Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recovery from barbiturate overdose coma with a prolonged isoelectric electroencephalogram

SCHWAB ND ASSOCIATES~ and Hockaday and co-workers2 have emphasized the usefulness of the EEG in determining death of the central nervous system in cases of cerebral anoxia. They have reported that an isoelectric EEG (grade V ) after cardiac arrest or prolonged apnea indicates a nearly hopeless prognosis, and that total absence of EEG activity for thirty minutes is the most important evidence of death of the nervous system. According to Schwab and Hockaday’s criteria, an isoelectric EEG associated with certain other findings, such as lack of spontaneous respirations and absence of all stretch reflexes, even in the presence of a heart beat, strongly suggests that further attempts at reanimation of the patient will be unsuccessful. At the proceedings of the American EEG Society (June 1967) Rosoff and Schwab reported that brain death is established in an areflexic patient if his EEG is flat for twenty-four hours and if hypothermia and anesthesia are not present.3 An isoelectric EEG may be produced by conditions other than cerebral hypoxia. Bental and Leibowitz4 presented a case of supposed encephalitis of unknown etiology in a patient whose EEG was flat with very low-voltage activity and sometimes isoelectric over a period of twenty-eight days. Their patient recovered completely. They presented no evidence for the presence or absence of drug intoxication in their case. Wulffsb investigation of patients with acute barbiturate poisoning found that episodes of a few seconds to several minutes of EEG flattening indicated an unfavorable prognosis. However, Mellerio6 found cases of acute barbiturate intoxication with periods of EEG silence lasting up to fifty-two seconds.
Effects of Cue Validity upon Performance in the Attention Cueing Paradigm

Two experiments were run wherein normal subjects made choice reactions to targets preceded by location cues. Systematic manipulation of the predictive validity of the cue produced consistent advantages for subjects in the low as opposed to the high predictive validity condition. Performance advantages were observed in both response time and accuracy measures. The results are discussed with respect to models of visual orienting and controlled versus automatic processing.
Ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced appetitive and consummatory responding in HAD1, HAD2, and P rats.

INTRODUCTION Ethanol-preferring (P) rats and high-alcohol-drinking (HAD1 and HAD2) rats have been selectively bred to consume greater amounts of ethanol than nonselected rat strains. These three rat lines also show increased levels of responding for ethanol in operant paradigms that assess a combined appetitive/consummatory response. METHODS The present experiment used a model of reinforced responding that procedurally separates the appetitive, or seeking, response requirement from consummatory responding to compare seeking and intake responding in P and HAD rats. Subjects (n = 7 or 8 per group) were trained to make 25 lever-press responses, which were followed by 20 min of access to a sipper tube spout containing either 10% ethanol (10E) or (in separate groups of subjects) 3% sucrose (3S). After training, a single nonreinforced session was conducted to assess the limit to appetitive responding under extinction conditions. After this single nonreinforced session, three successive across-session breakpoint determinations were made for 10E and 3S by increasing the response requirement over days until subjects failed to complete the requirement. A final extinction session was then conducted. RESULTS Appetitive responding during both the nonreinforced and breakpoint sessions indicated that P rats made significantly more responses overall than HAD rats in both the ethanol and sucrose groups. P rats also consumed more sucrose than HAD rats, with no differences in ethanol consumption between the lines (1.0-1.5 g/kg/20 min). Appetitive responding in the HAD rats in the ethanol groups was comparable to that reported previously for nonselected Long-Evans rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that appetitive and consummatory processes are distinct and that P rats have an increased tendency to both seek and drink ethanol and sucrose solutions, making this selected line useful when modeling both "craving" and "loss of control" related behaviors involved in excessive alcohol consumption.
Architecture of crossed-lamellar bivalve shells: the southern giant clam (Tridacna derasa, Röding, 1798)

Tridacna derasa shells show a crossed lamellar microstructure consisting of three hierarchical lamellar structural orders. The mineral part is intimately intergrown with 0.9 wt% organics, namely polysaccharides, glycosylated and unglycosylated proteins and lipids, identified by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy shows nanometre-sized grains with irregular grain boundaries and abundant voids. Twinning is observed across all spatial scales and results in a spread of the crystal orientation angles. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows a strong fibre texture with the [001] axes of aragonite aligned radially to the shell surface. The aragonitic [100] and [010] axes are oriented randomly around [001]. The random orientation of anisotropic crystallographic directions in this plane reduces anisotropy of the Young's modulus and adds to the optimization of mechanical properties of bivalve shells.
[Analysis of the flgD and figE genes regulated by diffusible signal factor in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola].

