Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes of tau protein and mRNA in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes elaborate an extensive network of multibranched processes and flat membranous sheets. Microtubules (MT) participate in the elaboration and stabilization of myelin‐forming processes and are essential for cellular sorting processes. Microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) are involved in the regulation and stabilization of the dynamic MT network. It has been shown previously that oligodendrocytes express the MAP tau, a phosphoprotein most abundant in neurons of the CNS. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time that oligodendrocytes contain all six tau isoforms, and that tau mRNA and protein expression is developmentally regulated. Immunoblot analysis reveals that tau protein is more abundant, and mature isoforms are more prominent at later stages of development. During the first week of culture maturation, a marked decrease in phosphorylation is observable. Using an RT‐PCR approach, we can show that oligodendrocytes express small amounts of exon 3 containing isoforms and that during culture maturation, tau mRNA splice products with 3 MT‐binding domains (3R) decrease and mRNA with 4 MT‐binding domains (4R) increase. In situ hybridization study demonstrates that tau mRNA is present in precursor cells and in mature oligodendrocytes. Tau mRNA is actively transported into the cellular processes, is specifically present in the primary and some of the secondary processes, enriched at the turning and branching points and the growing tips, and often appears as small patches. Hence, localized tau translation at specific sites in the cellular extensions might contribute to the regulation of MT stability during process formation, early axonal contact establishment, and myelination. GLIA 36:89–101, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
B13. CPW-fed square-spiral slot antenna design for wideband applications

In this paper, a square spiral slot antenna design is proposed for wideband applications. The proposed antenna consists of two corner truncated square spiral slots with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding structure. The antenna and its feeder are fabricated on a single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) with extremely low manufacturing cost. The antenna is compact in size with overall dimensions 45mm×70mm. The antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate and the results of the return loss are measured. The characteristics of the corner truncated square-spiral slot are calculated by using the electromagnetic simulator IE3D software. The simulation results show that the antenna's operating bandwidth is between (2.0-7.0 GHz). The obtained results for -10dB return loss, gain, efficiency show that the proposed slot antenna with CPW-fed is suitable for the WLAN and the WiMAX applications.
Increased proteolysis, myosin depletion, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling in human diaphragm disuse.

RATIONALE Patients on mechanical ventilation who exhibit diaphragm inactivity for a prolonged time (case subjects) develop decreases in diaphragm force-generating capacity accompanied by diaphragm myofiber atrophy. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to test the hypotheses that increased proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, decreases in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) levels, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling play major roles in eliciting these pathological changes associated with diaphragm disuse. METHODS Biopsy specimens were obtained from the costal diaphragms of 18 case subjects before harvest (cases) and compared with intraoperative specimens from the diaphragms of 11 patients undergoing surgery for benign lesions or localized lung cancer (control subjects). Case subjects had diaphragm inactivity and underwent mechanical ventilation for 18 to 72 hours, whereas this state in controls was limited to 2 to 4 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS With respect to proteolysis in cytoplasm fractions, case diaphragms exhibited greater levels of ubiquitinated-protein conjugates, increased activity of the 26S proteasome, and decreased levels of MyHCs and α-actin. With respect to atrophic signaling in nuclear fractions, case diaphragms exhibited decreases in phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated FOXO1, increased binding to consensus DNA sequence for Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, and increased supershift of DNA-FOXO1 complexes with specific antibodies against FOXO1, as well as increased Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 transcripts in whole myofiber lysates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, marked decreases in MyHCs, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling play important roles in eliciting the myofiber atrophy and decreases in diaphragm force generation associated with prolonged human diaphragm disuse.
Updates on antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus prevention and treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common infection after organ transplant. In addition to causing a viral syndrome and infection, it also increases the risk for complications in the organ transplant, along with higher overall morbidity and mortality. Prevention and ideal treatment of CMV is paramount for optimal outcomes, both for individuals as well as for transplant programs. New guidelines and novel therapies are changing the way we manage disease. RECENT FINDINGS Several new antiviral agents have emerged in recent times, including letermovir, maribavir, and brincidofovir, enhancing our ability to prevent and treat CMV. Recent data on novel agents will be reviewed, with an emphasis on recent guidelines and best practices. SUMMARY Optimal treatment, influenced by recent advances in the field, including management of resistant virus, results in better outcomes with this significant and virulent virus.
A child in detention: dilemmas faced by health professionals

