Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of SVC coding using MPLP-DVB-T2 for mobile and fixed reception

In this paper, we evaluate the broadcast delivery of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) stream over the DVB-T2 system, using differentiated robustness for each SVC layer based on the DVB-T2 MPLP mechanism. Laboratory measurements and field tests are done for this concept. Mobile reception is evaluated both in laboratory conditions using the TU6 channel and in the field at a limited speed which the current receiver's implementation can support. Fixed reception is evaluated in laboratory conditions using the Rice channel. For the laboratory and field tests and for the two considered reception profiles (mobile and fixed), we compare the results in the case of SISO, SFN and Alamouti MISO network configurations by considering two antennas. Coverage areas for the field measurements have been predicted for each reception profile and each layer, based on the laboratory sensitivity measurements. The field tests allowed experimenting the receiver switching from enhancement layer to base layer and vice-versa, leading to a change of image quality and resolution depending on the reception area and on the channel characteristics in the studied area. Therefore, the receiver decodes always an image but with different quality and format. We also experiment SISO, SFN and MISO networks configurations, and show a differentiated impact on the coverage area or on the performance gain.
The management of suicide and self-harm in prisons: Recommendations for good practice

Suicide and self-harm in prisons are serious problems in Australasia and in many other jurisdictions. Psychologists frequently have a role in advising on, and assisting in, the prevention of such behaviours. Few guidelines and formal statements of good professional practice exist for such work. In this paper we review the published literature and current prevention practices with a view to devising recommendations for good practice in management and prevention.
Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Combs

The series of precisely spaced, sharp spectral lines that form an optical frequency comb is enabling unprecedented measurement capabilities and new applications in a wide range of topics that include precision spectroscopy, atomic clocks, ultracold gases, and molecular fingerprinting. A new optical frequency comb generation principle has emerged that uses parametric frequency conversion in high resonance quality factor (Q) microresonators. This approach provides access to high repetition rates in the range of 10 to 1000 gigahertz through compact, chip-scale integration, permitting an increased number of comb applications, such as in astronomy, microwave photonics, or telecommunications. We review this emerging area and discuss opportunities that it presents for novel technologies as well as for fundamental science.
Salvage of Contaminated Osteochondral Allografts

Background: Because chondrocyte viability is imperative for successful osteochondral allograft transplantation, sterilization techniques must provide antimicrobial effects with minimal cartilage toxicity. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is an effective disinfectant; however, its use with human articular cartilage requires further investigation. Purpose: To determine the maximal chlorhexidine concentration that does not affect chondrocyte viability in allografts and to determine whether this concentration effectively sterilizes contaminated osteoarticular grafts. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Osteochondral plugs were subjected to pulse lavage with 1-L solutions of 0.002%, 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.25% CHG and cultured for 0, 1, 2, and 7 days in media of 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Chondrocyte viability was determined via LIVE/DEAD Viability Assay. Plugs were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and randomized to 4 treatment groups. One group was not contaminated; the 3 others were contaminated and received no treatment, saline pulse lavage, or saline pulse lavage with 0.002% CHG. Serial dilutions were plated and colony-forming units assessed. Results: The control group and the 0.002% CHG group showed similar cell viability, ranging from 67% ± 4% to 81% ± 22% (mean ± SD) at all time points. In the 0.01% CHG group, cell viability was reduced in comparison with control by 2-fold at day 2 and remained until day 7 (P < .01). The 0.05% and 0.25% CHG groups showed a 2-fold reduction in cell viability at day 1 (P < .01). At day 7, cell viability was reduced to 15% ± 18% (4-fold decrease) for the 0.05% CHG group and 10% ± 19% (6-fold decrease) for the 0.25% CHG group (P < .01). Contaminated grafts treated with 0.002% CHG demonstrated no colony-forming units. Conclusion: Pulse lavage with 0.002% CHG does not cause significant cell death within 7 days after exposure, while CHG at concentrations >0.002% significantly decreases chondrocyte viability within 1 to 2 days after exposure and should therefore not be used for disinfection of osteochondral allograft. Pulse lavage does not affect chondrocyte viability but cannot be used in isolation to sterilize contaminated fragments. Overall, 0.002% CHG was shown to effectively decontaminate osteoarticular fragments. Clinical Relevance: This study offers a scientific protocol for sterilizing osteochondral fragments that does not adversely affect cartilage viability.
Meniscal Root Tears

