Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Programming environments for blocks need first-class software refactoring support: A position paper

Block-based programming languages and their development environments have become a widely used educational platform for novices to learn how to program. In addition, these languages and environments have been increasingly embraced by domain experts to develop end-user software. Though popular for having a "low floor" (easy to get started), programs written in block-based languages often become unwieldy as projects grow progressively more complex. Software refactoring - improving the design quality of a codebase while preserving its external functionality - has been shown highly effective as a means of improving the quality of software written in text-based languages. Unfortunately, programming environments for blocks lack systematic software refactoring support. In this position paper, we argue that first-class software refactoring support must become an essential feature in programming environments for blocks; we present our research vision and concrete research directions, including program analysis to detect "code smells," automated transformations for block-based programs to support common refactoring techniques, and integration of refactoring into introductory computing curricula.
The Combination of DNA Ploidy Status and PTEN/6q15 Deletions Provides Strong and Independent Prognostic Information in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Aberrant DNA content has been discussed as a potential prognostic feature in prostate cancer. Experimental Design: We analyzed the clinical significance of DNA ploidy in combination with prognostic relevant deletions of PTEN and 6q15 in 3,845 prostate cancers. Result: The DNA status was diploid in 67.8%, tetraploid in 25.6%, and aneuploid in 6.8% of tumors, and deletions of PTEN and 6q15 occurred in 17.8% and 20.3% of tumors. Abnormal DNA content and deletions were linked to high Gleason score, advanced tumor stage, and positive nodal stage (P < 0.0001 each). The risk of PSA recurrence increased from diploid to tetraploid and from tetraploid to aneuploid DNA status (P < 0.0001 each). However, 40% of patients with Gleason score ≥4+4 and 55% of patients with PSA recurrence had diploid cancers. This fraction decreased to 21% (Gleason ≥4+4) and 29% (PSA recurrence) if PTEN and/or 6q deletion data were added to ploidy data to identify cancers with an aberrant DNA status. The significance of combining both deletions and ploidy was further demonstrated in a combined recurrence analysis. Presence of deletions increased the risk of PSA recurrence in diploid (P < 0.0001), tetraploid (P < 0.0001), and aneuploid cancers (P = 0.0049), and the combination of ploidy data and deletions provided clinically relevant information beyond the CAPRA-S nomogram. Multivariate modeling including preoperatively and postoperatively available parameters identified the “combined DNA status” as a strong independent predictor of poor patient outcome. Conclusions: The combinatorial DNA content analysis involving general (ploidy) and specific events (deletions) has the potential for clinical utility in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2802–11. ©2016 AACR.
New developments on the neurobiological and pharmaco-genetic mechanisms underlying internet and videogame addiction.

BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence that the psychobiological mechanisms underlying behavioral addictions such as internet and videogame addiction resemble those of addiction for substances of abuse. OBJECTIVES Review of brain imaging, treatment and genetic studies on videogame and internet addiction. METHODS Literature search of published articles between 2009 and 2013 in Pubmed using "internet addiction" and "videogame addiction" as the search word. Twenty-nine studies have been selected and evaluated under the criteria of brain imaging, treatment, and genetics. RESULTS Brain imaging studies of the resting state have shown that long-term internet game playing affected brain regions responsible for reward, impulse control and sensory-motor coordination. Brain activation studies have shown that videogame playing involved changes in reward and loss of control and that gaming pictures have activated regions similarly to those activated by cue-exposure to drugs. Structural studies have shown alterations in the volume of the ventral striatum possible as result of changes in reward. Furthermore, videogame playing was associated with dopamine release similar in magnitude to those of drugs of abuse and that there were faulty inhibitory control and reward mechanisms videogame addicted individuals. Finally, treatment studies using fMRI have shown reduction in craving for videogames and reduced associated brain activity. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Videogame playing may be supported by similar neural mechanisms underlying drug abuse. Similar to drug and alcohol abuse, internet addiction results in sub-sensitivity of dopamine reward mechanisms. Given the fact that this research is in its early stage it is premature to conclude that internet addiction is equivalent to substance addictions.
Scale and Skill in Active Management

