Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A web search market model

In this work we analyze a web search market where there is real competition between search engines (which also are advertising agencies). We will show that in this kind of market the revenue of the search engines depends on the precision of the predictions of users' preferences and that advertisers and search engines' users can gain from the competition between search engines.
Is there a diel pattern to nectar secretion in the Red Bloodwood Corymbia gummifera

Nectar secretion was measured at 6-h intervals over a 24-h period in flowers of the Red Bloodwood, Corymbia gummifera (family Myrtaceae). Secretion varied among time periods and among trees. There was no clear diurnal or nocturnal pattern. Flowers produced 0.5–3 μl of dilute nectar (9% concentration) per hour throughout the diel cycle. Standing crops of nectar averaged 1–12.6 μl per flower and also varied temporally and spatially. Flowers were visited by a wide array of nectarivores: insects, birds, gliding possums and bats. Although it is likely that these visitors vary considerably in their effectiveness as pollinators, it would appear that Corymbia gummifera has a generalised pollination system. Cunninghamia (2005) 9(2): 325–329
RESPONSE OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) GENOTYPES TO PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND DROUGHT STRESS

The present study was carried out to investigate the physiological (relative water content) pod dry weight, pods plant -1 , pod yield (kg plot -1 ), shelling (%), plant height and biochemical (endogenous ABA level) traits of peanut cultivar Swat Phalli-96 under drought stress. The result showed that drought stress significantly (p 0.05) effect on various parameters under drought stress conditions. However, foliar application of ABA (10 -4 M) partially ameliorated the adverse effects of drought stress on growth and yield components. Foliar application of ABA to plants when subsequently exposed to drought stress resulted in elevated levels of endogenous ABA. The endogenous ABA levels in shoot increased earlier in response to applied ABA than that of root.
THE HYPOTHESES UNDERLYING THE PRICING OF OPTIONS

This paper gives a critical investigation on the hypotheses underlying the pricing of options. Even in recent articles on this subject many authors overlook the gaps in the original proof of the Black-Scholes option pricing formula, so the main goal of this note is to clarify firstly under which assumptions the formula remains true, and secondly repeat a correct proof of the mentioned formula. Probably this is justified by the fact that up to date even many text-books on this subject reproduce the wrong argumentation using erroneously the Black-Scholes hedge portfolio : obviously they missed the fact, that contrary to the claim of Black-Scholes, the change in value of the hedge portfolio in a short time interval is not riskless, an observation which was as far as I know firstly done by Y. Z. Bergman in his PH.D. Thesis, Berkeley 1982 and later on independently by W. Boge in Heidelberg in 1993.
Trading Mechanism, Ex-post Uncertainty and IPO Underpricing

Recent literature shows that IPO underpricing is aected by ex-post uncertainty (Falconieri et al.) that is by uncertainty surrounding the value of the …rm going public that persists in the secondary market. In this paper we investigates both theoretically and empirically the link between ex-post uncertainty and dierent methods to open trading in the IPO aftermarket. Our results show that ex-post uncertainty indeed depends on the speci…c trading platform used to open trade after the IPO. Speci…cally the model suggests that auction markets, such as the NYSE or AMEX, are more e¢ cient in resolving ex post-uncertainty as opposed to dealership markets, such as the NASDAQ. The predictions of the model are then tested on as sample of US IPOs between 1993 and 1998 by using the proxy for ex-post uncertainty proposed by Falconieri et al. (2009). Consistently with the predictions of the theoretical model, our …ndings provide strong evidence that there is a larger level of uncertainty at the beginning of trading on NASDAQ than on exchange-listed IPOs, such as the NYSE or AMEX. This is in turn associated with larger levels of underpricing for NASDAQ IPOs. Additionally, we use a natural experiment resulting from the introduction of the Nasdaq IPO opening cross in 2006 to test the robustness of our …ndings. The opening cross eectively moved Nasdaq closer to the level of centralization at NYSE or AMEX and thus allows us test whether such change has resulted, as our model predicts, in a lower level of ex-post uncertainty and hence underpricing for Nasdaq IPOs. The results of this additional test provide further support to our theory, thereby con…rming the superior e¢ ciency of auction markets.
Petrología de las rocas plutónicas de afinidad ofiolítica presentes en la zona de Cayo Grande (macizo ofiolítico Moa-Baracoa), Cuba Oriental

