Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENETIC VARIATION IN A HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATION: POTENTIAL FOR COEVOLUTION AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION

Abstract Models of host-parasite coevolution assume the presence of genetic variation for host resistance and parasite infectivity, as well as genotype-specific interactions. We used the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and its bacterial microparasite Pasteuria ramosa to study genetic variation for host susceptibility and parasite infectivity within each of two populations. We sought to answer the following questions: Do host clones differ in their susceptibility to parasite isolates? Do parasite isolates differ in their ability to infect different host clones? Are there host clone-parasite isolate interactions? The analysis revealed considerable variation in both host resistance and parasite infectivity. There were significant host clone-parasite isolate interactions, such that there was no single host clone that was superior to all other clones in the resistance to every parasite isolate. Likewise, there was no parasite isolate that was superior to all other isolates in infectivity to every host clone. This form of host clone-parasite isolate interaction indicates the potential for coevolution based on frequency-dependent selection. Infection success of original host clone-parasite isolate combinations (i.e., those combinations that were isolated together) was significantly higher than infection success of novel host clone-parasite isolate combinations (i.e., those combinations that were created in the laboratory). This finding is consistent with the idea that parasites track specific host genotypes under natural conditions. In addition, correspondence analysis revealed that some host clones, although distinguishable with neutral genetic markers, were susceptible to the same set of parasite isolates and thus probably shared resistance genes. Corresponding Editor: P. Jarne
A Bio-Psycho-Social Review of Usability Methods and their Applications in Healthcare

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of several models and theories from the general HCI literature, highlighting models at three levels of focus: biomechanical interactions, individual-cognitive interactions, and social interactions. This chapter will also explore how these models were or could be applied to the design and evaluation of clinical information systems, such as electronic medical records and hospital information systems. Finally, it will conclude with how an understanding at each level compliments the other two in order to create a more complete understanding of the interactions of information systems in healthcare.
Novel Diode Laser-compatible Fluorophores and Their Application to Single Molecule Detection, Protein Labeling and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Immunoassay

Abstract We describe a series of new long-wave absorbing and fluorescing cyanine dyes and labels (based on a general logic for the design of such dyes), their spectra, covalent and noncovalent linkage to proteins, their use in single molecule detection (SMD) and as donors and acceptors, respectively, in fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. The new labels represent water-soluble and reactive fluorophores whose quantum yields increase substantially if noncovalently or covalently bound to proteins. Due to their strong absorptions between 550 and 700 nm they are excitable by light-emitting diodes or diode lasers. Their high absorbances (ε around 100 000) and adequate fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ up to 0.68 if bound to proteins) along with their availability as reactive NHS esters make them viable labels for proteins and oligomers, e.g. in context with SMD or fluorescence energy transfer immunoassay which is demonstrated for the system HSA/anti-HSA.
Fish Insulin, IGF-I and IGF-II Receptors: A Phylogenetic Approach1

Synopsis. In fish, the structural and functional characteristics of insulin and IGF-I receptors have been well studied. Current evidence indicates that all gnatostome animals, from fish to mammals, contain separate insulin and IGF-I molecules and specific receptors for insulin and IGF-I. However, qualitative differences in the functional aspects of insulin and IGF-I receptors among vertebrate species can account for variations in the biological activity of insulin and IGF-I. In this paper we will focus on the functional evolution of the insulin and IGF-I receptors in vertebrates and on the appearance of the unrelated IGF-II receptors.
SEX-BIASED GENETIC STRUCTURE IN THE VECTOR OF LYME DISEASE, IXODES RICINUS

Abstract We analyzed 725 Ixodes ricinus ticks (the principal vector of Lyme disease in Europe) collected in Switzerland in 1995 and 1996 (three and eight samples, respectively) and in Tunisia in 1996 (one sample) with five microsatellite markers. We found highly significant genetic differentiation between Swiss and Tunisian samples but detected almost no differentiation within Switzerland, even between those samples separated by the Alps. Interestingly, we found that I. ricinus females were more genetically related to one another than were males at a local scale, which would indicate a higher dispersal rate of immature males. Possible explanations for these findings in terms of sex-specific association of ticks with certain hosts (e.g., birds) and their epidemiological consequences are discussed.
Research on Driving Magnetic Field System for a Wireless Micro Swimming Robot

An experimental proposal for magnetic system based on the structure of combined coil is presented so as to realize its magnetic drive and control on a micro swimming robot actuated by giant magnetostrictive thin films, as well as to measure its experimental parameters. Firstly the power optimization and design method for the combined coil is introduced, then a technical approach to ensure the uniformity of its magnetic field is analyzed. Finally, simulation and verification on the combined coil is conducted by means of ANSYS software,and the experimental results show that its performance can meet the expected design requirements for drive and control on the wireless micro swimming robot by magnetic field.
Prey Capture in Actinopterygian Fishes: A Review of Suction Feeding Motor Patterns with New Evidence from an Elopomorph Fish, Megalops atlanticus1

