Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis SPA Proteins in Plant Growth Control

For successful development, plants have to respond appropriately to environmental signals such as light quality and quantity. COP1/SPA complexes are important repressors of light signalling in darkness but also prevent overstimulation of the plant by light. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the four SPA proteins act in concert with COP1 as E3 ubiquitin ligase to regulate seedling development, photoperiodic flowering and leaf growth by promoting the degradation of transcription factors like HY5, HFR1 or CO via the 26S proteasome. SPA proteins share a typical domain structure including a C-terminal WD-repeat domain for substrate binding, a central coiled-coil domain, which is essential for SPA-SPA and SPA-COP1 interaction and an N-terminal part containing a kinase-like motif of unknown function. In this study it was shown that the dwarfed phenotype of spa triple and weak cop1 mutants is caused by a reduction in the number and the size of epidermal and mesopyll cells. Genetic interaction studies indicated that hyper-accumulation of COP1/SPA targets contributes to the reduced leaf size of cop1 and spa mutants. SPA4 was shown to be the key regulator of COP1/SPA-regulated plant growth. Here, a structure function analysis of SPA4 revealed that the N-terminal part of the protein is dispensable for SPA4 function in seedling de-etiolation and leaf size control, whereas its coiled-coil domain is essential. In contrast, the SPA4 N-terminus is seemed to be involved in SPA4 protein de-stabilization in adult plants. It is known that the SPA1 N-terminus is dispensable for seedling de-etiolation, but necessary for photoperiodic flowering control. In the present study, I could show that the SPA1 N-terminus does not contribute to plant growth, but that it is involved in the light-induced de-stabilization of SPA1. Moreover, it was revealed that the coiled-coil domain is important for SPA1 degradation, suggesting that SPA de-stabilization is dependent on SPA-COP1 interaction. cop1 null mutants are seedling lethal and therefore Arabidopsis development depends on COP1 function. Here, the SPA proteins were shown to be important, but not essential for the survival of the plants as spa quadruple null mutants were tiny, but viable. This suggests that COP1 is at least partially functional without the SPA proteins or acts in concert with other factors, but not vice versa. Besides, a spa1 enhancer mutant was mapped to a 46 kb region on chromosome 3. 16 gene loci are remaining as putative novel regulator of light signal transduction.
Description of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis.

The purpose of this addendum is to provide the additional information for validation of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis sp. nov. as a new name under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). The strain NCCP-54 T recently published, however it does not meet the basic requirement as it lacks species description according to the rules of International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Additionally, the data on DNA-DNA hybridization was required with all the validly recognized species having more than 97% similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The results of this study showed that DNADNA relatedness of strain NCCP-54 T is below 70% with all the validly recognized species to date. The diagnostic amino acids in cell wall peptidoglycans were re-analyzed and contained Lys-Asp (type A4α). This addendum also provides the formal description of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis sp. nov. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers
Global Regulation of Virulence Determinants During Plant Colonization in the Bacterial Phytopathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii

Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii , the etiological agent of Stewart's wilt, is a bacterial pathogen of sweet corn which colonizes both the apoplast and xylem tissues. During the initial stages of the infection process, the pathogen forms water-soaked lesions through lysis of the plant cells, followed by colonization of the xylem tissue where it can grow to high cell densities and form biofilms. Biofilm formation within the xylem vessels can block water flow, causing the characteristic wilting symptoms of P. stewartii infection. Throughout the infection process, P. stewartii must contend with a variety of stresses inherent to its changing environment, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the host, and nutrient limitation. Global regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression in response to environmental conditions therefore play a crucial role in success of the pathogen. We found that ROS exposure initiates an induced stress response through the OxyR and SoxR transcription factors which plays an important biological role in adaptation of the pathogen to different niches in the host during infection. OxyR is essential for the wilting symptoms characteristic of the later stages of infection, likely due to its role in optimal exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. The initial stages of infection (water-soaked lesion formation) rely on SoxR-dependent gene expression in order to colonize to wild type levels. In addition to the oxidative stress response, we found that OxyR indirectly regulates iron transport through a siderophore-dependent mechanism. We found that siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, in addition to its primary role of enhancing bacterial growth under iron-limiting conditions, regulates motility and bacterial movement in planta. As a result, siderophore production is required for full virulence of P. stewartii. In order to investigate a link between OxyR regulation and optimal EPS production, we characterized the Rcs phosphorelay signal transduction system, a known regulator of EPS and biofilm formation. Rcs regulation is crucial for virulence in P. stewartii due to its regulation of motility and EPS production. These studies unravel some of the complexities of global regulation required for P. stewartii and, likely, other bacterial pathogens to adapt to different environments such as the xylem.
Microbial quality and safety of table eggs marketed in commercial channels

