Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting brain tumor in computed tomography images using Markov random fields and fuzzy C-means clustering techniques

Brain tumors, are an abnormal growth of tissues in the brain. They may arise in people of any age. They must be detected early, diagnosed accurately, monitored carefully, and treated effectively in order to optimize patient outcomes regarding both survival and quality of life. Manual segmentation of brain tumors from CT scan images is a challenging and time consuming task. Size and location accurate detection of brain tumor plays a vital role in the successful diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Brain tumor detection is considered a challenging mission in medical image processing. The aim of this paper is to introduce a scheme for tumor detection in CT scan images using two different techniques Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) and Fuzzy C-means (FCM). The proposed method has been developed in this research in order to construct hybrid method between (HMRF) and threshold. These methods have been applied on 4 different patient data sets. The result of comparison among these methods shows that the proposed method gives good results for brain tissue detection, and is more robust and effective compared with (FCM) techniques.
Text Information Extraction: in Context of Indian Languages

Text data present in images contains useful information and its extraction involves detection, localization, extraction, enhancement and recognition. However, the problem is challenging due to fact that text can have various styles, size, orientations, alignments, effect of lighting conditions. While a large number of techniques have been proposed in the past for extracting text from images and video frames for foreign languages, not much research has been carried out for Indian languages. The purpose of this paper is to review various algorithms for the problem for foreign as well as for the for the Indian languages.
ACCENTUATION OF -ORY, -IVE, AND -ION

Although Halle and Vergnaud (1987; henceforth H & V) is undoubtedly a landmark in the development of metrical theory, there remain several unsolved issues concerning the stress behavior of English in this and subsequent studies. H & V's analysis of words with the suffixes -ory and -ive, for example, is problematic in several respects, which we will discuss in section 3.3, and these problems remain unsolved in recent studies of metrical theory such as Halle and Kenstowicz (1991), Halle and Idsardi (1992), and Idsardi (1992). In this paper, we will present an alternative analysis which provides a natural account of the stress patterns of the words in question, resolving all problems found in H & V's "stress domain" analysis. In addition, we will show that this analysis satisfactorily accounts for the stress pattern of words with
Structured software fault-tolerance with BSM

This paper presents a structured way of inserting software redundancy in programs and to describe the solutions provided for programming software fault-tolerance techniques. It is based on a data-flow like programming paradigm, which is more suitable to implement fault-tolerant systems, with high levels of flexibility and performability, than conventional imperative programming paradigms. The proposed computational model, BSM describes an application in a set of atomic modules, mainly functional, which: (1) maintain the visibility of the semantic of the application, in order to take full advantage of the possibility offered by the use of assertions and predicates for early error detection, and (2) maintain a close correlation between the logical structure of the application and the physical support, to take full advantage of replication as a mechanism of redundancy. The set of modules is executed asynchronously, with a firing rule similar to that of data-flow model; the modules are atomic and do not interact or communicate with other modules during execution, but release data only at their termination. The close correlation between the semantic of the application and the module structuring also allows to scale the needed redundancy since it can be properly driven by the semantic of the application itself. <<ETX>>
THE COMPETENCE OF A MULTIPLE CONTEXT LEARNING SYSTEM

There are four ways in which a finite (and therefore realizable) robot learning system can be given beyond-finile-slutc computational power: (1) by being given “auxiliary” actions, like speech, the system achieves a beyond-finile-stale “competence”(2) by being coupled to (made “open” to) a beyond-finite-statc system, like the real world, the system attains a beyond-finite-state “performance” (3) by being limited to a finite “lifetime”, the system's finite-stale behaviour can be made indistinguishable from beyond-finite-state “competence” and “performance” and (4) by being taught the grammar of a beyond-finite-state language, the system acquires a beyond-finite-state “competence”. The “competence” and “performance” of our Multiple Context Learning System (MCLS) have been argued and demonstrated, previously, in the first three ways, even though our critics choose to ignore the record! Here, it is shown explicitly and in detail how the MCLS can learn, hold and simulate both the finite-stale controller and th.
VLT science operations: the first year

