Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Vitamins in Honey Samples from Different Floral Origins and Altitudes in Asir Region at the South-Western Part of Saudi Arabia

Different factors are known to affect the different physiochemical properties of bee's honey including the floral origin and climate. The aim of this article was to investigate the effect of floral origin and altitude on the concentration of vitamin C and A. Ten Ziziphus honey samples were collected from two altitudes; 113 and 511 meters. Twenty-five Acacia honey samples were included in this study from five altitudes; 14, 113, 317, 576 and 2247 meters above sea level. Vitamin C was measured by redox titration and vitamin A was estimated using the Carr-price reaction and spectrophotometer. The mean± SD of vitamin C in the Ziziphus and Acacia honey samples were 239.2± 91.5 and 260.4± 81.1 mg\100g, respectively. Vitamin A mean value± SD in the Ziziphus and Acacia honey were 0.088± 0.126 and 0.062± 0.126 mg\ 100g, respectively. Concerning the effect of altitude, there was significant increase in vitamin C concentration in ziziphus honey with the increase of the altitude (p- value= 0.027), while an insignificant decrease was obtained in the case of vitamin A. Regarding the effect of altitude on the concentration of vitamin C in the Acacia honey, there was significant increase in the honey from the altitude of 2247 compared to the honey from all the other altitudes. Vitamin A concentration in the Acacia honey from the altitude 2247 was insignificantly decreased compared to the honey from all the other altitudes (p- value > 0.05). The floral origin insignificantly affected the concentration of vitamin C and A. The altitude significantly affected the concentration of vitamin C irrespective of the floral origin.
The role of the putative antifeeding prophage of Amoebophilus asiaticus during infection

Amoebophilus asiaticus ist ein obligat intrazellularer Symbiont von Akanthamoben und besitzt einen zweistufigen Lebenszyklus mit einer extrazellularen, infektiosen und einer intrazellularen, replikativen Phase. Die eingeschrankte Genomgrose und limitierten biosynthetischen Kapazitaten deuten auf eine enge symbiotische Beziehung und starke Abhangigkeit vom Wirt hin. Erstaunlicherweise findet sich im Genom keines der bekannten Typ I–VI Sekretionssysteme fur den Transfer von Effektorproteinen in das Zytoplasma des Wirts. Jedoch besitzt A. asiaticus ein Cluster aus 13 Genen mit hoher Ahnlichkeit zum “antifeeding” Prophagen des insektenpathogenen Bakteriums Serratia entomophila. In A. asiaticus konnte dieser Prophage als abgeleitetes Sekretionssystem dienen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mittels eines quantitativen Echtzeit-PCR Ansatzes die Expression eines reprasentativen Gens aus dem Cluster, dem “prophage tail sheath”-Gen, zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten des Infektionszyklus untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das “prophage tail sheath”-Gen in der extrazellularen und intrazellularen Phase differentiell exprimiert wird. Zwei Gene des Clusters wurden kloniert und in Escherichia coli heterolog exprimiert, mit dem Langzeitziel, Antikorper fur Immunfluoreszenz herzustellen. Proben fur konventionelle Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie und Cryo-Elektronenmikroskopie wurden vorbereitet. Die mikroskopische Analyse zeigte Bundel filamentoser zytoplasmatischer Strukturen, bei denen es sich vermutlich um den Prophagen handelt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit liefern erste plausible Hinweise auf eine Beteiligung des mutmaslichen Prophagen am Infektionsprozess.
Effects of Clostridium butyricum on breast muscle lipid metabolism of broilers

