Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship Between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies

Purpose: To explain physical activity behavior, social-cognitive theories were most commonly used in the past. Besides conscious processes, the approach of dual processes additionally incorporates non-conscious regulatory processes into physical activity behavior theories. Habits are one of various non-conscious variables that can influence behavior and thus play an important role in terms of behavior change. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between habit strength and physical activity behavior in longitudinal studies. Methods: According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in three databases. Only peer-reviewed articles using a longitudinal study design were included. Both, habit and physical activity were measured at least once, and habit was related to physical activity behavior. Study quality was evaluated by assessment tools of the NHLBI. Results: Of 3.382 identified publications between 2016 and 2019, fifteen studies with different study designs were included. Most studies supported that positive correlations between habit and physical activity exist. Some positive direct and indirect effects of habit on physical activity were detected and only a minority of studies showed the influence of physical activity on habit strength. Studies differentiating between instigation and execution habit found positive correlations and revealed instigation habit as a stronger predictor of physical activity. The quality of studies was rated as reasonable using assessment tools of the NHLBI. Conclusion: This review revealed a bidirectional relationship between habit and physical activity. Whether habit predicts physical activity or vice versa is still unclear. The observation of habit influencing physical activity may be most appropriate in studies fostering physical activity maintenance while the influence of physical activity on habit may be reasonable in experimental studies with physical activity as intervention content to form a habit. Future investigations should differentiate between habit formation and physical activity maintenance studies depending on the research objective. Long-term study designs addressing the complexity of habitual behavior would be beneficial for establishing cue-behavior associations for the formation of habits. Furthermore, studies should differentiate between instigation and execution habit in order to investigate the influence of both variables on physical activity behavior independently.
Cell-Mediated Immunological Biomarkers and Their Diagnostic Application in Livestock and Wildlife Infected With Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium bovis has the largest host range of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and infects domestic animal species, wildlife, and humans. The presence of global wildlife maintenance hosts complicates bovine tuberculosis (bTB) control efforts and further threatens livestock and wildlife-related industries. Thus, it is imperative that early and accurate detection of M. bovis in all affected animal species is achieved. Further, an improved understanding of the complex species-specific host immune responses to M. bovis could enable the development of diagnostic tests that not only identify infected animals but distinguish between infection and active disease. The primary bTB screening standard worldwide remains the tuberculin skin test (TST) that presents several test performance and logistical limitations. Hence additional tests are used, most commonly an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) that, similar to the TST, measures a cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to M. bovis. There are various cytokines and chemokines, in addition to IFN-γ, involved in the CMI component of host adaptive immunity. Due to the dominance of CMI-based responses to mycobacterial infection, cytokine and chemokine biomarkers have become a focus for diagnostic tests in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, this review describes the current understanding of host immune responses to M. bovis as it pertains to the development of diagnostic tools using CMI-based biomarkers in both gene expression and protein release assays, and their limitations. Although the study of CMI biomarkers has advanced fundamental understanding of the complex host-M. bovis interplay and bTB progression, resulting in development of several promising diagnostic assays, most of this research remains limited to cattle. Considering differences in host susceptibility, transmission and immune responses, and the wide variety of M. bovis-affected animal species, knowledge gaps continue to pose some of the biggest challenges to the improvement of M. bovis and bTB diagnosis.
Novel Gross Deletion Mutations in NTRK1 Gene Associated With Congenital Insensitivity to Pain With Anhidrosis

Background: Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insensitivity to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis, recurrent fever, and intellectual disability. CIPA is mainly caused by mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 gene (NTRK1). This study aims to identify pathogenic mutations underlying CIPA in two unrelated Chinese families. Methods: DNA was extracted from blood samples of patients and their available family members and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Real-time PCR (qPCR), Gap-PCR, and Sanger sequencing were applied to verify the identified variants. Result: We found novel compound gross deletion mutations [exon1-6 del (g.1-1258_10169del); exon5-7 del (g.6995_11999del)] of NTRK1 (MIM 191315) gene in family 1 and the compound heterozygous mutations [c.851-33T>A; exon5-7 del (g.6995_11999del)] in family 2. Interestingly, we discovered the intragenic novel gross deletion [exon5-7 del (g.6995_11999del)] mediated by recombination between Alu elements. Conclusions: The present study highlights two rare gross deletion mutations in the NTRK1 gene associated with CIPA in two unrelated Chinese families. The deletion of exon1-6 (g.1-1258_10169del) is thought to be the largest NTRK1 deletion reported to date. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of NTRK1 mutations in the Chinese and could be useful for prenatal interventions and more precise pharmacological treatments to patients. WES conducted in our study is a convenient and useful tool for clinical diagnosis of CIPA and other associated disorders.
Electrophysiological Mechanisms Underlying T-Wave Alternans and Their Role in Arrhythmogenesis

