Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Distributed Differential Privacy with SGD

Privacy leakage is an important issue for machine learning. Existing privacy-preserving approaches with differential privacy usually allow the server to fully control users’ information. This may be problematic since the server itself may be untrusted, leading to serious privacy leakage. Besides, existing approaches need to choose a ﬁxed number of iterations, so that the total privacy budget is ﬁnite. Fine-tuning is a common practice, which needs a lot of opportunities to try. However it is not allowed in the actual environment, because multiple access to user data will bring serious privacy risks. In this paper, we aim to address the problem of achieving privacy-preserving with distributed differential privacy. In this scenario, different from the traditional need to disclose some local data to the centralized server, each participant keeps the data locally, to achieve better privacy protection effect. We propose a novel algorithm for privacy-preserving training with adjustable iteration steps by sampling techniques. The validity of the algorithm is veriﬁed by theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation on real-world datasets.
Metaxytherium subapenninum (Bruno, 1839) (Mammalia, Dugongidae), the Latest Sirenian of the Mediterranean Basin

ABSTRACT Metaxytherium subapenninum was a halitheriine dugongid distributed along the northwestern coasts of the Mediterranean Basin during the early and late Pliocene. It represents the latest sirenian species of the Mediterranean Basin, the latest Metaxytherium species in the world, and also the latest species belonging to the paraphyletic subfamily Halitheriinae. We review M. subapenninum in the light of new discoveries, including its stratigraphic and geographic distribution, osteology, paleoecology, and relationships. M. subapenninum represents a more derived stage of evolution in comparison with the earlier Metaxytherium species. It is characterized in particular by an increase in body size, an increase in tusk size, and a dorsal broadening of the nasal process of the premaxilla. Its variation in tusk size does not appear to represent sexual dimorphism as in the modern Dugong, but instead progressive intraspecific evolution of larger tusks as a feeding adaptation convergent on that of derived dugongines. It was a relict species limited to the Mediterranean Basin, and responded to long-term climatic cooling by an increase in body size and by an increase in tusk size and rostral reinforcement in order to obtain a more nutritious diet richer in rhizomes.
Cost effective production of cellulase and xylanase enzymes by Myceliophthora thermophila SH1 using lignocellulosic forest waste and bioconversion of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated P. deltoides wood to bioethanol under SHF

We studied the bioconversion of untreated/ pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by fungus Myceliophthora thermophila SH1 under solid state fermentation. Pretreated lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a suitable substrate for cellulase and xylanase production by M. thermophila SH1 reaching upto 35.32 U/g cellulase and 203.20U/g of xylanase in NaOH+H2O2 pretreated Populus deltoides wood. Comparative study of bioethanol production from P. deltoides wood was carried out using different methods of non-detoxification/ detoxification, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. In method I and II supernatant of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated P. deltoides wood was pooled together with enzyme saccharified residue fraction, while in method III and IV supernatant after pretreatment was discarded and only enzymatic hydrolysate containing simple sugars was used for the fermentation. Different ethanologenic yeasts and bacteria were employed under monoculture and co-culture combinations for fermentation. The highest ethanol yield of 13.40 g/l was obtained in method IV by monoculture of S. cerevisiae II.
Causal Assessment of Biological Impairment in the Little Floyd River, Iowa, USA

ABSTRACT An assessment of biological impairment in the Little Floyd River (Iowa, USA) was based on evidence of three characteristics of causation: co-occurrence, preceding causation, and sufficiency. Evidence of the physical interaction of the probable causes and the biota, resulting alterations to the biota, as well as the time order of the cause and the effect were consistent within the assessment, but the evidence for these causal characteristics did not discriminate among probable causes or other causes. Deposited sediment, low dissolved oxygen, heat stress, and ammonia toxicity are the probable causes of impaired biological condition in the Little Floyd River compared with other rivers in the ecoregion. Less likely causes are suspended sediment, altered basal food resources, and flow alteration. Very unlikely causes are pH shifts, total dissolved solids, Cyprinus carpio (an invasive species), metal toxicity, and pesticides. Data were insufficient to assess salinity or other toxicants. The assessment was used to develop a recovery plan for the stream. This assessment demonstrates that, even when there are many candidate causes and uncertainties are substantial, the probable causes of biological impairments can be determined with enough certainty to inform decision-making to address environmental problems.
Performance Analysis of Electric Springs In Reducing the Power Drawn From 21-Bus System during Uncertainties

