Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of sensory adapted dental environment on children with developmental disabilities

AIMS This was a pilot study assessing the impact of a sensory adapted dental environment (SADE) on children with developmental disabilities (DD) receiving routine dental care. METHODS A crossover study of 22 children with DD, aged 6 through 21, was conducted at a University Pediatric Dental clinic. Each participant was randomized to a sequence of two dental cleanings on a 3- to 4-month recall schedule, one with a regular dental environment (RDE) and one with SADE. Outcomes included physiological measures (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and cooperation (Frankl scores). RESULTS Study subjects completed 36 visits. None of the physiological measures differed at either time point between the two treatment settings. The Frankl scores were significantly higher with SADE setting than RDE (P = 0.0368). Forty-six percent of parents strongly agreed that they would prefer the SADE for their child's next visit. CONCLUSION SADE may be associated with improved behavior in children with DD.
wage compression and the gender pay gap Wage-setting institutions narrow the gender pay gap but may reduce employment for some women

Wage-setting institutions that compress wages at the bottom of the distribution disproportionately raise the wages of low-paid workers, reducing inequality. Wage compression raises women’s wages by more than men’s because women are more likely to be at the bottom of the distribution. Wage floors can reduce exploitation of low-wage workers and enhance economic efficiency. Reducing occupational wage differentials may induce some men to enter female-dominated occupations, thus reducing the consequences of job segregation. eLeVaTOr PITch
BIOMOD – a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions

BIOMOD is a computer platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions, enabling the treatment of a range of methodological uncertainties in models and the examination of species-environment relationships. BIOMOD includes the ability to model species distributions with several techniques, test models with a wide range of approaches, project species distributions into different environmental conditions (e.g. climate or land use change scenarios) and dispersal functions. It allows assessing species temporal turnover, plot species response curves, and test the strength of species interactions with predictor variables. BIOMOD is implemented in R and is a freeware, open source, package.
Usability issues in mobile learning: Students’ perceptions in Pakistani universities

Abstract Usability in mobile devices, for learning, has drawn researchers’ attention since the term mobile learning has been coined in teaching and learning arenas. Current mobile devices in the market have ignored the design and styles for learning purposes. Although mobile devices have some features for games purposes, there are other important usability characteristics that ought to be considered to support learning. Therefore, mobile learning researchers need to investigate the learning options with the available capabilities of mobile devices. Students in developing countries reported more problems related to usability based on their individual experiences dealing with mobile devices for learning purposes. This paper aims to identify the implications of usability in mobile devices for learning based on research conducted in Pakistan.
Possible sites for protonation in beta -Mg 2 SiO 4 from an experimentally derived electrostatic potential

The electrostatic potential for B-MgrSiOo is derived from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of Horiuchi and Sawamoto (1981). A broad minimum in the potential near the underbonded O(l) site indicates this to be a likely site for protonation, corroborating the conclusion of Smyth (1987). However, the minimum in the electrostatic potential for the unit cell is not near the O(l) site, but is located above and below the bonding plane of triangularly coordinated O(2), similar to that observed by Spackman et al. (1987) near the three-coordinated oxygens of stishovite. Therefore, the electrostatic potential indicates O(2) also to be a likely candidate for protonation.
Income Inequality , and the Size of the Government Ceyhun Elgin and Turkmen Goksel and

Recent empirical research has demonstrated that countries with higher levels of religiosity are characterized by greater income inequality. We argue that this is due to the lower level of government services demanded in more religious countries. Religion requires that individuals make financial sacrifices and this leads the religious to prefer making their contributions voluntarily rather than through mandatory means. To the extent that citizen preferences are reflected in policy outcomes, religiosity results in lower taxes, which in turn implies lower levels of spending on both public goods and redistribution. Since measures of income typically do not fully take into account the part of income coming from donations received, this increases measured income inequality. We formalize these ideas in a general equilibrium political economy model and also show that the implications of our model are supported by cross-country data.
Disease, Institutions and Underdevelopment

