Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paradigms of Poverty : A Rehabilitation of B . S

Rowntree is widely regarded as having originated in 1901 the 'scientific' definition of poverty as the minimum income level required for physical subsistence. He is quoted as defining 'secondary poverty' above this income level as mismanagement. Critics of this approach confuse Rowntree's use of concepts with his discussion of causes, and they overlook Rowntree's own explanation that his concept of poverty was relativistic life-style, and that his distinction between primary and secondary poverty was a heuristic device to convince individualists that the life-style of the poor was at least in part caused by low income and not by improvidence. Townsend's major life work in defining and measuring poverty as relative deprivation is usually presented as overthrowing Rowntree's paradigm. The paper shows that Rowntree's early views and methods have been widely misunderstood by later authors, and it argues that the evidence necessitates a reconsideration of Rowntree's position, which would show Townsend's achievement as a paradigmatic shift not from absolutist to relativistic models of poverty but from relativistic models based on standards prescribed by expert observers to relativistic models based on standards derived from the whole population by social surveys. Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree (1871-1954) was a pioneer of social research into poverty. His first social survey of York in 1899 (the findings were published in 1901) not only counted the poor but described their * I want to acknowledge gratefully the constructive criticism and suggestions which several previous versions of this paper have received since it was first given at the British Sociological Association's annual conference in 1981. I owe a great personal debt to Peter Townsend and my criticism of some of his views must not be taken as detracting from my respect and gratitude to him. The paper has also benefited from the advice of A.B. Atkinson, J. Higgins, K. Judge, H.V. McLachlan, R.A. Sinfleld. AJ.C. Wilson, H.C. Wilson, the participants in seminars at the BSA conference and at Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic, and the anonymous referees of this
EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF BRASSINOLIDE AMELIORATE CHILLING STRESS IN LEYMUS CHINENSIS (TRIN.) TZVEL. BY MODULATING MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TRAITS

The effect of exogenously applied brassinolide (BR) at various concentrations viz. 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/l on growth and physiological attributes of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. was studied at low temperature stress in a pot culture. Foliar application of BR exerted an ameliorative effect on plant height, leaf area, plant fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and chlorophyll a/b ratio, while, further boosting the accumulation of proline, soluble proteins and sugars, exaggerating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the accumulation of Malendialdehye (MDA). And the highest value was obtained by treatment with 0.1 mg/l BR. The application of BR enhanced the growth and development of L. chinensis under low temperature stress by improving the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and reducing MDA accumulation by modulating the osmolyte contents and activity of antioxidant enzymes.
On the foundations of quantum theory

We draw systematic parallels between the measurement problem in quantum mechanics and the information loss problem in black holes. Then we proceed to propose a solution of the former along the lines of the solution of the latter which is based on the holographic gauge/gravity duality. The proposed solution is based on 1) the quantum dualism between the local view of reality provided by Copenhagen and the manifold view provided by the many-worlds and on 2) the properties of quantum entanglement in particular its fungibility.
Hygroscopic properties of Asian aerosols 3251 Figures Marine air mass Polluted by Korea and Japan Polluted by Japan Dust from Shanghai Cruise track of the US NOAA Research Vessel

Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the sub-micrometer and one-micrometer size ranges were measured during the ACE-Asia study (Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia) in spring 2001. The measurements took place off the coasts of Japan, Korea, and China. All instruments contributing to this study were deployed in a container on the forward deck of the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown. Air masses with primarily marine influence and air masses from the Asian continent affected by both anthropogenic sources and by the transport of desert dust aerosol were encountered during the cruise. Results showed very different hygroscopic behavior in the sub-micrometer size range compared to the one-micrometer size range. In general, for all continentally influenced air masses, the one-micrometer particle population was characterized by two different particle groups – a nearly hydrophobic fraction with growth factors around 1.0 representative of dust particles and a sea salt fraction with hygroscopic growth factors around 2.0. The number fraction of dust particles was generally about 60% independent of long-range air mass origin. For sub-micrometer particles, a dominant, more hygroscopic particle fraction with growth factors between 1.5 and 1.9 (depending on dry particle size) consistent with ammonium sulfate or non-neutralized sulfates as major component was always found. In marine air masses and for larger sizes within the sub-micrometer range ( Dp=250 and 350 nm), a sea salt fraction with growth factors between 2.0 and 2.1 was also observed. For all other air masses, the more hygroscopic particle fraction in the sub-micrometer size range was mostly accompanied by a less hygroscopic particle fraction with growth factors between 1.20 and 1.55 depending on both the continental sources and the dry particle size. Number fractions of this particle group varied between 4 and 39% Correspondence to: A. Massling (massling@tropos.de) depending on dry particle size and air mass type. Nearly hydrophobic particles indicating dust particles in the submicrometer size regime were only found for particles with Dp=250 and 350 nm during a time period when the aerosol was influenced by transport from Asian desert regions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-based Nanomaterials from Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq) Wood Bark: an Organic Waste Material from Community Forest

