Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Method for Quantifying Deep-Sea Carbonate Dissolution Using 14C Dating

We quantified the rate of carbonate dissolution with increasing water depth by taking the difference in the carbonate mass accumulation rate of deep (3393–4375 m) core top sediments from the shallowest one (3208 m), which we assumed was unaffected by dissolution. This method depends on high quality 14C dates that we calibrated to calendar years for calculating sedimentation rates. Our results show low (ranging from 0 to 0.3 g cm−2 ka−1) and high (ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 g cm−2 ka−1) carbonate dissolution rates, above and below 4000 m, respectively. Therefore, we interpret the sudden increase in the carbonate dissolution rate at 4000-m water depth to mark the lysocline.
Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

This book develops a framework for analyzing the creation and consolidation of democracy. Different social groups prefer different political institutions because of the way they allocate political power and resources. Thus democracy is preferred by the majority of citizens, but opposed by elites. Dictatorship nevertheless is not stable when citizens can threaten social disorder and revolution. In response, when the costs of repression are sufficiently high and promises of concessions are not credible, elites may be forced to create democracy. By democratizing, elites credibly transfer political power to the citizens, ensuring social stability. Democracy consolidates when elites do not have strong incentive to overthrow it. These processes depend on (1) the strength of civil society, (2) the structure of political institutions, (3) the nature of political and economic crises, (4) the level of economic inequality, (5) the structure of the economy, and (6) the form and extent of globalization.
Effect of Variable Viscosity, Dissipation and Hall Currents on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow Past a Stretching Sheet

We consider the influence dissipation, variable viscosity, Hall current of a magneto-hydrodynamic free-convective flow and heat and mass transfer flow past a stretching sheet in the presence of heat generation/absorption. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of temperature. The boundary-layer equations governing the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer under consideration have been reduced to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by employing a similarity transformation. Using the finite difference scheme, numerical solutions to the transform ordinary differential equations have been obtained and the results are presented graphically. The rare of heat anf mass transfer sre discussed numerically for different variations. Keywords: Radiation absorption, Variable viscosity, Soret effect, MHD, Hall current, Heat and mass transfer.
Pragmatic Functions of Presupposition in Arabic

The article investigates pragmatic functions of presupposition in Arabic. Analyzing data collected from different sources and following other researchers (for examples, see References), the researcher finds that presupposition in Arabic is utilized to achieve 12 pragmatic functions; some of these are arrived at by other researchers in other languages; other functions are particular to Arabic. Language particular functions are caring, self-revelation, advising, knowledge sharing, inferencing, and skill developing.
Tracking the energetics of the non-thermal disc-corona-jet in the very high state GX 339 - 4

The dramatic hard–soft spectral transition in black hole binaries is important as it is associated with the collapse of the jet and with the strongest low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). These transition spectra (intermediate and very high state: VHS) are complex, with soft but distinctly non-thermal Comptonization which merges smoothly into the disc emission. Here we develop a physical model for the accretion flow which can accommodate all these features, with an outer standard disc, which can make a transition to an energetically coupled disc–corona region, and make a further transition to a hot inner flow which can be radiatively inefficient if required. The code explicitly uses fully relativistic emissivity (Novikov–Thorne), and all Comptonization is calculated with a hybrid (thermal and non-thermal) electron distribution. We fit this to a VHS spectrum from GX 339 − 4. We show that the complex continuum curvature produced by a hybrid electron distribution is enough to remove the strong constraint on black hole spin derived from reflection using simpler Comptonization models. More fundamentally, we show that the VHS cannot be fit with the same Novikov–Thorne emissivity which can fit the disc-dominated spectrum but instead requires that the inner flow is somewhat radiatively inefficient. This is consistent with an accretion powered jet, but simultaneous radio data show that the jet has already collapsed at the time of our data. Instead, it could point to truncation of the inner flow at radii larger than the innermost stable circular orbit, as predicted by the Lense–Thirring QPO models.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH ULUGURU MOUNTAINS IN MOROGORO REGION

