Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European consumer surveys about egg quality: how to improve the nutritional value.

Summary Consumers from Spain and Germany were interviewed with the objective of validating and ranking in eggs some food quality attributes proposed by the European Consumer Association (BEUC) in 1999. Results show how “Safety“ and “Freshness” were the most important quality factors. “Nutritional value” and "Sensory characteristics" being also key elements according to consumers’ opinions. Since 1997, additional surveys have been conducted in France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Poland, and Greece to find out how consumers perceive egg quality from a sensory point of view. Consumers defined egg quality as related to shell strength, albumen consistency, and intense yolk colour. When offered egg samples with different yolk colours (8,10,12 and 14 in the Roche-Fan, now DSM-Fan) a majority of surveyed persons in all countries preferred colour 14, the deepest one. Carotenoids have been historically used by the feed industry to provide the homogenous yolk colour demanded by consumers although recently researchers have started to work on the potential biological benefits of some carotenoids for animals and humans. Levels of most vitamins in eggs are directly linked to the levels in the diet of the hen. Layer feed conversion rates have improved dramatically (approx. 40%) during last 30 years so that it is essential to re-evaluate vitamin levels in feed accordingly. Recent research has compared the effects of 2 vitamin levels in laying hen diets (average industry levels vs. Optimum Vitamin Nutrition levels) on the vitamin deposition and quality of eggs. Results indicate that almost all vitamin levels (A,E,B1,B2,B12, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin) found in whole egg were statistically increased when hens were fed OVN premix (although not enough to be considered as vitamin enriched eggs), thus improving in that way the nutritive value compared to control eggs. Nutraceuticals such as vitamin enriched eggs are another way to increase their added value.
Genetic Considerations for Sourcing Steelhead Reintroductions: Investigating Possibilities for the San Joaquin River

Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) historically occurred in all major watersheds along the west coast of the United States. They can be a vital part of a healthy riverine ecosystem, are highly valued for fishing, and have been greatly affected by human activities. Given these traits, and that the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley of California is under consideration for steelhead reintroduction, emphasis has recently been placed on conservation efforts to reintroduce steelhead into streams in which they were once native. There are many issues to consider when deciding how, where, and in what manner to reintroduce steelhead, including genetic considerations. One primary factor is determining the source population for reintroduction. In this paper, we consider the many important genetic aspects to consider when determining the source for steelhead reintroduction, and outline the genetic data needs when determining sources for reintroduction. We discuss the lessons learned from previous reintroductions in relation to a reintroduction scenario in the San Joaquin River, and recommend potential source populations.
Modelagem tensorial de GCSC e projeto de controlador de potência ativa

O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento do modelo analitico de um sistema de potencia trifasico balanceado contendo um Capacitor Serie Controlado por Chave Autocomutada (GCSC). E realizada a modelagem em regime permanente e em regime transitorio. Emprega-se o metodo de modelagem tensorial, que relaciona os coeficientes dos fatores dinâmicos das variaveis alternadas do sistema. Testes para validacao do modelo sao realizados, tendo o simulador de transitorios eletromagneticos PSCAD/EMTDC como referencia. Em seguida, e apresentada a utilizacao do modelo analitico para o objetivo especifico de projetar um controlador de potencia ativa para a barra de carga do circuito. Para a aplicacao de tecnicas de projeto de controladores para sistemas lineares, a relacao nao linear existente entre o ângulo de corte das chaves autocomutadas e a potencia ativa e aproximada a uma funcao de transferencia atraves do metodo de minimos quadrados nao linear. O projeto do controlador se desenrola com a apresentacao de uma proposta de ajuste inicial utilizando a tecnica de Otimo por Modulo seguida da aplicacao de uma metodologia mais sofisticada, baseada no lugar das raizes do sistema em malha aberta e em metodo numerico, para aprimoramento da calibracao.
Parasite-Host Associations : Coexistence or Conflict?

