Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Baking Method and Fermentation on Folate Content of Rye and Wheat Breads

ABSTRACT The effect of baking method on folates of rye and wheat breads, as well as the effect of sourdough fermentation of rye, were examined. Sourdough fermentations were performed both with and without added yeast, and samples were taken throughout the baking process. Samples were analyzed microbiologically for their total folate content after trienzyme extraction. Individual folate vitamers were determined by HPLC after affinity chromatographic purification. The lowest folate contents for both rye and wheat breads were found from breads baked without added yeast. Total folate content increased considerably during sourdough fermentation due to increased amounts of 10-HCO-H2folate, 5-CH3-H4folate, and 5-HCO-H4folate. Baker's yeast contributed markedly to the final folate content of bread by synthesizing folates during fermentation. Proofing did not influence total folate content but changes in vitamer distribution were observed. Folate losses in baking were ≈25%. The variety of sourdoughs and baking pro.
Stabilization and Erosion Control Value of Oyster Cultch for Intertidal Marsh

Oyster cultch was added to the lower intertidal fringe of three created Spartina alterniflora marshes to examine its value in protecting the marsh from erosion. Twelve 5‐m‐wide plots were established at each site, with six randomly selected plots unaltered (non‐cultched) and cultch added to the remaining (cultched) plots. Within each cultched plot, cultch was placed along the low tide fringe of the marsh during July 1992, in a band 1.5 m wide by 0.25 m deep. Marsh‐edge vegetation stability and sediment erosion were measured for each plot from September 1992 to April 1994. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in marsh‐edge vegetation change were detected at the only south‐facing site after a major southwester storm. Significantly different rates of sediment erosion and accretion also were observed at this same site. Areas upland of the marsh edge in the cultched areas showed an average accretion of 6.3 cm, while noncultched treatment areas showed an average loss of 3.2 cm. A second site, with a northern orientation, also experienced differential sediment accretion and erosion between treatment type, caused instead by boat wakes that were magnified by the abutment of a dredge effluent pipe across the entire front fringe of the site. During this period we observed significant differences in sediment accumulation, with the areas upland of the marsh edge in the cultched treatment having an average accretion of 2.9 cm and the noncultched an average loss of 1.3 cm.
The Importance of Away Fans to a Club’s Market Size and its Effect on Competitive Balance

A club’s market size is not equivalent to its fan-base because the club collects gate receipts from fans affiliated to rival clubs, and thus indirectly shares its revenue source with other clubs. We trace the spending of individual fans and found that clubs with a smaller fan-base benefits more from the spending of away fans, allowing them to hire better playing talents and reduce the performance gap against clubs with larger fan-base.
Government Policies, Residential Mortgage Defaults, and the Boom and Bust Cycle of Housing Prices

We develop a dynamic simulation model for residential home prices in an economy where defaults on residential mortgages negatively affect housing prices and aggregate income. This simulation model enables us to study the impact of subprime defaults on prime borrowers and the impact of various government policies on the housing market boom and bust cycle. In this regard, our key conclusions are that: (i) there is a contagion effect from subprime defaults to prime defaults due to the negative impact of subprime defaults on aggregate income, and (ii) monetary policy is the most effective tool for decreasing mortgage defaults and increasing aggregate home prices in contrast to alternative government fiscal policies designed to loosen mortgage credit.
Aeropalynological and phenological study in two different Mediterranean olive areas: Cordoba (Spain) and Perugia (Italy)

ABSTRACT An aerobiological and phenological investigation on the olive tree was carried out during three years in two areas: Cordoba (Spain) and Perugia (Italy). In these countries, this species is economically important and those areas were chosen because of the long series of aeropalynological data (1982–1998) available, obtained by means of identical volumetric pollen traps. The aim of this study was to use phenological observations to prove the real contribution to the pollen curves in different cultivated areas. Results show that in Cordoba province (302.152 ha) the pollen curve is characterised by different peaks because of the pollination of different cultivated crops. In some cases, these crops are located far from the pollen trap (50 km) but pollen is transported thanks to favourable winds during the flowering period. In Perugia (750 ha) the pollen curve is characterised by only one peak; it is very concentrated because of the proximity of the investigated crops. The objective of this research was to obtain information on this species in order to elaborate statistical models aimed at forecasting the potential fruit production based on the amount of pollen released into the atmosphere.
Eimeria minima n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Japanese quail ( Cuturnix cuturnix japonica) in Brazil