Abstract To investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on breast muscle lipid metabolism of broilers, 192 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated into 2 treatments with 6 replicates in a completely randomised design. The broilers were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets and supplemented with 0 or 1 × 109 cfu of C. butyricum/kg of diet for 42 days. The birds in the C. butyricum-supplemented group showed higher (p < .05) average daily gain during the grower phase and throughout the entire period of the experiment and a lower (p = .047) feed conversion rate during the grower phase. Supplementation with C. butyricum increased (p < .05) the intramuscular fat content, lipoprotein lipase activity and mRNA levels in the breast muscle at 42 days of age, increased (p = .032) the serum insulin level at 21 days of age, and enhanced (p = .020) the caecal Firmicutes relative abundance at 42 days of age. Additionally, supplementation with C. butyricum reduced (p < .05) the serum growth hormone levels at both 21 and 42 days of age, decreased (p < .05) the ileum angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA levels and serum ANGPTL4 concentrations at 42 days of age, and decreased (p < .05) the hormone-sensitive lipase activity, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase mRNA levels in the breast muscle at 42 days of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with C. butyricum could potentially target caecal microbiota and reduced the breast muscle fatty acid oxidation of broilers.
The Relationship between Yeast Cell Age, Fermenter Cone Environment, and Petite Mutant Formation in Lager Fermentations

Fermentation performance and final beer product quality can be greatly influenced by the integrity of brewing yeast mtDNA, particularly when petite mutants are formed. The factors that influence the susceptibility of cropped yeast to form petites are not fully understood. Analysis of the yeast crop harvested from an industrial scale fermentation vessel showed that the greatest accumulation of petite mutants was colocated with the oldest (in terms of replicative age) yeast cells. The frequency of petites is also known to be dependent on the generation age (number of successive fermentations completed) of the crop. Using ethidium bromide, the susceptibility of populations enriched with virgin and non-virgin yeast cells to petite formation was investigated. It was observed that newly formed daughter (virgin) cells are more resistant to artificially induced petite formation. This resistance was not influenced by mtDNA copy number, since virgin cells were observed to exhibit a lower mtDNA copy number than mother (non-virgin) cell populations. The results from this study suggest that accumulated damage to DNA is of greater influence than the mtDNA copy number in the formation of spontaneous petites.
Maintenance of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction requires continuous IP3-directed signaling

Synapses and circuits rely on neuroplasticity to adjust output and meet physiological needs. Forms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) impart stability at synapses by countering destabilizing perturbations. The Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a model synapse with robust expression of HSP. At the NMJ, a homeostatic system detects impaired postsynaptic sensitivity to neurotransmitter and activates a retrograde signal that restores synaptic function by adjusting neurotransmitter release. This process has been separated into temporally distinct phases, induction and maintenance. One prevailing hypothesis is that a shared mechanism governs both phases. Here we show the two phases are separable. Combining genetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiology, we find that a signaling system consisting of PLCβ, inositol triphosphate (IP3), IP3 receptors, and Ryanodine receptors is required only for the maintenance of HSP. We also find that the NMJ is capable of inducing homeostatic signaling – even when its sustained maintenance process is absent.
Rosenzweig-MacArthur model considering the function that protects a fixed amount of prey for population dynamics

Populations can grow, disappear or remain in time and this depends on their birth rates, mortality, immigration and emigration. For a long time, species have disappeared and others are at the same risk if protective policies are not implemented to guarantee their survival. It is necessary to consider mathematical models that help conserve the environment. The analysis of the Rosenzweig MacArthur model was performed considering the function that protects a fixed amount of prey. For the analytical study, the qualitative theory of the systems of differential equations is used. Considering the use of shelters by dams with the functions proposed by Maynard-Smith. It is shown that the refuge influences the stability of the only equilibrium point inside the first quadrant and produces important effects in the dynamics of the prey-prey model.
Effects of CPM model software on diet energy and nitrogen diagnosis, and lactating performance of dairy cows

