Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
co-evolution: Evidences and new challenges

Coevolution has been defined as the reciprocal genetic change in interacting species owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other. The process of coevolution between plants and the surrounding biota (cid:2) including viruses, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, insects, and mammals (cid:2) is considered by many biologists to have generated much of the earth’s biological diversity. While much of the discussion on plant coevolution focuses on single plant (cid:2) enemy interactions, a wide array of other micro and macro coevolutive processes co-occur in the same individual plant, posing the question whether we should talk about plant coevolutions. In this review article, I begin by briefly discussing the framework of coevolution theory and explore the complexities of studying coevolution in natural conditions. Then I analyze the difference between plants, microbes and animal coevolution, by exploring the above-and below-ground behaviors.
Implementasi Neuro Fuzzy dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Mahasiswa

Proses belajar mengajar merupakan kegiatan interaksi yang dinamis ataupun peran aktif antara dosen dan mahasiswa. Peran aktif keduanya sangat berpengaruh terhadap tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran yang diinginkan. Dosen menginginkan mahasiswanya berhasil dan sukses, sementara mahasiswa mengharapkan prestasi yang baik. Berhasil tidaknya proses belajar mengajar, apabila mahasiswa dapat menerima materi dengan baik dan mencapai nilai prestasi yang memuaskan. Pada penelitian ini penulis menerapkan konsep neuro fuzzy dalam menganalisa prestasi mahasiswa dalam proses belajar mengajar yang didasarkan pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi mahasiswa dengan variabel input dan output sebagai parameternya. Variabel input meliputi latar belakang keluarga, lingkungan belajar di rumah, motivasi mahasiswa, kualitas dosen, dan lingkungan kampus serta variabel output berupa hasil akhir yang ingin dicapai. Arsitektur yang digunakan pada neuro fuzzy ini adalah adaptive neuro fuzzy inference sistems (ANFIS) yang terdiri atas beberapa tahapan yaitu fuzzifikasi, pelatihan hybrid, dan defuzzifikasi. Pengujian pada penelitian ini menggunakan software Matlab 7.10 yang memberikan hasil berupa nilai prestasi dari mahasiswa sebagai acuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi
Can a spider web be too sticky? Tensile mechanics constrains the evolution of capture spiral stickiness in orb‐weaving spiders

Orb-weaving spiders rely on sticky capture threads to retain prey long enough to be located and attacked. The evolution of viscid silk is associated with the high diversity of araneoid orb-weaving spiders, in part because it is cheaper to produce than the primitive dry cribellate fibrous adhesive used by deinopoid orb-weaving spiders. Unlike cribellate threads, viscid glue contributes little to the tensile strength of the capture spiral it decorates. However, viscid silk utilizes a unique suspension bridge mechanism, absent in cribellate silk, which increases total stickiness by recruiting the adhesion of multiple glue droplets. Here, we analyze the relationship between stickiness of viscid silk and various biomechanical and architectural features of webs that may influence its evolution, across a sample of 17 ecribellate orb-weaving species. The force required to break capture spiral fibers is the single most important factor explaining about 90% of the variation in stickiness among orb spiders. Stickiness increases linearly with capture spiral strength, but with a significant safety factor because stickiness is always less than the force required to break the silk. Our results thus indicate that evolutionary changes in the stickiness of the capture spiral are largely constrained by the strength of the fiber the glue is placed on rather than by the chemistry of the glue itself. This implies that orb webs function optimally when threads are able to detach and adhere repeatedly to struggling prey.
Pharmacy Value Added Services: Early Begininings, Current Implementation, And Challenges From The Malaysian Experience

Background: In a large natural experiment, Pharmacy Value Added Services (PVAS) was introduced by the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia to improve the delivery of pharmaceutical care to patients. PVAS in the Malaysian context and definition refers to a group of new innovative pharmacy services including Pharmacy Drive Through, Postal Medicine, Integrated Drug Dispensing System, and SMS and Collect. Despite the convenience and advantages of PVAS, patients’ adoption rate is still low. Objectives: This article aims to discuss, explore, compare and report the beginnings, definitions, early implementations, types of services offered and the challenges faced by the implementers of these services to derive policy lessons, implications and recommendations. Methods: We utilize a comparative discussion to highlight the various PVAS globally in comparison with the Malaysian experience. A further literature review is used to explore, contrast and highlight the implementation as well as the challenges of PVAS adoption in Malaysia to derive policy lessons, implications and recommendations. Results: PVAS is still new in Malaysia and requires much more work to increase its reach to its intended audience. We suggest numerous methods to increase its adoption rate. Overall, we suggest that PVAS be a key focus for Malaysian community pharmacies so that pharmaceutical services in Malaysia can achieve parity with advanced countries.
ON GROWTH HORMONE Predicting Response to Growth Hormone Treatment

