Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Control in Corn (Zea mays) with Single Preemergence and Sequential Applications of Residual Herbicides1

Abstract: Control of common waterhemp in corn with chloroacetamide and dinitroaniline herbicides can be inconsistent. Common waterhemp control by dimethenamid, S-metalochlor, pendimethalin, and three formulations of acetochlor, applied alone or with atrazine as single preemergence (PRE) or sequential PRE followed by postemergence (POST) treatment, was determined. The manufacturer's suggested use rate (1 time) of PRE herbicides was compared with sequential applications (0.66 time PRE followed by 0.34 time POST) of herbicides. POST applications included dicamba to control emerged common waterhemp. Single and sequential herbicide applications controlled common waterhemp at least 98%, 28 d after planting (DAP). But herbicides applied sequentially were more effective than PRE treatments by 56 DAP. Encapsulated acetochlor formulations controlled common waterhemp at least 85% by 56 DAP regardless of application method. Sequential applications of S-metolachlor controlled common waterhemp greater than 83%. Atrazine improved common waterhemp control regardless of herbicide or application method 56 DAP. Sequential applications of dimethenamid or S-metolachlor alone or with atrazine were more effective than single PRE applications of these herbicides. Nomenclature: Acetochlor; atrazine; chloroacetamide; dimethenamid; dinitroaniline; pendimethalin; S-metalochlor; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer #3 AMATA; corn, Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 34R07’. Additional index words: Chloroacetamide, dinitroaniline, herbicide application timing, sequential applications. Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence.
Cooling and warming effects on cold hardiness estimations of three woody ornamental taxa

Cooling treatments of 2, 4, and 6C/hour or warming at 25, 4, or 0C influenced the cold hardiness estimates of × Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A.B. Jacks. (Leyland cypress), Lagerstroemia indica L. (crape myrtle), and Photinia × fraseri Dress Birmingham' (redtip photinia) at four times during the year. New growth from all taxa, especially spring growth, was injured or killed at higher temperatures by the fastest cooling rate and/or by warming at 25C []
BODY COMPOSITION OF ONGOLE CROSSBRED GROWING BULL UNDER INTENSIVE FEEDING MANAGEMENT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between age and body composition of ongole crossbred growing bull under intensive feeding management. Eight Ongole Crossbred growing bull aged 6-18 months old with initial live weight ranged at 133.5-228 kg were used in this study. They were fed Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ad libitum and concentrate feeding at 2.1% of body weight (dry matter basis) which was adjusted to contain 15% protein. The grass was wilted for 7 days prior to feeding. The change of body composition was done in two methods. The first method is histological components by slaughtering animal to measure meat, bone and fat. The second method is chemical composition to determine water, protein and fat. The later body composition was measured during raising under intensive feeding regime for three months and determined by urea space method. The results showed that total meat, bone and fat were increased as cattle age increased, with correlations values between these body components and age were ranged at 0.53-0.72, or if those components were percentaged to the empty body weight, the correlation were 0.04, 0.40 and -0.46, for bone, fat and meat, respectively. These were suggested as a result of different growth rate of body components. In the chemical components, the EBH2O, EBPro and EBFat were ranged at 48.3-53.7% (average 51.22%), 12.5-13.8% (21.54%) and 27.0-34.18% (average 30.38%), respectively, with correlation values were ranged at 0.68-0.69. It could be concluded that during 6-18 m.o. growing period, the growth rate of bone was at the stable rate due to reaching the bone maturity. The weak correlation between age and meat and fat showed that age has small effect on the growth rate, even though
An overview of the goals and functions of the Israeli Gene Bank for Agricultural Crops

