Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing and modeling of photobioreactors by combining first principles of physiology and hydrodynamics

Mixing in photobioreactors is known to enhance biomass productivity considerably, and flow dynamics play a significant role in the reactor's performance, as they determine the mixing and the cells' movement. In this work we focus on analyzing the effects of mixing and flow dynamics on the photobioreactor performance. Based on hydrodynamic findings from the CARPT(Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking) technique, a possible mechanism for the interaction between the mixing and the physiology of photosynthesis is presented, and the effects of flow dynamics on light availability and light intensity fluctuation are discussed and quantitatively characterized. Furthermore, a dynamic modeling approach is developed for photobioreactor performance evaluation, which integrates first principles of photosynthesis, hydrodynamics, and irradiance distribution within the reactor. The results demonstrate the reliability and the possible applicability of this approach to commercially interesting microalgae/cyanobacteria culture systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compact hybrid open stub EBG structure for power noise suppression in WLAN band

A compact hybrid open stub EBG structure for broadband power noise suppression is proposed. With an additional lumped component on proper locations of open stub, the proposed EBG structure could offer a wider bandgap to cover the whole associated WLAN bands or an aggregated bandgap ranging from WLAN band to above 10 GHz. A 1-D equivalent circuit model is also developed with validation by full-wave simulation and adopted to investigate design concepts. Test board is fabricated with 0402 capacitor and measured for verifying simulation results. The proposed EBG structure with single broadband design offers bandgap from 2.4 GHz to 6.1 GHz with 89.7% fractional bandwidth, and the one with bandgap aggregation design provides bandgap from 2.4 GHz to 10.8 GHz with 127.3% fractional bandwidth. The unit-cell area of proposed EBG is about 6.6 times smaller than traditional mushroom with the same lower bound cutoff frequency for WLAN band.
Isokinetic peak torque ratios and shoulder injury history in adolescent female volleyball athletes.

CONTEXT Few researchers have examined shoulder strength in adolescent volleyball athletes despite increasing levels of participation in this age group. OBJECTIVE To compare medial and lateral isokinetic peak torque of the rotator cuff among skill levels and between athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING The Human Performance Lab and Athletic Training Lab. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight female adolescent club volleyball athletes from 10 to 15 years of age (mean = 13.02 +/- 1.60 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured concentric and eccentric peak torque of the medial and lateral rotators of the shoulder and calculated resultant cocking and spiking ratios based on peak torque values. RESULTS Athletes at higher skill levels had higher peak torque measurements in concentric and eccentric medial and lateral rotation compared with the athletes at lower skill levels. No differences in peak torque existed between participants with or without an injury history 6 months before the study. Strength ratios did not differ across skill levels, but previously injured participants produced lower eccentric medial rotation to concentric lateral rotation ratios compared with participants without a history of injury (P = .02). At the highest skill level, previously injured participants produced lower eccentric lateral rotation to concentric medial rotation ratios compared with participants without an injury history (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Differences in medial and lateral shoulder rotator strength ratios appear to be related more to injury prevalence than to absolute strength. Shoulder dysfunction related to strength ratio deficits also may exist in adolescent female volleyball athletes. Preventive shoulder strengthening programs focused on improving eccentric strength and correcting imbalances between medial and lateral rotators may be warranted for all female adolescent volleyball athletes.
LQG control with an H∞ performance bound: a riccati equation approach

An LQG control-design problem involving a constraint on H<sub>∞</sub> disturbance attenuation is considered. The H<sub>∞</sub> performance constraint is embedded within the optimization process by replacing the covariance Lyapunov equation by a Riccati equation whose solution leads to an upper bound on L<sub>2</sub> performance. In contrast to the pair of separated Riccati equations of standard LQG theory, the H<sub>∞</sub>-constrained gains are given by a coupled system of three modified Riccati equations. The coupling illustrates the breakdown of the separation principle for the H<sub>∞</sub>-constrained problem. Both full- and reduced-order design problems are considered with an H<sub>∞</sub> attenuation constraint involving both state and control variables. An algorithm is developed for the full-order design problem and illustrative numerical results are given. A more complete version of this paper is given in [41].
Cytomegalovirus infection and interferon-γ modulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression on neural stem cells