What explains poverty of Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia? One view holds the disease environment of these regions as the primary culprit. Others see it as a typical symptom of growth retarding institutions. We test validity of these competing assertions for a cross section of countries. Our results indicate that institutions are the prime determinant of economic performance of countries. Disease does not play a significant role in determining outcomes. On the contrary, we find support for the indirect effect of disease via institutions, as asserted by the 'institutions school'. Interestingly, the 'institutions school' contention about geography having no direct effect on income is also not validated. Our results show that being land locked can pose significant disadvantage for a country. Endowment of hydrocarbon, however, is beneficial for economic outcomes.
Comparison of Recovery Profile of Propofol, Sevoflurane, and Desflurane Anesthesia in Transnasal Trans-sphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Tumors: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Abstract Background Smooth and early emergence is always a concern in neurosurgical patients as it prevents complication and facilitates neurological examination and immediate postoperative intervention, if necessary. Methods A prospective randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of propofol, sevoflurane, and desflurane used for maintenance of anesthesia at the time of emergence and recovery from anesthesia in 75 patients undergoing elective trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors. We evaluated time for emergence and extubation, modified Short Orientation Memory Concentration Test (SOMCT) score, Aldrete's scores, pain score, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) score. Results Emergence and extubation times were significantly shorter in patients receiving desflurane as compared with those receiving propofol or sevoflurane (p < 0.001). Modified SOMCT and Aldrete's scores were comparable in all the three groups with better cognitive scores in patients who received desflurane. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were comparable at emergence and extubation in all the three groups except mean airway pressure (MAP) at extubation that was higher in the desflurane group compared with propofol and sevoflurane groups (p = 0.02), which was clinically comparable. Pain and PONV scores were also comparable between the groups. Conclusions Desflurane had shorter time to emergence and time to extubation in comparison to propofol and sevoflurane. Thus, desflurane can be used as an alternative to propofol and sevoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia in patients undergoing transnasal trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery for its excellent recovery profile after anesthesia.
Master-Slave Coordination Using Virtual Constraints for a Redundant Dual-Arm Haptic Interface

Programming robots for tasks involving force interaction is difficult, since both the knowledge of the task and the dynamics of the robots are necessary. An immersive haptic interface for task demonstration is proposed, where the operator can sense and act through the robot. This is achieved by coupling two robotic systems with virtual constraints such that they have the same coordinates in the operational space disregarding a fixed offset. Limitations caused by the singular configurations or the reach of the robots are naturally reflected to either side as haptic feedback.
Discrete Dynamical Networks and Their Attractor Basins

A key notion in the study of network dynamics is that state-space is connected into basins of attraction. Convergence in attractor basins correlates with order-complexity-chaos measures on space-time patterns. A network's "memory," its ability to categorize, is provided by the configuration of its separate basins, trees and sub-trees. Based on computer simulations using the software Discrete Dynamics Lab, this paper provides an overview of recent work describing some of the issues, methods, measures, results, applications and conjectures. To appear in the proceedings of Complex Systems '98University of New South Wales, Sidney, Australia.
DECOMPOSABILITY OF TORSION FREE MODULES 317 ( 5 ) The Krull dimension of a Noetherian

Throughout this paper R will be an integral domain, not a field ; Q will be the quotient field of R; and K will be the i? -module QjR. R will be said to have property D, if every torsion-free i? -module of finite rank is a direct sum of /? -modules of rank one. In [9, §6] I attempted to give necessary and sufficient conditions for an integral domain to have property D. I have since discovered, however, that Lemma 6.4 of that paper is false, with the result that Theorem 6.1 is also false as stated, and needs some rather strong additional hypotheses to be resurrected. Other false lemmas based on Lemma 6.4 are Proposition 6.5 and Corollary 6.7; and Lemma 6.8 remains without a valid proof. Compounding the confusion, I have also discovered an error in Kaplansky's proof of his theorem [4] which purported to handle the Noetherian case, and this theorem remains without a valid proof. Proposition 6.11 and Corollary 6.12 of my paper [9] were based on Kaplansky's proof, and are false as stated. Corollary 6.13 remains without a valid proof. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to restore some order out of this chaos. In Theorem 4 I have settled the Noetherian case. This theorem states that a Noetherian domain has property D if and only if it is one of two types of Noetherian domains. However, I have not been able to find an example of a ring of type (1); i.e. a principal ideal domain R with exactly two nonzero prime ideals Px, P2 and such that RPl, RP2 are complete discrete valuation rings. It was precisely this type of ring that Kaplansky thought that he had proved could not exist. Thus one of the remaining unsolved tasks in finding all of the kinds of integral domains that have property D is either to produce an example of this type of ring, or to prove that it cannot exist. In Theorem 3 I have shown that if R is an /z-local domain with more than one maximal ideal, then R has property D if and only if R has exactly two maximal ideals Mx, M2 and RMl, RM2 are maximal valuation rings. The question of whether such a ring can exist is, of course, a generalization of the previous question raised. Theorem 2 proves that a valuation ring has property D if and only if it is a maximal valuation ring. The major part of this result, namely that a maximal valuation ring has property D, is originally due to Kaplansky [3, Theorem 12] who generalized Priifer's result [11] for complete discrete valuation rings. Both of
Slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake

