Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Use of Social Networking Sites for Public Health Practice and Research: A Systematic Review

Background Social networking sites (SNSs) have the potential to increase the reach and efficiency of essential public health services, such as surveillance, research, and communication. Objective The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify the use of SNSs for public health research and practice and to identify existing knowledge gaps. Methods We performed a systematic literature review of articles related to public health and SNSs using PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL to search for peer-reviewed publications describing the use of SNSs for public health research and practice. We also conducted manual searches of relevant publications. Each publication was independently reviewed by 2 researchers for inclusion and extracted relevant study data. Results A total of 73 articles met our inclusion criteria. Most articles (n=50) were published in the final 2 years covered by our search. In all, 58 articles were in the domain of public health research and 15 were in public health practice. Only 1 study was conducted in a low-income country. Most articles (63/73, 86%) described observational studies involving users or usages of SNSs; only 5 studies involved randomized controlled trials. A large proportion (43/73, 59%) of the identified studies included populations considered hard to reach, such as young individuals, adolescents, and individuals at risk of sexually transmitted diseases or alcohol and substance abuse. Few articles (2/73, 3%) described using the multidirectional communication potential of SNSs to engage study populations. Conclusions The number of publications about public health uses for SNSs has been steadily increasing in the past 5 years. With few exceptions, the literature largely consists of observational studies describing users and usages of SNSs regarding topics of public health interest. More studies that fully exploit the communication tools embedded in SNSs and study their potential to produce significant effects in the overall population’s health are needed.
Functional differentiation of a clone resembling embryonic cortical interneuron progenitors

We have generated clones (L2.3 and RG3.6) of neural progenitors with radial glial properties from rat E14.5 cortex that differentiate into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Here, we describe a different clone (L2.2) that gives rise exclusively to neurons, but not to glia. Neuronal differentiation of L2.2 cells was inhibited by bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) and enhanced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) similar to cortical interneuron progenitors. Compared with L2.3, differentiating L2.2 cells expressed significantly higher levels of mRNAs for glutamate decarboxylases (GADs), DLX transcription factors, calretinin, calbindin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin. Increased levels of DLX‐2, GADs, and calretinin proteins were confirmed upon differentiation. L2.2 cells differentiated into neurons that fired action potentials in vitro, and their electrophysiological differentiation was accelerated and more complete when cocultured with developing astroglial cells but not with conditioned medium from these cells. The combined results suggest that clone L2.2 resembles GABAergic interneuron progenitors in the developing forebrain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2008
Efficient ECGDH algorithm through protected multicast routing protocol in MANETs

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) covers a set of autonomous mobile nodes that communicates through the wireless communication in an infrastructure-less environment. Mostly, MANETs are used in group communication mechanisms like military applications, rescue operations, emergency search, vehicular ad-hoc communications and mining operations etc. In such type of networks, a group communication takes place by the multicasting technique. Communication and collaboration is necessary among the nodes in the groups in multicast protocols. The PUMA has the best multicast routing protocol as compared to the tree and mesh based multicast protocols, although it suffers from the security issues. Mainly, PUMA suffers from the Man in the middle attack (MITM) which generates traffic flow; drop the packets and miscommunicate the neighbor nodes with the false hop count. So, defending from the MITM attack, we designed a new mechanism called Elliptic Curve Group Diffie-Hellman (ECGDH). This approach compares the results of PUMA routing protocol with the legitimate, under attack and after providing security against an attack. Finally, we observed that ECGDH gives efficient results even after the attack has happened
Evaluación de políticas de mercado de trabajo: un análisis aplicado de las subvenciones al autoempleo

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la efectividad de las ayudas al empleo autonomo como politica activa de mercado de trabajo. Los resultados de la investigacion muestran una elevada tasa de supervivencia de las actividades de autoempleo y un efecto neto de la medida cercano al 20 por 100 del empleo subvencionado, mayor entre los colectivos con mayores dificultades de acceso al empleo. Ademas, un 39,1 por 100 de los negocios subvencionados han creado empleo. Esta creacion de empleo adicional depende fundamentalmente de la rama de actividad del negocio.
Trends in Resource Utilization for Hospitalized Children With Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in national resource utilization for pediatric skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) hospitalizations. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of hospital discharges from 1997 to 2009 within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database for children with isolated SSTIs. Outcomes examined included patient and hospital characteristics, number of hospitalizations, and resource utilization including length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, and performance of incision and drainage (I&D). Trends in resource utilization were assessed by using linear regression in a merged data set with survey year as the primary independent variable. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted for 2009 data to assess factors associated with increased I&D. RESULTS: The weighted proportion of SSTI hospitalizations among all hospitalizations doubled (0.46% vs 1.01%) from 1997 to 2009. During the same period, patient demographic trends included a shift to increased hospitalizations in infant and preschool-age groups as well as publicly insured children. Mean LOS decreased from 3.11 to 2.71 days. Increased resource utilization included changes in mean charges from $6722 to $11 534 per hospitalization and a twofold increase in I&D (21% to 44%). Factors associated with I&D include young age, African American race, female gender, publicly or uninsured children, and southern region of the United States. CONCLUSIONS: SSTI is responsible for an emerging increase in health services utilization. Additional study is warranted to identify interventions that may effectively address this public health burden.
Enhancement of X-ray Induced Apoptosis by Mobile Phone-Like Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Mouse Spermatocyte-Derived Cells

