Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Über die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphärenhülle umgeben ist

Es werden die nicht nach außen strahlenden Eigenfrequenzen einer gut leitenden Kugel für Bφ-, Eρ- und Eθ-Wellen bestimmt, die von einer relativ zum Kugelradius dünnen Luftschicht umgeben ist, an die außen eine homogene Plasmaatmosphäre ohne Stoßdämpfung grenzt. Die tiefste Eigenfrequenz ungedämpfter Schwingungen ωei liegt zwischen Null und ωei = √2c/r je nach der relativen Dicke der Luftschicht und der Plasmaeigenfrequenz ω0. Für irdische Dimensionen liegt ωei nahe dem oberen Wert und ergibt eine Frequenz von ≈ 11 Per/sec. Eine tiefste Eigenfrequenz gleicher Größenordnung ωei ≈ 2,74 c/r √εD würde dann auftreten, wenn eine dielektrische Kugel mit der Dielektrizitätskonstanten εD von einer Plasmaschicht entsprechend der Ionosphäre unmittelbar umgeben ist. Für alle ungedämpften Eigenfrequenzen ist ωei < ω0, d h. die Dielektrizitätskonstante des umgebenden Plasmas negativ. Es gibt unendlich viele Eigenfrequenzen in dem Frequenzgebiet von ω = 0 bis ω = ω0, die sich namentlich an der oberen Grenze stark häufen. Nahe der unteren Grenze ist für genügend großes ω0 r/c (≈107 für irdische Verhältnisse) ωei·≈√n(n + 1) · c/r. Je höher die Ordnungszahl der Eigenschwingung ist, desto tiefer dringt die Welle in die Plasmaatmosphäre ein. Während die geringen Eigenfrequenzen fast vollkommen von der Plasmaoberfläche reflektiert werden, können Eigenfrequenzen hoher Ordnungszahl mit merkbaren Amplituden den Außenrand der irdischen begrenzten Plasmaatmosphäre erreichen und von dort in den leeren Raum nach außen abgestrahlt werden, wodurch sie dann zu gedämpften Eigenschwingungen werden. Eigenfrequenzen mit ωei > ω0 sind immer durch Abstrahlung gedämpft um so mehr, und auch schon bei ωei < ω0, je dünner die Plasmaschicht um die Luftschicht ist. Die Dämpfung der Ionosphäre ist durch die Größe ω0τ (τ mittlere Stoßzeit zwischen zwei Elektronenstößen) bestimmt. Da für die Ionosphäre der Wert von ω0τ > 1 zu sein scheint, ergibt sich für kleine Frequenzen, ωτ « 1, eine negative Dielektrizitätskonstante εr = 1 - (ω0τ)2 und ein Leitwert χ von χ =ω02 ε0τ, mit χ/ωε0 = ω02τ/ω » 1. Die Dielektrizitätskonstante spielt dann bei der Ausbreitung keine Rolle und das Plasma verhält sich wie ein schlechter Leiter. Leider sind namentlich die Stoßzeiten noch ziemlich unbekannt, als daß man genauere zahlenmäßige Schlüsse ziehen könnte. Die Eigenfrequenzen sind dann durch ωei = c/r·√n(n+1) gegeben und durch die Verluste treten erhebliche Dämpfungen auf. Die Dämpfung durch die Verluste in der Erde sind in der üblichen Weise zu berücksichtigen.
Experimental and Subsequent Mechanism Research on the Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over a Ni/CeO2 Catalyst

In the present work, ethanol has been selected as a model compound to represent the typical alcohols found in bio-oil. A stable Ni/CeO2 catalyst has been designed for the production of hydrogen from catalytic steam reforming of ethanol in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The influence of reaction temperature, liquid hourly space velocity, and steam-to-carbon ratio were investigated. The Ni/CeO2 catalyst performed with high activity for 30 h at optimal conditions and did not show any deactivation. Using density functional theory, the elementary reactions involved in the decomposition of ethanol on the Ni(111) surface have been systematically calculated. The optimal pathway for the ethanol steam reforming reaction process on the surface of the catalyst is proposed.
Fluxes and Patterns of Wall Deposits for Skim Milk in a Pilot-Scale Spray Dryer

