Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrostimulation for Promoting Recovery of Movement or Functional Ability After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND Electrostimulation might improve motor recovery after stroke by providing neuromuscular re-training. OBJECTIVES To find if electrostimulation improved functional motor ability, and the ability to undertake activities of daily living. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched August 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2004), EMBASE (1980 to January 2004), CINAHL (1982 to January 2004), AMED - Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (1985 to January 2004), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), REHABDATA and the ISI Science Citation Index (1981 to 2003). We placed a request on the PHYSIO e-mail discussion list and contacted authors of relevant studies to elicit any unpublished or ongoing studies, searched the reference lists of included trials and contacted trialists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of electrostimulation delivered to the peripheral neuromuscular system which was designed to improve voluntary movement control, functional motor ability and activities of daily living. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality and extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS Of the 2077 references identified, 24 trials were included in this review. For electrostimulation compared with no treatment this review found that electrostimulation improved some aspects of functional motor ability and some aspects of motor impairment and normality of movement. In addition, there was a significant difference in favour of no treatment compared with electrostimulation for an aspect of functional motor ability. For electrostimulation compared with placebo this review found that electrostimulation improved an aspect of functional motor ability. For electrostimulation compared with conventional physical therapy this review found that electrostimulation improved an aspect of motor impairment. There were no statistically significant differences between electrostimulation and control treatment for all other outcomes. However, these results need to be interpreted with reference to the following: (1) the majority of analyses only contained one trial; (2) variation was found between included trials in time after stroke, level of functional deficit, and dose of electrostimulation; and (3) the possibility of selection and detection bias in the majority of included trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS At present, there are insufficient robust data to inform clinical use of electrostimulation for neuromuscular re-training. Research is needed to address specific questions about the type of electrostimulation that might be most effective, in what dose and at what time after stroke.
Analysis of the Actions of Nucleus Reuniens and the Entorhinal Cortex on EEG and Evoked Population Behavior of the Hippocampus

Although the hippocampal theta rhythm is thought to be linked to memory processes, its mechanism of action is unknown. Furthermore, the hippocampus forms strong connections with a functionally similar structure, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The midline thalamus appears to be an intermediate between these two structures. We recorded neurons of a midline nucleus (nucleus reuniens, RE) during theta and non-theta states. Additionally, we recorded hippocampal CA1 population responses to RE stimulation. RE cell firing patterns are classified as (i) spike rate response to stimulation (ii) determination of bursting events (iii) coherence estimation between hippocampal EEG and RE response to stimulation (within the theta frequency band of 5 - 12 Hz). The present data suggests an increase in RE spike rate due to tail pinch elicited theta activity, with no evidence of bursting activity and a weak coherence within the theta band. Furthermore, we evaluated evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the hippocampal CA1 to RE stimulation, as well as entorhinal cortex (EC) stimulation. We demonstrated a consistent reduction in evoked potential (EP) latency at CA1 to RE and EC stimulation during theta compared to non-theta states.
Gefahr erkannt, Gefahr gebannt

Zusammenfassung Sturzprophylaxe in der häuslichen Kinderkrankenpflege Säuglinge und Kleinkinder gelten als Hochrisikogruppe für Sturzunfälle, häufigste Folge sind gefährliche Kopfverletzungen. Kinder, die ambulant gepflegt werden, sind davon genauso betroffen. Ein Expertenstandard für die Sturzprophylaxe in der Pflege existiert derzeit nur für Erwachsene. Wie sich das Thema Sturzprävention auf die häusliche Kinderkrankenpflege übertragen lässt, zeigt der folgende Beitrag.
IgG Fc Receptor III Homologues in Nonhuman Primate Species: Genetic Characterization and Ligand Interactions12

