Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMIC α2‐ADRENOCEPTOR ACTIVITY IN FRUCTOSE‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION

1 The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine on blood pressure and heart rate (HR) regulation, as well as on adrenergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission, in fructose hypertensive (F) rats. 2 The anterior hypothalamic area of control (C) and F rats was perfused with Ringer's solution containing 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine through a microdialysis concentric probe. The effects of yohimbine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR, as well as on hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) levels, were measured according to perfusion time. 3 Although intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased blood pressure in C rats (ΔMAP 9 ± 1 and 11 ± 2 mmHg for 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine, respectively; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), the α‐adrenoceptor antagonist did not modify MAP in F. Intrahypothalamic yohimbine had no effect on HR at either concentration tested. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine increased DOPAC levels in C rats (135 ± 6 and 130 ± 5% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), but not in F animals (115 ± 6 and 102 ± 6% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6). In both C and F rats, yohimbine administration induced an increase in 5‐HIAA dialysate levels. 4 The results of the present study support the notion that α2‐adrenoceptor tone of the anterior hypothalamus of normotensive rats, which contributes to normal blood pressure regulation, is not involved in the control of HR in either normotensive C or hypertensive F rats. The absence of changes in MAP after yohimbine perfusion in F rats suggests that the α2‐adrenoceptor tone could be decreased in this group of rats and that this may be responsible for the maintenance of hypertension in this model. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased DOPAC in the dialysate only in C rats, suggesting changes in presynaptic α2‐adrenoceptor activity in fructose‐overloaded rats. Conversely, increased 5‐HIAA levels did not differ between C and F groups.
Studies in Meat Tenderness. III. The Effects of Cold Shortening on Tenderness

SUMMARY The tenderness of meat removed from the carcass in a pre-rigor condition is highly dependent on the extent of the cold shortening which occurs after excision. The relationship between shortening and tenderness is complex. A decrease of up to 20% of the initial excised length does not exert a significant effect, hut toughness increases rapidly with further shortening beyond this point, reaching a peak of several times its original value (in terms of shear force required) at a shortening of about 40%. With yet further shortening, the meat becomes progressively more tender until, at about 55-60% shortening, it is cleaved about as easily as meat in which less than 20% shortening has occurred. The presence of intact skeletal attachments does not necessarily overcome the development of shortening-induced toughness. It is shown that a pre-rigor muscle which is absolutely fixed in over-all length is still capable of appreciable shortening in one zone, with compensating lengthening elsewhere, if the application of cold is uneven along its surface.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Response of a Composite Titania Thin Film with Single-Crystalline Rutile Nanorods Embedded in Anatase Aggregates

A composite titania thin film consisted of quasi-aligned single-crystalline rutile nanorods embedded in sol−gel-derived anatase aggregates was fabricated and its photoelectrochemical behavior was studied in detail. A monolayer of nearly single-crystalline rutile nanorods was first deposited on metallic Ti substrates through a controlled reaction between Ti and hydrogen peroxide. The gaps among the rutile nanorods were then filled with titania nanoparticles through a sol−gel dip-coating approach, which achieved a composite thin film of single-crystalline rutile nanorods embedded in anatase aggregates, after a subsequent thermal treatment at 723 K. The X-ray diffraction measurement revealed that the composite film with thickness of 180 nm contained anatase and rutile in a nearly 50:50 ratio. The UV−visible diffusive reflectance spectra estimated a band gap of 2.99 eV for the rutile monolayer and a slightly increased value of 3.03 eV for the composite film due to the embedding of the anatase nanoparticles. P.
ON DEGENERATE NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS

Dirichlet problems for degenerate nonlinear elliptic equations of Bellman type are studied, where is a linear elliptic operator of second order. Under certain conditions on the coefficients of , it is shown that this problem is solvable in the class of functions with bounded second derivatives.Bibliography: 15 titles.
NMR in rotating solids

