Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alphanumeric entry on pen-based computers

Two experiments were conducted to compare several methods of numeric and text entry for pen-based computers. For numeric entry, the conditions were hand printing, tapping on a soft keypad, stroking a moving pie menu, and stroking a pie pad. For the pie conditions, strokes are made in the direction that numbers appear on a clock face. For the moving pie menu, strokes were made directly in the application, as with hand printing. For the pie pad, strokes were made on top of one another on a separate pie pad, with the results sent to the application. Based on speed and accuracy, the entry methods from best to worst were soft keypad (30 wpm, 1.2% errors), hand printing (18.5 wpm, 10.4% errors), pie pad (15.1 wpm, 14.6% errors), and moving pie menu (12.4 wpm, 16.4% errors). For text entry, the conditions were hand printing, tapping on a soft keyboard with a QWERTY layout, and tapping on a soft keyboard with an ABC layout (two rows of sequential characters). Tapping on the soft QWERTY keyboard was the quickest (23 wpm) and most accurate (1.1% errors) entry method. Hand printing was slower (16 wpm) and more error prone (8.1% errors). Tapping on the soft ABC keyboard was very accurate (0.6% errors) but was slower (13 wpm) than the other methods.These results represent the first empirical tests of entry speed and accuracy using a stylus to tap on a soft keyboard. Although handwriting (with recognition) is touted as the entry method of choice for pen-based computers, the much simpler technique of tapping on a soft keyboard is faster and more accurate.
Ntological Domains, Semantic Sorts and Systematic Ambiguity

Abstract This paper is concerned with some aspects of the relationship between ontological knowledge and natural language understanding. More specifically, I will consider how knowledge of ontological domains and knowledge of lexical meaning work together in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. An essential assumption is that in accordance with ontological distinctions there are various semantic sorts which linguistic expressions can be divided. The specific purpose of the paper is to explore how under these conditions the intricate problem of systematic ambiguity can be dealt with. Here the term "systematic ambiguity" stands for the phenomenon that a word or a phrase has several possible meanings which systematically related to one another and from which a suitable meaning can be selected dependently on the linguistic and non-linguistic context of use. Taking into consideration that many predicative expressions impose on their arguments certain sortal selection restrictions. I will deal with the phenomenon that a word or a phrase being systematically ambiguous in some cases adapt itself to the semantic format of the expression it is combined with. Such an adaptation eliminating one or more possible meaning of the word or phrase is in fact a coercion of its semantic sort. I will argue for an approach which takes into account a set of semantic coercion operations to meet sortal constraints. Moreover, I will show how such sort coercions performed in language understanding are sanctioned by world knowledge.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Toward Sexually-Transmitted Infections in Turkish Sex Trade Workers

The incidence and subsequent rise of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is an important public health problem in Turkey, as it is in other parts of the world. Since the mid-1980s, the incidence of STIs among the Turkish population has increased dramatically, particularly in the major urban areas. One hundred and fifty registered sex trade workers were interviewed to examine their current perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors. Socio-demographic information and other responses were tabulated as well as discussion of current behaviors and practices. Future recommendations are made to assist social workers, nurses, and other professionals in the area of public health. Suggestions include: (a) helping to increase awareness of problems within the sex trade among decision makers and opinion leaders by educating members of parliament, the mass media and the general population; (b) provision of additional resources and problem solving strategy for women who test positive or need treatment for STIs; and, (c) emphasizing and supporting formalized programs to help educate commercial sex trade workers, consumers and public health workers in the assessment and prevention of communicable diseases.
Gestures with Speech for Graphic Manipulation

Abstract This paper reports on the utility of gestures and speech to manipulate graphic objects. In the experiment described herein, three different populations of subjects were asked to communicate with a computer using either speech alone, gestures alone, or both. The task was the manipulation of a three-dimensional cube on the screen. They were asked to assume that the computer could see their hands, hear their voices, and understand their gestures and speech as well as a human could. A gesture classification scheme was developed to analyse the gestures of the subjects. A primary objective of the classification scheme was to determine whether common features would be found among the gestures of different users and classes of users. The collected data show a surprising degree of commonality among subjects in the use of gestures as well as speech. In addition to the uniformity of the observed manipulations, subjects expressed a preference for a combined gesture/speech interface. Furthermore, all subjects easily completed the simulated object manipulation tasks. The results of this research, and of future experiments of this type, can be applied to develop a gesture-based or gesture/speech-based system which enables computer users to manipulate graphic objects using easily learned and intuitive gestures to perform spatial tasks. Such tasks might include editing a three-dimensional rendering, controlling the operation of vehicles or operating virtual tools in three dimensions, or assembling an object from components. Knowledge about how people intuitively use gestures to communicate with computers provides the basis for future development of gesture-based input devices.
Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Positive Inotropic Response to β-Adrenergic Stimulation in Humans With Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Background Nitric oxide (NO) attenuates the contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation in cultured cardiac myocytes in vitro and in myocardium in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that NO synthesized in the heart inhibits the positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation in humans with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Methods and Results Patients with various degrees of LV dysfunction and free from epicardial coronary artery disease were instrumented with an infusion catheter in the left main coronary artery and a high-fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the LV. Measurements included LV pressure, aortic pressure, heart rate, and LV peak +dP/dt. In eight subjects, dobutamine was infused via the left main coronary artery (25 or 50 μg/min) before and concurrent with intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA, 20 μmol/min for 10 minutes). In six other subjects, dobutamine was infused (6, 10, or 15 μg · kg−1 · min−1) via a peripheral vein. Intraco.
APT: A Description of User Interface Inconsistency

