Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Information Theory Model for Pattern Analysis

The pattern model described in this paper is based on information analysis. It assumes that the collection to be analysed contains contiguous sampling units, which are quadrats or line segments, each characterized by species frequency, or species density, defined in the usual phytosociological sense (see Greig-Smith 1964). It utilizes a procedure similar to Greig-Smith's pattern analysis (1952, 1961), except that information, and not the sum of squares, is partitioned into components. Our information theory model (I-model), and also Greig-Smith's sum of squares model (SS-model), both define pattern as a spatial property and, accordingly, they measure pattern in relation to area or distance. This is in sharp contrast to the topological concept of pattern when attention is focused on the properties of symbol sequences. An example of such a pattern is the mingling of density phases in a transect (see Pielou 1967, 1969) irrespective of any ground scale. The SS-model, and also the I-model which is described in the present paper, both use a nested hierarchical analysis of pattern variation. This variation is measured as sum of squares or information generated by the departure of the observations from a state of perfect homogeneity characterized by identical counts or frequencies in the sampling units. Once this departure is measured then it is compared with an expected departure on the assumption that the individual plant specimens are distributed randomly on the ground. We may note that while the SS-model probably is best suited to analyse measurement data, the I-model should be applied only to data of a categorical type such as counts or frequencies. It may also be stressed that the I-model is computationally less tedious than the SS-model. The relative power of the two models in representing pattern in natural situations, however, has yet to be determined. Any attempt to do so will probably run into difficulties because the observations on which pattern analysis is performed are not independent in most natural situations. It is a direct consequence of this lack of independence that the distributional properties of the residuals in both the models may be inconsistent. The purpose of the present paper is to derive the I-model and to illustrate its application in connection with species data given in Table 1. The entries in Table 1 represent counts of individual tillers of Andropogon scoparius Michx. which were intercepted within 40 cm segments in a line transect. Some environmental data, for use in the SS-model, are also given (see Table 2). The transect traversed three beach ridges, each marking a previous position of the shore line, and two intervening slacks in a grassland community on the shore of Lake Erie at Rondeau Provincial Park.
The Sage package comb_walks for walks in the quarter plane

We present in this extended abstract a new software designed to work with generating functions that count walks in the quarter plane. With this software we offer a cohesive package that brings together all the required procedures for manipulating these generating functions, as well as a unified interface to deal with them. We also display results that this package offers on a public webpage.
Halophryne hutchinsi: A New Toadfish (Batrachoididae) from the Philippine Islands and Pulau Waigeo, Indonesia

Halophyrne hutchinsi is described based on 17 specimens. This species had been confused with H. diemensis, a species only known from Pulau Waigeo, Indonesia, south through New Guinea to Australia. Halophyrne hutchinsi differs from the other three species of Halophryne by the following characters: from H. ocellatus, H. queenslandiae, and H. diemensis, in having 19-21 (vs 22 or more) pectoral-fin rays; 14-15 anal-fin rays (vs 16 or more); and 17-19 dorsal-fin rays (vs 19 or more, usually 20 or more). It further differs from H. diemensis in having 25-27 vertebrae (vs 27-28); 22-25 lower lateral-line pores (vs 33-37); no parallel skin ridges on the head; and not having a large area of exposed bone on the dorsocranium.
Stage Identification and Classification of Lung Cancer using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

The performance of lung segmentation is highly dependent on disease prediction task. Challenges for prediction and segmentation raise the need of using multiple learning techniques. Current models initially perform image segmentation in all CT scan images and then classify it as malicious or benign. This consumes more time since it segments both normal and abnormal CT’s. So, due to improper segmentation of images the region of interest will be inaccurate and results in false classification of images. Therefore, by initially checking the CT which has malignancy and then segmenting those lesions will provide more accuracy in segmentation of cancerous nodules thereby helps to identify the stage of cancer the patient is suffering from. The aim is to improve the current cancer detection techniques using DCNN by filtering out malignant CT scan from the medical dataset and segmenting those images for stage identification. Segmentation is done using UNET++ architecture and stage identification is done by considering the “size” (T) parameter from the globally recognized standard named “TNM staging” for classifying the spread of each malignant nodule as T1-T4. 99.83 % accuracy is achieved in lung cancer classification using VGG-16 which yields better results for both segmentation and stage identification too.
Drug Targets for Corona Virus (COVID-19): A Systematic Review

The 2019-novel corona virus (nCoV) is a major source of disaster in the 21th century. However, the lack of specific drugs to prevent/treat an attack is a major need at this current point of time. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review to identify major drug gable targets in corona virus (CoV). We searched PubMed and RCSB database with keywords HCoV, NCoV, corona virus, SERS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV, crystal structure, X-ray crystallography structure, NMR structure, target, and drug target till Feb 3, 2020. The search identified seven major targets (spike protein, envelop protein, membrane protein, protease, nucleocapsid protein, hemagglutinin esterase, and helicase) for which drug design can be considered. There are other 16 nonstructural proteins (NSPs), which can also be considered from the drug design perspective. The major structural proteins and NSPs may serve an important role from drug design perspectives. However, the occurrence of frequent recombination events is a major deterrent factor toward the development of CoVspecific vaccines/drugs.
Does Trust Moderate the Effect of Relative Income on Happiness?

