Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CommUnIty AlloCAtIon verSUS SCAled modUlArIty

The Temporal Structure of Scientific Consensus Formation (Shwed and Bearman 2010) developed a procedure—which did not require expert judgment—to evaluate the level of contestation in scientific literatures. Examining different cases of consensus and contestation, we showed that science may progress in a spiral pattern that quickly generates new questions in new domains from recent answers (e.g., climate change research), stagnate around old questions in a cyclical pattern (e.g., smoking research in the 1950s), or entrench in a flat pattern responding to irrelevant external critiques (e.g., research on autism and vaccines). Bruggeman, Traag, and Uitermark (hereafter BTU) argue that without distinguishing between positive and negative citations, our procedure is of little value. They arrive at this conclusion by misunderstanding the role of network communities in our procedure. They then propose as an improvement a self-defeating solution that relies on distinguishing between postive and negative ties, requires expert evaluation, and destroys the possiblity of an unbiased evaluation. Avoiding that trap was the point of our article. While much of their comment considers instances of contestation in politics that have nothing to do with science, the relevant findings they offer with respect to our analyses support our original findings. Given this, it is not surprising that BTU’s own calculations show that their concern with the valence of citations has no bearing on the evaluation of contestation levels. By accepting the comment for publication, ASR’s editors prolong a period of flat argumentation in the sociology of science. In this reply we reiterate the original article’s contribution and show how BTU’s findings strengthen ours. We conclude with remarks on the importance of symmetry, a guiding principle of our analysis that BTU completely abandoned. If it seems that the original article, the comment, and the reply are talking past each other, it is because they are. In the original article we made arguments about scientific contestation, modularity as a global property of graphs, symmetry, comparability, and empirical results. In the comment, BTU discuss the allocation of nodes to communities, non-scientific discourse, and doing what the 457 previous papers using modularity on topics unrelated to ours did. Although of great interest to many people, these are different foci than those we considered. Our article exploited the modularity community detection algorithm not for community detection, but as a general property of networks. This enabled us to link black-boxing (an idea) with modularity (a measure) to provide a useful, symmetrical tool for sociologists of science to evaluate the state of contestation around politically laden issues. Specifically, we used maximal directed modularity as a way to quantitatively operationalize the imagery of black-boxing (Latour) or bottled ships (Collins). We showed that the measure fits the contestation and consensus trends in disparate science domains described 463018 ASRXXX10.1177/0003122412463018Ame rican Sociological ReviewShwed and Bearman 2012
RNA Extraction Method from Fruit Tissue High in Water and Sugar

RNA isolation from ripe fruit can be complicated by high concentrations of sugar and water. These sugars interfere with RNA extraction often resulting in low RNA quality and quantities, and high water concentrations dilute the RNA, making isolation difficult. We report a simple but novel method by which the majority of the excess sugar and water in mature fruit of tomato (Lj'copersicon esculentu,,z Mill.), watermelon lCitrzillus laitahis (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakail, and muskmelon (Cucumis inelo L) can be easily removed from tissue before RNA extraction. This method produced quality RNA in a shorter time than the currently accepted method for fruit tissue RNA isolation and does not require liquid nitrogen or a freeze dryer. 1292 F! t'IoScII\( I \1` ()i. 4 1(S) At (,tST 2006
Gaze Direction in Virtual Reality Using Illumination Modulation and Sound

Unlike the traditional 2D environments in which a user is limited to viewing the content on the screen in front of them, virtual reality (VR) brings the user into an immersive, 3D setting. Though virtual reality allows for a much more dynamic experience, contentcreators now have less control over what the user is viewing. Storytelling, especially in gaming, is essential to the experience. Unlike 2D displays, where content was pushed to the user, in VR the user can explore the scene as they please, making the job of a content creator more difficult.
Epidemiology and Incidence of Common Cancers in Nigeria

Cancer is a public health problem worldwide affecting all ages. It is the second commonest cause of death in developed countries and among the three leading causes of death in developing countries. WHO reported that about 24.6 million people live with cancer world-wide. There are 12.5% of all deaths are attributable to cancer and if the trend continues, it is estimated that by 2020, 16 million new cases will be diagnosed per annum out of which 70% will be in the developing countries. There are 11 cancer registries in Nigeria; located in various tertiary hospitals in various parts of the country. Most of these Registries are poorly funded and cancer screening program is at minimal level except probably The Ibadan Cancer Registry, however they all produce hospital-based data. This review focuses on the current trend of cancer in Nigeria which may be used to adjust the cancer control programs in order to reduce cancer deaths in the country and also to call the attention of both the clinical research based organization, institution and in individual researchers and the government to use the trend of cancer in Nigeria for setting priorities in cancer control programs/researches.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning With Monte Carlo Tree Search in Computer Fighting Game