The NMR free induction decay from a spinning sample having inhomogeneous anisotropic interactions (chemical shifts, first order quadrupole couplings) takes the form of a train of rotational spin echoes. The Fourier transform of the echo envelope is a sharp spectrum from which the effects of anisotropy have been removed. The Fourier transform of the echo shape contains information concerning the anisotropies: This information can be extracted by a moment analysis. The effects of localized homonuclear spin–spin interactions are to convert the ’’isotropic’’ spectrum into a characteristic powder pattern. Second order quadrupole coupling produces a similar effect. It is shown in this case that the usual second‐order level shifts cannot be used to calculated this pattern, which must be described by a proper average Hamiltonian theory. Finally it is shown that rotational spin echoes provide a convenient means of studying very slow random molecular rotations (τc≲1 sec).
Characterization of Pyroelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting from Human Body

Pyroelectric energy harvesting is one of the feasible ways to harvest waste heat from human body. Heat is constantly lost from human body to maintain a constant temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. The maximum heat lost from the human body to the environment occurs through the skin. The heat loss varies throughout the human body, but, the most at the feet, the palms, and the exterior back which are the optimal areas for pyroelectric energy harvesting. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of harvesting energy from the human body to power portable electronic devices such as computer mice. Current computer mice use either batteries or USB ports for power and run continuously, consuming significant amount of power. We present the design of a pyroelectric computer mouse, that uses the heat of the user's palm to power or supplement the energy demand of the mouse. Important parameters such as the heat generation rate of users, the design of the pyroelectric system, and the optimal operating conditions that provides highest power output, will be briefly discussed using commercially available materials.
The Impact of a Xanthohumol-Enriched Hop Product on the Behavior of Xanthohumol and Isoxanthohumol in Pale and Dark Beers: A Pilot Scale Approach

ABSTRACT J. Inst. Brew. 114(3), 246–256, 2008 Based on the health-promoting properties of xanthohumol (XN), the production of an enriched beer in this substance would be of interest to the brewing industry, from the perspective of pointing out the benefits that beer could bring consumer health. For that purpose, in this work efforts were applied to produce a beer enriched in XN. Also investigated was the influence of a XN-enriched hop product on the content of XN and isoxanthohumol (IXN) in pale and dark beers. It was verified that XN was largely converted into IXN during wort boiling. However, the use of dark malts revealed a positive effect on the thermal isomerisa-tion of XN. These results are indicative of the isomerisation-inhibiting effect of the stout production process, which resulted in high levels of XN in the beer. Further losses of XN were due to incomplete extraction from the hops into the wort, adsorption to insoluble malt proteins and adsorption to yeast cells during fermentation. It was possible to produce a dark beer enriched in XN (3.5 mg/L) by using coloured malt (caramel malt, roasted malt and roasted malt extract) and a special XN hop extract combined with late hop usage during wort boiling.
Spike frequency adaptation supports network computations on temporally dispersed information

For solving tasks such as recognizing a song, answering a question, or inverting a sequence of symbols, cortical microcircuits need to integrate and manipulate information that was dispersed over time during the preceding seconds. Creating biologically realistic models for the underlying computations, especially with spiking neurons and for behaviorally relevant integration time spans, is notoriously difficult. We examine the role of spike frequency adaptation in such computations and find that it has a surprisingly large impact. The inclusion of this well known property of a substantial fraction of neurons in the neocortex — especially in higher areas of the human neocortex — moves the performance of spiking neural network models for computations on network inputs that are temporally dispersed from a fairly low level up to the performance level of the human brain.
The detection of connectivities of rare spin-½ nuclei in the solid state using natural abundance samples: 13C and 29Si INADEQUATE and COSY type experiments