By combining global positioning system observations of surface displacements and the locations of aftershocks, we infer that the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake occurred on multiple fault planes. Mean slip of ∼5.1 m occurred on a rupture between Bagh and Balakot with strike 331° and dip 29°. Additional slip occurred at depth on a NNE-dipping fault plane extending WNW from Balakot, and on an intersecting nearly fiat dislocation at ∼5 km depth, forming an active wedge thrust. Both the simple fault plane and the blind wedge accommodate convergence between Peshawar and Leh, Ladakh, accumulating at 7 ± 2 mm/yr, suggesting a 680 ± 150 yr recurrence interval for Kashmir 2005-like events.
Influence of Economics, Interspecific Competition, and Sexual Dimorphism on Territoriality of Migrant Rufous Hummingbirds

Migrant Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) arrive in eastern Arizona in late summer and establish feeding territories from which other hummingbirds are excluded. Territories vary 100-fold in area and 5-fold in number of flowers. A simple cost-benefit model accounts for observed variation in territory size and number of flowers defended. Both sexes defend territories, but d d utilize denser flowers than Y Y. These differences appear to be related to sexual dimorphism in wing disc loading. Selasphorus rufus appears to have sacrificed efficient flight for aggressive ability as a strategy for competing with resident hummingbird species during its migration. Comparison of feeding territories of S. rufus and other nectarivorous birds indicate similarities which suggest that these systems may be subject to similar economic constraints.
Jagged 1 is essential for osteoblast development during maxillary ossi fi cation

Abbreviations: ALK, Activin Receptor-Like Kinases; A Bone Morphogenetic Protein; CKO, Conditional knockout growth media; HES, Hairy/Enhancer of Split; Jag1, Jagged1 maxilla; MEMM, mouse embryonic maxillary mesenchym domain; NS, nasal septum; OM, osteogenic media; P, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless; SEM μCT, micro-computed tomography. ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Otolaryn Medical Center, Room 9435A MRBIV, 2213 Garland Aven USA. Fax: +1 615 322 2210. E-mail addresses: cynthia.r. allison@vanderbilt.edu (C.R masato.yuasa@vanderbilt.edu (M. Yuasa), jon.schoenecke (J. Schoenecker), steven.goudy@vanderbilt.edu (S.L. Goud
The Political Economy of Discretionary Spending: Evidence from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

We study in this paper the spatial allocation of expenditures in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), one of the largest discretionary funding bills in the history of the United States. Contrary to both evidence from previous fiscal stimulus programs and standard theories of legislative politics, we do not find evidence of substantial political targeting. The districts of party leaders did not receive more funds than those of rank-and-file legislators, nor did the districts of pivotal voters in the Senate or swing voters in the House receive more money. While Democratic districts overall received more per resident than Republican districts, this differential nearly disappears when we consider award per worker in each district or when we control for district poverty rate. Democratic states did receive modestly greater funds, but this is largely due to higher levels of funding going to places with more generous state welfare programs. At the same time, we find no relationship between the amount awarded and measures of the severity of the downturn in the local economy, while we do find more funds flowing to districts with higher levels of economic activity and greater incidence of poverty. The results are consistent with the discretionary component of ARRA being allocated through funding formulas or based on project characteristics other than countercyclical efficacy or political expediency, which stands in contrast to evidence from fiscal stimulus in the New Deal. One explanation suggests that over the past century, legislative norms have reduced the scope of discretion—with attendant benefits and costs.
THE LOCATION OF NON-THERMAL VELOCITY IN THE EARLY PHASES OF LARGE FLARES—REVEALING PRE-ERUPTION FLUX ROPES

Non-thermal velocity measurements of the solar atmosphere, particularly from UV and X-ray emission lines have demonstrated over the decades that this parameter is important in understanding the triggering of solar flares. Enhancements have often been observed before intensity enhancements are seen. However, until the launch of Hinode, it has been difficult to determine the spatial location of the enhancements to better understand the source region. The Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer has the spectral and spatial resolution to allow us to probe the early stages of flares in detail. We analyze four events, all of which are GOES M- or X-classification flares, and all are located toward the limb for ease of flare geometry interpretation. Three of the flares were eruptive and one was confined. In all events, pre-flare enhancement in non-thermal velocity at the base of the active region and its surroundings has been found. These enhancements seem to be consistent with the footpoints of the dimming regions, and hence may be highlighting the activation of a coronal flux rope for the three eruptive events. In addition, pre-flare enhancements in non-thermal velocity were found above the looptops for the three eruptive events.
Spark Ignition Engine Mass Air Flow Control for Precise Torque Management

Presented in this paper is a robust feedback controller design procedure to regulate the mass air ow (MAF) into a 4.6L V8 spark ignition engine. A system level model of engine throttle to engine mass air ow is experimentally determined. In addition, an H1 controller is designed to control engine mass air ow with zero steady state error while addressing the nonlinear throttle characteristics and pure delay. The controller design methodology applied to the mass air ow control problem is discussed and an interpretation of the controller presented. Finally, engine dynamometer data demonstrates that the H1 controller rejects noise and disturbances while meeting transient and steady state performance objectives.
Chemical Composition and Bioavailability of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Atmospheric Wet Deposition from Urban and Rural New Jersey Sites