This study examined the moderating effect of generalized trust on the association between relative income and happiness based on microlevel data collected through a Japanese nationwide web survey. As a method for income comparison, we adopted subjective relative income, defined as the difference between one’s income and the estimated average income of one’s classmates. To examine the influence of income on happiness, we created subjective richer and subjective poorer variables that represented the asymmetric nature of richness and poorness. We estimated interaction effects between generalized trust and subjective relative income, or richer/poorer, with ordinary least squares regressions. First, generalized trust moderated the effect of subjective relative income on happiness. Thus, trust is expected to reduce gaps in happiness between individuals who perceive themselves to be richer or poorer than others. Second, the moderating effect of trust was significant for subjective relative income, but not absolute income. Third, the moderating effect of trust was not symmetric between the richer/ poorer comparison. For the female subsample, trust moderated the negative effect of subjective poorer, but not the positive effect of subjective richer. For the male subsample, trust moderated the positive effect of subjective richer, but promoted the negative effect of subjective poorer.
Italian tourism intermediaries: a social network analysis exploration

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyse the application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to the Italian tourism system. The research question is: do relationships among tourist enterprises affect the organizational asset of the Italian travel system? The research takes as unit of analysis the Italian travel agencies and tour operators system and represents quite a significant disclosure for organizational theses because it offers a different view over the structure and governance of a hospitality intermediaries’ network. SNA is helpful indetecting genuine proficiency and therefore in foreseeing possible losses determined by poor or inefficient configurations. Furthermore, it will help delineate new roles within the organizational networks and evaluate the relation between formal and informal organizational structures. This paper provides a structural analysis of the Italian travel agencies network and highlights its self-organization characteristics (typical of a complex system) that lead to the development of informal communities. The methods of network science proved useful and effective and, together with more traditional approaches and a qualitative knowledge of the system, can provide a deeper and more extensive understanding of the system.
Adult and Larval Population Fluctuation of Anastrepha fraterculus and its Relationship to Host Availability

Adult and larval population fluctuation of the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) has been determined and related to host availability. A peak in the adult population on each host occurred five weeks after the peak in larval population. The average number of larvae per fruit is between 1–5 in large hosts (guava, peach and loquat) and it is smaller than one for small fruit (surinam cherry).
Self-control and alcohol restraint: an initial application of the self-control strength model

Individuals whose self-control strength is depleted through the prior exertion of self-control may consume more alcohol in situations that demand restraint. Male social drinkers either exerted self-control by suppressing their thoughts or did not exert self-control while doing arithmetic. They then sampled beer. Participants expected a driving test after drinking and therefore were motivated to limit their intake. Individuals who suppressed their thoughts consumed more and achieved a higher blood alcohol content than those who did arithmetic. The groups did not differ in mood, arousal, or frustration. Individuals higher in trait temptation to drink consumed more after suppressing their thoughts relative to those lower in trait temptation. Alcohol intake may be a function of temptation to drink and self-control strength.
The Pleistocene distribution of the Tasmanian native-hen Gallinula mortierii mortierii

Fossil material from the late Cainozoic Chinchilla locality (26"48'S, 150°41'E) was first described by DeVis (1888, 1892) as new taxa of the Rallidae. Olson (1975), re-examining this material, considered that it was all referable to the extant species Gallinula mortierii. Finding the mainland specimens smaller than a small series of the Tasmanian form, Olson treated the mainland form as subspecifically distinct, using for it the name G. m, reperta (DeVis). In the present article, the taxonomic status of the extinct populations of the mainland are considered and the idea of aridity being the sole factor behind its being left as a relic population in Tasmania is discussed.
Internet use and social Support in women with breast cancer

Many Web sites offer information to breast cancer patients, who are increasingly using these sites. The authors investigated the potential psychological benefits of Internet use for medical information by breast cancer patients. Of the 251 women approached, 188 were successfully interviewed (74.9%). Forty-two percent used the Internet for medical information related to breast health issues and did so for an average of 0.80 hr per week. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List and the UCLA Loneliness Scale, with results controlled for covariates, showed that Internet use for breast health issues was associated with greater social support and less loneliness than Internet use for other purposes or nonuse. Breast cancer patients may obtain these psychological benefits with only a minimal weekly time commitment.
Retrieval of concepts in script-based texts and narratives: The influence of general world knowledge

