Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local Growth of Graphene by Ion Implantation of Carbon in a Nickel Thin Film followed by Rapid Thermal Annealing

Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar material that has a twodimensional hexagonal lattice with a sp2 hybridized carbon bond network. Due to its outstanding electrical properties, such as its high carrier mobility, 1–4 graphene has garnered great attention as a candidate material for future electronic devices. However, the synthesis of high-quality, wafer-scale graphene remains one of the principal challenges in the realization of graphene-based electronics. Among the various graphene synthesis methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods on catalytic metals such as polycrystalline thin film nickel or copper show feasibility for large-scale fabrication with acceptable levels of quality. 5–12 As graphene is a mono-atomic layer material, however, control of the thickness uniformity and reproducibility of the CVD process are very challenging, as the growth of graphene using CVD is sensitive to such factors as the chamber size, gas flow rate, decomposition rate of the hydrocarbon, and process history of the chamber. Such problems originate from the use of hydrocarbon gas as a carbon source, which makes it difficult to control the amount of carbon atoms exposed to the catalytic metal surface. From this point of view, various attempts to synthesize graphene layers, including the use of solid carbon sources 13–15 or amorphous carbon, 16 as well as the implantation of carbon ions 17, 18 have been introduced. Among these methods, carbon ion implantation has strong potential for electronic device application because the ion implantation process is the most precise, reliable, and reproducible processing technique currently being used in commercial semiconductor chip fabrication. However, the detailed synthesis mechanism and process dependency of graphene growth by carbon ion implantation have not been well studied. In this work, graphene growth on nickel film using carbon ion implantation and subsequent annealing is investigated, focusing on the dependence of the process conditions for the graphene growth, including annealing condition, implantation dose, and gas ambient. Experimental
Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Lidocaine in Urine by End-column Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemiluminescence Detection

Tramadol and lidocaine, used as analgesic and local anesthetic in surgery, are partly excreted by kidney. For the first time, we developed a simple and sensitive method, based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection by end column mode without joint to monitor tramadol and lidocaine in urine. To eliminate the influence of ionic strength of urine sample, analytes were extracted by ether. Tripropylamine (TPA) was used as internal standard. ne recoveries of tramadol and lidocaine were between 94% and 97% at different levels. The method exhibited the linear range for the tramadol and lidocaine from 1.0 X 10(-7) to 1.0 X 10(-4) mol/L with correlation efficient of 0.998. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.9% and 2.7% (n = 8) for tramadol and lidocaine, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 6.0 x 10(-8) mol/L and 4.5 x 10(-8), mol/L (S/N = 3) for tramadol and lidocaine, respectively. The application for detecting tramadol and lidocaine in urine of patients showed that the method was valuable in clinical and biochemical laboratories for detecting tramadol, lidocaine and other tertiary amine pharmaceuticals for various purpose, such as metabolism investigation.
Eficiência relativa de fertilizantes fosfatados no crescimento inicial de eucalipto cultivado em solos do cerrado

The objective of this study was to assess the relative efficiency of single superphosphate (SS), partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) and fused magnesium thermal phosphate (MTP) as sources of P and other nutrients for eucalypt plantations in two soils of the cerrado region: an alic quartz-sand (50 g kg-1 of clay) and an alic dark-red latosol (230 g kg-1 of clay). Experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions at the University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1993. Sub-samples of quartz-sand received 0, 75, 150 and 300 mg kg-1 of P in the soil, and dark-red latosol, 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 of P in the soil. The P doses were estimated on the basis of the solubility of the fertilizers SS and PARP in ammonium citrate, and MTP in 20 g L-1 citric acid. Eucalyptus grandis seedlings were grown, individually, in pots containing 5 kg of soil, for 90 days after emergence. Parallel to the greenhouse experiment, soil sub-samples of each treatment, 2 kg weight, were incubated in plastic bags for periods of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. At the end of each incubation period, they were sampled and analysed. The relative efficiency indexes between the fertilizers indicated that MTP was superior 64% to SS and 57% to PARP, in the quartz-sand. In the dark-red latosol, SS was superior 55% to MTP and 34% to PARP. The MTP was the P source that induced the higher increase in the soil fertility level, with a significant pH increase, reduction of Al concentration and increase in Ca and Mg concentration. The increasing yield of the eucalypt seedlings was highly correlated to P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn uptake. MTP provided the highest uptake of these nutrients in quartz-sand and the lowest uptake of P, Ca and Zn in dark-red latosol. The distinct growing responses to the fertilizers, particularly to MTP and to SS, in both soils, were largely due to secondary effects of the P sources on the soil fertility.
Avaliação físico-química e aplicação de modelos matemáticos na predição do comportamento de polpas de manga desidratadas em pó