The pattern of wall deposits in a pilot-scale spray dryer has been studied, using skim milk, by changing the flow rate to the nozzle and measuring the resultant deposition fluxes at different positions inside the dryer. The solids concentration was maintained at 30%. The deposition was measured at three locations of the conical section and in the cylindrical section of the spray dryer. Particle deposition can be either due to the inertia of the particles or turbulent diffusion, and it is not immediately obvious which of these mechanisms is dominant. Inertial deposition appeared to be present mainly at the bottom location of the conical section and was the largest amount in quantitative terms, being at least an order of magnitude larger compared with diffusion deposition, which seemed to be dominant on the side (cylindrical) walls of the spray dryer. In addition to the above observations, the deposition patterns in the conical section have been quantified. The relative deposition flux, in m−2, which is the ratio of the deposition flux, in g m−2 h−1, to the solids flow rate into the dryer, in g h−1, was between 0.04 and 0.09 m−2 at a solids concentration of 8.8% and between 0.15 and 0.4 m−2 at a solids concentration of 30%. The fused appearance of the microstructure in the wall deposits of skim milk powder, as seen in the Micro-CT study, suggests that re-entrainment of the wall deposits is unlikely.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and high dynamic pressure on stability and rheological properties of model oil-in-water emulsions

Both static and dynamic high pressure applications provide interesting modifications in food structures which lead to new product formulations. In this study, the effects of two different treatments, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high dynamic pressure (HDP), on oil-in-water emulsions were identified and compared. Microfluidization was selected from among the HDP homogenization techniques. The performance of each process was analyzed in terms of rheological modifications and emulsion stability improvements compared with the coarse emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was determined comparatively by using an analytical photo-centrifuge device employing novel analysis technology. Whey protein isolate (WPI) in combination with a food polysaccharide (xanthan gum, guar gum or locust bean gum) were used as emulsifying and stabilizing ingredients. The effective disruption of oil droplets and the degradation of polysaccharides by the shear forces under high pressure in HDP microfluidization yielded finer emulsions with lower viscosities, leading to distinctive improvements in emulsion stability. On the other hand, improvements in stability obtained with HHP treatment were due to the thickening of the emulsions mainly induced by protein unfolding. The corresponding increases in viscosity were intensified in emulsion formulations containing higher oil content. Apart from these, HHP treatment was found to be relatively more contributive to the enhancements in viscoelastic properties.
Effect of the radiation wavelength on the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants

The effect of the radiation wavelength upon the rate of oxidation of a model organic pollutant, 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), on titanium dioxide (TiO2) aqueous suspensions was investigated using UV-A radiation alone and concomitant UV-A, -B, and -C radiation. The rates of degradation and mineralization of 2-CP were significantly enhanced with UV-ABC radiation compared to the use of UV-A radiation alone. This rate enhancement was found to be caused by the combined effect of photolysis, photocatalysis, and synergistic effects due to concomitant photolysis and photocatalysis. In the initial stage of the oxidation reaction, 2-CP is preferentially photolyzed to yield catechol as the main intermediate which is mineralized further to CO2 and water via a photocatalytic process. A significant effect of temperature was found in the experiment using UV-ABC radiation. The rate of mineralization of 2-CP was found to double with a temperature increase from 20 to 40 °C when UV-ABC radiation was used. The effect of temperature.
Bio-inspired slanted polymer nanohairs for anisotropic wetting and directional dry adhesion

Slanted polymer nanohairs possess a number of attractive properties in terms of anisotropic wetting and directional adhesion. This highlight provides an overview of the recent progress in the development of bio-inspired slanted polymer nanohairs and their applications towards anisotropic wetting and directional dry adhesion properties. With the advanced nano-fabrication techniques, it is possible to fabricate angled, directionally bent polymer nanohairs in a highly reproducible and geometry-controllable manner. The fabrication methods can be categorized into two streams: direct replica molding from a master with slanted structure or nanofabrication (photolithography or molding) with post treatment such as e-beam exposure, thermal annealing and mechanical compression. In this highlight, the fabrication methods for angled, high aspect ratio polymer nanohairs are briefly described along with their potential applications in anisotropic wetting and directional adhesion. Particular emphasis is given to recent achievements and future directions in biomimetic functional surfaces.
THE CHARACTERISTIC BOUNDARY RADII OF ATOMS

