Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ambulance alerting to hospital: the need for clearer guidance

Background: The decision by paramedics to alert a receiving hospital to the imminent arrival of a critically ill patient is currently based on the crew’s clinical judgement. Aims: To evaluate the efficiency of current alerting practice and to assess the need for objective guidelines. Methods: Data were collected in the Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK, over 1 week in February 2005. All alerted patients and all critically ill patients brought to the emergency department over this time period were identified. These two groups were studied to find those patients who were alerted but not critically ill, those who were critically ill but not alerted, and those who were both alerted and critically ill. The presenting conditions were identified and compared between groups. Results: 454 patients were brought by ambulance to the emergency department during the study week. Of the 27 alerted patients, 23 were critically ill, leaving four patients alerted inappropriately. 29 of the 52 critically ill patients had not been alerted by ambulance crews. Most (n = 22) of these patients were adults with medical conditions. Conclusions: Ambulance crews do not alert hospitals to critically ill patients adequately. The Modified Early Warning Score should be considered to be the basis of a prehospital tool to aid their decision.
Ocular manifestations of Marek's disease.

An experimental study of the ocular changes occurring in Marek's disease was carried out. Marek's disease which is induced by a DNA virus, is a disorder that occurs in chickens and related fowl. Ocular involvement is a feature of this disease. In this study the eye changes of Marek's disease were sequentially examined in specific, pathogen-free birds injected with clonepurified Marek's disease virus. An infiltration of malignant-appearing lymphoreticular proliferative cells was seen initially in the optic nerves, ciliary nerves, and uvea in birds receiving the virus either intraocularly or systemically. Subsequent infiltration of similar cells occurred throughout the eye.
Wardrop's User Equilibrium Assignment under Stochastic Environment

Various models of traffic assignment under stochastic environment have been proposed recently, mainly by assuming different travelers’ behavior against uncertainties. This paper focuses on the expected residual minimization (ERM) model to provide a robust traffic assignment with an emphasis on the planner’s perspective. The model is further extended to obtain a stochastic prediction of the traffic volumes by the technique of path choice approach. We show theoretically the existence and the robustness of the ERM solution. In addition, we employ an improved solution algorithm for solving the ERM model. Numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the characteristics of the proposed model, by comparing with other existing models.
Toward more accurate contextualization of the CEO effect on firm performance

We introduce multiple refinements to the standard method for assessing CEO effects on performance, variance partitioning methodology, more accurately contextualizing CEOs' contributions. Based on a large 20-year sample, our new �CEO in Context� technique points to a much larger aggregate CEO effect than is obtained from typical approaches. As a validation test, we show that our technique yields estimates of CEO effects more in line with what would be expected from accepted theory about CEO influence on performance. We do this by examining the CEO effects in subsamples of low-, medium-, and high-discretion industries. Finally, we show that our technique generates substantially different�and we argue more logical�estimates of the effects of many individual CEOs than are obtained through customary analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single Lateral Locked Screw Plating of Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures

We prospectively followed a case series of 68 patients with 69 AO/ASIF 41-C-type fractures treated with the Less Invasive Stabilization System for the proximal lateral tibia. We assessed malreduction, secondary loss of reduction, and infection rates in patients with a locked screw plate for unilateral fixation of bicondylar fractures. Sixty-two (91%) patients returned for final followup (range, 11-13 months). Malreduction and malalignment were defined as an intraarticular step-off of 2 mm or greater, or as a malalignment in the frontal or sagittal plane greater than 5°. Fourteen fractures were open. Primary bone grafting was done in 13 patients. Significant malreduction was seen in 16 patients. There were four superficial infections and one deep infection. One fracture did not heal, and nine patients had substantial loss of reduction. Unilateral locked screw plating is a good alternative for treatment of problematic fractures of the tibial plateau that are associated with soft tissue damage and metaphyseal comminution. The reduction technique for exact alignment is demanding. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Study, Level IV (case series). See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Dynamics of bacterial community in the gut of Cornu aspersum

