Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semantics and loop invariant synthesis for probabilistic programs

In this thesis we consider sequential probabilistic programs. Such programs are a means to model randomised algorithms in computer science. They facilitate the formal analysis of performance and correctness of algorithms or security aspects of protocols. We develop an operational semantics for probabilistic programs and show it to be equivalent to the expectation transformer semantics due to McIver and Morgan. This connection between the two kinds of semantics provides a deeper understanding of the behaviour of probabilistic programs and is instrumental to transfer results between communities that use transition systems such as Markov decision processes to reason about probabilistic behaviour and communities that focus on deductive verification techniques based on expectation transformers. As a next step, we add the concept of observations and extend both semantics to facilitate the calculation of expectations which are conditioned on the fact that no observation is violated during the program’s execution. Our main contribution here is to explore issues that arise with non-terminating, non-deterministic or infeasible programs and provide semantics that are generally applicable. Additionally, we discuss several program transformation to facilitate the understanding of conditioning in probabilistic programming. In the last part of the thesis we turn our attention to the automated verification of probabilistic programs. We are interested in automating inductive verification techniques. As usual the main obstacle in program analysis are loops which require either the calculation of fixed points or the generation of inductive invariants for their analysis. This task, which is already hard for standard, i.e. non-probabilistic, programs, becomes even more challenging as our reasoning becomes quantitative. We focus on a technique to generate quantitative loop invariants from user defined templates. This approach is implemented in a software tool called Prinsys and evaluated on several examples.
DYNAMIC ADAPTIVE WEB-BASED MODEL FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN EDUCATION (DAAD) An e-Learning Environment for An Architectural Design Course

With the advent of the World Wide Web, the Internet has evolved into a user-interactive medium capable of delivering on demand information in high speed. Research into the various methodologies of Web educational applications has been a topic of great interest in the architectural education field. As a course delivery medium, the Web provides the means for creating an integrated, interdisciplinary repository of knowledge available at reasonable cost at anytime, anywhere and to anyone. One of the criteria of an ideal system for facilitating Web-based teaching and learning is to be adaptive. In this paper, we suggest an adaptive Web-based educational model and platform for the architectural design course that supports the main phases of the design process. In particular, the development of the online version of an architectural design course is used as a case study and illustrates the usability of the suggested model.
Notice of RetractionImplementation path of low-carbon tourism based on experience economy

With the increasing global warming, more serious environmental damage and shortage of energy, the low-carbon economy attracts wide attention all around the world. Tourism, as the largest comprehensive industry, is an inevitable terrain to develop low-carbon economy. So low-carbon tourism is imperative. For tourists, the aim of tour is experience, which is a kind of necessary demand for them. Under this circumstance, the tourism suppliers have to design and develop product assortment in accordance with the demand of tourists and the tourism products must meet the “low-carbon” requirements. This requires a mechanism to make the tourism meet the development need of experience economy and do not contradict with the “low-carbon” requirements, which is the main purpose that we try to set a path to achieve the low-carbon tourism under the experience economic conditions.
Flexible Specification of STEP Application Protocol Extensions and Automatic Derivation of Tool Capabilities

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) build mechatronic systems using components from several suppliers in industry sectors like automation. The suppliers provide geometrical information via the standardized exchange format STEP, such that the OEM is able to virtually layout the overall system. Beyond the geometrical information, the OEM needs additional technical information for his development tasks. For that reason, STEP provides an extension mechanism for extending and tailoring STEP to project-specific needs. However, extending STEP moreover requires extending several capabilities of all involved tools, causing high development effort. This effort prevents the project-specific utilization of the STEP extension mechanism and forces the organizations to use awkward workarounds. In order to cope with this problem, we present a model-driven approach enabling the flexible specification of STEP extensions and particularly the automatic derivation of the required further capabilities for two involved tools. We illustrate and evaluate the approach with an automation production system example.
Computational design principles for the discovery of bioactive dendrimers: [s]-triazines and other examples

Introduction: Chemistry yields dendrimers of many classes and compositions. Translating this synthetic success to bioactivity is significantly aided by the use of computational modeling and our knowledge of the three-dimensional shapes of these macromolecules. Areas covered: This review discusses the lessons learned during the investigations of [s]-triazine dendrimers. Specifically, the article focuses on the evolving role that computational models have taken in the exploration of these macromolecules. These lessons, furthermore, can be generalized across many dendrimer classes. Expert opinion: Computational models and the resulting structural data from molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into: shape, solvent penetration, shielding of biolabile linkers, and the density of hydrophobic patches. These models have evolved from artistic representations, through bases for rationalization, to hypothesis-generating tools that drive synthesis. With further advances expected in both software and hardware the answer to the question, ‘What does a specific dendrimer look like in solution? ' is becoming increasingly clear. Moreover, the authors believe that answer to this question lies at the heart of the design of bioactive dendrimers.
Analysis of conducting losses in the single-phase three-level NPC converter

