Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mammary alveolar cell as in vitro evaluation system for casein gene expression involved in glucose level

Objective Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, αS1, αS2, and β casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.
Primary Rhinoplasty in Unilateral Cleft Patients: The “Limited Open” Approach and Other Technical Considerations

Objective To validate a method of primary anatomic alar repositioning using a “limited open rhinoplasty” approach, along with cleft lip repair, without presurgical orthopedics. Methods The cleft lip deformities were repaired using a modified Tennison technique, and primary muscle union and gingivoperiosteoplasty were achieved in all cases. The alar cartilages were visualized using an inverted “U” incision on the cleft side and a rim incision on the noncleft side, without joining the two with a transcolumellar incision. The domes of the cartilages were approximated by a single horizontal mattress suture. Patients Thirty-five patients were operated on by this technique between March 1999 and February 2004. The patients ranged in age from 4 to 36 months (mean, 6 months). The follow-up ranged from 4 months to 4.5 years (mean, 18 months). Results Overall, the results for nasal shape and symmetry have been extremely good. Conclusions The technique used here provides an exposure just short of an “open” rhinoplasty without scarring the columella or nasal tip. Arch alignment and a symmetric and stable bony platform are generally achieved by 2 to 3 months after the surgery. In severe cases of complete clefts, we have observed an absolute increase in alar arch length as a result of tissue stretch.
¿Las correlaciones altmétricas/métricas tradicionales se ven afectadas por los planes de marketing en medios sociales de las revistas? El caso de la revista Comunicar

This study analyses the correlations between data provided by the traditional citation systems on one hand and altmetrics on the other hand, related to the articles published in the journal Comunicar during five years. This journal stands out among the others in its field due to its advanced social media marketing plan. First, a presentation of the most representative aspects of altmetrics is given, according to published studies. Next, a bibliographic review is carried out on the publications dealing with the subject of the correlations and that emphasize the low correlation between citations and altmetrics. With the aim of helping researchers to understand what they involved and how they are used for their own benefit, this review is followed by a cross-metric validation study of the articles that concludes that altmetrics do not measure the authors' scientific impact, but they are significant in assessing the level of attention received by their publications in different fields and indicate the interest and the importance of using social media, especially Mendeley and Twitter, to give visibility and disseminate their scientific outputs.
Electrical coupling, receptive fields, and relative rod/cone inputs of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina

Light responses, dendritic/axonal morphology, receptive field diameters, patterns of dye coupling, and relative rod/cone inputs of various types of horizontal cells (HCs) were studied using intracellular recording and Lucifer yellow/neurobiotin dye injection methods in the flatmount tiger salamander retina. Three physiologically and morphologically distinct types of HC entities were identified. 1) The A‐type HCs are somas that do not bear axons, with average (±SE) soma diameters of 20.01 ± 0.59 μm, relatively sparse and thick dendrites, and they resemble the A‐type HC in mammals. The average receptive field diameter of these cells is 529.6 ± 10.87 μm and they receive inputs predominantly from cones. 2) The B‐type HCs are broad‐field somas that bear thin and long axons, with average soma diameters of 17.67 ± 0.38 μm, thinner dendrites of higher density, and they resemble the B‐type HC in mammals. The average receptive field diameter of these cells is 1,633.55 ± 37.34 μm and they receive mixed inputs from rods and cones. 3) The B‐type HC axon terminals are broad‐field, coarse axon terminal processes and they resemble the B‐type HC axon terminal in rabbits. The average receptive field diameter of these axon terminals is 1,291.67 ± 24.02 μm and they receive mixed inputs from rods and cones. All these types of HC are dye‐coupled with adjacent HCs of the same type. Additionally, B‐type HCs and axon terminals are dye‐coupled with subpopulations of bipolar cells whose axon terminals ramify in the proximal half of the inner plexiform layer, raising the possibility that these HCs may send feedforward antagonistic surround responses to depolarizing bipolar cells through electrical synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:422–431, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradoxical Poverty in Russia

Research problem:The problem of poverty worries not only the population, but also serves as the subject of numerous scientific works. Research methodology:The study of the issue was carried out with the help of surveys and a method of reviewing literary sources. The theoretical basis was the assumption of the relationship between poverty and property inequality. Conclusions: It is established that the curves of the change in the proportion of the poor and decile coefficients have a shift of the optimums relative to each other. This shift indicates the presence of a delay. Conclusion: By today, the delay was leveled that may portend social upheavals. Recommendations: To prevent social upheavals, one should apply the entire possible set of measures to reduce the share of the poor and decile coefficient
The perioperative management of treatment with anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors.