The area of Israel is rich in valuable wild-growing relatives of crop plants that can be used as breeding resources. However, with growing urbanization and land use, the populations of these relatives and of other species with an untapped economic potential are becoming impoverished or are in danger of extinction. A cardinal goal of the Israeli Gene Bank for Agricultural Crops (IGB), founded in 1979, is to conserve representative gene pools of these species. For now, this is mainly realized by ex-situ collections. At present, the central seed bank at the headquarters of the IGB, which is in the process of being renovated, holds some 8,000 accessions of wild crop relatives. Landraces that used to be grown in our area are being preserved in the seed bank and in vegetatively maintained clonal repositories. The IGB maintains a network of collaboration with academic institutions and other bodies that are engaged in work related to plant genetic resources, in Israel and abroad. For the future, strategies of in-situ conservation of entire populations of wild crop relatives are being explored. It is planned to enlarge the seed collections to include countrywide representatives of all native species with an economic potential, as well as rare plants. The IGB hopes to become part of a regional network with related germplasm collections in neighboring countries.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE HOST PLANT AND SATURATION DEFICIT ON THE TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF A PSYLLID (HOMOPTERA)

The psyllid, Acizzia russellae, survived higher temperatures on the host plant (Acacia karroo) than off it and our results demonstrated an interaction between saturation deficit (S.D.) and temperature in causing death. With psyllids exposed to critically high temperatures on the plant a characteristic inverted “V” shaped survival curve, plotted against S.D. , was realised, suggesting that (i) at low S.D. ‘s the insects were suffering heat death: evaporative cooling from the host plant, and perhaps the insects, failing to lower temperatures below the upper lethal limit; (ii) at moderate S.D. 's survival was greatly increased: evaporative cooling resulting in lowered body temperatures but without lethal desiccation; (iii) at high S.D. ';s, in spite of more effective evaporative cooling, desiccation caused death.
Removal of phosphorylation sites of γ subunit of phosphodiesterase 6 alters rod light response

The phosphodiesterase 6 γ (PDE6γ) inhibitory subunit of the rod PDE6 effector enzyme plays a central role in the turning on and off of the visual transduction cascade, since binding of PDE6γ to the transducin α subunit (Tα) initiates the hydrolysis of the second messenger cGMP, and PDE6γ in association with RGS9‐1 and the other GAP complex proteins (Gβ5, R9AP) accelerates the conversion of TαGTP to TαGDP, the rate‐limiting step in the decay of the rod light response. Several studies have shown that PDE6γ can be phosphorylated at two threonines, T22 and T35, and have proposed that phosphorylation plays some role in the physiology of the rod. We have examined this possibility by constructing mice in which T22 and/or T35 were replaced with alanines. Our results show that T35A rod responses rise and decay more slowly and are less sensitive to light than wild‐type (WT). T22A responses show no significant difference in initial time course with WT but decay more rapidly, especially at dimmer intensities. When the T22A mutation is added to T35A, double mutant rods no longer showed the prolonged decay of T35A rods but remained slower than WT in initial time course. Our experiments suggest that the polycationic domain of PDE6γ containing these two phosphorylation sites can influence the rate of PDE6 activation and deactivation and raise the possibility that phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of PDE6γ could modify the time course of transduction, thereby influencing the wave form of the light response.
Using Banksia (Proteaceae) node counts to estimate time since fire

In Australia, numerous methods have been used to determine the time since the last fire at a given site. One method involves counting the number of annual growth nodes on Banksia spp. that are either killed by fire, or regenerate from surviving rootstocks, to determine above-ground plant age. Although a number of studies have used the Banksia node-count method to estimate plant and therefore site age, no published data assess the reliability of this method. This study attempted to determine the accuracy of the method, with shrub-form B. marginata individuals from five sites of different age, in a south-eastern Australian sand heath. A significant relationship was found between modal node (internode) counts and the known time since fire, with internode counts at four of the five sites accurate to within 1 year of actual site age up to 21 years (n > 50 individuals per site). The results suggest that the Banksia node-count method is a useful tool for determining site age up to 21 years. However, sample sizes need to be appropriate for the area sampled, given the potential error in counting nodes and the inherent site variability in age classes.
Case Study Efficiencies from Closed Loop Cardiovascular Information Systems

