Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Craft culture of guild crimean tatar master of manufacturing traditional leather shoes (on the manuscripts and published materials of

Adstract: The authors consider the scientific works of the famous turkologist V.A. Gordlevsky (1876-1956), which are largely preserved in handwritten form, in particular, in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and other archives. On the basis of the scientist’s work, there is carried out the comparative analysis of the guild organization of artisans in the Crimea and in Asia Minor, with the study of craftsmanship of the Crimean Tatar masters, who produced casual leather shoes on the territory of the Crimean peninsula in the late 18th - early 20th centuries. There is emphasized the leading role of the scientist in studying this problem. The authors point out the features of his life and scientific activity, which affected the formation of his fundamental and profound knowledge of this issue. There are formulated the conclusions reflecting the main aspects of the craft culture in the Crimea. The brotherhood of Akhi appeared and functioned in the Crimea as a voluntary union of the local professional and religious associations of guild craftsmen from the 13th century. In the opinion of V.A. Gordlevsky, these professional organisations played the leading religious, political and economic role in the region thanks to a “futuwwa”, the statute of the craft unions, which in Crimea were called “selef-name” and included ethical and moral codes, such as generosity, honesty and modesty. In the Crimea, there also was a hierarchy of guild craftsmen; it included three main levels of the craftsmen (the student “shekird”, apprentice “kalfa”, master “usta”) as well as administration headed by the supreme spiritual mentor of the guild “nakib” and the main masters “usta-bashi”.
Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to Hyalella azteca: Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity

Tenax® extraction is a simple, inexpensive approach to estimate the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants from sediment. In the present study, a single‐point Tenax extraction was evaluated regarding its correlation with the acute toxicity to Hyalella azteca using field‐collected sediments in California, USA. Pyrethroids were believed to be the primary contributor to the observed toxicity, and a significant correlation existed between the expected toxicity (given pyrethroid concentrations) and the mortality at most sampling sites. A small subset of sites, however, showed unexpectedly low toxicity to H. azteca despite high concentrations of pyrethroids. These samples were evaluated by Tenax extraction with the expectation that this procedure, which qualifies bioavailable instead of total pyrethroid concentration in sediment, would better explain the anomalously low toxicity. The term bioavailable toxic unit was proposed to link sediment toxicity with chemical availability, and the toxicity in the 17 selected sediments was better explained using Tenax extraction. The r2 value of the regression between sediment toxicity and toxic unit for the 17 sediments increased from 0.24 to 0.60 when the Tenax‐extractable concentration was used in place of the total concentration. Results also showed that adsorption to sand particles might play a controlling role in pyrethroid bioavailability and, in turn, sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates.
SYSTEMIC AND REGIONAL EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIN IN RABBITS: EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIN ANTIBODY

1. The effects of porcine endothelin‐1 (10‐12‐5 × 10‐10mol/kg) on arterial blood pressure (BP) and the renal, mesenteric and carotid blood flow (BF), and the effects of endothelin‐1 antibody were studied in rabbits.
Faculty Perceptions Regarding the Infusion of Global Perspectives into the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Curriculum: A Comparative Study.

A comparative study was conducted to explore faculty perceptions regarding the infusion of global perspectives into the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) curriculum at Iowa State University. King (1991) provided the previous base for the study, which enabled a comparison with data recently collected. This study may fill a void in the literature published in the context of the CALS faculty members’ perceptions in infusing a global perspective into the curriculum over the periods covered. The gap between the previous and current study may reveal a possible new mindset and trend in the perceived benefits and barriers of infusing global perspectives into the curriculum. An online survey using Qualtrics was used to collect data. The survey material was comprised of five parts: perception statements, critical content/topics, activities used to add global perspectives, opinions on the infusion of global perspectives and demographic information. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used to compare the data collected. Statistical differences were noted in the demographic and occupational information of gender, age and primary workload. There were also significant differences in students’ activities used to add international perspectives, comparative reasons for the departmental curriculum problems, and activities for curriculum improvement. Four of the 16 identified perception statements and 10 of the 48 identified critical content/topics were found to be statistically different in the two years that were compared. ANOVA results for both perception statements and the critical content/topics were significantly different on the identified races in the 1991 study but not on the 2016 study.
Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker disease with mutation at codon 102 and methionine at codon 129 of PRNP in previously unreported patients

Article abstract—We present two patients with Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), one from a previously undescribed kindred and one from the Canadian branch of a previously reported British kindred. In both patients, GSS is caused by a substitution of thymine for cytosine at codon 102 of the prion protein gene (PRNP). In each patient, we confirmed the clinical diagnosis by neuropathologic examination. The mutation, causing a substitution of leucine for proline at residue 102 (P102L) of the prion protein, has been previously reported in at least 30 other families. In the patients described here, the mutation was in coupling with methionine at PRNP codon 129.
Characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected AA‐2 cells by SEM and immunoelectron microscopy

