The allelic rice immune receptor Pikh confers extended resistance to strains of the blast fungus through a single polymorphism in the effector binding interface

Arms race co-evolution drives rapid adaptive changes in pathogens and in the immune systems of their hosts. Plant intracellular NLR immune receptors detect effectors delivered by pathogens to promote susceptibility, activating an immune response that halts colonization. As a consequence, pathogen effectors evolve to escape immune recognition and are highly variable. In turn, NLR receptors are one of the most diverse protein families in plants, and this variability underpins differential recognition of effector variants. The molecular mechanisms underlying natural variation in effector recognition by NLRs are starting to be elucidated. The rice NLR pair Pik-1/Pik-2 recognizes AVR-Pik effectors from the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, triggering immune responses that limit rice blast infection. Allelic variation in a heavy metal associated (HMA) domain integrated in the receptor Pik-1 confers differential binding to AVR-Pik variants, determining resistance specificity. Previous mechanistic studies uncovered how a Pik allele, Pikm, has extended recognition to effector variants through a specialized HMA/AVR-Pik binding interface. Here, we reveal the mechanistic basis of extended recognition specificity conferred by another Pik allele, Pikh. A single residue in Pikh-HMA increases binding to AVR-Pik variants, leading to an extended effector response in planta. The crystal structure of Pikh-HMA in complex with an AVR-Pik variant confirmed that Pikh and Pikm use a similar molecular mechanism to extend their pathogen recognition profile. This study shows how different NLR receptor alleles functionally converge to extend recognition specificity to pathogen effectors. Author Summary Plant pathogens constantly evolve to overcome immune defences and successfully colonize hosts, resulting in some of the most devastating diseases that affect global food production. To defend themselves, plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system that recognizes the presence of different pathogens and triggers immune responses to stop their spread. How plant immune receptors achieve extended recognition to specific pathogen strains and the molecular details of this recognition are just starting to be understood. In this study, we characterize how an allele of a rice immune receptor achieves a broad-spectrum recognition to effectors from the rice blast fungus. We found that this receptor has evolved a single change that alters the way it binds to different effector variants. This change increases binding affinity to these variants and this is ultimately translated to immune recognition. Interestingly, a different rice immune receptor allele also achieves broad-spectrum effector recognition in a similar way. Therefore, different immune receptor alleles can converge on a similar mechanism to achieve extended recognition to pathogen effectors. This knowledge has the potential to help to the rational design of plant immune receptors with bespoke resistance to some of the most destructive pathogens. A long-term goal in plant biotechnology.