The application of nanotechnology to produce nanomaterials from renewable bio-based materials, like wood bark, has great potential to benefit the wood processing industry. To support this issue, we investigated the production of bio-based nanomaterials using conventional balls milling. Jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq) wood bark (JWB), an organic waste material from a community forest was subjected to conventional balls milling for 96 h and was converted into bio-based nanomaterial. The morphology and particle size, chemical components, functional groups and crystallinity of the bio-based nanomaterial were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy extended with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle-sizes obtained for the JWB bio-based nanomaterial were between 43 nm to 469 nm and the functional groups were detected as cellulose. The chemical components found were carbon, oxygen, chloride, potassium and calcium, except for the sample produced from sieve type T14, which did not contain chloride. The crystalline structure was calcium oxalate hydrate (C 2 CaO 4 .H 2 O) with crystalline sizes 21 nm and 15 nm, produced from sieve types T14 and T200 respectively.
Human-Robot Manipulation of Highly Deformable Materials

Robotic manipulation of highly deformable materials is inherently challenging due in part to the need to maintain tension and the high dimensionality of the state of the material. Past work in this area mostly focuses on generating a detailed model for the material and its interaction with the robot, and then using the model to construct a motion plan. In this paper, we take a different approach by using sensor feedback to dictate the robot motion. We consider the collaborative manipulation of a deformable sheet between a person and a dual-armed robot (Baxter by Rethink Robotics). The robot is capable of contact sensing via joint torque sensors and is equipped with a head-mounted RGBd sensor. The robot senses contact force to maintain tension of the sheet, and in turn comply to the human motion. This is akin to handling a tablecloth with a partner but with one’s eyes closed. To improve the response, we use the RGBd sensor to detect folds, and command the robot to move in the orthogonal direction to smooth them out. This is like handling cloth by looking at the cloth itself. Both controllers are able to follow human motion without excessive crimps in the sheet, but as expected, the hybrid controller – combining force and vision – outperforms the force controller alone in terms of tension force transient. The ability to quickly detect the state of the deformable material also allows the possibility of more complex manipulation strategies in the future.
The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens

We have recently proposed that lifestyle-related factors, screening and aging cannot fully account for the present overall growing incidence of cancer. In order to propose the concept that in addition to lifestyle related factors, exogenous environmental factors may play a more important role in carcinogenesis than it is expected, and may therefore account for the growing incidence of cancer, we overview herein environmental factors, rated as certainly or potentially carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). We thus analyze the carcinogenic effect of microorganisms (including viruses), radiations (including radioactivity, UV and pulsed electromagnetic fields) and xenochemicals. Chemicals related to environmental pollution appear to be of critical importance, since they can induce occupational cancers as well as other cancers. Of major concerns are: outdoor air pollution by carbon particles associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; indoor air pollution by environmental tobacco smoke, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds such as benzene and 1,3 butadiene, which may particularly affect children, and food pollution by food additives and by carcinogenic contaminants such as nitrates, pesticides, dioxins and other organochlorines. In addition, carcinogenic metals and metalloids, pharmaceutical medicines and cosmetics may be involved. Although the risk fraction attributable to environmental factors is still unknown, this long list of carcinogenic and especially mutagenic factors supports our working hypothesis according to which numerous cancers may in fact be caused by the recent modification of our environment. r 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1 Use of natural products for weed management in 2 high-value crops : An Overview 3 4

Over the last five decades, weed management systems have relied primarily on synthetic 9 herbicides. Due to the concerns over the potential impact of chemicals on human health and the 10 environment, efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides. To reduce 11 the use of synthetic herbicides, the use of natural products such as essential oils, plant extracts, 12 allelochemicals, agricultural by-products, and some microbes are gaining attention because of their 13 short environmental half-life and low toxicity. They are a good alternative to synthetic herbicides, 14 especially in organic agriculture, since they focus on environmental protection, and ecological 15 stability. Most of the commercially available natural herbicides are non-selective and require careful 16 application in order to preserve the cash crops. Although many studies in this direction have been 17 undertaken, the use of these natural products is still not common because of their cost the difficulties 18 in their synthesis due to their complex structure, cost effectiveness, poor performance, and rapid 19 degradation. When used singly, these natural herbicides do not perform as well as the chemical 20 herbicides. An integrated approach may provide better results. Using a combination of natural 21 herbicides may be more effective than using just one. 22
Forward seismic modeling of the pulsating magnetic B-type star HD 43317