Abstract Suction feeding is recognized as the dominant mode of aquatic prey capture in fishes. While much work has been done identifying motor pattern variations of this behavior among diverse groups of actinopterygian fishes, many ray-finned groups are still not represented. Further, the substantial amount of inherent variation in electromyography makes much of the pioneering work of suction feeding motor patterns in several basal groups insufficient for evolutionary comparisons. Robust evolutionary comparisons have identified conserved qualitative traits in the order of muscle activation during suction feeding (jaw opening > buccal cavity expansion > jaw closing). However, quantitative traits of suction motor patterns (i.e., burst durations and relative onset times) have changed over evolutionary time among actinopterygian fishes. Finally, new motor pattern evidence is presented from a previously neglected group, the Elopomorpha. The results suggest that future investigations of the muscles influencing lateral expansion of the mouth cavity and head anatomy may provide valuable new insights into the evolution of suction feeding motor patterns in ray-finned fishes. In addition, the evidence illustrates the value of comprehensive EMG surveys of cranial muscle activities during suction feeding behavior.
Efficacy of Soluble Recombinant FliC Protein from Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis as a Potential Vaccine Candidate Against Homologous Challenge in Chickens

Significance of Findings The limited success of rFliC vaccine might be due to the insufficient induction of the host cellular immune responses as evidenced by low proliferation and interferon (IFN)-c production by stimulated splenic cells. To maximize such responses, the use of novel adjuvants or an effective liposome, combination with heterologous immunopotent proteins, such as tetanus toxoid, and/or improvement to the DNA vaccine platform should be considered in the future. In addition, because flagellin has been found to have the good adjuvant activity, combination with other immunogenic antigens from homologous bacteria, such as porins, can also be the promising approach. More recently, Bobat et al. showed that, in mice, some subunit vaccines such as one using soluble recombinant FliC may induce Th2 responses during primary immunization but can develop the protective Th1 immunity during subsequent infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We should evaluate the necessity of designing Th1-inducing vaccines for Salmonella control also in poultry.
CLADOGENESIS AND LOSS OF THE MARINE LIFE-HISTORY PHASE IN FRESHWATER GALAXIID FISHES (OSMERIFORMES: GALAXIIDAE)

Abstract Switches from migratory (diadromous) to nonmigratory (freshwater) life histories are known to have occurred repeatedly in some aquatic taxa. However, the significance of the loss of diadromy as an initiator for speciation remains poorly understood. The rivers of New Zealand's South Island house a species flock of recently derived nonmigratory galaxiid fishes known as the Galaxias vulgaris complex. Members of this complex are morphologically and genetically similar to the diadromous G. brevipinnis found in New Zealand and southeastern Australia. We hypothesised that South Island's G. vulgaris complex (at least 10 nonmigratory lineages) represents a number of independent radiations from a migratory G. brevipinnis stock, with repeated loss of diadromy. Sequence data were obtained for 31 ingroup samples (G. vulgaris complex and G. brevipinnis) plus four outgroup taxa. A well-resolved phylogeny based on 5039 base pairs of the mitochondrial genome suggests that diadromy has been lost on three separate occasions. Thus, speciation in these galaxiid fishes is partly an incidental phenomenon caused by switches from diadromous to nonmigratory strategies. However, much of the subsequent nonmigratory diversity is monophyletic, suggesting that drainage evolution (vicariance) has also played a major role in cladogenesis. Levels of sequence divergence among major ingroup lineages (1.6–12.7%) suggest that the radiation is considerably older relative to Northern Hemisphere (postglacial) complexes of salmonid, osmerid, and gasterosteid fishes. Sympatric taxa are not monophyletic, suggesting that their coexistence reflects secondary contact rather than sympatric speciation. The monophyly of New Zealand G. brevipinnis is well supported, but both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear sequences indicate that G. brevipinnis is paraphyletic on an intercontinental scale. The divergence (maximum 11.5%) between Tasmanian and New Zealand G. brevipinnis, although large, supports marine dispersal rather than vicariance as the principle biogeographic mechanism on an intercontinental scale.
Alterations in Mitochondrial and Apoptosis-regulating Gene Expression in Photodynamic Therapy-resistant Variants of HT29 Colon Carcinoma Cells¶