This paper offers a technique for calculating the average and RMS values of the switch currents in the singlephase three-level neutral point clamped rectifier. The presented technique is based on the space vector PWM approach. In addition, the mathematical model for the switch currents is described. The plots of conducting losses for different operating modes are obtained.
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Immunopathological aspects and perspectives for in silico experiments

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an acute inflammatory disease involving the kidney glomeruli that causes diffuse proliferative lesions, oropharyngeal or skin infections. Clinically, it is a typical example of nephritic syndrome, with the occurrence of hematuria, edema, and hypertension, which may evolve to acute renal failure. Besides the consultation of important textbooks in the field, this article was based on a literature review using DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors) web tool, which included searches in the databases LILACS (Latin American Literature in Health Sciences), PubMed (U. S. National Library of Medicine), and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). This simulator was constructed with the main objective of investigating autoimmune diseases, and it has been consistent with results presented in the literature. For the investigation of APSGN, our work comprises the extension of AutoSimmune to include important environments such as the kidney tissue as well as agents representing S. pyogenes and also the complement system. There are still many unclear points relevant to medical treatment of APSGN. In this context, in silico research might open important new possibilities of how to observe and test the immune response to S. pyogenes and their multiple interactions and outcomes. This review presents the current comprehension on APSGN and provides an important basis for the development of the proposed computational approach for the disease scrutiny.
Immunohistochemical staining with MIB1, bcl2 and p16 assists in the distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from tubo-endometrial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia.

AIMS Preinvasive endocervical glandular lesions, termed cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia, are increasing in incidence. The distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from benign mimics, especially tubo-endometrial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia, can be difficult. This study investigates the value of immunohistochemical staining with MIB1, bcl2 and p16 in the distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from these benign mimics. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining using the monoclonal antibodies MIB1, bcl2 and p16 was performed on cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 21), tubo-endometrial metaplasia (n = 13), endometriosis (n = 7) and microglandular hyperplasia (n = 14). With tubo-endometrial metaplasia and microglandular hyperplasia staining with MIB1 was either negative or involved <10% of cells, while with cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia the majority of cases (86%) exhibited >10% positive cells. Two cases of endometriosis exhibited a MIB1 index of 10-30% while in the other cases <10% cells stained. With bcl2 the cells of microglandular hyperplasia were negative although there was staining of associated reserve cells in 43% of cases. All cases of tubo-endometrial metaplasia except one and all cases of endometriosis stained diffusely positive with bcl2. Cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia were negative or exhibited focal staining. With p16 all cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia exhibited diffuse strong positivity, generally involving 100% of cells, while all cases of microglandular hyperplasia were negative. Sixty-two percent of cases of tubo-endometrial metaplasia showed focal positivity, the remainder being negative. Cases of tubo-endometrial metaplasia were never diffusely positive with p16. In three cases of endometriosis there was staining of >50% of cells while the other cases were either focally positive or negative. CONCLUSIONS A panel of antibodies, comprising MIB1, bcl2 and p16, is a useful adjunct to histology in distinguishing cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from tubo-endometrial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia. Cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia are diffusely positive for p16 and generally exhibit a high proliferation index with MIB1, while bcl2 is negative or, at most, focally positive. Tubo-endometrial metaplasia and endometriosis are characterized by strong diffuse positivity with bcl2 and a low proliferation index with MIB1 (although occasional cases of endometriosis show moderate proliferative activity). p16 is negative or exhibits focal positivity in tubo-endometrial metaplasia but in endometriosis there may be quite widespread positivity. Microglandular hyperplasia shows a low proliferation index with MIB1 and is negative for bcl2 and p16.
Guideline on the management of bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents

The guideline writing group was selected to be representativeof UK-based medical experts. The MEDLINE and EMBASEdatabases were searched systematically for publications in Eng-lish from 1966 to June 2011 and 1980 to June 2011 respec-tively, using the following strategy: Approved and proprietarynames of the antithrombotic agents described in the guidelinewere combined with terms relating to antidote, reversal, haem-orrhage, (activated) prothrombin complex concentrate, factorVIII inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA), Beriplex, Octaplex,recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa), Novoseven, freshfrozen plasma, tranexamic acid, antiﬁbrinolytic, platelet trans-fusion, and desmopressin. Identiﬁed papers were also searchedfor additional references. The writing group produced the draftguideline which was subsequently revised by consensus bymembers of the Haemostasis and Thrombosis task Force of theBritish Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH). The guideline was then reviewed by a sounding board ofapproximately 50 UK haematologists, the BCSH and theBritish Society for Haematology Committee and commentsincorporated where appropriate. Criteria used to quote levelsand grades of evidence are as outlined in: http://www.bcshguidelines. com/BCSH_PROCESS/EVIDENCE_LEVELS_AND_GRADES_OF_RECOMMENDATION/43_GRADE. html.The objective of this document is to guide healthcareprofessionals on the management of patients receivingantithrombotic drugs who experience signiﬁcant bleeding orwho require emergency surgery or an invasive procedure.Guidance on reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs;warfarin, phenprocoumon, acenocoumarol (sinthrome) andphenindione has been described previously (Keeling et al,2011). Antithrombotic drugs are used increasingly in patientgroups at greater bleeding risk. Although major haemorrhageis infrequent, management can be difﬁcult especially withantithrombotics for which there are no speciﬁc reversalagents. Bleeding during antithrombotic therapy is associatedwith high morbidity and mortality (Linkins et al, 2003; Eikel-boom et al, 2006; Mannucci & Levi, 2007). Before any anti-thrombotic treatment is started, the risks and beneﬁts shouldbe carefully considered. In this guideline we consider themanagement of bleeding in patients on the more widely usedantithrombotic agents including heparin, anti-IIa and anti-Xainhibitors, oral VKAs, anti-platelet drugs as well as the ﬁbri-nolytic agents.
Net Verifier of Discrete Event System models expressed by UML Activity Diagrams

In this paper the net verification method of discrete event-driven systems modeled by UML activity diagrams is proposed. Verification is made in a formal way using a suitable procedure called activity diagram to net verifier (in short: ADN-verifier). The ADN verifier operates in two steps: (1) conversion of given activity diagram (AD) into coloured Petri net (CPN), (2) dynamic properties analysis of CPN obtained by conversion. Examination of CPN properties, exploiting Petri net theory methods, enables us to draw conclusions about dynamic properties of the original activity diagram. It was shown, that, during the conversion process, using conversion rules, dynamic properties of the model are preserved. Completeness and independence of the rules were shown as well. The following fundamental properties were shown: (i) simulation of AD by CPN obtained by conversion, and (ii) detection in finite time of any structural incorrectness in AD model by application of ADN verifier. In the case of faulty behavior detection, the method was extended to identify incorrectness in the AD model under consideration. An example of ADN verification is given in the domain of modeling discrete production systems.
Diverse neuronal populations mediate local circuit excitation in area CA3 of developing hippocampus.

1. Studies were undertaken to better understand why the developing hippocampus has a marked capacity to generate prolonged synchronized discharges when exposed to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonists. 2. Excitatory synaptic interactions were studied in small microdissected segments of hippocampal area CA3. Slices were obtained from 10- to 16-day-old rats. Application of the GABAA receptor antagonist penicillin produced prolonged synchronized discharges in minislices that were very similar, if not identical, to those recorded in intact slices. The sizes of minislices were systematically varied. Greater than 90% of those that measured 600 microns along the cell body layer produced prolonged synchronized discharges, whereas most minislices measuring 300 microns produced only brief interictal spikes. 3. Action potentials in the majority (75%, 158 of 254) of cells impaled with microelectrodes were able to entrain the entire CA3 population. They were also able to increase (on average 26%) the frequency of spontaneous population discharges. The population discharges were followed by a refractory period that lasted 5-60 s, during which single cells were unable to initiate a population discharge. 4. The majority (87%) of neurons with intrinsic burst properties were found to entrain the CA3 population. The electrophysiological characteristics of these cells were reminiscent of recordings obtained from more mature rats. Action potentials were quite prolonged and demonstrated a secondary shoulder or hump on the down-slope of the spike. 5. When bursting cells were filled with Lucifer yellow and imaged during recording sessions by videomicroscopy and later using confocal microscopy, they showed the anatomic features of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Confocal microscopy permitted detailed characterization of individual neurons and showed substantial variation in cellular microanatomy. 6. Another class of cells that were found to entrain the CA3 population but did not demonstrate intrinsic bursts were termed regular-firing cells. These cells possessed many of the anatomic and physiological features of bursting cells with the exception of burst firing. They were rarely encountered in intracellular recordings. 7. The third physiological class of cells was termed fast-spiking cells. These had action potentials that were shorter in duration than the other two cell types. They were distinct in the rapid rate of spike repolarization. They demonstrated modest degrees of spike frequency adaptation and fired repeatedly and at relatively high frequencies. Compared with reports on fast-spiking cells in mature hippocampus and neocortex, action potentials appear to be slower and repetitive discharging appeared to be of a lower frequency. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Selenium in Food Chain and Animal Nutrition: Lessons from Nature -Review-

