Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving the Physical and MAC layer models of NEMAN

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks consisting of autonomous nodes without any infrastructure or central controlling entity. Such networks are highly dynamic and unstable, and prone to many problems such as traffic collisions, hidden nodes, noise, communication gray zones, obstacles and multi-path fading. Application and routing protocol development for MANETs is a difficult task due to these issues. They can have severe effects on the performance of a routing protocol or an application. It is necessary to test and evaluate MANET applications and routing protocols extensively in simulators and emulators, before deciding to go further by doing more expensive tests with actual equipment. NEMAN is an emulator for MANETs that can be used for such testing, but the original version lacks support for the physical and MAC layer issues that exist in real MANETs. This master thesis investigates some of the issues and problems that exist in MANETs, and how their effects might be simulated in NEMAN, making the emulator more realistic. Simulation of traffic collisions, communication gray zones, and random packet loss is examined and implemented in this thesis, improving the physical and MAC layer models of NEMAN. Functionality tests show that the implementation works as expected. The performance of the new NEMAN version is measured to be satisfactory, as it does not limit the total number of nodes that NEMAN can reliably emulate.
Computer assisted conceptual analysis. (CACAT): the concept of Mind in The Collected Papers of C.S. Peirce.

Computer assisted reading and analysis of text ( CARAT ) has lately explored many variants of what has become fashionable to call “ text mining” strategies . These computer approaches have been a enduring endeavour in the European reseach tradition of the Benzecri ( 1981) mathematical writings ( Lebart et Sallem 1997; Reinert 1994). In North America. they find their roots in the text matrix manipulation of information retrieval(Salton 19xx , Dumais 19xx). It is only lately that they have been explored in the more humanitiy oriented texts (Rockwell and xxx 19xx,) Unsworth 2007; Hearts 19xx ; Meunier et Forest 2005 ; Zuell 19xx) . Although these strategies are robust for large corpus they mainly operate at a macro textual level are still met with resistance by the expert readers that aim at fine and minute conceptual analysis. We present here a computer assisted strategy for conceptual analysis based on automatic mathematical classification and annotation strategies and apply it to philosophical texts.
PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF A PROTEASE FROM AN ALKALOPHILIC BACILLUS SP. 2-5 STRAIN ISOLATED FROM SOIL

This research has focused on isolation and characterization of a strain of Bacillus sp. from alkaline soil, which was able to produce extracellular alkaline protease at pHs ranging from 8 to 11 and temperatures of 20 to 50oC. Also the impact of different carbon and nitrogen sources were investigated. The yield and fold of enzyme purification was 24% and 50 times, respectively. Molecular weight of purified enzyme was measured by SDS-PAGE as 24.7 kDa. The alkaline protease produced by Bacillus sp. 2 - 5 showed the most caseinolytic activity (without any gelatinolytic activity) at pH>10.
Recurring obscuration in NGC 3783

Context. Obscuration of the continuum emission from active galactic nuclei by streams of gas with relatively high velocity (>1000 km s−1) and column density (>3 × 1025 m−2) has been seen in a few Seyfert galaxies. This obscuration has a transient nature. In December 2016 we witnessed such an event in NGC 3783. Aims. The frequency and duration of these obscuration events is poorly known. Here we study archival data of NGC 3783 in order to constrain this duty cycle. Methods. We use archival Chandra/NuSTAR spectra taken in August 2016. We also study the hardness ratio of all Swift XRT spectra taken between 2008 and 2017. Results. In August 2016, NGC 3783 also showed evidence of obscuration. While the column density of the obscuring material is ten times lower than in December 2016, the opacity is still sufficient to block a significant fraction of the ionising X-ray and extreme ultraviolet photons. From the Swift hardness ratio behaviour we find several other epochs with obscuration. Obscuration with columns >1026 m−2 may take place about half of the time. Also, in archival X-ray data taken by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) in 1993 and 1996 we find evidence of obscuration. Conclusions. Obscuration of the ionising photons in NGC 3783 occurs more frequently than previously thought. This may not always have been recognised due to low-spectral-resolution observations, overly limited spectral bandwidth or confusion with underlying continuum variations.
Role of Cultural and Social Barriers in Increased Burden of Hepatitis B in Pakistan: Literature Review

