Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specificity and Site of in vitro Acquisition of Tobacco Necrosis Virus by Zoospoores of Olpidium brassicae

Summary Four single-sporangium isolates of Olpidium brassicae were inoculated on 14 different plant species to determine their ability to infect and reproduce in each host and their ability to transmit two tobacco necrosis virus isolates. Two O. brassicae isolates, one from lettuce and one from tomato, were able to reproduce in most hosts and transmitted both tobacco necrosis virus isolates to all hosts. By contrast, a mustard isolate reproduced in only six species and was not a vector of tobacco necrosis virus. An oat isolate reproduced in six species (three in common with the mustard) and was a poor vector, transmitting one tobacco necrosis virus isolate to only two hosts and not transmitting the other tobacco necrosis virus isolate to any host. Zoospores of the different fungus isolates were mixed with suspensions of virus, washed, negatively stained, and examined in the electron microscope. Virus adsorbed tightly to the surface membranes (plasmalemma of the body and axonemal sheath) of zoospores of isolates that transmitted it, but not to those of the non-vector (mustard) isolate. Zoospores of the poor vector (oat) isolate adsorbed fewer particles of the tobacco necrosis virus isolate they transmitted than did those of good vectors and did not adsorb the other tobacco necrosis virus isolate. Most, but not all, of the observed specificity of transmission of tobacco necrosis virus seems to be associated with the ability or inability of zoospores to adsorb the virus on their surfaces. None of these isolates adsorbed particles of turnip yellow mosaic, tomato bushy stunt or cucumber necrosis viruses. O. brassicae zoospores also adsorbed satellite virus particles. Zoospores of Olpidium cucurbitacearum adsorbed particles of cucumber necrosis virus, but not of tobacco necrosis virus, to their surfaces. Thus, in vitro acquisition consisted of a tight adsorption of virus to the zoospore surface membranes in each of the three known instances of this type of relationship.
Effects of Teacher and Self-Assessment on Student Performance.

This study investigated the effects of teacher evaluation and student self-evaluation on student performance and attitudes. Participants were 189 Latvian high school students and their 6 teachers. The teachers were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: no evaluation, teacher evaluation, and self-evaluation plus teacher evaluation. All groups completed a 12-lesson instructional program on how to conduct experiments and produce research reports. The teacher-evaluation group received teacher evaluation on their initial research reports. The self-plus-teacher evaluation group self-evaluated their reports and received teacher evaluation on them. The no-evaluation group received no formal evaluation instructions. Students in the teacher evaluation and the self-plus-teacher evaluation groups received significantly higher ratings on their final projects. The no-evaluation group had more favorable attitudes toward the program than the other two groups. However, the self-plus-teacher evaluation group was significantly more confident of their ability to conduct future research experiments independently. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures, and 28 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 4a:Yfhis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Effects of Teacher and Self-Assessment on Student Performance Zane Olina Arizona State University Department of Psychology in Education Box 870611 Tempe, AZ 85287 0611 E-mail: zaneo@asu.edu Howard J. Sullivan Arizona State University Department of Psychology in Education Box 870611 Tempe, AZ 85287 0611 E-mail: sully@asu.edu Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Educational Research Association, April 1 5, 2002, New Orleans, LA.
THE MEANING OF ROCHDALE: THE ROCHDALE PIONEERS AND THE CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES

Rochdale, England, is known by millions for one reason: a handful of labourers established a co-operative there in 1844 known as the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers. That co-operative was adopted as the inspiration and model for a movement that now includes nearly 700 million people around the world. As this paper is being written, co-operators around the world are preparing to celebrate the 150th anniversary of its birth. But what did Rochdale mean? Why is it considered so important?
A Prediction Loophole in Bell's Theorem

We consider the Bell’s Theorem setup of Gill et. al. (2002). We present a “proof of concept” that if the source emitting the particles can predict the settings of the detectors with sufficiently large probability, then there is a scenario consistent with local realism that violates the Bell inequality for the setup.
Working Paper No . LE 06-001 January , 2006 THE ECONOMICS OF FEDERALISM

This is the introductory essay for the Economics of Federalism, a book edited by the authors and forthcoming in Edward Elgar Publishing’s ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO LAW series. This essay discusses the major issues and theories concerning federal political systems, which we define as systems that have a hierarchy of at least two distinct “state” and “central” levels, each with a well-defined scope of authority. The essay discusses two branches the economics literature. The first branch, on competitive federalism, stems from Tiebout’s 1956 article. It focuses on the horizontal structure of federalism and examines jurisdictional competition between state governments for mobile individuals and resources. The second branch of the literature, on fiscal federalism, examines the vertical structure of federalism, or the division of public services and taxing power between the central and state governments. The essay also examines applications of the economic analysis of federalism to specific areas of the law, including corporate law, antitrust law, environmental law, choice of law rules, contractual choice of law, and public choice theory. Illinois Law and Economics Working Papers Series Working Paper No. LE06-001 January, 2006 THE ECONOMICS OF FEDERALISM Larry E. Ribstein* and Bruce Kobayashi** *Richard W. and Marie L. Corman Professor, University of Illinois College of Law **Associate Dean and Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://papers.ssrn. com/pape.tar? abstract_id=
Study of the addition of calcined clays in the durability of concrete

