Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF SIX EDIBLE INSECTS IN JAVA

Nutritional deficiency is still a problem faced by many families in Indonesia. One of the important issues is the level of protein consumption that is still below the minimum required standard. Edible insects could be one alternative of protein sources since their availability in the nature is quite abundant. This paper analyses six edible species of both cultivated and wild insects for its proximate compositions to measure their nutritional value. The cultivated insects consist of cricket (Gryllus sp.), giant mealworm (Zophobas morio F.), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.), and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), and the wild insects consist of javanese grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) and paddy locust (Nomadacris succincta L.). Results shows that the nutritional composition of insects varies widely. Each 100g of dry weight contains of 32.59-76.69% of protein, 6.9-29.47% of fat, 0.92-30.76% of carbohydrate, 2.80-5.79% of ash, 407.34- 517.50 kcal of energy, and minerals about 24.82-31.22 mg of calcium (Ca) and 3.15-4.1 mg of iron (Fe). Some species such as grasshoppers, silkworm pupae and crickets have high protein content which potentially can be utilized as an alternate protein sources to fight against malnutrition and to increase nutritious food consumption. Efforts should be made to encourage the consumption of edible insects as an alternative source of protein. It is especially important to those who live in and around the forest, since the forest area is an excellent habitat for various species of insects.
Comparative effects of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and powder as feed supplements for broiler chickens

ABSTRACT The comparative effects of green tea extract (GTE) and powder (GTP) on performance of broilers were studied. A total of 405-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 9 groups containing 3 replicates of 15 chicks each. The treatments consisted of a control and diets supplemented with 4 levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg) of GTP and GTE. Feed intake and body weight gain were suppressed (P < .05) by GTP supplementation (P < .05). The best feed conversion ratio was observed on the GTE supplemented group. The highest mortality rate was recorded on the control and the lowest on the GTP groups (P < .05). The best economic index was achieved with GTE supplementation of the diet (P < .05). Relative weights of carcass, breast and drumstick were significantly reduced on GTP compared to GTE (P < .05). GTE up to 40 g/kg diet will maintain growth and feed utilization but inclusion of the powder even as low as 10 g/kg the diet may compromise feed intake, growth performance and carcass traits. Differences in the polyphenol content of the extract (10.2%) and powder (14.9%) may be reasons these performance results. Further studies on green tea source and method of processing are recommended.
Effects of dietary Kemin multi-enzyme on survival rate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to abamectin

The aim of this study was utilizing Kemin multi-enzyme in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet and investigating the impact on fish survival rate exposed to the lethal concentration of abamectin. For this purpose, 350 fish were divided into two experimental diets, containing 0 and 1000 mg Kemin kg of diets for 6 weeks and weighed end of this stage. Then, LC50 of abamectin for fish dietary consumed Kemin multi-enzyme (treatment group) was determined with different concentrations of abamectin (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 mL L) for 96 hours; also, this testes were repeated for the other group (didn’t fed with Kemin multi-enzyme-control group). Analysis of the data showed significant difference between treatment and control groups in terms of fatalities (p<0.05). Higher mortality was related to the Kemin multi-enzyme group and lower mortality related to control group. The 96h LC50 of abamectin for Cyprinus carpio that were fed with Kemin multi-enzyme and control group were 0.369 and 1.205 mg L, respectly. However, there was significant different between weights of treatment (10.43±0.58 gr) in compared with control group (7.56±1.32 gr) at the end of 6 weeks. Results of this study showed that use of Kemin multi-enzyme although increase the fish growth, but due to its effects, such as high intestinal absorption levels, it can increase the toxicity of abamectin (as an example of popular pesticides) and mortality rate.
Parallel sexual and parasexual population genomic structure in Trypanosoma cruzi

Genetic exchange and hybridization in parasitic organisms is fundamental to the exploitation of new hosts and host populations. Variable mating frequency often coincides with strong metapopulation structure, where patchy selection or demography may favor different reproductive modes. Evidence for genetic exchange in Trypanosoma cruzi over the last 30 years has been limited and inconclusive. The reproductive modes of other medically important trypanosomatids are better established, although little is known about their variability on a spatio-temporal scale. Targeting a contemporary focus of T. cruzi transmission in southern Ecuador, we present compelling evidence from 45 sequenced genomes that T. cruzi (discrete typing unit I) maintains sexual populations alongside others that represent clonal bursts of parasexual origin. Strains from one site exhibit genome-wide Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and intra-chromosomal linkage decay consistent with meiotic reproduction. Strains collected from adjacent areas (>6 km) show excess heterozygosity, near-identical haplo-segments, common mitochondrial sequences and levels of aneuploidy incompatible with Mendelian sex. Certain individuals exhibit trisomy in as many as fifteen chromosomes. Others present fewer, yet shared, aneuploidies reminiscent of mitotic genome erosion and parasexual genetic exchange. Genomic and intra-genomic phylogenetics as well as haplotype co-ancestry analyses indicate a clear break in gene-flow between these distinct populations, despite the fact that they occasionally co-occur in vectors and hosts. We propose biological explanations for the fine-scale disconnectivity we observe and discuss the epidemiological consequences of flexible reproductive modes and their genomic architecture for this medically important parasite.
In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Rutin Compound against Apoptotic Proteins (Tumor Necrosis Factor, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytochrome C)

