Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemopreventive and antimutagenic potential in vivo of hydroethanolic fruit extract of Carica papaya L.

Introdução: os frutos de Carica papaya L. são amplamente consumidos em todo o mundo e no Brasil, porém pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito citotóxico, antimutagênico e quimioprotetor. Objetivos: avaliar o potencial antimutagênico e quimiprotetor de frutos de Carica papaya e quantificar as suas substâncias fenólicas. Métodos: a atividade antimutagênica foi avaliada pelo método de micronúcleo e as substâncias fenólicas foram analisadas pelo método de Folin-Ciacalteau (fenólicos totais), e pelo método colorimétrico cloreto de alumínio (flavonóides totais). Resultados: o extrato hidroetanólico de frutos de Carica papaya possui potencial antimutagênico e quimioprotetor (370 mg/100 g peso corporal). O teor de substâncias fenólicas do extrato hidroetanólico de frutos foi inferior a 0,001 μg/mg. Conclusão: o efeito antimutagênico e quimioprotetor observado nos extratos dos frutos de Carica papaya pode estar associado a outras substâncias. Estudos químicos precisam ser conduzidos para identificar as substâncias envolvidas na atividade.
Diatom Communities of Tidepools: The Effect of Intertidal Height

The diatom community that inhabits both the water-column and the benthos of tidepools positioned along an intertidal gradient, during late spring and early summer is described. Samples from the water-column and benthos of five tidepools, ranging from 1.5 to 6.5 m, were collected on five dates, and the diatom community benthos of five tidepools, ranging from 1.5 to 6.5 m, were collected on five dates, and the diatom community was recorded. Pelagic, centric diatom species decreased in density with increasing intertidal height, whereas benthic pennates increased, both in absolute and relative abundance, thus becoming the dominant genera in the higher pools (.)
SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN ONSET OF SURFACE ACTIVITY OF ORD'S KANGAROO RAT (DIPODOMYS ORDII)

Abstract Activity patterns of many nocturnal mammals are synchronized to daily cycles of light and dark. Light intensity is an important cue for nocturnal mammals because of the interplay between illumination and risk from visual predators. Studies suggest that nocturnal rodents are at greater risk from visually oriented predators before full darkness than after full darkness. We examined onset of surface activity of Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) over 3 seasons in central Nebraska. To determine surface activity, we used a nonobtrusive procedure—buried timers near burrows. Although initiation of aboveground activity was significantly correlated with sunset from season to season, mean onset of surface activity differed among seasons: 1 min before the start of full darkness in summer, 4 min before full darkness in autumn, and 15 min after full darkness in winter. Despite apparent costs of emerging before darkness, 61% of kangaroo rats in summer and 63% in autumn emerged before full darkness. In winter, however, only 19% of kangaroo rats began surface activity before full darkness. We suggest that emergence behaviors of nocturnal rodents from daytime shelters are plastic and probably linked to seasonal trade-offs between costs of predation and benefits of reproduction and food abundance.
Variación de la anatomía de la madera de Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Cactaceae)

SE ESTUDIARON 17 MUESTRAS DE PACHYCEREUS PECTEN-ABORIGINUM PROCEDENTES DEL OCCIDENTE DE MEXICO CON EL OBJETIVO DE DESCRIBIR LA MADERA Y EVALUAR SU VARIACION CON RELACION A LA LATITUD, ALTITUD Y ALTURA DEL INDIVIDUO. SE ENCONTRO QUE LA MADERA DE P. PECTEN-ABORIGINUM CORRESPONDE A UNA MADERA FIBROSA MESOMORFICA TIPICA DE LA SUBFAMILIA CACTOIDEAE. LA LONGITUD DE LA FIBRA, EL NUMERO Y DIAMETRO DE LOS VASOS TUVIERON UNA ASOCIACION SIGNIFICATIVA CON LA LATITUD, MIENTRAS QUE LA ALTURA DE LOS RADIOS SE CORRELACIONO CON LA ALTURA DEL INDIVIDUO SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE. LA ALTURA DEL INDIVIDUO NO MOSTRO CORRELACION CON LOS ELEMENTOS TRAQUEALES (FIBRAS Y ELEMENTOS DE VASO). LA VARIACION ANATOMICA DE ALGUNOS CARACTERES DE LA MADERA DE P. PECTEN-ABORIGINUM EVALUADOS CONFIRMAN EL COMPORTAMIENTO REGISTRADO PARA OTRAS ESPECIES DE AMPLIA DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA.
The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby's Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?

