Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and p53 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Pilot Study from Northern India.

INTRODUCTION After the recent approval of Trastuzumab (anti-HER2 antibody) for the treatment of HER2 overexpressed Gastric Adenocarcinoma (GA), importance of HER2 testing is increasingly recognized. However, there is paucity of studies for HER2 overexpression in the Indian patients of GA. Similarly, study of p53 expression in the Indian patients of GA is infrequent. AIM To study immunohistochemical expression of HER2 and p53 in GA biopsy samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study. The expression of HER2 and p53 by immunohistochemistry were analyzed in 50 cases of GA. The HER2 expression was scored as negative (0 and 1+), equivocal (2+), and overexpression (3+). The p53 expression was quantified as negative (0-9% tumour cells) and positive (≥10% tumour cells). The intensity of p53 expression was assessed as strong and weak. RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 56.8±14.8 years. Male:female ratio was 2:1. Histological types of adenocarcinoma were intestinal (68%), diffuse (28%), and indeterminate (4%). HER2 overexpression and equivocal results were present in 10% cases, each. Overall, a positive expression of p53 was seen in 72% (strong and weak intensities: 66.7% and 33.3% cases, respectively). CONCLUSION As compared to HER2 overexpression, a higher incidence of p53 expression was seen (10% vs.72%) in GA.
A new approach to discriminative HMM training for pathological voice classification

This paper presents a new approach that improves discriminative training criterion for Hidden Markov Models, and is oriented to pathological voice identification. This technique is aimed at maximizing the Area under the Curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve by adjusting the model parameters using as objective function the Mahalanobis distance and the distance between means of the underlying probability density functions associated with each class. The results show that the proposed technique significantly outperforms the accuracy in a classification system compared with other training criteria. Results are provided using the MEEIVL voice disorders database.
Whistleblowers and Financial Innovation

This Article critically examines post-financial crisis whistleblower regimes and their impact on contemporary financial markets. In particular, the Dodd-Frank whistleblower program, as implemented by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, has received significant attention in legal, political, and popular quarters. Some praise the whistleblower program as essential to aiding the government’s efforts in overcoming enforcement challenges, while others remain wary of the program’s unintended effects. This Article advances the debate — in favor of whistleblowers — by offering an updated analysis of the program’s benefits and costs, in light of recent trends in complexity and innovation that have made financial activity much more diffuse.By weighing the program’s utility in the postcrisis financial landscape, together with its benefits and costs, this Article argues that the SEC whistleblower program is, on balance, desirable: not only because whistleblower solutions can be effective at detecting financial misconduct in complex financial spaces, but also because they serve other valuable social and economic goals. Overall, the aim of this Article is to prompt further conversation about whistleblower programs by critically examining the crux of regulators’ need for whistleblowers in the financial services arena, revisiting a conceptual cost-benefit analysis of the program, and suggesting certain aspects of the SEC program that are ripe for revaluation and, potentially, redesign.
A Role for Leptin in Sexual Maturation and Puberty?

Leptin, the ob gene product, is involved in the regulation of body weight in rodents, primates and humans. It provides a molecular basis for the lipostatic theory of the regulation of energy balance. White adipose tissue and placenta are the main sites of leptin synthesis. There is also evidence of ob gene expression in brown fat. Leptin seems to play a key role in the control of body fat stores by coordinated regulation of feeding behaviour, metabolic rate, autonomic nervous system regulation and body energy balance. Apart from the function of leptin in the central nervous system on the regulation of energy balance, it may well be one of the hormonal factors that signal to the brain the body’s readiness for sexual maturation and reproduction. During late pregnancy and at birth when maternal fat stores have been developed, leptin levels are high. During these developmental stages leptin could be a messenger molecule signalling the adequacy of the fat stores for reproduction and maintenance of pregnancy. At later stages of gestation leptin could signal the expansion of fat stores in order to prepare the expectant mother for the energy requirements of full-term gestation, labour and lactation. Leptin serum concentrations change during pubertal development in rodents, primates and humans. In girls, leptin serum concentrations increase dramatically as pubertal development proceeds. The pubertal rise in leptin levels parallels the increase in body fat mass. In contrast, leptin levels increase shortly before and during the early stages of puberty in boys and decline thereafter. Testosterone has been found to suppress leptin synthesis by adipocytes both in vivo and in vitro. The decline of leptin levels in late puberty in boys accompanies increased androgen production during that time and most likely reflects suppression of leptin by testosterone and a decrease in fat mass and relative increase in muscle mass during late puberty in males. This overview focuses on those topics of leptin research which are of particular interest in reproductive and adolescent medicine.
Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Associated With Inflammation Involved in the Progression of Acute Pancreatitis

