Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judges in judo conform to the referee because of the reactive feedback system

Abstract This experiment tested whether the conformism observed among panels of judges in aesthetic sports also occurs among judges in judo. Similar to aesthetic sports, judo judging relies upon a form of open feedback. However, in judo, this system is reactive (i.e. two judges have to publicly ‘correct’ the score given by the higher-status referee), whereas it is active in aesthetic sports (i.e. judges with equal status report their score simultaneously and can use the feedback about the scores of their colleagues for evaluating later performances). In order to test whether such reactive open-feedback system leads to conformism among judges in judo, we designed an experiment in which this feedback was manipulated. Participants were 20 certified Flemish judges, who had to score two sets of 11 ambiguous video sequences that are used during formation and training of judo judges: one set with feedback about the referee's score and one set without feedback. The results revealed that when participants knew the referee's score, their scores were significantly more in line with this score than when they did not know this score. More specifically, for both sets of sequences at least 10% less deviations from the referee were observed when participants were given feedback about the score of the referee. These results suggest that preventable conformism can occur in typical judo judging, that is with reactive open feedback.
A study of the effect of the rate of stimulation on the transient outward current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres.

1. The transient outward current, Ito, of sheep Purkinje fibres has been recorded using the two micro‐electrode voltage clamp technique. 2. Ito is strongly rate‐dependent: the magnitude of Ito activated during a test voltage clamp pulse after a train of action potentials is less at higher rates of stimulation. 3. After an increase or decrease in rate there is an abrupt change in Ito in the first response followed by slower changes over the next several hundred responses. 4. When a preparation is rested after repetitive activity Ito recovers in two phages: there is an initial rapid, approximately exponential phase of recovery in the first 10 s which is probably due to reactivation; this is followed by a slower phase of recovery lasting several hundred seconds. 5. Curves showing the time course of reactivation of Ito have been obtained at different rates. At high rates the curves approach smaller values of Ito and the steady‐state control values of the current occur on the shoulder of the curves, i.e. before reactivation is complete. 6. It is proposed that the reduction of Ito at high rates is due to two factors: incomplete reactivation which accounts for the rapid changes of Ito and a second unknown factor which accounts for the slower changes in the current. 7. Inspection of current‐voltage relationship for Ito suggests that the reduction of Ito at high rates is mainly due to a decrease of conductance rather than to a reduction of the reversal potential. 8. Replacement of the calcium in the bathing solution by strontium does not abolish Ito in sheep Purkinje fibres, suggesting that the current is distinct from the transient outward current in calf Purkinje fibres described by Siegelbaum & Tsien (1980).
Evaluation of wedging of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in the pediatric population.

OBJECTIVE Anterior wedging of thoracolumbar vertebral bodies is often seen in children. The purpose of our study was to show whether mild anterior wedging of pediatric thoracolumbar junction vertebral bodies can be seen as a normal variant, rather than as the sequela of trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was performed of pediatric abdomen and pelvis CT performed between January 2004 and March 2006, excluding children at high risk for compression fractures. Twenty CT studies were randomly selected for each of five arbitrary age groups: < 3, 4-7, 8-11, 12-14, and 15-17 years (100 total CT studies). Using sagittal reformations, anterior and posterior heights of all T10-L3 vertebral bodies were measured to determine anterior-to-posterior vertebral body height ratio (A:P ratio). Inter- and intraobserver agreement was determined. The lower limit of normal (lower fifth percentile of the distribution) was estimated using quantile regression. RESULTS A:P ratio at the thoracolumbar junction was greater than 0.893 in 95% of children. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and the A:P ratio. There was strong intra- and interobserver agreement. CONCLUSION From T10 through L3, 95% of children have an A:P ratio greater than 0.893. This suggests that an A:P ratio less than 0.893 should raise the possibility of vertebral body injury. Because age was not statistically significant with respect to the A:P ratio, this value can be used across all pediatric age groups.
Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma.

OBJECTIVE With the exception of a few reports of higher rates of childhood trauma in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the influence of previous exposure to trauma on the PTSD effects of subsequent trauma. The authors examine interrelated questions about the effects of previous exposure to trauma. METHOD A representative sample of 2,181 individuals in southeast Michigan were interviewed by telephone to record lifetime history of traumatic events specified in DSM-IV as potentially leading to PTSD. PTSD was assessed with respect to a randomly selected index trauma from the list of events reported by each respondent. RESULTS History of any previous exposure to traumatic events was associated with a greater risk of PTSD from the index trauma. Multiple previous events had a stronger effect than a single previous event. The effect of previous assaultive violence persisted over time with little change. When they examined several features of the previous exposure to trauma, the authors found that subjects who experienced multiple events involving assaultive violence in childhood were more likely to experience PTSD from trauma in adulthood. Furthermore, previous events involving assaultive violence--single or multiple, in childhood or later on--were associated with a higher risk of PTSD in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Previous exposure to trauma signals a greater risk of PTSD from subsequent trauma. Although these results are consistent with a sensitization hypothesis, like the results from previous research on PTSD, they do not address the mechanism of increased responsivity to trauma. Long-term observational studies can further elucidate these observations.
Bone marrow-sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy for Stage I seminoma

