Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF SCHIZOPORELLA AND STYELA IN THE FOULING COMMUNITY AT BEAUFORT, NORTH CAROLINA'

The functional roles of Schizoporella, an encrusting bryozoan, and Styela plicata, a solitary tunicate, were investigated by continuously removing each species from the de- veloping community for 15 months. Observations were also made on the undisturbed community after the cessation of removals. Two experiments are reported here, initiated in October 1972 and 1973, respectively, and terminated in December 1976. When dense, Schizoporella excluded other species from the space it occupied, resulting in a patch with fewer species and with fewer changes in species composition through time. The maximum persistence time appeared to be -2 years and Schizoporella was unable to invade space occupied by other species. Styela also excluded other species from the community when dense, but its larvae were capable of invading space occupied by other species. The attachment sites of Styela on other organisms were often unable to support the large animals resulting from a summer of rapid growth. Thus, Styela often sloughed off in the fall, (even though the individuals may have been healthy) taking other organisms with it. In a short time frame, Styela stabilized the community, resisting invasion as did Schizoporella, but destabilized the community on a different time scale because of the approxi- mately annual slough-offs.
The effect of using nonchlorine products for cleaning and sanitising milking equipment on bacterial numbers and residues in milk

Seven milking machine cleaning procedures which differed in the working solution content of sodium hydroxide, presence of chlorine, temperature of water, and inclusion of acid and four antimicrobial products used as sanitisers in the premilking rinse water were evaluated. The cleaning system, which incorporated a high working solution of sodium hydroxide (2525 ppm) used in cold water combined with a hot (70 °C) daily acid wash, had lower total bacterial counts (TBC) (1040 colony forming units (cfu)/mL) than the same detergent product without the addition of acid (1980 cfu/mL) (P < 0.05). Lower TBC were observed in milk and on equipment surfaces when a sanitiser was applied (P < 0.01). Trichloromethane levels in milk were higher when chlorine was used as a sanitiser (P < 0.01).
Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: Current status and future prospectus

Buffalo has been an integral part of livestock agriculture in Asia for over 5000 years producing draft power, milk, meat and hides. Even today, 153 million buffalo provide 76 734 759 t of milk and 3 089 875 t of meat, and in several countries, up to 30% of the draft power for agricultural operations. Unfortunately, however, the species did not receive the attention of the policy makers and the researchers in accordance with its merits, which resulted in buffalo population decline in several eastern Asian countries. The present review highlights the importance of buffalo to the economic and social fabric, especially of the small and landless rural poor, of several countries in Asia. Some major national and international efforts being made to improve buffalo production have also been cited.
Phylogenetic Relationships in Fagales Based on DNA Sequences from Three Genomes

Nucleotide sequences of six regions from three plant genomes—trnL‐F, matK, rbcL, atpB (plastid), matR (mtDNA), and 18S rDNA (nuclear)—were used to analyze inter‐ and infrafamilial relationships of Fagales. All 31 extant genera representing eight families of the order were sampled. Congruence among data sets was assessed using the partition homogeneity test, and five different combined data sets were analyzed using maximum parsimony and the Bayesian approach. At the familial level, the same phylogenetic relationships were inferred from five different analyses of these data. Nothofagus, followed by Fagaceae, are subsequent sisters to the rest of the order. Fagaceae are then sister to the core “higher” hamamelids, which consist of two main subclades, one being Myricaceae (Rhoipteleaceae (Juglandaceae)) and the other Casuarinaceae (Ticodendraceae (Betulaceae)). The combined data sets provide the best‐supported estimate of evolutionary relationships within Fagales. Our results suggest that the combination of different sequences from several species within the same genus representing a terminal taxon has little influence on phylogenetic accuracy. Inclusion of taxa with some missing data in combined data sets also does not have a major impact on the topology.
Diversity and assembly of weed communities: contrasting responses across cropping systems

