Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Uptake from Enriched Soil Microsites by Three Great Basin Perennials

Relative nutrient uptake efficiency was measured using a dual-radiotracer (32P and 33P) technique for Agropyron desertorum, Artemisia tridentata, and Pseudoroeg- neria spicata, species from the arid shrub-steppe of the Intermountain Region in the western U.S. These species differed in the timing and magnitude of their response to experimentally enriched soil microsites. The most rapid and significant increase in the uptake of phosphorus tracer from enriched microsites was exhibited by Agropyron, followed by Artemisia, while there was only a trend toward an increase in uptake for Pseudoroegneria. The volume of soil enriched was only 4% of the total pot volume yet Agropyron extracted more phosphorus from the enriched microsite than was removed from the remainder (96%) of the soil volume based on tracer uptake from enriched and unenriched microsites. For Agropyron and Pseudoroegneria, plant uptake of phosphorus from microsites was approximately propor- tional to the soil microsite enrichment and all three species exhibited increased root length density within the microsites in proportion to the concentration of available nutrients. Integrated physiological and morphological response of the plants to nutrient enrichment increased phosphorus uptake, normalized to the amount of phosphorus available in the soil microsites, by 19.7 to 97.5 x compared to uptake from a similar volume of unenriched soil. Preferential allocation of recently assimilated carbon to roots within enriched soil microsites was also demonstrated. The most important differences detected among species were associated with the temporal flexibility they exhibited in response to enrichment of soil microsites. Differences in flexibility and response among these species have been reported for other aspects of nutrient uptake, suggestive of species-specific differences contributing to demonstrated differences in productivity, persistence, and competitive abil- ity.
Implementação paralela para análises estáticas lineares pelo método dos elementos finitos

Na analise estrutural por elementos finitos, a representacao de estruturas e fenomenos complexos e cada vez mais recorrente e acaba exigindo uma quantidade cada vez maior de graus de liberdade dos modelos. Esta condicao representa um problema significativo de desempenho e demanda de memoria quando considera-se as etapas de montagem e resolucao dos sistemas de equacoes. Dessa forma, faz-se necessario o uso de computadores de fina tecnologia e alta performance. Contudo, o uso destas maquinas especializadas e extremamente ineficiente quando considerado o seu custo e, conforme o avanco da tecnologia, a necessidade de ocasional substituicao. Visando resolver esse impasse, tem-se dado atencao para solucoes que facam uso de computadores paralelos. Nesta modalidade da computacao, um problema grande e complexo e dividido em pequenas porcoes, que sao resolvidas de forma independente em diferentes computadores. Assim, a computacao paralela tem como vantagens a menor demanda de capacidade em componentes como memoria e processador, alem da possibilidade de facil expansao do sistema distribuido. Entretanto, a concorrencia de tarefas demanda algoritmos diferentes em relacao as rotinas sequenciais, principalmente quando objetiva-se a alta performance. Tambem, para que os resultados da computacao paralela sejam superiores, a divisao das tarefas deve ser realizada de forma que todos os processos terminem seus trabalhos ao mesmo tempo, evitando a ociosidade de processadores, juntamente com o minimo de comunicacao possivel. No caso do metodo dos elementos finitos, devem ser utilizadas metodologias que realizem a divisao homogenea dos elementos entre os processadores ao mesmo tempo que minimizem as fronteiras entre as divisoes. Desta forma, as determinacoes para evitar desperdicio computacional distribuindo cargas iguais de trabalho e gerar menor comunicacao entre processadores e atendida. Portanto, este trabalho tem como intuito uma implementacao paralela para o metodo dos elementos finitos. Para tanto, a implementacao foi realizada usando o sistema computacional INSANE (\textit{INteractive Sructural ANalysis Environment}), desenvolvido na linguagem de programacao Java, segundo o paradigma de Orientacao a Objetos, e o padrao MPI (\textit{Message Passing Interface}) de comunicacao de dados entre computadores.
Profile-David Cayton, the APFU and Corkscrew Seal Mutilations