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer therapy inducing irreversible photodamage to tumor tissue via photosensitizer-mediated oxidative cytotoxicity. The cellular and molecular responses associated with PDT are only partially understood. We have reported previously the generation of several photosensitizer-specific PDT-resistant cell variants of HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by selecting cells from sequential PDT treatment using different photosensitizers. In this report, we describe the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) differential display to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the parental HT29 cells compared with their resistant variants. In comparison with parental HT29 cells, mRNA expression was increased in the PDT-resistant cell variants for BNIP3, estrogen receptor–binding fragment–associated gene 9, Myh-1c, cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1, small membrane protein I and differential dependent protein. In contrast, expression in the PDT-resistant variants was downregulated for NNX3, human HepG2 3′ region Mbol complementary DNA, glutamate dehydrogenase, hepatoma-derived growth factor and the mitochondrial genes coding for 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 4. The reduction for mitochondrial 16S rRNA in the PDT-resistant variants was confirmed by Northern blotting, and the elevated expression of the proapoptotic BNIP3 in the PDT-resistant variants was confirmed by Northern and Western blotting analysis. We also examined the expression of some additional apoptosis-regulating genes using Western blotting. We show an increased expression of Bcl-2 and heat shock protein 27 and a downregulation of Bax in the PDT-resistant variants. In addition, the mutant p53 levels in the parental HT29 cells were reduced substantially in the PDT-resistant variants. We suggest that the altered expression in several mitochondrial and apoptosis-regulating genes contributes to PDT resistance.
Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins¶

Abstract New negatively charged water-soluble bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) derivatives were developed in our laboratory for vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP). Here we focused on the synthesis, characterization and interaction of the new candidates with serum proteins and particularly on the effect of serum albumin on the photocytotoxicity of WST11, a representative compound of the new derivatives. Using several approaches, we found that aminolysis of the isocyclic ring with negatively charged residues markedly increases the hydrophilicity of the Bchl sensitizers, decreases their self-association constant and selectively increases their affinity to serum albumin, compared with other serum proteins. The photocytotoxicity of the new candidates in endothelial cell culture largely depends on the concentration of the serum albumin. Importantly, after incubation with physiological concentrations of serum albumin (500–600 μM), WST11 was found to be poorly photocytotoxic (>80% endothelial cell survival in cell cultures). However, in a recent publication (Mazor, O. et al. [2005] Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 342–351) we showed that VTP of M2R melanoma xenografts with a similar WST11 concentration resulted in ∼100% tumor flattening and >70% cure rate. We therefore propose that the two studies collectively suggest that the antitumor activity of WST11 and probably of other similar candidates does not depend on direct photointoxication of individual endothelial cells but on the vascular tissue response to the VTP insult.
LATENCY OPTIMIZATION IN COMPUTATION PARTITIONING OF MULTIUSER MOBILE CLOUD APPLICATIONS

In mobile cloud computing, dividing the computations between the mobile devices and the cloud is very significant and Essential. In the existing work , these divisions of computations exists for a single user only . That is, it focuses on to optimize the time of the applications for that particular user only. Such existing works makes an assumption that there are enough resources always available on the cloud for the user to make the computations of the tasks which are offloaded on to the cloud. But this might not be an ideal approach when we consider several users who are trying to offload their tasks on to the cloud. There may arise situations where the resources on the cloud may not be available for the user’s computation to be executed, and hence the user is forced to wait until the resource gets available and only after that the task gets executed. And this results in scheduling latency of the application. The Scheduling latency which when not considered, results in the Performance deprivation. Hence we propose a method in this paper known as Multiple user Partitioning of computations Problem (MPCP). The MPCP approach emphasizes on the divisions of computations of multiple user’s and scheduling the computations that are offloaded on to the resources that are present in the cloud. Unlike the existing works which focuses to minimize the completion time of application for single user, our work aims to minimize the average completion time for all the users that take the services of the cloud.
Corrections: in the article “Late Residual γ-H2AX Foci In Murine Skin are Dose Responsive and Predict Radiosensitivity In Vivo” by Bhogal et al

FIG. 3. Qualitative images of initial and residual c-H2AX foci. c-H2AX foci (red) in tissue sections of mouse skin at 2 Gy 30 min after irradiation and at 0 and 10 Gy 7 days after irradiation for four different mouse strains. Radiosensitive SCID and BALB/c mice show greater number of residual breaks marked by c-H2AX on day 7 at 10 Gy. Visualizations of surface rendered 3D mouse skin (last column) after 10 Gy, 7 days after irradiation using Imaris (Bitplane) (1003 magnification) illustrates spatial localization of late c-H2AX foci. RADIATION RESEARCH 173, 399–400 (2010) 0033-7587/10 $15.00 g 2010 by Radiation Research Society. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Nitric Oxide as an Orthograde Cotransmitter at Central Synapses of Aplysia: Responses of Isolated Neurons in Culture1

