Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency curves from remote sensing rainfall estimates: comparing satellite and weather radar over the Eastern Mediterranean” and revised introduction as follows: “Since quantitatively accurate 25 information is essential for design applications and the derivation of IDF curves based on historical 

Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves are widely used to quantify the probability of occurrence of rainfall extremes. The usual rain gauge based approach provides accurate curves for a specific location, but uncertainties arise when ungauged regions are examined or catchment scale information is required. Remotely sensed rainfall records, e.g. from weather radars and satellites, are recently becoming available, providing high resolution information on rainfall extremes estimates at 15 regional or even global scales: their uncertainty and implications on water resources applications urge to be investigated. This study compares IDF curves from radar and satellite (CMORPH) estimates over the Eastern Mediterranean (covering Mediterranean, semiarid and arid climates) and quantifies the uncertainty related to their limited record on varying climates. We show that radar identifies thicker tail distributions than satellite, in particular for short durations, and that the shape parameterstail of the distributions depends on the spatial and temporal aggregation scales. The spatial correlation between 20 radar-IDFs and satellite-IDFs is as high as 0.7 for 2–5 years return period and decreases with longer return periods, especially for short durations. The uncertainty related to the use of short records is important when the record length is comparable to the return period (~50%, ~100% and ~150% for Mediterranean, semiarid and arid climates, respectively). The agreement between IDF curves derived from different sensors on Mediterranean and, to a good extent, semiarid climates, demonstrates the potential of remote sensing datasets and instils confidence on their quantitative use for ungauged areas of the Earth. 25
Nonlinear optical investigation of (E)-1-(4-flourobenzylidene)urea using theoretical calculations

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (E)-1-(4-flourobenzylidene)urea (4FBU) was recorded and analyzed. The optimized geometrical parameters were calculated. The complete vibrationally assignments were performed based on PED analysis with the help of SQM method. NBO analysis was carried out to explore the various conjucative/hyperconjucative interactions within the molecule and their second-order stabilization energy. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap was studied. All theoretical calculations were performed based on B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (β, α0, Δα) of 4FBU were calculated. Besides, FMOs, MEP, Mulliken atomic charges and various thermodynamic parameters such as entropy, heat capacity and enthalpy were also calculated.
Punishment Effect of Prisoner Dilemma Game Based on a New Evolution Strategy Rule

We discuss the effect of the punishment in the prisoner’s dilemma game. We propose a new evolution strategy rule which can reflect the external factor for both players in the evolution game. In general, if the punishment exists, the D (defection-defection) structure (i.e., both of the two players choose D-D strategy) which is the Nash equilibrium for the game can keep stable and never let the cooperation emerge. However, if a new evolution strategy rule is adopted, we can find that the D-D structure can not keep stable and it will decrease during the game from the simulations. In fact, the punishment mainly affects the C-D (cooperation-defection) structure in the network. After the fraction of the C-D structure achieved some levels, the punishment can keep the C-D structure stable and prevent it from transforming into C-C (cooperation-cooperation) structure. Moreover, in light of the stability of structure and the payoff of the individual gains, it can be found that the probability which is related to the payoff can affect the result of the evolution game.
MEASURING SELF-REPORTED FIDELITY IN RECREATION : THE FACILITATOR CHARACTERISTICS AND PROGRAM CONTRIBUTIONS SCALE

Social science researchers have called for evidenced based practices when implementing, delivering, and evaluating programs. One important component of these practices is to monitor program implementation. However, in experiential education and more broadly the social sciences program implementation is rarely assessed or evaluated; when it is assessed it is frequently resource intensive. As such, program providers have needed an implementation measurement approach more conducive to low-resource organizations. This paper introduces a self-report instrument to measure facilitator characteristics that contribute to delivering a program as designed. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of 121 program facilitator responses to the Facilitator Characteristics and Program Contributions Scale (FCPC) indicated that the FCPC is a valid and reliable measure of facilitator characteristics and their pro-fidelity beliefs, and thus may be a promising alternative to other more resource intensive approaches to implementation assessment.
Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology Using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland

As an increasingly adopted storm water best management practice to remedy hydrologic impairment from urban impervious- ness, bioretention facilities need rigorous field performance research and monitoring to confirm performance and improve design and maintenance recommendations. This study investigated hydrologic performance at six bioretention cells in Maryland College Park CP, a 181 m 2 cell, 50-80 cm media depth, monitored for 22 events, and Silver Spring SS, a 102 m 2 cell, 90 cm media depth, monitored for 60 events and North Carolina Greensboro G1 and G2, each approximately 317 m 2 , 120 cm media depth, both monitored for 46 events, and Louisburg L1=surface area of 162 m 2 , L2=surface area of 99 m 2 ; each had 50-60 cm fill depths, monitored for 31 and 33 events, respectively over 10-15 month periods. Outflow from each cell was recorded and inflow was either recorded or calculated from rainfall data. In Louisburg, L2 was lined with an impermeable membrane to eliminate exfiltration while L1 was unlined to allow both exfiltration and evapotranspiration. Results indicate that bioretention facilities can achieve substantial hydrologic benefits through delaying and reducing peak flows and decreasing runoff volume. A large cell media volume: drainage area ratio, and adjustments to the drainage configuration appear to improve the performance. Media layer depth may be the primary design parameter controlling hydrologic performance. Performance diminishes as rainfall depths increase and rainfall durations become longer. Annual water budget analysis suggests that approximately 20-50% of runoff entering the bioretention cells was lost to exfiltration and evapotranspiration.
Impact of health challenges on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and net returns under commercial conditions

Abstract Understanding how disease affects commercial production is imperative for pig producers to quantify its full impact on pig performance, carcass quality, and net returns. The objective of this experiment was to assess the productivity and economic importance of naturally occurring health challenges (HC) under commercial conditions. Three 1,000 pig grow-finish facilities received 936 pigs each. The experimental period started approximately 34 d post placement at an average start BW of 13.1 ± 0.2 kg. Barns were characterized based on the relative HC, determined by diagnostic assessments as the main characterization tool, along with other health indicators. Barns were characterized as low challenge health (LCh), moderate challenge health (MCh), and high challenge health (HCh). All barns tested positive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection prior to the start of the experiment. Additionally, the MCh and HCh barns experienced influenza type A virus of swine. Similar to commercial production conditions, the disease challenge was not imposed but rather occurred naturally. Reduced ADG, ADFI, and G:F were observed with an increased HC (P < 0.001). Similarly, mortality was increased when the HC increased (P < 0.001). Decreased ADG increased days to achieve harvest BW, by 10 and 15 d in the MCh and HCh treatments compared with LCh, respectively (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for percent lean, loin depth, or fat depth (P > 0.10). The economic impact of the HC was assessed by applying these growth performance data to two economic models encompassing the two main marketing methods used by U.S. pig producers: fixed-weight and fixed-time. Financial losses attributed to the variation in disease severity that occurred in the present study ranged from $8.49 and $26.10 U.S. dollars (USD)/pig marketed using a fixed-market weight model, or between $11.02 and $29.82 USD/pig using a fixed-time model, depending on feed costs and market hog prices. In conclusion, increasing severity of HC under commercial conditions reduced ADG by 8% and 14% and resulted in mortality as high as 19.9%. Losses of $8.49 to $29.82/pig marketed underscore the potential magnitude of the economic impact of mixed etiology concurrent diseases in pork production.
A 80 GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator With a Negative Varactor in 90 nm CMOS Technology

A 80GHz voltage controlled oscillator is presented. A passive impedance transformation enables the transformation of a varactor capacitance into negative capacitance varactor is proposed, partially canceling the capacitance of the differential pair. This enables the transmission line resonator to be longer and have a higher impedance. Design criterion for achieving negative varactor capacitance is also presented, and design issues of millimeter wave voltage controlled oscillators are discussed. The voltage controlled oscillator is fabricated in 90nm CMOS technology and achieves a phase noise of −110dBc/Hz at 10MHz offset with 13mW power consumption from a 1.2V power supply.
How does Biotech Food Labelling Affect Consumers' Purchasing Preferences and the Market?

This paper examines whether and how biotech labelling has had an impact on Chinese consumers' vegetable oil purchasing decisions. The authors used sales data from Nanjing and household survey data from Jiangsu province. They found that the market share of biotech oils immediately decreased as a result, though the decrease was small in absolute terms (but statistically significant). In addition, the changes in the biotech oil market share were affected by the structural effect of the rich, while there was no apparent gross consumption effect of the poor, which could have been underestimated due to a series of factors concerning the two datasets applied.
Dealing with Dependent Uncertainty in Modelling: A Comparative Study Case through the Airy Equation

