Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of high intensity aerobic training and circuit training on body composition in fitness men

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four weeks of high intensity aerobic training and circuit training on body composition in physically active men. The two groups were monitored with the use of Polar H7 heart rate sensors, connected with the Polar Team heart rate detection system (Polar electro Oy, Kempele, Finland), while for the evaluation of body composition the Tanita Analyser MC-780MA was used (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). The results obtained showed that the aerobic training group (AT) showed significant differences in BMI (Table 2, Δ=0.2), body mass (Table 2, Δ=0.9), fat mass (Table 2, Δ=0.9), and fat mass percentage (Table 2, Δ=0.9), except in the lean mass (Table 2, Δ=0.0); the circuit training group (CT) also showed a significant reduction in all body composition parameters (Table 2), including lean mass (Table 2, Δ=0.3). There were no significant differences in body composition parameters between the AT and CT groups (Table 2) after the training program, except for lean mass, which increased significantly only in the CT group (Table 2, Δ=0.3). In conclusion, the present study suggests that high-intensity aerobic training or high-intensity circuit training produces similar benefits in improving the body composition in physically active men, even when their diet is not controlled.
II. Changes in the homeostasis of human red blood cells during capillary transits

Capillary transit times vary between 0.5 and 1.5s during which the red blood cells squeeze and deform in the capillary stream transiently opening stress-gated PIEZO1 channels, creating minuscule quantal changes in RBC ion contents and volume. Ideas originally advanced four decades ago and widely assumed to be correct suggested that quantal changes generated during capillary transits add up over time to generate the documented changes in RBC density during their long circulatory lifespan, the quantal hypothesis. Applying the new PIEZO1 extension of the RBC model (RCM) introduced in the previous paper we investigate here in detail the changes in homeostatic variables that may be expected during single capillary transits resulting from transient PIEZO1 channel activation. The results showed that quantal volume changes were infinitesimal in magnitude, biphasic in nature, and essentially irreversible within inter-transit periods. A sub-second transient PIEZO1 activation triggered a sharp swelling peak followed by a much slower dehydration period towards lower-than-baseline volumes. The peak response was caused by net CaCl2 and fluid gain via PIEZO1 channels driven by the steep electrochemical inward Ca2+ gradient. The ensuing dehydration followed a complex time-course with sequential, but partially overlapping contributions by KCl loss via Ca2+-activated Gardos channels, PMCA mediated calcium extrusion and chloride efflux by the Jacobs-Steward mechanism. The change in relative cell volume predicted for single capillary transits was below 10−4, an infinitesimal magnitude incompatible with a functional role in capillary flow. The biphasic response predicted by the RCM appears to conform to the quantal hypothesis, but whether its cumulative effects could account for the documented changes in density during RBC senescence required an investigation of the effects of myriad transits over the full period of circulatory lifespan, the subject of the next paper of this series.
GGBFS Activated by Tetra-Isopropyl Titanate

In order to prepare high activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), tetra-isopropyl titanate was used to process GGBFS in this study. Internal standard method of infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to study the activation extent of GGBFS influenced by the concentration of tetra-isopropyl titanate, activation temperature and time. The FT-IR analyses showed that the extent of GGBFS coupling reaction was the highest, when the accelerating agent was 0.6%, the concentration of tetra-isopropyl titanate, activation temperature, activation time were 1%, 100°C and 30min, respectively. The GGBFS which is activated by tetra-isopropyl titanate remarkable improves the mechanical properties of artificial marble.
A Monte Carlo simulation of the hydrophobic interaction

The hydrophobic interaction between two apolar (Lennard–Jones) spheres dissolved in a model of liquid water (ST 2 water) is simulated using the force‐bias Monte Carlo technique recently devised by the authors. Importance sampling techniques are devised and used to give a relatively accurate determination of the potential of mean force of the two apolar spheres as a function of their separation. This determination shows that there are two relatively stable configurations for the spheres. In one configuration each member of the pair sits in its own water cage with one water molecule fitting between them. There is a free energy barrier separating this from the other stable configuration which is such that no water molecule sits between the spheres. This conclusion is shown to be quantitatively consistent with the recent semiempirical theory of Pratt and Chandler and is in disagreement with some previous Monte Carlo studies.
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation and its application to polyelectrolytes

The validity of the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation is reconsidered on the basis of functional expansion techniques supplemented by the mean spherical approximation. In the application of greatest interest a strong Coulomb potential originating in an external source, such as a polyelectrolyte molecule, acts on a salt solution of small mobile ions. Where the local charge density of mobile ions is high, substantial errors may occur in the PB approximation that relates charge density to mean potential. However, the solution to the PB equation is nevertheless a good approximation in the indicated application because a quite small percentage change in the electrostatic potential can compensate large errors in the Boltzmann distribution. An application to DNA illustrates this compensation, and also its impending failure at bulk salt concentrations in excess of 0.1M. A two phase (or condensation) model is derived as an approximation to the PB equation and retains fair accuracy even at substantial salt concentrat.
The Vertebrate Retina: Principles of Structure and Function

