Forelimb myology and the evolutionary relationships of the aardvark, Orycteropus afer, and other small afrotheres

iii PREFACE . ivv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vii LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION . 1 The aardvark, Orycteropus afer . 1 History of hypotheses of aardvark evolutionary relationships . 2 Paleontological evidence for aardvark evolutionary relationships . 8 Aardvark myology and use of myological data in phylogenetic analysis. 10 Summary of the dissertation . 13 CHAPTER 2 – MATERIALS AND METHODS . 15 Sample for dissection, and its rationale . 15 Dissection technique . 17 Anatomical description . 17 Muscle maps . 20 Photographs and illustrations . 20 Anatomical literature and nomenclature . 21 Phylogenetic framework . 22 Phylogenetic analysis. 25 CHAPTER 3 – DESCRIPTIONS OF FORELIMB MYOLOGY . 29 3. 1 Tubulidentata – Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer. 29 3.2A – Afrosoricida – Tenrecidae – Potamogale velox. 89 3.2B – Afrosoricida – Tenrecidae – Microgale dobsoni . 136 3.2C – Afrosoricida – Chrysochloridae – Calcochloris leucorhinus . 165 3.3A – Macroscelidea – Macroscelididae – Elephantulus brachyrhynchus . 210 3.3B – Macroscelidea – Macroscelididae – Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi . 242 viii 3.3C – Macroscelidea – Macroscelididae – Rhynchocyon cirnei stuhlmanni . 281 3.4A Hyracoidea – Procaviidae – Procavia capensis . 317 3.4B – Hyracoidea – Procaviidae – Heterohyrax brucei prittwitzi . 354 3.5A – Artiodactyla – Tayassuidae – Pecari tajacu . 390 3.5B – Artiodactyla – Tragulidae – Tragulus napu . 422 CHAPTER 4 – FEATURES OF FORELIMB MYOLOGY IN MAMMALS . 458 0. CUTANEOUS MUSCULATURE. 459 A. TRAPEZIUS GROUP – ACCESSORY NERVE and CERVICAL NERVES . 460 Character 1. M. sternomastoideus . 464 Character 2. M. cleidomastoideus . 468 Character 3. M. clavotrapezius . 472 Character 4. Components of m. brachiocephalicus . 473 Character 5. M. acromiotrapezius origin . 480 Character 6. M. acromiotrapezius insertion . 480 Character 7. M. acromiotrapezius – bifid . 481 Character 8. M. spinotrapezius . 487 Character 9. M. dorsocutaneus . 491 Possibility of six components of the trapezius complex . 494 B. RHOMBOID GROUP – DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE . 495 Character 10. Rhomboideus capitis . 495 Character 11. Rhomboideus cervicis . 495 Character 12. Rhomboideus thoracis . 496 Mm. rhomboideus and fossorial or aquatic adaptations . 501 C. OMO GROUP – CERVICAL NERVES, LONG THORACIC NERVE . 503 Character 13. Number of portions of m. omotransversarius . 503 M. omotransversarius and fossorial or aquatic adaptations . 508 Character 14. M. omohyoideus . 509 D. DELTOID GROUP – AXILLARY NERVE . 511 Character 15. M. acromiodeltoideus . 511 Insertion of m. clavodeltoideus . 517 Character 16. M. spinodeltoideus . 518 Character 17. M. teres minor . 520 Character 18. M. articularis humeri. 523 E. SUBSCAPULAR GROUP – SUBSCAPULAR NERVE . 525 Character 19. M. subscapularis . 525 Character 20. M. teres major. 526 F. LATISSIMUS GROUP – THORACODORSAL NERVE . 529 Character 21. M. latissimus dorsi . 529 G. PECTORALS GROUP – PECTORAL NERVES . 535 Character 22. M. panniculus carnosus . 536 Character 23. M. pectoralis abdominalis . 541 Character 24. M. subclavius . 545 Character 25. M. sternoscapularis . 545 ix H. BICEPS GROUP – MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE . 550 Character 26. M. coracobrachialis. 550 Character 27. M. biceps brachii . 554 Functional implications of biceps attachment . 559 Character 28. M. brachialis . 560 Character 29. M. cubitalis . 564 I. SPINATI GROUP – SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE . 566 Character 30. M. supraspinatus . 566 J. TRICEPS GROUP – RADIAL NERVE . 567 Character 31. M. dorso-epitrochlearis . 567 Character 32. M. triceps brachii caput longum . 573 Sesamoid in tendon of insertion of mm. triceps brachii . 576 Character 33. M. anconeus . 577 K. EXTENSOR GROUP – RADIAL NERVE . 581 Character 34. M. brachioradialis . 581 Character 35. Mm. extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis . 584 Character 36. M. extensor digitorum communis . 587 Character 37. M. extensor carpi ulnaris .