The cross polarization (c.p.)–magic angle spinning (m.a.s.)–INADEQUATE and c.p.–m.a.s. –COSY techniques for detection of connectivities of rare spin-½ nuclei in the solid state are introduced and illustrated using the scalar 1J(13C,13C) and 2J(29Si,29Si) soupling of natural abundance samples.
A protease-mediated mechanism regulates the cytochrome c6/plastocyanin switch in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Significance After the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis, iron (Fe) became oxidized, and its solubility and availability were greatly decreased. This generated a problem for most organisms since they are strongly dependent on Fe, especially photosynthetic organisms. In response, organisms evolved alternatives to Fe-containing proteins such as plastocyanin, a copper protein that substitutes for cytochrome c6 in photosynthesis. Expression of these two proteins in cyanobacteria is regulated by Cu availability, but the regulatory system remains unknown. Herein, we describe the regulatory system for these alternative proteins in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. The mechanism involves a transcription factor (PetR) and a membrane protease (PetP) that degrades PetR in the presence of Cu. After the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), iron availability was greatly decreased, and photosynthetic organisms evolved several alternative proteins and mechanisms. One of these proteins, plastocyanin, is a type I blue-copper protein that can replace cytochrome c6 as a soluble electron carrier between cytochrome b6f and photosystem I. In most cyanobacteria, expression of these two alternative proteins is regulated by copper availability, but the regulatory system remains unknown. Herein, we provide evidence that the regulatory system is composed of a BlaI/CopY-family transcription factor (PetR) and a BlaR-membrane protease (PetP). PetR represses petE (plastocyanin) expression and activates petJ (cytochrome c6), while PetP controls PetR levels in vivo. Using whole-cell extracts, we demonstrated that PetR degradation requires both PetP and copper. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the PetRP system regulates only four genes (petE, petJ, slr0601, and slr0602), highlighting its specificity. Furthermore, the presence of petE and petRP in early branching cyanobacteria indicates that acquisition of these genes could represent an early adaptation to decreased iron bioavailability following the GOE.
Adaptive attributes of tropical forage species to acid soils. III. Differences in phosphorus acquisition and utilization as influenced by varying phosphorus supply and soil type

Abstract Low phosphorus (P) supply is a major limitation of forage production in acid soils of the tropics. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to determine the differences in P acquisition and utilization among three legumes (Arachis pintoi, Stylosanthes capitata and Centrosema acutifolium) and one grass (Brachiaria dictyoneura). The plants were grown under monoculture or in grass + legume associations in two acid Oxisols of contrasting texture (sandy loam or clay loam). The soils were amended with soluble phosphate at rates ranging from 0 to 50 kg‐ha‐1. After 80 days of growth, total P and nitrogen (N) content in different plant parts, inorganic P content and acid phosphatase activity in roots and leaves, vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal root infection, total P acquisition from soil, P acquisition efficiency, P transport index, and P use efficiency were determined. Total P acquisition (per unit soil surface) of A. pintoi was higher than that of the other two legumes at 50 kg‐ha‐l of P supply. Phosphor.
Instantaneous and Overall Indicators for Determination of Bottleneck Ranking in Metabolic Reaction Networks

A dynamic logarithmic gain expresses the percentage change in a dependent variable or metabolite concentration in response to an infinitesimal percentage change in an independent variable or enzyme activity. This article discusses the usefulness of several bottleneck ranking (BR) indicators that are functions of the logarithmic gain, to determine the most likely bottleneck enzyme in a dynamic metabolic reaction system. Mathematical models for penicillin V and ethanol fermentations are considered as case studies. The calculated results reveal that the instantaneous BR indicator, which is a product of the dynamic logarithmic gain and the metabolite concentration, is an effective measure for instantaneous bottleneck enzyme ranking changed during the fermentation period, whereas the overall BR indicator, which is a time-averaged value of the instantaneous BR indicator, is an effective measure for bottleneck enzyme ranking throughout the entire fermentation period.
BUB-1 targets PP2A:B56 to regulate chromosome congression during meiosis I in C. elegans oocytes

Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimer composed of scaffolding (A), catalytic (C), and regulatory (B) subunits. PP2A complexes with B56 subunits are targeted by Shugoshin and BUBR1 to protect centromeric cohesion and stabilise kinetochore–microtubule attachments in yeast and mouse meiosis. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the closest BUBR1 orthologue lacks the B56-interaction domain and Shugoshin is not required for meiotic segregation. Therefore, the role of PP2A in C. elegans female meiosis is unknown. We report that PP2A is essential for meiotic spindle assembly and chromosome dynamics during C. elegans female meiosis. BUB-1 is the main chromosome-targeting factor for B56 subunits during prometaphase I. BUB-1 recruits PP2A:B56 to the chromosomes via a newly identified LxxIxE motif in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, and this recruitment is important for proper chromosome congression. Our results highlight a novel mechanism for B56 recruitment, essential for recruiting a pool of PP2A involved in chromosome congression during meiosis I.
Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins – Advances in Synthesis and Supramolecular Chemistry

Amphiphilic cyclodextrins represent a new generation of these oligosaccharides, which are well known previously as host molecules in water. Cyclodextrins are now being modified with polar groups, lipophilic groups and conjugates which elaborate further their amphiphilicity and molecular recognition. The resulting amphiphiles are host molecules capable of forming all the assemblies expected of amphiphiles, but showing additional supramolecular properties. Examples of these macrocyclic amphiphiles are by now known that form thermotropic liquid crystals, while lyotropic assemblies include micelles, unimolecular micelles, nanoparticles, monolayers and bilayer vesicles. The assembly properties are modulated by both the lipidic and hydrophilic additions to the original cyclodextrin, however due to the mesomolecular size range substantial changes such as multiple glycosylation can be carried out without disrupting self-assembly. The assemblies in certain cases show molecular recognition both by the cyclodextrin cavities and by the conjugated groups such as glycosyls. Multiple noncovalent interactions, delivery to biological cells and DNA delivery are among the capabilities of those amphiphilic cyclodextrins that form bilayer vesicles. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Theoretical studies of the dynamics of electron transfer in dye sensitized solar cells and of the mechanism of singlet fission in organic crystalline materials

We present a theoretical and computational study on two different processes of interest for the development of third generation solar cells: (i) electron injection in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs); (ii) mechanism of singlet fission (SF) in organic crystalline materials, commonly employed in organic solar cells. (i) Electron injection rates in DSSCs are computed through a combination of ab initio calculations and theoretical modeling. In particular, rates are calculated using a matrix partitioning approach, in conjunction with the propagation of Green’s functions. We are able to separate the entire dye-semiconductor surface in smaller sub-systems, whose study is less computational demanding. We prove that this approach is not only capable of simulating experimental results, but, due to its flexibility, can be used in a predictive way. We propose three possible applications of our method: a) a comparative study of different organic dyes sharing the same anchoring group; b) an investigation aimed to identify the optimal anchoring group for a DSSC dye, by screening 15 potential candidates in terms of adsorption strength on the TiO2 surface and electron injection properties; c) an extension of our approach for the study of metal-organic dyes, attaching the TiO2 surface through a variety of binding modes and with multiple anchoring groups. (ii) SF is studied focusing on the multi-excitonic (ME) intermediate, playing a pivotal role in the mechanism of the process. A model configuration interaction Hamiltonian is presented for the study of the electronic structure of a linear cluster of molecules undergoing to SF. The analysis of its electronic structure shows that different distances between the pseudo-triplets composing the ME produce energetically distinguishable states. In particular, we can separate the ME in two types: bound stabilized ME states whose pseudo-triplets are located on neighboring molecules, and unbound ME states, whose energy is almost equal to the energy of two triplets. We also demonstrate that, while singlet excitons are delocalized, ME states are localized. Dynamics of the ME←S1 radiationless decay is studied with Fermi golden rule, where a model is proposed to simulate explicitly the vibronic ME states. Effect of different choices of model parameters is studied, along with an analysis of the branching of the rates, showing that the transition occurs almost completely toward bound ME states.
Field Implementation of a Winsor Type I Surfactant/Alcohol Mixture for in Situ Solubilization of a Complex LNAPL as a Single-Phase Microemulsion