We empirically analyze the nature of returns to scale in active mutual fund management. We find strong evidence of decreasing returns at the industry level: As the size of the active mutual fund industry increases, a fund's ability to outperform passive benchmarks declines. At the fund level, all methods considered indicate decreasing returns, but estimates that avoid econometric biases are insignificant. We also find that the active management industry has become more skilled over time. This upward trend in skill coincides with industry growth, which precludes the skill improvement from boosting fund performance. Finally, we find that performance deteriorates over a typical fund's lifetime. This result can also be explained by industry-level decreasing returns to scale.
ICOS-Mediated Costimulation on Th2 Differentiation Is Achieved by the Enhancement of IL-4 Receptor-Mediated Signaling1

ICOS is the third member of the CD28 family molecules and plays a critical role in many T cell-dependent immune responses. Although accumulated data suggest that ICOS costimulatory signals play an important role in Th2-mediated immune responses, the molecular basis for this selective differentiation mechanism is largely unknown. To clarify this mechanism, we used DO11.10 TCR transgenic ICOS−/− mice and evaluated the nature of ICOS costimulatory signals during the process of Ag-specific activation and differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells. Results obtained from these experiments demonstrated that Ag stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells in the absence of an ICOS signal resulted in impaired Th2 development. Unlike previous reports, we found that primary IL-4 production by these T cells was intact and that IL-4R sensitivity of these T cells was reduced as evidenced by a profound defect in IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation and the early induction of GATA-3. The fact that ICOS ligation of wild-type T cells significantly enhanced IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation and primary GATA-3 induction, but not IL-4 transcription, of naive CD4+ T cells was consistent with the results obtained from ICOS−/− T cell experiments. These observations led us to propose that the predominant effect of ICOS-mediated costimulation on Th2 differentiation is achieved by the enhancement of IL-4R-mediated signaling.
ESTUDO CROMOSSÔMICO DE UMA POPULAÇÃO DE TRAÍRA, Hoplias malabaricus (CHARACIFORMES, ERYTHRINIDAE), PROVENIENTES DO MÉDIO RIO IGUAÇU

A espécie Hoplias malabaricus é um dos principais representantes dos eritriní­deos neotropicais, caracterizada por um amplo polimorfismo cariotí­pico, uma vez que até o momento sete cariomorfos já foram descritos. Considerada por diversos autores como um complexo de diferentes espécies, H. malabaricus possui taxonomia confusa e, desse modo se faz necessário mais estudos cobrindo maiores áreas de amostragem para melhor compreender a origem dos cariomorfos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise do cariótipo da espécie acima referida proveniente do médio Rio Iguaçu, segundo planalto paranaense. Os espécimes foram coletados no municí­pio de Cruz Machado - PR e submetidos a análises de citogenética clássica, enfocando o número diploide através de coloração com Giemsa, o padrão da heterocromatina constitutiva (Bandas C) e a localização dos genes ribossômicos 45S (Regiões Organizadoras de Nucléolos – RONs) através de impregnação com nitrato de prata. Os espécimes analisados apresentaram um cariótipo com 2n = 42 cromossomos, RONs múltiplas e bandas C no centrômero de todos os cromossomos, além de algumas marcações teloméricas em alguns pares. Este padrão caracteriza o cariomorfo A, cuja estrutura cariotí­pica é a de maior frequência na bacia do Rio Iguaçu. Frente ao fato de ser considerado um complexo de espécies, aspectos biogeográficos e de evolução cromossômica, enfatizando transformações cariotí­picas entre os cariomorfos ocorrentes nesta bacia são discutidos.
The conjugative plasmid SLP2 of Streptomyces lividans is a 50 kb linear molecule