Article info: Received: 26 January 2015 Accepted: 5 March 2015 ABSTRACT The dynamics of the bacterial community in the intestinal tract of Cornu aspersum was investigated during different states of its life cycle. Two approaches were applied – culture and non-culture. The non-culture approach was performed by ARDRA of 16S rDNA using two of the six tested endonucleases. Data were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis. The restriction of 16S rDNA samples from the snail of different physiological states with endonucleases HinfI and Csp6I resulted in generation of different profiles depending on the snail states. By the culture approach we found that the total number of cultivable bacteria, representatives of Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, amylolitic and cellulolytic bacteria were the most abundant in active state of the snails. Cellulolytic bacteria were not detected in juveniles of C. aspersum. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens as well as bacteria from the genus Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas were not detected. Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas were found in juveniles of C. aspersum, after that their number decrease and were not found in hibernating snails. On the base of the two applied approaches this study shows that the bacterial flora in the intestinal tract of C. aspersum is affected by the seasonal and environmental variations and undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes during the different states of the life cycle. The snails harbor in their gut intestinal bacteria, which possess biochemical potentiality to degrade the plant components.
arc6, A Fertile Arabidopsis Mutant with Only Two Mesophyll Cell Chloroplasts

A novel mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, arc6 (accumulation and replication of chloroplasts), has been isolated from a transfer DNA-mutagenized population of Arabidopsis seedlings. arc6 has the most extreme arc mutant phenotype we have yet described, with only one to three chloroplasts per leaf mesophyll cell compared to a mean of 83 in cells of the wild-type var Wassilewskija. The chloroplasts of arc6 are 20-fold larger than wild-type chloroplasts.Chloroplast division is almost certainly precluded in arc6 mesophyll cells, since chloroplast number per cell does not increase during mesophyll cell expansion. arc6 chloroplasts are long and thin in cross-section and only one-half the width of wild-type chloroplasts and the arrangement of thylakoid membranes is largely unaltered. arc6 segregates as a monogenic recessive nuclear mutation in a normal Mendelian manner and the arc6 phenotype is stably inherited for at least four generations. arc6 plants grow normally and are fertile, although the rosette leaves appear curled and twisted. arc6 plants accumulate 70 to 75% of the biomass of wild type. The phenotype of this novel mutant is discussed in relation to the nature of the control of chloroplast division in leaf cells.
Innervation pattern of malformative cortical vessels in Sturge-Weber disease: an histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study.

OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to elucidate the pattern of vascular innervation in areas of pial angiomatosis in Sturge-Weber disease (SWD) and eventually correlating it with the pathophysiology of the disease, namely its chronic ischemic changes. METHODS We processed part of a surgical specimen resected from a 3-year-old female patient who underwent functional hemispherectomy for SWD and characterized the pattern of innervation of the malformative cortical vessels using histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques. RESULTS Cortical vessels were observed to be supplied with numerous varicose nerve fibers containing immunoreactivity for neuropeptide tyrosine and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine, tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, no nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase activity and immunoreactivity for Substance P, a calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, were detected. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous axon varicosities at the adventitial-medial border. Neuropeptide tyrosine immunoreactivity was localized in large granular vesicles in nerve varicosities that also contained numerous small granular vesicles. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that nerve supplying cortical vessels in SWD are arranged in a distribution pattern similar to the one observed in human normal cortical veins and suggest that these abnormal vessels are innervated only with noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers. This represents a clear difference from the pattern of innervation observed in both normal cortical arteries and veins, and is the consequence of the anatomic and functional dysangiogenic process characteristic of the affected cortical areas in SWD.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR “ FAST COMMUNITY DETECTION BY SCORE ” By