The goal of the present experiments was to examine the accessibility of concepts embedded within text. J. A. Albrecht and E. J. O'Brien (1991) found that with narrative texts central concepts are more quickly retrieved than peripheral concepts. In contrast, F. R. Yekovich and C. H. Walker (1986) found that when concepts are embedded within scripts, peripheral concepts are more quickly retrieved than central concepts. Over 13 experiments, central concepts were generally more quickly accessed than peripheral concepts. The only exception occurs when (a) script-based texts are used, (b) the number of mentions or elaboration of central and peripheral concepts is held constant, and (c) the measure of centrality is theme relatedness rather than degree of interconnectedness. Under those conditions, central concepts are more difficult to access than peripheral concepts.
Varieties of Fiscal Stimulus: A Conflicting Claims Analysis

This paper explores the effects of fiscal policy in a conflicting claims economy where monetary policy follows a Taylor rule. Fiscal stimulus is decomposed into distinct varieties, depending on whether the initial effect is primarily on consumption or investment. Policy type proves important for the understanding of growth, unemployment, and the distribution of income. (JEL E12, E32, E42) ∗ Please address all correspondence to: Alan G. Isaac, Department of Economics, American University, Washington, DC 20016 ph:(202)885-3784 fax:(202)885-3790 email:aisaac@american.edu.
The evolution of the skull and the cephalic muscles : a comparative study of their development and adult morphology

Australian Museum science is freely accessible online at http: / /publ icat ions . aust ra l ianmuseum.net . au 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Austral ia nature culture discover Leighton Kesteven, H. , 1944. The evolution of the skull and the cephalic muscles: a comparative study of their development and adult morphology. Part III. The Sauria. Reptilia. Australian Museum Memoir 8(3): 237–269. [19 May 1944].
Immunogenicity of the recombinant M.smegmatis expressing Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein of M.tuberculosis in mice

Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity of the recombinant M.smegmatis expressing Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein of M.tuberculosis(Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s) in mice.Methods Six-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneous injection on the back with 1×106 colony-forming unit(CFU) of Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s per mouse.The mice immunized by M.smegmatis(M.s),BCG,Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein and saline used as control.The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) of mice were detected once a week for six weeks after immunization.The proliferation of splenic lymphocytes of mice was assayed by MTS[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,inner salt],and the numbers of splenic lymphocytes secreting interferon γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2) and interleukin-4(IL-4) were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay(ELISPOT) at 6 weeks after immunization.Results The Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s could significantly stimulate the generation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the PBMC from immunized mice,and its percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [(59.6±1.5)%] were significantly higher than that in BCG group [(48.8±2.3)%](t=12.252,P0.05) and M.s group [(45.7±1.6)%](t=20.166,P0.05). Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s could stimulate the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in immunized mice,and its stimulation index(3.23±0.31) was equivalent to that in BCG group(2.95±0.36). However,the level of IFN-γ in mice immunized by Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s [(167.5±36.6) spot forming cells(SFC)/106] was significantly higher than that in BCG group [(98.5±26.9)SFC/106 ](t=4.804,P0.05),and the level of IFN-γ was also higher than levels of IL-2 and IL-4(t=6.174 and 6.449,P0.05) in mice immunized by Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s. Conclusion The expression of Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein in M.smegmatis could improve the immunogenicity,and Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s could induce immune response preventing M.tuberculosis infection in mice.Ag85B-ESAT-6-rM.s as a TB candidate vaccine is worthy of further study.
Energy-efficient generation of skyrmion phases in Co/Ni/Pt-based multilayers using Joule heating

We have studied the effects of electrical current pulses on skyrmion formation in a series of Co/Ni/Pt-based multilayers. Transmission X-ray microscopy reveals that by applying electrical current pulses of duration and current density on the order of $\tau$=50 $\mu$s and j=1.7x10$^1$$^0$ A/m$^2$, respectively, in an applied magnetic field of $\mu$$_0$Hz=50 mT, stripe-to-skyrmion transformations are attained. The skyrmions remain stable across a wide range of magnetic fields, including zero field. The skyrmions then remain stable across a wide range of magnetic fields, including zero field. We primarily attribute the transformation to current-induced Joule heating on the order of ~125 K. Reducing the magnetic moment and perpendicular anisotropy using thin rare-earth spacers dramatically reduces the pulse duration, current density, and magnetic field necessary to 25 $\mu$s, 2.4x10$^9$ A/m$^2$, and 27 mT, respectively. These findings show that energetic inputs allow for the formation of skyrmion phases in a broad class of materials and that material properties can be tuned to yield more energy-efficient access to skyrmion phases.
Holding strength of screws in plywood and oriented strandboard

