Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lecture 1 : The Armington Model

The Armington model (Armington, 1969) is based on the premise that each country produces a different good and consumers would like to consume at least some of each country’s goods. This assumption is of course ad hoc, and it completely ignores the “classical” trade forces such as increased specialization due to comparative advantage. However, as we will see, the model (when combined with Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) preferences as in (Anderson, 1979)) provides a nice characterization of trade flows between many countries. Before jumping to the model, it is helpful to provide a brief motivation of why we are interested in writing down a flexible model in the first place. “Classical” trade theories (Ricardo, Heckscher-Ohlin), while extremely useful in highlighting the economic forces behind trade, are very difficult to generalize to a set-up with many trading partners and bilateral trade costs. Because the real world clearly has both of these, the classical theories do not provide much guidance in doing empirical work. Because of this difficulty, those doing empirical work in trade began using a statistical (i.e. atheoretic) model known as the gravity equation due to its similarity the Newton’s law of gravitation. The gravity equation states that total trade flows from country i to country j, Xij, are proportional to the product of the origin country’s GDP Yi and destination country’s GDP Yj and inversely proportional 2
The deliberative turn in participation: the problem of inclusion and deliberative opportunities in participatory budgeting

Participation has undergone a communicative shift, which has favoured the organization of new participatory processes based on classic principles of deliberation theory. These experiments go beyond traditional protest: they include a communicative element with the aim of defining a public politics, which places them alongside models of deliberative governance. The present work sets out the characteristics of these new instruments (participatory budgeting, PB) in order to find out which problems deliberative governance initiatives are faced with. The conclusions tell us that the inequalities in participation are significant. Nevertheless, PB enables most participants to make effective use of their opportunities for deliberation. From this standpoint, the challenge for deliberative governance does not seem to be the deliberative capabilities of individuals, but rather the design of participatory procedures and the participation of individuals. We may question whether the administration can guarantee impartial political spaces that are as inclusive as possible.
An Autonomous Stabilizer for Incompressible Photon Fluids and Solids

We suggest a simple approach to populate photonic quantum materials at non-zero chemical potential and near-zero temperature. Taking inspiration from forced evaporation in cold-atom experiments, the essential ingredients for our low-entropy thermal reservoir are (a) inter-particle interactions, and (b) energy-dependent loss. The resulting thermal reservoir may then be coupled to a broad class of Hamiltonian systems to produce low-entropy quantum phases. We present an idealized picture of such a reservoir, deriving the scaling of reservoir entropy with system parameters, and then propose several practical implementations using only standard circuit quantum electrodynamics tools, and extract the fundamental performance limits. Finally, we explore, both analytically and numerically, the coupling of such a thermalizer to the paradigmatic Bose-Hubbard chain, where we employ it to stabilize an $n=1$ Mott phase. In this case, the performance is limited by the interplay of dynamically arrested thermalization of the Mott insulator and finite heat capacity of the thermalizer, characterized by its repumping rate. This work explores a new approach to preparation of quantum phases of strongly interacting photons, and provides a potential route to topologically protected phases that are difficult to reach through adiabatic evolution.
Communication Planning of HIV / AIDS Counselors in Reaching High Group Risk to Perform HCT Test In Padang

Negative stigma attached to people living with HIV & AIDS make the sufferers or the potentially infected people are reluctant to check their health. People with HIV must be given information about how to lead a healthy life. HCT (health counseling & test) is the only way to detect whether a person is infected with this virus or not. So, the presence of HIV & AIDS counselors is needed to persuade someone in a risk group of potentially infected people to follow HCT. It may lead to a good health communication planning for HCT that can run optimally. The research method used in this research is a qualitative approach, to investigate in depth about health communication planning counseling HIV & AIDS in reaching the community at risk of contracting the virus. The paradigm used in this research is constructivism. The subject of research in this study is the counselor of HIV & AIDS KPA Padang city which became the object of research from this research is health communication counseling counsel HIV & AIDS. Communication activities between counselors and clients are conducting using interpersonal communication approach, to generate feelings of empathy, intimacy, and openness. Counselors are expected to have good interpersonal communication skills to build client confidence and to raise the awareness of clients for HIV. This matter also cannot be separate from strengthening the resilience and welfare of families and communities in religious and cultural values through dialogue and discussion.
Kinetic modeling of phase transformations occurring in the HAZ of CMn steel welds based on direct observations

