Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sentimental Stereotypes: Emotional Expectations for High-and Low-Status Group Members

Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high-and low-status group members. In Study 1a, participants believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive outcomes, high-status people are expected to feel more pride and low-status people are expected to feel more appreciation. Study 2 showed that people also infer status from emotions: Angry and proud people are thought of as high status, whereas sad, guilty, and appreciative people are considered low status. The authors argue that these emotion stereotypes are due to differences in the inferred abilities of people in high and low positions. These perceptions lead to expectations about agency appraisals and emotions related to agency appraisals. In Study 3, the authors found support for this process by manipulating perceptions of skill and finding the same differences in emotion expectations.
Dating the emergence of truffle-like fungi in Australia, by using an augmented meta-analysis

Abstract. Australia supports a high diversity of sequestrate (truffle-like) macrofungi. This has long been thought to be related to the predominantly or seasonally dry climate. The present study posits that if aridity were a key factor in the evolution of sequestrate fruit-bodies, most sequestrate species would have emerged in Australia only after it began to aridify, which occurred post-separation with Antarctica (c. 32 million years ago). Focusing on the high phylogenetic diversity of sequestrate taxa in the Agaricomycetes in Australia, dates of sequestrate nodes were compiled directly from published phylogenies (four lineages) or created using sequences available on GenBank that were processed in BEAST using a secondary calibration method (nine lineages). Although the morphologically diverse Hysterangiales was found to be the first group to become sequestrate, c. 83 million years ago, overall sequestration in Australia occurred more recently. Models were created and compared and support was found for an increased rate of sequestration in Australia at some point between 34 and 13 million years ago (during the Oligocene and Miocene). Although the rate of sequestration is shown to have increased in Australia after separation from Antarctica, the timing also overlaps with the radiation of potential mycorrhizal plant associates, and the emergence of specialised mycophagous marsupials. Although aridification is evidently not the sole driver of sequestration, it is still likely to have had a major influence on the diversity of sequestrate fungi in Australia. Comparisons with other regions of high sequestrate diversity will be informative.
Prevalence of Bovine Hydatidosis and Its Economic Importance at Assela Municipal Abattoir

A cross-sectional study of hydatid disease was carried out in Assela Municipal Abattoir, East Arsi Zone in central Ethiopia during October, 2012 to March, 2013 in order to determine the prevalence rate of bovine hydatidosis and factors associated with the spread of disease, & the economic losses attributed to organs condemnation. The durable intent of the study was to make information available for the accomplishment of apposite control measures to trim down the transmission of hydatid disease. A total of 384 cattle of different age groups selected, and 170 (44.27%) of them were harboring cysts. The infection rate among different age groups were, statistically, significant ( P <0.05). Proportion of 30.42%, 21.20%, and 10.60% cysts were small, medium, and large sized respectively, and 37.79% calcified cysts. Sterile, fertile and viable cysts represent 38.25%, 23.96% and 14.29%, correspondingly. Higher rate of cyst calcification confirmed in liver than in the lungs. 20,570.68 (Twenty thousand five hundred seventy birr & sixty eight cents) was confirmed as direct annual economic losses from organ condemnation. Keywords : Bovine hydatidosis, Prevalence, Economic, Assela, Ethiopia
Tracking of Multiple Vehicles Using Occlusion Segmentation Based on Spatio-Temporal Association

This paper proposes a segmentation method for overlapped vehicles based on analysis of the vehicle location and the spatiotemporal association information. This method can be used in an intelligent transport system. In the proposed method, occlusion is detected by analyzing the association information based on a vehicle’s location in continuous images, and occlusion segmentation is carried out by using the vehicle information prior to occlusion. In addition, the size variations of the vehicle to which association tracking is applied can be anticipated by learning the variations according to the overlapped vehicles’ movements. To assess the performance of the suggested method, image data collected from CCTVs recording traffic information is used, and average success rate of occlusion segmentation is 96.9%.
Analyses of relationship between Loess Plateau erosion and sunspots based on wavelet transform