Keeping in view the relative high consumption of eggs and egg products and its association with outbreaks of food poisoning, the bacterial and fungal contamination of table eggs at the farm and in marketing channels was estimated. The initial microbial contamination of table eggs was estimated, as per the procedure recommended by AOAC (2000), immediately after collecting fresh table eggs directly on the farm, where birds were reared in cages. Later, eggs were collected for the same purpose in wholesale and retail markets. Moreover, the effect of the use of an Egg Coating Oil under different storage conditions and periods was also assessed. Eggs were collected in sterile plastic trays. The sampling operation included collection of 6 eggs under each category. Analysis of egg contents for microbial load was carried out after thorough cleaning of the eggshell surface with surgical spirit. The contents were pooled and homogenized in a sterile beaker before testing. The microbiological contamination of farm fresh eggs was very low and well within the APHA (1992) recommendations. The level of contamination in market eggs was found to be negligible in the egg contents and hence they were microbiologically safe for human consumption. The Egg Coating Oil application and the refrigerated storage have acted synergistically in keeping the microbial contamination of the eggs within the safety limits.
Effect of structured teaching programme on post operative exercise in terms of knowledge and practice among patients with elbow surgery admitted in selected hospitals of Kolkata, West Bengal.

Introduction Following any surgery around elbow joint, the non affected joints outside the area of postoperative immobilization, like shoulder, wrist and finger joints undergo stiffness frequently. Therefore, an attempt has been made through this study to reduce the stiffness of those joints using the structured teaching programme having knowledge of specific exercises of those joints for postoperative patients. Objectives: To find the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and practice among patients with elbow surgery in selected hospitals, Kolkata. Materials and method : A experimental research approach and pre experimental design was adopted for this study. Conceptual framework based on modified J.W. Kenny’s (1968) General System theory model was adopted. Non probability purposive sampling technique was adopted.30 patients who undergone surgery around elbow joints were selected as per prescheduled selection criteria as a study subject . A valid and reliable structured knowledge questionnaire & structured observation checklist (r-0.83, r-0.92) was used for data collection. Informed consent was taken from the subject before the data collection. Result : The study result showed that 47% of patients belonged to 15-24 years of age group. Majority 63% patient were belonged to male gender.43% that is the maximum number of patients were educated upto primary level of education. Majority of patient 37% were daily labour in their occupational status. Majority i.e.37% of patients were belonged to middle socio-economic status. In knowledge area, there was a significant difference in pre-test knowledge and post-test knowledge score (‘t’ value 12.28 at p<0.05) . In practice area, there was a significant difference in pre-test practice and post-test practice( ‘t’ value 86.76 at p<0.05). So the structured teaching programme is effective in increasing the knowledge and practice of patients with elbow surgery. The computed chi square shows no significant association between pre-test knowledge level with selected variables.There was also no significant relationship was found between knowledge and practice in both pre-test and post test area. Conclusion : In postoperative period after elbow surgery, the unaffected joints of upper limb require supervised exercises to maintain their normal mobility with the help of specific knowledge provided by structured teaching programme.
Prevalence of urinary incontinence and related risk factors in community-dwelling elderly

Page | 105 gender, we often ignore its presence in the other gender, despite similarity in the severity in both. Gender-based inequalities should not cause ignorance of a less prevalent situation in any gender. Studies about the prevalence in different populations have provided different estimates, probably because of the type of UI and the data collection method employed. [9-11] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UI among elderly of both the genders and related factors in community-dwelling elderly.
Simple Anatomy of the Retina

The retina is approximately 0.5 mm thick and lines the back of the eye. The optic nerve contains the ganglion cell axons running to the brain and, additionally, incoming blood vessels that open into the retina to vascularize the retinal layers and neurons (Fig. 2). A radial section of a portion of the retina reveals that the ganglion cells (the output neurons of the retina) lie innermost in the retina closest to the lens and front of the eye, and the photosensors (the rods and cones) lie outermost in the retina against the pigment epithelium and choroid. Light must, therefore, travel through the thickness of the retina before striking and activating the rods and cones (Fig. 2). Subsequently the absorbtion of photons by the visual pigment of the photoreceptors is translated into first a biochemical message and then an electrical message that can stimulate all the succeeding neurons of the retina. The retinal message concerning the photic input and some preliminary organization of the visual image into several forms of sensation are transmitted to the brain from the spiking discharge pattern of the ganglion cells.
Neurodevelopment, Intestinal Function, and Autism

