Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Differential Equation Aspects Of Fluid Mechanics With Spreadsheet Facilitated Computational Fluid Dynamics

It is well known that continuum fluid flow is described at its most fundamental level by the Navier-Stokes equations, a system of nonlinear, second-order, partial differential equations. In spite of this solid foundation, the equations themselves are sufficiently difficult to understand and solve that they are often introduced only superficially in fluid-mechanics courses. Because it is difficult to connect mathematical theory to engineering practice, a differentialequation perspective is often perceived as “too mathematical,” or “too disconnected” to be of any value. It is our view that the differential-equation view does have value in facilitating the fundamental understanding of fluid flow, but it needs to be made accessible to the students with a reasonable level of effort. The intent of this paper is to describe how we have incorporated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) into fluid-mechanics courses, especially at the advanced levels.
Current Reflections on Collaborative and Engaged Research

The purpose of this article is to discuss the key elements of a meaningful research collaboration strategy between community-service organizations and academia. We discuss the challenges in developing an effective partnership, and we highlight current strategies for sustainable research partnerships between academia and community. To address the issue of effective partnership we include a case study to illustrate the connections among community-service organization contexts, by focusing on the research and capacity building infrastructure and specific forms of research education. Although the community-university relationship tends to push the work toward a consultant-driven model, this article emphasizes the need for a guiding framework to foster a more meaningful agenda for collaborative research in future.
A Mathematica Implementation of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Theory via the Spider Algorithm and Finding Critical Zeros of High-Degree Polynomials

Important properties pertaining to families of discrete dynamical systems are furnished here by studying the kneading theory developed by Milnor and Thurston, and subsequently implementing the spider algorithm, developed by Hubbard and Schleicher. The focus is on identifying crucial combinatorial and numerical properties of periodic critical orbits in one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems, which are generated by iterating real quadratic polynomial maps that constitute an important class of unimodal systems.
Large‐scale Investments in Agriculture in India

Public investment in agriculture has significant poverty‐reducing effects. This article attempts to analyse trends in agricultural investments in India between the 1950s and the 2000s. It argues that public investment and expenditure on agriculture in India have grown only slowly and have not decisively increased even after more than 60 years of independence. While public capital formation and expenditure do show a moderate rise in the 2000s, a revival of India's agricultural growth requires a far greater thrust to public spending. Major and medium irrigation projects require special attention, as irrigation is instrumental not just in raising yields, but also the number of days of employment for labourers. Increasing public investment in agricultural research and extension is central to bridging the yield gap that persists. Formal credit flows to agriculture have to specifically target small and marginal farmers, and emphasis should move away from generating agricultural growth by channelling credit to agri‐business firms and corporate players in agriculture. If India's second green revolution has to contribute to an accelerated reduction of poverty, hunger and malnourishment, it undoubtedly has to be a state‐led project.
Uncertain Bayes Measure

In statistical decision theory and filtering theory, Bayes theorem plays an important role. In this paper, we first review the probabilistic Bayes measure and demonstrate the existence of the uncertain Bayes measure. Furthermore, we investigate the Bayes measure under Maximum Uncertainty Principle with uncertain prior and general uncertainty observations, including random sampled observations as a special case. Finally, we propose Bayesian data analysis approach, which is a critical step towards the establishment of uncertainty statistics and general uncertainty decision theory.
Storage stability of tomato paste as influenced by oil-citric acid and packaging materials

