Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A template for defining a causal relationship between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement

I n 1997 tht. Hesearch Conimitfce of the Perinatal Society of Australia and New aaland competitively fundcrl i t spc.ciul initiative to briny together the modturn litcratum on the causation of cerebral palsy, and t o t ry to define an objective template of evidence to Ix.1rc. r icientify cases of cerebral palsy where the neur(Jpafho10gy began or became established around labour and birth. There have recently been many advances in a wide variety of scientific areas associated with cerebral palsy and thus this multidisciplinary review may benefit research into the causation and prevention of cerebral palsy and may also help those who offer expert opinion when counselling in this area or give such opinion in court. The corresponding Task Force was open to anyone who could make a scientific contribution to understanding in this area. The Task Force had representation from a wide range of clinical and scientific specialties. Submissions were sought from the Society’s lo00 membership which incIudes scientists, pathologists, obstetricians, neonatologists, midwives, neonatal nurses and epidemiologists. International contributions were sought from those identified from the current literature as contributing to this area through peer reviewed research. They were not preselected for their views and they were invited to join the corresponding Task Force. Some international members joined later in the discussion process as word of this open debate reached them. During 1997 and 1998 multiple on-line electronic conferences were held and in March 19! % many of the Task Force members were able to participate in a workshop in Alice Springs, Australia, to discuss the fourth draft of the statement. Drafts of the statement were circulated and debated with the sixth draft being discussed at an international telephone conference in October 1998. The paper continued to be redrafted eight times until consensus was reached. No opinion was excluded from the debate but the statement only includes discussion that has a reasonable scientific basis and can be referenced. All members agree that updated reports will be required within a few years when further information is published. It is hoped that other international researchers in this area will offer to assist in Future statements. The fiial draft of the stateSupporters of the Concensus Statement
FLT3 Length Mutations as Marker for Follow-Up Studies in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Length mutations within the FLT3 gene (FLT3-LM) can be found in 23% of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and thus are the most frequent mutations in AML. FLT3-LM are highly correlated with AML with normal karyotype and other cytogenetic aberrations of the prognostically intermediate group. This group is supposed to be a mixed group of AML with differences in the underlying pathogenesis. For more individualized treatment options it would be helpful to better characterize this large AML group not only by molecular mutations but also use these markers for the definition of minimal residual disease (MRD). However, so far the cytogenetically intermediate AML has been lacking suitable markers for PCR-based MRD detection like the fusion genes in the prognostically favourable subgroups. The suitability of the FLT3-LM as a target for PCR-based MRD was discussed controversially as it seemed to be a rather unstable marker. Thus, we aimed at the evaluation of FLT3-LM as a marker for residual disease in a large cohort of AML. Paired samples of 97 patients with AML at diagnosis and at relapse were analyzed. It could be shown that in only four cases a loss of the length mutation was detected. This is in the range of other well-characterized AML relapsing with a different geno- and/or phenotype. In contrast, a change in the ratio of the mutated allele in comparison to the wild-type allele was frequently observed. In detail, the FLT3-LM showed a tendency to accumulate during disease progression and was found more frequently at relapse than at diagnosis. In addition, 45 patients were analyzed at different time points during and after therapy. Using conventional PCR it clearly could be shown that for most of the patients positive at presentation FLT3-LM is a reliable PCR marker for monitoring treatment response. Even an early detection of relapse was possible in some cases.
Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward

This paper assesses the achievements and limitations of commodity chain research as it has evolved over the last decade. The primary objectives are two-fold. First, I highlight an important but generally unacknowledged break between the original world-systems-inspired tradition of commodity chain research and two subsequent chain approaches, the global commodity chain (GCC) and global value chain (GVC) frameworks. Second, I argue that contra the macro and holistic perspective of the world-systems approach, much of the recent chains literature, and particularly the more economistic GVC variant, is increasingly oriented in its analytical approach towards the meso level of sectoral logics and the micro level objective of industrial upgrading. I conclude that closer attention to the larger institutional and structural environments in which commodity chains are embedded is needed in order to more fully inform our understanding of the uneven social and developmental dynamics of contemporary capitalism at the global-local nexus.
Impact of Residual Hardmask Wires on the Performance of Film-Profile-Engineered ZnO Thin-Film Transistors With Discrete Bottom Gates

Root cause for the anomalous degradation in the ON-current of film-profile-engineered ZnO thin-film transistors with discrete bottom gates, a new scheme proposed in our previous work, is investigated. Our findings indicate that the deposited source/drain (S/D) metal contact pads are disconnected owing to two TiN wires hung over the S/D regions, which are unintentionally formed during the fabrication of devices. The disconnected S/D metal contacts cause an increase in the S/D series resistance, and thus, the ON-current is degraded. Several ways for addressing this issue are proposed in this letter, including the simple thinning of gate electrode. As the undesirable TiN wires are eliminated, the devices demonstrate enhanced field-effect mobility and uniformity in performance.
Seasonal and geographical distribution of near‐surface small photosynthetic eukaryotes in the western North Pacific determined by pyrosequencing of 18S rDNA

