Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commit - Defect and Architectural Metrics - based Quality Assessment of C Language

: The foundation of any software system is its design and architecture. Maintaining and improving the architecture and design as systems grow are difﬁcult tasks. Many studies on the architecture and design of object-oriented systems exist but only few studies pertain to the architecture and design of procedural systems. Herein we study the quality of systems for the C language, and investigate how dependencies and associated metrics among ﬁles, functions, and modules are related to defects. We also investigate whether a set of static, dependency, and social-network metrics are related to problems in the architecture. Additionally, we examine the bug ﬁxing commits from the commit history and the relations among bug-ﬁxing commits and metrics. Thirteen open source systems from trending GitHub projects are used for study. We found that ﬁles with a high number of bug ﬁxing commits are correlated to higher cycles and centrality, indicating that key ﬁles of the architecture in C systems are the same ﬁles causing issues in the development process. We identify some version releases having huge impact on architecture and ﬁles which could be considered at high risk and need more attention.
Relations between Reservoir Trophic State and Gizzard Shad Population Characteristics in Alabama Reservoirs

Abstract We compared relative abundance, condition, length at age, and the age and size structure of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum between eutrophic (≥8 mg/m3 chlorophyll a) and oligo-mesotrophic (≤7 mg/m3 chlorophyll a) Alabama reservoirs. We quantified the size structure of gizzard shad in each reservoir by calculating the index of vulnerability (IOV), defined as the percentage of the electrofishing catch that was 203 mm or less in total length. Fish were collected with experimental gill nets and electrofishing, and although gill nets tended to catch larger and older fish, the gears provided similar trends in trophic state response. Gizzard shad in eutrophic reservoirs were characterized by high relative abundance, slow growth after age 1, a low percentage of fish age 5 and older (7%), and poor condition. This resulted in a high IOV (70) for gizzard shad in eutrophic reservoirs. Conversely, in oligo-mesotrophic reservoirs, gizzard shad abundance was 80-86% lower than in eutrophic reservoirs. However,.
Machine Learning based Video Processing for Real-time Near-Miss Detection

: Video-based sensors are ubiquitous and are therefore indispensable in understanding trafﬁc behavior at intersections. Deriving near-misses from large scale video processing is extremely useful in assessing the level of safety of intersections. In this paper, we develop real-time or near real-time algorithms for detecting near-misses for intersection video collected using ﬁsheye cameras. We propose a novel method consisting of the following steps: 1) extracting objects and multiple object tracking features using convolutional neural networks; 2) densely mapping object coordinates to an overhead map; 3) learning to detect near-misses by new distance measures and temporal motion. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with real-time performance at 40 fps and high speciﬁcity.
Binding activities of Pronase-treated fragments from egg white ovomucin with anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus

The prepared gel-like ovomucin and its β-subunit were treated with Pronase at various ratios (1/25600−1/6.25) to the sample weight at 37 °C for 24 h. The concentration, chemical composition, and SDS−polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the obtained soluble fractions and their abilities to bind to anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were measured. At a ratio of 1/6400 the highest soluble fraction (solubility: nearly 100%) was obtained. At a ratio of 1/800 the fragment with the highest binding activity to the antibodies was obtained, and at a ratio of 1/50 the fragments with the disulfide bonds intact (apparent molecular masses, AMMs: 55, 45, and 40 kDa) which showed binding to the antibodies were prepared and partially characterized. Fragments (AMMs: 220, 120, and 100 kDa) at ratios of 1/3200−1/800 and the final Pronase-resistant fragment (AMM: 120 kDa) at ratios of 1/12.5−1/6.25 with a binding activity to NDV could then be prepared. From the analysis of the fragments o.
Interactive Musical Setting with Deep Learning and Object Recognition

The SeMI Interactive Musical Setting, explores the possibilities of joining machine learning, the physical and the sound world. In this context, a machine learning algorithm and model was used to identify physical objects through image processing. Each physical object is associated with a student’s produced musical texture that starts playing when the object is recognized by the device. This allows defining use cases in which students have to develop diverse although interrelated sound textures and combine them with a physical world, in both a fake orchestra, that reacts to people and objects in front of it, and mood rooms, for example. The application was developed for iPad and iPhone, using Swift programming language and the iOS operating system and used in the classes of the masters on Teaching of Musical Education in the Basic School.
Functions Approximation using Multi Library Wavelets and Least Trimmed Square (LTS) Method