Summary Diversity and weed community composition of mid-season plant stands and autumn seedbanks were examined in spring barley–red clover cropping systems that varied according to crop rotation, tillage and weed management. Weed plant and seed density data collected over 4 years were used in the calculation of species richness (number of species), evenness (Shannon's E) and diversity (Shannon's H′), and in multivariate analysis (canonical discriminant analysis) of weed communities. Weed diversity indices were low (H′ < 2.0) but sensitive to management practices. Evenness had intermediate values (E = 0.4–0.8), suggesting little evidence of truly dominant species, particularly in the seedbanks. The difference in the number of species between treatments was never large (approximately two to four species). Overall, diversity indices were highest in the low disturbance treatments, particularly those with minimum weed management. Factors affecting ordination were somewhat different from those affecting diversity. Tillage had little effect on weed diversity indices but had a more major role in determining weed community composition. Seedbanks in no-till and monoculture-chisel plough treatments appeared to have more distinctive species composition compared with other treatments. Weed species assembly in seedbanks showed little discrimination across treatments and over time, confirming the ability of seedbanks to buffer disturbances across a variety of cropping systems. The use of diversity indices revealed part of the complexity of weed communities associated with disturbance in cropping systems, whereas ordination singled out species–cropping systems associations, which may be more meaningful to weed management.
Why bacteria are smaller in the epilimnion than in the hypolimnion? A hypothesis comparing temperate and tropical lakes

Bacterial size and morphology are controlled by several factors including predation, viral lysis, UV radiation, and inorganic nutrients. We observed that bacterial biovolume from the hypolimnion of two oligotrophic lakes is larger than that of bacteria living in the layer from surface to 20 m, roughly corresponding to the euphotic/epilimnetic zone. One lake is located in the temperate region at low altitude (Lake Maggiore, Northern Italy) and the other in the tropical region at high altitude (Lake Alchichica, Mexico). The two lakes differ in oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and in the temperature of water column. If we consider the two lakes separately, we risk reducing the explanation of bacterial size variation in the water column to merely regional factors. Comparing the two lakes, can we gather a more general explanation for bacterial biovolume variation. The results showed that small bacteria dominate in the oxygenated, P-limited epilimnetic waters of both lakes, whereas larger cells are more typical of hypolimnetic waters where phosphorus and nitrogen are not limiting. Indeed, temperature per se cannot be invoked as an important factor explaining the different bacterial size in the two zones. Without excluding the top-down control mechanism of bacterial size, our data suggest that the average lower size of bacterial cells in the epilimnion of oligotrophic lakes is controlled by outcompetition over the larger cells at limiting nutrients.
Kinetics and mechanism of the light-induced deterioration of lemon oil

The kinetics and mechanisms involved in the light-induced photodegradation of lemon oil (LO) have been investigated using singlet molecular oxygen [O 2 ( 1 Δ g )] time-resolved phosphorescence detection and steady-state irradiation, in organic and micellar aqueous solutions. A parallel study on the kinetics of limonene (L) photooxidation was carried out, for comparative purposes. An O 2 ( 1 Δ g )-mediated photooxidative process takes place in LO both in the absence and in the presence of external sensitizers
Efficacy of seed treatment with Apron Star 42 WS and foliar application of emulsified neem ( Azadirachta indica , A. Juss) seed oil in the control of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolar L. Moench) anthracnose in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria

Abstract The efficacy of seed treatment with Apron Star 42WS followed by foliar application of emulsified neem seed oil in controlling sorghum anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola was evaluated during the 1999 and 2000 cropping seasons. The experiments were laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The seed treatment formed the main plot factor while three application regimes of the emulsified neem seed oil were assigned to the sub-plots. The results showed that seed treatment with Apron Star 42WS supplemented with foliar sprays of emulsified neem seed oil significantly reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose compared to the untreated crops in both seasons. At maturity (120 DAS), the combined disease incidence was 22.25% and 33.45% in the treated and untreated crops, respectively, while disease severity for the same period was 17.63% and 26.08% for the treated and untreated crops, respectively. Also three sprays with the emulsified neem seed oil gave significantly lower disease incidence and severity (23.21% and 18.87%, respectively) compared to one spray (26.34% and 20.07%, respectively) and the control (31.95% and 25.54%, respectively). The reduction in the incidence and severity of the disease led to significantly higher grain yield of 1.09 t/ha in the treated crops compared to 0.67 t/ha in the untreated crops. Similarly, significantly higher straw or stover yield of 5.18 t/ha was recorded in the treated crops compared to 3.09 t/ha in the untreated crops. Three sprays with emulsified neem seed oil also gave higher grain yield (1.10 t/ha) and stover weight (4.61 t/ha) compared to one spray (0.75 t/ha and 4.05 t/ha, respectively) and the untreated crops (0.74 t/ha and 3.57 t/ha, respectively). Apron Star 42WS which is the latest formulation of metalaxyl as seed treatment in combination with foliar spray of emulsified neem seed oil gave adequate control of anthracnose and increased grain and stover yields of sorghum in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria.
La protéine prion : structure, dynamique et conversion in vitro

