Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The mechanism of superoxide production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from bovine heart mitochondria

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a major source of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and a significant contributor to cellular oxidative stress. Here, we describe the kinetic and molecular mechanism of superoxide production by complex I isolated from bovine heart mitochondria and confirm that it produces predominantly superoxide, not hydrogen peroxide. Redox titrations and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy exclude the iron-sulfur clusters and flavin radical as the source of superoxide, and, in the absence of a proton motive force, superoxide formation is not enhanced during turnover. Therefore, superoxide is formed by the transfer of one electron from fully reduced flavin to O2. The resulting flavin radical is unstable, so the remaining electron is probably redistributed to the iron-sulfur centers. The rate of superoxide production is determined by a bimolecular reaction between O2 and reduced flavin in an empty active site. The proportion of the flavin that is thus competent for reaction is set by a preequilibrium, determined by the dissociation constants of NADH and NAD+, and the reduction potentials of the flavin and NAD+. Consequently, the ratio and concentrations of NADH and NAD+ determine the rate of superoxide formation. This result clearly links our mechanism for the isolated enzyme to studies on intact mitochondria, in which superoxide production is enhanced when the NAD+ pool is reduced. Therefore, our mechanism forms a foundation for formulating causative connections between complex I defects and pathological effects.
Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 1—Innate and Humoral Immunity and the Periodontium

Based on the results of recent research in the field, the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the innate vs. adaptive (humoral and cell-mediated) immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) the Toll-like receptors (TLR), the innate immune repertoire for recognizing the unique molecular patterns of microbial components that trigger innate and adaptive immunity for effective host defenses, in some general non-oral vs. periodontal microbial infections; (ii) T-cell-mediated immunity, Th-cytokines, and osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease progression; and (iii) some molecular techniques developed and used to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (using Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species). Therefore, further understanding of the molecular interactions and mechanisms associated with the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses will facilitate the development of new and innovative therapeutics for future periodontal treatments. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: A. actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Ab, antibody; DC, dendritic cells; mAb, monoclonal antibody; pAb, polyclonal antibody; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; P. gingivalis (Pg), Porphyromonas gingivalis; and TLR, Toll-like receptors.
ANYCAST ROUTING IN DELAY AND DISRUPTION TOLERANT NETWORKS

Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) adopt the concept of intermittent networks t hat may suffer frequent disconnections, with the possib lity of never have a connectivity end-to-end between the so urce and destination in a given period of time. Therefor e, the design of protocols for those networks becomes a un ique challenge. In this article, will be treated the routing for delivery anycast that is useful in situations where a host, applications or users want to find a host that supp orts a particular service, but if many servers support the service, any of these servers can be used. To help the development of anycast routing, the simulation of a DTN with four unicast routing algorithms was done, and the results showed some changes in the behavior of thes e algorithms depending on the conditions used in the simulation. 1
Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: It is more common for women in the developed world, and those in low-income countries giving birth in health facilities, to labour in bed. There is no evidence that this is associated with any advantage for women or babies, although it may be more convenient for staff. Observational studies have suggested that if women lie on their backs during labour this may have adverse effects on uterine contractions and impede progress in labour. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the review is to assess the effects of encouraging women to assume different upright positions (including walking, sitting, standing and kneeling) versus recumbent positions (supine, semi-recumbent and lateral) for women in the first stage of labour on length of labour, type of delivery and other important outcomes for mothers and babies. CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (November 2008). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing women randomised to upright versus recumbent positions in the first stage of labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used methods described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions for carrying out data collection, assessing study quality and analysing results. A minimum of two review authors independently assessed each study. MAIN RESULTS: The review includes 21 studies with a total of 3706 women. Overall, the first stage of labour was approximately one hour shorter for women randomised to upright as opposed to recumbent positions (MD −0.99, 95% CI −1.60 to −0.39). Women randomised to upright positions were less likely to have epidural analgesia (RR 0.83 95% CI 0.72 to 0.96). There were no differences between groups for other outcomes including length of the second stage of labour, mode of delivery, or other outcomes related to the wellbeing of mothers and babies. For women who had epidural analgesia there were no differences between those randomised to upright versus recumbent positions for any of the outcomes examined in the review. Little information on maternal satisfaction was collected, and none of the studies compared different upright or recumbent positions. AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that walking and upright positions in the first stage of labour reduce the length of labour and do not seem to be associated with increased intervention or negative effects on mothers’ and babies’ wellbeing. Women should be encouraged to take up whatever position they find most comfortable in the first stage of labour.
An Empirical Investigation on the Transfer of Expatriates within MNCs from a Knowledge Perspective

