Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cumulus Convection on the Vorticity Field in the Tropics: Part II: Interpretation@@@第II部解釈

The effects of cumulus convection on the large-scale vorticity budget are studied. The feasibility of parameterizing the cumulus effects is examined by relating the eddy correlation terms in the large-scale vorticity equation to the properties of cumulus ensembles. By introducing a spectral representation of a cumulus ensemble, a general expression for the cumulus effects is obtained. The expression reduces to a simple form when the fractional area coverage of cumulus clouds is very small and the mean cloud vorticity has the same order of magnitude as the mean vorticity of the environment. This approximate expression interprets the cumulus effects in terms of the detrainment of excess vorticity from the cumulus clouds, and of the vertical advection, the twisting and the stretching of the large-scale vorticity by cumulusinduced subsidence. The approximate expression is combined with a spectral model of a cumulus ensemble, using the budget equations for mass, moist static energy, water substance and vorticity of sub-ensembles. The model is then used to estimate the cumulus effects over the Marshall Islands area and the calculated , vertical profile is compared with the observed profile of the residual of the large-scale vorticity budget (the apparent vorticity source). Cases with and without downdrafts are tested. The calculations without downdrafts produce excessively large vorticity source immediately above the cloud base and above the 300mb level. The inclusion of downdrafts and of lateral detrainment in the sub-ensemble budget equations significantly improves the results, especially below 700mb.
Crystal-chemistry and short-range order of fluoro-edenite and fluoro-pargasite: a combined X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopic approach

Abstract This study addresses the crystal chemistry of a set of five samples of F-rich amphiboles from the Franklin marble (USA), using a combination of microchemical (Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)), single-crystal refinement (SREF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The EMPA data show that three samples fall into the compositional field of fluoro-edenite (Hawthorne et al., 2012), whereas two samples are enriched in high-charged C cations and - although very close to the CR3+ boundary - must be classified as fluoro-pargasite. Magnesium is by far the dominant C cation, Ca is the dominant B cation (with BNa in the range 0.00-0.05 a.p.f.u., atoms per formula unit) and Na is the dominant A cation, with A□ (vacancy) in the range 0.07-0.21 a.p.f.u. ; WF is in the range 1.18 - 1.46 a.p.f.u. SREF data show that: TAl is completely ordered at the T(1) site; the M(1) site is occupied only by divalent cations (Mg and Fe2+); CAl is disordered between the M(2) and M(3) sites; ANa is ordered at the A(m) site, as expected in F-rich compositions. The FTIR spectra show a triplet of intense and sharp components at ~3690, 3675 and 3660 cm-1, which are assigned to the amphibole and the systematic presence of two very broad absorptions at 3560 and 3430 cm-1. These latter are assigned, on the basis of polarized measurements and FPA (focal plane array) imaging, to chlorite-type inclusions within the amphibole matrix. Up to eight components can be fitted to the spectra; band assignment based on previous literature on similar compositions shows that CAl is disordered over the M(2) and M(3) sites, thus supporting the SREF conclusions based on the bond distance analysis. The measured frequencies of all components are typical of O-H groups pointing towards Si-O(7)-Al tetrahedral linkages, thus allowing characterization of the SRO (short-range-order) of TAl in the double chain. Accordingly, the spectra show that in the fluoro-edenite/ pargasite structure, the T cations. Si and Al, are ordered in such a way that Si-O(7)-Si linkages regularly alternate with Si-O(7)-Al linkages along the double chain.
Performance Enhancement by Blending Merocyanine Photosensitizer in TiO2/Polythiophen Solid-state Solar Cells

When the photosensitizing 3-ethyl-5-[3-ethyl-5-[2-(3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)ethylidene]-4-oxo-2-thiazolidinylidene]-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (NK2097) was blended into the regioregular pol.
Effects of Formic Acid on the Adsorption of Escherichia Coli K88 on Modified Clinoptilolite