Fighting games are complex environments where challenging action-selection problems arise, mainly due to a diversity of opponents and possible actions. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a fighting player on top of the FightingICE platform that is used in the Fighting Game Artificial Intelligence (FTGAI) competition. Our proposal is based on hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) in combination with Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) designed as options. By using the FightingICE framework, we evaluate our player against state-of-the-art FTGAIs. We train our player against the current FTGAI champion (GigaThunder). The resulting learned policy is comparable with the champion in direct confront in regard to the number of victories, with the advantage of having less need for expert knowledge. We also evaluate the proposed player against the runners-up and show that adaptation to the strategies of each opponent is necessary for building stronger fighting players.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY , LYCOPENE CONTENT AND TOTAL PHENOLICS OF HOME GARDEN TOMATO ( Solanum Lycopersicum L . )

Saladette variety tomatoes were grown in a home garden of Zacatecas city from commercial seed "Rancho Los Molinos" (CST) and by another seed extracted from tomato (EST). The antioxidant capacity (ABTS+ method), ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity, lycopene and phenolic compounds were analyzed for both types of tomatoes (EST AND CST) grown in the homegarden as well as a tomato acquired in a supermarket of tomato. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between tomato varieties analyzed, except for the antioxidant activity; being EST tomato who showed the highest values for all other parameters. ETS tomato showed a 34% more lycopene than CT , while against the CST tomato a difference of 40%. Palabras clave: Compuestos bioactivos, Jitomate, Huerto.
System and method for optimizing image quality in a digital camera

The invention discloses a system and method for optimizing image quality in a digital camera. A digital camera includes an image optimization engine configured to generate an optimized image based on a raw image captured by the digital camera. The image optimization engine implements one or more machine learning engines in order to select rendering algorithms and rendering algorithm arguments that may then be used to render the raw image.
The Effect of the Physical State of the Body on Illusory Touch Sensations in a Virtual Environment

Abstract --This paper reports on the effect of the physical state of the body on touch sensations caused by collisions with virtual objects. The collision of a virtual object with a user’s body in a virtual environment may cause an illusory touch, or haptic, sensation. We hypothesize that a real-world touch sensation of moving air on skin may augment an illusory touch sensation created by the visual representation of a collision with an object in a virtual scene. To assess this hypothesis, we performed experiments evaluating touch sensation in three conditions: with the user’s body covered, with the user’s body uncovered, and when blowing air onto the user. Our results showed that a touch sensation was strongly induced in the condition where the user’s body was uncovered. Furthermore, the effect of blowing air onto the user differed depending on the body part that was stimulated and the representation of the virtual object. These results suggest that the top-down and bottom-up information for illusory touch sensation such as the user’s physical state and the touch sensation of the air on skin had affected each other.
The Cardiac Cycle : Mechanisms of Heart Sounds and Murmurs

Cardiac diseases often cause abnormal findings on physical examination, including pathologic heart sounds and murmurs. These findings are clues to the underlying pathophysiology, and proper interpretation is essential for successful diagnosis and disease management. This chapter describes heart sounds in the context of the normal cardiac cycle and then focuses on the origins of pathologic heart sounds and murmurs. Many cardiac diseases are mentioned briefly in this chapter as examples of abnormal heart sounds and murmurs. Because each of these conditions is described in greater detail later in the book, it is not necessary to memorize the examples presented here. Rather, it is preferable to understand the mechanisms by which the abnormal sounds are produced, so that their descriptions will make sense in later chapters. CARDIAC CYCLE
3 The Genomics of Colletotrichum

The fungal genus Colletotrichum includes more than 100 species responsible for anthracnose foliar blight and rot diseases of nearly every crop grown for food, fiber, and forage worldwide (Cannon et al. 2012b; Hyde et al. 2009). Because of their ubiquity, substantial capacity for destruction, and scientific importance as model pathosystems, fungi in the genus Colletotrichum are collectively ranked by the international plant pathology community among the top ten most important fungal phytopathogens (Dean et al. 2012). Economically important diseases caused by Colletotrichum are widespread, occurring on maize, beans, strawberries, coffee, chili peppers, cucurbits, potatoes, and countless other cultivated plants (e.g., Bergstrom and Nicholson 1999; Hyde et al. 2009; Lees and Hilton 2003; Legard 2000; Melotto et al. 2000; Prihastuti et al. 2009; Singh and Schwartz 2010; Than et al. 2008; Ureña-Padilla et al. 2002; Varzea et al. 2002; Waller 1992; Wasilwa et al. 1993; Xie et al. 2010). Colletotrichum postharvest fruit rots are responsible for major economic losses, with severe infections resulting in up to 100 % loss during storage (Prusky 1996). Colletotrichum diseases also produce substantial damage on important subsistence crops including lentil, cowpea, yam, banana, sorghum, and cassava (Adegbite and Amusa 2008; Chona 1980; Chongo et al. 2002; Finlay and Brown 1993; J. Crouch Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab, USDA-ARS 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg. 10A, Room 228, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA e-mail: joanne.crouch@ars.usda. gov
Procedural Content Generation as an Opportunity to Foster Collaborative Mindful Learning

