Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PBI‐Based Polymer Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells – Preparation, Characterization and Fuel Cell Demonstration

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes is briefly reviewed. The newest development in alternative polymer electrolytes for operation above 100 °C is summarized and discussed. As one of the successful approaches to high operational temperatures, the development and evaluation of acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are reviewed, covering polymer synthesis, membrane casting, acid doping, physicochemical characterization and fuel cell testing. A high temperature PEMFC system, operational at up to 200 °C based on phosphoric acid‐doped PBI membranes, is demonstrated. It requires little or no gas humidification and has a CO tolerance of up to several percent. The direct use of reformed hydrogen from a simple methanol reformer, without the need for any further CO removal, has been demonstrated. A lifetime of continuous operation, for over 5000 h at 150 °C, and shutdown‐restart thermal cycle testing for 47 cycles has been achieved. Other issues such as cooling, heat recovery, possible integration with fuel processing units, associated problems and further development are discussed.
Emissions from Slash Burning and the Influence of Flame Retardant Chemicals

Pollutants sampled during the burning of 30 lb ponderosa pine fuel beds yielded emission factors for CO, hydrocarbon gases, and par-ticulate matter of 146, 8.4, and 9.1 lb/ton of fuel, respectively. When similar beds were treated with diammonium phosphate flame retardant, these factors increased to 166, 11.7, and 19.3 lb/ton of fuel, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbon gases showed that 15-40% of this material was composed of methane and eth-ylene. Ethane and acetylene were the next most abundant materials, with photochemically important materials constituting minor portions of this gaseous component. Fuel beds treated with flame retardant produced more oiefins, and this production lasted throughout the smoldering phase of burning. These tests showed that the smoldering phase of combustion is of major importance to air pollutant production during slash burning. The initial 80% of the fuel burned accounted for only 20-30% of HC and CO emissions. This suggests that a rapid mop-up of sl.
Feasibility and preliminary impact of a guided self-help intervention supporting disclosure decisions regarding lived experience among mental health professionals

73 Introduction . 74 Method . 78 Results . 92 Discussion . 131 References . 138 Part Three: Critical Appraisal . 143 Critical Appraisal . 144 References . 152 Appendices . 153 Appendix A: Recruitment sources . 153 Appendix B: Questionnaires . 155 7 Appendix C: HOP-MHP guide and worksheets . 192 Appendix D: Interview schedules . 193 Appendix E: Engagement and reminder emails . 197 Appendix F: Outline of trainee contribution to joint study . 214 Appendix G: Qualitative analysis . 215 Appendix H: Ethics approval . 217 Appendix I: Information sheet . 221 Appendix J: Consent form . 227 List of Tables and Figures Part One: Conceptual Introduction . 10 Table 1: Numbers of relevant references identified using PubMed.30 Table 2: Articles reporting findings of interventions supporting disclosure decision making.32 Table 3: Studies reporting findings of interventions supporting disclosure decision making.33 Part Two: Empirical Paper . 72 Table 4: Demographics for participants in total sample and completer analysis.80 Table 5: Interview participant demographics.86 Figure 1: CONSORT diagram of flow of participants throughout study. 92 Table 6: Power analysis calculations.93
One-pot ATRP synthesis of a triple hydrophilic block copolymer with dual LCSTs and its thermo-induced association behavior

We report, for the first time, a facile one-pot ATRP synthesis of a triple hydrophilic block copolymer (THBC), PEG-b-PNIPAAm-b-P(NIPAAm-co-HEAAm), with dual LCSTs. The resulting THBCs exhibit a thermal-induced two-stage transition starting from unimers to micelles, and finally to vesicles upon increasing temperature.
Effects of Grazing and Biosolids Application on Zinc Concentration in Soil Solution from a Bahiagrass Pasture in North Florida