Currently economical and environmental advantages of cement clinker replacement by other supplementary cementious materials are well known. For example calcined clays, such as metakaolin, have drawn special attention during recent years. It is well known that these admixtures added to mortars and concretes improve mechanical strength as well as durability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of physical-mechanical properties and durability in micro-concretes, by employing calcinated and grinded clays as replacement material, by 30% of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Therefore, clay soil was employed, which is mainly composed by low-purity-kaolin mineral, so as to obtain calcined clays to be used as supplementary cementious minerals. Best results for compressive strength at 28 days were obtained by sedimentary calcined clays, which have higher content of kaolin mineral thanks to a purification process by means of raw material sedimentation conducted on this admixture only. Nevertheless, capillary water absorption tests delivered best results for calcined clay soil, which finesse is quite high. Lower values showed by this admixture, as much for capillary porosity and sorptivity, revealed there was a predominance of compaction and impermeability phenomena achieved by cementious matrix using such fine material, over the effect of puzzolanic reaction. Micro-structure studies on C-S-H gel, employing energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) technique, demonstrated that the use of calcined clays as replacement of RPC favors the creation of quite stable hydration products, mainly monosulfos of hemicabo and monocarbo types, which is convenient for concrete against possible deterioration actions from different mechanisms.
Levels of Herbivory in Two Costa Rican Rain Forests: Implications for Studies of Fossil Herbivory

ABSTRACT We measured changes in insect herbivore intensity and guild structure in two tropical forests of Costa Rica over a three-year period. We estimated herbivory levels using discrete leaf litter samples to account for factors that influence the types of leaves most likely to be preserved in the fossil record. We found that leaf area removed by insect herbivores did not vary significantly between years within the two sampled forests, but differed across years between forests. The lack of variation in herbivore intensity within forests suggests that estimates of herbivore damage from fossil assemblages may reflect levels of herbivore intensity typically experienced by a given forest, at least over a short ecological timescale. The differences in herbivore intensity between similarly categorized forests suggest that simple one-to-one comparisons between fossil and modern sites can be problematic. The distribution of functional feeding groups also differed on an interannual basis both within and between forests. As guild structure can be highly variable, caution should be taken when comparing modern herbivore guild structures with those from fossil assemblages. Studies of herbivory in fossil assemblages have yielded much lower levels of damage than those found in this study as well as those measured from other modern forests. Leaf fossil preservation, environmental differences, and changes in plant–insect associations through time may account for these differences.
Black holes and axions

We solve the Klein-Gordon equation for an axion field in a Kerr background analytically for Mμ 1 and Mω 1 for small spins via matching the near and far region solutions. This yields a hydrogen-like frequency spectrum and, if the superradiance condition is met, an instability. Moreover, we discuss some physically relevant elements of our system such as the potential associated to a black hole, the superradiance rate or the flux at the event horizon, comparing them with the numerical solution where our approximations are no longer valid.
Imputation for wave nonresponse: existing methods and a time series approach

