Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Entrepreneurship in Turkey: A Content Analysis Assessing Ashoka Fellows

Social entrepreneurship is growing rapidly with increased attention from government, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), public, universities and media. It is an emerging area of investigation within the entrepreneurship and not-for-profit literatures. In developing countries such as Turkey, the term has been revealed especially after 2000s. There is only little research about this concept in Turkey, so this paper aims to fill this gap and introduce social entrepreneurs in Turkey. Ashoka is the largest network of social entrepreneurs worldwide with nearly 3,000 fellows in 70 countries. Ashoka fellows have innovative solutions to social problems and the potential to change patterns across society. So I have investigated Ashoka fellows in Turkey, because they are leading social entrepreneurs in this country. At the end of the study it has been understood that it is not possible to say developed countries have more social entrepreneurs than underdeveloped countries and vice versa. In the world, most widespread fields of social entrepreneurs are economic development (%19,8), human rights (%18), and civic engagement (%17,2). In contrast; civic engagement (%40) is very dominant in Turkey. It is interesting that there is not any social entrepreneur working on learning/education in Turkey while world percentage of this field is %16,2. Another result of this study is that economic stability affects number of social entrepreneurs at least in Turkey. The findings about gender of social entrepreneurs in Turkey are surprising. Because number of women and men social entrepreneurs in Turkey are almost equal although there are very few women entrepreneurs against men in Turkey’s economic enterprises.
HSD IS A BETTER RESUSCITATION FLUID FOR HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK WITH PULMONARY EDEMA AT HIGH ALTITUDE

To investigate the fluid tolerance of hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema (HSPE) at high altitude in unacclimated rats and the beneficial effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% dextran (HSD). One hundred seventy-six Sprague-Dawley rats, transported to LaSa, Tibet, 3,760 m above the sea level, were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, i.p.) within 1 week. Hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema was induced by bloodletting (50 mmHg for 1 h) plus intravenous injection of oleic acid (50 &mgr;L/kg). Seventy-seven rats were equally divided into 11 groups (n = 7/group) including sham-operated control group; hemorrhagic shock control group; HSPE control group; HSPE plus 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, 2.0-, or 3.0-fold volumes of lactated Ringer's solution (LR) groups; and HSPE plus 4, 6, and 8 mL/kg of HSD groups. Hemodynamic parameters including mean arterial blood pressure, left intraventricular systolic pressure, and the maximal change rate of intraventricular pressure rise or decline (±dp/dtmax) were observed at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after infusion; blood gases were measured at 30 and 120 min after infusion, and the water content of lung and brain was determined at 120 min after infusion. Additional 99 rats were used to observe the effect of these treatments on the survival time of HSPE rats; 0.5 volume of LR infusion slightly increased the mean arterial blood pressure, left intraventricular systolic pressure, and ±dp/dtmax and prolonged the survival time of HSPE animals as compared with the HSPE group (P < 0.05 - 0.01); it did not increase the water content of lung and brain and had no marked influences on blood gases. One volume of LR infusion had somewhat improved the hemodynamic parameters for HSPE animals, but had no apparent effect on the survival time and the water content of lung and brain. Lactate Ringer's solution infusion, 1.5, 2, and 3 volumes, significantly deteriorated the hemodynamic parameters, increased the water content of lung, and decreased the survival time of HSPE animals. Hypertonic saline/6% dextran (4 - 8 mL/kg) significantly increased the hemodynamic parameters, improved the blood gases, decreased the water content of lung and brain, and prolonged the survival time of HSPE rats. Among the three dosages of HSD, 6 mL/kg of HSD had the best effect. The tolerance of fluid infusion for hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema at high altitude is significantly decreased. More than one volume of LR infusion would aggravate the pulmonary edema and exacerbate the resuscitation effect, but only one volume of LR cannot reach the effective volume resuscitation. Small volume of HSD could better resuscitate hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema at high altitude.
Fractionation and Characterization of the Plasma and Mesosome Membrane of Listeria monocytogenes

