Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy, Radiation and Temperature Regulation in Plants

The temperature of any plant organ depends on the balance between incoming energy and energy loss. The energy exchanges involved include radiative transfer, sensible heat transfer by convection processes, latent heat transfer as a result of evaporation and transfer to and from storage (by conduction). The radiative transfer is frequently classified into either short-wave (or solar) radiation and long-wave (or thermal) radiation; these contribute differently to the overall energy balance. Various biophysical mechanisms are available to plants, through manipulation of the energy balance terms, for temperature regulation. For example, enhanced evaporation can help cool leaves in hot environments, whereas maximising absorption of sunlight can raise the temperature in cold environments. This article outlines the relative importance of these different processes in both leaf and canopy temperature regulation, highlighting differences between treatment of the energy balance at leaf and canopy scales. Examples of applications, such as the measurement of canopy temperature to determine plant water stress or to aid in the selection of drought tolerant varieties of plants, are also discussed. Key Concepts: A critical requirement of plants is that they maintain their leaf temperature as close as possible to the optimal temperature for growth; plants have a range of mechanisms that help them to optimise their temperature. Leaf and canopy temperature are dependent on the leaf energy balance, which itself is dominated by radiant exchanges. Radiation in natural environments relevant to leaf energy balance is conventionally separated into the ultraviolet (0.2–0.38 μm), the visible (0.38–0.7 μm) and the infra-red (0.7–100 μm). Radiation coming from the sun is often termed short-wave radiation, about half of which is in the visible region, a small amount in the ultraviolet, and the remainder in the near infra-red (0.7–3 μm). Long-wave, or thermal radiation is conventionally taken as the radiation between 3 (or sometimes 4) μm and 100 μm. The radiation emitted by natural surfaces as a function of their temperature is primarily in this wave-band. The thermal radiation emitted by any body increases according to the fourth power of the temperature (Stefan–Boltzmann's law). Leaf and canopy temperatures depend on the exchanges of energy between plants and the atmosphere both through radiation exchange and by means of sensible heat and latent heat fluxes. Leaf temperature therefore depends on the radiation climate (time of day, cloud cover and type, etc.), atmospheric conditions (wind speed, temperature, etc.), the soil conditions (soil type, water content, etc.) and the canopy properties (such as plant morphology, density, height, etc.) that together affect the size and ratios of the radiant, sensible and latent heat fluxes. Measurement of leaf temperature using infra-red thermometry or thermography can be used to detect plant water-deficit stress and to screen plants for their drought tolerance. Keywords: energy balance; solar radiation; temperature; thermal adaptations; thermal radiation; vegetation
Integrating multiple 3D views through frame-of-reference interaction

Frame-of-reference interaction consists of a unified set of 3D interaction techniques for exploratory navigation of large virtual spaces in nonimmersive environments. It is based on a conceptual framework that considers navigation from a cognitive perspective, as a way of facilitating changes in user attention from one reference frame to another, rather than from the mechanical perspective of moving a camera between different points of interest. All of our techniques link multiple frames of reference in some meaningful way. Some techniques link multiple windows within a zooming environment while others allow seamless changes of user focus between static objects, moving objects, and groups of moving objects. We present our techniques as they are implemented in GeoZui3D, a geographic visualization system for ocean data.
Cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes SarahL .

differences between French and English Canadians in their perceptions of the vacation attributes of the USA and Canada. Because French and English Canadians have been separated historically by both cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, this study investigated the relative influence of these antecedents upon vacation-related perceptions. Findings identified primary influences of cultural antecedents upon perceptions and underscored the importance of incorporating cultural criteria into strategic marketing processes.
Technical Considerations in the Use of the E-Value

Abstract The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure and the outcome, conditional on the measured covariates, to explain away the observed exposure-outcome association. We have elsewhere proposed that the reporting of E-values for estimates and for the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null become routine whenever causal effects are of interest. A number of questions have arisen about the use of E-value including questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant confounding association parameters, the nature of the transformation from the risk ratio scale to the E-value scale, inference for and using E-values, and the relation to Rosenbaum’s notion of design sensitivity. Here we bring these various questions together and provide responses that we hope will assist in the interpretation of E-values and will further encourage their use.
Wide-field optical model of the human eye with asymmetrically tilted and decentered lens that reproduces measured ocular aberrations

