Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracellular recording and labeling of mossy cells and proximal CA3 pyramidal cells in macaque monkeys

Little is known about the morphological characteristics and intracellular electrophysiological properties of neurons in the primate hippocampus and dentate gyrus. We have therefore begun a program of studies using intracellular recording and biocytin labeling in hippocampal slices from macaque monkeys. In the current study, we investigated mossy cells and proximal CA3 pyramidal cells. As in rats, macaque mossy cells display fundamentally different traits than proximal CA3 pyramidal cells. Interestingly, macaque mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal neurons display some morphological differences from those in rats. Macaque monkey mossy cells extend more dendrites into the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, have more elaborate thorny excrescences on their proximal dendrites, and project more axon collaterals into the CA3 region. In macaques, three types of proximal CA3 pyramidal cells are found: classical pyramidal cells, neurons with their dendrites confined to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer, and a previously undescribed cell type, the “dentate” CA3 pyramidal cell, whose apical dendrites extend into and ramify within the hilus, granule cell layer, and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The basic electrophysiological properties of mossy cells and proximal CA3 cells are similar to those reported for the rodent. Mossy cells have a higher frequency of large amplitude spontaneous depolarizing postsynaptic potentials, and proximal CA3 pyramidal cells are more likely to discharge bursts of action potentials. Although mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal cells in macaque monkeys display many morphological and electrophysiological features described in rodents, these findings highlight significant species differences, with more heterogeneity and the potential for richer interconnections in the primate hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 430:264–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases

The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate‐borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern‐oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morphological and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters. Male mating costs are increasingly being documented in spiders, and sexual selection by male mate choice is discussed as a potential result. Research on sexual selection in spiders has come a long way since Darwin, whose spider examples are reanalysed in the context of contemporary knowledge, but the same biases and methodological constraints have persisted almost unchanged through the current boom of research.
The elastic contact influences on passive walking gaits

SUMMARY This paper presents a new planar passive dynamic model with contact between the feet and the ground. The Hertz contact law and the approximate Coulomb friction law were introduced into this human-like model. In contrast to McGeer's passive dynamic models, contact stiffness, contact damping, and coefficients of friction were added to characterize the walking model. Through numerical simulation, stable period-one gait and period-two gait cycles were found, and the contact forces were derived from the results. After investigating the effects of the contact parameters on walking gaits, we found that changes in contact stiffness led to changes in the global characteristics of the walking gait, but not in contact damping. The coefficients of friction related to whether the model could walk or not. For the simulation of the routes to chaos, we found that a small contact stiffness value will lead to a delayed point of bifurcation, meaning that a less rigid surface is easier for a passive model to walk on. The effects of contact damping and friction coefficients on routes to chaos were quite small.
Lateral asynchronous and vertical synchronous 3D Network on Chip with double pumped vertical links

Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) based 3D Network on Chip (NoC) is a promising communication platform solution for future multicore systems. Due to the cost in terms of yield, chip area and design complexity, minimizing the number of TSVs in 3D integrated circuits has become an important design issue. In this paper, we present the circuit design of the proposed lateral asynchronous and vertical synchronous (LAVS) 3D NoC with double pumped vertical links and evaluate the area overhead, the die cost and the network performance of the scheme. Experiment shows the proposed scheme reduces overall router silicon area by 39.8%, and reduces the die cost by 20% for 3D NoC with 64 nodes each layer, and improves the ratio between performance and area by 16.8%.
Heat shock proteins of Helicobacter pylori.

As in any other bacterium, Helicobacter pylori synthesizes two heat shock proteins, the HspA (GroES or Hsp 10 homologue) and the HspB (GroEL or Hsp60 homologue). This article summarizes the present knowledge of genetics, function and the antigenic, immunogenic and protective properties of these two abundant proteins. H. pylori HspA and HspB antigens have vital functions for the bacterium; they share most of the bacterial chaperonin characteristics. However, the unique structure of HspA and its unique capacity to specifically bind nickel ions, strongly suggest an essential role of HspA with regard to the urease metallo‐enzyme. The putative role of the H. pylori Hsp antigens in autoimmunity is also addressed.
The structure of the caudate nucleus of the cat: light and electron microscopy.

