Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The readability of pediatric patient education materials on the World Wide Web.

BACKGROUND Literacy is a national and international problem. Studies have shown the readability of adult and pediatric patient education materials to be too high for average adults. Materials should be written at the 8th-grade level or lower. OBJECTIVE To determine the general readability of pediatric patient education materials designed for adults on the World Wide Web (WWW). MATERIALS AND METHODS GeneralPediatrics.com (http://www.generalpediatrics.com) is a digital library serving the medical information needs of pediatric health care providers, patients, and families. Documents from 100 different authoritative Web sites designed for laypersons were evaluated using a built-in computer software readability formula (Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid reading levels) and hand calculation methods (Fry Formula and SMOG methods). Analysis of variance and paired t tests determined significance. RESULTS Eighty-nine documents constituted the final sample; they covered a wide spectrum of pediatric topics. The overall Flesch Reading Ease score was 57.0. The overall mean Fry Formula was 12.0 (12th grade, 0 months of schooling) and SMOG was 12.2. The overall Flesch-Kincaid grade level was significantly lower (P<.0001), at a mean of 7.1, when compared with the other 2 methods. All author and institution groups had an average reading level above 10.6 by the Fry Formula and SMOG methods. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patient education materials on the WWW are not written at an appropriate reading level for the average adult. We propose that a practical reading level and how it was determined be included on all patient education materials on the WWW for general guidance in material selection. We discuss suggestions for improved readability of patient education materials.
EMI Suppression and Switching Noise Mitigation in Packages and Boards using Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures

In this paper, we present some developments in the application of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures to the problem of switching noise and electromagnetic interference in printed circuit boards and packages. We highlight the effect of using planar EBG structures on signal integrity with special emphasis on the eye diagram. We show that the incorporation of high dielectric material in packages structure leads to effective miniaturization of EBG cells, thus leading to practical implementation of EBG structures in chip packages.
Activator-dependent and activator-independent defective recombinant retroviruses from bovine leukemia virus

The replication-competent bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been modified for use as a vector for foreign genes. The gag, pol, env, and pX regions of the virus were replaced by an exogenous nuclear location signal LacZ (nlsLacZ) or SVnlsLacZ gene. Transfection of the ovine cell line FLK-BLV, which expresses all BLV proteins from a wild-type provirus, with this viral DNA resulted in a viral titer of 10(4) CFU/ml. The inclusion of a large portion of the gag region did not significantly increase the titer. Both activator-dependent and activator-independent retroviruses were constructed. In activator-dependent vectors, the expression of the insert was dependent on the presence of the Tax protein, which activated the BLV long terminal repeat. In activator-independent vectors, the expression of the insert was constitutive because of the presence of an internal promoter. Infections with the recombinant retrovirus were inhibited by specific neutralizing antibodies. The structure of the transduced genetic material was not rearranged. BLV vectors encoding a reporter nlsLacZ gene, the product of which can be detected in single cells, greatly simplified studies of their biological properties. Determination of the host range of BLV vectors established that BLV-based recombinant retroviruses are effective in the transduction of genes in a variety of species and cell types.
Neutralization of IL‐12 demonstrates the existence of discrete organ‐specific phases in the control of Leishmania donovani

IL‐12 plays a key role in stimulating both innate and antigen‐specific immune responses against a number of intracellular pathogens. A neutralizing anti‐IL‐12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to define and compare the role of endogenous IL‐12 in the liver and spleen of mice infected with Leishmania donovani. IL‐12 neutralization both early and late in infection caused delayed resolution of parasite load, a transient decrease in IFN‐γ, IL‐4, TNF‐α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐2) production, and suppressed tissue granuloma formation in the liver of genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. In contrast to the liver of BALB/c mice, neutralization of IL‐12 had no effect on parasite burden in the spleen over the first 28 days of infection. However, IL‐12 appeared to be critical for the development of mechanisms which subsequently contain the growth of persistent parasites in this organ in that neutralization of IL‐12 dramatically enhanced parasite growth after day 28 of infection. Following IL‐12 neutralization, the later unchecked growth of parasites in the spleen was coincident with an extensive breakdown of the tissue microarchitecture. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that IL‐12 was largely produced by uninfected cells in L. donovani‐infected BALB/c mice. In contrast, the course of infection in the liver and spleen of genetically resistant CBA/n mice was unaffected by the administration of anti‐IL‐12 mAb. These results suggest that the liver and spleen in susceptible BALB/c mice have different temporal requirements for IL‐12 in controlling L. donovani infection, whereas IL‐12 plays little role in either organ in resistant CBA/n mice. In addition, IL‐12 appears to be involved in the generation of both Th1 and Th2 responses during L. donovani infection in BALB/c mice.
Primary Non-HodgkinÃ¢ÂÂs Lymphomas of the Uterus and Uterine Cervix

