Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Marketing Strategy in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Loss-Averse Consumers

The importance of remanufacturing system has been extensively investigated in recent years. Taking into account the consumer valuation uncertainty and the demand uncertainty, this paper addresses the issue of closed-loop supply chain with remanufacturing by game theory. We consider two types of consumers in the market: loss-neutral consumers and loss-averse consumers. The loss-neutral consumers are completely rational. The loss-averse consumers, on the other hand, are with losses being more painful than equal-sized gains being pleasant. When multichannel structure can be chosen, the manufacturer has three pricing strategies in direct market: keeping the price high with a small discount, no customers choose the online store; keeping the price high with a moderate discount, only the loss-neutral customers choose the online store; keeping the price low with a big discount, all customers choose the online store. Consumers make up their decisive selections through comparing the price and channel attributes. We introduce utility function for analyzing the market demand and then identify the optimal pricing and channel strategy to maximize the manufacturer’s profit. Finally, the rationality and validities of the proposed model are illustrated by numerical examples, and sensitivity analyses of the parameters are also presented.
RADON-NIKODYM THEOREM WITH DANIELL SCHEME

We give a new formulation of the Radon-Nikodym density based on Daniell scheme. Our main result is applicable to arbitrary measure spaces, in particular, not necessarily localizable. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships between our results and localizable measure spaces, and give an example of the measure space which fails to be localizable but has a certain Radon-Nidkoym density for absolutely continuous measures. AMS Subject Classification: 28B99, 46B22
Look Who's Talking: ECB Communication During the First Years of Emu

This paper studies ECB and Bundesbank communication on monetary policy during the first years of the European Economic and Monetary Union. We study whether statements by different (groups of) central bankers have been contradictory and whether differences have diminished over time. We find that statements on the interest rate, inflation and economic growth have indeed been contradictory. Furthermore, national central banks continue to dominate communication on monetary policy. Finally, only the ECB Executive Board has observed radio silence before ECB Governing Council meetings. A positive conclusion is that, over time, interest rate statements have become less contradictory.
Determinants of initial export market participation: (an empirical study on the internal-proactive and Internal-reactive factors among micro and small enterprises in the commercial craft sector in Kenya)

This study sought to investigate the determinants of initial export market participation among MSEs in the commercial craft sector in Kenya. This was motivated by the available evidence that MSEs play a critical role in the economy of most developing as well developed nations in terms employment creation occupation and subsequent wealth creation. The study specifically sought to determine the effect of internal-proactive factors on initial export market participation among MSEs in the commercial craft sector in Kenya. To investigate the effects of internal-reactive factors on initial export market participation among MSEs in the commercial craft sector in Kenya. The study adopted the stage theory and the factor proportions theories of internationalization and used a mixture of explanatory and descriptive research designs on a target population of 140 MSEs in the commercial craft sector in Kenya registered with EPC at the time of the study. Primary data was collected by use of a semistructured questionnaire and the data was analyzed by use of measures of central tendencies, Factor analysis (for data reduction) and multiple regression analysis (to establish the variable relationships). The findings show that initial export market participation in Kenya MSEs is influenced significantly by internal proactive factors, (with some variables depicting negative significant skew, while others provide positive skew effect). The study concludes that to enhance export market participation and ensure a vibrant and competitiveness in the global marketplace, these internal proactive factors need to be continuously scrutinized with adequate attention. The study recommends that the governments and the relevant agencies need to collectively lobby and develop export sensitization programmes anchored on appropriate policies intended to boost MSE export market participation.
A 50-Million-Year-Old Fossil Forest from Strathcona Fiord , Ellesmere Island , Arctic Canada : Evidence for a Warm Polar Climate