It is seen that • The information of the community labels is contained in the term within the bracket, which depends on {✓(i)} i=1 only through the overall degree intensities k✓(k)k/k✓k. • The diagonal matrix ⇥ does not contain any information of the community labels. • Therefore, {✓(i)} i=1 are almost nuisance parameters, the e↵ect of which can be removed by many scaling invariant mappings, to be introduced below.
Diabetic cheiroarthropathy following simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation

We report on two patients with Type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) treated with simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation. Following this procedure, both patients developed symptomatic cheiroarthropathy. SPK has previously been shown to slow or even reverse microvascular complications, but these cases suggest that such an improvement does not occur in cheiroarthropathy. Patient 1 was a 37-year-old Caucasian male with a 12-year history of TIDM, complicated by end-stage renal failure secondary to diabetic nephropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and significant diabetic retinopathy. The second patient was a 51-year-old Caucasian male with a 38-year history of TIDM with associated nephropathy and retinopathy. Both underwent SPK transplantation using alemtuzumab at induction followed by maintenance with tacrolimus (trough levels 8–12 nm) and mycophenolate mofetil (500 mg twice daily). Both achieved good renal and pancreatic graft function (creatinine 135–156 mm, HbA1c 5.0–5.5) but at 2 and 3 months respectively, noticed significant thickening of the skin on the dorsum of their hands and a restriction in extension, consistent with a diagnosis of cheiroarthropathy (Fig. 1). Furthermore, prior to transplantation, both patients did not complain of any such symptoms pertaining to their hands whatsoever. Over the next 17 months, with intensive physiotherapy and maintenance of good glycaemic control their condition stabilized but showed no objective evidence of improvement with respect to total range of motion and resting contractures. Microvascular complications (nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy) are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with TIDM and their development is closely linked to glycaemic control [1]. SPK transplantation provides a means of normalizing blood glucose, thus limiting the progression of these complications; Pancreas transplantation prevents the recurrence of diabetic nephropathy in a simultaneously transplanted kidney prolonging graft survival [2]. Retinal lesions, which may be advanced at time of SPK transplantation, usually stabilize in the post-transplant period [3]. Neuropathy can show a marked recovery post-SPK transplantation with measurable improvements in both nerve conduction velocities, sensory action potentials and in autonomic dysfunction in the longer term [4]. Diabetic cheiroarthropathy (DCA), also known as diabetic hand syndrome, occurs in up to half of patients with TIDM, typically those with a long history of disease. It is characterized by palmar fasciitis and a Figure 1 ‘The prayer sign’ demonstrating fixed flexion of fingers in a patient with cheiroarthropathy, which developed post simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.
Glycocalyx volume: a critical review of tracer dilution methods for its measurement

A clinical measure of endothelial glycocalyx structure would have great potential importance, because lesions of the glycocalyx may be the first changes to occur in diabetes and in a wide range of vascular diseases. A method recently described by Nieuwdorp et al. for estimating the volume of the luminal glycocalyx of the entire human vascular system would seem to be the first attempt to develop a measure of this kind. It is based on the tracer dilution principle, and this review considers the principles and conditions that underlie this method and the extent to which the conditions appear to have been fulfilled in this case. Our analysis raises two questions about 1) the estimation of the concentration of the tracer (dextran 40) at zero time and 2) the estimation of plasma volume, both of which can be answered by changes in experimental protocol. A third question, concerning the partition coefficient of the tracer between plasma and the fluid within the glycocalyx, cannot be answered at the present time, and until it has been resolved, glycocalyx volume cannot be estimated from the dilution of a macromolecular tracer.
Attenuation of Ischemia-Induced Mouse Brain Injury by SAG, a Redox-Inducible Antioxidant Protein