/1~>kjJ/ / Organizational Reprcscntativ~. Michael E. Breton, Ph.D. Director, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 58 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8010 Tel: (732) 445-2880 FAX (732) 445-3257 email :sponpgms@orsp.rutgers. edu Co-Principal Investigator: Monica A. Mazurek, Ph.D. Associate Research Professor Institute of Marine & Coastal Sciences 71 Dudley Road New Bruns\vick, NJ, 08901-852] Tel: (908) 932-9709 FAX (908) 932-6520 email: mazurek@imcs.rutgers. edu
Effects of Problem-Based Learning and Traditional Instruction on Self-Regulated Learning

The authors used the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire to investigate the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) and traditional instructional approaches on various facets of students’ self-regulated learning, including motivation and learning strategies. Participants included 61 tenth-grade students from 2 intact classes instructed by the same biology teacher. The authors randomly assigned 1 class as the experimental group and the other class as the control group. Teachers instructed the control group with teacher-centered, textbook-oriented traditional instruction; they taught the experimental group with problem-based learning, in which students worked with ill-structured problems. Results revealed that PBL students had higher levels of intrinsic goal orientation, task value, use of elaboration learning strategies, critical thinking, metacognitive self-regulation, effort regulation, and peer learning compared with control-group students.
Generation of mesoscale eddies in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands

[1] The ocean west of the main Hawaiian Islands is characterized by enhanced eddy kinetic energy arising from the abundance of locally generated mesoscale eddies, most frequently in the area west of the island of Hawaii. Two mechanisms of eddy generation in the wake of an island are examined with numerical model experiments. The first, eddy generation and shedding by an oceanic flow around an oceanic barrier, requires the existence of strong westward flows to the north and south of the island of Hawaii. Model solutions show such westward flows and generation of eddies by these flows although the intensity of the eddies and the generation frequency are much lower than that derived from altimetry. As a result, these eddies contribute an insignificant amount of eddy kinetic energy in the region. The second, eddy generation and shedding by an atmospheric flow around an atmospheric barrier, is based on oceanic upwelling and downwelling induced by surface wind shear, effectively introducing sinks and sources to the ocean interior. Previous idealized modeling studies have shown that oceanic eddies can be generated by sufficiently strong forcing (source or sink), providing an explanation why eddy occurrences in the lee of the island of Hawaii coincide with periods of strong trade winds. Eddy generation characteristics in the model experiments are consistent with this mechanism in terms of time of occurrence, strength and the resulting eddy kinetic energy. Major discrepancies are in eddy propagation and therefore eddy distribution in the regional domain due to the complex nature of eddy-eddy interactions.
Design Parameters for Lateral Vibration of Multi-storey Timber Buildings

Timber buildings are now reaching heights at which their lateral dynamic response to wind load is an important consideration in design, and such dynamic effects are particularly important in timber buildings because they have low mass, and they may have relatively flexible connections. The 14-storey Treet building in Bergen, Norway recently became the tallest habitable timber building, and has a total permanent load of 135kg/m (Magne Aanstad Bjertnæs (Sweco), personal communication). This compares with a typical value of 300kg/m for a tall building in concrete (Yang et al. 2004), and 160kg/m in steel (Huang et al. 2007).
An Exploratory Study on Principals' Conceptions about Their Role as School Leaders

This inquiry, by means of the case study method, explored how principals' conceptions about their role as school leader contribute to a better understanding of their leadership behavior and how this is related to school climate. The results indicated that differences of how principals conceive their leadership role are related, indirectly through their leadership practices (i.e., initiating structure and supportive leadership), to the school climate (unity in vision, collegial relations, collaboration, innovativeness). We distinguished three types of school leader profiles: (1) the “people-minded profile” with a strong emphasis on educational leadership and the mentoring role as a school leader and with the necessary skills to implement a shared vision; (2) the “administrative-minded profile” with the focus on administration and the coordinating leadership role, lacking a vision and feeling unable to develop a vision; and (3) the “moderate-minded profile” with an emphasis on educational leadership but having difficulty to involve all teachers in the school's vision. Drawing on three prototypical cases we discuss in depth that these types of principals work under different school climate conditions.
Novel cascode GaN module integrated a single gate driver IC with high switching speed controllability

A novel gallium nitride (GaN) cascode module has been developed for high switching speed controllability. In the proposed cascode configuration, the GaN field-effect transistor (FET) is directly driven by a conventional single gate driver integrated circuit (IC). It is demonstrated that the switching speed can be simply controlled by varying the value of the external gate resistor.