Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sucrose Transporter Gene AtSUC4 Regulates Sucrose Distribution and Metabolism in Response to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Sporadic reports indicated that salt stress induced the expression of sucrose transporter genes, and sucrose transporters (SUCs or SUTs) as the important carriers are responsible for the loading, unloading and distribution of sucrose, but the study that SUCs are involved in sucrose distribution and metabolism under salt stress at the whole-plant level has not been reported to date. AtSUC4, as the unique member of low affinity/high capacity SUT4-clade in Arabidopsis thaliana, may play an important role in plant stress tolerance. Here, through analyzing two homozygous mutation lines of AtSUC4 (Atsuc4-1 and Atsuc4-2), we found salt stress induced higher sucrose, fructose and glucose content in shoots and lower sucrose, fructose and glucose content in roots of these mutants compared with the wild-type (WT), resulting in an imbalance of sucrose distribution and fructose and glucose accumulation changes of sucrose metabolitesat the whole-plant level. Our results indicated that AtSUC4 is involved in salt stress tolerance by the regulation of sucrose distribution and metabolism.
Behavioural observations of Pieris brassicae larvae indicate multiple mechanisms of action of analogous drimane antifeedants

We tested 11 analogous synthetic drimane antifeedant compounds for their feeding inhibiting effects on larvae of the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in no‐choice tests on the host plant Brassica oleracea L. Furthermore, we observed larval feeding behaviour in no‐choice tests to analyze temporal effects of five drimanes. The results show that the five analogous antifeedants differentially influence feeding behaviour and locomotion activity. Warburganal and polygodial are most likely sensory mediated antifeedants. Habituation to these compounds occurs soon after the onset of the tests (i.e., within 0.5–1.5 h). Compound 5 and confertifolin are probably not direct, sensory mediated antifeedants. After 0.5–1.5 h of exposure, these compounds inhibit not only feeding, but also locomotion behaviour, indicating postingestive, toxic effects. Isodrimenin inhibits feeding from the onset of the test and is probably a sensory mediated antifeedant. No habituation occurs to this compound, indicating that isodrimenin is either a very strong antifeedant or that it additionally has postingestive, toxic effects. Topical application of the drimanes on the larval cuticle revealed feeding inhibiting effects, but these could not be related to the occurrence of postingestive feeding inhibiting effects, indicating that this method is inappropriate to show possible postingestive effects of drimanes in P. brassicae. In conclusion, the behavioural observations performed in this research indicate that analogous drimanes inhibit feeding by P. brassicae larvae through multiple mechanisms of action. The results show that, when developing a structure activity relationship (SAR) for a series of antifeedants, it is important to distinguish the mode of action which underlies inhibition of feeding.
Prey-type-dependent foraging of young-of-the-year fish in turbid and humic environments

Fish, which are generally visual foragers, experiences reduced reaction distance in visually degraded environments, which has consequences for encounter rates with prey. Small prey is detected at shorter distances than larger prey, and piscivores are therefore predicted to be more strongly affected by visual degradation. In experiments, roach (Rutilus rutilus) were fed two plankton prey types and pike (Esox lucius) were fed Daphnia and larval roach, in clear water, algal turbid water and water coloured brown by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Planktivorous foraging in roach was not affected by visual degradation, while pike foraging on both Daphnia and larval roach was. Pike showed increased reaction distance to Daphnia in visually degraded water, while it was severely reduced with roach as prey even if the visual range was not reduced below pike reaction distances in clear water. Pike foraging on Daphnia was not affected, but when foraging on roach, the reduced search efficiency was counteracted by increased attack rates. However, there was no increase in movement and no difference between turbid and DOM treatments. Effects on piscivores will likely become more pronounced at later life stages as prey size and the reliance on long-distance detection increases at the same time as changing climatic conditions may further deteriorate the visual conditions in future. (Less)
a Theory for the Function of the Spermaceti Organ of the Sperm Whale (physeter Catodon L)

