Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence on Possible Mycoplasma Etiology of Aster Yellows Disease I. Suppression of Symptom Development in Plants by Antibiotics

Antibiotics suppressed development of aster yellows (AY) disease symptoms in plants of china aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees. ] and annual chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum carinatum, Schousb.). When inoculated chrysanthemum plants were treated by any of several techniques with tetracycline antibiotics or chloramphenicol, symptoms failed to appear during treatment but appeared 1 to 4 weeks after treatments were terminated. Under continuous administration of chlortetracycline, aster plants with AY symptoms developed symptomless axillary growth, including flowers. Streptomycin, oleandomycin, kanamycin, tylosin, carbomycin, polymyxin, bacitracin, neomycin, sulfanilamide, penicillin, vancomycin, or cycloserine had no discernible effect on development of AY symptoms. Treatment of plants with tetracycline antibiotics before exposure to inoculative (pathogen-transmitting) vectors delayed the appearance of symptoms or prevented AY infection. Remission of AY symptoms in inoculated plants treated with chlortetracycline was correlated with an inhibition of multiplication of AY agent, as measured by bioassay of extracts. The data give additional support to the hypothesis that aster yellows disease is caused by a mycoplasma-like microorganism.
Enrollment of intensive care unit patients into clinical studies: A trinational survey of researchers' experiences, beliefs, and practices*

Background:As critical care practice increases in scope, size, and complexity, enrollment of critically ill patients into clinical studies is increasing. Objective:To understand the experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group regarding enrollment of critically ill children and adults into clinical studies. Methods:Survey items generated by the research team were formatted in four domains: experiences, beliefs, practices, and demographics. Five research coordinators and five physicians pretested the survey, providing feedback on clarity and completeness. Intrarater reliability (16 participants, 2 wks apart) was very good. Results:The response rate was 284 of 322 (88.2%). Respondents worked in intensive care units with a mean of 20.5 (sd 10) beds, caring for adults (72.2%), pediatric (18.8%), and both groups (9%) of critically ill patients. Clinical research was considered key to the future of improved clinical care. To enhance recruitment efficiency, respondents widely endorsed the effectiveness of increasing participating centers, after-hours, and weekend enrollment (all 3 scores 7 [6–7[sqb], reflecting median [interquartile range] on 1–7 scale). Overall, the effectiveness (6 [4–7]), feasibility (5 [4–6]) and ethics (5 [4–7]) of coenrollment into more than one randomized trial was endorsed. Half of respondents have adopted coenrollment with scientific and psychosocial provisos. Alternative designs, such as factorial and cluster randomized trials, were considered when suitable. Modifications to consent approaches (deferred consent (7 [6–7]), waived consent (7 [6–7]), or consent from two physicians in the absence of a substitute decision maker (6 [5–7])) were considered effective, but beliefs about the feasibility and ethics of some of these approaches varied. Conclusions:Clinical research is highly valued by these intensive care unit communities. Strategies to increase capacity involve enhancing recruitment efficiencies, considering alternative study designs and expanding consent procedures. Thoughtfully implementing these strategies may advance the care of critically ill adults and children.
Regulatory pathways governing modulation of fungal gene expression by a virulence‐attenuating mycovirus.

A viral double‐stranded RNA associated with virulence attenuation (hypovirulence) in the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) has been shown by DNA‐mediated transformation to be responsible for transmissible hypovirulence. In addition to reduced virulence, the fungal strain harboring this virus exhibits a diverse array of characteristics, termed hypovirulence‐associated traits, which distinguish it from an isogenic virus‐free strain. We have investigated one of these traits, suppressed lac‐1 (laccase) transcript accumulation. Two different and opposing regulatory pathways appear to govern lac‐1 transcript levels in the virus‐free strain: a stimulatory pathway was found to be dependent on the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and calcium second messenger systems. A second pathway limiting transcript accumulation was shown to require ongoing protein synthesis. Additionally, changes in the level of lac‐1 transcript accumulation were found to be related to modulation of promoter activity and this activity was shown to be suppressed in the virus‐containing strain. We conclude that this hypovirulence‐associated virus interferes with transduction of an IP3‐calcium‐dependent signal that is required for stimulation of lac‐1 transcription. The perturbation of such signal transduction pathways by hypovirulence‐associated viruses may account for the manifold symptoms associated with transmissible hypovirulence.
Impact of adhesive application and moisture on the mechanical properties of the adhesive interface determined by the nano-indentation technique.