The ultrastructural features of AA‐2 cells infected with either of two strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVMne‐E11S or SIVSMM‐PBj) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transformed CD4+ human B lymphocytes (AA‐2) were inoculated with SIV and observed at 2, 4, and 7 days post‐inoculation (dPI). Infected AA‐2 cells were distinguished by the progressive loss of microvilli, and variable numbers of free or protruding spherical particles measuring 90–120nm in diameter along the cell surface. Syncytial cell formation (complexes of fused cells) and necrotic cells were evident at each time point with the most numerous observations at 7 dPI. While the distribution and severity of the viral induced changes increased with time and affected virtually all cells by 7 dPI, the alterations were detected sooner and were more pronounced in SIVSMM‐PBj infected cells. This finding is consistent with the in vivo data from primate studies using the same strains of SIV. Syncytial cells exhibited slight to moderate indentations which appeared to coincide with the boundaries of individual cells forming the complex. The plasma membrane of syncytial cells was relatively smooth and lacked microvilli. Spherical particles and buds protruding from the plasma membrane were predominate features of syncytial cell surfaces. By the employment of antisera generated against whole SIVMne‐E11S, both transmission and scanning immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the identity of the spherical structures as free and budding SIV virions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accounting comparability, audit effort and audit outcomes

Accounting comparability among peer firms in the same industry reflects the similarity and the relatedness of firms’ operating environments and financial reporting. From the perspectives of “inherent audit risk” and “external information efficiency,” comparability is helpful for auditors in assessing client audit risk and lowers the costs of information acquisition, processing, and testing. I posit that the availability of information about comparable clients helps improve audit efficiency and accuracy. Empirical results show that comparability is negatively related to audit effort (surrogated by audit fees and audit delay). Moreover, comparability is negatively associated with the likelihood of audit opinion errors. These findings are robust to different specifications of regression models, particularly for the “endogeneity” issues due to the possible reverse causality that auditor style might influence client firms’ comparability. In sum, the study shows that accounting comparability enhances the utility of accounting information for external audits. La comparabilite de l'information comptable entre societes homologues appartenant au meme secteur d'activite reflete la similitude et la parente des environnements d'exploitation des societes et de leur information financiere. Dans la perspective du « risque d'audit inherent » et de l’« efficience de l'information externe », la comparabilite est utile aux auditeurs dans l’evaluation du risque d'audit associe a un client et elle reduit les couts d'acquisition, de traitement et de controle de l'information. L'auteur pose l'hypothese selon laquelle la disponibilite d'information relative a des clients comparables contribue a l'amelioration de l'efficience et de l'exactitude de l'audit. Les resultats empiriques montrent l'existence d'un lien negatif entre la comparabilite et le travail d'audit (dont rendent compte les variables de substitution que sont les honoraires d'audit et le temps necessaire a la production du rapport d'audit). De plus, la comparabilite affiche un lien negatif avec la probabilite d'erreurs dans l'opinion d'audit exprimee. Ces observations resistent a differentes specifications des modeles de regression, en particulier aux problemes d’« endogeneite » attribuables au lien de causalite inverse possible faisant que le style adopte par l'auditeur puisse influer sur la comparabilite des societes clientes. L’etude montre, en somme, que la comparabilite de l'information comptable accroit l'utilite de l'information comptable pour les audits externes.
The synergies between goal sketching and enterprise architecture

This paper introduces a pragmatic and practical method for requirements modeling. The method is built using the concepts of our goal sketching technique together with techniques from an enterprise architecture modeling language. Our claim is that our method will help project managers who want to establish early control of their projects and will also give managers confidence in the scope of their project. In particular we propose the inclusion of assumptions as first class entities in the ArchiMate enterprise architecture modeling language and an extension of the ArchiMate Motivation Model principle to allow radical as well as normative analyses. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method using a simple university library system as an example.
Universally immunogenic T cell epitopes: promiscuous binding to human MHC class II and promiscuous recognition by T cells

To understand the effect of human MHC class II polymorphism on antigen recognition, we analyzed the memory T cell response to three tetanus toxin epitopes defined by three short synthetic peptides (p2, p4 and p30). We found that p2 and p30 are universally immunogenic, since they are recognized by all primed donors, irrespective of their MHC haplotypes. The analysis of specific clones indicates that both peptides are very promiscuous in their capacity to bind to class II. p30 can be recognized in association with DRw11(5), 7, 9 and with DPw2 and DPw4, while p2 can be recognized in association with DR1, DRw15(2), DRw18 (3), DR4Dw4, DRw11(5), DRw13(w6), DR7, DRw8, DR9, DRw52a and DRw52b. On the contrary, the third peptide, p4, can be recognized by only half of the donors in association with only DRw52a and DRw52c.
Biochemical indices and neuromuscular function tests in rural Gambian schoolchildren given a riboflavin, or multivitamin plus iron, supplement