On 31 March 2000, the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) will complete the first year of science operations. During this first year, Antu (UT1) was operated with two instruments: Focal Reducer/Low Resolution Spectrograph (FORS-1) and Infrared Spectrograph and Array Camera (ISAAC). Both Visitor and Service Mode operations were successfully supported, with roughly equal time spent in each mode. On 1 April 2000, Kueyen (UT2) will begin science operations with two new instruments: UV-Visible Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) and FORS-2. The VLT science operations concept revolves around a distributed operations model. Front-end (proposal, observation, and scheduling preparation support and management) and back-end (quality control, Service Mode data distribution, and archive) operations are executed at ESO headquarters in Garching bei Munchen, Germany. Observation execution and on-line quality control are managed on-site at the Paranal Observatory, Cerro Paranal, Chile. The VLT Data Flow System provides the backbone infrastructure for VLT operations. Here we present an overview of the VLT science operations concept, a summary of the results from Year 1, and a discussion of lessons learned and where the science operations concept had to be adapted to achieve the current level of operations.
Investigating the Effect of Experience and Duration on Kinematics During 1 Hour of Sign Language Interpreting

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Upper extremity injuries pose a considerable problem to sign language interpreters. Over 1 hour of interpretation, interpreters experienced a decrease in their mean rate of wrist flexion and extension, while novices also experienced decreases about other wrist and elbow axes as well. It is suspected that interpreters were beginning to fatigue over the 1-hour duration, more so among novices, and that this increasing fatigue may be reducing their ability to “keep-up” with the interpretation. While more research is needed to measure fatigue and the quality of sign output, 1 hour of signing can induce changes in a signer's movements. In the near term, injury-prevention efforts could focus on helping interpreters (particularly novices) structure their workload to ensure they provide themselves with ample opportunities for recovery. Imposing stricter guidelines regarding the maximum length of a continuous interpretation session is one example of a practical, near-term intervention. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Sign language interpreters frequently report pain, and many develop musculoskeletal disorders. Yet, there is limited research quantifying the mechanics of signing independently or how such factors as experience or duration might influence those mechanics. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if duration (within a single session) or experience affected kinematics during a 1-hour simulated classroom interpreting session. Methods: Nine novice (<2 years of experience) and nine experienced (≥5 years of experience) sign language interpreters interpreted for a continuous 60-minute session. Kinematic measures of the left and right upper extremities were recorded and compared between groups (experience) and within participants (time). Results: Duration had a significant effect on the mean angular velocity of right wrist and elbow movements. Novices exhibited decreased velocities between the first and last 15-minute samples for all right limb velocity measures (interaction effect). However, experienced interpreters only exhibited this decrease at the right wrist about the flexion/extension axis (main effect). Additionally, the number of micro-breaks increased between the first and last 15-minute samples about the wrist flexion/extension axis in both groups (main effect) and about the right elbow flexion/extension axis only among novices (interaction effect). Conclusions: Despite anecdotal evidence suggesting that novice interpreters use a less effective signing approach, these data suggest that on the basis of kinematics, novice and experienced sign language interpreters sign using similar kinematics, at least during the initial 15 minutes of an interpreting session. However, over the course of a continuous 1-hour session, differences emerge. It is plausible that novices may be more fatigable than their experienced counterparts or that they have not yet learned strategies to slow the accumulation of fatigue while maintaining the similar signing kinematics.
Can instant messaging empower teams at work

Instant messaging (IM) has become increasingly prevalent as a communication tool of choice for social networking. However, application of IM at work remains controversial due to the inherent challenges associated with quantifying the benefits for organizations. In this study we integrate social network theory and transactive memory theory to examine IM's significance for organizations. We propose that IM has the potential to facilitate knowledge sharing by establishing relationship networks in the workplace, which sequentially enhance teamwork performance. This conceptual model is validated by 253 survey responses collected from employees of Chinese organizations. The data indicates that IM can empower teams at work via social networks and knowledge sharing. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
An Analysis of Polyphase Envelope Detection

When the ratio of the frequency of the carrier to that of the modulating signal becomes less than approximately 10:1, AM detectors become unable to detect the impressed modulation in a satisfactory manner. Distortion due to transient charging and discharging phenomena in the diode circuit during detection of wide-band AM signals has imposed limitations on channel capacity in AM and FM wide-band multiplexing systems. This paper presents and analyzes polyphase envelope detection as a suitable method of solving the problem. This technique makes it possible to detect the envelope of the impressed AM signal to any desired degree of accuracy even when the ratio of the frequency of the carrier to that of the modulating signal approaches unity. The paper shows the results of an experiment that was carried out to verify the theory.
What online machine learning can do for knowledge acquisition—a case study

Abstract This paper reports on the development of a realistic knowledge-based application using the MOBAL system. Some problems and requirements resulting from industrial-caliber tasks are formulated. A step-by-step account of the construction of a knowledge base for such a task demonstrates how the interleaved use of several learning algorithms in concert with an inference engine and a graphical interface can fulfill those requirements. Design, analysis, revision, refinement and extension of a working model are combined in one incremental process. This illustrates the balanced cooperative modelling approach. The case study is taken from the telecommunications domain and more precisely deals with security management in telecommunications networks. MOBAL would be used as part of a security management tool for acquiring, validating and refining a security policy. The modeling approach is compared with other approaches, such as KADS and stand-alone machine learning.
The colour of music: Spectral characterisation of musical sounds filtered by a cochlear model