OBJECTIVE To investigate functions of flgDxoc and flgExoc genes regulated by diffusible signal factor (DSF) in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola(Xoc)Rs105. METHODS TheflgDxoc and flgExoc genes were amplified by PCR. We constructed deltaflgDxoc and deltaflgExoc, the deletion mutants from Rs105 by using double crossover method, and determined cell morphology, motility, pathogenicity in host rice and hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost tobacco. We tested the differential expression of flgDxoc and flgExoc gene by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) between the wide type and deltarpfFxoc (the deletion mutant of rpfFxoc gene, which could not produce DSF). RESULTS We cloned flgDxoc and flgExoc from genomic DNA of Rs105. PCR and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the flgDxoc and flgExoc genes were knocked out successfully. Both mutants were non-flagellated and significantly attenuated motility on the 0.3% semi-solid medium. The pathogenicity on rice were obviously attenuated in deltaflgDxoc and deltaflgExoc compared to the wild type. All the changes in mutant could be restored through the complementation. However, there was no significant difference in bacterial growth in MMX medium and induction of HR between mutant (deltaflgDxoc or deltaflgExoc) and the wild type. In addition, the results of RT-PCR demonstrated that the transcription level of flgDxoc and flgExoc were downregulated in deltarpfFxoc. CONCLUSION This study showed that expressions of flgDxoc and flgExoc were positively regulated by DSF, and necessary for flagellar hook assembly and flagellar structure in Xoc. Meanwhile, FlgD and FlgE contributed to pathogen's virulence, motility and chemotaxis, but no differences at growth rate in MMX medium and HR in nonhost. In addition, our results provided molecular evidences that the contribution of DSF-type quorum sensing to pathogen's virulence might be, at least partially, dependent on bacterial flagellar in Xoc.
Jnk1 but not jnk2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis and varying degrees of necroinflammation. Although chronic oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and insulin resistance have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of this disease remain unknown. c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by oxidants and cytokines and regulates hepatocellular injury and insulin resistance, suggesting that this kinase may mediate the development of steatohepatitis. The presence and function of JNK activation were therefore examined in the murine methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet model of steatohepatitis. Activation of hepatic JNK, c‐Jun, and AP‐1 signaling occurred in parallel with the development of steatohepatitis in MCD diet–fed mice. Investigations in jnk1 and jnk2 knockout mice demonstrated that jnk1, but not jnk2, was critical for MCD diet–induced JNK activation. JNK promoted the development of steatohepatitis as MCD diet–fed jnk1 null mice had significantly reduced levels of hepatic triglyceride accumulation, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, liver injury, and apoptosis compared with wild‐type and jnk2 −/− mice. Ablation of jnk1 led to an increase in serum adiponectin but had no effect on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α. In conclusion, JNK1 is responsible for JNK activation that promotes the development of steatohepatitis in the MCD diet model. These findings also provide additional support for the critical mechanistic involvement of JNK1 overactivation in conditions associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:163–172.)
Diagnostic value of exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma and allergy

Sachs‐Olsen C, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Mowinckel P, Håland G, Devulapalli CS, Munthe‐Kaas MC, Carlsen K‐H. Diagnostic value of exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma and allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e213–e221. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography in a realistic geometry head model: a simulation study

It is of importance to localize neural sources from scalp recorded EEG. Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) has received considerable attention for localizing brain electrical sources. However, most such efforts have used spherical head models in representing the head volume conductor. Investigation of the performance of LORETA in a realistic geometry head model, as compared with the spherical model, will provide useful information guiding interpretation of data obtained by using the spherical head model. The performance of LORETA was evaluated by means of computer simulations. The boundary element method was used to solve the forward problem. A three-shell realistic geometry (RG) head model was constructed from MRI scans of a human subject. Dipole source configurations of a single dipole located at different regions of the brain with varying depth were used to assess the performance of LORETA in different regions of the brain. A three-sphere head model was also used to approximate the RG head model, and similar simulations performed, and results compared with the RG-LORETA with reference to the locations of the simulated sources. Multi-source localizations were discussed and examples given in the RG head model. Localization errors employing the spherical LORETA, with reference to the source locations within the realistic geometry head, were about 20–30 mm, for four brain regions evaluated: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions. Localization errors employing the RG head model were about 10 mm over the same four brain regions. The present simulation results suggest that the use of the RG head model reduces the localization error of LORETA, and that the RG head model based LORETA is desirable if high localization accuracy is needed.
Crystal Density Prediction, Charge Density Distribution and the Explosive Properties of the Highly Energetic Molecule 2-Methyl-5-nitramino-tetrazole: a DFT and AIM Study