Objective: Primary malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in the female genital tract are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Methods/materials: We report on four cases of primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of the uterus and cervix. Three of our patients were confirmed to be diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) and one patient to be T-cell rich LBCL on histopathological examination and immunohistochemical study. One of our three patients who presented with diffuse LBCL was diagnosed with intravascular diffuse LBCL. Other potential origins of disease were excluded. Results: Two patients were successfully treated with chemotherapy, one with the addition of involved field radiotherapy post chemotherapy, while two had surgery followed by chemotherapy. All four patients are in complete remission with follow up period ranging from 6 months to 5 years. Conclusions: Gynaecological lymphomas can be a diagnostic challenge due to unspecific symptoms. However, when diagnosed and treated they have a good prognosis. Clinicians should therefore include lymphoma in their differential diagnosis when investigating gynaecological symptoms.
Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host

Summary Bats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly elucidated. In these, and other, systems, there is evidence that seasonal life‐cycle events drive infection dynamics, directly impacting the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. Understanding these dynamics improves our ability to predict zoonotic spillover from the reservoir hosts. To this end, we followed henipavirus antibody levels of >100 individual E. helvum in a closed, captive, breeding population over a 30‐month period, using a powerful novel antibody quantitation method. We demonstrate the presence of maternal antibodies in this system and accurately determine their longevity. We also present evidence of population‐level persistence of viral infection and demonstrate periods of increased horizontal virus transmission associated with the pregnancy/lactation period. The novel findings of infection persistence and the effect of pregnancy on viral transmission, as well as an accurate quantitation of chiropteran maternal antiviral antibody half‐life, provide fundamental baseline data for the continued study of viral infections in these important reservoir hosts.
Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest

Transient ischemia in animals produces delayed cell death in vulnerable hippocampal neurons. To see if this occurs in humans, we reexamined brain slides from all patients with anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and a well-documented cardiorespiratory arrest. Eight patients dying 18 hours or less after cardiac arrest had minimal damage in hippocampus and moderate damage in cerebral cortex and putamen. Six patients living 24 hours or more had severe damage in all four regions. The increase in damage with time postarrest was significant only in the hippocampus. Delayed hippocampal injury now documented in humans provides a target for possible therapy that can be initiated after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A role for b-sitosterol to stigmasterol conversion in plant – pathogen interactions

Upon inoculation with pathogenic microbes, plants induce an array of metabolic changes that potentially contribute to induced resistance or even enhance susceptibility. When analysing leaf lipid composition during the Arabidopsis thaliana–Pseudomonas syringae interaction, we found that accumulation of the phytosterol stigmasterol is a significant plant metabolic process that occurs upon bacterial leaf infection. Stigmasterol is synthesized from b-sitosterol by the cytochrome P450 CYP710A1 via C22 desaturation. Arabidopsis cyp710A1 mutant lines impaired in pathogen-inducible expression of the C22 desaturase and concomitant stigmasterol accumulation are more resistant to both avirulent and virulent P. syringae strains than wild-type plants, and exogenous application of stigmasterol attenuates this resistance phenotype. These data indicate that induced sterol desaturation in wild-type plants favours pathogen multiplication and plant susceptibility. Stigmasterol formation is triggered through perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as flagellin and lipopolysaccharides, and through production of reactive oxygen species, but does not depend on the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid or ethylene defence pathways. Isolated microsomal and plasma membrane preparations exhibited a similar increase in the stigmasterol/b-sitosterol ratio as whole-leaf extracts after leaf inoculation with P. syringae, indicating that the stigmasterol produced is incorporated into plant membranes. The increased contents of stigmasterol in leaves after pathogen attack do not influence salicylic acid-mediated defence signalling but attenuate pathogen-induced expression of the defence regulator flavin-dependent monooxygenase 1. P. syringae thus promotes plant disease susceptibility through stimulation of sterol C22 desaturation in leaves, which increases the stigmasterol to b-sitosterol ratio in plant membranes.
Optimal Taxation of Entrepreneurial Capital Under Private Information