The large-scale magnetic fields detected at the surface of about 10% of hot stars extend into the stellar interior, where they may alter the structure. Deep inner regions of stars are only observable using asteroseismology. Here, we investigate the pulsating magnetic B3.5V star HD 43317, infer its interior properties and assess whether the dipolar magnetic field with a surface strength of Bp = 1312 ± 332 G causes different properties compared to those of non-magnetic stars. We analyze the latest version of the star’s 150 d CoRoT light curve and extract 35 significant frequencies, 28 of which are found to be independent and not related to the known surface rotation period of Prot = 0.897673 d. We perform forward seismic modeling based on non-magnetic, non-rotating 1D MESA models and the adiabatic module of the pulsation code GYRE, using a grid-based approach. Our aim was to estimate the stellar mass, age, and convective core overshooting. The GYRE calculations were done for uniform rotation with Prot. This modeling is able to explain 16 of the 28 frequencies as gravity modes belonging to retrograde modes with (ℓ, m) = (1, −1) and (2, −1) period spacing patterns and one distinct prograde (2, +2) mode. The modeling resulted in a stellar mass M⋆ = 5.8−0.2+0.1 M⊙, a central hydrogen mass fraction Xc = 0.54−0.02+0.01, and exponential convective core overshooting parameter fov = 0.004−0.002+0.014. The low value for fov is compatible with the suppression of near-core mixing due to a magnetic field but the uncertainties are too large to pinpoint such suppression as the sole physical interpretation. We assess the frequency shifts of pulsation modes caused by the Lorentz and the Coriolis forces and find magnetism to have a lower impact than rotation for this star. Including magnetism in future pulsation computations would be highly relevant to exploit current and future photometric time series spanning at least one year, such as those assembled by the Kepler space telescope and expected from the TESS (Continuous Viewing Zone) and PLATO space missions.
Wastewater use for urban and peri-urban agriculture.

Wastewater is a resource of increasing global importance, particularly in urban and peri-urban agriculture. Wastewater is used for crop production, which includes fodder grasses, vegetables, cereals, ornamental plants, trees and flowers, timber crops and fruit trees, as well as for aquaculture and is often the only source of irrigation available. Wastewater use for irrigation generates livelihoods for farmers, agricultural labourers, produce transporters, market brokers and produce vendors. Consumers also benefit by obtaining access to fresh and cheap produce due to low transportation costs. To prevent potential negative impacts on human health and the environment, the importance of wastewater reuse in urban and peri-urban agriculture has to be recognised and clear policy guidelines for reuse need to be established. Careful research and awareness raising needs to be stimulated. Women play a key role in this context both as producers and in food preparation. Wastewater use in urban, peri-urban agriculture is a cross-sectoral issue that requires a multi-sectoral and multi-actor approach to research and planning.
Flag manifolds and the Landweber–Novikov algebra

We investigate geometrical interpretations of various structure maps associated with the Landweber{Novikov algebra S and its integral dual S . In particular, we study the coproduct and antipode in S , together with the left and right actions of S on S which underly the construction of the quantum (or Drinfeld) doubleD(S). We set our realizations in the context of double complex cobordism, utilizing certain manifolds of bounded flags which generalize complex projective space and may be canonically expressed as toric varieties. We discuss their cell structure by analogy with the classical Schubert decomposition, and detail the implications for Poincar e duality with respect to double cobordism theory; these lead directly to our main results for the Landweber{ Novikov algebra.
1 T EMPERATURE CHANGES IN THE N ORTH-W ESTERN I TALIAN A LPS FROM 1961 TO 2010

The aim of this study was to identify any possible temperature changes within the last 50 years in the NorthWestern Italian Alps by examining data from 16 high-altitude weather stations in the period 1961-2010. The daily temperature time series were collected, digitized, subjected to an historical research to individuate discontinuities and retrieve metadata. We also carried out the data quality control and the homogenization which allowed the climatic indices trend detection. The analysis of the temperature values showed an increase in temperature, particularly at high altitudes sites. In fact, the stations located above 1600 m asl revealed a rise in temperatures and a decrease in the number of cold periods. For the maximum temperatures have been observed greater increases in spring and winter, for minimum temperatures in the summer. These trends confirm that climate change is occurring in an environment particularly sensitive to temperature changes, especially during the season of snow accumulation and vegetative growth. These results may be important for policy makers to define the best adaptation strategies in order to protect one of the most sensitive environments such as mountains.
Nonlinear Aspects of Goods-Market Arbitrage and Adjustment: Heckscher's Commodity Points Revisited