The following Profile is being presented in order to familiarize U.S. readers with ongoing research being conducted on animal mutilations in the U.K. Specifically, it focuses on the work of David Cayton and his associates at the Animal Pathology Field Unit. While traditionally having investigated domestic and wild animal mutilations, recently the APFU has begun investigating sea mammal mutilations as well. Thus far their work in this new domain has centered primarily on seal mutilations.
Solving the Routing Problem in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks by an Optimum System

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) has actually brought in the study focus of countless scientists. Regardless of the numerous advantages shown by MANET, there are a number of challenges confronted by it because of its mobility, unsteady topology, energy efficiency and more. Out of all the challenges, energy efficiency is just one of the best essential difficulties being coped with by MANET. The paper is actually to fix the routing problem in important innovation besides becoming mobile Adhoc networks by presenting a maximum system that supervises the option of the operating routing protocol.
Prey quality dependent growth, development and reproduction of a biocontrol agent, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Growth, development and reproduction of a ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) were investigated in relation to seven aphid species, viz. Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Uroleucon compositae (Theobald), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe on specific hosts. Maximum prey consumption, percent larval survival, developmental rate, weight of different life stages, percent adult emergence, adult longevity and fecundity of C. sexmaculata were recorded on A. craccivora, and minimum on A. nerii. A linear relationship was found between development rate and weight of adult, daily prey consumption and relative growth rate, log weights of adult males and females, and female longevity and total fecundity. On the basis of overall performance of ladybird the order of suitability of prey species was A. craccivora>A. gossypii>R. maidis>M. persicae>U. compositae>L. erysimi>A. nerii.
Evaluation of seed traits in Jatropha curcas L. for enhancement of oil yield

Jatropha curcas has received considerable attention from researchers as a potential source of non-edible vegetable oil which is eminently suitable for production of liquid bio fuel, meeting international standards. For any tree improvement and breeding programme, study of variation among the populations is prerequisite as it helps in the detection of relative performance of various traits of economic value. 28 candidate plus trees were selected from the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Bihar in Eastern India. Nine seed parameters were measured and their genetic values and correlation was calculated to serve as base information for further improvement and breeding of J. curcas in Eastern India. Significant genetic differences exist in all the seed characteristics among the different candidate plus trees of J. curcas . Positive direct effect of seed width and protein content was observed on seed oil content. Indirect effect of seed traits via seed width was positive. Thus, seed width can be taken as a criterion for selecting trees with good oil yield. The variations in most studied parameters were under genotypic control among seed sources. Highest coefficient of variation was found for seed oil content emphasizing the need of wide scale screening and selection of superior genotypes to capture the existing variability.
Glycerol use as strategy to improve xylitol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate

Biotechnological production of xylitol is a promising alternative for the use of the pentoses (mainly xylose) derived from the hemicellulosic fraction of the lignocellulosic biomass, such as sugarcane bagasse. Considering the increasing availability of glycerol as by-product of biodiesel production, the use of this polyolin association with reduction of oxygen availability after 12hof fermentation were evaluated as acombined strategy to improve the xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Before 12h, glucose and xylose consumption supported cell growth in detriment of xylitol production. With the reduction of oxygen availability, caused by diminution in KLa value from 20h -1 to 11h -1 after 12h, xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion was promoted. Improvements on xylose consumption and xylitol production were evidenced in the medium with glycerol supplementation after reduction of oxygen availability. Such improvement was associated with glycerol uptake, suggesting that this compound was possibly used as co-substrate.
An evaluation of the relative roles of the unstirred water layer and receptor sink in limiting the in‐vitro intestinal permeability of drug compounds of varying lipophilicity