The SLP2 plasmid had previously been demonstrated genetically to exist In Streptomyces lividans by its ability to promote conjugation and to elicit‘pocks’on recipient (SLP2−) cultures, but it had not been physically detected. Using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, a 50kb linear DNA was isolated from SLP2+ but not SLP2− strains of S. lividans, and from Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces parvulus strains to which SLP2 had been transferred by conjugation or transformation. We conclude that this linear DNA is SLP2. The terminal fragments of SLP2 were cloned. The determined sequences revealed a 44 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeat. The terminal 12 bp sequence of SLP2 was identical to those of two other Streptomyces linear plasmids, pSLA2 and pSCL, and similar to the terminal sequences of another Streptomyces linear plasmid, SCP1. The termini of SLP2 DNA were resistant to digestion by λ exonuclease and ExoIII. A truncated (probably crippled) copy of Tn4811 is present on the plasmid. While the SLP2 plasmid exists as a tree form in the host, a 15.7 kb sequence corresponding to the segment of SLP2 from Tn4811 to the right terminus is also present (at a copy number similar to the free form) elsewhere in the genome of S. lividans. Furthermore, SLP2 is partially homologous to a newly discovered 650 kb linear plasmid in S. parvulus.
Synchronization of delayed BAM neural networks with reaction-diffusion terms

In this paper, the problem of synchronization for a class of delayed BAM neural networks with reaction-diffusion terms is investigated. By using the drive-response concept, a feedback control law is derived to achieve the state synchronization of two identical BAM neural networks with reaction-diffusion terms. Moreover, based on Lyapunov stability method and Young inequality lemma, a sufficient condition is obtained to ensure asymptotic synchronization of the models considered. An example is given to show the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Uracil DNA Glycosylase Is Dispensable for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Does Not Contribute to the Antiviral Effects of the Cytidine Deaminase Apobec3G

ABSTRACT It is well established that many host factors are involved in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. One host protein, uracil DNA glycosylase 2 (UNG2), binds to multiple viral proteins and is packaged into HIV type 1 virions. UNG initiates the removal of uracils from DNA, and this has been proposed to be important both for reverse transcription and as a mediator to the antiviral effect of virion-incorporated Apobec3G, a cytidine deaminase that generates numerous uracils in the viral DNA during virus replication. We used a natural human UNG−/− cell line as well as cells that express a potent catalytic active-site inhibitor of UNG to assess the effects of removing UNG activity on HIV infectivity. In both cases, we find UNG2 activity and protein to be completely dispensable for virus replication. Moreover, we find that virion-associated UNG2 does not affect the loss of infectivity caused by Apobec3G.
Potent neutralization of botulinum neurotoxin by recombinant oligoclonal antibody

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the paralytic human disease botulism and are one of the highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism. To generate a pharmaceutical to prevent or treat botulism, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated by phage display and evaluated for neutralization of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) in vivo. Although no single mAb significantly neutralized toxin, a combination of three mAbs (oligoclonal Ab) neutralized 450,000 50% lethal doses of BoNT/A, a potency 90 times greater than human hyperimmune globulin. The potency of oligoclonal Ab was primarily due to a large increase in functional Ab binding affinity. The results indicate that the potency of the polyclonal humoral immune response can be deconvoluted to a few mAbs binding nonoverlapping epitopes, providing a route to drugs for preventing and treating botulism and diseases caused by other pathogens and biologic threat agents.
A novel functional gene associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice

Summary Identification and cloning of cold‐tolerant genes that can stably express under different cold environments are crucial for molecular rice breeding for cold tolerance. In the previous study, we identified a cold‐tolerant QTL at the seedling stage, qCTS‐9 which could be detected under different cold environments using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cold‐tolerant variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and a cold‐sensitive variety Shanhuangzhan 2 (SHZ‐2). In this study, eight candidate genes within the qCTS‐9 interval were identified through integrated analysis of QTL mapping with genomewide differential expression profiling of LTH. The qRT‐PCR assay showed that only Os09g0410300 exhibited different expression patterns between LTH and SHZ‐2 during cold stress, and significantly positive correlation was found between cold induction of Os09g0410300 and seedling cold tolerance in the RI lines. Five SNPs and one InDel in the promoters of Os09g0410300 were detected between LTH and SHZ‐2, and the InDel marker ID410300 designed based on the insertion–deletion polymorphism in the promoter was significantly associated with seedling cold tolerance in RIL population. Further, Os09g0410300 over‐expression plants exhibited enhanced cold tolerance at the seedling stage compared with the wild‐type plants. Thus, our results suggest that Os09g0410300 is the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9. To our knowledge, it is a novel gene contributed to enhance cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice. Identification of the functional gene underlying qCTS‐9 and development of the gene‐specific marker will facilitate molecular breeding for cold tolerance at the seedling stage in rice through transgenic approach and marker‐assisted selection (MAS).
Génération 3.0: enfants et ados à l'ère des cultures numérisées

Si Internet et les Nouvelles Technologies cultivaient naturellement les jeunes, cela se saurait ! Et que tout le savoir et toute la connaissance soient desormais accessibles en quelques clics ne signifie pas que tout le monde en profite equitablement. L'ecriture de ces pages est partie de cet ecart entre les attentes parentales vis a vis du Net, et les pratiques reelles d'une jeunesse hyper-connectee. L'auteur analyse la maniere dont la jeunesse a (sur-)investi les univers numeriques, pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Il explique qu'une utilisation optimale des ressources culturelles de la Toile depend en grande partie de l'environnement, mais aussi des « strategies » mises en place par les adultes. Expliquant les raisons du formidable attrait des jeunes pour le Net et les TIC, Pascal Lardellier reaffirme le role fondamental des parents, enseignants, educateurs, documentalistes, bibliothecaires. Les adultes ont un role important a jouer dans la « revolution numerique », qu'on cesse de leur faire croire qu'ils sont depasses ! Plus largement, la reflexion proposee est citoyenne, s'interrogeant sur les miracles et les mirages de la « societe numerique ». L'auteur propose l'instauration d'une « dialectique numerique », ou « art de bien penser avec les TIC » et grâce a elles. Vaste chantier, qui a besoin de toutes les classes d'âges. A rebours des prejuges diffuses par certains « experts » officiels, les ados n'ont jamais eu autant besoin des adultes qu'a une epoque ou on leur fait croire que grâce aux TIC, tout est a portee de clic, gratuitement et sans effort ; la realite est un peu plus complexe. Generation 3.0 le demontre, avec justesse, humour et conviction.
THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDERS : A PERSON-CENTERED / CLIENT-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE With

Psychotherapy is the treatment for psychosocial disorders deriving from disturbed interpersonal relationships. The essence of psychotherapy is love, or agape. It is argued that it follows that love is the primary prevention of psychosocial disorders. Unconditional love in infancy and early childhood is necessary for the normal psychosocial development of all human beings. Steps to be taken for proactive intervention are included. Published literature is cited to support the thesis and conclusions. "If we could raise one generation of children with unconditional love, there would be no Hitlers. " Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (Phillips, 1991, p. 11)
Physical-Layer Security in Multiuser Visible Light Communication Networks

In this paper, we study the physical-layer security in a 3-D multiuser visible light communication (VLC) network. The locations of access points (APs) and mobile users are modeled as two 2-D, independent and homogeneous Poisson point processes at distinct heights. Using mathematical tools from stochastic geometry, we provide a new analytical framework to characterize the secrecy performance in multiuser VLC networks. Closed-form results for the outage probability and the ergodic secrecy rate are derived for networks without AP cooperation. Considering the cooperation among APs, we give tight lower and upper bounds on the secrecy outage probability and the ergodic secrecy rate. To further enhance the secrecy performance at the legitimate user, a disk-shaped secrecy protected zone is implemented in the vicinity of the transmit AP. Based on the obtained results, it is shown that cooperating neighboring APs in a multiuser VLC network can bring performance gains on the secrecy rate, but only to a limited extent. We also show that building an eavesdropper-free protected zone around the AP significantly improves the secrecy performance of legitimate users, which appears to be a promising solution for the design of multiuser VLC networks with high security requirements.
Changes to injury profile (and recommended cricket injury definitions) based on the increased frequency of Twenty20 cricket matches