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading transmittable cause of congenital brain abnormalities in children and infection results in fatal ventriculoencephalitis in advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Pathology associated with CMV brain infection is seen predominantly in the periventricular region, an area known to harbor neural stem cells (NSCs). In the present study, using an adult model of murine CMV brain infection, the authors demonstrated that nestin-positive NSCs in the subventricular zone are susceptible to murine CMV infection. Furthermore, primary NSC cultures supported productive murine CMV replication with a 1000-fold increase in viral titers by 5 days post infection (d.p.i). Previous studies from the authors’ laboratory demonstrated that CD8 lymphocytes were essential in protecting the brain against murine CMV infection. In the present study, the authors found that interferon (IFN)-γ treatment increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on NSCs. Viral infection, on the other hand, inhibited this IFN-γ—induced MHC up-regulation. In addition to increasing MHC class I expression, IFN-γ (but not tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, or IL-10) also suppressed NSC proliferation in vitro. This decrease in proliferation was not accompanied by apoptosis or extracellular release of cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggesting that the effects were not due to direct cytotoxicity. These studies demonstrate that NSCs are susceptible to murine CMV infection and inflammatory mediators, such as IFN-γ, alter cellular characteristics which may have an impact on their reparative functions.
Effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine.

The effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and morphology were investigated in young swine. Small intestine weight and villus height, measured at the midpoint of the small intestine (i.e., jejunum), were determined in suckling and weaned pigs. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on jejunal specimens from suckling pigs killed at 2, 10, 21, 28 and 35 d of age and in 21-d and 35-d weaned pigs at various ages postweaning. A 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of postweaning diets also was used to investigate jejunal morphological measurements in a 21-d-old weanling pig group. These dietary treatments evaluated the effects of 0 or 25% added dried whey and 0 or 6% added corn oil. The morphology results demonstrated that jejunal villus height declined during the suckling period, with a marked reduction at 3 and 7 d postweaning for both 21-d-old and 35-d-old weaned pigs. Transmission electron microscopy also demonstrated long, uniform microvilli on the jejunal villi in suckling pigs at 2 and 21 d, with markedly reduced lengths upon weaning. Jejunal villi were shorter in weaned compared with suckling pigs at the same approximate chronological age. Scanning electron microscopy in suckling pigs at 2 and 10 d of age demonstrated long, thin, fingerlike villi with subsequently reduced heights and larger diameters by 35 d of age. At weaning, villi were in close apposition, resulting in an overall smoother villus luminal surface. Villus height subsequently increased by 14 d postweaning, coinciding with the appearance of morphologically tongue-shaped villi. Starter diet composition initially did not influence the villus height reduction response postweaning. Dietary corn oil addition was subsequently associated with shortened villus length (P less than .05) during the starter phase.
Effect of knowledge of chronologic age on the variability of pediatric bone age determined using the Greulich and Pyle standards.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of knowing chronologic age on the variability of pediatric bone age determination using the method of Greulich and Pyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiographs of the left hand of 107 patients were interpreted by four radiologists on two separate occasions, once with and once without knowledge of the patient's chronologic age at time of interpretation. Twenty-five radiographs were randomly selected and reevaluated twice by each radiologist. Interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated and compared for the two conditions. The distribution of studies with normal and abnormal findings was then compared across knowledge conditions for all observers and by individual observer, using two standard deviations above and below chronologic age as the range of "normal". RESULTS When the chronologic age was known, the interobserver reliability coefficient for knowledge of chronologic age was 0.954 and when not known, 0.952. The intraobserver reliability coefficients when chronologic age was known ranged from 0.944 to 0.967, and when not known from 0.938 to 0.980. Observers interpreted 58% (248/428) of the radiographs as having normal findings when chronologic age was known and 48% (205/428) when chronologic age was not known. CONCLUSION Knowing chronologic age before assessing bone age radiographs does not affect the reproducibility of assessment. However, observers are more likely to interpret the radiograph as showing normal findings when chronologic age is known than if the interpretation is performed with the observer unaware of chronologic age.
Factors affecting the herd level of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle

A case-control study was made of Norwegian dairy herds with high and low herd levels of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. A high proportion of the herds had a considerable number of seropositive cows, and environmental and management factors were examined for possible associations with the high serological levels of antibodies. The most important appeared to be: geographical location, red deer (Cervus elaphus) gaining access to the pastures for cattle, the observation of wild birds in the feed storage, and herds sharing common pasture with other herds of cattle. However, diagnostic tests showed that none of the animals in the case herds was infected with M a paratuberculosis.
Local corticosteroid therapy and reactivation of herpetic keratitis.

