Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Political Segmentation and Diversification in the Rentier Arab Gulf

A curious fact about the proposition that economic satisfaction breeds political indifference in resource-dependent states—about thi s “rentier state” thesis—is that for a conceptual framework first proposed some three deca des go and popular ever since, it has yet to be put to the test empirically. Certain ly, some of its corollaries have invited quantitative research, most notably its implication that, at the country level, the extent of a country’s reliance upon resource rents should ten d to be inversely-related to its democraticness, since more rents means more citizen s content to relinquish their political prerogative in exchange for material benefits. Oth er studies proceed one step further to associate democracy with rates of taxation and gove rnm nt-sector employment. Yet, for all their effort, these analyses cannot b ring us closer to demonstrating the individual-level link between material contentment a d political apathy that is the explicit theoretical mechanism underlying the rentier framew ork, precisely because such analyses do not operate on the individual level. That the r egimes of the Arab Gulf are both autocratic and resource-dependent does nothing to s how that, in early 2013 in the United Arab Emirates, or in Kuwait, individual citizens wh o are satisfied with their economic situation also tend to be satisfied with their coun try’s political situation—or, at the least, uninterested in changing it. Equally, that Saudi A rabia and Qatar maintain high government employment rates and do not impose incom e taxes cannot directly connect the individual-level economic outcomes of these pol icies to citizens’ political orientations. In short, extant empirical evaluatio n f the rentier hypothesis has been limited to tests of the very observations that gave ris to the theory in the first place, while its own proposed causal logic remains unexami ned. Using original and previously-unavailable survey d ata from Bahrain and Qatar, this paper aims to interrogate the underlying causal mec hanisms of rentier state theory by exploring the determinants of political opinion and behavior among ordinary Gulf citizens. In short, it seeks to discover whether individuals’ normative political attitudes toward their
AN AUTOMATIC EQUALIZATION ALGORITHM FOR AUDIO

We present a method for automatically equalizing music and audio signals based on information extracted from the signal. The main goal is to enhance the perceived audio quality especially if the sound quality of the audio signal is unsatisfactory. This method is based only on information contained within the audio signal, thus no further information is needed about recording conditions and equipment. The method adapts the equalizing in such a way that it reduces the self-masking within an audio signal, in this way increasing the audibility of the information contained in the audio signal. Assuming that audio quality increases with the audibility of information within the audio signal, this approach will lead to an improved audio quality.
Mise en évidence des potentiels évoqués par CSP pour le dispositif d'interface P300 Speller

This article emphasizes physiological phenomena appearing on P300 speller. The Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) method is used to amplify the endogenous Event Related Potentials (ERP) used for classification. This method is also used to show the signal propagation process into the brain. The results, plotted for three patients, illustrate the diversity of response types.
A NOVEL APPROACH OF LV MICROGRID PROTECTION SHIFTED FROM GRID CONNECTED MODE TO STAND ALONE MODE

Due to penetration of many Distributed Generators (DGs) in the existing network make the whole system very complex. To handle this issue, segregate it into small manageable groups, each group is called a Micro Grid (MG). However due to their unrivalled arrangement not only the control and proper dispatch of power face problems, the MG experience austere issues regarding protection. In this paper a technique is considered, when low voltage (MG) operating in grid connected mode and shifted to standalone mode due to any transient or common abnormality such as over and under voltage as well as over and under current faults etc, its protection set points should be switched over to another set point group accompanied by switching of grounding breaker and excitation system of DG. For this a numerical relay algorithm will be developed having two groups of protection set points, one protection set point will be used when MG operating in Grid connected mode and other is used when operating in islanding mode and this algorithm will be implemented through auxiliary Relays.
Entropy Based Illumination-Invariant Foreground Detection

Background subtraction algorithms generate a background model of the monitoring scene and compare the background model with the current video frame to detect foreground objects. In general, most of the background subtraction algorithms fail to detect foreground objects when the scene illumination changes. An entropy based background subtraction algorithm is proposed to address this problem. The proposed method adapts to illumination changes by updating the background model according to differences in entropy value between the current frame and the previous frame. This entropy based background modeling can efficiently handle both sudden and gradual illumination variations. The proposed algorithm is tested in six video sequences and compared with four algorithms to demonstrate its efficiency in terms of F-score, similarity and frame rate. key words: background subtraction, foreground detection, illumination variations, computer vision, motion detection
Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh : Impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies

