Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Bases of an Employee Services Theory

Management theory was examined to isolate the how and where employee services is positioned on a management continuum. The most relevant theory for this study was Mouton and Blake. Management in this context is based upon a continuum of organizational and individual components. The important elements on the organization end of the continuum the important components are: control, pressure and process. On the individual end of the continuum are the: incentives, buying in and caring. The employee service theory is one of cooperation and the exchange of money, power, and risk.
Impact of climate change on rice income : case study of four West African countries

This study aimed to assess the impact of climate change on rice income in four West African countries. The paper used the Ricardian approach to measure the relationship between the net income and climate variables (temperature and precipitation), soil characteristics, and socioeconomic variables. Two models (with climate variables interaction and without climate variables interaction) were used under two growing environments (rain-fed and irrigated systems). We relaxed the assumption of additively separable climatic effects by including an interaction term in Ricardian equation to allow the effect of precipitation and temperature to be mutually dependent like in agronomic experiments. Data from 22,556 rice farmers across four countries were used. Results showed that if the average temperature increases by 1°C the net income of rice decreases by US$ 1,198. Results showed that irrigation can be applied as adaptation measure to climate change.
Variation in the Distribution and Properties of Circumpolar Deep Water in the Eastern Amundsen Sea, on Seasonal Timescales, Using Seal‐Borne Tags

In the Amundsen Sea, warm saline Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) crosses the continental shelf toward the vulnerable West Antarctic ice shelves, contributing to their basal melting. Due to lack of observations, little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of CDW, particularly seasonally. A new data set of 6,704 seal tag temperature and salinity profiles in the easternmost trough between February and December 2014 reveals a CDW layer on average 49 dbar thicker in late winter (August to October) than in late summer (February to April), the reverse seasonality of that seen at moorings in the western trough. This layer contains more heat in winter, but on the 27.76 kg/m3 density surface CDW is 0.32°C warmer in summer than in winter, across the northeastern Amundsen Sea, which may indicate that wintertime shoaling offshelf changes CDW properties onshelf. In Pine Island Bay these seasonal changes on density surfaces are reduced, likely by gyre circulation.
Fish-seaweed association on temperate reefs: do small-scale experiments predict large-scale patterns?

Processes affecting reef fish populations are likely to vary with spatial scale, but there have been few attempts to determine whether predictions generated by small-scale experiments are manifested at larger spatial scales. Our goal in this study was to determine if patterns of microhabitat use measured in small-scale experimental manipulations scaled-up and allowed predictions of among-reef patterns of abundance across larger spatial scales. Manipulations of algal biomass in artificially created 1.5 m 2 plots indicated that patches of Sargassum filipendula supported greater numbers of slippery dick Halichoeres bivittatus than those with an equal biomass of Zonaria tournefortii, or than patches with an equal mix of S. filipendula and Z. tournefortii. Scaling up and manipulating S. filipendula and Z. tournefortii abundance in 100 m 2 sections of reef produced results qualitatively similar to the small-scale experiments; fish densities varied as a function of S. filipendula mass. Larger scale surveys of fish densities and algal biomass on large reefs separated by 1 to 30 km showed positive associations between fish density and S. filipendula biomass. For the reefs that we studied, our small-scale experiments scaled up and predicted large-scale patterns of abundance on reefs in the South Atlantic Bight.
An Empirical Analysis of Cash Flow and Investment Fluctuations Using Firm-Level Panel Data

Since the pioneering work of Gurley and Shaw (1955), the attempt has been done to justify money as a primary focal point of macroeconomic theorizing. However, other researchers argue that variables such as financial development and indicators are also important to be linked with macroeconomic performance. Here, if money can be thought as means of production and consumer goods as the ultimate end toward which production is directed, and then capital also occupies a position that is both logically and temporarily intermediate between original means and ultimate ends. This temporarily intermediate status of capital is not in serious dispute, but its significance for macroeconomic theorizing is rarely recognized. The firms’ decision to acquire funds through debt and equity financings affects the capital structure, and, in the firm’s balance sheet, the impact of capital appears to influence the inventory investment. Hence, the significance of capital structure –induced inventory distortions in the context of firm-level is the basis for our article. The sample for our analysis is compiled from the balance sheets of listed syaria firms in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange for the period 1995-2000.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus impact in the embryo transfer )