The study was conducted in two wards Kolero and Kasanga of South Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro Region to assess factors influencing adoption of conservation agriculture. In this study the level of adoption was assessed, contribution of conservation agriculture in agricultural productivity was identified; and the influence of socio-economic factors and institution factors in adopting conservation agriculture were identified. The methodology involved a cross-sectional research design with sample size of 120 farmers from both adopters and non adopters. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select key informants in the two wards of Kolero and Kasanga. Random sampling was used to select four villages of Kasanga, Kolero, Kitonga and Lubasazi. The main methods of data collection used were structured questionnaires, personal observation, focus group discussion and interview. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were undertaken for quantitative data analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting adoption of conservation agriculture. The findings show that farmers who adopted conservation agriculture were 67% while 33% did not. The results obtained from T test showed that there was significance influence (p<0.05) of maize yield before and after the adoption of conservation agriculture. The factors that significantly (p<0.05) affected the adoption of conservation agriculture were sex, level of income of farmers and land ownership. It is concluded that the rate of farmers who adopted conservation agriculture is still low. Hence it is recommended that policy makers should work on the factors that significantly influence adoption of conservation agriculture in order to encourage farmers to adopt it
Frictional unemployment, labor market institutions, and endogenous economic growth

For a given set of labor market institutions, the rate of frictional unemployment depends on the evolution of the pool of job-seekers. Unemployment rises with the growth rate of labor supply that is proportionate to the rate of population growth. If economic growth is semi-endogenous, the steady-state growth rate depends positively on the rate of population growth. This suggests a trade-off between growth and unemployment: a faster growing economy has a higher unemployment rate. As a consequence, faster growth may not be desirable from a welfare point of view. We make this point in a parsimonious setting where semi-endogenous growth derives from the division of labor and the associated gains from specialization.
Modeling Fractures in a Poro-Elastic Medium

Resume´ — Un modele de fracture dans un milieu poro-elastique — Nous presentons un modele de fracture dans un milieu poro-elastique. Il decrit la fracture comme une courbe ou une surface, selon la dimension, l'epaisseur etant incorporee dans l'equation de l'ecoulement dans la fracture. La discretisation utilise des elements finis mixtes pour le fluide et des elements finis continus pour le deplacement du milieu. Le schema est resolu par un algorithme qui decouple, d'une part, le calcul du deplacement de celui de l'ecoulement, et d'autre part, le calcul de l'ecoulement dans le reservoir de celui dans la fracture. Le modele est illustrepar un essai numerique. Abstract — Modeling Fractures in a Poro-Elastic Medium — We present a fracture model in a poro-elastic medium. The model describes the fracture as a curve or surface according to the dimen- sion, the width of the crack being included into the equation of flow in the fracture. The discretization uses mixed finite elements for the fluid and continuous finite elements for the porous medium's dis- placement. The numerical scheme is solved by an algorithm that decouples, on one hand, the compu- tation of the mechanics from that of the fluid, and on the other hand, the computation of the flow in the reservoir from that in the fracture. The model is illustrated by a numerical experiment.
Billions of impoverished people deserve to be better served: A call to action for the service research community

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to create a movement within the service research community that aspires to help the billions of impoverished people across the world achieve better service from each other, from their communities, from corporations, from their governments, and from nongovernmental organizations. The authors believe every human being is worthy of being served properly. To achieve this purpose, understanding and learning from this huge low-income segment of society known as the base of the pyramid (BoP) is essential. There are myths about the BoP that need to be dispelled and there is a fundamental lack of service research on this important problem. Design/methodology/approach – The existence of an extensive BoP literature combined with service research priorities has called attention to drafting research agendas. Human service systems are explored historically and systems theory provides a perspective for understanding and reducing poverty. Transformative service research, service des.
Legally and politically feasible

Eduardo Díaz Amado, MD, Fil. , MA. Researcher and Lecturer, Instituto de Bioética, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. This article was originally written while I was attending the master program in History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine, Durham University, UK, 2007/08. To be published in this journal some parts were updated or modifi ed. The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of its author. Email: eduardo.diaz-amado@durham.ac. uk ABORTO: INCONCLUSO DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA ÉTICO, FACTIBLE DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA LEGAL Y POLÍTICO
Bridge Laws and the Psycho-Neural Interface ∗ †

Recent advancements in the brain sciences have enabled researchers to determine, with increasing accuracy, patterns and locations of neural activation associated with various psychological functions. These techniques have revived a longstanding debate regarding the relation between the mind and the brain: while many authors now claim that neuroscientific data can be used to advance our theories of higher cognition, others defend the so-called ‘autonomy’ of psychology. Settling this significant question requires understanding the nature of the bridge laws used at the psycho-neural interface. While these laws have been the topic of extensive discussion, such debates have mostly focused on a particular type of link: reductive laws. Reductive laws are problematic: they face notorious philosophical objections and they are too scarce to substantiate current research at the interface of psychology and neuroscience. The aim of this article is to provide a systematic analysis of a different kind of bridge laws—associative laws—which play a central, albeit often overlooked, role in scientific practice.
Pharmaceutical patents and generic entry competition: the role of marketing exclusivity

