Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Development of Public Health Service Quarantine Entomology and Its Program in South Florida

Guarding against the introduction of diseases from other countries is a responsibility of the Division of Foreign Quarantine of the U. S. Public Health Service. The Service has been charged with this duty since 1798. Control measures against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes became an accepted Public Health procedure on ships with the discovery in 1900 of the relationship of this mosquito with the yellow fever virus. However, it was not until the early days of international air travel that Public Health quarantine entomology as such, had its inception. Even in these early days epidemiologists of the Service foresaw an era in which there would be increased dangers to our country through the possible importation of insects from foreign countries by airplane. Their realization of this potential threat to our country led to the first reported studies of insects on aircraft. Griffitts (1931) inspected 102 aircraft arriving at Miami, Florida, from Central and South America and the Caribbean area during 1931 and reported the occurrence of 29 mosquitoes on 21 planes. This observation posed a logical question. Can insects survive at the high altitudes and cold temperatures in which planes fly? Subsequent tests by Griffitts (1933) demonstrated the ability of mosquitoes to survive for approxiinately 80 hours of flying time and at 14,000 feet altitude in these prototypes of the modern plane. Carnahan (1938) reported on insects recovered from aircraft at Miami, Florida, while Welch (1939) was the only worker up to that time to pay any attention to insects other than those of medical importance. Denning et al. (1947) and Hughes (1949) have admirably summarized the findings made by Public Health Service inspectors. Since those days much has been said of the accidental transport of insects in aircraft. Observations made today indicate that live insects, including mosquitoes, are frequently found on the modern planes which fly at higher altitudes and often for greater lengths of time than the early planes. The knowledge that mosquitoes were able to survive at the altitudes these early planes sometimes reached in their international flights was cause for deep concern. It could have been pigeon-holed as just another observation in the gathering of scientific information, but, remembering the not too far removed outbreak of yellow fever in New Orleans, our officials were not anxious to allow foreign mosquitoes access to our shores. The development of heated and pressurized cabins further increased the possibilities of transporting live mosquitoes. Consequently, studies were commenced to find the best way to prevent these insects from establishing themselves in this country. The earliest control measures made use of hydrocyanic acid gas fumigations, rotenone dusts and formaldehyde sprays, but none of these were
Biological and molecular variability of zucchini yellow mosaic virus on the island of Martinique.

Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) was isolated from zucchini squash on the island of Martinique for the first time in 1992, and it is now widespread on the island. Fourteen isolates collected from different cucurbit crops in 1992 and 1993 exhibited biological and antigenic variability as revealed by using differential hosts and a series of monoclonal antibodies. A partial sequencing of the coat protein and putative polymerase coding regions of the 14 isolates revealed that there was also some molecular variability, lower within the group of Martinique isolates than with ZYMV isolates from other geographical origins. This variability can result either from the introduction to the island of different ZYMV strains, or from a rapid evolution of an introduced ZYMV population with a narrow genetic base. The incidence of the observed variability will affect the development of efficient and durable control strategies.
Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited

Abstract The altitudes of the ecotones between the main vegetation-zones up mountains of the humid tropics are reviewed, with emphasis on floristics and those areas with which the author is personally familiar. A detailed comparison is made of the zonation on Mt Kinabalu (c. 6°N) and the Himalaya of Bhutan (c. 27°N), and is supported by information from other parts of SE Asia, and to a decreasing extent South America and Africa. The relationship between forest-types based on structure and physiognomy and forest-types based on floristics is complicated. In SE Asia lower montane forests may be dominated by dipterocarps or an ‘oak-laurel’ assemblage. The dominant leaf size in both is notophyll, but the oak-laurel assemblage shifts to the microphyll size-class in China where the transition from tropical lower montane to warm temperate lowland forest begins. The opposite trend is seen where the lower montane flora of Papua New Guinea corresponds to the lowland flora in NE Australia. There are only modest changes between the Equator and the Tropic in the altitudes at which major transitions occur. It is concluded that soil changes, mediated only in part by temperature and associated climatic factors, may play a more direct and diverse role than has previously been indicated. The soil factors emphasized are the increase in organic matter content in lower montane soils as opposed to lowland, accompanied by a change from termite-dominance to earthworm-dominance, and the frequent occurrence of a dense moss layer and mor humus in upper montane soils. The case is made particularly by reference to east Asian mountains, which have been the most studied.
Restricted food intake and reproductive performance of broiler breeder pullets