T-wave alternans (TWA) reflects every-other-beat alterations in the morphology of the electrocardiogram ST segment or T wave in the setting of a constant heart rate, hence, in the absence of heart rate variability. It is believed to be associated with the dispersion of repolarization and has been used as a non-invasive marker for predicting the risk of malignant cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death as numerous studies have shown. This review aims to provide up-to-date review on both experimental and simulation studies in elucidating possible mechanisms underlying the genesis of TWA at the cellular level, as well as the genesis of spatially concordant/discordant alternans at the tissue level, and their transition to cardiac arrhythmia. Recent progress and future perspectives in antiarrhythmic therapies associated with TWA are also discussed.
Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria were first described more than 50 years ago. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in biogenesis began to be studied only in the last few decades. Presently, the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms for their release are not completely known. This review covers the most recent information on cellular components involved in OMV biogenesis, such as lipoproteins and outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, quorum-sensing molecules, and flagella.
The Proposition of the Pulmonary Route as an Attractive Drug Delivery Approach of Nano-Based Immune Therapies and Cancer Vaccines to Treat Lung Tumors

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths globally, making it a major health concern. The lung’s permissive rich microenvironment is ideal for supporting outgrowth of disseminated tumors from pre-existing extra-pulmonary malignancies usually resulting in high mortality. Tumors occurring in the lungs are difficult to treat, necessitating the need for the development of advanced treatment modalities against primary tumors and secondary lung metastasis. In this review, we explore the pulmonary route as an attractive drug delivery approach to treat lung tumors. We also discuss the potential of pulmonary delivery of cancer vaccine vectors to induce mucosal immunity capable of preventing the seeding of tumors in the lung.
TasteTech ‐ the taste of things to come

TasteTech’s CR100 process enables flavourings and ingredients to be microencapsulated as free‐flowing powders and then released on a controlled basis during the food manufacturer’s process when the conditions are right. CR100 utilises carrier materials which have been tailored to suit the end foodstuff into which the flavouring or ingredient is to be added. The flavouring and ingredient components are injected inline prior to mixing and atomisation. The CR100 process does not require high drying temperatures and consequently the expensive top notes of the flavour or active components of the ingredient are not lost through the process. TasteTech have applied their CR100 process to many key ingredients including sodium bicarbonate, peppermint oil, sodium diacetate and many spices.
An approach to rubber elasticity with internal constraints

The effect of configurational hindrances in unswollen rubberlike networks is taken into account by assuming the existence of a proper correlation between the macroscopic deformation and the rms fluctuations of the network junctions along the various directions of space. Following James and Guth’s approach, some junctions have been fixed at the surface of a proper parallelepiped in order to avoid collapse of the network, and the above correlation is expressed through the introduction of appropriate δ functions into the configurational partition function. Results identical with those previously arrived at by Flory–Hoeve–Ciferri are obtained by assuming that the rms fluctuation components transform as the macroscopic stretch ratios. This assumption cannot hold under high deformations because it implies that the junction fluctuations increase without limit with the deformation. Therefore an intermediate model is proposed where (i) the average ms fluctuations of the junctions are independent of strain, as in J.
Structures, Rugged Energetic Landscapes, and Nanothermodynamics of Aln (2 ≤ n ≤ 65) Particles

Metal nanoparticles are important in several emerging technologies, but their size-selected thermodynamic properties are hard to obtain from experiment. We have characterized the energetic and structural properties of unsupported neutral Aln (2 ≤ n ≤ 65) particles (clusters and nanoparticles) via molecular dynamics quenching simulations with a recently validated many-body analytic potential. For each particle size (n), the global minimum-energy structure, the distribution of the local energy minima, and the finite-temperature thermodynamics have been calculated, the latter by evaluating ∼100 000 rovibrational partition functions for the low-energy isomers of the various particles. This analysis demonstrates that the dominant structures of clusters and nanoparticles depend on temperature as well as particle size and that one must consider statistical mechanics as well as electronic structure in determining the dominant structures, stabilities, and properties of nanoparticles. As a particularly dramatic exa.
A Systematic Review on Indoor Environmental Quality in Naturally Ventilated School Classrooms: A Way Forward

