Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Aims To examine the: (a) 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV MDD; (b) proportion aware that they have a problem needing treatment and who want care; (c) proportion of the latter receiving treatment; and (d) proportion of such treatment meeting minimal standards. Method Representative community household surveys from 21 countries as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Results Of 51 547 respondents, 4.6% met 12-month criteria for DSM-IV MDD and of these 56.7% reported needing treatment. Among those who recognised their need for treatment, most (71.1%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Among those who received treatment, only 41.0% received treatment that met minimal standards. This resulted in only 16.5% of all individuals with 12-month MDD receiving minimally adequate treatment. Conclusions Only a minority of participants with MDD received minimally adequate treatment: 1 in 5 people in high-income and 1 in 27 in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Scaling up care for MDD requires fundamental transformations in community education and outreach, supply of treatment and quality of services.
Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Depression in schizophrenia predicts poor outcomes, including suicide, yet the effectiveness of antidepressants for its treatment remains uncertain. Aims To synthesise the evidence of the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of depression in schizophrenia. Method Multiple databases Were searched and inclusion Criteria included participants aged over 18 years with schizophrenia or related psychosis with a depressive episode. Papers were quality assessed used the Cochrane risk bias tool. Meta-analyses were performed for risk difference and standardised mean difference of all antidepressants, antidepressant class and individual antidepressant where sufficient studies allowed. Results A total of 26 moderate- to low-quality trials met inclusion criteria. In meta-analysis a significant risk difference was found in favour of antidepressant treatment, with a number needed to treat of 5 (95% CI 4–9). Studies using tools specifically designed to assess depression in schizophrenia showed a larger effect size. However, after sensitivity analysis standardised mean difference of all antidepressants did not show a statistically significant improvement in depression score at end-point, neither did any individual antidepressant class. Conclusions Antidepressants may be effective for the treatment of depression in schizophrenia, however, the evidence is mixed and conclusions must be qualified by the small number of low- or moderate-quality studies. Further sufficiently powered, high-quality studies are needed.
Whole exome sequencing for cancer – is there evidence of clinical utility?

Background: In recent years, whole exome sequencing (WES), which allows detection of 85% of disease-causing variants, has been used to compare tumor and normal DNA to allow the identification of variants specific to the tumor. Genetic changes in cancer are increasingly used for diagnosis and may guide treatment decisions. In this paper, we explore whether there is evidence that WES improves outcomes for patients with cancer. Methods: Published evidence was evaluated using a methodology that combines the analytical validity, clinical validity, clinical utility and ethical, legal, and social implications (ACCE) model for genetic test evaluations with internationally accepted health technology assessment methodology. Conclusions were based on peer-reviewed published studies of . 10 patients, with $ 3 studies for a given phenotype. Results: WES has been conducted most extensively (seven studies to date) in breast cancer patients, with fewer studies of other types of cancers (eg, leukemia, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer). Studies evaluating somatic alterations showed high intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity. In addition, both novel and previously implicated variants were identified. However, only three studies with . 10 individuals have shown potential for clinical utility of WES; whereby, variants identified through WES may determine response to drug treatment. Conclusion: Despite evidence for clinical validity of WES in cancers, clinical utility is very limited and needs to be further evaluated in large clinical studies.
Bipolar disorder and addictions – the elephant in the room

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GOF analysis for Gaussianity assumption of range errors in WSN

Gaussianity assumption is prevalent and fundamental to many statistical theories and engineering applications. Range measurement errors are generally assumed to reveal Gaussian distribution. We wish to analyze the hypothesis that Xi ∼ N(μ, σ2) for i = 0, 1, …, n − 1 where n is total number of range measurements X. To scrutinize this hypothesis, instead of relying on artificially generated random variables, real time ranging data is obtained from experiments using IEEE 802.15. 4 compliant devices, covering outdoor/indoor environment with both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. Distribution of range measurements are analyzed using four goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests i.e. Graphical technique, Linear correlation coefficient (γ), Anderson-Darling (A2), and Chi-squared (χ2). It is observed that majority of the outcomes are same in all the tests with a high percentage disagreement with the assumption.
The Kurtzke EDSS rank stability increases 4 years after the onset of multiple sclerosis: results from the MSBase Registry