The function of the spermaceti organ of the sperm whale is studied using a model of its acoustic system. Suggested functions of the system include: (1) action as an acoustic resonating and sound focussing chamber to form and process burst-pulsed clicks; (2) use of nasal passages in forehead for repeated recycling of air for phonation during dives and to provide mirrors for sound reflection and signal processing; and (3) use of the entire system to allow sound signal production especially useful for long range echolocofion in the deep sea.
Redescription of Panaqolus purusiensis(LaMonte, 1935) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with identification key to the species of the genus

Apesar de Panaqolus purusiensis ter sido descrita ha quase 80 anos, sabe-se muito pouco sobre ela. O taxon foi descrito com base em um unico exemplar. No entanto, pesquisas em catalogos de colecoes ictiologicas revelaram mais dois exemplares que foram capturados junto com o holotipo, porem depositados em outros museus. Coletas recentes, incluindo a localidade-tipo, disponibilizaram mais especimes. O exame deste material revelou que a especie tem tres padroes distintos de coloracao dependendo do tamanho. Individuos com ate 30 mm de comprimento padrao [CP] apresentam bandas regulares no corpo, nas nadadeiras e na cabeca, padrao de colorido comum em varias especies de Panaqolus; individuos de 30-90 mm CP apresentam um padrao especifico de coloracao, com bandas claras mais finas; e acima de 90 mm CP o corpo e uniformemente escuro e somente as nadadeiras continuam expondo bandas. As especies mais parecidas com P. purusiensis sao P. changae, P. gnomus, P. maccus e P. nocturnus. As tres primeiras podem facilmente ser distinguidas pelo padrao de coloracao e pelas proporcoes do corpo, porem, exemplares de P. nocturnus com mais que 90 mm CP sao muito parecidos com P. purusiensis do mesmo tamanho, dificultando a identificacao.
The barriers to oceanic island radiation in bryophytes: insights from the phylogeography of the moss Grimmia montana

Aim In contrast to angiosperms, bryophytes do not appear to have radiated in Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean. We evaluate if: (1) the apparent lack of radiation in bryophytes reflects our failure to recognize cryptic endemic species; (2) bryophytes are characterized by extremely low evolutionary rates; or (3) bryophytes have a high dispersal ability, which prevents genetic isolation.
Studies on the Distribution of Hydroxypyridinium Cross‐Links in Different Collagen Types

Hydroxypyridinium residues are trifunctional cross-linking amino acids in collagen. They are believed to be mature products on the hydroxylysine-aldehyde pathway of cross-linking,'. ' which predominates in all of the major connective tissues except skin and cornea. Using a sensitive HPLC-based assay: we have quantitatively surveyed the distribution of the two known forms of hydroxypyridinium cross-linking residue, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), in different tissue types and different collagen types. Human, rabbit, and bovine connective tissues were hydrolyzed in acid and aliquots of the hydrolysates were analyzed for the cross-linking amino acids and for hydroxyproline. Results were expressed as moles of cross-linking residue per mole of collagen. Different collagen types were prepared by pepsin digestion of tissues (aorta, skin, cartilages, decalcified bone) and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by salt fractionation at acid pH (0.7 M, 1.2 M, and 1.8 M NaCl) and neutral pH (1.7 M, 2.5 M, and 4 M NaC1). TABLES 1 and 2 summarize some of the results on the quantitative distribution of hydroxypyridinium cross-linking residues among different collagenous tissues and collagen genetic types. Tissues in which the hydroxypyridinium cross-links were plentiful included all forms of cartilage, bone, dentin, ligament, tendon, fascia, lung, gut, and aorta. They were absent from skin and cornea in which the lysine aldehyde pathway of cross-linking predominates? Types I, 11, 111, and V collagens all could contain this type of cross-link, but apparently not type IV collagen. Type I1 collagen proved to be a particularly rich source, with about 2 moles per mole of collagen in adult human cartilage and nucleus pulposus. A general observation emerged that the degree of cross-linking, in moles of cross-linking residue per mole of collagen, seemed more related to the type of tissue than to the type of collagen. This can be seen for types I, 11, 111, V, and IX collagens in skin, aorta, meniscus, bone, and articular cartilage (TABLE 1). This suggests that the activity of post-translational modifying enzymes (lysyl hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase), and not collagen type, is the primary determinant of cross-linking quality.
Frog farming: Investigation of biological and mechanical agents to increase the consumption of pelleted food by adult Rana temporaria