Meniscal root tears, less common than meniscal body tears and frequently unrecognized, are a subset of meniscal injuries that often result in significant knee joint disorders. The meniscus root attachment aids meniscal function by securing the meniscus in place and allowing for optimal shock-absorbing function in the knee. With root tears, meniscal extrusion often occurs, and the transmission of circumferential hoop stresses is impaired. This alters knee biomechanics and kinematics and significantly increases tibiofemoral contact pressure. In recent years, meniscal root tears, which by definition include direct avulsions off the tibial plateau or radial tears adjacent to the root itself, have attracted attention because of concerns that significant meniscal extrusion dramatically inhibits normal meniscal function, leading to a condition biomechanically similar to a total meniscectomy. Recent literature has highlighted the importance of early diagnosis and treatment; fortunately, these processes have been vastly improved by advances in magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy. This article presents a review of the clinically relevant anatomic, biomechanical, and functional descriptions of the meniscus root attachments, as well as current strategies for accurate diagnosis and treatment of common injuries to these meniscus root attachments.
Tau Reduction Prevents Aβ-Induced Defects in Axonal Transport

A mechanism for the protective effects of tau reduction in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, derived from the amyloid precursor protein, and the microtubule-associated protein tau are key pathogenic factors in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). How exactly they impair cognitive functions is unknown. We assessed the effects of Aβ and tau on axonal transport of mitochondria and the neurotrophin receptor TrkA, cargoes that are critical for neuronal function and survival and whose distributions are altered in AD. Aβ oligomers rapidly inhibited axonal transport of these cargoes in wild-type neurons. Lowering tau levels prevented these defects without affecting baseline axonal transport. Thus, Aβ requires tau to impair axonal transport, and tau reduction protects against Aβ-induced axonal transport defects.
Increased Risk of Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: The reported prevalence of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction varies from 10% to 90%. Purpose/Hypothesis: To report the prevalence of OA after ACL reconstruction and to compare the OA prevalence between quadrupled semitendinosus tendon (ST) and bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) grafts. The hypothesis was that there would be no difference in OA prevalence between the graft types. The secondary aim was to study whether patient characteristics and additional injuries were associated with long-term outcomes. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Radiological examination results, Tegner activity levels, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) values were determined in 135 (82%) of 164 patients at a mean of 14 years after ACL reconstruction randomized to an ST or a BPTB graft. Osteoarthritis was defined according to a consensus by at least 2 of 3 radiologists of Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2. Using regression analysis, graft type, sex, age, overweight, time between injury and reconstruction, additional meniscus injury, and a number of other variables were assessed as risk factors for OA 14 years after ACL reconstruction. Results: Osteoarthritis of the medial compartment was most frequent, with 57% of OA cases in the ACL-reconstructed knee and 18% of OA cases in the contralateral knee (P < .001). There was no difference between the graft types: 49% of OA of the medial compartment for BPTB grafts and 65% for ST grafts (P = .073). The KOOS results were lower for patients with OA in all subscales, indicating that OA was symptomatic. No difference in the KOOS between the graft types was found. Meniscus resection was a strong risk factor for OA of the medial compartment (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.3) in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: A 3-fold increased prevalence of OA was found after an ACL injury treated with reconstruction compared with the contralateral healthy knee. No differences in the prevalence of OA between the BPTB and quadrupled ST reconstructions were found. An initial meniscus resection was a strong risk factor for OA; the time between injury and reconstruction was not.
Preinterventional Cystatin C: A Highly Prognostic Marker for All-Cause Mortality after Coronarography

Purpose. Glomerular filtration rate 1.4 mg/L) compared with the lowest quartile ( 1.6 mg/L) compared with the lowest quartile, 5.38, 95% confidence interval 2.329–12.427 (). Conclusions. Cystatin C is significantly associated with all-cause mortality after coronarography, regardless of the age, gender, and glomerular filtration rate.
Signatures of Adaptation to Obligate Biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Genome

From Blight to Powdery Mildew Pathogenic effects of microbes on plants have widespread consequences. Witness, for example, the cultural upheavals driven by potato blight in the 1800s. A variety of microbial pathogens continue to afflict crop plants today, driving both loss of yield and incurring the increased costs of control mechanisms. Now, four reports analyze microbial genomes in order to understand better how plant pathogens function (see the Perspective by Dodds). Raffaele et al. (p. 1540) describe how the genome of the potato blight pathogen accommodates transfer to different hosts. Spanu et al. (p. 1543) analyze what it takes to be an obligate biotroph in barley powdery mildew, and Baxter et al. (p. 1549) ask a similar question for a natural pathogen of Arabidopsis. Schirawski et al. (p. 1546) compared genomes of maize pathogens to identify virulence determinants. Better knowledge of what in a genome makes a pathogen efficient and deadly is likely to be useful for improving agricultural crop management and breeding. A group of papers analyzes pathogen genomes to find the roots of virulence, opportunism, and life-style determinants. Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.
The Major Genetic Determinants of HIV-1 Control Affect HLA Class I Peptide Presentation