1 Introduction. Section I: 2 Is Parasitism Symbiosis? a T. Cheng. 3 Behavioral Ecology: The Impact of Parasitism a A. Keymer and A. Read. 4 Evolution of Host Specificity in Parasites with Complex Life Cycles a C. Combes 5 Coevolution of Macroparasites and Their Hosts a A. Dobson and A. Merenlender. 6 Dynamics and Genetics of Host-Parasite Associations a R. May. Section II: 7 Encapsulation and Host-Parasitoid Population Biology a H. Godfray and M. Hassell. 8 Ticks and Disease: Susceptible Hosts, Reservoir Hosts, and Vectors a A. Eschlimann. 9 Herbivores, Plant Parasites, and Plant Diversity a M. Crawley and S. Pacala. Section III: 10 Immunological Relationships Between Host and Ixodid Ticks a M. Brossard, B. Rutti and T. Haug. 11 Interactions Between Cestodes and Their Vertebrate Hosts a J. Eckert. 12 Nutritional Interactions Between Hosts and Parasites a D. Crompton. 13 Metabolic Deficiencies in Parasites and Their Relations to Host Metabolism a C. Wang. 14 Developmental Adaptations in Nematodes a J. Hawdon and G. Schad. 15 Invertebrate Host Immune Mechanisms and Parasite Escapes a C. Bayne. Section IV: 16 An Ecological Perspective: The Population and Community Consequences of Parasitism a C. Toft. 17 An Evolutionary Perspective: Using the Comparative Method a P. Harvey, et al. 18 A Physiological Perspective: Physiological Adaptations in Host-Parasite Systems a G. Castro. Index
Causal Relationship between Electric Consumption and Economic Growth in South East Sulawesi

This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between electric consumption and economic growth in Southeast Sulawesi. Time series of electric consumption and per capita regional gross domestic product data in the period of 1985 to 2016 were used in this study. The causal relationship were examined using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality test. The tests revealed a strong positive causal relationship between electric consumption and economic growth of Souetheast Sulawesi in the long-run. Each 1% increase in electric consumption would caused 0,31% increase in economic growth. In the short-run, however, weak relationship exists between electric consumption and economic growth. Hence, electric consumption contributes to economic growth of Southeast Sulawesi in the long-run and in the short-run.
The Buzz about Bees: Biology of a Superorganism

Prolog: The Bee Colony - a Mammal in Many Bodies. - Man's Smallest Domestic Animal - a Picture Guide. - The Inevitable Honeybees. - Propagated Immortality. - Honeybees - a Model for Success. - What Bees Know About Flowers. - Honeybee Sex, and Virgin Brides. - Royal Jelly - Designer Diet in Bee Colonies. - The Largest Organ of the Bee Colony - Construction and Function of the Comb. - Cultivated Intelligence. - Is Honey Thicker than Blood: How Important Is the Family? - The Circle Closes. - Epilog: The Future for Bees and Mankind.
Age‐dependent differential gene expression in exposureresponse of contraction‐induced muscle injury

A high volume of repetitions that results in contraction‐induced muscle injury in young rats has been shown to have a more robust genomic response to the physiological trauma than similar paradigms in old rats. Thus, the purpose was to identify if this age‐dependent genomic signature was present in skeletal muscle following lower number of muscular contractions. The left dorsiflexor muscles of young (3 mo) and old (30 mo) male Fischer 344 × BN rats were injured using 30, 80 and 150 stretch‐shortening contractions (SSCs) at a velocity of 500°/s in vivo. Seventy‐two hours following exposure the left tibialis anterior muscle was harvested and RNA was isolated. cRNA samples were prepared and loaded onto Sentrix Rat‐Ref12 Beadchips for gene array analyses. With respect to contraction number, there was a graded up‐regulation in response of genes related to the inflammatory response (i.e. SPP1, MMP12, CD68), cell death (CTSS, CTSB, CTSL1) and muscle regeneration (i.e. ANXA1,S100A11, RPS6) in young rats following injurious SSCs, yet the same genes have an attenuated, and even opposite, response in old rats regardless of contraction number. These data suggest desensitization in the old rats’ ability to mount a competent response to graded contraction‐induced injury stimuli, which, ultimately, may adversely affect recovery kinetics following injury with increased age.
Physical responses of small temperate lakes to variation in dissolved organic carbon concentrations