La zona de Cayo Grande es parte del Macizo Moa-Baracoa, localizado en la parte mas oriental de la faja Mayari-Baracoa. En este trabajo se presentan y se discuten las caracteristicas texturales, petrograficas, de quimismo mineral, de geotermometria cationica, asi como las implicaciones petrogeneticas de las rocas de afinidad ofiolitica presentes en la zona de Cayo Grande. Las caracteristicas microestructurales de las dunitas impregnadas en la zona de estudio, indican condiciones de desequilibrio entre el olivino y la asociacion plagioclasa+clinopiroxeno, y no presentan correlacion entre los contenidos de forsterita y los de Ni en los olivinos. Esto es indicativo de la existencia de circulacion magmatica mediante flujo poroso en la zona. El orden de cristalizacion de los clinopiroxenos anterior a la plagioclasa, y la composicion de las plagioclasas en las gabronoritas estudiadas en la zona de Cayo Grande, son indicativos de secuencias de acumulados en ofiolitas de zonas de suprasubduccion, lo que sugiere un ambiente geodinamico en una zona de expansion de una cuenca de trasarco para las gabronoritas de la zona de Cayo Grande
Real-Time Seismology and Earthquake Damage Mitigation

■ Abstract Real-time seismology refers to a practice in which seismic data are collected and analyzed quickly after a significant seismic event, so that the results can be effectively used for postearthquake emergency response and early warning. As the technology of seismic instrumentation, telemetry, computers, and data storage facility advances, the real-time seismology for rapid postearthquake notification is essentially established. Research for early warning is still underway. Two approaches are possible: (a) regional warning and (b) on-site (or site-specific) warning. In (a), the traditional seismological method is used to locate an earthquake, determine the magnitude, and estimate the ground motion at other sites. In (b), the beginning of the ground motion (mainly P wave) observed at a site is used to predict the ensuing ground motion at the same site. An effective approach to on-site warning is discussed in light of earthquake rupture physics.
Non-Executive Directors’ General Law Duty of Care and Delegation of Duty: But do we need a Common Law Duty of Care?

extract] In Australia, the common law of negligence has developed to a point of being risk adverse. However, non-executive directors operate in a commercial environment which demands of them risk taking. Unless the common law is prepared to descend from its pedestal of high principle, it will not be able to develop a duty or standard of care that takes into account the commercial realities within which non-executive directors operate. But, even if the common law does descend to the level of pragmatism, it is still questionable why there is a need to develop a common law duty of care, given that non-executive directors are subject to fiduciary duties, an equitable duty of care and diligence and such statutory duties as the legislature may care to impose. Furthermore, it is difficult to demonstrate that the demands of practical justice, public interest or corrective justice require such a development. On the other hand, equity, with its well known reputation for flexibility, has attempted to balance two antithetical concepts: risk taking and responsible corporate governance. There is no reason why traditional equitable concepts cannot be moulded to meet modern expectations of the role of non-executive directors.
Comparison of PMU Placement Methods in Power Systems for Voltage Stability

A power system is subject to events that may lead to voltage stability problems, which eventually may lead to black-outs. On-line phasor measurements may allow anticipating situations leading to voltage instabilities; these on-line measurements can be accomplished by using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). However, for a power system it is is not economical or necessary to install PMU at each bus; in order to avoid this situation it is required to develop a strategy for PMU placement that is useful and convenient, with a limited number of available PMU. This paper presents a review and comparison of some methods for PMU placement in power systems; also, we include a classification according to the type of observability obtained and consider the application of the method . Finally, a method for monitoring voltage stability in power systems is chosen and tested on the IEEE39-bus system using Matlab-PSAT (Power System Analysis Toolbox).
ON UNIFORMLY CONVEX AND UNIFORMLY KADEC-KLEE RENORMINGS

We give a new construction of uniformly convex norms with a power type modulus on super-reflexive spaces based on the notion of dentability index. Furthermore, we prove that if the Szlenk index of a Banach space is less than or equal to ω (first infinite ordinal) then there is an equivalent weaklower semi- continuous positively homogeneous functional on Xsatisfying the uniform Kadec- Klee Property for the weak � -topology (UKK � ). Then we solve the UKK or UKK � renorming problems for L p (X) spaces and C(K) spaces for K scattered compact space.
Development of word reading fluency and spelling in a consistent orthography: An 8-year follow-up.

In a longitudinal study, development of word reading fluency and spelling were followed for almost 8 years. In a group of 115 students (65 girls, 50 boys) acquiring the phonologically transparent German orthography, prediction measures (letter knowledge, phonological short-term memory, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and nonverbal IQ) were assessed at the beginning of Grade 1; reading fluency and spelling were tested at the end of Grade 1 as well as in Grades 4 and 8. Reading accuracy was close to ceiling in all reading assessments, such that reading fluency was not heavily influenced by differences in reading accuracy. High stability was observed for word reading fluency development. Of the dysfluent readers in Grade 1, 70% were still poor readers in Grade 8. For spelling, children who at the end of Grade 1 still had problems translating spoken words into phonologically plausible letter sequences developed problems with orthographic spelling later on. The strongest specific predictors were rapid automatized naming for reading fluency and phonological awareness for spelling. Word recognition speed was a relevant and highly stable indicator of reading skills and the only indicator that discriminated reading skill levels in consistent orthographies. Its long-term development was more strongly influenced by early naming speed than by phonological awareness.
Fast and accurate mock catalogue generation for low-mass galaxies