Eye models are valuable tools that can help delineate the role of anatomical parameters on visual performance and guide the design of advanced ophthalmic instrumentation. We propose an optically accurate wide-field schematic eye that reproduces the complete aberration profile of the human eye across a wide visual field. The optical performance of the schematic eye is based on experimentally measured wavefront aberrations taken with a four mm pupil for the central 80° of the horizontal meridian (101 eyes) and 50° of the vertical meridian (10 eyes). Across the entire field of view, our model shows excellent agreement with the measured data both comprehensively and for low-order and high-order aberrations. In comparison to previous eye models, our schematic eye excels at reproducing the aberrations of the retinal periphery. Also unlike previous models, tilt and decentering of the gradient refractive index crystalline lens, which arose naturally through the optimization process, permits our model to mimic the asymmetries of real human eyes while remaining both anatomically and optically correct. Finally, we outline a robust reverse building eye modeling technique that is capable of predicting trends beyond those defined explicitly in the optimization routine. Our proposed model may aid in the design of wide-field imaging instrumentation, including optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescence imaging, and fundus photography, and it has the potential to provide further insights in the study and understanding of the peripheral optics of the human eye.
The Liquidity and Liquidity Distribution Effects in Emerging Markets: The Case of Jordan

This paper analyzes the determinants of daily changes in Jordan's interbank market overnight rate. It not only quantifies the classic liquidity effect, but also uncovers a liquidity distribution effect on both sides of the market, and shows that their magnitude is a decreasing and convex function of the level of excess reserves. It finds that the volatility of rate changes depends much more on the reserve surplus accumulated within a maintenance period than on the level of excess reserves. As Carpenter and Demiralp (2006), it uses the series of the central bank's daily forecast errors to identify the liquidity effect.
Understanding and Detecting Fragmentation-Induced Compatibility Issues for Android Apps

Android ecosystem is heavily fragmented. The numerous combinations of different device models and operating system versions make it impossible for Android app developers to exhaustively test their apps, and thus various compatibility issues arise. Unfortunately, little is known on the characteristics of such fragmentation-induced compatibility issues. No mature tools exist to help developers quickly diagnose and fix these issues. To bridge the gap, we conducted an empirical study on 220 real-world compatibility issues collected from five popular open-source Android apps. We further interviewed Android practitioners and conducted an online survey to gain insights from real practices. Via the studies, we characterized compatibility issues, investigated common practices to handle compatibility issues, and disclosed that these issues exhibit common patterns. With these findings, we propose a technique, FicFinder, to automatically detect compatibility issues in Android apps. FicFinder performs static code analysis based on a model that captures Android APIs as well as their associated context by which compatibility issues can be triggered. FicFinder reports actionable debugging information to developers when it detects potential issues. We evaluated FicFinder with 53 large-scale open-source Android apps. The results show that FicFinder can precisely detect compatibility issues in these apps and uncover previously-unknown issues.
Monitoring safety during airline operations : a systems approach

Flight Operation Quality Assurance (FOQA) programs are today customary among major airlines. Technological progress has made it possible to monitor more than 1000 parameters per flight. Given the limited amount of resources an airline can allocate to analyze this amount of data, a need has emerged for more effective approaches to extract useful information out of FOQA programs. A new approach to flight data monitoring and analyzing is presented in this thesis, with the intent to help air carriers identify unsafe system behavior during operations. This new approach builds on two main concepts: hazard analysis based on system theory (STPA System Theoretic Process Analysis) and hazard management through assumptions identification and leading indicators. STPA is a new hazard analysis technique that allows taking into account not only hardware failures, but also human behavior, requirement flaws, organizational aspects and non-linear component interactions. Once hazard scenarios are identified, mitigation actions are put in place to deal with these hazards, and the assumptions that lie behind these mitigation measures are made explicit. The objective is to define key parameters that allow monitoring the validity of the assumptions through the use of FOQA data. These parameters are called leading indicators. The use of the flight data monitoring approach presented in this thesis is particularly beneficial when it comes to monitoring human behavior since humans are the part of the system on which the greatest number of assumptions is made (respect of procedures, knowledge of automation, situational awareness etc.). Moreover, by linking assumptions identification to FOQA data it is possible to continuously monitor whether the mitigation measures put in place are really effective or not. In other words the loop between the design phase of a system and its operations is closed. Thesis Supervisor: Nancy Leveson Thesis Author: Andrea Scarinci Title: Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Change in activity of antioxidative enzymes in young leaves of sunflower ('Helianthus annuus' L.) By application of super absorbent synthetic polymers under drought stress condition