Layer by layer, Professor Rodieck verbally dissects the vertebrate retina and the chorioretinal border structures, presenting them structurally, chemically, and functionally in a concise, methodical manner. Supported by investigations from the time of Newton (1704), Young (1801), Helmholtz (1856), and Cajal (1893), the author's survey progresses to the present use of sophisticated techniques of freeze etching, radioautography, microspectrophotometry, foveal reflectometry, and many others. The most recently available information on neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the retina is incorporated into this book. The book has 23 chapters and five appendices. After a survey of retinal structure, chapters on the chemistry, photochemistry, and spectral properties of the visual pigments follow. Viewing the photoreceptors as a layer of visual pigment sandwiched between two layers rich in mitochondria and metabolic enzymes, the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer layers are analyzed. Moving inward, the structure and neurophysiology of the remainder of the inner retina is
How long do people stick to a diet resolution? A digital epidemiological estimation of weight loss diet persistence

Abstract Objective: To use Internet search data to compare duration of compliance for various diets. Design: Using a passive surveillance digital epidemiological approach, we estimated the average duration of diet compliance by examining monthly Internet searches for recipes related to popular diets. We fit a mathematical model to these data to estimate the time spent on a diet by new January dieters (NJD) and to estimate the percentage of dieters dropping out during the American winter holiday season between Thanksgiving and the end of December. Setting: Internet searches in the USA for recipes related to popular diets over a 15-year period from 2004 to 2019. Participants: Individuals in the USA performing Internet searches for recipes related to popular diets. Results: All diets exhibited significant seasonality in recipe-related Internet searches, with sharp spikes every January followed by a decline in the number of searches and a further decline in the winter holiday season. The Paleo diet had the longest average compliance times among NJD (5.32 ± 0.68 weeks) and the lowest dropout during the winter holiday season (only 14 ± 3 % dropping out in December). The South Beach diet had the shortest compliance time among NJD (3.12 ± 0.64 weeks) and the highest dropout during the holiday season (33 ± 7 % dropping out in December). Conclusions: The current study is the first of its kind to use passive surveillance data to compare the duration of adherence with different diets and underscores the potential usefulness of digital epidemiological approaches to understanding health behaviours.
The transport properties of magnetic alloys with multi-channel Kondo impurities

In the framework of conformal field theory the author calculates the dynamical magnetic susceptibility and electronic self-energy component at low temperatures and energies <<TK (the Kondo temperature) for the N-channel magnetic impurities with S<N/2 (S is an impurity spin). The scaling dimensions of electrical resistivity, Hall resistivity and decreasing superconducting temperature are also calculated.
Economics of phosphorus fertilization of barley as influenced by concentration of extractable phosphorus in soil

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at 60 sites in central and north‐central Alberta to determine the yield response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilizer and economics of P application on soils with different concentrations of extractable P in the 0–15 cm soil layer. On the unfertilized plots, barley yield increased with increasing concentration of extractable P in the soil up to 22 mg P kg‐1, but the yield response to applied P decreased. The net present value (NPV) of returns from P fertilization increased with increasing rate of P up to approximately 51 kg P2O5 ha‐1. The NPV of applied P decreased with increasing concentration of extractable P in soil. On soils with extractable P more than 22 mg P kg‐1, P application did not result in positive NPV.
Influence of Selected Inorganic Electron Acceptors on Organic Nitrogen Mineralization in Everglades Soils

Organic N mineralization can regulate the bioavailability of N in wetland soils and be controlled by the availability of inorganic electron acceptors. During the past 40 yr, the northern Everglades has been affected by nutrient loading as a consequence of the diversion of surface water runoff from agricultural lands. The greatest hydraulic loading occurs in the summer season when precipitation is highest. Fluctuations in water levels and loading of alternate electron acceptors (NO 3 - and SO 4 2- ) could result in variable N turnover rates. The effect of aerobic, NO 3 - reducing, SO 4 2- reducing, and methanogenic conditions on potential organic N mineralization rate was investigated. Soil at 0- to 10- and 10- to 30-cm depths and overlying plant detritus were collected from eight stations along a 10-km eutrophic gradient in the northern Everglades, Florida. Selected soil characteristics including microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), total P, and extractable NH 4 + were measured. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher rates of N mineralization were observed in the detritus, lower rates in the 0- to 10-cm depth, and lowest rates in the 10- to 30-cm depth under each of aerobic, NO 3 - reducing, SO 4 2- reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Organic N mineralization rates decreased sequentially from aerobic to NO 3 - and SO 4 2- reducing conditions to methanogenic conditions. Total P, MBC, and MBN were all significantly correlated (P < 0.05) to the N mineralization rates under dominance of each electron acceptor. Of all the measured soil characteristics, extractable NH 4 + was the most strongly correlated (P < 0.01; r = 0.62-0.92) indicator of potential N mineralization rates. Results of this research have important implications for the biogeochemical cycling of N and ecosystem productivity in wetland systems.
Approximation of the structure factor for nonspherical hard bodies using polydisperse spheres