In situ Spatially Resolved X-Ray Diffraction (SRXRD) experiments were performed in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds of AISI 1005 C-Mn steel to directly observe welding induced phase transformations. These real-time observations were semi-quantified using diffraction peak profile analysis to construct a phase transformation map revealing ferrite ( a) and austenite ( g) phase concentration gradients in the HAZ. Weld thermal cycles were calculated using a three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow model and then combined with the SRXRD phase map to provide a complete description of the HAZ under actual welding conditions. Kinetic modelling of the a→g phase transformation during heating was performed using a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami analysis, modified to take into account non-uniform weld heating and transformation in the α+γ two-phase field. The results provide the most accurate JMA kinetic parameters to date for this alloy, n =1.45 and 1n(ko) =12.2, for an activation energy Q =117.1 kJ/mole. Using this kinetic description of the a→g phase transformation, time temperature transformation (TTT) and continuous heating transformation (CHT) diagrams for this alloy were constructed to illustrate how the combination of SRXRD experiments and numerical modeling from one weld can be used to predict phase transformations for a variety of welding and heat treating applications.  2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Entrainment of Ankle-Actuated Walking Model to Periodic Perturbations via Leading Leg Angle Control

In prior work, a minimal mathematical model of bipedal walking was developed to investigate the experimentally observed entrainment behavior of human locomotion. While that model reproduced several salient properties of human walking, it failed to entrain to periodic perturbations with period longer than preferred walking period. To overcome that limitation, we introduced afferent feedback in the form of leading leg angle control that depended on the energetics of previous steps. The model response to periodic perturbations was again studied in simulation, testing several perturbation periods and initial perturbation phases. This revised model captured important aspects of human locomotion that had been previously observed experimentally: a finite basin of entrainment to both shorter and longer perturbation periods. Regardless of the (random) phases of the step cycle at which perturbations were initiated, all entrained simulations phase-locked with the torque pulses at the end of double stance. However, more than twice as many steps were required to entrain to longer perturbations. The results achieved with this revised walking model emphasize the importance of the oscillatory dynamics of bipedal locomotion and highlight possible applications of gait entrainment as a method for permissive motor guidance in the field of assistive and rehabilitation robotics.
Hierarchically porous nitrogen-rich carbon derived from wheat straw as an ultra-high-rate anode for lithium ion batteries

A facile, economical and effective method to produce hierarchically porous nitrogen-rich carbon (HPNC) from wheat straw has been reported. Acid pretreatment is introduced before KOH activation, and plays the role of promoting the formation of thinner pore walls. Without any N-doping, the N content is as high as 5.13%. The HPNC when used as an anode for Li-ion batteries exhibits a superior specific capacity of 1470 mA h g−1 at 0.037 A g−1, and possesses an ultrahigh rate capability of 344 mA h g−1 at 18.5 A g−1. Even at an extremely high current density of 37 A g−1, the reversible capacity is still as high as 198 mA h g−1.
SPAD-Based LiDAR Sensor in 0.35 µm Automotive CMOS with Variable Background Light Rejection

We present a SPAD-based LiDAR sensor fabricated in an automotive certified 0.35 µm CMOS process. Since reliable sensor operation in high ambient light environment is a crucial factor in automotive applications, four SPADs are implemented in each pixel to suppress ambient light by the detection of photon coincidences. By pixel individual adjustment of the coincidence parameters to the present ambient light condition, an almost constant measurement performance is achieved for a wide range of different target reflectance and ambient illumination levels. This technique allows the acquisition of high dynamic range scenes in a single laser shot. For measurement and demonstration purpose a LiDAR camera with the developed sensor has been built.
Magnetically controlled stellar differential rotation near the transition from solar to anti-solar profiles

Late-type stars rotate differentially owing to anisotropic turbulence in their outer convection zones. The rotation is called solar-like (SL) when the equator rotates fastest and anti-solar (AS) otherwise. Hydrodynamic simulations show a transition from SL to AS rotation as the influence of rotation on convection is reduced, but the opposite transition occurs at a different point in the parameter space. The system is bistable, i.e., SL and AS rotation profiles can both be stable. We study the effect of a dynamo-generated magnetic field on the large-scale flows, particularly on the possibility of bistable behavior of differential rotation. We solve the hydromagnetic equations numerically in a rotating spherical shell for a set of different radiative conductivities controlling the relative importance of convection. In agreement with earlier findings, our models display SL rotation profiles when the rotational influence on convection is strong and a transition to AS when the rotational influence decreases. We find that dynamo-generated magnetic fields help to produce SL differential rotation compared to the hydrodynamic simulations. We do not observe any bistable states of differential rotation. In the AS cases we get coherent single-cell meridional circulation, whereas in SL cases we get multi-cellular patterns. In both cases, we obtain poleward circulation near the surface with a magnitude close to that observed in the Sun. Moreover, both differential rotation and meridional circulation have significant magnetic cycle-related variations that are similar in strength to those of the Sun. Purely hydrodynamic simulations of differential rotation and meridional circulation are shown to be of limited relevance as magnetic fields, self-consistently generated by dynamo action, significantly affect the flows.
Threshold Effects in the U.S. Budget Deficit