The use of procedural content generation (PCG) is increasingly explored in game design. Yet so far, few have explored its use from a learning perspective. In this paper we describe how PCG provides for an opportunity for fostering collaborative mindful learning. The increase in content variety due to PCG has the potential to make players more mindful about the educational content and create incentives to discuss the content between players. We encourage scholars to investigate this interesting intersection of two research communities—PCG and educational games—and also consider other potential impact that comes from understanding how players communicate about generated content.
Integrating AMI , MDE for Muti-device Muli-Modal User Interface to Support People with Disabilities

Model-driven engineering (MDE), including Model Based approaches of user interfaces describes the User interface and its related aspects (e.g. tasks, domain, context of use) using set of models that can derive a final user interface. Model-Based user interface approaches give the researchers a new designing methodology that eases the creation of user interface and tackles the problems of producing a new design for every new device and every modality (graphical, vocal, gesture, .) The design of interactive systems for an ambient intelligent environment (AMI) poses many challenges due to the diverse number of devices, and interaction modalities available in the environment together with restrictions imposed by making the interactive system usable by people with disabilities. This work proposes a framework that integrates model based techniques with AMI to build an applicable solution which can allow the designers to design and develop multi-device and multi-modal user interfaces to fit the emergent needs of people with disabilities in an AMI environment through a number of model-transformations.
A global biogeographic classi fi cation of the mesopelagic zone

We have developed a global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone to reflect the regional scales over which the ocean interior varies in terms of biodiversity and function. An integrated approach was necessary, as global gaps in information and variable sampling methods preclude strictly statistical approaches. A panel combining expertise in oceanography, geospatial mapping, and deep-sea biology convened to collate expert opinion on the distributional patterns of pelagic fauna relative to environmental proxies (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen at mesopelagic depths). An iterative Delphi Method integrating additional biological and physical data was used to classify biogeographic ecoregions and to identify the location of ecoregion boundaries or inter-regions gradients. We define 33 global mesopelagic ecoregions. Of these, 20 are oceanic while 13 are ‘distant neritic. ’ While each is driven by a complex of controlling factors, the putative primary driver of each ecoregion was identified. While work remains to be done to produce a comprehensive and robust mesopelagic biogeography (i.e., reflecting temporal variation), we believe that the classification set forth in this study will prove to be a useful and timely input to policy planning and management for conservation of deeppelagic marine resources. In particular, it gives an indication of the spatial scale at which faunal communities are expected to be broadly similar in composition, and hence can inform application of ecosystem-based http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.dsr. 2017.05. 006 Received 18 April 2017; Received in revised form 14 May 2017; Accepted 15 May 2017 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: tsutton1@nova.edu (T.T. Sutton), Malcolm.Clark@niwa.co.nz (M.R. Clark), daniel.dunn@duke.edu (D.C. Dunn), phalpin@duke.edu (P.N. Halpin), alex.rogers@zoo.ox. ac.uk (A.D. Rogers), John.Guinotte@marine-conservation.org (J. Guinotte), steven.bograd@noaa.gov (S.J. Bograd), mvangel37@gmail.com (M.V. Angel), angel.perez@univali.br (J.A.A. Perez), kwishner@uri.edu (K. Wishner), haedrich@mun.ca (R.L. Haedrich), dhugal@jamstec.go. jp (D.J. Lindsay), jdrazen@hawaii.edu (J.C. Drazen), alv@ocean.ru (A. Vereshchaka), upiatkowski@geomar.de (U. Piatkowski), t.morato@gmail.com (T. Morato), kasiab@iopan.gda. pl (K. Błachowiak-Samołyk), robr@mbari.org (B.H. Robison), kristina.gjerde@eip.com. pl (K.M. Gjerde), A.C. Pierrot-Bults@uva.nl (A. Pierrot-Bults), patricio.bernal@gmail.com (P. Bernal), gabriel.reygondeau@gmail.com (G. Reygondeau), mikko.heino@uib.no (M. Heino). Deep-Sea Research Part I 126 (2017) 85–102 Available online 22 May 2017 0967-0637/ © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/). MARK management approaches, marine spatial planning and the distribution and spacing of networks of representative
Employee Relations The changing nature of collective employment relations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey developments in four aspects of collective employment relations (ER) since the mid-1960s: collective representation and organisation; collective bargaining coverage and structure; the collective bargaining agenda; and joint consultation arrangements. It considers the reasons underlying change. Design/methodology/approach – A range of published sources are drawn on, including quantitative, survey based and qualitative, case-study and other evidence. Findings – The landscape of collective ER has changed markedly over the past half century. Membership of trade unions has fallen from around half of the workforce to one-quarter. Employers who mainly conducted collective bargaining through employers’ associations now negotiate, if at all, on a firm-by-firm basis. Collective bargaining coverage has sharply declined and now only extends to a minority of the private sector workforce. The bargaining agenda has been hollowed out. Joint consultation arrangements too are less widespread than they were around 1980. Originality/value – The paper contends that change has been driven by three underlying processes. “Marketization” of collective ER entailing a shift from an industrial or occupational to an enterprise frame of reference. The rise of “micro-corporatism”, reflecting increased emphasis on the common interests of collective actors within an enterprise frame. Finally, the voluntarism, underpinning Britain’s collective ER became more “asymmetric”, with employers’ preferences increasingly predominant.
A Review on Artificial intelligence Approach on Prediction of Software Defects