We study the use of expatriates in transferring knowledge within a multinational corporation (MNC). We argue that MNCs use expatriates to allocate knowledge between headquarters and its foreign affiliates. With data from MNCs headquartered in South Korea, we trace unobservable knowledge using observable labour mobility. Our empirical analysis shows that the use of expatriates increases as communication between South Korea and the host country becomes more costly. However, the extent to which the use of expatriates relates with communication costs decreases in the sectoral complexity.
Impact of a Statewide Internet-Based Tobacco Cessation Intervention

Background An increasing number of people have access to the Internet, and more people are seeking tobacco cessation resources online every year. Despite the proliferation of various online interventions and their evident acceptance and reach, little research has addressed their impact in the real world. Typically, low response rates to Internet-based follow-up surveys generate unrepresentative samples and large confidence intervals when reporting results. Objectives The aim of this study was to achieve a high response rate on follow-up evaluation in order to better determine the impact of an Internet-based tobacco cessation intervention provided to tobacco users in Minnesota, United States. Methods Participants included 607 men and women aged 18 and over residing in Minnesota who self-reported current tobacco use when registering for an Internet-based tobacco cessation program between February 2 and April 13, 2004. Participants were given access to an interactive website with features including social support, expert systems, proactive email, chat sessions, and online counselors. Mixed-mode follow-up (online survey with telephone survey for online nonrespondents) occurred 6 months after registration. Results Of the study participants, 77.6% (471/607) responded to the 6-month follow-up survey (39.4% online and 38.2% by telephone). Among respondents, 17.0% (80/471, 95% CI = 13.6%-20.4%) reported that they had not smoked in the past 7 days (observed rate). Assuming all nonrespondents were still smoking (missing=smoking rate), the quit rate was 13.2% (80/607, 95% CI = 10.5%-15.9%). Conclusions This mixed-mode follow-up survey of an online smoking cessation program achieved a high response rate and provides a more accurate estimate of long-term cessation rates than has been previously reported. Quit rates for the Internet-based tobacco cessation program were higher than those expected for unassisted quit attempts and are comparable to other evidence-based behavioral interventions. The similarities between quit rates demonstrates that an Internet-based cessation program may have as great an impact as, and can have wider reach than, other cessation programs such as those delivered by telephone. With over 100000 people having visited the website and over 23000 having registered, a 6-month self-reported quit rate of 13.2% suggests that the quitplan.com program helped over 3000 Minnesotans remain tobacco free for at least 6 months. Results of this study suggest that an Internet-based cessation program is a useful tool in states’ efforts to provide comprehensive cessation tools for smokers.
Chloride and sulfate transport in ehrlich ascites tumor cells: Evidence for a common mechanism

The effects of phloretin, H2DIDS (4,4′‐diisothiocyano‐1,2‐diphenylethane‐2,2′‐disulfonate) and SO4−2 on anion transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in an effort to determine whether Cl− and SO4−2 share a common transport mechanism. Sulfate, in the presence of constant extracellular Cl− (100 mM), reduces Cl− self‐exchange by 43% (40 mM SO4−2) and Cl−−SO4−2 exchange by 36% (25 mM Cl−/O SO4−2) compared to 25 mM Cl−/50 mM SO4−2. Phloretin blocks without delay and to the same extent the self‐exchange of both Cl− and SO4−2. For example, at 10−4 M phloretin, anion transport is inhibited 28% which increases to 78% at 5 × 10−4 M. Reversibly bound H2DIDS also inhibits the self‐exchange of both Cl− and SO4−2. However, at all H2DIDS concentrations tested (0.5 − 10 × 10−5 M) SO4−2 transport was far more susceptible to inhibition than that of Cl−. H2DIDS when irreversibly bound to the cell inhibits SO4−2 but not Cl− transport
Density Based Dominant Sets Growing and Clustering