The consideration of uncertainty in differential equations leads to the emergent area of random differential equations. Under this approach, inputs become random variables and/or stochastic processes. Often one assumes that inputs are independent, a hypothesis that simplifies the mathematical treatment although it could not be met in applications. In this paper, we analyse, through the Airy equation, the influence of statistical dependence of inputs on the output, computing its expectation and standard deviation by Frobenius and Polynomial Chaos methods. The results are compared with Monte Carlo sampling. The analysis is conducted by the Airy equation since, as in the deterministic scenario its solutions are highly oscillatory, it is expected that differences will be better highlighted. To illustrate our study, and motivated by the ubiquity of Gaussian random variables in numerous practical problems, we assume that inputs follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution throughout the paper. The application of Frobenius method to solve Airy equation is based on an extension of the method to the case where inputs are dependent. The numerical results show that the existence of statistical dependence among the inputs and its magnitude entails changes on the variability of the output.
A Cure for Coronary Artery Disease

To cure coronary artery disease, complete removal of atheroma from coronary arteries is necessary and may be achieved using pharmacological intervention. This hypothesis requires verification by a trial. The conditions that lead to the formation of atheroma are as follows: Insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction, Atherogenic dyslipidemia, Risk factors for coronary artery disease, Inflammation of coronary arteries, Drugs that increase insulin resistance. Atheroma formation begins with the formation of fatty streaks on the endothelium, which progress into stable or unstable atheromatous plaques. The unstable plaque has a thin fibrous cap that is prone to rupture. Unstable plaques contain a large lipid pool consisting of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apoB and cholesterol that can grow; they are also have heavy inflammatory cell infiltration, including monocytes, macrophages and T cell lymphocytes. Moreover, debris from ruptured macrophages that were overloaded with lipids attracts more macrophages. The plaque can grow and protrude into the coronary artery lumen. Plaques exhibit overgrowth of vasa vasorum and they can rupture, leading to the formation of a large thrombus that may severely or completely obstruct the coronary artery. Hemorrhage may also occur in the plaque. Carvedilol and metformin promote plaque stability. The supply of lipids to the lipid pool in the plaque is reduced by statins and evolocumab, and lipids are removed from the lipid pool by apoA-1 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as their levels in the blood are increased. Severe inflammation is treated with carvedilol, metformin, statins and apoA. Growth of vasa vasorum is attributed to insulin resistance and can be reversed by carvedilol and metformin, thereby preventing hemorrhage. The size of the thrombus on a ruptured plaque can also be reduced by carvedilol, metformin and apoA-1, as these three agents prevent platelet aggregation. Thrombi are removed by endothelial thrombolysis. A thrombus may also form in the plaque from intraplaque hemorrhage; if present, the size of this type of thrombus will be small, as vasa vasorum are atrophic. In both cases, thrombi are removed by endothelial thrombolysis. Subsequently, healthy macrophages infiltrate and remove debris, after which the plaque changes to a fibrous nodule that can be removed by endothelial fibrinolysis. The plaque is then completely removed.
Process and Product Design: Production Efficiency of Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State, Nigeria

Manufacturing firms employ structured approach to ensure that its production system is designed to achieve the firm’s business objectives. The study examined the influence of process and product design on production efficiency of 28 manufacturing firms listed with Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was administered and analyzed using percentages, mean, regression analysis and t-statistic in testing the hypothesis. The findings showed that process design and product design has a significant positive influence on production efficiency. Therefore, the study recommend that manufacturing firms in Nigeria should pay attention to the issues of product design regularly; keeping in mind future growth, expansion plans, market trend and future demands; and that improved methods and processes should be adopted in accomplishing a given task.
Effect of Annona formulations on non-target invertebrates and on physicochemical water parameters at semi-field condition

Plant extracts from the genus Annona exhibit insecticidal properties and thus, may offer an alternative to synthetic insecticides. In the present study larvicidal efficacy of formulations of Annona squamosa and A. montana were evaluated against Anopheline and Culicine larvae in the laboratory and semi-field conditions. In the laboratory there was no significant difference (t=0.5313, p>0.05) in the effectiveness of the A. squamosa formulation at 50 μg/ml and above between An. gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus by day 4. Significant difference (t= 2.649, p 0.05). The activity of A. montana leaf powder against Culicines was significantly lower compared to A. squamosal (t=3.827, P<0.05). The variation in water parameters had no significant effect on the efficacy of the formulations. The formulations did not affect the survival of the 9 invertebrate groups tested during the period of study except for the Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) whose mortalities was more than 85%. The formulations have proven to offer an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
Comparing visualization techniques for learning second language prosody first results

We test the usability of prosody visualization techniques for second language (L2) learners. Eighteen Danish learners realized target sentences in German based on different visualization techniques. The sentence realizations were annotated by means of the phonological Kiel Intonation Model and then analyzed in terms of a) prosodic-pattern consistency and b) correctness of the prosodic patterns. In addition, the participants rated the usability of the visualization techniques. The results from the phonological analysis converge with the usability ratings in showing that iconic techniques, in particular the stylized “hat pattern” visualization, performed better than symbolic techniques, and that marking prosodic information beyond intonation can be more confusing than instructive. In discussing our findings, we also provide a portrait of the new Danish-German learner corpus we created: DANGER. It is freely available for interested researchers upon request.
Discriminating strategic reciprocity and acquired trust in the repeated trust-game