Background The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is widely used to rate multiple sclerosis (MS) disability, but lack of disease duration information limits utility in assessing severity. EDSS ranking at specific disease durations was used to devise the MS Severity Score, which is gaining popularity for predicting outcomes. As this requires validation in longitudinal cohorts, we aimed to assess the utility of EDSS ranking as a predictor of 5-year outcome in the MSBase Registry. Methods Rank stability of EDSS over time was examined in the MSBase Registry, a large multicentre MS cohort. Scores were ranked for 5-year intervals, and correlation of rank across intervals was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. EDSS progression outcomes at 10 years were disaggregated by 5-year EDSS scores. Results Correlation coefficients for EDSS rank over 5-year intervals increased with MS duration: years 1–6=0.55, years 4–9=0.74, years 7–12=0.80 and years 10–15=0.83. EDSS progression risk at 10 years after onset was highly dependent on EDSS at 5 years; one-point progression risk was greater for EDSS score of >2 than ≤2. Two-point progression was uncommon for EDSS score of <2 and more common at EDSS score of 4. Conclusions EDSS rank stability increases with disease duration, probably due to reduced relapses and less random variation in later disease. After 4 years duration, EDSS rank was highly predictive of EDSS rank 5 years later. Risk of progression by 10 years was highly dependent on EDSS score at 5 years duration. We confirm the utility of EDSS ranking to predict 5-year outcome in individuals 4 years after disease onset.
Regional differences in incidence and patient characteristics of moyamoya disease: a systematic review

Background and purpose Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cause of stroke, initially described in Japan. In other countries, incidences and presenting symptoms may differ from those in Japan. The literature on regional differences in incidence and patient characteristics of MMD was systematically reviewed. Methods Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched for population based studies on MMD published between January 1969 and January 2011. From studies that met predefined inclusion criteria, information was extracted on incidence and patient characteristics. Incidences with corresponding 95% CIs if possible were calculated and descriptive statistics for patient characteristics were used. Results 8 studies were included: three from Japan, one each from Taiwan and China and three from the USA. Incidences per 100 000 patient years ranged in Japan from 0.35 to 0.94 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.19), in the USA from 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.12) in Iowa to 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) in Hawaii and were 0.41 (0.28 to 0.54) in Nanjing, China and 0.02 (0.003 to 0.04) in Taiwan. Female to male ratio ranged from 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) in Nanjing to 2.8 (1.2 to 6.1) in Iowa. Proportions with intracerebral haemorrhage as the initial presentation were 56% in China, 52% in Taiwan, 29% in Hawaii, 21% in Japan and 10% in Iowa. Patients with childhood onset presented most often with ischaemia (>75%) in all regions. Conclusions MMD incidence was higher in Japan and China than in Taiwan and North America and presenting symptoms showed regional differences, which are thus far unexplained. Population based data on MMD in Europe are lacking.
Functional (conversion) neurological symptoms: research since the millennium

Functional neurological symptoms (FNS) are commonly encountered but have engendered remarkably little academic interest. ‘UK-Functional Neurological Symptoms (UK-FNS)’ was an informal inaugural meeting of UK based clinicians in March 2011 with a variety of research and clinical interests in the field. This narrative review reflects the content of the meeting, and our opinion of key findings in the field since the turn of the millennium.
Reliable layered multi-cast with source diversity and inter-source network decoding in wireless mesh networks

This paper presents a reliable layered multi-cast with source diversity and inter-source network decoding in wireless mesh networks. The source diversity technique gives path diversity providing a better throughput for layered transmission under hostile environment. For each source, an optimization formulation is set up to find the best transmission route of each transmitting layer. The objectives of the formulation are to maximize a number of transmitting layers and transmission reliability. The source providing the best overall throughput is selected to be the primary source, while the rest will be secondary sources. When the Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantee of some transmitting layers cannot be fulfilled by the primary source, the secondary source with the best QoS parameters is selected to transmit the layer to destinations. The number of secondary sources used for transmissions is increased until the QoS guarantees of all transmitting layers are satisfied or all network resources are utilized. Network coding is deployed to multi-cast layers from the same source for efficient resource usage. Network coding data from different sources can be used together to decode the transmitting data. In other words, at each destination, it needs only a sufficient number of packets from different sources to recover all transmitting data. Simulations with different network topologies show the improvement in throughput and QoS guarantees of layered multi-cast under wireless lossy environment.
Molecular species composition of plant cardiolipin determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Cardiolipin (CL), an anionic phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, provides essential functions for stabilizing respiratory complexes and is involved in mitochondrial morphogenesis and programmed cell death in animals. The role of CL and its metabolism in plants are less well understood. The measurement of CL in plants, including its molecular species composition, is hampered by the fact that CL is of extremely low abundance, and that plants contain large amounts of interfering compounds including galactolipids, neutral lipids, and pigments. We used solid phase extraction by anion exchange chromatography to purify CL from crude plant lipid extracts. LC/MS was used to determine the content and molecular species composition of CL. Thus, up to 23 different molecular species of CL were detected in different plant species, including Arabidopsis, mung bean, spinach, barley, and tobacco. Similar to animals, plant CL is dominated by highly unsaturated species, mostly containing linoleic and linolenic acid. During phosphate deprivation or exposure to an extended dark period, the amount of CL decreased in Arabidopsis, accompanied with an increased degree in unsaturation. The mechanism of CL remodeling during stress, and the function of highly unsaturated CL molecular species, remains to be defined.
Subset relay selection in wireless cooperative networks using sparsity-inducing norms