Pasture-applied waste products, including excreta from grazing animals, contain not only organic residues and nutrients but also a considerable amount of heavy metals (HM) including Zn and Cu, which are essential micronutrients but can be potential sources of water pollution when in excess. The objectives of this study were to assess Zn and Cu concentrations in soil solution in a pasture under two grazing beef-cattle groups, with (G2) and without (G3) medicated feed, and to determine potential aftereffects on soil solution Zn and Cu of a single biosolids application six years earlier at the agronomic rate (B1) and at twice that rate (B2) compared to a mineral-fertilized control (C1). This study was conducted at the University of Florida Santa Fe Beef Research Center, situated near Alachua in north Florida on Ultisols of the Millhopper series. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with suction cup lysimeters assigned to the treatments and installed at the depths of 61, 122, and 183 cm. Water samples from the lysimeters, the three wells on the farm, the nearby stream, and rain events were collected from November 2002 through August 2003 and were analyzed for pH, EC, Zn, and Cu concentrations. The results indicated that the mean Zn concentrations in the soil solution were low and ranged from 0.070 to 0.112 mg L-1 with no significant difference between the grazing treatments. The detected Cu concentrations were very low. For the biosolids aftereffect analysis, however, significantly higher Zn concentrations and downward migrations were observed in the soil solution of B2 plots, where the mean Zn concentration was 0.148 mg L-1 at 183 cm depth. The highest Zn concentrations were detected at the beginning of the monitoring period and decreased rapidly to mean values below 0.03 mg L-1. Despite the considerable range of soil solution Zn concentrations, a tendency for higher Zn concentration in soil solution in comparison to the rain, surface, and ground waters was identified. The results have shown that grazing, particularly medicated feed supplements, had no significant effect on the mean soil solution Zn concentrations. However, the Zn concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the biosolids application six years earlier, and an increase in soil solution Zn was observed with depth in the profile.
Determination of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in fish samples by short-column GC/ECNI-MS

A new analytical method has been developed for quantification of C10−C13 polychlorinated paraffins in fish samples. After a cleanup procedure with a silica gel minicolumn and gel permeation chromatography, detection has been achieved by a short-column gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. The quantification was performed by reintegration of selected ions from full-scan spectra. Without chromatographic separation, all short-chain polychlorinated paraffins eluated from the column as only one peak. Consequently, this leads to better sensitivity and makes it more easy to survey the spectra. For the first time, a great number of C10, C11, C12, and C13 polychlorinated alkanes with different chlorine contents were used as standards. Detection limits in the full-scan mode varied between 10 and 100 pg depending on the chlorination grade of the alkanes. The results show, that polychlorinated decanes are the dominant residues in the most of investigated fish samples.
Comparative effects of indole derivatives as antifouling agents on the growth of two marine diatom species

Antifouling agents, used to prevent biofouling, need to be assessed for their impacts on marine organisms and environment before the application. Diatoms are one of the main components of fouling biofilms, which play important roles in the formation of biofouling. Particularly, diatoms are also the important ingredients of primary production and present interest as ecotoxicological models in marine environment. In this study, two benthic diatoms Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima and Navicula climacospheniae, widely distributed in fouling biofilm, were used as models for screening the activities of potential antifoulants. Nine indole derivatives were tested and CuSO4 was used as a reference. Indole derivatives showed significant anti-algal activities and the EC50 values of most indole derivatives were lower than that of CuSO4. Halogen substituent enhanced the anti-algal activities of compounds, and the most efficient compounds for N. closterium f. minutissima were gramine and 7-chloroindole with the EC50 values of 1.94 and 2.1 mg/L, while for N. climacospheniae, 7-chloroindole and 6-bromoindole were the most efficient and the EC50 values were 3.91 and 4.25 mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, indole derivatives would be one of the promising candidates as antifoulants and our results strengthened the need to perform antifouling activity assays and environment-friendly evaluations.
Hierarchical ZnS‐In2S3‐CuS Nanospheres with Nanoporous Structure: Facile Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Excellent Photocatalytic Activity