In brain development, functional and cognitive development matures after the sensory and sensorimotor regions are developed. Stimulation with information processing, whether from external environment or from visceral sensations, is important for developing functional networks and refining synaptic plasticity. The autistic brain is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which time windows shaped by the dynamic enteric microbial assembly and cortical neuroconnectivity may deviate developmental trajectories for brain function and behaviors. Association between gut microbiota and cognition in human infants has been recognized. Memory related to hippocampus neurogenesis in the acquisition of episodic memory as well as spatial working memory and path integration abilities can be related to vagal input from the gut as well as the enteric microenvironment. Alterations in microbiota could also be associated with postnatal neuro-inflammation with brain-gut dysregulation and the aberrant developmental processes could lead to diminished social motivation and increased activation to stimuli associated with their restricted interest. The resultant aberrant development trajectory may account for the memory representations which, though processed and activated by the hippocampus during successful retrieval, are not searched for, transferred, or monitored efficiently in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These could manifest with their characteristics of stereotypical behavior, communication, and social interaction deficits, and related mixed picture of neural connectivity. Effective treatment to restore normal school work and social interactions has been found possible by early management of the enteric system, relieving inflammation and improving sleep. Management of the enteric system could normalize the microbial elements influencing neuro-inflammation, and also sustaining signals to the hippocampus and brain for neurogenesis. Together with restoring the internal environment and management of aberrant processes, these have a high potential for ASD returning to a normal developmental trajectory for useful activities and life.
Enlèvement des perturbateurs endocriniens (hormones) par oxydation enzymatique, dans les eaux usées.

The main source ofnatural steroid estrogens (estrone El, l7~-estradiolE2, and estriolE3) in aquatic environment is related to human and animal excreta. The synthetic steroid l7aethinylestradiol (EE2) is a component of the contraceptive pill, and therefore exclusively originated from women. As a result, important quantities of these hormones are going through municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and directly discharged via the effluent into the aquatic environment. lndeed, several toxicity studies indicate that these compounds are largely responsible for the estrogenic effects observed in aquatic organisms exposed to those discharges. The key objective of this research was to develop a new and cost-effective treatment process for an efficient removal of natural and synthetic estrogens, as well as their associated estrogenicities, from municipal WWTPs effluents. Two processes were selected to be tested, the enzymatic oxidation of estrogens by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme and the polyphenolic enzyme, laccase. HRP was chosen as a reference enzyme since this enzyme demonstrated being effective for phenolic compounds oxydation. Laccase was used since it could be produced at low-cost by the utilization of biosolids as growth substrate. Severallaboratory experiments were performed in batch reactors to develop and optimize the enzymatic process, and also assess the efficiency of this treatment process for the oxidation of the studied estrogens (El, E2, E3, and EE2) present in municipal wastewater. Estrogen concentrations were determined by single-quad liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Le-MS). Estrogenic activity tests after enzymatic treatment were carried out by the recombinant yeast assay (RYA). The experiments performed in synthetic water showed that the optimum pH for each estrogen removal was around 6 using laccase and 7 using HRP. HRP allowed to achieve relatively high removals over a large pH range (6-8), corresponding to pH values found in municipal WWTPs. In opposite, laccase seemed to be strongly pH-dependent. HRP requires the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H20 2) to be activated to oxidize the phenolic compounds, such as estrogens. In synthetic water and at initial Ilg/L concentration of estrogens,
Salmonella spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa): a public and animal health concern

Wild boars constitute a potential reservoir and may spread zoonotic agents, including Salmonella sp. and thus they represent a source of infection for (wild and domestic) animals and humans. During the 2006 hunting season, 77 rectal faecal samples from animals shot by hunters in Northern Portugal were collected and analysed to determine the prevalence and serovars of Salmonella sp. in wild boars (Sus scrofa). The results showed that 17 (22.1%) were positive for Salmonella sp. In these positive samples, the most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Typhimurium, identified in 11 (64.7%) isolates, followed by Salmonella Rissen in 6 (35.3%). These results confirm the importance of wild boar as a reservoir of pathogenic serovars of Salmonella and as a potential risk for humans and livestock and emphasise the importance of intervention procedures for improving surveillance.
Prise en charge des premières crises épileptiques au CHU de Rouen : évaluation à deux ans de l’activité d’hôpital de jour