Ninety preselected children, aged between 8 and 14 years, living in two rural West African (Gambian) villages, were randomly divided into three groups, matched for age and sex. One group received a placebo (lactose) tablet, one received riboflavin (5 mg) on 5 d every week, which was sufficient to correct an endemic riboflavin deficiency, and one received a multivitamin supplement (Protovit; Hoffmann La Roche), on 5 d every week, together with FeSO4 (200 mg) once weekly, and the supplements were given for 1 year. Neuromuscular tests, including arm tremor and manipulative skills, were performed on three occasions: once just before the introduction of the supplements; again 6 weeks after commencing the supplements; and again 1 year later. Venous blood samples were collected at the same time as the first two sets of neuromuscular tests. These samples were used for haematology and nutrient status indices: plasma ferritin, ascorbic acid, cyanocobalamin and pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte tests for folate status, for riboflavin status (erythrocyte glutathionc reductase activation coefficient) and thiamine status (erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficient). The riboflavin in both supplements achieved a clear-cut response in biochemical status, which was dose-dependent. The pyridoxine, ascorbic acid and Fe components of the multivitamin also affected the associated biochemical indices. Although overall the arm tremor and related neuromuscular function tests did not respond significantly to the supplements, significant improvement was seen in the boys for the arm-tremor test in both the supplemented groups.
Studies on diurnal variations of heat production and the effective lower critical temperature of early-weaned pigs under commercial conditions of feeding and management

1. The heat production of groups of pigs, weaned at 10 d of age, was determined in an open-circuit respiration chamber at various ages between 10 and 33 d at temperatures above and below the lower critical temperature (Tcl). 2. The heat production was lowest on the second or third day post weaning when pigs were given feed increasing by 25 g/pig per d from day 2. There was a marked diurnal pattern in heat production, the lowest values being recorded between 24.00 and 08.00 h. 3. The mean thermal conductance (H/ΔT, kJ/h per m2 per °ΔT, where His total heat production, m2 is the surface area calculated as 0.097 W kg0.633 (Brody, 1945) and °ΔTis the difference between rectal temperature, taken as 39°, and air temperature) below Tcl was calculated as 18.0, 16.9, 18.5 and 21.2 respectively at 10, 17, 24 and 31 d of age. Maximum values of H/ΔT obtained during feeding periods were. on average, 4.5 kJ/h per me per °ΔT higher than the mean values. 4. The maximum value for Tcl during the immediate post-weaning period was 25.9°. The mean Tcl at 17, 24 and 31 d were respectively 21.7, 18.4 and 18.6° for pigs fed almost to appetite.
Acute coronary syndrome secondary to a complex lesion within a stent implanted over 6 years previously

We report on an acute coronary syndrome resulting from a complex severe lesion within a stent over 6 years after implantation. This may represent an uncommon long‐term limitation of coronary artery stenting. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;59:366–368. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Simple Strip Model in the Volume-Surface Integral Equation for Analysis of Arbitrary Probe-Fed Conformal Microstrip Antennas

A strip model is incorporated in the volume-surface integral equation (VSIE) to simplify the analysis of the probe-fed conformal microstrip antennas (CMSAs) with arbitrary shapes. The thin wire-surface junction of the feeding probe and the patch is transferred to the surface-surface junction that can be modeled by using Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis functions easily. Thus, the use of complicated attachment mode basis function in the conventional VSIE is eliminated, which simplifies the calculation of the method-of-moments (MoM) matrix. The construction of RWG basis functions at the surface-surface junction is detailed as well. An effective remedy is also proposed to overcome the computation breakdown in the near-singularity treatment when the field point locates at the extension of one side of the source domain. Numerical results show the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method.
p-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Is the Major Product of L-Tyrosine Oxidation by Activated Human Phagocytes

Reactive aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as well as other inflammatory diseases. A potential catalyst for such reactions is myeloperoxidase, a hemeprotein secreted by activated phagocytes. We now report that activated neutrophils utilize the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system to convert L-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Production of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde was nearly quantitative at physiological concentrations of L-tyrosine and chloride. Aldehyde generation required myeloperoxidase, H2O2, L-tyrosine, and chloride ion; it was inhibited by the H2O2 scavenger catalase and by the heme poisons azide and cyanide. Phorbol ester- and calcium ionophore-stimulated human neutrophils likewise generated p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde from L-tyrosine by a pathway inhibited by azide, cyanide, and catalase. Aldehyde production accounted for 75% of H2O2 generated by optimally stimulated neutrophils at plasma concentrations of L-tyrosine and chloride. Collectively, these results indicate that activated phagocytes, under physiological conditions, utilize myeloperoxidase to execute the chloride-dependent conversion of L-tyrosine to the lipid-soluble aldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, in near quantitative yield. Moreover, like aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation, amino acid-derived aldehydes may exert potent biological effects in vascular lesions and other sites of inflammation.
Attosecond Physics