Objectives To evaluate alterations of the intestinal bacteria and its associations with the inflammation in acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods A multihospital prospective clinical study was conducted, and a total of 108 participants were enrolled in our study, including 44 with severe AP (SAP), 32 with mild AP (MAP), and 32 healthy volunteers. The structure of intestinal microbiota, 10 predominant bacteria, plasma endotoxin, and serum cytokines were investigated by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Limulus amebocyte lysate tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Results Dramatic alterations in the predominant fecal microbiota were observed in most of both MAP and SAP patients. In addition, the rates of the multiorgan failures and infectious complications in the patients with SAP with altered intestinal microbiota were significantly higher than in those whose intestinal microbiota remained unaltered. Enterococcus increased and Bifidobacterium decreased in the patients with SAP compared to the patients with MAP. Serum IL-6 were positively correlated with Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus and negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium, whereas plasma endotoxin positively correlated with Enterococcus (P < 0.05). Conclusions The intestinal bacteria most frequently altered in both the patients with MAP and those with SAP significantly correlated with inflammation, which indicated that the intestinal microbiota may be involved in the progression of AP.
The tumour stromal features are associated with resistance to 5‐FU‐based chemoradiotherapy and a poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

It has been increasingly recognized that the tumour microenvironment is a critical factor involved in cancer progression. However, little is known about the clinical value of the stromal features in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in OSCC. OSCC specimens were obtained from 60 patients who underwent surgery following 5‐fluorouracil‐based chemoradiotherapy. Paraffin‐embedded sections obtained from biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically analysed. The associations among CAFs, TAMs and various clinicopathological features were examined, and the effects of CAFs and TAMs on the prognosis were evaluated. In the group with a high level of CAFs, the incidence of advanced pT‐ and pN‐stage cases was significantly higher than that in the group with the low level. A high TAMs tumour expression was significantly correlated with a poor response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that higher numbers of CAFs and TAMs were significantly correlated with a poor prognosis. These findings suggest that TAMs are a potential biomarker for predicting the clinical response to 5‐FU‐based chemoradiotherapy, and the expression status of the CAFs and TAMs may be useful for making treatment decisions to improve the survival of OSCC patients.
D : Datalog in Time and Space

Recent research has explored using Datalog-based languages to express a distributed system as a set of logical invariants [2, 19]. Two properties of distributed systems proved difficult to model in Datalog. First, the state of any such system evolves with its execution. Second, deductions in these systems may be arbitrarily delayed, dropped, or reordered by the unreliable network links they must traverse. Previous efforts addressed the former by extending Datalog to include updates, key constraints, persistence and events, and the latter by assuming ordered and reliable delivery while ignoring delay. These details have a semantics outside Datalog, which increases the complexity of the language or its interpretation, and forces programmers to think operationally. We argue that the missing component from these previous languages is a notion of time. In this paper we present D, a foundation language for programming and reasoning about distributed systems. D reduces to a subset of Datalog [30] with negation, aggregate functions, successor and choice, and admits an explicit representation of time into the logic language. We show that D provides a declarative foundation for the two signature features of distributed systems: mutable state, and asynchronous processing and communication. Given these two features, we address three important properties of programs in a domain-specific manner: a notion of safety appropriate to non-terminating computations, stratified monotonic reasoning with negation over time, and efficient evaluation over time via a simple execution strategy. We also provide conservative syntactic checks for our temporal notions of safety and stratification. Our experience implementing full-featured systems in variants of Datalog suggests that D is well-suited to the specification of rich distributed services and protocols, and provides both cleaner semantics and richer tests of correctness.
Electric-Acoustic Stimulation of the Auditory System: A Review of the First Decade

Electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) was developed for individuals with a profound hearing loss in the high frequencies and a substantial residual low-frequency hearing (LFH). For this group of candidates, conventional hearing aids often neither provided sufficient amplification nor were they considered suitable for cochlear implantation due to the possible destruction of residual hearing capabilities. With EAS, combining electric stimulation with an ipsilateral acoustic stimulation, preservation of residual LFH and the development of a new speech processor uniting both strategies became essential. Over the last years, EAS has developed further and advanced in electrode design and surgery techniques. This paper summarizes the history of EAS and acknowledges the tremendous work of the many research groups who contributed to the success of EAS.
Periodontal ligament and intraosseous anesthetic injection techniques: alternatives to mandibular nerve blocks.

BACKGROUND and Overview. The provision of mandibular anesthesia traditionally has relied on nerve block anesthetic techniques such as the Halsted, the Gow-Gates and the Akinosi-Vazirani methods. The authors present two alternative techniques to provide local anesthesia in mandibular teeth: the periodontal ligament (PDL) injection and the intraosseous (IO) injection. The authors also present indications for and complications associated with these techniques. CONCLUSIONS The PDL injection and the IO injection are effective anesthetic techniques for managing nerve block failures and for providing localized anesthesia in the mandible. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dentists may find these techniques to be useful alternatives to nerve block anesthesia.
Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: Involvement in HIV transmission.