Despite extensive experience over the past 25 y in managing growth failure with growth hormone (rhGH), predicting treatment efficacy in individual children remains a challenge. In this paper, the authors present the methods that are currently available to clinicians for predicting the growth response, and other more sophisticated techniques which have the potential to pave the way for individualised therapy in the future.
The influence of freezing conditions on the organoleptic attributes of Iranian leafy vegetable foods

The edible leafy vegetables contain nutritional ingredients that are necessary for human health and it is important that nutrients protection be monitored during processing and storage. The aim of this study was to study some organoleptic attributes of a very popular Iranian meal named Coco-Sabzi, which was prepared with a mixture of edible grinded leafy vegetable pre-stored at different frozen conditions. So, by sensorial evaluation we can conclude about nutritional loss of products. The mixture of five edible grinded leafy vegetables including Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum , Lepidium sativum , M. spicata ( M. sativa ), Ocimum basilicum and Allium porrum were stored at -9, -12 and -18 o C for 120, 150 and 180 days. The organoleptic attribute of the prepared Coco-Sabzi was compared with the above three different time-temperature combinations during the frozen storage period. Results indicated that the best colors were observed at -18, -12 and -9 o C, respectively. Taste and overall acceptability at -18 o C after 120 and 150 days and also at -12 o C after 180 days ranked 1 st ( P < 0.05). Data analysis showed that the color, taste and overall acceptability of samples were not statistically different at three different time-temperature combinations during the frozen storage period. As a result, organoleptic attribute during six months of frozen storage was affected by freezing temperature, not by frozen storage period
Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions

Giardia is the commonest parasitic diarrheal pathogen affecting humans and a frequent cause of waterborne/foodborne parasitic diseases worldwide. Prevalence of giardiasis is higher in children, living in poor, low hygiene settings in developing countries, and in travelers returning from highly endemic areas. The clinical picture of giardiasis is heterogeneous, with high variability in severity of clinical disease. It can become chronic or be followed by post-infectious sequelae. An alarming increase in cases refractory to the conventional treatment with nitroimidazoles (ie, metronidazole) has been reported in low prevalence settings, such as European Union countries, especially in patients returning from Asia. In view of its relevance, we aim in this review to recapitulate present clinical knowledge about Giardia, with a special focus on the challenge of treatment-refractory giardiasis. We propose a working definition of clinically drug-resistant giardiasis, summarize knowledge regarding resistance mechanisms, and discuss its clinical management according to research-based evidence and medical practice. Advances in development and identification of novel drugs and potential non-pharmacological alternatives are also reviewed with the overall aim to define knowledge gaps and suggest future directions for research.
Handling practices and microbial contamination sources of raw milk in rural and peri urban small holder farms in Nakuru County, Kenya

The cow, the milking and milk handling procedures at the farm level expose the milk to potential risk of contamination with spoilage microorganisms. Milk contamination if not prevented will lead to milk losses along the dairy value chain. The objective of this study was therefore to identify the risk factors associated with contamination of milk with spoilage microorganisms at the farms in rural and peri urban in Nakuru County Kenya. A survey was conducted using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaires (250) and an observation checklist to identify the risk factors. A total of 560 samples obtained from the following identified contamination sources; the udder, hands, milking and bulking containers and water sources were analyzed for total viable counts (TVC), Coliform counts (CC), thermophillic bacteria counts (ThBC) and psychrophilic bacteria counts (PBC). The results from the survey showed that only 11% of rural farmers practiced hand and udder drying compared to 50% in peri-urban. Water treatment by either chlorination or boiling was done by 11% in rural and 30% in peri-urban respectively. Regression of risk factors versus farm gate milk from viable colony counts, showed that udder swabs were the highest source of contamination of milk (r =2.73). In the rural, hands of milking personnel recorded the highest for TVC (log10 3.7 CFU/ml). It is evident from the results that effective udder cleaning and observation of high personal hygiene by the hand milkers may reduce the risk of microbial contamination in both systems of milk production. Key words: Risks, handling practices, contamination, rural, peri urban.
Library learning for neurally-guided Bayesian program induction

Successful approaches to program induction require a hand-engineered domain-specific language (DSL), constraining the space of allowed programs and imparting prior knowledge of the domain. We contribute a program induction algorithm called EC2 that learns a DSL while jointly training a neural network to efficiently search for programs in the learned DSL. We use our model to synthesize functions on lists, edit text, and solve symbolic regression problems, showing how the model learns a domain-specific library of program components for expressing solutions to problems in the domain.
IMPERVIOUS SURFACE COVERAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF A KEY ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR

Abstract Planners concerned with water resource protection in urbanizing areas must deal with the adverse impacts of polluted runoff. Impervious surface coverage is a quantifiable land-use indicator that correlates closely with these impacts. Once the role and distribution of impervious coverage are understood, a wide range of strategies to reduce impervious surfaces and their impacts on water resources can be applied to community planning, site-level planning and design, and land use regulation. These strategies complement many current trends in planning, zoning, and landscape design that go beyond water pollution concerns to address the quality of life in a community.
THERESIA: Toward Holistic Economy, Resource and Energy Structure for the Integrated Assessment of Global Warming Mitigation Options

In this paper, the authors describe an energy-economy model formulated as a dynamic optimization model which deals with multi-regions, multi-sectors and energy technologies. This model, named THERESIA - Toward Holistic Economy, Resource and Energy Structure for Integrated Assessment - deals with 15 world regions, 12 non-energy industry sectors and 7 energy sectors to assess the middle-to-long term global warming policies including the calculation of sectoral economic impacts and energy technology strategies. THERESIA also incorporates two labour categories, i.e., the high-educated labour and the general labour forces, to evaluate how the substitutability between professional labour and capital influences the relationship between economic activities and environmental policies, reflecting the expansion of such knowledge-based industries as information and business services. The simulation results show us that (1) the high labour-capital substitutability case gives higher economic growth than low substitutability case, (2) world Gross Domestic Products loss in 2037 is 1.37% (CO2-550ppmv stabilization scenario) and 3.10% (CO2-450ppmv stabilization scenario) in low labour-capital substitution while 2.96% (CO2-550ppmv stabilization scenario) and 5.25% (CO2-450ppmv stabilization scenario) in high labour-capital substitution case, and (3) the economic loss in the construction sector is large as well as machinery sectors while damages in the service sectors are relatively small. Keywords: Multi-region, Multi-sector, Inter-temporal optimization, Energy technologies
Johansson Development of human precision grip . 1 V . Tactile adaptation of isometric finger forces to the frictional condition

The adaptation of the grip forces to the frictional condition between the digits and an object relies on feedforward sensorimotor mechanisms that use tactile afferent input to intermittently update a sensorimotor memory that controls the force coordination, i.e., the ratio between grip force (normal to the grip surface) and load force (tangential to the grip surface). The present study addressed the development of these mechanisms. Eighty-nine children and 15 adults lifted an instrumented object with exchangeable grip surfaces measuring the grip and load forces. Particularly in trials with high friction (sandpaper), the youngest children used a high grip force to load force ratio. Although this large safety margin against slips indicated an immature capacity to adapt to the frictional condition, higher grip forces were produced for more slippery material (silk versus sandpaper). The safety margin decreased during the first 5 years of age, in parallel with a lower variability in the grip force and a better adaptation to the current frictional condition. The youngest children (18 months) could adapt the grip force to load force ratio to the frictional condition in a series of lifts when the same surface structure was presented in blocks of trials, but failed when the surface structure was unpredictably changed between subsequent lifts. The need for repetitive presentation suggests a poor capacity to form a sensorimotor memory representation of the friction or an immature capacity to control the employed ratio from this representation. The memory effects, reflected by the influences of the frictional condition in the previous trial, gradually increased with age. Older children required a few lifts and adults only one lift to update their force coordination to a new friction. H. Forssberg . A. C. Eliasson . H. Kinoshita Department of Woman and Child Health and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden G. Westling . R. S. Johansson Department of Physiology, UmeH University, Sweden H. Forssberg (IXI) Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Fax no: +8-729-33-16 Hence, the present finding suggests that young children use excessive grip force, a strategy to avoid frictional slips, to compensate for an immature tactile control of the precision grip.
Are We Confusing Poverty with Preferences?

Modifying the national poverty line to the context of observed consumption patterns of the poor is becoming popular. A context-specific poverty line would be more consistent with preferences. This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence that the contrary holds and that the national poverty line is more appropriate for comparing living standards among the poor, at least under prevailing conditions in Mozambique and Ghana. The problem lies in the risk of downscaling the burden associated with cheap-calorie diets and the low nonfood component of the rural poor. The paper illustrates how observed behavior may neither reveal preferences nor detect heterogeneous preferences among the poor. Rather, the consumption pattern is the upshot of the poverty condition itself. Poverty is confused with preferences if observed cheap-calorie diets are seen as a matter of taste, whereas in fact they reflect a lack of means to consume a preferred diet of higher quality, as food Engel curve estimates indicate. Likewise, a smaller nonfood component is not a matter of a particular distaste, but an adaptation to the fact that various nonfood items (such as transport) and basic services (such as electricity and health) are simply absent in rural areas.
Quantitative Harris-type theorems for diffusions and McKean–Vlasov processes

