Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association of Seedling Respiratory Metabolism and Adenylate Energy Charge with Seed Weight of Panicum antidotale Retz. 1

Seed from selections of blue panicgrass, Panicum antidotale Retz, for heavy and light seed-weight from six cycles of recurrent selection were evaluated for association between seed weight, seedling vigor, and several aspects of seedling energy metabolism. Seed and seedling fresh weight, respiration rate, free sugar levels, mitochondrial protein content, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and total adenylate phosphates content were sampled after 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours of germination and initial growth. Dry weight of seed decreased about 2% during the first 72 hours of germination and fresh weight of all seedlings increased about 60% in 72 hours Respiration rates were higher for heavy seed-weight selections through the first 72 hours Content of free sugar (mg per seed) was significantly greater for heavy seed-weight selections. Pools for adenylate phosphates were larger for heavy seed-weight selections on the basis of nmoles per seed. Energy charge values were not significantly different during germination; however, energy charge values for unimbibed seed were greater for heavy seed-weight selections. Heavy seed contained more free sugars for respiratory substrate and more adenylate phosphates for further phosphorylation. The enhanced respiratory metabolism resulted in increased rates of ATP formation, and larger seedlings resulted.
Approaches to breeding for salinity tolerance - a case study on Porteresia coarctata

Summary Cereals are the world's major source of food for human nutrition. Among these, rice (Oryza sativa) is the most prominent and represents the staple diet for more than two-fifths (2.4 billion) of the world's population, making it the most important food crop of the developing world (Anon., 2000a). Rice production in vast stretches of coastal areas is hampered due to high soil salinity. This is because rice is a glycophyte and it does not grow well under saline conditions. In order to increase rice production in these areas there is a need to develop rice varieties suited to saline environments. Research has shown that Porteresia coarctata, a highly salt tolerant wild relative of rice growing in estuarine soils, is an important material for transferring salt tolerant characteristics to rice. It is quite possible that Porteresia may be used as a parent for evolving better and truly salt resistant varieties. The inadequate results and the difficulties associated with conventional breeding techniques necessitate the use of the tools of crop biotechnology in unravelling some of the characteristics of Porteresia that have been highlighted in this report. In view of the limited resources available for increasing salinity tolerance to the breeders to wild rice germplasm, Porteresia is undoubtedly one of the key source species for elevating salinity tolerance in cultivated rice.
Trans and conjugated fatty acids in milk from cows and goats consuming pasture or receiving vegetable oils or seeds

Abstract This review summarises the effects of nutritional factors on fat content, different isomers of trans 18:1 and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows and goats. Main dietary factors taken into account are the nature of forages and pasture, and supplementation with oil seeds, vegetable or marine oils. The effects of interactions between the nature of forages and lipid supplements in cows or goats are reviewed with particular attention. Lipid supplements could highly increase mean trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in ruminant milk fat, and interact with the quantity of concentrate in the diet or the type of preserved forage. Vegetable or fish oil supplementation increased milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA up to 4% (in total milk fatty acids (FA)). The content of copper or vitamin E in the diet could modify the milk percentage of TVA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Other isomers of trans-18:1 (e.g. trans-10) and CLA (e. g. cis-11, trans-13 or trans-11, trans-13 or trans-7, cis-9 or cis-9, cis-11 CLA) may be manipulated by diet composition. However, further studies are needed to establish their responses to different feeding strategies. The trans-10, cis-12 CLA in percentage in milk fat was always lower than 0.15% of total FA. The proportions of different trans-18:1 isomers in milk fat are similar in caprine and bovine species. Recent studies showed that the CLA content of goat milk fat was similar to values (0.4 - 0.9% and up to 4% for winter and lipid-supplemented diets, respectively) observed in the cow.
In vivo activation of macrophages by IFN‐γ to kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro

Summary To determine the role of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in the activation of macrophages to kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro, C57BL/6 mice were injected with various doses of recombinant IFN‐γ (rIFN‐γ) by either the intravenous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular routes. Mice were treated with doses of rIFN‐γ ranging from 101 to 105 units. Twenty hours later, peritoneal macrophages were harvested from the treated animals. Macrophage monolayers were prepared and their in vitro cytotoxic activity against a virulent strain of E. hystolytica (IP:0682:1) was determined. Amoebicidal activity was determined by counting the number of dead trophozoites by Trypan Blue exclusion in cultures containing macrophages and amoebic trophozoites which were incubated together for 4 h. Both intravenous and intraperitoneal treatment resulted in the recovery of macrophages from the peritoneal cavity which exhibited amoebicidal activity in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice that had been treated intraperitoneally or intravenously with rIFN‐γ, however, showed significantly more amoebicidal activity in comparison to macrophages harvested from animals treated intramuscularly. There was a dose dependent relationship between the concentration of rIFN‐γ used to activate macrophages in vivo and the number of dead trophozoites in vitro. In addition, these results confirm our previous observations that treatment in vitro with rIFN‐γ can activate murine peritoneal macrophages to kill amoebic trophozoites.
Nutrition × reproduction interaction in pasture-based systems: is nutrition a factor in reproductive failure?

