Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incertidumbre y dolarización en Bolivia

El trabajo presenta un modelo en el cual se determinan los factores de la dolarizacion tomando como marco teorico el Modelo de Fijacion de Precios de Activos de Capital (CAPM). Posteriormente, se efectua la comprobacion empirica del modelo para la economia boliviana en el periodo marzo 1989- septiembre 2001. Como variable proxy de la dolarizacion se utilizo la relacion de depositos en moneda extranjera expresados en dolares estadounidenses con relacion a los efectuados en moneda nacional y como proxy de la variable incertidumbre de devaluacion, el segundo momento de la variacion del tipo de cambio mediante un modelo GARCH(1,1). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el fenomeno de la dolarizacion en Bolivia se encuentra determinado por el ritmo de devaluacion monetaria, la incertidumbre de devaluacion que perciben los agentes economicos y el fenomeno inercial de la dolarizacion. Se concluye por tanto que para revertir este fenomeno es necesario incorporar instrumentos financieros de cobertura de riesgo cambiario. Asimismo, en los ultimos tres anos la incertidumbre de devaluacion, aproximada por la varianza condicional del tipo de cambio, ha registrado una marcada estabilidad comparada con anos anteriores, lo que sugiere que el actual sistema cambiario adoptado por el Banco Central de Bolivia es adecuado para controlarla.
Global swing instability in the New England power grid model

Global swing instability is an undesirable and emergent phenomenon of synchronous machines in a power grid, implying that most of the machines in the system simultaneously lose synchronism with the rest of the grid after being subjected to a finite and local disturbance. Recently we reported that global instability occurred in the classical model of swing dynamics in the New England power grid model. This paper analyzes the global instability in the New England power grid model. We show that the proper orthonormal decomposition and the Galerkin method for model reduction can determine a dynamical mechanism responsible for the global instability. These methods applied in this paper make it possible to find the occurrence of global instability in real power grids.
The Health of Women and Children After Surviving Intimate Partner Violence

Few studies have explored the perspectives of survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) regarding their health and their children’s health, their experiences accessing and utilizing health care, and health initiatives that would best serve their families’ needs. We facilitated focus groups with female IPV survivors and adolescents who witnessed IPV. Women described their health and their children’s health as poor and reported challenges with health care utilization, whereas teenagers generally perceived their health as typical for their age. Participants requested health education workshops, community resources, and social support. This study lays the foundation for further research and the development of health initiatives.
Large-scale Epidemiological Modelling : Exploring the Impact of the ASEAN Economic Corridors Policy on the Dengue Fever Epidemic

In this study, we present an implementation of a hybrid, integrated model that supports various explorations of the relationship between the increasing regional integration among ASEAN countries and the Dengue fever epidemic in the same countries. Using the available public data on economic exchanges, climatic conditions and dengue fever cases as the input, we designed a complex model composed of three sub-models: a SEIR/SIR mathematical epidemiological model that operates at a local scale and combines the population dynamics of mosquitoes with the computation of infected mosquitoes and people, a cellular automata model that provides support for the spread of infected mosquitoes and people between its cells, an agent-based model based on accurate GIS road data, which reproduces the traffic of trucks between countries, and an agent-based model of control policy decision-making at the scale of each country. All these models were coupled within the same framework, supported by the GAMA modelling and simulation platform (http://gama-platform.org), which scheduled them using a timescale of 12 hours over 10 years (from 2002 to 2011). This integrated model has been designed to be completely generic: provided the required data (on climate conditions, dengue cases, commercial exchanges, and health policies) was available, it could be applied to any geographic location at any spatial scale. It has been extensively tested on a specific case study: the terrestrial East-West Economic Corridor, a continuous land route that links Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar.
Evidence of Selective Sweeps in Genes Conferring Resistance to Chloroquine and Pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in India