Tomato pulp was concentrated by boiling at 90°C for 1 h. A mixture of 0.1% citric acid and 25 ml of vegetable oil were added to 100 g of the paste and packaged in aluminum foil (AF), low density polyethylene (LDP), plastic containers (PC) and stored under ambient temperature (30±0.1°C). Chemical analyses were carried out to determine pH, total solids, total acidity and refractive index as well as viscosity. Microbial analyses were also carried out after 8 weeks of storage. Results obtained showed significant (p<0.05) decreased in the pH value and increase in the titrable acidity (TTA) with storage time in all the packaging materials and samples treated with oil and citric acid (WOC) and those with no oil and citric acid (NOC). However, the decrease in pH and increase in TTA was more rapid in NOC than WOC. The total solid, vitamin A and C decreased significantly (p<0.05) with storage time following the trend as pH. Yeast and total viable count increased significantly (p<0.05) as the storage time increased. Tomato paste stored using AF had lower total plate count, ranging from 1.25 × 105 to 4.51 × 105 as compared to LDP (1.21 × 105-4.41 × 105) and PC (1.21 × 105-6.02 × 105). Generally, tomato paste in AF retained higher quality after 8 weeks of storage as compared to samples stored in LDP and PC. Also, NOC samples were more prone to spoilage than WOC. These findings can be applied for better preservation of tomato paste in rural communities where there is no electricity for cold storage. Key words: Packaging materials, tomato paste, citric acid, vegetable oil, storage period.
CASCADED H-BRIDGE CELLS

This work proposes a switching technique for cascaded (SCSPWM) scheme is employed in the generation of the gating signals. A sequential switching and base PWM circulation schemes are presented for this concepts, it is now possible to generate equal average switching signal patterns in all the constituting power semiconductor switches. This results in equal switching loss dissipation and equal power sharing in inverter modules; and therefore technically modularizes the cascaded system. A 4 used to exemplify the proposed switching technique. Outlines with switching functions are given for the modulation strategy. For a modulation index of 0.9, a THD value waveform of the exemplanary 4-cell cascaded configuration. Verification of the performance of the proposed control technique is done through simulations and experiments.
Spatial metrics to study urban patterns in growing and shrinking cities

This article reviews existing literature on spatial metrics, presenting a portfolio of metrics addressing the spatial patterns of growing and shrinking cities and discussing their potential and limitations. A wide and diverse set of spatial metrics was found. While these metrics address most of the identified spatial patterns of urban growth, spatial metrics used in urban shrinkage studies are much scarcer and not nearly sufficient to provide a comprehensive assessment of its spatial patterns. The article concludes that there is great potential for the development of new spatial metrics or mixed indicators, particularly in shrinkage contexts. The article builds on recent literature focusing on reviewing and developing metrics for particular spatial patterns (notably patterns of urban sprawl), while considering a very broad and multidisciplinary set of metrics. It focuses not only on the outcomes of urban growth but also on those of the increasingly common shrinking phenomenon.
Health Insurance and Access to Health Care Services in Developing Countries

There is growing awareness of the fact that illhealth perpetuates poverty. In order to prevent the negative downward spiral of poverty and illness, developing countries in recent years are increasingly implemen ting various models of health insurance to increase access to health care for poor households. While there is consistent evidence that health insurance schemes have caused an increase in access to health generally, the debate regarding the most appropriate health insurance scheme that suits the poor continues unabated. Drawing on relevant literature this paper adopts a framework for assessing access to health care services to explore four dimensions of access, including: geographic accessibility, availability, affordability, acceptability of services. The paper argues that irrespective of the model of health insurance being implemented these dimensions of access govern the poor and the poorest household decisions about enrolling in a health insurance scheme and utilizing health care services. Policy makers and planners need to pay attention to these important dimensions when making decisions regarding health insurance and health care services utilization to ensure that the peculiar needs of the poor are taken on board. Key words: access, developing countries, health insurance models, universal health coverage,
Cross-National Differences in Income Mobility: Evidence from Canada, the United States, Great Britain and Germany

