Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of titanium nitride etch rate and selectivity to silicon dioxide in a Cl2 helicon-wave plasma

The effects of Cl2 and N2 flow rate, substrate bias power, and reaction pressure on both the titanium nitride and SiO2 etch rate plus the etch selectivity of TiN/SiO2 in a high-density helicon-wave plasma were studied. It was found that the bias power has the greatest effect on etch rate and selectivity, followed by the reaction pressure. As the bias power increased, both the TiN and SiO2 etch rate increased significantly. This result is consistent with the fact that the dominant etch mechanism for both SiO2 and TiN is an ion-assisted energy driven etch mechanism rather than pure chemical etching. As the SiO2 etch rate is drastically reduced from 403 A/min to near zero when the bias power is decreased from 70 to 20 W, the etch selectivity of TiN to SiO2 significantly rises from 55 to over 500. The effect of pressure was found to be more complex, having a different effect on the etch rate of TiN versus SiO2. By increasing the pressure from 2.5 to 4 mTorr, the TiN etching rate rose to a maximum at 4 mTorr a.
Atomic Data and Spectral Line Intensities for S XI

Electron impact collision strengths, energy levels, oscillator strengths, and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for S XI. The configurations included are 2s22p2, 2s2p3, 2p4, 2s22p3l, and 2s22p4l (l = s, p, d), giving rise to 72 fine-structure levels in intermediate coupling. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies, 32, 60, 90, 120, and 150 ryd. Excitation rate coefficients are calculated as a function of electron temperature by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. Using the excitation rate coefficients and the radiative transition rates, statistical equilibrium equations for level populations are solved. The effects of resonances, proton rates, photoexcitation, and cascades on level populations have been investigated. The predicted S XI line intensities are compared with EUV and UV observations of the quiet and active Sun.
Use of RP-HPLC-ESI(–)-MS/MS to Differentiate Various Proanthocyanidin Isomers in Lager Beer Extracts

Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization(–) tandem mass spectrometry (NP-HPLC-ESI(–)-MS/MS) and thioacidolysis analyses recently have revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, procyanidin dimers, and prodelphinidin trimers in acetone/water (70/30, vol/vol) LH-20 extracts of lager beers. In this study, detailed structures were determined by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC-ESI(–)-MS/MS. Four dimers were identified: three procyanidins (B1, B3, and B4) and one prodelphinidin (B3). Previously detected in hop or malt, three trimers (the procyanidin C-4α-8-C-4α-8-C and two prodelphinidins, GC-4α-8-C-4α-8-C and GC-4α-8-GC-4α-8-C) were distinguished for the first time in beer. As expected based on previous thioacidolysis data, most beer proanthocyanidins carried a catechin as the terminal unit.
Effect of Water-Soluble Polymers on the Surface Properties of 3-(Dimethyldodecylammonio)Propanesulfonate in Aqueous Solutions

Using surface tension measurements the interaction between 3-(dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate, DPS, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone), PVP, poly(acrylic acid sodium salt), PAC, and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), PSS, has been studied. No interaction between PVP and PAC and the surfactant was observed, while a significant interaction with PSS was detected. The dependence of the equilibrium surface tension on the surfactant concentration is interpreted by means of the phase transition model (Langmuir 1991, 7, 1055). Dynamic surface tension of DPS solutions in the absence and presence of polymers was determined by using the drop-volume tensiometer. The surfactant adsorption kinetics on the interface is a diffusion-controlled process. Two asymptotic solutions, at long times and at short times, to the classic Ward and Tordai equation were used to fit dynamic results. At long times there is evidence of the intermolecular attractions between the surfactant molecules at the interface in good agreement with the.
Investigation of substrate rotation at glancing incidence on thin-film morphology