Bilateral herpetic keratitis was induced in rabbits and allowed to heal without treatment. A period varying from 150 to 450 days was permitted to elapse, and previously infected, clinically quiescent eyes were treated with locally administered corticosteroids. Steroid therapy, administered topically in both solution and ointment form, and injected by the subconjunctival route, failed to induce a higher incidence of virus reactivation, as determined by culture, than occurred in eyes receiving placebo treatment. In eyes in which virus did reactivate coincident with steroid therapy, no biomicroscopic evidence of corneal disease was observed. That virus had indeed persisted in these eyes and was capable of reactivation was demonstrated by positive cultures following topical administration of epinephrine ointment. These data indicate that in the rabbit, at least, locally administered steroids neither reactivate occult virus nor induce herpetic corneal disease.
The POET Family of On-Line Authenticated Encryption Schemes Submission to the CAESAR competition

Farzaneh Abed Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, farzaneh.abed(at)uni-weimar.de Scott Fluhrer Cisco Systems, sfluhrer(at)cisco.com John Foley Cisco Systems , foleyj(at)cisco.com Christian Forler Huawei Technologies, christian.forler(at)huawei.com Eik List Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, eik.list(at)uni-weimar.de Stefan Lucks Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, stefan.lucks(at)uni-weimar.de David McGrew Cisco Systems, mcgrewd(at)cisco.com Jakob Wenzel Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, jakob.wenzel(at)uni-weimar.de
Viscosity-based magnetodynamic model of soft magnetic materials

A time-stepping method based on the concept of magnetic viscosity developed to reproduce the excess loss in electrical steel is proposed. A numerical scheme for simultaneous solution of Maxwell equations and equations describing the magnetic viscosity has been developed. The method is suitable for describing arbitrary magnetization regimes such as waveforms associated with pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage excitation, and the model differential equations can be conveniently combined with equations of an external electric circuit. The accuracy of the proposed dynamic model is shown using three nonoriented electrical steel as examples. Fitting of the magnetic viscosity parameters for one sinusoidal flux regime enables dynamic hysteresis loops and losses to be predicted with high accuracy over a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes of sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal flux densities
Eigen Analysis of Networks

: We present an overview of eigen analysis methods and their applications to network analysis. We consider several network analysis programs/procedures (Correspondence Analysis, NEGOPY, CONCOR, CONVAR, Bonacich centrality) that are at their core eigendecomposition methods. We discuss the various matrix representations of networks used by these procedures and we give particular attention to a variety of centering and normalizing procedures that are carried out prior to the analysis. We compare three types of iterative procedures with the standard SVD in terms of pragmatic concerns and the results produced by each method. We show how the initial matrix representations and the adjustments made between iterations influence the results obtained. Finally, we show that the eigen perspective clearly highlights the similarities and differences between different network analysis procedures.
Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on colorectal distension-induced visceral pain

Objectives: To investigate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effectiveness in colorectal distension (CRD)-induced visceral pain model. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley (250–300 g) rats were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and chlorpromazine (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Two bipolar Teflon-coated Ni/Cr wire electrodes (80-M diameter) were placed in the abdominal external oblique muscle for the recording of electromyography. Jugular vein catheter was placed for the administration of drugs. CRD method was applied to evaluate of visceral pain. All drugs (paracetamol, meloxicam, metamizole, and dexketoprofen) administered intravenously. Results: Paracetamol 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg did not change the visceromotor response (VMR) when compare with the control group. Meloxicam 2 and 4 mg/kg showed no effect but at doses of 6 mg/kg meloxicam significantly ([51.9 ± 6.4%] [P < 0.001]) decreased VMR compared with the control group. Metamizole 200 mg/kg did not change responses but dose of 400 and 600 mg/kg metamizole reduced VMR. Dexketoprofen 2 and 4 mg/kg did not cause a change in VMR but 6 mg/kg dose significantly reduced response compared with the control group ([43.9 ± 3.9%, 36.8 ± 2.8%, 34.8 ± 2.5%, 42.1 ± 4.8%, 40.7 ± 3.5%, 36.4 ± 2.7%, and 26.1 ± 2.2%]; from 10 min to 70 min, respectively, [P < 0.05]). Conclusion: Metamizole, dexketoprofen and meloxicam show antinociceptive effect with different duration of action on CRD-induced visceral pain model. This condition can be explained due to different chemical structures and different mechanisms which play a role in modulation of pain.
Signs of Airway Obstruction During Sleep and Behavioral, Developmental, and Academic Problems

This case control study of healthy children utilized parents' reports to determine whether behavioral, developmental, or academic problems were associated with signs of partial airway obstruction (snoring, difficult or labored breathing, and mouth breathing) during sleep. Results suggest an association between the signs of airway obstruction during sleep and problems when awake. Children with behavioral, developmental, or academic problems had a significantly later bedtime hour, briefer duration of total sleep, longer night awakenings, and an increased latency to sleep, as compared to children without those problems.
Parallax and perspective during aircraft landings.

