Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sublethal response of barnacles to chlorine: An experimental study for power plant biofouling control

Results of the study on sublethal responses of Megabalanus tintinnabulum, an acorn barnacle exposed to different levels of chlorine, is presented. In control, juvenile barnacles showed increased filtration rates, cirral activity and oxygen consumption per unit body weight as compared to larger barnacles. When both the size groups were exposed to chlorine levels, filtration rates and cirral activity declined. In larger barnacles the decline in filtration and cirral activity was less prominent. A decline in oxygen consumption observed in larger barnacles appears to be due to anaerobic metabolism under chlorinated conditions, when shell valves close. Juveniles appear to have normal oxygen consumption rates and thus may be more prone to stress.
Primary liver cancer and aflatoxin intake in Transkei.

Transkei has an intermediate primary liver cancer (PLC) rate that is unusually high for a corn-based subsistence economy. The situation is complicated by a very high esophageal carcinoma incidence rate and known exposure to hepatocarcinogenic N-nitrosamines. A total of 623 cooked food samples were collected from two northeastern and two southern districts over two seasons, in a single-sample grid pattern, for aflatoxin analysis. Aflatoxin B1 was quantitated in 26% of all samples during 1976, resulting in a mean contamination rate of 0.65 microgram/kg wet food. Mean contamination during 1977 was 0.66 microgram/kg, and 24% of samples were positive. Thus for both years a mean aflatoxin B1 intake of 16.5 ng/kg body weight per day was calculated. When the data were plotted on our published PLC incidence-aflatoxin intake graph constructed with standardized data from four countries, Transkei was well within the 95% confidence limits. Individual district comparisons are handicapped by as yet inadequate PLC incidence data, but rank order correlations (rs) between aflatoxin intakes and the PLC incidence in goldminers originating from the study districts were significant (P less than .05). Corn was the basis of 95% of the meals and was also the main source of contamination. Six of 23 samples of home-brewed corn beer were positive for aflatoxin, resulting in an overall contamination of 0.69 microgram/L.
Differential Expression of a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , and a 5 GABA A Receptor Subunits in Seizure-Prone and Seizure-Resistant Rat Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy remains one of the most widespread seizure disorders in man, the etiology of which is controversial. Using new rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy that are either prone or resistant to develop complex partial seizures, we provide evidence that this seizure susceptibility may arise from arrested development of the GABAA receptor system. In seizure-prone (Fast kindling) and seizure-resistant (Slow kindling) rat models, both the mRNA and protein levels of the major a subunit expressed in adult brain (a1), as well as those highly expressed during development (a2, a3, and a5 ), were differentially expressed in both models compared with normal controls. We found that a1 subunit mRNA expression in the Fast kindling strain was approximately half the abundance of control rats, whereas in the Slow kindling strain, it was ;70% greater than that of controls. However, Fast rats overexpressed the a2, a3, and a5 (“embryonic”) subunits, having a density 50‐70% greater than controls depending on brain area, whereas the converse was true of Slow rats. Using subunit-specific antibodies to a1 and a5 subunits, quantitative immunoblots and immunocytochemistry revealed a concordance with the mRNA levels. a1 protein expression was ;50% less than controls in the Fast strain, whereas it was 200% greater in the Slow strain. In contrast, a5 subunit protein expression was greater in the Fast strain than either the control or Slow strain. These data suggest that a major predispositional factor in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy could be a failure to complete the normal switch from the GABAA receptor a subunits highly expressed during development (a2, a3, and a5) to those highly expressed in adulthood (a1).
Biochemical and Structural Correlations in Isolated Spinach Chloroplasts Under Isotonic and Hypotonic Conditions

Methods are described for obtaining preparations of isolated spinach chloro-plasts which are predominantly either "whole", i.e. retain the outer limiting membrane, or "naked", i.e. with the outer membrane removed. The whole chloro-plasts are shown to retain more of their soluble components as evidenced by higher endogenous capacities for CO.-fixation, photophosphorylation, and light-dependent reduction of triphosphopyridine nucleotide. The isolation is also described of whole chloroplasts whose peripheral jackets have retained the property of mobility seen in living cells.
EGG components and reproductive characteristics of turtles: relationships to body size