Mango is a very popular tropical fruit and well appreciated in the culinary and food of the Brazilian population because of its exotic characteristics and nutritional value. This study aimed to analyze the hygroscopic behavior of mango powder from the varieties 'Rosa' and 'Tommy Atkins' using sorption isotherms. We also evaluated physico-chemical and mineral characteristics in both powder and fresh fruit. Results of physical-chemical and mineral analysis for fresh fruit and powder samples showed that the varieties Rosa and Tommy Atkins are statistically similar for most parameters, however, we can consider that variety 'Rosa' had better nutritional value than variety 'Tommy Atkins', as it shows higher levels of vitamin C and carotenoids. The models GAB and Oswin gave the best fit of sorption isotherms for the mango powder, except for variety 'Rosa'. Results also showed that in environments with high water activity (above 0.70), powder of varieties 'Rosa' and 'Tommy Atkins' had a more hygroscopic behavior.
High-field transport in a graphene nanolayer

High-field electron transport properties in a two-dimensional nanolayer are studied by an application of the anisotropic nonequilibrium distribution function, a natural extension of the Fermi-Dirac distribution by inclusion of energy gained/absorbed in a mean free path (mfp). The drift velocity for conical band structure of graphene is shown to rise linearly with the electric field in a low electric field that is below the critical electric field. The critical electric field, equal to thermal voltage divided by the mfp, marks the transition from ohmic linear transport to saturated behavior in a high electric field. As field rises beyond its critical value, the drift velocity is sublinear resulting in ultimate saturation; the ultimate saturation velocity is comparable to the Fermi velocity in graphene. The quantum emission is found not to affect the mobility, but is efficient in lowering the saturation velocity. Excellent agreement is obtained with the experimental data for graphene on silicon dioxide substrate.
The Formation of Model Lignin-Carbohydrate Compounds in Aqueous Solution

p-Hydroxybenzylether als Modellverbindungen für Lignin-Kohlenhydrat-Komplexe wurden gebildet, wenn neutrale wässerige Lösungen von Vanillylalkohol und Polyolen oder Zucker gemischt und dann stehen gelassen werden. Die C NMR-Spektren der gebildeten Produkte zeigen, daß Etherbildung bei jeder OH-Gruppe der Kohlenhydrate eintreten kann, obgleich die Etherbildung vorzugsweise bei primären OH-Gruppen zu 5-0oder 6-0-Benzylethern führt.
Heat‐moisture Treatments of Cowpea Flour and Their Effects on Phytase Inactivation

een 70 and 95 °C were 33.3, 37.9, and 43.4 kJ/mol at 10%, 25%, and 35% moistur e 33.3, 37.9, and 43.4 kJ/mol at 10%, 25%, and 35% moistur e 33.3, 37.9, and 43.4 kJ/mol at 10%, 25%, and 35% moistur e 33.3, 37.9, and 43.4 kJ/mol at 10%, 25%, and 35% moistur e 33.3, 37.9, and 43.4 kJ/mol at 10%, 25%, and 35% moisture, respectiv espectiv espectiv espectiv espectively. The kinetic The kinetic The kinetic The kinetic The kinetic models gener models gener models gener models gener models generated w ated w ated w ated w ated were successfully used to pr e successfully used to pr e successfully used to pr e successfully used to pr e successfully used to predict phytase activity in co edict phytase activity in co edict phytase activity in co edict phytase activity in co edict phytase activity in cowpea flour wpea flour wpea flour wpea flour wpea flour. actional conv actional conv actional conv actional conversion
LAMELLAR DIBLOCK COPOLYMER GRAIN-BOUNDARY MORPHOLOGY .1. TWIST BOUNDARY CHARACTERIZATION