The remains of a fossil forest are buried within a sedimentary sequence of Eocene age (approximately 50 million years old) near Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Large petrified tree stumps are preserved in their original growth positions in coals of the Eureka Sound Group, a sequence of sandstones, siltstones and coals deposited in a deltdfloodplain environment. The dimensions of 83 stumps were recorded and their positions plotted on a plan of the exposed area of coal. The fossil stumps are roughly conical in shape, up to 1.8 m high and with roots spreading up to 5 m in diameter. They are closely spaced on the coal, some only 1 m apart. A density of 1 stump in 27 mz (367 stumps.Ha-’) was calculated for this forest. The stumps represent large forest trees that grew in freshwater, swampy conditions between large river channels. Their buttressed roots provided extra support in the waterlogged peats. The rivers periodically shifted their courses, flooding the forests and burying them under silts and sands. Wide growth rings in the fossil wood, in addition to evidence from associated sediments and vertebrate faunas, indicate favourable growing conditions in a mild, cool/wann temperate climate with high rainfall. Palaeolatitude studies suggest that the forest lay close to its present high-latitude position during the Eocene. Such a forest is therefore evidence that the Eocene polar climate was much wanner than today and that the trees were able to tolerate a polar sunlight regime of continuous summer sunlight followed by months of winter darkness.
Large‐scale habitat variability, delayed density effects and red deer populations in Norway

Summary 1. Parallel to the large-scale changes in land-use patterns over the last century in Europe, many deer species have expanded their range and increased in density, but the role of habitat changes for their population ecology remains poorly documented. 2. We tested for effects of variability in agricultural (proportion of meadow and density of sheep) and forestry practices (proportion of coniferous and deciduous forest) in 106 municipalities in Norway on body weight of 10 206 female and 15 499 male adult red deer collected over the period 1965‐2000. 3. Long-term temporal changes in body weights may also be due to delayed density effects, either due to that persistent high density of red deer through grazing and browsing may affect vegetation composition (i.e. an effect of cumulative density after present-day density is controlled for), or that individuals born at high density start to penetrate the population (cohort-effects). As these effects may be confounding to variability in forestry or agricultural practice, we also test whether cohort and/or cumulative density may affect body weight of red deer. 4. There was a strong negative effect of cohort density, but no effect of cumulative density in the previous 10 years once the cohort effect was accounted for. 5. There was a clear positive effect of proportion of meadow on red deer body weight, while there was no effect of sheep density once the effect of proportion of meadow was adjusted for. Proportion of meadow increased during the study, but most of the variation was between municipalities (i.e. in space). 6. Neither proportional area of coniferous or deciduous forest consistently affected body weight of red deer in Norway. 7. Our study emphasizes the multitude of factors over time and space that affects body weight, and hence demography and population dynamics, of large herbivores.
Fairness-Aware Task Allocation for Heterogeneous Multi-Cloud Systems

Cloud computing is rapidly growing for its on-demand services over the Internet. The customers can use these services by placing the requirements in the form of leases. In IaaS cloud, the customer submits the leases in one of the form, namely advance reservation (AR) and best effort (BE). The AR lease has higher priority over the BE lease. Hence, it can preempt the BE lease. It results in starvation among the BE leases and is unfair to the BE leases. In this chapter, the authors present fairness-aware task allocation (FATA) algorithm for heterogeneous multi-cloud systems, which aims to provide fairness among AR and BE leases. We have performed rigorous experiments on some benchmark and synthetic datasets. The performance is measured in terms of two metrics, namely makespan and average cloud utilization. The experimental result shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the existing algorithm.
Fragmentation and Stability of Markets

Trading skills are highly rewarded in practice but largely ignored in theoretical models of financial markets. This paper demonstrates the importance of skills by examining their interaction with market fragmentation and market stability. We consider a computational model where traders’ abilities to accurately price assets are endogenous. In contrast to models that do not consider skills, we find that centralising markets can lead to higher price volatility and less resilience to shocks because it increases the equilibrium proportion of unskilled traders.
Mobile MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric trace gases