Ig Fc receptors bind to immune complexes through interactions with the Fc regions of specific Ab subclasses to initiate or inhibit the defense mechanisms of the leukocytes on which they are expressed. The mechanism of action of IgG-based therapeutic molecules, which are routinely evaluated in nonhuman primate models, involves binding to the low-affinity FcRIII (CD16). The premise that IgG/CD16 interactions in nonhuman primates mimic those present in humans has not been evaluated. Therefore, we have identified and characterized CD16 and associated TCR ζ-chain homologues in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques, baboons, and sooty mangabeys. Similar to humans, CD16 expression was detected on a lymphocyte subpopulation, on monocytes, and on neutrophils of sooty mangabeys. However, CD16 was detected only on a lymphocyte subpopulation and on monocytes in macaques and baboons. A nonhuman primate rCD16 generated in HeLa cells interacted with human IgG1 and IgG2. By contrast, human CD16 binds to IgG1 and IgG3. As shown for humans, the mAb 3G8 was able to block IgG binding to nonhuman primate CD16 and inhibition of nonhuman primate CD16 N-glycosylation enhanced IgG binding. Clearly, differences in interaction with IgG subclasses and in cell-type expression should be considered when using these models for in vivo evaluation of therapeutic Abs.
Strategies Employed by Inner-City Activists to Reduce Alcohol-Related Problems and Advance Social Justice

This study explored strategies employed by activists engaged in efforts to change policies and laws related to selling and promoting alcoholic beverages based on in-depth interviews with 184 social activists in seven U.S. major cities. Nine strategies aimed at improving local conditions and influencing policy were described by activists across regional contexts. Grassroots mobilization was central to all other strategies, which included the creation or enforcement of laws, meeting with elected officials, media advocacy, working with police/law enforcement, education and training, direct action, changing community norms, and negotiating with store owners.
An enquiry into the relationship between activation and performance using saccadic eye movement parameters.

Saccadic eye movement was measured in three studies in a tracking task in which increasing stimulus jumping frequency indicates increasing difficulty. In the first study, after taking a benzodiazepine 16 subjects showed decreased saccadic velocity (activation indicator), but their reaction times and anticipatory behaviour (performance indicators) did not parallel this decline, although the saccadic amplitudes did. In the second deactivation study 23 subjects worked on somewhat boring oculomotor tasks for 2 h and showed the same decrease in saccadic velocity but showed almost no performance decline. In the third study a large sample of 254 subjects performed the same short tracking task, which offered the detailed analysis of the correspondence of the saccadic activation indicator to saccadic performance indicators. Almost all correlations were zero correlations. Thus, while performance seems to be practically independent of changing activation, the latter is dependent upon performance from one moment to the next. Stable differences were found between anticipatory and reactive saccades, which indicate an immediate change of saccadic velocity when the response mode changes. Therefore a reformulation of the relationship between performance and activation is proposed. Performance is stabilized by 'concentration' in a two-stage regulation process, i.e., it resists changing activation (for example through fatigue). In the second stage, the 'effort loop', additional brainstem activation is demanded when concentration alone fails to reach the goals that were set by the subject for his performance.
Metrics Driven Research Collaboration: Focusing on Common Project Goals Continuously

Research collaborations provide opportunities for both practitioners and researchers: practitioners need solutions for difficult business challenges and researchers are looking for hard problems to solve and publish. Nevertheless, research collaborations carry the risk that practitioners focus on quick solutions too much and that researchers tackle theoretical problems, resulting in products which do not fulfill the project requirements. In this paper we introduce an approach extending the ideas of agile and lean software development. It helps practitioners and researchers keep track of their common research collaboration goal: a scientifically enriched software product which fulfills the needs of the practitioner's business model. This approach gives first-class status to application-oriented metrics that measure progress and success of a research collaboration continuously. Those metrics are derived from the collaboration requirements and help to focus on a commonly defined goal. An appropriate tool set evaluates and visualizes those metrics with minimal effort, and all participants will be pushed to focus on their tasks with appropriate effort. Thus project status, challenges and progress are transparent to all research collaboration members at any time.
The natural anti-tubercular agents : In silico study of physicochemical , pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties

Article history: Received on: 26/01/2017 Accepted on: 22/03/2017 Available online: 30/05/2017 The purpose of the present study is to explore the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties and to correlate the calculated physicochemical properties with the absorption and distribution profile of seven natural anti-tubercular agents such as 6a,7-dehydro-N-formylnornantenine (DNF), Aristololactam (AL), Isoambreinolide (IA), Andrographolide (AGD), 8,8'-Biplumbagin (BPG), Plumericin (PC) and Tiliacorine (TC). The physicochemical properties such as intrinsic solubility (solubility of unionized form) in water (logS), partition coefficient (logP), H bond donor and acceptor count were calculated using MarvinSketch software. The pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties were calculated using online server PreADMET. The calculated aqueous solubility demonstrated that all the seven compounds possess limited solubility which ranged from very slightly soluble to practically insoluble. The calculation of partition coefficient suggested that all the compounds are lipophilic in nature and have higher affinity to reside in n-octanol than in water. The human intestinal absorption (HIA), Caco-2 cell penetrability, plasma protein binding (PPB) and Cbrain/Cblood of the seven compounds were ranged from 94.89% 100.00%, 20.18 54.75 nm/s, 73.52% 100.00% and 0.353 2.331, respectively. The computed metabolism demonstrated that DNF, AL, IA, PC and TC are substrate for cytochrome P450 3A4. However, all the compounds displayed inhibitory characteristics against cytochrome P450 3A4. The virtual screening also demonstrated that AL, PG and BPG are 2C19 inhibitors and all the natural agents except DNF are 2C9 inhibitors. In phase II reaction, IA, PG and DNF, AL, PG, BPG are the substrates for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT), respectively. In the in silico mutagenicity and carcinogenicity investigations, all the compounds except TC exhibited mutagenicity. Among all the natural anti-tubercular agents only DNF and TC demonstrated carcinogenicity in both mouse and rat models. The AL and PG were carcinogenic only in mouse but in rat model they were noncarcinogenic. On the other hand, IA, BPG and PC were noncarcinogenic in both mouse and rat model. In addition, the risk of inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene was varied from low to medium risk. Our computed properties may be assistance for the development of promising candidates to combat M. tuberculosis with better pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile.
Cumulative Experience and Recent Behavior and their Relation to Content Quality on Wikipedia

Cumulative experience is often seen as a major factor for influencing content quality in collaborative projects such as Wikipedia. However, past studies often utilize cumulative experience based on the quantity of work rather than quality and context. Moreover, the perspective on cumulative experience assumes a final destination for user behavior, whereas much of the literature indicates that user behavior changes over time. This paper aims to address these two factors by providing better descriptions and context to determine their effect on content quality. The study rematerialized these factors based on
Irreversible shock is not irreversible: a new model of massive hemorrhage and resuscitation.

BACKGROUND Existing shock models do not address the patient with massive hemorrhage (> 1 blood volume). Such patients often die from irreversible shock. This model simulates the clinical scenario of massive hemorrhage and resuscitation (MHR) to determine if irreversible shock can be reversed. METHODS Lewis rats were bled at a rate of 1 estimated blood volume (EBV) per hour for 2 hours with simultaneous infusion of resuscitation mixture (RM) consisting of red blood cells and crystalloid. Blood pressure was maintained at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg during the 2 hours of hemorrhage. Hemorrhage was stopped and resuscitation continued for 1 hour until 6, 8, or 10 x EBV of RM was infused. Control animals were subjected to a traditional fixed pressure hemorrhage to MAP of 50 mm Hg for 2 hours followed by resuscitation to MAP > 90 mm Hg for 1 hour with crystalloid alone. Two-week survival was compared using a chi2 test. RESULTS Control animals (n = 13) were hemorrhaged 48% +/- 5% of EBV and had a mortality rate of 23%. MHR animals had severity and duration of hypotension identical to that of controls but were hemorrhaged 214% +/- 8% of EBV. Despite receiving 390 mL/kg of RM and a final hematocrit of 37%, 14 of 15 animals resuscitated with 6 x EBV died from "irreversible" shock (mortality, 93%; p < 0.001 vs. controls). When very large volumes of resuscitation were used, survival rates improved significantly. The 10 x EBV group received 120% of lost red blood cells and 530 mL/kg of crystalloid and had 64% survival at 2 weeks (p < 0.01 vs. 6 x EBV group). CONCLUSION This MHR model is much more lethal than a traditional severe hemorrhage model and reproduces the clinical picture of irreversible shock. This irreversible shock can be reversed with very large volumes of resuscitation.
Acute CNS infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease) in immunosuppressed patients

