Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulus features coded by single neurons of a macaque body category selective patch

Significance A fundamental and understudied question is that of the higher-level features that actually drive neuronal responses to complex images. Although previous single-unit studies developed our knowledge of the features driving face-selective regions, little is known about the feature selectivity of neurons in body-selective regions. Using a reverse correlation technique, we reveal for the first time to our knowledge the image fragments coded by single neurons of a body-selective region defined by functional imaging. We found that the neurons respond to local fragments, such as extremities (e.g. leg fragments) and curved boundaries (e.g. shoulder), tolerating position and scale changes, with evidence of opponent body coding in a few neurons. Thus, our data offer new insights on how the brain codes higher-level features. Body category-selective regions of the primate temporal cortex respond to images of bodies, but it is unclear which fragments of such images drive single neurons’ responses in these regions. Here we applied the Bubbles technique to the responses of single macaque middle superior temporal sulcus (midSTS) body patch neurons to reveal the image fragments the neurons respond to. We found that local image fragments such as extremities (limbs), curved boundaries, and parts of the torso drove the large majority of neurons. Bubbles revealed the whole body in only a few neurons. Neurons coded the features in a manner that was tolerant to translation and scale changes. Most image fragments were excitatory but for a few neurons both inhibitory and excitatory fragments (opponent coding) were present in the same image. The fragments we reveal here in the body patch with Bubbles differ from those suggested in previous studies of face-selective neurons in face patches. Together, our data indicate that the majority of body patch neurons respond to local image fragments that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in bodies, with a coding that is tolerant to translation and scale. Overall, the data suggest that the body category selectivity of the midSTS body patch depends more on the feature statistics of bodies (e.g., extensions occur more frequently in bodies) than on semantics (bodies as an abstract category).
Should trans fats be regulated

Aim: The aim of this paper is to critically assess recent calls for increased regulation to lower the level of trans fats in the Australian diet. Methods: Key milestones in the elucidation of the effects on trans fats on health were identified and reviewed. Trends in intakes of trans fats in Australia and factors affecting those trends were described and compared with those in Denmark, which has regulated to lower population intake of trans fats. Results: The scientific evidence demonstrating adverse effects of trans fats on human health is consistent and strong. Australian health authorities were quick to identify the potential risk of trans fats and communicate it to health professionals and the food industry. The response from the margarine industry resulted in large falls in the trans fat content of the Australian diet in the mid-1990s. A second wave of trans fat reduction across many foods categories has occurred subsequently. Total intake of trans fats in Australia is now low, half the upper limit recommended by the World Health Organization and lower than the intake in Denmark. Trans fats of industrial origin comprise just one-eighth of 1% of dietary energy. These falls in trans fat intake mirror the large falls that occurred in Denmark prior to regulation. Conclusions: The case for increased regulation to lower intake of trans fats in Australia cannot be sustained. The trans fat issue stands as a good example of self-regulation through collaboration between Australian health agencies, the food industry and the government.
Vapor‐Phase‐Gating‐Induced Ultrasensitive Ion Detection in Graphene and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks

Designing ultrasensitive detectors often requires complex architectures, high‐voltage operations, and sophisticated low‐noise measurements. In this work, it is shown that simple low‐bias two‐terminal DC‐conductance values of graphene and single‐walled carbon nanotubes are extremely sensitive to ionized gas molecules. Incident ions form an electrode‐free, dielectric‐ or electrolyte‐free, bias‐free vapor‐phase top‐gate that can efficiently modulate carrier densities up to ≈0.6 × 1013 cm−2. Surprisingly, the resulting current changes are several orders of magnitude larger than that expected from conventional electrostatic gating, suggesting the possible role of a current‐gain inducing mechanism similar to those seen in photodetectors. These miniature detectors demonstrate charge–current amplification factor values exceeding 108 A C−1 in vacuum with undiminished responses in open air, and clearly distinguish between positive and negative ions sources. At extremely low rates of ion incidence, detector currents show stepwise changes with time, and calculations suggest that these stepwise changes can result from arrival of individual ions. These sensitive ion detectors are used to demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept low‐cost, amplifier‐free, light‐emitting‐diode‐based low‐power ion‐indicator.
Consenso latino-americano de obesidade

