Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of mouthrinses on parameters characterizing human periodontal disease.

Abstract The objective of the present clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of mouthwashes containing antiseptic agents on established and developing plaque and periodontal disease in adult subjects using a newly described clinical research model. The study was carried out in 21 patients with periodontal disease. At the baseline examination, all tooth surfaces-sites were studied with regard to dental plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing to the base of the pocket and probing pocket depths. The patients were subsequently randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, each consisting of 7 individuals. Group A rinsed with a 0.01% solution of Sanguinarine, group B rinsed with a 0.2% solution of chlorhexidine and group C rinsed with a placebo solution. No instructions regarding mechanical plaque control measures or information regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease were given to any of the patients during the course of the 6-weeks of trial. The clinical examination was repeated after 2 weeks use of the mouthwash preparations. Following the re-examination, all patients were subjected to scaling and root planing in 2 jaw quadrants chosen at random. After another 2 weeks, the 2nd re-examination was performed and the teeth in the 2 remaining jaw quadrants were thoroughly scaled. The final examination was performed 2 weeks later. During the 4 weeks of rinsing, without adjunctive professional mechanical debridement, the frequency distribution of plaque Index scores 2 + 3 did not change in the group of patients using the placebo solution, but was significantly reduced in both the chlorhexidine and the Sanguinarine groups. The gingival index scores and the probing depths were not, however, significantly affected by the 4 weeks use of any of the 3 mouthrinse preparations tested. Professional debridement made the tooth surfaces free from plaque accumulations. In the placebo group, about 32% and 29% of the tooth surfaces received a PII score of 2 + 3 at the 2 and 4 week examinations, respectively. The corresponding figures for the chlorhexidine group were 2.4% and 2.8% and for the Sanguinarine group 9.6% and 8.1%. The professional debridement markedly reduced signs of gingivitis. Compared to the baseline data, the frequency of gingival index scores 2 + 3 was after 4 weeks reduced by 55% in the Sanguinarine group and by 63% in the chlorhexidine group. The corresponding figure for the placebo group was 35%. For all 3 groups of patients, scaling and root planing resulted in the establishment of a larger number of shallow pockets and a lower number of deep pockets.
Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of synaptic input from cortical areas 17 and 18 to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in cats

Cortical feedback is the largest extraretinal projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus. This input is thought to modulate the transfer of visual information in a state‐dependent manner. The quantitative distribution and synaptology of axon terminals arising from different cortical areas is still an unsolved question. To address this problem, the synaptic termination pattern of corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 entering the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat was examined. The Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing method was used for the labeling of corticogeniculate terminals. Postsynaptic targets were characterized by postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. In both laminae A and A1, labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17 established synaptic contacts with GABA‐immunopositive, interneuronal dendritic profiles more frequently (17.5% of all axons) than did labeled axon terminals from area 18 (7% of axons). Conversely, 76% of labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17, as opposed to 87% of labeled axons from area 18, terminated on GABA‐immunonegative relay cell dendrites. Furthermore, the mean diameter of GABA‐negative relay cell dendrites postsynaptic to labeled axons from area 17 was significantly smaller than the diameter of relay cell dendrites synapsing with labeled terminals from area 18. These results indicate that the corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 exhibit different synaptic termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat, suggesting that these two projections may subserve different functions in visual information processing. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Racial and Ethnic Gaps in Postsecondary Aspirations and Enrollment

One major finding of the Equality of Educational Opportunity (EEO) report was that a smaller proportion of African Americans than whites reported “wanting to go no further than high school in each region of the country. ” Blacks in the 1960s had high college aspirations, and those aspirations have continued, but today, as then, fewer blacks than whites attend four-year colleges. Since the EEO report, the U.S. population has become increasingly diverse, and postsecondary aspirations and enrollment now vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups. Whereas the EEO report focused on the significant role of students’ concrete knowledge about college in postsecondary attendance, it paid limited attention to variation in postsecondary preparation activities. This study contrasts earlier indicators of student college knowledge with college preparation activities to understand variations in college enrollment among different racial and ethnic groups. Results indicate that concrete knowledge has less impact on minority postsecondary enrollment than taking more-advanced academic courses.
Locomotor Function in the Early Stage of Parkinson's Disease