Using a standardized dataset, this paper compares the differences in income mobility among four countries-Canada, the United States, Great Britain and Germany-during the 1990s and early 2000s. The results suggest that, in general, there exist diverse levels of income mobility across the four countries. Although the precise magnitudes of the differences are sensitive to the measurement method used, incomes in Britain are by far the most mobile. Our findings also reveal country-specific driving forces that underlie income mobility. The stabilizing effects of government transfers are most pronounced in Canada. In Germany, it is the progressive tax system that offsets earnings variations and results in smaller changes in longitudinal incomes. Moreover, we also discover that demographic factors provided only limited explanation of differences in income mobility. Copyright 2009 The Author. Journal compilation 2009 International Association for Research in Income and Wealth Published by Blackwell Publishing.
Thiomicrospira crunogena sp. nov., a Colorless, Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterium from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent†

A new species of the genus Thiomicrospira was isolated from the 21°N deep-sea (2,600-m) hydrothermal vent area of the East Pacific Rise. This organism is an obligate chemolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizer and differs from the two other species of this genus by its deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and by its growth rate and optimal pH in thiosulfate medium. The new species is named Thiomicrospira crunogena and has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 35932, as well as in the Delft Culture Collection as strain LMD 84.00.
Predictors of Acute Malnutrition Among 6 - 23 Months Children in Hidhebu Abote Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia

Introduction : Malnutrition is major public-health problem throughout the developing world and is an underlying factor in over 50% of the 10–11 million children under 5 years of age who die each year. Although the prevalence of malnutrition is generally high in Ethiopia, there were no enough documented predictors. Therefore; this study was undertaken to identify predictors of acute malnutrition among 6 - 23 months in HidhebuAbote Woreda, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods : Community based unmatched case-control study design was utilized. Children of 6-23 months in the Woreda were screened by weight for height and 288 children (144 cases and 144 controls) were selected by simple random sampling technique. Results: The mean age of the cases and controls were 13.38 ( + 4.68) and 14.41 ( + 5.44) month respectively. There were more males in the cases 68 (47.5%) than in the controls 58 (40.5%). Cases with malnutrition were more likely to: have mothers who did not graduate as model by the health extension program (AOR= 7.246), have spring and /or river as source of drinking water (AOR= 5.349), initiate breastfeeding late (AOR= 4.248), not exclusively breastfed(AOR= 4.586), not given colostrums(AOR=2.706), be bottle fed (AOR=3.111) and have illness during the last two weeks before the survey (AOR=4.136) compared to controls. Conclusion: Finally this study identified that distal, intermediate and proximal factors associated with Acute Malnutrition among 6 - 23 months Children in the study area. Therefore, those factors associated with Acute Malnutrition would be emphatically considered during development of child health and Nutritional programs by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Federal ministry of health would be better to give greater emphases to address under two years child Nutritional status to improve through health education by using mass media and community mobilization in more comprehensive manner by integrated to health extension program of model family graduation package about child nutritional and optimal child feeding practices based on the final guideline and improving water and sanitation including home based treatment of water using ‘Wuha’ Agar. Key words : Acute Malnutrition 6 - 23 Months Children Hidhebu Abote Woreda
Anomalies, Chern-Simons terms and chiral delocalization in extra dimensions

Gauge invariant topological interactions, such as the D=5 Chern-Simons (CS) term, are required in models in extra dimensions that split anomaly free representations. The Chern-Simons term is necessary to maintain the overall anomaly cancellations of the theory, but it can have significant, observable, physical effects. The CS term locks the Kaluza-Klein (KK)-mode parity to the parity of space-time, leaving a single parity symmetry. It leads to new processes among KK modes e.g., the decay of a KK mode to a 2-body final state of KK modes. A formalism for the effective interaction among KK modes is constructed, and the decay of a KK mode to KK mode plus zero mode is analyzed as an example. We elaborate the general KK-mode current and anomaly structure of these theories. This includes a detailed study of the triangle diagrams and the associated 'consistent anomalies' for Weyl spinors on the boundary branes. We also develop the non-Abelian formalism. We illustrate this by showing in a simple way how a D=5 Yang-Mills 'quark flavor' symmetry leads to the D=4 chiral Lagrangian of mesons and the quantized Wess-Zumino-Witten term.
Responsible Competitiveness - Linking CSR and Competitive Advantage in three European Industrial Sectors

