Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Identification of Change-Prone Classes in Open Source Software Projects

Identifying change-prone classes can enable developers to pay more attention to classes with similar characteristics in the future and thus test resources and time can be used more effectively. In this paper, we collect a set of static metrics and change data at class level from an open-source software product, Datacrow. With this data, we first validate Pareto's Law and find that about 80% of the lines changed are located in only 20% of the classes. We then use classification methods to identify these change-prone classes. Our experimental results show that our classification results are useful for identifying change-prone classes and thus can help to improve the efficiency of developers.
La rigenerazione nervosa negli innesti a polarità invertita: dati a confronto tra applicazione sull’uomo e analisi sperimentale su modello animale,

D.S. POGGI, M. MASSARELLA, G. CERULLI, A. CARAFFA, S. BURCHIELLI, M. MODENATO, C. CANTILE, G. VOZZI, C. DE MARIA, M. LISANTI, E. BONICOLI, G. CANTINI Scuola di Specializzazione, Clinica Ortopedica Università di Perugia, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica C.N. R. Pisa, Facoltà Medicina Veterinaria Università di Pisa, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “E. Piaggio” Facoltà Ingegneria Università di Pisa, Clinica Ortopedica Università di Pisa Riv Chir Mano Vol. 44 (3) 2007
Identification of anthocyanins and distribution of flavonoids in tamarillo fruit (Cyphomandra betaceae (Cav.) Sendt.).

The major tamarillo (Cyphomandra betaceae) anthocyanin pigments were isolated and identified as pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside. The intense purple-coloured jelly surrounding the seeds contained the greatest concentration of anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-rutinoside being the major pigment. Flavones, flavonols and leucoanthocyanins were also present in this material. The yellow-coloured flesh contained flavones and low concentration of anthocyanins. The major anthocyanin of the skins is cyanidin-3-rutinoside; flavones and leucoanthocyanins are also present. It is suggested that the presence of leucoanthocyanins in pigment extracts induced degradation of anthocyanins during isolation and purification.
Effect of Application of Liquid Swine Manure on Soil Organic Carbon and Enzyme Activities in Two Contrasting Saskatchewan Soils

Repeated application of animal manure to agricultural fields as a source of plant nutrients has led to questions concerning the impact of this practice on soil organic carbon (C) and biochemical properties, specifically the activity of soil enzymes. There are also some environmental concerns of using livestock manure. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of repeated applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) on total organic C (TOC), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and on the activity of the soil enzymes (arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease) in two contrasting soil-climatic zones and cropping systems in Saskatchewan. Liquid hog manure was applied annually at 37,000 L ha-1 and 74,000 L ha-1rates for three years at Melfort (Mollic Cryoboralf) and for four years at Plenty (Typic Boroll) in Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 0-15 cm in the spring of 2003 and analyzed for TOC, LFOC and enzyme activities. Annual application (37,000 L ha-1) and larger application made every two years (74,000 L ha-1) of LSM at Melfort increased LFOC, which was attributed to stimulation of plant growth and thus residue inputs, from the nutrients contained within the manure. Applications of LSM at 37,000 L ha-1 and 74,000 L ha-1 at the Plenty site increased both TOC and LFOC concentration when compared to the control. Soil at the Plenty site is a Typic Boroll of heavy clay texture, which aids in protecting soil organic matter (SOM) from decomposition by soil microorganisms. Melfort was the only site that responded to LSM applications in terms of increased enzyme activity, which may be a result of a shorter application history. The Melfort site also had significantly higher LFOC in the manure treatments compared to the other site and LFOC has been linked to enzyme activity. The results of this study indicate that it may take a long period of time for addition of LSM to produce measurable changes in TOC and LFOC, as the effect from LSM is mainly from the stimulation of plant growth rather than from direct additions of C, and the nutrients contained in the LSM may potentially enhance microbial decomposition. In soils that receive repeated applications of LSM, nutrient loading may contribute to reduced enzyme activity after a period of time.
La internacionalización de las pymes españolas: principales desarrollos recientes y sus determinantes