ABSTRACT Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum is complicated by the emergence and spread of parasite resistance to many of the first-line drugs used to treat malaria. Antimalarial drug resistance has been associated with specific point mutations in several genes, suggesting that these single nucleotide polymorphisms can be useful in tracking the emergence of drug resistance. In India, P. falciparum infection can manifest itself as asymptomatic, mild, or severe malaria, with or without cerebral involvement. We tested whether chloroquine- and antifolate drug-resistant genotypes would be more commonly associated with cases of cerebral malaria than with cases of mild malaria in the province of Jabalpur, India, by genotyping the dhps, dhfr, pfmdr-1, and pfcrt genes using pyrosequencing, direct sequencing, and real-time PCR. Further, we used microsatellites surrounding the genes to determine the origins and spread of the drug-resistant genotypes in this area. Resistance to chloroquine was essentially fixed, with 95% of the isolates harboring the pfcrt K76T mutation. Resistant genotypes of dhfr, dhps, and pfmdr-1 were found in 94%, 17%, and 77% of the isolates, respectively. Drug-resistant genotypes were equally likely to be associated with cerebral malaria as with mild malaria. We found evidence of a selective sweep in pfcrt and, to a lesser degree, in dhfr, indicating high levels of resistance to chloroquine and evolving resistance to pyrimethamine. Microsatellites surrounding pfcrt indicate that the resistant genotypes (SVMNT) were most similar to those found in Papua New Guinea.
El proceso sidero-metarlúrgico altoaragonés: los valles de Bielsa y Gistain en la Edad Moderna (1565-1800)

En este trabajo se estudian los medios tecnicos empleados en el proceso de extraccion de mineral y en la siderurgia en los valles de Bielsa y Gistain (Pirineo Aragones) en la Edad Moderna. Desde el siglo XVI hasta al menos la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII se empleo la tecnologia de las herrerias vascas para, al final del siglo XVIII, adoptar el metodo de las fargas catalanas mediante trompas (sic) de agua
Transplanted dialects and language change: question formation in Québec *

(1) As-tu (INV) deja parte avec un vrai Fran9ais de France Ia? (XX.105.2768/ 'Have you ever spoken to a real Frenchman from France? ' (2) Et le roi est-if (CINV) icitte? (XIX.036.3932) 'And the king, is he here? ' (3) Ah, toi tu restes pas (INT) avec tes parents? (XX.112.1819) ' Oh, you don't live with your parents? ' (4) Mes bombes est-ce que (ECQ) je les largue ici? (XX.078.1502) 'My bombs, do I throw them here? ' (5) Tu vastu (TU) etre plus marie oubedonc moins marie? (XX.079.1471) 'Are you gonna be more married or less married? '
LADIES: an automatic layout system for analog LSI's

The authors have developed a prototype system for analog LSI layout design which ensures the functionality of circuits. The procedural initial layout program is based on a clustering algorithm and a river routing algorithm and it manipulates mathematically specified layout constraints. Before and after this program the system uses a knowledge base to manipulate complex conditions and thereby avoid circuit malfunction. Using circuit descriptions and knowledge about layout constraints as related to the circuits, a preprocessing program generates specific layout constraints which ensure the functionality of circuits. A postprocessing program eliminates unused space, taking the various constraints into account. The authors have also developed a predictive inference mechanism which selects suitable actions to get better results. In an experiment involving a 71-element block, the authors obtained a layout which follows all constraints and is only 8% larger than the manual layout. <<ETX>>
Task-Specific Sex Differences in Vigilance Performance: Subjective Workload and Boredom

Participants (24 men, 24 women) were asked to perform either a spatial or temporal vigilance task. Task-related Boredom and NASA-Task Load Index scores were collected. The results replicate Dittmar, Warm, Dember, and Ricks' 1993 finding of task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload. The present study also showed task-specific sex differences for boredom ratings. These results suggest that two explanations may account for the sex differences. More accurate perceptual discriminations may account for some of the differences in performance; however, sex differences in perceived boredom may more likely be responsible for the task-specific sex differences in vigilance performance and subjective workload.
The effects of SIPOS passivation on DC and switching performance of high voltage MOS transistors