Extensive tests required by FDA severely curtail effective patent length for innovation drugs, raising concern that incentives to develop new drugs are insufficient in the U.S. The Hatch-Waxman Act addresses this issue with a five-year patent extension. At the same time, Hatch-Waxman promotes generic entry by reducing the entry cost for generics and by granting 180-day marketing exclusivity to a first challenger of the patent. While these two objectives seem at odds with other, we show that if the entry cost reduction is substantial, granting the marketing exclusivity also contributes to restoration of incentives to innovate. However, market exclusivity most likely decreases social welfare.
Volume Constraint Model and Algorithm for the 0-1 Knapsack Problem

Today’s economic environment has highlighted the importance of properly optimizing every organization’s asset including space and facilities portfolio. Reducing space cost by using space more efficiently can release funds for other more important activities according to the National Audit Office (NAO) space management in higher education. Utilization rate is a function of a frequency rate and an occupancy rate. The frequency rate measures the proportion of time that space is used compared to its capacity. In this study, we have proposed a new model formulation and algorithm design for the 0-1 knapsack problem. Our proposed algorithm considers volume or space occupancy of the items as paramount, since no matter how profitable the item is to the camper if the volume or the size is bigger than that of the volume of the knapsack since every knapsack also has a volume, there would be no need to force it into the knapsack. The most interesting thing about the algorithm is that, it eliminates symmetric branching tree and the lazy sorting used by most algorithms in the literature. Computational experiments provided also show that our proposed algorithm can be among the most efficient algorithms available in the literature.
Self-incompatibility in species ofLycopersiconSect.Eriopersiconand hybrids withL. esculentum

All tested plants of 11 accessions of the typical form of Lycopersicon peruvianum and 11 of its variety dentatum were found to be self-incompatible. Reactions tested extensively in one collection conformed exactly to the Nicotiana scheme. In addition, the other available species of the green-fruited subgenus Eriopersicon—L. peruvianum var. humifusum, L. glandulosum, and L. hirsutum—are self-incompatible, the reaction in the three species seeming to be as strong in their native habitat as in cultures in California. The species of the red-fruited subgenus Eulycopersicon are self-fertile, as is also L. hirsutum f. glabratum. Although the barrier to incompatible pollinations in L. peruvianum is very severe, a few seeds may be produced from incompatible matings by plants of slightly reduced vigor. All attempts to induce pseudo-fertility by means of various treatments failed. Hybrids of L. esculentum and L. peruvianum are as highly self-incompatible as the latter parent, but matings between hybrids of different parentage are highly compatible. As pistillate parents, these hybrids cross readily with L. peruvianum but not with L. esculentum, but as staminate parents they mate successfully with L. esculentum but not with L. peruvianum. With a few exceptions the same mating relations were found between the F2 and the parental species. These compatibilities can be explained if it is assumed that the S oppositional factors act in the Fj and F, hybrids in the same fashion as in L. peruvianum, but also oppose pollen bearing se, a recessive fertility allele from L. esculentum.
The HIV Pandemic: Local and Global Implications

Globalization has captured the imagination of politicians and policy-makers alike, and has become the most widely used label to make sense of the profound economic, political and social changes taking place in today’s world. Publication of this book is to be welcomed because it provides a very wide-ranging survey of many of the most important trends that impact on global health. The book consists of eighteen chapters written by internationally acknowledged specialists, and is divided into three parts. Part I, “The health consequences of globalization”, which comprises more than half of the book, maps out some of the key health challenges involved. The authors of these chapters draw upon an impressive array of statistics, as well as the current literature, to develop authoritative but accessible accounts that will have wide appeal beyond public health specialists. Among the areas covered are surveys of long-standing health challenges such as smoking, the car culture and infectious diseases, as well as topical concerns such as climate change and obesity. The chapters in this part of the book are invariably good at assessing patterns and trends, but are often more equivocal about attributing these developments to globalization. The slimmer Part II, “Monitoring the impact of globalization and health”, examines the tools used to assess the impact of globalization on health, including a somewhat provocative critique of summary measures of population health. Finally, the six chapters of Part III, “The international response to globalization”, focus on the roles of the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Bank. The book notes that globalization produces winners and losers, with the Books & electronic media
The role of insulin like growth factor I and TGFB 1 in regulating cell growth and cell death in a human teratocarcinoma derived cell line