BACKGROUND When giving anticoagulants and inhibitors of platelet aggregation either prophylactically or therapeutically, physicians face the challenge of protecting patients from thromboembolic events without inducing harmful bleeding. Especially in the perioperative period, the use of these drugs requires a carefully balanced evaluation of their risks and benefits. Moreover, the choice of drug is difficult, because many different substances have been approved for clinical use. METHOD We selectively searched for relevant publications that appeared from 2003 to February 2013, with particular consideration of the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF), the American College of Cardiology, and the American Heart Association. RESULTS Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), low molecular weight heparins, and fondaparinux are the established anticoagulants. The past few years have seen the introduction of orally administered selective inhibitors of the clotting factors IIa (dabigatran) and Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban). The timing of perioperative interruption of anticoagulation is based on pharmacokinetic considerations rather than on evidence from clinical trials. Recent studies have shown that substituting short-acting anticoagulants for VKA before a procedure increases the risk of bleeding without lowering the risk of periprocedural thromboembolic events. The therapeutic spectrum of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel has been broadened by the newer platelet aggregation inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor. Patients with drug eluting stents should be treated with dual platelet inhibition for 12 months because of the risk of in-stent thrombosis. CONCLUSION Anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors are commonly used drugs, but the evidence for their perioperative management is limited. The risks of thrombosis and of hemorrhage must be balanced against each other in the individual case. Anticoagulation need not be stopped for minor procedures.
Effect of nitric oxide on iron‐mediated cytotoxicity in primary cultured renal proximal tubules

Nitric oxide (NO) has been proved to be a mediator of hypoxic injury in renal proximal tubules (PT), but its effect on iron‐induced cytotoxicity has remained little known. In this study, we observed the relationship between NO production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in primary proximal tubular epithelia co‐incubated with different doses of NTA‐Fe and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination. NO production was monitored by NO2 concentration in supernatants based on the Griess reaction; while the semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR was applied to detect the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA level induced by NTA‐Fe and LPS together. In addition, experimental groups were subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to determine the impact of the interaction between NO and ROS on iron‐mediated cytotoxicity. After a 12‐h co‐incubation, we found that NTA‐Fe increased both LDH release and 2− production in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.001). The level of iNOS mRNA induced by LPS was enhanced by 500 μm NTA‐Fe (P < 0.01), lower or higher concentrations had no effect. However, the supernatant 2− level in the same group did not change significantly (P > 0.05) although tubular injury was aggravated (P < 0.001). The addition of l‐arginine increased LDH release from 25.05 ± 8.36% in the iron group to 38.67 ± 7.67% in iron plus LPS group (P < 0.05); concomitantly, l‐NAME mitigated iron toxicity in LPS‐treated PT (P < 0.05). Hydroxyl scavengers provided complete protection against iron‐mediated cytotoxicity (P < 0.001), but the decrease of 2− production was only significant in the LPS‐treated group. In contrast, SOD was partially effective in the LPS group (P < 0.05) whereas the 2− level in the supernatant was inversely raised (P < 0.05). GSH had no effect on either iron toxicity or 2− production. Thus, we conclude that NO can exacerbate the cytotoxicity caused by NTA‐Fe in cultured proximal tubular epithelia, but NO is not the only factor. NTA‐Fe could enhance the upregulation of iNOS transcription induced by LPS in a specific concentration range, and its regulation of NO production might also involve a post‐transcription mechanism. The hydroxyl group is the major mediator in our model and the pro‐oxidant role of NO is probably due to its ability to promote the Fenton reaction and form both ONOO− and ˙OH via its interaction with ROS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The establishment of high current DC shunt calibration system at KRISS and comparison with NRC