The caudate nucleus of the cat appears to be homogeneous when examined with the light or electron microscope, except for a layer beneath the ependyma where there is a high concentration of glial cells and few neurons. In sections of brains stained with thionin the nerve cells in the caudate nucleus fall into three size groups: less than 8 $\mu m$ , 9 to 18 $\mu m$ , greater than 20 $\mu m$ . Examination of material impregnated with the Golgi technique shows that there are six cell types (one small, four medium and one large), and these are distinguishable on the basis of the size of the cell somata and the appearance and arrangement of their dendrites. One type of medium cell with many dendritic spines forms over 95% of the cell population. The large and one medium cell type are tentatively identified as the source of the efferent fibres of the nucleus. These efferent fibres and the axons of the remaining medium cell types have collateral branches. Three groups of possible afferent fibres have been identified, and these and the collateral branches of the intrinsic neurons form a dense plexus whose individual fibres cross dendrites rather than lie parallel to them. Six cell types may also be distinguished with the electron microscope, and four of these can be correlated directly with those seen in Golgi impregnated material. Several kinds of dendrites are present, the commonest having numerous spines. Fewer spines are present on other varieties of dendrite, and those dendrites which are varicose have no spines. Numerous fine, nonmyelinated axons are present.
Sensitization and development of tolerance via the gut

As an immunological organ, the gut has an almost impossible task. It must be able to defend its vast surfaces of mucosal membranes from exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, it has to accept without reactivity the normal intestinal flora and foreign material in the form of food. The fact that the gut is such a major lymphoid organ (Scott et al., this publication) illustrates the importance of the defence of the intestinal mucosal surfaces. The predominance of the secretory IgA (SIgA) system and the great number of T-lymphocytes in the epithelium are especially striking at these mucosal sites. Mounting appropriate immune responses to pathogens without releasing untoward reactions to the many microbial and food antigens in the gut requires a carefully controlled immune system capable of balancing sensitization and tolerance. Since ancient times, American Indians have used ingestion of Rhus leaves to reduce the incidence and severity of the dermatitis following contact with poison ivy, as described already in 1829 by Dakin (1). Besredka (2) demonstrated in 1909 the development of tolerance to cow’s milk fed to guinea pigs, preventing sensitization and anaphylaxis to subsequent parenteral injection of milk. Wells & Osborne (3) reached similar experimental results in 1911 using a vegetable protein. To the classic studies belongs Chase’s work in 1946 (4) showing that feeding the hapten picryl chloride L. A. Hanson’, E. Telemo’, U. Wiedermann’, A. Dahlrnan‘, R. Saalmad, S. Ahlstedt’, V. himan*, J. Holrngren3, C. Czerkinsky3, U. Dahlgren’
Synthesis between demic and cultural diffusion in the Neolithic transition in Europe

There is a long-standing controversy between two models of the Neolithic transition. The demic model assumes that the Neolithic range expansion was mainly due to the spread of populations, and the cultural model considers that it was essentially due to the spread of ideas. Here we integrate the demic and cultural models in a unified framework. We show that cultural diffusion explains ∼40% of the spread rate of the Neolithic transition in Europe, as implied by archaeological data. Thus, cultural diffusion cannot be neglected, but demic diffusion was the most important mechanism in this major historical process at the continental scale. This quantitative approach can be useful also in regional analysis, the description of Neolithic transitions in other continents, and models of many human spread phenomena.
Functional movement test scores improve following a standardized off‐season intervention program in professional football players

The purpose of this study was to determine if an off‐season intervention program was effective in improving Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS) scores in professional American football players. Pre‐ and post‐intervention FMS scores were obtained on 62 subjects who completed a 7‐week off‐season intervention program. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the training program on FMS scores. A chi‐square was performed to determine if there were a greater number of players who met the injury threshold and if asymmetries were reduced following intervention. Logistic regression was used to predict what factors were associated with failure (post‐test score of <14). There was a positive main effect for time (P<0.01) and a greater number of individuals with a score >14 following the intervention. At post‐test, 41 players were free of asymmetry as compared with 31 at the pre‐test. The strongest predictor of program failure was a low squat score at pre‐test. This study demonstrated that fundamental movement characteristics do change with a standardized intervention. Further research is required to determine if injury risk is reduced when a player's score improves beyond the established cut‐off of 14 and/or asymmetry is resolved.
Microtubule and neurofilament densities in amphibian spinal root nerve fibers: relationship to axoplasmic transport.