Hepatitis B is a deadly infectious disease, which is increasing now days in Pakistan. This disease is also rooted in the poverty and illiteracy. There are huge discrepancies in health conditions between rural and urban areas and among different socio-economic strata, which have also played role in increasing the burden of this deadly disease. Furthermore, multiple social and cultural barriers are prevailing in the country which might have played an important role in increased burden of this disease in the society. Thus, it is important to review the literature on the burden in Pakistan and to study those social and cultural barriers causing rise in the burden of Hepatitis B. Thus, the objective of this review was to synthesize the findings regarding the burden of Hepatitis B in Pakistan and to review the social and cultural barriers, which have resulted in increased burden of the Hepatitis B in Pakistan. This would help Policy makers and Government of Pakistan to take some appropriate actions against the most common barriers, playing an important role in increased burden of the disease.
Material selection for high temperature electronic devices and its potential applications

preamble This article briefly reviews the properties of semiconductor materials that can be applied as the substrate for high temperature electronic (HTE). The definition of high temperature and HTE will be explained. In addition, the reasons for using HTE in recent years will also be provided. Finally, the criteria for material selection for these applications will be discussed.
Strengths and weaknesses of the CDM in comparison with new and emerging market mechanisms

Project‐based crediting mechanisms for greenhouse gases have to show environmental integrity, which manifests itself in determination of project additionality and the emissions baseline used to calculate credit volumes. A mechanism should mobilize the lowest mitigation cost options first and have minimal transaction costs. Governance should be effective, and include capacity building. The mechanism should lead to flows of investment and technology transfer. Finally, it is more and more recognized that crediting mechanisms should not just provide offset credits but also contribute to global emission reductions. The CDM has been surprisingly effective in mobilizing thousands of mitigation projects in developing countries, and has also been able to reform itself continuously. Nevertheless, it has been criticized for weak environmental integrity, high transaction costs and complex governance. New market mechanisms (NMM) have been proposed to avoid these shortcomings. It would be inappropriate to compare the CDM with the proposed mechanisms, as their design remains unclear and the real problems of a mechanism only emerge once it has been implemented for a significant period of time. But already now, a number of baseline and credit mechanisms exists on different levels with whom the CDM can be compared. Domestic offset schemes in the US and Australia, as well as standards on the voluntary market apply standardized approaches to additionality and baseline determination; several of them audit projects only before credits are issued. The impact of these simplifications on environmental integrity seems to be negative, at least as long no restrictions of project types exist. The problems with overallocation in emissions trading systems have shown that political decisions on baselines – which are envisaged in the context of the NMM ‐ are likely to lead to an outcome with weak environmental integrity. There is no simple solution for standardization across project types and geographic locations which can guarantee environmental integrity. It remains to be seen how the current strong standardization drive of the CDM performs in that respect. The CDM with its inherent ability to reform itself is well placed to inform the design of NMM. While the CDM is contributing to global emissions reductions because crediting periods are shorter than technical lifetimes of project equipment, a targeted contribution could be generated through discounting of emissions credits.
Estimating the Amount of 14CO2 in the Atmosphere During the Holocene and Glacial Periods