Abstract In music research, attention is more and more focused on the main factors of sound perception: This holds in particular for the capability of discriminating music sound features, notably attacks and periodic components, both of which are believed to generate timbre sensation. In this paper it is argued that the frequency spectrum of the stationary part of instrument sounds are coded, at some stage, within the nervous system, into a small number of parameters. Somewhat as in vision the light spectrum of a uniformly painted area is coded by the retina into three fundamental colours, the sound parameters seem to represent what may be called “instrument sound colours”. The analysis is carried out on music sound samples pre‐filtered by a non‐linear model of the human cochlea. The main reason for this approach lies in the fact that the non‐linear filtering performed by the cochlea works to reduce significantly the‐information content of acoustic input. Some properties of the model, particularly those r.
Teaching the Function of Writing to Middle School Students With Academic Delays

Using multiple baseline designs, we studied the effects of having seven 9 th graders edit their papers until a naive reader accomplished a drawing assignment during writer immersion (communication in writing only). During Experiment I, students received no feedback in the first phase, teacher editing feedback in phase 2, and writer immersion plus viewing the effects of their writing on a naive reader in phase 3. In Experiment II, students received the baseline followed by writer immersion and viewing effects on a reader. The dependent variables in both experiments were the structural components of the writing and accurately drawn components by a naive reader. The writer immersion and self-editing package increased accuracy in structure and function in both experiments.
Adaptive Interleaving Method and its Application to Free Space Optical Communications through Atmospheric Turbulence Channel

Adaptive interleaving method implemented by a hybrid system is proposed to deal with burst errors caused by long and deep channel fades in free space optical communications (FSOC) through atmospheric turbulence. Actually, considerable memory can be saved by changing the interleaving depth at transmitter and receiver according to the updated burst information from channel estimator. Combining with error correcting codes, anti-burst performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulations based on channel state information from laser transmission experiments over an 11.8 km urban link. Simulation results show that 1~2 or even higher orders of magnitude of a memory can be saved when comparing with the maximum memory interleaving. The results have proved that the cost of anti-burst performance can be minimized to 10% or even smaller by the adaptive interleaving method when joint use with error correcting codes.
Model Assisted Survey Sampling

PART I: Principles of Estimation for Finite Populations and Important Sampling Designs: Survey Sampling in Theory and Practice. Basic Ideas in Estimation from Probability Samples. Unbiased Estimation for Element Sampling Designs. Unbiased Estimation for Cluster Sampling and Sampling in Two or More Stages. Introduction to More Complex Estimation Problems. - PART II: Estimation through Linear Modeling, Using Auxiliary Variables: The Regression Estimator. Regression Estimators for Element Sampling Designs. Regression Estimators for Cluster Sampling and Two-Stage Sampling. - PART III: Further Questions in Design and Analysis of Surveys: Two-Phase Sampling. Estimation for Domains. Variance Estimation. Searching for Optimal Sampling Designs. Further Statistical Techniques for Survey Data. - PART IV: A Broader View of Errors in Surveys: Nonsampling Errors and Extensions of Probability Sampling Theory. Nonresponse. Measurement Errors. Quality Declarations for Survey Data. - Appendix A - D. - References.
Materials and Corrosion

Correspondence Donovan Verkens, Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Email: Donovan.verkens@vub.be Abstract Aluminum alloy (AA) 3003 is widely used as fin and tube material in heat exchangers. In these heat exchangers, the tube and fin material are brazed together by means of an AA4xxx alloy. In this study, the effect of a simulated brazing step on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of a twin roll casted (TRC) AA3003 was studied. In particular, the effect of simulated brazing on the corrosion properties of the centre line segregation (CLS) of alloying elements and the interaction of the intermetallic particles with the surrounding matrix is explored. It is shown that the cross sections are significantly more active than the surface of the TRC AA3003, revealing the importance of the CLS on the corrosion behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that the number of pits and their depths decreased considerably on the exposed cross sections after simulated brazing, especially near the CLS. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements show that after the simulated brazing step the Volta potential difference between the intermetallic particles and the matrix reduced significantly. This change in the Volta potential could be caused by the slight increase of Si content in the matrix.
Semantic Differential Methodology for the Structuring of Attitudes

