Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bias and Precision of Lizard Occupancy Estimates Vary among Observers and between Methods

Abstract. Heterogeneity in detection probabilities arises from many parts of a survey design and can introduce bias into estimates of site occupancy probability. We examined the effect of two important sources of heterogeneity, observer and survey method, on occupancy estimates in a lizard community in west Texas, with a special emphasis on Dunes Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus). Using line transects and visual encounter surveys, nine observers surveyed 72 sites. We detected 10 species of lizards in total; all 10 were detected using visual encounter surveys and only 4 were detected using transects. We determined observers to be an important variable in occupancy models for two of three species of lizards. Insufficient detections were made of the remaining seven species to reliably model occupancy. We conducted simulations to further investigate the impacts of observer variability on occupancy estimate bias and precision by using a range of known occupancy and detectability combinations. Precision in the occupancy estimate increased as the mean observer detection probability increased. Overall, bias was minimized by conducting surveys with either 1) observers with high detection probabilities or 2) using teams of observers with mixed (high and low) detection probabilities.Modeling observer detection probabilities explicitly provided marginal improvement to the occupancy estimate in the simulations. The consistent variability in detection probability among observers has implications for the precision and bias in occupancy estimates and decisions should be made at the experimental design phase about how to approach this problem.
Social information and spontaneous emergence of leaders in human groups

Understanding the dynamics of social networks is the objective of interdisciplinary research ranging from animal collective behaviour to epidemiology, political science and marketing. Social influence is key to comprehending emergent group behaviour, but we know little about how inter-individual relationships emerge in the first place. We conducted an experiment where participants repeatedly performed a cognitive test in a small group. In each round, they were allowed to change their answers upon seeing the current answers of other members and their past performance in selecting correct answers. Rather than following a simple majority rule, participants granularly processed the performance of others in deciding how to change their answers. Toward a network model of the experiment, we associated a directed link of a time-varying network with every change in a participant's answer that mirrored the answer of another group member. The rate of growth of the network was not constant in time, whereby links were found to emerge faster as time progressed. Further, repeated interactions reinforced relationships between individuals' performance and their network centrality. Our results provide empirical evidence that inter-individual relationships spontaneously emerge in an adaptive way, where good performers rise as group leaders over time.
A Future Place for Saccharomyces Mixtures and Hybrids in Wine Making

Each year, winemakers can face sluggish or stuck fermentations during wine making, especially when a spontaneous fermentation is performed, even if strains of the classical wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are applied. Problems are inevitable when low ammonium concentrations (<160 mg L−1 grape must) or an excess of fructose compared to glucose are observed during grape must fermentation. S. cerevisiae strains cannot use all kinds of amino acids as the sole nitrogen source but usually need free ammonium (optimal concentration: 600 mg L−1 grape must). It preferably consumes glucose, leading often to an excess of fructose in the fermenting must, which contains glucose and fructose in an equal ratio at the beginning of fermentation. Yeast hybrids have been isolated from wines several times and different strains are already commercially available. The united properties of the parent strains can provide advantages under sophisticated fermentation conditions. However, the involvement of a hybrid yeast for the rectification of fermentation disorders in spontaneous fermentations has only been described recently in the literature. Recent investigations have provided convincing evidence that fermentation problems can be overcome when must fermentations are successively performed with Saccharomyces bayanus strain HL 77 and the triple hybrid S. cerevisiae × Saccharomyces kudriavzevii × S. bayanus strain HL 78. The triple hybrid strain HL 78 uses amino acids as a nitrogen source in the absence of ammonium and it also exhibits a fructophilic character with an enhanced uptake of fructose in comparison to glucose. The application of genetically modified yeast strains is not allowed for starter cultures in wine making, but the usage of yeast mixtures and hybrid strains could be a promising tool for winemakers to solve fermentation problems during spontaneous fermentation or for the creation of novel wine types with desired sensory characteristics under more challenging conditions, especially when the composition of the must components is not optimal because of, e.g., critical climatic or soil conditions.
Genotypic diversity, reproductive strategies, and natural selection in non-native populations of Mimulus guttatus

51 2 Introduction . 52 2.1 Materials and methods . 54 2.1. 1 Development of SNP markers . 54 2.1. 2 Population sampling . 56 2.1. 3 SNP genotyping . 59 2.1. 4 Analyses of genetic diversity . 60 2.1. 5 Identification of unique multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and genotypic (clonal) diversity in introduced UK populations . 60 2.1. 6 Genetic diversity of introduced populations in the UK . 61 2.1. 7 Population genetic structure and relationships between native and introduced populations . 61 2.2 Results . 62 2.3 Discussion . 69 2.4 Conclusions . 72 2.5 Acknowledgements . 73 2.6 References . 73 2.7 Supplemental data . 79 Chapter 3:Trade-off between sexual and clonal reproduction changes in magnitude under different resource availability in naturalized Mimulus guttatus 84 Abstract . 85. 85 3 Introduction . 86 3.1 Material and Methods . 90 3.1. 1 Experimental design . 90
Hematological reference values for healthy fat-tailed sheep (Dhumba) in Bangladesh