PART I. PERSPECTIVES ON NONRESPONSE. Survey Nonresponse in Design, Data Collection, and Analysis (D. Dillman, et al.). Developing Nonresponse Standards (T. Smith). Trends in Household Survey Nonresponse: A Longitudinal and International Comparison (E. de Leeuw and W. de Heer). Culture and Survey Nonresponse (T. Johnson, et al.). To Answer or Not to Answer: Decision Processes Related to Survey Item Nonresponse (P. Beatty and D. Herrmann). The Causes of No-Opinion Response to Attitude Measures in Surveys: They Are Rarely What They Appear to Be (J. Krosnick). PART II: IMPACTS OF SURVEY DESIGN ON NONRESPONSE. The Influence of Interviewers' Attitude and Behavior on Household Survey Nonresponse: An International Comparison (J. Hox and E. de Leeuw). Persuading Reluctant Recipients in Telephone Surveys (W. Dijkstra and J. Smit). The Effects of Extended Interviewer Efforts on Nonresponse Bias (P. Lynn, et al.). Effect of Item Nonresponse on Nonresponse Error and Inference (R. Mason, et al.). The Use of Incentives to Reduce Nonresponse in Household Surveys (E. Singer). The Influence of Alternative Visual Designs on Respondents' Performance with Branching Instructions in Self-Administered Questionnaires (C. Redline and D. Dillman). PART III: NONRESPONSE IN DIVERSE TYPES OF SURVEYS. Evaluating Nonresponse Error in Mail Surveys (D. Moore and J. Tarnai). Understanding Unit and Item Nonresponse in Business Surveys (D. Willimack, et al.). Nonresponse in Web Surveys (V. Vehovar, et al.). Nonresponse in Exit Polls: A Conprehensive Analysis (D. Merkle and M. Edelman). Nonresponse in the Second Wave of Longitudinal Household Surveys (J. Lepkowski and M. Couper). PART IV: STATISTICAL INFERENCE ACCOUNTING FOR NONRESPONSE. Weighting Nonresponse Adjustments Based on Auxiliary Information (J. Bethlehem). Poststratification and Weighting Adjustments (A. Gelman and J. Carlin). Replication Methods for Variance Estimation in Complex Surveys with Imputed Data (J. Shao). Variance Estimation from Survey Data under Single Imputation (H. Lee, et al.). Large-Scale Imputation for Complex Surveys (D. Marker, et al.). A Congenial Overview and Investigation of Multiple Imputation Inferences under Uncongeniality (X. Meng). Multivariate Imputation of Coarsened Survey Data on Household Wealth (S. Heeringa, et al.). Modeling Nonignorable Attrition and Measurement Error in Panel Surveys: An Application to Travel Demand Modeling (D. Brownstone, et al.). Using Matched Substitutes to Adjust for Nonignorable Nonresponse through Multiple Imputations (D. Rubin and E. Zanutto). Using Administrative Records to Impute for Nonresponse (E. Zanutto and A. Zaslavsky). Imputation for Wave Nonresponse: Existing Methods and a Time Series Approach (D. Pfeffermann and G. Nathan). Diagnostics for the Practical Effects of Nonresponse Adjustment Methods (J. Eltinge).
Calorimetric study of the early stages of the nanosilica - tricalcium silicate hydration. Effect of temperature

The pozzolanic reaction of nanosilica in contact with C 3 S was monitored via isothermal conduction calorimetry. Since that reaction is affected by heat, its variations with curing temperature (25, 40 and 65 °C) were also analysed. The findings showed that while C 3 S hydration was accelerated by both nSA and higher curing temperature, the former impacted the reaction more intensely. Moreover, the presence of nSA was observed to shorten the acceleration stage during C 3 S hydration, inducing earlier precipitation of portlandite and earlier C-S-H precipitation and nucleation.
Cup anemometer response to the wind turbulence - measurement of the horizontal wind variance

This paper presents some dynamic characteristics of an opto-electronic cup anemometer model in relation to its response to the wind turbulence. It is based on experimental data of the natural wind turbulence measured both by an ultrasonic anemometer and two samples of the mentioned cup anemometer. The distance constants of the latter devices measured in a wind tunnel are in good agreement with those determined by the spectral analysis method proposed in this study. In addition, the study shows that the linear compensation of the cup anemometer response, beyond the cutoff frequency, is limited to a given frequency, characteristic of the device. Beyond this frequency, the compensation effectiveness relies mainly on the wind characteristics, particularly the direction variability and the horizontal turbulence intensity. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential of fast cup anemometers to measure some turbulence parameters (like wind variance) with errors of the magnitude as those deriving from the mean speed measurements. This result proves that fast cup anemometers can be used to assess some turbulence parameters, especially for long-term measurements in severe climate conditions (icing, snowing or sandy storm weathers).
Monitoring viral contamination in shellfish growing areas.

Human and animal fecal wastes and urine contain a large number of different viruses that can enter the environment through the discharge of waste materials from infected individuals. Despite the high diversity of viruses that are introduced into the environment by human fecal pollution, only a few have been recognized to cause disease in association with consumption of contaminated shellfish. Viruses are present in shellfish in very low numbers. Nevertheless, they are present in sufficient quantities to pose a health risk as presented. This low level of contamination has made it necessary to develop highly sensitive viral extraction methods to ensure virus recovery from shellfish tissues. The most common route for accidental contamination is after heavy rainfall, leading to overflow and release of untreated sewage into the aquatic environment. To limit shellfish contamination the most desirable and effective option is to reduce the viral input.
Memory Replay GANs: learning to generate images from new categories without forgetting

