Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing large-scale structure with large samples of X-ray selected AGN - I. Baryonic acoustic oscillations

We investigate the potential of large X-ray-selected AGN samples for detecting baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO). Though AGN selection in X-ray band is very clean and efficient, it does not provide redshift information, and thus needs to be complemented with an optical follow-up. The main focus of this study is (i) to find the requirements needed for the quality of the optical follow-up and (ii) to formulate the optimal strategy of the X-ray survey, in order to detect the BAO. We demonstrate that redshift accuracy of $\sigma_0=10^{-2}$ at $z=1$ and the catastrophic failure rate of $f_{\rm fail}\lesssim 30\%$ are sufficient for a reliable detection of BAO in future X-ray surveys. Spectroscopic quality redshifts ($\sigma_0=10^{-3}$ and $f_{\rm fail}\sim 0$) will boost the confidence level of the BAO detection by a factor of $\sim 2$. For meaningful detection of BAO, X-ray surveys of moderate depth of $F_{\rm lim}\sim {\rm few~} 10^{-15}$ erg/s/cm$^2$ covering sky area from a few hundred to $\sim$ten thousand square degrees are required. The optimal strategy for the BAO detection does not necessarily require full sky coverage. For example, in a 1000-day long survey by an eROSITA type telescope, an optimal strategy would be to survey a sky area of $\sim 9000$ deg$^2$, yielding a $\sim 16\sigma$ BAO detection. A similar detection will be achieved by ATHENA+ or WFXT class telescopes in a survey with a duration of 100 days, covering a similar sky area. XMM-Newton can achieve a marginal BAO detection in a 100-day survey covering $\sim 400$ deg$^2$. These surveys would demand a moderate-to-high cost in terms the optical follow-ups, requiring determination of redshifts of $\sim 10^5$ (XMM-Newton) to $\sim 3\times 10^6$ objects (eROSITA, ATHENA+, and WFXT) in these sky areas.
Color imaging using a monochromatic digital camera and a pupil-domain diffuser

Color RGB imaging with high throughput was achieved by a monochromatic digital camera with a dispersive diffuser at its pupil. An acquired snapshot monochromatic image was converted to color coordinates through spectra, by resorting to digital processing with a compressed sensing-based algorithm of spectral imaging. Results of optical evaluation and calibration of an optical system and color imaging experiments are reported.
Creativity in Architecture and Management

The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of creativity in architecture as well as management. This research focuses on the nature of creativity, theories about creativity, and recognized understandings concerning the development and utilization of creativity. This is especially important insofar as rewarding creativity in the workplace helps to increase productivity and, therefore, profits as well. It is of especially critical importance, therefore, to adequately reward creative managers, businessmen, architects and all of those individuals who are in a position to contribute novel and creative ideas that can be highly useful when implemented by the organization concerned. While the encouragement and rewarding of creativity is very important in all fields, it is especially important in the field of architectural development, which is our focus here.
Opinion Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa , and Why Does It Matter ?

Eleanor M.L. Scerri, University of Oxford Mark G. Thomas, University College London Andrea Manica, University of Cambridge Philipp Gunz, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Jay T. Stock, University of Cambridge Chris Stringer, The Natural History Museum, London Matt Grove, University of Liverpool Huw S. Groucutt, University of Oxford Axel Timmermann, Institute for Basic Science G. Philip Rightmire, Harvard University
Balancing Thermal and Electrical Packaging Requirements for GaN Microwave and Millimeter-Wave High Power Amplifier Modules

A method for balancing thermal and electrical packaging requirements for gallium nitride (GaN) high power amplifier (HPA) modules is presented. The goal is to find a design approach that minimizes the junction temperature of the GaN so that it is reliable and has interconnects that meet electrical performance requirements. One benefit of GaN is that it can simultaneously achieve high power density and operate at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. However, the power density can be so high that the necessary thermal solutions can have negative impact on electrical performance. This is especially a concern for the electrical interconnects required for the input/ output ports on high power amplifier devices. This is because the signal interconnects must operate at GHz frequencies, which means that special care must be taken to avoid problems such as undesired signal coupling and ground path inductance. Therefore, this work focuses on GaN packaging and its integration into a module. The results show that an optimum thickness for the GaN heat spreader exits for thermal performance but the electrical design is impacted negatively if the optimum thermal design is chosen. Therefore, a balanced design is chosen which meets overall system level requirements.
GHGT-12 Atmospheric chemistry modelling of amine emissions from post combustion CO 2 capture technology