Abstract Background. A direct association between radiotherapy dose, side-effects and secondary cancers has been described in patients with seminoma. A treatment planning study was performed in order to compare computed tomography-based traditional radiotherapy (CT-tRT) versus bone marrow-sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (BMS-IMRT) in patients with Stage I seminoma. Material and methods. We optimized in 10 patients a CT-tRT and a BMS-IMRT treatment plan to deliver 20 Gy to the para-aortic nodes. CT-tRT and IMRT consisted of anteroposterior-posterioranterior parallel-opposed and seven non-opposed coplanar fields using 16 and 6-MV photon energies, respectively. Dose-Volume Histograms for clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were compared for both techniques using Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank-test. Results. Dmean to CTV and PTV were similar for both techniques, even if CT-tRT showed a slightly improved target coverage in terms of PTV-D95% (19.7 vs. 19.5 Gy, p = 0.005) and PTV-V95% (100 vs. 99.7%, p = 0.011) compared to BMS-IMRT. BMS-IMRT resulted in a significant reduction (5.2 Gy, p = 0.005) in the Dmean to the active bone marrow (ABM). The V100% and V75% of the OARs were reduced with BMS-IMRT by: ABM-V100% = 51.7% and ABM-V75% = 42.3%; bowel-V100% = 15.7% and bowel-V75% = 16.8%; stomach-V100% = 22% and stomach-V75% = 27.7%; pancreas-V100% = 37.1% and pancreas-V75% = 35.9% (p = 0.005 for all variables). Conclusions. BMS-IMRT reduces markedly the dose to the OARs compared to CT-tRT. This should translate into a reduction in acute and long-term toxicity, as well as into the risk of secondary solid and hematological cancers.
Recombination and speciation

Speciation can be viewed as the evolution of restrictions on the freedom of genetic recombination: new combinations of alleles can be generated within species, but alleles from different species cannot be brought together. Recently, there has been increasing realization that the role of chromosomal rearrangements in speciation might be primarily a result of their influence on recombination. I argue that ideas about the role of recombination in speciation should be considered in the context of the variability of recombination rates and patterns more generally and that genic as well as chromosomal causes of restricted recombination should be considered. I review patterns of variation in recombination rates and theoretical progress in understanding the conditions that favour increased or decreased rates. Although progress has been made in understanding conditions that alter overall rates of recombination, widespread variation in patterns of recombination remains largely unexplained. I consider three models for the role of locally restricted recombination in speciation and the evidence currently supporting them.
Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prognostic significance and pathophysiologic implication of intraventricular extension of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Acute stroke and neurointensive care units of a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS One hundred twenty-nine patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage, managed medically. INTERVENTIONS Two patients had intraventricular catheters placed for external drainage. No patient received thrombolytics or surgical evacuation of clot. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 129 patients, 47 had intraventricular extension of their hemorrhages. These patients had larger intraparenchymal hemorrhages (36.6 cm3 vs. 15.0 cm3) and lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores (mean, 9.6 vs. 13.7). Their 30-day mortality rate was 43% compared with only 9% among those without ventricular extension. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to assess the prognostic significance of various measures of intraventricular hemorrhage. The presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, the number of ventricles containing blood, fourth ventricular blood, and intraventricular hemorrhage volume were each related to 30-day mortality in a univariate analysis, but only intraventricular hemorrhage volume contributed significantly to outcome prediction in the presence of Glasgow Coma Scale score. CONCLUSIONS Volume of intraventricular hemorrhage is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage.
Safety of a novel formulation of ibuprofen sodium compared with standard ibuprofen and placebo