Abstract One of the basic tenets of interface design is that an interface should be "consistent". However, the meaning of the term remains elusive. Several attempts have been made to represent consistency (and inconsistency) formally. Although each formalism has built on its predecessors to increase our understanding, a crucial assumption is still missing. APT (Agent Partitioning Theory) is a formal description of inconsistency that includes the missing assumption. In addition to being a formal description, APT embodies assumptions about human cognitive behavior. The psychological correlates of APT involve notions of generalization and of inference which are frequently used in describing inconsistency. These psychological correlates are used to explain (1) which user errors will occur as a result of inconsistency, and why, and (2) why users are sometimes correct, sometimes not, in an inconsistent system. Although some of the early formalisms state or imply that these formal descriptions can be used to identify inconsistency, they cannot do so. APT, and its predecessors, are not discovery procedures. They do not mechanically identify inconsistencies. They are tools to help an analyst do so.
The Minimal Manual: Is Less Really More?

Carroll, Smith-Kerker, Ford and Mazur-Rimetz (The minimal manual, Human-Computer Interaction , 3, 123-153, 1987) have introduced the minimal manual as an alternative to standard self-instruction manuals. While their research indicates strong gains, only a few attempts have been made to validate their findings. This study attempts to replicate and extend the original study of Carroll et al. Sixty-four first-year Dutch university students were randomly assigned to a minimal manual or a standard self-instruction manual for introducing the use of a word processor. During training, all students read the manual and worked training tasks on the computer. Learning outcomes were assessed with a performance test and a motivation questionnaire. The results closely resembled those of the original study: minimalist users learned faster and better. The students' computer experience affected performance as well. Experienced subjects performed better on retention and transfer items than subjects with little or no computer experience. Manual type did not interact with prior computer experience. The minimal manual is therefore considered an effective and efficient means for teaching people with divergent computer experience the basics of word processing. Expansions of the minimalist approach are proposed.
Point Location in Arrangements of Hyperplanes

We present a solution to the point location problem in arrangements of hyperplanes in Ed with running time O(d5 log n) and space O(nd+? ) for arbitrary ? > 0, where n is the number of hyperplanes. The main result is the d5 factor in the expression for the running time. All previously known algorithms are exponential in d or log n. This leads to nonuniform polynomial algorithms for NP-complete problems.
Improving Emotional and Cognitive Outcomes for Domestic Violence Survivors: The Impact of Shelter Stay and Self-Compassion Support Groups

This study examined the effectiveness of a domestic violence shelter and tested the impact of a self-compassion support group curriculum on outcomes valued by shelters such as autonomy, emotional restoration, and safety. Data were collected from 251 women staying in a domestic violence shelter who had the opportunity to attend a self-compassion support group during their stay. Women completed a pre- and posttest survey assessing self-compassion, empowerment, positive emotion, and perceptions of safety. First, women experienced a positive change (N = 36) from pretest to posttest across all four outcome variables, suggesting the domestic violence shelter was effective at improving survivors’ well-being. Second, participants who attended a self-compassion support group at least once reported more positive posttest scores compared with those who did not attend a group (N = 79); however, this effect was limited to participants who stayed in shelter a short time. Women who stayed in shelter a longer amount of time experienced more positive posttest scores regardless of group attendance. Although the sample size was limited, analyses directly comparing the traditional shelter support group with the self-compassion support group show that both were equally effective. These findings provide support for shelter effectiveness in terms of improving well-being. They also suggest women who stay in shelter a short period of time may not experience as many shelter benefits unless they attend a support group. Therefore, shelters should consider offering support groups to women very soon after shelter entry. Furthermore, more research is needed to disentangle the benefits of self-compassion interventions over and above a general support group curriculum.
Cycle of Violence in Schools: Longitudinal Reciprocal Relationship Between Student’s Aggression and Teacher’s Use of Corporal Punishment