Summary form only given. Fundamental processes in atoms, molecules, as well as condensed matter are triggered or mediated by the motion of electrons inside or between atoms. Electronic dynamics on atomic length scales tends to unfold within tens to thousands of attoseconds (1 attosecond [as] = 10-18 s). Recent breakthroughs in laser science are now opening the door to watching and controlling these hitherto inaccessible microscopic dynamics. The key to accessing the attosecond time domain is the control of the electric field of (visible) light, which varies its strength and direction within less than a femtosecond (1 femtosecond = 1000 attoseconds). Atoms exposed to a few oscillations cycles of intense laser light are able to emit a single extreme ultraviolet (XUV) burst lasting less than one femtosecond. Full control of the evolution of the electromagnetic field in laser pulses comprising a few wave cycles have recently allowed the reproducible generation and measurement of isolated sub-femtosecond XUV pulses, demonstrating the control of microscopic processes (electron motion and photon emission) on an attosecond time scale. These tools have enabled us to visualize the oscillating electric field of visible light with an attosecond "oscilloscope", to control single-electron and probe multi-electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. Recent experiments hold promise for the development of an attosecond X-ray source, which may pave the way towards 4D electron imaging with sub-atomic resolution in space and time.
Earth science and the integral climatic and socio-economic drivers of change across northern Eurasia: The NEESPI legacy and future direction

Amber Soja1 and Pavel Groisman2,3,4,5 1 National Institute of Aerospace, NASA LaRC, 21 Langley Boulevard, Hampton, MS 420, VA, 23681, United States of America 2 NC State University Research Scholar, at National Centers for Environment Information, Federal Building, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC, 28801, United States of America 3 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, 36 Nakhimovsky Ave. 117218, Moscow, The Russian Federation 4 Hydrology Science and Services Corp., 920 Rockhold Drive, Asheville, NC, 28804, United States of America 5 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. OPEN ACCESS
Methyl-CpG Binding Domain 1 (MBD1) Interacts with the Suv39h1-HP1 Heterochromatic Complex for DNA Methylation-based Transcriptional Repression*

Cytosine methylation and posttranslational modifications of the amino termini of the core histones in the nucleosome provide epigenetic codes for genome regulation. In the nucleus, not only is the DNA methylated, but the methylated DNA is also interpreted by methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) proteins. MBD1 possesses an MBD involved in mediating DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional repression. The MBD of MBD1 binds a symmetrically methylated CpG sequence, but the precise roles of this domain have not been investigated. In addition, little is understood about the state of histone modifications within MBD1-containing heterochromatin on methylated gene promoters. Here we show that histone H3 methylase Suv39h1 and the methyl lysine-binding protein HP1 directly interact with MBD of MBD1 in vitro and in cells. Suv39h1 was found to enhance MBD1-mediated transcriptional repression via MBD but not via the C-terminal transcriptional repression domain of MBD1. Furthermore, MBD1 links to histone deacetylases through Suv39h1, resulting in methylation and deacetylation of histones for gene inactivation. These data indicate that MBD1 may tether the Suv39h1-HP1 complex to methylated DNA regions, suggesting the presence of a pathway from DNA methylation to the modifications of histones for epigenetic gene regulation.
Tumor suppressor and growth regulatory genes are overexpressed in severe early-onset preeclampsia--an array study on case-specific human preeclamptic placental tissue.

BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is an important clinical condition with unknown etiology. We used DNA array technique to compare placental gene expression profile in severe early-onset preeclampsia from 25 to 27 gestational weeks with strictly non-affected placental samples from similar gestational weeks. METHOD DNA arrays were validated by showing the up-regulation of several genes typical for preeclampsia such as chorionic gonadotrophin beta-chain, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In DNA array, 5% of genes displayed less than or equal to twofold increase in expression level and only 0.2% of genes showed < or =0.5-fold decrease in expression in preeclampsia versus control. Signs of immunological factors, hypoxia, apoptosis, oxidative stress and altered thrombosis, coagulation as well as endothelial injury were seen in the gene expression profile. RESULTS As a new finding, we identified a group of 13 genes with a function in tumor suppression and growth regulation which were significantly up-regulated in preeclampsia. Three out of the five most highly up-regulated genes belonged to this group which included genes, such as protein phosphatase 2, phospholipid scramblase 1, transcription elongation factor, melanoma adhesion molecule, retinoic acid receptor responder 3, and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that up-regulation of tumor suppressor and growth regulatory genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe early-onset preeclampsia.