A new method for approximation of the structure factor for nonspherical hard bodies is suggested. It is shown that for moderate deviation from spherical symmetry the structure factor may be approximated by the structure factor for a size distribution of spheres. The distribution of spheres should be selected to give agreement between the excluded volume distance distribution functions for the two cases. As the excluded volume distance distribution may be calculated by Monte Carlo simulation for any particle and as a semi-analytical expression exists for the excluded volume distance distribution of a size distribution of spheres, it should be possible to apply the method to any shape of molecule. For ellipsoids of axial ratios between 0.5 and 2.0 a simple approximate expression is given for the parameters of the matching size distribution.
leafkin—An R package for automated kinematic data analysis of monocot leaves

Abstract Growth is one of the most studied plant responses. At the cellular level, plant growth is driven by cell division and cell expansion. A means to quantify these two cellular processes is through kinematic analysis, a methodology that has been developed and perfected over the past decades, with in-depth descriptions of the methodology available. Unfortunately, after performing the lab work, researchers are required to perform time-consuming, repetitive and error-prone calculations. To lower the barrier towards this final step in the analysis and to aid researchers currently applying this technique, we have created leafkin, an R-package to perform all the calculations involved in the kinematic analysis of monocot leaves using only four functions. These functions support leaf elongation rate calculations, fitting of cell length profiles, extraction of fitted cell lengths and execution of kinematic equations. With the leafkin package, kinematic analysis of monocot leaves becomes more accessible than before.
Application of Biotechnology to Improve Post-Ingestion Forage Quality in the Rumen

Several methods are currently employed to manipulate rumen fermentation to enhance postingestion nutritive value of fibrous forages through use of biotechnology including inoculants of native and recombinant rumen microorganisms, natural adaptation and microbial feed enzymes. In this essay, progress and problems related to manipulation of rumen ecosystem through inoculation of natural and genetically modified rumen microorganisms are discussed. Also advancements in exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve digestibility of fibrous diets is briefly reviewed.
Fast algorithms using orthogonal polynomials

We review recent advances in algorithms for quadrature, transforms, differential equations and singular integral equations using orthogonal polynomials. Quadrature based on asymptotics has facilitated optimal complexity quadrature rules, allowing for efficient computation of quadrature rules with millions of nodes. Transforms based on rank structures in change-of-basis operators allow for quasi-optimal complexity, including in multivariate settings such as on triangles and for spherical harmonics. Ordinary and partial differential equations can be solved via sparse linear algebra when set up using orthogonal polynomials as a basis, provided that care is taken with the weights of orthogonality. A similar idea, together with low-rank approximation, gives an efficient method for solving singular integral equations. These techniques can be combined to produce high-performance codes for a wide range of problems that appear in applications.
Electroless deposition of polyaniline: synthesis and characterization

Polyaniline (PANi), as conductive polymer, constitutes an attractive material for electronic and optical applications. Different from electropolymerization and chemical oxidative polymerization, electroless deposition is another method for synthesizing PANi. Aniline can polymerize slowly and spontaneously on platinum or palladium surface in an aqueous acid solution of the monomer. This reaction proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism that involves the reduction of dissolved oxygen as cathodic and oxidation of aniline as anodic half‐reactions at the metal/solution interface. PANi, obtained by electroless synthesis, was compared to chemical oxidative and electropolymerized ones by XPS and SEM. The product of electroless deposition is found to be chemically similar to the others but its morphology is different. The PANi film growth and morphology are studied as a function of time and temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed-Time Representation for State-Task Network Models

A new mixed-time representation for STN-based scheduling models is proposed: the time grid is fixed, but processing times are allowed to be variable and span an unknown number of time periods. The proposed representation handles batch and continuous processes, and it accounts linearly for holding, backlog, and utility costs. It handles release and due dates at no additional computational cost, and it accounts for variable processing times. Computational improvements for the solution of the proposed mixed-integer programming formulation are also developed.
THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY

Abstract This article examines the principle of legality, a principle of statutory interpretation that requires clear statutory words to oust basic common-law norms. The principle is of growing importance in the Supreme Court's public law jurisprudence, yet it has garnered little scholarly attention. This article offers a comprehensive account of the principle, unpacking its core elements and identifying key controversies. The article reveals that lying beyond this apparently straightforward principle is a complex and elaborate jurisprudence, which raises fundamental issues of principle, policy and judicial legitimacy.
Structural, electronic, and optical absorption properties of orthorhombic CaSnO3 through ab initio calculations

Density functional theory ab initio calculations of the structural parameters, electronic structure, carriers’ effective masses, and optical absorption of orthorhombic CaSnO3 were performed within the local density and generalized gradient approximations, LDA and GGA, respectively. A good agreement between the calculated lattice parameters and experimental results was obtained, and a direct energy gap of 1.95 eV (2.92 eV) is estimated in the GGA (LDA) for orthorhombic CaSnO3. The computed carriers’ effective masses are small and practically isotropic for electrons, allowing us to suggest that direct gap orthorhombic CaSnO3 is a semiconductor with potential for optoelectronic applications. The optical absorption increases for photon energies larger than 7.0 eV due to the appearance of transitions involving O 2p valence states and Ca 3d conduction states.
Thermal plasmas for nanofabrication

In this paper, we review the recent progress in nanofabrication by thermal plasmas, and attempt to define some of the most important issues in the field. For synthesis of nanoparticles, the experimental studies in the past five years are briefly introduced; the theoretical and numerical modelling works of the past 20 years are reviewed with some detailed explanations. Also, the use of thermal plasmas to produce nanostructured films and coatings is described. A wide range of technologies have been developed, ranging from chemical vapour deposition processes to new plasma spraying processes. We present an overview of the different techniques and the important physical phenomena, as well as the requirements for future progress.
Non-Metric Augmented Reality by Virtual Camera Method under Afﬁne Projection Model

An algorithm is developed for augmenting a real video/scene with virtual graphics objects without computing Euclidean information. For this, we design a method of specifying the virtual camera which performs Euclidean ortho-graphic projection in recovered afﬁne space. In addition, our method has the capability of generating views of objects shaded by virtual light sources, which was unavailable previously. Our novel formulation and experimental results are presented.
Carbon balance in maize fields under cattle manure application and no-tillage cultivation in Northeast Thailand

Abstract This study was carried out to analyze the effects of cattle manure application and no-tillage cultivation on changes in soil carbon stock and carbon balance in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in infertile tropical sandy soil in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. The experimental field was treated for 3 years from August 1999 to June 2002 with conventional cultivation, cattle manure application and no-tillage cultivation. Cattle manure was applied at a rate of 20 Mg ha−2 (fresh weight) 5 days before sowing maize. Weeds in the no-tillage cultivation field were sprayed with herbicide and dead weeds were left in the field. Soil was sampled at 0–50 cm depth before plowing in the first–third years and 1 year after the third year of the experiment. The CO2 flux from the soil surface was measured using the alkaline absorption method every 1–4 weeks throughout the period. The biomass of maize and weeds was stable under conventional cultivation, increased with cattle manure application, and decreased with no-tillage cultivation. Soil carbon stock in the 0–30 cm soil depth increased from 16.0, 11.0 and 13.3 Mg C ha−1 at the start of the experiment to 17.1, 18.2 and 15.9 Mg C ha−1 3 years later in the conventional cultivation, cattle manure application and no-tillage cultivation treatments, respectively. The CO2 flux from the soil surface of the maize field was 10.1–11.5 Mg C ha−1 year−1 under conventional cultivation and 8.5–9.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1 under no-tillage cultivation over the 3 years of the experiment. With cattle manure application, the CO2 flux was 10.5 Mg C ha−1 year−1 in the first year, which was not different from the other treatments; this increased to 13.3–15.3 Mg C ha−1 year−1 in the second and third years. Analysis of the carbon balance showed that the applied cattle manure increased the soil carbon stock and plant biomass, which consequently further increased carbon input to the soil. In the no-tillage cultivation treatment, carbon loss by CO2 flux from the soil was low, although carbon input to the soil by returning maize residues and weeds was also low; hence, only a small amount of carbon input accumulated in the soil.
Infrared absorption spectra of sodium silicate glasses at high pressures

Infrared absorption spectra of 12 sodium silicate glasses of varying composition (10 to 45 mole% Na2O) are examined at varying pressures to 58.8 kbar. The pressure dependences of all the infrared absorption frequencies studied are found to be positive. Gruneisen γ's are evaluated from the pressure dependence of the infrared vibrations and elastic parameters. The results are compared with those obtained from previous high‐pressure studies of α‐quartz and several other silicate glasses.