Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sentiment Analysis in Arabic: An Overview

The analysis of natural language text for identification of sentiment has been well-studied for the English language. In contrast, the work that has been done in Arabic remains in its infancy; thus, requiring more cooperation between research communities to offer a mature sentiment analysis system for Arabic. There are recognized challenges that face linguists in this field; some of them inherited from the nature of the Arabic language itself, and others derived from the scarcity of tools and sources. This article provides an overview of sentiment analysis in the Arabic language, by detailing what has been done in English as a model example of such an analysis, and what have been covered to date in Arabic, as well as some of the limitations and existing potential research avenues in this field.
The Morphosyntactic Annotation of DeReKo: Interpretation, Opportunities, and Pitfalls

The paper discusses from various angles the morphosyntactic annotation of DeReKo, the Archive of General Reference Corpora of Contemporary Written German at the Institut fur Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part covers the practical and technical aspects of this endeavor. We present results from a recent evaluation of tools for the annotation of German text resources that have been applied to DeReKo. These tools include commercial products, especially Xerox' Finite State Tools and the Machinese products developed by the Finnish company Connexor Oy, as well as software for which academic licenses are available free of charge for academic institutions, e.g. Helmut Schmid's Tree Tagger. The second part focuses on the linguistic interpretability of the corpus annotations and more general methodological considerations concerning scientifically sound empirical linguistic research. The main challenge here is that unlike the texts themselves, the morphosyntactic annotations of DeReKo do not have the status of observed data; instead they constitute a theory and implementation-dependent interpretation. In addition, because of the enormous size of DeReKo, a systematic manual verification of the automatic annotations is not feasible. In consequence, the expected degree of inaccuracy is very high, particularly wherever linguistically challenging phenomena, such as lexical or grammatical variation, are concerned. Given these facts, a researcher using the annotations blindly will run the risk of not actually studying the language but rather the annotation tool or the theory behind it. The paper gives an overview of possible pitfalls and ways to circumvent them and discusses the opportunities offered by using annotations in corpus-based and corpus-driven grammatical research against the background of a scientifically sound methodology.
Carbon turnover in Alaskan tundra soils: effects of organic matter quality, temperature, moisture and fertilizer

1 Northern ecosystems may lose large amounts of soil C as the global climate warms over the next few decades. This study describes how soil C loss is related to temperature, moisture and chemical composition of organic matter in Alaskan tundra soils, including soils that were fertilized annually for 8 years prior to the study. 2 Fertilized and unfertilized soils from four vegetation types (tussock, intertussock, sedge and heath) were incubated at 7 or 15 °C, under saturated or well‐drained conditions, through four 100‐day ‘seasons’ separated by 25‐ to 45‐day frozen periods. 3 Losses of CO2 were monitored and total C loss was determined by difference between initial and final C stocks. Initial and final organic matter composition was determined by separation into non‐polar extractable (NPE, mainly fats, oils, and waxes), water‐soluble (WS, mainly soluble carbohydrates and phenolics), acid‐soluble (AS, mainly cellulose and related compounds), and acid‐insoluble (AIS, ‘lignin’) fractions. An isotopic label (99%13C‐enriched glucose) was added to track transformations among the C fractions. 4 Total C loss during the experiment was 3–32% of initial C mass depending on soil type and treatment, with most of the loss as CO2. Wet sedge tundra soils, with the largest AS and AIS fractions, lost the least CO2 and total C. The added 13C ended up in all C fractions, indicating production, as well as loss of all fractions. 5 The greatest CO2 and total C losses occurred under warm, well‐drained conditions, in all soils. The effects of fertilizer treatment were occasionally significant but never large relative to the other treatments. 6 Despite the long incubation under standard conditions, there was no evidence for convergence in C chemistry among soils as indicated by changes in relative abundances of the four C fractions. 7 Large and constant rates of C loss even after 4 ‘seasons’ of incubation suggest that a large portion of the C pool is potentially mineralizable in all soil types. 8 Warming of the Arctic climate and associated thawing of permafrost and the increase in soil drainage have the potential to cause a large release of C. This C, currently stored in soil organic matter, will be released to the atmosphere, creating a positive feedback on future climate changes.
Dutch listener's perception of Korean fortis, lenis, and aspirated stops: First exposure