The roles of the unstirred water layer (UWL) and receptor sink on the in‐vitro transmembrane permeability of an increasingly lipophilic series of compounds (mannitol (MAN), diazepam (DIA) and cinnarizine (CIN)) have been assessed. Altered carbogen bubbling rates were used as a means to change the UWL thickness and polysorbate‐80 (PS‐80), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AAG) were employed to alter sink conditions. After correction for solubilisation, Papp data for MAN, DIA and CIN were consistent across varying donor PS‐80 concentrations suggesting that for the drugs examined here, the donor UWL did not limit in‐vitro permeability. Similarly, altered bubbling rates and receptor sink conditions had no impact on the permeability of MAN. In contrast, decreasing the size of the receptor UWL or adding solubilising agents to the receptor sink resulted in modest enhancements to the permeability of the more lipophilic probe DIA. For the most lipophilic compound, CIN, very significant changes to measured permeability (>30 fold) were possible, but were most evident only after concomitant changes to both the UWL and sink conditions, suggesting that the effectiveness of enhanced sink conditions were dependent on a decrease in the width of the UWL.
Song variation and the structure of local song dialects in the polygynandrous Smith's Longspur

I examined song structure in five populations (or neighbourhoods) of the polygynandrous Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus) near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, from 1988 to 1994. All after-second-year (ASY) males sang only a single song type. This song type did not vary within ASY males over the season or from year to year and it was nearly identical among all ASY males within a neighbourhood. However, the song type of ASY males differed significantly from one neighbourhood to the next in the number of elements, total length (s), and minimum frequency (kHz). Neighbourhood dialects were readily distinguishable by the human ear and, except in one case, persisted over the duration of the study. In contrast to the uniformity of ASY male song within a neighbourhood, the song of second-year (SY) males did not match the local dialect. Only when SY males returned for a second year did their song and the neighbourhood dialect of ASY males converge. There were no differences in song structure that could be related to.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DIETARY FATS ON PLASMA LIPID PROFILES IN RABBITS

Many factors are associated with decreased risk for coronary heart disease. One of these main factors is the distribution of plasma cholesterol over low density and high density lipoproteins (LDLs & HDLs). This can be modified by changing the source and amount of fats and oils in the diet. Therefore the main purpose of this investigation is to assess the effects of three dietary high fat diets on distribution of plasma lipoproteins in rabbit. Twenty male New Zealand White rabbits aged 4.5 months were randomly divided into four different groups. To each group was assigned a total of 5 rabbits and dietary feeding was commenced 15 days later at the age of four months after the rabbits had been acclimatised to their new environment in the animal experimental unit. The rabbits were fed for a total of two months a 10% (w/w) high fat diet containing the dietary oils I. Fed basal diet on commercial diet (CO), II. Fed basal diet contains 10% batterfat-ghee-oil (GH), III. Fed basal diet with 10% hydrogenated vegetable fat (HD) & IV. Fed basal diet with 10% unsaturated sunflower oil (SU). At the end of two months feeding the rabbits fasted overnight and had their blood collected by heart puncture. Blood samples were collected for measuring and comparison of the concentrations of HDL and LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides inserum. Results show that Plasma lipids and lipoproteins are affected by type of dietary fats and it seems that the impact of the hydrogenated oil is higher than others, and it increased significantly TG,HDL-chol, VLDL-chol respectively (P<0.05) However there was no difference in total cholesterol and LDL-chol between treatments. HDL-cholesterol increased in the sunflower oil significantly (P<0.05). Total cholesterol increased in ghee-oil-treatment group compared with basal-control diet (P<0.05). LDL/HDL ratio elevated significantly in 2nd group and decreased significantly in 4th group compared with control group respectively (P<0.05). Our findings elucidated that plasma lipids and lipoproteins are affected by the type of the diet, and it seems that the effect of hydrogenated vegetable oil (trans) is more prominent in contrast to the public assumption ghee-oil, as compared with sunflower vegetable oil that had smaller increasing effect on plasma lipids. However, in order to gain confirmation more studies are required.
A Bandpass filter-bank model of auditory sensitivity in the humpback whale

