Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous voltage and current compensation of the 3-phase electric spring with decomposed voltage control

A decomposed voltage control is proposed to integrate two favorable functions of the 3-ph electric spring (ES) to stabilize the mains voltage and to reduce power imbalance. As compared with its precedent counterpart, the proposed control can expand the usage of the 3-ph ES, simplify the control implementation, and enable the ES to conduct multiple tasks at one time. The decomposition of the 3-ph ES voltage into d and q components allows the 3-ph ES to conduct decoupled real and reactive current compensations. The further separation of the d component enables the 3-ph ES to simultaneously compensate the mains voltage and the real current of the critical load. The proposed method consists of three loops designed respectively for voltage regulation, real power balance, and reactive power compensation. Experimental results demonstrate that the multi-tasking of the 3-ph ES is made attainable by the proposed control, with current balancing and voltage regulation as the primary objectives and power factor correction as a favorable byproduct.
Histiocyte and T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma with Langhans giant cells

Sir: We have read the interesting article by Achten et al. about histiocyte-rich, T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma. They review 60 cases of this entity and they do not find in any of the cases Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells. Recently we studied a large B-cell lymphoma with an abundant reactive infiltrate made up by T-lymphocytes, histiocytes and Langhans-type giant cells. These giant cells have been very rarely described in these lymphomas and they can raise problems of differential diagnosis with other lymphomas or benign lymphadenopathies. The patient was a 87-year-old female who presented with acute cholecystitis. On clinical examination there were multiple enlarged laterocervical and axillary lymph nodes. CAT scanning showed additional nodes in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum. There were scanty small nodules, probably neoplastic, in the right lung. An axillary node was biopsied and showed diffuse effacement of the architecture, sinus obliteration and absence of lymphoid follicles. Most of the cells (>80%) were non-epithelioid histiocytes and small lymphocytes, both without nuclear atypia. Isolated Langhanstype multinucleated giant cells were present and some of them contained mature lymphocytes in their cytoplasm (Figure 1a). Neither well-formed granulomas nor necrosis were present. Amongst the lymphohistiocytic component were scattered medium–large atypical lymphoid cells with open chromatin and prominent nucleoli (Figure 1b). The cytoplasm was abundant and eosinophilic. There were three to four mitotic figures ⁄ 10 high-power fields (HPF). No fungi or acid-fast bacilli were seen on the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) or Ziehl–Nielsen (ZN) stains. On the immuno-
Show Me the Features! Understanding Recognition From the Use of Visual Information

We propose an approach that allows a rigorous understanding of the visual categorization and recognition process without asking direct questions about unobservable memory representations. Our approach builds on the selective use of visual information in recognition and a new method (Bubbles) to depict and measure what this information is. We examine three face-recognition tasks (identity, gender, expressive or not) and establish the componential and holistic information responsible for recognition performance. On the basis of this information, we derive task-specific gradients of probability for the allocation of attention to the different regions of the face.
An augmented stress‐based mixed finite element method for the steady state Navier‐Stokes equations with nonlinear viscosity

A new stress‐based mixed variational formulation for the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations with constant density and variable viscosity depending on the magnitude of the strain tensor, is proposed and analyzed in this work. Our approach is a natural extension of a technique applied in a recent paper by some of the authors to the same boundary value problem but with a viscosity that depends nonlinearly on the gradient of velocity instead of the strain tensor. In this case, and besides remarking that the strain‐dependence for the viscosity yields a more physically relevant model, we notice that to handle this nonlinearity we now need to incorporate not only the strain itself but also the vorticity as auxiliary unknowns. Furthermore, similarly as in that previous work, and aiming to deal with a suitable space for the velocity, the variational formulation is augmented with Galerkin‐type terms arising from the constitutive and equilibrium equations, the relations defining the two additional unknowns, and the Dirichlet boundary condition. In this way, and as the resulting augmented scheme can be rewritten as a fixed‐point operator equation, the classical Schauder and Banach theorems together with monotone operators theory are applied to derive the well‐posedness of the continuous and associated discrete schemes. In particular, we show that arbitrary finite element subspaces can be utilized for the latter, and then we derive optimal a priori error estimates along with the corresponding rates of convergence. Next, a reliable and efficient residual‐based a posteriori error estimator on arbitrary polygonal and polyhedral regions is proposed. The main tools used include Raviart‐Thomas and Clément interpolation operators, inverse and discrete inequalities, and the localization technique based on triangle‐bubble and edge‐bubble functions. Finally, several numerical essays illustrating the good performance of the method, confirming the reliability and efficiency of the a posteriori error estimator, and showing the desired behavior of the adaptive algorithm, are reported. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1692–1725, 2017
Effects of over-the-counter analgesic use on reproductive hormones and ovulation in healthy, premenopausal women.