This study addresses Dutch listeners’ perception of Korean fortis, lenis, and aspirated stop triplets. The Korean stop triplets were expected to be extremely difficult for Dutch listeners, as all Korean stops are voiceless (in initial position), while Dutch only distinguishes voiced and voiceless stops. Dutch listeners were not familiar with Korean and received no training; they only heard six examples of each target sound before performing a phonetic categorization task. The Korean stops were lenis, fortis, and aspirated bilabial (/p/-/p*/-/p h /), denti-alveolar (/t/-/t*/-/t h /), and velar (/k/-/k*/-/k h /) stops. Stimuli were blocked by type and place of articulation; thus one block concerned either a fortis-lenis, a lenis-aspirated, or a fortis-aspirated contrast, and either bilabial, denti-alveolar, or velar stops. Both Korean and Dutch listeners performed best on fortis-aspirated, intermediate on lenis-fortis, and poorest on aspirated-lenis contrasts. Not surprisingly, Dutch listeners performed less accurately than Korean listeners. Remarkably, however, the Dutch listeners performed significantly above chance level (if only just above it numerically) for each contrast type at each place of articulation. Thus, even at first exposure and without any training, Dutch listeners managed to identify the extremely difficult L2 sounds relatively successfully.
The Use of Expatriate Managers in International Joint Ventures

This study developed a set of hypotheses concerning factors that influence the use of expatriate managers in international joint ventures' (IJVs). These hypotheses were tested on a sample drawn from U.S. firms' IJVs in Japan. Results from the empirical tests indicate that the use of expatriate managers is significantly affected by IJV age and IJV size, but not U.S. firms' size and R&D intensity.
Internet Industry: A Perspective Review through Internet of Things and Internet of Everything

[Abstract] The objective of this article is to concisely explore the Internet industry through a new perspective and concept of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE). Within this article, a brief description and development of Internet industry are presented; following with competitive strategy within the Internet industry; then value chain and the use of applications in the Internet industry. Followed by effects and benefits; and challenges, legal and ethical issues of IoT and IoE. Finally, a Concise Concluding Statement for Thoughts is stated.
Trade‐offs in marine protection: multispecies interactions within a community‐led temperate marine reserve

&NA; This study investigated the effects of a community‐led temperate marine reserve in Lamlash Bay, Firth of Clyde, Scotland, on commercially important populations of European lobster (Homarus gammarus), brown crab (Cancer pagurus), and velvet swimming crabs (Necora puber). Potting surveys conducted over 4 years revealed significantly higher catch per unit effort (cpue 109% greater), weight per unit effort (wpue 189% greater), and carapace length (10‐15 mm greater) in lobsters within the reserve compared with control sites. However, likely due to low levels of recruitment and increased fishing effort outside the reserve, lobster catches decreased in all areas during the final 2 years. Nevertheless, catch rates remained higher within the reserve across all years, suggesting the reserve buffered these wider declines. Additionally, lobster cpue and wpue declined with increasing distance from the boundaries of the marine reserve, a trend which tag‐recapture data suggested were due to spillover. Catches of berried lobster were also twice as high within the reserve than outside, and the mean potential reproductive output per female was 22.1% greater. It was originally thought that higher densities of lobster within the reserve might lead to greater levels of aggression and physical damage. However, damage levels were solely related to body size, as large lobsters >110 mm had sustained over 218% more damage than smaller individuals. Interestingly, catches of adult lobsters were inversely correlated with those of juvenile lobsters, brown crabs, and velvet crabs, which may be evidence of competitive displacement and/or predation. Our findings provide evidence that temperate marine reserves can deliver fisheries and conservation benefits, and highlight the importance of investigating multispecies interactions, as the recovery of some species can have knock‐on effects on others.
Determinants of the Extent of Voluntary Disclosure in the Annual Reports of the Tunisian Firms