We present an accurate and fast framework for generating mock catalogues including low-mass halos, based on an implementation of the COmoving Lagrangian Acceleration (COLA) technique. Multiple realisations of mock catalogues are crucial for analyses of large-scale structure, but conventional N-body simulations are too computationally expensive for the production of thousands of realisations. We show that COLA simulations can produce accurate mock catalogues with a moderate computation resource for low- to intermediate- mass galaxies in $10^{12} M_\odot$ haloes, both in real and redshift space. COLA simulations have accurate peculiar velocities, without systematic errors in the velocity power spectra for k < 0.15 h/Mpc, and with only 3-per-cent error for k < 0.2 h/Mpc. We use COLA with 10 time steps and a Halo Occupation Distribution to produce 600 mock galaxy catalogues of the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. Our parallelized code for efficient generation of accurate halo catalogues is publicly available at github.com/junkoda/cola_halo.
Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis A in children in Tabriz, Iran

Introduction: Hepatitis A is the most common viral hepatitis during childhood especially in developing countries. It is, usually, self-limiting, but may be associated with severe complications in some patients particularly those with comorbidities. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis A in 2-16 years old children in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey on all children who were referred to the clinic of Tabriz children hospital. For every subject, demographic data, including age, sex, method of sewage and waste disposal/type of water supply, history of blood transfusion and parent’s addiction were recorded. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) were measured in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between seropositivity and demographic characteristics was studied. Results: This cross-sectional study was performed on 252 children aged 2-16 years in Tabriz city during 2012. Totally, 32.9% of children were seropositive for IgG antibody (anti-HAV) There was a significant difference in the history of blood product transfusion between two groups (P = 0.001). A total of 3% of case-patients had poor type of water supply. The discrepancy between two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.040). There was no significant statistic correlation in seroprevalence of hepatitis A relative to parent’s addiction (P = 0.480), age (P = 0.650) and sex (P = 0.890). Conclusion: According to this study, hepatitis A is prevalent in the pediatric population, and it must be considered in the approach to all susceptible cases of acute hepatitis. Considering the difficulties for the control of environmental sources, we need to have a protocol for routine vaccination of children in our country.
On the Benefits of Exchange Rate Flexibility under Endogenous Tradedness of Goods

Previous efforts to compare the costs and benefits of fixed versus flexible exchange rate regimes have ignored the fact that it takes significant resources and time to develop export markets, and they have not included an analysis of the firm-level decision to enter or exit export markets. This paper develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to analyze the effects of endogenous tradedness of goods on the welfare gains from exchange rate flexibility. The actual range of traded goods in our model depends on the producers who choose to enter and exit export markets taking into account trade costs and relative productivities. A novel feature of the model is that it takes both time and resources to develop export markets and as a consequence expenditure-switching effects can be slow and will depend on a host of factors such as country size, trading costs and the competitive environment that producers face. Interestingly, because the model integrates a model of trade into a monetary business cycle model with sticky prices and wages, it is possible to study the interaction of macro and structural policies. However, in this study we focus initially on how different levels of trading costs can affect the structure of the economy and result in welfare costs of excessive exchange rate volatility
Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles through Reduction Method using Bioreductor of Leaf Extract of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa)

Synthesis of silver and gold nano-particles was carried out by the reduction method with leaf extract of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa). The biomolecules present in the extract generated the reduction of Ag and Au ions from AgNO3 and HAuCl4, respectively. The growth of nanoparticles was followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The maximum absorption of biosynthesis of AgNP and AuNP are observed in the respective range of 421-431nm and 530-535nm. Those peaks correspond to surface plasmon absorbance of AgNP and AuNP, respectively. Analysis on the functional groups change of the extract by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) showed the formation of carbonylfrom hydroxyl-groups which suggested the oxidation and reduction processes involved in the formation of both nanoparticles. The average size distributions determined by PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) are 55-71nm and 18-44nm for AgNP and AuNP, respectively. Morphology of the silver nanoparticles was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the structure of the compounds was characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The shape of AgNP varied from triangular, cubic and hexagonal polyshaped, while AuNP were spherical. XRD studies showed that the nanoparticles obtained were crystalline gold and silver.
The Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy

This book sets out to explain the complexity of why increased production does not that always bring with it lower prices. According to the book, those who look upon monetary expansion as a way to eradicate almost all unemployment fail to appreciate that persistent unemployment is a non-monetary or 'natural' economic condition, which no mount of monetary medicine can cure. Selgin explores the differences between these monetary and natural conditions, and proposes solutions of his own.
Online or Traditional University: A Comparison of the Labor Market Returns to College Type

In a time when the rising costs of education have deterred students from seeking a college degree, finding a cost-effective alternative to a traditional university has become an increasingly important issue. This study seeks to evaluate the labor market returns to earning a degree online versus a traditional university through an econometric regression based on survey data of recent graduates from online and traditional universities. Regression analysis compares average income for graduates of online and traditional institutions while controlling for measures of school type, characteristics, selectivity, and region at the institutional level. The effect of college type on average income was statistically indistinguishable from zero. However, there were statistically significant and positive returns to college selectivity and quality. A calculation of the net present value of attending an online university versus a traditional university demonstrates that there are positive returns to attending a traditional university.
HIGH FIELD TEST RESULTS OF SUPERCONDUCTING 3.9-GHZ ACCELERATING CAVITIES AT FNAL

The XFEL facilities are planning to use a section with several third harmonic cavities (3.9 GHz) to improve beam performance [1]. Fermilab is developing the superconducting third harmonic section for the FLASH (TTF/DESY) upgrade. This section will include four cavities equiped with couplers and blade tuners installed in a cryostat. Currently, two cavities are completed and one of them is under vertical test. The gradient of this cavity was limited by multipacting in the HOM coupler. Visual inspection of the HOM couplers after cold tests showed that both couplers were damaged. In this paper we discuss the results of the vertical tests, an analysis of multipactoring in the HOM coupler, and a new design for the HOM coupler.
Assessment of effective operational parameters on dyeing wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation process

A wide range of chemicals and dyes are being used in textile industry, and are often found in the wastewater produced. This study attempts to investigate the reduction of COD, TSS, and dye in effluents from the dyeing and washing unit of textile industry, using electrocoagulation process. The reactor is equipped with 10 iron electrodes, connected to a direct current (DC) source in a monopolar electrode configuration. In each stage of the experiment, 2.5 l of the effluent enters the reactor and the effects of a number of important operational parameters such as voltage, pH, and reaction time is studied on the removal of COD, TSS, and dye parameters. Results show that the optimum operational conditions are reaction time of 120 min, voltage of 30 V, and pH of 7, which reduces COD, TSS, and dye by 87%, 91%, and 98%, respectively. Therefore, it has been concluded that the efficiency of pollutants removal from the wastewater improves as voltage and reaction time are increased.
Research and Implementation of Fast Image Processing Algorithm based on FPG

In order to improve the efficiency and quality in image processing, the FPGA method and model is proposed in this paper. The model and algorithm design is very environmentally friendly to the image processing with very small energy consumption. The vision DPU system is able to process at least 400M of data per second with adjustable parameters for data processing. The FPGA based image processing module can meet most of the needs for strip surface quality inspection applications. Above all, its implementation enables simplification of the system architecture and allows the one-camera one-surface
Anti-Lipidimic and Anti-Hyperglycemic Properties of Methanolic Extract of Grape Seed in Diabetic rats

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of methanolic grape seed extract on the blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. For this research 30 male adult rats were randomly selected and divided into three groups as nondiabetic control; diabetic control; diabetic rats treated with methanolic extract of grape seed. In diabetic groups, alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to develop diabetes. Then the Test group received intraperitoneal injection of methanolic extract of grape seed (100 mg/kg). At last, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, VLDL, LDL and insulin contents of the rats' serum sample were determined. Diabetic rats treated with extract showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), LDL, VLDL and TG, but a significant increase in insulin level and HDL of extract-treated group was observed in compare with diabetic group (P<0.05). These results show that the methanolic extract of Grape Seed may be effective in the treatment of diabetes. This effect may be due to the presence of flavonoides and antioxidant properties of grape seed.
Numerical-Experimental Updating Identification of Elastic Behavior of a Composite Plate Using New Multi-Objective Optimization Procedure

This work focuses on the updating-based identification of the three-dimensional orthotropic elastic behavior of a thin carbon fiber reinforced plastic multilayer composite plate. This consists in identifying the engineering constants that minimize the relative deviations between the first eight experimental and three-dimensional finite element frequencies of the vibrating free plate. For this purpose, a multi-objective optimization procedure is applied; it exploits a Particle Swarm Optimizer algorithm (PSO) that is coupled to a metamodeling by the new response surfaces method procedure (NRSMP); the latter is based on numerical design experiments. The conducted sensitivity analyses indicate that the four engineering constants of the two-dimensional elasticity are the most influent.