Selenium is considered to be one of the most controversial trace elements. On the one hand, it is toxic at high doses and there is a great body of information related to environmental issues of Se contamination. On the other hand, Se deficiency is a global problem related to an increased susceptibility to various diseases of animals and humans and decreased productive and reproductive performance of farm animals. Optimisation of Se nutrition of poultry and farm animals will result in increased efficiency of egg, meat and milk production and even more important, will improve quality. From the data presented in the review it is clear that the main lesson which we have to learn from nature is how to use organic selenium in animal and human diets. Selenium-enriched yeast (Sel-Plex) is the result of such a lesson and it is just a matter of time before animal nutrition moves completely from using ineffective sodium selenite to organic selenium. Other lessons from nature will follow. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics, in association with descriptions of new selenoproteins, will be a driving force in reconsidering old approaches related to Se nutrition. Probably 90% of all Se research has been conducted with sodium selenite and we now understand that the natural form of selenium is different. The main advances in Se status assessment and Se requirements were established based on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an enzyme which for many years was considered to be the main selenoprotein. Recently it was discovered that it is only one of at least 25 various selenoproteins. Se research and practical applications are developing quickly and they are very exciting and promising.
On the utility of bytewise approximate matching in computer science with a special focus on digital forensics investigations

Handling hundreds of thousands of files is a major challenge in today’s digital forensics. In order to cope with this information overload, investigators often apply hash functions for automated input identification. Besides identifying exact duplicates, which is mostly solved running cryptographic hash functions, it is also necessary to cope with similar inputs (e.g., different versions of files), embedded objects (e.g., a JPG within a office document), and fragments (e.g., network packets). Thus, the essential idea is to complement the use of cryptographic hash functions, to detect data objects with bytewise identical representation, with the capability to find objects with bytewise similar representations. Unlike cryptographic hash functions, which have a wide range of applications and have been studied as well as tested for a long time, approximate matching algorithms are still in their early development stages. More precisely, currently the community is missing a definition, an evaluation methodology and (additional) fields of application. Therefore, this thesis aims at establishing approximate matching in computer sciences with a special focus on digital forensic investigations. One of our firsts step was to develop a generic definition for approximate matching, in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which is applicable to the different levels approximate matching, e.g., bytewise and semantic. A subsequent detailed analysis of both existing approaches uncovers different strengths and weaknesses, therefore we present improvements. To extend the range of algorithms, this work introduces three of our new algorithms, that are based on well-known techniques of computer sciences. A core contribution of this thesis is the open source evaluation framework called FRASH which assesses tools on different criteria. Besides traditional properties (borrowed from hash functions) like generation efficiency and space efficiency (compression), we conceive methods to determine precision and recall rates based on synthetic as well as real world data. Since digital investigations are often time critical, we improve the performance of automated file identification by a mechanism we call prefetching. Compared to a straight ￼forward analysis, the performance increases by almost 40% without additional hardware. In this context we also discuss the impact of different hashing/approximate matching algorithms for digital investigations and conclude that it is absolutely reasonable to apply crypto hashing as well as bytewise/semantic approximate matching algorithms in a prosecution. To extend the fields of application, this thesis demonstrates the capabilities of applying approximate matching on network traffic analysis and biometric template protection. Our research shows that approximate matching is perfectly suited for data leakage prevention and can also be applied for biometric template protection, biometric data compression and efficient biometric identification.
Immune neutropenia associated with anti‐human neutrophil antigen‐2a (NB1) antibodies following unrelated donor stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia: perpetuation by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor

A case of immune neutropenia following unrelated stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia is described. The neutropenia developed following herpes zoster viral infection and was associated with antibodies to the human neutrophil antigen (HNA)‐2a (formerly known as NB1). The neutropenia was prolonged, profound and unresponsive to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (GCSF). The neutrophil count recovered after GCSF was discontinued. HNA‐2a has been reported to be upregulated following GCSF administration. In the present case, it appears that the immune neutropenia may have been perpetuated by GCSF administration.