Abstract. From Multi-Axis- (MAX-) DOAS observations, information on tropospheric trace gases close to the surface and up to the free troposphere can be obtained. Usually MAX-DOAS observations are performed at fixed locations, which allows to retrieve the diurnal variation of tropospheric species at that location. Alternatively, MAX-DOAS observations can also be made on mobile platforms like cars, ships or aircrafts. Then, in addition to the vertical (and temporal) distribution, also the horizontal variation of tropospheric trace gases can be measured. Such information is important for the quantitative comparison with model simulations, study of transport processes, and for the validation of tropospheric trace gas products from satellite observations. However, for MAX-DOAS observations from mobile platforms, the standard analysis techniques for MAX-DOAS observations can usually not be applied, because the probed airmasses can change rapidly between successive measurements. In this study we introduce a new technique which overcomes these problems and allows the exploitation of the full information content of mobile MAX-DOAS observations. Our method can also be applied to MAX-DOAS observations made at fixed locations in order to improve the accuracy especially in cases of strong winds. We apply the new technique to MAX-DOAS observations made during an automobile trip from Brussels to Heidelberg.
Majorization and the number of bipartite graphs for given vertex degrees

The emph{bipartite realisation problem} asks for a pair of non-negative‎, ‎non-increasing integer lists $a:=(a_1,ldots,a_n)$ and $b:=(b_1,ldots,b_{n'})$ if there is a labeled bipartite graph $G(U,V,E)$ (no loops or multiple edges) such that each vertex $u_i in U$ has degree $a_i$ and each vertex $v_i in V$ degree $b_i. $ The Gale-Ryser theorem provides characterisations for the existence of a `realisation' $G(U,V,E)$ that are strongly related to the concept of emph{majorisation}‎. ‎We prove a generalisation; list pair $(a,b)$ has more realisations than $(a',b),$ if $a'$ majorises $a. $ Furthermore‎, ‎we give explicitly list pairs which possess the largest number of realisations under all $(a,b)$ with fixed $n$‎, ‎$n'$ and $m:=sum_{i=1}^n a_i. $ We introduce the notion~emph{minconvex list pairs} for them‎. ‎If $n$ and $n'$ divide $m,$ minconvex list pairs turn in the special case of two constant lists $a=(frac{m}{n},ldots,frac{m}{n})$ and $b=(frac{m}{n'},ldots,frac{m}{n'}). $‎
Numerical Study of RBC Motion and Deformation through Microcapillary in Alcohol Plasma Solution

Alcohol influences human health condition by starving red blood cells (RBCs) of oxygen, which results in poor blood circulation. Starved RBCs clump together and restrict blood flow, especially in capillaries. In this study, a finite element method-based moving mesh technique was applied to simulate the motion and deformation of a single RBC under different flow conditions. A 2-D model of a single RBC floating in plasma-alcohol solution was created using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method with moving mesh for a fluid structure interaction problem. Cell deformability and stability were studied in an alcoholic plasma solution at different fluid flow conditions. Poor blood circulation was observed with RBC tending to rotate and oscillate at low flow rates. Moreover, RBC exhibited a parachute shape while moving without oscillation, which indicated improved micro-circulation at increased flow rates. In both cases, RBC exhibited a parachute shape while moving through micro-channel at increased flow rates. The simulation also showed the significant increase of RBC deformability with the increasing viscosity of plasma as a result of alcohol presence in blood.
Using a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification ( LAMP ) Assay and Direct DNA Extraction Method from Wood for Rapid Detection of Verticillium dahliae in Olive Trees