En 1982, S.B. Prusiner a emis l’hypothese selon laquelle l’agent infectieux des encephalopathies spongiformes etait uniquement constitue d’une proteine, la proteine prion. Celle-ci, une proteine cellulaire normale, peut adopter une conformation pathologique qui, ensuite, convertit la forme normale en forme pathologique, la proteine infectieuse. Cette hypothese pose de nombreux problemes relevant de la biologie structurale des proteines. Nos connaissances sur la structure spatiale et le repliement de la proteine prion ont progresse de facon importante et nous essayons de concilier les resultats experimentaux actuels avec l’hypothese prion. Si la structure de la proteine recombinante ne revele rien de particulier, son repliement dans des conditions acides permet d’atteindre une structure en feuillet s similaire a celle de la proteine trouvee chez les animaux infectes, mais qui, malheureusement, n’est pas infectieuse. La participation de co-facteurs comme les chaperons est evoque, mais n’a pas permis d’atteindre la structure infectieuse. L’analyse des resultats experimentaux ne permet ni d’infirmer ni de confirmer l’hypothese prion, mais des aspects importants restent encore a explorer.
Epidemiology of dengue and chikungunya viruses and their potential impact on the blood supply

Dengue and chikungunya, transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, have caught worldwide attention because of increase in the frequency of major epidemics in recent years. Though transmitted by the same vectors, they are caused by different viruses (DENV and CHIKV) that belong to the genus Flavivirus and Alphavirus, respectively.
Mixed Finite Element-Characteristic Mixed Finite Element Method for Simulating Three-Dimensional Incompressible Miscible Displacement Problems

A mixed finite element with the characteristics is presented as a local conservative numerical approximation for an incompressible miscible problem in porous media. A mixed finite element (MFE) is used for the pressure and Darcy velocity, and a characteristic method is for the saturation. The convection term is discretized along the characteristic direction and the diffusion term is discretized by zero-order mixed finite element method. The method of characteristics confirms the strong stability without numerical dispersion at sharp fronts. Moreover, large time step is possibly adopted without any accuracy loss. The scalar unknown function and the adjoint vector function are obtained simultaneously and the law of mass conservation holds in every element by the zero-order mixed finite element discretization of diffusion flux. In order to derive the optimal $3/2$-order error estimate in $L^2$ norm, a post-processing technique is included in the approximation to the scalar unknown saturation. This method can be used to solve the complicated problem.
Talent Management Practices in Institutions of Higher Learning: Impact of Recruitment and Culture on Employee Performance in Adamawa State Nigeria

This study examines the impact of talent management practices (TMP) in institutions of higher learning (IHL) in Adamawa state Nigeria. Data was obtained through a structured questionnaire administered to seven institutions of higher learning involved in the study. A structured questionnaire was developed using the Linkert scale and was administered to 382 employees of the institutions randomly selected. Partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses and relationships of the model. PLS model was used because the study involved testing a theoretical framework from a predictive perspective involves many constructs, the objective is to better understand increasing complexity by exploring theoretical extensions on talent management practices, and the study requires latent variables scores for follow-up analysis (Hair et al, 2017). The result shows a positive and significant relationship between talent management practices (recruitment and culture) and employee performance. The implication is that TMP is an effective tool in achieving organizational and employee performance. The study recommends that IHL should widely select employees across all cadres, encourage talent career growth and development as part of the operational culture through public recognition and awards.
Strength enhancement by addition of microbial transglutaminase during Chinese noodle processing