This paper addresses the problem of multiple relay selection in a two-hop wireless cooperative network. In particular, the proposed technique selects the best subset of relays, in a distributed beamforming scheme, which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio at the destination node subject to individual power constraints at the relays. The selection of the best subset of K relays out of a set of N potential relay nodes, under individual power constraints, is a hard combinatorial problem with a high computational burden. The approach considered herein consists in relaxing this problem into a convex one by considering a sparsity-inducing norm. The method exposed in this paper is based on the knowledge of the second-order statistics of the channels and achieves a near-optimal performance with a computational burden which is far less than the one needed in the combinatorial search. Furthermore, in the proposed technique, contrary to other approaches in the literature, the relays are not limited to cooperate with full power.
Development of a new system for guidewire‐assisted tracheal intubation: manikin and cadaver evaluation

Guided intubation using a tracheal tube and semi‐rigid introducer is associated with technical difficulties, failure and traumatic complications. We describe the development of a new system of guidewire‐assisted tracheal intubation that may circumvent these problems. A reinforced silicone tracheal tube was modified with a guide channel built inside its wall, and a nitinol non‐kinking guidewire was matched to this channel. Both anterograde and retrograde tracheal intubation were evaluated in a test rig, an airway manikin and then in preserved and fresh cadavers. There was minimal resistance to passage of the guidewire through the guide channel when the modified tube was in an anatomical configuration, in contrast to moderate resistance when an Airway Exchange Catheter was passed through a PVC tracheal tube. Intubation using the new equipment required increased force in the manikin and preserved cadavers, but minimal force in fresh cadavers. Resistance to tracheal tube advancement in preserved cadavers was overcome by withdrawal followed by 90° rotation, but this manoeuvre was not required in fresh cadavers. We suggest that the combination of the modified tracheal tube and matching guidewire may allow easy and reliable single‐step guided tracheal intubation when used in patients.
Reduced-complexity lattice spherical decoding

Lattice sequential decoders based on a spherical search region, such as the Sphere Decoder and the SB-Stack decoder, implement a tree-search strategy to find the ML solution while visiting only the lattice points that belong to a sphere of a predefined radius. Their computational complexity depends then critically on the choice of the initial sphere radius. We propose in this work novel initial sphere radius selection methods for spherical-region based sequential lattice decoders and show through simulations the complexity reduction allowed by such methods when the Sphere Decoder is used while maintaining ML performance.
Prioritising emergency laparotomy – a reply

but did not find reduced mortality. In fact, mortality from stroke and morbidity from bleeding increased, respectively. Extension of this type of survey to look at the effect of postoperative care with techniques such as highly-sensitive troponin and selected critical care might enhance our ability to provide targeted care to reduce morbidity and mortality in both highas well as low-income countries, and I would encourage the authors to pursue this line of enquiry.
Targeted disruption of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein D4 leads to modest weight reduction and minor alterations in lipid metabolism[S]