The ab initio crystal density, bond topological and explosive properties of the energetic molecule 2-methyl-5-nitraminotetrazole (MNAT) have been calculated by the MOLPAK/PMIN software and the AIM theory. The density predicted from the crystal structure simulation almost matches the experimental density. The geometrical parameters of the molecule lifted from the crystal structure are in very close agreement with the reported X-ray molecular structure. The bond topological analysis predicts a significantly low bond electron density, as well as a less Laplacian of electron density, for the N–NO2 bond. The Laplacian for the bond to the attached methyl group, the C(2)–N(2) bond, is also found to be less negative; the less negative values of the Laplacian confirms that these are the weakest bonds in the molecule. The impact sensitivity (h50) of the molecule has been calculated, and is almost equal to the reported experimental value. The sensitivity of the molecule was also estimated from the electrostatic imbalance parameter and has the value ν = 0.242. The isosurface of the electrostatic potential of the molecule displays a high negative electrostatic potential region around the tetrazole ring and the nitramine N–N bond, which are the possible reactive locations in the molecule.
Aids and neurological disorders: An overview

Neurological disease occurs frequently in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Disorders may affect either the central or peripheral nervous systems and may be the presenting manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus–related disease. Opportunistic infections and lymphomas are major causes of central nervous system disease. Increasingly, however, human immunodeficiency virus infection of the central nervous system is being recognized and is now associated with a syndrome of progressive dementia in adults, referred to as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex, and an encephalopathy in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus‐infected mothers. Whether brain disease related to this virus will respond to antiretroviral drugs will be a major focus of future research. Although less frequent than central nervous system disease, disorders of the peripheral nervous system are increasingly being recognized, including cases that probably have an autoimmune basis.
Early life and adult disorder: research themes.

Correspondence fo: Prof. M G Marmot, International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, 1 ? 9 Torrtngton Place, LondonWClE6BT,UK This series of papers is about the role factors operating early in life may play in the cause of mental and physical disease in adulthood. Genes are the endowment coming from the earliest moment, when sperm penetrates ovum, that have an obvious influence carrying over into later life. They shape appearance and physiological function and, according to the new findings of behavioural genetics, influence how people think and act. Their influence, relative to environment, over the pattern and occurrence of disease in later life is still the subject of vigorous debate. The debate has, of late, taken a new form. There may be influences from early life that influence adult disease rates that are environmental, not genetic. These may act in utero or during infancy, childhood and adolescence. The debate is, therefore, not only of the relative importance of genes versus environment but of the relative importance of early environment versus later environmental exposures. No student of Freud has any doubt that early psycho-social environment has effects on subsequent mental health. Indeed, much of psychoanalysis is devoted to reversing the effects of early environmental exposures. In neuroscience, the concept of the critical period has had profound effect; i.e there is a period in development of an individual's brain during which it develops certain capacities if exposed to appropriate environmental stimuli; or perhaps fails to develop others if it is not exposed to the appropriates stimuli. If the capacity is not developed at the appropriate time, the lack carries over into adulthood. Barker has suggested that there may be similar critical periods in other organ systems. Exposures at this crucial time in development may have profound effect on susceptibility to disease in later life. There may be programming. Rubella, thalidomide. , we are in no doubt that influences on the mother in pregnancy can have dramatic influence on pathology in the offspring that stay with them for the rest of their lives. It is also clear that influences on the mother such as smoking, malnutrition, drug and alcohol abuse can influence outcome of pregnancy. What has been considered to a lesser extent is the influence of these more 'subtle' effects on subsequent health and disease. The chapters gathered in this issue explore aspects of the influence from early life on adult pathology. The purpose of this chapter is to pick
On the security of ownership watermarking of digital images based on singular value decomposition