Previous works on sequential learning address the problem of forgetting in discriminative models. In this paper we consider the case of generative models. In particular, we investigate generative adversarial networks (GANs) in the task of learning new categories in a sequential fashion. We first show that sequential fine tuning renders the network unable to properly generate images from previous categories (i.e. forgetting). Addressing this problem, we propose Memory Replay GANs (MeRGANs), a conditional GAN framework that integrates a memory replay generator. We study two methods to prevent forgetting by leveraging these replays, namely joint training with replay and replay alignment. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results in MNIST, SVHN and LSUN datasets show that our memory replay approach can generate competitive images while significantly mitigating the forgetting of previous categories.
Data Provenance for Sport

Data analysts often discover irregularities in their underlying dataset, which need to be traced back to the original source and corrected. Standards for representing data provenance (i.e. the origins of the data), such as the W3C PROV standard, can assist with this process, however require a mapping between abstract provenance concepts and the domain of use in order to apply them effectively. We propose a custom notation for expressing provenance of information in the sport performance analysis domain, and map our notation to concepts in the W3C PROV standard where possible. We evaluate the functionality of W3C PROV (without specialisations) and the VisTrails workflow manager (without extensions), and find that as is, neither are able to fully capture sport performance analysis workflows, notably due to limitations surrounding capture of automated and manual activities respectively. Furthermore, their notations suffer from ineffective use of visual design space, and present potential usability issues as their terminology is unlikely to match that of sport practitioners. Our findings suggest that one-size-fits-all provenance and workflow systems are a poor fit in practice, and that their notation and functionality need to be optimised for the domain of use.
Content analysis of 50 clinical negligence claims involving test results management systems in general practice

Background and aims Laboratory test results management systems are a complex safety issue in primary care settings worldwide. Related failures lead to avoidable patient harm, medicolegal action, patient complaints and additional workload to problem solve identified issues. We aimed to review and learn from 50 clinical negligence cases involving system failures related to the management of test results. Methods The Medical Protection Society database was searched and a convenience sample of 50 claims identified from a 3-year period covering 2014–2016. A content analysis of documentation was undertaken to quantify and theme data, aided by a Risk Assessment Matrix and the Yorkshire Contributory Factors Framework. Quantitative data were subjected to simple descriptive statistical analysis. Results 14/50 cases (28%) involved a delay in diagnosis or treatment of a patient with cancer. 15 cases were judged to be ‘never events’ (30%) and 85 distinct system issues were identified. Just under half of cases involved a failure to notify patients of an abnormal test result (n=24, 48%), while 18 cases (36%) involved a test result not being actioned by a doctor. The most frequently occurring contributory factors (n=30, 60%) were related to local working conditions, for example, unclear professional responsibilities with regards to test result review or follow-up or lack of patient care continuity. Conclusion This small study highlights why test result management systems fail and contribute to future litigation, providing new insights in this area. Most claims involved avoidable harm to patients and preventable organisational risks. The findings point to the inadequate design of practice systems and the need for proactive strategies to improve the management of test results in order to reduce patient harm.
Consent and recruitment: the reporting of paediatric trials published in 2012

Objectives We evaluated 300 paediatric trials to determine: the consent and recruitment strategies used, who trial information was targeted to, how incentives were used and if they achieved their recruitment targets. Methods For this cross-sectional evaluation, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for paediatric trials published in 2012 and randomly selected 300 that reported on outcomes for participants aged ≤21 years. We collected data on consent and recruitment procedures for each trial and undertook descriptive analyses in SPSS statistics V.23. Results All but one trial (99.7%) used a standard recruitment strategy. Most (92%) trials reported that consent was obtained but only 13% reported who obtained consent. Two-thirds (65%) of trials included school-aged participants, and of these 68% reported obtaining assent. Half (50%) of the trials reported who the trial information was targeted to. Most trials (75%) of school-aged participants targeted information towards children or children and their parents. Fourteen per cent of trials reported using incentives, half (50%) of which were in the form of compensation. Only 48% of trials reported sufficient data to determine if their recruitment targets were achieved. Of these, 70% achieved their targets. Conclusions Notable reporting shortcomings included: how families were recruited into the trial, who obtained consent and/or assent and how, who trial information was directed to, whether incentives were used and sufficient data to determine if the recruitment target was achieved. Forthcoming paediatric-specific reporting standards may improve reporting in this priority area. Our data provide a baseline for ongoing monitoring of the state of the research.
A Question Answering System on Regulatory Documents

In this work, we outline an approach for question answering over regulatory documents. In contrast to traditional means to access information in the domain, the proposed system attempts to deliver an accurate and precise answer to user queries. This is accomplished by a two-step approach which ﬁrst selects relevant paragraphs given a question; and then compares the selected paragraph with user query to predict a span in the paragraph as the answer. We employ neural network based solutions for each step, and compare them with existing, and alternate baselines. We perform our evaluations with a gold-standard benchmark comprising over 600 questions on the MaRisk regulatory document. In our experiments, we observe that our proposed system outperforms other baselines.