Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface Moisture Exchange Under Vanishing Wind in Simulations of Idealized Tropical Convection

Under radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE), surface moisture fluxes drive convection, while convection‐driven winds regulate surface fluxes. Most simulations of RCE do not resolve the boundary‐layer turbulence that drives near‐surface winds due to too coarse grid spacing and instead parameterize its effects by enforcing a minimum wind speed in the computation of the ocean‐atmosphere exchange. We show from RCE simulations with fully resolved boundary‐layer turbulence that capturing wind dynamics at low speeds impacts the spatially averaged surface moisture flux, as well as its spatial distribution. A minimum wind speed constraint of only 1 m s−1 leads to ∼10% increase in spatially averaged surface flux in the evolution towards RCE and reduces the surface flux differences between windy and calm regions with more than a factor of two. Hence, the ability of simulations to let wind vanish is key in representing the wind‐induced surface heat exchange feedback and is potentially important in convective self‐aggregation.
Sources of Breast Cancer Knowledge of Women Living in Moda / İstanbul and Their Attendance to Breast Cancer Screening

Objective: To collect information about breast cancer knowledge level, information sources and breast cancer screening attendances of women residing in Moda/Istanbul, aged between 40-69 and who are also in the risk group. Materials and Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional research. Data has been collected by interviewing 1271 women aged between 40-69 years, living in Moda from a sample which was drawn randomly and staged by age groups with the width of 5. Chi-square test was applied in the research. Results: Of the women participating in the study 99.8% stated that they had heard/read some information about breast cancer. They stated that they had obtained most information about breast cancer from television (67.2%) and the least from the health staff (22.1% from doctors, 2.8% from nurses). Older age, as a breast cancer risk factor, was known only by only half of the women (%52.8). However, the most known risk factor (%96.5) was “having first degree relatives who were diagnosed with breast cancer. ” Fiftyfour % of women had had a mammography in the last two years. It is observed that well-educated women, with a higher monthly income, social security and daily newspaper reading habits were screened with mammography more in the last two years. “The lack of knowledge on the necessity of screening” is the most stated reason among others those related to not attending a mammographic screening. Conclusion: In the research, it has been found that women’s general level of knowledge about breast cancer was high, but their attendance at screening programs was low. Guiding women in the risk group by providing knowledge about screening programs, such as time and frequency of screening as well as to whom it is carried out, from the most widely used information source, namely television, will increase attendance at mammographic screenings.
A Brief Review on Thermal Metamaterials for Cloaking and Heat Flux Manipulation

Progress in material science has allowed the control of different physical fields in a manner that would be unachievable with ordinary materials. The development of engineered materials (the so‐called metamaterials) to control the conductive heat flux has revolutionized the manner of manipulating thermal energy and allowed the possibility of guiding the heat flux in ways difficult to accept for human intuition. Herein, a brief review regarding the recent progress and developments in thermal metamaterials conceived to perform several conductive heat flux manipulation tasks is provided. Deeply theoretical discussions concerning design methodologies are left a side, and the focus is made on the design and manufacturing feasibility of metamaterials for thermal cloaking and camouflage, heat flux concentration, and inversion, among other applications that lead to the next generation of thermal devices.
Evaluation of seasonal patterns of hydraulic redistribution in a humid subtropical area, East China

Antecedent soil moisture or soil moisture status has a great impact on hydrological processes. Hydraulic redistribution (HR), a widely observed phenomenon, is defined as water distributed (typically at night) from moist soil to drier soil via plant roots, which plays an important role in soil moisture replenishment. Knowledge on seasonal patterns of HR and on the relationship between HR and soil water use is not fully understood. We investigated temporal variations in HR and total daily water use (Δθ) at stands of camphor and peach by monitoring soil moisture content in a humid region in eastern China. HR at the three locations reached its maximum values in summer (0.68 mm d−1 to 1.15 mm d−1) at depths of 15 cm and 35 cm. Redistributed water replenished 41% of water depleted in the soil at a 5–45‐cm depth. Interestingly, normalized HR (i.e., HR/Δθ) showed a constant pattern during the growing season implying it is independent of seasonal climate alterations. This also indicated that HR had a stable effect on the replenishment of daily water use. Positive linear relationships between HR and Δθ were found at three measuring locations (camphor: R2 = .35, p < .01; peach1: R2 = .57, p < .01; peach2: R2 = .63, p < .01), suggesting a relatively stable inherent linkage between HR and Δθ. This study suggested that hydrological processes involving soil moisture status or antecedent soil moisture, needs to take the HR effect into account across timescales from intraday to seasonal.
Refined Microstructure and Enhanced Hardness in Friction Stir-Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Induced by Heat Pipe with Different Cooling Liquid