Abstract. Loess Plateau is one of the worst soil erosion regions in the world, which may resulted from various factors such as precipitation, land cover and land use, soil, vegetation, human intervention, as well as solar activities. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between soil erosion and sunspot activity on the Loess Plateau, through analyses of the sunspot relative number and the long-term sediment discharge series in Longmen station in the Yellow River based on the Morlet wavelet method. In this paper, annual sediment discharge series from 1919–2008 in Longmen station and the sunspot relative number were decomposed with Complex Morlet wavelet. The results of real part, modulus and the second power of modulus showed an obvious periodic variability in sediment discharge, with 25–40 years, about 10 years, and less than 10 years scales. There are six centers of energy. From the wavelet variance, 6, 12, and 35 years periods were detected within 50-year scale, and the 35-year period is the most significant one. Similar analyses were conducted for the sunspot relative number during the same period of 1919–2008. The sunspot series showed an 11-year periodic variation, and two energy center. Then, the correlation analyses for 11-year scale were computed. From a long-term period (1919–2008) view, there is no significant correlation between the sediment discharge and the sunspot relative number; however, it is evident that the correlations exist in short-term periods. The results also indicate that the relationships between solar activities and the erosion of the Loess Plateau are complicated.
Perceived Health, Sedentary Time, Body Mass Index, and Breaks from Prolonged Sitting in the Workplace

Objective: Perceived health, sedentary time, and body mass index are important indices of health. Perceptions about health are fundamental in motivating people to engage in health promoting behaviors. There are limited data related to employee health perceptions, sedentary time, and body mass index (assessing health status i.e., overweight/obesity). Therefore, we examined the association between perceived health, sedentary time, and body mass index. The two research questions were: 1) Do employees report a relationship between sedentary time and perceived health? 2) Do employees report a relationship between body mass index and perceived health? Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data collected from 144 participants in the Booster Break workplace study. A secondary analysis of baseline data from the Booster Break study (intervention to break prolonged sitting behavior among office workers) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed using SPSS version 20. Result: Sedentary time was not associated with employee perceived health in both the unadjusted and adjusted models, however, age (positively) [OR = 1.08; CI: 1.02-1.14; p = 0.01] and body mass index (inversely) [OR = 0.87; CI: 0.81-0.95; p = 0.001] were significantly associated with employee perceived health in the adjusted model at a significance level p < 0.05. Conclusion: This study provides important information related to factors associated with perceived health. A better understanding of perceived health and motivation are important for employers and worksite program developers. Our findings suggest that more education is needed to inform the public about the relationships between sedentary behavior and health.
The Role of Covenants in Public and Private Debt

Covenants are particular clauses in debt contracts of firms that restrict business policy, giving creditors the possibility of putting precise actions into force - normally early repayment - when the covenants are violated. We refer to the Agency Theory of Covenant (ATC), which assumes that as long as the offsetting benefits exceeds the costs of the constraints imposed by the covenants, the lender will include covenants in their debt contracts. The goal of this paper is to provide a theoretical model that explains the empirical findings of research on public (bonds) and private (bank loans) debt, by highlighting the role of coordination costs among debtholders. Our study introduces two innovative aspects to the existing literature: (1) an emphasis on the covenant violation costs, and (2) the formalisation of a market equilibrium approach. In particular, we formalise the renegotiation costs of the lender, and we identify the effect of the degree of coordination on the renegotiation costs and, ultimately, on the efficiencies in the use of covenants. With regard to, the second point, as far as we know, our paper is the first to present an equilibrium market model for two types of debt contracts with covenant. For the first type, we consider a firm issuing a bond with covenant in the primary market, whereas in the second the firm borrows a syndicated bank loan with covenant. In both models we (1) find that there is a minimum coordination level which guarantees the covenant efficiency, and we (2) identify the optimal covenant threshold.
Distribution patterns of rDNAs and telomeres and chromosomal rearrangement between two cytotypes of Lysimachia mauritiana L. (Primulaceae)