− The bovine embryo transfer is an animal reproduction biotechnique widely diffused in Brazil that has been allowing the production of embryos with high genetic potential. Considering the technique diffusion and the high number of produced and distributed embryos, in the sanitary aspect its use in wide scale can contr ibute with r isks of infect ious diseases dissemination. Bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus, respectively, the etiological agents of the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea are two potential viruses able to infect embryos through donator females and/or biological materials related to the technique. Key-words: cattle, embryo transfer, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Community treatment orders: Bioethical basis

Background and Objectives: Numerous opinions and medico-legal controversies have arisen up to the date from community treatment orders in Western countries, but underlying bioethical questions have not been specifically studied. The aim of this work is to contribute to further clarify the bioethical conflicts arising from community treatment orders. Methods: The bioethical deliberation of the author is principally based on what can be considered the deontologist-principlist dominant paradigm. These principles, as first described by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, will be applied in this work to the actual situation of involuntary outpatient treatment. Results: The author’s deliberation considers that community treatment orders are consistent first with the deontologist-principlist dominant paradigm of practical reason, respecting its four general categories of basic principles. It also respects the principles of the medical ethics of virtue, subsumed in the personalism of ontological matrix, in the same way as its ethos affects the intrinsic purpose which is the dignity of the person; and with the consequentialist utilitarianism because it seeks the proportionality of the common good. A community treatment order prescription must ultimately be based on a bioethical exercise of responsibility by the clinician, judiciously weighing up the classic principal prima facie duties which must necessarily be translated into a real duty referring to a specific patient and context. Conclusions: Community treatment orders are seen as a method of therapeutic intervention with a bioethical basis resistant to criticism. Received: 22 March 2010 Revised: 6 December 2010 Accepted: 22 December 2010 COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS: BIOETHICAL BASIS 135
Reflection of Planetary Waves in Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Flows

Abstract The authors consider quasi-stationary planetary waves that are excited by localized midlatitude orographic forcing in a three-dimensional primitive-equation model. The waves propagate toward subtropical regions where the background flow is weak and the waves are therefore likely to break. Potential vorticity fields on isentropic surfaces are used to diagnose wave breaking. Nonlinear pseudomomentum conservation relations are used to quantify the absorption–reflection behavior of the wave-breaking regions. Three different three-dimensional flow configurations are represented: (i) a barotropic flow, (ii) a simple baroclinic flow, and (iii) a more realistic baroclinic flow. In order to allow the propagation of large-scale waves to be studied over extended periods for the baroclinic flows, the authors apply a mechanical damping at low levels to delay the onset of baroclinic instability. For basic states (i) and (ii) the forcing excites a localized wave train that propagates into the subtropics and, fo.
Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe

The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
Novel Approach for the Exploration of the Muschelkalk Aquifer in Switzerland for the CO2- free Production of Vegetables

In Switzerland, the Grob vegetable gardening and cultivation company, with around 7 ha of greenhouses in Schlattingen, produces different types of vegetables. The heating of the greenhouses requires about 20,000 MWh of energy per year. Using a mix of fossil fuels currently produces annual CO2 emissions of about 5,000 tons, which should be substituted by the use of geothermal energy. Because of the lack of detailed geological resp. hydrogeological data sets of the region of Schlattingen it was decided to conduct an intensive investigation program in a first vertical borehole (1,508 m bgl), including drilling into the basement with partial coring. The geological and hydrogeological data acquired were used to prepare a geological and finite element hydrothermal model of the Muschelkalk aquifer for the planning of a second inclined borehole. On this basis it was decided to select a novel approach with an almost 800 m long horizontal drilling section in the Muschelkalk aquifer and a total length of 2,013 m to explore as many tectonic structures as possible to increase the chances of success for a higher flow rate. Using a rotary steerable system (RSS), the horizontal drill paths could be implemented into the 33 m thick aquifer (1,112 to 1,145 m bgl). The results of the first pumping test show that the production flow rate was slightly enhanced in comparison with the borehole Schlattingen 1. An additional sectionwise stimulation is planned to increase the flow rate further.
Global TEC maps based on GNSS data: 1. Empirical background TEC model