The temperature field in welded plates has a significant influence on the microstructure and thereby their properties during friction stir welding (FSW). In this work, a self-designed heat pipe with different cooling liquid was applied in the FSW process for AZ31 magnesium alloy. The temperature fields, microstructures and properties of the welded joints were investigated. The peak temperatures and the durations of high temperature at both the advancing side and the retreating side decrease during the FSW process after applying the heat pipe and adding the ambient temperature water in the condensing tank. The top part of the weld nugget zone of the joint shows a significant decrease as well as its middle part due to the cooling effect of the heat pipe. The microstructure of the weld nugget zone is refined, associated with the increase in the hardness after applying the heat pipe. When the cooling liquid turns into ice water, grains in the weld nugget zone become significantly smaller and have a more homogeneous size. The mean value of hardness increases and the corresponding deviation is declined. Therefore, these results indicate that the application of the heat pipe and the employment of ice water as the cooling liquid can further refine the microstructure and enhance the strength of the material.
Maine Coastal Property Owner's Guide to Erosion, Flooding, and Other Hazards

• identify important features of the Maine coastline; • familiarize themselves with potential hazards associated with certain types of coastal features; • identify specific characteristics of different types of coastal hazards; • help coastal property owners identify the presence, absence, or potential level of certain hazard types on their property; • identify potential strategies that can be undertaken to mitigate for identified hazards; and • identify applicable rules and regulations associated with certain hazards.
Palaeomagnetic assessment of tectonic rotation in Northeast Asia：implications for the coupling of intracontinental deformation and mantle convection

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the displacement history of the series of continental fragments in Northeast Asia is key to understanding the plate kinematic evolution of the western peri-Pacific tectonic domain. Palaeomagnetism is an effective approach for deciphering the horizontal movements of crustal elements, especially vertical-axis rotations. Here we present a set of new palaeomagnetic data from Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the northeastern part of the North China Block (NCB), and from Lower Cretaceous sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks from the Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka terrane. The data suggest that the northeastern NCB crustal elements underwent a clockwise motion relative to the Eurasian continent after the Early Cretaceous, and in addition a substantial counterclockwise deformation component is observed in the Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka terrane. Combined with the results of previous Cretaceous and Cenozoic palaeomagnetic studies, we suggest that the northeast part of the North China Block and the Korean Peninsula experienced ~20° of clockwise rotation during the Cenozoic. However, the Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka terrane and its eastern neighbouring Pacific-related accretionary terranes, such as the Sikhote-Alin Orogenic belt, however, underwent a contemporaneous 40°counter-clockwise rotation. The Japanese Islands, with juvenile crust in the easternmost part of Asia, were divided into a pair of terranes, which rotated in opposite directions during the Middle Miocene. The opposing senses of rotation are attributed to mantle wedge convection. We suggest that tectonic rotations of parts of Northeast Asia are controlled by the subduction of the western Pacific Plate via lithospheric deep-shallow coupling. The two critical events were coeval with ridge subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific mid-ocean ridge under the continental margin during the Palaeocene, and the collision of the Izu-Bonin and Japanese Islands during the Middle Miocene, respectively.
Breast Ultrasound Update

Continuing advances in computing and equipment are increasing the efficacy of breast ultrasound. A few recent significant advances are described. Cine loop, extended field of view and 3D imaging provide improved demonstration of abnormality. With colour Doppler, ultrasound contrast and ultrasound elasticity, imaging these advances can help to improve diagnostic accuracy and monitoring of presurgical breast cancer treatment.
Groundwater Arsenic Contamination and its Distribution in Bhojpur District, Bihar, India

Groundwater contains wide variety of dissolved inorganic chemical constituents in various concentrations, resulting from chemical and biochemical interactions between water and the geologic materials. Some regions of various states of India are contaminated by Salinity, Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron and Nitrate etc. Higher concentration of arsenic in ground water is generally reported to be geogenic. Arsenic in ground water beyond the BIS acceptable and permissible limit of 10 and 50 ppb respectively has been reported from many states namely West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Oligocene succession, offshore Nile Delta, southeastern Mediterranean, Egypt, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Following recent hydrocarbon exploration activity, a new study has been carried out with the goal of defining the high-resolution biochronologic sequence stratigraphy of the Oligocene section in the offshore Nile Delta. A total of 98 samples were selected from 2 wells: Burullus 1 Memphis and Petrobel 1 Habbar. The study is based on a high-resolution microfossil biochronology including benthic and planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils as well as facies analysis and wire-line log calibration to investigate the evolution of Oligocene gas-bearing sequences in the southeastern Mediterranean region. The planktonic–benthic ratio, foraminiferal diversity, and upper depth limit of benthic foraminiferal taxa as well as the abundance of calcareous nannoplankton help in interpreting the depositional paleoenvironments of the Oligocene succession as fluvial, shallow-marine, middle- to outer-shelf, and bathyal domains. Six sequences were identified, three of which are lower Oligocene (Rupelian) (RuSeq1, RuSeq2, and RuSeq3), and the others are upper Oligocene (Chattian) (ChSeq4, ChSeq5, and ChSeq6). The sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces were correlated with the global eustatic sea-level models. Three major breaks—Eocene–Oligocene, lower–upper Oligocene, and upper Oligocene–lower Miocene boundaries—with intraformational breaks were well defined.
One Hundred Thousand Years of Geomagnetic Field Evolution