Abstract Two cytotypes of Lysimachia mauritiana collected from Japanese mainland (JM-type) and the Sakishima group (SR-type), located in the southernmost of the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan, were cytogenetically analyzed. JM- and SR-types showed karyotype formulae of 2n=20(4m)=4m+2sm+4st+10t and 2n=18(6m)=6m+2sm+10t, respectively. In FISH analysis, a signal of 5S rDNA was observed at the interstitial region of long arm on a pair of t-chromosome in both cytotypes. On the other hand, different sizes of 45S rDNA signals were observed on the distal and proximal regions of m-, sm-, st- and t-chromosomes in JM-type, and of m- and t-chromosomes in SR-type. Also in SR-type, a tiny 45S rDNA signal was shown at the interstitial region of long arm on sm-chromosome. Telomere signals in two cytotypes appeared at both ends of all chromosomes, and at internal sites of certain chromosomes. The big telomere sequence signal at the proximal region coincided with the small 45S rDNA signal in JM-type. These results gave us a fusion/fission hypothesis with two st- or one m-chromosome(s) for new intraspecific karyotype formation of JM-type or SR-type.
Preferred risk allocation in target cost contracts in construction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the party most preferred to take the risks associated with the target cost contracts and guaranteed maximum price contracts (TCC/GMP) in the Hong Kong context.Design/methodology/approach – An empirical questionnaire survey was conducted with the relevant industrial practitioners to solicit their preferences of risk allocation in TCC/GMP construction projects in Hong Kong.Findings – The survey findings indicated that risks on tender documentation and project design are better borne by clients, while construction related risks are perceived to be taken by contractors. The research findings are consistent with other similar studies on risk allocation in construction projects in general.Practical implications – This paper has developed a preferred risk allocation scheme for the delivery of future TCC/GMP projects, taking Hong Kong as an example. It can serve as a useful guide for decision makers to determine an optimal risk allocation at the planning stage of.
Yanai waves in the western equatorial Indian Ocean

[1] Observations and models have shown the presence of intraseasonal fluctuations in 20–30-day and 10–20-day bands in the equatorial Indian Ocean west of 60°E (WEIO). Their spatial and temporal structures characterize them as Yanai waves, which we label low-frequency (LFYW) and high-frequency (HFYW) Yanai waves, respectively. We explore the dynamics of these intraseasonal signals, using an ocean general circulation model (Modular Ocean Model) and a linear, continuously stratified model. Yanai waves are forced by the meridional wind τy everywhere in the WEIO most strongly during the monsoon seasons. They are forced both directly in the interior ocean and by reflection of the interior response from the western boundary; interference between the interior and boundary responses results in a complex surface pattern that propagates eastward and has nodes. Yanai waves are also forced by instabilities primarily during June/July in a region offshore from the western boundary (52–55°E). At that time, eddies, generated by barotropic instability of the Southern Gyre, are advected southward to the equator. There, they generate a westward-propagating, cross-equatorial flow field, veq, with a wave number/frequency spectrum that fits the dispersion relation of a number of Yanai waves, and these waves are efficiently excited. Typically, Yanai waves associated with several baroclinic modes are excited by both wind and eddy forcing; and typically, they superpose to create beams that carry energy vertically and eastward along ray paths. The same processes generate LFYWs and HFYWs, and hence, their responses are similar; differences are traceable to the property that HFYWs have longer wavelengths than LFYWs for each baroclinic mode.
Passive Sampling for Air Quality Monitoring

Passive sampling is a useful tool for environmental analysis as well as in the field of air quality monitoring. As its invention more than three decade ago, it is now widespread using for air pollutants monitoring around the world with various area ranging from private workplace exposure to global issues of climate change. It was developed and applied for various types of analytes of interest e.g. heavy metal, inorganic compounds and organic compounds. Since it consists of two types i.e. diffusionand permeation-types with varieties of geometry and configurations such as radial, tube, badge and cartridge, the user has to select an appropriate one for their applications. Based on the difference in the pollutant concentration, they diffuse from the environment to collecting media in the device. Because of this, many meteorological factors e.g. wind speed, relative humidity, temperature could influence to collection efficiency and reliability. Thus, the users have to take account for these parameters, when passive sampler is employed. In this reviews, the applications of passive sampler for air quality monitoring were summarized by dividing into three categories according to their chemical properties i.e. heavy metal, inorganic and organic compounds. Environmental parameters have also been discussed. :
Toward stochastic deep convective parameterization in general circulation models

For the first time, a stochastic deep convective parameterization to represent variability arising from small‐scale processes that are unresolved by traditional deterministic moist convective parameterizations is tested in a general circulation model. Two physical pathways of representing small‐scale variability as a stochastic process are explored. First, the relationship between cloud‐base mass flux Mb and large‐scale convective available potential energy (CAPE) is posited to have a stochastic component (the CAPE‐Mb scheme). Second, the vertical structure of heating is modified by a simple random process about the structure given by the traditional convective scheme (the VSH scheme). The CAPE‐Mb scheme increases the overall variance of precipitation toward observations with a realistic spatial pattern. The VSH scheme has smaller impacts on precipitation variance but yields preferential enhancement at large spatial scales and low frequencies.
Tail Risk Hedging and Regime Switching