L’HAS a etabli en 2015 des recommandations de prise en charge suite a la survenue d’une premiere crise epileptique. Objectifs : Evaluer la nouvelle activite d’hopital de jour du CHU de Rouen, dediee a la prise en charge des patients suite a leur premiere crise d’epilepsie. Methodes : Cette etude prospective porte sur les patients admis en hopital de jour (HDJ) de neurologie pour un bilan de premiere crise epileptique, depuis la mise en place de l’activite en fevrier 2016 jusqu’en fevrier 2018. Les patients, recrutes sur avis neurologique lors de leur malaise, etaient convoques a un mois pour un bilan clinique (avis d’expert) et paraclinique (EEG, IRM cerebrale, ECG, Biologie). Les criteres d’evaluation de l’activite d’HDJ etaient son apport diagnostique global (pourcentage de diagnostics certains), la performance diagnostique de l’avis de l’expert (nombre de diagnostics realises sur l’interrogatoire), de l’EEG (pourcentage d’EEG revelant des anomalies epileptiformes), et de l’IRM cerebrale (pourcentage d’IRM revelant des anomalies epileptogenes ou liees a un diagnostic differentiel), ainsi que le respect du delai de realisation prevu. Resultats : 105 patients ont ete convoques pour un HDJ premiere crise. 88 s’y sont effectivement presentes et ont ete analyses, dont 55,7% d’hommes. L’âge moyen etait de 37,9 ± 18,7 ans. 80 patients (90,9%) ont recu un diagnostic certain a l’issue de l’HDJ. 54 avaient presente une crise epileptique averee, 26 un malaise non epileptique. Parmi les crises, 47 etaient non provoquees : 35 patients avaient un haut risque de recidive identifie permettant un diagnostic d’epilepsie, pour 12 patients ce risque etait faible. L’avis d’expert a suffi a l’etablissement de 40 diagnostics (45,5%). L’IRM etait l’element determinant du diagnostic pour 13 patients (14,8%). L’EEG l’etait pour 7 patients (7,9% de la population totale, 13% des patients ayant eu une crise). Le delai moyen entre le recrutement et l’HDJ etait de 44,2 ± 22 jours. 68 patients ont poursuivi un suivi neurologique, 20 ont ete reorientes vers d’autres praticiens. Conclusion : Notre etude confirme la pertinence de l’organisation de la prise en charge des patients ayant presente une premiere crise epileptique en un lieu unique dedie.
Trait association and path analysis for grain yield in oat in the western zone of Tamil Nadu.

Twenty one new oats genotypes were grown during Rabi, 2012-2013 to assess the performance, variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, and path analysis using twelve different yield and yield attributing traits viz., plant height(cm), number of productive tillers/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, panicle length(cm), panicle weight(g), number of grains/panicle, 1000grain weight(g), 1000groat weight(g), groat percentage, dry matter yield/plant(g), harvest index(%)and single plant yield/plant(g). For field evaluation Randomized complete Block Design with three replications was followed. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences could be observed among the entries for all the characters studied. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were high for number of basal tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, and number of grains per panicle. Broad sense heritability estimates for various traits ranged from 71 to 96.0 per cent. The highest heritability and genetic advance were recorded for the traits viz., number of productive tillers/plant (86.0 per cent and 85.06), number of grains/ panicle (92 per cent and 64.87) and panicle length (96.0 per cent and 37.23). Single plant yield showed significant positive correlation with number of basal tillers per plant (0.68 and 0.77), number of productive tillers per plant (0.78 and 0.89), number of grains/panicle (0.62 and 0.54) and dry matter yield / plant (0.44 and 0.50). It was concluded that number of productive tiller per plant and number of grains per panicle are major yield contributing factors in selecting high yielding oats genotypes. The study showed that there exists a large genetic variation among oats genotypes for most of the traits which could be exploited for direct selection of high yielding genotypes. Finally expect that these novel germplasm of oats which is suitable to winter growing should be useful for plain condition.
15 GAP-43 in Neural Development and Plasticity

Abstract: The growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) is known to participate in mechanisms of synapticplasticity during neuronal development, nerve regeneration, and learning and memory. Despite the largenumber of studies using GAP‐43 as a marker of neural plasticity, the precise molecular function of GAP‐43intheseprocessesremainstobeelucidated.ThegoalofthischapteristohighlightsomeoftherolesofGAP‐43 in brain function by focusing on a few well‐documented ﬁndings ranging from the control of geneexpression to its role in membrane–cytoskeleton dynamics and cell signaling. GAP‐43 expression iscontrolled at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, allowing for more ﬂexibility and diversityin the amounts of GAP‐43 protein present in different neuronal populations. Once translated, this proteinbecomes phosphorylated and displays distinct interactions with different signaling molecules. Theseinteractions participate in modulating growth cone function during neuronal development and synapticrelease during adult synaptic plasticity. Finally, the levels and distribution GAP‐43 are altered both duringnormalbrainprocesseslikelearningandmemoryandindiseasestatessuchasschizophrenia,temporallobeepilepsy,andAlzheimer’sdisease.ThesestudiessupportthenotionthattightlyregulatedcontrolofGAP‐43expression is important for maintaining normal brain function.List of Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; bHLH, basic helix–loop–helix; CaM, calmodulin; CaMKII,calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II; CFC, contextual fear conditioning; CNS, central nervous system;DRG, dorsal root ganglion; ELAV, embryonic lethal abnormal vision; f‐actin, ﬁlamentous actin; GAP,growth‐associated protein; GAP‐43, growth‐associated protein‐43; kb, kilobase; LTP, long‐termpotentiation; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; N‐CAM, neuronal cell adhesion molecule; NMDA,N‐methyl‐