Components of eggs and the relationships of reproductive variables to body wet mass and plastron lengths of females were studied in 12 species of turtles. Individual egg size and clutch mass increased with body size among species, but the ratio of clutch wet mass/body wet mass decreased with body size. Within some species, clutch size, clutch mass, and individual egg mass increased with body size of females. No direct evidence was found for the egg size to clutch size tradeoff predicted in optimal egg size theories. The shell comprised 40.8% of total dry mass of eggs with brittle shells compared to 19.3% for eggs with parchment shells. Lipids averaged 31.1% of the dry mass of eggs (with shells removed) in species with hatchlings that overwinter on land and 24.3% in species that are known to have hatchlings that do not overwinter on land. Lipids make up 33% of the dry mass of the contents of brittle-shelled eggs and 26% of the dry mass of parchment-shelled eggs. No other distinct groupings of turtle eggs, based on their lipid fractions, were found. Provisioning of young with varying amounts of reserve yolk to meet different posthatching situations may explain some interspecific variation in lipid levels in turtle eggs.
Structural determinants of human tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) protein degradation

The hepatic hemoprotein tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of L‐tryptophan (Trp) to N‐formyl‐L‐kynurenine. It critically regulates the flux of Trp through the kynurenine and serotonin pathways, thereby controlling systemic Trp levels. TDO has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, and thus is an important target for drug discovery. Despite its importance, very little is known about the regulation of human TDO (hTDO) protein turnover required for its cellular homeostasis. Herein we report that hTDO turnover occurs via ubiquitin‐linked proteasomal degradation (UPD) pathway, and we define the structural features critical therein. Trp, the preferred substrate is known to “induce” TDO enzyme via stabilization. Structural analyses reveal that Trp binds hTDO at both the active site and an exo‐site that also binds aMethylTrp (aMeTrp). 35S‐pulse‐chase analyses in HepG2 cells revealed that exo‐site aMeTrp‐binding prolonged the half‐life of parent wild‐type (WT) hTDO 2‐fold. Site‐directed mutagenesis of exo‐site residues considerably accelerated hTDO degradation, despite aMeTrp presence. By contrast, deletion of hTDO N‐ and/or C‐terminus (ΔN, ΔC, ΔN/ΔC) greatly stabilized the protein in the order ΔN/ΔC>ΔC>ΔN, consistent with a processive proteolytic process. The extreme hTDO C‐terminus is rich in acidic (Asp/Glu) and phosphorylatable (Ser) residues. Relative to the WT, mutation of these Asp/Glu‐residues to Gly stabilized hTDO, whereas that of Ser to Gly had no effect. When the exo‐site mutation was incorporated into the hTDOΔN/ΔC mutant, its stability was lost, being degraded just as rapidly as the exo‐site hTDO‐mutant. Collectively these findings reveal that although the exo‐site along with the N‐ and C‐termini are important structural features in hTDO turnover, the structural integrity of the exo‐site Trp‐binding is a critical determinant of its UPD.
Notch signaling.

The Notch/Lin-12/Glp-1 receptor family mediates the specification of numerous cell fates during development in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Studies on the expression, mutant phenotypes, and developmental consequences of unregulated receptor activation have implicated these proteins in a general mechanism of local cell signaling, which includes interactions between equivalent cells and between different cell types. Genetic approaches in flies and worms have identified putative components of the signaling cascade, including a conserved family of extracellular ligands and two cellular factors that may associate with the Notch Intracellular domain. One factor, the Drosophila Suppressor of Hairless protein, is a DNA-binding protein, which suggests that Notch signaling may involve relatively direct signal transmission from the cell surface to the nucleus. Several vertebrate Notch receptors have also been discovered recently and play important roles in normal development and tumorigenesis.
Biopurification of Waste Water Through Algaae – A Review