Rutin as a flavonoid compound contains many flavonoids having antitumor properties. Therefore, the present study was aimed to dock rutin compound with apoptotic proteins like TNF, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytohrome C by AutoDock software. The docking scores were highest in Nitric oxide synthase (-3.68 kcal/mol) followed by Tumor Necrosis Factor (-3.22 kcal/mol), Caspase-3 (-2.95 kcal/mol), Collagenase (-2.47 kcal/mol), Cytochrome C (-2.31 kcal/mol), NF-kappa-B (-1.8 kcal/mol) and P53 (-0.32 kcal/mol). The Log P value and lower hydrogen bond counts, confirming the ability of rutin compound for binding at the active sites of the receptor was determined by the in silico method. The potential drug candidate can further be validated by wet lab studies for its proper function.
Assessment of Distribution System with Integration of Distributed Generation sources

In past distribution system is passive network. But, after deregulation it is active network. Further, losses in DS is quite high as compared to transmission. So, in order to reduce these losses and fulfil the load requirement of society it is significant to utilize distributed generators in a suitable way. In this article assessment of DS with integration of DGs in an optimal way. First locations of these are found using voltage stability index (VSI). Next, ratings of DGs are determined using firefly algorithm. Also, the main aim of this paper us reduce loss, improve VSI and voltage profile. Further, it is tested on 85 bus Indian DS. Important results are finding out and those are tabulated. Finally, it is assessed that better locations of DGs with proper sizes reduces the losses of DS.
Substrate Profiling of Cysteine Protease from Zingiber officinale

ABSTRACT Plants have different types of proteases and four types of cysteine protease have been isolated from ginger (GPI, II, 2, and 3). This study analyzed the structure and cleavage specificity of a newly isolated protease (GPii) from Zingiber officinale to evaluate the general properties of this protease. GPs were purified using anion exchange chromatography. Three GPs were purified and shown to be similar to the three reported types of GPs (GPII, 2, and 3). This is the first study in which one cultivar contains three types of GPs. GPii was sequenced, and revealed to carry two substitutions compared with GPII. The cleavage specificity of GPii was analyzed using protein substrates. GPii showed cleavage specificity for Ser, Gly, Lys, and Arg at first position; Ala, Pro, Ile, and Tyr at the second position; and Gly at the third position of the N-terminal side. Further, GPii could not cleave the insoluble substrate.
Protein Expression Diversity amongst Different Serovars of Salmonella enterica Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

4 Abstract: The present endeavor was initiated to focus the study on closely related Salmonella serovars Gallinarum, Shubra, Typhimurium, Newport, Agona, Saintpaul and Kentucky, which are associated with the majority of infections of mammalian and avian hosts in Egypt. The objective was to consider the level of variation in the protein expression patterns of the five resolved over-regulated proteins (Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 effector protein (SPI 1 effector protein), response regulator protein (RRP), T cell inhibitor protein (STI), rfbS and heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90)). These selected 5 genes showed over-expression on the level of protein in S. Gallinarum versus S. Enteritidis. Primers were designed using gene-specific sequences deposited in Gene Bank after aligning each gene with the same gene in different Salmonella serovars to choose the highly conserved regions. Different expression levels for the five proteins, HSP90, SPI1, TCI, rfbS and RRP, were examined among seven Salmonella serovars using QRT-PCR. The gene expression data were normalized to the 16sRNA gene as reference house keeping gene. There was an over expression in the level of the mRNA in case of the 5 examined proteins in S. Gallinarum over the other Salmonella serovars. Hypothetically, this emphasize the involvement of such proteins in host specificity or virulence in a specific host.
Weber’s law is the result of exact temporal accumulation of evidence