Adsorption of Escherichia coli K88 on natural and acid-modified clinoptilolite was studied under ambient conditions. The materials under study were characterized in terms of surface area and cation-exchange capacity (CEC). Our study results indicate that treatment with formic acid can increase the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, CEC and adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite. The maximum adsorption on these non-metallic minerals was 25 mg/ml, beyond which the adsorption decreased as the amount of adsorptive increased. Time-dependent studies showed that the adsorption process reached equilibrium after 2 hours. The adsorption on E. coli K88 increased with increasing concentration of the adsorption agent as well as with increasing concentration of the bacteria in suspension. The desorption of H+ was studied by washing with a sterile physiological saline solution for 2 hours. The adsorption–desorption hysteresis suggests that the desorption rate of acid-modified clinoptilolite was much lower than that of natural clinoptilolite (P < 0.05). Acid modification of clinoptilolite increased the amount of bacterial adsorption due to the attractive interactions between the clinoptilolite and the bacteria. This increase may also involve the BET surface area and the surface characteristics of clinoptilolite.
Cation and total macroelement concentrations influence Ca uptake in micropropagated potato plantlets

Ca uptake by micropropagated ‘Norland’ potato plantlets was investigated in relation to cation and macroelement salt concentrations in modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal media. Increased Ca:specific cations, by lowering NH4, Mg, or K, had little effect on the Ca content of plantlets grown on these media. Increased Ca:total cation ratio, by raising Ca from 3 to 6 mM in the medium, promoted Ca content of micropropagated plantlets. At equivalent Ca:total cation ratio, macroelement dilution increased the osmotic potential of the medium, and had an even greater impact on plantlet shoot Ca content. Root pressure, which is sensitive to variations in salt concentration, was probably the primary Ca delivery method to developing tissues since transpiration was limited in vitro. In vitro systems appear ideal for studying some aspects of nutrient relationships of plants. Ca-Aufnahme von Kartoffelpflanzchen in Gewebekultur in Abhangigkeit von der Kationen- und Makroelementkonzentration Die Ca-Aufnahme von mikrovermehrten ‘Norland’ Kartoffelpflanzchen auf einem modifizierten Murashige und Skoog (1962)-Basismedium wurde unter verschiedenen Kationen- und Makroelementverhaltnissen untersucht. Die Wirkung eines erhohten Ca:spezifische Kationen(NH4, Mg, oder K)-Verhaltnisses im Medium auf den Ca-Gehalt der Pflanzchen war minimal. Ein durch Ca-Zugabe erhohtes Ca:Kationen-Verhaltnis verbesserte hingegen den Ca-Gehalt von mikrovermehrten Pflanzchen. Bei gleichbleibendem Ca:Kationen-Verhaltnis fuhrte eine Verdunnung der Makroelemente zu erhohtem osmotischem Potential im Medium und wirkte sich noch starker auf den Ca-Gehalt in Pflanzchensprossen aus. Vermutlich war der auf veranderte Salzkonzentrationen empfindlich reagierende Wurzeldruck ein Haupttransportweg von Ca in die sich entwickelnden Gewebe, da die Transpiration in vitro begrenzt war. In vitro-Systeme erscheinen geeignet, einige Ernahrungsfragen in Pflanzen zu untersuchen.
Deuterium substitution and fluorescence studies on polymer hydrogels and complexes

Deuterium isotope effects on swelling kinetics and volume phase transition in typical polymer hydrogels (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polyacrylamide gels) are discussed. Deuterium substitutions affect on the swelling kinetics and volume phase transition of the polymer hydrogels. The slower swelling kinetics of hydrogels in D2O than in H2O arises mainly from the high viscosity of the medium. The deuterium isotope effect on the swelling-shrinking curve of hydrogels would come from the different polymer-solvent interaction. The microenvironments of hydrogels studied by solvatochromic fluorescence probe are compared with the bulk state. The zipper-type hydrogen-bonding inter-polymer complexes (poly(acrylic acid)-polyacrylamide and poly(acrylic acid)-poly(N-acryloylglycineamide)) are also investigated and show the huge isotope effect on the phase separation temperature.
19.3: Electronic Structure Calculation and QSPR Analysis of Eu2+‐doped Oxide Phosphors: Relationship between Emission Wavelength and Crystal Structure