OBJECTIVES This study assessed the nanohardness (NH) and Young's modulus (YM) of resin-dentin bonding components formed by an ethanol/water-based (Adper Single Bond Plus [SBP]) and an acetone-based system (One Step Plus [OSP]) under different moisture conditions and application methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS On 24 human molars, a flat, superficial dentin surface was exposed by wet abrasion. After acid-etching, two coats of SBP or OSP adhesive were applied on either a dry or rewetted dentin surface under vigorous rubbing action or inactive application. After polymerization of the adhesives (600 mW/cm2/20 seconds), composite buildups were constructed incrementally and the specimens were stored in water (37 degrees C/24 hours). They were cross-sectioned perpendicular to the resin-dentin interface to obtain 1.5 mm-thick slices that were embedded and polished before the test. Nano-indentations were made on the resin composite, adhesive system, hybrid layer and mineralized dentin. The results of NH and YM (GPa) of the adhesive system and hybrid layer were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS When the dentin was kept wet, the mode of application did not affect the studied properties within the hybrid layer. On the other hand, the vigorous application mode increased the NH and YM of both adhesives applied in air-dried dentin. In the adhesive layer, the highest NH and YM were observed only for SBP, especially when applied in wet dentin under vigorous action. CONCLUSION It was concluded that: 1) the vigorous application of both adhesives in dry dentin resulted in high nanohardness and Young's modulus values in the hybrid layer and 2) in the adhesive layer, the moisture associated with the vigorous application mode increased the nanohardness and Young's modulus values of Adper Single Bond Plus.
Standing up for science The antivivisection movement and how to stand up to it

A nimal research has been and remains crucial to the development of modern medicine. The reasons for ongoing research are manifold from finding ways to treat cancer to understanding the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration to developing new vaccines against HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Nearly all of us benefit from medical treatments made possible through animal research, and with so much at stake, it is important that scientists make the case for the importance of using animals in research. With animal rights extremism at an all-time low, there has never been a better time for scientists to overcome their reluctance to talk about the benefits of their work. Sadly, polls show that opposition to animal research among young people, for example in the UK and USA, is significantly higher than among those aged over 65 [1,2]. In my view, this is in part because of the large amount of misinformation propagated across the Internet by opponents of animal research—the “antivivisection” (AV) movement. Moreover, the past decades have seen bouts of intense activism—including harassment, threats and violence directed towards scientists—aimed at shutting down animal research. During the same period, the scientific community have worked diligently to replace, refine and reduce the use of animals in research (http://www.nc3rs.org.uk), making much progress; however, these efforts have not been sufficient to satisfy the passions of some activists. Part of the problem is that scientists rarely engage with those who are opposed to animal research, which can leave them detached from the need to justify or explain their work. This lack of communication also creates an information vacuum in the public sphere about the need to use animals. In a recent poll in the UK, only 31% of respondents felt “fairly well informed [. ] about science and scientific research/development” [2].
"Free" Doesn't Always Mean Free: Rethinking SO 2 Measurements in the Winery

• We hope to extend the headspace gas detection tube method to become a practical, inexpensive alternative to standard titration or aeration-oxidation methods in small and large wineries. "Free" Doesn't Always Mean Free: Rethinking SO2 Measurements in the Winery Gavin L. Sacks1 and Patricia A. Howe1,2 1Department of Food Science, CALS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 2Constellation Brands, St. Helena, California 94574 Research News from Cornell’s Viticulture and Enology Program Research Focus 2015-4
"Upper limits of normal" antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B titers.