A 6-year-old child, held in detention with his parents pending the outcome of their application for refugee status, manifested psychological distress by repeated episodes of refusing to eat or drink. This case presented clinical and ethical dilemmas for health professionals who were constrained from acting in the child's best interests by government policy of mandatory detention.
Carrier escape from ground state and non-zero resonance frequency at low bias powers for semiconductor quantum-dot lasers

The three-dimensional confinement of electrons and holes in the semiconductor quantum dot (QD) structure profoundly changes its density of states compared to the bulk semiconductor or the thin-film quantum well (QW) structure. The aim of this paper is to theoretically investigate the microwave properties of InAs/InP(311B) QD lasers. A new expression of the modulation transfer function is derived for the analysis of QD laser modulation properties based on a set of four rate equations. Analytical calculations point out that carrier escape from ground state (GS) to excited state (ES) induces a non-zero resonance frequency at low bias powers. Calculations also show that the carrier escape leads to a larger damping factor offset as compared to conventional QW lasers. These results are of prime importance for a better understanding of the carrier dynamics in QD lasers as well as for further optimization of low cost sources for optical telecommunications.
One-Space Bounded Algorithms for Two-Dimensional Bin Packing

In this paper, we study the bounded space variation, especially one-space bounded, of two-dimensional bin packing. A sequence of rectangular items arrive over time, and the following item arrives after the packing of the previous one. The height and width of each item are no more than 1, we need to pack these items into unit square bins of size 1 × 1 where rotation of 90° is allowed and our objective is to minimize the number of used bins. Once an item is packed into a square bin, the position of this item is fixed and it cannot be shifted within this bin. At any time, there is at most one active bin; the current unpacked item can be only packed into the active bin and the inactive bins (closed at some previous time) cannot be used for any future items. We first propose an online algorithm with a constant competitive ratio 12, then improve the competitive ratio to 8.84 by the some complicated analysis. Our results significantly improve the previous best known O((log log m)2)-competitive algorithm [10], where m is the width of the square bin and the size of each item is a × b, where a, b are integers no more than m. Furthermore, the lower bound for the competitive ratio is also improved to 2.5.
Man versus machine: ignore results at your peril

While working overnight in a small UK emergency department, we were informed that all laboratory results would be disrupted because of a combination of a computer system failure and a problem with the water purifier. My next patient was a Polish-speaking lady in her mid 40s who had been found at the side of the street smelling of alcohol and …
Finger Vein Verification Technology for Mobile Apparatus

For a multiprocessor computer having shared memory distributed across multiple nodes, a method and system for dynamically replicating data such as program text stored in memory on a first node to memory on a second node for use by a process executing on the second node. In response to a page fault generated by the process in accessing data, a determination is made whether the data is present in the memory of another node. If so, memory is allocated on the process's node for the data, and the needed data is copied from the other node to the process's node. The process's page table entry for the missing data is then modified to contain the physical address of the allocated memory, where the data is now stored. The method is implemented in a preferred embodiment by using novel data structures linked to the data structures that are typically created when a file is mapped to a process's virtual address space.
An investigation into the provision, fitting and supply of external breast prostheses: a national study: executive summary

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women in Ireland with approximately 1,726 women being registered with breast cancer each year (National Cancer Registry Ireland (NCRI), 2005). The majority of women with breast cancer have surgery as a form of treatment either on its own or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy (NCRI, 2005). An integral part of the recovery post surgery involves considering restorative options. For many women in Ireland this means being fitted with an external breast prosthesis. Currently, there are an estimated 16,000 women in Ireland who have undergone a mastectomy and require an external breast prosthesis. The overall purpose of this research is to gain an insight into women’s experience of the provision, fitting, supply and use of external breast prostheses in Ireland.
Network Effect