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the interactions between the external and internal mechanisms of governance and voluntary disclosure in the annual reports (external mechanism of governance) in the Tunisian emerging market. Our investigation is specifically about the study of the direct links between the regulatory reform, competition on the market of goods and services, ownership structure, composition of the board of directors, and the extents of voluntary disclosure in the annual reports either closely linked to mandatory disclosure or not. We conducted our statistical analysis on a sample of Tunisian listed firms of the non-financial sector of 144 observations (firm-years) during the period 2003-2008. The results of this study show that the firms of our sample tend to disclose voluntary information closely linked to mandatory disclosure rather the one not closely linked. Moreover, the results provide a strong support that both indexes of voluntary disclosure (closely linked to mandatory disclosure and the one not closely linked) are affected by the external and internal mechanisms of governance. Specifically, governance mechanisms sometimes represent substitutes and sometimes complements to both measures of the voluntary disclosure extents. Nevertheless, we find that the impacts of the institutional and managerial ownership on the extent of both the voluntary disclosure not closely linked to mandatory disclosure and the one closely linked are similar. However, the effects of the other variables are different either in significance, in sign, or in magnitude.
Biomechanical, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Adaptations of Bats and the Case of the Small Community of Bats in Chile

Bats are unique among mammals for their ability to fly. The acquisition of powered flight required a series of morphological and physiological changes in the basic mammal body plan. The structure of the limbs is the most obvious specialization, however, adaptations for powered flight encompass most organ systems, in particular the cardiovascular and respiratory apparatus. Flight performance is strongly determined by wing morphology, which in turn is associated with the biomechanics and energetics of flight, as well as ecological aspects such as foraging behavior and habitat selection. In this chapter we focus on respiratory, cardiac and wing morphology characteristics of some bat species present in Chile, correlating the results with ecological and behavioral information. The small community of Chilean bat species shows a pattern similar to that found in other bat communities. With respect to wing morphology we found that Tadarida brasiliensis, Desmodus rotundus and Mormopterus kalinowskii have small wing areas, while molossids have high aspect ratios and that of D. rotundus is only moderate. D. rotundus has a smaller mass specific wing span, and the highest wing loading. Myotis chiloensis has a second moment of area of humerus (Ih), lower than expected from allometric predictions, suggesting poorer resistance. Based on these results four functional groups may be recognized: i) species with high wing loading and low wing span such as D. rotundus, capable of rapid flight with moderate power consumption, ii) species with high wing loading and high aspect ratio, such as the molossids T. brasiliensis and M. kalinowski, which are capable of fast flight and low power consumption, characteristic of foragers in open areas; iii) species with low wing loading and low wing span such as most vespertilionids, capable of slow and maneuverable flights in a bat that inhabits wooded areas; and iv) L. cinereus, forming an isolated group characterized by high speed and agility. Also the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of bats are modifications or refinements that allow them to survive this extreme way of life. Bats have lung volumes about 72% greater than non-flying mammals of the same size. Pulmonary ventilation can rapidly increase 10 to 17 times as flight begins. These respiratory adaptations, along with
Breeding studies and new table grapes in Turkey

The wide biodiversity of grapevine germplasm provides valuable resources to breeders. In Turkey, most of the table grape cultivars are local and quality is not enough compare with several cultivars grown world-wide. The cultivars grown in Turkey are characterised by a narrow harvesting period. Also fungal diseases are really a big problem for most of the table grape growing regions in Turkey. For these a multi-purposes breeding program began in the 1970s at the Ataturk Horticultural Central Research Institute (AHCRI). In our breeding program we focused to obtain new cultivars with late ripening time, large berry size and relatively resistant to fungal diseases. Also priority objective of the project is the production of high-quality cultivars for competitive market conditions. In this study, twelve cultivar candidates were analysed with some morphologic and quality characteristics. As a result of this study, particularly outstanding three hybrids (Atak 77, Pembe 77, and Ismetbey were registered) have been registered.
Motion and Virtual Cutting Simulation System for a Five-Axis Virtual Machine Tool