Oocysts from teces of Japanese quails (Cuturnix cuturnix japonica) were described. Sporulated oocysts were spherical tosubspherical and measured 17.31±1.87 to 16.45±1.72 ! Jm in size with shape index 1.05±0.04. The oocyst wall was thin andsmooth, and was consisted of two distinct layer, outside layer was brownish while the inner one was hyaline. Few polar granuleswere present but without a micropyle or an oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid with 10.43±1.11 to 5.92±0.58 ! Jm indiameter. Sporocyst residuum was present with visible granules with tactful Stieda body. Each sporocyst had two sporozoites.For the sake of small size in comparison to the others species found in the Japanese quail, Eimeria minima was proposed.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, the first report of a coccoid bacterium causing a plant disease

A coccoid bacterium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, was identified for the first time as the causal agent of a postharvest decay of fresh-market tomato fruit in California and Mexico. Symptoms included a sour odor and watery texture of firm and intact fruit. Our original strain (LMM 89-1) and an additional 10 strains isolated from Leuconostoc-decayed or fungal-decayed fruit were identified as the heterofermentative, lactic acid-producing bacterium L. m. subsp. mesenteroides. These strains were identical to the type strain, ATCC 8293. Bacterial strains were identified as members of the genus Leuconostoc primarily on the basis of Gram-positive stain, coccoid morphology, lack of catalase, inability to hydrolyze arginine, and production of CO 2 from glucose; strain LMM 89-1 was identified as L. mesenteroides based, in part, on a fatty acid methyl ester analysis. The strains were identified to the subspecies level based on production of acid from L-arabinose and dextran production on sucrose-amended media. Pathogenicity of strain LMM 89-1 was demonstrated on mature-green tomato fruit by fulfilling Koch's postulates. Symptom development was discernible within 24 h of inoculation as small, slightly sunken, firm, water-soaked lesions. Sequential sampling and culturing over 5 days indicated a logarithmic increase of bacterial populations in fruit tissues. The average doubling time over these periods was 3.6 h for fruit incubated at 20 C and 2.9 h for fruit incubated at 33 C. Using aqueous cell suspensions, strain LMM 89-1 was found to be more virulent (sensu aggressive) to tomato fruit than was the type strain. Strain LMM 89-1 was pathogenic to wound-inoculated fruit of pepper but not tomato leaflets, tomato stems, potato tubers, eggplant fruit, or other nonsolanaceous crops tested. In subsequent samplings of tomato fruit from packinghouses in California and Mexico, L. m. subsp. mesenteroides was isolated from 17 of 21 (81 %) symptomatic fruit, as well as from 309 of 387 (80 %) fungal-decayed fruit. From asymptomatic fruit, the bacterium was isolated from surface sections of tomato fruit but not from internal mesocarp tissue
The Effects of Borrowers’ Discouragement, Perceptive Discrimination and Risk-taking on Entrepreneurs’ Preferences for External Financing

This paper examines the impacts of borrowers’ discouragement, self-perceived discrimination to apply for bank financing and appetite for risk-taking on preferences for external financing amongst ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) in the UK. Our results suggest three main reasons for borrower discouragement to apply for bank financing, namely financing cost, financing history and fear of prejudice. We find that borrowers’ discouragement and self-perceived discrimination significantly impact preferences for external financing. Specifically, EMBs prefer more asset financing if they are discouraged due to financing cost, whilst less asset financing if they are discouraged due to fear of prejudice. However, there is no significant impact of discouragement or self-perceived discrimination on the preference for bank financing. Entrepreneurial risk-taking explained little variation in EMBs’ preferences for external financing.
Changes in protein secretion of Aspergillus niger caused by the reduction of the water activity by potassium chloride

The effect of the rapid reduction of the water activity (a w ) on the extracellular protein and amylolytic activity of Aspergillus niger was studied. An a w value gradient from 0.90 to 0.99 in KCl solutions was applied for the mycelium treatment. It was found that the a w reduction considerably influenced the protein secretion. This phenomenon was dependent on the age of the treated mycelium and the range of the a w gradient. The highest protein and enzyme secretion yields were obtained at a w = 0.98 using a 72-h old mycelium. In comparison with the non-treated mycelium, the increase in the secretion amounted to about 60%, for the amylolytic activity and 37% for the soluble protein, respectively. It was shown that the mycelium incubated in KCl solutions of an a w value from 0.90 to 0.99 had the ability for regeneration in fresh CZAPEK-DOX medium. The effect of the osmotic shock on the protein secretion was limited only for the treated cell population and declined in the mycelium which was regenerated after the transfer into the culture medium.
Estimating population size of grizzly bears using hair capture, DNA profiling, and mark-recapture analysis