For long term stability of high voltage NMOS transistors the application of a SIPOS passivation layer over the drift regions has been studied. This has been found to change the device characteristics both for steady state and switching. This paper describes the mechanism of interaction of the SIPOS layer and the drift region of the device and presents 2-dimensional simulation results together with experimental data. An analytical 1-dimensional model is outlined and shown to agree well with the 2-dimensional simulation results.
Prehistoric Diet in Southwest Texas: The Coprolite Evidence

Abstract This report discusses the various kinds of data that are recoverable from the analysis of human coprolites and demonstrates how these techniques are applied to the specific analysis of prehistoric human coprolites recovered from site 41 VV 162 in southwest Texas. The data from these 43 coprolite samples are used to: (1) reconstruct aboriginal diet patterns in southwest Texas between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500; (2) predict specific periods of seasonal site occupancy; (3) distinguish between pollen resulting from the eating of certain plant foods and background pollen resulting from the normal pollen rain; and (4) make limited generalizations concerning the regional paleoenvironment between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500.
Impacts of Transformer Core Hysteresis Formation on Stability Domain of Ferroresonance Modes

This paper investigates impacts of various formations of hysteresis on the stability domain of ferroresonance modes of a voltage transformer (VT). Based on four different hysteretic and two single-valued polynomial models, ferroresonance behaviors of the VT are studied. The hysteretic models are developed based on the Preisach theory. The first hysteretic model accurately duplicates the measured hysteresis loops of the VT in a wide variation range of the core excitation level. The other three hysteretic models represent different hysteresis loop formations. The polynomial models are based on identical single-valued polynomial magnetization characteristics but represent different core loss resistances (i.e., constant and dynamically varying core loss resistances, respectively). All of the models represent the same core losses as the measured value to investigate impacts of hysteresis loop formations on ferroresonance modes, independent of the corresponding hysteresis losses. The studies are conducted in time domain in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. The studies indicate that the VT model, which duplicates the measured hysteresis loops and the measured core loss over a wide range of excitation levels, results in more ferroresonance modes, expanded stability domains, and higher overvoltages. This paper concludes that formation of hysteresis is an independent factor which significantly impacts the ferroresonance phenomenon. Not only is it a single-valued magnetization characteristic but also a generic hysteretic characteristic; if it is not accurately constructed based on the measured core hysteresis data, it can result in significant error in determining the ferroresonance overvoltages and stability domains of the ferroresonance modes.
Who Are the “Masters of the Treaty”?: European Governments and the European Court of Justice

To what extent can the European Court of Justice, an international court, make decisions that go against the interests of European Union member states? Neofunctionalist accounts imply that because the Court is a legal body it has vast political autonomy from the member states, whereas neorealist accounts imply that because member states can sanction the ECJ, the Court has no significant political autonomy. Neither theory can explain why the Court, which was once politically weak and did not stray far from the interests of European governments, now boldly rules against their interests. In explaining how the Court escaped member state control, this article develops a general hypothesis of the autonomy of the ECJ, focusing on how differing time horizons of political and judicial actors, support for the Court within the national judiciaries, and decision-making rules at the supranational level limit the member states' ability to control the Court.
Calcium and potassium currents in muscle fibres of an insect (Carausius morosus).