This paper studies optimal taxation of entrepreneurial capital and financial assets in economies with private information. Returns to entrepreneurial capital are risky and depend on entrepreneurs’ effort, which is not observed. The presence of idiosyncratic risk in capital returns implies that the intertemporal wedge on capital that characterizes constrained-efficient allocations can be positive or negative. The properties of optimal marginal taxes on entrepreneurial capital depend on the sign of the intertemporal wedge. If the wedge is positive, the marginal capital tax should be decreasing in capital returns, while the opposite is true when the wedge is negative. Optimal taxes on other assets should be set according to their correlation with risky productive capital. The intertemporal wedge associated with an asset is greater than the one associated with entrepreneurial capital as long as their correlation is less than one. The optimal tax system tends to reduce the variance of capital returns after tax relative to before tax, while the opposite is true for other assets. If entrepreneurs are allowed to sell shares of their capital to outside investors, returns to externally owned capital are subject to double taxationat the level of the entrepreneur and at the level of the outside investors. ∗I wish to thank V.V. Chari, Pierre-Andre’ Chiappori, Chris Edmonds and Victor Rios-Rull for helpful conversations. I am grateful to seminar participants at NYU and Columbia University and to conference participants at the SED Annual Meeting, the SAET meeting, and at the NBER Summer Institute for useful comments. Mailing Address: 1022 IAB, West 118th Street, New York, NY 10027, E-mail: sa2310@columbia.edu.
Design and implementation of the transmission scheme of the sensor data based on the CoAP protocol

With the implementation of the national internet plus strategy, more and more devices enjoy the chances of getting access to internet. But for devices like sensors whose resources are quite limited, it is a tremendous challenge to link to the Internet by using the traditional communication methods. Taking the memory size, computing power and energy consumption of the resource-constrained device into consideration, we design and implement a set of sensor data transmission scheme to meet the needs of the safety monitoring of enterprise manufacture based on the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in this thesis. In the end, the validity of the transmission scheme is verified by experiments.
Isoquercitrin Suppresses Colon Cancer Cell Growth in Vitro by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway*

Background: Flavonoids are natural compounds capable of modulating signaling pathways in a variety of biological processes. Results: Isoquercitrin inhibits canonical Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos downstream of β-catenin and impairs the growth in colon cancer cells in vitro, without cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: Isoquercitrin inhibits Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro. Significance: Isoquercitrin should be further investigated as a potential anti-tumoral agent targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Flavonoids are plant-derived polyphenolic molecules that have potential biological effects including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumoral effects. These effects are related to the ability of flavonoids to modulate signaling pathways, such as the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This pathway controls many aspects of embryonic development and tissue maintenance and has been found to be deregulated in a range of human cancers. We performed several in vivo assays in Xenopus embryos, a functional model of canonical Wnt signaling studies, and also used in vitro models, to investigate whether isoquercitrin affects Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our data provide strong support for an inhibitory effect of isoquercitrin on Wnt/β-catenin, where the flavonoid acts downstream of β-catenin translocation to the nuclei. Isoquercitrin affects Xenopus axis establishment, reverses double axes and the LiCl hyperdorsalization phenotype, and reduces Xnr3 expression. In addition, this flavonoid shows anti-tumoral effects on colon cancer cells (SW480, DLD-1, and HCT116), whereas exerting no significant effect on non-tumor colon cell (IEC-18), suggesting a specific effect in tumor cells in vitro. Taken together, our data indicate that isoquercitrin is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin and should be further investigated as a potential novel anti-tumoral agent.
Amniocentesis is still the best option for advanced genomic testing in case of fetal malformations

With the introduction of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), most health care professionals and patients understandably favor this safe modality over invasive procedures. At present, however, NIPT does not allow for the most advanced genomic test available: fetal whole exome sequencing (WES). With WES, the sequence of all coding genes is interrogated, which presumably has a high diagnostic yield in fetuses with congenital malformations. In this paper, we argue that invasive testing for WES should be offered to all pregnant women who carry a chromosomally normal fetus with ultrasound anomalies. We believe that the ethical challenges of WES are not new to prenatal diagnosis and they can be faced and solved by dedicated counseling. Moreover, new evidence shows an amniocentesis‐related miscarriage risk of 1 in 1000, which is considerably lower than previously thought. By providing adequate counseling and offering women a choice between NIPT and invasive testing, the aim of prenatal testing—reproductive autonomy—will be best served.
Comparison of UWB auto-correlation and transmitted reference schemes

This paper provides a theoretical comparison of different multi-pulse schemes for ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitted reference (TR) which utilizes correlation based receivers. The performance comparison is based on a simplified analysis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) derivations of receiver output for different signal repetition structures using binary pulse position modulation (BPPM) and binary pulse amplitude modulation (BPAM). The results shows that the best solution is based on pair-wise combination of pulses for which succeeding pulses form the reference for subsequent pulses, significantly outperforms other schemes. The results also show that pulse repetition scheme with equal power pulses in a doublet structure does not provide a good solution from the perspective of SNR degradation.
Diode-laser-pumped Ti:Sapphire double-clad crystal fiber broadband light source

Ti<sup>3+</sup>:Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> double-clad crystal fiber was grown for the first time. Using a pump laser diode on a 51-µm-core fiber, 2.2 µW of collimated broadband output power was obtained. The coherence length is 1.38 µm.
On the possible existence of a new intraneuronal monoamine in the spinal cord of the rat.