ne hundred twelve China Holstein cows with similar body weight and lactation stage were selected. The average daily milk yield of one half was 20.34±1.61kg and the other was 25.41±2.97kg. In each herd, the cows were randomly assigned to two groups. The control diets (I and II) were the original dairy farm diets, and the test diets (I and II) were the corresponding control diets adjusted by CPM-Dairy (Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy System). The diagnosis for the two original diets showed the ME and MP balance were greater than the cow requirement. The rumen peptide balance also showed the same tendency. Both test diets had lower CP (%/DM) than the corresponding Control diet by 1.60% and 2.5%, respectively. However, both the RUPs (%/CP) were increased a little in the two test diets. The MP allowed daily milk yield of Control diet I was greater than the actual daily milk yield and ME allowed daily milk yield (P Lass Than 0.05), but they didn’t present significant difference in Test diet I (P > 0.05).
Analisis Pengaruh Penerapan Skema Space-Time-Block-Code Alamouti pada Sistem Komunikasi MIMO-OFDM Berbasis WARP

MIMO-OFDM adalah gabungan teknologi smart antena (Multiple input multiple output) dan teknologi multplexing (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). Teknik MIMO mampu meningkatkan troughput data dan range (jangkauan) komunikasi tanpa lebar pita (bandwidth) frekuensi dan daya pancar tambahan dimana kanal paralel independen diubah dalam domen spatial. sedangkan OFDM merupakan teknik transmisi multi carrier (banyak frekuensi) yang mengefisienkan bandwidth. Dimana tiap frekuensi adalah orthogonal satu sama lain, sehingga terjadinya overlapping tidak menyebabkan interferensi, OFDM dapat mengubah kanal multipath fading frekuensi selektif menjadi kanal flat fading, space time block code (STBC) digunakan sebagai teknik pengkodean untuk mendapatkan kualitas sinyal setinggi mungkin pada pengirim dan penerima. Kenerja sistem dilihat pada pengukuran skema STBC alamouti 2x2 pada sistem MIMO-OFDM berbasis wireless open access research platform (WARP) pada kondisi lingkungan (indoor dan outdoor), Dengan asumsi skema LOS tidak memiliki lintasan multipath antara TX dan RX. Hasil pengukuranmenampilkan grafik perbandingan bit error rate (BER) pada saat kondisi indoor dan outdoordengan perubahan jarak 4 meter, 5 meter, dan 6 meterhasil pengukuran pada saat nilai BER = -35 dBm pada jarak 4 meter pada kondisi outdoor menghasilkan nilai BER = 7.083x10-3 sedangkan pengukuran indoor nilai BER = 1.458x10-3 dari hasil pengukuran skema STBC sistem MIMO-OFDM pada saat kondisi outdoor lebih jelek di bandingkan dengan kondisi indoor
Polyclonal IgY Antibodies from Chicken Egg Yolk — an Alternative to the Production of Mammalian IgG Type Antibodies in Rabbits

Based on a physiological process, antibodies are concentrated in the yolk of chicken eggs, and can be used as a convenient source of polyclonal antibodies. Hens were immunised with a BSA-cholecystokinin octapeptide conjugate (CCK-8) to obtain antibodies against CCK-8. A simple method is described for extracting the antibodies from egg yolk, which can then successfully be used in immunocytochemical studies. Using these antibodies, CCK-like immunoreactivity was found in brain sections of rats, both by fluorescein isothiocyanate and peroxidase staining. The specificities of these antibodies were different from those of rabbit antibodies against the C-terminal part of CCK-8. The applicability of egg yolk antibodies in immunological investigations is reviewed and discussed in detail. The properties of avian egg yolk antibodies are compared with those of polyclonal antibodies obtained from mammals (e.g. the rabbit). The more general use of avian antibodies is emphasised as a real alternative, taking into consideration the reduction in animal suffering involved in comparison with the classical immunisation techniques used on rabbits.
Density-Dependent Pollination and Germination in the Patchy Vernal Pool Species Lasthenia californica