1. A three electrode voltage‐clamp was used to investigate membrane currents in the skeletal muscle fibres of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. Contraction was blocked by hypertonic solutions. 2. Membrane currents elicited by step depolarizations consisted of an inward current, an early outward current and a delayed outward current. 3. The reversal potential of the delayed outward current did not change when SO4(2‐) was substituted for Cl‐, but shifted by 14.1 mV when [K]0 was increased from 20 mM to 40 mM in SO4(2‐) solution, suggesting that the delayed current is carried by K+. Both early and delayed outward currents were substantially reduced by 120 mM‐tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions. 4. The small size of the shift in the reversal potential of the delayed outward current with increased pulse duration suggests that the delayed current measured flows mainly across the surface membrane. 5. Increasing [Ca]o made the apparent reversal potential for the inward current (120 mM‐TEA Ringer) more positive and increased the size of the maximum inward current. However, Ca‐currents showed saturation with increasing [Ca]o, indicating that there is a site to which Ca ions bind during their passage through the membrane. The dissociation constant of this site was 7.3 mM at 0 mV and was voltage‐dependent. 6. Inward currents were blocked by 1 mM‐La3+ or Cd2+, or by substitution of Co2+ or Ni2+ for Mg2+. Strontium and barium were able to permeate the channel but Na+ and Mg2+ appear impermeant. 7. As expected from the low intracellular Ca concentration, the instantaneous current‐voltage relation of the Ca current rectified strongly in the inward direction. 8. Both constant field theory and the simplest, single site, Eyring rate theory model predict the rectification of the instantaneous current‐voltage relation. The rate theory model also predicts saturation of the Ca current with [Ca]o.
A general theory of sexual differentiation

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the only factors that differ in XX vs. XY zygotes. This inequality leads to male‐specific effects of the Y chromosome, including expression of the testis‐determining gene Sry that causes differentiation of testes. Thus, Sry sets up lifelong sex differences in effects of gonadal hormones. Y genes also act outside of the gonads to cause male‐specific effects. Differences in the number of X chromosomes between XX and XY cells cause sex differences in expression (1) of Xist, (2) of X genes that escape inactivation, and (3) of parentally imprinted X genes. Sex differences in phenotype are ultimately the result of multiple, independent sex‐biasing factors, hormonal and sex chromosomal. These factors act in parallel and in combination to induce sex differences. They also can offset each other to reduce sex differences. Other mechanisms, operating at the level of populations, cause groups of males to differ on average from groups of females. The theory frames questions for further study, and directs attention to inherent sex‐biasing factors that operate in many tissues to cause sex differences, and to cause sex‐biased protection from disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Causes et conséquences des réductions d'effectifs dans les entreprises publiques en Chine

La politique de suppression d'effectifs dans les entreprises publiques chinoises (connue sous le nom de xia gang) est lourde de consequences a la fois en termes de productivite et d'equite. Cet article cherche a determiner les causes et les consequences pour les individus de la politique dite du xia gang. L'etude est fondee sur une enquete portant sur l'annee 2000. La reduction de personnel concerne 11% des travailleurs urbains, 53% des licencies restent sans emploi. Le risque de renvoi est plus important pour les travailleurs de sexe feminin. pour les travailleurs dont le niveau d'etude est le plus bas, pour les moins qualifies (au sens de competences professionnelles), pour les personnes entre deux âges et pour les employes des gouvernements locaux et des collectivites urbaines. Le taux de retour a l'emploi de ces populations est faible, ce qui suppose un chomage de longue duree pour celles-ci. La duree de chomage sera d'autant plus longue que les personnes concernees sont en mauvaise sante, faiblement instruites, ou encore de sexe feminin et ayant a charge des enfants en bas âge. Les indemnites de chomage n'ont pas d'effet significatif sur la duree du chomage. Les pertes en termes de revenu lors du renvoi proviennent principalement des pertes de salaires dues au chomage. On doit, cependant, noter que les personnels qui retrouvent un emploi sont eux aussi victimes d'un manque a gagner lie au fait que leur nouveau revenu est la plupart du temps inferieur a l'ancien.
The SOS and RpoS Regulons Contribute to Bacterial Cell Robustness to Genotoxic Stress by Synergistically Regulating DNA Polymerase Pol II