The characteristic boundary radius of an atom has been defined as the distance from the classical turning point of electronic motion to the nucleus of the atom. With the ab initio method, the atomic boundary radii for elements from H through Xe are calculated. For the atoms in the same group, the radii defined in this way are of good linear relationship with the empirical radii commonly accepted, such as the van der Waals and covalent atomic radii determined by experimental data.
Tackling field-portable Raman spectroscopy of real world samples

A major challenge confronting first responders, customs authorities and other security-related organisations is the accurate, rapid, and safe identification of potentially hazardous chemicals outside a laboratory environment. Currently, a range of hand portable Raman equipment is commercially available that is low cost and increasingly more sophisticated. These systems are generally based on the 785nm Stokes shifted Raman technique with many using dispersive grating spectrometers. This technique offers a broad range of capabilities including the ability to analyse illicit drugs, explosives, chemical weapons and pre-cursors but still has some fundamental constraints. 'Real world' samples, such as those found at a crime scene, will often not be presented in the most accessible manner. Simple issues such as glass fluorescence can make an otherwise tractable sample impossible to analyse in-situ. A new generation of portable Raman equipment is currently being developed to address these issues. Consideration is given to the use of longer wavelength for fluorescence reduction. Alternative optical designs are being tested to compensate for the signal reduction incurred by moving to longer wavelengths. Furthermore, the use of anti-Stokes spectroscopy is being considered as well as investigating the robustness and portability of traditional Fourier Transform interferometer designs along with future advances in detector technology and ultra small spectrometers.
Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review

Antibiotics are highly effective, bioactive substances. As a result of their consumption, excretion, and persistence, they are disseminated mostly via excrements and enter the soils and other environmental compartments. Resulting residual concentrations in soils range from a few μg upto g kg–1 and correspond to those found for pesticides. Numerous antibiotic molecules comprise of a non-polar core combined with polar functional moieties. Many antibiotics are amphiphilic or amphoteric and ionize. However, physicochemical properties vary widely among compounds from the various structural classes. Existing analytical methods for environmental samples often combine an extraction with acidic buffered solvents and the use of LC-MS for determination. In soils, adsorption of antibiotics to the organic and mineral exchange sites is mostly due to charge transfer and ion interactions and not to hydrophobic partitioning. Sorption is strongly influenced by the pH of the medium and governs the mobility and transport of the antibiotics. In particular for the strongly adsorbed antibiotics, fast leaching through soils by macropore or preferential transport facilitated by dissolved soil colloids seems to be the major transport process. Antibiotics of numerous classes are photodegraded. However, on soil surfaces this process if of minor influence. Compared to this, biotransformation yields a more effective degradation and inactivation of antibiotics. However, some metabolites still comprise of an antibiotic potency. Degradation of antibiotics is hampered by fixation to the soil matrix; persisting antibiotics were already determined in soils. Effects on soil organisms are very diverse, although all antibiotics are highly bioactive. The absence of effects might in parts be due to a lack of suitable test methods. However, dose and persistence time related effects especially on soil microorganisms are often observed that might cause shifts of the microbial community. Significant effects on soil fauna were only determined for anthelmintics. Due to the antibiotic effect, resistance in soil microorganisms can be provoked by antibiotics. Additionally, the administration of antibiotics mostly causes the formation of resistant microorganisms within the treated body. Hence, resistant microorganisms reach directly the soils with contaminated excrements. When pathogens are resistant or acquire resistance from commensal microorganisms via gene transfer, humans and animals are endangered to suffer from infections that cannot be treated with pharmacotherapy. The uptake into plants even of mobile antibiotics is small. However, effects on plant growth were determined for some species and antibiotics.
Study of structural defects in γ‐MnO2 by Raman spectroscopy