The balance between different cell populations in the developing organism is con. trolled by regulating the rates of multiplication, differentiation or death of its constituent cells. The human teratocarcinoma derived cell line Tera 2, which in several aspects mirrors early embryonic cells, can be induced to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosisJ by depriving cell cultures of serum. This study demonstrates that this process can be reversed by replacing serum with physiological concentrations of insulin like growth factor I (lGF I) . As a result, IGF I enhances the rate of Tera 2 cell proliferation in serum free medium. In contrast, Transforming Growth Factor B1 did not exert any effect on growth or apoptosis in Tera 2 cells. The results indicate that one effect of growth factors on pluripotential cells is to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and cell death.
Version Labour Market Integration , Occupational Uncertainty , and Fertility Choices in Germany and the UK

Contrasting the conservative German welfare state with the liberal market economy of the United Kingdom, this paper examines how each welfare regime affects the firstbirth decisions of men and women under the conditions of either high labour market integration (full-time work in a permanent position) or occupational uncertainty (parttime work or work with a fixed-term contract). The results, which are based on BHPS and GSOEP data, suggest for Germany that occupational uncertainty hampers transitions to parenthood, but are inconclusive for the UK. Among highly educated women in both Germany and the UK, however, a high degree of labour market integration is found to delay family formation. 1 University of Rostock and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) DIW Berlin. E-mail: cschmitt@diw.de. Schmitt: Labour market integration, occupational uncertainties, and fertility choices in Germany and the UK http://www.demographic-research.org 254
Medicinal pumpkin responses to Thiobacillus and sulfur under water stress.

The present study aims to assess the effect of Thiobacillus and sulfur on morphological and biochemical properties of medicinal pumpkinproperties under deficit irrigation based on a split-plot design. For this purpose, water stress was applied as a main factor in three levels (control, no irrigation in flowering stage, no irrigation in fruiting), and Thiobacillus and sulfur fertilizers as sub-plots (250 kg/ha). The results revealed water stress significantly reduced stem diameter, fruit weight, fruit yield, and 1000-seed weight. In contrast, Thiobacillus + sulfur significantly increased fruit weight, fruit yield, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, and oil content. Furthermore, deficit irrigation and fertilizers influenced fatty acid of medicinal pumpkin. The interaction of fertilizer and deficit irrigation was significant on all seed oil compositions, fruit weight and yield as well as seed weight and yield. The fatty acid profile of the oil showed that it is composed primarily of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids.
Dark Matter And Dark Energy Paradox

Dark matter and dark energy can not be invisible, if existed. Wouldn’t they have to obey the same fundamental principles? There are ordinary particles invisible to us, but we can detect the reactions of it’s surroundings. Physical matter, dark or not, has to occupy space and prevent other matter from taking the same location. Any activity of dark matter/energy would disturb the ordinary matter/energy in it’s vicinity and vice versa. Isn’t it possible to observe ordinary galaxies bounced off from the space occupied by invisible dark matter? Yet, there is no logic that dark matter/energy would not be on Earth around us like ordinary matter/energy. By looking at the ordinary matter afar or at hand, wouldn’t it reflect the hiding of dark matter and dark energy? On the other hand, isn’t it meaningless if dark matter/energy can occupy the same space of ordinary matter/energy without interactions? Only space can occupy the same location with matter and energy without interactions, isn’t it?
Reporting and Monitoring of Radiation Related Adverse Eventsby Clinical Pharmacists in Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in radiation related adverse events detection and monitoring in cancer patients. Methods: This was a prospective interventional study conducted at private academic oncology care setting for a period of six months. Patients on radiation therapy or chemo-radiation therapy were enrolled and followed by clinical pharmacists on daily basis to identify adverse event(s) if any. Upon identification, adverse events were discussed with concerned radiation oncologists for authentication and graded as per defined by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). Enrolled patients were also followed to ensure if they were provided adequate supportive care. Results: A total of 226 radiation related adverse events (RRAEs) were reported from 254 patients followed during the study period. Among the study subjects, majority of them received chemo-radiation (n=126, 56%) than radiotherapy (n=100, 44%) alone. The most common reported events were fatigue (n=39, 17.2%) followed by mucositis (n=29, 12.8%), pain (n=23, 10.17%), diarrhoea (n=23, 10.17%), gastritis (n=22, 9.7%), proctalgia (n=20, 8.8%) and vomiting (n=18, 7.9%). Among the study patients who developed adverse events, majority (n=126, 56%) of them received a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and 100 (44%) of 226 patients received radiotherapy alone. Weekly cisplatin monotherapy was the most common chemotherapy prescribed concurrently to radiotherapy. Clinical pharmacists intervened to initiate adequate supportive care for 32% (n=72) patients. Conclusions: Clinical pharmacists may contribute for identifying radiation related toxicities in cancer patients. Team work of clinical pharmacists with radiation oncologists can improve the radiation safety reporting and can ensure required medical and supportive care to manage RRAEs.