We used DNA analysis to estimate grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population size in a 9.866-km 2 area in southeast British Columbia and a 5,030-km 2 area in southwest Alberta. We sampled bears by removing hair at bait sites surrounded by a single strand of barbed wire. DNA profiling with microsatellites of the root portion of the hair was used to identify individuals. We collected hair from 109 different bears and had 25 recaptures in 5 10-day trapping sessions in British Columbia. In Alberta we collected hair from 37 bears and had 9 recaptures in 4 14-day sessions. A model in program CAPTURE (M h ) that acconmodates heterogeneity in (individual capture probaluilities estimated the population size in British Columbia as 262 (95% CI = 224-313) and in Alberta as 71 (60 100), We believe that hair capture combined with DNA profiling is a promising technique for estimating distribution and abundance of bears and potentially many other species. This approach is of special interest to management biologists because it can be applied at the scale conservation and management decisions are made.
The ingestion of bacteria in suspension by the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Groups of large (65 -75 g) and small (8-17 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings were exposed to the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceurn in order to establish whether they could detect and ingest unattached bacteria. Small fish exposed to both bacteria and to cell-free bacterial extracts showed a significant increase in opercular beat rates, thus demonstrating that they are able to detect the presence of unattached bacteria in suspension. Examination of carp gut contents showed that the proportion of small fish ingesting bacteria increased with exposure time although no significant relationship was observed among larger fish. Significant, positive correlations between numbers of viable bacteria isolated from the intestinal tracts and concentration in the environment were observed. Possible mechanisms of bacterial ingestion are discussed.
Drivers of Inflation and Inflation Volatility and Their Effects on Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Indonesia and Thailand

Indonesia and Thailand, two major open economies in Southeast Asia operating under managed-float exchange rate systems, have remained susceptible to both external and domestic shocks since the East-Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. This paper investigates the transmission of external shocks to these economies via their impact on inflation and inflation volatility. The empirical results suggest that in both Indonesia and Thailand, inflation and inflation volatility are more sensitive to external shocks relative to domestic shocks, consistent with the globalization hypothesis. Inflation and inflation volatility are also found to have a feedback relation between them, consistent with the Friedman‐Ball and Cukierman‐Meltzer propositions, and they drive the real exchange rate up while adversely affecting output and asset prices. A positive inflation shock has immediate and persistent adverse effects on domestic output, consistent with the inflation literature for developing countries. The empirical results highlight the implications for economic theory and policy measures. In Indonesia and Thailand, policymakers can improve the conduct of rule-based monetary policy by fostering a more flexible exchange rate regime, to keep inflation stable and to raise the people’s social welfare.
The Gross Domestic Product Surface: (GDP-Surface)

This paper focuses on the application of multi-dimensional Cartesian spaces in the graphical visualization of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) historical trend of any country. The main objective to use multi-dimensional Cartesian spaces is to observe all possible changes of all variables (independent variables) which affect the single variable (dependent variable) in the same graph. To observe the GDP historical trend from a multi-dimensional view, this paper also proposes the application of the GDP surface approach on the United States (U.S.) GDP historical trend from 1928 to 2004. Finally, to facilitate the visualization of the GDP surface behavior in different periods of time (per decades, annually, semester, quarterly, monthly, weekly, or daily), It requires the construction of a large number of GDP surfaces that, when joined together can generate a dynamic animation. The dynamic animation of the GDP surfaces will show real time behavior of the GDP historical trend in constant movement from far periods of time until today.
Comments on Proposed SEC 2010-2015 Draft Strategic Plan

The SEC has proposed a strategic plan which sets out its mission, vision, and values, identifies four strategic goals, a set of desired outcomes associated with each strategic goal, and a list of performance measures for assessing the SEC’s effectiveness in attaining its goals. We affirm the need for vigorous enforcement of securities law and offer some research based insights and performance indicators. We also acknowledge the importance of disclosure, but propose that the SEC needs to develop a disclosure framework and develop better operational indicators of quality of disclosure. It is important to appreciate the benefits of disclosure as well as its limits and potential dysfunctional consequences. We also discuss the need for an independent accounting standard setter and recommend that the SEC take a greater role in enhancing the independence of FASB. This comment was developed by American Accounting Association’s Financial Accounting Standards Committee and does not represent an official position of the American Accounting Association.
LANDSCAPE CHANGE FOLLOWING DEFORESTATION AT THE ARCTIC TREE LINE IN QUEBEC, CANADA