Mitomycin C (MMC) is a genotoxic agent that induces DNA cross-links, DNA alkylation, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MMC induces the SOS response and RpoS regulons in Escherichia coli. SOS-encoded functions are required for DNA repair, whereas the RpoS regulon is typically induced by metabolic stresses that slow growth. Thus, induction of the RpoS regulon by MMC may be coincidental, because DNA damage slows growth; alternatively, the RpoS regulon may be an adaptive response contributing to cell survival. In this study, we show that the RpoS regulon is primarily induced by MMC-induced ROS production. We also show that RpoS regulon induction is required for the survival of MMC-treated growing cells. The major contributor to RpoS-dependent resistance to MMC treatment is DNA polymerase Pol II, which is encoded by the polB gene belonging to the SOS regulon. The observation that polB gene expression is controlled by the two major stress response regulons that are required to maximize survival and fitness further emphasizes the key role of this DNA polymerase as an important factor in genome stability.
Biphasic clearance kinetics of hepatitis B virus from patients during adefovir dipivoxil therapy

In a recent phase II clinical study, 13 chronic hepatitis B–infected patients treated daily with 30 mg adefovir dipivoxil for 12 weeks displayed a median 4.1‐log10 decrease in plasma hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐DNA levels. The decline of viral load during therapy displayed a biphasic kinetic profile that was modeled to determine the efficacy of inhibition of viral production, as well as kinetic constants for the clearance of free virus and the loss of infected cells. Viral production was suppressed with an efficacy of 0.993 ± 0.008, indicating that only 0.7% of viral production persisted during therapy. The initial, faster phase of viral load decline reflects the clearance of HBV particles from plasma with a half‐life of 1.1 ± 0.3 days, translating to a 48% daily turnover of the free virus. The second, slower phase of viral load decline closely mirrors the rate‐limiting process of infected cell loss, with a half‐life of 18 ± 7 days. The duration of therapy required to completely eliminate the virus from plasma or suppress it to levels sufficient to induce seroconversion is a function of the half‐life of the free virus, the half‐life of infected cells, and the efficacy of inhibition of virus production from infected cells. These quantitative analyses provide a more detailed picture of the dynamics of HBV infection and therapy, and can be used to compare the efficacy of various doses and inhibitors of HBV replication for the treatment of HBV infections.
Collaborations in Mind, Brain, and Education: An Analysis of Researcher–Practitioner Partnerships in Three Elementary School Intervention Studies

A reciprocal relationship informing both research and practice is one of the primary goals in the emerging field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE), yet the field has little documentation and analysis of such collaborations. In this article, we present case studies of three research–practice partnerships taking place between scientists and educators. By comparing and contrasting these three partnerships we expect to illuminate common characteristics, challenges, and benefits that come with doing MBE work.
Temperature, pH, and cations affect the ability of Escherichia coli to mobilize plasmids in L broth and synthetic wastewater.

Coincubations of plasmid donor and recipient cells in L broth and in synthetic wastewater demonstrated that a large number of environmental factors must be taken into account when measuring the potential for the dissemination of plasmid-encoded genes in natural environments. These include salts and detergents in the medium as well as other factors, e.g., pH and temperature. Complex interactions between and among agents were observed, indicating that simple additive effects may not be assumed. Mobilization of genetically engineered nonconjugative plasmid pHSV106 was inhibited by the same compounds that affected conjugative plasmid movement.
MICROFLUIDIC MODEL OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS BRONCHI

In this paper we report a microfluidic model to simulate the bronchi of a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. The biochip is comprised of two cell culture chambers separated by a membrane. On top of the membrane an alginate hydrogel is formed in order to simulate the thick mucus layer spotted in a CF bronchi. In the bottom chamber a monolayer of epithelial cells are cultured to simulate the bronchi tissue. By inoculating the pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain to the hydrogel layer one can simulate bacterial infections commonly subjected to the CF patient, and the system can be applied for the studies on antibiotic treatment of bacterial infection related to CF.