Without using any templates or surfactants, hierarchical ZnS‐In2S3‐CuS nanospheres with nanoporous structure are successfully synthesized via a simple and convenient process. The nanospheres are aggregations of densely packed nanoparticles and nanorods. Different to the oriented attachment (OA) mechanism reported in the literature, the formation of these nanorods is believed to follow a lateral OA mechanism (nanoparticles attach along the direction perpendicular to the crystallographic axes with lateral planes as the juncture) based on the experimental data. This process could be a general phenomenon and would provide a new insight into the OA mechanism. A detailed time‐resolved TEM kinetic study of the formation of the complex structure is shown. The dipole mechanism and electric field‐induced growth are found to be responsible for the final architecture. Photocatalytic activities for water splitting are investigated under visible‐light irradiation (λ > 400 nm) and an especially high photocatalytic activity (apparent yield of 22.6% at 420 nm) is achieved by unloaded ZnIn0.25Cu0. 02S1.395 prepared at 180 °C for 18 h because of their high crystallinity, large pore volume, and the presence of nanorods with special microstructures.
PbS as a Highly Catalytic Counter Electrode for Polysulfide-Based Quantum Dot Solar Cells

We show that a significant improvement of the light to electric power conversion efficiency of quantum dot sensitized solar cells with a polysulfide electrolyte can be achieved when a PbS counter electrode is used. An acid pretreatment of a Pb metal foil followed by dipping into polysulfide solution provides a counter electrode which improves the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and fill factor compared to commonly used Pt electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals a low charge transfer resistance between polysulfide and PbS, indicating the high catalytic activity of PbS. Moreover, a comparison with reported charge transfer resistance values at open circuit potential for alternative counter electrodes for polysulfide shows that PbS is the most catalytic of all. For a CdSe quantum dot sensitized mesoporous TiO2 electrode, we achieved a conversion efficiency of 3% using PbS as a counter electrode.
Numerical analysis of the bubble detachment diameter in nucleate boiling

The present paper presents a tri-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model to investigate the fluid flow around bubbles attached to heated walls. Transient solutions of the governing field equations in a domain containing the bubbles and the surrounding liquid have been obtained. The nucleation, growing and detachment processes have been analyzed. Concerning the software, the open source OpenFOAM has been used. Special attention has been given to the bubble detachment diameter. Two mechanisms have been considered as physically related to the detachment: surface tension and buoyancy. As expected, it has been verified that the bubble detachment diameter depends on the contact angle, operating pressure and properties of the fluid. Several fluids have been considered (water, R134a, ammonia and R123), as well as several operating pressures (between 0.1 and 10 bar) and contact angles (between 10 and 80°). It has been concluded that the detachment diameter depends strongly on the contact angle and fluid properties and slightly on the pressure. A correlation for the bubble detachment diameter has been developed based on the obtained numerical results. Data from this expression compare reasonably well with those from other correlations from the literature.
1H, 19F, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance approaches to the barrier to rotation about the Csp2—Csp3 bond in 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-phenylethane. Proximate coupling constants and molecular orbital computations

The 1H, 19Fand 13C{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-phenylethane, 1, in CS2–C6D12, acetone-d6, and benzene-d6 solutions, on analysis, yield long-range coupling constants from which are derived the apparent twofold barriers to rotation about the Csp2—Csp3 bonds. The twofold barrier is 9.0(2) kJ/mol, independent of solvent, 4.0 kJ/mol larger than that of ethylbenzene, also independent of solvent. The theoretical barrier heights for the free molecules at the post-Hartree–Fock level of molecular orbital theory (frozen-core MP2/6-31G*) also differ by 4 kJ/mol, but are about 1 kJ/mol higher than the experimental estimates. The perpendicular conformer is the most stable for both molecules. Comparisons are made with the benzyl halides, in which the internal barriers are remarkably sensitive to solvent. A spin–spin coupling constant over five formal bonds, 5J(H, F), involving the ortho protons in 1, is +0.74(2) Hz and is discussed in some detail in terms of its dependence on intenuclear .
Infrared study of polypropylene