We propose that analysis of purchasing power parity (PPP) and the law of one price (LOOP) should explicitly take into account the possibility of commodity points' thresholds delineating a region of no central tendency among relative prices, possibly due to lack of perfect arbitrage in the presence of transaction costs and uncertainty. More than eighty years ago, Heckscher stressed the importance of such incomplete arbitrage in the empirical application of PPP. We devise an econometric method to identify commodity points. Price adjustment is treated as a nonlinear process, and a threshold autoregression (TAR) offers a parsimonious specification within which both thresholds and adjustment speeds are estimated by maximum likelihood methods. Our model performs well using post-1980 data reasonable: adjustment outside the thresholds might imply half-lives of price deviations measured in months rather than years and the thresholds correspond to popular rough estimates as to the order of magnitude of actual transport costs. The estimated commodity points appear to be positively related to objective measures of market segmentation, notably nominal exchange rate volatility.
What attracts Baltic sea grey seals to seal-safe cod pots and when do they attempt to attack fish in the pots?

Seals and fishermen share the role of top consumers in the Baltic Sea, leading to inevitable competition. One aspect of this is that fishermen use fishing gear to catch fish and seals raid these fishing gear. The fisheries lose out in terms of fish catches and also bear the significant costs of damage to the gear. Researchers have been active for some years in developing ‘seal-safe’ fishing gear, which will be unattractive to seals and resistant to attacks. This study investigated the presence of grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) around cod pots and their attempts to take fish from them. Baited and camera-equipped cod pots of three designs including three netting types were set out close to a seal haul-out site east of the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The behaviour of visiting seals filmed with underwater cameras was observed and analysed using a generalized linear model (GLM). As well as the cod pot characteristics, the variables used for modelling included the time of day, whether bait fish were alive or dead, and the quantity of fish in each pot. It was found that the most important cod pot-characteristic for both seal presence and ‘attack behaviour’ was the design of the cod pot. The design which attracted the most seal presence and the most fish-attacking behaviour had loose netting around the upper chamber, in contrast to the other two designs which had tightly stretched mesh. Neither mesh size nor material showed any correlation with seal presence or attack behaviour. It was also found that the most important overall factor for predicting attack behaviour was the time of day. There was individual variation in seal behaviour. The behaviour was categorized into eleven groups, of which ‘investigation’ was the most commonly observed. Most attack behaviours were targeted towards moving fish and no attacks occurred on dead fish. These results could suggest that seals are visiting cod pots because of curiosity and not primarily because of hunger.
Kinematics Analysis: Number of Trials Necessary to Achieve Performance Stability during Soccer Instep Kicking

Kinematics Analysis: Number of Trials Necessary to Achieve Performance Stability during Soccer Instep Kicking The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of kinematics responses related to stretch shortening cycle (SSC) during 10 consecutive soccer instep kicks. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from five experienced adult male soccer players (body height: 184.60 ± 4.49 cm; body mass: 80 ± 4.24 kg; age: 25.60 ± 1.14 years) using a three-dimensional infra-red high speed camera at 200 Hz. Some important kinematic parameters include eccentric angular velocity (AVe), concentric angular velocity (AVc), duration of eccentric (Te), and duration of concentric (Tc) at forward and impact phases selected to analyses. The AVe result of the sixth kick, relative to the first kick, was significantly lower when compared to the other kicks (with p ≤ 0.001). The AVc result of the fifth kick, relative to the first kick, was significantly lower when compared to the other kicks (with p ≤ 0.001). The Te result of the fourth kick, relative to the first kick, was significantly lower when compared to the other kicks (with p ≤ 0.011). The Tc result of the fifth kick, relative to the first kick, was significantly lower when compared to the other kicks (p ≤ 0.029). We concluded that 5 consecutive kicks are adequate to achieve high kinematic responses related to SSC.
The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications

The stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified in the management literature on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumental power, and normative validity. These three aspects of the theory, although interrelated, are quite distinct; they involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. In this article, we examine these three aspects of the theory and critique and integrate important contributions to the literature related to each. We conclude that the three aspects of stakeholder theory are mutually supportive and that the normative base of the theory-which includes the modern theory of property rights-is fundamental. If the unity of the corporate body is real, then there is reality and not simply legal fiction in the proposition that the managers of the unit are fiduciaries for it and not merely for its individual members, that they are . trustees for an institution [with multiple constituents] rather than attorneys for the stockholders.