Verticillium wilt, which is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most important olive diseases worldwide. There are many ways to extract DNA from plant pathogenic fungi and from plant tissues for molecular-based diagnostic assays. LAMP is a new and sensitive molecular-based technique used for detection of plant pathogenic agents with minimum requirements needed. In this study, we tried to achieve a simple, cost effective and efficient method of DNA extraction from both Verticillium dahliae fungus and from infected wood samples in order to run a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Efficiency of three DNA isolation methods from both mycelia and infected wood samples was evaluated. For this purpose, wood samples from infected olive trees were collected from Tarom region in Zanjan province and the samples were cultured on the media. The fungus was isolated and identified as V. dahliae based on morphological features. Then the genomic DNA was extracted using traditional CTAB method, fast NaOH method and direct isolation method from infected wood samples. After assessment of the quality and the quantity of the extracted DNA samples, a LAMP assay was ran using specific primer pairs and the DNA templates extracted using three different methods. In spite of the significant differences in the quantity of DNA samples, LAMP assay could successfully detect the fungus in all samples. The improved direct isolation of the DNA of V. dahlia from infected wood, followed by a LAMP assay could considerably shortened the detection process of the fungus and hence is a suitable method for screening of olive trees and saplings against Verticillium wilt disease.
In vitro Regeneration of Sandal (Santalum album L.) from Leaves

The first successful induction of adventitious shoot buds on Santalum album L. leaves is reported. De novo shoots were induced directly on leaves without any callusing stage. A leaf length of 0.5-1.5 cm only showed bud inducing potential. Bud formation occurred on both MS and WPM basal media, although, liquid media were more responsive. Among the plant growth regulators, BAP at low concentrations (0.44 and 2.22 µM) was effective in this organogenetic process but exogenous auxin application failed to illicit a similar morphogenetic response. Epiphyllous shoot formation was more pronounced on leaf lamina in which the dorsal and ventral leaf surfaces were equally highly regenerative; the response, however, varied in different parts of the leaf.
Effects of errors in slot openings of axial flux permanent magnet motors on torque and solution proposal

Axial flux motors have many advantages in comparison with conventional motors. Although it has advantages, axial flux motors are not using commonly. The most important reason not to use axial flux motors as much as radial flux motors, is fabrication difficulties. In this paper, the mass production process that has been discussed in a few papers and the mass produced slotted axial flux permanent magnet motor’s stator geometry errors with the investigation of electromagnetic torque and cogging torque effects. They are mentioned by showing the solutions executed with Matlab software.
Modeling Yields at the Zero Lower Bound: Are Shadow Rates the Solution?

Recent U.S. Treasury yields have been constrained to some extent by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on nominal interest rates. In modeling these yields, we compare the performance of a standard affine Gaussian dynamic term structure model (DTSM), which ignores the ZLB, and a shadow-rate DTSM, which respects the ZLB. We find that the standard affine model is likely to exhibit declines in fit and forecast performance with very low interest rates. In contrast, the shadow-rate model mitigates ZLB problems significantly and we document superior performance for this model class in the most recent period.
Peculiarities of the Transferring of Stylistic Techniques and Devices in the Process of Translation of Tajik Literary Prose

Adequate and correct presentation of figurative information contributes to the correct perception of such aspects as the intention of an author, his experience, semantic shades and connotations used by him. The means of linguistic expression go beyond a certain linguistic norm, drawing attention to an object or phenomenon, aimed at throwing a reader into the necessity of a deep understanding of a text and the formation of his opinion. The functions of stylistic figures and tropes are to transfer not only a language and plot information, but also the reproduction of the emotional, aesthetic and intellectual experience of an author. Being an alternative to a neutral way of presentation, the means of expression of lexical and syntactic level have an emotional and aesthetic impact and cause readers a stream of feelings, thoughts and associations. The research material was presented by the examples of sentences of the novels of Tajik writer A. Samadov “Моҳи хомпаз”, “Асп мерафт” in which the author refers to the metaphor as a lexical-stylistic device, and by Russian translation texts “New Moon” and “The horse left”, performed by Alika Jamal and Komilamo Kamalova. Keywordsstylistic device; Tajik text; figurativeness; expression; absolute equivalent; relative equivalent
Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical, Economic Evaluation and IL6 Gene Expression in Growing Rabbits Fed Diets Supplemented with Zinc Nanoparticles