Objective: There is scarce literature regarding hematology profile of fat-tailed sheep (Dhumba). The study was conducted to determine reference intervals for their hematology profile in the context of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from 32 healthy fat-tailed sheep from Dhaka, Bangladesh, during September–October, 2015. Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil counts were measured. Results: The levels showed a wide range and variation based on age and sex. Adult sheep had significantly (p = 0.01) higher Hb level than that of juvenile (<6 months of age). Other parameter values were almost similar for both adult and juvenile. The only two hematological parameters, showing noteworthy differences between male and female, were TLC and Basophil level (p < 0.05) in blood. Conclusion: The study sets baseline for future research and diagnosis of diseases in fat-tailed sheep. It also helps for profitable production of fat-tailed sheep in Bangladesh.
Using the Home-Underdog Theory to Test the Efficiency of the NFL Sports Gambling Market

NFL sports gambling markets are efficient if one strategy is not consistently profitable year after year. The analysis in this paper examines the efficient market hypothesis using the home-underdog theory. The data were collected for homeunderdogs for the last 10 NFL seasons. Important filters were applied to examine potential variations of the home-underdog theory that may be profitable. There was no variation of the home-underdog theory that was consistently profitable year after year. There were 5 different variations that were profitable in the 10 years, but they were not profitable every year. The results provide evidence that the NFL sports gambling markets are efficient. Strategies that are profitable one year will not be in other years as sportsbooks become more aware of them. “Gambling? Who said anything about gambling? It's not gambling when you know you're gonna win. ” Alan Garner played by Zach Galifianakis from the movie “The Hangover. ”
The Effects of Mantra Meditation on Self-compassion and Stress of Office Workers

High job-stress is more than 2 times likely to cause depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. More 70% of professional managers responded that they felt stressed in their workplaces for the past 10 years. This study investigates the effects of mantra meditation on self-compassion and stress of office workers. The subjects of this study were 20 head managers of apartments in K city. The purpose of this study is to help office workers recognize and accept negative emotions they experienced and to guide them to pleasantly work. The results of the study revealed that first, a t-value of the paired samples test of self-compassion was 9.560 and a significant probability was . 000. Therefore, it can be judged that the mantra meditation is effective in improving self-compassion (awareness index). Second, it was found that the t-value of the paired samples test of the stress index was 4.684 and the significant probability was . 000. Therefore, it can be judged that mantra meditation is effective in minimizing stress. In conclusion, it is found that the mantra meditation can help office workers to recognize and accept their current state, and to achieve a happy work-life. But it is unable to generalize the results because this program ran for office workers who have the same job in one city. Therefore, it is necessary to implement this program for office workers who have different jobs in various cities. Also, mantra meditation is still unfamiliar to the general public, so efforts are needed to popularize it.
A pathogenomic approach towards characterising the South African population of puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust

Stripe (yellow) rust caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a major disease of wheat prevalent in most areas where wheat is cultivated across the globe. It can completely destroy a crop if left untreated. The Pst fungus develops feeding structures that form a close relationship with the host tissue where it facilitates extraction of water and nutrients from the plant, while manipulating the host for its own benefit using effector proteins. This parasitic behaviour reduces yield and grain quality, leading to the propagation of numerous Pst spores, spreading infection. In South Africa stripe rust was first detected in 1996 with the initial pathotype being designated 6E16A-. Thereafter, three more Pst pathotypes were detected in subsequent years (6E22Ain 1998, 7E22Ain 2001 and 6E22A+ in 2005), gaining virulence in a stepwise manner by overcoming additional resistance genes one by one. However, the source of the original pathotype and the current genetic diversity of the Pst population within South Africa remain open questions. To get a better understanding of the South African Pst pathotypes and how they relate to Pst pathotypes globally, the historical population was described using a recently developed “field pathogenomics” approach. High-resolution, next-generation sequencing data utilised in this method aided in determining the genomic relationships between the four historical pathotypes and investigating their potential origin. Historic South African isolates representing the four identivii
Thermal performance evaluation of hot oils and nanofluids by simulation of an indirect heating plant