A Winsor Type I surfactant/alcohol mixture was used as an in situ flushing agent to solubilize a multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) as a single-phase microemulsion (SPME) in a hydraulically isolated test cell at Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah. The surfactant (polyoxyethylene(10) oleyl ether) and alcohol (1-pentanol) together comprised 5.5 wt % of the flushing solution. The NAPL was extremely complex, containing more than 200 constituents and a ‘pitch' fraction that was not solvent-extractable. The NAPL removal effectiveness of the SPME flood was evaluated using information from soil cores, partitioning tracer tests, and NAPL constituent breakthrough curves (BTCs) measured at three extraction wells. Soil core data indicated that approximately 90−95% of the most prevalent NAPL constituents were removed from the cell by the SPME flood. A comparison of pre- and postflushing partitioning tracer data indicated that about 72% of the measured NAPL volume was removed by the SPME flood. Integration of N.
79Br and 127I Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Study of Para‐Substituted Anilinium Halides, 4‐RC6H4NH⊕3X⊖ with X = Br, I and R = Cl, Br, SCN, and OCH3. Crystal Structure of 4‐Chloro‐ and 4‐Bromoanilinium Bromide Hemihydrate

The 79Br and 127I nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of para-substituted anilinium bromides and iodides 4-RC6H4NH⊕3X⊖ with X = Br, I and R = Cl, Br, SCN, OCH3 were studied in the temperature range 77 ≤ T/K ≤ 420. 4-ClC6H4NH⊕3Br⊖ shows a phase transition at Tc = 132 ± 1 K. 4-ClC6H4NH⊕3Br⊖ as well as 4-BrC6H4NH⊕3Br⊖ exist as hemihydrates, too. The two hemihydrates are isomorphous, crystallizing monoclinic, C52h - P21/c, Z = 8. 4-ClC6H4NH⊕3Br⊖·1/2 H2O: a = 1370.9(5) pm, b = 789.1(3) pm, c = 1940.1(7) pm, β = 125.38(1)°; 4-BrC6H4NH⊕3Br⊖ · 1/2 H2O: a = 1380.1(7) pm, b = 794.8(5) pm, c = 1934.2(9) pm, β = 125.11(1)°. The influence of hydrogen bonds on 79Br NQR is investigated. NQR results and the structures of the studied compounds are discussed in comparison with known bond properties of anilinium halides.
FRACTIONATION OF BARLEY FLOUR USING ELUSIEVE PROCESSING: A COMBINATION OF SIEVING AND AIR CLASSIFICATION

The availability of winter barley in areas of the U.S. that are not well suited to grow corn, such as the mid-Atlantic states, makes it a feedstock of choice for fuel ethanol production in those regions. Recently, it was found that the Elusieve process, the combination of sieving and air classification (elutriation or aspiration), was effective in fiber separation from corn flour prior to fermentation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the Elusieve process on the compositions of fractions from barley flour of a hulled (Thoroughbred) and a hulless (Doyce) barley variety. The barley grains were milled using a hammer mill and sieved into four size fractions. Air classification of the two largest size fractions using a commercial aspirator resulted in heavier fractions with higher starch, higher beta-glucan, and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. Hulls were preferentially carried into the lighter fractions, as signified by higher NDF contents of lighter fractions. Elusieve processing was more effective (higher separation factors) for the hulled variety than the hulless variety because higher hull presence caused increased carryover of hull into the lighter fractions for the hulled variety. The increase in beta-glucan and starch contents in barley flour, by hull separation using the combination of sieving and air classification, may increase ethanol productivity and may be beneficial in fuel ethanol production from barley when using a process that converts both starch and beta-glucans into fuel ethanol. Since the Elusieve process was most effective only when hulls were present, any dehulling operation prior to grinding would make Elusieve processing needless.