"Upper limits of normal" antistreptolysin O (ASO) and antideoxyribonuclease (ADN) B titers were determined on serum specimens from various age groups of pediatric patients with no history of a recent streptococcal infection and on healthy adult hospital employees. The upper limit of normal value is that level of antibody titer exceeded by no more than 15% of the total subjects in each age group. This value varies with the age of the subject, and the most pronounced differences are between the values of preschool age children, school age children, and adults. The upper limit of normal values for these groups were as follows: preschool age, ASO = 85(100); ADN B = 60(50); school age, ASO = 170(166); ADN B=1 70(166); and adult, ASO = 85(100); ADN B = 85(100).
Jícnová echokardiografie v diagnostice infikovaných trombů v horní duté žíle a pravé síni vzniklých v souvislosti s centrálními žilními katétry a intrakardiálně zavedenými elektrodami

Rozsiřeni použiti centralnich žilnich katetrů v kritických stavech a v dlouhodobe terapii a stoupajici pocet nositelů intrakardialně implantovaných elektrod s sebou nese rizika komplikaci, jako je tromboza a infekce žilniho řecistě nebo praveho srdce. Na dvou kazuistikach poukazujeme na obtižnost diagnostiky infikovaných trombů v prave sini a zejmena v horni dute žile, kde casto dochazi k přehlednuti masy. Prezentujeme nutnost indikovat jicnovou echokardiografii u infekci s možnou souvislosti s centralnimi žilnimi katetry a intrakardialně zavedenými elektrodami i v připadě fyziologickeho nalezu v mistě vstupu, zejmena při izolaci zlateho stafylokoka v hemokulturach. Při trvajicim podezřeni na infekci je nutne provest vysetřeni opakovaně.
Surface acoustic wave microfluidic pumps for on-chip diagnostics

Most of point-of-care diagnostics and lab-on-chip devices that do on-chip sample preparation require active fluid actuation. In a laboratory setting, this is done via bulky benchtop equipment such as syringe pumps, peristaltic pumps and pressure systems. However, integration of a pumping unit onto the device allows for increased portability and decreased footprint of the device. Although there are multiple examples of realised micropumps based on different technologies, no one solution offers a combination of small footprint, low costs, scalable manufacturing and high performance required for point-of-care devices. Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based micropumps are an exciting alternative to the current micropump systems due their small footprint and simplicity of manufacturing, yet many of the SAW micropumps presented to date suffer from poor performance and/or utilisation of open channels, which can be a problem regarding contamination. The SAW micropump demonstrated here uses a novel planar design and SAW scattering effects to significantly improve the pump performance and maintain closed channels, which is a pre-requisite for point-of-care applications. This thesis evaluates the fabrication of SAW devices and microfluidic channels using soft lithography. After evaluating the SAW device design concerning electrical characteristics both experimentally and theoretically, the first iteration of SAW micropumps utilising SAW momentum along the piezoelectric substrate is presented and characterised in terms of fluid flow velocity profiles and volume flow rates produced. Subsequently, a concept of a more efficient SAW micropump is presented based on out of the plane interaction between SAW and liquid. To fully utilise this interaction a protocol on the development of 3D microfluidic channels is introduced followed by a discussion on SAW-liquid coupling setting the scene for a demonstration of efficient and closed-loop SAW micropump that delivers pressure gradients up to an order of magnitude higher than the best to-date reported values at a similar input power levels. Finally, the newly developed pump is utilised in an on-chip flow cytometer to showcase the advanced flow manipulations, showing the potential applications of the SAW micropump beyond simple fluid actuation.
Title Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim Glacier , east Greenland Permalink

[1] A significant amount of the measured coastal thinning of the Greenland ice sheet may be due to recent acceleration of outlet glaciers. Using remote sensing, we measured two major periods of speedup on Helheim Glacier between 2000 and 2005 that increased peak speeds from approximately 8 to 11 km/yr. These speedups coincided with rapid retreats of the calving front, totaling over 7.5 km. The glacier also thinned by over 40 m from 2001 to 2003. Retreat of the ice front appears to decrease resistance to flow and concentrates the gravitational driving force over a smaller area. Farther up-glacier, acceleration may be a delayed response to surface draw-down and steepening of the glacier’s main trunk. If the 2005 speedup also produces strong thinning, then much of the glacier’s main trunk may un-ground, leading to further retreat. Citation: Howat, I. M. , I. Joughin, S. Tulaczyk, and S. Gogineni (2005), Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim Glacier, east Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32, L22502, doi:10.1029/2005GL024737.
Size- and sex-specific predation on dung flies by amphibian and arthropod predators – size match matters