Zinc nanoparticles showed a great potential as mineral feed supplements in animals than the conventional sources. However, this potential has not been applied in rabbit nutrition. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary nano-zinc oxide on the growth performance, serum biochemical, economic parameters and gene expression of interleukin-6 in growing rabbits. A total of 120 male, five-week-old New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were randomly distributed into four equal groups. The control group (Z 0 ) was fed on a basal diet with zinc free premix; the other three experimental groups received the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg zinc oxide/kg diet (Z 1 ), 60 mg nano-zinc oxide/kg diet (Z 2 ) and 30 mg nano-zinc oxide/kg diet (Z 3 ), respectively. The results revealed that rabbits in the groups Z 2 and Z 3 had higher body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, serum total protein, globulin, IgG and SOD when compared with those of groups Z 0 andZ 1 ( P 0.05). Hepatic and serum zinc contents were high in Z 2 and Z 3 groups, but the copper contents were decreased. Rabbits of group Z 3 yielded the highest gross margin with the lowest expenses to produce 1 kg of live weight compared with the others. The production of IL6 in spleen was increased in Z 3 group than that in the other groups. Thus, it can be concluded that nano-zinc oxide at a concentration of 30 mg/kg diet may be used instead of the traditional zinc sources in rabbit diets.
The effect of prior localized muscle fatigue on lactate production during submaximal exercise

Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomena that involves both metabolic and neural factors. The present study examined the prolonged effects of localized muscle fatigue on lactate production during exercise. Five subjects, 3 females and 2 males, ages 25-29 (x=27 ± 1) participated in the study. Subjects completed a max V 02 test and two testing sessions, which consisted of cycling for 20 minutes at 80%-85% max V02, once with prior fatigue and once without. Twoway repeated measures ANOVA showed gross lactate production was 20% higher in the non-fatigue trial than in the fatigue trial (9.3± .03 vs. 7.6± .04, p = .02). Net lactate production was 34% higher in the non-fatigued trial than in the fatigue trial (7.8± .4 vs. 5.2± .4, p= .006). RQ was higher in the fatigue trial than in the non-fatigue trial (.97± .03 vs. .89± .03, p=.04). In conclusion, lactate production is less in a fatigued state than a non-fatigue state. This change can be attributed to an alteration in muscle fiber recruitment patterns.
Effect of Planting Dates and Density in Drought Stress Condition on Yield and Yield Components of Amaranth cv. Koniz

For evaluation of drought stress on production of Amaranth, an experiment was conducted on randomized complete block design based split factorial in 3 replicates using three factor as different planting density 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m 2 , and different sowing dates in 5-Apr, 20-Apr, 5-May, 20-May, 4-Jun, and 19Jun in 2009-2010 crop season. The results showed that delay in sowing reduced plant height, number of inflorescence per plant, leaf area per plant, shoot dry weight, and grain yield per plant. This shows the importance of sowing date determination of this crop in the region. Increasing plant density (40 plant/m 2) decreased the number of inflorescence per plant, leaf area, shoot dry weight and grain yield per plant but increased plant height. Results of experiment indicated that increasing water deficit lead to reduce in plant height, number of inflorescence per plant, leaf area, shoot dry weight and grain yield per plant. Highest grain yield were 44.68 g/plant with 5 plants per m 2 density in 5-Apr planting and lowest were 10.39 g with 40 plants per m 2 density in 19 June. Interaction between sowing date and plant density showed that the highest grain yield per plant obtained in 5-Apr sowing date with 5 plants per m 2 density and the least was obtain from 19-June with 40 plant per m 2 and interaction between sowing date and irrigation levels showed that the highest grain yield per plant obtained in 5-Apr sowing date with irrigation after 50 mm evaporation and the least was in 19-June with irrigation after 170 mm evaporation. Therefore, early sowing dates with low density and high irrigation levels increased growth period and reduced competition, so increased production potential of Amaranth.