The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been widely investigated with particular reference to abnormalities of steady-state walking. The great majority of studies, however are related to severe forms of PD patients (phases of Hoehn and Yahr scale), where locomotor abnormalities are clearly manifested. Goal of the present study was to quantitatively describe locomotor symptoms in subjects with mild PD. Accordingly, a multitask protocol involving instrumental analysis of steady-state linear walking, initiation of gait, and turning while walking was applied to a group of patients with idiopathic PD in their early clinical stage (phases 1 and 2 of Hoehn and Yahr scale), as well as in age-matched elderly controls. Kinematic, kinetic, and myoelectric measures were obtained by optoelectronic motion analysis, force platform, and telemetric electromyography. Results in PD patients showed a tendency to bradykinetic gait, with reduction of walking speed and cadence. Impairments of gait initiation consisted in reduction of the backward shift of the center of pressure (CoP) and prolongation of the stepping phase. Alterations of the turning task were more consistent and included delayed reorientation of the head toward the new direction, altered head-upper trunk rotational strategy, and adoption of a greater number of steps to complete the turning. It is concluded that patients in the early stage of PD reveal mild alterations of steady-state linear walking and more significant anomalies in the transitional conditions, especially during changes in the travel direction. Quantitative analysis of nonstationary locomotor tasks might be a potentially useful starting point for further studies on the pathophysiology of PD.
Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine: Persistence, Non-Reporting, and Institutional Response

Abstract Sexual harassment occurs with regularity during medical training, and it remains largely unreported. This study is one institution’s attempt to understand how third and fourth-year medical students perceive and experience sexual harassment, what they believe about reporting sexual harassment, and how they believe it might be eradicated from the educational environment. We used a qualitative research method for our investigation, which would generate more specific language to use in a larger empirical study involving larger numbers of our students. We conducted five focus groups with 24 students, which yielded five categories of response obtained through a close, line-byline reading of transcribed audiotapes. In addition, we offer four recommendations to medical education researchers, deans of medical schools, and medical school accrediting bodies that may reduce the incidence of sexual harassment of medical students. While we do not make the case that the observations, explanations, and recommendations of these 24 students reflect the opinions of all medical students here or elsewhere, we do propose that they are a snapshot of one medical school’s gender climate and offer a valuable foundation for further inquiry.
Adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival agents: a newly recognized group of common viruses of the respiratory system.

The undifferentiated respiratory diseases, the febrile catarrhs (acute respiratory disease, exudative nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, primary atypical pneumonias)1 , 2 and the afebrile common colds continue as unsolved omnipresent sources of human distress. About two years ago our group at the National Microbiological Institute and a group at Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene embarked on collaborative efforts to study these ailments. The general, quite elastic plan was to observe them in a concerted manner — to study them simultaneously from clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory standpoints. A particularly important and specific part of the plan, however, was to utilize tissue-culture technics providing multi-purpose new .
Sovereign GDP-Linked Bonds

While the idea of governments issuing financial instruments whose repayments are indexed to gross domestic product (GDP) is not new, the current global backdrop of high sovereign debt coupled with low interest rates and weak and uncertain nominal growth prospects suggests the case for doing so may be especially strong now. This paper discusses the pros and cons of GDP-linked bonds, looks at when it might be most beneficial to issue, how investors might benefit, and possible ways of addressing the first-mover problem. The aim of this paper is to stimulate debate rather than provide answers.
Animal welfare decisions in Dutch poultry and pig farms

Abstract The minimum level of animal welfare (AW) is guaranteed by EU and national legislation in most European countries. Within the current international economic and political environment further improvements in the welfare of farm animals predominantly rely on market initiatives. Market initiatives set requirements in terms of AW that exceed the legal minimum standards. Participation in a particular market initiative is a voluntary choice of the farmer. The overall objective of this dissertation was to analyze the factors that determine farmers’ decision-making with regard to the implementation of AW standards, and to identify barriers to the adoption of above-legal AW standards at farm level. In this dissertation farmers’ decision-making is conceptualized as a process in which farmers trade off financial and non-financial goals. Financial goals relate to monetary aspects, whereas non-financial goals appeals to farmers’ intrinsic motivation to improve AW. This dissertation suggests that broiler and fattening pig farmers do not have a strong intrinsic motivation to switch to a production system that provides higher level of AW than the minimum legal requirements. In this respect, at farm level certain financial preconditions have to be met to enable farmers to adopt higher AW standards. More specifically, farmers require a price premium that is at least sufficient to cover extra costs as a result of higher animal welfare standards. Furthermore, it is important to manage the (perceived) uncertainty of the market and price premiums. These imply that middle-market segment could be attractive for farmers due to its high cost-efficiency, i.e., realize the highest relative increase in AW at the lowest costs, which is also in the best interest of other stakeholders in the supply chain. Furthermore as switching to a middle-market system primarily affects variable costs farmers are given the flexibility to revert to the conventional system if their expectations are not met. Middle-market segment products, as they improve on many production attributes related to AW, may also offer alternatives for consumers that take many attributes into account to form an opinion of the animal friendliness of a production system. In the light of the foregoing, further development of the middle-market segment appears to be a reasonable direction in improving AW. In order to facilitate the further development of the middle-market segment a high involvement of all stakeholders in the supply chain, i.e., slaughterhouses, processors, retail, NGOs, and the government as well is required.
The global REIT market: initial-day performance of IPOs