Synopsis The effect of restricted feeding during the rearing and laying periods on the reproductive performance of a total of 1920 pullets from two commercial broiler dam lines was examined. The rearing treatments which commenced at 10 weeks of age were: A—ad libitum, B—80%, C—60% and D—40% of ad libitum. The restricted birds were fed on alternate days. The laying treatments, which commenced at 21 weeks of age, were X—ad libitum, Y—90% and Z—80% of ad libitum and the restricted birds were fed every day. The experimental design was a fully symmetrical factorial with all rearing: laying treatment combinations represented. Sexual maturity was progressively delayed by increasing severity of restriction during rearing and by increasing severity of restriction during laying in birds reared on treatments G and D. Mortality during rearing was lowest amongst birds reared on treatments B and C. At 25 weeks of age several birds died as a result of a heat wave and mortality was directly related to food intake at the .
Juvenile resistance to diseases in samples of Triticum L. species from VIR World Collection

Seedling (juvenile) resistance to 3 foliar diseases was studied in 540 samples of 24 Triticum L. species from VIR World Collection. Samples of T. timopheevii, T. militinae, T. zhukovskyi, T. timococcum and 4 of T. boeoticum were highly resistant to complex population of leaf rust causal agent. Presence of Puccinia recondita clones virulent to samples of T. miguschovae and T. kiharae (synthetic hexaploids with genome A b GD) indicates to partial suppression of resistance from species with A b G genome by D genome of Ae. tauschii . Two samples of T. araraticum and one of T. timopheevii were resistant to dark-brown leaf spot blotch. Three samples of T. araraticum and two of T. timopheevii were classified as resistant after inoculation with mixture of 7 Stagonospora nodorum isolates. All 239 samples of 6 species studied were susceptible to common root rot. The causes of differences between our results and that obtained in other studies are discussed.
Prevalence and outcome of rotaviral diarrhoea among children under five years- a single centre study

Introduction: Diarrhoea refers to the passage of loose or watery stools or an increased frequency of stools for the child and occurs at some point in the life of nearly every child. Diarrhoea is not a disease, but is a symptom of a number of illnesses. Diarrhoea is common and rarely serious. It can lead to dehydration, which alters the child's natural balance of water, and to electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) imbalance. It can be serious if not treated promptly. Material & method: This prospective observational cohort study done 3 different hospitals in Hyderabad. The stool samples were collected and immunochromatographic test done to detect the rotavirus and ELISA done to detect the strain. Results: The 108 patients were tested for rotavirus antigen. The highest incidence (38.6%) of rota viral diarrhoea is seen in children in age group of 0-12 months. Fifty-five (50.93%) patients were positive for the immunochromatographic test. Rotavirus infections were most common during the months from December to March. The male predominance was obtained in incidence of rota viral diarrhoea during this study. In only 17.3% cases with acute diarrhoea had severe dehydration requiring admission and intra-venous fluid therapy. The most common strain was G1P. All patients immunized with rotavirus vaccine are protected from rotaviral diarrhoea. Conclusion: Study revealed maximum prevalence of rota viral diarrhoea in month from December to March. All vaccinated children with rota virus vaccine were protected from rota viral infection.
Egg extract promotes cell migration and growth in primary culture of early embryos in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Fetal bovine serum (FBS), commonly used in the culture of many insect cell lines, is a source of both nutrients and bioactive compounds that promote cell growth; however, because the growth-promoting compounds contained in FBS are not considered to be identical to those produced by insects, the response of insect cells to FBS is likely to differ from responses to endogenous growth-promoting compounds. The present study examined whether primary cultures of Bombyx embryonic tissue fragments respond differently to silkworm egg extract and FBS. It was observed that, in primary cultures, Bombyx egg extract promoted the migration and growth of cells from embryonic tissue fragments more potently than FBS. These results indicate that the extract of silkworm eggs in an early developmental stage contains molecules that strongly promote cell migration and growth. The use of egg extracts could also shorten the time required to establish a novel cell line.
Cadmium concentrations in some New Zealand wheat grain

Abstract The variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain cadmium (Cd) concentrations between different cultivars was investigated along with a preliminary ranking of soil properties in terms of their importance in controlling wheat grain Cd concentrations. Results indicate that there is considerable variation in Cd concentrations in New Zealand wheat grain samples. The mean Cd concentration for wheat in this study is 54 μg kg1 fresh weight (FW). Ten percent of the grain samples examined in this study are non‐compliant with the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Cd in wheat grain. However almost 50% of non‐compliant samples were found at a single site, and at a number of sites no samples exceeded MPC. There was a 4‐fold range in the abilities of different wheat cultivars to accumulate Cd in grain. There was also seasonal variation in Cd uptake for wheat cultivars grown at the same site. Extractable soil Cd using a weak salt reagent yielded the highest correlation with grain Cd concentrations in spring wheat across all soils, whereas no significant relationships were found for winter wheat. There were no significant simple correlations between major soil properties and wheat grain Cd concentrations for either winter or spring wheat. For winter wheat, a multiple regression model with terms for total zinc (Zn) and CaCl2‐extractable Cd yielded the highest correlation with winter wheat Cd concentrations (r2 = 0.59 P < 0.05). Low Cd accumulating wheat cultivars can be selected for use at sites where the Cd concentration in grain exceeds the MPC. Future work is required to determine which soil properties are important in controlling wheat grain Cd concentrations.
Phylogenetic concepts of the nineteenth century and the fundamental biogenetic law