To explore the combined effects of environmental radio-frequency (RF) field and X-ray, mouse spermatocyte-derived (GC-1) cells were exposed to 1950 MHz RF field at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3 W/kg for 24 h combined with or without X-ray irradiation at 6 Gy. After treatment, the cell proliferation level was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay and 5-Bromo-2-deoxy Uridine (BrdU) enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay. The apoptosis level was detected by annexin V flow cytometry assay, transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) Assay and Caspase-3 Activity Assay. It was found that the proliferation and apoptosis level did not change in GC-1 cells after RF exposure alone. However, compared with the X-ray group, the proliferation level significantly decreased and the apoptotic rate significantly increased in the RF+X-ray group. Moreover, a significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression and increase in Bax protein expression were observed. The findings suggested that RF exposure at SAR of 3 W/kg did not affect apoptosis and proliferation in GC-1 cells by itself, but that it did enhance the effects of X-ray induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis, in which B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) might be involved.
Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease.

BACKGROUND Two inflammatory disorders, type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, cosegregate in populations, suggesting a common genetic origin. Since both diseases are associated with the HLA class II genes on chromosome 6p21, we tested whether non-HLA loci are shared. METHODS We evaluated the association between type 1 diabetes and eight loci related to the risk of celiac disease by genotyping and statistical analyses of DNA samples from 8064 patients with type 1 diabetes, 9339 control subjects, and 2828 families providing 3064 parent-child trios (consisting of an affected child and both biologic parents). We also investigated 18 loci associated with type 1 diabetes in 2560 patients with celiac disease and 9339 control subjects. RESULTS Three celiac disease loci--RGS1 on chromosome 1q31, IL18RAP on chromosome 2q12, and TAGAP on chromosome 6q25--were associated with type 1 diabetes (P<1.00x10(-4)). The 32-bp insertion-deletion variant on chromosome 3p21 was newly identified as a type 1 diabetes locus (P=1.81x10(-8)) and was also associated with celiac disease, along with PTPN2 on chromosome 18p11 and CTLA4 on chromosome 2q33, bringing the total number of loci with evidence of a shared association to seven, including SH2B3 on chromosome 12q24. The effects of the IL18RAP and TAGAP alleles confer protection in type 1 diabetes and susceptibility in celiac disease. Loci with distinct effects in the two diseases included INS on chromosome 11p15, IL2RA on chromosome 10p15, and PTPN22 on chromosome 1p13 in type 1 diabetes and IL12A on 3q25 and LPP on 3q28 in celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS A genetic susceptibility to both type 1 diabetes and celiac disease shares common alleles. These data suggest that common biologic mechanisms, such as autoimmunity-related tissue damage and intolerance to dietary antigens, may be etiologic features of both diseases.
Above-elbow amputation and death following human bite mismanaged by quacks: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND Human bite is a common injury sustained during a fight, love passion, self mutilation, cannibalism or vampirism. Although widely reported as being more dangerous than animal bites, such complications as limb amputation from gangrene and eventually death is either uncommon or scarcely reported in our environment. OBJECTIVE To highlight the dangers of human bite as a potential cause of severe morbidity and mortality especially when poorly managed. METHODOLOGY A 30 year old Fulani herdsman with gangrene of the right hand, and distal forearm presenting in coma 10 days after sustaining human bite is presented and relevant related literature reviewed. CASE REPORT M.U. is a 30 year old Fulani herdsman who presented to us at the accident and emergency unit with 10 days history of human bite to the first web space of the right hand, 5 days history of gangrenous hand and distal foreman, and 2 days history of loss of consciousness. The injury was inflicted by a fellow herdsman during a fight. He then commenced treatment with a patent medicine dealer. A few days later the hand became swollen with associated severe pains, serous discharge and subsequent darkish discoloration, frank pus exudates and loss of hand function. Two days prior to presentation, he lapsed into unconsciousness after complaining of severe weakness and fever. Following his presentation, clinical examination and investigation, he was offered a below elbow guillotine amputation. However by the next day, he deteriorated with GCS of 5/15 and subsequently died after 24 hours of presentation. CONCLUSION Human bite can be a cause of severe morbidity and mortality. Treatment by quacks should be discouraged while early presentation, surgical debridement and delayed wound closure should be emphasized along with other surgical principles.
A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Impact of Yoga and Physical Education on the Emotional and Behavioural Functioning of Middle School Children.