Emissions from post combustion CO2 capture plants using amine solvents are of concern due to their adverse impacts on the human health and environment. Potent carcinogens such as nitrosamines and nitramines resulting from the degradation of the amine emissions in the atmosphere have not been fully investigated. It is, therefore, imperative to determine the atmospheric fate of these amine emissions, such as their chemical transformation, deposition and transport pathways away from the emitting facility so as to perform essential risk assessments. More importantly, there is a lack of integration of amine atmospheric chemistry with dispersion studies. In this work, the atmospheric chemistry of the reference solvent for CO2 capture, monoethanolamine, and the most common degradation amines, methylamine and dimethylamine, formed as part of the post combustion capture process are considered along with dispersion calculations. Rate constants describing the atmospheric chemistry reactions of the amines of interest are obtained using theoretical quantum chemistry methods and kinetic modeling. The dispersion of these amines in the atmosphere is modeled using an air-dispersion model, ADMS 5. A worst case study on the UK’s largest CO2 capture pilot plant, Ferrybridge, is carried out to estimate the maximum tolerable emissions of these amines into the atmosphere so that the calculated concentrations do not exceed guideline values and that the risk is acceptable. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of GHGT.
GaAs integrated quantum photonics: Towards compact and multi‐functional quantum photonic integrated circuits

The recent progress in integrated quantum optics has set the stage for the development of an integrated platform for quantum information processing with photons, with potential applications in quantum simulation. Among the different material platforms being investigated, direct‐bandgap semiconductors and particularly gallium arsenide (GaAs) offer the widest range of functionalities, including single‐ and entangled‐photon generation by radiative recombination, low‐loss routing, electro‐optic modulation and single‐photon detection. This paper reviews the recent progress in the development of the key building blocks for GaAs quantum photonics and the perspectives for their full integration in a fully‐functional and densely integrated quantum photonic circuit.
Calvin Digital Commons Calvin Digital Commons An overview of salient factors, relationships and values to support An overview of salient factors, relationships and values to support integrated energy-economic system dynamics modelling integrated energy-economic system dynamics modelling

Integrated energy-economic modelling is needed to support the development of energy and climate policies. This study asserts that it is important to consider a system dynamics modelling approach that includes dynamics, endogenous treatment of uncertainty and risks, and both aggregate economic and disaggregate technical or engineering levels of analysis. The study examined the economic growth and the factors of production, elasticities, macro-and technical substitutability; energy cost shares, heat engine efficiencies and energy services efficiencies. Emphasis was laid on the support of the future development of integrated energy-economic models covering (a) the key factors or components; (b) the relationships among these components; (c) a quantification of parameters; and (d) the implications for the development of an integrated energy-economic system dynamics model. The study suggested the following: a non-linear relationship in production and consumption; large variations among price and income elasticity values across time frames, across countries and regions, and across energy goods; a far from perfect substitution among factors of production and among energy goods on a macro-level; technical/engineering limits to substitution on a micro-level; and engineering and behavioural limits on what can be achieved with increased efficiencies. The study argues that integrated energy-economic modelling intensifies the accounting for the factors, relationships, quan-tifications, and implications, and that this practice allows for such models to describe a complex, emergent energy-economic reality that informs better energy policy.
Rainfall inequality, trust and civil conflict in Nigeria

Do changes in the distribution of rainfall between ethnic groups increase the risk of armed conflicts within Nigeria? In this paper, we exploit variation in rainfall during the growing season, to study how resource inequality between ethnic groups affects the risks of violent conflicts in Nigeria. Our main results show that a one standard deviation change in between-group rainfall inequality during the growing season increases civil conflicts prevalence in Nigeria by about seven percentage points. This relationship is driven, in part, by declining social capital. Specifically, we demonstrated that an unequal distribution of rainfall between ethnic groups reinforces citizens grievances over government performance and creates mistrust between predominantly farming communities and those engaged in nomadic herding. The analysis highlights the need to develop conflict-sensitive mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce the adverse effects of climatic shock.
Spin precession observation in quantum corrections to resistance of Si 0 : 7 Ge 0 : 3 = Si 0 : 2 Ge 0 : 8 heterostructure with 2 DHG

The two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) magnetoresistivity of a Si0:7Ge0:3=Si0:2Ge0:8 heterostructure in a wide range of temperatures T = 0:335–20 K and transport currents I = 100–50 A is measured. In the vicinity of zero magnetic ;eld, a sharp and positive in sign feature on smooth negative magnetoresistance is observed at the lowest temperatures. The amplitude of this feature quickly fades with increasing temperature and transport current. For the analysis of the experimental data the theory of weak localization for 2DHG is applied. The values of so and tr obtained are used for the ;rst time to de;ne zero magnetic ;eld splitting in the hole energy spectrum for a Si0:7Ge0:3=Si0:2Ge0:8 heterostructure: = 2:97 meV. 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Do employability skills really matter in the UK graduate labour market? The case of business and management graduates