Carnaby's Black Cockatoo is an endangered species which has undergone a dramatic decline in range and abundance in southwestern Australia. Between October 2009 and March 2010 the species was subjected to a possible outbreak of disease in one of its major breeding areas and exposed to an extremely hot day and a severe localized hail storm. In addition, collisions with motor vehicles are becoming an increasing threat to the species. All of these stochastic events resulted in many fatalities. Species such as Carnaby's Black Cockatoo which form large flocks are particularly susceptible to localized events such as hail storms, contagious disease and collisions with motor vehicles. Extreme temperatures may have major impacts on both flocking and non-flocking species. Predictions of climate change in the southwest of Western Australia are that there will be an increased frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and severe hail storms. The implications of more events of this nature on Carnaby's Black Cockatoo are discussed.
HUMIN

The literature of humin is reviewed. Humin is described chemically as having a significant aliphatic nature that is probably attributable to the lipids that comprise a significant portion of its organic components. The humic component of humin consists of aromatic and carbohydrate carbon, with an aliphatic component less significant than the corresponding humic acid or fulvic acid isolated from the same sample. Based on NMR relaxation time measurements, the aliphatic carbon and aromatic/carbohydrate carbons seem to represent distinct domains that may represent the different sorption domains of humin described in several recent contaminant sorption models. Several possible areas requiring further research are identified for future study of the environmental chemistry and geochemistry of this material.
Prevalence of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina in animals slaughtered in Abha and Khamis Mushait abattoirs, Aseer, Saudi Arabia, using PCR assay

Babesia spp. are malaria-like protozoans that parasitize and reproduce within mammalian red blood cells. These parasites have medical, veterinary and economic importance, since they caused significant losses in livestock and serious health problems to human. In spite of the great importance of these parasites, little information is available about the prevalence of them in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) generally and in Aseer region particularly. 350 blood samples were collected from 30 camels, 4 cows, 136 goats and 180 sheep slaughtered in Abha and Khamis Mushait abattoirs, Aseer region, KSA. Blood samples were transported to the lab and DNA was extracted from them. Such DNA was subjected to PCR assay using specific primers for B. bovis and B. bigemina. The results revealed that prevalence of B. bovis was 6.25, 0, 0.74 and 1.2 % for camels, cows, goats and sheep, respectively, however, all samples appeared negative to B. bigemina. This is the first report of B. bovis in Saudi Arabia. These results provided important information about Babesiosis prevalence in Southwestern region of KSA; in addition, the sensitive and accurate method of diagnosis used in this study will be helpful in large-scale monitoring of transmission foci in endemic areas and will be important for the longterm control of the disease.
Emerging seed enhancement technologies for overcoming barriers to restoration

Rangelands occupy over a third of global land area, and in many cases are in less than optimum condition as a result of past land use, catastrophic wildfire, and other disturbances, invasive species, or climate change. Often the only means of restoring these lands involves seeding desirable species, yet there are few cost effective‐seeding technologies, especially for the more arid rangeland types. The inability to consistently establish desired plants from seed may indicate that seeding technologies being employed are not successful in addressing the primary sources of mortality in the progression from seed to established plant. Seed enhancement technologies allow for the physical manipulation and application of materials to the seed that can enhance germination, emergence, and/or early seedling growth. In this article, we examine some of the major limiting factors impairing seedling establishment in North America's sagebrush steppe ecosystem and propose seed enhancement technologies that may have the potential to overcome these restoration barriers. We discuss specific technologies for: (1) increasing soil water availability; (2) enhancing seedling emergence in crusting soil; (3) controlling the timing of seed germination; (4) improving plantability and emergence of small‐seeded species; (5) enhancing seed coverage of broadcasted seeds; and (6) protecting seedlings from pre‐emergent herbicide. Concepts and technologies in this article for restoring the sagebrush steppe ecosystem may apply generally to semiarid and arid rangelands around the globe.
Lymphangiomatosis of the Limbs