We contribute to the debate on whether the large U.S. federal budget deficits are sustainable in the long run. We model the U.S. government deficit per capita as a threshold autoregressive process. We find evidence that the U.S. budget deficit is sustainable in the long run and that economic policymakers will intervene to reduce per capita deficit only when it reaches a certain threshold.
Toward chaotic electron transport in bismuth nanocluster wires

We present a generic model for electron transport through nanoscale 2-D devices based on chaotic scattering statistics. Here we focus on wires assembled from bismuth nanoclusters and propose that our scattering model extends to this novel class of devices. The wires are thin enough to confine electrons to a 2-D plane, with widths as narrow as the cluster diameter of 50 nm. We discuss the consequences of our model for both classical and quantum conduction, which includes the prediction of room temperature quantum interference e ects for 50 nm diameter cavities.
Examining cosmetic virtual item purchase in World of Warcraft: A theory of consumption values perspective

The online gaming market has grown drastically in the recent years. However, instead of the actual game sales, most of the profits now come from selling virtual items in-game for real money. To support this, many games are moving away from a subscription-based model and into a free-to-play model. World of Warcraft is one of the few major MMOs still utilizing a subscription-based model, and thus provides an interesting context in which cosmetic virtual items are bought for real money. This study took the theory of consumption values literature as a main theoretical framework from which to approach this concept. Also, theory on virtual item purchase, and cosmetic items specifically, was used to build a framework for this study. The theoretical framework was based on a modification of the original theory of consumption values and combining it with previously unused parts from the original model. Therefore, this paper has a basis in previous research on the field, while also contributing to the research of (cosmetic) online game item purchase intention by introducing a new framework with which to inspect this phenomenon. As of late-2018, this study is the first to inspect cosmetic game item purchase intention in a pay-to-play online game. An online questionnaire was used to gather responses from World of Warcraft players from official and unofficial forums, closed Facebook groups and specific sub-Reddits. The final sample size for the study was 202. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was run on the results to confirm framework validity, and structural equation modeling was used to form a new framework (p < ,000) with which to examine cosmetic online game purchasing behaviour. The primary findings of this paper indicate that an increase in visual authority (i.e. status) will increase the enjoyment players derive from using cosmetic game items, which in turn leads to an increased intention to purchase said items. Furthermore, a higher perceived value for money leads to an increased intention to purchase said items. Other factors, such as perceived network size, were found to not influence intention to purchase. In other words, cosmetic virtual item purchasing intention is influenced by social, emotional and monetary values. This paper has contributed to present scientific knowledge on both the theory of consumption values and cosmetic game item purchase by examining them in the context of World of Warcraft, and subsequently developing a new structural framework through which said purchasing can be examined more accurately. The findings are also in line with previous research done in World of Warcraft in similar contexts. Managerial implications are also discussed, and new ways of offering cosmetic virtual items are examined, such as offering them as limited-time accessories for World of Warcraft’s e-sports tournaments Additionally, limitations of this study and avenues for further research are discussed.
Vaccine:: Obfuscating Access Pattern Against File-Injection Attacks

Searchable Encryption can search over encrypted data without accessing data or queries in plaintext. It preserves privacy while queries are performed over data on an untrusted server. To ensure the efficiency of search, most Searchable Encryption schemes reveal access patterns, i.e., a server learns which encrypted files are retrieved for each query. Unfortunately, by collecting access patterns, a file-injection attack can completely compromise the query privacy offered by Searchable Encryption. In this paper, we propose a novel pre-encryption obfuscation mechanism, referred to as Vaccine, which can effectively protect searchable encrypted data against a file-injection attack. Specifically, the main idea of Vaccine is to introduce a self file-injection attack, which obfuscates access patterns obtained by an attacker and prevents this attacker from inferring correct queries in plaintext. In addition, by harnessing natural language processing techniques, Vaccine can effectively remove self-injected files from search results, and therefore introduce minimal tradeoffs. Our experimental results on a real-world dataset show that Vaccine can reduce an adversary's guessing probability from 1 to $3.7\times 10^{-3}$, which significantly promotes privacy protection. Furthermore, Vaccine introduces only 3.4% false negatives and no false positives in search results.
Identity Salience and the Influence of Differential Activation of the Social Self-Schema on Advertising Response

This paper examines how identity primes and social distinctiveness influence identity salience (i.e., the activation of a social identity within an individual's social self-schema) and subsequent responses to targeted advertising. Across two studies, individuals who were exposed to an identity prime (an ad element that directs attention to the individual's social identity) and who were socially distinctive (minorities in the immediate social context) expressed systematically different evaluations of spokespersons and the advertisements that featured them. Specifically, Asian (Caucasian) participants responded most positively (negatively) to Asian spokespeople and Asian-targeted advertising when the participants were both primed and socially distinctive. No main effects of identity primes or social distinctiveness were found. The implications of these findings for identity theory, advertising practice and intervention communications are discussed.
Exact behavior around isolated singularity for semilinear elliptic equations with a log-type nonlinearity