Two dominant rationales are offered by UK policymakers for the continued expansion of higher education: to service the high-skill labour requirements of a knowledge economy, and to increase educational and employment opportunities for under-represented groups. The discourse of employability connects these two rationales in a simplistic manner. Individual employability is described as both the means by which to obtain and maintain high-quality employment and to eradicate the social reproduction of inequality. However, evidence drawn from a survey of graduate careers suggests that for a cohort of recent business and management graduates, the relationship between employability and employment is far from straightforward. The data suggest that traditional labour market disadvantage still appears to be an impediment to achievement, regardless of the extent to which graduates develop employability skills during their undergraduate studies.
Accurate interpretation of fasciculation frequency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis hinges on both muscle type and stage of disease

We are grateful to Finsterer and Scorza (2020) for raising some important issues regarding our recently published article, ‘The rise and fall of fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis’ (Bashford et al., 2020). We hereby address these concerns. We agree that fasciculations are not specific to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Leite et al., 2014). The focus of our study was not diagnostic, but instead, it centred on the utility of fasciculations as a monitoring tool in ALS. In order to rigorously address whether fasciculations could be an effective diagnostic aid, we concur that a greater range of ALS mimics, including spinal muscular atrophy, multifocal motor neuropathy and spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s disease), would need to be in the comparative control group. It would be imperative to recruit all participants prospectively at a time when there is genuine diagnostic doubt in order for the results to be generalizable in a real-world context. It is acknowledged that the physiological basis of benign fasciculation syndrome is unresolved and likely represents the hyperexcitable end of normal motor physiology (Blexrud et al., 1993). We fully accept that surface electromyography may miss some deep fasciculations; however, its greater muscle coverage compared to needle electromyography more than compensates for this in our view. In fact, we have conducted experiments with simultaneous high-density surface electromyography and ultrasound, which showed that fasciculations detected by both methods could be recorded up to a depth of 3 cm in biceps brachii (unpublished data). Bearing in mind biceps muscle thickness has been reported to average 3.2–3.4 cm (Miyatani et al., 2004), surface electromyography may not be missing as many fasciculations as originally thought. We aim to report these unpublished findings soon, but clearly, this issue requires further study. Regarding the site of onset for our ALS cohort, we hereby highlight Table 1, entitled ‘Patient characteristics’, in our original article (Bashford et al., 2020). Our cohort was representative of the general ALS population in this regard with an approximately equal split between upper limb (37.5%), lower limb (32.5%) and bulbar (30%) onset (Kiernan et al., 2011). Similar to the postulated effect of riluzole on other measures of neuronal hyperexcitability (Vucic et al., 2013), we agree that riluzole may have a significant impact on fasciculation frequency. Although we collected basic information regarding each participant’s drug administration, this study was not designed and powered to address the effect of riluzole. In order to study this properly, it would be essential to delineate acute and chronic effects of riluzole; to measure drug concentration levels; to factor in the effect of concomitant medications; and, to standardize the experimental protocol with respect to
Shift Invariance Level Comparison of Several Contourlet Transforms and Their Texture Image Retrieval Systems

In this paper, we proposed a metric to measure the shift invariance of the three different contourlet transforms. And then, using the same structure texture image retrieval system which use subband coefficients energy, standard deviation and kurtosis features with Canberra distance, we gave a comparison of their texture description abilities. Experimental results show that contourlet-2.3 texture image retrieval system has almost retrieval rates with non-sub sampled contourlet system; the two systems have better retrieval results than the original contourlet retrieval system. On the other hand, for the relatively lower redundancy, we recommend using contourlet- 2.3 as texture description transform.
CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DETERMINING VALIDITY: ANALYSIS FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

This paper aims to identify the conventional methods of determining validity. Then, analyze the methods from the Islamic perspective. The methods of determining validity here refer to methods that can ensure the instrumentâ€™s validity or measurement and data validity. Instrumentâ€™s validity or measurement and data validity leads to results and findings which are true. The question is what are the methods of determining validity contained in conventional research? Are these methods appropriate for research related to the affairs of Islam and the Muslims? This paper aims to answer both of these questions through a textual analysis on a few literatures. For the first question, this paper discusses the identified six conventional methods of determining validity. Such methods include methods for determining validity of the instrument or measurement and methods of determining data validity. As for the second question, this paper concludes that the conventional methods of determining validity is inappropriate as the method of determining validity for research related to the affairs of Islam and the Muslims.
A Complete Review on SMTP Protocol

