Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?

[Abridged] Chemical evolution in the protoplanetary disk midplane can modify the composition of ices and gases. We have investigated if and how chemical evolution affects the abundances and distributions of key volatile species in the midplane of a protoplanetary disk in the 0.2-30 AU range. A full chemical network including gas-phase, gas-grain interactions and grain-surface chemistry is used to evolve chemistry in time, for 1 Myr. Great diversity is observed in the relative abundance ratios of the main considered species: H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, O2, NH3 and N2. The choice of ionisation level, the choice of initial abundances, as well as the extent of chemical reaction types included are all factors that affect the chemical evolution. The only exception is the inheritance scenario with a low ionisation level, which results in negligible changes compared with the initial abundances, regardless of whether grain-surface chemistry is included. The chemical processing changes the C/O ratios for gas and ice significantly with radius and with model assumptions. For high ionisation levels, chemical processing becomes significant after a few times $10^{5}$~yrs. It is concluded that chemical evolution in the disk midplane needs to be considered in the determination of the volatile composition of planetesimals.
Non-R&D innovation of manufacturing firms: theory and evidence from the third European Community Innovation Survey

Non-R&D innovation is a prevalent economic phenomenon, though R&D has been the central focus of policy making and scholarly research in the field of innovation. The third European Community Innovation Survey (CIS-3) shows that more than half of the European innovative firms did not conduct intramural or extramural R&D. Instead of investing in R&D, they acquired advanced machinery, purchased patents and licenses or carried out training and marketing activities to develop product or process innovations. In this paper we develop a two-stage non-cooperative game to model the decisions of firms with regard to the size of their innovation expenditures or budget and the allocation of this budget between R&D and non-R&D innovation activities. We demonstrate how the initial productivity of firms, the share of their expenditures in non-R&D innovation activities, and the potential cost reduction achieved by the application of existing technologies or the development of new technologies would affect the decisions of firms. Following a theoretical framework and arguments, we examine the CIS-3 data to provide empirical evidence.
Rural Livelihoods in South Africa: Complexity, Vulnerability and Differentiation

The livelihoods of South Africa’s rural African poor have long been characterized by diverse activities, and intertwined with urban opportunities. This paper examines the interlinked nature of land,employment and rural livelihoods within contemporary South Africa,in order to examine aspects of how the rural poor survive. Drawing on a body of livelihood and poverty-oriented enquiry, several vignettes from South Africa’s former ‘homeland’ communal areas are presented and discussed. Contemporary rural livelihoods are not only located in migratory networks and diverse livelihood activities, they are considered here as constituted in terms of four broad domains.First,they are forged within various land-based and agrarian activities. Second, they are often supported by small-scale, informal economic activities, both farm and non-farm. Third, they are frequently shaped by South Africa’s comparatively well-developed system of state cash transfers and, fourth, they are patterned by culturally inscribed patterns of mutuality and social reciprocity.The complexity and vulnerability that typically characterize rural lives are examined in terms of these four domains, along with constellations of social differentiation with which they are intertwined.
The Impact of Terminal Values and Yellow Press on Consumer Behavior

We investigate if pluralistic consumption styles (like "frugality", or "indulgence in luxury") can be identified and are correlated with different terminal values and if values and consumption styles prove to be stable or can be changed by drastic events. The results of two polls (before and after the war in Iraq) are compared. Using content analyses, media influence on consumers' values and consumption patterns is also analyzed. Marketing relevance of the research is substantiated by investigating whether values and/or specific consumer trends have a significant impact on the preference of advertising campaigns showing different lifestyle themes.
Conflict Exposure and PTSD Implications among Young Adult Students in Kashmir: A Short Commentary

Citation: Bhat RM, Wani NA, Chakrawarty S (2017) Conflict Exposure and PTSD Implications among Young Adult Students in Kashmir: A Short Commentary. Trauma Acute Care 2: 40. Copyright: © 2017 Bhat RM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Characterization of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) and Materno-Fetal Interactions in Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE)-Targeted Mice