Tests were carried out to determine the holding strength of screws in the face and edges of plywood and oriented strandboard (OSB). Ten distinct proprietary boards were included in the study: three southern pine plywood, one Douglas-fir plywood, one hardwood plywood, and five OSB boards. Sheet metal type screws of sizes including 6AB, 8AB, 10AB, 12AB, and 14AB were used in the study. Initial tests were conducted to determine optimum pilot hole diameters. Predictive expressions were fitted to the results, which enable the withdrawal strengths of screws embedded in these materials to be predicted as a function of screw diameter and depth of penetration, and density ofthe board material.
Pollen Transport and Deposition by Bumble Bees in Erythronium: Influences of Floral Nectar and Bee Grooming

(1) The transport of pollen from donor flowers by bumble bees was measured by examining deposition on stigmata of sequences of recipient flowers. The rate of decay of grain deposition was estimated as a measure of pollen carryover. (2) Bombus bifarius was a much less effective pollinator of Erythronium grandiflorum than was the larger Bombus occidentalis. (3) The numbers of pollen grains deposited by bumble bees on the stigmata of Erythronium americanum vary greatly from flower to flower. (4) The time spent by a bee on a flower is positively related to the nectar concentration and volume. (5) Flowers with large volumes of nectar receive more pollen grains per visit than those with small volumes, presumably because the visits are longer. The results are insufficient to show a parallel increase in deposition with nectar concentration. (6) Measures of pollen carryover are presented. Most deposition of grains from a particular donor flower occurs on the first several recipient flowers subsequently visited by the bee, but a few grains travel much farther. (7) Pollen carryover in E. grandiflorum is reduced by bee grooming. (8) The negative effect of grooming on carryover is increased when the recipient flowers have undehisced anthers. (9) Erythronium americanum and E. grandiflorum were similar in carryover, but Linaria vulgaris showed much higher carryover. The reasons for this are discussed.
Putative mechanisms of bacterial effects on plant photosystem under stress

Bacteriaaremicro-andnanoorganismsthatspatiallycolonizetheplantorganismandcomprisevarioustypesofinteractionswiththehostrangingfrompathogenictomutualisticandsymbiotic.Thepresenceoftheseexo-andendosymbiontsmayaffecttheplanthostphysiology.Non-pathogenicbacteriacanenhancedefensivecapacityinplantsthatprovidesprotectionagainstphytopathogensandherbivores,aswellasmakesavaluablecontributionto the protection of plants from abiotic stressors. Endophytes demonstrate the protection of photosystem inplants under environmental challenges. The putative mechanisms of bacterial effects on plant photosystem arediscussed in this paper.Keywords: bacteria, photosystem, abiotic and biotic stresses.
The Unsuitability of Some Viruliferous Plants as Hosts for the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae

Significant differences were observed in the rates of multiplication of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) when reared on healthy and on cucumber mosaic virus-infected seedlings of Nicotiana tabacum L. , Gomphrena globosa L. , and Zinnia elegans Jacq. Aphid populations after 8 to 12 days were 2.10, 2.04 and 4.77 times larger on healthy than on the diseased seedlings, respectively. It is suggested that the altered amino acid composition of the viruliferous plants rendered them unsuitable as hosts.
Induction: The Best Form of Professional Development.

You don't wait until after school begins and new teachers are in trouble to start a professional development program. Instead, you create a culture of professional growth and lifelong learning before beginning teachers ever see their first class. The best way to support, develop, and cultivate an attitude of lifelong learning in beginning teachers is through a new teacher induction program focused on teacher training, support, and retention.
The Research Progress of Structure,Function and Regulation of Plant NAC Transcription Factors

NAC transcription factors that are unique to plants are the new type transcription regulatory factors that have multiple biological functions.They contain a conserved NAC domain about 150 amino acids in N-terminal ends and highly different transcription regulatory domain in C-terminal ends.The NAC transcription factors play a role in regulation of plant growth and development,hormone level and responses to various kinds stresses.This article reviews the basic structure,biological function,expression regulation of plant NAC transcription factors and the recent research progress.
Incubadora de empresas.

La tendencia sostenida de la economia mundial hacia la globalizacion, nos enfrenta a situaciones de mayor competitividad. La Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, a traves de los distintos proyectos profesionales que realizan sus estudiantes, busca una mayor vinculacion entre al Universidad y el sector productivo. Una incubadora de empresas es una organizacion publica o privada cuyo fin ultimo es la produccion de empresas sanas, es decir, con menores posibilidades de fracasar. La incubadora es una herramienta de desarrollo empresarial que brinda respuestas a una necesidad detectada en el mercado, participando activamente en la creacion de empresas. Los objetivos de la investigacion son: profundizar sobre los distintos modelos globales de incubadora de empresas; conocer los distintos sistemas de repago de las mismas; analizar las distintas estructuras administrativas; investigar a cerca del modelo desarrollado por William Bolton que finaliza con una empresa comercialmente viable