Protoplasts of Listeria monocytogenes strain 42 were fractionated after control lysis on a Ficoll (a polysucrose) density gradient. Visually, five zones could be recognized in the gradient. The first one was composed of amorphous cytoplasmic solutes (fraction 1a) and a mixture of particles (fraction 1b). These were: (i) light particles that were lipase-sensitive and composed of six subunits and (ii) heavy particles, sensitive to ribonuclease and devoid of fine structure. The second zone consisted of tubules and vesicles still harboring cytoplasmic components (fraction 2), whereas the third zone contained only empty vesicles and protoplast ghosts (fraction 3). The material congregating into the fourth zone was morphologically identical to that of the third (fraction 3a). The fifth and heaviest zone contained a mixture of (i) particles without any substructure and (ii) partly lysed protoplasts (fraction 4). Fractions 1b and 4 were the richest in nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid, 11.4 and 9.4%, respectively; deoxyribonucleic acid, 5.1 and 4.8%, respectively), whereas fraction 1b had the highest protein contents (74.6%). Phospholipids were mainly found in fractions 2 and 3. Except for fraction 1, all materials contained significant amounts of protein-bound phosphorus. The main concentrations of four enzymes were: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (fraction 1a); adenosine triphosphatase and reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate oxidase (fraction 3); nitro blue tetrazolium chloride reductase (fraction 2). Fractionation of strain 42 after addition of 32P during the mid-log phase of growth revealed that the radio-activity was mainly detected in fraction 1b, when growth in the presence of the marker was allowed for 10 min, and in fraction 2, when growth was allowed for 90 min. The vesicles of fraction 2, often tubular, are probably of mesosomal origin, whereas those of fraction 3, which are always spherical, represent, most likely, the bulk of the cell plasma membrane. Our data showed slight chemical differences between these two fractions, but the differences in enzymatic activities and lipid-phosphorus incorporation during long pulse experiments were most dramatic.
Effects of age, gender and metabolic factors on endothelium‐dependent vasodilation: a population‐based study

Abstract. Sarabi M, Millgård J, Lind L (University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Effects of age, gender and metabolic factors on endothelium‐dependent vasodilation: a population‐based study. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 265–274.
Safe Early Stopping for Layered LDPC Decoding

In this letter, we address the problem of early stopping of iterative decoding of LDPC codes, driven by criteria ensuring that no errors occur from premature termination. A safe termination strategy developed for Turbo codes is generalized to layered LDPC decoding. Then, a more efficient version and also two less efficient, but less complex, criteria are proposed.
A National Study of Work-Family Balance and Job Satisfaction among Agriculture Teachers.

This national study sought to extend previous research on the work-family balance (WFB) ability of secondary school agriculture teachers. We utilized data from a simple random sample of agriculture teachers to explore the relationships between work and family characteristics, WFB ability, and job satisfaction. Work role characteristics of interest included weekly work hours, years of teaching experience, and average number of students per class. Family role characteristics included marital status and number of children. Additionally, we considered the influence of other life roles on WFB ability. The number of weekly work hours and being married were significant, negative predictors of WFB ability, while years of teaching experience, average number of students per class, other life roles, and number of children were not statistically significant. In total, work and non-work characteristics accounted for 19% of the variance in the WFB ability of secondary school agriculture teachers. Additionally, teachers in this study reported only moderate levels of WFB ability and job satisfaction. Finally, a significant, positive relationship between WFB ability and job satisfaction was identified. The findings from this research are discussed using the conservation of resources theory, with recommendations and implications highlighted for the agriculture teaching profession.
Child anxiety in primary care: Prevalent but untreated

We present prevalence and treatment utilization rates for child anxiety disorders in a university‐affiliated primary care clinic. Families were recruited from a pediatric patient list and 714 families participated in an initial study wherein they completed child anxiety questionnaires. According to parent and child self‐report questionnaires (n=714), 22% and 20% of children, respectively, were above a suggested clinical cutoff on a brief anxiety screen; 19% and 14% of children exceeded clinical cutoffs on a separate social anxiety questionnaire. All families were invited to participate in a second study that included the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children‐Parent Version and questions about treatment utilization; telephone interviews with 190 parents showed 1‐year prevalence rates of DSM‐IV child disorders to be 10.0% (se=2.2%) for specific phobia, 6.8% (se=1.8%) for social phobia, 3.2% (se=1.3%) for generalized anxiety disorder, 0.5% (se=.7%) for selective mutism, 1.6% (se=.9%) for major depressive disorder, 1.1% (se=.7%) for dysthymia, and 12.6% (se=2.4%) for attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among children with a current anxiety disorder, 31% had received counseling or medication treatment during their lifetime, compared to 40% of children with depression and 79% with ADHD. Adolescent age and being Caucasian were predictors of psychotherapy use; having an ADHD diagnosis was a predictor of both psychotherapy and medication use. The high prevalence of impairing anxiety disorders, in concert with the very low extent of treatment utilization, suggests a need for methods to identify and disseminate empirically validated treatments for these disorders in the primary care setting. Depression and Anxiety 20:155–164, 2004. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Primary Motor and Premotor Areas of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map of the human cortex designates area 4 as cortex in the anterior bank of the precentral sulcus and area 6 as cortex encompassing the precentral gyrus and the posterior portion of the superior frontal gyrus on both the lateral and medial surfaces of the brain. More than 70 years ago, Fulton proposed a functional distinction between these two areas, coining the terms primary motor areafor cortex in Brodmann area 4 and premotor areafor cortex in Brodmann area 6. The parcellation of the cortical motor system has subsequently become more complex. Several nonprimary motor areas have been identified in the brain of the macaque monkey, and associations between anatomy and function in the human brain are being tested continuously using brain mapping techniques. In the present review, the authors discuss the unique properties of the primary motor area (M1), the dorsal portion of the premotor cortex (PMd), and the ventral portion of the premotor cortex (PMv). They end this review by discussing how the premotor areas influence M1.
Correlation of cochlear nerve size and auditory performance after cochlear implantation in postlingually deaf patients.