The classic example is the telephone. The more people who own telephones, the more valuable the telephone is to each owner. This creates a positive externality because a user may purchase a telephone without intending to create value for other users, but does so in any case. Online social networks work in the same way, with sites like Twitter and Facebook becoming more attractive as more users join.
Feasibilty Study of Free Space Optical Communication Link Through Atmospheric Turbulent Channel

Free space optical communication is an effective means of communication at high bit rates over short distances. Rapid deployment, lightweight, high security, are important features of this system. However, attenuation due to adverse weather conditions & scattering due to turbulence are to be mitigated. In this paper the performance of a short distance FSO link in the presence of atmospheric turbulence has been evaluated
Varying Patterns of Protein Synthesis in Bread Wheat During Heat Shock

High temperatures during seedling growth are considered as one of the factors that can modify surviving properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plant. This work attempts to evaluate the heat shock responses of seedling of winter wheat (Bezostaya-1) using growth parameters (seedling length, embryonal root length and embryonal root number), membrane stability index (MSI) and two dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis analysis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) during heat shock. Seedlings grown until first leaf opening at controlled conditions (23 °C, 200 μmol m^−2 s^−1, 16h day/8h night, 50–60% humidity) were exposed to 37 °C or 45 °C high temperatures for 2, 4 and 8 hours. While 37 °C did not cause any significant change, 45 °C heat treatments caused significant decrease in terms of seedling and root length, and leaf MSI for all exposure times. However, all the plants from 45 °C heat treatments continued to grow during recovery period. 2D protein analysis indicated that 37 °C, 8 hours exposure caused stronger and more diverse heat shock response than the other treatments, followed by 37 °C, 4 hours, 45 °C, 8 hours, 45 °C, 4 hours, 45 °C, 2 hours treatments. 5 protein spots, ranging from 6–7.8 p I (isoelectric point) and 27–31.7 kDA molecular weight, were expressed at 37 °C, 2 hours and continued at 37 and 45 °C for all exposure times. This suggests that these early proteins and other newly synthesized proteins may have protective effects at 37 and 45 °C and provide plants for healthy growth during the recovery period.
Regulation of pH in human skeletal muscle: adaptations to physical activity

Regulation of pH in skeletal muscle is the sum of mechanisms involved in maintaining intracellular pH within the normal range. Aspects of pH regulation in human skeletal muscle have been studied with various techniques from analysis of membrane proteins, microdialysis, and the nuclear magnetic resonance technique to exercise experiments including blood sampling and muscle biopsies. The present review characterizes the cellular buffering system as well as the most important membrane transport systems involved (Na+/H+ exchange, Na‐bicarbonate co‐transport and lactate/H+ co‐transport) and describes the contribution of each transport system in pH regulation at rest and during muscle activity. It is reported that the mechanisms involved in pH regulation can undergo adaptational changes in association with physical activity and that these changes are of functional importance.
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase: analogues of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as potential inhibitors.

