Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small-incision versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis.

BACKGROUND Cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed operations. Open cholecystectomy has been the gold standard for over 100 years. Small-incision cholecystectomy is a less frequently used alternative. OBJECTIVES To compare the beneficial and harmful effects of small-incision versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched TheCochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register (6 April 2004), The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2004), EMBASE (1980 to January 2004), Web of Science (1988 to January 2004), and CINAHL (1982 to January 2004) for randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All published and unpublished randomised trials in patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis comparing any kind of small-incision or other kind of minimal incision cholecystectomy versus any kind of open cholecystectomy. No language limitations were applied. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently performed selection of trials and data extraction. The methodological quality of the generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, and follow-up was evaluated to assess bias risk. Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle. Authors were requested additional information in case of missing data. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed if appropriate. MAIN RESULTS Seven trials randomised 571 patients. Bias risk was high in the included trials. No mortality was reported. The total complication proportions are respectively 9.9% and 9.3% in the small-incision and open group, which is not significantly different (risk difference all trials, random-effects 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.06 to 0.07). There are also no significant differences considering severe complications and bile duct injuries. However, small-incision cholecystectomy has a shorter hospital stay (weighted mean difference, random-effects -2.8 days (95% CI -4.9 to -0.6)) compared to open cholecystectomy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Small-incision and open cholecystectomy seem to be equivalent regarding risks of complications, but the latter method is associated with a significantly longer hospital stay. The quicker recovery of small-incision cholecystectomy compared with open cholecystectomy confirms the existing preference of this technique over open cholecystectomy.
Características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad admitidos en los servicios de Medicina del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia

Objetivo: Determinar las caracteristicas sociodemograficas y clinicas propias de los diabeticos tipo 2 con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad admitidos en los servicios de medicina del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH). Material y metodos: Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos en el que se evaluaron 105 pacientes diabeticos tipo 2, sin alguna comorbilidad hiperglicemiante, inmunosupresora o que altere las barreras normales a la infeccion, elegidos aleatoriamente de los registros de alta y epicrisis entre 1991 y 1998 de los servicios de medicina del HNCH. Resultados: El nivel de instruccion predominantemente fue el analfabeto y primaria (60%). El 72.4% de los pacientes recibian algun tipo de tratamiento, de ellos el 89.5% lo seguian en forma irregular. La neuropatia periferica (87.5%) y nefropatia grado III-V (87.3%) son las complicaciones mas frecuentes. Los principales focos de infeccion son los de partes blandas y tracto urinario. El tiempo promedio de hospitalizacion fue de 17.33 dias, siendo significativamente mayor en el grupo con sepsis (p=0.036). Segun resultados disponibles, la mitad tuvo inversion de la relacion albumino/globulina y mas de la mitad tuvo dislipidemia. Conclusiones: Los diabeticos tipo 2 con infeccion adquirida en la comunidad admitidos en salas de medicina del HNCH presentan mayormente un bajo nivel de instruccion. Encontramos frecuentes complicaciones micro y macrovasculares, inversion de la relacion albumino/globulina y dislipidemia. La estancia hospitalaria fue prolongada, sobretodo en el grupo que desarrollo sepsis.
Evaluation of Contact Toxicity and Repellency of the Essential Oil of Pogostemon cablin Leaves and Its Constituents Against Blattella germanica (Blattodae: Blattelidae)

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate contact toxicity and repellency of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Bentham leaves against German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) (L.) and to isolate any active constituents. Essential oil of P. cablin leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-three components were identified in the essential oil, and the main constituents were patchoulol (41.31%), pogostone (18.06%), &agr;-bulnesene (6.56%), caryophyllene (5.96%), and seychellene (4.32%). Inactivity-directed chromatographic separation of the essential oil led to the isolation of pogostone, patchoulol, and caryophyllene as active compounds. The essential oil of P. cablin leaves exhibited acute toxicity against male B. germanica adults with an LC50 value of 23.45 µg per adult. The constituent compound, pogostone (LC50 = 8.51 µg per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than patchoulol (LC50 = 207.62 µg per adult) and caryophyllene (LC50 = 339.90 µg per adult) against the male German cockroaches. The essential oil of P. cablin leaves and the three isolated constituents exhibited strong repellent activity against German cockroaches at a concentration of 5 ppm. The results indicated that the essential oil of P. cablin leaves and its major constituents have good potential as a source for natural insecticides and repellents.
Respuesta inflamatoria en la inducción de la opacificación de la cápsula posterior del cristalino después de la cirugía de catarata