Wavelet neural networks have recently aroused great interest, because of their advantages compared to networks with radial basic functions because they are universal approximators. In this paper, we propose a robust wavelet neural network based on the Least Trimmed Square (LTS) method and Multi Library Wavelet Function (MLWF). We use a novel Beta wavelet neural network BWNN. A constructive neural network learning algorithm is used to add and train these additional neurons. The general goal of this algorithm is to minimize the number of neurons in the network during the learning phase. This phase is empowered by the use of Multi Library Wavelet Function (MLWF). The Least Trimmed Square (LTS) method is applied for selecting the wavelet candidates from the MLWF to construct the BWNN. A numerical experiment is given to validate the application of this wavelet neural network in multivariable functional approximation. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is very effective and accurate.
Advanced Curve Speed Warning System using Standard GPS Technology and Road-level Mapping Information

: Lane departure and advance curve warning are critical among several Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) functions, which have significant potential to reduce crashes. Generally, lane departure and advance curve speed warning systems either use different image processing techniques or GPS technology with digital maps of lane-level resolution. However, these systems are expensive to implement as well as have some limitations such as harsh weather or irregular lane markings can negatively influence their performance. Previously we proposed a lane departure detection which uses a standard GPS receiver without any lane-level resolution maps. Now, we have added another feature in this algorithm to detect an upcoming curve in advance and warn the driver about its advisory speed at a safe distance so that driver can adjust vehicle speed accordingly before reaching the curve. We have implemented our algorithm in a prototype system and demonstrated in the field. We have performed extensive field tests and the test results show that each time vehicle approaches a curve, our algorithm issues a warning and correctly determines the advisory speed for the curve to warn the driver at a safe distance before the curve starts.
Towards a Tailored Hybrid Recommendation-based System for Computerized Adaptive Testing through Clustering and IRT

Creating a student individualized evaluation path composed by a sequence of activities is a hard task and requires efforts and time for teachers. In such cases, the activities have to be well adjusted to the latent knowledge of specific students groups. In this paper, we propose a hybrid system that automatically selects and recommends activities based on a historical evolution of past students during the teaching-learning process. Our system is supported by the hybrid usage of Item Response Theory and techniques of clustering to output different kinds of recommendations as filters to select activities and build the tailored evaluation path.
Effects of the TLR4 transgene on reproductive traits and DNA methylation pattern of oocytes in ewes

This study was conducted to systematically assess the reproductive performance of transgenic TLR4 ewes. In the TLR4 transgenic founders (F0) and their positive offspring (F1), hematological and reproductive parameters and the global DNA methylation level in oocytes at various stages were analyzed. The values of the physiological and biochemical parameters determined from the blood samples did not differ significantly between the transgenic and wild-type ewes. Moreover, the trans- genic ewes showed reproductive traits similar to the wild- type ewes. These traits included characteristics of puberty, the estrus cycle, estrus duration, gestation, the pregnancy rate and the superovulation response. Additionally, no significant differences were found between transgenic and wild-type ewes in the DNA methylation level of the oocytes at various stages. In summary, the preliminary evidence presented in this paper demonstrates that the presence of the TLR4 transgene did not affect the reproductive performance in sheep.
Interactions among three genotypes of Abies alba callus and fungi with different ecological status

Interakcje pomiędzy kalusem trzech genotypów Abies alba a grzybami o różnym statusie ekologicznym Interactions among three genotypes of Abies alba callus and fungi with different ecological status Callus cultures derived from three Abies alba genotypes were co-cultivated with several fungi of different ecological status. Growth of Heterabasidion parviporum, Ophiostoma piceae and Pesotum sp. was stimulated, whilst Heterobasidon abietinum and Geosmithia sp. were unaffected by the presence of callus (statistical analyses for these 2 fungi gave no difference and a marginally-significant different respectively). Fir callus inhibited the growth of Pesotum fragrans and Rizosphaera macrospora. Otherwise, there were significant differences between the callus genotypes with respect to the growth of fungi and colonization of fir callus. Fungi H. abietinum, O. piceae, R. macrospora and Geosmithia sp. first colonized callus belonging to genotype G6. In contrast, fungal species: P. fragrans, Pesotum sp. , Geosmithia sp. and H. parviporum quickly colonized callus derived from the genotype G5. Across all genotypes, callus was colonized in the shortest period of time by the fungus H. parviporum (causing callus necrosis after 6-9 days), the slowest was Pesotum sp. (causing callus necrosis after 60-81 days). The importance of these results regarding pathogenicity and behaviour in vivo of these fungi is discussed.
One more view of neurotrophin-netrotrasmitter signaling in neurons: BDNF-AMPAR crosstalk