Films deposited by evaporation at glancing angles form structures dependent on the speed of substrate rotation. If the substrate is held stationary, oblique columns are grown. For slow substrate rotation, helices are formed while faster rotation yields pillars. Silicon and silicon dioxide films grown under similar conditions were found to follow the typical morphological trend. In contrast, aluminum films formed by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) were found to be facetted structures which were peaked and isolated at high rotation speeds (dφ/dt>42 rpm), and flat for dφ/dt∼1.5 rpm. The results suggest that the primary limiting factor controlling GLAD microstructure growth may be a combination of both material temperature and crystal structure of the resulting film.
Surface Chemical Treatment for the Cleaning of AlN and GaN Surfaces

In this study, various surface cleaning techniques for the removal of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) from AIN and GaN were investigated. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary mass ion spectroscopy were used to monitor the presence of surface C and O, and atomic force microscopy was used to monitor surface roughness. AES analysis showed that ex situ ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O 3 ) and wet chemical treatments based on HF and HCl were very effective in removing surface C and reducing the native oxide on both AIN and GaN. After H 2 and N 2 plasma treatments in ultrahigh vacuum at temperatures of 750 and 900°C, clean GaN surfaces could be achieved within the detection limits of AES. An oxygen-free AIN surface could not be obtained within the detection limits of AES. SIMS analysis showed that concentrations of surface C and O up to 3 × 10 20 and 2 × 10 22 cm -3 , respectively, still exists on plasma-treated GaN. The results of this study indicate that ex situ UV/O 3 followed by H 2 /N 2 plasma treatment is highly effective in reducing the C and O contamination at the GaN surface, but that further in situ methods are needed to obtain clean GaN and AlN surfaces. None of the various cleaning methods were found to affect the surface roughness.
Emissions of greenhouse gases from the use of transportation fuels and electricity. Volume 1, Main text

This report presents estimates of full fuel-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases from using transportation fuels and electricity. The data cover emissions of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane organic compounds resulting from the end use of fuels, compression or liquefaction of gaseous transportation fuels, fuel distribution, fuel production, feedstock transport, feedstock recovery, manufacture of motor vehicles, maintenance of transportation systems, manufacture of materials used in major energy facilities, and changes in land use that result from using biomass-derived fuels. The results for electricity use are in grams of CO{sub 2}-equivalent emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity delivered to end users and cover generating plants powered by coal, oil, natural gas, methanol, biomass, and nuclear energy. The transportation analysis compares CO{sub 2}-equivalent emissions, in grams per mile, from base-case gasoline and diesel fuel cycles with emissions from these alternative- fuel cycles: methanol from coal, natural gas, or wood; compressed or liquefied natural gas; synthetic natural gas from wood; ethanol from corn or wood; liquefied petroleum gas from oil or natural gas; hydrogen from nuclear or solar power; electricity from coal, uranium, oil, natural gas, biomass, or solar energy, used in battery-powered electric vehicles; and hydrogenmore » and methanol used in fuel-cell vehicles. « less
Fluctuation-induced and Nonequilibrium-induced Bifurcations in a Thermochemical System

We study the Semenov thermochemical model at different levels of description. This simple model of combustion includes the description of slow oxidation with stabilization of the system around a low temperature and thermal explosion leading the system to a high temperature. The results of the mesoscopic description based on the master equation and microscopic simulations of the particle dynamics reveal deviations from the macroscopic deterministic dynamics. Fluctuation effects observed in small systems change the domains of mono- and bistability of the system. These are noise-induced bifurcations, already known in isothermal chemical systems. Another effect is related to the departure of particle velocity distribution from its equilibrium shape. The departure from partial equilibrium originating at the level of the velocity distribution also leads to changes of the bifurcation diagram. By analogy, we call this phenomenon a nonequilibrium-induced bifurcation.
Extraction of pure metallic nickel from ores and plants at Ussangoda, Sri Lanka