Since five-axis machine tools are very costly and their use requires a high level of knowledge and expertise, a virtual machine tool must be used to simulate five-axis machine tool operation. Configuration code or a mechanism topology matrix must be used to describe a machine tool, and can be used as the framework for design of a virtual machine tool system. The first step is to isolate the basic motions of each element of a virtual machine tool and then establish their coordinate systems. The establishment of a node tree allows coordinate transformation matrices for virtual motion components to be derived, which are then used to simulate movements. The simulation of virtual cutting must take into consideration both accuracy and efficiency. While either a GPU or CPU can be used to perform calculations, there are currently restrictions on GPU memory use which results in relatively lower accuracy. In contrast, a CPU can perform calculations using an adaptive octree with voxels and multithreading to yield sufficient accuracy and efficiency. A five-axis virtual machine tool motion and virtual cutting simulation system was written in C/C++ with OpenGL and OpenMP, and can perform real-time cutting simulations.
Document code : A Diameters of Altered Graphs

Abstract: Let P (t, n) and C(t, n) denote the minimum diameter of a connected graph obtained from a single path and a circle of order n plus t extra edges, respectively, and f(t, k) the maximum diameter of a connected graph obtained by deleting t edges from a graph with diameter k. This paper shows that for any integers t ≥ 4 and n ≥ 5, P (t, n) ≤ n−8 t+1 + 3, C(t, n) ≤ n−8 t+1 + 3 if t is odd and C(t, n) ≤ n−7 t+2 + 3 if t is even; ⌈
Lemming-Food Plant Interactions, Density Effects, and Cyclic Dynamics on the Siberian Tundra

Theory predicts that trophic interactions can produce cyclic dynamics of microtine rodents, but that in addition, social interactions are necessary to create the cyclicity. We tested the induced defence hypothesis as a component driving multiannual cycles by analyzing data on Siberian lemming (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) populations and the levels of trypsin inhibitors (TI) and free proteins (SPP) in their food plants. We collected data at 12 sites along the Palaearctic tundra coast in 1994 and correlated these measures with lemming density and cycle phase. A negative correlation between lemming density and TI/SPP in Carex was found at the 12 sites. Cycle phase tended to correlate significantly with TI/SPP, and plants being grazed by lemmings respond with some delay. Mass of pancreas, the organ producing proteolytic enzymes, co-varied negatively with TI/SPP. These findings are in accord with predictions from the induced defence hypothesis. En contrast, reproductive effort did not conform to the predictions but co-varied strongly with density. Data are in accord with theory predicting that, in addition to trophic interactions, some self-regulation is necessary to create cyclic dynamics. Our data show that the plant defence hypothesis alone is not a sufficient explanation for the cyclicity. Several factors interact, including predation, food quality (including induced defence chemicals), and intra-specific competition.
Improvements in nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chickens fed a wheat-and-rye based diet supplemented with enzymes