In This Paper, We Discuss The Principles Of Operating The Electric Spring (ES) As A Reactive Power Compensator And As A Power Factor Corrector. The Theory On Electric Springs With Capacitors For Voltage Stabilization Is Reviewed To Present A General Idea On The Behavior Of ES. An Input Current Control Scheme Is Designed For ES With Batteries To Validate Its Capability In Power Factor Correction. A Low-Voltage Three-Phase Power System With Different Types Of Loads Has Been Built For Verifying The Feasibility Of Proposed Theory Of ES. MATLAB/SIMULINK Results Show That The ES Is Capable Of Performing The Different Operating Modes When Changing The Power Consumption Of The Non-Critical Load, And That With The Proposed Input Current Control, The ES Can Achieve Power Factor Correction For Both RL And RC Loads.
Observations of Brachygnathia Superior (Underbite) in Wild Ruminates in Western Montana, USA

Beginning spring of 1995 until present, unusual developmental malformations have been observed on many species of vertebrate and documented on individuals of four species of wild ruminates. The most frequently observed of a variety of skeletal anomalies is brachygnathia superior, also called mandibular prognathia or more commonly, underbite, caused by underdevelopment in length and width of the premaxillary bone forward of the premolars. Facial anatomy was examined for bone and tooth malformations on 724 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) that were accident-killed or died of natural causes between January 1996 and December 2009 in northern Ravalli County in the Bitterroot Valley of west-central, Montana, USA. Smaller samples (145 total) of hunter-killed elk (Cervis canadensis), mule deer (O. hemionus) and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) from throughout Montana were examined for facial malformations in 2005-09. Incidences of underbite increased from none observed prior to spring of 1995 to more than 35% in 8 of 9 years since 2000 and over 70% in 2008 and 2009. This abnormality appeared abruptly, vastly exceeding expected and previously documented percentages in wild ruminates, and is a characteristic symptom of congenital hypothyroidism. Our data strongly indicates widespread interference with maternal and fetal thyroid hormone function has been occurring in wild ruminants in Montana since autumn 1994.
Different patterns of recollection for matched real-world and laboratory-based episodes in younger and older adults

To bridge the gap between naturalistic and laboratory assessments of episodic memory, we designed time- and content-matched real-world and virtualized versions of the same tour event. In younger and older adults, we investigated objective and subjective aspects of recollection for event features using a verbal true/false test common to both event conditions. Using a data-driven multivariate analysis blind to the age groups and event conditions, we found that discriminating altered from true details accounted for the largest amount of variance in objective retrieval patterns. There was an advantage for real-world over laboratory encoding on this dimension for both age groups. Similarly, real-world encoding elicited higher scores on a dimension defined by subjective recollection. However, real-world (but not laboratory) encoding decoupled objective and subjective memory in older adults, who reported similar rates of subjective recollection as younger adults despite exhibiting significantly poorer discrimination accuracy. These results demonstrate robust and specific ways in which the accuracy and subjective quality of memory differ for matched naturalistic and laboratory episodes. Furthermore, these results suggest that naturalistic and laboratory encoding conditions produce qualitatively different patterns of episodic memory decline in older age.
Pattern Formation in Spatially Extended Tritrophic Food Chain Model Systems: Generalist versus Specialist Top Predator