Data clustering is an important technique in data mining and pattern recognition. In practical tasks the clusters can be of arbitrary shapes. However, many existing algorithms tend to generate only spherical clusters. While density based clustering algorithms are able to deal with arbitrary clusters, they usually involve multiple user-specified parameters. In this paper we propose to solve this problem by making use of the nice properties of dominant set algorithm. Specifically, we use the dominant sets algorithm with histogram equalization transformation to generate initial clusters. These initial clusters are usually subsets of real clusters. Then we expand the initial clusters to final ones with density information captured in the initial clusters. We experiment with clusters of various types and compare with other clustering algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm
Differences in brain gene expression between sleep and waking as revealed by mRNA differential display and cDNA microarray technology

The consequences of sleep and sleep deprivation at the molecular level are largely unexplored. Knowledge of such molecular events is essential to understand the restorative processes occurring during sleep as well as the cellular mechanisms of sleep regulation. Here we review the available data about changes in neural gene expression across different behavioural states using candidate gene approaches such as in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. We then describe new techniques for systematic screening of gene expression in the brain, such as subtractive hybridization, mRNA differential display, and cDNA microarray technology, outlining advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Finally, we summarize our initial results of a systematic screening of gene expression in the rat brain across behavioural states using mRNA differential display and cDNA microarray technology. The expression pattern of ≈ 7000 genes was analysed in the cerebral cortex of rats after 3 h of spontaneous sleep, 3 h of spontaneous waking, or 3 h of sleep deprivation. While the majority of transcripts were expressed at the same level among these three conditions, 14 mRNAs were modulated by sleep and waking. Six transcripts, four more expressed in waking and two more expressed in sleep, corresponded to novel genes. The eight known transcripts were all expressed at higher levels in waking than in sleep and included transcription factors and mitochondrial genes. A possible role for these known transcripts in mediating neural plasticity during waking is discussed.
MULTILOCUS CLINES

The phenotype of an organism depends on the combined action of many genes. Consequently, many of the important questions in population genetics depend critically on the way in which the selection pressures on these genes interact. For example, "hitch-hiking" effects, caused by the flux of substituting alleles in the genetic background, may be more important than sampling drift in generating random fluctuations in gene frequency (Maynard-Smith and Haigh, 1974; Ohta and Kimura, 1975; Thomson, 1977); the evolutionary pressures which determine recombination rates arise largely from epistatic interactions and linkage disequilibria between loci (Maynard-Smith, 1978); and the constraints which the "load" argument puts on the strength of selection on particular polymorphisms depend on the way variation at all the polymorphic loci combines to give the observed variance in fitness (see, e.g., Milkman, 1978). However, most theoretical work is based on the analysis of the effects of selection on individual loci; very few studies go beyond investigation of twolocus interactions. Partly because of these deficiencies in the theory, and partly because of the difficulty of measuring interactions in natural or even artificial populations, it is not clear whether loci can be considered to evolve independently, or whether we must consider the chromosome as the "unit of selection" (Franklin and Lewontin, 1970). Extensive sampling of Drosophila populations has shown that, in general, disequilibria between electrophoretic loci are no stronger than would be expected under random drift (Langley, 1977; Barker, 1979; though see Baker and Kaeding, 1981, for an exception involving tightly linked esterase variants). These observations may Revised September 7, 1982
Coaching in the cardiovascular surgical population.

BACKGROUND More than one quarter of all cardiovascular surgical patients are re-admitted to hospitals with postoperative complications experienced during the first three months of recovery. AIM AND METHOD The purpose of this discursive paper is to review the literature pertaining to a self-management coaching intervention that is currently being evaluated using a randomized controlled clinical trial. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE A discussion of how to integrate coaching into clinical practice is presented. The use of coaching in the clinical setting has implications for nurses in that it can be used to assess behaviours, knowledge, and learning needs; provide individualized education that is reflective of a patient's identified learning needs; collaborate with patients in setting goals; identify barriers and engage in problem-solving to overcome barriers; and create a specific plan for follow-up.
An update on the status of nerve monitoring for thyroid/parathyroid surgery

Purpose of review Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is one of the most common and serious complications associated with thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Although routine visual identification of the RLN is considered the current standard of care, the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the RLN is more controversial. Recent findings Despite initial enthusiasm that IONM might substantially reduce the rate of RLN injury, most studies failed to show a significant difference in the rate of RLN injury when the use of IONM was compared with visualization of the RLN alone. However, a small number of investigators have reported statistically significant differences in the rates of nerve injury when IONM is used to augment visualization alone, particularly in certain high-risk situations. Despite a lack of conclusive data showing benefit, the use of IONM as an adjunct to visual identification of the RLN has gained increasing acceptance among surgeons. IONM remains an excellent tool to help verify the identity of the RLN, confirm its functional integrity, and pinpoint the site of nerve injury in the event of dysfunction. Summary The utility of IONM in reducing the rate of RLN injury is largely unproven and remains controversial. However, the use of IONM may be helpful in certain high-risk cases. Promising new technology, such as vagal nerve monitoring, may allow more real-time monitoring of the functional integrity of the RLN and allow the surgeon to react in a timely manner to evolving dysfunction in order to abort maneuvers that may risk definitive injury.
Enrichment of single chirality carbon nanotubes.