This paper presents a literature review of the use of various techniques for artificial intelligence techniques in the field of software defect prediction. This literature review is very useful, since it brings a better understanding of the field of study, and this is an important contribution of this paper. Faults in software systems continue to be a major problem. A software fault is a defect that causes software failure in an executable product. Knowing the causes of possible defects as well as identifying general software process areas that may need attention from the initialization of a project could save money, time and work. The possibility of early estimating the potential faultiness of software could help on planning, controlling and executing software development activities. This paper surveys literature review of articles for the past many years in order to explore how various prediction methodologies have been developed during this period in order to take care of the issues related to software defect. KeywordsSoftware defect, Artificial intelligence, Neural Network, Fuzzy logic, Data prediction.
Obstetric care in rural Australia : the evidence is right under our noses — but what direction are we heading ?

Despite one-third of Australia’s population residing in rural areas the current trend in Australian health care has been to downsize rural/regional health care facilities. At the same time there has been a significant loss of essential procedural services such as obstetric services in rural areas. Much has been written about this loss which has also been attributed to increases in litigation, an aging workforce and changing work-life expectations of younger health professionals.1
Investigating Security and Privacy using Multicloud Architecture

Security challenges are largest barrier in view of assumption of cloud services. There are set of investigation actions and amount of schemes are done on clearing those difficulties. Away from these security problems, the cloud consists of group of distinct characteristics, proficiency and structure. It produces a survey on feasible security excellence by manufacturing utilization of numerous definite clouds at the same time. Different definite structures are launch and talk over as stated by their security and privacy capacity and expectation. This system proposes the privacy and security to cloud users with less computation cost and minimum time. By using that Multicloud architecture this system is used AES algorithm to provide security to cloud user’s data. The propose system improved the security using AES algorithm. The file is devided on two clouds that are DriveHQ cloud and Dropbox cloud. So this system provides high privacy and security to users.
BIG DATA AGGREGATION USING HADOOP AND MAP REDUCE TECHNIQUE FOR WEATHER FORECASTING

Nowadays analyzing large amounts of data has become a big challenge. Data could be scientific, medical, meteorological, climatically, financial or marketing. Data mining techniques is used to extract meaningful information from large data set. Weather forecasting can be used to support many important sectors that are affected by climate like agriculture, water resources, air traffic, and tourism. Weather forecasting is an area of meteorology that is done by collecting data from the different stations related to the current state of the weather like temperate, rainfall, wind, and fog. Weather forecasting is the most challenging problem for scientists. Hadoop and MapReduce are the most models used to analysis a huge data set. This paper explains a system that uses the historical weather data of a region and apply the MapReduce and Hadoop techniques to analysis these historical data.
Special Issue: Probabilistic models of cognition Probabilistic models of cognition: Conceptual foundations

Remarkable progress in the mathematics and computer science of probability has led to a revolution in the scope of probabilistic models. In particular, ‘sophisticated’ probabilistic methods apply to structured relational systems such as graphs and grammars, of immediate relevance to the cognitive sciences. This Special Issue outlines progress in this rapidly developing field, which provides a potentially unifying perspective across a wide range of domains and levels of explanation. Here, we introduce the historical and conceptual foundations of the approach, explore how the approach relates to studies of explicit probabilistic reasoning, and give a brief overview of the field as it stands today.