The complex dynamics of two types of tritrophic food chain model systems when the species undergo spatial movements, modeling two real situations of marine ecosystem, are investigated in this study analytically and using numerical simulations. The study has been carried out with the objective to explore and compare the competitive effects of fish and molluscs species being the top predators, when phytoplankton and zooplankton species are undergoing spatial movements in the subsurface water. Reaction diffusion systems have been used to represent temporal evolution and spatial interaction among the species. The two model systems differ in an essential way that the top predators are generalist and specialist, respectively, in two models. “Wave of Chaos” mechanism is found to be the responsible factor for the pattern (non-Turing) formation in one dimension seen in the food chain ending with top generalist predator. In the present work we have reported WOC phenomenon, for the first time in the literature, in a three-species spatially extended food chain model system. The numerical simulation leads to spontaneous and interesting pattern formation in two dimensions. Constraints on different parameters under which Turing and non-Turing patterns may be observed are obtained analytically. Diffusion-driven analysis is carried out, and the effect of diffusion on the chaotic dynamics of the model systems is studied. The existence of chaotic attractor and long-term chaotic behavior demonstrate the effect of diffusion on the dynamics of the model systems. It is observed from numerical study that food chain model system with top predator as generalist has very rich dynamics and shows very interesting patterns. An ecosystem having top predator as specialist leads to the stability of the system.
Multiplication in vitro de Syringa vulgaris ‘Katherine Havemeyer’ et ‘Charles Joly’

Un protocole complet de multiplication par culture in vitro des lilas hybrides francais Syringa vulgaris 'Katherine Havemeyer' et 'Charles Joly' a ete developpe. Un entreposage a -3°C pendant au moins 35 joursa permis de lever la dormance des bourgeons vegetatifs d'arbres âges de deux a quatre ans. Parmi les divers traitements d'aseptisation evalues, seul celui incluant le virucide fongicide Virkon M C a 20 ou 30 g L - 1 a elimine completement les contaminations visibles. La presence de la cytokinine 2iPA dans le milieu de culture a ete favorable au developpement des deux cultivars lors de la mise en culture et du stade de multiplication. Le nombre d'explants par contenant a eu peu d'effet en phase d'initiation alors qu'une densite de quatre serait optimale en phase de multiplication. La combinaison des phases d'enracinement et d'acclimatation a permis la production rapide de plants acclimates et enracines. La technique proposee, basee sur l'optimisation des etapes de mise en culture et de multiplication, sur la reduction du temps necessaire pour produire des plantules acclimatees et enracinees ainsi que sur une disponibilite continue du materiel, constitue un moyen de maximiser l'utilisation des installations et du personnel de production.
INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM ON THE ABSORPTION, EXCRETION AND PLASMA LEVEL OF TRITIUM-LABELLED VITAMIN E IN THE RAT

In two experiments the influence of selenium supplementation of a basal diet low in both selenium and vitamin E on the absorption, excretion, and blood distribution of a single dose of tritium-labelled α-tocopherol in rats was examined. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity was determined at 24-hour intervals over a three-day period. In experiment 1, supplementation with 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ppm selenium had no significant effect on the absorption or urinary excretion of the radioactivity. In the second experiment, supplementation with 2.0 ppm selenium again had no significant effect on absorption or excretion of the labelled tocopherol. A group receiving dietary supplementation of 500 IU vitamin E per kg diet excreted significantly more of the dose in the urine (P < 0.01) and in the feces (P < 0.05) than did the basal group. The plasma level of radioactivity was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the selenium-supplemented group than in the basal animals. Chemical determination of the plasma α-tocopherol.
Chemical constituents of essential oils of Salvia heldreichiana Boiss. Ex Bentham and Salvia tomentosa Mill

Essential oils from dried aerial parts of Salvia heldreichiana Boiss. Ex Bentham and Salvia tomentosa Mill. were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The air dried plant materials were subjected to hydrodistillation for 4 h using a Clevenger type apparatus to give yellow oils in 0.5% (S. heldreichiana) and 1.3% (S. tomentosa), respectively. Seventy and fifty-four constituents were identified in the oils of both plants, representing 95.2 and 96.9% of the total oil. While α-Pinene (8.19%), β-pinene (14.89%), linalool (5.06%) and α-terpineol (6.19%) were established as major constituents of S.heldreichiana, α-pinene (5.24%), β-pinene (44.78%), myrcene (7.41%), eucalyptol (12.11%) were found as major constituents of S.tomentosa oil.
Movements and homing of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) from open-water areas of Yellowstone Lake

Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) showed in-season homing after displacement from their spawning tributaries to Yellowstone Lake during June–August 1966 and 1967. Of 300 nonanesthetized trout tagged and displaced from Clear and Cub creeks to three release points (0.5–22.0 km) in the lake and to the mouth of Clear Creek, 38.3% homed, 10.0% strayed, 2.7% were caught by anglers, and the remainder were unaccounted for. Anosmic (olfactory chambers plugged) and blind-anosmic fish homed in significantly lower percentages than nonanesthetized and control groups. Fish released just outside the mouth of the homestream had the shortest average homing time, but the average homing time for fish displaced 22.0 km from the homestream was shorter than for those displaced 5.0 km away. Homing percentages for trout tagged after being tracked individually in the open lake were similar to those for trout in the group tagging experiments, but the former had longer average homing times than the latter.The directions of orientation.
Spatial and temporal distributions of microplankton during the summers of 1992–1993 in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, with emphasis on harmful species

La communaute microplanctonique vivant dans un enfoncement de la cote de la Colombie-Britannique (la baie Barkley) est caracteristique de celles trouvees dans les eaux cotieres de la partie ouest de l'Amerique du Nord, mais elle differe de celles qu'on trouve dans les eaux mieux abritees de cette province. La proliferation algale printaniere s'est produite en mai, soit 1 mois apres la date normale pour ce phenomene dans le detroit de Georgie et 2 mois apres celle ou il est observe dans les fjords cotiers du sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. Dans la baie Barkley, le plancton observe l'ete est domine par les diatomees a cause des effets d'un upwelling persistant au large avec advection vers le rivage sous l'effet du vent; dans les autres regions, les dinoflagelles et les nanoflagelles predominent ordinairement dans les eaux stratifiees de l'ete. A partir du mode de distribution du plancton, il est possible de faire une distinction entre les proliferations d'origine locale et celles qui sont attribuables a l'advection causee par les vents du large. On a regulierement trouve la biomasse la plus elevee dans le secteur nord (abrite), soit la baie Toquart. Nous avons denombre au moins 14 especes potentiellement toxiques. Une hausse de la concentration de saxitoxine dans les eaux du groupe central d'iles correspondait a l'augmentation des populations d'Alexandrium catenella. Une hausse de la concentration d'acide domoique dans le secteur nord-ouest correspondait a l'augmentation des populations de Pseudo-nitzchia delicatissima et de Pseudo-nitzchia pungens. La variabilite d'une annee a l'autre est considerable; c'est pourquoi il faut prolonger la duree des observations. Des resultats inedits semblent indiquer l'existence d'intenses proliferations de dinoflagelles a l'automne.
Empirical Evidence from State Governments in India

This paper uses panel data accumulated from 1972 to 1997 to investigate the effect of political systems on the public expenditure of state governments in India. We focus on the decline of the Indian National Congress, which was the dominant party until the mid 1960s, and the development of regional parties (RPs) that are based on specific religious or caste groups. The effects of changes in party systems are carefully distinguished from those in voter preference, which affect party systems and government policy. We find that the decline of a dominant party increases development expenditure, which suggests that little political competition is bad for development. By contrast, an increase in seats occupied by RPs decreases development expenditure and increases non-development expenditure. This suggests that, in a pluralistic society, the diversity of political parties does not contribute to an economic development and a reduction in poverty. 1 The author wishes to express her appreciation to Takashi Kurosaki, Daiji Kawaguchi, Norihito Sakamoto, and Koji Yamazaki for their helpful comments and suggestions. She is also thankful for the useful comments made by Yutaka Arimoto, Katsuo Kogure, Shinkichi Taniguchi, and the participants of the Development Economics Seminar. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows Grant Number 246375. 2 JSPS Research Fellow. Email: k121012z@r.hit-u.ac. jp. 2
Altered Reinforcement Learning From Reward and Punishment in Anorexia Nervosa: Evidence From Computational Modeling

