Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why do women earn more than men in some regions?: Explaining regional differences in the gender pay gap in Germany

"This paper provides first-time evidence on the magnitude and determinants of regional differences in the gender pay gap (GPG) in Germany. Using a comprehensive data set of all full-time employees, we conduct Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions for Germany and its regions to explain the regional variation of the GPG with theory-based individual, job-related and regional characteristics. Our results provide several novel insights into the regional dimension of the GPG. First, men's wages are more strongly correlated with the regional GPG than those of women, indicating that their wages drive the regional variation in the GPG much more than the wages of women. Second, the decomposition results reveal pronounced differences in the impact of the individual and job-related characteristics between the regions. Whereas job-related characteristics are important in regions with a high GPG, individual characteristics rather come into play in regions with a low or negative GPG. The results underscore the role played by the establishment composition in a region and the kind of jobs provided for the regional GPG. Women earn more than men in regions with a weak local economic structure and the absence of large firms providing well-paid manufacturing jobs. In regions with a high GPG, in contrast, men usually benefit from such jobs. The third result relates to the validity of the theoretical determinants of the GPG in regional respect. In contrast to the clear-cut decomposition results at the national level, at the regional level their validity mainly applies to specific subsets of regions. We conclude that analyses at the national level come too short in precisely explaining the regional variation of the GPG. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Penanganan Insiden Pada Malware Android

Abstrak—Berangkat dari G DATA Mobile Malware Report, penetrasi perangkat mobil di dunia yang menggunakan sistem operasi Android pada kuartal 4 tahun 2015 menguasai 66 % dari sistem operasi yang digunakan oleh seluruh perangkat pintar di dunia. Tingginya penetrasi Android tentunya memicu tingginya minat pembuat malware. Laboratorium G Data mencatat 758.133 malware baru selama kuartal 4 tahun 2015. Sampai dengan kuartal 4 total malware baru Android yang ditemukan menembus angka 2,3 juta sehingga bisa dipastikan total malware baru Android di tahun 2015 mencapai sejarah baru yang belum di capai sebelumnya, menembus angka 2 juta malware Android baru dalam 1 tahun [1].
Deep Convolutional Networks with Non-convolutional Recurrent Memory for Structured Prediction

Very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) yield state of the art results on a wide variety of visual recognition problems. Recent evidence also indicates that convolutional networks could benefit from an interface to recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with explicitly constructed memory mechanisms, which would help address the challenges of structured prediction by allowing for a form of iterative inference. We propose and evaluate a memory mechanism enhanced convolutional neural network architecture based on augmenting residual networks (ResNets) with a non-convolutional long short term memory mechanism. Our experiments yield results comparable to state-of-the-art results on a structured prediction task (specifically, face keypoint detection), but with much fewer parameters and a significantly lower computational cost. Interestingly, we achieve this with an extremely generalpurpose architecture which also yields results among the top performing methods in an entirely different domainclassificationon the CIFAR100 and CIFAR-10 datasets.
Feedback to enhance safe lifting.

Feedback to Enhance Safe Lifting February, 1985 MARK PAUL ALAVOSIUS M.S., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Beth Sulzer-Azarof f Training in safe practice and individual, written and verbal performance feedback, including approval of safe technique, were examined to determine their influence on the safety with which physically disabled clients were transferred. Two client transfer techniques were task analyzed and six direct service providers' on-the-job performance was measured twice weekly. A multiple baseline across settings and subjects was used to evaluate the effects of interventions. Consumer satisfaction and the costs of developing and operating the procedures were also assessed. The results showed that training was accompanied by a slight increase in the number of task components safely performed. Feedback was consistently followed by substantial improvements in safe performance. These improvements tended to maintain as feedback delivery was faded. Participants gave highly favorable ratings to the feedback procedure and consistently recommended provision of this intervention to other directcare staff .
The Effects of Lycopene on Prooksidant / Total Antioksidant Status and Vitamin Levels in Experimental Diabetic Rats