The structural arrangement of γ-MnO2 is currently explained by a random intergrowth of pyrolusite layers in a ramsdellite matrix. The structures of a large variety of γ-MnO2 samples with various structural parameters Pr were studied by x-ray powder diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy. We show that elucidation of the quantitative determination of the structural disorder present in γ-MnO2 is accurate by Raman scattering spectroscopy. The Raman data for manganese dioxides with the γ-type structure are treated by a local environment model, which allows one to consider the relationship between the band wavenumber and the pyrolusite intergrowth that corresponds to the structural De Wolff defects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remediation techniques and heavy metal uptake by different rice varieties in metal-contaminated soils of Taiwan: New aspects for food safety regulation and sustainable agriculture

Abstract Rice is one of the most important staple foods worldwide. Soil contamination with heavy metals and food safety problems occur in many countries as a result of numerous human activities, particularly wastewater and solid waste disposal. This review paper provides a schematic summary of heavy metals in identification processes, transport in soil to different rice varieties, and soil remediation strategies and techniques surrounding the agro-environmental impact in paddy soils based on a description of Taiwan’s experiences and database. In terms of the soil control standard, heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn are regulated by the Soil and Ground ater Pollution Remediation Act of Taiwan. Owing to the heavy metal source from wastewater along irrigation systems, heavy metals not only accumulate in the surface soil (0–30 cm), but are also highly distributed at the main entrance of irrigation water into individual paddy fields. Moreover, sediments in the irrigation canal have to be dredged and the irrigation system needs to be isolated from the discharge system of wastewater to maintain soil quality. Cadmium in rice grains accumulates more significantly in Indica varieties than in Japonica varieties, and this accumulation exceeds the food quality standard. The best well-performing metal uptake models have been developed to predict Cd levels in rice grains for Indica and Japonica varieties using soil bioavailable Cd and Zn concentrations extracted by 0.01 mol L−1 CaCl2. Soil remediation techniques, including turnover and dilution, in situ stabilization by chemical amendments and phytoremediation, have been tested and recommended in Taiwan. Although the high background levels of As, Cr and Ni, which were higher the soil control standard in some paddy soils, are derived from andesite and serpentinites in Taiwan, rice quality and yield were not adversely affected by these metals when labile concentrations were very low. Overall, it is necessary to identify the bioavailability of heavy metals in different soil types from specific case studies to provide reliable parameters for health-based risk assessments and to further achieve the goal of food safety and sustainable agriculture.
The Role of Dark States in the Photodynamics of the Green Fluorescent Protein Examined with Two-Color Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its mutants are important fluorescent markers for the microscopy of biological specimens. Their photodynamics are governed by transitions between the neutral and anionic form of the light emitting chromophore. We used two-color fluorescence excitation spectroscopy to show that this is also true for mutants such as EGFP and E222Q, which in their ground state do not show any absorption attributable to the neutral chromophore. The photodynamics of E222Q are described within the framework of a 4-level system comprising two dark states. Two-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been employed to determine the rate constants for this system. The first of these states has a population rate of 3 × 105 s-1 and a lifetime of 50 μs, indicating that this is the triplet state. The second state, which we identified as the neutral chromophore, has a population rate of 4 × 105 s-1 and a lifetime of 500 μs. Our data allude to the fact that, already at low intensities,.
Characteristics and issues related to regional-scale modeling of nitrogen flows