Paleomagnetic records from sediments, archeological artifacts, and lava flows provide the foundation for studying geomagnetic field changes over 0–100 ka. Late Quaternary time‐varying spherical harmonic models for 0–100 ka produce a global view used to evaluate new data records, study the paleomagnetic secular variation on centennial to multimillennial timescales, and investigate extreme regional or global events such as the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion. Recent modeling results (GGF100k and LSMOD.2) are compared to previous studies based on regional or global stacks and averages of relative geomagnetic paleointensity variations. Time‐averaged field structure is similar on Holocene, 100 ky, and million‐year timescales. Paleosecular variation activity varies greatly over 0–100 ka, with large changes in field strength and significant morphological changes that are especially evident when field strength is low. GGF100k exhibits a factor of 4 variation in geomagnetic axial dipole moment, and higher‐resolution models suggest that much larger changes are likely during global excursions. There is some suggestion of recurrent field states resembling the present‐day South Atlantic Anomaly, but these are not linked to initiation or evolution of excursions. Several properties used to characterize numerical dynamo simulations as “Earth‐like” are evaluated and, in future, improved models may yet reveal systematic changes linked to the onset of geomagnetic excursions. Modeling results are useful in applications ranging from ground truth and data assimilation in geodynamo simulations to providing geochronological constraints and modeling the influence of geomagnetic variations on cosmogenic isotope production rates.
Assessment of remediation potential of flora of the Southern Urals

Soil degradation caused by human activities currently remains one of the most important environmental problems. Phytoremediation is a group of technologies for environmental clean-up and soil restoration by plants. The level of soil contamination, the bioavailability of pollutants, as well as the accumulation of metals by the plant are crucial for phytoremediation. Currently, it seems relevant to study representatives of the herbaceous flora typical for the region from the point of view of accumulation of pollutant metals. For the study we selected 5 sites located in different areas of Orenburg city. The plots estimated the content of total and active forms of heavy metals in the soil. On the study sites, samples were taken from plants during the growing season. The study analyzed the biomass of 11 plant species from 5 families and 8 elements. As a result of a comparative analysis obtained, the paper presents calculated correlation coefficients (R) between the indicators of the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and plants from the point of view of the accumulation efficiency of Pb and Cd. Plants-phytoremediators accumulate Pb from inactive soil forms – Cichorium intybus L. (R2=0.72 at P<0.05) and Polygonum aviculare L. (R2=0.57 at P<0.05). Plant accumulating Pb due to the absorption of its active forms – Arctium lappa L. (R2=0.4 at P<0.01). Promising phytoremediators of available forms of Cd – Polygonum aviculare L. (R2=0.65 at P<0.05) and Plantago media L. (R2=0.55 at P<0.05).
Imaging element distributions within small marine calcifiers : a NanoSIMS perspective

Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time. Human induced increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide will, without the effort to decrease carbon emissions world-wide, likely lead to a global mean surface temperature rise exceeding 1.5 °C by the end of the 21st century compared to pre-industrial times. In order to mitigate climate change, we rely on model simulations of the Earth System, which are based on observations of past climate. Indirect observations can be made by making use of proxies: chemical or isotopic signatures of old materials we can measure today, of which a relationship with environmental parameters has been established. Many proxies are based on inorganic chemical signatures of fossil shells of marine calcifiers, such as foraminifera and coccolithophores. However, all estimates based on proxies are burdened with uncertainties, not in the least because interactions between multiple environmental factors and biological processes, the so-called vital effects, influence the proxy signal. Understanding of the fundamental controls of biomineralization and thereby the underlying mechanisms of proxies, thus the how and why proxies actually work, is presently of large interest in the scientific community. In this thesis, nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) is the analytical technique of choice to investigate the submicron-scale distribution of minor and trace elements in small marine calcifiers. NanoSIMS provides several important advantages over bulk analytical techniques: (1) high spatial resolution, which is sufficient to resolve small samples, such as coccoliths, in considerable detail; (2) high mass resolution, which is sufficient to gain data largely free of isobaric interferences; and (3) the capability to collect data as images, which enables one to selectively choose uncontaminated sample areas for investigation. As this technique is expensive in both time and money, it is used in this thesis not to establish analytical routines to construct proxy records, but rather to investigate, with a sub-micrometer resolution, the distribution of minor and trace elements in marine carbonates to enhance our understanding of paleoceanographic proxies based on coccoliths and foraminiferal calcite. Overall, this thesis emphasizes the importance of micro-scale measurements for gaining insights into the mechanisms involved in marine calcification and the concomitant incorporation of minor and trace elements into marine carbonates. Getting a handle on the underlying mechanisms of calcification improves the reliability of paleoceanographic proxies and will thus potentially help to advance our understanding of the climate system as a whole. Not only were pilot studies conducted whether additional, not yet investigated elements such as Na in coccoliths, or Cl in foraminifera, may potentially serve as new paleo proxies, this thesis also highlights the necessity in scrutinizing analytical procedures with highly-sensitive instruments such as the NanoSIMS.
Evaluation of new design concept of submerged fish farm

The aquaculture is experiencing a rapid development towards developing new designs of fish farms that can withstand a harsher climate in more exposed waters. The new designs for the aquaculture aim to solve the problems concerning the sea lice as well as several of the environmental challenges that the aquaculture has faced in recent years while still be profitable and satisfying the fish welfare standards. This thesis can be seen as a first step in conducting a concept study on the new concept of an air-dome supplying oxygen to a submerged fish farm. The air-dome investigated is still under development by the respective company which has made available information limited. The main focus of this thesis was to improve the knowledge and understanding of the air-dome in a submerged condition. This leads to the first research question: What is the connection between a force from current and the tilt-angle of the air-dome? Secondly, the focus was on finding a good design for the air-dome which lead to the second research question: Which methodologies exist for decision making that can provide decision support for a new concept as the air-dome for a submerged fish farm? To answer the two research questions, a thorough description of the air-dome and the submerged system as well as a comprehensive investigation concerning the hydrodynamic aspect of the air-dome, has been conducted. In addition, the design theory concerning multi-objective decision making and tradespace exploration gave the foundation of the case study, where a functional breakdown of the system was developed. The aim of the case study was to achieve an understanding of what a good design is, for an air-dome in a submerged condition, by using the design theory and understanding the hydrodynamic aspect of the air-dome. Due to limited information and the early phase of development of designing the air-dome system, the results are based on some assumptions and may di↵er somewhat from the real air-dome developed. This thesis concluded on the first research question that the height and the draft play an important role for the tilt-angle, given an incoming force. The first research question relieved interesting information on how the di↵erent parameters of the air-dome system are connected together. And that changing one of these parameters has a severe e↵ect on the tilt-angle of the air-dome. The choice of design method tradespace exploration, however, proved to not be a good choice for this new concept concerning the air-dome. The main reason for this is the utility function of the tradespace analysis. The utility function reduces the insights of the
MarsWRF Convective Vortex and Dust Devil Predictions for Gale Crater Over 3 Mars Years and Comparison With MSL‐REMS Observations

Convective vortices and dust devils have been inferred and observed in Gale Crater, Mars, using Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) meteorological data and camera images. Rennó et al. (1998) modeled convective vortices as convective heat engines and predicted a “dust devil activity” (DDA) that depends only on local meteorological variables, specifically the sensible heat flux and the vertical thermodynamic efficiency which increases with the pressure thickness of the planetary boundary layer. This work uses output from the MarsWRF General Circulation Model, run with high‐resolution nests over Gale Crater, to predict DDA as a function of location, time of day, and season, and compares these predictions to the record of vortices found in MSL's Rover Environmental Monitoring Station pressure data set. Much of the observed time‐of‐day and seasonal variation of vortex activity is captured, such as maximum (minimum) activity in southern summer (winter), peaking between 11:00 and 14:00. However, while two daily peaks are predicted around both equinoxes, only a late morning peak is observed. An increase in vortex activity is predicted as MSL climbs the northwest slopes of Aeolis Mons, as observed. This is attributed largely to increased sensible heat flux, due to (i) larger daytime surface‐to‐air temperature differences over higher terrain, enhanced by reduced thermal inertia, and (ii) the increase in drag velocity associated with faster daytime upslope winds. However, the observed increase in number of vortex pressure drops is much stronger than the predicted DDA increase, although a better match exists when a threshold DDA is used.