This report applies control system concepts to Cardiovascular Information Systems to see it there is an opportunity to improve patient care. By providing background on what open and closed loop systems are the report conceptualizes that some patient care is open loop and more complex care such as Cardiology is closed loop. The background highlights the feedback loop as an important element of system performance and how it can be used to optimize system performance. The report explores case studies of reducing the feedback loops in referrals, studies and reports, inpatient order communications, booking and reporting. The case studies found that in all cases, optimizing the feedback loop improves patient care by increasing the speed to effective treatment, reduced administration, reduced data entry effort, fewer opportunities for error, reduced billing leakage, increased room utilization and reduce bed-time per inpatient. The most profound finding in the report is that when the system is conceptualized as a whole, the optimization benefits compound as the smaller feedback loops affect larger feedback loops. The report concludes that patient care can be improved by applying control system concepts to Cardiovascular Information Systems and as your partner, Cardiobase is here to support you in achieving that vision.
Observations on certain Conditions Requisite for Skin Penetration by the Infective Larvæ of Strongyloides and Ankylostomes

Our knowledge that the infective larvæ of certain parasitic nematodes are capable of actively boring into intact skin and of thus gaining entry into the host dates from the epoch-making discovery of Looss, who, in 1897, accidentally infected himself with Ancylostoma duodenale, the mature larvae of which entered through the skin of his hand (Looss, 1911, pp. 456−459).
Evaluation of Palm Kernel Cake Fermented by Aspergillus niger as Substitute for Soybean Meal Protein in the Diet of Broiler

2 Abstract: An experiment was conducted for the evaluation of Palm Kernel Cake Fermented (PKCF) by Aspergillus niger as a substitute for soybean meal protein in the diet of broiler. The experiment used a Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were arranged as follows: 1) 0% basic ration (0% PKCF), 2) 20% substitution of soybean meal protein with PKCF, 3) 40% substitution of soybean meal protein with PKCF, 4) 60% substitution of soybean meal protein with PKCF, 5) 80% substitution of soybean meal with PKCF, 6) 100% substitution of soybean meal with PKCF. The ration were formulated in iso protein 22% and iso caloric 3000 k cal/kg ration. This study used a completel y randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The parameters of this study were feed consumption, body weight gained, feed conversion and percentage of carcass. The result of this study showed that feed consumption, body weight gained, feed conversion and percentage of carcase were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by any treatment. In conclusion the Palm Kernel Cake Fermented (PKCF) by Aspergillus niger can be 100% a substitute of soybean meal protein or 17% in broiler ration.
Biological Effects of ELF on human body cells

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation has received considerable attention recently as a possible threat to the health of persons living near high tension electric power lines, distribution substations, and even in close proximity to common household electric appliances. Results of epidemiological and laboratory research are examined to assess risks associated with magnetic fields generated by extremely low frequency electromagnetic sources. Health risks associated with such fields include a wide variety of ills ranging from disruption of normal circadian rhythms to childhood cancers. Risk assessment has been particularly difficult to deter-mine in light of an ostensible lack of a dose-response relationship. Current media sensation fueled in part by an equivocal position adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency has contributed to the controversy. Recommendations for prudent avoidance of possible dangers are presented along with policy implications concerning health risks associated with magnetic fields.
Boron nutrition and fruit set of 'Italian' prune