The requirement of moving prey for eliciting feeding behaviour is typical of anurans, and is one of the major difficulties of rearing frogs. This difficulty can potentially be solved by using mechanical devices to move the food, or by mixing inert food with live prey. This study investigated consumption of pelleted food by adult common frogs, Rana temporaria , when moved by a mechanical stirrer or by fly larvae. The mechanical device did not produce higher consumption than inert pellets alone. Fly larvae significantly increased consumption of food pellets, whether these were mixed together, or the larvae were isolated below the pellets by a flexible membrane. Consumption was similar whether the membrane was sealed or perforated, so that movement of the pellets, rather than the scent of the fly larvae, was the stimulus that increased pellet consumption. Frogs did not apparently learn to feed on pellets, with no increase in consumption through the experiment of either control inert pellets or of pellets moved by fly larvae. Consumption (of dry mass) of pellets was similar to that of live crickets by frogs in the same conditions. Frogs consumed significantly more xenopus pellets (produced for aquatic Xenopus toads) than trout pellets from an equal mixture, both by number and mass. The two types of pellet had similar nutritional composition but differed in texture, smell, size and mass, and colour; xenopus pellets being larger (82 mg and 50 mg, respectively) and darker. Any combination of these differences could have caused the difference in consumption, with colour being most likely, darker pellets presenting greater contrast against the white background of the feeding dishes. The difference in consumption shows that optimisation of pellet characteristics, such as the incorporation of a dark dye, could be important in large-scale frog culture.
Bioinformatics of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Understanding the mechanisms which control gene expression is one of the fundamental problems of molecular biology. Detailed experimental studies of regulation are laborious due to the complex and combinatorial nature of interactions among involved molecules. Therefore, computational techniques are used to suggest candidate mechanisms for further investigation. This thesis presents three methods improving the predictions of regulation of gene transcription. The first approach finds binding sites recognized by a transcription factor based on statistical over-representation of short motifs in a set of promoter sequences. A succesful application of this method to several gene families of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is shown. More advanced techniques are needed for the analysis of gene regulation in higher eukaryotes. Hundreds of profiles recognized by transcription factors are provided by libraries. Dependencies between them result in multiple predictions of the same binding sites which need later to be filtered out. Therefore, the second method presented here offers a way to reduce the number of profiles by identifying similarities between them. Still, the complex nature of interaction between transcription factors makes reliable predictions of binding sites difficult. Exploiting independent sources of information reduces the false predictions rate. The third method described here proposes a novel approach associating gene annotations with regulation of multiple transcription factors and binding sites recognized by them. The utility of the method is demonstrated on several well-known sets of transcription factors. Although the regulation of transcription is the major cellular mechanism of controlling gene expression, RNA interference provides a way of efficient down-regulation of specific genes in experiments. Difficulties in predicting efficient siRNA sequences motivated the development of a library containing siRNA sequences and related experimental details described in the literature. This library, presented in details in the last chapter, is publicly available at http://www.human-sirna-database.net.
Evaluation of permanent establishment of Leptomastix dactylopii How. against Planococcus citri (Risso) in Citrus orchards in India

Une etude menee d'octobre 1985 a decembre 1986 dans des vergers d'agrumes ou les lâchers ont ete arretes depuis aout 1984 a montre qu'un parasite, L.d. , introduit pour lutter contre P.c. s'etait etabli d'une facon permanente. Une moyenne de 2,33 adultes de L.d. a ete collectee toute l'annee sur chaque fruit attaque par la cochenille. La situation de P.c. et l'effet des pesticides employes sont abordes
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Siberian Iris Species Inferred from Noncoding Chloroplast DNA Sequences