Because predator-prey interactions in nature are multifarious, linking phenomenological predation rates to the underlying behavioural or ecological mechanisms is challenging. Size- and sex-specific predation has been implicated as a major selective force keeping animals small, affecting the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism. We experimentally assessed predation by various amphibian (frogs and toads) and arthropod predators (bugs, flies, spiders) on three species of dung flies with similar ecology but contrasting body sizes, sexual size dimorphism and coloration. Predators were offered a size range of flies in single- or mixed-sex groups. As expected based on optimal foraging theory, some anurans (e.g. Bufo bufo) selected larger prey, thus selecting against large body size of the flies, while others (Bombina variagata and Rana esculenta) showed no such pattern. Small juvenile Rana temporaria metamorphs, in contrast, preferred small flies, as did all arthropod predators, a pattern that can be explained by larger prey being better at escaping. The more mobile males were not eaten more frequently or faster than the cryptic females, even when conspicuously colored. Predation rates on flies in mixed groups permitting mating activity were not higher, contrary to expectation, nor was predation generally sex-specific. We conclude that the size-selectivity of predators, and hence the viability selection pattern exerted on their prey, depends foremost on the relative body sizes of the two in a continuous fashion. Sex-specific predation by single predators appears to contribute little to sexual dimorphism. Therefore, the mechanistic study of predation requires integration of both the predator’s and the prey’s perspectives, and phenomenological field studies of predation remain indispensable.
Expiratory flow limitation and orthopnea in massively obese subjects.

BACKGROUND Morbidly obese subjects, who often complain about breathlessness when lying down, breathe at low lung volume with a reduced expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Therefore, during tidal breathing the expiratory flow reserve is decreased, promoting expiratory flow limitation (EFL), which is more likely to occur in the supine position, when the relaxation volume of the respiratory system, and hence the functional residual capacity (FRC), decrease because of the gravitational effect of the abdominal contents. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess EFL and orthopnea in massively obese subjects and to evaluate whether orthopnea was associated with the development of supine EFL. METHODS In 46 healthy obese subjects (18 men) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 44 +/- 11 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 51 +/- 9 kg/m(2), we assessed EFL in both the seated and the supine positions by the negative expiratory pressure method and assessed postural changes in FRC by measuring the variations in the inspiratory capacity (IC) with recumbency. Simultaneously, dyspnea was evaluated in either position using the Borg scale dyspnea index (BSDI) to determine the presence of orthopnea, which was defined as any increase of the BSDI in the supine position. RESULTS Partial EFL was detected in 22% and 59%, respectively, of the overall population in seated and supine position. The mean increase in the supine IC amounted to 120 +/- 200 mL (4.1 +/- 6.4%), indicating a limited decrease in FRC with recumbency in these subjects. Orthopnea, although mild (mean BSDI, 1.7 +/- 1.3), was claimed by 20 subjects, and in 15 of them EFL occurred or worsened in the supine position. Orthopnea was associated with lower values of seated ERV (p < 0.05) and was marginally related to supine EFL values (p = 0.07). No significant effect of age, BMI, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, FEV(1), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of vital capacity was found on either orthopnea or EFL. CONCLUSION In morbidly obese subjects, EFL and dyspnea frequently occur with the subject in the supine position, and both supine EFL and low-seated ERV values are related to orthopnea, suggesting that dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure may be partly responsible for orthopnea in massively obese subjects.
Social interaction and speed of information processing following very severe head-injury