AIM To study the effect of seminal plasma on Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) production by epithelial cells and its relationship with lactoferrin. METHODS HEC-1A cells, a cell line derived from a monostratified endocervical epithelium, were incubated with samples of seminal plasma (diluted 1:10 in culture medium) recovered from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative (HIV-) or HIV seropositive (HIV+) subjects. Recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) was used as positive control, and culture medium only as negative control. The measurement of CCL20 production in the supernatants of HEC-1A cells and of lactoferrin in seminal plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. A fractionation of seminal plasma proteins was performed by ion exchange chromatography on a pool of seminal plasma specimens from HIV- subjects. Each fraction was tested for its ability to stimulate the production of CCL20 by HEC-1A cells and for its lactoferrin concentration. The HIV viral load in seminal plasma samples from HIV+ patients was measured using the HIV-Monitor kit (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Branchburg, NJ, United States). RESULTS The positive control IL-1β was responsible for an increase of 11.36 ± 3.36 times in the production of CCL20. Stimulation of HEC-1A cells was performed in 34 seminal plasma samples (22 from HIV+ subjects and 12 from HIV- subjects). The mean production of CCL20 by HEC-1A in presence of seminal plasma from HIV- and HIV+ subjects was respectively 5.38 ± 0.91 and 7.57 ± 3.26 times higher than that obtained with the untreated cells (P < 0.05 between the two groups). Using the same 34 specimens of seminal plasma, no correlation was observed between the concentration of total proteins in seminal plasma and their ability to stimulate the secretion of CCL20 by HEC-1 cells. In contrast, the ability to produce CCL20 by HEC-1A cells correlated to the concentration of lactoferrin in the seminal plasma samples (r coefficient = 0.56; CI: 0.26-0.76; P < 0.001). After fractionation by ion exchange chromatography, the seminal plasma fractions exhibiting the highest concentrations of lactoferrin were responsible for the greatest stimulation of CCL20 production by HEC-1A cells (r coefficient = 0.89; CI: 0.78-0.95; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Lactoferrin present in seminal plasma correlated with an increased production of CCL20 by HEC-1A cells and therefore could facilitate HIV entry through the genital mucosa.
The gastric precancerous cascade

Invasive gastric carcinoma is preceded by a cascade of precancerous lesions. The first recognized histologic change is active chronic inflammation, which may persist as such: non‐atrophic chronic gastritis (no gland loss), or advance to multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), the first real step in the precancerous cascade. The following steps are: intestinal metaplasia (first “complete” and then “incomplete”); dysplasia, first low grade and then high grade (equivalent to “carcinoma in situ”). The following step is invasive carcinoma, which is thought to be associated with degradation of the intercellular matrix.
Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a population-based sample

Objective: To provide normative and descriptive data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a large, ethnically diverse sample. Methods: The MoCA was administered to 2,653 ethnically diverse subjects as part of a population-based study of cardiovascular disease (mean age 50.30 years, range 18–85; Caucasian 34%, African American 52%, Hispanic 11%, other 2%). Normative data were generated by age and education. Pearson correlations and analysis of variance were used to examine relationship to demographic variables. Frequency of missed items was also reviewed. Results: Total scores were lower than previously published normative data (mean 23.4, SD 4.0), with 66% falling below the suggested cutoff (<26) for impairment. Most frequently missed items included the cube drawing (59%), delayed free recall (56%; <4/5 words), sentence repetition (55%), placement of clock hands (43%), abstraction items (40%), and verbal fluency (38%; <11 words in 1 minute). Normative data stratified by age and education were derived. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for population-based norms for the MoCA and use of caution when applying established cut scores, particularly given the high failure rate on certain items. Demographic factors must be considered when interpreting this measure.
Solow's Original Model versus Textbook Model

The textbook explanation of the Solow model assumes implicitly that there are stationary, rather than steady-state, conditions. This study shows that the stationary-state conditions assumption is not compatible with the neoclassical postulate. The Solow model explains long term equilibrium at full employment. In the short-term economy is out-of-equilibrium. It is shown that if it is assumed stationary state conditions, there is no growth, saving propensity cannot change exogenously and transition from full employment to out-of-equilibrium conditions, and consequently from out-of-equilibrium to full employment conditions cannot be explained. Explaining the Solow model starting from stationary-state conditions prevents to understand the critical difference between classical and neoclassical economics.
High-rate complex orthogonal space-time block codes for high number of transmit antennas

Based on orthogonal designs, space-time (ST) block codes that enable full diversity as well as a simple maximum likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm at the decoder can be constructed for more than two transmit antennas. For real constellations (such as PAM), ST block codes with transmission rate 1 can be designed from the real Hurwitz-Radon families for any number of transmit antennas. However, for complex constellations (such as M-PSK or M-PAM), ST block codes for more than two transmit antennas can only be constructed with rates less than 1. Previous attempts have been concentrated on complex orthogonal designs that provide ST block codes with full diversity and high transmission rates. In this paper, we present two rate 2/3 complex ST block codes from orthogonal designs for five and six transmit antennas, respectively.
The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog.