B. Venkateswarlu and V. U. M. Rao 1) Introduction Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Globally there is great concern on the impact of climate change on agriculture, more so in developing countries where large population depends on farming. In India too, agriculture is identified as one of the priority sectors for investments on climate change adaptation. In Madhya Pradesh, agriculture supports nearly 70 per cent of the rural population. With 72 per cent area under rainfed cultivation and predominance of small holders with low adaptive capacity, agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, any climate change adaptation plan for the state should have agriculture sector at the centre stage.
The Stability Comparison between Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks : Evidence in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the stability of Islamic banking and its comparison with conventional banking in Indonesia. In this case, the level of bank stability is measured individually using one of accounting-based bank soundness measurement called the Z-score indicator. Using the parametric statistical ttest, the study shows that the level of stability comparison between Islamic banks and conventional banks are significantly different. This research uses the sample data of 12 Islamic banks and 71 conventional banks in Indonesia during the period of 2004-2009. The results show that the Islamic banks in general have a lower degree of stability compared to the conventional ones. Some exclusion includes the tendency that small Islamic banks relatively have the same degree of stability with small conventional banks. During the crisis period of 2008-2009, Islamic banks and conventional banks tended to have the same relative degree of stability. Interestingly, the stability of full-fledged Islamic banks (BUS) is lower than Islamic business units ( UUS).
SPATIAL METRICS AND IMAGE TEXTURE FOR SLUM DETECTION

Slums are home to a large number of urban residents in developing countries. Reliable spatial information about slums is vital for policies aimed at improvement of such areas. The availability of very high resolution (VHR) satellite imageries has opened avenues for detailed urban mapping. But slum mapping is not a straight-forward task due to the variability in slum types/definitions across different contexts. This research aims at developing method for slum detection based on the morphology of the built environment using VHR images. The study explores the potential of using object-oriented image analysis (OOA) in combination with spatial metrics and texture to extract morphologically homogeneous segments. Furthermore, slum and non-slum settlements are characterized based on physical composition of the homogeneous areas.
Anonymity in socio-digital systems

Social data is particularly interesting to anonymity research due to its personal nature and recent increase in occurrence and usage. Despite the personal nature and prevalence of social networks and their data little research has been devoted to their anonymization. This thesis presents work by the author to define and apply anonymity metrics to socio-digital systems. This thesis discusses (1) new anonymity definitions that take into account the highly inter-related and often leaked nature of social network data, (2) algorithms to measure these anonymity metrics efficiently, (3) anonymization algorithms which balance information gain with anonymity, (4) a general data model connecting anonymity, information metrics, and knowledge models to make anonymity practical for real world usage and (5) a prototype system which anonymizes Facebook data released over an API to support anonymous socio-digital systems and applications.
The Empty Root in Cebuano and Kavalan : A Cognitive Perspective

Abastract During our fieldwork we found a peculiar linguistic form which occurs in naturally spoken data, but never in elicited data. This small form is in itself semantically empty outside of the discourse, yet in the context, it can be fitted into any syntactic slot and inflected or derived with appropriate morphological affixations accordingly. In other words, when attached with affixation, it can be used as a verb, noun, adjective, or adverb. In 1996, Rubino also reports a similar phenomenon in Ilocano discourse. He interprets such an empty root with appropriate morphological frame as a means of morphological integrity and thus can be evidence that the planning and production occurs at morphemic level. By investigating narrative and conversation data in both Cebuano and Kavalan, we also found that the distribution and functions of this empty root are far more complicated than what has been reported in Rubino (1996). Also, we attempt to provide a cognitive explanation to such a cross-linguistic phenomenon. Eventually, we hope to demonstrate that meanings are negotiated and thus emergent from actual use.
Chapter 15 Some Facts about Primate ( including Human ) Communication and Social Learning

These are exciting times for all those who have refused to listen to the Societe Linguistique de Paris. Investigation of the origins and evolution of language is back, and investigators have a whole new range of knowledge and methodologies to bring to the task. Among the most exciting of the new scientific tools for all of the reasons that Cangelosi and Parisi outline in their introduction are computer models designed to simulate aspects of some biological, psychological, and sociological processes that may have been involved in the origins and evolution of language. The problem, of course, is that a simulation is a simulation of something, and it is very useful if that something is available for inspection and comparison which is not exactly the case for things that have occurred in the ancient past. Cangelosi and Parisi bemoan "a very limited, in a sense nonexistent, empirical base". But when the focus is on process, as it is for many modelers, the situation is actually a bit different. There are a number of processes currently occurring in the natural world that were very likely involved in the origins and evolution of language. These can be studied empirically, and simulations can be compared to them. For example, many of the people engaged in computer simulations have attempted to benefit from recent research on such things as non-human primate communication; child language acquisition; imitation and cultural learning; and processes of language change, especially those involved in pidginization and creolization. My research involves the first three of these sets of processes, broadly conceived as processes of primate communication and social learning, including as a special case child language acquisition. I use observational and experimental
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROSTHETIC KNEE IN FLEXION