This paper aims to analyze the thermal performance of four different heat transfer fluids in a hot oil system located in a paraffin hydrotreatment and fractionation plant of a petroleum refinery. The software Petro-SIM? (KBC- -Yokogawa) was employed to elaborate steady-state simulations intended to compare the heat transfer fluid currently used (eutectic of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide) and three fluids proposed as substitutes: paraffin oil (namely n-C13 +) produced in the same industrial unit, a nanofluid of eutectic of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide and copper at a 6% volume fraction, and a CuO/polydimethylsiloxane nanofluid at a 6% volume fraction. The results showed that n-C13 + was the only heat transfer fluid that could replace the eutectic diphenyl oxide/biphenyl in the system under analysis since it absorbed the heat duty of 13.79 Gcal/h, which exceeded the thermal energy of 10.57 Gcal/h absorbed by the heat transfer fluid currently used at the same operating parameters. The Cu/eutectic of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide and CuO/polydimethylsiloxane nanofluids presented lower heat duty than the energy needed for the operation of the hot oil system, which was 8.31 and 8.51 Gcal/h, respectively.
The Toolbox to Study Protein–Protein Interactions in Plants

Abstract The ability to detect the interaction partners of a protein and how those interactions occur are central to the study of biology. Indeed, such knowledge can provide important clues to unravel the functional context of proteins in specific pathways. This review provides an overview of the different techniques available to plant researchers to study protein–protein interactions (PPIs), and briefly summarizes key benefits and disadvantages of each technique. We discuss the most commonly used in vitro-based techniques (i.e., co-immunoprecipitation and microscale thermophoresis), yeast-based screening methods (i.e., yeast two-hybrid and the split-ubiquitin system), as well as imaging and FRET-based approaches (i.e., bimolecular fluorescence complementation, modification of intracellular localisation, protein mobility measurements, acceptor photobleaching, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and fluorescence polarization/anisotropy) that are used in the field of plant biology. Finally, we offer suggestions that may provide future directions for how to best use and combine these techniques.
DIFFERENCES IN BOAT VELOCITY RELATED TO TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN HIGHLY-TRAINED ROWERS

Boat velocity is determined by both physical capacity and technical ability. By adjusting for power, we quantified differences in velocity attributable to technical efficiency. Stroke data from 47 2000 m races in male and female single sculls (10 and 8 boats) and coxless pairs (3 and 6 boats) were collected using Peach PowerLine and OptimEye S5 GPS equipment attached to boats. The logarithm of velocity was predicted with the logarithm of the sum of mean stroke power of both oars in a general linear mixed model for each boat class, a random effect for boat identity estimated a coefficient of variation representing differences in efficiency between boats. The differences were very large to extremely large (CV of 1.33.4%). Performance of boats with poor efficiency could be enhanced by improving technique, improving power output could be the focus for those with good efficiency.
Transcriptomic profiling of skeletal muscle from the Ts1Cje mouse model of Down syndrome suggests dysregulation of trisomic genes associated with neuromuscular junction signaling, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation

Ts1Cje is a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) with partial triplication of chromosome 16, which encompasses a high number of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) orthologous genes. The mouse model exhibits muscle weakness resembling hypotonia in DS individuals. The effect of extra gene dosages on muscle weakness or hypotonia in Ts1Cje and DS individuals remains unknown. To identify molecular dysregulation of the skeletal muscle, we compared the transcriptomic signatures of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles between the adult Ts1Cje and disomic littermates. A total of 166 and 262 differentially expressed protein-coding genes (DEGs) were identified in the soleus and EDL muscles, respectively. The partial trisomy of MMU16 in Ts1Cje mice has a greater effect on gene expression in EDL. Top-down clustering analysis of all DEGs for represented functional ontologies revealed 5 functional clusters in soleus associated with signal transduction, development of reproductive system, nucleic acid biosynthesis, protein modification and metabolism as well as regulation of gene expression. On the other hand, only 3 functional clusters were observed for EDL namely neuron and cell development, protein modification and metabolic processes as well as ion transport. A total of 11 selected DEGs were validated using qPCR (disomic DEGs: Mansc1; trisomic DEGs: Itsn1, Rcan1, Synj1, Donson, Dyrk1a, Ifnar1, Ifnar2, Runx1, Sod1 and Tmem50b). The validated DEGs were implicated in neuromuscular junction signalling (Itsn1, Syn1), oxidative stress (Sod1, Runx1) and chronic inflammation processes (Runx1, Rcan1, Ifnar1, Ifnar2). Other validated DEGs have not been well-documented as involved in the skeletal muscle development or function, thus serve as interesting novel candidates for future investigations. To our knowledge, the study was the first attempt to determine the transcriptomic profiles of both soleus and EDL muscles in Ts1Cje mice. It provides new insights on the possible disrupted molecular pathways associated with hypotonia in DS individuals.
Diversity, ecological feature and conservation of a high montane flora of the Shigar valley (Karakorum range) Baltistan region, northern Pakistan