Cerebral ischemia resulting from a disruption of blood flow to the brain initiates a cascade of events that causes neuron death and leads to neurologic dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species are thought, at least in part, to mediate this disease process. The authors recently cloned and characterized an antioxidant protein, SAG (sensitive to apoptosis gene), that is redox inducible and protects cells from apoptosis induced by redox agents in a number of in vitro cell model systems. This study reports a neuroprotective role of SAG in ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in an in vivo mouse model. SAG was expressed at a low level in brain tissue and was inducible after middle cerebral artery occlusion with peak expression at 6 to 12 hours. At the cellular level, SAG was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and astrocytes, revealed by double immunofluorescence. An injection of recombinant adenoviral vector carrying human SAG into mouse brain produced an overexpression of SAG protein in the injected areas. Transduction of AdCMVSAG (wild-type), but not AdCMVmSAG (mutant), nor the AdCMVlacZ control, protected brain cells from ischemic brain injury, as evidenced by significant reduction of the infarct areas where SAG was highly expressed. The result suggests a rather specific protective role of SAG in the current in vivo model. Mechanistically, SAG overexpression decreased reactive oxygen species production and reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic areas. Thus, antioxidant SAG appears to protect against reactive oxygen species–induced brain damage in mice. Identification of SAG as a neuroprotective molecule could lead to potential stroke therapies.
How does pollination mutualism affect the evolution of prior self‐fertilization? A model

The mode of pollination is often neglected regarding the evolution of selfing. Yet the distribution of mating systems seems to depend on the mode of pollination, and pollinators are likely to interfere with selfing evolution, since they can cause strong selective pressures on floral traits. Most selfing species reduce their investment in reproduction, and display smaller flowers, with less nectar and scents (referred to as selfing syndrome). We model the evolution of prior selfing when it affects both the demography of plants and pollinators and the investment of plants in pollination. Including the selfing syndrome in the model allows to predict several outcomes: plants can evolve either toward complete outcrossing, complete selfing, or to a stable mixed‐mating system, even when inbreeding depression is high. We predict that the evolution to high prior selfing could lead to evolutionary suicides, highlighting the importance of merging demography and evolution in models. The consequence of the selfing syndrome on plant–pollinator interactions could be a widespread mechanism driving the evolution of selfing in animal‐pollinated taxa.
Scalable coding of very high resolution video using the virtual zerotree

Coding of HDTV and super high definition video requires not only high performance compression but also compatibility and scalability to satisfy transmission channels of various speeds and capacity and receivers working at different resolutions. A compatible and scalable coding scheme has been developed for these video signals. Wavelet decomposition is performed such that the low frequency band is of common intermediate format (CIF) order, which forms a low-resolution core of the full-sized video and is coded by MPEG. The high-frequency wavelet coefficients are coded by the proposed virtual zerotree which encodes the wavelet coefficients more efficiently than the simple zerotree. Also embedded in the scheme is the hierarchical motion compensation that gives high performance with a large capable compensation range, requires minimum computation, and reduces overhead motion information.
Short-term effects of varenicline therapy on homogeneity of heart rate, atrioventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization

Background: The effects of varenicline, an effective drug for smoking cessation, on atrioventricular and ventricular conductance remain unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effects of varenicline on heart rate, PR interval, QT interval and QT dispersion (QTd). Meth ods: A total of 60 smokers were prospectively enrolled in the present study. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram recordings were obtained for all subjects before and on the 15th day of drug administration. Electrocardiograms were recorded at an amplitude of 20 mm/mV and a sweep speed of 50 mm/s. \ Results : The mean (± SD) age of the volunteers was 38±10 years. Thirtyfour (57%) were male. Fourteen (23%) had hypertension, eight (13%) had diabetes and six (10%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean heart rate was 74.7±13.3 beats/min, and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures on admission were 122.3±14.3 mmHg and 76.5±10.2 mmHg, respectively. Heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not change with varenicline treatment. Varenicline treatment resulted in limited prolongation in PR interval, which appropached significance (163.5±18.3 ms versus 168.2±17.9 ms; P=0.053), while RR interval (796.3±117.4 ms versus 798.3±123.7 ms; P=0.926), QT interval (384.1±17.5 ms versus 383.4±20.9 ms; P=0.852) and QTd (52.6±14.9 ms versus 52.2±14.9 ms; P=0.919) were not significantly changed. Conclusion: Varenicline had a limited effect on atrioventricular conduction, while it had no effect on heart rate, QT interval and QTd. Further studies are needed to prove the effects of varenicline on the conduction system of the heart, especially on PR interval.
Transcriptional Regulation of the N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V Gene in Human Bile Duct Carcinoma Cells (HuCC-T1) Is Mediated by Ets-1*