The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between student’s aggression and teacher’s use of corporal punishment. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was analyzed with the data drawn from 4,051 Korean secondary students (male = 2,084, female = 1,967), in Gyeonggi Education Panel Study for three waves (seventh-ninth grades). Results revealed that student’s aggression provoke teacher’s use of corporal punishment and also teacher’s use of corporal punishment provokes student’s aggression. It is important in that it suggests the cycle of violence with the reciprocal relationship between student’s aggression and teacher’s use of corporal punishment, rather than positing the unidirectional effects. Practically, teachers should keep in mind that corporal punishments, which are at least partially attributable to student’s aggression, actually worsen the problem and lead to a cycle of violence in schools. Accordingly, they should instead respond with alternative disciplinary strategies or direct interventions dealing with the causes of aggression.
A Formal Model of Hierarchical Concept Learning

We show how to learn from examples (Valiant style) any concept representable as a boolean function or circuit, with the help of a teacher who breaks the concept into subconcepts and teaches one subconcept per lesson. Each subconcept corresponds to a gate in the boolean circuit. The learner learns each subconcept from examples which have been randomly drawn according to an arbitrary probability distribution, and labeled as positive or negative instances of the subconcept by the teacher. The learning procedure runs in time polynomial in the size of the circuit. The learner outputs not the unknown boolean circuit, but rather a program that, for any input, either produces the same answer as the unknown boolean circuit, or else says "I don? t know. " Thus the output of this learning procedure is reliable. Furthermore, with high probability the output program is nearly always useful in that it says "I don? t know" very rarely. A key technique is to maintain a hierarchy of explicit "version spaces. " Our main contribution is thus a learning procedure whose output is reliable and nearly always useful; this has not been previously accomplished within Valiant? s model of learnability.
Remisión de Crohn colónico refractario a corticoides con Infliximab

Presentamos la historia clinica de una paciente de 14 anos de edad, con 5 meses de diarrea cronica -con moco y sangre- asociada a dolor abdominal; asimismo presento fiebre y perdida de peso de 10 Kg. Recibio cotrimoxazol y posteriormente cloranfenicol sin mejoria; luego recibio terapia antituberculosa por un mes sin respuesta. En nuestro Servicio se le realizo una ileocolonoscopia que mostro en el colon varias ulceras con aspecto de “sacabocado”, otras lineales profundas, asimismo areas con aspecto de “empedrado”; las lesiones se distribuian de manera salteada. La patologia mostro la mucosa de colon con severa distorsion de su arquitectura, ulceraciones, tejido de granulacion, foliculos linfoides y formaciones “granulomatosas” con celulas epitelioides y macrofagos. El cuadro clinico, los hallazgos endoscopicos y biopsias fueron compatibles con Enfermedad de Crohn; el indice de actividad de Enfermedad de Crohn fue mayor de 450, por esa razon se inicio corticoterapia con hidrocortisona 60 mg cada 12 hs, al decimo dia -por falta de respuesta- se cambio a metilprednisolona 20 mg cada 12 hs por 10 dias mas, sin mejoria. Se considero Crohn refractario a corticoides y se decidio usar terapia biologica con Infliximab a dosis de 5 mg/ kg. , la respuesta fue espectacular, al tercer dia los sintomas cedieron considerablemente y a la semana habian desaparecido; se repitio la misma dosis de Infliximab a las 2, 6 y 8 semanas. Actualmente la paciente recibe azatioprina 75 mg/dia como mantenimiento. Damos a conocer esta experiencia a nuestros colegas, ante la eventualidad de enfrentarse a una situacion similar tengan presente esta alternativa terapeutica.
A Process Algebra for Timed Systems

A standard process algebra is extended by a new action ? which is meant to denote idling until the next clock cycle. A semantic theory based on testing is developed for the new language. This is characterised in terms of barbs, a variety of ready traces and also characterised as the initial theory generated by a set of equations.
On the Recognition of Families of Graphs with Local Computations

This paper is a contribution to understanding the power and the limitations of local computations in graphs. We use local computations to define a notion of graph recognition; our model allows a simulation of automata on words and on trees. We introduce the notion of k-covering to examine limitations of such systems. For example, we prove that the family of series-parallel graphs and the family of planar graphs cannot be recognized by means of local computations.
Deadline-Aware Energy Management in Data Centers