The semantic differential technique can be used to structure attitude domains. In the present paper, the selection of scales and concepts and the format for administration are discussed in terms of an underyling linear model. Three methods of calculating correlations are evaluated with the method known as “stringing out” being preferred. Suggestions for factor analysis and factor matching are made. Some applications of the exploratory use of the semantic differential are described.
Compression of hyper/ultraspectral data

Two data compression algorithms intended for the compression of hyper and ultraspectral data are reviewed. These methods have been successfully applied to the compression of NASA JPL AVIRIS hyperspectral images. The two algorithms are based on slightly different requirements and assumptions. The first one is a low complexity, real-time, inter-band, least squares optimized predictor (SLSQ) whose raster-scan nature makes it amenable for on-board implementation. The second is a partitioned vector quantization algorithm (LPVQ) with tunable quality ranging from lossless to lossy. LPVQ is more complex, but it allows fast browsing and pure-pixel classification in the compressed domain, so it is more suitable to archival and distribution of compressed data. Both approaches compare well to the state-of-the-art in the compression of AVIRIS data. Preliminary results on the compression of AIRS ultraspectral sounder data are presented.
On l/sub p/-stabilization of strictly unstable discrete-time linear systems with saturating actuators

For a continuous-time linear system with saturating actuators, it is known that, irrespective of the locations of the open-loop poles, both global and semi-global finite gain L/sub p/-stabilization are achievable, by nonlinear and linear feedback respectively, and the L/sub p/ gain can also be made arbitrarily small. We show that, these results do not hold for discrete-time systems.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS SOCIETY-3lst ANNUAL MEETING-1987 TIME STRESS EFFECTS ON TWO MENU SELECTION SYSTEMS

The optimal number of menu items per display screen has been the topic of considerable debate and study. On the one hand, some designers have packed many items into each menu to conserve space and reduce the number of menus, whereas on the other hand there are designers who prefer a sparse display for menu structures and other videotex i'nformation. This study evaluated the effects of a broad/shallow menu compared to a narrow/deep menu structure under two conditions of time stress for inexperienced users. Results indicated that time stress both slowed performance, and increased errors. In addition, it was demonstrated that the broad/shallow menu was faster and resulted in fewer errors discussed.
Basic analysis of a hyperchaotic spiking circuit with impulsive switching

This paper studies a hyperchaotic spiking circuit that consists of a three-dimensional linear one-port, a state-dependent switch, and a time-dependent switch. The two switches are connected in series. Depending on parameters, the circuit can exhibit various spike-trains. In order to analyze the spike-trains, we introduce three tools: the return map, the histogram of inter-spike intervals, and the color recurrence plot of spike-trains. Using the tools, we analyze three typical phenomena: a periodic spike-train, a chaotic spike-train, and a hyperchaotic spiketrain. Presenting a simple test circuit, the typical phenomena are confirmed experimentally.
Real time 3D structural and Doppler OCT imaging on graphics processing units

In this report the application of graphics processing unit (GPU) programming for real-time 3D Fourier domain Optical Coherence Tomography (FdOCT) imaging with implementation of Doppler algorithms for visualization of the flows in capillary vessels is presented. Generally, the time of the data processing of the FdOCT data on the main processor of the computer (CPU) constitute a main limitation for real-time imaging. Employing additional algorithms, such as Doppler OCT analysis, makes this processing even more time consuming. Lately developed GPUs, which offers a very high computational power, give a solution to this problem. Taking advantages of them for massively parallel data processing, allow for real-time imaging in FdOCT. The presented software for structural and Doppler OCT allow for the whole processing with visualization of 2D data consisting of 2000 A-scans generated from 2048 pixels spectra with frame rate about 120 fps. The 3D imaging in the same mode of the volume data build of 220 × 100 A-scans is performed at a rate of about 8 frames per second. In this paper a software architecture, organization of the threads and optimization applied is shown. For illustration the screen shots recorded during real time imaging of the phantom (homogeneous water solution of Intralipid in glass capillary) and the human eye in-vivo is presented.
Effect of compound strategies of error correcting coding, bit interleaving, and diversity combining in mobile radio data transmission

The improvements on bit error rate characteristics due to compounding an error correcting coding, a bit interleaving, and a diversity combining as reliability improvement measures, are evaluated theoretically for mobile radio data transmission affected by the time-varying fast Rayleigh fading. Although the code, modulation, and decoding are limited to the block code, noncoherent FSK, and hard decision, the time correlation of the fading in a code word is taken into account generally and rigorously in this analysis. On the basis of the calculation results for nine codes, the effect of compound strategies by the degree of bit interleaving, “with or without” diversity, code length, and number of correctable errors, are discussed in detail, and the equivalence among the strategies and the compounding effect is clarified.