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether real estate investment trust (REIT) initial public offerings (IPOs) are exposed to abnormal initial-day performance. Previous studies have predominantly focused on REITs listed in the USA and Australia, only a few studies have utilised a multi-country approach and only one study has used a multi-region approach. This paper adds to the literature by, for a global sample, analysing variables proven important in explaining REIT IPO performance but never used in a global sample before by extending the investigation of initial-day return patterns for new REIT types and by offering the first insights from emerging REIT markets. Design/methodology/approach Initial-day raw and abnormal returns were calculated for a sample of 445 IPOs in 26 countries over the period from 1996 to 2014. The returns were partitioned according to a select set of themes and multiple regression analysis was used to isolate the relationship between the explanatory factors and underpricing. Findings For the sample as a whole, the mean initial-day raw return is 3.94 per cent and the mean market-adjusted initial-day return is 4.01 per cent. Even though the initial-day return for a REIT IPO typically is positive, negative mean returns are observed for a few countries and during certain years. Investors should note that for European markets, new property type exhibited a robust positive association with abnormal return, and underwriter reputation exhibited a robust negative relationship with abnormal return. Originality/value This paper fulfils the need to test important concepts on global REIT IPO markets.
Intellectual Capital of a Board of Directors and its Elements: Introduction to the Concepts

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to define the contribution of intellectual capital (IC) of the board of directors (BDs) in generating IC of a company, to develop a definition of the IC of the BDs, as well as two of its major elements: human capital (knowledge, skills, and experience of board members, etc.), and social capital (relationships and networking opportunities of board members), and to clarify the relationship between these elements and financial performance indicators of companies based on a literature review on the topic. Design/methodology/approach A literature review and analysis was applied as this study’s research design. Findings The authors suggest that IC is generated not only by company staff, but also by governing bodies, particularly the BDs, whose members are not always under contract with the company in the traditional sense. Members of the board use their knowledge, experience, and networking opportunities to build IC for effective monitoring, advising, and providing the company with resources. In this sense, the BDs serves as a source of IC for a company, being the main internal corporate governance mechanism that leads to value creation in a company, taking into consideration the interests of all stakeholders. Practical implications The research indicates that the personal characteristics of board members may influence the performance of a company. Therefore, companies should be recommended to carefully select candidates for nomination to the board. Originality/value This study contributes to further development of the concept of IC of the BDs by bringing together the theory in the field and the empirical results of studies on the various elements of board capital in a company’s value creation.
Efficacy and toxicity of antiretroviral therapy using 4 or more agents: application of a strategy for antiretroviral management in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the long-term tolerance and virologic efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of 4 or more agents in a clinical setting. METHODS An observational review of 36 children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) treated with 4 or 5 antiretroviral agents in 2 university hospital clinics between April 1, 1996, and October 31, 2000. Highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens were chosen with regard to the child's past antiretroviral exposure or results of genotypic resistance data. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were monitored weekly to monthly after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and adherence efforts were actively supported and monitored. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Number of children with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at longest follow-up. RESULTS Four- or 5-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy reduced plasma HIV-1 RNA levels to less than 50 copies/mL in 32 (89%) of 36 children. After a median of 28.7 months of observation, 28 children (78%) remained at this level of suppression. Adverse reactions were limited to mild neutropenia and mild transient or persistent elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels in 11% of children. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 4 or 5 antiretroviral agents was well tolerated in HIV-1-infected children and resulted in a high degree of viral suppression, even in children with previous antiretroviral drug experience.
Characterization of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expressed in the embryonic brain.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate elicits a variety of responses in mammals via at least five G protein-coupled Edg receptors. We cloned zebrafish edg1 and expressed it in Rh7777 cells. In these cultures, S1P inhibited forskolin-driven rises in cAMP and this response was eliminated by pretreatment of the cultures with pertussis toxin. In Rh7777 membranes, S1P stimulated GTPgamma[(35)S] binding 2-3 fold. Zebrafish edg1 is expressed in embryonic brain, particularly ventral diencephalon, optic stalks, and anterior hindbrain. Our findings suggest that nonmammalian vertebrates use S1P to signal during embryogenesis and that the properties of Edg1 receptor have been conserved for 400 million years.
The impact of a telehealth web-based solution on neurosurgery triage and consultation.