Abstract Nitric oxide serves as an orthograde synaptic cotransmitter between identified neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia. Nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that produces nitric oxide, is localized in a few specific neurons in the ganglia, including neuron C2. Guanylyl cyclase the target enzyme of nitric oxide, is found in neurons C4 and MCC, which are synaptic followers of C2. Stimulation of C2 causes a vsEPSP in these neurons that is reduced to 50% of its amplitude by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and guanylyl cyclase inhibitors. The remaining portion of the vsEPSP is mediated by histamine. Thus, nitric oxide and histamine act as orthograde cotransmitters in producing the vsEPSP. Both cotransmitters cause closure of a background potassium channel, which depolarizes the neuron and enhances its response to synaptic inputs. Exogenous nitric oxide (released by nitric oxide donor molecules) and histamine mimic the vsEPSP's depolarization and decreased membrane conductance. When neurons C4 or MCC are isolated in cell culture they respond just as they do in the ganglion, i.e., the nitric oxide response but not the histamine response is blocked by guanylyl cyclase inhibitors, and the membrane conductance is decreased by both histamine and nitric oxide. Aplysia hemolymph partially suppresses the response to nitric oxide, due to nitric oxide scavenging by hemocyanin, which contains copper and is the equivalent of hemoglobin. Neuron C2 followers that are hyperpolarized by histamine are insensitive to nitric oxide. Thus, only select follower neurons respond to both transmitters.
BROWSE DIVERSITY AND IRON LOADING IN CAPTIVE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROSES (DICERORHINUS SUMATRENSIS): A COMPARISON OF SANCTUARY AND ZOOLOGICAL POPULATIONS

Iron storage disease (ISD) is now recognized as a serious clinical disorder acquired by two species of browsing rhinoceroses, the African black (Diceros bicornis) and the Asian Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses, when displaced from their natural habitats. The most complete knowledge of ISD comes from studies of the black rhinoceros, but the Asian species is also at risk. Sumatran rhinoceroses housed in traditional zoological settings outside of range countries have suffered significant morbidity and mortality potentially related to ISD induced by diet and/or other confinement conditions. With so few animals in captivity, very little information exists on iron loading in the Sumatran rhinoceros. To better characterize the problem, we retrospectively compared captive management conditions of Sumatran rhinoceroses housed under traditional zoological care with those in two native sanctuary environments. In general, zoo rhinoceroses are offered a paucity of plants and browse species compared with their sanctuary and wild counterparts managed in native rainforest habitats. Iron analyte levels and limited histopathologic observations in these populations suggest variable tendencies to overload iron, dependent upon differences in managed diet and individual food preferences. More detailed investigation of these markedly dissimilar ex situ populations is warranted to better understand the role of nutrition and other conditions affecting iron loading in browser rhinoceroses.
User acceptance of the e-information service as information resource

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend significantly the technology acceptance model (TAM) of Davis to design an extended TAM model to be used in the evaluation and assessment of e-information services for information research such as e-library services. The present TAM extension is based on two variables of behavioral intention: the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of a system. Furthermore, the user satisfaction, free access, information architecture, content richness, policies and rules, publishers’ quality, system self-efficacy and task technology fit were incorporated into the TAM to extend it with other factors theoretically motivated and would be of interest more generally. Design/methodology/approach The researcher adopted an experimental approach-based comparison between an experimental group (107 researchers) using an electronic information service (the e-library service of the university) and a control group (107 researchers) not registered in this e-information service of the university. Findings The researcher used the effect size values based t-test independent samples at the 0.05 level to adapt the structural model equation to the experimental sample. Principal results show that the behavioral intention was influenced significantly by user satisfaction. The perceived usefulness of the e-library services was influenced significantly by the perceived ease of use, information architecture, content richness, free access, publishers’ quality, task-technology fit and e-library service self-efficacy. Originality/value This paper is useful in advancing a framework for the evaluation and assessment of the electronic information service used for information research and exploring users’ attitudes toward using that service.
ADAPTATION AND THE COST OF COMPLEXITY

Abstract Adaptation is characterized by the movement of a population toward a many-character optimum, movement that results in an increase in fitness. Here I calculate the rate at which fitness increases during adaptation and describe the curve giving fitness versus time as a population approaches an optimum in Fisher's model of adaptation. The results identify several factors affecting the speed of adaptation. One of the most important is organismal complexity—complex organisms adapt more slowly than simple ones when using mutations of the same phenotypic size. Thus, as Fisher foresaw, organisms pay a kind of cost of complexity. However, the magnitude of this cost is considerably larger than Fisher's analysis suggested. Indeed the rate of adaptation declines at least as fast as n−1, where n is the number of independent characters or dimensions comprising an organism. The present results also suggest that one can define an effective number of dimensions characterizing an adapting species. Corresponding Editor: A. Caballero
Formulas For Natural Frequency And Mode Shape

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