Radiocarbon has been used to define parameters for modeling past, recent, and future CO2/carbon amounts in the atmosphere and in other environmental compartments. In the present paper, we estimate the amount of 14C in the atmosphere by calculating the molar activity of 14CO2 (quantity of 14CO2 molecules per mol of air). Data on the reconstruction of the past concentration of atmospheric CO2 from Antarctic ice cores and Δ14C activities from the IntCal09 calibration curve were applied. The results obtained indicate that cosmogenic production had a dominant influence on the 14C amount in the atmosphere between 50 and 20 ka BP, when the CO2 concentrations were relatively stable, with a slowly decreasing trend. The decreasing 14C activity (Δ14C) between 20 and 2 ka BP seems to be caused predominantly by a dilution of atmospheric 14CO2 by input of CO2 with a depleted amount of 14C (probably from deeper oceanic layers), which is evident from a comparison with the Δ14C and molar activity time series. A strong linear relation was found between the 14C activity and CO2 concentration in the air for the period 20–2 ka BP, which confirms a dominant influence of atmospheric dilution of 14CO2. The observed linear relation between the CO2 and Δ14C levels persists even in the prevailing part of the Holocene. Likewise, the quantity of 14CO2 in the atmosphere (calculated as molar activity) during the prevailing part of the deglacial period (20–11 ka BP) was surprisingly increasing, although a decreasing trend in the 14C cosmogenic production rate could be expected.
Development of Core Competencies for a new Master of Pharmacy Degree

Background: A new MSc Pharmacy degree is being developed at Lund University, Sweden. Aims: To identify the core competencies that a newly qualified pharmacist needs for future employment. Method: In a modified three - round Delphi technique, 40 experts were asked to list the necessary competencies. After content analysis, the experts classified the list by importance on two successive occasions using a 4 - level scale (4: necessary; 1: not necessary). Competencies with a consensual mean score of > 3.5 were retained. Results: Thirty three experts (82%) completed all three rounds. The open questions resulted in 600 suggestions, subsequently reduced to 120 competencies. Another five competencies were added after the second round. After round three, 48 competencies had been retained. The experts agreed on both necessary and not absolutely necessary competencies. Conclusion: Our study allowed consensus to be reached and identified core competencies that could be transferred to learning outcomes for the planned degree.
The effects of bauxite/alumina waste on the composition of the macroinvertebrate community of the Rio Cobre, a major river in Jamaica

The paper sets out the results of a one year study on the effects of bauxite waste discharge on the macroinvertebrate fauna of a Jamaican river, the Rio Cobre, based on monthly samples from four sites. Significantly higher levels of temperature and conductivity were found at the sites downstream of the point of effluent discharge. The invertebrate fauna of the two sites immediately downstream of the point of discharge was dominated by two invertebrate taxa: Baetis sp. (Fam. Baetidae) and Smicridea jamaicensis (Fam. Hydropsychidae). These taxa made up between 26 to 35% of the numbers at these two sites. Upstream of the bauxite waste input the community was dominated by cased caddis larvae of Helicopsyche ochthephila (Fam. Helicopsychidae) and Cubanoptilia tridens (Fam. Glossostomatidae), which also occurred at the site furthest downstream from the waste input. Scrapers dominated at the upstream site whereas collector gatherers were the predominant functional feeding category at the impacted sites. The constituents of the bauxite waste are discussed and it is proposed that the changes in faunal composition which have resulted from waste input may be a consequence of habitat alteration due to increased deposits of suspended material rather than the chemical nature of the waste.
Mexico Evidence on the Regional Retail Impacts of Violent Crime

Prior research reports mixed results regarding the economic impacts of crime. This study employs data from all regions of Mexico, including border regions in both the north and the south, to examine the effects of homicides on retail activity across Mexico during a period of escalating violence. The results indicate that one additional homicide within a municipality eliminates one retail establishment and one paid job in the retail sector. Furthermore, the negative consequences of violent crime for retailers are augmented by proximity to an international border. This is consistent with previous research findings that cross-border shopping is a key feature of commerce along the international boundaries of Mexico. It suggests that crime waves may disproportionately impact border city retail activity by partially diverting customer traffic to stores located in neighboring countries. This result is also consistent with the finding of recent research that violent conflict in northern Mexico resulted in increased retail activity in some United States border cities.
Dinámica e interrelación entre reconsolidación y extinción de la memoria en el cangrejo Chasmagnathus

