Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scale Group Transformer for Long Sequence Modeling in Speech Separation

In this paper, we introduce Transformer to the time-domain methods for single-channel speech separation. Transformer has the potential to boost speech separation performance because of its strong sequence modeling capability. However, its computational complexity, which grows quadratically with the sequence length, has made it largely inapplicable to speech applications. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel variation of Transformer, named multi-scale group Transformer (MSGT). The key ideas are group self-attention, which significantly reduces the complexity, and multi-scale fusion, which retains Transform's ability to capture long-term dependency. We implement two versions of MSGT with different complexities, and apply them to a well-known time-domain speech separation method called Conv-TasNet. By simply replacing the original temporal convolutional network (TCN) with MSGT, our approach called MSGT-TasNet achieves a large gain over Conv-TasNet on both WSJ0-2mix and WHAM! benchmarks. Without bells and whistles, the performance of MSGT-TasNet is already on par with the SOTA methods.
Efficient and Robust High-Dimensional Linear Contextual Bandits

The linear contextual bandits is a sequential decision-making problem where an agent decides among sequential actions given their corresponding contexts. Since large-scale data sets become more and more common, we study the linear contextual bandits in high-dimensional situations. Recent works focus on employing matrix sketching methods to accelerating contextual bandits. However, the matrix approximation error will bring additional terms to the regret bound. In this paper we first propose a novel matrix sketching method which is called Spectral Compensation Frequent Directions (SCFD). Then we propose an efficient approach for contextual bandits by adopting SCFD to approximate the covariance matrices. By maintaining and manipulating sketched matrices, our method only needs O(md) space and O(md) updating time in each round, where d is the dimensionality of the data and m is the sketching size. Theoretical analysis reveals that our method has better regret bounds than previous methods in high-dimensional cases. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and verify our theoretical guarantees.
Learning Data-Driven Drug-Target-Disease Interaction via Neural Tensor Network

Precise medicine recommendations provide more effective treatments and cause fewer drug side effects. A key step is to understand the mechanistic relationships among drugs, targets, and diseases. Tensor-based models have the ability to explore relationships of drug-target-disease based on large amount of labeled data. However, existing tensor models fail to capture complex nonlinear dependencies among tensor data. In addition, rich medical knowledge are far less studied, which may lead to unsatisfied results. Here we propose a Neural Tensor Network (NeurTN) to assist personalized medicine treatments. NeurTN seamlessly combines tensor algebra and deep neural networks, which offers a more powerful way to capture the nonlinear relationships among drugs, targets, and diseases. To leverage medical knowledge, we augment NeurTN with geometric neural networks to capture the structural information of both drugs’ chemical structures and targets’ sequences. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the NeurTN model.
All-Instances Oblivious Chase Termination is Undecidable for Single-Head Binary TGDs

The chase is a famous algorithmic procedure in database theory with numerous applications in ontology-mediated query answering. We consider static analysis of the chase termination problem, which asks, given set of TGDs, whether the chase terminates on all input databases. The problem was recently shown to be undecidable by Gogacz et al. for sets of rules containing only ternary predicates. In this work, we show that undecidability occurs already for sets of single-head TGD over binary vocabularies. This question is relevant since many real-world ontologies, e.g., those from the Horn fragment of the popular OWL, are of this shape.
High‐elevation hypoxia impacts perinatal physiology and performance in a potential montane colonizer