STUDY QUESTION Does use of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication affect reproductive hormones and ovulatory function in premenopausal women? SUMMARY ANSWER Few associations were found between analgesic medication use and reproductive hormones, but use during the follicular phase was associated with decreased odds of sporadic anovulation after adjusting for potential confounders. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Analgesic medications are the most commonly used OTC drugs among women, but their potential effects on reproductive function are unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The BioCycle Study was a prospective, observational cohort study (2005-2007) which followed 259 women for one (n = 9) or two (n = 250) menstrual cycles. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, METHODS Two hundred and fifty-nine healthy, premenopausal women not using hormonal contraception and living in western New York state. Study visits took place at the University at Buffalo. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During study participation, 68% (n = 175) of women indicated OTC analgesic use. Among users, 45% used ibuprofen, 33% acetaminophen, 10% aspirin and 10% naproxen. Analgesic use during the follicular phase was associated with decreased odds of sporadic anovulation after adjusting for age, race, body mass index, perceived stress level and alcohol consumption (OR 0.36 [0.17, 0.75]). Results remained unchanged after controlling for potential confounding by indication by adjusting for 'healthy' cycle indicators such as amount of blood loss and menstrual pain during the preceding menstruation. Moreover, luteal progesterone was higher (% difference = 14.0, -1.6-32.1, P = 0.08 adjusted) in cycles with follicular phase analgesic use, but no associations were observed with estradiol, LH or FSH. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Self-report daily diaries are not validated measures of medication usage, which could lead to some classification error of medication use. We were also limited in our evaluation of aspirin and naproxen which were used by few women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The observed associations between follicular phase analgesic use and higher progesterone and a lower probability of sporadic anovulation indicate that OTC pain medication use is likely not harmful to reproduction function, and certain medications possibly improve ovulatory function. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract # HHSN275200403394C). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Cognitive requirements for hawk-dove games: A functional analysis for evolutionary design

Like other social animals, humans play adaptively important games, and current evolutionary theory predicts special-purpose, domain-specific cognitive mechanisms for playing such games. We offer a functional analysis of the information requirements for successfully playing one important social game, the “hawk-dove” conflict-of-interest game, developing new graphic conventions for doing so. In particular, we address the orders of recognition necessary for successfully playing such games, showing that there are adaptive advantages of capacities for first, second, third, and fourth such orders, but no more. We suggest that first-order recognition is not only the most basic in analytic terms but is likely to have been the first to evolve, with subsequent orders added later in evolution.
Multipotent Stromal Cells Derived From the Infrapatellar Fat Pad of the Knee

Tissue engineering approaches for promoting the repair of skeletal tissues have focused on cell-based therapies involving multipotent stromal cells. Recent studies have identified such cells in several tissues in the adult human, including skin, muscle, bone marrow, and subcutaneous fat. This study examined the hypothesis that the infrapatellar fat pad of the adult knee contains progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or adipocytes under appropriate culture conditions. Cells isolated from the fat pad stroma had a profile of cell-surface molecules similar but not identical to that of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Using defined culture conditions, fat pad-derived stromal cells were induced to differentiate cells with phenotypic characteristics of: (1) chondrocytes, synthesizing cartilage matrix molecules; (2) adipocytes, producing lipid vacuoles and leptin; or (3) osteoblasts, forming mineralized tissue. The culture conditions also modulated the expression of characteristic gene markers for each lineage. This study supports the hypothesis that multipotent stromal cells are present in many connective tissues in the adult human. Given its location and accessibility, the fat pad may prove to be a potential source of progenitor cells for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
Smart phone based phubbing walking detection and safety warning

As the increasing popularity of smart phones, the phenomenon phubbing (phone and snubbing) walking, a distracted walking behavior much like conventional addictions, poses a rising concern on pedestrian safety. As reported, the typical American checks his or her smart-phone once every six-and-a-half minutes, or 150 times daily. By Liberty Mutual Insurance, it is found that 60 percent of people surveyed said they often drafted emails or updated their Facebook status on the move, even though 70 percent knew full well the risks of striding into oncoming traffic unawares.
Incremental model learning and building of unknown objects

Models are very important for many computer vision applications, such as object recognition, detection, and tracking. One can manage to perform the tasks without models, but with models, one can perform the tasks better. These tasks must also handle situation where previously unseen objects appear. In such cases the system must learn the new object or simply derive the descriptions for the object never seen before. In this paper, we propose the creation and use of an online approximate object model using a lidar and vision. The approximate model is represented with the approximate geometry and appearance of 3D objects. We build the model online by tracking the object consistently and estimating the connectivity of cliques representing different views of the same object. To create an model online by the sensor fusion, we investigate two stepwise modeling approaches: 1) motion-based modeling and 2) approximate 3D modeling. Experimental results demonstrate the viability of the proposed time-accumulated 2D and 3D model representation.
The hypochromic red cell: a new parameter for monitoring of iron supplementation during rhEPO therapy