La complicacion mas frecuente de la cirugia de catarata es la opacificacion de la capsula posterior (PCO), ocasionada por la proliferacion de las celulas epiteliales del cristalino que permanecen despues de la cirugia. Las celulas epiteliales migran hacia la capsula posterior o al lente intraocular implantado, sufren una transicion epitelial–mesenquimatosa, similar a lo que ocurre durante el desarrollo embriologico, llevando a la fibrosis, contraccion del tejido capsular y, finalmente, a la opacidad. La respuesta inflamatoria se ha evidenciado por el infiltrado de celulas fagociticas y el incremento en las citoquinas proinflamatorias y mediadores como, IL-2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, TGF- oxido nitrico y prostaglandinas, en los primeros dias despues de la cirugia, cambiando temporalmente las condiciones de inmunoprivilegio de la camara anterior. Estas citoquinas, principalmente el TGF-, modulan los cambios observados en las celulas epiteliales de los lentes; por tanto, se sugiere que la respuesta inflamatoria podria estar implicada en la patogenesis de la PCO.
Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators Against Field-Collected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Malaysia

ABSTRACT Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse larvae obtained from 12 states in Malaysia were evaluated against five insect growth regulators (IGRs), namely, pyriproxyfen, methoprene, diflubenzuron, cyromazine, and novaluron under laboratory conditions. Field populations of Ae. aegypti exhibited moderate resistance toward methoprene and low resistance toward pyriproxyfen, with resistance ratios of 12.7 and 1.4, respectively, but susceptibility to diflubenzuron, cyromazine, and novaluron. On the other hand, field populations of Ae. albopictus exhibited low resistance against diflubenzuron and novaluron, with resistance ratio of 2.1 and 1.0, respectively, but susceptibility to other tested IGRs. Our study concluded that the tested IGRs provide promising results and can be used to control field population of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, especially cyromazine. The use of IGR should be considered as an alternative when larvae develop resistance to conventional insecticides.
The Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin in Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis and Corneal Ulceration

H Fujishima, N Okada, M Dogru. Allergy. 2012;67(6):799–803 To determine whether staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) has a role in the pathogenesis of atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and corneal ulceration Forty-five subjects were enrolled (18 with AKC, mean age 16.9 years; 9 with vernal keratoconjunctivitis [VKC], mean age 12.9 years; 10 with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis [SAC], mean age 21.9 years, and 8 healthy volunteers, mean age 21.6 years). Upper tarsal conjunctiva, lower conjunctival sac, and upper lid margin skin were swabbed for …
A study on the factors influencing the community participation of older adults in China: based on the CHARLS2011 data set

Many communities provide older people with various opportunities to participate in the society. The 2010 Chinese census reveals that the majority of the older adults in China are still healthy, but research shows that older adults have relatively low levels of community participation. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the community participation of older adults in China using data collected from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The CHARLS survey used a multistage sampling strategy to select respondents from 450 resident or village communities in China. A total of 17,000 persons from 10,000 families participated in the survey. The sample for this study includes 4283 individuals aged 60 years and above who have been invited to answer the survey based on their participation in entertainment and volunteer activities within the past month; 1009 were from urban areas and 3247 were from rural areas. Using logistic regression, this study identifies several variables that can predict the community participation of older adults. These variables included educational background, residence status, self-rated living standard and health status, number of available community facilities, expected social support, family care responsibility and involvement/non-involvement in old-age insurance schemes. In addition, an urban-rural difference was observed in the participation of these adults in entertainment activities, and the differences between older adults residing in urban and rural areas were insignificant in terms of their participation in volunteer work. These findings imply that the Chinese government should consider these predictors and the urban-rural differences when making policies regarding the community participation of older adults.
Winter Activity and Diapause of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hanoi, Northern Vietnam

ABSTRACT We studied the winter activity of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from November 2008 to April 2009 in Bat Trang village of Hanoi, Vietnam. We selected 12 houses and collected: 1) adults with BG sentinel traps, 2) pupae from household water containers, and 3) eggs with ovitraps. Aedes albopictus adults, pupae, and eggs were not collected from early January to early February. Though the egg hatching probability tended to be initially high at longer day length, the maximum probability gradually shifted to shorter day length, as the observation period elapsed. When females were reared under long day length and their eggs were immersed 1 or 5 wk after oviposition, >50% of eggs hatched within 20 days. However, when females were reared under short day length and their eggs were immersed after 1 wk, hatching was suppressed for 60 days. When females were reared under short day length, the median hatching day occurred earlier in eggs kept dry for 5 and 10 wk after oviposition than in those dried for only 1 wk. This indicates that the extended dry periods accelerate egg hatching. Our results showed that hatchability gradually changed with day length, suggesting that selection for overwintering is not as strong relative to Ae. albopictus living in the temperate zone, where winter conditions are less favorable than in tropical and subtropical areas.
Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) Mixed With Pyriproxyfen for Control of Larval Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Through Fecal Deposits of Adult Mosquitoes

