Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OIL AND DIAMONDS AS CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS?

Recent research has increasingly questioned the link between natural resources and violent conflict while stressing the importance of resource-specific context conditions under which internal conflicts become more likely. This paper engages in a systematic analysis of six of these resource-specific conditions comparing 15 African oil and diamond producing countries. Employing a Boolean logic, the results of our analysis indicate that, typically, a conflict-ridden diamond or oil producer is highly dependent on resources, its revenues are hardly spent on distributional policies and the security apparatus and, moreover, it suffers from intercommunal problems in the producing regions. Little income from resources per capita and substantial production of lootable resources in peripheral regions seem to constitute necessary conditions for civil war. Thus, our findings imply that future theoretical models and empirical strategies should integrate the full set of (resource specific) context conditions. Efforts to raise a more integrative approach combining quantitative and qualitative research designs seem particularly promising.
Memórias de tradução distribuídas

Resumo Neste documento apresenta-se o conceito de memórias de tradução distribúıdas, discutindo-se o seu interesse na área da tradução, bem como as vantagens que uma ferramenta de tradução pode tirar do seu uso. É apresentada uma posśıvel implementação de memórias de tradução distribúıdas usando WebServices numa arquitectura de cooperativismo. São definidos as mensagens (API) que um serviço deste género deve implementar para que uma ferramenta de tradução possa tirar partido da colaboração entre tradutores.
Enhanced Real Time and Off-Line Transmission Line Fault Diagnosis Using Artificial Intelligence

This paper is on “Enhanced Real Time and Off-Line Transmission Line Fault Diagnosis Using Artificial Intelligence”. The actual implementation and development of the neural networks and their architectures have been achieved for the three different parts of the fault diagnosis process namely fault detection, classification and fault location. This paper also gives an overview of the training and testing processes employed with neural networks. Series of simulation results that have been obtained using MATLAB, Sim Power Systems and the Artificial Neural Networks Toolboxes in Simulink are also presented in detail to emphasize the efficiency and accuracy factors of the proposed fault locator. Several neural networks with varying configurations have been trained, tested and their performances have been analyzed in this work.
Sharing is caring: incorporating the concept of 'sharing' to reclassify corporate social responsibility initiatives

Organisations are increasingly adopting Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives (CSRIs) with the aim of contributing to social and environmental issues and by so doing, to also gain strategic advantage in the market place. There is an array of different activities that fall within this endeavour which are commonly classified as social, environmental or economic initiatives. Other classifications are similarly based on the activities without empirical confirmation of consumers’ perspectives of CSRIs. In this paper, we further develop the standard type classifications and incorporate Belk’s theory of sharing as a mechanism to incorporate consumers’ views. The proposed classifications were then tested on a sample of 358 adults across Australia. The refined and validated classification of CSRIs is presented, and implications for organisations are discussed.
Driving forces for the adsorption of enzymes at the water / silica interface studied by total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy and optical reflectometry

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy has been used to study conformational changes of hen egg white lysozyme induced by interaction with the water/quartz interface. TIRF spectra have been measured over a large temperature range and are compared to the corresponding solution spectra. It has been found that the wavelength of maximum fluorescence intensity of adsorbed lysozyme is red-shifted by about 7 nm relative to that of dissolved lysozyme in the temperature range of about 20–60 ◦C. This observation indicates that lysozyme is partially unfolding when it is adsorbing on quartz. Using optical reflectometry a drastic temperature-induced increase of the degree of adsorption of lysozyme and staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) on silicon wafers has been measured which suggests that the corresponding adsorption processes are endothermic and thus entropically driven. The major contribution to this entropy gain will probably originate from conformational changes at lower temperatures. The experimental results indicate that proteins with a smaller Gibbs energy of unfolding have a higher tendency for adsorption. Above the temperatures of unfolding of the proteins in solution, the dehydration of hydrophobic residues, which are exposed to water in the thermally unfolded state, are the most likely driving force for the adsorption of lysozyme and SNase on silicon oxide.
The View from Europe Analyses of the Crisis of Social Democracy after the 2009 German Federal Elections