Bone marrow iron supply may become rate limiting for hemoglobin synthesis during rhEPO-stimulated erythropoiesis. In the present study we followed the occurrence of hemoglobin-deficient red cells as a parameter of iron-deficient erythropoiesis in rhEPO-treated dialysis patients. rhEPO-treated patients with iron overload displayed very low numbers of hypochromic red cells (1%), while those with iron-deficiency had a hypochromic subpopulation of 22% (normal range < 2.5% of circulating red cells). Prior to rhEPO treatment, 10 dialysis patients showed normal numbers of hypochromic red cells (2.1%), despite mild iron deficiency (transferrin saturation: 17%). Once rhEPO (150 U/kg/week) was started, the percentage of hypochromic red cells rose significantly to 15.3% within 4 weeks of therapy. This was readily reversed when intravenous iron (750 mg/4 weeks) was added to the therapeutic regimen (5.5% after 4 weeks of i.v. iron). Taken together, quantitative red cell analysis seems to be a reliable tool to detect iron-deficient erythropoiesis in rhEPO-treated dialysis patients.
Embryology and anatomy of the eustachian tube.

THE AUDITORY TUBE was described in some detail by Eustachius in 1563. The structure was mentioned again by Valsalva in 1717. In 1818 Carus published his observations on amphibian embryos. He found structures suggestive of the gill structures in fish and concluded that the development of the eustachian tube was related to the respiratory tract. In 1825 Rathke published similar conclusions from his work with pig embryos. By the end of the 19th century the theory that the middle ear complex developed from the pharynx was universally accepted. The exact mechanism of development, however, is contested to this day. Hammar1of Upsala, using wax reconstruction, studied fetuses from three weeks to birth. He described three stages of development: (1) the anlage period; (2) the demarcation period; and (3) the transformation period. In the first period (three to seven weeks) a slit-like pouch develops from the first visceral groove of
Cystic fibrosis and innate immunity: how chloride channel mutations provoke lung disease

Innate immunity is essential for prevention of infection in vertebrates and plants and dysfunction of single components of innate immunity may provoke severe disease. Here we describe how mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene dysregulate a variety of components of the innate immune system in individuals suffering from the hereditary disease cystic fibrosis. In the airways of these individuals, functions of the mucociliary clearance system, cationic antimicrobial (poly)peptides and neutrophils and macrophages are impaired and inflammatory signal transduction pathways exaggerated. Consequently, chronic airway colonization with opportunistic bacterial pathogens develops and leads to life‐threatening lung disease.
Denise Barlow: A career in epigenetics

You stuck to this rule several times in your career and it paid off, didn’t it? In the imprinting field, any time I did something, it didn’t agree with what people expected. For example, when we were looking at how DNA methylation modifies an imprinted gene, to the shocking surprise of many, we found that DNA methylation is not on the silent allele but on the active allele. And it isn’t sitting in the promoter but it’s sitting in the middle of the gene, in an intron. And this was completely contrary to expectations. I would present the data at meetings and people would come to me, red-faced, and say: "How can you say that methylation is on the active allele? "
Modeling and Analysis of Human Motor Control and Learn- ing

The Problem: How does human neural circuitry control posture and voluntary movements? Humans are equipped with an amazing repertoire of motor skills. Despite being outfitted with what by many engineering criterion are noisy signals, slow computation times, devastating transmission delays and marginal actuators, the human system exhibits motor control and, more impressively, motor learning that far surpass our best engineering efforts. We seek a better understanding of how this is accomplished.
Physical exposure assessment in monotonous repetitive work--the PRIM study.

OBJECTIVES A program called the Project on Research and Intervention in Monotonous Work (PRIM) was initiated in 1994 as a prospective cohort study of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The group-based exposure assessment strategy, focusing on task-related exposure and used to obtain baseline measures of physical exposures, is reported in this paper. METHODS Monotonous, repetitive worktasks were evaluated at 19 factories. Tasks with an estimated similarity in physical exposure were aggregated before 103 exposure groups were formed. Subjects from the exposure groups were randomly sampled for measurements, and task-related exposure levels were quantified by 43 single exposure items using a real-time video-based observation method that allowed computerized estimates of repetitiveness, body postures, force, and velocity. In combination with questionnaire-based data on task distribution, the duration of exposure was calculated at the individual level. RESULTS The video-based observational method and the large number of exposure variables enabled the establishment of detailed quantitative exposure profiles in 103 task-based exposure groups. However, methodological problems associated with the use of grouped exposure assessment were revealed. Despite efforts to optimize group homogeneity, the within-group variance was larger than the between-group variance for several shoulder postural variables. CONCLUSIONS A task-based exposure-assessment strategy can be successful in solving some of the main problems associated with the assessment of physical workplace exposures. The large within-group variance in exposure to nonneutral shoulder postures may eventually require individual assessment or the inclusion of groups with maximal contrast in exposure or both.
Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities

Large health disparities persist between Black and White Americans. The social psychology of intergroup relations suggests some solutions to health care disparities due to racial bias. Three paths can lead from racial bias to poorer health among Black Americans. First is the already well-documented physical and psychological toll of being a target of persistent discrimination. Second, implicit bias can affect physicians’ perceptions and decisions, creating racial disparities in medical treatments, although evidence is mixed. The third path describes a less direct route: Physicians’ implicit racial bias negatively affects communication and the patient–provider relationship, resulting in racial disparities in the outcomes of medical interactions. Strong evidence shows that physician implicit bias negatively affects Black patients’ reactions to medical interactions, and there is good circumstantial evidence that these reactions affect health outcomes of the interactions. Solutions focused on the physician, the patient, and the health care delivery system; all agree that trying to ignore patients’ race or to change physicians’ implicit racial attitudes will not be effective and may actually be counterproductive. Instead, solutions can minimize the impact of racial bias on medical decisions and on patient–provider relationships.
Transient P2X7 Receptor Activation Triggers Macrophage Death Independent of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4, Caspase-1, and Pannexin-1 Proteins*

Background: P2X7 receptors are thought to be primarily involved in inflammatory signaling. Results: Transient (1–4 min) high ATP induced delayed (hours) cell death in macrophages from WT and TLR2/4, Casp1, or Panx1 knock-out mice. Conclusion: Transient P2X7 receptor activation triggers macrophage-selective apoptotic cell death independent of TLR signaling, Casp1, and Panx1. Significance: P2X7 receptors function foremost as death triggers in macrophages. The function of P2X7 receptors (ATP-gated ion channels) in innate immune cells is unclear. In the setting of Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, secondary activation of P2X7 ion channels has been linked to pro-caspase-1 cleavage and cell death. Here we show that cell death is a surprisingly early triggered event. We show using live-cell imaging that transient (1–4 min) stimulation of mouse macrophages with high extracellular ATP ([ATP]e) triggers delayed (hours) cell death, indexed as DEVDase (caspase-3 and caspase-7) activity. Continuous or transient high [ATP]e did not induce cell death in P2X7-deficient (P2X7−/−) macrophages or neutrophils (in which P2X7 could not be detected). Blocking sustained Ca2+ influx, a signature of P2X7 ligation, was highly protective, whereas no protection was conferred in macrophages lacking caspase-1 or TLR2 and TLR4. Furthermore, pannexin-1 (Panx1) deficiency had no effect on transient ATP-induced delayed cell death or ATP-induced Yo-Pro-1 uptake (an index of large pore pathway formation). Thus, “transient” P2X7 receptor activation and Ca2+ overload act as a death trigger for native mouse macrophages independent of Panx1 and pro-inflammatory caspase-1 and TLR signaling.
Induction of DNA damage in cultured human lung cells by tobacco smoke arylamines exposed to ambient levels of ozone.

Ozone (O3) is a powerful oxidizing component of air pollution that may react with other air pollutants before or after inhalation. Because ozonized compounds can be mutagenic to bacteria, we examined whether ambient O3 levels can transform tobacco smoke arylamines into products that are genotoxic to human lung cells. To test this possibility, aqueous solutions of 1-naphthylamine (1-NA) were first exposed to air or O3 in the absence of cells and then used to treat cultured human lung cells, i.e., the diploid fibroblasts CCD-18Lu and the transformed type II epithelial cells A549. DNA single-strand breaks were assayed by DNA alkaline elution. Neither air-exposed 1-NA nor O3-exposed buffer or water were DNA-damaging. However, exposure of 1-NA (15 microM) to O3 (0.1 ppm; 1 h) produced 400 rad equivalents of DNA breaks in either cell type. Although maximal induction of DNA breaks depended upon arylamine concentration, the rates at which DNA-damaging products were formed (activated) and subsequently deactivated depended upon O3 concentration. O3-activated 1-NA was stable for at least 4 h and could damage cellular DNA at 4 degrees C. During ozonization, hydroperoxides were formed at levels equivalent to between 2 and 20 microM of hydrogen peroxide and were eliminated by treatment with catalase. However, failure of catalase and superoxide dismutase to block formation of DNA breaks indicated that neither hydrogen peroxide nor superoxide anions were involved in breaking DNA. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)