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine if pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator (IGR) added to attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) and ingested by adult Aedes albopictus (Skuse), could be fecally disseminated into water to inhibit emergence of mosquitoes (EI). Experimental treatments consisted of four dilutions of pyriproxyfen (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 ppb) in ATSB, with attractive sugar bait (ASB) serving as the negative control. To ensure no tarsal transfer of the IGR, the experimental treatments were dispensed in collagen sausages. Mosquito excrement was collected on card stock at the bottom of the mosquito cages at 1, 4, 6, and 8 h during the study. There were no differences between the EI times at which the fecal cards were collected (F 19,88 = 1.8, P = 0.1592). The highest dilution of pyriproxyfen in ATSB (10 ppb) inhibited mosquito emergence in the most amounts (57%), as compared with the EI of other pyriproxyfen dilutions: 0.5 ppb = 42%, 1 ppb = 34%, and 5 ppb = 46% (F 19,88 = 1.8, P = 0.1592). This study demonstrates that pyriproxyfen can be fecally disseminated into water and control larvae through adult mosquito ingestion and excretion of pyriproxyfen in ASB.
PENGARUH LATIHAN ZUMBA TERHADAP Nilai FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second)

Abstract : The modern technology brings negative impact to human life that is the lack of physical activity which is not good for health and can cause varieties of diseases. Some studies show that lack of physical activity can lower pulmonary resistance and also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Zumba is a Latine-inspired danse workout first developed in Columbia. The improvement of respiratory muscle endurance is gained from physical exercise . One asessment is a measurement of lung function FEV1 ( Forced expiratory volume in one Second ) which can provide information on the maximum rate of air flow in the lung. This study have a purpose to find out the influence of zumba exercise against FEV1 value of female students year 2013 Medical Faculty of Nursing Science Sam Ratulangi University hwo with less of physical or sport activities and meet the inclusion criteria. This was an experimental study with one group pre and post test design. Data was analyzed by paired t test using SPSS. The results showed significant differences between the average values of FEV 1 before and after 2 weeks of zumba exercise with P = 0,044 (P < 0.05). Conclusion : There was an increase of FEV 1 value after 2 weeks of Zumba exercise. Keywords : physical exercise, FEV1, Zumba. Abstrak : Kemajuan teknologi moderen membawa dampak negatif bagi masyarakat yaitu Kurangnya aktifitas fisik yang dapat berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan yaitu timbulnya berbagai penyakit. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan berkurangnya aktifitas fisik dapat menurunkan daya tahan paru serta merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas. Zumba merupakan latihan tari Latin yang terinspirasi pertama kali dan dikembangkan di Columbia. Peningkatan daya tahan otot pernapasan dapat diperoleh dari latihan fisik. Salah satu penilaian fungsi paru adalah pengukuran FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in one Second) yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang laju aliran udara maksimal dalam paru. Penelitini ini ber tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan zumba terhadap nilai FEV1 pada Mahasiswi Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan angkatan 2013 Universitas Sam Ratulangi yang kurang melakukan aktivitas fisik atau olahraga dan memenuhi kriteria. Metode penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dengan rancangan one group pre and post test design. Data dianalisis dengan uji t berpasangan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan signifikansi antara nilai rata-rata FEV1 sebelum dan setelah 2 minggu latihan zumba P = 0,04 (P < 0,05). Simpulan : Terdapat peningkatan nilai FEV1 sesudah 2 minggu latihan zumba. Kata kunci : aktifitas fisik, FEV1, Zumba.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion. Onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus may occur at any age and it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and adolescence. Since there are no interventions known to prevent onset, it is vital that effective treatment regimes are available. Glycaemic control is maintained by replacement of insulin and may be in the form of 'conventional' insulin therapy (multiple injections per day) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of CSII compared to multiple insulin injections (MI) in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH STRATEGY Studies were obtained from electronic searches of The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials comparing CSII with three or more insulin injections per day (MI) in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted characteristics of included studies. Authors contacted study investigators to obtain missing information. Generic inverse variance meta-analyses using a random-effects model were performed. MAIN RESULTS Twenty three studies randomised 976 participants with type 1 diabetes to either intervention. There was a statistically significant difference in glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) favouring CSII (weighted mean difference -0.3% (95% confidence interval -0.1 to -0.4). There were no obvious differences between the interventions for non-severe hypoglycaemia, but severe hypoglycaemia appeared to be reduced in those using CSII. Quality of life measures suggest that CSII is preferred over MI. No significant difference was found for weight. Adverse events were not well reported, no information is available on mortality, morbidity and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence to suggest that CSII may be better than MI for glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes. Non-severe hypoglycaemic events do not appear to be reduced with CSII. There is insufficient evidence regarding adverse events, mortality, morbidity and costs.
ETHICAL ISSUES OF EXCESSIVE USE OF MEDICAL IMAGING INVESTIGATION OF PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED DIAGNOSIS