This study analyzes injuries occurring prospectively in Australian men’s cricket at the state and national levels over 11 seasons (concluding in season 2008–09). In the last four of these seasons, there was more cricket played, with most of the growth being a new form of the game – Twenty20 cricket. Since the introduction of a regular Twenty20 program, injury incidence rates in each form of cricket have been fairly steady. Because of the short match duration, Twenty20 cricket exhibits a high match injury incidence, expressed as injuries per 10,000 hours of play. Expressed as injuries per days of play, Twenty20 cricket injury rates compare more favorably to other forms of cricket. Domestic level Twenty20 cricket resulted in 145 injuries per 1000 days of play (compared to 219 injuries per 1000 days of domestic one day cricket, and 112 injuries per 1000 days of play in first class domestic cricket). It is therefore recommended that match injury incidence measures be expressed in units of injuries per 1000 days of play. Given the high numbers of injuries which are of gradual onset, seasonal injury incidence rates (which typically range from 15–20 injuries per team per defined ‘season’) are probably a superior incidence measure. Thigh and hamstring strains have become clearly the most common injury in the past two years (greater than four injuries per team per season), perhaps associated with the increased amount of Twenty20 cricket. Injury prevalence rates have risen in conjunction with an increase in the density of the cricket calendar. Annual injury prevalence rates (average proportion of players missing through injury) have exceeded 10% in the last three years, with the injury prevalence rates for fast bowlers exceeding 18%. As the amount of scheduled cricket is unlikely to be reduced in future years, teams may need to develop a squad rotation for fast bowlers, similar to pitching staff in baseball, to reduce the injury rates for fast bowlers. Consideration should be given to rule changes which may reduce the impact of injury. In particular, allowing the 12th man to play as a full substitute in first class cricket (and therefore take some of the bowling workload in the second innings) would probably reduce bowling injury prevalence in cricket.
EFFICACY OF ANTISEPTIC-IMPREGNATED CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS IN PREVENTING CATHETER-RELATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTION: A META-ANALYSIS

Considerable research has been conducted and published regarding the efficacy of ARROWgard Blue, chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine in suppressing microbial colonization, and their effect on reducing hospital costs. A catheter-related bloodstream infection can prolong hospitalization and substantually add to the cost of hospitalization. In addition, numerous studies have investigated the incidence, impact and control of catheter-related nosocomial infections.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy

Introduction. There is renewed interest in the use of electrical stimulation to control seizures in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. The evidence indicates that multiple nuclei are involved in the onset, spread, or termination of seizures. Establishing electrical stimulation parameters tailored to these nuclei that best control seizures is ongoing. Methods. The aim of this article is to review the published literature on electrical stimulation of the brain for epilepsy in animals and humans. Results. Animal and human research efforts have focused primarily on the study of the cerebellum, anterior thalamus, centromedian thalamus, substania nigra, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and amygdalo‐hippocampal complex. Electrical stimulation of deep brain nuclei has in some instances controlled seizures and epilepsy. The advent of seizure detection devices used in closed‐loop studies has in part redefined the strategy to prevent seizure occurrence and limit spread. Discussion. A number of studies in animals and humans indicate that electrical stimulation may be an alternative treatment for some patients with medically intractable epilepsy who are not candidates for conventional surgical options. Conclusion. The reduction in the number and/or severity of seizures found in some studies supports further investigation into the effects of electrical stimulation on the brain and the continuation of testing in animals and humans.