This paper presents STAMP: an instrument to investigate SMTP servers overlay topology. STAMP produces a weighted and organized diagram from an email database, an email log or only an unmistakable email header permitting a post-examination of the SMTP overlay structure and the identification of the courses utilized by an email. STAMP licenses to really play out an examination of the SMTP topology for investigating (e.g, message delay, messages circle, .) and for metrology purposes. While a couple traceroute-like estimations activities attempt to chart Internet, to the best of our seeing, no contraption stipends to drive an examination of the SMTP overlay system . In the present paper, we demonstrate the outline and the estimation strategy of the STAMP programming and as second obligation, go on out to the structures association total the instrument and a few estimations databases. The ASIC of SMTP IPS can underpins no under 4.12 Gbps for parallel ID of SMTP and infection strike. We then adjust SMTp execution with that of different routine DSM machines with ordinary SMT processors both with and without made memory controllers. On configurations from 1 to 32 focuses, with 1 to 4 application strings for each middle, we find that SMTp goes on execution in every way that really matters unclear to, and now and again superior to anything, machines with furthermore puzzling formed DSM-specific memory controllers.
Huiqing and Thompson , Simon ( 2010 ) Refactoring Support for Modularity Maintenance in Erlang

Low coupling between modules and high cohesion inside each module are key features of good software architecture. Systems written in modern programming languages generally start with some reasonably well-designed module structure, however with continuous feature additions, modifications and bug fixes, software modularity gradually deteriorates. So, there is a need for incremental improvements to modularity to avoid the situation when the structure of the system becomes too complex to maintain. We demonstrate how Wrangler, a general-purpose refactoring tool for Erlang, can be used to maintain and improve the modularity of programs written in Erlang without dramatically changing the existing module structure. We identify a set of ”modularity smells” and show how they can be detected by Wrangler and removed by way of a variety of refactorings implemented in Wrangler. Validation of the approach and usefulness of the tool are demonstrated by case studies.
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION WITH MODEL MISMATCH USING GAUSSIAN PROCESS REGRESSION

Multi-fidelity simulation optimization is an emerging area looking at the use of low-fidelity (computationally cheap but inaccurate) models to optimize high-fidelity (expensive and accurate) models. In this context, low-fidelity models exhibit a mismatch to high-fidelity models whose values can be point-wise obtained by querying an expensive simulator. Herein, an efficient multi-fidelity algorithm is proposed for continuous global optimization. The algorithm is made up of an additive model that consolidates low-fidelity and bias (mismatch) predictions. Two sampling criteria with different use of the cumulated high and low-fidelity information are introduced as well as a cheap certificate guiding the decision on whether to sample from the expensive simulator. The performance of proposed algorithms is evaluated using a state of the art stochastic search benchmark algorithm. The results show that the proposed methods can beat the benchmark with improved accuracy, while essentially maintaining the same performance in terms of number of expensive simulations.
Transcription of Polyphonic Vocal Music with a Repetitive Melodic Structure

This paper presents a novel method for transcription of folk music that exploits its specifics to improve transcription accuracy. In contrast to most commercial music, folk music recordings may contain various inaccuracies as they are usually performed by amateur musicians and recorded in the field. If we use standard approaches for transcription, these inaccuracies are reflected in erroneous pitch estimates. On the other hand, the structure of western folk music is usually simple as songs are often composed of repeated melodic parts. In our approach we make use of these repetitions to increase transcription robustness and improve its accuracy. The proposed method fuses three sources of information: (1) frame-based multiple F0 estimates, (2) song structure, and (3) pitch drift estimates. It first selects a representative segment of the analyzed song and aligns all the other segments to it considering temporal as well as frequency deviations. Information from all segments is summarized and used in a two-layer probabilistic model based on explicit duration HMMs, to segment frame-based information into notes. The method is evaluated with state-of-the-art transcription methods where we show that significant improvement in accuracy can be achieved.
Rationing and screening in crowdinvesting-markets

The allocation of shares on crowd-investing-platforms is best described by the phrase "first come, first served". An entrepreneur who sells corporate equity to a "crowd" of investors on such a platform chooses a fixed investment target before the investment period begins. Once the aggregate investments equal the investment target the financing period ends immediately. We demonstrate that this preferential treatment of early investors is not optimal because it potentially excludes informational disadvantaged investors and entrepreneurs from the market. We recommend a market design that allows for some excessive demand. Such a design would increase the willingness of informational disadvantaged investors and entrepreneurs to participate in the market. At the same time, it would minimize a platforms screening costs and maximize its profits.
Interactive comment on “ Contributions to uncertainty in projections of future drought under climate change scenarios ”

This study calculates the uncertainty in future projections of drought based on a perturbed parameter ensemble of the HadCM3C ESM. Uncertainty is calculated across three drought indices, five drought thresholds, 57 ensemble members and two emission scenarios. The uncertainties in significant changes in time spent in drought are greatest among the indices and least among the thresholds. Despite this, there are robust signals regionally that are driven by robust signals of precipitation changes, whereas robust signals that are associated with increasing temperature depend on the index examined.