We show that the two countermeasures proposed in a pa- peronthesecurityofownershipwatermarkingofdigitalimagesbased on singular value decomposition by Loukhaoukha and Chouinard do not solve the false-positive detection problem in contrast to design- ers' claim and therefore should not be used for proof of ownership application. © 2011 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.3534865)
Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a comparison of severity and outcome.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the distribution of peripheral arterial disease in the diabetic and nondiabetic population attending for angiography and to compare severity and outcome between both groups of patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Randomly selected lower-extremity angiograms were examined according to the Bollinger system. Patient demographics and medical history were recorded and case notes were examined to determine which patients later underwent a revascularization procedure or amputation and which patients had died. RESULTS A total of 136 arteriograms obtained between 1992 and 1996 were analyzed. The age (mean +/- SD) of the patients was 64.7 +/- 10.8 years. Diabetic patients (43%) and nondiabetic patients were of similar age (63.9 +/- 10.4 vs. 65.3 +/- 11.1 years, P = 0.43), with a similar history of smoking (81.0 vs. 76.9%, P = 0.26), ischemic heart disease (41.4 vs. 37.2%, P = 0.54), and hypercholesterolemia (24.4 vs. 30.8%, P = 0.48). However, there were a greater proportion of hypertensive patients in the diabetic group (63.8 vs. 39.7%, P = 0.006). Diabetic patients had greater severity of arterial disease in the profunda femoris and all arterial segments below the knee (P = 0.02). A greater number of amputations occurred in the diabetic group: diabetic patients were five times more likely to have an amputation (41.4 vs. 11.5%, odds ratio [OR] 5.4, P < 0.0001). Mortality was higher in the diabetic group (51.7 vs. 25.6%, OR 3.1, P = 0.002), and diabetic patients who died were younger at presentation than nondiabetic patients (64.7 +/- 11.4 vs. 71.1 +/- 8.7 years, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In patients with peripheral arterial disease, diabetic patients have worse arterial disease and a poorer outcome than nondiabetic patients.
Autoantibodies as biomarkers for the prediction of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective Neuropsychiatric events occur unpredictably in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and most biomarker associations remain to be prospectively validated. This study examined a disease inception cohort of 1047 SLE patients to determine which autoantibodies at enrolment predicted subsequent neuropsychiatric events. Methods Patients with a recent SLE diagnosis were assessed prospectively for up to 10 years for neuropsychiatric events using the American College of Rheumatology case definitions. Decision rules of graded stringency determined whether neuropsychiatric events were attributable to SLE. Associations between the first neuropsychiatric event and baseline autoantibodies (lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein-I, anti-ribosomal P and anti-NR2 glutamate receptor) were tested by Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Disease duration at enrolment was 5.4±4.2 months, follow-up was 3.6±2.6 years. Patients were 89.1% female with mean (±SD) age 35.2±13.7 years. 495/1047 (47.3%) developed one or more neuropsychiatric event (total 917 events). Neuropsychiatric events attributed to SLE were 15.4% (model A) and 28.2% (model B). At enrolment 21.9% of patients had LA, 13.4% anticardiolipin, 15.1% anti-β2 glycoprotein-I, 9.2% anti-ribosomal P and 13.7% anti-NR2 antibodies. LA at baseline was associated with subsequent intracranial thrombosis (total n=22) attributed to SLE (model B) (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.94). Anti-ribosomal P antibody was associated with subsequent psychosis (total n=14) attributed to SLE (model B) (HR 3.92, 95% CI 1.23 to 12.5, p=0.02). Other autoantibodies did not predict neuropsychiatric events. Conclusion In a prospective study of 1047 recently diagnosed SLE patients, LA and anti-ribosomal P antibodies are associated with an increased future risk of intracranial thrombosis and lupus psychosis, respectively.
Real time car detection in images based on an AdaBoost machine learning approach and a small training set

Our primary interest is to build fast and reliable object recognizers in images based on small training sets. This is important in cases where the training set needs to be built mostly manually, as in the case that we studied, the recognition of the Honda Accord 2004 from rear views. Our experiments indicated that the set of features used by Viola and others for face recognition was inefficient for our problem; therefore, each object requires its own custom- made set of features for real time and accurate recognition. We described a set of appropriate feature types for the considered car recognition problem, including a redness measure and dominant edge orientations. The existing edge orientation bin division was improved by shifting so that all horizontal (vertical, respectively) edges belong to the same bin. This feature set was a basis for building a fast and reliable car recognizer based on small training set, consisting of 155 positive and 760 negative images. It detects back views of Honda Accords with a 98.7% detection rate and 0.4% false positive rate on the training set, and with 89.1% detection rate and a 1.48 x 10 -6 false positive rate on a test set of 106 images containing roughly 17.5 million tested sub windows.
A Practical CFA Interpolation Using Local Map

This paper introduces a practical color filter array (CFA) interpolation technique. Among the many technologies proposed in this field, the inter-color methods that exploit correlation between color planes generally outperform the intra-color approaches. We have found that the filtering direction, e.g., horizontal or vertical, is among the most decisive factors for the performance of the CFA interpolation. However, most of the state-of-the-art technologies are not flexible enough in determining the filtering direction. For example, filtering only in the upper direction is not usually supported. In this context, we propose an inter-color CFA interpolation using a local map called unified geometry map (UGM). In this method, the filtering direction is determined based on the similarity of the local map data. Thus, it provides more choices of the filtering directions, which enhances the probability of finding the most appropriate direction. It is confirmed through simulations that the proposal outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of objective quality measures. In addition, the proposed scheme is as inexpensive as the conventional methods with regard to resource consumption.