Abstract Climate change is generating range shifts in many organisms, notably along the elevational gradient in mountainous environments. However, moving up in elevation exposes organisms to lower oxygen availability, which may reduce the successful reproduction and development of oviparous organisms. To test this possibility in an upward‐colonizing species, we artificially incubated developing embryos of the viperine snake (Natrix maura) using a split‐clutch design, in conditions of extreme high elevation (hypoxia at 2877 m above sea level; 72% sea‐level equivalent O2 availability) or low elevation (control group; i.e. normoxia at 436 m above sea level). Hatching success did not differ between the two treatments. Embryos developing at extreme high elevation had higher heart rates and hatched earlier, resulting in hatchlings that were smaller in body size and slower swimmers compared to their siblings incubated at lower elevation. Furthermore, post‐hatching reciprocal transplant of juveniles showed that snakes which developed at extreme high elevation, when transferred back to low elevation, did not recover full performance compared to their siblings from the low elevation incubation treatment. These results suggest that incubation at extreme high elevation, including the effects of hypoxia, will not prevent oviparous ectotherms from producing viable young, but may pose significant physiological challenges on developing offspring in ovo. These early‐life performance limitations imposed by extreme high elevation could have negative consequences on adult phenotypes, including on fitness‐related traits.
Development of a Novel Assay for Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate (SBP) in vitro by Combinations of Purified Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases (FBA) Proteins and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatases (FBPase) Proteins from Bacillus methanolicus MGA3

[Abstract] Bacillus methanolicus (B. methanolicus) is a Gram-positive, thermotolerant, and facultative methylotrophic bacterium that can use the one-carbon (C1) compound methanol as a source of carbon and energy (Schendel et al., 1990; Arfman et al., 1997; Arfman et al., 1992). B. methanolicus uses the Ribulose monosphosphate (RuMP) cycle for the fixation of formaldehyde (Anthony, 1986; Brautaset et al., 2007). In the RuMP cycle, Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphoasphate (SBP) can be produced from erythrose 4-phosohate (E4-P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate aldolase (SBA) and dephosphorylated to yield sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (S7-P) by sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase). Unfortunately, since neither E4-P nor SBP is commercially available, these compounds cannot be used directly in enzyme assays to obtain evidence for synthesis and hydrolysis of SBP. To circumvent this limitation, a coupled discontinuous enzyme assay including transketolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) was used. E4-P and xylulose 5-phosphate (XU5-P) were generated from fructose 6-phosphate (F-6P) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) by transketolase from S. cerevisiae. Aldol condensation of E-4P with DHAP to yield SBP was tested by using purified fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA C or FBA P ) from B. methanolicus (Stolzenberger et al., 2013a). Subsequently, hydrolysis of SBP to S7-P was assayed by using purified fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (GlpX C or GlpX P ) from B. methanolicus (Aldolases and phosphatases are not commercially available) (Stolzenberger et al., 2013b).
Imaging in mitral stenosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitral stenosis remains clinically relevant in developing countries where rheumatic heart disease is the predominant culprit. In the western world, mitral annular and valvular calcification is an increasingly recognized cause, particularly in an aging population. Echocardiography plays a primary role in imaging mitral stenosis with a growing role for cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we aim to revisit mitral stenosis assessment and quantification using multimodality imaging. RECENT FINDINGS There is an increasing role for advanced cardiac imaging especially in the era of transcatheter mitral valve intervention. Also, when echocardiography is suboptimal or discordant with symptoms, computed tomography can provide anatomical data, whereas magnetic resonance imaging can provide anatomical along with hemodynamic data. SUMMARY Diagnosis of mitral stenosis is crucial as it carries an increased morbidity and mortality risk. Echocardiography is the cornerstone imaging modality with alternative, complementary advanced imaging considered when images are suboptimal.
Influences of Different Sources of Natural Pigments on the Color and Quality of Eggs from Hens Fed a Wheat-Based Diet

This experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of different sources of natural pigments on yolk color and laying hen performance. A completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates was used. The six experimental treatments were: a control diet containing yellow corn grain, a reference diet containing wheat and barley grain instead of corn; a red pepper diet composed of reference diet and 2% red pepper; a dried carrot diet containing the reference diet and 5% dried carrot meal; a dried tomato pulp diet composed of the reference diet and 5% dried tomato pulp and an alfalfa meal diet containing the reference diet and 5% alfalfa meal. Results indicated that egg weight, daily egg mass, feed conversion ratio and egg yolk color were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, if the goal of producers is an acceptable level of egg yolk color and performance is not under consideration, then the use of a 5% alfalfa meal in a wheatbarley based diet is suggested.
Health Care and Health Service Digital Revolution