In early years, virtual simulation tools have allowed a large set of developments, both in education and in the medical field, as in strain analysis, by using finite element methods (FEM) we can get approximations close to the reality of the mechanical behavior of an object. In medicine, specifically in the orthopedic field, it is necessary to perform a biomechanical analysis of the prostheses and of the various elements that they replace, with the aim of identifying possible failures in the tissues. Considering the above, in the following article describes the analysis of movement of the prosthetic knee simulation with elastic elements such as springs to approximate the behavior of the ligaments, including a stress analysis of the joint using finite element, where the results show a coefficient of reliable safety structure, safe from breakage.
Clinical Reasoning: The Core of Medical Education and Practice

Clinical Reasoning (CR) is an important aspect of health professional education and practice. The basics and fundamentals, when put together, reflect a physician’s ability to make decisions and diagnoses. The cognitive processes involved in clinical reasoning are complex and layered. CR is the process through which physicians gather cues and data (usually from history and physical examination as well as other clues or information available), process the information, come to an understanding of the patients’ problems or situation, plan and implement the necessary interventions, evaluate the responses and outcomes, as well as reflect on or off the job as relevant for deeper learning. It is a complex series of steps and cognitive functions, involving higher level thinking to define the problems, examine the evidence and then making decisions and choices to improve the patient’s physiological and psycho-social state. This paper discusses, in a simplified manner, critical thinking and CR, the Dual Process Framework continuum (from the intuitive to the analytical) to explain physicians’ approach to CR as well as the common errors and biases involved in the process. The first step to create awareness of the need to enhance and sharpen CR is indeed to become more conscious of the steps undertaken, on a daily basis, as physicians encounter their patients and plan their management.
' s personal copy Application of a midge-based inference model for air temperature reveals evidence of late-20 th century warming in sub-alpine lakes in the central Great Basin , United States

Sediment cores were recovered from Stella Lake and Baker Lake, sub-alpine lakes located in Great Basin National Park, NV, in 2005 and 2007, respectively. The cores were analyzed for subfossil chironomid (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) remains. Chronologies for the sediment cores, developed using 210Pb, indicate the cores span the 20th century. The midge communities present in the lakes experience muted compositional change through much of the 20th century; however, the post-AD 1980 interval is notable due to rapid lake-specific faunal turnover. The recently deposited sediment in Baker Lake is characterized by decreases in the relative of abundance of Psectrocladius semicirculatus/sordillelus, Cladotanytarsus mancus group and Procladius, the local extirpation of Chironomus, and an increase the proportion of Sergentia, Tanytarsus type G and Tanytarsus type B. The Stella Lake midge community experienced a shift post-AD 1990 from an assemblage dominated by Tanytarsus type G to a P. semicirculatus/sordillelus dominated community. Application of a chironomid-based inference model for mean July air temperature (MJAT), based on a calibration set developed for the Inter-Mountain West of the United States consisting of 79 lakes and 54 midge taxa (rjack 2 1⁄4 0.55 C, RMSEP1⁄4 0.9 C, maximum bias1⁄4 1.66 C), provided a means to reconstruct the 20th century temperature regime for the region. Stella Lake and Baker Lake experience large fluctuations in MJAT during the early to mid-20th century and consistently above average temperature during the late-20th century. The chironomid-inferred MJAT reconstructions for Stella Lake and Baker Lake track observed July temperature in the region encompassed by Nevada Climate Division #2 during the late-20th century. 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
Diversity ale and female association in Trichomyia Haliday in Curtis , 1839 sing a molecular approach ( Diptera , Psychodidae , Trichomyiinae ) , nd description of new species from Brazil aíra

A new species of Trichomyia from the state of Bahia, Brazil, is described and illustrated, and male and female are associated using DNA barcoding. Additionally, fragments of the COI of two other species, Trichomyia cerdosa Araújo & Bravo, 2016 and Trichomyia ituberensis Araújo & Bravo, 2016, and the females of two unidentified species, are sequenced. eywords: NA-barcoding OI eotropical Region sychodid © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Learning to Perceive and Act