Characterization of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) and Materno-Fetal Interactions in Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE)-Targeted Mice Duane Ray Winden Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are pattern recognition receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily highly expressed in the lung. Likely functions include the modulation of pulmonary inflammation during disease. However, the contributions of RAGE in the developing lung in cases where secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure occurs are unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that RAGE misexpression adversely affects lung morphogenesis, we exposed gestating dams to a controlled dose of SHS during the last four critical days of in utero lung morphogenesis. We discovered that both maternal and fetal lungs respond to SHS by upregulating RAGE. Exposed fetuses were markedly smaller compared to controls and lungs were compromised in terms of apoptotic status, collagen abundance necessary in the derivation of respiratory compartments, and the expression of MMP-9, a protease known to target extracellular matrix. Interestingly, RAGE knock out animals similarly exposed to SHS were protected, in part, from the same SHS-mediated pulmonary abnormalities. We next generated a conditional transgenic mouse that provided an opportunity to genetically augment distal lung RAGE expression in the absence of SHS exposure. Our RAGE transgenic mice (RAGE TG) were severely hypoplastic and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated weakened basement membranes in RAGE TG animals compared to controls. Specific observations in RAGE TG mice included diminished type IV collagen required for basement membrane derivation, augmented MMP-9 expression, and inhibition of pulmonary vasculature visualized by Pecam-1 staining, a marker of vascular endothelial cells. The further observation that FoxM1, a critical transcriptional regulator of endothelial cell differentiation, was inhibited in RAGE TG mice suggested a novel potential mechanism of impaired vascularization mediated by RAGE. These data provide evidence that RAGE expression must be tightly regulated during lung organogenesis. Furthermore, additional research into the nuances of RAGE signaling during development may shed needed light on the pathobiochemistry of adult lung diseases that potentially have in utero origins.
Influence of growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration in Arachis prostrata (L.)

Response due to three auxins (NAA, 2,4-D and Picloram) and two cytokinins (BAP and TDZ) was tested for rapid and high frequency in vitro leaf callogenesis in Arachis prostrata . MS media containing 30g/l sucrose and 6g/l agar were supplemented with 10 concentrations of auxins alone and in combination with three concentrations of cytokinin. Sole picloram regardless of concentration, induced significantly higher callogenesis in comparison to NAA and 2,4-D. The response due to NAA, 2,4-D and PIC was more when supplimented with either BAP or TDZ. Picloram in combination of either BAP or TDZ was more effective in leaf callogenesis than NAA and 2,4-D. PIC regardless of concentration with 1.5mg/l BAP produced highest mean callogenesis ranging 99.7-100.0%. Plants regenerated from callus were subcultured in MS media supplemented with NAA+ TDZ and 2,4-D + TDZ after 30 days. No regeneration was observed in media supplemented with PIC+ TDZ. Maximum regeneration recorded in media supplemented with 3.0mg NAA+ 0.3mg TDZ per liter. Regeneration in low concentration (0.3mg/L) of TDZ along with NAA and 2,4-D indicates highly inductive effect of TDZ.
Observation of viscosity transition in alpha-pinene secondary organic aerosol Järvinen

Under certain conditions, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can exist in the atmosphere in an amorphous solid or semi-solid state. To determine their relevance to processes such as ice nucleation or chemistry occurring within particles requires knowledge of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) range for SOA to exist in these states. In the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment at The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), we deployed a new in situ optical method to detect the viscous state of α-pinene SOA particles and measured their transition from the amorphous highly viscous state to states of lower viscosity. The method is based on the depolarising properties of laboratory-produced non-spherical SOA particles and their transformation to non-depolarising spherical particles at relative humidities near the deliquescence point. We found that particles formed and grown in the chamber developed an asymmetric shape through coagulation. A transition to a spherical shape was observed as the RH was increased to between 35 % at −10 C and 80 % at −38 C, confirming previous calculations of the viscositytransition conditions. Consequently, α-pinene SOA particles exist in a viscous state over a wide range of ambient conditions, including the cirrus region of the free troposphere. This has implications for the physical, chemical, and icenucleation properties of SOA and SOA-coated particles in the atmosphere.
Use of Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment : Expert Panel Recommendations Tip 2

MedAmerikan Medical Center, İstanbul, Turkey *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey **Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey ***Department of Endocrinology and Metalobism, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey ****Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey *****Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey ******Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey *******Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey ********Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey *********Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey **********Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey ***********Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey Review Turk J Endocrinol Metab 2018;22:183-197
Light Weight Defense Mechanism Against Camera Based Attacks