This review presents the existing state-of-the-art practices of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in naturally ventilated school buildings and is mainly focused on the components of IEQ like thermal comfort, indoor air quality with ventilation, and visual and acoustic comfort. This article also discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on naturally ventilated school buildings, highlighting the obviousness of dynamic applications that concentrate on reducing COVID-19 effects in naturally ventilated school buildings. The importance of the concerned issues and factors are discussed in detail for future research direction. This review is a step toward the development of the IEQ standard for naturally ventilated school buildings.
Effects of elevated O3 exposure on nutrient elements and quality of winter wheat and rice grain in Yangtze River Delta, China

With the open-top chambers (OTCs) in situ in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008, the effects of elevated O3 exposure on nutrient elements and quality of winter wheat and rice grain were investigated. Grain yield per plant of winter wheat and rice declined in both years. The N and S concentrations increased under elevated O3 exposure in both years and CeN ratios decreased significantly. The concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Cu and Zn in winter wheat and the concentrations of Mg, K, Mn and Cu in rice increased. The concentrations of protein, amino acid and lysine in winter wheat and rice increased and the concentration of amylose decreased. The increase in the nutrient concentration was less than the reduction of grain yield in both winter wheat and rice, and, hence, the absolute amount of the nutrients was reduced by elevated O3. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Metha: Network Verifiers Need To Be Correct Too!

Network analysis and veriﬁcation tools are often a godsend for network operators as they free them from the fear of introducing outages or security breaches. As with any complex software though, these tools can (and often do) have bugs. For the operators, these bugs are not necessarily problematic except if they affect the precision of the model as it applies to their speciﬁc network. In that case, the tool output might be wrong: it might fail to detect actual conﬁguration errors and/or report non-existing ones. In this paper, we present Metha , a framework that systematically tests network analysis and veriﬁcation tools for bugs in their network models. Metha automatically generates syntactically-and semantically-valid conﬁgurations; compares the tool’s output to that of the actual router software; and detects any discrepancy as a bug in the tool’s model. The challenge in testing network analyzers this way is that a bug may occur very rarely and only when a speciﬁc set of conﬁg-uration statements is present. We address this challenge by leveraging grammar-based fuzzing together with combinatorial testing to ensure thorough coverage of the search space and by identifying the minimal set of statements triggering the bug through delta debugging. We implemented Metha and used it to test three well-known tools. In all of them, we found multiple (new) bugs in their models, most of which were conﬁrmed by the developers.
Exploring the Capacity Gaps of Law Enforcement Institutions in Dealing with Cases of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Zanzibar

Law enforcement institutions play a significant role in the fight against all forms of violence against women and children in Zanzibar as well the community at large. However, gender based violence is likely affecting the overall physical, psychological, mental well-being as well as socio-economic development of the victims. This paper aims at exploring the capacity gaps of law enforcement institutions in dealing with cases of gender based violence in Zanzibar through a review of literature. A total of 134 respondents throughout key stakeholder’s institutions were sampled and data was collected from them using questionnaire and interview methods. The study found that, the level and capacity of law enforcement institutions in dealing with cases of GBV was very low. The low level was significantly associated and critically attributed with low conviction rates, long delays and bureaucracy in cases, lack of sufficient evidences and ineffective procedures and case management. Furthermore, the findings showed that low level of reporting cases, limited awareness from the community, possible stigma and shame, lack of faith in the justice system, inaccessibility of trained police and preference for an informal resolution and mediation of cases increase violence incidences and reduce the degree of accountability and accessibility of justice throughout law enforcement institutions. Finally, the findings suggested an improvement of expedient transaction in investigating and ruling cases of violence, effective procedures and case management should be put in place and periodic review and monitoring of judicial practices to ensure compliance with substantive and procedural aspects of the law should b carried out. GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2019, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal. com GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2019 ISSN 2320-9186 849 GSJ© 2019 www.globalscientificjournal. com
Effects of Introducing Crude and Modified Soybean Oil into Polyurethane Structures on the Soil-Burial Biodegradation Process

Synthetic and natural acrylate oligomers blends and their blends with different ratios of crude soybean oil were studied as environmentally degradable and eco-compatible materials. Two of the components acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and crude soybean oil are bio-sourced oligomers. Their biodegradability under soil burial in natural condition was characterized by FT-IR and mechanical properties and was further confirmed by SEM analyses. A high content of modified and crude soybean oil present in the sample composition had enhanced the adhesion of microorganism onto the polymer surface, which in turn resulted in high biodegradation rates under soil burial conditions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
“I’m Not a Millionaire”: How Users’ Online Behaviours and Offline Behaviours Impact Their Privacy