Although knowing much about the neuronal life and death, we remain unsure of their exact molecular nature. As often occurs, the framework of an initial concept of the physiological role of a newly discovered molecules extends in the light of emerging findings. This is also the case with the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the neurotransmitter glutamate. Biomedical Reviews 2008; 19: 29-32.
Body mass, bone “strength indicator,” and cursorial potential of Tyrannosaurus rex

ABSTRACT We describe a new life restoration of Tyrannosaurus rex, based on a fairly complete skeleton (Museum of the Rockies [MOR] 555). From the volume of this model, we estimate the live mass of the full-sized dinosaur as approximately 6,000 kg. Because MOR 555 is a representative of the gracile morph of T. rex, the mass of the robust morph may have been substantially greater. The “indicator of athletic ability” or “strength indicator” of MOR 555 is 7.5–9.0 meter2/giganewton, similar to previously reported results. The implication is that the cursorial potential of Tyrannosaurus was limited, a conclusion consistent with observed declines in sprint speed with increasing body mass in living animals, and also consistent with the tibia/femur length ratio, and the construction of the hip joint, of the dinosaur. Furthermore, mathematical models of the impact forces and decelerations that would affect a Tyrannosaurus, were it to fall while running at a high speed (20 meters/second), suggest that the animal wou.
Influence of Larval Age and Virus Concentration on Mortality and Sublethal Effects of a Nucleopolyhedrovirus on the Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract Mortality and sublethal effects of different doses of the multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), on the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, were investigated. C. fumiferana multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) is known to be more highly virulent to C. occidentalis than to its own host. Larval and pupal mortality were dose-dependent regardless of the age of the larvae challenged. Larval mortality was higher when younger larvae were challenged, whereas pupal mortality among the survivors was higher when older larvae were challenged. Older larvae were less susceptible to CfMNPV than younger larvae treated with the same virus concentration. Sublethal effects were also greater in the insects treated as older larvae. Sublethal effects of CfMNPV on C. occidentalis infected as sixth instars included prolonged developmental time of males to pupation, decreased male pupal weight, decreased longevity of both male and female adults, and a reduced proportion of females among the survivors, even though proportionally more males than females died in the pupal stage. Some of these changes were significant and were age, dose and sex-dependent. Sublethal effects of CfMNPV on survivors challenged as fourth instars were significant in reducing the proportion of females at the highest virus concentration. Fecundity and hatching success of C. occidentalis was not affected by CfMNPV treatment. These findings suggest that CfMNPV should be applied to fourth instars in the field to achieve high larval mortality. Implications of both the combined larval and pupal mortality and sublethal effects of viral application on the population dynamics of C. occidentalis are discussed and compared with previously reported results on other insects.
Studies on Symptom Development, Phenolic Compounds and Morphological Defence Responses in Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Development of Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium culmorum, was evaluated in seven winter wheat cultivars and one spring wheat cultivar in an outdoor pot experiment. Of the cultivars studied, only the spring wheat cultivar Frontana exhibited resistance against initial infection by the fungus. Significantly higher amounts of free phenolic compounds were found in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of Frontana prior to and at all sampling times after inoculation, in comparison to the winter wheat cultivar Agent. Furthermore, the amount of p-coumaric acid increased significantly in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of the cultivar Frontana 2 days after inoculation compared to that in uninoculated spike tissues. However, the amounts of ferulic acid between inoculated and healthy plant tissues did not differ. Ultrastructural studies indicated more pronounced structural defence responses, such as cell wall appositions, in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana compared with the susceptible Agent 3 days after inoculation. Immunogold labelling of lignin revealed no differences in the density of gold particles on the cell walls of healthy lemma tissue in the two cultivars. However, density of particles increased in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana on cell walls adjacent to the fungal cells, 3 days after inoculation. The susceptible cultivar Agent showed little or no response to the infection. Phenolic compounds appear to play a role in the resistance of the cultivar Frontana to F. culmorum.
Brain myxoboliasis of bullhead, Cottus gobio L., due to Myxobolus jiroveci sp. nov.: light and electron microscope observations*