Premise of research. The response of animal pollinators to visual characteristics of plants is crucial to understanding how plant-pollinator interactions contribute to plant reproductive processes. For plant species that aggregate in patches, the spatial distribution and density of flowering plants in and around patches may affect pollinator visitation to a greater degree than the characteristics of individual flowers do. We examine how patch characteristics of the self-incompatible, vernal pool species Lasthenia californica (California goldfields) impact pollinator visitation, using pollen load size and pollen germination rates to infer visitation patterns. Methodology. Flower density and the size and distribution of patches were estimated from aerial images captured during drone surveys of an upland prairie ecosystem in southern Oregon. Pollen load sizes and the number of germinated grains were quantified using Alexander stain. We assessed the effects of flower density on pollen deposition and the number of germinated grains for increasing neighborhood areas using multiple regression models. Pivotal results. We found that pollen deposition on stigmas decreased with flower density within a 3- to 20-m-radius neighborhood area. Pollen germination frequency increased with the density of flowers within an individual patch, but the frequency decreased with total flower density within a 0.5- to 1-m radius around the patch. Conclusions. Our results imply that increasing flower density can have negative consequences for pollination services, which could result in reduced seed set when pollinators are scarce. Although pollen deposition appears to increase in dense patches, as neighborhood density around the focal patch increases, pollen deposition rates decline, which indicates a lower pollinator visitation rate. When neighboring flower patch density is higher, pollinators probably fly shorter distances and consequently deposit higher proportions of incompatible pollen on stigmas. Pollen deposition and germination patterns demonstrate patch and neighborhood size and density-dependent effects on plant reproductive success.
Perbedaan Kraniometri Sapi Bali Jantan dan Betina Dewasa

Penelitian tentang pengukuran tulang kepala dan tulang rahang bawah sapi bali dewasa (kraniometri) dilakasanakan dari bulan Februari 2015 sampai Juni 2015. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan ukuran dari tengkorak sapi bali jantan dan betina dewasa. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan lima tengkorak sapi bali jantan dewasa dan lima tengkorak sapi bali betina dewasa lengkap dengan tulang rahang bawah (os mandibulare). Variabel yang diukur adalah 19 parameter ukuran tengkorak dan enam parameter ukuran tulang rahang bawah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan ukuran nyata (P<0,05) variabel tengkorak sapi bali jantan dan betina dewasa.
Glycogen and proximate content of white shrimp fed on different carbohydrate level and feeding frequency

ABSTRACT White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is one of penaeid shrimp which can be cultured either in traditional and advanced technology scale. One problem that commonly faced by pond farmer is the high price of feed with high protein content. This research was to identify the optimal level of carbohydrate and feeding frequency on glycogen deposit and chemical composition of white shrimp juvenile. Research used factorial completely randomized design with two factors in triplicates. Treatments were factor A, carbohydrate level in feed respectively A1 (30%), A2 (37%), A3 (44%), A4 (50%), and factor B daily feeding frequency respectively B1 (twice), B2 (four times), and B3 (six times) respectively. White shrimp used had an initial average body weight of 0.3 g/shrimp. Feeding level was 10% of shrimp body weight. Results showed that both factors, carbohydrate level in feed, feeding frequency and their interactions were not significantly different on glycogen deposit of white shrimp juvenile. Analysis result on chemical compositions of white shrimp juvenile consisted of protein, lipid, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, ash, and energy were generally increased after treatments. Keywords: glycogen deposit, feeding frequency, chemical composition, carbohydrate level ABSTRAK Udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei merupakan salah satu jenis udang penaeid yang dapat dibudidayakan baik dalam skala teknologi tradisional maupun skala teknologi maju. Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi para petani tambak adalah tingginya harga pakan yang disebabkan karena tingginya kandungan protein pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efek pemberian pakan dengan kadar karbohidrat dan frekuensi pemberian berbeda terhadap deposit glikogen dan komposisi kimia tubuh juvenil udang vanamei. Penelitian menggunakan desain rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial dengan dua faktor dan setiap faktor diberi masing-masing tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah faktor A, kadar karbohidrat pakan berturut-turut A1 (30%), A2 (37%), A3 (44%), A4 (50%), dan faktor B, frekuensi pemberian pakan dalam sehari berturut-turut B1 (dua kali), B2 (empat kali), dan B3 (enam kali). Udang vaname yang digunakan memiliki bobot rata-rata 0,3 g/individu. Dosis pakan ditetapkan sebesar 10% dari bobot tubuh udang dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan disesuaikan dengan perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor level karbohidrat pakan, frekuensi pemberian pakan dan kombinasi keduanya tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap deposit glikogen juvenil udang vaname. Hasil analisis terhadap komposisi kimia tubuh juvenil udang vaname meliputi protein, lemak, bahan ekstrak tanpa nitrogen (BETN), serat kasar, kadar abu dan energi secara umum mengalami peningkatan setelah diberikan perlakuan dibandingkan pada awal penelitian. Kata kunci: deposit glikogen, frekuensi pemberian pakan, komposisi kimia, level karbohidrat
Milk production of dairy cows as affected by the length of the preceding dry period