Biopurification of wastewater through algae is an advanced technology of wastewater purification. Algae can be used for tertiary treatment of wastewater due to its capacity to assimilate nutrients. This invention uses a cheap and efficient, ecologically safe hybrid photo bioreactor for the simultaneous detoxification of industrial wastewater and production of micro-algal biomass. The advantages of this invention result with no pollution of hazardous substances and cost benefits (Commercialization of algal biomass will reduce the cost of wastewater treatment). In the current review we will highlight on the role of biological purification of waste water.
Epigenetic mechanisms in development, inheritance and disease

Epigenetics is a relatively new and exciting field of the (bio)medical sciences. It confers an additional layer of information that controls gene expression by mechanisms involving DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin compaction and non-coding RNAs. As most epigenetic marks are mitotically transferable and sometimes even stable during meiosis, these modifications can potentially be passed on to future generations. Proper epigenetic signaling is essential for normal proliferation and differentiation, and epigenetic misregulation is a key feature of many common diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. As most epigenetic marks are reversible, understanding the underlying disease mechanisms reveals the therapeutic potential for interference with aberrant epigenetic signatures. These therapies hold great promises for a wide range of applications. However, the creation of both potent and specific epigenetic therapies requires a detailed insight into the patients’ epigenomic landscape. Here, we provide an overview of the major epigenetic signaling pathways and their contribution to development and disease.
Cytoplasmic Retention of CDC6 Induces Premature Senescence in Immortalized Cells and Suppresses Tumor Formation in Mice

Senescence is a powerful mechanism that prevents the development of tumors in vivo; however, once tumors are formed, most are refractory to senescence in response to oncogenic stress. Therefore, a novel pathway leading to senescence is required. We herein demonstrated that the cell cycle regulator CDC6 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during senescence in a leptomycin B-resistant manner. In order to evaluate the translocation of CDC6, we utilized an estrogen receptor (ER) tag to retain CDC6 in the cytoplasm. ERtagged CDC6 was exclusively cytoplasmic, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced senescence-associated (SA) b-galactosidase activity. Furthermore, ER-CDC6 inhibited the transformation of mouse fibroblasts by the active ras oncogene in vitro, and suppressed tumor formation in NOD-SCID mice. Thus, CDC6 may play a critical role in the regulation of senescence in the cytoplasm in order to counteract tumorigenesis. J O U R N A L O F H E M A T O L O G Y A N D O N C O L O G Y R E S E A R C H ISSN NO: 2372-6601 RESEARCH ARTICLE DOI : 10.14302/issn.2372-6601.jhor-16-1125 Corresponding author: Jun-ya Kato, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan. , E-mail: jkata@bs.naist. jp (J-yK). Running title: Cytoplasmic CDC6 induces premature senescence.
Microbiological and Sensory Attributes of Retail Cuts of Beef Treated with Acetic and Lactic Acid Solutions.

This research characterized the effect of 0.6 and 1.2% acetic and lactic acids applied for 20 and 120 s at a temperature of 1 to 2°C on total colony forming units (CFU) and Escherichia coli counts, and sensory qualities including shear value, expressible moisture, color and sensory panel of retail cuts of beef rib steaks. Microbial inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration and times of treatment with a 1.2% acid treatment for 120 s being the most effective treatment for reducing microbial counts, for both acids. Although there were significant reductions (p <0.05) in bacterial populations, these reductions which had a maximum of 2.0 log, were of questionable practical significance. The inhibitory effect of the acids decreased with storage time, up to 9 days. Treatment with both the acids resulted in paler meat (p <0.05) than the non-treated control. There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in shear values or expressible moisture due to acid treatment. Sensory panels reported only small differences between the samples. These results indicate that an aqueous acetic or lactic acid treatment of retail beef reduced total CFU and E. coli numbers immediately after treatment, but the magnitude was less than 1 log. However, a residual influence was observed so that after 3 and 9 days both acid treatments inhibited total CPU and E. coli growth by up to 2 logs compared with the non-treated control samples.
Diet and feeding strategy of the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Turkish coast of southeastern Black Sea