The structural configurations that distinguish the atactic phase from the isotactic phase give rise to infrared spectra characteristic of each phase. Since these differences are quite significant, a method is proposed with which the isotacticity can be determined. The relation between the isotactic phase and crystallinity is considered, and its application to this study is discussed. The formation of oxygen-containing degradation products was followed during accelerated oxidation and the products identified. There is also evidence that more numerous oxygen containing degradation products form in polypropylene than in polyethylene. The type of unsaturation was also determined, and its presence confirmed by chlorination.
Antifouling Protection of Surfaces Immersed in Marine Environment by Natural Surfactants as Bioactive Contained in Coating Based on Natural Resin

Surface biofouling of materials immersed in the marine environment is a problem that particularly affects maritime industries and equipment. The biological community present in these environments develops on the immersed surfaces of different structures, causing economic damages to the local facilities. Antifouling coatings based on synthetic chemicals, while being the primary strategy used to combat fouling in the marine industry, are detrimental to other ecosystem beings in addition to target organisms (biofouling). To avoid or reduce this biofouling, a non-biocidal strategy is the application of coatings based on natural surfactants, making them more hydrophobic, imposing it difficult to fix biofouling. In this context, the aim of the present study was to formulate a non-biocidal antifouling coating containing natural surfactants, obtained by fermentation process and/or by chemical modification of residual soybean oil, evaluating its antifouling effect on local marine biofouling. To this end, a natural resin-based matrix containing the natural surfactants was prepared, which was applied to metal panels and after curing the coating, these were followed for immersion tests at the Port of Recife-PE, Brazil for 25 days. After this period, the panels were photographed and analysed for the macrofouling biota present. There was a reduction in biofouling around 30% compared to untreated panel. After immersion tests at the Port of Recife-PE and analysis of the covered area, the panel coated by the matrix + laurate and matrix + hydroxylated acid exhibited the best antifouling activity during the period tested. The results of the embedded area, through the ImageJ software, demonstrated the promising effect of the antifouling coating in the field, evaluated in the treatments in relation to the negative control, evidencing the great biotechnological potential of natural surfactants in the treatment of the biofouling.
Theoretical and Conceptual Review of CEO Power

Agency theory and other alternative theories offer a great deal of explanations for the possible managerial influence as a result of their power in determining the goal of a corporation. This paper aims at providing researchers on CEO Power with guide by highlighting some research gap in the area. Articles that discussed issues surrounding the CEO power that are published from 2000 to 2016 in journals indexed by SCOPUS are reviewed with the aim of identifying some literature gaps in the study of the CEO power phenomena. The review of the prior studies shows that researches on CEO power phenomenon is still rare in most of the African countries especially Africa South of the Sahara. Also, it shows that prior studies have narrow conceptualization of the CEO power therefore this study provides insight for better usage of the concept. The study provides a broader view of the concept of CEO power and suggests wider coverage for study about the concept.
Three-dimensional simulations of field emission through an oscillating barrier from a (10,0) carbon nanotube

We present three-dimensional simulations of field emission through an oscillating barrier from an ideal open (10,0) carbon nanotube without adsorption by using a transfer-matrix methodology. By introducing pseudopotentials for the representations of carbon atoms and by repeating periodically a basic unit of the nanotube, band-structure effects are manifested in the distributions of energies. The total-energy distribution of the emitted electrons present features which are related essentially to the gap of the semiconducting (10,0) nanotube and to stationary waves in the structure. The current enhancement due to photon-stimulation reaches a saturation plateau for photon energies larger than 5 eV and decreases for high energies. Maximal enhancement is achieved at a photon energy around 8 eV, one electron being then emitted for every 20 photons crossing the nanotube.
Long‐term energy production of III–V triple‐junction solar cells on the Martian surface