Aims : The aim of this study was to demonstrate that overuse of medical imaging investigations represents a routine of the prescribing treating physicians. Patients and Methods: The study was based on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey including 20 items. The questionnaires were applied to a number of 220 patients (146 females and 74 males; 10 children and 210 adults) who underwent the scintigraphy on the recommendation of their treating physicians. The chi-square test was used, and in some cases, Spearman correlations were used to describe bivariate association. Our study analyzed only the items of the questionnaire proving that the use of medical imaging techniques was excessive, and generated additional risk for the patients. Other methods of medical exploration or treatment that the patients have undergone before scintigraphy were MRI, CT and other X-rays methods, i.e. osteodensitometry (DEXA), radiography, mammography and radiotherapy. Results and Discussion: 41.8 % of the patients responded that they were not undergoing a scintigraphy for the first time. The calculated chi-square value suggested that female patients were significantly more investigated by scintigraphy. The analysis of how age influences the performance of multiple scintigraphies showed significant statistical correlations, thus indicating that aging led to multiple scintigraphies. The analysis of patients’ answers showed that a significant majority (80%) of the patients already had a diagnosis, prior to the scintigraphic investigation. This data led to the interpretation that, for the majority of the cases, the scintigraphic method was prescribed for medical accuracy purposes, rather than for diagnosis benefit. Overall, the 220 patients have performed, together with the scintigraphic investigations, a total of 479 imaging examinations (an average of 2.2 per capita)! Conclusions : We may conclude that the overuse of imaging techniques is a reality in the medical practice and became a routine for the prescribing treating physicians. Our analysis showed that the patients who performed more scintigraphies were those who had excessively performed other medical imaging investigations in their medical history.
Effect of long‐acting versus short‐acting stimulants for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on emergency room visits using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data

Emergency room (ER) visits are perceived with high costs and unpredictable outcomes. Although the association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), stimulants and ER visits has been studied, the difference between the types of stimulants in terms of risk of ER visits has not been studied. Our objective is to identify the difference between the effects of long‐acting and short‐acting stimulant use in ADHD on ER visits in 18‐ to 35‐year‐old adults (n = 636) in the year 2011.
Interventions for noisy breathing in patients near to death.

BACKGROUND Noisy breathing (death rattle) occurs in 23 to 92% of people who are dying. The cause of death rattle remains unproven but is presumed to be due to an accumulation of secretions in the airways. It is therefore managed physically (repositioning and clearing the upper airways of fluid with a mechanical sucker) or pharmacologically (with anticholinergic drugs). OBJECTIVES To describe and assess the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions used to treat death rattle in patients close to death. SEARCH STRATEGY Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), before and after studies and interrupted time series (ITS) studies in adults and children with death rattle were sought by MEDLINE (1966 to 2007), EMBASE (1980 to 2007), CINAHL (1980 to 2007), the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Trials Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In addition, the reference lists of all relevant trials and reports were checked and investigators who are known to be researching this area were contacted for unpublished data or knowledge of the grey literature. SELECTION CRITERIA RCTs, controlled before and after studies and ITS reporting the outcome of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for treating death rattle. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data was extracted by two independent review authors and trials were quality scored. There was insufficient data to carry out an analysis. MAIN RESULTS Thirty studies were identified, of which only one study met the inclusion criteria. This small study was a randomised placebo-controlled trial of the use of hyoscine hydrobromide in patients with death rattle. Hyoscine hydrobromide tended to reduce death rattle compared to placebo but this was not significant. A larger randomised study, comparing atropine, hyoscine butylbromide and scopolamine, is in progress. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence to show that any intervention, be it pharmacological or non-pharmacological, is superior to placebo in the treatment of death rattle. We acknowledge that in the face of heightened emotions when death is imminent, it is difficult for staff not to intervene. It is therefore likely that the current therapeutic options will continue to be used. However, patients need to be closely monitored for lack of therapeutic benefit and adverse effects while relatives need time, explanation and reassurance to relieve their fears and concerns. There is a need for more well-designed multi-centre studies with objective outcome measures and the ability to recruit sufficient numbers.