&NA; In this study, we investigated the distribution of small photosynthetic eukaryotes in the near‐surface layer of the western North Pacific at four stations, including two oceanic stations where the subarctic Oyashio and subtropical Kuroshio currents influence a transition region and the bay mouth and head of the Sendai Bay, from April 2012 to May 2013. Flow cytometry was applied to sort small photosynthetic eukaryotes (<5 μm), and high‐throughput sequencing of 18S rDNA was performed. Our taxonomic analysis showed that 19/195 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were frequently distributed among all sites. Composition analysis showed that the OTUs had characteristic patterns and were divided into four main groups. Two groups reflected the low‐saline water and winter season, with the characteristic OTUs belonging to diatoms; Chaetoceros and Leptocylindrus were characteristic of low saline water, and two diatom genera (Minidiscus and Minutocellus) and Cryptomonadales‐related OTUs were prevalent in the winter. Our results indicate that the community composition of small photosynthetic eukaryotes seasonally changes in a dynamic manner according to variations in water properties.
Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia canis in dogs on Costa Rica

Although vector-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs in tropical areas, there is little information on these conditions in Costa Rica. In PCRs of blood from dogs in Costa Rica, we did not detect DNAs of Rickettsia (R.) felis and Coxiella (C.) burnetii but we did find evidence of infection with Dirofilaria (D.) immitis (9/40, 22.5%), Hepatozoon (H.) canis (15/40, 37.5%), Babesia spp. (10/40, 25%; 2 with B. gibsoni and 8 with B. vogeli), Anaplasma (A.) platys (3/40, 7.5%) and Ehrlichia (E.) canis (20/40, 50%). Nine dogs (22.5%) were free of any vector-borne pathogens while 14 (35%) were infected with a single pathogen, 11 (27.5%) with two, 4 (10%) with three, 1 (2.5%) with four, and 1 (2.5%) with five pathogens. Dogs in Costa Rica are commonly infected with vector-borne agents.
Modulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Tyrosine Phosphorylation by an Akt/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway*

Serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) has been implicated as a negative regulator of insulin signaling. Prior studies have indicated that this negative regulation by protein kinase C involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of serine 612 in IRS-1. In the present studies, the negative regulation by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was compared with that induced by endothelin-1, an activator of protein kinase C. In contrast to endothelin-1, the inhibitory effects of PDGF did not require mitogen-activated protein kinase or the phosphorylation of serine 612. Instead, three other serines in the phosphorylation domain of IRS-1 (serines 632, 662, and 731) were required for the negative regulation by PDGF. In addition, the PDGF-activated serine/threonine kinase called Akt was found to inhibit insulin signaling. Moreover, this inhibition required the same IRS-1 serine residues as the inhibition by PDGF. Finally, the negative regulatory effects of PDGF and Akt were inhibited by rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), one of the downstream targets of Akt. These studies implicate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt kinase cascade as an additional negative regulatory pathway for the insulin signaling cascade.
Importance Sampling of Many Lights with Adaptive Tree Splitting

We present a technique to importance sample large collections of lights (including mesh lights as collections of small emitters) in the context of Monte-Carlo path tracing. A bounding volume hierarchy over all emitters is traversed at each shading point using a single random number in a way that importance samples their predicted contribution. The tree aggregates energy, spatial and orientation information from the emitters to enable accurate prediction of the effect of a cluster of lights on any given shading point. We further improve the performance of the algorithm by forcing splitting until the importance of a cluster is sufficiently representative of its contents.
Factors affecting serum total cholesterol level of lactating Holstein cows.

Several factors affecting serum total cholesterol level of lactating Holstein cows were statistically evaluated. One thousand and sixty-three lactating Holstein cows were examined in a period from July, 1982 to April, 1983. Data from each cow were classified according to farms, number of calvings, health condition, daily milk yield and lactation day. Serum total cholesterol was significantly influenced by all these factors, especially daily milk yield and lactation day. However, no significant difference in total cholesterol level was observed between the summer and winter periods when other factors such as the number of calvings, health condition and lactation day were excluded.
Immunological Function in Mice Lacking the Rac-Related GTPase RhoG