IMPORTANCE Cochlear implantation (CI) yields outstanding results in postlingual deafness, but outcomes of auditory performance after CI are variable. Thus far, it has been difficult to accurately predict patient prognoses after CI. OBJECTIVE To assess whether cochlear nerve (CN) size as measured with parasagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is correlated with auditory performance after CI in postlingually deaf patients. DESIGN Retrospective study. All MRI results were reviewed by the same observer, who was blinded to the participants' information. SETTING A university tertiary care center. PARTICIPANTS All 102 postlingually deaf adults who underwent CI during the period August 2010 through June 2012 were eligible to participate. Thirty-four patients were excluded because MRI was not performed or was not of sufficient quality for assessment. Sixty-eight postlingually deaf adults (mean [range] age, 49 [16-77] years) were enrolled. EXPOSURE Cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Size of the CN and auditory performance. RESULTS The mean (SD) cross-sectional area (CSA) of the CN was 0.922 (0.229) mm2 and tended to decrease with age; however, there was no significant correlation between the size of the CN and age. The cause of deafness also did not affect the size of the CSA. However, CSA was negatively associated with both the duration of deafness (P < .001) and degree of hearing loss (P = .008 for the difference in CSA between ears with no more than 80-dB hearing loss [n = 25] and ears with at least 101-dB hearing loss [n = 65]). Interestingly, CSA was positively correlated with auditory performance after CI (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We suggest that measuring the size of the CN with parasagittal MRI can yield information that is helpful in preoperative counseling of patients.
Psychological impact of chronic hepatitis C: comparison with other stressful life events and chronic diseases.

AIM To examine the psychological impact of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) diagnosis in a large cohort of CHC patients as compared with other stressful life events and chronic diseases carrying a risk of life-threatening complications. METHODS One hundred and eighty-five outpatients with compensated CHC were asked to self-grade, using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), the degree of stress caused by the learning of CHC diagnosis and the perceived severity of their disease. Diagnosis-related stress was compared to four other stressful life events and perceived CHC severity was compared to four other common chronic diseases. RESULTS Learning of CHC diagnosis was considered a major stressful event (mean+/-SD scores: 72+/-25), significantly less than death of a loved-one (89+/-13, P<0.0001) and divorce (78+/-23, P<0.007), but more than job dismissal (68+/-30, P<0.04) and home removal (26+/-24, P<0.0001). CHC was considered a severe disease (74+/-19), after AIDS (94+/-08, P<0.001) and cancer (91+/-11, P<0.001), but before diabetes (66+/-23, P<0.001) and hypertension (62+/-20, P<0.001). Perceived CHC severity was not related to the actual severity of liver disease, assessed according to Metavir fibrosis score. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis-related stress was related to perceived disease severity (P<0.001), trait anxiety (P<0.001) and infection through blood transfusion (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our results show the considerable psychological and emotional burden that a diagnosis of CHC represents, even in the absence of significant liver disease. They should be taken into account when announcing a diagnosis of CHC in order to reduce its negative effects.
Taking center stage: Decoding status hierarchies from group photos of European leaders