A new myxosporean, Myxobolus jiroveci sp. nov. has been found to infect the brain of bullhead, Cottus gobio L. , in several localities in Czechoslovakia and England. Trophozoites, up to about 200 μm in size, were encountered in various regions of the brain where they occupied the space within the distended myelin sheath of the axons. Trophozoites provoke local compression and atrophy of the neighbouring nervous tissue. Host reaction — mostly glial cell proliferation, less often perivascular lymphocytic infiltration — can be associated with heavy infections. The sporoplasmosomes, spherical, double membrane-bound dense bodies in the sporoplasm of mature spores, are described and compared with similar bodies of other myxosporeans and with the haplosporosomes found in representatives of the phylum Haplosporea.
Identification of Activated RRAS2 in Tongue Carcinoma Cell Line

To identify tumor-promoting genes in tongue carcinoma, we constructed a retroviral cDNA expression library from a tongue carcinoma cell line, and used it to screen transforming genes by a focus formation assay with mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. One of the cDNA inserts harvested from such cell clones turned out to encode RRAS2 with a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution at codon 24. The oncogenic potential of RRAS2 (G24D) was further confirmed by injecting the transformed fibroblasts into athymic nude mice. Unfortunately, we failed to detect the nucleotide change corresponding to the G24D mutation in the cDNA or genomic DNA of the cell line, indicating that such change in our transforming cDNA was artificially generated in the process of library construction. Our findings, which are the first to demonstrate the activating mutation at this codon of RRAS2, may help to better understand the role of RRAS2 in human carcinogenesis.
The TRP Family of Ion Channels

www.landesbioscience. com Channels 125 The 30+ members of the family of TRP channels are diverse in their physiological roles, yet the mechanisms that regulate their gating may be conserved. In particular, all TRP channels show an activity‐dependent inhibition which is mediated by Ca2+. The mechanism by which Ca2+ inhibits TRP channels is currently a matter of intense debate, with Ca2+‐regulated kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and calmodulin all proposed to be involved. In this review, we will discuss different mechanisms for Ca2+‐dependent desensitization in TRP channels. We will conclude with a model that focuses on Ca2+‐dependent activation of phos‐ pholipase C and Ca2+ binding to calmodulin and propose that the phospholipase C and calmodulin pathways are structurally and functionally coupled.
Distribution and status of the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Ireland

The distributions of the Red and Grey Squirrel were surveyed in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland between 1994 and 1996. Survey methods differed between the two studies. In the former, all suitable habitat, of at least 15 ha, was inspected for species presence or absence. In the Republic, data were gathered through questionnaires to governmental and independent wildlife bodies. The combined results indicate that the Red Squirrel remains widespread and locally abundant, and is present in all but two counties. The Grey Squirrel is now more widespread than ever before, and can be found in 22 of the 32 counties. Its range expansion has varied from 0 km/yr to an estimated 13.4 km/yr, as various geographical features, principally rivers, have hindered its progress in certain directions.
Correlates of tree species sorting along a temperature gradient in New Zealand rain forests: seedling functional traits, growth and shade tolerance

It is widely believed that species sorting on environmental gradients reflects trade‐offs between competitive ability and physiological tolerance of stresses such as frost and desiccation. One specific expression of this general idea is the hypothesis that tree species sorting on temperature gradients in temperate regions involves a trade‐off between growth rate and frost resistance, because adaptations to frost reduce light interception and carbon gain potential. We measured seedling growth of 17 New Zealand rain forest angiosperm trees in a glasshouse, as well as biomass partitioning, gas exchange and hydraulic traits. We then related these variables to the mean July (winter) minimum temperatures most frequently experienced throughout the range of each species. Species associated with mild winters on average had wider vessels and more conductive stems and were leafier (i.e. developed more foliage area per unit sapwood area) than species from frostier sites. Species' positions on the temperature gradient were not significantly correlated with relative growth rates of seedlings; they were, however, negatively correlated with two measures of species light requirements in the field: the light compensation point for growth, and low‐light mortality rates obtained from the literature. Synthesis. Although seedling growth rates of warm‐ and cool‐temperate New Zealand angiosperm trees were similar on average, the former are more shade tolerant. Competitive hierarchies associated with tree species sorting on temperature gradients thus probably involve a shift in the relationship between shade tolerance and growth rate, rather than a simple trade‐off of growth with cold tolerance. This shift is associated with variation in light interception potential per unit of seedling biomass, possibly reflecting a trade‐off between stem conductivity and resistance to freeze‐thaw embolism.