Structural analogues of S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine with modifications in the purine, sugar, 5'-thioether linkage, and/or amino acid portion were tested as substrates and/or inhibitors of S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (EC [3.3.1.1][1]). It was observed that S -3-deazaadenosyl-L-homocysteine was the only analogue that could serve as a substrate for the enzyme as well as S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine itself. When tested in the direction of S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolysis coupled with calf intestinal adenosine deaminase, the following were found to be the more potent inhibitory analogues: 5'-deoxy-5'-butylthioadenosine, Nγ-adenosyl-α,γ-diaminobutyric acid, 9-(5'-deoxy-5'-methylthio-α-D-arbinofuranosyl)adenine, 5'-deoxy-5'-aminoethylthio-2-chloroadenosine, 3-deazaadenosine, and S -3-deazaadenosyl-L-homocysteine. The inhibitory ability of 3-deazaadenosyl-L-homocysteine is probably related to its ability to serve as substrate, since its hydrolysis generates 3-deazaadenosine, which is the most potent inhibitor of S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase as well as being resistant to adenosine deaminase. When tested in vitro in isolated rat hepatocytes, 3-deazaadenosine caused a drastic increase in the levels of S -adenosyl-L-homocysteine and S -adenosyl-L-methionine, with the formation of S -3-deazaadenosyl-L-homocysteine. 3-Deazaadenosine is thus an interesting analogue with biological potential. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The collaboration of Dr. N. W. Cornell in the experiments with rat hepatocytes is acknowledged. We also thank Drs. R. T. Borchardt, J. A. Montgomery, and J. Coward for their gifts of analogues, and Drug Research and Development, Chemotherapy, National Cancer Institute, for providing the majority of the analogues. [1]: pending:yes
Regulation of E2F1 by APC/CCdh1 via K11 linkage-specific ubiquitin chain formation

E2F1 is a eukaryotic transcription factor that is known to regulate various cellular pathways such as cell cycle progression, DNA replication, DNA damage responses and induction of apoptosis. Given its versatile roles, a precise and tight regulation of E2F1 is very critical to maintain genomic stability. E2F1 is regulated both at transcriptional and posttranslational levels during cell cycle and upon DNA damage. After S phase, E2F1 is targeted for degradation and is kept at low levels or in an inactive state until the next G1/S phase transition. Our studies show that APC/C ubiquitin ligase in conjunction with its co-activator Cdh1 (APC/CCdh1) can downregulate E2F1. We also identify an APC/C subunit APC5 that binds to E2F1 and is essential for E2F1 ubiquitination. We confirm an interaction between E2F1 and Cdh1 as well as an interaction between E2F1 and APC5 both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro GST pull-down assays have mapped the C-terminal 79 a.a. of E2F1 as Cdh1 interacting residues. Ectopically expressed Cdh1 downregulates the expression of E2F1–4. Our studies have also shown for the first time that E2F1 can be modified by K11-linkage specific ubiquitin chain formation (Ub-K11). The formation of Ub-K11 chains on E2F1 is increased in the presence of Cdh1 and accumulated in the presence of proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that APC/CCdh1 targets E2F1 for degradation by forming Ub-K11 chains. We also show that the effect of Cdh1 on E2F1 degradation is blocked upon DNA damage. Interestingly, Ub-K11-linked E2F1 accumulates after treatment of DNA damaging agents. The data suggest that DNA damage signaling processes do not inhibit APC/CCdh1 to ubiquitinate E2F1. Instead, they block the proteasomal degradation of Ub-K11-linked E2F1, and therefore lead to its accumulation.
Cooperative relay assignment in wireless networks

Cooperative communication is shown to be a promising technology to significantly increase the transmission rate of wireless network. However, most of the existing results on relay assignment problem with multiple source-destination pairs are limited to assign each single pair at most one cooperative relay node. Moreover, for a given pair, the rate gain obtained by employing multiple cooperative relay nodes for cooperative communication may be greater than that can be obtained by selecting only a single cooperative relay node. Therefore, this paper studies the cooperative relay node assignment problem in a network environment, where multiple source-destination pairs compete for the same pool of cooperative relay nodes and each pair can employ multiple cooperative relay nodes for cooperative communication to maximize the minimum rate among all pairs. We first formulate this problem into a 0–1 non-linear integer program and then develop a polynomial-time approximation algorithm to solve this problem. This approximation algorithm iteratively increases the rate of the pair with minimum rate among all pairs and can achieve the approximation ratio of Δ, where Δ is the maximum number of neighbor cooperative relay nodes for each source node in the network. The simulation results show that this algorithm can increase the network performance by about 56% and 65% comparing with ORA and NCR schemes respectively.
Circulating Fibrocytes Prepare the Lung for Cancer Metastasis by Recruiting Ly-6C+ Monocytes Via CCL2