Two liquid chromatography techniques for single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) separation, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) are combined to obtain small diameter semiconducting SWNTs with defined length and chirality. It is observed that these tubes elutes in the IEX separation in the order of (6,4), (9,1), (6,5), (8,3), and (7,5). The improved resolution allows clear separation of (6,5) from (9,1), two semiconducting SWNTs with identical diameter but different chirality.
Turkish Electronic Living Lexicon (TELL)

This paper introduces the Turkish Electronic Living Lexicon (TELL), a searchable lexical database of Turkish. The current version of TELL provides phonologically accurate transcriptions of the Turkish words that an actual native speaker recognized out of a larger master list of words culled from dictionaries and other print sources. TELL is accessible over the Internet via a search engine that permits users to search for potentially complex phonological patterns and to download and save their results. Designed primarily for academic research into Turkish, TELL also has obvious applications for students and teachers of Turkish.
Power loss analysis for single phase grid-connected PV inverters

This paper presents a method for power loss analysis applied on single-phase grid-connected PV inverter. The often neglected current ripple effects are included in power device switching and conduction losses. The relationships amongst component losses, output inductance, switching frequency and dc-link voltage are investigated. It is shown that current ripple effect is important to power loss analysis due to varying irradiation. The closed form solutions of component losses are proposed and verified with SPICE simulation results.
Optimization of ALD high-k gate dielectric to improve AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFET DC characteristics and reliability

This presents DC electrical characteristics and reliabilities of AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterojunction-field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) with HfO<inf>2</inf> gate dielectric deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Two types of oxidants were investigated, namely, water (H<inf>2</inf>O) and ozone (O<inf>3</inf>) for the ALD deposition. The comparison study reveals that GaN MOSHFETs with O<inf>3</inf> oxidant results in overall better device performance and reliability than water based oxidant due to improved HfO<inf>2</inf>/GaN interface quality. For a 20nm ALD HfO<inf>2</inf> gate dielectric, MOS-HFET with O<inf>3</inf> oxidant has less threshold voltage (V<inf>TH</inf>) shift with respect to HFET (1.8V), higher transconductance (112.66 mS/mm), less on-resistance, and less gate leakage (5.4×10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>) compared to MOS-HFET with water oxidant where V<inf>TH</inf> shift with respect to HFET is 9.15V, transconductance is 81.38 mS/mm and gate leakage is 1.7×10<sup>−4</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, significant improvement in device reliability (V<inf>TH</inf> shift is less than 0.5V) is observed with O<inf>3</inf> oxidant at high-temperature reverse bias (HTRB).
Comparative performance of three different CPW bandpass filters

This paper addresses the performance comparison between three kinds of coplanar waveguide bandpass filter designs: ribbon-of-brickwall, impedance transformer type; and gap-coupled filters. Several analysis models have been employed to investigate the high frequency characteristics of the three kinds of filters including the scattering parameters and the power loss. The numerical results are in good agreement with the measured data.
Using Pattern Search Methods for Minimizing Clustering Problems

Abstract —Clustering is one of an interesting data mining topicsthat can be applied in many ﬁelds. Recently, the problem of clusteranalysis is formulated as a problem of nonsmooth, nonconvex opti-mization, and an algorithm for solving the cluster analysis problembased on nonsmooth optimization techniques is developed. Thisoptimization problem has a number of characteristics that make itchallenging: it has many local minimum, the optimization variablescan be either continuous or categorical, and there are no exactanalytical derivatives. In this study we show how to apply a particularclass of optimization methods known as pattern search methodsto address these challenges. These methods do not explicitly usederivatives, an important feature that has not been addressed inprevious studies. Results of numerical experiments are presentedwhich demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Keywords —Clustering functions, Non-smooth Optimization, Non-convex Optimization, Pattern Search Method.