INTRODUCTION To enhance the quality of neurosurgery consultations, triage, and transport decisions between a Level I trauma service neurosurgery program at the University of New Mexico Hospital and referring hospitals, a secure Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant Web-based system was developed, to which digital neurological images could be sent for review by a neurosurgeon for consultation or patient transfer. Based upon prior experience of neurosurgery, it was predicted that 25% of transfer requests would be avoided if the neurosurgeons reviewed the computerized tomography scans at the time of a transfer request. In addition, it was predicted in 25% of the case that changes in management recommendations would take place independent of the transfer decision. METHODS The program was designed to allow referring hospitals to transmit digital images to the Web site, providing consulting doctors with additional patient information. This project analyzed the neurosurgeons' responses to questions designed to determine if transport or management decisions were altered when using this telehealth program in response to a request for consultation or transfer from a rural facility. RESULTS Analysis of the responses of the consulting neurosurgeons revealed that, after viewing the images, 44% of the potential transfers were avoided and 44% of consulted cases resulted in management recommendation changes independent of the transfer decision. CONCLUSIONS Use of the system resulted in improved triage and changes in transfer or management recommendations. A significant number of potential transfers were avoided, resulting in transport cost avoidance, more effective use of resources, and more appropriate use of the neurosurgery service as well as improved patient preparation.
Helper effects required during in vivo priming for a cytolytic response to the H-Y antigen in nonresponder mice.

Induction of H-Y-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in nonresponder female mice was attempted by i.v. injection of allogeneic male cells, followed by in vitro restimulation of recipient spleen cells with syngeneic male cells. Responses were obtained only in two strain combinations in which the recipients, although phenotypically nonresponders, carried responder alleles at class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci, and the immunizing cells differed from the recipients at class II MHC loci. The two positive strain combinations were B10.A(2R) anti-B10.A(4R), and B10.GD anti-B10.D2(R101). In the first combination, both recipient and donor are nonresponders to H-Y, and the CTL are induced via a bystander effect of another CTL response to a previously undetected minor histocompatibility (H) antigen. This "carrier" antigen can only induce CTL against H-Y and itself when the immunizing cells express class II MHC molecules. Furthermore, the presence of H-Y and the carrier antigen on the same cell is a prerequisite for the generation of H-Y-specific CTL. In the second combination, the recipient is a nonresponder, whereas the donor is a responder. The two strains differ at only E alpha and E beta class II MHC loci. For the induction of CTL, H-Y and the foreign E molecule must be expressed on the same cells. Thus, the B10.D2(R101) cells that express E molecules on their surface probably provide the E-nonexpressor B10.GD recipients with a stimulus for the generation of H-Y-specific T helper cells. The data are consistent with the notion that antigen-specific class II MHC-restricted T helper cells are involved in the initiation of CTL responses to minor H antigens.
Evaluation and treatment of vestibular dysfunction in children.

INTRODUCTION The effect of vestibular dysfunction since birth is more debilitating than that attained later in life, and unlike adults, children with vestibular dysfunction since or shortly after birth do not recover function without intervention. PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the etiology of vestibular dysfunction in children as well as the related impairments, and to describe testing methods and evidence based interventions to ameliorate the vestibular related impairments in children. SUMMARY In recent years, investigations have revealed that vestibular dysfunction is more common in children than previously thought, with consequent impairments in motor development, balance and reading abilities. The dysfunction may be due to central or peripheral lesions, each with distinct presentation of symptoms and test results. Common etiologies and clinical presentation of vestibular dysfunction in children are reviewed; appropriate screening and diagnostic techniques and efficacious medical and rehabilitation interventions are presented. CONCLUSION Despite advances in clinical and diagnostic testing of vestibular function in children and infants, testing of vestibular function is not typically done. Comprehensive testing of signs and symptoms is critical for diagnosis and implementation of appropriate interventions.