Grain boundary morphologies in poly(styrene-b-butadiene) lamellar diblock copolymers were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of twist grain boundaries were observed in which microphase separation of the two blocks was maintained in the grain boundary region by intermaterial dividing surfaces that approximate classically known minimal surfaces. The geometry of these interfaces was demonstrated by comparing experimental TEM images with ray tracing computer simulations of the model surfaces as the projection direction was systematically varied in both the experimental and simulated images. The two morphologies observed were found to have intermaterial dividing surfaces that approximate either Scherk's first (doubly periodic) surface or a section of the right helicoid. The helicoid section boundary was observed at low twist angles, less than or equal to about 15. The Scherk surface family of boundary morphologies, which consists of a doubly periodic array of saddle surfaces, was found over the entire twist range from 0 to 90[degree]. As the twist angle approaches 0[degree] the Scherk surface grain boundary morphology is transformed into a single screw dislocation that has an intermaterial dividing surface with the geometry of a single helicoid. Direct TEM imaging of the detailed core structure of this screw dislocation is presented.more » These images demonstrate that in the lamellar diblock copolymer the screw dislocation core is nonsingular. This nonsingular core structure represents a radical departure from the singular core structures observed in classical studies of dislocations in atomic crystals. « less
Isolation and Characterization of a Guaiacyl Lignin from Saponified Cork of Quercus suber L.

Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. has been submitted to depolymerisation by sodium methoxide in methanol (transesterification) from which a saponified cork (CORK sap ) in a yield of 34.4% was obtained. From CORK sap a milled cork lignin (MCL sap ), an ether soluble part, and a lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC sap ) were isolated, with the respective yields of 11.9%, 0.54%, and 0.79% (based on CORK sap , corresponding to 4.1%, 0.19% and 0.27% based on original cork). The isolates were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-FID), elemental analysis, OMe determination, molecular weight determination, and acid hydrolysis followed by monomeric sugar analysis. The elimination of aliphatic suberinic acids of cork before MCL isolation was helpful to obtain a pure sample. MCL sap was essentially free of suberinic acids and its carbohydrate content was around 5%. It was demonstrated for the first time that milled cork lignin belongs to a guaiacyl-type lignin which is very similar to spruce lignin containing up to 98% guaiacyl units, 1% 4-hydroxy-phenylpropane units, and approx. 1-2% syringyl units. The total hydrolysis of LCC sap followed by sugar analysis yielded 8.3 % arabinose and 0.7% xylose.
HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS

▪ Abstract Hydrogen strongly affects the properties of electronic materials. Interstitial monatomic hydrogen is always electrically active and usually counteracts the prevailing conductivity of the semiconductor. In some materials, however, hydrogen acts as a source of doping. We describe the mechanisms that govern interactions between hydrogen and semiconductors, including monatomic hydrogen, hydrogen molecules, and hydrogen-related complexes. We also discuss the behavior of hydrogen on the surface and its role in the growth process. The fundamental principles are illustrated with practical examples, many of them for the technologically relevant case of gallium nitride.
Treatability Study on Membrane Concentrate Containing Pesticides Using Advanced Oxidation Processes

This treatability study evaluated the overall effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat membrane concentrates containing the pesticides bromoxynil and trifluralin. The results of study indicate that high levels of pesticide degradation were achieved using ozone (O3) plus hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for all concentrate matrices. However, the toxicity of the samples during the O3/H2O2 process was higher than that obtained during ultraviolet (UV) light combined with H2O2. Low levels of pesticide oxidation were observed in experiments using a mixture of pesticides during all treatment options.
Geochemical Controls on Microbial Nitrate-Dependent U(IV) Oxidation