ABSTRACT RhoG is a low-molecular-weight GTPase highly expressed in lymphocytes that activates gene transcription and promotes cytoskeletal reorganization in vitro. To study the in vivo function of RhoG, we generated mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the RhoG gene. Despite the absence of RhoG, the development of B and T lymphocytes was unaffected. However, there was an increase in the level of serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2b as well as a mild increase of the humoral immune response to thymus-dependent antigens. In addition, B- and T-cell proliferation in response to antigen receptor cross-linking was slightly increased. Although RhoG deficiency produces a mild phenotype, our experiments suggest that RhoG may contribute to the negative regulation of immune responses. The lack of a strong phenotype could indicate a functional redundancy of RhoG with other Rac proteins in lymphocytes.
Freeze substitution of high‐pressure frozen samples: the visibility of biological membranes is improved when the substitution medium contains water

Biological membranes are often poorly visible with the electron microscope after high‐pressure freezing and freeze‐substitution. The water content of the sample and of the substitution medium is one factor among others that strongly influences membrane visibility. In order to investigate this effect, high‐pressure frozen yeast cells, rat‐pancreas tissue and arthropod tissue were freeze‐substituted with and without adding water to the substitution medium. The visibility of the biological membranes was generally improved if the substitution medium contained 1–5% water. The effect was especially pronounced in yeast cells, where membrane visibility was poor after freeze‐substitution with water‐free medium but good after addition of 5% water to the substitution medium.
Bank Financing of Smes in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries: The Role of Competition, Innovation, and the Government

This paper provides an overview of the state of access to bank financing for SMEs in five Sub-Saharan African countries and analyzes the drivers behind banks' involvement with SMEs. The paper builds on data collected through five in-depth studies in Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania between 2010 and 2012. The paper shows that the share of SME lending in the overall loan portfolios of banks varies between 5 and 20 percent. Reasons for this finding vary, but key contributing factors are the structure and size of the economy and the extent of Government borrowing, the degree of innovation mainly as introduced by foreign entrants to financial sectors, and the state of the financial sector infrastructure and enabling environment.
Desirable Airfoil Characteristics for Large Variable-Speed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

In an effort to define the desirable airfoil characteristics for large variable-speed wind turbines, a systematic study was performed using a series of airfoils designed to have similar aerodynamic properties, except for the amount of lift, which varied over a wide range. For several airfoil combinations, blade shapes were designed for a 750-kW wind turbine with a 48.8-m diameter rotor using the optimization code PROPGA together with PROPID, which is an inverse design method for horizontal-axis wind turbines. Roughness effects, including the consideration of dirty-blade performance in the blade-shape optimization process, were also considered and are discussed. The results and conclusions reveal practical design implications that should aid in the aerodynamic blade design of not only large but also other sizes of variable-speed wind turbines.
There is more to being a doctor than having a large wallet.

The Malawi College of Medicine, within the University of Malawi federal system of colleges, continues to be the only medical school in this southeastern African country. The medical school, with campuses at 3 sites – at the Mahatma Gandhi Road Campus, the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, and Mangochi – is not sufficient to produce all the medical doctors that the country needs. The country does not have another medical school, largely due to inadequate resources. Of course, we can ask whether and when resources can ever be adequate. However, in this case it would be better to say that resources are not well distributed due to competing demands on the government purse.
Joint Signal Processing in Femtocell Based Distributed Antenna Systems in High Buildings

In wireless systems, coverage and capacity is a major challenge especially in high buildings. The system performance is impaired by cochannel interference created due to the need to reuse the limited available spectrum in nearby floors. Each base station (BS) does not only receives signals from the desired user but also from cochannel interferers in the neighbouring floors, thereby limiting the coverage and capacity of the indoor networks. Joint processing of the received signal among cochannel receivers has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its enormous benefits from an interference cancellation point of view. This paper proposes and investigates the uplink of a femtocell based distributed antenna systems (DAS) in high buildings where remote antenna units deployed (RAU) on each floor of the building are connected to femto BS. The femto BSs can cooperate through joint signal processing for all femtocells in order to estimate the received signal, reduce cochannel interference introduced by frequency reuse among the femtocells and maintain high spectral efficiency. Investigation and numerical results show remarkable gains especially when interference cancellation is employed at each cooperative femto BS, resulting in large capacity increase when compared with the traditional system with no interference cancellation technique.
The Honors College College Premiums and the Economic Value of an Undergraduate Degree

This thesis analyzes the difference in income between college and high school graduates—referred to as the “college premium”— between 1971 and 2014. Data from the Current Population Survey are used to investigate trends, demographic factors, and several determinants of college premiums. The results presented here indicate that premiums, after falling for the first half of the 1970s, increased dramatically over the remainder of the period under study. In addition, premiums differed significantly among certain demographic groups. Special consideration is given to the impact of selection bias and the popularity of different fields of study, in order to show that the economic value of a college degree increased with college premiums.
Ultrahigh birefringent index guiding photonic crystal fibers