Abstract This paper summarizes the characteristics of regional-scale nitrogen (N) flow models. The regional scale is generally considered to be an area that ranges from more than 10 km2 to the size of a continent. Parameterization is the key process in creating a regional-scale model. During parameterization, transfer functions that reflect the controlling factors must be created at the target scale because the influence of different factors will change with the size of the scale. Watersheds are the most useful unit for evaluating overall N discharge; however, regional activity data is most often available for municipal units. Thus, municipal units must be reaggregated into watershed units. A longer time period is desirable to normalize seasonal and annual variations at regional scales. Parameters that influence N flow must match the investigated spatial and temporal scales. Given the need to use a range of parameters that vary in terms of the quality of the data, models exhibit inevitable uncertainties. Quantification of the uncertainties and verification of the estimated results are required. Error propagation, the Monte Carlo simulation method and maximum and minimum values have been used to obtain different threshold values of uncertainty. To verify regional-scale N flow models, the following five approaches have been used or proposed: (1) calibration of the model by detailed monitoring at multiple sites, (2) verification of the most important process of the extrapolation mechanisms, (3) verification of the N budget, paying particular attention to water quality, (4) comparison with the results quantified by different models, (5) comparison with aerial or satellite image analysis. As regional-scale modeling of N flow will become more important in the future, it is important to develop models than can accurately estimate N dynamics at this scale.
Adrenergic receptors (α1 and α2) modulate different potassium conductances in sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Intracellular recordings were made from 168 sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the slice of the second or third thoracic spinal-cord segment of the adult cat to study the actions of noradrenaline on these neurons. Noradrenaline, applied by superfusion (0.5–50 μM), produced membrane depolarization in 73 neurons and membrane hyperpolarization in 39 neurons. In 26 neurons noradrenaline produced a biphasic response (depolarization–hyperpolarization or vice versa). The depolarization was blocked by prazosin, while the hyperpolarization was blocked by yohimbine. The noradrenaline-induced depolarization was associated with an increase in neuron input resistance, while the noradrenaline-induced hyperpolarization was associated with a decrease in neuron input resistance. Both responses decreased in amplitude with membrane hyperpolarization and were nullified at around the potassium equilibrium potential EK. The null potential of both responses became more and less negative with a decrease and an increase, respec.
FECUNDITY IN THE CALICO SURFPERCH, AMPHISTICHUS KOELZI (TELEOSTEI: EMBIOTOCIDAE)

Abstract The Calico Surfperch (Amphistichus koelzi) shares a similar size, morphology and feeding habitat with its 2 widely-sympatric congeners, the Barred Surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus) and Redtail Surfperch (Amphistichus rhodoterus). Like the other 2 species, A. koelzi is an important commercial and recreational resource, but unlike these species, A. koelzi has received virtually no attention in the scientific literature. We found average relative fecundity to be significantly higher than in A. koelzi's 2 congeners, A. argenteus and A. rhodoterus, and the slope of the regression of brood count on female size in A. koelzi was steeper and translated to the left of the same slopes representing the 2 congeners.
Catch 22: The Paradox of Social Media Affordances and Stigmatized Online Support Groups

This study highlights the challenges of computer-mediated communication for vulnerable individuals and groups, by studying boundary work in stigmatized communities online. Five stigmatized online communities with different affordances were studied: (1) “pro-ana” blogs; (2) an infertility discussion board; (3) a Facebook group for bereaved parents; and (4) two WhatsApp groups for Israeli veterans of war with post-traumatic stress disorder. In-depth interviews with members and administrators (n = 66) revealed that social media affordances such as low anonymity and high visibility may marginalize those living with stigma. While research literature applauds social media for allowing the formation and maintenance of social capital, our study highlights the paradox caused by these very same affordances. To offer safe and functioning environments of support, the communities must guard against impostors whose presence threatens their safe havens. Simultaneously, this may make these groups inaccessible to those who truly need support and remove such groups from the public eye.
Code generation approaches for parallel geometric multigrid solvers

Abstract Software development for applications in computational science and engineering has become complex in recent years. This is mainly due to the increasing parallelism and heterogeneity in modern computer architectures and to the more realistic physical and mathematical models that have to be processed. One idea to address this issue is to use code generation techniques. In contrast to manual implementations in a general-purpose computing language, they allow to integrate automatic code transforms to produce efficient code for different models and platforms. As an example the numerical solution of an elliptic partial differential equation via generated geometric multigrid solvers is considered. We present three code generation approaches for it and discuss their advantages and disadvantages with respect to performance, portability, and productivity.