In this study, we have computationally revealed the relationship between crystal structure and emission wavelength for Eu2+‐doped oxide phosphors. The quantum chemistry calculations and quantitative analysis of structure‐property relationship suggested that both O and alkaline‐earth (A) atoms around the Eu atom in phosphors are of importance for emission wavelength. This extension of the consideration range for interaction of A atoms gave the simple guideline for the emission wavelength control of Eu2+‐doped phosphors: 1) The host materials which have many A atoms and shorter/longer A‐A/A‐O distances are suitable to get longer Eu2+ emission wavelength, 2) The host materials which have less A atoms and longer/shorter A‐A/A‐O distances are suitable to get shorter Eu2+ emission wavelength.
Distribution of ion current density on a rotating spherical cap substrate during ion-assisted deposition

The uniformity of ion density is critical for applications relying on the ion assisted deposition technique for the fabrication of the high quality thin films. The authors propose and describe here a method allowing one to calculate the ion density distribution on spherical substrate holders under stationary and rotating conditions for different positions of the ion source. The ion beam shape was approximated by a cosn function, and the ion current density was represented by a function inversely proportional to the distance from the ion source in accordance with our experimental results. As an example, a calculation of the current density distribution on the spherical cap substrate was performed for a broad beam ion source operated with an anode current of 3 A. The authors propose an approach for process optimization with respect to the ion source position and its inclination, in terms of uniformity and absolute value of the ion current density.
Preparation and Characterization of Spray‐dried Powders from Achyrocline satureioides(Lam.) DC Extracts

Two Achyrocline satureioidesspray‐dried extracts were prepared from 80% ethanol using raw material pretreated with petroleum ether (P1) in one case and nontreated crude vegetable drug (P2) in the other case. The atomization was carried out in a Büchi 190 Mini‐spray dryer using colloidal silicon dioxide as technological carrier. The ethanol content was previously reduced to 10% (v/v) in a low pressure distillation system and the extracts were concentrated four‐fold. The nonpolar fraction was maintained in a homogeneous suspension by addition of 2% (w/w) polysorbate 80. The main flavonoids in the feed solutions and in the spray‐dried powders were assayed by HPLC and their concentrations in the final products, P1 and P2, were 99%–101%. Both spray‐dried extracts presented good physical properties (hygroscopicity, particle form and size). The results suggest that the petroleum ether treatment of raw material did not influence the technological properties of the final spray dried products. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and Quantification of Simple Ions by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. A Modern Undergraduate Instrumentation Laboratory

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a relatively new separation technique that has enjoyed increasing popularity in the last decade. A wide range of samples can be rapidly separated and quantified by CE, requiring only small amounts of sample and solvent. CE is not a widely demonstrated technique in the undergraduate laboratory. However, as CE continues to gain popularity many of our students will encounter capillary electrophoretic techniques in the workplace. We have therefore included CE in the chemistry syllabus. The experiments described here give a suitable introduction to capillary electrophoresis and effectively illustrate the mechanism of separation.
Morphology of Porous and Wrinkled Fibers of Polystyrene Electrospun from Dimethylformamide

Submicron diameter fibers of polystyrene are electrospun from solutions in dimethylformamide (DMF). When electrospun in a high-humidity environment, the interior of these fibers was found to be highly porous rather than consolidated, despite the smooth and nonporous appearance of the fiber surfaces. The formation of interior porosity is attributed to the miscibility of water, a nonsolvent for the polymers in solution, with DMF. The resulting morphology is a consequence of the relatively rapid diffusion of water into the jet, leading to a liquid−liquid phase separation that precedes solidification due to evaporation of DMF from the jet. When electrospun in a low-humidity environment, the fibers exhibit a wrinkled morphology that can be explained by a buckling instability. Understanding which morphology forms under a given set of conditions is achieved through the comparison of three characteristic times: the drying time, the buckling time, and the phase separation time. The morphology has important consequ.
Monitoring Natural and Synthetic Estrogens at Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Plants and in a Receiving River Water

Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents with primarily domestic inputs are strongly suspected to be an important source of natural and synthetic estrogens contaminating the aquatic environment. Even a few ng/L of some of these substances can provoke reproductive disturbances in riverine fish. The main purpose of this investigation has been that of ascertaining whether activated sludge STPs (ASSTPs) are able to produce significant amounts of free estrogens. For this purpose, we have monitored monthly estriol (E3), estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) in influents and effluents of six Roman ASSTPs for five months. To do this, we have developed an original analytical method involving analyte extraction with a Carbograph 4 cartridge and LC coupled with negative turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode. Analyte recovery ranged between 86 and 91%, and limits of quantification were below 1 ng/L. Over five months, inlet concentrations of E3, E2, E1 and EE.
Bounds on the reflectivity of two-component composite

Bounds on the effective permittivity circumscribe 2D area in the complex plane representing possible values of permittivity. It is shown that the corresponding possible values of reflectivity occur within the interval determined by the lowest and the highest reflectivity value, which represent minimum and maximum values of reflectivity found at the permittivity bounds.
Predicting Protein Composition, Biochemical Properties, and Dough-Handling Properties of Hard Red Winter Wheat Flour by Near-Infrared Reflectance

ABSTRACT Breadmaking quality in wheat is one of several considerations that plant breeders face when developing new cultivars. In routine breeding programs, quality is assessed by small-scale dough-handling and bake tests, and to some extent, by biochemical analysis of gluten proteins. An alternative, not yet fully examined, method for wheat flour quality assessment is near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectrophotometry. The present study was performed on 30 genotypes of hard red winter wheat grown during two crop years at eight to nine locations in the Great Plains area of the United States. Biochemical testing consisted of measuring protein fractions from size-exclusion HPLC (M r > 100k, M r 25–100k, and M r < 25k designated as glutenin, gliadins, and albumin and globulins, respectively), pentosan content, and SDS sedimentation volume. Dough-handling properties were measured on a mixograph and recorded as the time to peak dough development, the peak resistance, the width of the mixing curve, and the width.
Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n-octylamine

Propionic acid has been received increasing attention due to its various usages as an antifungal agent in food and a chemical in the production of several chemical products. In order to develop an alternative production process of propionic acid such as fermentation of glycerol, the cost effective recovery process of propionic acid from its fermentation broth is needed. Differently from conventional physical extraction, long chain amine (TOA)-based extraction is the separation process using reactions between amine and materials extracted. The equilibrium distribution of propionic acid increased with amine concentration and decreased with increase of n-heptane composition in mixed diluents. From the loading values with TOA concentrations, it was found that the stoichiometries of acid-amine-1-octanol complex were (1,1) and (1,1,1). From this study, amine-based extraction can be promising separation process for the recovery of propionic acid.
Intermediates Trapped during Nitrogenase Reduction of N⋮N, CH3−NNH, and H2N−NH2

A high population intermediate has been trapped on the nitrogenase active site FeMo cofactor during reduction of N2. In addition, intermediates have been trapped during reduction of CH3−NNH by the α-195Gln variant and during reduction of H2N−NH2 by the α-70Ala/α-195Gln variant. Each of these trapped states shows an EPR signal arising from an S = 1/2 state of the FeMo cofactor. 15N ENDOR shows that each intermediate has a nitrogenous species bound to the FeMo cofactor, with a single type of N seen for each bound intermediate. The g tensors are unique to each intermediate, g(e) = [2.084, 1.993, 1.969], g(m) = [2.083, 2.021, 1.993], g(l) = [2.082, 2.015, 1.987], as are the 15N hyperfine couplings at g1, which suggests that three distinct stages of N⋮N reduction may have been trapped. The 1H ENDOR spectra show that the N2 intermediate is at a distinct and earlier stage of reduction from the other two, so at least two stages of N⋮N reduction have been trapped. Some possible structures of the hydrazine intermed.
Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation for future wireless systems