準強力粉を主原料として中華麺を調製し,麺の物性に対するMTGaseの添加効果を調べた. (1) かんすいの添加量を調整し生麺調製時のpHを約6～10と変化させ,ゆで麺,酸処理麺の破断強度に及ぼす影響を調べた結果,MTGase無添加麺ではpHが高いほど破断強度が高かったが,MTGase添加系ではpH 6～8で破断強度増加効果が得られた. (2) pH 8. 0で生麺を調製し, MTGaseの添加量が破断強度に及ぼす影響を調べた結果,MTGase 0～7U/gproteinで酵素濃度の増加とともにゆで麺の破断強度が増加した. ゆで麺を酸処理またはレトルト処理した場合,調べた0～10U/g proteinの範囲内で酵素濃度の増加とともに破断強度が増加した. (3) 生麺の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡により観察した結果から,これらMTGaseによる効果はG-L架橋形成によりグルテンのネットワーク構造が補強されたためと推定された. (4) 以上より,MTGaseを使用するとゆで麺の破断強度が増加すること,さらに酸処理やレトルト処理をしても破断強度の低下が抑制されることが判明した.
Minimizing the Risk of Campylobacter and Salmonella Illnesses Associated with Chicken Liver

This document is designed for FSIS-regulated establishments, and retail food outlets, and foodservice entities, including hotels, restaurants, and institutions, that produce raw (not-ready-to-eat) chicken liver, or products made from chicken liver, for human consumption. It provides guidance to assist establishments in reducing the public health risk associated with chicken liver. Additionally, retail food outlets and foodservice entities may find this guidance useful when considering suppliers for chicken liver for use in pâté or similar dishes. These entities may also find it useful when considering preparation practices, as this guidance explains the need to fully cook chicken liver due to the potential for the external and internal presence of pathogens. The document discusses recommendations by FSIS, based on currently available scientific evidence and practical considerations. The recommendations are not requirements that must be met. Establishments may choose to adopt different procedures than those outlined in the guideline, but they would need to support why those procedures are effective. This guideline represents FSIS’s current thinking on this topic, and FSIS encourages official establishments and others to use it.
Intraclutch egg-size variation and offspring survival in the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus

We studied the consequences of intraclutch egg-size variation in Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinus in southern Spain to test the hypothesis that females allocate resources preferentially to eggs with the greatest survival potential. Second eggs were larger and had a greater hatching success than the other eggs in a clutch. However, we did not find unequivocal support for the differential allocation hypothesis, because egg failures according to laying order were not due to the causes predicted by the hypothesis, and the change in egg-size with laying order was not consistent between successive clutches of renesting females. This suggests that nutrient availability during egg formation could act as a proximate factor affecting egg-size independently of laying order. Larger eggs produced heavier chicks and, within broods, heavier chicks were most likely to be recruited into the breeding population. By laying clutches with a larger mean egg volume in replacement clutches, females took longer to lay again after failure of the first clutch. Thus, opposing selective forces may act to increase and decrease egg volume. Although a trade-off between egg-size and clutch-size has not been found in precocial birds, our results suggest that there may be a trade-off between egg-size and fecundity, since an increase in the size of eggs within clutches may limit the time remaining within the season to lay second or replacement clutches.
Crystal Structures and Properties of De Novo Circularly Permuted 1,3-1,4-b-glucanases