A obesidade e, atualmente, um dos mais graves problemas de saudepublica. Sua prevalencia vem crescendo acentuadamente nas ulti-mas decadas, inclusive nos paises em desenvolvimento, o que levou adoenca a condicao de epidemia global.Estudos epidemiologicos em populacoes latino-americanas temrelatado dados alarmantes. A medida que se consegue erradicar amiseria entre as camadas mais pobres da populacao, a obesidadedesponta como um problema mais frequente e mais grave que adesnutricao. E o fenomeno da transicao nutricional, que sobrecarreganosso sistema de saude com uma demanda crescente de atendimen-to a doencas cronicas relacionadas com a obesidade, como o dia-betes tipo 2, a doenca coronariana, a hipertensao arterial e diversostipos de câncer. E provavel que 200.000 pessoas morram anualmentena America Latina em decorrencia destas complicacoes.O tratamento da obesidade, entretanto, continua produzindo resulta-dos insatisfatorios, em grande parte por estrategias equivocadas epelo mau uso dos recursos terapeuticos disponiveis.Alem de buscarmos planos terapeuticos mais eficazes, faz-senecessario, tambem, que sejam adotadas medidas de prevencaopara conter o surgimento de casos novos e evitar que a prevalenciada doenca continue crescendo a despeito de todos os esforcos comseu tratamento.Este documento, produzido pelo trabalho conjunto de dezenas deespecialistas de 12 paises latino-americanos, das areas de Medicina,Nutricao, Psicologia e Educacao Fisica, representa uma revisao dosdiversos aspectos relacionados com a obesidade e seu tratamento.Sao apresentados dados sobre a prevalencia, os riscos e os custosassociados com a obesidade, sao sugeridas medidas que possamcontribuir para a prevencao da doenca e, finalmente, sao analisadosos metodos atualmente disponiveis para a avaliacao e o tratamentodo paciente obeso.O Documento do Consenso Latino-Americano em Obesidade e desti-nado principalmente a medicos, nutricionistas, psicologos, professoresde educacao fisica e outros profissionais de saude que lidam compacientes obesos. E dirigido, tambem, a autoridades governamentais,a jornalistas da area de Saude e a todo profissional que possa con-tribuir, direta ou indiretamente, para o combate a este grave proble-ma que e a obesidade.
Layer-by-layer assembled fluorescent probes in the second near-infrared window for systemic delivery and detection of ovarian cancer

Significance Survival of cancer patients can be greatly improved by an ideal theranostic platform capable of early detection and effective treatment of tumors. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a well-established technology and matches the requirement of modularity and versatility for such a theranostic platform. Second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging is a promising modality with high resolution, deep penetration, and diminished noise. This work, for the first time to our knowledge, establishes a modular and versatile LbL platform for NIR-II agents and presents a head-to-head in vivo comparison of available NIR-II probes. We successfully achieve the selective, noninvasive, and safe detection of high-grade serous ovarian tumors in an orthotopic murine model. These LbL NIR-II probes promise the development of an NIR-II based theranostic platform of disease diagnosis, progression, and treatment. Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm) features deep tissue penetration, reduced tissue scattering, and diminishing tissue autofluorescence. Here, NIR-II fluorescent probes, including down-conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and organic dyes, are constructed into biocompatible nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer (LbL) platform due to its modular and versatile nature. The LbL platform has previously been demonstrated to enable incorporation of diagnostic agents, drugs, and nucleic acids such as siRNA while providing enhanced blood plasma half-life and tumor targeting. This work carries out head-to-head comparisons of currently available NIR-II probes with identical LbL coatings with regard to their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities. Overall, rare-earth-based down-conversion nanoparticles demonstrate optimal biological and optical performance and are evaluated as a diagnostic probe for high-grade serous ovarian cancer, typically diagnosed at late stage. Successful detection of orthotopic ovarian tumors is achieved by in vivo NIR-II imaging and confirmed by ex vivo microscopic imaging. Collectively, these results indicate that LbL-based NIR-II probes can serve as a promising theranostic platform to effectively and noninvasively monitor the progression and treatment of serous ovarian cancer.
Effects of Paste Type Calcium Sulfate on the Periodontal Healing of 3-Wall Intrabony Defects in Dogs

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of paste type calcium sulfate on the epithelial migration, alveolar bone regeneration, cementum formation and gingival connective tissue attachment in intrabony defect in dogs. These results suggest that the use of paste type calcium sulfate in 3-wall intrabony defects has significant effect on new cementum formation , but doesn't have any significant effect on the prevention of junctional epithelium migration and new bone formation. As a result, the paste type calcium sulfate that is used in this study is suggested to be the material that can have a significant effect on the periodontal healing, if its biocompatibility is improved.
Huntingtin exon 1 fibrils feature an interdigitated β-hairpin–based polyglutamine core