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)D4 is a member of the StAR related lipid transfer family. Homology comes from the ∼210 amino acid lipid binding domain implicated in intracellular transport, cell signaling, and lipid metabolism. StARD4 was identified as a gene downregulated 2-fold by dietary cholesterol (Soccio, R. E., R. M. Adams, K. N. Maxwell, and J. L. Breslow. 2005. Differential gene regulation of StarD4 and StarD5 cholesterol transfer proteins. Activation of StarD4 by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and StarD5 by endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 19410–19418). A mouse knockout was created to investigate StARD4’s functionality and role in lipid metabolism. Homozygous knockout mice exhibited normal Mendelian mating genetics, but weighed less than wild-type littermates, an effect not accounted for by energy metabolism or food intake. Body composition as analyzed by DEXA scan showed no significant difference. No significant alterations in plasma or liver lipid content were observed on a chow diet, but female knockout mice showed a decrease in gallbladder bile cholesterol and phospholipid concentration. When challenged with a 0.2% lovastatin diet, StARD4 homozygous mice exhibited no changes. However, when challenged with a 0.5% cholesterol diet, female StARD4 homozygous mice showed a moderate decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, and cholesterol ester concentrations. Microarray analysis of liver RNA found few changes. However, NPC1’s expression, a gene not on the microarray, was decreased ∼2.5-fold in knockouts. These observations suggest that StARD4’s role can largely be compensated for by other intracellular cholesterol transporters.
Burden of Disease Due to Outdoor Air Pollution in Korea: Based on PM10

Purpose: This study measured the burden of disease in Korea related to outdoor air pollution using disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Materials and Methods: As a risk factor of outdoor air pollution, particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm(PM10) was used. First, PM10-related diseases and their relative risk (RR) were selected by means of a literature review, Second, population attributable fractions were computed by using formulae including RR and population exposure to PM10. Third, DALYs of PM10-related diseases in Korea were estimated. Finally, the attributable burden of disease due to PM10 was measured as the sum of the products that multiplied the DALYs of PM10-related diseases by their population attributable fractions. Results: The disease burden of PM10 was 6.9 DALY per 1,000 persons in 2007. The attributable burden of PM10 was 2.68 for lung cancer, 2.41 for COPD, 0.62 for ischemic heart disease, 0.61 for pneumonia, 0.55 for asthma, and 0.03 for preterm. Conclusions: This study showed the environmental burden of disease of PM10 and burden of PM10-related disease through objective data. It also suggested that active efforts are needed to continuously measure and reduce the burden of environmental diseases in Korea.
Apathy correlates with prefrontal amyloid β deposition in Alzheimer's disease

Objective Neuropsychiatric symptoms affect many patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (11C)Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB) positron emission tomography (PET) has enabled the in vivo visualisation of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. This study exploratively investigated the correlation between brain Aβ deposition measured by (11C)PIB PET and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. Methods Participants were 28 patients (15 women, 13 men) with PIB-positive AD. Clinical assessments included Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating scale, neuropsychiatry inventory (NPI) and frontal assessment battery. All patients underwent three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI and (11C)PIB PET. The distribution volume ratio (DVR), an index of (11C)PIB retention and, thus, Aβ deposition, was estimated voxel by voxel from (11C)PIB PET data with partial volume correction. Voxel-based correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationships between DVR and each NPI subscale. Additionally, voxel-based analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of the DVR images was performed between Patients with AD with and without each neuropsychiatric symptom. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of MRI was also performed. Results Apathy subscale was correlated with (11C)PIB retention in the bilateral frontal and right anterior cingulate. (11C)PIB retention was greater in the bilateral frontal cortex of patients with AD with apathy than those of without apathy. Overlapping areas between the two analyses were the bilateral orbitofrontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus. Other NPI subscales were not correlated with (11C)PIB retention. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of MRI showed no significant cluster of correlation between grey matter volume and NPI subscales. Conclusions This study revealed that prefrontal Aβ deposition correlates with apathy.
A two‐year retrospective review of the determinants of pre‐hospital analgesia administration by alpine helicopter emergency medical physicians to patients with isolated limb injury

Up to 75% of pre‐hospital trauma patients experience moderate to severe pain but this is often poorly recognised and treated with insufficient analgesia. Using multi‐level logistic regression analysis, we aimed to identify the determinants of pre‐hospital analgesia administration and choice of analgesic agent in a single helicopter‐based emergency medical service, where available analgesic drugs were fentanyl and ketamine. Of the 1156 patients rescued for isolated limb injury, 657 (57%) received analgesia. Mean (SD) initial pain scores (as measured by a numeric rating scale) were 2.8 (1.8), 3.3 (1.6) and 7.4 (2.0) for patients who did not receive, declined, and received analgesia, respectively (p < 0.001). Fentanyl as a single agent, ketamine in combination with fentanyl and ketamine as a single agent were used in 533 (84%), 94 (14%) and 10 (2%) patients, respectively. A high initial on‐scene pain score and a presumptive diagnosis of fracture were the main determinants of analgesia administration. Fentanyl was preferred for paediatric patients and ketamine was preferentially administered for severe pain by physicians who had more medical experience or had trained in anaesthesia.