El dinamismo que las exportaciones espanolas han mostrado en los ultimos anos ha refle‐ jado, en buena medida, el avance en la internacionalizacion de nuestro tejido productivo. La intensa y prolongada debilidad de la demanda nacional durante la pasada recesion incentivo la busqueda de nuevos mercados, en un contexto en el que la moderacion de los costes laborales y, posteriormente, tambien de los financieros ha fortalecido la posi‐ cion competitiva de las empresas espanolas.
A contemporary look at FVIII inhibitor development: still a great influence on the evolution of hemophilia therapies

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of inhibitors against factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy remains the most important challenge for clinicians in the treatment of hemophilia patients. This review focusses on risk factors and management of FVIII inhibitors, particularly in light of SIPPET study findings and subsequent analyses. Areas covered: A brief history and evolution of hemophilia therapies is provided, including an overview of conventional and new (including investigational) therapeutic approaches for the treatment of hemophilia. The SIPPET study, the first randomized clinical trial to demonstrate a lower incidence of inhibitors in previously untreated patients treated with plasma-derived FVIII products compared with recombinant FVIII products, has generated much debate. We review the SIPPET trial and reactions, in addition to preliminary observations from a single center’s experience, the cost impact of inhibitors, recent findings from SIPPET subanalyses, and inhibitor development in previously-treated patients. Expert commentary: Despite recent advances in potential new treatment options for hemophilia, conventional factor replacement concentrates currently remain the cornerstone of treatment. It is paramount that clinicians familiarize themselves with the findings from the SIPPET trial and substudies, in order to better inform their patients and families on inhibitor risk factors and to aid the treatment decision-making process.
Recovery of Gait After Stroke: What Changes?

Background. Little is known about whether changes in coordination patterns of muscle activation after stroke are related to functional recovery of walking. Objective . The present study investigated the longitudinal relationship between changes in neuromuscular activation patterns of paretic muscles in hemiplegic gait and improvement in walking ability after stroke. Methods. Thirteen patients diagnosed with a first unilateral ischemic stroke had their recovery of walking measured by the Rivermead Mobility Index, Functional Ambulation Categories, Barthel Index, Trunk Control Test, Motricity Index, and comfortable walking speed. Surface electromyography (SEMG) of the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles of both legs was used to quantify coordination patterns in comfortable walking mode. All clinical and electromyography-related measurements were taken at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 weeks poststroke. Timing parameters of the SEMG patterns were calculated, using an objective burst detection algorithm, and analyzed with the measures of functional recovery. Results . All functional measures, except Trunk Control Test, showed statistically significant improvement over time, whereas SEMG patterns did not change significantly over time. Conclusion. The lack of significant change in SEMG patterns over time suggests that functional gait improvements may be more related to compensatory strategies in muscle activation of the unaffected leg and biomechanical changes than by restitution of muscle coordination patterns in the affected leg.
Response of General Practitioners to Computer-Generated Critiques of Hypertension Therapy

