tail losses but also for the magnitude of these exceptions, demonstrating once again its reliability and more importantly its simplicity in application. Therefore, the study aims to add to the relatively scarce current literature that investigates the use of VaR models in financial institutions, using real bank data. The results showed that that models working under the assumption of normality are not the most performant when calculating VaR, models under the assumption of the t-distribution providing more performant VaR estimates. Parametric models that use GARCH forecasted volatilities have outperformed the other methods, especially the ones using a t-distribution for both the data series and the innovations. These models both passed the backtests and produced some of the lowest average VaRs, which is important for financial institutions in terms of minimizing their capital requirements. Although in some situations the asymmetric GARCH models showed a better performance than the simple GARCH model, the increased efficiency is not significantly superior. As for non-parametric models, the basic historical simulation passed the backtest for all institutions, even though it is a simple measure and yields a relatively flat structure of the VaR forecasts over time. In addition, the newly developed HS-VIX model also worked well for all the data series, in providing accurate VaR estimates throughout the backtesting window.
Role of covalency in the ground-state properties of perovskite ruthenates: A first-principles study using local spin density approximations

We investigate the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ using full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the local spin density approximations. The ferromagnetic ground state in ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ could exactly be described in these calculations and the calculated spin magnetic moment is found to be close to the experimentally observed values. Interestingly, the spin polarized calculations for ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ exhibit large spin moment as observed in the experiments but the magnetic ground state has higher energy than that in the nonmagnetic solution. Various calculations for different structural configurations indicate that $\mathrm{Ca}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}$ covalency plays the key role in determining the electronic structure and thereby the magnetic ground state in this system.
An Extensible Framework for Comparative Analysis of Annotations

Recent progressions in highly specific sequencing technologies generates highresolution genomic data. Comparative analysis of these data is a source of further insight into genomic mechanisms, but the domain remains largely unexplored. Prototypical programs require flexible and scalable solutions as the requirements are expected to change. Array programming has good abstractions for operations on large data sets and the resulting performance is often excellent. No published efforts have, as far as we know, previously been made to assess the suitability of array programming to non-numerical problems. We present two methods for comparative annotation analysis called projection and quantitative comparison. We have furthermore developed a range of array programming algorithms for numerous annotation track operations. All algorithms are implemented as part of a framework for comparative annotation analysis. Both methods for comparative analysis have promising properties, but further work on verification and analysis of the biological interpretation is needed. Array programming have been proved applicable to a wide range of problems. A serious limitation with array programming is that the model of a problem domain must fit perfectly with the restricted set of available operations.
Siklidene i Malawisjøen: Eksplosiv artsdannelse i et evolusjonens laboratorium

Malawisjøen Malawisjøen er den sørligste og tredje største av de store afrikanske sjøene (Figur 1, Tabell 1). Innsjøen ligger i nord-sør-retning og rekker over mer enn fem breddegrader. Mens innsjøen ligger på vel 470 m o.h. , går deler av nedbørfeltet opp i over 2000 m o.h. Et resultat av dette er et variert klima innen nedbørfeltet (Boks 1). Selv om innsjøen er mer enn 700 m dyp, er det viktig å merke seg at det oksygenholdige vannlaget bare er 170–210 m dypt (Eccles 1974). Variasjonen i tykkelsen av det oksygenholdige vannet skyldes at innsjøens størrelse og form og de fremherskende vindretningene skaper kraftige indre bølger i innsjøen, slik at sjiktet mellom oksygenfritt og oksygenholdig vann «vipper» opp og ned. Malawisjøens form er langstrakt og «badekar-formet». Det finnes fisk i hele den oksygenholdige delen av innsjøen, men de ulike De store afrikanske sjøene Victoria, Tanganyika og Malawi er berømte for sitt store mangfold av fiskearter. Særlig er siklidefamilien svært artsrik I alle de tre sjøene finnes flere hundre siklidearter, og det store flertall av artene er endemiske, det vil si at de bare finnes i én innsjø i hele verden. Det mest artsrike fiskesamfunnet finner vi i Malawisjøen, der det trolig er mer enn 600 siklidearter. Mer enn 90 % av disse artene er endemiske. Spørsmålet om hvordan dette utrolige artsmangfoldet har oppstått er et evolusjonært mysterium som har plassert Malawisjøen sentralt i pensumbøkenes kapitler om evolusjon og artsdannelse. Denne artikkelen oppsummerer dagens forståelse av hvordan artsmangfoldet hos siklidene i Malawisjøen har kunnet utvikle seg.
Concurrency Semantics in Continuation-Passing Style ∗ — The Companion Technical Report —