A global background total electron content (TEC) model is built by using the Center for Orbit Determination of Europe (CODE) TEC data for full 13 years, 1999–2011. It describes the climatological behavior of the ionosphere under both its primary external driver, i.e., the direct photo‐ionization by incident solar radiation, and regular wave particularly tidal forcing from the lower atmosphere. The model construction is based on the very different time scales of the solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal TEC variabilities (at least an order of magnitude); this leads to modulations of shorter‐period variabilities with periods of the longer ones. Then the TEC spatial‐temporal variability is presented as a multiplication of three separable functions. The solar activity is described by both parameters: F10.7 and its linear rate of change KF while the seasonal variability is presented by sine functions including four subharmonics of the year. The diurnal variability of the TEC model is described by 2D (longitude‐time) sine functions with zonal wave numbers up to 4 and 4 subharmonics of the solar day. The model offers TEC maps which depend on geographic coordinates (5°×5° in latitude and longitude) and UT at given solar activity and day of the year. The presented background model fits to the CODE TEC input data with a zero systematic error and an RMS error of 3.387 TECU. It is able to reproduce the well‐known ionospheric structures as Weddell Sea Anomaly and some longitudinal wave‐like structures.
Evaluation the Efficacy of Certain Bio-Rational Insecticides on Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) on Tomatoes under Laboratory and Field Conditions

The tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an exotic pest on tomato plants either in open field or under protected cultivations at Ismailia Governorate and elsewhere. The efficacy of five different commercial bio-rational products viz., Coragen, Dipel 2X, Match, Proclaim and Spinosad in their recommended dose was evaluated against TLM under laboratory and field conditions. Data indicated that under laboratory conditions, the tested insecticides showed various toxicity to first and fourth instar larvae of TLM. Proclaim caused the highest accumulated mortality in TLM larvae, followed by Coragen and Spinosad 10 days post treatment. Dipel 2X and Match were slightly toxic to first instar, while Match didn't show any toxicity towards fourth instar larvae. Under field condition, the lowest number of mines (2.4 mines/plant) was recorded in Coragen treatment after 10 days of application, followed by Proclaim, Spintor, Dipel and Match compared to control at 2.7, 4, 4.1, 9.1 and 9 mines/plant, respectively. The highest percentage of reduction in infestation of TLM was recorded in Coragen, Spintor and Proclaim treatments at 68.33, 61.97 and 54.89%, respectively. Dipel had moderate effectiveness in reduction of infestation at 42.78%, while the lowest percentage of reduction in infestation was recorded in Match treatment at 27.51%.
Baseline Evaluation of Freshwater Saltwater Interface in Coastal Aquifers of Badagry, Southwestern Nigeria

Land cover dynamics are driven by synergetic combinations of climate change and anthropogenic pressures on land resources reflected through urbanization, agricultural land use and climatic factors like natural hazards and extreme events [1]. Such influences in the tropics of South East Asia are driving high rates of forest conversion into agricultural farming and commercial plantations for palm, rubber and cocoa resulting is removal of vegetation cover at various temporal and spatial scales. It is therefore critical to map land cover and characterize the trends on a temporal basis to improve our understanding on the interactions and influence policies for a better sustainable land use and environment. Until the last few decades, regional and global land cover mapping involved the time taking process of collecting and integration information at local scale into a regional database. This was a time taking process and also produced error-prone results. With the advent of Earth Observing satellites, the task of faithfully characterizing the state of land cover at large scales has become possible. Digital image processing techniques based automatic land cover classification methods reduce the time in which a land cover product can be achieved [2]. The rich temporal range of various satellite platforms support time series analysis of change [3], both statistically and spatially, in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Land cover changes include the conversion from one land-cover class to another which essentially goes through the process of land clearing and deforestation [4,5], which is detrimental to our environment both ecologically and environmentally. In this study, we use the annual time series of global land cover data derived from MODIS to study the scale and pattern of land cover change in South East Asia. The Study area South East Asia is a sub region of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. This is home to the tropical rain forests which receive a fairly distributed rainfall between 60-160 inches each year. The region is abundant with many species of wildlife and vegetation, being home to over 50% of all life forms one earth.
Ultrasonographic Prediction of Hepatic Fat Content in Dairy Cows during the Transition Period