The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of an increasing level of an enzyme preparation on intestinal viscosity, ileal digestibility and performance of broiler chickens fed a diet containing wheat (63%) and rye (9.35%) in the period from 0-21 days of age. Four diets, containing 11.98 MJ ME/kg feed and 19.52% protein, were included in the experiment: Control (basal diet), L, M , and H (basal diet with 100, 200 and 300 mg Bio-Feed Wheat CT/kg, respectively). Feed conversion in chickens fed the diet with the medium dose of enzyme was significantly (PO.002) better compared with the control group and the chickens fed the diet with the lowest dose of enzyme by 5.0 and 3.3%, respectively. Weight gain of chickens fed diet M was improved by 5.3%, and was significantly (PO.0008) different from all the other groups. Enzyme addition reduced viscosity in jejunum (P<0.007) and ileum (P<0.05), diet L being the exception. A significant (PO.001) improvement in ileal protein digestibility was found in the chickens fed diet M , the increase being 12.4% compared with the control, confirming the results found on performance. Enzyme addition to the other groups increased the ileal protein digestibility on average by 3.5%, but not significantly different from the control. A pronounced effect of enzyme supplementation was found on the ileal fat digestibility of chickens fed diet M , the improvement (PO.0007) being as high as 17.0%. In addition, the ileal digestibility of organic matter in chickens fed diet M was improved by 8.9% compared with the control group (P<0.02).
Cake quality evaluation made of wheat–lentil flour blends

Legume flours, due to their amino acid balance and their demonstrated nutritional benefits, are ideal ingredients to improve the nutritional characteristics of bakery products. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of the partial substitution of wheat flour by lentil flour at the levels of 10, 15 and 20 %, on the quality characteristics of the dough and the cake. Obtained results showed that lentil flour additionaffectedthe dough development time and water activity. Moreover, with the increase of lentil flours levels, adecrease of tenacity, deformation energyand swelling index of dough was observed whereas extensibilityincreased. A significant difference in physical characteristic between cakes fortified with lentilflour and control was showed (P < 0.05). With the increase of lentil flour levels in formulation,cakes density increased whereas water activity, L* and a* crumb color values decreased. Increasing levelsof lentil flour caused increases in total sensory scores. The overall acceptability rate showed that 15 and 20% lentil flour can be incorporated to prepare acceptable quality cakes.
Diversity of benthic organic matter flows through polychaetes and crabs in a mangrove estuary: δ13C and δ34S signals

Estuaries are biologically diverse systems, especially in the spatial relationships between macrobenthos and their food sources. In a mangrove estuary in northern Taiwan, spatial patterns of organic matter flows from primary producers and detritus derived from vascular plants to macrofaunal polychaetes and crabs were examined using stable isotopes of carbon and sulfur. Sam- pling was conducted mainly from August 1996 to May 1997 on 2 mud flats, 1 on a tidal creek (Creek site) and the other on a tidal riverbank (River site). The δ 13 C and δ 34 S ranges at the River site were broader than those at the Creek site (δ 13 C: -28.3 to -13.6‰ vs -28.3 to -19.3‰, δ 34 S: 8.1 to 15.9‰ vs 7.1 to 13.1‰). This is due to the presence of a C4 plant, the cogon grass Imperata cylindrica at the River site. Although the mangrove Kandelia candel was the largest source of carbon at both study sites, our isotopic analyses showed that it was not as important a source of nutrition to consumers as particulate organic matter (POM), benthic microalgae, and cogon grass. When their δ 13 C and δ 34 S val- ues were plotted against each other, the 4 crab and 2 polychaete species were differentiated into several distinguishable assemblages which correspond to sites where they reside. The conspecific nereids and fiddler crabs utilize different food sources when inhabiting different sites. Stable isotopic analyses revealed 3 kinds of feeding interactions at the Creek site. Along with detritivory (which uses POM) and herbivory (which uses microalgae), carnivory occurs between the grapsid crab Helice for- mosensis and its sabellid prey. Thus, trophic interactions are more complicated and diverse at the Creek than at the River site where detritivory (using POM plus detritus of cogon grass) is prevalent. A wider range of δ 13 C and δ 34 S values in a food web does not necessarily mean that the macroben- thos have a greater food variety, nor can one interpret how diverse an estuarine food web is. Instead, the diversity of an estuarine food web is characterized by a series of factors related to spatial differ- ences in flow regimes, the availability and relative contribution of food sources, the opportunistic dietary choices of consumers, and consequently, spatially varying trophic interactions.