We study the dynamic energy optimization problem in data centers. We formulate and solve the following offline problem: given a set of jobs to process, where the jobs are characterized by arrival instances, required processing time, and completion deadlines, and given the energy requirements of switching servers ON or OFF, in which time-slot which server has to be assigned to which job, and in which time-slot which server has to be switched ON or OFF, so that the total energy is optimal for some time horizon. We formulate the offline problem as a binary integer program that can be considered as a new version of generalized assignment problem which includes new constraints stemming from deadline characteristics of jobs and the activation energy of servers. We propose an online algorithm that solves the problem heuristically, and we compare it to random assignment solution.
Frailty in Older Adults

person’s abilities. Walking is useful to improve heart fitness, balance, and muscle mass. Exercises using resistance such as weights or bands build muscle and help to reduce joint stiffness and pain. Even small increases in fitness can improve symptoms of frailty. • Keeping the mind active is important for older adults. Crossword or number puzzles, reading, playing games, and socializing are all good ways to maintain mental sharpness. • Recognize and treat depression, other psychiatric illnesses, and medical problems to prevent progression of frailty. • Maintain good nutrition with a balanced diet including enough protein (to maintain muscle mass), fruits and vegetables, fiber, and fluids (especially in warmer climates). A G IN G The Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA PATIENT PAGE
Any Lifting of a Trace Coding is a Word Coding

A trace coding is an injective morphism between two trace monoids. This definition naturally extends the classical notion of word coding between two free monoids. We prove that any lifting of a trace coding is a word coding. More precisely, given a trace codingF, let us choose for any lettera, a representative wordf(a) of the traceF(a). Then, the word morphismfis also a coding. This result positively solves a problem proposed by Ochma? ski.
Circulating levels of interleukin-18 in asbestos-exposed workers

Occupational exposure to asbestos has been associated with the development of pulmonary diseases through a persistent inflammatory response initiated by reactive oxygen species and the subsequent release of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a. Recently, IL-18, a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine and potent inducer of gene expression and synthesis of INF-g, TNF-a and IL-1 in immunocompetent cells, has been described. IL-18 serum concentrations were measured in 20 asbestos-exposed workers and in a group of 20 healthy donors. The workers underwent physical examination, pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). IL-18 levels were assayed in peripheral blood using the immunoenzymatic method with a commercial kit. The pulmonary function tests revealed a restrictive ventilatory deficit in nine (45%) cases and an obstructive ventilatory deficit in five (25%). The remaining six (30%) workers exhibited normal spirometric values. HRCT findings were: bilateral pleural plaques in 8 (40%) workers and bilateral parenchymal fibrosis in 12 (60%), with mean scores of 2.559 / 1.89. The exposed workers displayed significantly higher IL-18 concentrations than controls and those with parenchymal fibrosis displayed significantly higher values than workers with pleural plaques (P=0.001). In subjects with parenchymal fibrosis, HRCT scores significantly correlated with serum levels of IL-18 (P=0.001). Although the mechanisms leading to IL-18 release in asbestosis are unknown, the present preliminary results underscore the potential role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of pulmonary toxicity.
Case Study Revisiting the Association Between Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression

Recent studies have focused on the impact of postpartum depression on breastfeeding; however, the role of breastfeeding and weaning in the onset of postpartum depression has not been adequately studied. This article describes the case of a woman who had 3 episodes of major depression, each following closely the cessation of breastfeeding. The clinical and research implications of the association between weaning and the onset of postnatal depression are discussed. J Hum Lact. 24(1):77-79.
Cesarean Delivery as a Barrier for Breastfeeding Initiation: The Puerto Rican Experience

The study's objective was to examine the relationship between cesarean section delivery and the initiation of breastfeeding in a representative sample of 1695 Puerto Rican women aged 15 to 49 years, who delivered their last healthy singleton child in Puerto Rico between 1990 and 1996. Secondary analysis of data collected in the population-based cross-sectional study Puerto Rico Reproductive Health Survey was performed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the crude and covariate adjusted association between type of childbirth and initiation of breastfeeding. Overall, 36% of all births were performed by cesarean section, while initiation of breastfeeding was achieved by 61.5% of the women. Cesarean section was negatively related to breastfeeding initiation in multivariable logistic regression models (odds ratio = .64; 95% CI = 0.51-0.81) after controlling for confounding variables. Intervention programs that aim to promote breastfeeding and that provide special assistance to women undergoing this procedure should be developed. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el parto por cesárea y la iniciación de la lactancia materna en una muestra representativa de 1,695 mujeres puertorriqueñas entre las edades de 15-49 años, quienes tuvieron su último parto de hijo único en Puerto Rico entre 1990-1996. Se hizo un análisis secundario de los datos coleccionados en la población basada en un estudio seccional cruzado de la Encuesta de Salud Reproductiva de Puerto Rico. Se hizo análisis de regresión logística multivariada y bivariada para evaluar la asociación del crudo y covariable ajustado entre el tipo de parto y la iniciación de la lactancia materna. En general, 36% de los partos fueron por cesárea, mientras que la iniciación de la lactancia materna fue de 61.5%. La cesárea se relacionó negativamente con la iniciación de la lactancia materna en los módulos de regresión logística multivariable (Odds ratio = .64; 95% CI = 0.51-0.81) después de controlar variables atribuibles. Se deben desarrollar programas de intervención que se dirijan a la promoción de la lactancia materna que provee asistencia especial a mujeres que vayan a tener este procedimiento.