ÖZET Bu çalışma, deneysel olarak diyabet oluşturulan ratlarda antioksidan olarak koruyuculuğu bilinen likopen uygulanmasının TBARS, TAS ve vitamin (α-tokoferol, retinol, D3) seviyeleri üzerine etkilerini ortaya koymak amacıyla planlandı. Diyabet oluşturmak için D ve D+L grubundaki ratlara 45 mg/kg tek doz streptozotosin (STZ) intraperitoneal (i.p.) uygulandı. Kan şekerleri 270 mg/dL ve üzerinde olanlar diyabetik olarak kabul edilip çalışmaya dahil edildi. L ve D+L grubundaki ratlara likopen ayçiçeği yağında çözdürülerek 10 mg/kg/gün olarak uygulandı. Dört haftalık deneme süresinden sonra, kontrol ve likopen gruplarına göre diyabet grubunda TBARS, HbA1c ve glukoz seviyesinin arttığı, buna karşın TAS, retinol ve α-tokoferol düzeylerinin azaldığı tespit edildi (P<0.001). Diyabet grubuna göre diyabet oluşturulup likopen verilen grupta istatistiksel açıdan önem arz etmeyecek şekilde (P>0.05) TBARS seviyesinin düştüğü, TAS ve α-tokoferol seviyesinin yükseldiği, HbA1c ve glukoz seviyesinin ise istatistiksel olarak önem gösterecek şekilde düştüğü (P<0.001) yine de kontrol grubundan yüksek olduğu, retinol seviyesinin kontrol grubu ile aynı olduğu bulundu. Vitamin D3 seviyeleri açısından gruplar arasında fark olmadığı saptandı (P>0.05). Elde edilen sonuçlar diyabetik kişilerin diyetlerinde likopen ihtiva eden gıdaları tüketmelerinin, diyabetin neden olduğu hücre hasarının önlenmesinde görev alan antioksidan sistemleri güçlendirebileceği kanısına varıldı.
Reduction of end user errors in the design of scalable, secure communication

Handling human error is one of the most difficult challenges in computer security. This thesis work enhances the security of communication mechanisms by minimizing the incidence and impact of end user errors. The first part of this thesis examines the challenges in securing communication when two or more parties are physically present. We rely on physical presence to establish a secure channel: users physically manipulate their devices in such a way that they are certain which devices are communicating. This enables user-friendly, secure key distribution over wireless channels. Secure key distribution is the foundation for secure communication; without it, future communications cannot be presumed secure. Key distribution systems are presented for a disparate set of use cases. First, Message-In-a-Bottle combines cryptography with a Faraday cage to secure key distribution to one or more wireless sensor nodes. Second, a configuration interface for wireless network configuration asks users to answer high-level, goal-based questions. These questions help users develop a security policy for their wireless network, and the interface implements the policy. Third, Gather, Authenticate 'n Group Securely enables large groups of users to exchange public keys (or establish a group key) with minimal assumptions about users' behavior. The second part of this thesis considers the authentication problem: how can two parties who have never met be certain that they are communicating with their intended party? On the Internet, communicating parties are often located in different geographical areas. Websites authenticate users using information such as passwords or IP addresses. However, end users rarely verify websites' credentials. Thus, online communication is vulnerable to error: end users may mistake an imposter website for a legitimate website. We present the design of Firefox Phishing Protection, a warning system that prevents users from accessing fraudulent websites. This thesis demonstrates that the design of usable, secure communication systems is context dependent. Context determines the requirements for secure communication systems, and communication occurs in diverse settings. Despite this variability, we draw some generalizations to aid the design of future technologies. Applied judiciously, these guidelines can help communication systems maintain their security properties—even if end users err.
Risk factors associated with fatigue in chronic hepatitis B patients

Aim To evaluate fatigue in chronic hepatitis B patients and its related independent factors, as well as the relationship between fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Materials and methods The study enrolled 400 patients who met the selection criteria, and their sociodemographic information was collected. The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Multidimensional fatigue inventory 20 (MFI-20) were adopted to evaluate HRQoL and fatigue level. Results Significant differences between the fatigue group and non-fatigue group were observed for the female proportion (p=0.021), height (p=0.003), and weight (p=0.010), with or without regular exercise (p=0.001). We further determined the dimensions of fatigue that were affected by these factors and found that male patients showed significantly lower results than female patients in terms of physical fatigue (p=0.048), mental fatigue (p=0.017), and reduced motivation (p=0.025). In patients who exercised regularly, the fatigue scores for the three dimensions of general fatigue (p<0.001), physical fatigue (p=0.046), and reduced activity (p=0.008) were significantly better than in those without exercise habits. Multivariate analysis was conducted, which suggested that only height and regular exercise habits were the independent factors affecting the patients’ fatigue levels. We further analyzed the relationship between quality of life and fatigue. With respect to physiological HRQoL, the average fatigue score of patients with high HRQoL was 41.91, which was significantly lower than that of patients with low physiological HRQoL (56.18, p<0.001). Moreover, the average fatigue score in patients with low psychological HRQoL was 55.25, which was significantly higher than that of patients with high psychological HRQoL (41.23, p<0.001). Correlation analysis showed that the physiological HRQoL and psychological HRQoL scores were negatively correlated with fatigue score (r = −0.639, p<0.001 and r= −0.655, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions In this study, we found that the fatigue dimensions of chronic hepatitis B patients differed between various subpopulations. Height and regular exercise habits were the independent factors that affected the patients’ fatigue levels. Moreover, HRQoL was correlated with fatigue level. For patients with risk factors of fatigue, target intervention is advised in order to decrease fatigue and increase HRQoL.
Investigation of Relationship between Motivational Factors and Teachers ' Creativity of Secondary Schools , Rasht City , Iran