Our paper deals with sectoral links of Corporate Social Responsbility (CSR) and competitive advantage in the chemical, construction and textile sectors. It is based on an analysis of sector specific research findings and a series of qualitative interviews with experts from business associations all across Europe. In our project, we analysed the competitive situation and the most important societal concerns of each sector, and identified CSR issues that simultaneously address societal and environmental concerns and improve competitiveness. Our results show the importance of future sector specific CSR policies, business initiatives and research projects.
Colloidal Aluminum Antimonide Quantum Dots

AlSb is a less studied member of the III–V semiconductor family, and herein, we report the colloidal synthesis of AlSb quantum dots (QDs) for the first time. Different sizes of colloidal AlSb QDs (5 to 9 nm) were produced by the controlled reaction of AlCl3 and Sb[N(Si(Me)3)2]3 in the presence of superhydride. These colloidal AlSb quantum dots showed excitonic transitions in the UV-A region and a tunable band-edge emission (quantum yield of up to 18%) in the blue spectral range. Among all III–V quantum dots, these quantum dots show the brightest core emission in the blue spectral region.
Viability of seeds in food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos

Seeds of 14 plant species extracted from food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos were tested for viability. Strawberry Fragaria ananasa and Blackberry Rubus glaucus jams (Snob and Gustadina brands) contained no viable seeds. Schullo brand granola contained inviable Sesame Sesamum indicum seed, but Sesame in granolas prepared in Galapagos was viable. Sesame seed in bread was viable but Flax Linum usitatissimum seed in bread was not. Brown Rice Oryza sativa and Sunflower seeds Helianthus annuus were both viable. Fresh Apple Malus domestica, Naranjilla Solanum quitoense, Cucumber Cucumis sativus, Pineapple Ananas comosus, Pear Pyrus communis, Bell Pepper Capsicum annuum, Tomato Solanum lycopersicum, Grape Vinis vinifera all contained viable seeds. We recommend prohibiting any product with viable seeds from field trips to uninhabited areas. CDF Contribution Number 1009.
Repeated Contracting in Decentralised Markets

We consider a model where multiple principals repeatedly offer short-term contracts to three or more agents with private information. Under low discounting there exists a simple class of mechanisms that sustains all equilibrium allocations that could be generated by arbitrarily complex mechanisms. This equivalence result leads to a simple algorithm for computing equilibrium payoffs; this contrasts with the one-shot setting, where closed form expressions of such payoffs do not exist. Endogenous monitoring by agents weakens incentive compatibility relative to one-shot contracting; this lowers minmax values, expanding the set of equilibrium payoffs.
Electrical transport and thermoelectric properties of double filled compounds Ca0.1CexCo4Sb12 at low temperatures

The electrical transport and thermoelectric properties of CoSb3 and double filled compounds Ca0.1CexCo4Sb12 (x=0.05, 0.1, and 0.15) were investigated in the temperature range from 5 to 300 K. The results indicated that double filling of Ca and Ce has a strong influence on the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. For samples CoSb3 and Ca0.1Ce0.05Co4Sb12, the relationship of ln ρ∝1/T existed only in the temperature regimes of 100–200 and 160–300 K, respectively, while Mott’s law ln ρ∝T−1/4 was obeyed at lower temperatures below 100 and 160 K for CoSb3 and Ca0.1Ce0.05Co4Sb12, respectively. The results suggested a localization of charge carriers. Moreover, a transition from the semiconducting state (i.e., dρ/dT 0) (0.05 0.5) was observed to be smaller than that of CoSb3. However, the increase in carrier concen.
Norms Project : protocol of a cross-sectional studycataloging human variation