Abstract: We recently have shown that a computer system, known as HyperCritic, can successfully audit general practitioners’ treatment of hypertension by analyzing computer-based patient records. HyperCritic reviews the electronic medical records and offers unsolicited advice. To determine which unsolicited advice might be perceived as inappropriate, builders of programs such as HyperCritic need insight into providers’ responses to computer-generated critique of their patient care. Twenty medical charts, describing in total 243 visits of patients with hypertension, were audited by 8 human reviewers and by the critiquing-system HyperCritic. A panel of 14 general practitioners subsequently judged the relevance of those critiques on a five-point scale ranging from relevant critique to erroneous or harmful critique. The panel judged reviewers’ comments to be either relevant or somewhat relevant in 61 to 68% of cases, and either erroneous or possibly erroneous in 15 to 18%; the panel judged HyperCritic’s comments to be either relevant or somewhat relevant in 65% of cases, and either erroneous or possibly erroneous in 16%. Comparison of individual members of the panel showed large differences; for example, the portion of HyperCritic’s comments judged relevant ranged from 0 to 82%. We conclude that, from the perspective of general practitioners, critiques generated by the critiquing system HyperCritic are perceived equally beneficial as critiques generated by human reviewers. Different general practitioners, however, judge the critiques differently. Before auditing systems based on computer-based patient records that are acceptable to practitioners can be introduced, additional studies are needed to evaluate the reasons a physician may have for judging critiques to be irrelevant, and to evaluate the effect of critiques on physician behavior.
The etiology of diarrhoea studied in the community in young urban Gambian children.

In a community-based longitudinal study of 126 urban Gambian children from birth to 2 years, bacterial and/or viral pathogens were identified significantly more often in diarrheal episodes studied (27.5%) than during control periods (19.0%), (p0.001). Rotavirus and ST-toxigenic Escherichia coli emerged as the most frequently-occurring pathogens in symptomatic children. Campylobacter species, accounting for nearly 1/3 of all pathogens, isolated, occurred more frequently during control periods, as did Salmonella species. Shigellosis may have been underdiagnosed. Even so, the cause of diarrhea during the 1st 1/2 of infancy was largely unresolved, with approximately 90% of cases studied being unexplained, a similar figure emerging for all attacks studied during the spring-time 1/4 of the year. We remain notably ignorant of the cause of most unselected cases of childhood diarrhea in the community in West Africa.
Consequences of the Three Disciplines on the Overall Result in Olympic-distance Triathlon

Olympic-distance triathlon (OD) is a multidisciplinary sport that comprises three different disciplines which are conducted in succession. Overall triathlon time consists of the three disciplines and the two transition times between the three disciplines. In order to achieve the fastest overall time possible, the times needed for each discipline have to be minimized. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the three disciplines on the overall result in the OD. Methods: Overall times and rankings as well as rankings and times for each of the three disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) of all elite athletes (participations of the world championship) who competed in the men`s Olympic-distance triathlon world championships between 2004 and 2007 were analyzed. The sample consisted of 318 athletes, ten of which competed in all of the world championships from 2004 to 2007. Results: The highest correlations (pearson coefficient) between the times of the individual disciplines and the overall time can be found for the run. The correlations were even higher for the 20 best-placed athletes. An athlete`s placing after the swim or the cycle has little prognostic relevance for his final placing. Statistical clearing of variance shows the greatest effect for the run. Conclusions: The swim and the cycle act as so-called feeders for the run and have to lay the foundations for the run, which decides over winning or losing more than the other two disciplines. Judging from an efficiency-oriented perspective, triathletes should emphasize training the run rather than emphasising the swim or the cycle.
Incidence of Symptomatic Hemorrhage in Patients With Lobar Microbleeds

Background and Purpose— Lobar microbleeds suggestive of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are often identified on MRI in the absence of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We compared the baseline characteristics and risk of subsequent ICH among such patients to those presenting with CAA-related lobar ICH. Methods— Clinical data (demographics, risk factors), apolipoprotein E genotype, neuroimaging markers of CAA severity (microbleed counts, leukoaraiosis volume), and clinical outcomes (incidence rates of ICH and death during a mean follow-up of 5.3±3.8 years) were compared between 63 patients enrolled because of incidentally found microbleeds and 316 with CAA-related ICH, in our prospectively enrolled cohort. Predictors of incident ICH were explored in the microbleed-only patients using multivariable Cox regression models. Results— Microbleed-only patients shared similar demographic, apolipoprotein E, and vascular risk profiles with lobar ICH patients, but had more lobar microbleeds (median, 10 versus 2; P<0.001) and higher leukoaraiosis volumes (median, 31 versus 23 mL; P=0.02). Microbleed-only patients had a nontrivial incidence rate of ICH, not different from patients presenting with ICH (5 versus 8.9 per 100 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–1.06; P=0.08). Microbleed-only patients had a higher mortality rate (hazard ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.6) compared with ICH survivors. Warfarin use and increasing age were independent predictors of future ICH among microbleed-only patients after correction for other covariates. Conclusions— Patients presenting with isolated lobar microbleeds on MRI have a genetic, neuroimaging, and hemorrhagic risk profile suggestive of severe CAA pathology. They have a substantial risk of incident ICH, potentially affecting decisions regarding anticoagulation in clinical situations.
Angiotensin II and bladder obstruction in the rat: influence on hypertrophic growth and contractility.