The SPD and the Debacle of the 2009 German Federal Elections: An Opportunity for Renewal By William Paterson, former Director of the Institute for German Studies at the University of Birmingham, Professor for German and European Politics at the University of Aston and James Sloam, Senior Lecturer in Politics und Co-Director of the Centre for European Politics at Royal Holloway, University of London, Britain.
Effect of Crude Leaf Extracts on Colletotrichumgloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. is a fungus that causes anthracnose disease in tropical fruit plants, resulting in damages of the fruit plants and low yield and quality of fruits. The use of chemical fungicides is common for management of this disease, but it also results in the development of fungal resistance to the chemicals. Therefore, this study aims to in vitro evaluate the efficacy of 14 crude leaf extracts against C. gloeosporioides. The results showed that Piper sarmentosum leaf extracts, using 80% of ethanol, methanol, and chloroform as solvents, were found to have very high antifungal activities. Crude methanol extract of P. sarmentosum leaves could effectively inhibit the growth of fungal mycelium (100%), followed by crude chloroform extract (81.85%) and 80% ethanol extract (45.50%). Maximum inhibition of C. gloeosporioides spore germination could be obtained after application with crude methanol extract of P. sarmentosum leaves and crude chloroform extract of Mentha cordifolia leaves at 1.25 and 2.5%, respectively. In conclusion, crude extracts of P. sarmentosum leaves were found to be highly effective for inhibiting both C. gloeosporioides mycelium growth and spore germination, and they have a potential as the new natural fungicides for management of anthracnose disease.
RANKING THE COUNTIES OF NORTH KHORASAN PROVINCE TO ASSESS THE TOURISM POTENTIALS BY USING THE STANDARDIZED MODELS AND TOPSIS

Balanced distribution of infrastructures and reduction of inequalities in the use of resources, facilities are considered as one of the most basic criteria of sustainable development at regions' level. In land use planning to guide tourists due to the existing infrastructure, welfare of tourists and reducing their adverse effects on the environment, areas ranking and creating sustainable tourism are essential. In this respect, several techniques exist to measure the amount of development of areas such as the standardized model and the Topsis model. This study aims to rank counties of North Khorasan province to assess its tourist potentials in order to prevent the environmental degradation. This study has an applied purpose which is conducted in descriptive-analytical form. The library and field methods are used for collecting data. In this study, the development level assessment is done based on the 8 variables . The statistic sample is the counties of North Khorasan Province. The research findings analysis is performed by using Excle software and finally the map of developed and undeveloped levels of cities have been mapped by GIS software. Results of this study showed that, according to the TOPSIS model, Mane and Samalghan cities has gained the first place and at the end of rating spectrum, Faruj city has achieved seventh place. Also, according to the standardized model Bojnoord county (provincial capital) with point (0.294) is the most developed county and Faruj with point (-0.475) is the most undeveloped county of North Khorasan province. So, this issue manifolds the necessity of paying attention to the promotion of tourism infrastructures in more deprived areas.
Pilot Phase of the SPECTRUM Trial . Fractional Flow Reserve vs . Angiography for Evaluation and Management of Patients with Intermediate Coronary Stenosis : Rationale and Study Design

Background: Despite its well-known limitations, invasive coronary angiography remains the most used, and often times the only method used to define treatment strategies in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Measurement of coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been used in several studies in patients for whom an interventional the rapy strategy was determined based on angiography. However, this method has not been tested in the opposite scenario, in which the angiographic evaluation does not indicate the need for interventions. The purpose of this pilot study, to be performed in two sites, is to test the hypothesis that for intermediate injuries, in which angiography does not indicate the need for coronary intervention, measurement of FFR might change the therapeutic approach based on angiography. Methods: Consecutive clinically stable patients, with coronary disease in the proximal or middle segment of one or more epicardial vessels (diameter > 2.5 mm), with injuries between 40 and 70% by visual estimation will be enrolled in this trial. The treatment approach (clinical or interventional) based on angiography will be defined independently and by consensus of two observers. Thereafter, patients in both groups will be randomized into two subgroups: (1) maintenance of the angiography-based therapeutic strategy; and (2) use of FFR to define therapeutic strategy. Patients with FFR < 0.80 will be treated by percutaneous or surgical revascularization, whereas patients with FFR ≥ 0.80 will be treated clinically. Conclusions: The present study is aimed at evaluating whether FFR measurement in intermediate lesions in which an interventional therapy is not indicated by angiography results in change of conduct. Descriptors: Coronary artery disease. Cardiac catheterization. Fractional flow reserve, myocardial. Coronary angiography. Percutaneous coronary intervention. 1 Unit of Interventional Cardiology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. 2 Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Correspondence to: Geraldo Luiz de Figueiredo. Campus Universitário, Monte Alegre – CEP: 14048-900 – Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil E-mail: glfigueiredo@yahoo.com. br Received on: 06/04/2014 • Accepted on: 08/26/2014 Study Design
Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact

This study assesses the prevalence of workplace bullying in a sample of US workers, using a standardized measure of workplace bullying (Negative Acts Questionnaire, NAQ), and compares the current study's prevalence rates with those from other bullying and aggression studies. The article opens by defining bullying as a persistent, enduring form of abuse at work and contrasting it with other negative workplace actions and interactions. Through a review of the current literature, we propose and test hypotheses regarding bullying prevalence and dynamics relative to a sample of US workers. After discussing research methods, we report on the rates of bullying in a US sample, compare these to similar studies, and analyse the negative acts that might lead to perceptions of being bullied. Based upon past conceptualizations, as well as research that suggests bullying is a phenomenon that occurs in gradations, we introduce and provide statistical evidence for the construct and impact of bullying degree. Finally, the study explores the impact of bullying on persons who witnessed but did not directly experience bullying in their jobs.
Gender Disparity in Economic Returns to Higher Education: Evidence from Private Formal Sector of Bahawalpur (Pakistan)

The focus of the study is to investigate the gender disparity in returns to higher education in formal sector of Bahawalpur Division (Pakistan). A sample of 430 individuals is interviewed using a well structured interview schedule by convenient sampling. We divided it into 215 males and 215 females and apply a decomposition analysis proposed by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973). Ordinary least square method is applied to examine the gender disparity in wage returns to higher education. Findings reveal that at higher levels of education (i.e. post graduate) in private sector male’s labor market returns are higher than female labour market returns. But at graduation level female’s earning are higher than males. Number of dependents and marital status both have negatively affected the earning of females as compared to males. Females living in rural areas have been found to be more disadvantaged in terms of earnings as compared to males. On the bases of the results we concluded that there exists a gender disparity in wage returns to education in Bahawalpur Division.
Metronomic chemotherapy : A new approach in cancer therapy

Zahamowanie angiogenezy nowotworowej jest nowym celem terapii przeciwnowotworowych. Okazało się, że oprócz preparatów bezpośrednio ingerujących w kontrolę procesu tworzenia nowych naczyń krwionośnych, również szeroko stosowane chemioterapeutyki, takie jak np. cyklofosfamid lub etopozyd mogą wykazywać aktywność antyangiogenną. Niestety działanie antyangiogenne tych związków stosowanych w konwencjonalnej chemioterapii jest minimalizowane przez sposób jej podawania, ponieważ uczestniczące w angiogenezie komórki naczyń odbudowują się w czasie 2–3-tygodniowych przerw w podawaniu leków. Ponieważ okazuje się, że komórki biorące udział w angiogenezie są wrażliwe na wielokrotnie mniejsze stężenia chemioterapeutyków, zaproponowano codzienne doustne podawanie niewielkiej dawki leków. Chemioterapia metronomiczna – bo tak nazwano to nowe podejście terapeutyczne – mimo podobnej skuteczności, stanowi obiecującą strategię leczenia, ponieważ jej stosowanie związane jest ze znacznie mniejszą toksycznością niż w konwencjonalnej chemioterapii opartej o stosowanie maksymalnej tolerowanej dawki. Możliwość doustnego przyjmowania preparatów, brak konieczności hospitalizacji zwiększa komfort leczenia i daje możliwość znacznego obniżenia kosztów terapii.
Mineralizaciones de Co en los Depósitos Lateríticos de Ni Tipo Óxido y Silicato Hidratado

Mineralizaciones de Co en los Depósitos Lateríticos de Ni Tipo Óxido y Silicato Hidratado / JOAQUÍN A. PROENZA (1,*), JOSEP ROQUE-ROSELL (2), MANUEL LABRADOR (1), SALVADOR GALÍ (1), ESPERANZA TAULER (1), TAMARA GALLARDO (1), JOHN F. LEWIS (3), FRANCISCO LONGO (4) (1) Departament de Cristallografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals. Facultat de Geologia. Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès, s/n. 08028, Barcelona (España) (2) CEMES, Toulouse (France) (3) Dep. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, George Washington University. Washington (U.S.A) (4) Falcondo XStrata Nickel, Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
Results of management of spinal tuberculosis according to middle path regime and short course chemotheraphy

Background: Vertebral tuberculosis is the most common form of skeletal tuberculosis and it contributes about 50 percent of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to delineate the importance of middle path regime and short course chemotheraphy in the management of spine tuberculosis. Methods: A prospective study was conducted which included 44 patients diagnosed as tuberculous spondylitis. Management was started as per middle path regime and drugs were given as per the revised national tuberculosis control program (RNTCP) regime category I under directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) therapy. Specimen was collected and studied for smear, culture, antibiotic sensitivity and histopathology. ATT was stopped at the end of 6 months as per DOTS schedule and MRI was done at the end of therapy . Results: Dorsal spine lesions were found in 33 patients. 8 patients were smear positive and 38 patients were culture positive of whom 26 patients were sensitive to first line ATT drugs. 12 patients had MDR tuberculosis and were sensitive to 2 nd line ATT drugs. 6 patients having negative culture were diagnosed from histopathology. All patients on 1 st line ATT had satisfactory result. Only 8 patients with MDR tuberculosis recovered neurologically. Conclusions: It is mandatory to do obtain tissue biopsy and examine culture, sensitivity and histopathology. Recently there is an increasing tendency in multidrug resistance cases and total drug resistant cases. By doing culture and sensitivity of the specimen we can find out the number of MDR cases and initiate proper drug regimen to avoid further complication and mortality.
FINNISH STUDENTS´ APPROACHES TO LEARNING IN DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS

The aim of this study was to investigate Finnish students´ approaches to learning in different educational contexts. The phenomenographic approach, expanded towards grounded theory was taken as the point of departure. Data for the cross-section study were collected through individual interviews with student nurses (n = 60) and car mechanic students (n = 54) both at the beginning and at the end of the educational programs. As a result of the analysis, qualitative similarities and differences in students´ approaches were found. In comparing groups of students within the programs, similar trends of development could be identified. Students within both programs used more developed approaches at the end than at the beginning of the programs. The differences found within and between the student groups could be explained in terms of educational contexts. The result thus showed that approaches were to some extent contextually dependent.
THE EFFECT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE VALUES OF ANTIOXIDATIVE PARAMETERS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

Summary: Oxidative stress and hyperglycemia play an important role in the aethiology of vascular complications in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces a large number of alterations in vascular tissue that potentially accelerate the atherosclerotic process. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins and lipids which can interfere with their normal function by disrupting molecular conformation, alter enzymatic activity, reduce degradative capacity and interfere with receptor recognition, oxidative stress and protein kinase C activations are the major processes that encompass most of the pathological alterations in the diabetic vasculature. Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is a consequence of both increased production of free radicals and reduced capacity for antioxidative defense. The aim of this study was to test the parameters of antioxidative defense: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status (TAS), in type 2 diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular complications in order to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on the extent of disorders of antioxidative parameters. Sixty nine type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications, along with 48 diabetics without complications and 42 healthy subjects were examined. Determination of antioxidant parameters was performed using commercial tests manufactured by Randox Laboratories, UK, based on spectrophotometer determination methods. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower SOD, GSH-Px, GR and TAS values in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications in comparison to the control group (p<0.0001), as well as in comparison to diabetics without complications (p<0.01).
2 D Simulation of Surface Plasmon Resonance

In the paper, interactions of an electromagnetic wave with a metallic nanoparticle in the optical range for a two-dimensional TM mode (p-polarization) are investigated by a set of new surface integral equations. A critical case of triangular silver is studied by the new integral equations to exhibit a strong local enhancement of the electric field at the sharp edges; the amplification of silver is around 300, which is much stronger than a dielectric nanoparticle. In addition, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in elliptical silver is demonstrated, and the results indicate the red shift of SPR can be caused by increasing the aspect ratio of the particle and the permittivity of the host. Introduction In the past few years, the noble metallic nanoparticles (e.g. Ag, Au) attract lots of attention, because of the so-called surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a collective oscillation of conductive electron in the overall metal. Due to the free electrons of metals, the permittivity exhibits frequency dependent (dispersive), and its real part usually is negative in certain range of UV to near-IR. When an illuminating light interacting with the metallic nanoparticles, SPR can be induced at a specific frequency. The unique feature leads to a near field enhancement in electric field and a strong scattering. In the last decade, chemists had successfully synthesized a variety of metallic nanoparticles with different shapes [1-5]. Recently using the dark-field singleobject microscopy and spectroscopy, the SPR of a single metallic nanoparticle in spectrum can be characterized by a white-light illumination [6-8]. A few of experiments indicate a high aspect-ratio nanorod exhibits a longer dephasing time than a spherical one, and induces a red shift of the peak position of SPR [5-7]. In addition, some measurements show the permittivity of the host material (e.g. air, water [1,2], oil [8], SiO2[9], ZrO2[10]) can also affect the red shift. Since there is no analytical solution for a nanoparticle with arbitrary shape, a number of numerical methods [11-13] were proposed to study the SPR problems quantitatively. These previous researches motivate us to study the red shift of SPR due to the effects of the aspect ratio and size of nanoparticle as well as the refraction index of the host material by a new set of surface integral equations with the aid of the boundary-element method (BEM). The advantage of BEM is to provide a flexibility of calculating arbitrary shape, especially a scatterer with large aspect ratio or sharp corners. The accuracy of the method has also been checked for the cases of circular metallic nanoparticles, and the results are in excellent agreement with the analytic solutions. Theory For the BEM, a set of surface integral equations was derived from Stratton-Chu formulation [14],