Dark-field microscopy of living myelinated nerve fibers from the spinal roots of Xenopus laevis revealed many spherical organelles moving in the axoplasm of fibers from the ventral roots and in fibers just distal to the dorsal root ganglion. Similar organelles were present but few were seen to move along fibers from the dorsal roots central to the ganglion. This observation prompted an ultrastructural study of microtubule and neurofilament densities in the myelinated fibers of the spinal roots. The density of microtubules was significantly less in fibers from the central part of the dorsal roots than in the rest of the spinal root system. Neurofilament densities were equivalent in all parts of the roots. Microtubules showed a significant association with mitochondria in the ventral roots and in the dorsal roots distal to the ganglion, but no significant association was obtained for the dorsal roots central to the ganglion. The meaning of these results in the axoplasmic transport of large organelles is dis.
Effects of a Group-Based Behavioral Intervention on Dietary Behaviors in Older Adults

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a 12-week, behavioral nutrition intervention on dietary behaviors. Method: Inactive older adults (N = 50) were randomized to a 12-week, behavioral nutrition or physical activity intervention, delivered in a group-based format. Questionnaires assessed fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, and fat- and fiber-related behaviors at baseline and postintervention. Height and weight were measured. Repeated-measures ANOVAs examined changes in dietary behaviors over time between groups, controlling for age, gender, and education. Results: Participants averaged 64.1 ± 8.4 years of age and had a body mass index (BMI) of 33.3 ± 7.5 kg/m2. Group × Time interactions were significant for FV consumption (p = .003), and fat- (p = .02) and fiber-related (p = .008) behaviors at 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, dietary behaviors improved significantly in the nutrition but not in the physical activity group. Effect sizes were medium to large. Discussion: A 12-week, behavioral nutrition intervention improved dietary behaviors. Behavioral interventions may be a low-cost way to improve dietary behaviors among older adults, potentially affecting population health significantly.
Feedback Control of Quad-Rotors with a Matlab-Based Simulator

Precise regulation of position and attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) is one of the most critical tasks to be considered in designing controllers for quadrotor types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The MATLAB-based simulator for quadrotors using PD-feedback control to achieve stabilization was developed. MATLAB/Simulink models are used to design and validate the control algorithms and the simulation results are presented. The quadrotor non-linear dynamics and kinematics were implemented using MATLAB S-function to generate a continuous state output. The simulation results are presented graphically and quantitatively. The developed MATLAB GUI interface is robust and interactive to implement the different control algorithms under various operating conditions.
Malformations of the craniofacial region: evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives.

Malformations of the craniofacial region are reviewed with respect to evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives under the following headings: How Old Is Our Head? , Head Organization Genes, Genetics of Craniofacial Anomalies, Craniofacial Derivatives, Anencephaly, Cephalocele, Holoprosencephaly, Craniosynostosis, Hypertelorism, Branchial Arch Anomalies, and Orofacial Clefting.
Serum prolactin during various physiological states and its relationship to milk production in the bovine.

Serum prolactin was measured in 55 cows 2–4 hr before, immediately after and 1 hr after milking for the duration of lactation or week 44, whichever occurred first. Serum prolactin increased in response to stimuli associated with milking, but this response was largest at 8 weeks; of lactation (77 ng/ml) and then gradually decreased as lactation advanced until at 32 weeks prolactin was no longer released. As prolactin concentrations increased in the pre—milking serum samples the amount subsequently released by the milking stimulus was reduced (p < 0.01). The correlation between serum prolactin measured 2 to 4 hr before milking and milk yield was very low (r = -0.03), although similar calculations for samples collected immediately after and 1 hour after milking (r = 0.36 and 0.18, respectively) were significant (p < 0.01). Within—stageof— lactation correlations between serum prolactin and milk yield were very low and sometimes negative during early lactation, but after 12 to 24 weeks of lactation the correla.
The significance of femoral intima-media thickness and plaque scoring in the Atorvastatin versus Simvastatin on Atherosclerosis Progression (ASAP) study