Regime et strategie alimentaire chez la raie pastenague commune Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) sur les cotes turques de la Mer Noire. Le regime alimentaire de la raie pastenague commune Dasyatis pastinaca est etudie pour la premiere fois sur des specimens recoltes sur les cotes turques de la Mer Noire entre juin 2007 et mai 2008. Les individus ont ete recoltes au chalut de fond entre 20 et 40 m de profondeur. Globalement, des proies appartenant a 8 taxons differents ont ete identifiees au niveau specifique. L'analyse des contenus stomacaux a mis en evidence que cette espece se nourrit habituellement de crustaces. Upogebia pusilla est la proie principale. D'autres proies telles que l'anchois Engraulis encrasicholus, le mulet rouge Mullus barbatus ponticus et le crabe Liocarcinus depurator sont consommees occasionnellement alors que le chinchard Trachurus mediterraneus, le crabe Carcinus mediterraneus, la crevette Crangon crangon et le bivalve Venus gallina sont consommees en petite quantite. Des tests non parametriques ont ete appliques pour evaluer le role des variations saisonnieres, ontogeniques et du sexe sur le regime alimentaire. Les differences observees ne sont significatives qu'entre les saisons.
Biomechanical Attributes of the Leaves of Pine Species

The flexual stiffness EI, elastic modulus E, second moment of area I, length L, and weight Wt of foliage leaves from 26 species of pine were measured to determine the manner in which EI is scaled to leaf size (L or Wt, or both) and to determine if the biomechanical attributes of foliage leaves could be juxtaposed with the systematic affiliations of species within Pinus. Biomechanical and morphometric data were explored based on a model from engineering theory that predicts the relationships among EI, Wt and L provided that the maximum tip-deflection δ max of an untapered cantilevered beam sustaining its own weight is maintained as the beam either increases in the length or weight, or both, i.e.δ max = WtL 3 /8EI (.)
ANALYSIS OF EPIGENOMIC AND EPIPLASTOME VARIABILITY IN THE HAPLOID AND DIHAPLOID SUGAR BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) PLANTS

Reproduction of cells, individuals, populations is a principal concept of biology. This proc- ess is characterized by two properties: heredity and variation. The concept of inheritance indicates the identity of the parents and the offspring’s; the concept of variability indicates the incompleteness of this identity. There is a direct proportional relationship between the genome level ploidy, the cy-toplasm volume and the cell size (nuclear-plasma ratio). Variation of chromosome or chromatid numbers in the cell nuclei determines the epigenomic variability and variation of intracellular organelle numbers in the cell (for example chloroplasts) determines epiplastome variability in plants. Rela- tionship of the chloroplast number in stomata guard cells and nucleus ploidy level in sugar beet is well known that permit to compare an epiplastome variability in plants and different ploidy of ge- nomes. Chloroplast number in the cells varies, partly due to the asymmetric organelle distribution during cytokinesis. However the epiplastomic variability is related not only with a random organelle distribution during cytokinesis, but also with a genome number variation per cell nucleus (epige-nomic variability). An endohaploidy, i.e. an appearance of haploid cells in cell population, is one of the variant of epigenetic variability display. Sugar beet may form the haploid seeds spontaneously both by biparental and uniparental reproduction. In the work the diploid (control, generation A 0 ), dihaploid and haploid (generation A 1 ) seed progeny were used. Dihaploids and haploids were obtained by the parthenogenetic reproduction mode (pollen less condition). In the paper we considered a variability of chloroplast number in stomata guard cells and integral tissue characteristic which are compared with harmonious proportions (Fibonacci number, golden ratio). It was studied following parameters: a) a chloroplast number in stomata the guard cells; b) a plastotype number in the epi-dermal tissue. And it was determined the average value of chloroplast (M) and plastotypes (Pt) num- ber in stomatal guard cells of haploid, diploid and dihaploid plants. On the base of obtained data the ratios of epigenetic stability (D-ratio) in haploid, diploid and dihaploid (control) sugar beet plants were estimated. D is logarithmic ratio of the chloroplast number to plastotypes and indicates the physiological and epiplastome stability of cell populations. It was shown the differences between the experiment simples: D-ratio in dihaploids is always above than one in the haploids. It was established for the first time that integral tissue characteristic (D-ratio) corresponds to harmonious proportions (bio-logical invariants), i.e. Fibonacci numbers (golden ratio). In diploids and dihaploids this ratio corresponds to the first terms of the harmonious series (from first to fifth), in haploids D-ratio corre- sponds to eighth and higher terms of the harmonious sequence.
Chicken genome modelling for the benefit of science