After reductive immobilization of uranium, the element may be oxidized and remobilized in the presence of nitrate by the activity of dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacteria. We examined controls on microbially mediated nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation in landfill leachate-impacted subsurface sediments. Nitrate-dependent U(IV)-oxidizing bacteria were at least two orders of magnitude less numerous in these sediments than glucose- or Fe(II)-oxidizing nitrate-reducing bacteria and grew more slowly than the latter organisms, suggesting that U(IV) is ultimately oxidized by Fe(III) produced by nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria or by oxidation of Fe(II) by nitrite that accumulates during organotrophic dissimilatory nitrate reduction. We examined the effect of nitrate and reductant concentration on nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation in sediment incubations and used the initial reductive capacity (RDC = [reducing equivalents] - [oxidizing equivalents]) of the incubations as a unified measurement of the nitrate or reductant concentration. When we lowered the RDC with progressively higher nitrate concentrations, we observed a corresponding increase in the extent of U(IV) oxidation, but did not observe this relationship between RDC and U(IV) oxidation rate, especially when RDC > 0, suggesting that nitrate concentration strongly controls the extent, but not the rate of nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation. On the other hand, when we raised the RDC in sediment incubations with progressively higher reductant (acetate, sulfide, soluble Fe(II), or FeS) concentrations, we observed progressively lower extents and rates of nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation. Acetate was a relatively poor inhibitor of nitrate-dependent U(IV) oxidation, while Fe(II) was the most effective inhibitor. Based on these results, we propose that it may be possible to predict the stability of U(IV) in a bioremediated aquifer based on the geochemical characteristics of that aquifer.
Defect chemistry of ceria nanorods

Ceria nanorods were investigated using in situ Raman and FTIR spectroscopies for CO adsorption and subsequent reaction with water at 200 and 350 °C. The involvement of defects in ceria nanorods during CO adsorption and reaction with H2O is dependent on the temperature. At 200 °C, most of the carbonate and formate species formed in CO do not involve the formation of defects, while at 350 °C all of the carbonates and formates formed can be correlated to the formation of defects (15% by formates and 85% by mono/bidentate carbonates). Finally, at 350 °C very stable polydentate carbonates are formed that do not induce defects and cannot be regenerated with water.
Selenium Sources in the Diet of Dairy Cows and Their Effects on Milk Production and Quality, on Udder Health and on Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress

Twenty-four dairy cows, with daily average milk production of 18.1 kg, were fed diets containing different selenium (Se) sources. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of such diets on milk production and quality, on the occurrence of mastitis, and on physiological variables. During the experimental period (124 days), all the cows received the same diet: a total mixed feed with 0.278 mg.kg-1 DM of selenium. In the inorganic Se treatment, the selenium source was sodium selenite and in the organic Se treatment the source was selenium yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060). There were no significant differences in milk yield or in Se concentration in the milk. No significant differences between the treatments were observed in protein, lactose, solids-not-fat andpercentage of total solids. The animals subjected to the organic Se treatment presented higher (P=0.013) percentage of milk fat and lower (P=0.014) somatic cell count (SCC) than those subjected to the inorganic Se treatment. There was no significant difference in subclinical mastitisas determined by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) between the treatments. However, both Se sources reduced the incidence of mastitis (subclinical positive mastitis and strongly positive mastitis) between the pre-experimental and experimental phases. There was no significant difference in rectal temperature (RT) between the treatments. Respiratory frequency (RF) was lower (P=0.027) in the inorganic treatment than in the organic one, whereas haircoat temperature (HT) was lower (P=0.007) in the organic treatment than in the inorganic one.
Phenomenological theory of equilibrium thermodynamic properties and phase separation of micellar solutions