By using the mathematical framework of metric semantics we develop a denotational semantics designed in continuation-passing style for an abstract concurrent language providing a general mechanism of interaction between multisets of distributed actions. The basic laws of concurrent systems are satisfied in this semantics. Next, by customizing the behavior of continuations we obtain denotational semantics for a couple of concurrent languages incorporating mechanisms for multiparty and binary interactions. We offer denotational semantics for two imperative concurrent languages based on Hoare’s CSP and a process algebra for DNA computing introduced by Cardelli.
Spanish Inter-Regional Migration 1

This paper adapts the traditional model of migration to include human capital, housing prices and a region's infrastructure in order to analyse the determinants of migration in the Spanish regions between 1998-2003. Using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations [SURE] model, results indicate that regional differences in the following variables help explain the patterns of internal migration: wages, unemployment, infrastructure (health, education and transport), housing prices. Human capital is also a significant explanatory variable. JEL Classification: R23, O15, J61.
N = ( 3 , 3 ) holography on AdS 3 × ( S 3 × S 3 × S 1 ) / Z 2

We consider string theory on AdS3 × (S3 × S3 × S)/Z2, a background supporting N = (3, 3) spacetime supersymmetry. We propose that string theory on this background is dual to the symmetric product orbifold of S0/Z2 where S0 is a theory of four free fermions and one free boson. We show that the BPS spectra of the two sides of the duality match precisely. Furthermore, we compute the elliptic genus of the dual CFT and that of the supergravity limit of string theory and demonstrate that they match, hence providing non-trivial support for the holographic proposal.
On the Pronunciation of Postposition “ râ ” in Persian

This research aimed at analyzing various environments and phonological processes which change the pronunciation of /r/. In so doing, it came up with the inclusive rankings of the constraints to explain these different pronunciations within the optimality theory (OT) (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004). Optimality theory is one of the most significant developments in generative grammar. The first detailed exposition of the theory appears in Prince and Smolensky's (1993) book, entitled ‘Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar’. Its goal is to explain the phonology of languages only by using a set of universal constraints. No phonological rule is being applied in its analyses because they generally explained the language-specific phenomena. In contrast, constraints in OT are not merely solutions to language-specific problems; they are claims about Universal Grammar (UG) seeking to explain phonological phenomena universally. Furthermore, there is no interaction between rules and constraints, i.e., OT is not a mixed theory. The principles of SPE phonology (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) namely rules and serial derivations between underlying representation (UR) and phonetic representation (PR) have been abandoned by OT; however, UR and PR which are renamed as input and output respectively, are being assumed in the classical sense. This research deals with optionality also known as ‘free variation’ in the pronunciation of “râ”. Optionality is a case in which a single input is mapped onto two grammatical outputs, although their distribution is not under grammatical control. The fact that variation is ‘free’ does not imply that it is totally unpredictable, but only that no grammatical principles govern the distribution of variants. Nevertheless, a wide range of extra grammatical factors may affect the choice of one
FINSLER GEOMETRY MODELING FOR J-SHAPED STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM OF COLLAGEN FIBER NETWORKS

We calculate the so-called J-shaped stress-strain diagram of biological materials such as human skin and tendon, and we find that our numerical results for these materials are in good agreement with existing experimental data. Our model includes a variable σ corresponding to the directional degrees of freedom for collagen fibers. For small strain (or plateau) region in the diagram, the variable σ locally aligns but it is globally random, and for large strain region, where the stress is proportional to the strain, σ uniformly aligns along the applied tensile force direction.
Codimension-two branes in six-dimensional supergravity and the cosmological constant problem