This paper presents the results of exploratory investigation on the flora of the Shigar valley, Central Karakorum Mountains, conducted in 2013-2016. The studies completed with the documentation of 345 vascular plants distributed in 206 genera and 63 families with maximum species of flowering plants. Asteraceae and Saussurea were leading taxa in terms of family and genera respectively. Arid mountain slopes was main habitat type sharing maximum species (84) in the native flora. Generally, the sum of species exposed herbaceous habit (301 species) with prevalence of perennial herbs (220 species). Life form grouping revealed the excessive occurrence of Hemicryptophytes (139 species). Distribution wise, the Irano-Turanian elements (35.36%) were the most frequent species co-dominating with Western Himalayan elements (28.69%). Some endemic and critically endangered species for instance Festuca hartmannii, Aconitum violaceum var. weilerei, Anaphalis chitralensis, Asperula oppositifolia subsp. baltistanica, Pedicularis staintonii, Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. karakoramica, and Hedysarum falconeri are also recognized. The flora is under extreme natural and human hazards and emphasizes the involvement of international and national organizations dedicated to biological conservation for effective protection of flora particularly the rare and endemic taxa.
Explaining Visual Cortex Phenomena using Recursive Cortical Network

The connectivity and information pathways of visual cortex are well studied, as are observed physiological phenomena, yet a cohesive model for explaining visual cortex processes remains an open problem. For a comprehensive understanding, we need to build models of the visual cortex that are capable of robust real-world performance, while also being able to explain psychophysical and physiological observations. To this end, we demonstrate how the Recursive Cortical Network (George et al., 2017) can be used as a computational model to reproduce and explain subjective contours, neon color spreading, occlusion vs. deletion, and the border-ownership competition phenomena observed in the visual cortex.
Experience and Challenges of the Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis and its Outcomes

Journal of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal focused on Clinical Nephrology practice and related diseases and it also includes wide range of topics like Glomerular Diseases, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Haemodialysis, Kidney Abnormalities, Renal failure, Kidney Transplantation, Diabetic Kidney Disease, Hemorrhagic cystitis, Analgesic Nephropathy, Angiotensin, Chronic kidney Disease, Cryoglobulinemia, Cytoscopy, IgA Nephropathy, Acupuncture Kidney Points, Microscopic Polyangiitis, Osmotic diuresis, Nephroptosis, Polycystic Kidney Disease, Pyelonephritis, Acute Kidney Failure, Acute Kidney Injury, Acute Tubular Necrosis, Radiation Nephropathy, Renal Failure, Urinary Tract Infections, Kidney Biopsy, Kidney Cancer, Kidney Cancer Diagnosis, Kidney Cancer Prognosis, Kidney Cysts, Kidney Dialysis Diet, Kidney Dialysis Practice, Kidney Transplantation.
A history of the biogeography of Amazonian fishes

ABSTRACT The history of knowledge about Amazonian biogeography is as rich as its fish community, and a fascinating theme of study in itself. Several current paradigms and controversies about Amazonian fish biogeography are rooted in principles dating from the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. The present work establishes a relationship between current biogeographical ideas and their old predecessors, on the basis of a chronologically-oriented historical continuity analysis. The advent of evolutionary theory has not contributed significantly to a transformation of the knowledge on the biogeography of Amazonian fishes. On the other hand, the two main schools of biogeographical thought (dispersalist and vicariant) had major implications on how Amazonian fish distribution is interpreted. The process was gradual and many hypotheses have combined elements from each of the two schools. Chronologically, practically the entire tradition of Amazonian biogeography takes place within the evolutionary paradigm, although its founder Louis Agassiz was himself an anti-evolutionist. The birth of Amazonian biogeography is Agassiz´s travel in Amazon. That document makes it clear that the author did not consider dispersal as a valid explanation for the biogeographical patterns he found. Later, Carl Eigenmann helps to spread the dispersalist tradition as a model for biogeographical explanations in fish distributions, a phase which lasted until the late 20th century. A major shift occurs with the contributions of Marylin Weitzman, Stanley Weitzman and Richard Vari, who associated the temporal framework of phylogenetic hypotheses with distribution patterns, underscoring the predictive power of vicariant biogeography. The present-day paradigm begins with the work of John Lundberg and attempts to incorporate geomorphological and phylogenetic information into integrative biogeographical hypotheses. Some emblematic problems have delayed proposition of general hypotheses on the phylogenetic biogeography of South American fishes, such as the poor state of knowledge of their species-level systematics; an incomplete distributional record for most species and sparse or non-existent data on the phylogenetic history of most supraspecific taxa. Such drawbacks are now being corrected at a fast pace. Recent advances on geographical distribution and an increasing number of phylogenetic hypotheses will allow unprecedented large-scale biogeographic analyses, including those based on event models and Bayesian inference. Thus, the biogeography of South American fishes, especially Amazonian ones, should soon experiment a new age of progress. The success of that new phase will depend on its ability to recognize and segregate multiple overlapping temporal layers of hydrological changes, and to develop analytical tools that can deal with temporal mixing.