Six cases of a distinctive but poorly recognized variant of lymphangiomatosis with predominant or exclusive involvement of the soft tissues of the limb/limb girdle are described. The six patients were male and presented with slowly progressive swelling of the involved limb. The age of onset was at birth (three cases), 3 months (one case). 11 years (one case) and 12 years (one case). Five patients had involvement of the lower extremity and one of the right upper extremity. Three patients had concomitant asymptomatic bone involvement either in the affected limb (two cases) or in distant bones (one case). Only one patient had visceral involvement that was limited to the ipsilateral thorax and was associated with chylothorax. Diagnosis was confirmed in all but one patient by lymphangiography. Treatment consisted principally of surgical reduction with significant clinical improvement. No patient later developed systemic involvement and the clinical course was benign. The bone lesions did not progress in any patient. Histologically, each case was characterised by interconnecting, dilated lymphatic spaces, lined by a single, attenuated layer of endothelial cells, involving the dermis, subcutis, and occasionally, underlying fascia and skeletal muscle with characteristic and extensive “dissection” of collagen and surrounding normal adnexal structures. Despite the absence of red blood cells in the vascular spaces, interstitial hemosiderin deposition was prominent in four cases. As opposed to most cases of lymphangiomatosis, which usually have extensive visceral involvement associated with a very poor prognosis, involvement in this variant is limited almost exclusively to soft tissues of the limb and bone and is associated with good prognosis.
EXTENT OF SURGICAL RESECTION OF MALIGNANT ASTROCYTOMAS OF THE SPINAL CORD: OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF 35 PATIENTS

OBJECTIVEThe optimal management of malignant intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas remains controversial. Although radiotherapy has become the standard of care, the relationship between extent of resection and survival remains unclear. We report the outcomes of the surgical management of 35 malignant spinal cord astrocytomas and assess the association of extent of resection with survival after aggressive resection of these tumors. METHODSAn institutional intramedullary spinal cord tumor database (1990–2002) was reviewed to identify all patients treated for malignant astrocytomas of the spinal cord (anaplastic astrocytoma [AA] or glioblastoma multiforme [GBM]). Length of survival from surgery was charted by Kaplan-Meier plots, and association of extent of resection with survival was assessed via log rank analysis for stratified covariates and Cox proportional-hazards model for continuous covariates. RESULTSTwenty-seven (77%) and eight (23%) patients underwent resection of AA and GBM, respectively. Mean age was 29 ±16 years (range, 2–61 yr). Tumor involved six ± four vertebral levels. For AA cases, radical resection (no residual postoperative magnetic resonance enhancement) was achieved in 12 (44%) patients and subtotal resection (residual postoperative magnetic resonance enhancement) was achieved in 15 (56%). No GBM patients underwent radical resection (mean estimated resection, 70%). After surgery, two (6%) patients improved neurologically by modified McCormick score, 19 (54%) remained stable, and 14 (40%) declined. Median overall survival for AA patients was 72 months (85% at 1 yr; 59% at 5 yr). Median overall survival for GBM patients was 9 months (31% at 1 yr; 0% at 5 yr). Subtotal versus radical resection of AA was associated with decreased overall survival (38 versus 78% at 4 yr, P = 0.028). Postoperative tumor dissemination was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.004). When adjusting for multiple comparisons (P < 0.006 needed for significance), a trend of increased survival was observed with radical resection (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONNeurological function can be preserved with aggressive resection of malignant intramedullary spinal astrocytomas; however, motor decline may be observed in many cases. Radical resection of AA was associated with a trend of increased overall survival in nondisseminated AA cases. Radical surgery and radiotherapy of GBM was associated with poor survival, similar to historical controls of diagnostic biopsy and radiotherapy. A markedly shorter survival may be expected in cases in which AA disseminates along the neuraxis. Biopsy alone may not provide the best outcomes for patients with malignant spinal cord tumors.
Micronucleus test for monitoring the genotoxic potential of the surface water of Luján River (Argentina) using erythrocytes of Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles

Lujan river is a peri-urban ecosystem dominated by urban, industrial and agricultural discharges, receiving contributions from about one hundred streams along its path. The toxicological quality of the surface water in the middle course of the river was monitored by means of the micronucleus (MN) test, using peripheral erythrocytes of Lithobates catesbeianus premetamorphic tadpoles. This cytogenetic assay was performed to evaluate the effects of a particular domestic/industrial effluent poured continuously into the river, by incubating the larvae for 6 days to water samples from two sites: upstream and downstream the point where the effluent is dumped. The positive control was a cyclophosphamide solution. Five seasonal samplings were conducted between 2007 and 2008. The physicochemical analyses and the values of three water quality indices showed a highly polluted condition of the river. The MN frequency in the erythrocytes of the larvae exposed to the river samples was significantly higher than that of negative controls in all the cases and, in most samples, without differences with respect to the positive controls or even higher. There were no significant differences in the frequency of MN between the two environmental samples. The results allowed showing the genotoxic potential of the Lujan river water.
Protein metabolism in fishes

Proteins are the most necessary nutrients for growth and surviva of fishes. Protein synthesis abilities of fishes are limited. Therefore, the maximum weight gain, wear out tissue renewal and to produce different products (products of protein like hormones, enzimes, intestine epitel cells) are fed by feed which contain their needed quality and levels protein. In fish feeding,utilization of unsuitable protein sources, above requirement protein rate or inadequate enegy level feed causes deamination of amino acids. Deamination of amino acids causes low weight gain, increase of production cost due to loses of protein which is the most costly part of the feed, moreover resulted the pollution on aquatic ecosystem due to excretion of ammonia-nitrogeneor urea-nitrogene. In this review, protein metabolism of fishes, excretion of ammonia, which is the last main product of protein and some factors that influence excretion of ammonia are summarized
Allelopathic Effect of Three Serious Weeds of Nigerian Savanna on Germination and Seedling Vigour of Soybean and Maize

Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of three weeds, Ageratum conyzoides L. , Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv and Commelina benghalensis L. of Nigerian savanna were investigated on the germination and seedling vigour of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Aqueous extracts of these weeds exhibited allelopathic phenomenon on seed germination and seedling vigour. Aqueous extracts of I. cylindrica and C. benghalensis at 1 % and 5 % concentration (w/v) had stimulatory effect on soybean germination as against inhibitory effect of 10 % aqueous extract of all weeds on the germination of both soybean and maize seeds. Seedling vigour-length of roots and shoots and fresh weight of seedlings were promoted by aqueous extract of A. conyzoides up to 5 % concentration in soybean whereas all concentrations of extract stimulated the seedling vigour of maize. Aqueous extract of I. cylindrica up to 5 % also caused stimulatory effect on the seedling vigour of both crops but such effects were lesser in magnitude than that observed in case of A. conyzoides. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of C. benghalensis at all concentrations resulted in deleterious effect on the seedling vigour of both soybean and maize.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF S-100 PROTEIN IN CARTILAGE TISSUE INDUCED BY ELECTRIC STIMULATION OR BY BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN

Most immunohistochemical studies of S-100 protein have been focused on cells of the nervous system, and S-100 protein was also widely distributed in tissues and organs (22). S-100 protein is a group of calcium-binding proteins in the same category as calmodulin, troponin C, parvalbumin, and intestinal calcium-binding protein. Biochemically and biologically, as well as evolutionally, S-100 protein might be involved in the interaction of calcium ions within the cells, and in cell regulation. As for immunohistochemically detectable S-100 protein in cartilage cells, special interest has been given to the cells in normal cartilage tissues and in chondroidal tumors (1, 3, 9, 14, 18, 19, 23). In ossifying tissue originate from chondrocytes, chondrogenesis and matrix formation are the first important steps for bone formation. Though it has already been accepted that periosteal bone formation can be induced and accelerated by electric stimulation, this induction is occasionally accompanied by cartilage tissue (5, 24). Also bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) implanted in muscle tissue specifically induced bone formation through chondrogenesis (8, 10, 11,
Vegetative compatibility in the entomopathogen Verticillium lecanii