Samples of serpentine from Ussangoda in the Hambantota District were found to contain 2-3% nickel of minable quality. Laterite from the same location contained 0.4% nickel. Nickel and several other metals in these rocks dissolved almost completely into hot 50% sulphuric acid. Nickel, cobalt, and any zinc that form complexes with ammonia were separated into the aqueous phase by addition of excess ammonia and filtration of precipitated hydroxides of magnesium, iron, manganese, chromium and aluminium. Acidification of the filtrate yielded a solution of nickel sulphate admixed with small amounts of cobalt and zinc. Electrolysis of the filtrate with a conducting tin oxide glass cathode after removal of cobalt yielded pure nickel. The process can also produce nickel ammonium sulphate. Extraction of metallic nickel from a nickel hyperaccumulating plant growing in Ussangoda is also demonstrated. The possibility of nickel mining in Sri Lanka and the importance of petrological, geochemical and ecological studies of the serpentine area at Ussangoda and other localities are discussed.
Crystal chemistry of mixed Bismuth oxides with layer-type structure

Several compounds with m= 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the general formula (Me 2 'O 2 ) 2+ (Me m-1 R m O 3m+1 ) 2- were synthesized, a number of them for the first time. They possess a layer-type crystal structure. Bi 3+ may be the only suitable ion for the Me' sites; R may be Ga s+ , Ti 4+ , Nb 5+ , or Ta 5+ . The restrictions on the size of Me ions increases with increasing value of m. Lattice parameter data for the compounds and indexed X-ray powder patterns for m= 5 compounds are presented.
Which is a Better Investment: Risk-Free Asset or Stocks?

The purpose of this research was to understand whether the investment in the stock market as well as its sectors produces more return compared to the investment in risk-free asset. The questions arise due to many investors failed to gain more wealth through stock investment especially in Indonesia Stock Exchange. To be able to answer the research questions, risk-free asset and all of the indexes data were gathered and analyzed using one sample t-test to compare its indexes return and the risk-free asset return. This research found that the hypothesis stating that market index did not produce better return compared to the risk-free asset was supported. Moreover, the hypothesis stating that all of sector indexes did not produce better return compared to the risk-free asset was also being supported. As a result, investors who want to invest their money in the Indonesia Stock Exchange must be very careful in choosing which assets need to be collected as well as when it will be bought or sold to ensure they gain higher benefits.
The Role of Vav-1, Vav-2 and Lsc in NK T cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity

s: 1. Gordon Chan, Thomas Hanke, and Klaus-Dieter Fischer. (2001) Vav1 Regulates Natural Killer T cell development and NK cell cytotoxicty. 11th International Congress of Immunology. Stockholm, Sweden. 2. Fischer KD, Chan G , Charlesworth A, Barbacid M and Tedford K. (1999) Functional overlap in vav gene family: inactivation of Vav1 and Vav2 impairs B cell development. Kolloquium des DFG Schwerpunktprogramms "GTPasen als zentrale Regulatoren zellulärer Funktionen". Günzburg, Germany. 3. Chan G, Tedford K, Nishina H, Marengere L, Kozieradzki I, Bernstein A, Penninger J and Fischer KD. (1998) Vav is a regulator of TCR-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization required for proliferation, Interleukin 2 production, and T cell maturation. Kolloquium des DFG Schwerpunktprogramms "GTPasen als zentrale Regulatoren zellulärer Funktionen". Günzburg, Germany.
Light‐emitting bent‐shape liquid crystals

Symmetric and asymmetric bent‐shape LCs were synthesized, having the emissive core 1,3,4‐oxadiazole with C≡C bonds as connecting groups, and terminal nitro lateral substituents. Thermal behaviour was determined using optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Lowering of transition temperatures and/or induction of new smectic phases in the symmetric compounds was observed on the introduction of terminal polar nitro groups, as compared with unsubstituted symmetric compounds. The observed LC phases possess the classical textures of calamitic liquid crystals and no B‐phases were found, despite the fact that the bending angle of the oxadiazole ring (134°) should be large enough to give polar packing. Luminescent properties, in solution, of the final compounds were evaluated and a strong blue fluorescence was observed from 390 to 410 nm with good photoluminescence quantum yields (71–84%) for compounds without the nitro substituent. The introduction of a nitro group at the external rings of the molecules led to a very strong reduction in the emissive properties, which is attributed to n→π* excitation of this group.
Gas chromatography — mass spectrometric determination of unsymdimethylhydrazine in soil and water by derivatization with aromatic aldehydes