The digital revolution has changed many aspects of the medical profession. Medical doctors and doctors in the dental sciences have been pushed to modify their workflow using new instruments such as decisional software, intraoral and extraoral scanners, and CAD-CAM technologies, which have improved diagnostics and the clinical/surgical phase of treatment and follow-up, and nowadays it is clear that medical professional life will continue in the era of digital medicine.
Nocturnal blood pressure: the dark side of white-coat hypertension.

AIM The impact of defining white-coat hypertension (WCH) and white-coat uncontrolled hypertension (WCUH) based on daytime and night-time thresholds of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), instead of 24-h mean value, is unclear. We aimed to reclassify BP status according to both diurnal and nocturnal thresholds in a large sample of hypertensive patients seen in a specialist center and previously classified as WCH and WCUH based on 24-h BP values. METHODS A data-base of 7353 individual 24-h ABP monitoring (ABPM) from untreated and treated hypertensive individuals with office BP at least 140 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg was analysed and a subset of 3223 patients characterized by mean 24-h BP less than 130/80 mmHg (i.e. WCH and WCUH) was included in the present analysis. RESULTS As many as 1281 patients were classified as WCH and 1942 as WCUH. Among them, elevated out-of-office BP according to night-time threshold (i.e. ≥120/70 mmHg) was found in about 30% of cases. In particular, prevalence rates of nocturnal hypertension were 26.9% in WCH and 31.8% in WCUH. Isolated daytime hypertension (i.e. ≥135/85 mmHg) was detected in an additional 4% of individuals. CONCLUSION Classification of WCH and WCUH based on mean 24-h BP thresholds does not allow to detect an adverse BP phenotype, such as nocturnal hypertension in a large fraction of untreated and treated patients.
Induction of tolerance in influenza virus-immune T lymphocyte clones with synthetic peptides of influenza hemagglutinin

Antigen-specific human T cell clones specific for defined peptides of influenza A hemagglutinin were found to be rendered unresponsive by incubation with moderately high concentrations of antigen. This was the case whether the synthetic peptide antigen was present for the duration of the culture or the cloned T cells were preincubated with antigen for 3-18 h at 37 degrees C, before stimulation with T-depleted irradiated sheep erythrocyte non-rosette-forming lymphocytes (E-) pulsed with the optimal dose of peptide. Tolerance could not be overcome by culture with various numbers of E- cells and antigen. The induction of unresponsiveness was antigen specific, since it depended upon incubation with the appropriate peptide recognized by that clone. In addition, the tolerant T cells remained unresponsive to stimulation with the specific peptide for at least 7 d after induction even though maintained in culture in the presence of T cell growth factor. This state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness is akin to immunological tolerance. Furthermore, the experiments reported here demonstrate that the helper T cell clone can be inhibited by the relevant peptide in the absence of any suppressor cells or their precursors. This suggests that antigen-induced unresponsiveness need not always depend on the presence of suppressor T cells. The induction of tolerance in T cell clones does not result in early T cell death, since cells that no longer proliferate in response to the specific antigen and accessory cells still proliferate in response to T cell growth factor.
A Possible Ctenosauriscid Archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania

ABSTRACT The Lifua Member of the Manda Beds of Tanzania (Middle Triassic: ? latest Anisian) has yielded an exceptionally important assemblage of early archosaurs, including numerous well-preserved specimens. However, the majority of this material has not been described formally, frustrating attempts to incorporate it into studies on early archosaur diversity and evolution. We describe an anterior dorsal vertebra from the Lifua Member as the holotype of a new taxon, Hypselorhachis mirabilis. Hypselorhachis is characterised by the possession of an elongate neural spine that is at least 5.5 times the height of the centrum, and can be diagnosed on the basis of a single autapomorphy relating to the morphology of the prezygapophysis. Hypselorhachis is similar to other early Middle Triassic archosaurs with elongate neural spines, including Arizonasaurus, Ctenosauriscus, and Lotosaurus. It is possible that these taxa form a clade, Ctenosauriscidae, but further anatomical and phylogenetic work is required before this can be confirmed.
The Impact of a Primary Care, Pharmacist-Driven Intervention in Patients with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain—A Pilot Study