Isolates of Verticillium lecanii , from insects and other substrates, were tested for vegetative compatibility by observing heterokaryon formation among complementary nitrate-nonutilizing ( nit ) mutants, Among 33 V. lecanii isolates, 17 were self-incompatible. The 16 self-compatible isolates were divided into 13 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Eleven VCGs were single-member VCGs, and the remaining two included two or three isolates each. Self-incompatibility occurred more frequently among isolates with abundant aerial mycelium, whereas most of the isolates with short or reduced aerial mycelium were self-compatible. Virulence to larvae of Bemisia tabaci ranged from 0 (four isolates) to 83% mortality 4d after treatment with conidial suspensions. There was no correlation between the capacity of isolates to anastomose and their virulence to larvae of Bemisia tabaci : highly virulent isolates were found at similar frequencies among self-compatible and self-incompatible isolates. Those with abundant aerial mycelium were collectively more virulent (28.5% mortality) than those with reduced mycelium (10.7% mortality). Three isolates belong to VCG VL-11 were all highly virulent.
Heterosis in Crosses of Theobroma cacao

SUMMARY This paper reports the heterotic pod production of three different crosses between a Nigerian local selection (N38) and three Trinidad Introductions (CF47, CF56 and CF207). The hybrids consistently outyielded the inbreds throughout the first 19 years of pod production. N38 × CF56 hybrid produced the highest number of pods per tree, closely followed by N38 × CF47 hybrid; while N38 × CF47 hybrid showed the best heterotic response. Pod production figures of (CD207)2 and (CD302)2, both double inbreds of N38, support the hypothesis that N38 is a Trinitario × local selection hybrid which segregate for pod production.
Dry matter and starch disappearance of corn and sorghum as influenced by particle size and processing

Abstract Processed corn or sorghum grain was sieved to obtain particle size fractions and incubated ruminally, by nylon bag technique, to assess the effect of particle size and processing on dry matter and starch disappearance. Dry rolle corn, sieved to obtain fractions with mean particle sizes of 6,000, 3,000, 1,500, and 750 μ m and incubated for 2, 4, 6, or 8h, showed little difference in dry matter disappearance between 6,000 (5.0%) and 3,000, (4.5%) μ m corn (averaged over time), but dry matter disappearance increased as particle size fraction was reduced further to means of 1,500 (9.7%) and 750 (18.4%) μ m. Starch disappearance displayed a similar pattern. Low dry matter disappearance reflects short incubation times. In a second experiment, corn, steam flaked and then ground, showed much higher dry matter and starch disappearance within each particle size fraction and time than dry ground corn, with particle size appearing much less important in steam flaked corn. In a comparison of ground, high moisture harvested, ensiled corn and dry ground corn, dry matter and starch disappearance were greater in fractions with smaller particles. Moreover, dry matter and starch disappearance were much lower within each particle size in dry ground than high moisture corn. When dry rolled corn was incubated longer (12 and 24h), average dry matter disappearance increased in fractions with smaller particles as during shorter periods. Particle size had similar effects in sorghum grain. These studies demonstrate processing by steam flaking or high moisture harvesting produces additive effects beyond those of particle size alone. Furthermore, particle size appears to have more influence on dry matter and starch disappearance of unprocessed than processed corn, especially steam flaked corn. Interactions of processing method were with both particle size and incubation time. Processing and particle size effects appear to be important during shorter (2 to 8h) as well as longer incubation (12 to 24h).
Immune evasion by poxviruses

Through eons of co-evolution, poxviruses and their hosts have come to an elegant point of equilibrium whereby the host immune system is systematically modulated in favor of the virus. Owing to the large coding capacity of poxviruses, many gene products are dedicated as virulence factors. Key targets of these immunomodulators include mediators of inflammation, chemotaxis, apoptosis and the antiviral state. It is not surprising that these systems have become targets since they are crucial for mounting an effective immune response against poxviruses. The following discussion will focus on a select group of poxvirus proteins that are able to modulate particular components of the host response efficiently to ensure propagation of the virus.