Acute CNS involvement by Trypanosoma cruzi is uncommon. We report 2 immunosuppressed patients, 1 adult who developed an acute meningoencephalitis, and 1 child who presented with the tumor-like form of the disease. Both patients acquired the disease through blood transfusion. Blood donors migrating from endemic areas can transmit the disease in nonendemic countries if they are not routinely screened for antibodies to T cruzi.
Lipopolysaccharide induces CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 gene expression in enterocytes via NF‐κB activation: independence from endogenous TNF‐α and platelet‐activating factor

CXCL2 (macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2)), a critical chemokine for neutrophils, has been shown to be produced in the rat intestine in response to platelet‐activating factor (PAF) and to mediate intestinal inflammation and injury. The intestinal epithelium, constantly exposed to bacterial products, is the first line of defence against micro‐organisms. It has been reported that enterocytes produce proinflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and PAF, and we showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF activate nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in enterocytes. However, it remains elusive whether enterocytes release CXCL2 in response to LPS and TNF via a NF‐κB‐dependent pathway and whether this involves the endogenous production of TNF and PAF. In this study, we found that TNF and LPS markedly induced CXCL2 gene expression in IEC‐6 cells, TNF within 30 min, peaking at 45 min, while LPS more slowly, peaking after 2 hr. TNF‐ and LPS‐ induced CXCL2 gene expression and protein release were completely blocked by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and helenalin, two potent NF‐κB inhibitors. NEMO‐binding domain peptide, a specific inhibitor of inhibitor protein κB kinase (IKK) activation, a major upstream kinase mediating NF‐κB activation, significantly blocked CXCL2 gene expression and protein release induced by LPS. WEB2170 (PAF antagonist) and anti‐TNF antibodies had no effect on LPS‐induced CXCL2 expression. In conclusion, CXCL2 gene is expressed in enterocytes in response to both TNF and LPS. LPS‐induced CXCL2 expression is dependent on NF‐κB activation via the IKK pathway. The effect of LPS is independent of endogenous TNF and PAF.
Blood flow response in small intestinal loops at different depths during negative pressure wound therapy of the open abdomen