Future wireless systems will be characterized by a large range of possible use cases. This requires a flexible allocation of the available time-frequency resources, which is difficult in conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Thus, modifications of OFDM, such as windowing or filtering, become necessary. Alternatively, one can employ a different modulation scheme, such as Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation (FBMC). In this thesis, I provide a unifying framework, discussion and performance evaluation of FBMC and compare it to OFDM based schemes. My investigations are not only based on simulations, but are substantiated by real-world testbed measurements and trials, where I show that multiple antennas and channel estimation, two of the main challenges associated with FBMC, can be efficiently dealt with. Additionally, I derive closed-form solutions for the signal-to-interference ratio in doubly-selective channels and show that in many practical cases, one-tap equalizers are sufficient. For the rare cases where this is not true, I propose enhanced methods to deal with such harsh environments, including channel estimation and equalization. Finally, on top of a conventional FBMC system, I develop a novel precoding method based on a pruned Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in combination with one-tap scaling. This scheme offers a low peak-to-average power ratio, enables low latency transmissions and has a high spectral efficiency.
Testing the modified Rothamsted Carbon Model for paddy soils against the results from long-term experiments in southern China

We compared predictions of the modified Rothamsted Carbon Model (RothC) for paddy soils (RothC-26.3_p), with decomposition rate constants set at 0.2 and 0.6 times the values in the original RothC-26.3 for submerged and drained periods, respectively, with the results of five long-term field studies in southern China. These field studies included two paddy-upland rotation sites (Chongqing and Wuchang) and three double rice cropping sites (Wangcheng, Nanchang, and Jinxian). Several treatments (no fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments such as straw, green manure, and farmyard manure) were tested at each site. RothC-26.3_p satisfactorily simulated the observed changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) at all paddy-upland rotation sites and in all plots without organic matter application at the double rice cropping sites, but overestimated SOC in plots with organic matter application at double rice cropping sites. We conclude that RothC-26.3_p is suitable for use in China with paddy-upland rotation management and with the regime based on relatively low carbon input at double rice cropping sites. However, for systems with large carbon inputs, RothC needs further modification.
Fractional Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of In‐Duct Ventilation Air Cleaners

The filtration efficiency of ventilation air cleaners is highly particle-size dependent over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range. Current standardized test methods, which determine only overall efficiencies for ambient aerosol or other test aerosols, provide data of limited utility. Because particles in this range are respirable and can remain airborne for prolonged time periods, measurement of air cleaner fractional efficiency is required for application to indoor air quality issues. The objectives of this work have been to 1) develop a test apparatus and procedure to quantify the fractional filtration efficiency of air cleaners over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range and 2) quantify the fractional efficiency of several induct air cleaners typical of those used in residential and office ventilation systems. Results show that efficiency is highly dependent on particle size, flow rate, and dust load present on the air cleaner. A minimum in efficiency was often observed in the 0.1 to 0.5 μm diameter size range. The presence of a dust load frequently increased an air cleaner's efficiency; however, some air cleaners showed little change or a decrease in efficiency with dust loading. The common furnace filter had fractional efficiency values of less than 10% over much of the measurement size range.
Crystallization of Glycine by Photon Pressure of a Focused CW Laser Beam

An intense CW-YVO 4 laser beam of 1064 nm was focused into a supersaturated D 2 O solution of glycine, leading to its crystallization. At the focal point on an air-solution interface, a small single glycine crystal was trapped and grew quickly. The crystallization mechanism is considered in view of gathering and organization of large solute clusters of glycine by photon pressure.