Background Clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis and management largely depends on comparison with healthy or ‘normal’ values. Physiotherapists and researchers therefore need access to robust patient-centred outcome measures and appropriate reference values. However there is a lack of high-quality reference data for many clinical measures. The aim of the 1000 Norms Project is to generate a freely accessible database of musculoskeletal and neurological reference values representative of the healthy population across the lifespan. Methods/design In 2012 the 1000 Norms Project Consortium defined the concept of ‘normal’, established a sampling strategy and selected measures based on clinical significance, psychometric properties and the need for reference data. Musculoskeletal and neurological items tapping the constructs of dexterity, balance, ambulation, joint range of motion, strength and power, endurance and motor planning will be collected in this cross-sectional study. Standardised questionnaires will evaluate quality of life, physical activity, and musculoskeletal health. Saliva DNA will be analysed for the ACTN3 genotype (‘gene for speed’). A volunteer cohort of 1000 participants aged 3 to 100 years will be recruited according to a set of self-reported health criteria. Descriptive statistics will be generated, creating tables of mean values and standard deviations stratified for age and gender. Quantile regression equations will be used to generate age charts and age-specific centile values. Discussion This project will be a powerful resource to assist physiotherapists and clinicians across all areas of healthcare to diagnose pathology, track disease progression and evaluate treatment response. This reference dataset will also contribute to the development of robust patient-centred clinical trial outcome measures.
anomalously short size Unique genes in giant viruses : Regular substitution pattern and data

data Supplementary http://www.genome. org/cgi/content/full/gr.6358607/DC1 "Supplemental Research Data" References http://www.genome. org/cgi/content/full/17/9/1353#References This article cites 63 articles, 30 of which can be accessed free at: Open Access Freely available online through the Genome Research Open Access option. service Email alerting click here top right corner of the article or Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the
CAUSAL INFERENCE IN SEMIPARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS

The goals of causal inference are inherently different from the ones of classical statistics. Instead of measuring statistical associations between variables, the main focus is on the characterization of the underlying causal mechanisms. This is typically achieved via the estimation of causal graphs (structure learning) or the prediction of causal effects under interventions. Both problems are well-understood and elaborated for linear structural equation models (SEMs). This thesis addresses them for specific classes of semiparametric and nonparametric SEMs. First, we study structure learning for causal additive models (CAMs). CAMs constitute a natural semiparametric extension of linear Gaussian SEMs: while still relying on the additivity of the functions and Gaussianity of the noise, all functions are assumed to be exclusively nonlinear. We present a score-based structure learning methodology based on (restricted) maximum likelihood estimation that is consistent in lowand high-dimensional settings. The key idea of our approach is to decouple order search among the variables from subsequent edge selection in the graph. We provide an efficient implementation of our proposed methodology in the R-package CAM and evaluate its performance in extensive simulations. In the second part of the thesis, we study the identifiability and estimation of partially linear additive SEMs with Gaussian noise (PLSEMs). Thus, we drop the assumption of exclusivity of the functional type and with that we address one of the major limitations of both, linear SEMs and CAMs. We precisely specify how linear and nonlinear additive functions impose restrictions on the underlying causal model and derive a systematic characterization of the identifiability of PLSEMs. Thereby, we close a relevant gap, as the identifiability theory of additive models with Gaussian noise was only elaborated for linear SEMs and CAMs. We complement
A Combinatorial Description of Knotted Surfaces and Their Isotopies

Abstract We discuss the diagrammatic theory of knot isotopies in dimension 4. We project a knotted surface to a three-dimensional space and arrange the surface to have generic singularities upon further projection to a plane. We examine the singularities in this plane as an isotopy is performed, and give a finite set of local moves to the singular set that can be used to connect any two isotopic knottings. We show how the notion of projections of isotopies can be used to give a combinatoric description of knotted surfaces that is sufficient for categorical applications. In this description, knotted surfaces are presented as sequences of words in symbols, and there is a complete list of moves among such sequences that relate the symbolic representations of isotopic knotted surfaces.