Background Measurement of intima-media thickness (IMT) is a well established surrogate marker for cardiovascular endpoints. We studied the long-term effects of statins on femoral IMT and plaque scoring in the Atorvastatin versus Simvastatin on Atherosclerosis Progression (ASAP) study. Methods and Results Three hundred and twenty-five patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia were randomized to either atorvastatin 80 mg/day or simvastatin 40 mg/day. IMT was measured at baseline and at 2 years. At baseline, femoral IMT was 1.69 mm in the atorvastatin group and 1.61 mm in the simvastatin group; at 2 years, IMT increased by 0.06 mm (P=0.24) and 0.15 mm (P=0.012), respectively. No significant differences were obvious between these two treatment arms (P=0.26). Femoral plaques were present in 64.7% in the atorvastatin group and 56.1% in the simvastatin group at baseline; after 2 years, these proportions rose to 66.0% (P=0.47) and 67.3% (P=0.02), respectively (P=0.87 between treatment arms). Carotid plaques were present in 6.3% versus 4.9%; after 2 years, these percentages were 5.0% (P=0.48) versus 5.5% (P =0.71), respectively (P=0.90 between treatment arms). Conclusion Our study indicates increased efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg in retarding progression of atherosclerosis in the femoral artery compared with simvastatin 40mg. Interestingly, in the carotid arteries these statins influenced IMT to a greater extent, whereas in the femoral artery the effects were more pronounced on plaque frequency. These findings underscore the generalized effects of lipid lowering on atherosclerosis.
SELF-MEASURED SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE MORNING IS A STRONG INDICATOR OF DECLINE OF RENAL FUNCTION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH NON-DIABETIC CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

While blood pressure is a recognized major determinant of renal function deterioration, the role of self blood pressure measurement (BPM) in predicting the loss of renal function in hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) has not been adequately addressed. One hundred and thirteen patients (F/M: 46/67; 56±1 years) with CRI (mean serum creatinine: 1.87±0.08; range: 1.4 to 3.5 mg/dl; average urinary protein excretion: 1.2±0.2 g/24 hrs.) were followed for 3 years. The record of renal biopsy revealed that 74 patients had IgA nephropathy, 16 had chronic glomerulonephritis, and 6 had membranous nephropathy, while 17, unbiopsied patients had underlying renal disease of unknown origin. Self BPM were made at regular intervals throughout the course of the study. All recorded blood pressures were included in a stepwise multiple regression analysis in which the decline in GFR per year was the dependent variable. Patients were primarily treated with a combination of amlodipine (5 to 20 mg daily), a calcium antagonist, and benazepril(2.5 to 5 mg daily), an ACE inhibitor in an effort to reduce their blood pressure at the office to <130/85 mmHg. The simple correlation between blood pressures (i.e., office, home morning and home evening) and the decline in GFR were all statistically significant. The correlation coefficients of determination for this model were as follows: r=0.64 for home morning SBP; 0.43 for office SBP; 0.39 for office DBP; and 0.38 for home morning DBP. The level of urinary protein excretion did not correlate with the decline in GFR. These data suggest that self BPM improves prognostic ability in hypertensive patients with CRI.
Evolution of the Tangent Vectors and Localization of the Stable and Unstable Manifolds of Hyperbolic Orbits by Fast Lyapunov Indicators

The fast Lyapunov indicators are functions defined on the tangent fiber of the phase-space of a discrete (or continuous) dynamical system by using a finite number of iterations of the dynamics. In the last decade, they have been largely used in numerical computations to localize the resonances in the phase-space and, more recently, also the stable and unstable manifolds of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds. In this paper, we provide an analytic description of the growth of tangent vectors for orbits with initial conditions which are close to the stable-unstable manifolds of hyperbolic saddle points. The representation explains why the fast Lyapunov indicator detects the stable-unstable manifolds of all fixed points which satisfy a certain condition. If the condition is not satisfied, a suitably modified fast Lyapunov indicator can be still used to detect the stable-unstable manifolds. The new method allows for a detection of the manifolds with a number of precision digits which increases linearly wi.
Longevity and carrying the C282Y mutation for haemochromatosis on the HFE gene: case control study of 492 French centenarians

Hereditary haemochromatosis is a common autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism. Most patients are homozygous for a C282Y mutation in the HFE gene. This mutation is frequent in northern Europe, where one in five to ten people are carriers. People who are heterozygous for the C282Y mutation have slightly but significantly higher values for serum iron and transferrin saturation and are less likely to have anaemia because of iron deficiency.1 2 Iron promotes the generation of free radicals, which leads to mutagenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and bacterial growth. Therefore, genotypes that increase the concentrations of iron for transport and storage may be associated with an increased risk for common diseases, such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, and for inflammatory and infectious conditions. Other studies, which investigated the associations of C282Y heterozygosity with morbidity, found conflicting …