In the early 21st century, genetic modification of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) had not been possible before their transfer and recovery through germ line. Chicken PGCs resist deliberate genetic modification, probably by silencing the transgenes in the genome. The use of mobile genetic elements (transposons) in genetic modification and germ-line transmission of PGCs has recently overcome this problem, so that PGCs can be used for further chicken genome modelling in order to study developmental biology, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) functions, viral DNA-RNA hybridisation, silencing of transgene expression, together with epigenetic modification, and gene function. Application of the transposons, viral integrase, zinc-finger nuclease and site-specific recombinase in whole genome elucidation is not sufficient. The chicken PGCs can be used as a model of choice to establish a new generation of methodology for genome modelling. For this purpose the livesome vectors are proposed.
Genetic correlations for claw health traits between Nordic countries and the Netherlands

Claw health is an important health issue in the dairy sector in Europe. The purpose of this study was to compare the breeding values for claw health traits between Denmark and the Netherlands. That is done by estimating genetic correlations between claw health breeding values of comparable traits. Correlations are estimated following the Interbull procedure for Multiple-trait Across Country Evaluation (MACE). Genetic correlations between the countries are very high, that indicate that the traits are comparable. There are more countries working on the introduction of breeding values for claw health traits. Potentially in the future conversions for claw health traits can be developed.
‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ Lagerstroemia

‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ are the first intermediate growth habit Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivars to combine mildew resistance, an array of spectacular exfoliating bark colorations, and a range of flower colors. Seven previously released U.S. National Arboretum-released L. indica × L. fauriei mildew-resistant cultivars, ‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, ‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ are vaseshaped, outward-arched, small trees that can be expected to mature at 7 to 10 m high (4–6, 8); while four others, ‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’, are semi-dwarf growth habit cultivars that will ultimately mature at heights <3 m high (7). ‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’, with mature heights <5 m, bridge the landscape growth habit gap between the upright, small trees and the compact, semidwarf cultivars. With the introduction of these six cultivars, the U.S. National Arboretum Lagerstroemia breeding project has introduced 23 unique, distinct, and noteworthy cultivars for the nursery industry, landscape architects, and home gardeners alike (1–3).
VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA EN ADN MICROSATÉLITE DE UN NUEVO LINAJE DE OSTIÓN (Crassostrea gigas) EN SONORA

Se evaluo la variabilidad genetica en seis loci microsatelitales de dos generaciones consecutivas de un nuevo linaje de Crassostrea gigas que se pretende establecer en los cultivos del Golfo de California. Se detectaron un total de 66 alelos y 146 genotipos en la muestra del conjunto parental y 68 alelos y 168 genotipos en la muestra de la generacion F1. El promedio de la heterocigosis observada fue de 0,65 para la generacion parental y de 0,67 para la F1, sin diferencias significativas entre ellas. Todos los loci mostraron una deficiencia de heterocigotos con excepcion de ucdCg10 en la F1, pero no se encontro evidencia de una endogamia acumulada. Se encontraron diferencias en la distribuciones de las frecuencias alelicas y genotipicas de cinco loci. El monitoreo de la variabilidad genetica de organismos provenientes de laboratorios de produccion no es un analisis de rutina en el proceso del control de calidad en la mayoria de los laboratorios. El analisis de microsatelites es una buena herramienta para vigilar las fluctuaciones de la heterocigosis a lo largo de la vida productiva de los linajes de cultivo.