We used a mechanistic physical model to examine the effect of variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations on the physical properties of small temperate lakes. The model was validated on eight small (6 × 10−4 to 3.8 × 10−2 km2) lakes in Wisconsin and Michigan, with a standard error < 1°C for seven of eight lakes. Attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm) in these lakes was regulated by DOC concentrations and was important in the vertical structuring of water temperatures. Heat exchange below the surface mixed layer was near the molecular rate, increasing the importance of water clarity as a control on the heat content of deeper waters. To understand the thermal effects of changing DOC concentrations, we applied scenarios of a 50% increase and 50% decrease in DOC concentrations for one lake (Trout Bog) and found water temperatures to vary in response, with the seasonally averaged temperatures in the increased DOC scenario being > 2°C colder than the reduced scenario. We found a nonlinear relationship between DOC and temperature, with clearer (lower DOC) simulations being more sensitive to climate variability, suggesting that DOC may act as a buffer against a warming climate. Our model showed that DOC also influenced epilimnetic depths, as nocturnal mixing (related to the vertical partitioning of heat) was more important than wind‐driven mixing. Small lakes are globally important regulators of biogeochemical cycles and are structurally different from larger lakes. Important feedbacks to physical processes must be accounted for when understanding the effects of changing DOC and climate on small lakes.
Drinking Over the Lifespan

A substantial and growing number of older adults misuse alcohol. The emerging literature on the “Baby Boom” cohort, which is now reaching older adulthood, indicates that they are continuing to use alcohol at a higher rate than previous older generations. The development and refinement of techniques to address these problems and provide early intervention services will be crucial to meeting the needs of this growing population. This review provides background on the extent of alcohol misuse among older adults, including the Baby Boom cohort that has reached age 65, the consequences of misuse, physiological changes related to alcohol use, guidelines for alcohol use, methods for screening and early interventions, and treatment outcomes.
Aerial Righting, Directed Aerial Descent, and Maneuvering in the Evolution of Flight in Birds

This thesis consists of four major studies: a study of incipient flight behaviors in young birds over ontogeny (chapter 1); a detailed study of maneuvering using physical models of a likely ancestral bird morphology (chapter 2); a comparative study of maneuvering ability in several stem-group birds, within a phylogenetic context (chapter 3); and development of basic engineering theory to quantify the turbulence sensitivity of shapes to environmental turbulence of given scales and spectral content. The studies have identified: 1) shifts in function from asymmetric to symmetric movements in young birds, contrary to predictions from alternative hypotheses and occurring before wing-assisted incline running; 2) shifts in function, tied to angle of attack, of asymmetric appendage postures in creating yawing and rolling moments; and 3) migration of control effectiveness as tails are shortened and other features change, during the early evolution of birds. The work plugs some considerable gaps in current prevailing theories (e.g. Dial, 2003; Tobalske et al., 2011) and provides a test of hypotheses of flight evolution not based in outdated trees-down'' or ground-up'' paradigms from the past, but rather based on the universal need of airborne animals to maneuver (Dudley and Yanoviak, 2011; Maynard-Smith, 1953). This work seeks to understand early flight evolution from a maneuvering perspective; every animal in the air must maneuver, and by understanding powered'' flight as simply a point along a spectrum of maneuvering flight (Dudley and Yanoviak, 2011), unifying breakthroughs are made. It is hoped that the multifaceted approach taken here, with ontogenetic series, aerodynamic studies, and phylogenetic approaches, is robust against the shortcomings of any one approach individually: confounding ontogeny with evolution (as may be the case in others' studies of alternative hypotheses, e.g. Dial, 2003); inferring implausible functions from paleontological material in the absence of proper benchmarking against live animals; or misdiagnosis of how forms work in the absence of functional studies.
The advisory and extension system in Australia: Opportunities for strength in pluralism.