approved: _ v Pal^itk i: Breen Foliar B sprays have increased fruit set in 'Italian' prune (Prunus domes tica L.) by 2 fold in some trials and had no effect in others. This work was conducted to identify reasons for this inconsistent response. Since B levels in flowers are associated with the amount of fruit set, factors affecting B supply to flowers were also studied. Foliar B sprays (500 ppm) were applied to 'Italian' prune trees in the fall. Results from 2 trials suggest that the response to B is influenced by the overall fruit set and B levels in flowers in a given year. Boron sprays had no effect on set during a warm spring when overall fruit set was high (12.2%), but increased set by 32% during a cool year when the overall set was low (3.2%). The B content of flowers forced on excised branches was similar to that of flowers on intact trees, indicating that flowers derive most of their B from reserves in nearby branch tissues. Simulated rain and relative humidity treatments indicated that B in flowers is not readily leached by rain and that transpiration rate has little effect on B accumulation in flowers. Boron accumulated slowly in buds prior to bud swelling (5 weeks before bloom), but rapidly from then until bloom. Xylem differentiated in the axes of buds as they began to swell. Prior to this, the discontinuous xylem vessel connection may impede B movement into buds. The observation that the concentrations of P, K, Ca, and S in the xylem exudate increased markedly 5 weeks before bloom, while B concentrations remained constant, suggests that B in branches is not as readily remobilized as other elements. The amount of B supplied to buds via the xylem was estimated from the accumulations of B in buds, the B concentration in xylem exudate, and the calculated transpiration from buds. Only a fourth of the B entering buds during the 2 months prior to bloom was supplied by the xylem. BORON NUTRITION AND FRUIT SET OF 'ITALIAN' PRUNE By Eric J. Hanson A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 5, 1984 Commencement June 1985
Lysis of a Broad Range of Epithelial Tumour Cells by Human γδ T Cells: Involvement of NKG2D ligands and T‐cell Receptor‐ versus NKG2D‐dependent Recognition

Human γδ T cells expressing a Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell receptor (TCR) kill various tumour cells including autologous tumours. In addition to TCR‐dependent recognition, activation of NKG2D‐positive γδ T cells by tumour cell‐expressed NKG2D ligands can also trigger cytotoxic effector function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of TCR versus NKG2D in tumour cell recognition as a prerequisite to identify tumour types suitable for γδ T‐cell‐based immunotherapy. We have characterized epithelial tumour cells of different origin with respect to cell surface expression of the known NKG2D ligands MHC class I‐chain‐related antigens (MIC) A/B and UL16‐binding proteins (ULBP), and susceptibility to γδ T‐cell killing. Most tumour cells expressed comparable levels of MICA and MICB as well as ULBP with the exception of ULBP‐1 which was absent or only weakly expressed. Most epithelial tumours were susceptible to allogeneic γδ T‐cell lysis and in the case of an established ovarian carcinoma to autologous γδ T‐cell killing. Lysis of resistant cells was enhanced by pre‐treatment of tumour cells with aminobisphosphonates or pre‐activation of γδ T cells with phosphoantigens. A potential involvement of TCR and/or NKG2D was investigated by antibody blockade. These experiments revealed three patterns of inhibition, i.e. preferential inhibition by anti‐TCR antibody, preferential inhibition by anti‐NKG2D antibody, or additive blockade by anti‐TCR plus anti‐NKG2D antibodies. Our results indicate for the first time that the NKG2D pathway is involved in the lysis of different melanomas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas, squameous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and lung carcinoma.
Growth and body composition of broiler chickens in response to different regimens of feed restriction.

Abstract Differences in growth and body composition resulting from four feeding intervals (ad libitum, skip-a-day, daily, or hourly) under dietary restriction between Days 8 and 14 posthatch were investigated with 1,536 male broiler chicks in 32 floor pens. Restricted birds were fed equivalent to [BW(g)]. 67 kcal/day. On Days 0 to 7 and 15 to 56, all chicks received feed ad libitum. The dietcontained 22% protein and 3,072 kcal/kg. During the week of restriction, weight gain per chick was 204, 25, 18, and 16 g, respectively, for birds receiving feed ad libitum, skip-a-day, daily, and hourly. Restricted chicks lost fat (hourly lost most, daily intermediate, skip-a-day the least) but gained protein (approximately 6 g per chick). On Day 56, BW of restricted chicks was not significantly different from one another, but was significantly less (270g) than that of full-fed birds. Final body composition expressed as a percentage of BW was largely unaffected by treatment. No compensatory growth was observed.
Effect of stand age on greenhouse gas fluxes from a Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] chronosequence on a peaty gley soil