Weber’s law states that the discriminability between two stimulus intensities depends only on their ratio. Despite its status as the cornerstone of psychophysics, the mecha-nisms underlying Weber’s law are still debated, as no principled way exists to choose between its many proposed alternative explanations. We studied this problem training rats to discriminate the lateralization of sounds of different overall level. We found that the rats’ discrimination accuracy in this task is level-invariant, consistent with Weber’s law. Surprisingly, the shape of the reaction time distributions is also level-invariant, implying that the only behavioral effect of changes in the overall level of the sounds is a uniform scaling of time. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Weber’s law breaks down if the stimulus duration is capped at values shorter than the typical reaction time. Together, these facts suggest that Weber’s law is associated to a process of bounded evidence accumulation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that, among a broad class of sequential sampling models, the only robust mechanism consistent with reaction time scale-invariance is based on perfect accumulation of evidence up to a constant bound, Poisson-like statistics, and a power-law encoding of stimulus intensity. Fits of a minimal diffusion model with these characteristics describe the rats performance and reaction time distributions with virtually no error. Various manipulations of motivation were unable to alter the rats’ psychometric function, demonstrating the stability of the just-noticeable-difference and suggesting that, at least under some conditions, the bound for evidence accumulation can set a hard limit on discrimination accuracy. Our results establish the mechanistic foundation of the process of intensity discrimination and clarify the factors that limit the precision of sensory systems.
Genetic Analysis of SNPs in GH, GHR, IGF-I and IGFBPII Genes and their Association with Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Native Breeder Hens

The aim was to study the polymorphisms in GH, GHR, IGF-I and IGFBPII genes and their association with productive and reproductive traits. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 380 breeder hens of Mazandaran native fowls breeding station by modified salting out method. For genotyping, PCR products of GH, GHR, IGF-I and IGFBPII loci were digested with specific restriction enzymes. We found six genotypes of AA, BB, CC, AB, AC and BC with the frequency of 0.10, 0.01, 0.36, 0.07, 0.34 and 0.12 in GH, two haploid alleles and genotypes of B+ and B- with the frequency of 0.72 and 0.28 in GHR, three genotypes of BB, Bb, bb with the frequency of 0.49, 0.44 and 0.07 in IGF-I and three genotypes of CC, CT and TT with the frequency of 0.14, 0.62 and 0.24 in IGFBPII loci, respectively. Significant associations were found between SNPs in IGF-I locus and egg number at 120-270 and 345-375 days of age, egg weight at puberty and percentage of hatchability traits (P<0.05). We also found significant effects of GHR and IGFBPII loci on egg number at 345-375 days of age and average egg weight at 345-375 days of age traits, respectively (P<0.05). Mean comparisons analysis between different genotypes of GH gene for body weight at day one and puberty, age at sexual maturity, egg weight at puberty and 30 weeks of age, average egg weight and egg number at 345-375 days of age and also percentage of fertility traits and IGFBPII genotypes for laying intensity trait were observed to be significant (P<0.05). Regarding the significant effects of GHR, IGF-I and IGFBPII genes on egg production traits, it could be resulted that these candidate genes may be used as the candidate markers in poultry breeding programs to improve productive and reproductive traits in this population.
A Review of Recommender System

— Recommender system is the software that is used to predict the rating given by the individual. Recommender system is used in numerous applications like entertainment, services, E-commerce etc. The recommender system are mainly classified into four category namely Content based filtering system, collaborative filtering and the hybrid recommender system. This paper presents the survey of the different category of the recommender system in which pros and cons are discussed. Experiments are performed for choosing best method of eth recommender system that is accurate.
Structure and biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides synthesized via ABC transporter-dependent processes

STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES SYNTHESIZED VIA ABC TRANSPORTER-DEPENDENT PROCESSES Elizabeth Mae Willis University of Guelph, 2013 Advisor: Dr. Chris Whitfield Bacterial capsules are important virulence factors for a number of different pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pasteurella multocida. Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) synthesized via the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-dependent pathway protect these bacteria from complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis, and consist of long polysaccharide chains attached to the cell surface via a phospholipid. CPSs are synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane before transport to the cell surface. While the enzymes that synthesize the polysaccharide have been studied in detail, very little is known about the structure and biosynthesis of the phospholipid terminus. To determine the structure of the reducing terminal glycolipid, CPS from E. coli K1, K5, and N. meningitidis group B was purified using a novel strategy and its structure was determined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical methods. All three polysaccharides possess terminal lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, which is connected to the CPS repeat unit by a linker consisting of multiple 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues, forming an alternating β-2,4/β-2,7-linked structure. In addition to describing its structure, the biosynthesis of the glycolipid terminus was also investigated. KpsC and KpsS are conserved proteins encoded in the capsule loci from different bacteria with ABC transporter-dependent capsule assembly pathways but have no previously assigned function. An in vitro assay was developed to characterize KpsSC activities, leading to the finding that they are the Kdo transferases responsible for synthesis of the poly-Kdo linker. This research has contributed significantly to the understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides.
European Flint reference sequences complement the maize pan-genome