Getting HIV Under Control Approximately 1 in 300 people infected with HIV are HIV “controllers” who are able to maintain long-term control of the virus without medication and who do not progress to AIDS. Uncovering the genetic basis for this ability is of great interest. Pereyra et al. (p. 1551, published online 4 November; see the Perspective by McMichael and Jones) now present genome-wide association results from patients enrolled in the International HIV Controllers Study. The analysis compared HIV controllers of European, African-American, and Hispanic descent with HIV progressors and found >300 variants that reached genome-wide significance, all of which were in the major histocompatibility class I (HLA) region on chromosome 6. Analysis of the effects of individual amino acids within classical HLA proteins revealed six independently significant residues, five of which lined the peptide-binding groove. Thus, differences in binding to viral peptide antigens by HLA may be the major factors underlying genetic differences between HIV controllers and progressors. MHC class I alleles are the major genetic determinants associated with people able to control HIV infection without therapy. Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified >300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA–viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.
Ectopic Expression of Germline Genes Drives Malignant Brain Tumor Growth in Drosophila

Curing Insect Brain Tumors Mammalian tumors often show ectopic expression of genes that normally function only in the germ line. The possible contribution of cancer germline (CG) genes to malignancy is unknown. Janic et al. (p. 1824; see the Perspective by Wu and Ruvkun) found that CG genes are also expressed in Drosophila brain tumors caused by mutants in the gene lethal (3) malignant brain tumor. Moreover, inactivation of some of these genes suppressed fly tumor growth. Because some Drosophila CG genes are orthologs of human CG genes, it is possible that inactivation of germline genes may show human tumor suppressor activity. Inactivation of germline genes suppresses brain tumor growth in Drosophila. Model organisms such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can help to elucidate the molecular basis of complex diseases such as cancer. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal (3) malignant brain tumor cause malignant growth in the larval brain. Here we show that l(3)mbt tumors exhibited a soma-to-germline transformation through the ectopic expression of genes normally required for germline stemness, fitness, or longevity. Orthologs of some of these genes were also expressed in human somatic tumors. In addition, inactivation of any of the germline genes nanos, vasa, piwi, or aubergine suppressed l(3)mbt malignant growth. Our results demonstrate that germline traits are necessary for tumor growth in this Drosophila model and suggest that inactivation of germline genes might have tumor-suppressing effects in other species.
Social insurance administrative officers’ perceptions of their assignment and problematic issues in their work with heart failure clients in the sick-leave and rehabilitation process

This article explores social insurance administrative officers’ (AOs’) perceptions of the sick-leave process for heart failure clients. The work situation and the sick-leave process for people with heart failure tend to be complex and problematic. The problems are often caused by a lack of understanding from professionals, such as social insurance AOs. The study draws on two focus group interviews with social insurance AOs from two different social insurance agencies. The interviews were guided by an open approach, and analysis was performed on the interviews’ manifest content through a qualitative content analysis. The findings demonstrate that the AOs were concerned about the clients’ ability to return to work, but they were hindered in fulfilling their duties through insufficient collaboration with physicians and unclear sickness certificates. There seems to be a gap between the AOs’ assignment and their ability to make well-founded decisions about their clients’ ability to work. This can have consequences for the individual who lives with heart failure. In the sociopolitical agenda of Sweden, this can have consequences for the development of collaboration between AOs and the medical experts who provide the foundations for decisions about work ability of the client with heart failure.
A micro biomimetic manta ray robot fish actuated by SMA

The paper presented a design of a micro biomimetic manta ray robot fish actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wire, verified that SMA wire is a feasible actuator. The robot fish is quitely similar to manta ray in shape. It also have a flat-form body and a pair of triangular flexible pectoral fins. In our experiment, we researched the flexible pectoral fin shape change, and then the forward swimming and turning swimming performance were evaluated. We also give the results of the robot fish's speed and amplitude in different actuating pulse width. It can swim with good stability and stealthily. The micro biomimetic manta ray robot fish is suitable to do investigation in narrow space of the ocean.
Lacrosse Injuries Among High School Boys and Girls in the United States