Abstract Background: Ibuprofen (IBU) is an efficacious over-the-counter analgesic/antipyretic with adverse event (AE) rates comparable to placebo. IBU sodium (IBUNa) is a newer, more soluble form that is absorbed faster than standard IBU, leading to more rapid analgesia. Although its safety and tolerability are expected to be comparable to standard IBU, this has not yet been reported. Methods: Pooled analysis comparing the safety of single-dose IBUNa (512 mg; equivalent to 400 mg IBU free acid; n = 362) with standard IBU tablets (400 mg; n = 342) and placebo (n = 187) across five Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies evaluating IBUNa for treatment of postoperative dental pain, tension-type headache, or fever. Results: Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) occurred in 5% of cases in the IBUNa group (25 events), 6.4% of cases in the standard IBU group (41 events), and 10.2% of cases in the placebo group (31 events). The most frequent TEAEs were in the following Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) System Organ Classes: gastrointestinal disorders (2.8, 3.2, and 5.9% for IBUNa, standard IBU, and placebo, respectively), nervous system disorders (1.4, 3.5, and 3.7% for IBUNa, standard IBU, and placebo, respectively), and general disorders and administration-site conditions (1.1, 1.5, and 2.1% for IBUNa, standard IBU, and placebo, respectively). Nausea was the most common TEAE (2.5, 2.6, and 5.9% for IBUNa, standard IBU, and placebo, respectively). Only two AEs were considered related to treatment: pruritus (n = 1, IBUNa) and nausea (n = 1, placebo). Of those subjects reporting ≥ 1 TEAE, 44.4, 36.4, and 89.5% of subjects in the IBUNa, standard IBU, and placebo groups, respectively, received rescue medication. Conclusion: IBUNa has a favorable safety profile comparable to those of standard IBU tablets and placebo in single-dose studies evaluating analgesic or antipyretic efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov Registry Numbers: Dental pain studies: NCT01098747 and NCT01216163; headache studies: NCT01077973 and NCT01362491; pyresis study: NCT01035346.
Antioxidant Defenses in the Rat Placenta in Late Gestation: Increased Labyrinthine Expression of Superoxide Dismutases, Glutathione Peroxidase 3, and Uncoupling Protein 21

Placental oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of placenta-related disorders, most notably preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Oxidative stress occurs when accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages DNA, proteins and lipids, an outcome that is limited by antioxidant enzymes; mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) may also limit oxidative stress by reducing ROS production. Here we characterized placental antioxidant defenses during normal gestation and following glucocorticoid-induced IUGR. Placentas were collected on Days 16 and 22 of normal rat pregnancy (term = Day 23) and at Day 22 after dexamethasone treatment from Day 13. Expression of several genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (Sod1, Sod2, Sod3, Cat, Gpx3, Txn1, Txnrd1, Txnrd2, and Txnrd3) and Ucp2 was measured by quantitative RT-PCR in the labyrinth (LZ) and junctional zones (JZ) of the placenta. Expression of Sod1 and Ucp2 mRNAs and the activity of xanthine oxidase, a source of ROS, all increased from Days 16 to 22 in both placental zones, whereas Sod2 and Gpx3 increased only in the rapidly growing LZ. In contrast, Sod3 and Txnrd1 expression fell in the LZ over this period, whereas total superoxide dismutase activity remained stable. Dexamethasone treatment reduced fetal-placental growth and LZ expression of Ucp2 but increased JZ expression of Txn1. Indices of placental oxidative damage (TBARS, F2-isoprostanes, and 8-OHdG) did not change with gestational age or dexamethasone, indicative of adequate antioxidant protection. Overall, our data suggest that the rat placenta is protected from oxidative stress by the dynamic zone- and stage-dependent expression of antioxidant defense genes.
Cooperative earth observation through complex space information networks

Space-based information networking (SBIN) was proposed to broaden the observation area and realize continuous information acquisition for Earth observation. It is corroborated to be able to enhance the detection and transmission capabilities of the current single Earth observation satellite. To achieve this goal, there are many new challenges for the SBIN to implement a cooperative observation and transmission scheme. First, to establish this comprehensive and heterogeneous space network, the design of the network architecture plays a key role. Meanwhile, how to transmit the Earth observation data back to the satellite ground station in due time can cause routing problems for the SBIN. Moreover, modeling and solving the planning and scheduling problems for the SBIN are complex issues because of the differences among the satellite and inter-satellite link state performance, the users' demands, and the uncertain space environment. In this article, we introduce and survey the aforementioned three issues from the perspectives of cooperative observation of the SBIN. In particular, we first discuss the current space-based networking technology and inter-satellite routings. Then we address the cooperative Earth observation model and show our research results.
Violent behavior during sleep.