Abstract We study the semilinear elliptic equation - Δ u = u α | log u | β in B 1 ∖ { 0 } , -\Delta u=u^{\alpha}\lvert\log u|^{\beta}\quad\text{in }B_{1}\setminus\{0\}, where B 1 ⊂ ℝ n {B_{1}\subset{\mathbb{R}}^{n}} , with n ≥ 3 {n\geq 3} , n n - 2 < α < n + 2 n - 2 {\frac{n}{n-2}<\alpha<\frac{n+2}{n-2}} and - ∞ < β < ∞ {-\infty<\beta<\infty} . Our main result establishes that the nonnegative solution u ∈ C 2 ⁢ ( B 1 ∖ { 0 } ) {u\in C^{2}(B_{1}\setminus\{0\})} of the above equation either has a removable singularity at the origin or it behaves like u ⁢ ( x ) = A ⁢ ( 1 + o ⁢ ( 1 ) ) ⁢ | x | - 2 α - 1 ⁢ ( log ⁡ 1 | x | ) - β α - 1 as ⁢ x → 0 , u(x)=A(1+o(1))|x|^{-\frac{2}{\alpha-1}}\Bigl{(}\log\frac{1}{|x|}\Big{)}^{-% \frac{\beta}{\alpha-1}}\quad\text{as }x\rightarrow 0, with A = [ ( 2 α - 1 ) 1 - β ⁢ ( n - 2 - 2 α - 1 ) ] 1 α - 1 . {A=[(\frac{2}{\alpha-1})^{1-\beta}(n-2-\frac{2}{\alpha-1})]^{\frac{1}{\alpha-1% }}. }
Bookshelf 2004

Books reviewed: Ola Bergstrom and Donald Storrie (eds). Contingent Employment in Europe and the United States. Reviewed by Ian Kirkpatrick Tonia Novitz. International and European Protection of the Right to Strike. Reviewed by Lord McCarthy Deborah Foster and Peter Scott (eds). Trade Unions in Europe: Meeting the Challenge. Reviewed by Michael Gold Jeff Kenner. EU Employment Law. From Rome to Amsterdam and Beyond. Reviewed by Simon Deakin Vladimir Gimpelson and Douglas Lippoldt. The Russian Labour Market: Between Transition and Turmoil. Reviewed by Gregory Schwartz
Frequency and lexical specificity in grammar: A critical review

It is a central assumption of usage-based linguistics that syntactic structures, i.e. constructions, are stored and processed at different levels of abstractness and that lower-level constructions are associated with particular lexemes. There is evidence from a wide range of studies that the language user’s knowledge of constructions includes detailed information about specific words, which influences sentence comprehension and production and diachronic language change. The current paper provides an overview of this research and considers the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the emergence of lexically particular constructions. Researchers agree that frequency affects the interaction between lexemes and constructions; but the cognitive effects of frequency on lexical specificity are not yet fully understood. Some usage-based linguists have argued that the exemplar mechanism of category learning accounts for the redundant storage of lexically particular constructions alongside more general, i.e. schematic syntactic representations; but the current paper argues that the exemplar model needs to be augmented by a linear processing mechanism, i.e. automatization, in order to explain how lexemes and constructions are related.
Might Fundamental Tax Reform Increase Criminal Activity?

Fundamental tax reform, replacing the income tax with a sales tax, is commonly thought to reduce levels of criminal and other 'underground' economic activity by implicitly taxing their returns. This paper finds instead that the impact of tax reform depends on the relative labour intensity of production in the legitimate and illegitimate sectors of the economy. In the likely event that illegitimate output is produced by using more labour-intensive techniques than is legitimate output, then replacing an income tax with a sales tax reduces the cost of criminal and other underground activity, thereby stimulating its growth.
How to avoid bias in systematic reviews of observational studies

Although systematic reviews have numerous advantages, they are vulnerable to biases that can mask the true results of the study and therefore should be interpreted with caution. This article aims at critically reviewing the literature about systematic reviews of observational studies, emphasizing the errors that can affect this type of study design and possible strategies to overcome these errors. This is an integrative literature review whose search was conducted in the databases States National Library of Medicine, Scientific Electronic Library Online and Google Scholar. The following descriptors were used: review, bias (epidemiology) and observational studies as the subject, including relevant books and documents which were consulted. Data collection was conducted between June and July 2016. The most known errors present in the design of systematic reviews were those related to the selection and publication. Although this type of study is subject to possible errors, preventive measures used during the planning of systematic reviews and even during and after their implementation can help ensure scientific rigor. This literature can serve as an important tool for the development and interpretation of systematic reviews of observational studies.