Concerns that water-borne, anthropogenic sound could negatively impact whale species continue to escalate. Unfortunately, the auditory sensitivity of mysticete whales is unknown, impeding assessment of underwater sound exposure on these animals. In light of this problem, a mathematical function describing frequency sensitivity by position along the relative length of the basilar membrane of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was integrated with known data on the cat and human to predict the audiogram for the humpback whale. The predicted audiogram was the typical mammalian U-shape and indicated sensitivity to frequencies from 700 Hz–10 kHz, with maximum relative sensitivity (values approaching 0) between 2–6 kHz. A model of humpback hearing subsequently was created as a series of pseudo-Gaussian bandpass filters. Sensitivity of the model was optimized to the predicted audiogram via metaevolutionary programming (EP). The number, frequency distribution, and shape of the filters in the model were evolved with the EP and the sensitivity of the model evaluated through a simulated hearing test. Maximum deviations between model sensitivity and predicted humpback sensitivity never exceeded ten percent. Through an integrated approach, the first predicted humpback audiogram was made and used to develop the first bandpass model of the humpback ear.
Conditional disruption of IκB kinase 2 fails to prevent obesity-induced insulin resistance

The inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinases (IKK1[α] and IKK2[β]), the catalytic subunits of the IKK complex, phosphorylate IκB proteins on serine residues, targeting them for degradation and thus activating the transcription factor NF-κB. More recently, IKK2 has been implicated in mediation of insulin resistance caused by obesity, lipid infusion, and TNF-α stimulation, since salicylate and aspirin, known inhibitors of IKK activity, can reverse insulin resistance in obese mouse models. To further genetically elucidate the role of IKK2 in obesity-mediated insulin resistance, we have conditionally inactivated the mouse IKK2 gene in adult myocytes by Cre-loxP–mediated recombination in vivo. We have investigated the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance in muscle-specific IKK2 knockout mice and mice exhibiting a 50% reduction of IKK2 expression in every tissue and have found that, after gold thioglucose treatment, wild-type and mutant mice developed obesity to a similar extent. Surprisingly, no difference in obesity-induced insulin resistance was detectable, either at a physiological or at a molecular level. Moreover, impaired glucose tolerance resulting from a high-fat diet occurred to the same degree in control and IKK2 mutant mice. These data argue against a substantial role for muscular IKK2 in mediating obesity-induced insulin resistance in these models in vivo.
LANDSCAPE-SCALE DISTURBANCES AND CHANGES IN BIRD COMMUNITIES OF BOREAL MIXED-WOOD FORESTS

Bird community response to both landscape-scale and local (forest types) changes in forest cover was studied in three boreal mixed-wood forest landscapes modified by different types of disturbances: (1) a pre-industrial landscape where human settlement, agriculture, and logging activities date back to the early 1930s, (2) an industrial timber managed forest, and (3) a forest dominated by natural disturbances. Birds were sampled at 459 sampling stations distributed among the three landscapes. Local habitat and landscape characteristics of the context surrounding each sampling station (500-m and 1-km radius) were also computed. Bird communities were influenced by landscape-scale changes in forest cover. The higher proportion of early-successional habitats in both human-disturbed landscapes resulted in significantly higher abundance of early-successional bird species and generalists. The mean number of mature forest bird species was significantly lower in the industrial and pre-industrial landscapes than in the natural landscape. Landscape-scale conversion of mature forests from mixed-wood to deciduous cover in human-disturbed landscapes was the main cause of changes in mature forest bird communities. In these landscapes, the abundance of species associated with mixed and coniferous forest cover was lower, whereas species that preferred a deciduous cover were more abundant. Variation in bird community composition determined by the landscape context was as important as local habitat conditions, suggesting that predictions on the regional impact of forest management on songbirds with models solely based on local scale factors could be misleading. Patterns of bird species composition were related to several landscape composition variables (proportions of forest types), but not to configuration variables (e.g., interior habitat, amount of edge). Overall, our results indicated that the large-scale conversion of the southern portion of the boreal forest from a mixed to a deciduous cover may be one of the most important threats to the integrity of bird communities in these forest mosaics. Negative effects of changes in bird communities could be attenuated if current forestry practices are modified toward maintaining forest types (deciduous, mixed-wood, and coniferous) at levels similar to those observed under natural disturbances.
KRISPR-KRINGLE i Utilized for Leptin Supression in Elves (Denisova hominin)