Synopsis Eighteen adults who had suffered a very severe closed head-injury more than 18 months previously and required long-term rehabilitative support were compared with a closely matched control group. Unlike previous studies, which have reported negative personality change involving an increase in aversive behaviour, our behavioural observation data suggest that a global reduction in behavioural productivity, or negative symptomatology, characterizes social interaction by this group. This resulted in their being judged less socially skilled, less likeable and less interesting, and thus less reinforcing to interact with. Speed of information processing was specifically impaired for the closed head-injury group, although this did not correlate with global behavioural ratings of social interaction behaviour. It is suggested that low behavioural productivity may be associated with family burden, and that the low quantity of social interaction experienced by severely head-injured adults may reflect the unreinforcing nature of their interactions.
Radiologische Diagnostik primarer extranodaler Lymphommanifestationen

1832 als erster, das das lymphatische System maligne entarten kann. Ihm zu Ehren wurde daher die erste beobachtete maligne lymphatische Entitat, die durch Nachweis von Sternberg-Reedund Hodgkin-Zellen gekennzeichnet ist, als Morbus Hodgkin bezeichnet. Alle anderen malignen Erkrankungen des Lymphsystems, die insgesamt eine grose heterogene Gruppe darstellen und zahlenmasig den M. Hodgkin ubertreffen, wurden in Abgrenzung zu dieser Entitat als Non-Hodgkin-Lymphome bezeichnet. Der Begriff des extranodalen Lymphoms sollte fur beide Entitaten die seltenere und prognostisch eher ungunstige, da klinisch atypisch verlaufende, Manifestation des malignen Lymphoms charakterisieren. Heutzutage wird mit extranodaler Lymphommanifestation im engen Sinne eine primare Organmanifestation definiert, wobei zu berucksichtigen gilt, das neben Thymus und Milz, gemas der Ann-Arbor-Klassifikation auch der Waldeyer-Rachenring, der Wurmfortsatz und die Peyer-Ileumplaques zu den lymphonodalen Stationen gehoren. Im klinischen Alltag wird der Begriff jedoch auch fur eine sekundare Organmanifestation der lymphoproliferativen Grunderkrankung eingesetzt. Der folgende Beitrag setzt sich schwerpunktmasig mit der primaren extranodalen Lymphommanifestation thorakoabdominaler Organe auseinander und diskutiert an Hand des eigenen Patientengutes und der aktuellen Literatur Charakteristika der radiologischen Bildgebung. Primar extranodale Lymphome sind nahezu immer Non-HodgkinLymphome (NHL). Ein primar extranodaler Morbus Hodgkin (HL) ist, – unabhangig vom betroffenen Organ –, sehr selten und wird mit einer Haufigkeit unter 1 % angegeben [21]. Anders verhalt sich dies in der Rezidivdiagnostik des Hodgkin-
EfFectofExercisePositionDuring Stress Testing on Cardiac and Pulmonary Thallium Kinetics and Accuracy in Evaluating Coronary Artery Disease

We compared the effects of symptom-limited upright and supine exercise on 201 TI distribution and kinetics in the heart and lungs of 100 consecutive patients. Our analysis was based on data obtained with a digital gamma camera in the 45° left anterior oblique position at 5, 40, 240, and 275 min postadministration of [ 201 TI]chloride. We found significant differences in the results at the 5- and 40-min intervals; viz, (a) higher cardiac and (b) lower pulmonary thallium activity after upright exercise in 94 subjects at both intervals, and (c) greater variability in total and regional cardiac thallium kinetics after supine exercise. With supine exercise, the relatively low initial cardiac activity, relatively high lung activity, and the greater variability in thallium kinetics combined to make interpretation of quantitative data and cardiac images difficult and less accurate with respect to detection of coronary artery disease. These observations have important implications for the interpreting physician when thallium stress tests are performed in the supine position.
Treatment of NIDDM in Youth

This study presents the characteristics of 20 children (17 female) with NIDDM who required oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) therapy. A family history of NIDDM was present in 55%. None had islet cell antibodies (ICA) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. Tolbutamide was the drug of choice; glibenclamide was introduced if glycemic control was not obtained after 2 to 3 months of tolbutamide therapy. Seven of the patients eventually required insulin therapy. Clin Pediatr. 1998;37:117-122