This paper considers adaptive control architectures that integrate active sensory-motor sys­ tems with decision systems based on reinforcement learning. One unavoidable consequence of active perception is that the agent's internal representation often confounds external world states. We call this phenomenon perceptual aliasing and show that it destabilizes existing reinforcement learning algorithms with respect to the optimal decision policy. We then de­ scribe a new decision system that overcomes these difficulties for a restricted class of decision problems. The system incorporates a perceptual subcycle within the overall decision cycle and uses a modified learning algorithm to suppress the effects of perceptual aliasing. The result is a control architecture that learns not only how to solve a task but also where to focus its attention in order to collect necessary sensory information. "This work was supported in part by NSF research grant no. DCR-8602958, and in part by NSF research grant no. IRI-8903582.
The Assessment of Entrepreneurship Development in Sustaining Economic Growth of People in Ijebu North East LGA , Ogun State , Nigeria

The study examined the assessment of entrepreneurship development in sustaining economic growth of people in Ijebu North East local government area. The study also established that entrepreneurship play important role for economic growth, and it also has effects on the standard of living of the people. A self designed questionnaire was used to collect relevant data for the study.The study adopted a simple random sampling techniques to select a sample of 150 respondents for the research survey. Percentage tables, mean, were used to analyze the data collected and chi-square statistical method was used to analyse the research hypotheses . The study adopted a descriptive research design and a survey method. Findings from the study revealed that the policy implications for promoting the type of entrepreneuship that will contribute to high economic growth and positive externalities inclusive, will need to raise both quantity as well as the quality of entrepreneurial ability. Thus, the study recommended that there is the need for good infrastructural facilities as well as priority to capacity building for technological innovation by the government. Development of entrepreneurial skills married with excellent knowledge of information and communication technology as additional key to technological and entrepreneurial development is crucial. The government and other stakeholders should strengthen training for entrepreneurs by facilitating the development of entrepreneurship courses in the public and private sector that would equip entrepreneurs with requisite skills and knowledge to survive in the dynamic business environment.
Clinical Significance of Serum Galectin-1 and Its Tissue Immunohistochemical Expression in Serous Ovarian Carcinoma Patients

Objectives: Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the commonest ovarian carcinoma type with poor prognosis due to early metastasis and first presentation with advanced stage. In this work, we investigated serum level of Galactin-1 (Gal-1) and its tissue immunohistochemical expression in SOC patients at different stages trying to find out its significance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Patients and methods: The study included 95 females I-Control group: Twenty five healthy females; II-Patients group: Seventy females diagnosed as SOC at different stages; Stage I: 8 cases, Stage II: 12 cases, Stage III: 32 cases and Stage VI:18 cases. Serum Galectin-1 and CA-125 were measured by ELIZA and tissue Galectin-1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. All patients were followed for up to 3 years after surgery. Results: Serum Gal-1 and CA-125 levels were significantly higehr in SOC patients compared to controls (p 135 ng/ml was superior to CA-125 a cut off value > 49 u/ml with sensitivity, specificity of 100%, vs 88.57, 96% for CA-125. Serum Gal-1 was significantly associated with tumor stage (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed that patients with strong Gal-1 expression had higher serum level (p = 0.002). Stromal and tumor Gal-1 expression were significantly correlated with tumor grade (p < 0.001) and stage (p = 0.001). Serum Gal-1, CA-125 and IHC Gal-1 expression were associated with poor survival (p < 0.001, p = 0.009 and p = 0.002) respectively. Conclusion: Serum Gal-1 and its tissue IHC expression are useful diagnostic and prognostic markers for SOC patients.
Dynamic efficiencies of the 1997 Boeing‐McDonnell Douglas merger

We evaluate the welfare effects of the 1997 Boeing‐McDonnell Douglas merger in the medium‐sized, wide‐body aircraft industry. We find that the merger led to lower prices. To explain the price drop, we develop a dynamic oligopoly game with learning‐by‐doing. We quantify the welfare effects of the merger by incorporating both increased market power and merger efficiencies from accelerated learning‐by‐doing. Our dynamic analysis indicates that net consumer surplus increased by as much as $5.14 billion, whereas a static model ignoring efficiencies of learning‐by‐doing predicts a $0.92 billion loss.
A Novel Frame Aggregation Scheduler to Solve the Head-of-Line Blocking Problem for Real-Time UDP Traffic in Aggregation-Enabled WLANs

In this letter, a novel frame aggregation scheduler is proposed to solve the head-of-line blocking problem for real-time user datagram protocol (UDP) traffic in error-prone and aggregation-enabled wireless local area networks (WLANs). The key to the proposed scheduler is to break the restriction of in-order delivery over the WLAN. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduler can achieve high UDP goodput and low delay compared to the conventional scheduler. key words: frame aggregation, head-of-line blocking, UDP, WLAN