A detailed description and generalization of a recently developed theory, which provides analytic representations of the distribution of micellar species and the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of amphiphile–water solutions that exhibit phase separation and critical phenomena, is presented. We propose a form for the structure of the Gibbs free energy which accurately describes the essential physical factors responsible for micellization and phase separation. These are: the free‐energy advantage associated with the formation of individual micellar species,the entropy of mixing of the extended micelles and the water molecules, and the free energy of interaction between each member of the micellar size distribution. By applying to this Gibbs free energy the conditions of multiple chemical equilibrium and thermodynamic stability, all the relevant statistical and thermodynamic equilibrium properties of the micellar solution can be calculated. These properties include the location of the critical concentra.
Numerical Study on High-Speed Impact Between a Water Droplet and a Deformable Solid Surface

In this study an axisymmetric model is set up to study the impact of a spherical water droplet with a planar deformable solid surface using the Lagrange-Euler coupling method which is based on a penalty formulation. The diameter and velocity of the droplet are 0.4 mm and 500 m/s respectively, while the solid is a kind of steam turbine blade material. The generated pressure distribution in the droplet and its variation with time, the formation of lateral jet, the deformation and stress distribution in the solid are obtained and investigated. It is shown that the compressibility of the droplet and the solid plays a significant role during the impact. The water-hammer pressure and the maximum contact edge pressure are calculated and in good agreement with the existing theoretical predictions. The calculated contact radius for shock departure is larger than that of the conventional theoretical prediction, which is analyzed and attributable to the radial motion of the liquid in the compressed region. The formation of the high-speed lateral jet is calculated and the time for the observable jetting is much later than that of the shock departure. This delay is discussed and the reason needs more research. The pressure of the contact edge region remains highest even after a considerable time of shock departure and lateral jetting. In the mean time, a saucer-shaped depression is generated in the center of the impact. The stress waves in solid move faster even before shock departure in the liquid. This causes disturbance of the solid surface before the high-speed lateral jetting and provides site for the scouring action of it, and subsequently may cause material damage and erosion.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Mineral Composition in Corchorus depressus at Heterogeneous Environmental Conditions and Their Relationships with Bottom‐Up, Top‐Down, and Plant Metabolite Factors

Advanced technological inputs may enable profitable crop production but the agro‐ecological potential of a locality can only be maximized by a reorganization of ecological principles for special production. Selection of most suitable types, addition of water supply, and provision for adequate soil fertility are most easily optimized and utilized for improvement of plants' potential. In the work presented here, there is variation in potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc contents in the different compartments of Corchorus depressus under the heterogeneous environmental conditions of Indian Thar desert. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to synthesize the relationship and future lines of study with the help of plant biomass and community dynamics (bottom‐up factor), soil parameters (top‐down factors) and plant metabolites. The potassium, calcium, and iron were positively related with each other, but these elements inhibited the concentration of steroidal sapogenin and phenol at significant levels. Changes in soil nitrogen and soil phosphorus, however, favor these metabolites directly and alkaloid contents indirectly.
Deposition of Inhaled Ultrafine Aerosols in Replicas of Nasal Airways of Infants

Experimentally measured deposition of ultrafine particles, ranging from 13–100 nm in diameter, in nasal airway replicas of ten infants aged 3–18 months is presented. The replicas included the face, nostrils, and nasal airways including the upper trachea. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a condensation particle counter (CPC) were used to quantify the nasal deposition by comparing the number of polydisperse sodium chloride particles, generated by evaporation from a Collison atomizer, at the inlet and outlet of the replicas. Particles were individually classified in size by DMA and subsequently were counted one size bin at a time by CPC upstream and downstream of each replica. Since in vivo data is not available for infants to compare to, we validated our experimental procedure instead by comparing deposition in nasal airway replicas of six adults with in vivo measurements reported in literature. In the infant replicas, tidal inhalation was simulated at two physiologically compatible flow rates and the effect of flow rate on deposition was found to be small. Deposition obtained at constant flow rates is lower than with tidal breathing, indicating the importance of unsteadiness, in contrast to similar data in adults where unsteadiness is known to be unimportant. An empirical equation, containing geometrical features of the nasal airways in the form of related non-dimensional dynamical parameters (Reynolds, Schmidt, and Womersley numbers), was best fitted to the infant data. This equation may be useful for a priori prediction of nasal deposition and intersubject variability during exposure of infants to ultrafine aerosols.