The ability to make precise modification of complex genomes has been a long-time goal in the fields of applied genetics, biotechnology, drug development, gene therapy, and synthetic biology. Recent discoveries in TALEs (transcription activator-like effectors) and CRISPR (clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) have enabled rapi genome engineering in a variety of cell type s and different model organisms at a high efficiency and specificity. CRISPRi technology uses an RNAguided dCas9 (dead Cas9with inactive nuclease dom ains) from a Type II CRISPR system to efficiently repress expression of targeted genes wi th no detectable off target effects (Qi, 2013). Thi s study briefly summarizes the use of a novel CRISPRi , K ISPR-KRINGLEi, developed by Santa with the help of DNA2.0, in the first successful gene th erapy trial performed at the University of NorthPol e. Results display the ability to use the KRISPR-KRING LE system to repress expression of the obesitylinked Leptin gene with no detectable off-target ef fects in the subset of the North Pole D nisova hominin population, commonly referred to as elves. Kane et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, NorthPole (2013) 12:25-31
NONLINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PRIMITIVES OF SYMMETRIC CRYPTORAPHY

Three new stochastic transformations are proposed in the paper. A linear transformation on the basis of a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG), functioning in finite fields and constructed by the Galois scheme, exceeds by its mixing properties the known solution on the basis of PRNG, constructed by the Fibonacci scheme. A nonlinear transformation on the basis of an RFSR (Random Feedback Shift Register) has an efficient software implementation. In the nonlinear multi-round 256-bit transformation, as distinct from known solutions, the entire input block is changed during one round. The considered transformations are directed, first of all, to the construction of crypto-algorithms using multidimensional transformations.
The Effect Of Commonly Used Types Of Coffee Brands Available In Saudi Market On Teeth Staining: An In Vitro Study

Aim: To evaluate the effect of commonly used types of coffee brands available in Saudi Arabia market on teeth staining. Methods: This is an in vitro experimental study. A total of 25 premolar teeth was used in this study. Teeth were soaked in four different types coffee brands for 2 minutes, 3 days, and 7 days. Color measurements were taken before immersion, followed by 2 minutes, 3 days, and 7 days after immersion by VITA Easy shade device, CIELAB measurement was used. Descriptive analysis was undertaken to present an overview of the findings from this sample. Results: Among the different four brands of coffee in which teeth were placed, maximum change in color was seen with Java Time, and minimum change was in Tim Horton brand. At 2 minutes after immersion, Starbucks coffee brand showed the highest color change among all brands. At both 3 days and 7 days after immersion, Java Time showed the highest color change from baseline among all brands. Conclusion: All coffee brands used in this study caused teeth discoloration. The effect of the coffee brands on the color change of the teeth depends on type, amount, and concentration of each brand.
Issues in Information Systems

Previous models assume the presence of a single technology to predict its continuance. However, this assumption is challenged since individuals are often exposed to multiple technologies on which they must decide whether or not to continue using a given one. On this basis, this article develops a conceptual framework integrating models of continuity of use and preference. The incorporation of technological alternatives can lead to a greater understanding of the phenomenon of continuance and to improve the explanatory power of the models. The study proposes that management should consider not only endogamic causes (referred to incumbent technology such as usefulness or satisfaction) but also comparative factors (related to alternatives like the preference) to improve continuance use of their technologies.