The application of a simple binary step up method for possible calibration of high current DC shunts up to a few thousand amperes in which a pair of HCDC shunts are used to evaluate the current dependence of the shunt resistance. It was found that a complex exponential linear model can be applied to separate the drifts in voltage measurements from the contribution of the current coefficient of the shunt. This approach allows one to extract the information on the current coefficient of the shunt and together with low current measurement of the shunt resistance to calibrate the current output of HCDC source, which in turn can be used as a reference for calibration of customer's shunts. In order to validate the step up method, the calibrated HCDC source was used to obtain DC current ratios which is to be compared with NRC's high current ratio measurements of a multi-ratio 3000 A reference DC CT.
Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion/T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A case report and review of the literature

The lesions known as lymphocytic vasculitis, polymorphic reticulosis (midline malignant reticulosis, lethal midline granuloma), lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and angiocentric lymphoma form what have been collectively termed the angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions (AIL). Because of recent reports demonstrating clonal rearrangements of the T‐cell receptor in these lesions, the AIL are now thought to represent a continuous spectrum of post‐thymic T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). NHL associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) represents intermediate or high‐grade B‐cell malignancies in HIV‐infected patients that may be etiologically related to the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). There have been reports of EBV‐associated T‐cell NHL, AlL, and large granular lymphocyte (LGL) proliferations, as well as HIV‐associated T‐cell neoplasia, LGL/T‐cell proliferations, and AIL. We describe a case of polymorphic reticulosis (lethal midline granuloma) arising in an HIV‐infected individual, who later progressed to AIDS, and review the literature on HIV‐associated and EBV‐associated T‐cell neoplasia, LGL/T‐cell proliferations, and AIL. the etiology of this AIL/T‐cell NHL, especially in relation to EBV and HIV, is discussed.
Recent speciation between sympatric Tanganyikan cichlid colour morphs

Lake Tanganyika, Africa’s oldest lake, harbours an impressive diversity of cichlid fishes. Although diversification in its radiating groups is thought to have been initially rapid, cichlids from Lake Tanganyika show little evidence for ongoing speciation. In contrast, examples of recent divergence among sympatric colour morphs are well known in haplochromine cichlids from Lakes Malawi and Victoria. Here, we report genetic evidence for recent divergence between two sympatric Tanganyikan cichlid colour morphs. These Petrochromis morphs share mitochondrial haplotypes, yet microsatellite loci reveal that their sympatric populations form distinct genetic groups. Nuclear divergence between the two morphs is equivalent to that which arises geographically within one of the morphs over short distances and is substantially smaller than that among other sympatric species in this genus. These patterns suggest that these morphs diverged only recently, yet that barriers to gene flow exist which prevent extensive admixture despite their sympatric distribution. The morphs studied here provide an unusual example of active diversification in Lake Tanganyika’s generally ancient cichlid fauna and enable comparisons of speciation processes between Lake Tanganyika and other African lakes.
Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measures in mildly disabled patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COGIMUS) study

Background Cognitive impairment is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the association between cognitive impairment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease measures in patients with relapsing–remitting (RR) MS is unclear. Objectives To study the prevalence of cognitive impairment and its relation with MRI disease measures in mildly disabled patients with RRMS. Methods Patients aged 18–50 years with RRMS (McDonald criteria) and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤4.0, who were enrolled in the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COGIMUS) study, underwent baseline standardized MRI complete neurological examination and neuropsychological testing. Results A total of 550 patients were enrolled, 327 of whom underwent MRI assessments. Cognitive impairment (impaired performance in ≥3 cognitive tests) was present in approximately 20% of all patients and in the subgroup who underwent MRI. T2 hyperintense and T1 hypointense lesion volumes were significantly higher in patients with cognitive impairment (defined as impaired performance on at least three tests of the Rao’s battery) than those without. EDSS score was also significantly higher in cognitively impaired than in cognitively preserved patients. Disease duration, depression, and years in formal education did not differ significantly between cognitively impaired and cognitively preserved patients. T2 lesion volume, performance intelligence quotient, and age were significant predictors of cognitive impairment in this population. Weak correlations were found between performance on individual cognitive tests and specific MRI measures, with T1 and T2 lesion volumes correlating with performance on most cognitive tests. Conclusions Cognitive impairment occurs in approximately one-fifth of mildly disabled patients with MS and is associated with specific MRI disease measures. Assessment of cognitive function at diagnosis could facilitate the identification of patients who may benefit from therapeutic intervention with disease-modifying therapies to prevent further lesion development.
Statistical perturbations in personal exposure meters caused by the human body in dynamic outdoor environments