We consider $\mathbb{R}^d$-valued diffusion processes of type \begin{align*} dX_t\ =\ b(X_t)dt\, +\, dB_t. \end{align*} Assuming a geometric drift condition, we establish contractions of the transitions kernels in Kantorovich ($L^1$ Wasserstein) distances with explicit constants. Our results are in the spirit of Hairer and Mattingly's extension of Harris' Theorem. In particular, they do not rely on a small set condition. Instead we combine Lyapunov functions with reflection coupling and concave distance functions. We retrieve constants that are explicit in parameters which can be computed with little effort from one-sided Lipschitz conditions for the drift coefficient and the growth of a chosen Lyapunov function. Consequences include exponential convergence in weighted total variation norms, gradient bounds, bounds for ergodic averages, and Kantorovich contractions for nonlinear McKean-Vlasov diffusions in the case of sufficiently weak but not necessarily bounded nonlinearities. We also establish quantitative bounds for sub-geometric ergodicity assuming a sub-geometric drift condition.
21 Dopaminergic Differentiation Potential of Neural Precursor Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells

One major question in mammalian development is how the diverse cell types of the adult organism are generated from the initial population of undifferentiated cells in the preimplantation embryo. As part of this diversification process, the variety of neurons of the adult brain is generated from neural precursors specified during gastrulation and the posterior neurulation phase. The specification of neural precursors has a definitive influence on the fate of these cells and, consequently, in the neuron type derived after differentiation. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyt, can be used as a source of different neuron types in vitro, and the process of neuronal differentiation can thus be studied from the earliest stages starting from naïve non-neural undifferentiated cells. In particular, differentiation of ESCs into dopaminergic neurons has attracted a lot of attention for the relevance it may have in the design of cellular treatments for Parkinson’s illness, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the specific death of these neurons. The midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons constitute about 75% of all dopaminergic neurons in the adult brain(Wallen & Perlmann, 2003). They are located in the ventral region of the mesencephalon where they are organized laterally in the retrorubral field (RRF) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and medially in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The SNc neurons project to the dorsal striatum, forming the nigrostriatal pathway involved in the control of voluntary movements, and degeneration of this group of mDA neurons provokes the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (von Bohlen und Halbach, 2004). The neurons of the VTA project to the ventromedial striatum and the subcortical and cortical areas, forming the mesocortical limbic system, which is involved in emotional behaviors and mechanisms of motivation and reward. Misregulation of mesocortical limbic system has been involved in the development of drug addiction and depression (Kelley & Berridge, 2002), and contributes to certain symptoms of schizophrenia (Egan & Weinberger, 1997). Unlike SNc and VTA groups, RRF neurons have not been widely studied but it is known they project to the dorsal striatum and also connect SNc and VTA neurons (Arts et al., 1996). There have been extensive efforts focused on the generation of mDA neurons from ESC, however, the limited success in this regard is largely due to our still only basic
Ontology-based Recognition of Rhetorical Figures

UDC 811.163. 41’322.2 DOI 10.18485/infotheca.2016. 16. 1_2. 2 Miljana Mladenović ml.miljana@gmail.com University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mathematics ABSTRACT: Automatic recognition of rhetorical figures (similes, irony, sarcasm, humor, metaphors, etc.) is increasingly used in natural language processing tasks, primarily to improve sentiment classification, machine translation, but also for analysis of linguistic structures on different levels. In this paper, it is proposed a method of automatic recognition and classification of rhetorical figures from the group of tropes that uses ontological inference rules in an ontology based on Serbian WordNet (SWN). A binary classification method was carried out on the rhetorical figure simile and evaluated by ROC curve (AUC = 0.696) which indicates that it can be successfully used in solving these types of tasks. It is also proposed a semi-automatic ontology learning method, for further learning of SWN ontology, by increasing the number and the type of relationships that can assist in the detection of figurative language in the texts in Serbian.
Modified Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Solving Nonconvex Economic Load Dispatch Problems

This paper presents the application of modified cuckoo search algorithm (MCSA) for solving economic load dispatch (ELD) problems. The MCSA method is developed to improve the search ability and solution quality of the conventional CSA method. In the MCSA, the evaluation of eggs has divided the initial eggs into two groups, the top egg group with good quality and the abandoned group with worse quality. Moreover, the value of the updated step size in MCSA is adapted as generating a new solution for the abandoned group and the top group via the Levy flights so that a large zone is searched at the beginning and a local zone is foraged as the maximum number of iterations is nearly reached. The MCSA method has been tested on different systems with different characteristics of thermal units and constraints. The result comparison with other methods in the literature has indicated that the MCSA method can be a powerful method for solving the ELD.