We investigate in detail recent suggestions that codimension-two braneworlds in six-dimensional supergravity might circumvent Weinberg's no-go theorem for self-tuning of the cosmological constant. The branes are given finite thickness in order to regularize mild singularities in their vicinity, and we allow them to have an arbitrary equation of state. We study perturbatively the time evolution of the solutions by solving the equations of motion linearized around a static background. Even allowing for the most general possibility of warping and nonconical singularities, the geometry does not relax to a static solution when the brane stress energies are perturbed. Rather, both the internal and external geometries become time dependent, and the system does not exhibit any self-tuning behavior.
Organism life cycles, predation, and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems

This paper explores the notion that the theoretical basis for contemporary research concerning the structure and function of marine pelagic ecosystems is self-limiting. While some findings such as the microbial food web have extended our knowledge of the biological components of the upper water column and their relationships to fluxes of materials and energy, they have not advanced our understanding of why specific pelagic forms occur in time and space, and why only some attain dominant status and contribute the bulk of biogenic fluxes emanating from the mixed layer. It is argued here that a major impediment to improved conceptual models is the historic focus on resource-driven or 'bottom-up' factors as being the dominant variables structuring planktonic ecosystems. Evidence is presented that predation or 'top-down' trophic effects may be equally important in specifying the occurrence of particular taxa, the biomass within adjacent trophic levels, and the morphology of dominant herbivores and carnivores. It is suggested that key species, because of unique combinations of life history strategies, metabolic demands, and physiological performance, may exert a dominant role in the extent to which predatory interactions cascade through pelagic food webs. There is considerable evidence of evolution of predation avoidance strategies among phytoplankton and zooplankton. It is proposed that future research might profitably be directed toward the question of how the pelagic environment selects for life histories and morphologies of organisms under conditions when resource availability and predation are both significant structural buttresses. Methodological approaches should include detailed studies of dominant key taxa from different environments, with the goal of identifying the critical aspects of life history, behavior, or morphology which account for their success.
The Subaru FMOS galaxy redshift survey (FastSound). IV. New constraint on gravity theory from redshift space distortions at z ∼ 1.4

We measure the redshift-space correlation function from a spectroscopic sample of 2783 emission line galaxies from the FastSound survey. The survey, which uses the Subaru Telescope and covers the redshift ranges of $1.19<$z$<1.55$, is the first cosmological study at such high redshifts. We detect clear anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions (RSD) both in the correlation function as a function of separations parallel and perpendicular to the line of sight and its quadrupole moment. RSD has been extensively used to test general relativity on cosmological scales at $z<1$. Adopting a LCDM cosmology with the fixed expansion history and no velocity dispersion $\sigma_{\rm v}=0$, and using the RSD measurements on scales above 8Mpc/h, we obtain the first constraint on the growth rate at the redshift, $f(z)\sigma_8(z)=0.482\pm 0.116$ at $z\sim 1.4$ after marginalizing over the galaxy bias parameter $b(z)\sigma_8(z)$. This corresponds to $4.2\sigma$ detection of RSD. Our constraint is consistent with the prediction of general relativity $f\sigma_8\sim 0.392$ within the $1-\sigma$ confidence level. When we allow $\sigma_{\rm v}$ to vary and marginalize it over, the growth rate constraint becomes $f\sigma_8=0.494^{+0.126}_{-0.120}$. We also demonstrate that by combining with the low-z constraints on $f\sigma_8$, high-z galaxy surveys like the FastSound can be useful to distinguish modified gravity models without relying on CMB anisotropy experiments.
The evolution of thyroid function tests

Thyroid gland disturbances are the second most common endocrine disorder after diabetes mellitus. Given that approximately 200 million people in the world have some form of thyroid disease, it is no wonder that thyroid function tests, i.e. thyrotropin and free thyroxine (T4), currently account for a significant portion of the routine workload of clinical chemistry laboratories. This was not the case more than 100 years ago.
Temperature sensing in plants