Dairy cow fertility has declined in recent decades, coincidental with large increases in milk production. Cows take longer to return to oestrus, display poorer signs of oestrus, have greater early embryo loss, and may have poorer conception rates. The problem is often considered to be nutritional, at least in part, and, therefore, can be corrected through dietary adjustment. Although acknowledged as highly digestible, high quality pastured forages tend to be low in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), high in rumen degradable protein and the temporal supply may not be adequate for cow demand at key times; diet adjustment is often recommended to overcome these limitations. The interaction between nutrition and reproduction is poorly defined, however, and study results are often contradictory. Hypothesised limitations to pastured forages within a grazing system will be discussed, and the likely impact of nutritional adjustment on pre- and post-ovulatory reproductive processes examined. The effect of energy balance, carbohydrate type, protein and fat on reproductive outcomes will be considered. Nutrition is an important component of successful reproduction, but dietary adjustment to improve pregnancy rates is complicated, and merely offering pastured cows a supplement is unlikely to result in large effects. Conclusions indicate that care must be taken in interpreting associative analyses and in applying results from different farming systems.
Lagenidium callinectes (Couch, 1942) infection and its control in cultured larval Indian tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius

A mycosis in larval tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, is described for the first time from India. The hyphae of Lagenidium callinectes are contorted, irregularly branched, sparingly septate, and contain a cell wall and membrane, vacuoles, mito chondria, ribosomes, small and large vesicles, and Woronin bodies. The spores occur singly or in pairs. The fungal mycelium may either invade and embed itself in the tissues, or alternatively, replace all the muscle tissues of the infected larval P. monodon. Fungus infected, untreated populations of nauplii, zoea and myksis exhibited mortalities of 5.33 ± 0.55%, 24.68 ± 4.58% and 47.89 ± 0.27%, respectively. A 0.5 ppm treatment with trifluralin significantly reduced the mortality of infected larval populations (i.e. 1.1% nauplii, 3.28% zoea and 5.21% myksis mortality). Lagenidium sp. exhibited growth in potato dextrose agar medium and in Sabouraud's agar at 28 °C.
Influence of silicon on antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under drought stress

Abstract The effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on leaf relative water content (RWC), and the growth, Si concentrations, lipid peroxidation (MDA), lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, proline and H2O2 accumulation, non-enzymatic antioxidant activity (AA) and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) in shoots of ten chickpea cultivars grown under drought were investigated. Drought stress decreased the growth of all the cultivars while applied Si improved the growth at least five of the 10 chickpea cultivars. Silicon applied to the soil at 100 mg kg−1 significantly increased Si concentrations of the cultivars and counteracted the deleterious effects of drought in 5 of the ten chickpea cultivars by increasing their RWC. In most cultivars tested H2O2, proline and MDA content and LOX activity were increased by drought whereas application of Si decreased their levels. APX activity was increased by drought but it was depressed by Si. In general, SOD and CAT activities of the cultivars were decreased by drought. Depending on cultivars, the CAT activity was decreased, and increased or unchanged in response to applied Si, while the SOD activity of the cultivars increased or unchanged by Si. The non-enzymatic antioxidant activity of the cultivars was also increased by Si. These observations implied an essential role for Si in minimizing drought stress-induced limitation of the growth and oxidative membrane damage in chickpea plants.
On the Saurians Recently Discovered in the Dakota Beds of Colorado

HE formation known as the Dakota was long since characterized by Messrs. Meek and Hayden, from the studies made by the latter gentleman, of the great section exhibited by the Missouri river. Subsequently Dr. Hayden, then as now, the esteemed director of the United States Geological Survey of the territories, observed and defined the same horizon along the eastern flank of the Rocky mountains. Doctor J. S. Newberry, in his reports on the geology of the Colorado basin, has mentioned the same stratum under the name of Lower Cretaceous sandstone, and I have in my report to Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler identified that part of these sandstones which is seen in northwestern New Mexico, with the Dakota. This formation is then one of great extent and importance. It consists chiefly of sandstones which are sometimes so amorphous as to constitute a quartzite. Among these are interstratified beds of clay, carbonaceous clay, and lignite, some of which may be used as an inferior fuel. These mineral characters show that the formation was, as pointed out by Prof. Newberry, deposited in shallow water during a period of subsidence. He remarks that previous to this subsidence there was an extensive land area; but that it steadily diminished by the encroachments of the ocean. This period of extended dry land, would be regarded by many geologists as a part of the great cretaceous division of time; that occupied in its sinking, and in the deposit of new beds, being now parallelized with the later half of the cretaceous period of the old world scale. In any case the deposit of the sands which became the Dakota rocks, marks the beginning of the cretaceous ocean in North America, and is the No. i of Meek and Hayden.
Semantic Description of Timbral Transformations in Music Production