National-scale studies of pluralistic advisory and extension systems and impacts from privatisation rarely encompass farmer and advisor perspectives for an integrated examination. Without such examination, all pluralistic systems may be considered to share the same risks or require similar forms of intervention. Combining farmer and advisor perspectives could assist diagnose and focus new governance efforts in pluralistic systems. This paper reports on an integrated methodology and results from a study of the Australian agricultural advisory and extension system to examine the extent to which Australia’s pluralistic agricultural advisory and extension system shares the risks, consequences and governance challenges reported in other countries. Data on the attitudes, experiences and practices of accessing and using information, advice and support services was collected from farmers and advisors through focus groups in 4 different Australian states (n=143) and a national survey of farmers (n=1003) and advisors (n=655) across different agricultural activity. A nested conceptual framework was applied in the analysis (i.e. market failure; privatisation-related risks in agricultural extension; agricultural innovation systems (AIS)). Half the farmers surveyed were unclear on where to access information and support and reported increased demand for new knowledge and skills. All types of advisory organisations were reported as supporting farm practice change. Some market failures were identified, however only 3 out of 9 risks from privatisation reported in other studies were present. This analysis formed the basis for trial interventions targeting areas of risk. The integrated methodology holds promise for supporting focused policies and efforts in improving advisory systems.
Interaction of powdery mildew treatments on apple microflora.

The interaction of fungicides used to control powdery mildew, an important disease of apple, on the natural microflora could affect fruit quality and leaf senescence. This study was conducted to see if the current fungicide program or an alternative organic clay program would control powdery mildew with less impact on the natural microflora. Spray trials were conducted on ‘Jonagold’ apples with treatments consisting of fungicides, clay, and an unsprayed control applied several times over two consecutive growing Correspondence/Reprint request: Dr. Peter Sholberg, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia, V0H 1Z0, Canada E-mail: SholbergP@AGR.GC. CA Peter Sholberg & Julie Boulé 394 seasons in 2000 and 2001. After each treatment was applied, beginning during the blossom period and ending at harvest, samples of apple fruit and leaves were taken to enumerate fungi, Pseudomonads, bacteria, and yeasts on semiselective media. The results showed that the numbers of microflora fluctuated by application date over the season in both 2000 and 2001. The fungicide treatment reduced microflora in both 2000, and 2001 but especially when sulfur was used in 2000. Clay also affected the microflora but was not as harmful. Clay reduced the number of different types of bacteria more than the fungicide treatment in 2000. Control of powdery mildew was achieved by clay followed by myclobutanil or by consecutive myclobutanil sprays in 2000. In 2001, myclobutanil was most effective on leaves and myclobutanil followed by clay was most effective on fruit. Although these treatments control powdery mildew they have far reaching effects on apple microflora.
RESISTENCIA BACTERIANA POR BETA LACTAMASAS DE ESPECTRO EXTENDIDO: UN PROBLEMA CRECIENTE

Las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) son enzimas que generan resistencia a la mayoría de los b-lactámicos, incluyendo a penicilinas, cefalosporinas de primera, segunda, tercera generación, monobactámicos, excepto a la cefamicina y carbapenémicos. Esta resistencia se vio incrementada por el indiscriminado uso de cefalosporinas para infecciones incluso leves. También cuentan con frecuencia con genes para otros antimicrobianos como ser aminoglucosidos, tetraciclinas y cotrimoxazol. Además, las cepas BLEE (+) son más frecuentemente resistentes a quinolonas que las cepas no productoras de BLEE. La resistencia actual que existe a las betalactamasas de espectro extendido aumenta las tasas de mortalidad, ya que en pacientes con infecciones se inician tratamientos empíricos, que al no tener buena respuesta ocasionan que el cuadro clínico llegue a evolucionar hasta la sepsis. El tratamiento de elección en estos casos es el uso de carbapenémicos, recomendación que se basa principalmente en el resultado de resistencia observada in vitro. Los nuevos carbapenémicos, como ertapenem o doripenem parecen tener una excelente actividad. Se realiza una revisión de los aspectos básicos de la aparición de cepas BLEE y su importancia en el manejo de pacientes con cuadros infecciosos, que son de frecuente presentación en los Hospitales de referencia.
Rare or threatened Australian plants

The Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (ROTAP) list and associated coding system was developed and has been maintained by CSIRO since 1979, and lists taxa that are Presumed Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare or Poorly Known at the national level. This edition provides the most up-to-date list for conservation purposes. A significant number of endangered and Vulnerable taxa are included, which have not yet been considered for inclusion on either the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council list or the Commonwealth's Schedule 1. This is the first ROTAP publication to include subspecies and varieties, and the list now includes 5031 taxa. There have also been at least 3270 amendments to data for listed taxa. A total of 2012 additional records of regional data for tax already listed has been included. A key factor in the development of public opinion, and the design of effective management schemes, lies in the production of accurate data to tell the story. What is threatened? Where is it found? These are two of the most fundamental questions to answer before any strategic plans can be drawn up. Obtaining such apparently simple statistics is a huge task. Rare or Threatened Australian Plants is therefore an important reference for the national status of threatened species, particularly for Rare and Poorly Known species.
Genetic relationship of functional longevity with female fertility and milk production traits in Czech Holsteins

The objectives of this study were to estimate heritabilities of and genetic correlations among lon - gevity, milk production, and female fertility traits of Holstein cows. Fertility traits were days open, interval from parturition to first service, and days between the first and last insemination in the first and second lactation, respectively. Production traits were first lactation milk, fat, and protein yield. Functional longevity was defined as the number of days between the first calving and culling, i.e. the length of the productive life. The linear animal model included fixed effects of month-year of first calving, regression on age at first calving, regression on milk yield (only for longevity), and random effects of herd-year, animal, and residual. Heritability estimates for fertility traits ranged from 0.02 ± 0.009 to 0.06 ± 0.004. Heritability of longevity was 0.09. Heritability esti - mates for production traits ranged from 0.29 ± 0.009 (fat and protein yield) to 0.34 ± 0.009 (milk yield). Genetic correlations of longevity with fertility were moderate and favourable, ranging from -0.37 ± 0.068 to -0.44 ± 0.055, except the days between the first and last insemination in the second lactation . Genetic correlations of fertility with production traits were moderate to high and unfavourable, ranging from 0.48 ± 0.042 to 0.65 ± 0.034. Substantial herd-year correlations were found between fertility traits. Residual correlations were small except for those between production traits (> 0.85) and between days open and days between the first and last insemination (0.87). Month-year of first calving effects for longevity declined between 1994 and 2002, while those for production traits and for fertility increased slightly or remained stable during this period. Between 1991 and 2003, genetic trend for longevity declined and increased for production. Estimated genetic changes for fertility were unfavourable.
Conservation biology of Hawaiian forest birds : implications for island avifauna

Hawaii's forest bird community is the most insular and most endangered in the world and serves as a case study for threatened species globally. Ten have disappeared in the past thirty years, nine are critically endangered, and even common species are currently in decline. Thane K. Pratt, his coeditors, and collaborators, all leaders in their field, describe the research and conservation efforts over the past thirty years to save Hawaii's forest birds. They also offer the most comprehensive look at the reasons for these extinctions and attempts to overcome them in the future. Among the topics covered in this book are trends in bird populations, environmental and genetic factors limiting population size, avian diseases, predators, and competing alien bird species. Color plates by award-winning local photographer Jack Jeffrey illustrate all living species discussed or described.