Drought stress causes molecular damage to plants, either directly or indirectly through formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alteration of antioxidant enzymes activities is an element in the defense process. Changes in antioxidant enzymes activities and seed yield in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. cv. master) were investigated under drought stress and super absorbent synthetic polymer application. The experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels after 6 (I 1), 10 (I 2) and 14 (I 3) days and five amounts of super absorbent polymer (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg/ha) were set as main and sub factors, respectively. Drought stress was applied at fourteen-leave-stage of sunflower and polymer was added at the same stage to soil in depth of root development. Our results showed that by increasing irrigation intervals, seed yield was decreased significantly. On the other hand, polymer application reduced the harmful effects of drought stress whereas application of 300 kg/ha polymer in long irrigation intervals a reasonable seed yield obtained. According to the results, drought stress induced increases in catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities. The antioxidant enzymes activities in drought-stressed plants might be accompanied with the production of active oxygen species (AOS). Application of a lower dose of polymer (75 Kg/ha) moderated the negative effects of drought stress, while higher doses of the polymer (225 and 300 kg/ha) prohibited the bad effects of drought stress. In total, our results suggest that application of polymers could be advantageous against drought stress, and could protect sunflower plants in drought stress conditions.
CS 261 Notes: Attacks on Machine Learning Systems

With the great success of machine learning (ML) applications in a variety of areas, such systems are experiencing more general use, making them increasingly susceptible to security breaches. There has thus been wide interest in research demonstrating these types of vulnerabilities in ML systems, specifically with regards to the privacy and robustness of such systems. In these notes we focus on supervised learning, which we now describe.
Min Max Model Predictive Control for Polysolenoid Linear Motor

The Polysolenoid Linear Motor (PLM) have been playing a crucial role in many industrial aspects because it provides a straight motion directly without mediate mechanical actuators. Some control methods for PLM based on Rotational Motor are applied to obtain several good performances, but position and velocity constraints which are important in real systems are ignored. In this paper, we analysis control problem of tracking position in PLM under state-independent disturbances via min-max model predictive control. The proposed controller brings tracking position error converge to zero and satisfies state including position and velocity and input constraints. The simulation results validity a good efficiency of the proposed controller.
Towards Co-designing Minimal Robot Behaviors with Children: What Children Can Teach Robots

Carefully designed nonverbal behavior can supply minimally actuated non-anthropomorphic robots with the communicative power necessary to engage in playful tasks with children. However, this user group brings unique challenges for interaction designers as (i) it is often hard to understand how nonverbal robot behavior is perceived and interpreted by children, (ii) children’s attribution of agency and perception of interaction affordances might differ from adults. In our research, we tackle the above challenges by exploring techniques to incorporate children’s perspectives into the design of a robot’s minimal social behaviors. Drawing from child-computer interaction research, we posit that by involving the children in the design process of a robot’s minimal social behaviors, roboticists might gain deeper knowledge on how to design a robot’s behavior that meaningfully communicates to children, adhering to their models of agency and animacy. In this extended abstract, we present ﬁrst steps towards the development of a generative technique that contains elements of puppet theater, kinesthetic interaction, storyboarding and ex-post reﬂection, to externalize and embody children’s view on robot’s behavior.
Interest Rate Convergence in Euro-Candidate Countries: Volatility Dynamics of Sovereign Bond Yields

We argue that a "static" specification of the Maastricht criterion for long-term bond yields is not conducive to assessing stability of financial systems in euro-candidate countries. Instead, we advocate a dynamic approach to assessing interest rate convergence to a common currency that is based on the analysis of financial system stability. Accordingly, we empirically test volatility dynamics of the ten-year sovereign bond yields of the 2004 EU accession countries in relation to the eurozone yields during the January 2, 2001-January 22, 2009, sample period. Our results show a varied degree of the relationship between domestic and eurozone sovereign bond yields, the most pronounced for the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Poland, and weaker for Hungary and Slovakia. We find some divergence of relative bond yields since the EU accession.
Societies ? Connections between Women ’ s Activism , Globalization and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe

After the cloud of the Cold War lifted, a meaningful exchange of information about the political and social conditions in Eastern Europe emerged with new-found hope. Twenty years after the regime transformation, the dust may have settled enough after the dramatic change of guards in the postcommunist region to produce an account of how well democratization and diversity have fared, especially with gender perspective in mind. Women’s issues in the postcommunist transitions became one of the most challenging issues in this exchange, in terms of both the practice and theory of democracy and diversity. The focus on women provides a much-needed dialogue across the historically entrenched lines of separation between East and West and communist times and contemporary democratization. The lessons emerging from women’s activism in Central and Eastern Europe can provide a bridge between Western and Third World feminist analyses. Women’s groups increasingly enter into contact with various international organizations in their efforts to pressure governments and change popular perceptions of women’s status.
Analysis of Gene Expression in 4,4′-Methylenedianiline-induced Acute Hepatotoxicity