The objective of the present study was to emphasize the value of ultrasonography in predicting hepatic fat content in dairy cows during the transition period. For this purpose, five dairy cows during the transition period were examined by ultrasonography 3 times during this phase, 3wk before expected partition (wk -3), at parturition (wk 0) and 3wk after parturition (wk +3). Parallel, blood samples were collected and livers were biopsied. None of the cows showed clinical disease around calving. Compared with precalving values, the hepatic triglyceride and glycogen concentrations were higher at parturition (wk 0) and thereafter (wk +3). Histopathologically, there were no cellular abnormalities in hepatocytes 3 weeks before parturition. However, at parturition the hepatocytes contained some lipid drops in cytosol, and the cells after parturition (wk +3) turn opacificated severely and cellular membranes are indistinct. With increased liver TG content, hepatic ultrasonography showed increased overall echogenicity with vascular blurring. In the field, the visual evaluation of the brightness of hepatic tissue in dairy cows during the transition period can give a rough, but quick estimate of the liver fat content. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first that shows hepatic changes by ultrasonography in dairy cows during the transition period.
Process Control in Aluminum Foam Production Using Real‐Time X‐ray Radioscopy

Aluminium alloy foams were created by expanding foamable precursors containing a gas releasing blowing agent in a dense metallic matrix. The precursors were prepared by two different ways: either by hot-compaction of powder mixtures or by thixo-casting of billets obtained by cold compaction of powder blends. Foam evolution was visualized by means of real-time x-ray radioscopy with image frequencies ranging up to 18 Hz and spatial resolutions down to 10 μm. The difference in pore formation between the two processing routes could be studied. Rupture of cell walls during foam expansion could be visualised, a critical rupture thickness measured and the time-scale of the rupture process estimated. By manufacturing foam precursors in which defects were incorporated deliberately, the question of the origin of very large pores in solid metal foams could be discussed. By forced cooling of liquid metal foams while recording their structure, the importance of solidification-induced changes of foam morphology was illustrated.
How Dramatically Did Women's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?

This paper examines the growth of government during this century as a result of giving women the right to vote. Using cross-sectional time-series data for 1870 to 1940, we examine state government expenditures and revenue as well as voting by U.S. House and Senate state delegations and the passage of a wide range of different state laws. Suffrage coincided with immediate increases in state government expenditures and revenue and more liberal voting patterns for federal representatives, and these effects continued growing over time as more women took advantage of the franchise. Contrary to many recent suggestions, the gender gap is not something that has arisen since the 1970s, and it helps explain why American government started growing when it did.
The Recent Transformation of Participatory Employment Practices in Japan

Using both quantitative data from national surveys and qualitative data from our own field research, this paper provides evidence on changes in participatory employment practices in Japan during the economic slowdown in the 1990s. Overall, consistent with the complementarity of such practices and the long-term nature of their effects, evidence points to the enduring nature of such practices (except for small to medium size firms with no union where we find evidence for management to try to weaken the role of employee participation). There are, however, a few early signs of trouble even for large, unionized firms, which might eventually result in the breakdown of the system if left untreated. First, while the number of full time union officials has been falling substantially as a result of continued downsizing of the firm's labor force, the amount of time and effort that union officials need to put into participatory employment practices have not been falling. This often results in an uncompensated increase in workload for union officials. If this trend continues, union officials who have been playing a key role in Japanese participatory management will become less effective and less committed to the interest of the rank and files. Second, top management sometimes finds its participatory management system detrimental to timely and efficient management, and hence tries to streamline the system. Overloaded union officials may offer less resistance to this kind of management initiative. Third, the current system tends to produce a gap in the quantity and quality of information acquired from management between top union officials and their general membership. It is conceivable that such a gap may eventually result in the breakdown of the system.