BACKGROUND Although the relative incidence of violent behavior during sleep (VBS) is presumed to be low, no epidemiologic data exist to evaluate the prevalence of the phenomenon or to begin to understand its precursors or subtypes. This study examined the frequency of violent or injurious behavior during sleep and associated psychiatric risk factors. METHOD A representative United Kingdom sample of 2078 men and 2894 women between the ages of 15 to 100 years (representing 79.6% of those contacted) participated in a telephone interview directed by the Sleep-EVAL expert system specially designed for conducting such diagnostic telephone surveys. RESULTS Two percent (N = 106) of respondents reported currently experiencing VBS. The VBS group experienced more night terrors and daytime sleepiness than the non-VBS group. Sleep talking, bruxism, and hypnic jerks were more frequent within the VBS than the other group, as were hypnagogic hallucinations (especially the experience of being attacked), the incidence of smoking, and caffeine and bedtime alcohol intake. The VBS group also reported current features of anxiety and mood disorders significantly more frequently and reported being hospitalized more often during the previous 12 months than the non-VBS group. Subjects with mood or anxiety disorders that co-occurred with other nocturnal symptoms had a higher risk of reporting VBS than all other subjects. CONCLUSION We have identified a number of sleep, mental disorder, and other general health factors that characterize those experiencing episodes of VBS. These findings suggest that specific factors, perhaps reflecting an interaction of lifestyle and hereditary contributions, may be responsible for the observed variability in this rare but potentially serious condition.
Mutational Bias for Body Size in Rhabditid Nematodes

Mutational bias is a potentially important agent of evolution, but it is difficult to disentangle the effects of mutation from those of natural selection. Mutation-accumulation experiments, in which mutations are allowed to accumulate at very small population size, thus minimizing the efficiency of natural selection, are the best way to separate the effects of mutation from those of selection. Body size varies greatly among species of nematode in the family rhabditidae; mutational biases are both a potential cause and a consequence of that variation. We report data on the cumulative effects of mutations that affect body size in three species of rhabditid nematode that vary fivefold in adult size. Results are very consistent with previous studies of mutations underlying fitness in the same strains: two strains of Caenorhabditis briggsae decline in body size about twice as fast as two strains of C. elegans, with a concomitant higher point estimate of the genomic mutation rate; the confamilial Oscheius myriophila is intermediate. There is an overall mutational bias, such that mutations reduce size on average, but the bias appears consistent between species. The genetic correlation between mutations that affect size and those underlying fitness is large and positive, on average.
Biological Functions and Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is caused by insufficient cerebrovascular blood and oxygen supply. It is a major contributor to death or disability worldwide and has become a heavy societal and clinical burden. To date, effective treatments for ischemic stroke are limited, and innovative therapeutic methods are urgently needed. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a sensitive regulator of oxygen homeostasis, and its expression is rapidly induced after hypoxia/ischemia. It plays an extensive role in the pathophysiology of stroke, including neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and blood brain barrier regulation. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression profile of HIF-1α in the brain shifts with the progression of ischemic stroke; this has led to contradictory findings regarding its function in previous studies. Therefore, unveiling the Janus face of HIF-1α and its target genes in different type of cells and exploring the role of HIF-1α in inflammatory responses after ischemia is of great importance for revealing the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke. Herein, we provide a succinct overview of the current approaches targeting HIF-1α and summarize novel findings concerning HIF-1α regulation in different types of cells within neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, during the different stages of ischemic stroke. The current representative translational approaches focused on neuroprotection by targeting HIF-1α are also discussed.
Providers' perspectives: utilizing telepsychiatry in schools.

BACKGROUND The field of telepsychiatry has rapidly advanced a focus on decreasing health disparities by improving access to mental healthcare for children and adolescents. However, perfecting the quality and effectiveness of telemental healthcare is an ongoing process in the face of various documented barriers. Although consumer and provider satisfactions have been investigated in the telepsychiatry literature, perspectives of psychiatrists who consult with schools have been relatively understudied. The current study focuses on the utilization of telepsychiatry consultation to school mental health providers, by reporting on the perspectives of psychiatrists who provide consultation services. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using quantitative and qualitative data, the psychiatrists' perspectives about their consultation experiences were examined and compared with previously obtained data from school mental health providers about their experiences with the telepsychiatry consultation. RESULTS Results indicate positive provider experiences with telepsychiatry, including reports that students were more likely to disclose clinical information via video compared with face-to-face contact. However, concerns regarding technological difficulties, logistics, and information sharing were endorsed by some of the psychiatrists. Comparison with clinician reports revealed many similarities; however, differences were noted in regard to the psychiatrists' ability to communicate with the students and their level of preparedness for the consultations. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations for ongoing evaluation and implementation of effective telepsychiatry consultation for schools are provided. Improvements in communication, scheduling, and addressing technological difficulties within the consultation team through training and consultation are recommended. Future directions for including student, caregiver, and other provider perspectives are also discussed.