Fibrocytes are circulating, hematopoietic cells that express CD45 and Col1a1. They contribute to wound healing and several fibrosing disorders by mechanisms that are poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that fibrocytes predispose the lung to B16-F10 metastasis by recruiting Ly-6C+ monocytes. To do so, we isolated fibrocytes expressing CD45, CD11b, CD13, and Col1a1 from the lungs of wild type (WT) and Ccr5−/− mice. WT but not Ccr5−/− fibrocytes increased the number of metastatic foci when injected into Ccr5−/− mice (73 ± 2 versus 32 ± 5; p < 0.001). This process was MMP9 dependent. Injection of WT enhanced GFP+ fibrocytes also increased the number of Gr-1Int, CD11b+, and enhanced GFP– monocytes. Like premetastatic-niche monocytes, these recruited cells expressed Ly-6C, CD117, and CD45. The transfer of these cells into Ccr5−/− mice enhanced metastasis (90 ± 8 foci) compared with B cells (27 ± 2), immature dendritic cells (31 ± 6), or alveolar macrophages (28 ± 3; p < 0.05). WT and Ccl2−/− fibrocytes also stimulated Ccl2 expression in the lung by 2.07 ± 0.05- and 2.78 ± 0.36-fold compared with Ccr5−/− fibrocytes (1.0 ± 0.06; p < 0.05). Furthermore, WT fibrocytes did not increase Ly-6C+ monocytes in Ccr2−/− mice and did not promote metastasis in either Ccr2−/− or Ccl2−/− mice. These data support our hypothesis that fibrocytes contribute to premetastatic conditioning by recruiting Ly-6C+ monocytes in a chemokine-dependent process. This work links metastatic risk to conditions that mobilize fibrocytes, such as inflammation and wound repair.
A Method for Optical Proximity Correction of Thermal Processes: Orthogonal Functional Method

Pattern reduction has created a great deal of interest in finding effective methods to reduce the feature sizes of microelectronic and data-storage devices. These methods are divided between top-down approach such as photolithography and bottom-up approach such as self-assembly. For below 32 nm node technology, top-down approach has obstacles such as diffraction-limited resolution and high cost of ownership and bottom-up approach has obstacles such as the insufficient support of processes and mass production. Thermal treatment is a new process extension technique using current-day lithography equipment and chemically amplified resists (CARs). In the lithography process, thermal processes are softbake (SB), post-exposure bake (PEB), and thermal reflow. The purpose of SB is to remove excess solvent after spin coating, relieve strain in the solid film, and provide better adhesion to the substrate. The purpose of PEB is to reduce the standing wave effect and, thus, increase linewidth control and resolution. The purpose of thermal reflow is to reduce the pattern size by using thermal heating at temperatures about the glass transition temperature of the resist after development. These three kinds of thermal processes are essentially the same for heat treatment, but they have different effects on CD. Hence, it is required to understand mechanism behaviors that drive photo resist image and to deal with optical proximity effects (OPEs) due to thermal processes. OPE is quite severe as the critical dimensions (CDs) shrink down to the sub-30 nm patterns. Although the simulation parameters are not used to analyze the chemical phenomena of thermal processes, the CD bias after thermal reflow can be predicted in the linear system. Through the optical proximity correction (OPC), the distorted image from OPE can be manipulated back to the original design. However, the thermal affects of CD is the non-linear system, so that the prediction of OPE is not easy. Hence, the understanding of mechanistic behaviors that drive photo resist image can make the physically corrected resist model, and achieve the best prediction of resist images across multiple process conditions. One of the most critical issues for sub-50-nm patterning is patterning a fine contact hole (C/ H). The resolution performance of contact hole patterns is lower than that of line and space patterns because the depth of focus (DOF) for patterning contact holes is insufficient due to the low aerial-image contrast. The resist reflow process is a good method due to its simplicity without the additional complex process steps and due to its efficient technique