In this paper, we analyze futures-based hedging strategies which minimize tail risk measured by Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional-Value-at-Risk (CVaR). In par- ticular, we first deduce general characterizations of VaR- and CVaR-minimal hedging policies from results on quantile derivatives. We then derive first-order conditions for tail-risk-minimal hedging in mixture and regime-switching (RS) models. Using cross hedging examples, we show that CVaR-minimal hedging can noticeably deviate from standard minimum-variance hedging if the return data exhibit nonelliptical features. In our examples, we find an increase in hedging amounts if RS models identify a joint crash scenario and we confirm a reduction in tail risk using empirical and EVT-based risk estimators. These results imply that switching from minimum-variance to CVaR- minimal hedging can cut losses during financial crises and reduce capital requirements for institutional investors.
THE EXACT THEORETICAL RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS MONETARY AGGREGATE

In aggregation theory, index numbers are judged relative to their ability to track the exact aggregator functions nested within the economy's structure. We compare two statistical index numbers—the Divisia monetary aggregate and the simple-sum monetary aggregate—with the exact rational expectations monetary aggregate, using actual data. Because we are not using simulated data, we estimate the parameters of the Euler equations, and thereby of the nested monetary aggregator function, using the generalized method of moments. We explore the tracking errors of the two index numbers relative to the estimated exact aggregate. We investigate the circumstances under which risk aversion increases tracking error. We also use polyspectral methods to test for the existence of remaining nonlinear structure in the residual tracking errors.
A Novel Method to Select Hidden Neurons in ELMAN Neural Network for Wind Speed Prediction Application

This paper proposes a novel method to select hidden neurons in ELMAN neural networks for wind speed prediction application. Either over fitting or under fitting problem caused due to the random choice of hidden neuron numbers in artificial neural network. This paper suggests the solution to solve either over fitting or under fitting problems. In order to select proper hidden neuron numbers, 75 different criteria tested by the means of statistical errors. The simulation results proved that proposed approach improves the accuracy and reduce the error to the least. The perfect building of ELMAN network with five inputs using fixation criteria is validated based on convergence theorem. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach simulation were performed on real time wind data. Comparative analysis has performed to select the hidden neuron numbers in neural networks. The presented approach is very simple, with the least error, and more effective to select the amount of hidden neurons in ELMAN neural network.
The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

Using a teaching model framework, we systematically review empirical evidence on the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE) in higher education on a range of learning outcomes, analysing 159 published articles from 2004-2016. The teaching model framework allows us for the first time to start rigorously examining relationships between pedagogical methods and specific outcomes. Re-confirming past reviews and meta-analyses, we find that EE impact research still predominantly focuses on short-term and subjective outcome measures and tends to severely under-describe the actual pedagogies being tested. Moreover, we use our review to provide an up-to-date and empirically rooted call for less obvious, yet greatly promising, new or underemphasised directions for future research on the impact of university-based entrepreneurship education. This includes, for example, the use of novel impact indicators related to emotion and mindset, focus on the impact indicators related to the intention-to-behaviour transition, and explore the reasons for some of the contradictory findings in impact studies including person-, context- and pedagogical model-specific moderators.
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase (NAHA) as a Marker of Fungal Cell Biomass – Storage Stability and Relation to β-Glucan

Background. Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the enzyme β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAHA) is a marker of fungal biomass. The purposes of this study was to determine, 1) the stability of the NAHA enzyme on stored filters, 2) the effect of air movement during the sampling of particles and resulting NAHA enzyme activity, and 3) the relationship between enzyme activity and β-glucan concentration. Methods. Replicate air, filtered (0.8 µm pore, cellulose acetate) samples were obtained and stored at room temperature. Then 7 to 12 samples were analysed at 0, 10, 20, 30 or 360 days. Air samples were collected in rooms with no activity, walking or with fan use. The NAHA activity on the filters was measured by adding an enzyme activator and the fluorescence was measured. The β-glucan concentrations were measured using a Limulus-based test with and without solubilisation with NaOH. Results. Storage of filters up to 360 days did not influence the content of NAHA. Movements in the room increased the NAHA values but agitation in terms of fan blowing did not increase the potential to detect differences between rooms with or without fungal growth. There was a relation between NAHA and the non-soluble fraction of β-glucan. Comments: Enzyme measurements of fungal biomass are rapid and easy to perform. The sensitivity and specificity of the method is high which makes it suitable for field use. Incorporation of the small fungal fractions in exposure assessment is important from a health point of view as they have a higher penetration rate into the deep parts of the lung. Summary: The evaluation of the enzyme method to determine fungal growth further supports the relevance of this method to relate to medical effects of fungal exposure.