A number of android security and privacy vulnerabilities have been exposed in past several years. However, the mobile malware and privacy leakage remain a big threat to mobile phone security and privacy. It has been observed that phone camera would become a traitor in such attacks by capturing photos or videos secretly. Secret photography is not only immoral but also illegal due to invasion of privacy. Phone users themselves could also become victims and if the phone camera is exploited by malicious spy camera app, it may cause serious security and privacy problems. Most of the existing mobile antivirus apps are unable to monitor such camera based attacks. Hence, we demonstrate two camera based attacks through our proposal namely, Remote controlled real time monitoring Attack like Screen unlocking Attack, SMS Attack. We also propose a light weight defense scheme as a countermeasure for the camera attacks that can protect android phones against harmful spy Camera attacks.
Children with ADHD exhibit lower fMRI spectral exponent than their typically developing counterparts

Complex interactions in nonlinear systems such as the human brain exhibit fractal processes which are outcomes of self-similar patterns over long time scales by a power law in the frequency domain (Schaefer et al 2014). The spectral exponent ( ) of this power law can be observed as an estimator of relative health and disease especially in the case of 1/f power spectrum. It has been shown that the spectral exponent ( ) of resting state fMRI time series generally lies in the range −1 < < 1 (Wink et al 2006). When the spectral exponent ( ) is negative, the fMRI time series exhibits greater power at low frequencies. When spectral exponent ( ) is positive, the fMRI time series depicts greater power at high frequencies and when spectral exponent ( ) is zero, the fMRI time series have equal power at all frequencies (Maxim et al. 2005). The aim of this pilot study is to estimate the fractal behaviour (using spectral exponent) of resting state fMRI time series of children with ADHD when compared to age-matched and gender-matched typically developing children (TDC). We expect the spectral exponent of the children with ADHD to be significantly different from that of their typically developing counterparts.
Importance of Stress Factors in Poultry

Stress factors or stressors in defense stimulants are called organisms under the influence of internal and external factors such as hunger, fear, temperature change, noise, tight accommodation, infections [5]. Among the most common stress factors in cage-type poultry farming are considered to be the most common types of infectious diseases, including temperature, humidity, lack of light, crowded housing, ventilation, noise and fear [6-8].
ROLE OF JOB DESIGN ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA: A CASE OF PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY OF EAST AFRICA

It is commonly acknowledged that human resources are the most important asset in any organization. In a turbulent economic environment characterized by high staff turnover and brain drain human resources practitioners’ major challenge is to find ways of attracting and retaining creative and dedicated staff committed to the organization and to determine which working conditions stimulate employees to give their best, to be engaged, to go beyond what is expected and persist in the face of difficulties. The aim of the study was to establish the role of job design on employee engagement. The target population was 535 employees working at the top management, middle level management and low level management at The Presbyterian University of East Africa . A sample of 84 employees of the target population was considered by use of stratified sampling method. The primary data was collected through the use of questionnaires and secondary data was obtained from published documents such as journals, periodicals, magazines and reports to supplement the primary data. A pilot study was conducted to pretest the validity and reliability of instruments for data collection. The raw information was analyzed to yield qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed with help of SPSS version 20 and MS excel. The variables were regressed and study findings showed that skill variety, task identity, job design and job feedback significantly and positively influenced employee engagement at The Presbyterian University of East Africa . Job feedback was the most significant factor and had a positive significant relationship at 5% level of significance. This implied that the variables understudy affected employee engagement in Presbyterian University of East Africa and recommends for effective policies and strategies to enhance appropriate job designs for improving employee engagement and performance. Key Words : Job Design, Employee Engagement
Entrepreneurial and Market-Oriented Activities, Financial Capital, Environment Turbulence, and Export Performance in an Emerging Economy

This study examines the impact of the simultaneous implementation of entrepreneurial and market-oriented export activities on export success and whether this relationship depends on levels of financial capital and market environment turbulence. The findings from a study of 164 Ghanaian exporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) indicate that high levels of both entrepreneurial and market orientation generate better export performance. The relationship is stronger when firms have greater financial capital and operate in more turbulent export market environments. These results extend existing knowledge of how SMEs can improve export performance by seeking fit between firm-specific capabilities and external environment conditions.
An Analysis of Cladistic Relationships of Leontopithecus Based on Dental and Cranial Characters