Background: Chronic pain is a prevalent condition, experienced by 15.3% to 55% of Canadians, that is difficult to manage. With their broad accessibility and expertise on drugs, primary care pharmacists can help patients optimize their pain management. Methods: The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a primary care, pharmacist-driven chronic pain intervention on pain and quality of life in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. A three-month naturalistic prospective study was conducted in primary care settings (five community pharmacies and one Family Health Team) across Ontario, Canada with a total of six pharmacists and 19 study participants. The primary care, pharmacist-driven chronic pain intervention consisted of patient assessments, medication reviews, care plan recommendations, and patient education. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, pain intensity, pain interference, and quality of life were evaluated at baseline and at follow up (week 2 and month 3). Results: Trends towards improvement in pain and quality of life were found, however, these improvements were not statistically significant at follow up (month 3). Conclusions: This study provides the foundational research required to better understand the impact of Ontario pharmacists’ extended role in pain management in non-cancer patients within multiple primary care settings (e.g., Family Health Team, etc.) and has illustrated the importance of modifying and customizing care plans in patients with chronic pain. A larger sample size with tailored outcome measures may be necessary to better highlight significant improvements in pain and quality of life in patients with chronic non-cancer pain using a primary care, pharmacist-driven intervention.
Overexpression of Drosophila Rfx3 Induces Apoptosis and Interferes with Differentiation of Photoreceptor Cells

Regulatory Factor X (RFX) is a protein containing a characteristic DNA binding domain that is called RFX domain. Members of the RFX family are known to be present in human, mouse, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two RFX proteins, Drosophila RFX (dRFX) and dRFX2 have been identified in Drosophila so far. It is known that dRFX is involved in the differentiation of central and peripheral nerves, while dRFX2 is essential to the cell cycle progression and it may be involved in regulation of apoptosis. A novel protein, dRFX3 carrying RFX domain was identified by a Drosophila genome database search. dRFX3 is a likely homolog to the human RFX5, because of a significant sequence similarity in RFX domains between these two proteins. Two lines of transgenic fly carrying the HA-dRFX3 cDNA were established. Adult flies expressing dRFX3 specifically in the eye and the wing imaginal discs exhibited severe rough eye and atrophied wing phenotypes, respectively. 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine incorporation assays and the immunological detection using anti-Cyclin B antibody indicated that the overexpression of dRFX3 in the eye imaginal discs exerted no effect on the cell cycle progressions. On the other hand, overexpression of dRFX3 in the eye imaginal discs interfered with the differentiation of R2/R5 photoreceptor cells and also induced apoptosis. These data suggest that the dRFX3 plays a negative role for the differentiation of R2/R5 photoreceptor cells and plays a positive role in the regulation of apoptosis.
A comparison of the rumen fermentation in european and zebu cattle

1. Statistics of several measured parameters are reported. They show that fermentation rates of rumen contents from zebu and European-type cattle in East Africa differ due to time of feeding, to individual animals, and to differences between zebu and grade. 2. The fermentation products were determined as acid, CO2 and methane. The proportion of methane showed an inverse correlation with the rate of fermentation. 3. The mean fermentation rate showed a trend in the direction expected from the weight gains of the animals.
Surviving anoxia: the maintenance of energy production and tissue integrity during anoxia and reoxygenation