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the duration of the dry period (DP) on the milk yield and milk composition during the following lactation. Milk performance records of 561 Holstein cows, with a previous DP from the Elsenburg Research Farm obtained from the National Milk Recording Scheme, were used in the study. Four groups of dairy cows were identified, based on the duration of their dry period, i.e. cows with a DP of less than 60 days, DP of 61 to 90 days, DP of 91 to 120 days and DP of more than 121 days. The number of records for each group was 76, 162, 83 and 240 lactations, respectively. An ANOVA was conducted using the Generalized Linear Model of SAS to compare milk yield and milk composition according to the DP length. Almost 43% of cows had a DP longer than 121 days, while less than 14% of cows had a DP of less than 60 days. The milk yield was positively affected by DP length. Cows with a DP of less than 60 days produced less milk than cows with longer (more than 61 days) dry periods, e.g. 6462 ± 321 vs. 7393 ± 99 kg. Results were similar for cows in their second and fourth parity. In addition, the milk composition of cows was also affected by DP length, i.e. higher fat and protein levels in the milk from cows with a short DP. Cows in the third lactation with a DP above 121 days produced more milk than the other DP groups. However, the milk composition of cows in the third lactation was not affected by DP length. A DP of less than 60 days reduced milk yield, while an extended DP of more than 121 days would be costly for the dairy farmer even though milk yield was higher. A long dry period may also result due to an excess body condition and calving complications during the subsequent lactation.
PEGAMENTO DE ENXERTOS DE TOMATEIRO EM DIFERENTES SOLANÁCEAS

This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini-tomatoes (0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889-50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [Solanum, cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) and physalis (Physalis peruviana)] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto-graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft-take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft-take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889-50 mini-tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii. Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini-tomato accessions 0224-53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites.
Spatiotemporal modelling of marine movement data using Template Model Builder (TMB)

: Tracking of marine animals has increased exponentially in the past decade, and the resulting data could lead to an in-depth understanding of the causes and consequences of movement in the ocean. However, most common marine tracking systems are associated with large measurement errors. Accounting for these errors requires the use of hierarchical models, which are often difficult to fit to data. Using 3 case studies, we demonstrate that Template Model Builder (TMB), a new R package, is an accurate, efficient and flexible framework for modelling movement data. First, to demonstrate that TMB is as accurate but 30 times faster than bsam, a popular R package used to apply state-space models to Argos data, we modelled polar bear Ursus maritimus Argos data and compared the locations estimated by the models to GPS locations of these same bears. Second, to demonstrate how TMB’s gain in efficiency and frequentist framework facilitate model comparison, we developed models with different error structures and compared them to find the most effective model for light-based geolocations of rhinoceros auklets Cerorhinca monocerata . Finally, to maximize efficiency through TMB’s use of the Laplace approximation of the marginal likelihood, we modelled behavioural changes with continuous rather than discrete states. This new model directly accounts for the irregular sampling intervals characteristic of Fast-loc-GPS data of grey seals Halichoerus grypus . Using real and simulated data, we show that TMB is a fast and powerful tool for modelling marine movement data. We discuss how TMB’s potential reaches beyond marine movement studies.