A gas chromatography — mass spectrometric method for determination of unsymdimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in soil and water has been developed. The method is based on derivatization of UDMH with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldeyhde, 4-cyanobenzaldehyde, 4-dimethyaminobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and furfuraldehyde, followed by analysis of the derivative using gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. The effect of ambient air and antioxidants (pyrogallol and TiCl3) to absorb dissolved oxygen from the reagents has been investigated. The method proves to be useful for UDMH analysis in soil and water, and has been used for environmental site assessment at a former missile base in Ukraine. On a mis au point une methode spectrometrique de masse par chromatographie gazeuse pour la determination d'unsymdimethylhydrazine (UDMH) dans la terre et l'eau. La methode s'appuie sur la derivation d'UDMH avec le 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-cyanobenzaldehyde, 4-dimethyaminobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde et furfuraldehyde, suivie de l'analyse des derives au moyen de la spectrometrie de masse par chromatographie gazeuse. On a etudie l'effet de l'air ambiant et des antioxydants (pyrogallol et TiCl3) pour absorber l'oxygene dissous des reactifs. La methode s'avere utile pour l'analyse d'UDMH dans l'eau et dans l'air, et elle a ete utilisee a des fins d'evaluation environnementale dans une ancienne base de missiles en Ukraine.
Volatile Metabolites From the Wood-inhabiting Fungi Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma applanatum, and Stereum hirsutum

Abstract The essential oils of the wood-inhabiting fungi Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma applanatum, and Stereum hirsutum were analyzed. Volatiles were obtained by hydrodistillation and investigated by GC and GC/MS. In total, 33 compounds could be identified from B. adusta. Major components were R-(-)-1-octen-3-ol, hexadecanoic acid, 1-hepten-3-one, 2-pentylfuran and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. m-Cymene could be identified for the first time as a fungal constituent. From G. applanatum, 22 compounds could be identified, with R-(-)-1-octen-3-ol and phenylacetaldehyde being the major constituents of the oil. As major compound, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal was found in the hydrodistillates of S. hirsutum among 28 further constituents. (Z)-Asarone and β-ionone could be identified for the first time from a fungal source.
Magnetic X-ray spectroscopy studies of dilute magnetic semiconductors

Dilute magnetic semiconductors are an important family of materials that have many potential applications in spintronics; (Ga,Mn)As, (In,Ga,Mn)As and (Ga,Mn)N are of major interest. This thesis investigates dierent aspects of these, using the synchrotron radiation techniques of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD), supported by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and magnetotransport measurements. A large anisotropic XMLD signal is observed for the Mn L-edge in (Ga,Mn)As. In unannealed (Ga,Mn)As, an apparently reduced Mn magnetic moment is commonly observed. It is thought to be related to compensation of both carriers and magnetic moment, caused by interstitial Mn. This issue is investigated using combined data from XMCD, XMLD and SQUID magnetometry. The findings suggest that substitutional and interstitial Mn form `non-magnetic' pairs which do not have a preferred spin orientation. (Ga,Mn)N is studied by x-ray absorption and field-dependent XMCD at the Mn L-edge. Two distinct Mn congurations are identified: Mn2+ is prevalent towards the surface with nearly paramagnetic behaviour, while a weakly ferromagnetic Mn2+/Mn3+ mixed valence exists within the bulk. The weak ferromagnetism, often observed in (Ga,Mn)N, is attributed to coupling between the impurities by the double exchange mechanism. Finally, XMCD is used to measure the orbital polarization of As 4p states of (III,Mn)As materials. These states correspond to those of the holes involved in the itinerant exchange interaction in ferromagnetic semiconductors. The coupling between the localized d states of the magnetic impurities and the valence band p states of the host is demonstrated by an anisotropy in the orbital moment of these states. This is experimental confirmation of the origin of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in dilute magnetic semiconductors.
Wavelength dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield of some substituted phenols

The dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield Q(F) on the excitation wavelength (λexc) was studied for phenol, anisole, p-cresol, p-methylanisole, 3,5-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol in polar and apolar solvents. All the systems investigated, with the exception of anisole and p-methylanisole exhibit a marked decrease in Q(F) at lower λexc values in hydrocarbon solvents. Further it was established that in this case enhanced photochemical cleavage of the OH bond is mainly responsible for this effect. Owing to the formation of H-bonds this dependence diminishes in polar, strongly associating solvents like alcohols and ethers, but not in water.
STUDY OF A BIMATERIAL SYSTEM BY AN IMPROVED DYNAMICAL THERMAL MODEL

We present an improved dynamical thermal model and the corresponding experimental efforts to determine thermal profiles of thin metallic films deposited on thick substrates (bimaterial system) as are usually used in microelectronics. A dynamical thermal model to characterize the Joule heating of a metallic film/substrate system, as a function of the applied energy and the thickness is discussed. Good agreement between theoretical and measured thermal profiles on different bimaterial systems support the theoretical model obtained by solving a harmonic oscillator equation. By combining the thermal model and the experimental results it is possible to determine the convective coefficient of the room conditions, the diffusive time constant, and to quantify the different mechanisms of heat loss as a function of the physical properties and the geometrical parameters. The improved thermal model can be useful to rapidly predict a thermal behavior of film/substrate systems that are used for microelectronics.
Two New Kaempferol Glycosides from Androsace umbellata

Two new kaempferol glycosides, 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-7-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-4H-chromen-3-yl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) and 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-7-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-4H-chromen-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with ten known compounds, were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the whole plant of Androsace umbellata. The structures of the new glycosides were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS, and chemical methods.
The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook Introductory Theory And Applications In Science

temporal scale application dimension. In recent decades, SPI Use the cross wavelet transform to investigate the effect of large scale Addison, P.S. , 2002. The Illustrated Wavelet Transform. Handbook: Introductory Theory and Applications. The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook: Introductory Theory and Applications in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Finance. CRC Press, Boca Raton. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of the current I(t) convolved by a given wavelet ψ is defined as P. S. Addison, The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook: Introductory Theory and Applications in Science, Engineering, Medicine.
Photochemical Route to the Production of Fullerene Allotropes

A photochemical route to the formation of two C60 molecules which are bridged by one and up to eighteen carbon atoms to form bucky-dumbbell shaped molecules, i.e., C60 > C C = C = C = C = C = C = C = C = C = C C Cn C < C60 from the remaining clusters, confirming that the dumbbells were produced in the solution and not in the MALDI process. High Resolution TEM pictures and Raman spectra of the bucky-dumbells are also presented.
1. Effect of Compensatory Growth on Performance of Sudanese Female Goats

Tow groups of female goats less than one year in age, Nubian ecotype (15 goat/group) and of the same initial weight (16.5 kg/kid) were subjected to tow dietary levels of energy for 105 days, the first group was offered the highest energy diet (11.5 MjME/kcl) while the second group was given the lowest dietary energy diet (8.5 MjME/kcl). Through this term of the experiment (105 days) goats of the second group were found just to maintain their weight. Then seven goats from the second group was offered the highest energy diet (11.5 MjM E/kg) to reach the final weight obtained by the first group, it spent 175 days to reach that weight. These goats which were raised on the lowest dietary energy level (8.5 MjME/kg) were used to study the effect of compensatory growth on the performance of Sudanese female goats. Weekly, daily rate of gains and total dry matter intake were significantly (p< 0.001) lower in the compensating female goats than the first group. It could be concluded that compensatory growth significantly (p<0.01) affected daily and weekly rate of gain and total dry matter intake which were lower in the compensating goats than the normally growing goats.