The 1,3-1,4-b-glucanases from Bacillus macerans and Bacillus licheniformis, as well as related hybrid enzymes, are stable proteins comprised of one compact jellyroll domain. Their structures are studied in an effort to reveal the degree of redundancy to which the three-dimensional structure of protein domains is encoded by the amino acid sequence. For the hybrid 1,3-1,4-b-glucanase H(A16-M), it could be shown recently that a circular permutation of the sequence giving rise to the variant cpA16M-59 is compatible with wildtype-like enzymatic activity and tertiary structure (Hahn et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10417-10421, 1994). Since the circular permutation yielding cpA16M-59 mimicks that found in the homologous enzyme from Fibrobacter succinogenes, the question arose whether de novo circular permutations, not guided by molecular evolution of the 1,3-1,4-bglucanases, could also produce proteins with native-like fold. The circularly permuted variants cpA16M-84, cpA16M-127, and cpA16M-154 were generated by PCR mutagenesis of the gene encoding H(A16-M), synthesized in Escherichia coli and shown to be active in b-glucan hydrolysis. CpA16M-84 and cpA16M-127 were crystallized in space groups P21 and P1, respectively, and their crystal structures were determined at 1.80 and 2.07 Å resolution. In both proteins the main parts of the b-sheet structure remain unaffected by the circular permutation as is evident from a root-mean-square deviation of main chain atoms from the reference structure within the experimental error. The only major structural perturbation occurs near the novel chain termini in a surface loop of cpA16M-84, which becomes destabilized and rearranged. The results of this study are interpreted to show that: (1) several circular permutations in the compact jellyroll domain of the 1,3-1,4-b-glucanases are tolerated without radical change of enzymatic activity or tertiary structure, (2) the three-dimensional structures of simple domains are encoded by the amino acid sequence with sufficient redundancy to tolerate a change in the sequential order of secondary structure elements along the sequence, and (3) the native N-terminal region is not needed to guide the folding polypeptide chain toward its native conformation. Proteins 30:155–167, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Correlações limnológicas em viveiros de cultivo do camarão-da-amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum

A qualidade da agua dos viveiros e fundamental para o sucesso da aquicultura. Entre as variaveis as maisimportantes estao o oxigenio dissolvido e o nitrogenio amoniacal. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo limnologico de viveiros de cultivo de Macrobrachium amazonicum. Doze viveiros com cerca de 0,01ha foram povoados com 20 juvenis de M. amazonicum.m-2. Os animais foram alimentados com racao extrusada na proporcao de 6 a 9% da biomassa ate a 14a semana. Depois de 145 dias de estocagem dos camaroes, todos os viveiros foram drenados e despescados. Semanalmente, foram determinadas as seguintes variaveis da agua: temperatura, oxigenio dissolvido, demanda bioquimica de oxigenio, pH, alcalinidade total, condutividade eletrica, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogenio amoniacal, nitrogenio total, ortofosfato soluvel, fosforo total, clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila c, feofitina, turbidez e solidos totais suspensos. Este trabalho analisou, em viveiros de Macrobrachium amazonicum, a correlacao entre diversas variaveis limnologicas. Semanalmente, os dados foram obtidos de doze viveiros com cerca de 0,01ha e profundidade de 1,0m, povoados com 20 juvenis de M. amazonicum.m-2, alimentados com racao extrusada, na taxa de 6 a 9% da biomassa ate a 14a semana. Depois de 145 dias de cultivo, os viveiros foram drenados e despescados. A racao diaria teve pouco efeito sobre a qualidade da agua dos viveiros do que da agua de renovacao. Das variaveis limnologicas analisadas, as que apresentaram as maiores correlacoes signifi cativas foram entre o oxigenio dissolvido e nitrogenio amoniacal e entre o nitrito e a turbidez.
Oxygen and sulfide dynamics in a horizontally migrating cyanobacterial mat: Black band disease of corals

Abstract Black band disease is caused by a horizontally migrating microbial consortium which overgrows and kills reef-building corals in many areas of the world. The cyanobacterium Phormidium corallyticum , the sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Beggiatoa sp. , fungi, and sulfate-reducing bacteria dominate the consortium, which is generally several mm to 1 cm in width and ca. 1 mm in thickness. Microelectrode measurements revealed photosynthetically produced O 2 -supersaturation in upper layers during day, although conditions at the band-coral interface were consistently anoxic and, at night, sulfide-rich. Diel distributions of oxygen and sulfide resembled those from cyanobacterial mats in sulfur springs, intertidal mats and hypersaline lagoons.
Appreciating functional programming: A beginner’s tutorial to haskell illustrated with applications in numerical methods

This paper introduces functional programming to the ATCM community with the aim of popularizing this programming paradigm through a deeper appreciation for function as a mathematical concept and, at the same time, for its practical beneﬁts. The functional language Haskell is chosen amongst several choices because of its lazy evaluation strategy and high-performance compiler WinGHCi. We demonstrate the elegance and versatility of haskell by coding Haskell programs to implement well-known numerical methods.