4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is an aromatic amine that is widely used in the industrial synthetic process. Genotoxic MDA forms DNA adducts in the liver and is known to induce liver damage in human and rats. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with MDA-induced hepatotoxicity, we have identified genes differentially expressed by microarray approach. BALB/c male mice were treated once daily with MDA (20 mg/kg) up to 7 days via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and hepatic damages were revealed by histopathological observation and elevation of serum marker enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP, cholesterol, DBIL, and TBIL. Microarray analysis showed that 952 genes were differentially expressed in the liver of MDA-treated mice and their biological functions and canonical pathways were further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). Toxicological functional analysis showed that genes related to hepatotoxicity such hyperplasia/hyperproliferation ( Timpl ), necrosis/cell death ( Cd14, Mt1f, Timpl , and Pmaipl ), hemorrhaging ( Mt1f ), cholestasis ( Akr1c3, Hpx , and Slc10a2 ), and inflammation ( Cd14 and Hpx ) were differentially expressed in MDA-treated group. This gene expression profiling should be useful for elucidating the genetic events associated with aromatic amine-induced hepatotoxicity and for discovering the potential biomarkers for hepatotoxicity.
Chemical abundances in bright giants of the globular cluster M62 (NGC 6266)

With the exception of Terzan 5, all the Galactic globular clusters that possess significant metallicity spreads, such as ω Cen and M22, are preferentially the more luminous clusters with extended horizontal branches. Here we present radial velocities and chemical abundances for seven bright giants in the globular cluster M62, a previously little-studied cluster. With MV = −9.18, M62 is the ninth most luminous Galactic globular cluster and has an extended horizontal branch. Within our sample, we find (i) no evidence for a dispersion in metallicity, [Fe/H], beyond the measurement uncertainties, (ii) star-to-star abundance variations for C, O, Na and Al with the usual correlations between these elements as seen in other globular clusters, and (iii) a global enrichment for the elements Zr, Ba and La at the level [X/Fe] ≃ +0.4 dex. For elements heavier than La, the abundance ratios are consistent with the scaled-solar r-process distribution. Below La, the abundances are anomalous when compared to the scaled-solar s-process or r-process distributions. For these elements, the abundance signature in M62 is in agreement with predictions of the s-process from fast-rotating massive stars, although the high [Rb/Y] ratio we measure may be a challenge to this scenario.
Alternative sources of p-type conduction in acceptor-doped ZnO

We report first-principles calculations and interface simulations for Zn3P2, a compound that may form during doping of ZnO with phosphorous. While P is a deep acceptor in ZnO and thus unable to produce p-type conductivity, we show that hole accumulation can occur at ZnO/Zn3P2 interfaces due to the unusual valence-band alignment between the two materials. This provides an explanation for the hole conductivity that has been observed in Hall measurements on phosphorous-doped ZnO.
Understanding the variability of clear‐sky outgoing long‐wave radiation based on ship‐based temperature and water vapour measurements

High‐resolution radiative transfer model calculations with the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) were used to simulate the clear‐sky outgoing long‐wave radiative flux (OLR) at the top of the atmosphere. The unique set of radiosonde data collected by the research vessel Polarstern of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research during 27 expeditions in the years 1982 to 2003 was used to investigate the sources of clear‐sky OLR variability for ocean areas in different climate zones and seasons. For this dataset, tropospheric temperature variations contribute approximately 33 W m−2 OLR variability, tropospheric relative humidity variations 8.5 W m−2, and vertical structure 2.3–3.4 W m−2. Of these, 0.3–1.0 W m−2 are due to structures on a vertical scale smaller than 4 km, which cannot be resolved by conventional remote‐sensing instruments. It was also found that the poor absolute accuracy of current humidity data in the upper troposphere, approximately 40% relative error in relative humidity, leads to a significant uncertainty in OLR of about 3.8 W m−2 (for a midlatitude summer atmosphere), which should be put in the context of the double CO2 effect of only 2.6 W m−2 (for the same atmosphere).
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Autoimmune thyroiditis is of great importance because of its prevalence in global population and represents an organ-specific immune dysfunction whose pathophysiological stages have not yet been fully elucidated. It is well accepted that, as in other autoimmune diseases, there is loss of tolerance to auto-antigens (such as thyroperoxidase or thyroglobulin) with subsequent abnormal lymphocyte activation fostering aggression to thyroid tissue.