A study of phylogenetic relationships of Iris species has been complicated because of extreme morpho‐ecological diversity, wide distribution of the genus, multiple hybridizations, and convergent evolution processes in the genus. In order to get an insight into the evolutionary history of Iris and to clarify some contradictions of contemporary classifications, we performed a molecular analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of a heterogeneous group of Iris species occurring in Siberia and covering major taxonomic groups of the genus Iris. According to contemporary classifications, these species belong to the subgenera Limniris (Tausch) Spach, Xyridion (Tausch) Spach, Iris, and Pardanthopsis (Hance) Baker. However, the position of Pardanthopsis within the genus Iris and the position of Xyridion as a distinct subgenus or a part of Limniris are disputable. Based on an analysis of 56 RAPD markers in 12 Siberian Iris species and comparative analysis of trnL intron and trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences in all 22 Siberian Iris species, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Siberian Iris species. In general, the species grouping coincides with contemporary classifications. According to our results, Pardanthopsis dichotoma forms a separate branch on the phylogenetic trees based on sequences of chloroplast DNA and RAPD analysis, which supports its position as a distinct genus. All of the Siberian Iris species are clustered into four phylogenetic groups. Our results indicate that the phylogeny and taxonomic structure of the genus Iris may need reconsideration.
The origin of the corpus callosum and the fate of the structures related to it

Examination of the forebrain in a series of mammals indicates that the theories hitherto adduced to explain the origin of the corpus callosum, and the nature of the structures related to it, arc erroneous. The discrepancies are, indeed, so great as to warrant reinvestigation of the whole problem. The extensive survey recently publj shed by ICappers, Huber and Crosby ('36) obviates the necessity for detailed review of the literature, but a brief discussion of the principal hypotheses is a necessary prelude to this paper. Two main views have been advancecl : The earlier, advocated especially by Mihalkovics (1877), His (1899) and Zuckerkandl ( '01, '09), postulates passage of the callosal fibers through an area of fusion of the medid walls of the hemispheres ; this view has received little support from later observers and is not now regarded seriously. The later view, advanced first by Elliot Smith (1897 c , ' lo), and supported by most subsequent workers, states that the callosal fibers traverse portion of the hippocampal commissure in the lamina terminalis to reach the opposite hemisphere. Johnston ( '13) accepted this in the main, but introduced a few modifications in detail. Elliot Smith's account supplied such a convincing explanation for the fate of the structures related to the corpus callosum that it found ready acceptance, and it will be necessary to examine it in a little detail to determine what it actually implies.
Composición química, digestibilidad y cinética ruminal de la digestión de residuos agrícolas tratados con explosión de vapor

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of steam explosion (STE) on chemical composition and digestibility of the following forages (F): sorghum stover (SOS), corn stover (COS) and sugarcane bagasse (SUB). The Exp 1 was conducted to determine the effects of STE on pH, fiber fractions (FF) and in vitro digestibility (IVDMD). Fifty four samples were generated using a RCB design with a 3*3*3 factorial treatment arrangement, where the factors were: pressure (P: 10.3, 13.8 and 17.2 kg/cm2), time (T: 5, 10 and 15 min) and F (SOS, COS and SUB). In Exp 2, changes in the digestion kinetics were determined when using the combinations of P and T that maximized IVDMD; thus, SOS and COS were treated at 13.8 kg/cm2 for 10 min, and SUB at 17.2 kg/ cm2 for 15 min. The treated and non-treated samples were incubated in rumen for up to 120 h. Data were fitted to a nonlinear model. No significant interactions T*P or F*P*T were detected on pH or FF; however, as P or T increased, pH, NDF and hemicellulose decreased. Lignin or ADF were not affected by P or T. As for IVDMD concerns, P*F and F*T interactions were significant. STE increased soluble fraction and degree of F digestion. Only lag time of SUB was reduced by STE. The potential digestible fraction was reduced in SOS and COS. It was concluded that the changes in chemical composition and digestion kinetics are related mainly to cell wall solubilization by stem explosion.
Oxidation of muscle phospholipids in relation to their fatty acid composition with emphasis on volatile compounds