The genomic diversity of maize is reflected by a large number of SNPs and substantial structural variation. Here, we report the de novo assembly of two European Flint maize lines to remedy the scarcity of sequence resources for the Flint pool. EP1 and F7 are important founder lines of European hybrid breeding programs. The lines were sequenced on an Illumina platform at 320X and 225X coverage. Using NRGene´s DeNovoMAGIC 2.0 technology, pseudochromosomes were assembled encompassing a total of 2,463 Mb for EP1 and 2,405 Mb for F7. Structural and functional annotation of the two genomes is currently in progress. The two high-quality de novo assemblies complement the existing maize pan-genome and will pave the way for future functional and comparative studies.
Adult sex ratio and operational sex ratio exhibit different temporal dynamics in the wild

Lay Summary Sex ratios vary within wild populations, but these variations and the relationship of different sex ratio indices are rarely explored. Using data from a well-monitored polygamous bird population, we show that adult sex ratio (ASR, proportion of males in adult population) and operational sex ratio (OSR, ratio of sexually active males to females) fluctuate over the breeding season and these fluctuations are not correlated, suggesting that OSR is a poor predictor of ASR under polygamy.
Analyses of temporal diversity patterns in a stricto sensu Cerrado fragment

Un inventario forestal se realizo en un fragmento de Cerrado stricto sensu donde se evaluaron los indices de diversidad temporal alfa y beta entre los estratos adulto y regeneracion natural (RN). Se establecieron quince parcelas de 1.000 m2 (20 × 50 m) para el estrato adulto de la muestra, y para el estrato de RN se establecieron sub-parcelas de 100 m2 (2 × 50 m). Se registraron parametros cualitativos (especies) y cuantitativos (altura y diametro) para evaluar la composicion floristica. El estrato de RN se dividio en tres clases diametricas (I, II y III). Por otra parte, se realizo el registro de las especies encontradas en trayectos no-orientados. La diversidad alfa se estimo por Indice de Shannon (Η'), Pielou (J') y el estimador jackknife "un solo paso". Sin embargo, en los parametros cualitativos se uso indice de Sorensen (SO) y para los parametros cuantitativos fue usado indice de Czekanowski (SC), evaluando la diversidad beta. En total, se registraron 101 especies distribuidas en 71 generos y 36 familias. Para los estratos adulto y RN, el valor H' fue de 3,06 y 3,14 nats per individual, y para J' fue de 0,75 y 0,71, respectivamente. Ambos estratos presentaron similitud cualitativa. La RN no mostro similitud con el estrato adulto por indice Czekanowski, pero la diferencia tiende a disminuir con el tamano progresivo de las clases diametricas. La diversidad beta temporal es baja entre los estratos; y existe una tendencia a una mayor similitud entre los estratos a mayor madurez de la RN
Symbiotic Effectiveness, Phylogeny and Genetic Stability of Biserrula pelecinus-nodulating Mesorhizobium sp. isolated from Eritrea and Ethiopia

Biserrula pelecinus is a productive pasture legume with potential for replenishing soil fertility and providing quality livestock feed in Southern Australia. The experience with growing B. pelecinus in Australia suggests an opportunity to evaluate this legume in Ethiopia, due to its relevance to low-input farming systems such as those practiced in Ethiopia. However, the success of B. pelecinus is dependent upon using effective, competitive, and genetically stable inoculum strains of root nodule bacteria (mesorhizobia). Mesorhizobium strains isolated from the Mediterranean region were previously reported to be effective on B. pelecinus in Australian soils. Subsequently, it was discovered that these strains transferred genes required for symbiosis with B. pelecinus (contained on a “symbiosis island’ in the chromosome) to non-symbiotic soil bacteria. This transfer converted the recipient soil bacteria into symbionts that were less effective in N2-fixation than the original inoculant. This study investigated selection of effective, stable inoculum strains for use with B. pelecinus in Ethiopian soils. Genetically diverse and effective mesorhizobial strains of B. pelecinus were shown to be present in Ethiopian and Eritrean soils. These strains were shown to belong to the genus Mesorhizobium and carry highly mobile symbiosis islands, with a novel integration hotspot (ser-tRNA). In vitro, the transfer of the symbiosis island from these strains to a non-symbiotic recipient strain resulted in novel bacteria with a poorly effective phenotype, except for one highly effective strain. By deleting a relaxase gene, which is involved in the conjugative transfer of the symbiosis island, a more stable strain was created containing an immobile symbiosis island. The study highlights the presence of taxonomically and symbiotically distinct B. pelecinus-nodulating Mesorhizobium strains in East African soils. In these Mesorhizobium strains, the rate of symbiosis island transfer was as high as 3x10-3 in vitro. It is suggested that island transfer has a significant role in the rapid evolution of poorly effective strains. Further, it is likely that this transfer contributes to one of the most intractable problems compromising N2-fixation in agricultural systems - that of poorly effective but competitive background rhizobia. In this study, the management of symbiosis island transfer through inactivation of the relaxase gene without affecting the symbiotic phenotype was found to be a viable approach for tackling this problem.