La reconsolidacion y la extincion de la memoria son dos procesos mnesicos funcionalmente relacionados, ya que ambos estan involucrados en el procesamiento y almacenamiento de nueva informacion relacionada con un aprendizaje anterior. Sin embargo, ambos procesos estan basados en mecanismos muy distintos. Mientras que la reconsolidacion involucra una desestabilizacion y reestabilizacion de la traza del aprendizaje original, la extincion genera una nueva traza que compite con la anterior. Trabajos previos de nuestro laboratorio revelaron por primera vez una relacion mecanistica entre reconsolidacion y extincion, mostrando que la presentacion de un estimulo condicionado (CS) puede inducir uno u otro proceso dependiendo de su duracion. En este trabajo revelamos nuevas caracteristicas parametricas que determinan la induccion de la reconsolidacion y la extincion, la cinetica con la que estos procesos ocurren, y un hipotetico mecanismo que los vincula, que tiene lugar tras el fin del CS. Encontramos que (a) durante toda la presentacion del CS la memoria original permanece intacta y consolidada, mostrando que ni reconsolidacion ni extincion son inducidas hasta la terminacion del CS, independientemente de su duracion, (b) la presentacion de un unico refuerzo (US) durante la exposicion al CS tiene la capacidad de prevenir la induccion tanto de la extincion como de la reconsolidacion, (c) la extincion de la memoria ocurre pocos segundos despues del fin del CS, y (d) reconsolidacion y extincion son inducidos de forma mutuamente excluyente tras un unico CS, pero ambos procesos pueden dispararse por sendos CSs y desarrollarse simultaneamente. Como resultado, presentamos un modelo que integra estos hallazgos, reflejando la dinamica e interrelacion entre los procesos de reconsolidacion y extincion de la memoria.
Chemical and Molecular Variations in Commercial Epoxide Photoresists for X-ray Lithography

The quality of high aspect ratio microstructures fabricated by deep X-ray lithography is highly dependent on the photoresist material used and the process parameters applied. Even with photoresists more suitable to this process, it is common to face defects in the final optical components, such as in case of X-ray gratings. The gratings need to be fabricated with critical dimensions on a sub-micrometer and micrometer scale, with periods of few micrometers and heights of hundreds of micrometers to be used in X-ray imaging techniques such as Talbot–Lau Interferometry. During the fabrication process, these features lead to challenges such as mechanical stability, homogeneity, and defect-free grating patterns. Usually, an epoxy-based negative photoresist is used in X-ray lithography, which needs to account for the shrinkage that takes place during polymer crosslinking in order to avoid defects in the final pattern. Nowadays, photoresist material still lacks certain suitable properties (chemical and mechanical) to fabricate gratings of high quality and with acceptable reproducibility. This work presents the results of TGA, FTIR, and MALDI-TOF analysis made on photoresists commercially available and suitable for X-ray lithography. The photoresists presented different profiles regarding the solvent content and oligomers composition, and in the case of some samples, there were high amounts of non-epoxidized oligomers.
Hybrid of Hill Climbing and SAT Solving for Air Traffic Controller Shift Scheduling

Modern computers solve many problems by using exact methods, heuristic methods and very often by using their combination. Air Traffic Controller Shift Scheduling Problem has been successfully solved by using SAT technology (reduction to logical formulas) and several models of the problem exist. We present a technique for solving this problem that is a combination of SAT solving and meta-heuristic method hill climbing, and consists of three phases. First, SAT solver is used to generate feasible solution. Then, the hill climbing is used to improve this solution, in terms of number of satisfied wishes of controllers. Finally, SAT solving is used to further improve the found solution by fixing some parts of the solution. Three phases are repeated until optimal solution is found. Usage of exact method (SAT solving) guarantees that the found solution is optimal; usage of meta-heuristic (hill climbing) increases the efficiency in finding good solutions. By using these essentially different ways of solving, we aim to use the best from both worlds. Results indicate that this hybrid technique outperforms previously most efficient developed techniques.
The effect of sodium butyrate on calf growth and serum level of β-hydroxybutyric acid