Abstract The work of synthesis performed with comparative methods by the biologists of the nineteenth century led to the formulation of empirical ≪laws≫, most of which have been ignored or acritically refused by the biologists of our century. Some of these ≪laws≫, which is more convenient to consider as empirical rules, can be nowadays investigated in their causes. Such an attempt may yield interesting conclusions: this is the case of Haeckel's Fundamental Biogenetic Law, and Rosa's rule of the asymmetry of phylogenetic trees.
Smoke, mirrors, and mislabeled cod: poor transparency in the European seafood industry

Accurate seafood labels can play a role in encouraging sustainable fisheries operation, by helping consumers to correctly identify the origins of seafood products, and thereby allowing them to make informed, responsible purchasing decisions. Yet, the renaming and mislabeling of seafood – as a consequence of ineffective regulations or poor policy implementation – remain serious problems. Here, we show that 39 out of 156 (25%) cod and haddock products, randomly sampled from supermarkets, fishmongers' shops, and take‐away restaurants throughout Dublin, Ireland, were genetically identified as entirely different species from that indicated on the product labels, and therefore were considered mislabeled under European Union (EU) regulations. More significantly, 28 out of 34 (82.4%) smoked fish samples were found to be mislabeled. These results indicate that the strict EU policies currently in place to regulate seafood labeling have not been adequately implemented and enforced. Although the problem of seafood mislabeling has recently been brought to public attention in North America, we show here that product mislabeling is also an issue in Europe. We suggest that – through sustained consumer misinformation – mislabeling may hamper efforts to allow depleted cod stocks to recover.
Competition, herbivory and genetics interact to determine the accumulation and fitness consequences of a defence metabolite

1 Plant defence theory predicts that chemical defences should be optimally deployed to protect against herbivore damage, but avoid production costs when herbivores are rare. However, many chemicals involved in herbivore defence are also involved in other interactions, such as competition. 2 We studied how the accumulation of sinigrin, the dominant glucosinolate defence metabolite of Brassica nigra, responded to field manipulations of herbivory and competition in groups artificially selected for high or low constitutive sinigrin levels. Additionally, we quantified the fitness costs and benefits of sinigrin production in these treatments. 3 The induction response to molluscan herbivores was independent of a genotype's constitutive sinigrin level. In contrast, genotypes selected for low constitutive sinigrin levels were significantly more inducible in response to plant competitors as compared to genotypes with high constitutive levels. 4 Accordingly, the fitness costs and benefits of sinigrin production agreed with optimal defence theory in the absence, but not in the presence, of competition. 5 Thus, predictions for the optimal investment to defensive traits may be misleading if they do not incorporate all of the costs and benefits of traits involved in multiple interactions.
Tooth attachment, replacement, and growth in the butterfly fish, Chaetodon miliaris (Chaetodontidae, Perciformes)

Despite much work on tooth development and attachment in fishes there has been little published on this subject in advanced actinopterygians. This paper describes tooth structure, arrangement, attachment, growth, and replacement in the butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris. Each tooth is composed of a cap, shaft, and pulp cavity, and is articulated to attachment bone pedestals by an annular ligament. Tooth growth occurs initially by cap formation followed by elongation of the tooth shaft. These growing replacement teeth remain unattached to the bone, forming in troughs in the premaxilla and dentaries. Jaw tooth replacement appears to occur either laterally or lingually to functional teeth; addition of teeth lateral to functional rows may provide increase in tooth numbers during growth. The dentition and jaw morphology of this species appears to represent a compromise between planktivory and benthic feeding and may indicate a recent entry into the planktivorous guild.
The Apolipoprotein E ∈2 Allele and the Pathological Features in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-related Hemorrhage