Plants are subjected to considerable variations in temperature, both daily and annually, and are surprisingly temperature-sensitive organisms: it has been shown that levels of cytosolic calcium in plant cells can respond to as little as a 1°C temperature shift, and a 4°C diurnal temperature cycle is sufficient to entrain the circadian clock (Knight and Knight 2000; McClung et al. 2002). Developmental processes such as seed germination can be completely inhibited by 1–2°C temperature rises (Argyris et al. 2011). Despite the experimentally described responsiveness of plant physiology and development to temperature, no thermosensory molecule has yet been unequivocally identified.
złowieszczego oktetu ” : nowy model leczenia cukrzycy typu 2 From the triumvirate to the „ ominous octet ” : a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

www.dp. viamedica.pl 101 Adres do korespondencji: Ralph A. DeFronzo e-mail: albarado@uthscsa.edu Tłumaczenie: dr n. med. Anna Korzon-Burakowska Diabetologia Praktyczna 2009, tom 10, 3, 106–134 Copyright © 2009 Via Medica Insulinooporność w mięśniach i wątrobie oraz niewydolność komórek beta stanowią 2 podstawowe zaburzenia w patogenezie cukrzycy typu 2. Obecnie uważa się, że niewydolność komórek beta pojawia się znacznie wcześniej i jest bardziej nasilona, niż dotychczas sądzono. Osoby, u których rozpoznano upośledzoną tolerancję glukozy (IGT, impaired glucose tolerance) i które znajdują się w górnym tercylu wartości glikemii, cechują się maksymalną lub prawie maksymalną opornością na insulinę i utraciły już ponad 80% funkcji komórek beta. Oprócz mięśni, wątroby oraz komórek beta (triumwirat) rolę w rozwoju nietolerancji glukozy w przebiegu cukrzycy typu 2 odgrywają również komórki tkanki tłuszczowej (przyspieszona lipoliza), przewód pokarmowy (niedobór inkretyn lub oporność na ich działanie), komórki alfa trzustki (hiperglukagonemia), nerki (zwiększona reabsorpcja glukozy) oraz mózg (insulinooporność). Łącznie stanowią one „złowieszczy oktet” i sprawiają, że: — konieczne jest stosowanie kilku leków w celu korekty zaburzeń patofizjologicznych; — terapia musi polegać na mechanizmie odwrócenia znanych defektów patofizjologicznych, a nie tylko mieć na celu obniżenie stężenia hemoglobiny glikowanej (HbA1c); — leczenie powinno się rozpoczynać wcześnie, tak aby zapobiegać lub zwalniać postępującą niewydolność komórek beta, która występuje już u osób z upośledzoną tolerancją glukozy. Zaleca się model terapii, w którym rozpoczyna się leczenie skojarzone dietą i wysiłkiem fizycznym, metforminą (zwiększającą wrażliwość na insulinę i o działaniu przeciwmiażdżycowym), tiazolidynodionem (leki z tej grupy korzystnie wpływają na wrażliwość tkanek na insulinę, zachowują czynność komórek beta i działają przeciwmiażdżycowo) oraz eksenatydem (chroniącym funkcje komórek beta oraz sprzyjającym utracie masy ciała). Nie zaleca się wprowadzania pochodnych sulfonylomocznika, ponieważ po początkowej poprawie wyrównania glikemii obserwuje się postępujący wzrost stężenia HbA1c i utratę funkcji komórek beta.
CRAFT : ClusteR-specific Assorted Feature selecTion by Vikas Garg

In this thesis, we present a hierarchical Bayesian framework for clustering with clusterspecific feature selection. We derive a simplified model, CRAFT, by analyzing the asymptotic behavior of the log posterior formulations in a nonparametric MAP-based clustering setting in this framework. The model handles assorted data, i.e., both numeric and categorical data, and the underlying objective functions are intuitively appealing. The resulting algorithm is simple to implement and scales nicely, requires minimal parameter tuning, obviates the need to specify the number of clusters a priori, and compares favorably with other state-of-the-art methods on several datasets. We provide empirical evidence on carefully designed synthetic data sets to highlight the robustness of the algorithm to recover the underlying feature subspaces, even when the average dimensionality of the features across clusters is misspecified. Besides, the framework seamlessly allows for multiple views of clustering by interpolating between the two extremes of cluster-specific feature selection and global selection, and recovers the DP-means objective [14] under the degenerate setting of clustering without feature selection. Thesis Supervisor: Tommi S. Jaakkola Title: Professor, EECS, CSAIL Thesis Supervisor: Cynthia Rudin Title: Associate Professor, Statistics, CSAIL