Significance Huntington’s disease is a devastating and incurable inherited neurodegenerative disease. Like at least eight other diseases, its primary genetic cause is the CAG repeat expansion in a specific gene. Mutant huntingtin protein undergoes misfolding and aggregation, causing degeneration of neurons through as-yet poorly understood mechanisms. Attempts to characterize the implicated protein deposits have until now had limited success. We present our structural studies of mutant huntingtin-derived protein deposits by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. We determine the essential structural features of the fibrils’ rigid core, which is shown to feature intramolecular β-hairpins tied together via interdigitating extended side chains. These structural insights have direct implications for the mechanism by which the mutant protein misfolds and self-assembles. Polyglutamine expansion within the exon1 of huntingtin leads to protein misfolding, aggregation, and cytotoxicity in Huntington’s disease. This incurable neurodegenerative disease is the most prevalent member of a family of CAG repeat expansion disorders. Although mature exon1 fibrils are viable candidates for the toxic species, their molecular structure and how they form have remained poorly understood. Using advanced magic angle spinning solid-state NMR, we directly probe the structure of the rigid core that is at the heart of huntingtin exon1 fibrils and other polyglutamine aggregates, via measurements of long-range intramolecular and intermolecular contacts, backbone and side-chain torsion angles, relaxation measurements, and calculations of chemical shifts. These experiments reveal the presence of β-hairpin–containing β-sheets that are connected through interdigitating extended side chains. Despite dramatic differences in aggregation behavior, huntingtin exon1 fibrils and other polyglutamine-based aggregates contain identical β-strand–based cores. Prior structural models, derived from X-ray fiber diffraction and computational analyses, are shown to be inconsistent with the solid-state NMR results. Internally, the polyglutamine amyloid fibrils are coassembled from differently structured monomers, which we describe as a type of “intrinsic” polymorphism. A stochastic polyglutamine-specific aggregation mechanism is introduced to explain this phenomenon. We show that the aggregation of mutant huntingtin exon1 proceeds via an intramolecular collapse of the expanded polyglutamine domain and discuss the implications of this observation for our understanding of its misfolding and aggregation mechanisms.
Peptidic degron in EID1 is recognized by an SCF E3 ligase complex containing the orphan F-box protein FBXO21

Significance Many short-lived proteins perform important cellular functions that must be tightly regulated. EID1 is an unstable protein implicated in the control of transcription, differentiation, and genomic integrity. EID1 is particularly unstable in G0 cells. Here we show that an SCF complex containing the orphan F-box only protein FBXO21 is the ubiquitin ligase that recognizes EID1 in both cycling and G0 cells and that it recognizes a modular, peptidic domain within EID1. This degron overlaps with the EID1 region that binds to the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) and to melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) proteins, suggesting that multiple proteins compete for binding to EID1 and secondarily influence its ubiquitinylation. This study sheds light on the regulation of EID1, the function of FBXO21, and control of protein turnover by ubiquitin ligases. EP300-interacting inhibitor of differentiation 1 (EID1) belongs to a protein family implicated in the control of transcription, differentiation, DNA repair, and chromosomal maintenance. EID1 has a very short half-life, especially in G0 cells. We discovered that EID1 contains a peptidic, modular degron that is necessary and sufficient for its polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. We found that this degron is recognized by an Skp1, Cullin, and F-box (SCF)-containing ubiquitin ligase complex that uses the F-box Only Protein 21 (FBXO21) as its substrate recognition subunit. SCFFBXO21 polyubiquitylates EID1 both in vitro and in vivo and is required for the efficient degradation of EID1 in both cycling and quiescent cells. The EID1 degron partially overlaps with its retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein-binding domain and is congruent with a previously defined melanoma-associated antigen-binding motif shared by EID family members, suggesting that binding to retinoblastoma tumor suppressor and melanoma-associated antigen family proteins could affect the polyubiquitylation and turnover of EID family members in cells.
SERENDIPITY—BIG WORD IN MEDICAL PROGRESS: DOES PURE LUCK DESERVE ALL THE CREDIT?

How some safety engineers click their tongues over that creature they call "accident prone. " He is forever, it seems, crashing into automobiles, fouling up machinery, falling off ladders. But there is another kind of accident-prone individual who is dearly in demand today. He is the one who manages to make some valuable or pleasant discovery without deliberately looking for it. This ability is called serendipity, and it is broadening its smile of surprise throughout the fabric of medical progress. Last October, for example, headlines announced that after a 25-year search, scientists at last had found a vaccine to prevent many cases of the common cold. But was the discovery leader, 34-year-old ecologist Winston H. Price of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, looking for a cold preventive? He was not. Said Dr. Price: "We isolated the cold virus purely by luck. We weren't searching for it. It
Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees

Significance Life history theory predicts that organisms can increase their fitness either by producing many offspring or by producing fewer, high-quality offspring. This “quality–quantity” trade-off is expected to be particularly salient for species such as humans that have extended offspring investment, but it may be obscured by cultural mechanisms, such as provisioning. We found strong evidence for quality–quantity trade-offs in chimpanzees, a closely related species with extensive maternal investment. Immature wild chimpanzees that were relatively young when their next sibling was born remained smaller throughout their juvenile years. Chimpanzee mothers with more resources appear to invest in faster reproduction rather than in more robust offspring. This strategy may have set the stage for rapid reproduction and postweaning investment in the human species. Life history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring quality and quantity. Among large-bodied mammals, prolonged lactation and infant dependence suggest particularly strong potential for a quality–quantity trade-off to exist. Humans are one of the only such species to have been examined, providing mixed evidence under a peculiar set of circumstances, including extensive nutritional provisioning by nonmothers and extrasomatic wealth transmission. Here, we examine trade-offs between reproductive rate and one aspect of offspring quality (body size) in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a species with long periods of infant dependence and little direct provisioning. Juvenile lean body mass, estimated using urinary creatinine excretion, was positively associated with the interval to the next sibling’s birth. These effects persisted into adolescence and were not moderated by maternal identity. Maternal depletion could not explain poor offspring growth, as older mothers had larger offspring, and low maternal energy balance during lactation predicted larger, not smaller, juvenile size. Instead, our data suggest that offspring growth suffers when mothers wean early to invest in new reproductive efforts. These findings indicate that chimpanzee mothers with the resources to do so prioritize production of new offspring over prolonged investment in current offspring.
Contact inhibition of locomotion determines cell–cell and cell–substrate forces in tissues

Significance Many cell types organize into tissues (e.g., in the skin). In most adult tissues, cells are tightly anchored and attached to each other through intercellular adhesions. However, during embryonic development and wound repair, cells reorganize and migrate to (re)establish the desired tissue shape. This reorganization involves a complex interplay of cell motility, cell contractility, and cell–cell adhesion. Here, we use a computational model to study the forces generated by cells in tissues and the resultant cell motion. A basic hypothesis, namely that cell–cell contacts repolarize moving cells and suppress their ability to exert forces on the environment, allows us to explain heretofore surprising findings showing that tissues are under tension and that this tension increases with cell density. Cells organized in tissues exert forces on their neighbors and their environment. Those cellular forces determine tissue homeostasis as well as reorganization during embryonic development and wound healing. To understand how cellular forces are generated and how they can influence the tissue state, we develop a particle-based simulation model for adhesive cell clusters and monolayers. Cells are contractile, exert forces on their substrate and on each other, and interact through contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), meaning that cell–cell contacts suppress force transduction to the substrate and propulsion forces align away from neighbors. Our model captures the traction force patterns of small clusters of nonmotile cells and larger sheets of motile Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In agreement with observations in a spreading MDCK colony, the cell density in the center increases as cells divide and the tissue grows. A feedback between cell density, CIL, and cell–cell adhesion gives rise to a linear relationship between cell density and intercellular tensile stress and forces the tissue into a nonmotile state characterized by a broad distribution of traction forces. Our model also captures the experimentally observed tissue flow around circular obstacles, and CIL accounts for traction forces at the edge.
Present Status And Perspective Of Pacs Activities In Japan

In Japan, where several basic PACS technologies originated, PACS-related system are being implemented in both large and small networks. This is because the basic PACS technology has seemed to have reached a stage of practicality. There are only few radiologists in our country who believe that the progress of each key technology of PACS is directly tied in with a "so-called" filmless age of radiology in the future. In this article, Japanese organizational activites, major network activities, special applications, MIPS Standard-87, economic and operational issues are reviewed. PACS can be operational in institutions with a flexibility and a vision where necessary compromises are alowed.
Spontaneous regression of primary cutaneous Epstein–Barr virus‐positive, CD30‐positive anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma in a heart‐transplant recipient

We presented a rare case of primary cutaneous Epstein–Barr virus‐positive, CD30‐positive anasplastic large cell lymphoma in a 64‐year‐old man who had received a heart transplant 11 years previously. The first presenting symptom was the appearance of erythematous skin nodules on the right leg. The lesions subsided with dose reduction of immunosuppressant alone. There was no recurrence 9 months after the first diagnosis. We propose that dose reduction of immunosuppressant alone may be an effective treatment for localized, indolent, post‐transplant‐related primary cutaneous lymphoma. Our case shows the importance of regular surveillance of skin cancer in patients who have received organ transplant.