Abstract Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE gene, apoE protein) polymorphism: current evidence suggests that the epsilon4 allele is a risk factor for the development of CAA and the epsilon2 allele predisposes to hemorrhage. We sought to determine the relationship between the APOE epsilon2 allele and both the immunoreactivity profiles and vascular complications of CAA. We performed immunohistochemistry for amyloid beta-protein (A beta), apoE, cystatin C, and activated microglia, and examined the morphology of cortical and leptomeningeal vessels in 37 CAA-related hemorrhage (CAAH), 26 Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, and 20 controls. The extent of immunostaining of vessels for A beta, apoE, cystatin C, and perivascular activated microglia increased from controls through AD to a maximum in CAAH patients. Among cases with CAA (37 CAAH, 19 AD, and 6 controls, n = 62) vascular apoE (p < 5 x 10(-4)), cystatin C (p < 10(-4)), activated microglia (p < 10(-4)), vessels with a high ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter (p < 0.003) as well as dilated/microaneurysmal vessels (p < 0.01) were present more frequently in patients with hemorrhage than without; however, these features were not associated with the APOE epsilon2 allele. Fibrinoid necrosis alone was associated with the APOE epsilon2 allele (p < 0.04) and we suggest that over-representation of APOE epsilon2 in CAAH may result from its association with fibrinoid necrosis.
Prevalence and Correlates of Major Depressive Disorder among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health and Diagnostic Institute, College of Medical Sciences, Northwest University Kano, Kano, Nigeria. Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Bayero University Kano/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University Kano/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Bayero University Kano/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Federal Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Kware, Sokoto, Nigeria.
The evolutionary significance of bimodal emergence in the butterfly, Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) (L.).

Most temperate butterflies exhibit a tightly synchronized unimodal adult emergence to facilitate mate location. Exceptions are presumably subject to unusual selection pressure. This study examines the pattern of emergence in Maniola jurtina, which was found to exhibit both unimodal and bimodal emergence patterns at different sites in south-east England. The bimodal pattern was found on chalk grassland; elsewhere the emergence was unimodal. Adults from each emergence peak rarely meet, suggesting that there may be some degree of reproductive isolation. Morphological measurements and electrophoretic analysis of allozyme frequencies are carried out to quantify differentiation between emergence peaks. Captive stock was reared to examine differences in the immature stages. Butterflies from each emergence differ significantly in most morphological variables measured, those from the second peak tending to be smaller. The immature stages differ in morphology and longevity of the egg stage. Allozyme frequencies did not differ between peaks, suggesting that they are not reproductively isolated. Explanations for the maintenance of differences between emergence peaks despite gene flow are discussed. I propose that division of offspring between two emergence times may have evolved to avoid the risk inherent in placing all offspring in one peak which may be rendered inviable by temporal fluctuations in habitat quality. © 1993 The Linnean Society of London.
Predation by wolves interacts with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) on a western North American elk population

Summary 1 Recent research reveals the widespread influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a large-scale climatic variation, on northern ungulate populations. Little is known, however, about the influence of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), a similar climatic index, on ungulates. 2 The influence of the NPO on elk population dynamics in Banff National Park (BNP) was examined using a 15-year time-series of three elk subpopulations exposed to different levels of predation by wolves. NPO was strongly related to local climate data including snow depth (r =+0·61) and winter temperatures (r = −0·51). 3 Higher NPO values reflected increasing winter severity, reducing elk population-growth rate irrespective of wolf-predation pressure. Elk population-growth rate, however, declined more strongly in areas with wolf predation through the interaction with winter severity, indexed by NPO. Effects of NPO were weaker in the absence of wolf predation. 4 Differences between the effects of snow and NPO were revealed that depended on wolf-predation pressure. Without wolf predation, NPO reduced elk population-growth rate, suggesting overall climate was important. With wolf predation, snow depth was more important than NPO, suggesting a mechanism of increased wolf-predation rates in deeper snow. 5 This study is the first to demonstrate the influential role of Pacific climate on western North American ungulate population dynamics and provides further evidence of the role of large-scale climatic variation in terrestrial ecosystem dynamics.
Sardine early survival, physical condition and stress after introduction to captivity

The main factors that affect early survival, physical damage and stress reactions of sardine Sardina pilchardus after live capture and introduction to captivity were examined. A total of 2800 sardines were captured alive from commercial purse seiners in five trials off southern Portugal and monitored for 4 weeks in aquaculture tanks. Survival rates varied considerably between trials (from 80% after a month), with most deaths occurring in the first 5 days. Sardine early survival was affected by factors related to conditions at sea (catch composition, sea temperature and transportation density), during introduction to captivity (magnitude of thermal shock, land transportation duration and use of antibacterial treatment) and, possibly, their interaction. Physical damage was related to the probability of dying, with fish that died during the first week showing significantly higher scale loss and larger caudal fin erosion that those that were alive in the same period. For all stress variables measured (blood haematocrit, cortisol, glucose and ions in the plasma), the most extreme values were attained during introduction to captivity or in the first hours after. After 2 weeks in captivity, most variables had returned to levels close to those observed at the onset of purse-seine fishing, suggesting that maintenance conditions were adequate to permit a rapid recovery from fishing and transport stress.