ABSTRACT Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with altered sensitivity to reward and punishment. Few studies have investigated whether this results in aberrant learning. The ability to learn from rewarding and aversive experiences is essential for flexibly adapting to changing environments, yet individuals with AN tend to demonstrate cognitive inflexibility, difficulty set-shifting and altered decision-making. Deficient reinforcement learning may contribute to repeated engagement in maladaptive behavior. Methods: This study investigated learning in AN using a probabilistic associative learning task that separated learning of stimuli via reward from learning via punishment. Forty-two individuals with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 restricting-type AN were compared to 38 healthy controls (HCs). We applied computational models of reinforcement learning to assess group differences in learning, thought to be driven by violations in expectations, or prediction errors (PEs). Linear regression analyses examined whether learning parameters predicted BMI at discharge. Results: AN had lower learning rates than HC following both positive and negative PE (p < .02), and were less likely to exploit what they had learned. Negative PE on punishment trials predicted lower discharge BMI (p < .001), suggesting individuals with more negative expectancies about avoiding punishment had the poorest outcome. Conclusions: This is the first study to show lower rates of learning in AN following both positive and negative outcomes, with worse punishment learning predicting less weight gain. An inability to modify expectations about avoiding punishment might explain persistence of restricted eating despite negative consequences, and suggests that treatments that modify negative expectancy might be effective in reducing food avoidance in AN.
Growth and gonadal development of gynogenetic diploid Scophthalmus maximus

The survival, growth, gonadal development and sex ratios of gynogenetic diploid turbot Scophthalmus maximus between 9 and 36 months of age were investigated. Gynogenesis was induced by activation of freshly collected eggs with diluted (1 : 10 with Ringer) and UV-irradiated (30000 erg mm−2) sperm, followed by a cold shock at −1 to 0° C for 25 min, starting at 6·5 min after fertilization. The exclusive maternal inheritance of the resulting gynogenetic diploids was confirmed in all individuals used in the experiment by microsatellite markers. Mean total length and mass throughout the experiment was higher in the controls than in the gynogenetics. The gonadal development in gynogenetic males proceeded normally, and in gynogenetic females it was delayed during the first sexual maturation but was normal during the second one. The sex ratio was 1 male (M) : 1 female (F) in the controls, as expected, but 1 M : 3 F in the gynogenetics. In a second, independent experiment, carried out with fish originating from different broodstock, however, the sex ratio was 1 M : 1 F in the controls and 0 M : 1 F (i.e. 100% females) in the gynogenetics. Together, these results suggested that the main sex-determining genetic component in turbot fits well to female homogamety, in accordance with data from other flatfishes. These results indicate that it will be possible to obtain near or all-female turbot stocks through induced gynogenesis or by crosses involving hormonally sex-reversed fish.
S2049847019000098jra 1..17

The use of spatial econometric models in political science has steadily risen in recent years. However, the interpretation of these models has generally ignored the important substantive, and even spatial, nature of the estimated effects. This leaves many papers with a (non-spatial) interpretation of coefficients on the covariates and a brief discussion of the sign and strength of the spatial parameter. We introduce a general approach to interpreting spatial models and provide several avenues for an exposition of substantive spatial effects. Our approach can be generalized to most models in the spatial econometric taxonomy. Building on the example of the diffusion of democracy, we elucidate how our approach can be applied to modern political science problems.
Isolation of deletion mutants by reverse genetics in caenorhabditis elegans

Obtaining mutant animals is important for studying the function of a particular gene. A chemical mutagenesis was first carried out to generate mutations in C. elegans. In this study, we used ultraviolet‐activated 4,5’,8‐trimethylpsoralen to induce small deletion mutations. A library of muta‐genized worms was prepared for recovery of candidate animals and stored at 15°C during screening instead of being made into a frozen stock library. In order to isolate deletion mutations in target genes, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based screening method was used. As a result, two independent mutants with deletions of approximately 1.0 kb and 1.3 kb were isolated. This modified and improved reverse genetic approach was proven to be effective and practical for isolating mutant animals to study gene function at the organismal level.