The role of microvascular damage in the genesis of the "no-reflow" phenomenon was investigated in the left ventricular myocardium of dogs subjected to temporary occlusions of a major coronary artery for 40 and 90 min. Intravenous carbon black or thioflavin S (a fluorescent vital stain for endothelium) were used to demonstrate the distribution of coronary arterial flow in control and damaged myocardium. These tracers were injected simultaneously with release of the coronary occlusion or after 5 or 20 min of reflow of coronary arterial blood. After 40 min of ischemia plus arterial reperfusion, usually the tracers were evenly distributed throughout the damaged tissue at each time of reperfusion. On the other hand, when reflow was allowed after 90 min of ischemia, portions of the inner half of damaged myocardium were not penetrated by the tracers. Electron microscopic study of this poorly perfused tissue revealed severe capillary damage; endothelial cells with large intraluminal protrusions and decreased pinocytic vesicles were common. Also, occasional intraluminal fibrin thrombi were noted, as well as extravascular fibrin deposits and erythrocytes. Myocardial cells were swollen in both poorly perfused and well-perfused irreversibly injured tissue. Contraction bands and mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation were prominent features of irreversible injury with reflow at 40 min but were not noted after 90 min of ischemia in areas with poor perfusion. These results suggest that 40 min of ischemia were tolerated by the capillary bed of the dog heart without serious capillary damage or perfusion defects, but that 90 min of ischemic injury was associated with the "no-reflow" phenomenon, i.e., failure to achieve uniform reperfusion. This failure of reflow was associated with extensive capillary damage and myocardial cell swelling. Death of severely ischemic myocardial cells in this model occurs before the onset of capillary damage and the no-reflow phenomenon.
Coplanar waveguide bandpass filter with hollow-T shaped transmission-line resonator for multiple spurious suppression

In this work, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) hollow-T shaped transmission-line resonator is proposed, which is achieved by introducing a series short-stub at the center of a quarter-wavelength transmission-line resonator. It can be used to implement CPW bandpass filter with additional transmission zeros for spurious suppression. Specifically, a 4th-order CPW bandpass filter centered at f0 = 2 GHz with multiple spurious suppression up to 5f0 is demonstrated.
Vbeta spectratype analysis reveals heterogeneity of CD4+ T-cell responses to minor histocompatibility antigens involved in graft-versus-host disease: correlations with epithelial tissue infiltrate.

Lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be induced after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between major histocompatibility complex-matched murine strains expressing multiple minor histocompatibility antigen (miHA) differences. In the C57BL/6By (B6)-->C.B10-H2b/LiMcdJ (BALB.B) irradiation model, both CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells can mediate lethal GVHD, whereas in the B6-->CXB-2/By (CXBE) model, in which the recipient expresses a subset of BALB.B miHA, only the CD8+ T cells are lethal. Phenotypic analysis of CD4+ T cells collected from the thoracic duct lymphocyte pool of recipient mice had indicated expansion of the donor T-cell receptor Vbeta6-9 families in BALB.B recipients, and only Vbeta7 and Vbeta9 populations in CXBE mice. CDR3-size spectratyping, used to further analyze these responses, revealed overlapping oligoclonal expansion of Vbeta4, Vbeta6-10, and Vbeta12-14 families in both BALB.B and CXBE recipients injected with host-presensitized B6 T cells. In addition, the B6-->BALB.B CD4+ T-cell response appeared to involve the recognition of unique BALB.B-specific miHA, indicated by additional skewing of Vbeta2 and Vbeta11 families. On the other hand, the B6-->CXBE strain combination exhibited unique skewing of the Vbeta16 and Vbeta18 families. Immunohistochemical staining of lingual epithelial sections from BALB.B recipients of naive B6 CD4+ T cells correlated with the involvement of several of the spectratype-skewed Vbeta families in GVHD lesions. Furthermore, magnetic cell separation techniques were used to positively select the spectratype-skewed Vbeta families from the donor B6 CD4+ T cells; the former were found to have significant GVHD potential upon transplantation into lethally irradiated BALB.B recipients. In contrast, mice that received transplants from the unskewed Vbeta families all survived with minimal symptoms of GVHD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the expansion of particular Vbeta families, as identified by spectratype analysis, correlates with the induction and pathogenesis of lethal GVHD.