The influence of forest stand age in a Picea sitchensis plantation on (1) soil fluxes of three greenhouse gases (GHGs – CO2, CH4 and N2O) and (2) overall net ecosystem global warming potential (GWP), was investigated in a 2‐year study. The objective was to isolate the effect of forest stand age on soil edaphic characteristics (temperature, water table and volumetric moisture) and the consequent influence of these characteristics on the GHG fluxes. Fluxes were measured in a chronosequence in Harwood, England, with sites comprising 30‐ and 20‐year‐old second rotation forest and a site clearfelled (CF) some 18 months before measurement. Adjoining unforested grassland (UN) acted as a control. Comparisons were made between flux data, soil temperature and moisture data and, at the 30‐year‐old and CF sites, eddy covariance data for net ecosystem carbon (C) exchange (NEE). The main findings were: firstly, integrated CO2 efflux was the dominant influence on the GHG budget, contributing 93–94% of the total GHG flux across the chronosequence compared with 6–7% from CH4 and N2O combined. Secondly, there were clear links between the trends in edaphic factors as the forest matured, or after clearfelling, and the emission of GHGs. In the chronosequence sites, annual fluxes of CO2 were lower at the 20‐year‐old (20y) site than at the 30‐year‐old (30y) and CF sites, with soil temperature the dominant control. CH4 efflux was highest at the CF site, with peak flux 491±54.5 μg m−2 h−1 and maximum annual flux 18.0±1.1 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1. No consistent uptake of CH4 was noted at any site. A linear relationship was found between log CH4 flux and the closeness of the water table to the soil surface across all sites. N2O efflux was highest in the 30y site, reaching 108±38.3 μg N2O‐N m−2 h−1 (171 μg N2O m−2 h−1) in midsummer and a maximum annual flux of 4.7±1.2 kg N2O ha−1 yr−1 in 2001. Automatic chamber data showed a positive exponential relationship between N2O flux and soil temperature at this site. The relationship between N2O emission and soil volumetric moisture indicated an optimum moisture content for N2O flux of 40–50% by volume. The relationship between C : N ratio data and integrated N2O flux was consistent with a pattern previously noted across temperate and boreal forest soils.
Landscape and Urban Planning Trees in the city: Valuing street trees in Portland, Oregon

We use a hedonic price model to simultaneously estimate the effects of street trees on the sales price and thetime-on-market(TOM)ofhousesinPortland,Oregon.Onaverage,streettreesadd$8870tosalesprice andreduceTOMby1.7days. Inaddition,wefoundthatthebeneﬁtsofstreettreesspillovertoneighboring houses.BecausetheprovisionandmaintenanceofstreettreesinPortlandistheresponsibilityofadjacent propertyowners,ourresultssuggestthatiftheprovisionofstreettreesisleftsolelytohomeowners,then there will be too few street trees from a societal perspective.
Antisense RNA inhibition of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase and NADP malate dehydrogenase in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis: analysis of plants with a mosaic phenotype

Antisense RNA suppression of either pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase [EC 2.7. 9.1] or NADP malate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1. 1.82] gene expression in the C4 dicot Flaveria bidentis L. var. Kuntze produced several independent transgenic lines with leaves showing heritable, mosaic phenotypes. The appearance of these plants was highly variable, with leaves that were either predominantly green, predominantly yellow, or a mixture of the two. The yellow sectors appeared to be clonal in origin. For both sets of transgenic plants, the green and yellow sectors showed a reduction in the activity of the respective target enzyme compared to wild-type leaves. The mRNA of the target enzyme was reduced in both green and yellow sectors of leaves of both types of transformants compared to leaves from wild-type plants. The yellow sectors had decreased amounts of other photosynthetic enzymes on an area basis, but most enzyme activities and electron transport rates were similar to the green sectors on a chlorophyll basis. The mosaic phenotype could not be attributed simply to the degree of suppression of the target enzyme, because we have also obtained uniformly green plants with similar or greater enzyme suppression. The importance of this spatial variability in the effectiveness of the antisense transgenes for the analysis of transgenic plants in general is discussed.