This study examines the influence of fire-induced deforestation in well- drained conifer sites on the development of adjacent, surviving spruce stands in peatlands at the arctic tree line (northern Quebec). Tree-ring and growth-form patterns of cross-dated black spruce (Picea mariana) remains in peat were used to analyze stand responses in two contrasting topographical settings: a moderately protected valley-bottom peatland, and an exposed hilltop peatland. Dense, old-growth spruce populations occupied the studied peat- lands between the 11th and 16th centuries, with stunted and erect spruce dominating the hilltop and the valley sites, respectively. Spruce continued to colonize the peatlands as long as the adjacent well-drained sites were occupied by forest trees able to attenuate the dam- aging effect of winter snow-drifting conditions. The surviving conifer stands exhibited similar growth responses following deforestation of the well-drained sites by wildfire in AD 1567-1568. These responses included dieback of supranival (above snow) stems and death of trees due to drowning in permafrost-induced ponds. The postfire degradation and disappearance of the conifer stands from the peatlands were the ultimate stage of a positive feedback process triggered by a modification of the snow regime at the landscape scale. Deforestation of the well-drained sites led to reduced snow accumulation and enhanced snow-drift exposure, thus inducing permafrost aggradation and drainage impediment in the nearby peatland sites. While the hilltop conifer stand responded immediately to forest exclusion in the nearby sites, ecosystem changes in the valley peatland were delayed until AD 1580-1590, at the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Our results emphasize the sensitivity and connectedness of adjoining ecosystems to fire and frost disturbances in a changing subarctic landscape mosaic.
Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis during Each Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women

The effects of the menstrual cycle on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were studied in nine healthy young women aged 18-19 years. All subjects were eumenorrheic, with regular menstrual cycles ranging from 28 to 32 days. RMR and DIT were measured in the mid follicular phase and in the mid luteal phase. On the experimental days, subjects fasted overnight; then the RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. For the measurement of DIT, subjects were fed a meal containing a uniform amount of energy (2.53MJ) eaten within 15 min, and then indirect calorimetry was performed during rest for 180min. The RMR was significantly higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (67.0 vs. 62.5J/kg/min, p<0.01). DIT was also significantly higher in the luteal phase (4.0 vs. 3.2kJ/kg/3h, p<0.01). The postprandial respiratory exchange ratio was slightly lower in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (0.78 vs. 0.81). These results suggest that the menstrual cycle phase affects both the RMR and DIT. Higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat utilization in the luteal phase may be related to sympathetic and endocrinal actions.
THE FIRST PROOF OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOPRENOID FROM AMINO ACID IN HIGHER PLANT. THE INCORPORATION OF L -LEUCINE INTO LINALOOL

U-14C-L-Leucine and 4,5-3H-L-leucine were incorporated into linalool (I) in Cinnamomum Camphora Sieb. var. linalooliferum Fujita in 0.004% yield at the highest value. Its labeling patterns have indicated that DMAPP may originate not only from mevalonic acid but also from leucine not via the acid.
Mate detection in a territorial butterfly-the effect of background and luminance contrast

Many animals search for potential mates or prey using a perch-and-sally strategy. The success of such a strategy will depend on factors that affect the observer's ability to detect a passing resource item. Intrinsic factors (e.g., eye structure and physiology) have received much recent attention, but less is known about effects on object detection in nature and extrinsic factors such as size, coloration, and speed of a passing object and the background against which the object is viewed. Here, we examine how background affects the detection of butterfly models by perched males of the butterfly Asterocampa leilia in the field. We test the hypothesis that male choice of perch site in nature will influence the contrast between the object and background against which it is viewed and that this will influence success in detecting the object. We also test the effect of contrast by manipulating the brightness of the object and presenting butterfly models of different reflectance (ranging from black to white). We found an effect of model luminance, with dark models being most likely to elicit a response regardless of background. Further, there was an effect of background type with models viewed against blue sky eliciting the highest response. Perceived luminance contrast correlates to behavior; highly contrasting objects are more frequently detected. This study expands our understanding of visual system performance and has implications for our understanding of the behavior and evolutionary ecology of perching species. (Less)
Bodegas or Bagel Shops? Neighborhood Differences in Retail & Household Services

Social scientists studying the disadvantages of poor urban neighborhoods have focused on the quality of publicly provided amenities. However, the quantity and quality of local private amenities, such as grocery stores and restaurants, can also have important quality of life implications for neighborhood residents. In the current paper, we develop neighborhood-level metrics of “retail access�? and analyze how retail services vary across New York City neighborhoods by income and racial composition. We then examine how retail services change over time, particularly in neighborhoods undergoing rapid economic growth. Results indicate that lower-income and minority neighborhoods have fewer retail establishments, smaller average establishments, a higher proportion of “unhealthy�? restaurants, and in certain cases, less diversity across retail sub-sectors. In addition, the rate of retail growth between 1998 and 2007 has been particularly fast in neighborhoods that were initially lower-valued and experienced relatively high housing price appreciation compared to the city overall.