The mechanisms and mediators of hypertrophic growth secondary to infravesical urinary outflow obstruction are unknown. The renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in vascular and cardiac hypertrophy, but the involvement of angiotensin II (ANG II) as a trophic factor in the lower urinary tract has not been investigated. In this study, the ANG II subtype AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (DuP 753) was administered perorally (15 mg.kg-1.day-1) for 28 days to rats subjected to partial urethral obstruction or sham surgery. Partial urethral obstruction caused a 3.5-fold increase in bladder weight and a 3-fold increase in bladder protein content compared with sham rats. However, no difference was observed in bladder weight or bladder protein content between losartan-treated rats and rats receiving no drug. Cystometric evaluation of bladder function revealed significant increases in micturition volume, bladder capacity, bladder compliance, and spontaneous contractile activity in rats subjected to partial urethral obstruction compared with sham rats. However, bladder function in rats treated with losartan was not different from bladder function in rats receiving no drug. In vitro studies of isolated bladder tissue showed a weak contractile response to ANG II (1 microM) that amounted to 4.4 +/- 1.0% of the response to K+ (124 mM). The ANG II-induced contraction was abolished by losartan (10 microM) and indomethacin (10 microM). The contractile response to ANG II (1 microM), K+ (124 mM), and transmural nerve stimulation (2 Hz) was reduced in bladder strips from obstructed rats. In conclusion, no evidence was found for involvement of ANG II in development of bladder hypertrophy. The effect of ANG II on bladder smooth muscle tone was minor but was mediated by stimulation of the AT1 subtype receptor.
Analysis of incomplete longitudinal binary data using multiple imputation

We propose a propensity score‐based multiple imputation (MI) method to tackle incomplete missing data resulting from drop‐outs and/or intermittent skipped visits in longitudinal clinical trials with binary responses. The estimation and inferential properties of the proposed method are contrasted via simulation with those of the commonly used complete‐case (CC) and generalized estimating equations (GEE) methods. Three key results are noted. First, if data are missing completely at random, MI can be notably more efficient than the CC and GEE methods. Second, with small samples, GEE often fails due to ‘convergence problems’, but MI is free of that problem. Finally, if the data are missing at random, while the CC and GEE methods yield results with moderate to large bias, MI generally yields results with negligible bias. A numerical example with real data is provided for illustration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
20/40 or Better Visual Acuity After Optic Neuritis: Not as Good as We Once Thought?