In music production, descriptive terminology is used to define perceived sound transformations. By understanding the underlying statistical features associated with these descriptions, we can aid the retrieval of contextually relevant processing parameters using natural language, and create intelligent systems capable of assisting in audio engineering. In this study, we present an analysis of a dataset containing descriptive terms gathered using a series of processing modules, embedded within a Digital Audio Workstation. By applying hierarchical clustering to the audio feature space, we show that similarity in term representations exists within and between transformation classes. Furthermore, the organisation of terms in low-dimensional timbre space can be explained using perceptual concepts such as size and dissonance. We conclude by performing Latent Semantic Indexing to show that similar groupings exist based on term frequency.
Morphological and functional characteristics of the olfactory and gustatory organs of three Salvelinus species

Morphological features and response characteristics of the olfactory and gustatory organs were studied in three char species, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), brook char (S. fontinalis), and lake char (S. namaycush). In brook, lake, and Norwegian-stock Arctic chars the olfactory rosette consisted of 12–16 primary olfactory lamellae radiating from the rostro-caudally oriented raphe, with the secondary folding typical of salmonids. Nauyuk-stock Arctic char had fewer (7–9) olfactory lamellae without secondary folding. Electro-olfactogram response characteristics to L-cysteine, L-arginine, and L-glutamate, representing neutral, basic and acidic amino acids, respectively, were similar, with threshold concentrations of 10−9–10−8 M. Structure–activity relationship studies showed that the amino acid spectrum for Arctic char differed from those of brook and lake chars. Most characteristic was that esterification of the carboxyl group of L-arginine enhanced its effectiveness. The taste buds were generally distribu.
Invertebrate and vertebrate pathways of anaerobic metabolism: evolutionary considerations

A review of anaerobic metabolism (end-products, energy-substrates and enzymes) of the invertebrate and vertebrate phyla reveals three main pathway-types. The lactate and opine pathways yield, respectively, high and medium rates of energy production and are used for maintaining or increasing metabolic activity. The glucose-succinate pathway is a high (relatively) efficiency pathway used for anoxia survival. The distribution of the pathways amongst the phyla is consistent with their phylogeny. A relationship between the Mollusca and Sipuncula is possibly indicated. A hypothetical scheme of the evolution of the pathways indicates early presences for amino acid based pathways, the opine pathways and a fourth pathway-type, the aspartate-succinate pathway. A consideration of chemical, fossil and functional approaches to the reconstruction of the beginning of life suggests an early role for the opine pathways in providing energy for the burrowing of infaunal worms of the Precambrian era. Biological rather than chemical factors are concluded to have been the main pressures for the evolution of anaerobic metabolism.
Ichthyoplankton dynamics in a highly urbanized estuary

Abstract Spatio-temporal distribution and composition of ichthyoplankton assemblages were studied in the Golden Horn estuary (Istanbul) over a 10-month period. Environmental parameters were considered to determine the environmental status in different parts (upper, middle and lower) of the estuary. The ichthyoplankton composition of the Golden Horn estuary consisted of 23 species and was dominated by Mullus sp. , Diplodus spp. and Liza sp. The largest densities of fish eggs and larvae were found in September 2009 with 786.4 ind. 100 m–3 and 355.9 ind. 100 m−3, respectively. As supported by the multivariate analysis, most species showed a seasonal pattern, with the presence of higher densities during summer and winter. Moreover, the spatial pattern showed that ichthyoplankton distribution and diversity was relatively high in the lower part of the Golden Horn and gradually decreased through the upper parts. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that spatial changes in depth and water clarity were the main factors forcing larval assemblage distribution and leading to a decrease in density and diversity of fish larvae through the upper part of the estuary. For the seasonal changes, sea surface salinity and chlorophyll a were the main factors in shaping the structure of the larval assemblage and increasing sea surface temperature lead to an increase in the density and diversity of fish larvae.
Breast Cancer Using C4.5 Classification

Data mining is the process of discovering interesting knowledge from large amount of data stored in databases and these techniques based on advanced analytical methods and tools for handling a large amount of information. Much research is being carried out in applying data mining to a variety of applications in healthcare. This thesis explores data mining techniques in health care. In particularly, it discusses about data mining and its various applications in areas where people are mostly affected rigorously by cancer in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, and India. The people affected by cancer using tobacco, chemical water. This thesis identifies the cancer level using C4.5 classification and Naïve Bayes algorithms and finds meaningful patterns which gives meaningful decision making to this socio – economic real world health venture.
Effect of the Feeding Probiotics, Illite, Activated Carbon, and Hardwood Vinegar on the Meat Quality and Shelf-Life in Chicken Thigh