Based on dental and cranial characters, cladistic status of Leontopithecus within the family Callitrichidae and its interspecific relationships are analyzed. Leontopithecus is the closest genealogical relative of CallithrixCebuella because Leontopithecus has two significant apomorphies in common with Callithrix-Cebuella; the septa in the tympanic cavity and the quite reduced hypocone on M1. Since Leontopithecus chrysopygus and Leontopithecus rosalia share an apomorphy, round-shaped P2, with each other, Leontopithecus chrysopygus is more closely related to L, rosalia than either is to L, chrysomelas. On the basis of the interspecific relationships of Leontopithecus and Callithrix, the refuge for L. rosalia is considered not the Bahia refuge of KINZEY (1982) but the Orgaos refuge of JACKSON (1978).
Consolidation Parameters of Reconstituted Peat Soil: Oedometer Testing

This paper presents the consolidation parameters of reconstituted peat soils with different peat soil particle sizes. The reconstituted peat sample was used to determine the consolidation parameters since the undisturbed samples were difficult to collect. The selected sizes of soil particles passing have been collected and formed the reconstituted peat samples by preloaded a pressure to remove the extra water. The testing involve was one-dimensional oedometer consolidation test with the load increment method (5 – 320kPa). It is important to gather the information about a soil profile, especially on consolidation properties which were important in predicting the settlement of soil. Based on the results, compression index (Cc) and swell index (Cs), the values were increased with the increasing peat particles size.
Online Doctoral Programs: Can They Produce the Business Scientists and Leaders Needed for the 21st Century?

This manuscript reviews the effectiveness of online education, pointing out the weaknesses and the more recent positive outcomes. Regardless of the positive reviews, employers view online education negatively and will hire students from campus programs over online or blended (hybrid) programs. What characteristics can make one online program better than others? These programs are reviewed, but the exploration found that even the reviews for traditional programs are negative. Because of our economic-driven culture, many are calling for a drastic change in traditional doctoral education, saying that PhDs that choose only the academic arena are no longer needed because they serve too few, are infrequently applied, and are too expensive. Rather, a modification of online education, possibly a hybrid program, may answer the call. This article concludes with a brief description of a hybrid Doctor of Management program that might address the serious challenges to traditional programs.
Post-mine sulfurous soil chemistry in leaching experiment under controlled conditions at different tree species litter addition

was investigated. In research two types of substrate were used: less contaminated (mean 5,090 mg kg-1 S) and high contaminated (42,500 mg kg-1 S). Soil substrates were tested with addition of birch or pine litter. The composites (soil substrate + tree litter) were rinsed with water during 12 weeks of experiment. In the obtained leachate pH, EC, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), N, Ca, Mg and S were determined. The results indicate that the rate and amount of leached elements did not depend on litter, but firstly depend on level of sulfur contamination.
A satellite altimeter model for ocean slick detection

About 5% of Ku-band altimeter ocean data are degraded by the occurrence of high radar return cross sections (σ0), usually called σ0 blooms. During blooms, which occur during no or low wind conditions, the mean altimeter waveform can significantly depart from the expected shape. In about 60% of the cases the waveforms are distorted to such an extent that either the range tracker loses lock or the off-nadir angle estimate becomes unrealistic. The analysis of high data rate altimeter waveforms during bloom events reveals the presence of V-shaped patterns similar to the ones observed during rain events. These patterns trace small-scale (i.e., smaller than the altimeter footprint) changes in surface backscatter. Such variations of surface roughness are commonly observed in SAR images under low wind conditions. On the basis of the experience gained through the analysis of high- resolution altimeter waveforms in the presence of rain cell, a model is developed to analyze the altimeter response to phenomena whose length scale is smaller than the altimeter footprint. The model is applied to simple patterns (linear slicks and circular patches) as well as to realistic surface σ0 estimated by SAR. It is also used to analyze bloom events in terms of surface slicks. The model results shows that the small-scale σ0 variations explain the behavior of altimeter waveforms in bloom events. The results also show that a good proportion of data during bloom events are still valid for estimating geophysical parameters as the Brown model remains valid. Use of high-resolution altimeter waveforms may also offer an interesting mean to study marine slick occurrence rates and type.
Fiscal Decentralization and Intergovernmental Finance Reform as an International Development Strategy

Decentralization and intergovernmental finance have been a common element in international development efforts for many years. However, the success of fiscal decentralization as a development strategy is decidedly unclear, and there is growing skepticism about the effectiveness of (fiscal) decentralization as an international development strategy. This short essay explores the current state of knowledge with respect to fiscal decentralization and assesses the relevance of fiscal decentralization to the wider international development agenda, using the fiscal aspects of decentralization as an entry-point into the broader discussion of decentralization.