Background: Lacrosse is a fast growing youth sport in the United States. Although there have been published studies examining injuries associated with lacrosse, significantly less research has been conducted in high school lacrosse players than in older lacrosse players. The objective of this study was to compare high school lacrosse injury rates and patterns by type of athletic activity (ie, competition vs practice) and sex. Hypothesis: Lacrosse injury rates and patterns differ by type of athletic activity and sex. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Using the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) database, lacrosse exposure and injury data were collected during 4 academic years, 2008-2012, from a large sample of high schools in the United States. Schools’ certified athletic trainers submitted exposure and injury information weekly. Results: During the study period, 1406 injuries occurred during 716,812 athlete exposures, for an injury rate of 1.96 per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs). Injury rates were higher in competition than in practice (3.61 vs 1.23 per 1000 AEs, respectively; rate ratio [RR], 2.94; 95% CI, 2.65-3.27). Boys had a higher injury rate than girls (2.26 vs 1.54 per 1000 AEs, respectively; RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.32-1.64). The most common injury diagnoses among both boys and girls were sprains/strains (boys: 35.6%; girls: 43.9%) and concussions (boys: 21.9%; girls: 22.7%). The most commonly injured body sites in competition were the head/face (32.0%), lower leg/ankle/foot (17.8%), and knee (12.2%), while in practice, the most commonly injured body sites were the lower leg/ankle/foot (34.9%), head/face (16.4%), and knee (12.7%). Among boys, the most common mechanisms of injury were contact with another person (40.9%) and no contact (21.1%). Among girls, the most common mechanisms of injury were no contact (26.2%), contact with a playing apparatus (24.0%), and overuse/chronic (17.7%). Most injured athletes (71.8%) returned to activity in ≤21 days, but 6.9% of all injuries required surgery. Conclusion: Lacrosse injury rates and patterns among high school athletes in the United States differ by type of athletic activity and sex. Future studies should continue to compare differences in injury rates and patterns in high school lacrosse, with particular emphasis placed on high-risk plays in competition and the prevention and management of concussions in both boys and girls.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Respiratory Tract Pathogens From the Northern States of the USA: Data From Year 1 of the PROTEKT US Surveillance Program (2000-2001)

Abstract: As part of the PROTEKT US surveillance program, 6236 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2463 Streptococcus pyogenes, and 1664 Haemophilus influenzae isolates were collected from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the northern United States in 2000-2001. Penicillin resistance was found in 22.9% of S. pneumoniae isolates, erythromycin resistance in 28.0%, and fluoroquinolone resistance in 1.0%. Combined resistance to penicillin and erythromycin occurred in 17.8% of S. pneumoniae isolates. Overall, 6.0% of S. pyogenes isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 29.6% of H. influenzae isolates were β-lactamase producers. Antimicrobial resistance among all 3 pathogens showed considerable between-state variability. Telithromycin was highly active against all strains of S. pneumoniae (99.6% susceptible) and H. influenzae (96.4% susceptible), and had an MIC90 of 0.03 μg/mL against S. pyogenes. The results highlight the wide variability in resistance rates among northern US states and the high activity of telithromycin against respiratory tract pathogens.
Two Pairs of Neurons in the Central Brain Control Drosophila Innate Light Preference

Light-Hating Target Young larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila like to hide in the dark. Older larvae nearing pupation are less timorous. Gong et al. (p. 499; see the Perspective by Vogt and Desplan) have identified part of the neural circuit that links perception of light to behavior. The authors used targeted expression of the tetanus toxin to disable neurons selectively in the larval central nervous system. The results identified a neural circuit responsible for regulating the preference—or disinclination—for light. The circuit, which is composed of a bilateral pair of neurons, receives input from the larval visual circuit, and its activation strengthens photoavoidance behavior. The results give a glimmer into how the brain interprets perceptual inputs. A neural circuit connects perceptual inputs to behavioral outputs. Appropriate preferences for light or dark conditions can be crucial for an animal’s survival. Innate light preferences are not static in some animals, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which prefers darkness in the feeding larval stage but prefers light in adulthood. To elucidate the neural circuit underlying light preference, we examined the neurons involved in larval phototactic behavior by regulating neuronal functions. Modulating activity of two pairs of isomorphic neurons in the central brain switched the larval light preference between photophobic and photophilic. These neurons were found to be immediately downstream of pdf-expressing lateral neurons, which are innervated by larval photoreceptors. Our results revealed a neural mechanism that could enable the adjustment of animals’ response strategies to environmental stimuli according to biological needs.