The present research tries to investigate relationship between motivational factors and teachers' creativity in the teachers of secondary schools, Rasht city, Iran, In order to identify ways of affecting secondary schools teachers creativity. This research is a descriptive, correlation research and it has applied aims. Statistical population of the research includes all teachers of secondary schools of Rasht city in the two educational districts of the city (810 people). krejcie and Morgan table was used to determine sample size in each district which was 386 people and this number was rounded to 400 people for simplicity of calculations and also validity increase. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship between dependent and independent variables of specific hypotheses and one-variable regression test was used to explain their impact intensity. Furthermore, stepwise multi-variable regression test was used to investigate research's main hypothesis. Results showed that based on stepwise multivariable regression analysis, independent variable (dimensions of motivational factors) predict and explain 42.6 percent of all variance of creativity of Rasht city secondary schools teachers. Furthermore, existence of relationships between the variables basic needs, security needs, need to social belonging, need to respect and need to selfactualization and teachers' creativity was verified.
Characterization of corn stover pelleted with soybean meal or dried distillers grains on lactating cow performance, eating behavior, and rumen function

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of alkali-treated corn stover pelleted with soybean meal (STV-SBM) or dried distillers grains (STV-DDG), on milk yield (MY), eating behavior and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Fourty-five Holstein cows were used in replicated 5 × 5 Latin squares with 28-d periods, using a 2 × 2 + 1 augmented factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were formulated to contain 10 or 15% corn stover-based pellets that replaced corresponding proportions of corn gluten feed pellets in the control diet. Treatments were: 1) Control (CON); 2) SBM10; 3) SBM15; 4) DDG10; and 5) DDG15. In each period, rumen pH was measured every 2 h for 24 h using 5 rumen-cannulated cows on d 21, and chewing behavior was visually recorded every 5 min for 24 h using 10 cows on d 27. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and rumen data were analyzed as repeated measures. Overall, cows on CON diet had the greatest dry matter intake (DMI), 26.94 ± 0.49 kg/d, compared with 22.75 ± 0.49 kg/d for the average of the diets with experimental pellets. Cows on the CON diet produced 32.14 ± 0.70 kg milk/d whereas cows on the treatment diets produced 3.25 ± 0.70 less kg/d. Within diets containing pelleted stover, MY was greater in STV-SBM than STV-DDG by 0.45 ± 0.65 kg/d. Compared with CON, including 15% of either pelleted formulation increased milk production efficiency from 1.21 to 1.31. Concentration and yield of milk protein and lactose were decreased for all diets with pelleted stover relative to CON. For both pellet formulations, the inclusion level of 10% resulted in greater percentage and yield of fat, protein, and lactose than the 15% inclusion rate. Feeding STV-SBM resulted in greater milk fat concentration than CON and STV-DDG. Milk urea nitrogen tended to be lower in STV-DDG relative to
Chapter 2 Auditory Object Formation and Selection

Most normal-hearing listeners can understand a conversational partner in an everyday setting with an ease that is unmatched by any computational algorithm available today. This ability to reliably extract meaning from a sound source in a mixture of competing sources relies on the fact that natural, meaningful sounds have structure in both time and frequency. Such structure supports two processes that enable humans and animals to solve the cocktail party problem: auditory object formation and auditory object selection. These processes, which are closely intertwined and difficult to isolate, are linked to previous work on auditory scene analysis and auditory attention, respectively. This chapter considers how the brain may implement object formation and object selection. Specifically, the chapter focuses on how different regions of the brain cooperate to isolate the neural representation of sound coming from a source of interest and enhance it while suppressing the responses to distracting or unimportant sounds in a sound mixture.
A Novel Cipher Text Policy Attribute Based Encryption Algorithm for a Secure Data Retrieval in Military Networks

Now a day’s wireless sensor networks have achieved maximum user attention towards their usage. Mobile Adhoc Networks are the devices which are always self-configuration nodes connected without any wires. Generally in manets each and every device has a chance to move from one location to other location independently without having any restriction. Almost all military officials use Manets as main source or medium in order to have communication at the time of battlefields or hostile regions. As this Manets are used by lot of military officials, still there were some problems that arise while using Manets like intermittent network connectivity and frequent network partitions. To avoid the problem of intermittent network connectivity, almost each and every military official are preferred with a new type of network called as Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN). By using this DTN, the soldiers can communicate with each other and access the confidential data or commands without having any intervention between their communication.Eventhough a lot of mobile users are taking DTN technology as advantage they still face some challenging issues like authorization and secure data retrieval. Inorder to solve this challenging issues we use an advanced cryptography algorithm like Attribute Based Encryption with Cipher Text Policy. Also we have used the Identity Based Encryption algorithm in order to encrypt the data which is stored in storage node by the sender and here we use secret key encryption for generating the keys dynamically by the server. By conducting various experiments on this proposed ABE over Cipher text policy on Military networks we finally came to a conclusion that this proposed system is more secure in keeping data confidentially in the disruption-tolerant military
Gill diseases in marine salmon aquaculture with an emphasis on amoebic gill disease.