Compromising the privacy of personally identifiable information (PII) can leave users vulnerable to risks, such as identity theft. We conducted a study with 27 participants in which we examined the types of publicly available PII they could locate on their social media accounts, and through a web search. We interviewed participants about the online and offline behaviours they employ to manage their PII. Participants leaked significant amounts of PII through their online presence, and potentially further exposed it through their offline behaviours. Many were surprised at the amount of PII they came across, and immediately took rectifying actions.
A Macro-Finance Model with Sentiment

This paper incorporates diagnostic expectations into a general equilibrium macroeconomic model with a financial intermediary sector. Diagnostic expectations are a forward-looking model of extrapolative expectations that overreact to recent news. Frictions in financial intermediation produce nonlinear spikes in risk premia and slumps in investment during periods of financial distress. The interaction of sentiment with financial frictions generates a short-run amplification e↵ect followed by a long-run reversal effect, termed the feedback from behavioral frictions to financial frictions. The model features sentiment-driven financial crises characterized by low pre-crisis risk premia and neglected risk. The conflicting short-run and long-run effect of sentiment produces boom-bust investment cycles. The model also identifies a stabilizing role for diagnostic expectations. Under the baseline calibration, financial crises are less likely to occur when expectations are diagnostic than when they are rational.
Oxidation of silicon (100): Experimental data versus a unified chemical model

It has been observed in many studies of oxidation kinetics that silicon dioxide growth in the thin regime (<30 nm) is faster than the predictions of the linear‐parabolic Deal–Grove relationship. We have developed a conceptual and mathematical model for the thermal oxidation of silicon which is based on an initial dissociative chemisorption of molecular oxygen on the 2×1 silicon (100) surface followed by subsequent diffusion and dissociative reactions of molecular oxygen at the Si/SiO2 interface. This model accounts for current experimental observations on the structural modification of the reconstructed surface to a 1×1 superlattice on limited exposure to molecular oxygen and provides a mechanistic rationale for the self‐limiting mechanism of the oxide film at ∼0.6 nm during low‐temperature oxidation processes. The rate‐equation model, consistent with the proposed reactions at the Si/SiO2 interface, has been refined to give an excellent fit to experimental data within all thickness regimes, but especially.
Sea Urchin Toxicity Bioassays for Sediment Quality Assessment in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy)

This paper focuses on the evaluation of two sea urchin bioassays (spenn cell and embryo toxicity) using the Paracentrotus lividus, as possible methods for quality assessment and monitoring of estuarine and lagoonal environments. Some queries allow us to describe the reasons which led us to carry out this research. A step-wise method adopted to own reliable and robust techniques based on a QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) procedure is briefly illustrated. The suitability of bioassays to assess lagoonal sediments quality was then tested by their application at sites in the Lagoon of Venice characterized by differing kinds and levels of pollution. Elutriates were chosen to assess the potential effects of pollutants which are made available in the water column as a consequence of sediment resuspension (dredging, fishing gear, etc). Both tests were effective in discriminating several different pollution/bioavailability situations, although their combined use showed higher efficacy in discriminating among stations and periods. Embryotoxicity was higher than spenniotoxicity in almost all stations, as expected. Toxicological responses generally fitted contamination levels to a satisfactory extent.
GAIA at SM-KBP 2020 - A Dockerlized Multi-media Multi-lingual Knowledge Extraction, Clustering, Temporal Tracking and Hypothesis Generation System

Manling Li, Ying Lin, Tuan Manh Lai, Xiaoman Pan, Haoyang Wen, Sha Li Zhenhailong Wang, Pengfei Yu, Lifu Huang, Di Lu, Qingyun Wang Haoran Zhang, Qi Zeng, Chi Han, Zixuan Zhang, Yujia Qin Xiaodan Hu, Nikolaus Parulian, Daniel Campos, Heng Ji 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign hengji@illinois.edu Brian Chen, Xudong Lin, Alireza Zareian, Amith Ananthram, Emily Allaway Shih-Fu Chang, Kathleen McKeown 2 Columbia University sc250@columbia.edu, kathy@cs.columbia.edu Yixiang Yao, Michael Spector, Mitchell DeHaven, Daniel Napierski, Marjorie Freedman, Pedro Szekely 3 Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California mrf@isi.edu Haidong Zhu, Ram Nevatia University of Southern California nevatia@usc.edu Yang Bai5, Yifan Wang5, Ali Sadeghian5, Haodi Ma5, Daisy Zhe Wang5 5 University of Florida daisyw@ufl.edu