In this experiment, 5 treatments consisted of control, probiotics (0.2%; T1), illite (1.0%; T2), activated carbon (1.0%; T3), and hardwood vinegar (1.0%; T4) as diets of chicken were evaluated for 35 days through feeding of 200 male chickens (Arbor Acre Broiler). Thigh muscle from slaughtered chickens were analyzed on pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), shear force, and meat color during 10 d of cold storage at . Groups of T3 and T4 showed higher pH levels compared to the control group, and T4 showed significantly higher value. Over the storage period, all treatment groups showed increase in pH (p
Microbial activity in soil cultivated with different summer legumes in coffee crop

A field experiment was conducted for ten years in a sandy soil in the north part of the Parana State, Brazil. The soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth, both under the coffee canopy and in the inter row space between the coffee plants, in the following treatments: Control, Leucaena leucocephala, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria breviflora, Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna deeringiana, Arachis hypogaea and Vigna unguiculata. The legume crops influenced the microbial activity, both under the coffee canopy and in the inter row space. The cultivation of Leucaena leucocephala increased the microbial biomass C, N and P. Although L. leucocephala and Arachis hypogaea provided higher microbial biomass, the qCO2 decreased by up to 50% under the coffee canopy and by about 25% in the inter row space. The soil microbial biomass was enriched in N and P due to green manure residue addition.
Age and growth of the king mackerel (Scomberomorus Cavalla) off the northeastern coast of Brazil

Age and growth of the king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) were estimated for northeastern Brazil. A total of 405 sagittal otoliths from 140 males (24.4-112 cm), 73 females (28-114.8 cm) and 193 specimens of unknown sex (11.5-121 cm) were examined. Marginal increment analysis indicated an annual pattern for growth band deposition. The age classes ranged from 1 to 15 years. Length ranged from 11.5 to 121 cm. The Schnute model indicated that the von Bertalanffy growth model demonstrated the best adjustment, with p=1/b, and was therefore used for estimating growth. Back-calculated curves had smaller variances, giving the following estimated growth parameters for males: L∞= 116.8 cm, K = 0.190, t0 = 0.377; and females: L∞= 132.7 cm, K = 0.159 and t0 = 0.387. In order to compare the curves for males and females, the overlapping of 95% confidence intervals was performed for the parameters generated from the von Bertalanffy non-linear least square method. Specimens between 3 and 8 years of age represented 82.2% (n=5,783) of the catch composition, characterizing the species as a catchable stock in the region.
Nitrogen Partitioning and Dry Matter Allocation in Soybeans with Different Seed Protein Concentration 1

Physiological studies of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genotypes with wide differences in seed protein concentration may permit detection of important yield-related processes. Crop growth analyses were performed in 1977 and 1980, at Gainesville, FL, on seven and eight near homozygouds eterminates oybean genotypes, respectively. In 1977, the relationships between yield, seed protein concentration, and the visual length of seed filling were also studied in 23 genotypes. The purpose of this work was to characterize N partitioning and dry matter allocation to seed, and their association with yield and other characteristics. Soybean genotypes with a range in seed protein concentration of approximately 0.38 to 0.50 kg/kg were used. Nitrogen partitioning to seeds was estimated as the change in Harvest Nitrogen Index (HNI), the ratio of seed N weight shoot N weight (disregarding fallen leaves) with time, from beginning linear seed growth until maturity. Nitrogen partitioning in high seed protein genotypes was positively associated with their higher seed N demanda nd faster or earlier vegetative N depletion. In both years, Harvest Index (HI) estimated as the ratio of seed dry weight to shoot dry weight (disregarding fallen leaves) increased linearly with lime in all genotypes from the beginning of linear seed growth until maturity (R8). The Dry Matter Allocation Coefficient (DMAC), an estimate of the rate of dry matter allocation to seed, is defined as the derivative of HI with respect to time, during the linear phase of HI increase. Thus, DMAC is a constant for each genotype-environment combination. Dry Matter Allocation Coefficient exhibited less variability than Seed GrowthR ate estimated on a land area basis (CV = 6.8 vs. 21.8%). In both years, DMAwCa s positively associated with seed protein conten~ and faster vegetative dry weight decline during seed filling, and negatively associated with seedfilling duration, and yield. Yield was positively associated with seed-filling duration (RS-R7), and negatively associated with seed protein concentration. Thus, in general, high seed protein genotypes exhibited faster N partitioning and dry matter allocation into seeds, shorter seed-filling duration, and lower yield.