The performance of successfully landing an airplane is generally supposed to be dependent on the ability to perceive visual depth and distance, or more generally space. The classical explanation of human ability to see space is that the eye provides a set of cues to the distance of a given object, and likewise differential cues to the different distances of different objects. Such cues, include (a) binocular parallax or disparity, (b) linear perspective, including the apparent size of objects whose real size is known, (c) aerial perspective, superposition, shading, and (d) motion parallax, i.e. the apparent movement of physically stationary objects relative to one another and to the observer. The last depends upon motion of the observer, usually locomotion, and the strength of the effect is in proportion to the velocity of the observer. Consequently it ought to be of particular significance for spatial judgments during aircraft landings, in which locomotion occurs at a considerabe velocity. The aim of this report is: (1) to examine the existing definitions of motion parallax; (2) to show that they are not sufficiently general to cover the visual situation during aircraft landing; (3) to formulate geometrically a somewhat different principle (called motion perspective); and (4) to apply this general principle to the problem of perceiving the ground and one's relation to it during descent.
Correlation Between N-terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Right Ventricular Performance Measured by Doppler Echocardiography after Successful Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Mitral stenosis leads to a passive rise of both pulmonary venous and arterial pressures which cause Right Ventricular (RV) pressure overload and RV failure. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) increases in cases of RV pressure or volume overload. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between N-terminal proBNP (NT-Pro BNP) and echocardiographic determinants of RV function post successful PBMV. A total number of 35 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis planned for Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV). The control group was composed of 30 age and gender matched healthy volunteers who underwent transthoracic echocardiography and proved to have a normal Left Ventricular (LV) function without valvular heart disease. Both patients and control groups were subjected to thorough history, physical examination and echocardiography with emphasis on mitral valve area, Trans-Mitral Gradient (TMG), pulmonary artery systolic pressure and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE). On the other hand, PW-TDI on lateral side of tricuspid annulus was performed and Sa, Ea, Aa and RV Tei index were calculated. N-terminal proBNP was determined, echocardiographic evaluation and NT-proBNP measurements were performed before and 24-48 h after PBMV. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, RV Tei index and NT-ProBNP were significantly decreased while Sa, Ea/Aa and TAPSE were significantly increased (p<0.05) after the increasing MVA post PBMV. The decreased plasma level of NT-ProBNP post PMBV correlated positively with decreased PASP and RV Tei index (p<0.001) and negatively with increased TPASE (p<0.001). The decrease of NT-ProBNP level was correlated with decreased pulmonary artery systolic pressure and improved right ventricular function after PBMV.
Effects of simulated downwind coal combustion emissions on pre-existing allergic airway responses in mice

Context: Coal-fired power plant emissions can contribute a significant portion of the ambient air pollution in many parts of the world. Objective: We hypothesized that exposure to simulated downwind coal combustion emissions (SDCCE) may exacerbate pre-existing allergic airway responses. Methods: Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Parallel groups were sham-sensitized with saline. Mice were exposed 6 h/day for 3 days to air (control, C) or SDCCE containing particulate matter (PM) at low (L; 100 μg/m3), medium (M; 300 μg/m3), or high (H; 1000 μg/m3) concentrations, or to the H level with PM removed by filtration (high-filtered, HF). Immediately after SDCCE exposure, mice received another OVA challenge (pre-OVA protocol). In a second (post-OVA) protocol, mice were similarly sensitized but only challenged to OVA before air/SDCCE. Measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood collection were performed ~24 h after the last exposure. Results: SDCCE significantly increased BAL macrophages and eosinophils in OVA-sensitized mice from the post-OVA protocol. However, there was no effect of SDCCE on BAL macrophages or eosinophils in OVA-sensitized mice from the pre-OVA protocol. BAL neutrophils were elevated following SDCCE in both protocols in nonsensitized mice. These changes were not altered by filtering out the PM. In the post-OVA protocol, SDCCE decreased OVA-specific IgG1 in OVA-sensitized mice but increased levels of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE and OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a in non-sensitized animals. In the pre-OVA protocol, SDCCE increased OVA-specific IgE in both sensitized and non-sensitized animals. Additionally, BAL IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ levels were elevated in sensitized mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that acute exposure to either the particulate or gaseous phase of SDCCE can exacerbate various features of allergic airway responses depending on the timing of exposure in relation to allergen challenge.
How to answer the fertility/employment question (and how not to).

"The chapter reviews briefly the history of inquiries into the relationship between women's employment and fertility, at the individual level. Research on the subject appears to have reached an impasse.The first aim of the present chapter is to clarify why this is so and to present a view regarding what can be done to move the subject forward.A core problem is considered that impedes progress in investigating the individual-level relationship between labour force activity and fertility and how this may be resolved. A second aim is to put forward a schematic theory that might form the basis for organizing ideas on the subject. The chapter draws mainly on research carried out in developed countries. "