High closure rates of the open abdomen have been reported following negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). However, the method has occasionally been associated with increased development of intestinal fistulae. We have previously shown that the application of NPWT to the open abdomen causes a decrease in microvascular blood flow in the small intestinal loop and the omentum adjacent to the visceral protective layer of the dressing. In this study we investigate whether the negative pressure affects only small intestinal loops lying directly below the dressing or if it also affects small intestinal loops that are not in direct contact with the dressing. Six pigs underwent midline incision and application of NPWT to the open abdomen. The microvascular blood flow was measured in four intestinal loops at different depths from the visceral protective layer, at two different locations: beneath the dressing and at the anterior abdominal wall, before and after the application of NPWT of −50, −70, −100, −120, −150 and −170 mmHg, using laser Doppler velocimetry. Negative pressures between −50 and −170 mmHg caused a significant decrease in the microvascular blood flow in the intestinal loops in direct contact with the visceral protective layer. A slight, but significant, decrease in blood flow was also seen in the intestinal loops lying beneath these loops. The decrease in microvascular blood flow increased with the amount of negative pressure applied. No difference in blood flow was seen in the intestinal loops lying deeper in the abdominal cavity. A decrease in blood flow was seen in the upper two intestinal loops located apically and anteriorly, but not in the lower two, indicating that this is a local effect and that pressure decreases with distance from the source. A long‐term decrease in blood flow in the intestinal wall may induce ischaemia and secondary necrosis in the intestinal wall, which could promote the development of intestinal fistulae. We believe that NPWT of the open abdomen is a very effective treatment, but that it could be improved by gaining more knowledge on the mechanisms involved.
Atypical antipsychotic drugs inhibit trabecular bone accrual in C57BL/6J mice.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the atypical antipsychotics drugs (AADs), olanzapine and risperidone, on femoral bone characteristics in female C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Mice were treated with placebo or AADs (olanzapine or risperidone) for 3-4 weeks. Femoral cortical and trabecular bone characteristics were determined using micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Olanzapine-treated mice tended to have lower trabecular bone volume (P = 0.088) and connectivity (P = 0.057) but no significant differences in bone density (P = 0.521) relative to controls. Risperidone-treated mice had significantly lower trabecular bone density (P = 0.001) and volume (P = 0.008), bone volume/total volume (P = 0.001), connectivity (P = 0.007), and trabecular number (P = 0.003) relative to controls. Cortical bone was not significantly affected by olanzapine or risperidone treatment. CONCLUSION AADs inhibited trabecular bone accrual in C57BL/6J mice suggesting that alternative treatment options may need to be considered for the schizophrenia patient with potential osteoporosis risk.
Impaired vascular dynamics in normotensive diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin: tapered T-tube model analysis.

This study is to explore the changes of arterial mechanical properties in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats, based on the exponentially tapered T-tube model. Rats given STZ 65 mg kg(-1)i.v. are compared with untreated weight- and age-matched controls. A high-fidelity pressure sensor and electromagnetic flow probe measured pulsatile pressure and flow waves in the ascending aorta, respectively. Diabetic rats exhibit isobaric vasodilatation that is characterized by an increase in cardiac output and no significant changes in aortic pressure. Total peripheral resistance of diabetic rats is lower than that of weight- and age-matched controls. Diabetic rats have higher total peripheral compliance (2.86+/-0.70 microl mm Hg(-1)) than do weight- (1.77+/-0.34 microl mm Hg(-1)) and age-matched (1.87+/-0.69 microl mm Hg(-1)) controls. Aortic characteristic impedance is reduced from 0.017+/-0.003 mm Hg min kg ml(-1)in weight- and 0.020+/-0.004 mm Hg min kg ml(-1)in age-matched controls to 0.010+/-0.004 mm Hg min kg ml(-1)in diabetic rats. Moreover, diabetic rats show shorter wave transit time in lower body circulation (17.86+/-1.91 ms) than do weight- (20.45+/-1.91) and age-matched (23.05+/-2.04 ms) controls. Under isobaric vasodilatation, the decreased resistance and increased compliance in peripheral circulation suggest that the contractile dysfunction of the smooth muscle cells may occur in resistance arterioles in diabetes. With unaltered aortic pressure, an impairment in aortic distensibility of STZ-diabetic rats is manifest on the reduced wave transit time rather than on the diminished aortic characteristic impedance.
Autism Genetics : Recent Advances in Candidate Gene Search 49 Candidate genes

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. The consequences of this disorder for everyday life adaptation are extremely variable. Family studies have shown that autism runs in families and twin studies indicate that the basis of that familial aggregation is genetic. Despite compelling evidence from twin and family studies indicating a strong genetic involvement in the etiology of autism, the unequivocal detection of autism susceptibility genes remains an elusive goal. This paper will review the literature to date summarizing the results of candidate gene studies with a focus on recent progress.