Personal exposure meters (PEM) are routinely used for the exposure assessment to radio frequency electric or magnetic fields. However, their readings are subject to errors associated with perturbations of the fields caused by the presence of the human body. This paper presents a novel analysis method for the characterization of this effect. Using ray‐tracing techniques, PEM measurements have been emulated, with and without an approximation of this shadowing effect. In particular, the Global System for Mobile Communication mobile phone frequency band was chosen for its ubiquity and, specifically, we considered the case where the subject is walking outdoors in a relatively open area. These simulations have been contrasted with real PEM measurements in a 35‐min walk. Results show a good agreement in terms of root mean square error and E‐field cumulative distribution function (CDF), with a significant improvement when the shadowing effect is taken into account. In particular, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test provides a P‐value of 0.05 when considering the shadowing effect, versus a P‐value of 10−14 when this effect is ignored. In addition, although the E‐field levels in the absence of a human body have been found to follow a Nakagami distribution, a lognormal distribution fits the statistics of the PEM values better than the Nakagami distribution. As a conclusion, although the mean could be adjusted by using correction factors, there are also other changes in the CDF that require particular attention due to the shadowing effect because they might lead to a systematic error. Bioelectromagnetics 32:209–217, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solute Removal Capacity of High Cut‐Off Membrane Plasma Separators

In vitro blood filtration was performed by a closed circuit using high cut‐off membrane plasma separators, EVACURE EC‐2A10 (EC‐2A) and EVACURE EC‐4A10 (EC‐4A). Samples were obtained from sampling sites before the plasma separator, after each plasma separator, and from the ultrafiltrate of each separator. The sieving coefficient (S.C.) of total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), IgG, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), fibrinogen (Fib), antithrombin III (AT‐III), and coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) were calculated. The S.C. of each solute using EC‐2A and EC‐A4 were as follows; TP: 0.25 and 0.56, Alb: 0.32 and 0.73, IgG: 0.16 and 0.50, IL‐6:0.73 and 0.95, IL‐8:0.85 and 0.82, TNF‐α: 1.07 and 0.99, Fib: 0 and 0, FXIII: 0.07 and 0.17, respectively. When compared with the conventional type of membrane plasma separators, EVACURE could efficiently remove cytokines while retaining coagulation factors such as fibrinogen. Moreover, EC‐2A prevented protein loss, whereas EC‐4A could remove approximately 50% of IgG.
Ramipril prolongs life and is cost effective in chronic proteinuric nephropathies.

BACKGROUND Our objectives were to predict the long-term cost and efficacy of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, ramipril, in patients with nondiabetic chronic nephropathies. METHODS The time to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was predicted by two different models based on the rate of glomerular filtration rate decline (DeltaGFR) and incidence of ESRD (events) measured during the Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy Trial in 117 and 166 patients, respectively, randomized to comparable blood pressure control with ramipril or conventional therapy. Direct medical costs of conservative and renal replacement therapy were estimated by a payer perspective, and cases more and less favorable to ramipril were computed by a sensitivity analysis. The study took place at the Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases, "Aldo & Cele Daccò," Bergamo, Italy. Patients included those with chronic, nondiabetic nephropathies and persistent urinary protein excretion rate >/=3 g/24 h. Time to ESRD, survival, and direct costs of conservative and renal replacement therapy are discussed. RESULTS Both in the DeltaGFR-based or events-based models, ramipril delayed progression to ESRD and prolonged patient survival by 1.5 to 2.2 and 1.2 to 1.4 years, respectively, and saved $16,605 to $23,894 lifetime and $2, 422 to $4203 yearly direct costs per patient. Even in the less favorable hypotheses, ramipril allowed lifetime and yearly cost savings that exceeded 10 to 11 and 20 to 40 times, respectively, the additional costs related to prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS In our study population, ramipril prolongs life while saving money because of its beneficial effect on the course of nondiabetic chronic nephropathies.