BACKGROUND Yoga programs geared for school children have become more widespread, but research regarding its impact on children is lacking. Several studies have reported positive outcomes, though there is a need for more randomised controlled trials. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of yoga on children's emotional and behavioural functioning when compared with physical education (PE) classes. METHODS Thirty middle school children were randomised to participate in either a school-based Ashtanga-informed yoga or PE class three times a week for 12 weeks. Emotional (i.e. affect, self-perceptions) and behavioural (i.e. internalising and externalising problems, aggression) functioning were measured pre and post-intervention. RESULTS There were no significant changes between groups in self-reported positive affect, global self-worth, aggression indices or parent reports of their children's externalising and internalising problems. However, negative affect increased for those children participating in yoga when compared to the PE program. CONCLUSIONS In general, findings suggest that yoga and PE classes do not differentially impact on middle school children's emotional and behavioural functioning. However, children reported experiencing increased negative emotions after receiving yoga while children in the PE group reported a decrease in these feelings. Implications of these results and potential directions for future research on children's yoga are discussed.
Radiation Dose Reduction With Chest Computed Tomography Using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction Technique: Initial Experience

Purpose: To assess radiation dose reduction and image quality for weight-based chest computed tomographic (CT) examination results reconstructed using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) technique. Materials and Methods: With local ethical committee approval, weight-adjusted chest CT examinations were performed using ASIR in 98 patients and filtered backprojection (FBP) in 54 weight-matched patients on a 64-slice multidetector CT. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: 60 kg or less (n = 32), 61 to 90 kg (n = 77), and 91 kg or more (n = 43) for weight-based adjustment of noise indices for automatic exposure control (Auto mA; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis). Remaining scan parameters were held constant at 0.984:1 pitch, 120 kilovolts (peak), 40-mm table feed per rotation, and 2.5-mm section thickness. Patients' weight, scanning parameters, and CT dose index volume were recorded. Effective doses (EDs) were estimated. Image noise was measured in the descending thoracic aorta at the level of the carina. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: Compared with FBP, ASIR was associated with an overall mean (SD) decrease of 27.6% in ED (ASIR, 8.8 [2.3] mSv; FBP, 12.2 [2.1] mSv; P < 0.0001). With the use of ASIR, the ED values were 6.5 (1.8) mSv (28.8% decrease), 7.3 (1.6) mSv (27.3% decrease), and 12.8 (2.3) mSv (26.8% decrease) for the weight groups of 60 kg or less, 61 to 90 kg, and 91 kg or more, respectively, compared with 9.2 (2.3) mSv, 10.0 (2.0) mSv, and 17.4 (2.1) mSv with FBP (P < 0.0001). Despite dose reduction, there was less noise with ASIR (12.6 [2.9] mSv) than with FBP (16.6 [6.2] mSv; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction helps reduce chest CT radiation dose and improve image quality compared with the conventionally used FBP image reconstruction.
EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A CANINE DISTEMPER EPIDEMIC IN NAMIBIA

Severe population declines have resulted from the spillover of canine distemper virus (CDV) into susceptible wildlife, with both domestic and wild canids being involved in the maintenance and transmission of the virus. This study (March 2001 to October 2003) collated case data, serologic, pathologic, and molecular data to describe the spillover of CDV from domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) during an epidemic on the Namibian coast. Antibody prevalence in jackals peaked at 74.1%, and the clinical signs and histopathologic observations closely resembled those observed in domestic dog cases. Viral RNA was isolated from the brain of a domestic dog from the outbreak area. Sequence data from the phosphoprotein (P) gene and the hemagglutinin (H) genes were used for phylogenetic analyses. The P gene sequence from the domestic dog shared 98% identity with the sequence data available for other CDV isolates of African carnivores. For the H gene, the two sequences available from the outbreak that decimated the lion population in Tanzania in 1994 were the closest match with the Namibian sample, being 94% identical across 1,122 base pairs (bp). Phylogenetic analyses based on this region clustered the Namibian sample with the CDV that is within the morbilliviruses. This is the first description of an epidemic involving black-backed jackals in Namibia, demonstrating that this species has the capacity for rapid and large-scale dissemination of CDV. This work highlights the threat posed to endangered wildlife in Namibia by the spillover of CDV from domestic dog populations. Very few sequence data are currently available for CDV isolates from African carnivores, and this work provides the first sequence data from a Namibian CDV isolate.
Functional interaction of intestinal CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein

Intestinal CYP3A4‐mediated biotransformation and active efflux of absorbed drug by P‐glycoprotein are major determinants of bioavailability of orally administered drugs. The hypothesis that CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein may act in concert to limit oral drug bioavailability is attractive from a theoretical point of view. Evidence in support of such an interplay between CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein comes mainly from a limited number of in vitro and animal studies. Obviously, it is a challenging task to demonstrate in vivo in humans that the function of CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein in enterocytes is complementary, and results to directly support this concept remain elusive. However, CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein are clearly an integral part of an intestinal defence system to protect the body against harmful xenobiotics, and drugs that are substrates of both proteins often have a low bioavailability after oral administration. The functional interaction of intestinal CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein warrants additional study. Further understanding this interplay would be potentially useful during drug development to solve bioavailability problems of new drug entities.
Analyse du comportement d'un écosystème lagunaire à diverses échelles de temps et d'espace. Application à l'étang de Thau

On tente, sur l'exemple de l'etang de Thau, de definir les echelles spatiales et temporelles de variabilite maximale des phenomenes physiques, qui permettront d'analyser le fonctionnement d'un milieu lagunaire a une echelle compatible avec celle des observations. La demarche adoptee comporte trois etapes : - l'etude du comportement hydrodynamique du milieu sous le seul effet du vent, a l'aide du modele numerique bidimensionnel de Leendertse (1971), sous le seul effet du vent. On met en evidence des organisations cellulaires, qui constituent l' echelle horizontale de variabilite maximale des processus de convection. On critique l'influence des diverses hypotheses de la modelisation sur la zonation. - la modelisation des phenomenes de dispersion, par une approche de type pseudo-lagrangien, permet d'une part de verifier la validite du decoupage spatial du systeme et d'autre part d'evaluer les impacts de rejets cotiers polluants sur les zones sensibles de l'etang, dans diverses situations de vent. - la modelisation des phenomenes de melange a l'echelle spatiale des organisations cellulaires et a l' echelle temporelle de la maree montre l'interet d'une analyse physique prealable du milieu, mais la necessite d'une connaissance tres complete des phenomenes physiques autant a l' interieur du milieu qu'a ses interfaces avec la mer et le bassin versant.
Pathways between birth weight and later body size in predicting blood pressure: Australian Aboriginal Cohort Study 1987–2007

Background: Although a large number of previous studies suggest an association between birth weight and later blood pressure, others do not. Controversy surrounds the relative importance of these associations, in particular in relation to more modifiable factors in later life and whether the association would be seen in a, relatively disadvantaged, Indigenous population. The aim of this study, within the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study, was to examine the relative contributions and mediating pathways of birth weight, and later growth and lifestyle factors to variation in blood pressure at age 16–20 years. Methods: Detailed information was collected prospectively, including maternal smoking, birth weight, childhood BMI. At age 16–20 years, 451 underwent clinical examination, including the measurement of diastolic and systolic blood pressures. These data were analyzed using linear regression and path analyses, incorporating adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Increased BMI at age 18 years was significantly associated with both increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. BMI had the highest relative importance and mediated the effects from earlier in life, including birth weight. Being female and living in remote residence were also independently associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Blood pressure in this cohort is primarily influenced by contemporaneous BMI, which in this population at this age is generally lower than that seen in non-Indigenous populations in developed countries. However, other factors, including birth weight, do appear to play a role that is mediated through later BMI.
GENE FLOW AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION IN THE KILLIFISH, FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS

Two subspecies of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, inhabit the Atlantic coast of the United States. The contact zones between them are typified by morphological, physiological, nuclear gene, and mitochondrial DNA clines. Considerable debate exists about the importance of restricted gene flow and natural selection in maintaining these clines. To evaluate the relative importance of these two evolutionary forces we employed analysis of mtDNA as an independent measure of gene flow.