ABSTRACT The development of anoxia within tissues represents a significant challenge to most animals because of the decreased capacity for aerobic ATP production, the associated loss of essential cellular functions and the potential for detrimental tissue oxidation upon reoxygenation. Despite these challenges, there are many animals from multiple phyla that routinely experience anoxia and can fully recover. In this Review, we integrate knowledge gained from studies of anoxia-tolerant species across many animal taxa. We primarily focus on strategies used to reduce energy requirements, minimize the consequences of anaerobic ATP production and reduce the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species, which are responsible for tissue damage with reoxygenation. We aim to identify common strategies, as well as novel solutions, to the challenges of anoxia exposure. This Review chronologically examines the challenges faced by animals as they enter anoxia, as they attempt to maintain physiological function during prolonged anoxic exposure and, finally, as they emerge from anoxia. The capacity of animals to survive anoxia is also considered in relation to the increasing prevalence of anoxic zones within marine and freshwater environments, and the need to understand what limits survival. Summary: Here we integrate knowledge gained from studies of anoxia-tolerant species from many animal taxa to identify common strategies, as well as novel solutions, for the challenges of anoxia exposure.
Water Clarity and Diving Behavior in Wintering Common Loons

Abstract Studies of the Common Loon (Gavia immer) during its breeding season on northern freshwater lakes in North America have suggested that water quality has an influence on breeding and foraging success. Less is known, however, about the effects of water quality on loon behavior during the winter, which is spent in estuarine and marine environments. In this study, we investigated the effects of water clarity and tidal stage on loon diving behavior at seven sites along a Maryland estuary. At each site, the total number of loons observed and mean dive durations of individuals were measured and compared to various measurements of water clarity, including Secchi depth and turbidity, and to tidal stage. Dive durations were positively associated with Secchi depth, which indicates that birds dove for longer periods in areas with higher water clarity. Dives were also longer during low tide in comparison to other tidal stages. No relationship was found between aspects of water clarity and the distribution of wintering loons.
THE EVOLUTION OF VOCALIZATION IN FROGS AND TOADS

The most commonly heard vocalizations of frogs are advertisement calls, which attract gravid females and mediate aggressive interactions between males. Frog vocalizations are energetically costly to produce, and body size often constrains the dominant frequency and intensity of vocalizations; propagation and degradation of these signals are affected by diverse physical and biotic factors. Behaviors and auditory mechanisms that mitigate these problems are discussed. With some exceptions, female preferences based on dominant frequency are intensity-dependent and mediate stabilizing selection within populations. Female preferences based on dynamic, gross-temporal properties typically mediate strong directional selection. The high values of these properties preferred by females increase a male's detectability in dense choruses and are a reliable predictor of his energetic investment in courtship. Female preferences based on fine-temporal properties (e.g. pulse rate) are often intensity-independent and usually mediate stabilizing selection within populations. The overall attractiveness of a signal depends on variation in more than one of these acoustic properties; their relative importance differs between species. Parsimony analysis supports the idea that auditory biases preceded the evolutionary appearance of call elements that enhance the attractiveness of advertisement calls in one species group of neotropical frogs. A more specific claim that the bias has not been modified by selection after the establishment of the new signal has little empirical support. Indeed, the selective consequences of positive phonotaxis to any "new" stimulus, whether or not there is a sensory
Impact of “Innovation” and “Tend to Maturity” on “Tend to Entrepreneurship” in SMEs in Semnan

This current Research has done to investigate the impact of Innovation and Tend to Maturity on Tend to Entrepreneurship in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In Semnan City. The statistical population of this study constitutes of director’s board of SMEs in Semnan City, and number of 140 people has been selected as the sample. Methodology: It has used by questionnaire method for Data gathering. Data was analyzed by using of the SEM model (Structural Equation Model). Questionnaires validity was calculated with Cronbach α. That for questionnaires of Innovation and Tend to maturity on Entrepreneurship, respectively was equal to 0.878 and 0. 846. Results: All Hypotheses was confirmed in level of 0.05 confidence. Conclusion: The results showed that there was significant effect between Innovation and Tend to Maturity on Entrepreneurship.