In repeated trust-game offers made by investors can be attributed to strategic reciprocation-based behavior. However, when a trustee is loyal, personal trust can build up between players, in the same way that lack of positive reciprocation on the part of trustees can motivate investors' distrust. Acquired personal trust or distrust and strategic reciprocation of the opponent's offers have then a cumulative and convergent influence on behavior in the trust game and are not prima facie distinguishable. We propose an experimental protocol which discriminates between these two determinants of trust. We furthermore show that acquired trust is the mere outcome of anonymous repeated interactions taking place during the experiment in the sense that it does not co-vary with an initial and independent baseline disposition to trust among investors: acquired trust crowds out background trust. Moreover, offers are sensitive to the amount and variance of trustees' returns. High returns-rate contribute to increase acquired trust between the players while the volatility of trustees' counter-offers makes them perceive as opportunistic, triggers investors' strategic behavior and detriments the acquisition of personal trust.
Frequency dispersion of complex permeability in Mn–Zn and Ni–Zn spinel ferrites and their composite materials

Complex permeability spectra μ*=μ′−iμ″ for two types of spinel ferrites (Ni–Zn ferrite and Mn–Zn ferrite) and their composite materials have been investigated. The contribution of domain-wall and natural resonance to the permeability spectra was estimated by the numerical fitting of actual measurement data to a simple formula. Frequency dispersion type of each component, relaxation or resonance, can be estimated from one of the fitting parameters, damping factor. In sintered Mn–Zn ferrite, domain-wall contribution is dominant and gyromagnetic spin resonance or relaxation-type magnetization rotation is large in Ni–Zn ferrite. However, relaxation character is dominant in both Mn–Zn and Ni–Zn ferrite composite materials. In composite materials, the permeability value can be scaled by the ferrite particle content using a simple model concerning demagnetizing field. This analysis is useful in designing the permeability spectra of ferrite composite materials.
The relevance of knowledge management in the public sector : the measure of knowledge management in government

The knowledge economy has provided an imperative for Knowledge Management in the private sector. It can therefore be said that the KM value proposition is achieving competitive advantage through the creation, sharing and active utilisation of knowledge resources. The measurement of intangibles has similarly received significant attention in the private sector in an effort to provide a more holistic view of company value. Various measurementand valuation models are discussed. The question is subsequently raised whether KM has any validity in the public sector taking publicand private sector differences into account. The government mandate is explored, particularly in the South African context, and two public sector drivers for KM is identified, namely the organisationaland national imperatives. Finally, an integrated framework for KM measurement in the public sector is proposed based on the dual role of KM in government.
FUZZY CONVEX SUBALGEBRAS OF COMMUTATIVE RESIDUATED LATTICES

In this paper, we define the notions of fuzzy congruence relations and fuzzy convex subalgebras on a commutative residuated lattice and we ob- tain some related results. In particular, we will show that there exists a one to one correspondence between the set of all fuzzy congruence relations and the set of all fuzzy convex subalgebras on a commutative residuated lattice. Then we study fuzzy convex subalgebras of an integral commutative residu- ated lattice and will prove that fuzzy filters and fuzzy convex subalgebras of an integral commutative residuated lattice coincide.
Assessment of Materials for High-Speed PMSMs Having a Tooth-Coil Topology

In this paper, materials frequently used in high-speed (HS) electrical machines are assessed. High-speed permanent magnet synchronous machines with a special tooth-coil topology serve as an example for the assessment. The lamination and rotor sleeve materials are compared taking into account their price, per unit losses, resistivity, and other factors. The resulting tables provide the electrical machine designer with a means to enhance the HS machine performance at low costs.
Alignment and tagging

It is sometimes said that part of speech (POS) tags are likely to be the same for translation equivalent words. If this is correct, we could formulate the following hypothesis: It should be possible to use POS tagging for one language in combination with a word alignment system, in order to obtain a (partial) POS tagging for another language. This hypothesis is investigated both empirically — an experiment is described where POS tags were transferred from a POS tagged German text to a parallel Swedish text by automatic word alignment — and theoretically, in the form of a review of relevant linguistic work on the typology of POS systems. The conclusions are that the hypothesis seems to hold at least for closely related languages, that the findings of typological research do not contradict it (or a slightly modified form of it), but that further empirical research is needed.