Intraneuronal monoamines have been studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp in the rat spinal cord. The formaldehyde-inducedintrancuronal fluorophores have been analyzed with microspectrofluorometry in combination with drugs which deplete monoamines from the central nervous system. Three types of intraneuronal fluorescence were found. 1) A green fluorescence, with spectra identical with those of the catecholamine fluorophores, which was depleted by reserpine and α-methyl- m -tyrosine but not by p -chlorophenylalanine, was found. This fluorescence was most likely derived from Primary catecholamines. 2) A yellow fluorescence, with spectra identical with those of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophore, which was depleted by reserpine and p -chlorophenylalanine but not by α-methyl- m -tyrosine, was found. This fluorescence was probably derived from 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3) A yellow to brownish-yellow fluorescence, with spectra clearly deviating from those of the catecholamine and the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophores, which was depleted by reserpine but not by p -chlorophenylalanine or α-methyl- m -tyrosine, was found. Moreover, this fluorescenceshowed upon ultraviolet irradiation a photodecomposition rate, which was markedly slower than that of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophore. These results strongly indicate that this intraneuronal fluorogenic substance is not identical with a catecholamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine. The spectral characteristics of this third type of fluorescence showed general features characteristic for many indolykthylamines.
Rapid Deployment Valve Implantation using the EDWARDS Intuity Valve System: A Word of Caution regarding Sizing in Calcified Sinotubular Junctions

Abstract In aortic valve replacement, severe calcification of the sinotubular junction is a limitation in the application of the rapid deployment Edwards Intuity valve system. This is illustrated by a case presentation in which discrepancies of shape and diameter between sizer and valve mounted on the deployment system resulted in discarding the prosthesis and performing a biocomposite root replacement instead. Modification of the valve sizer will allow for safer sizing because the sizing process will mimic the implantation process more accurately.
Heart-type Fatty Acid-binding Protein Enables Rapid Risk Stratification in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism

Introduction: Elevated serum troponin levels are a reliable indicator of right ventricular wall stress in patients with acute pulmonary artery embolism (PE). Raised troponin levels have been shown to predict adverse clinical outcome in these individuals. In this context it was our aim to determine the additional role of the heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) in patients with acute PE. Methods: 87 consecutive patients with confirmed PE were included in the present study. On arrival a qualitative H-FABP-test (positive cut-off 7ng/ml) and a detailed echocardiographic study were performed in all patients. These findings were related to both in hospital and 30 days mortality. Results: Of the included 87 patients, 17 had positive H-FABP-tests. Right ventricular function was severely deteriorated in 10 patients (59%) in the H-FABP-positive group but only in 2 patients (3%) of the H-FABPnegative group (p<0.005). 15/17 patients (88%) of the H-FABP-positive group needed inotropic support, of these, 14 (82%) died in hospital. Only one patient with a H-FABP-negative test (n= 70) needed vasoactive drugs, and none of these patients died (p<0.005). Conclusion: H-FABP showed a better correlation with in-hospital mortality and RV-function than troponin I. Our data show that H-FABP significantly correlates with in hospital and 30-day mortality in patients with PE. Furthermore, it is associated with impaired right ventricular function and showed better correlation with mortality in patients with PE as compared to Troponin I. Thus, it may be viewed as a novel and promising tool to optimise the management strategy in these patients. Utz Richter*, Marian Christoph*, Anne-Kathrin Tausche*, Alessandra Boscheri, Martin Langer, Karim Ibrahim, Michael Günther, Ruth H. Strasser and Carsten Wunderlich University of Technology Dresden, Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic, Fetscherstr. 76, Dresden 01307, Germany. * these authors equally contributed to this work Corresponding author: Dr. Carsten Wunderlich Email: carstenwunderlich@gmx.de
Draft 1 Factors Affecting Lactoferrin Concentration in Human Milk : How Much Do We Know ?

Complete List of Authors: Villavicencio, Aasith; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘‘Alexander von Humboldt’’ Rueda, Maria; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘‘Alexander von Humboldt’’ Turin, Christie; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘‘Alexander von Humboldt’’ Ochoa, Theresa; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘‘Alexander von Humboldt’’; University of Texas School of Public Health, Epidemiology