Background:Although patients with acute optic neuritis (ON) recover high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) to 20/40 or better in 95% of affected eyes, patients with a history of ON continue to note subjective abnormalities of vision. Furthermore, substantial and permanent thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) is now known to occur early in the course of ON. We measured vision-specific quality of life (QOL) in patients with a history of acute ON and recovery of VA to 20/40 or better in their affected eyes to determine how these QOL scores relate to RNFL and GCL thickness and low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) across the spectrum of visual recovery. Methods:Data from an ongoing collaborative study of visual outcomes in multiple sclerosis and ON were analyzed for this cross-sectional observational cohort. Patients and disease-free control participants completed the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) and 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the NEI-VFQ-25, as well as VA and LCLA testing for each eye separately and binocularly. Optical coherence tomography measures for each eye included peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular GCL + inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) thickness. Results:Patients with a history of acute ON and recovery to 20/40 or better VA (n = 113) had significantly reduced scores for the NEI-VFQ-25 (83.7 ± 15.4) and 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement (74.6 ± 17.4) compared with disease-free controls (98.2 ± 2.1 and 96.4 ± 5.2, P < 0.001, linear regression models, accounting for age and within-patient, intereye correlations). Most patients with 20/40 or better visual recovery (98/112, 88%) had monocular HCVA in their affected eye of 20/20 or better. Although patients with 20/50 or worse HCVA recovery demonstrated the worst performance on low-contrast acuity, affected eye RNFL and GCL + IPL thickness, and QOL scales, these measures were also significantly reduced among those with 20/40 or better HCVA recovery compared with controls. Conclusions:Patients with a history of ON and “good” visual recovery, defined in the literature as 20/40 or better HCVA, are left with clinically meaningful reductions in vision-specific QOL. Such patient-observed deficits reflect the underlying significant degrees of retinal axonal and neuronal loss and visual dysfunction that are now known to characterize ON even in the setting of maximal HCVA recovery. There remains an unmet therapeutic need for patients with ON.
WY 14,643 inhibits human aldose reductase activity

Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated to play a critical role in diabetes and cardiovascular complications because of the reaction it catalyzes. Our data reveal that peroxisome proliferator WY 14,643, follows a pure non-competitive inhibition pattern in the aldehyde reduction activity as well as in the alcohol oxidation activity of AR. This finding communicates for the first time a novel feature of WY 14,643 in regulating AR activity. In addition, this observation indicates that AR, AR-like proteins and aldo-keto reductase (AKR) members may be involved in the WY 14,643 mechanism of action when it is administered as PPAR agonist.
The mixed mode 4H-SiC SIT as an S-band microwave power transistor

Summary form only given. For the first time, mixed mode 4H-SiC SIT (Static Induction Transistor) devices have been operated for power generation at S-band frequencies. This paper discusses why the SIT is an excellent choice for microwave power transistors in SiC, the technology for SIT fabrication and packaging, and the performance of the first 3.0 GHz SiC power SITs.
A dual-band frequency synthesizer for 802.11a/b/g with fractional-spur averaging technique

A 0.25 /spl mu/m BiCMOS spur-compensated fractional-N PLL is implemented in an IEEE 802.11a/b/g zero-IF transceiver. The synthesizer covers the 2.4 to 2.5GHz and the 5.1 to 5.9GHz bands with 0.5MHz and 5MHz resolution, respectively. The phase noise integrated from 10kHz to 10MHz is lower than 1.25/spl deg/ rms for any synthesized carrier. The power consumption is 39/59mW mode from 2.5V supply.
Effect of acute exposure of the organophosphate insecticide Rogor on some biochemical aspects of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus).

Indian catfish (Clarias batrachus), a common fish of commercial importance, was exposed to a sublethal concentration (1/3 of 96 h LC50 value) of Rogor for periods ranging from 24 to 192 h. The changes in glycogen, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase (a, ab) contents of muscle tissue were studied. A gradual decrease in muscle glycogen and an increase in lactate contents were observed. The activity level of lactate dehydrogenase showed a sharp rise initially for 48 h followed by a decline after 96 and 192 h. The glycogen phosphorylase a and ab in muscle tissue enhanced in response to Rogor exposure.
The microRNA pathway and cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nt long, non‐coding RNAs that guide post‐transcriptional gene silencing of their target genes and regulate diverse biological processes including cancer. miRNAs do not act alone, but require assembly into RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC). In this review, we summarize how miRNAs are produced, assembled into RISC, and regulate target mRNAs, and discuss how the miRNA pathway is involved in cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2309–2315)