Abstract Gill diseases are a growing health challenge in salmon farming worldwide, but many gaps remain in our knowledge. Gill diseases are generally complex and multifactorial disorders, often with presumable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, but are highly difficult to effectively prevent and control. The term complex gill disease (CGD) includes a wide range of clinical disease presentations on the gills of farmed salmon; usually, CGD presents from the end of summer to early winter. The pathogens involved include Neoparamoeba perurans, Tenacibaculum maritimum, Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Desmozoon lepeophtherii (syn. Paranucleospora theridion) and viruses, such as the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV) and salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV). Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is perhaps the most significant disease in terms of gill health and economic impact. AGD results in high mortality, reduced production performance and impaired fish welfare. This review summarizes and analyses CGD research, outbreaks and treatment, with a focus on AGD, as well as on knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.
1 THE EMERGENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA

Lyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Several genospecies are included within B. burgdorferi sensu lato (“in a broad sense”). In North America all the well-characterized isolates of Borrelia obtained from patients with Lyme borreliosis areB. burgdorferi sensu stricto (“in a strict sense”). At least two other genospecies not present in the United States, B. afzelii and B. garinii, are additional proven agents of Lyme borreliosis in Europe, causing more than 70% of European-acquired infections (Wang et al., 1999). Probably owing to differences in tissue tropism, there are variations in the spectrum of clinical manifestations of the disease between genospecies, resulting also in some differences in clinical presentation between the continents. There are also some differences in serologic immune responses, which has implications for diagnostic testing (Chapter 10) and for vaccine development. There is evidence, based on multilocus sequence typing of bacterial housekeeping genes, thatB. burgdorferi existed in North America thousands of years before its discovery, and that it originated in Europe (Qiu et al., 2008, Hoen et al., 2009, Margos et al., 2009, Margos et al., 2008). The organism probably was carried across the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast by migratory birds, and then spread westward (Comstedt et al., 2006; Ginsberg et al., 2005).
Multiple-Target Tracking Framework for Aircraft in Airport Ramp Area

Current research develops a target-tracking framework that in turn enables a visionbased surveillance system concept suitable for airport ramp area operations. The surveillance approach is based on detecting and tracking aircraft only using cameras. A multiple target tracking algorithm based on nearest neighbor standard filter is used in the research. The measurement model consists of the position and velocities of the aircraft. The aircraft positions are obtained from an object detection algorithm and the velocities from optical flow estimation. Data association between measurements and targets is achieved by solving a linear assignment problem. An innovative aspect of this research involves the usage of Hausdorff metric to quantify the distances between established targets and measurements. A linear model with additive Gaussian noise is assumed for target propagation and Kalman-filter is used to remove noise and localize the target. Moreover, a novel methodology for target death and birth is proposed which is consistent with the current target tracking framework. We apply the proposed multiple-target tracking algorithm to track aircraft in a cluttered ramp area environment of an airport. It is observed that the target tracking algorithm is able to consistently track aircraft through different frames.
Lightweight Cryptography for Passive RFID Tags

I n 2011, we are entering a decade where Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems will become ubiquitous, slowly but surely replacing its old ancestor: the barcode. With the RFID technology come many advantages such as faster retailing, continuous control along the supply chain, real-time monitoring and localization of items, etc. However, all these benefits come to the condition of secure systems, especially in sensitive application areas such as military, finance, pharmaceutics, etc. Additionally, the privacy aspect involved with this technology could become a major issue in the perspective of a global adoption. In the past few years, an increasing number of researchers concentrates their efforts into providing secure solutions for RFID systems. After several attempts to integrate traditional cryptographic primitives into small, embedded, and extremely resource constrained devices, the results were mostly unsatisfactory. As a conclusion, a new branch of cryptography, commonly called Lightweight Cryptography, emerged to address the issues of these tiny ubiquitous devices. This Thesis presents a comprehensive engineering to lightweight cryptography, proposes a classification and explores its various ramifications by giving key examples in each of them. We select two of these branches, ultralightweight cryptography and symmetric-key cryptography, and propose a cryptographic primitive in each of them. In the case of symmetric-key cryptography, we propose a stream cipher that has a footprint among the smallest in the published literature and aims at being implemented on printed electronics RFID tags. Then, we compare different cryptographic primitives based on their key parameters: throughput, area, power consumption and level of security. Our main concern is the integrability of these selected primitives into real passive