The experiment was carried out on 40 Polish Black-and-White HF bull calves (52-87% of HF blood) aged from 9 and 12 days at the beginning of the experiment to 90 days at its end. From the beginning of the trial the calves were offered restricted liquid feed to 56 days of age and concentrates ad libitum according to Iz-PIB-INRA recommendations. The concentrates were without sodium butyrate (control group, C), or with 1% Na-butyrate (group B1), 3% Na-butyrate (group B3) and 0.3% Na-butyrate (group B0.3), and included meadow hay from 0.10 kg/day during the liquid feeding period to 0.20 kg/day after weaning at 57 days of age. Na-butyrate at 3% in the diet reduced feed intake and had a beneficial effect on calf growth and nutrient utilization. The dietary level of Na-butyrate did not cause significant changes in serum β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration of the calves.
A review of scales to measure the mother–foetus relationship

Research focusing on the prenatal mother–child relationship has begun to create a body of scientific knowledge. The aim of our article is to bring a selective overview of research on scales to measure the mother–foetus relationship (MFR). First, we describe the construction and available information on psychometric properties of three frequently used scales – the Maternal Foetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS), Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI), and some other scales. Second, we review empirical research using these scales (a) to study some of the supposed effects of the MFR on the health behaviour of the mother and the well‐being of the child, and (b) to examine factors that influence the prenatal maternal–foetal relationship. We focus this review on a description of research with MFR scales that are relevant for clinical obstetrics, gynaecology and reproductive psychology. Some suggestions for further research are made.
Propose a new algorithm of routing with information collected locally

The type of algorithm which uses local information collected from source node for Quality of Service (QoS) routing has recently been researched as an alternative to QoS routing algorithms that traditionally use global state information. This algorithm, collecting information from source node only, helps flow routing better and assures more flexibly QoS for network. This trend leads to a new solution for satisfying the higher and higher demand of telecom market in the near future. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm of routing like that type for assuring the quality of network as well as quality of services. The simulations at last section show the advantages over some other localized routing algorithms and global routing algorithm.
Integrating Prediction and Optimization Display Elements Eecting the Human Driving Behavior

This contribution is focused on the development of the interface between the human driver and hybrid vehicle. By analyzing the state of art regarding the functional design of the displays from existing hybrid vehicles, it can be observed that only the actual state and history of relevant variables like fuel consumption, state of charge, and distance to empty are displayed. This information is important for the human driver to analyze the realized previous behavior, but what exactly the driver should or could do in next minutes to improve the driving behavior during driving is usually not displayed. In order to improve upcoming behavior and related consequences and therefore to solve the task for further eciency improvement, a new interface has been developed to help the human driver to drive more eciently. By applying the new interface, the human driver can perceive the actual driving situation and predicted corresponding consequences. In comparison, the suggested optimal driving behavior and its consequences will be displayed as well. With the help of the new interface, the human driver can decide which behavior should be taken to improve the actual driving behavior.
Market-oriented culture, knowledge-related resources, reputational assets and superior performance: a conceptual framework

In the last 10 years new theories of superior business performance have emerged from the work of marketing, strategy, organizational theory and economics scholars. These new perspectives, known under the labels of resource-based view of the firm, competence-based competition and evolutionary theory, share a special focus on a firm's rare, valuable and difficult-to-imitate resources (e.g. intangible assets and organizational capabilities) as the key determinants of superior business performance. Based upon this work and developments in the marketing strategy literature, in this study we develop a conceptual model which links these different explanations of superior performance and renews original ideas in terms of the drivers of success and superior performance. Competition is approached as a dynamic phenomenon and, therefore, firm success is not permanent. Innovations are a common way in which the competitive advantages of other firms are offset or eliminated. In fact, the role of knowledge-related resour.