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to α-6-D-mannoside to produce the β1-6 linked branching of N-glycan oligosaccharides, which controls the polylactosamine content. The expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V, which contains 17 exons and spans 155 kilobase pairs, is expressed in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner and is regulated at the level of transcription by multiple promoters (Saito, H., Gu, J., Nishikawa, A., Ihara, Y., Fujii, J., Kohgo, Y., and Taniguchi, N. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 233, 18-26). To elucidate the mechanism by which the GnT-V gene is expressed in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, cell-restricted expression was analyzed using the 5′-upstream regions of the human GnT-V gene spanning base pairs −2760 to +23 in a human bile duct carcinoma cell line, HuCC-T1. We characterized two cis-acting elements that are potentially important in HuCC-T1 cell-specific expression. The two elements each contain an Ets-1 binding site, 5′-GGA-3′. Specific binding of Ets-1 to the respective elements was demonstrated by competition analysis as well as by antibody supershift experiments. Cotransfection of an Ets-1 expression plasmid along with a GnT-V promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid revealed the participation of Ets-1 in the regulation of the GnT-V gene transcription. These data indicated that the transcriptional regulation of the GnT-V gene was mediated by transcription factor Ets-1.
Nonexistence of global solutions for a fractional problems with a nonlinearity of the Fisher type

This paper deals with the Cauchy problem for a nonlinear hyperbolic equation D1+α 0|t u + D 0|tu + (− ) γ 2 u = h(t, x) | u |p| 1 − u |q, posed in Q = R+ × R, where pi, qi > 1, −1 < α < 1, 0 < β < 2, 0 < γ ≤ 2, and β < 1 + α with given initial position and velocity u(x, 0) = u0(x), ut (x, 0) = u1(x), and the Cauchy problem for a nonlinear hyperbolic system with initial data   D 1+α1 0|t u + D1 0|tu + (− ) γ1 2 u = h1(t, x) | v |p1 | 1 − v |q1, (t, x) ∈ Q D 1+α2 0|t v + D2 0|t v + (− ) γ2 2 v = h2(t, x) | u |p2 | 1 − u |q2, (t, x) ∈ Q u(x, 0) = u0(x) ≥ 0, ut (x, 0) = u1(x) ≥ 0, x ∈ R v(x, 0) = v0(x) ≥ 0, vt (x, 0) = v1(x) ≥ 0, x ∈ R where −1 < αi < 1, 0 < βi < 2, 0 < γi ≤ 2, and βi < 1 + αi. Di (i = 1, 2) denote the time-derivative of arbitrary order αi in the sense of Caputo. We find a critical exponent of Fujita type in the case of the particular values of the fractional order and the separate terms pi, qi(i = 1, 2) and N. AMS subject classification: 26A33, 34K30, 35R10, 47D06.
Efferent connections of the red nucleus in the brainstem and spinal cord of the rhesus monkey

Three types of neuron with differences in Nissl pattern were found in the red nucleus of the rhesus monkey. Neurons with coarse Nissl bodies occurred only in the caudal third of the red nucleus except for a small number which extended rostrally a short distance along the dorsolateral margin. Neurons with fine Nissl bodies occupied the rostral two‐thirds of the nucleus. Neurons with slight cytoplasmic basophilia (achromatic) were smaller than the other types and distributed throughout the red nucleus. Perikaryal areas of the coarse and fine neurons, measured with a computer, had widely overlapping distributions.