I investigate whether group photos of international leaders can provide useful data on interstate status perceptions. I formulate a spatial model of social hierarchy and evaluate it against newly gathered data on the placement of leaders in 121 European Council group photos between 1975 and 2015. I find support for determinants of placement at the international, institutional, and individual levels. The results suggest that: (a) group photos provide a previously untapped source of data on international status; (b) data derived from group photos can supplement existing status proxies based on material capabilities or diplomatic connectivity; (c) group pictures can be particularly useful for discerning status hierarchies among sets of relatively homogenous countries, such as those of the European Union.
The association between time spent in vigorous physical activity and dietary patterns in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Physical activity interventions targeting weight status have yielded mixed results. This variability may be attributed to compensatory changes in dietary patterns after increasing physical activity (PA) levels. Therefore, we sought to determine whether dietary patterns varied with time spent in vigorous-intensity PA in youth. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 330 youth enrolled in a school-based prospective cohort in central Alberta. Physical activity was assessed with waist mounted accelerometers (Actical) worn for 7 days. Main outcomes included consumption of unhealthy foods and the unhealthy food index obtained from a validated web-based 24-hour dietary recall instrument. Secondary outcomes included macronutrient intake, food group (Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating) intake, and diet quality. RESULTS Compared with youth participating in < 7 min/ day of vigorous physical activity, those achieving ≥ 7 min/day displayed no change in healthy or unhealthy food consumption. However, linear regression suggests a modest association between diet quality and vigorous-intensity PA. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that in this cohort of Canadian youth, time spent being physically active is associated with healthier dietary patterns and not with increased consumption of unhealthy foods.
Drunkenness diagnosis using a Neural Network-based approach for analysis of facial images in the thermal infrared spectrum

This paper proposes a method of drunkenness detection based on analysis of thermal infrared facial images. The method consists of the following processing stages: (a) thermal infrared image acquisition; (b) Pulse-Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) image segmentation; (c) feature selection using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm cascaded with the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) algorithm; (d) Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. We have built an experimental thermal infrared facial image database of 10 subjects (6 males and 4 females). The thermal images of each subject have been acquired both for sober condition and also for inebriation condition obtained after the person drank a specific amount of alcohol. The parameters of the PCNN have been optimized using a genetic algorithm. Using the proposed thermal image analysis cascade based on PCNN, we have obtained a drunkenness detection score of 97.5%.
Evaluation of an Algorithm for Retrospective Hypoglycemia Detection Using Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data

Background: People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are unable to produce insulin and thus rely on exogenous supply to lower their blood glucose. Studies have shown that intensive insulin therapy reduces the risk of late-diabetic complications by lowering average blood glucose. However, the therapy leads to increased incidence of hypoglycemia. Although inaccurate, professional continuous glucose monitoring (PCGM) can be used to identify hypoglycemic events, which can be useful for adjusting glucose-regulating factors. New pattern classification approaches based on identifying hypoglycemic events through retrospective analysis of PCGM data have shown promising results. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new pattern classification approach by comparing the performance with a newly developed PCGM calibration algorithm. Methods: Ten male subjects with T1D were recruited and monitored with PCGM and self-monitoring blood glucose during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. A total of 19 hypoglycemic events occurred during the sessions. Results: The pattern classification algorithm detected 19/19 hypoglycemic events with 1 false positive, while the PCGM with the new calibration algorithm detected 17/19 events with 2 false positives. Conclusions: We can conclude that even after the introduction of new calibration algorithms, the pattern classification approach is still a valuable addition for improving retrospective hypoglycemia detection using PCGM.
A Stochastic Shortest Path Framework for Quantifying the Value and Lifetime of Battery Energy Storage Under Dynamic Pricing

This paper aims at quantifying the value of a lifetime-constrained battery energy storage system (BESS) operated by a consumer who faces fluctuating electricity prices. We define the lifetime of the BESS as the serving duration within which the BESSs capacity stays above a certain threshold of its initial capacity and define the value of the BESS as the total peak-shaving value within its entire lifetime. Under the assumption that the price dynamics are Markovian, we show that maximizing the average value of the BESS can be formulated as a stochastic shortest path (SSP) problem, and the average lifetime corresponds to the average number of steps before being absorbed in the SSP problem. We propose an efficient parallel value iteration algorithm to solve the proposed SSP problem with guarantees of achieving optimality and a fast convergence. We also derive a closed form expression for the average lifetime based on the principle of an embedded absorbing Markov chain. We validate our model and algorithm on a practical BESS via real price data sets from two different markets. Comparison of the computational efficiency between the standard Gauss–Seidel value iteration and our parallel algorithm is also illustrated through extensive simulation.
Incompatibility group P-1 bla+ plasmids do not increase penicillin resistance of Pseudomonas acidovorans

Incompatibility group P-1 plasmids with the bla+ genotype were transferred from various Escherichia coli strains to Pseudomonas acidovorans strain 29. When resistance to ampicillin was used as the criterion, none of these plasmids appeared able to express their Bla+ phenotype in this host. When the plasmids were subsequently transferred back from these ampicillin-sensitive P. acdiovorans transcipients to E. coli strains, it was found that the Bla+ phenotype was again expressed. Although beta-lactamase was not detected in cultures of P. acidovorans transcipients, macroiodometric determinations of beta-lactamase activity made on broken cell suspensions revealed that beta-lactamase was indeed synthesized. It was concluded that P. acidovorans strain 29 allows expression of the bla gene within the cell but that this organism is unable to excrete the enzyme.