A novel index guiding photonic crystal fiber made of pure silica is proposed which yields very high birefringence (∼3.474×10−2) over the 1.55 µm wavelength band and higher at longer wavelengths. Employing finite element method, optical properties such as chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, confinement loss, nonlinearity etc. are calculated and the effects of variation of fiber parameters on them are analyzed. A strategy for trade-off between confinement loss and chromatic dispersion without affecting the birefringence is demonstrated. The proposed fiber is likely to find important applications in coherent optical communication systems and sensing applications.
Co-Precipitation Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide Particles Doped with Cu 2+ Ions

Nanocrystalline Cu-doped ZnO particles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The composition, structural, optical and magnetic characterizations were performed by energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, UV-Visible spectrometer, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The results confirmed that nanocrystalline Cu-doped ZnO particles have a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a high degree of crystallization and a crystallite size of 10 - 16 nm. For Cu above 11 at%, the X-Ray diffraction pattern possessed CuO secondary phase which shows the solubility limit of Cu in the ZnO lattice. Up to 11% at Cu, the presence of Cu in the ZnO lattice as Zn substitution indicated by an in- crease in lattice parameter values. Nanoparticles showed weak ferromagnetic characteristics at room temperature. The absence of secondary phase related to magnetic precipitate shown intrinsic ferromagnetic behaviour.
Making Decisions in the Oil and Gas Industry

Oilfield Review For help in preparation of this article, thanks to Joe Fay, Austin, Texas, USA; Kent Burkholder and Alexander Lythell, London, England; Paige McCown, Houston, Texas; Pat Parry, Centrica, Slough, Berkshire, England; Kenneth Ricard, Aker Maritime, Houston, Texas; and Laurence Wickens, AEA Technology, Didcot, Oxfordshire, England. Decision Tree and Peep are marks of Schlumberger. DPS-2000 is a mark of Aker. Excel is a mark of Microsoft Corporation. Decisions in the oil and gas industry determine the direction and course of billions of dollars every year. The complexity of a decision can range from simple and Shakespearean—to drill or not to drill—to elaborate. Some of the more monumental decisions determine the maximum bid for a lease, the best development process for a given asset, the drilling priority of a company’s exploration opportunities, the timing of increasing facility capacity, or whether to sign a longor short-term supply contract. While simpler problems may be analyzed with a few quick calculations, reaching more complicated decisions can take a company months or years of preparation. For example, one of the dilemmas challenging E&P companies today is how to develop deepwater prospects. Sometimes subsea development is best; sometimes a tethered floating structure is the solution. Typically, oil companies spend 12 to 18 months in the decision cycle—gathering information, analyzing data and modeling risk and uncertainty— before selecting a production system. Streamlining this process may increase profit by shortening the time to first production. Ellen Coopersmith Decision Frameworks Houston, Texas, USA
Aalborg Universitet Control System interaction in the VSC-HVDC Grid Connected Offshore Wind Power

SUMMARY Conventional offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are due to the combination of the extensive sub-marine cabling and possible low available short-circuit power at the point of common connection (PCC) susceptible to the harmonic instability phenomena. The instability is caused by the resonances in the electrical system which is generally located within the wind turbine generator (WTG) controller bandwidth. Some of the negative impact of the existence of harmonic instability include (but not limited to) accelerated component ageing due to increased thermal stresses and loss of power production before the source of the instability has been identified and mitigation methods have been designed and implemented. This procedure is not straightforward and can have a long lead time. The harmonic instability can have severe economic consequences for the OWPP owner due to the large investment. Harmonic stability or converter interaction studies have therefore become an important part of the system design studies of a high voltage alternating current (HVAC) grid connected OWPP. The voltage sourced converter high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) has become a preferred choice for grid connection of remotely located OWPPs. As for the HVAC grid connected OWPPs, there is a need to conduct harmonic stability studies in the design phase of an HVDC grid connected OWPP. As the offshore electrical environment is significantly altered compared to the offshore network in an HVAC connected OWPP, there is a need to define the procedure of the stability study and its application for the HVDC grid connected OWPPs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the harmonic instability phenomena in HVDC grid connected OWPPs using both frequency and time domain simulations. A good correlation at lower frequencies between the two domains is observed. However, the frequency domain is insufficient at higher frequencies (i.e. in the vicinity of the switching frequency). A combination of the two techniques is thus recommended in the OWPP design phase. Successful application of active filtering to supress possible instabilities is illustrated. Harmonics, harmonic stability, offshore wind power plant (OWPP), voltage-source converter (VSC), high voltage direct current (HVDC).