The impact of moderate changes of fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids (PL) on their oxidative stability and on volatile profiles remains largely unknown. PL of breast muscle of turkeys fed a diet containing 6% tallow, rapeseed oil or soya oil were purified and prepared as liposomes. After 24 h of incubation at 25 °C with iron/ascorbate, oxidation was quantified by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS) and volatile compounds. TBA-RS level was the lowest (21.4 nmole eq MDA mg−1 PL) in PL from tallow-fed animals but was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in soya oil (30.9 nmole eq MDA mg−1 PL) and rapeseed oil (30.3 nmole eq MDA mg−1 PL) batches. ANOVA did not clearly distinguish between the three groups according to the quantities of individual volatiles except for Z,E-2,4-heptadienal. In contrast, principal component analysis (PCA) performed on standardised quantities of volatile compounds distinguished unambiguously the three groups. Axis 1 was positively correlated with volatile compounds arising from oxidation of n-6 fatty acids, and negatively with compounds of n-9 origin. Axis 2 was highly positively correlated with compounds from n-3 origin. Only a few compounds from each origin (n-6, n-3, n-9) had an atypical behaviour. A weak modification of the FA composition of PL led to concomitant modifications of the quantities of volatile compounds generated through oxidation, which were emphasised by multivariate analysis (PCA). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
RESISTÊNCIA DE LINHAGENS GENITORAS E HÍBRIDOS SIMPLES DE SORGO A Colletotrichum sublineolum, AGENTE CAUSAL DA ANTRACNOSE

Foi avaliada a reacao de resistencia de dez hibridos simples de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e 14 linhagens genitoras destes hibridos ao patogeno Colletotrichum sublineolum, agente causal da antracnose. Em casa de vegetacao, os genotipos foram inoculados separadamente com 20 isolados monosporicos obtidos de diferentes regioes produtoras do pais. A avaliacao foi realizada aos dez dias apos a inoculacao, utilizando-se escala de notas. Nenhum genotipo de sorgo foi resistente a todos os isolados inoculados. A linhagem CMSXS657 foi resistente a 95%; a linhagem ATF14, a 90%; ATF08, a 85% e CMSXS210, a 70% dos isolados. Dentre os hibridos, destacou-se o BRS305 (CMSXS210A X BR012R), resistente a 75% dos isolados; 9920045 (ATF14A X CMSXS180R), a 65% dos isolados; BRS308 (CMSXS233A X BR012R), a 60% dos isolados e BRS650 (CMSXS222A X CMSXS657R), a 55% dos isolados. As linhagens BR001 e CMSXS222 foram suscetiveis a 90% dos isolados. A frequencia de resistencia dos hibridos foi igual ou inferior as linhagens genitoras. Excecao faz-se ao hibrido BRS305 (CMSXS210A X BR012R), que foi resistente a um maior numero de isolados que seus genitores. Nenhum dos isolados testados foi virulento a todos os genotipos. Os isolados de Campo Novo dos Parecis (MT) foram os mais virulentos enquanto os isolados de Jardinopolis (SP) foram os menos virulentos.
Playing with a Dog

T HE title of this paper may appear frivolous. It has been chosen deliberately, with a serious purpose. I propose to show how an attentive study of the behavior of a dog, as it plays and as it goes about the ordinary business of its life, may bring to light some general principles of animal behavior which are of the profoundest importance. In a dog's world its master is the dominant figure, and its relations with its master, as for example in play, make up a big slice of its life. It is not quite true to say that a dog never plays alone, but play is predominantly a social affair; a dog plays with other dogs, other familiar animals and with human beings. I have known dogs, both of them as it happens Toy Yorkshire Terriers (females), which played when alone. Both these bitches would pick up a small object and throw it a little distance with a sideways jerk of the head, running after it to pick it up and throw it again. (Their pedigrees show that they had no common ancestors in four generations.) The "killing" game referred to below might also be regarded as solitary play. As a rule, however, a dog must have a partner in its play, and it is with the games my dog Gina plays with me that I shall begin. Gina is a smooth haired Fox Terrier bitch, with an admixture of rough haired ancestry, and at the time of writing (August, I935) nearly four years old. She has been under general observation by my wife and myself since she was six weeks old. No attempt was made to train Gina in any elaborate way; she was not subjected to experiment in the laboratory; she was in fact allowed and encouraged to be the experimenter as well as the experimentee. The observations here recorded are for the most part transcribed from notes jotted down from day to day.