Based on theoretical considerations, optimum triple‐junction bandgap combinations are determined in order to achieve highest electrical energy production for a mission on the Martian surface. The solar cell structures analysed in this contribution are based on the GayIn1–yP, GaxIn1–xAs and Ge material system. A comparison of theoretical and already realised triple‐junction solar cell structures is presented. For the evaluation of long‐term electrical energy production, different geographic and climatic Martian scenarios are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Dialysis on the Electrochemical Properties of Acid-Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The impact of residual acid moieties adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), as a result of the purification and shortening of the SWNTs in a concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixture (1:3 ratio, v/v), on the electrochemical properties of carbon-nanotube-modified electrodes was assessed. Two different nanotube samples were prepared: acid-cut SWNTs that were rinsed with water until the washings had a neutral pH to remove excess acid (nondialyzed SWNTs) and acid-cut SWNTs that were dialyzed against a solution of Triton X-100 for a period of 18 h (dialyzed SWNTs). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of dialyzed SWNTs showed a reduced concentration of sulfur-containing ions and nitrogen-containing species when compared with that of the nondialyzed SWNTs. These ions can be ascribed to residual acid moieties adsorbed onto the nanotube surfaces during the purification process using acid mixtures. The impact of these residual acidic species on the conductivities of the carbon nanotubes was .
The Production of 2-Methylisocitric Acid from Odd-carbon n-Alkanes by a Mutant of Candida lipolytica

The productivity of 2-methylisocitric acid by a mutant, No. R-2, derived from Candida lipolytica IFO 1659 was examined from different carbon sources. The mutant produced this acid in large amounts mainly from odd-carbon n-alkanes. The ratio of this acid to total acids produced from alkanes increased as the number of carbon atoms of alkane decreased. From these findings, it was inferred that the amount of this acid produced depended on the available amount of C3-residue derived from odd-carbon n-alkanes after successive removal of C2-fragments. A hypothetical pathway of this acid accumulation from odd-carbon n-alkanes by this mutant is suggested. The present paper also describes a convenient method for quantitative determination of polybasic acids by gas chromatography.
A multicenter numerical integration scheme for polyatomic molecules

We propose a simple scheme for decomposition of molecular functions into single‐center components. The problem of three‐dimensional integration in molecular systems thus reduces to a sum of one‐center, atomic‐like integrations which are treated using standard numerical techniques in spherical polar coordinates. The resulting method is tested on representative diatomic and polyatomic systems for which we obtain five‐ or six‐figure accuracy using a few thousand integration points per atom.
Phase and modulation fluorometer

The instrument, which is designed for the measurement of fluorescence decay times of 10-7-10-9 s, comprises a 10 Mc/s hydrogen discharge lamp, fast photomultiplier, variable delay line and detector circuit for phase and modulation analysis of light signals from the lamp and specimen. Studies have been made of the transit time variations in 56 AVP and 6810 A photomultipliers, and preliminary measurements have been made of the fluorescence decay time of quinine sulphate solutions.
Dissociation dynamics of HNCO and DNCO after laser photoexcitation in the vacuum ultraviolet

Using the laser photolysis–laser-induced fluorescence “pump–probe” technique, the gas-phase dissociation dynamics of HNCO(X 1A)+hν→H+NCO and DNCO(X 1A)+hν→D+NCO after photoexcitation at the Lyman-α wavelength were studied under collision-free conditions at room temperature. In the vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation experiments narrow band tunable Lyman-α laser radiation (λ≈121.4–121.6 nm) was used both to photodissociate the parent molecules and to detect the produced nascent H and D atom products via (2p 2P←1s 2S) laser induced fluorescence. The following quantum yields ΦH–D for H–D atom formation were determined by a photolytic calibration method: ΦH=(0.62±0.15) and ΦD=(0.51±0.17). For HNCO and DNCO the measured H–D atom Doppler line shapes can be well described by a single Gaussian function, which corresponds to a statistical Maxwell–Boltzmann-like distribution of the translational energy. From the measured H and D atom Doppler profiles the average H and D atom kinetic energy was determined to be E.