Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lecture notes: Astrophysical fluid dynamics

These lecture notes and example problems are based on a course given at the University of Cambridge in Part III of the Mathematical Tripos. Fluid dynamics is involved in a very wide range of astrophysical phenomena, such as the formation and internal dynamics of stars and giant planets, the workings of jets and accretion discs around stars and black holes, and the dynamics of the expanding Universe. Effects that can be important in astrophysical fluids include compressibility, self-gravitation and the dynamical influence of the magnetic field that is 'frozen in' to a highly conducting plasma. The basic models introduced and applied in this course are Newtonian gas dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for an ideal compressible fluid. The mathematical structure of the governing equations and the associated conservation laws are explored in some detail because of their importance for both analytical and numerical methods of solution, as well as for physical interpretation. Linear and nonlinear waves, including shocks and other discontinuities, are discussed. The spherical blast wave resulting from a supernova, and involving a strong shock, is a classic problem that can be solved analytically. Steady solutions with spherical or axial symmetry reveal the physics of winds and jets from stars and discs. The linearized equations determine the oscillation modes of astrophysical bodies, as well as determining their stability and their response to tidal forcing.
Analysis of awareness and adaptation to climate change among farmers in the Sahel savanna agro-ecological zone of Borno State, Nigeria

This study examined the awareness and adaptation to climate change among farmers in the Sahel Savannah agro-ecological zone of Borno State, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected from 225 respondents selected through the Multi-stage sampling technique. A socio-economic profile of the respondents indicated that 48.89% were above 45 years of age and majority (78.23%) had educational qualifications below the secondary school level. The study also revealed that a majority (79.12%) of the respondents were small-scale farm holders and more than half (67.56%) had fewer than 7 extension contacts during the 2010 farming season. An analysis of the source of climate change awareness revealed that majority (82.22%) of the respondents was aware of the phenomenon of climate change. Of that number, extension service and friends/neighbors were ranked high as source of awareness about climate change, accounting for 47.57% and 232.43% respectively. Analysis of adaptation practices used by the respondents showed that planting ahead of rains (97.78%) and planting of cover
Predicting Long-Term Earnings Growth from Multiple Information Sources

While expected long-term earnings growth plays a pivotal role in valuation and investment applications, its common proxy, analysts' long-term growth forecasts (LTG), is well known for being over-optimistic. Guided by a stylized growth model, this paper uses three information sources to improve growth prediction — analysts' forecasts, stock prices, and financial statements. We find that the growth model using LTG, past earnings growth, the forward earnings-to-price ratio and past returns as predictors is unbiased and most accurate among the models considered in this paper. We further show that this growth prediction results in higher trading profits, more accurate equity predictions, and more reliable estimates of cost of equity. The findings suggest that this improvement in growth prediction leads to economically significant consequences in valuation and investment applications.
The Impact of the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio on Macroeconomic Stability: An Agent-Based Approach

Commercial banks across the world have been implementing the Basel III accord, which is the most important international response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Particularly, the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) introduced by the Basel III accord is the first global standard for banking liquidity management. Does this requirement work? And what macroeconomic effects does it produce? In order to address such crucial issues, the author develops a stock-flow consistent (SFC)/agent-based computational economic (ACE) model. As he knows, there is a real danger that the requirement restricts the availability of bank credit and hence reducing economic activity. However, in comparison to the prior works, the author finds that the externality is presented as a positive self-reinforcing feedback process, which causes the macroeconomic conditions to spiral downwards. This dynamic feedback process that hardly can be revealed by the current macroeconomic models based on equilibrium analyses. The results also shed some light on the fact that credit creation substantially affects economic activity and macroeconomic stability, as the fundamental reason leading to the results. Therefore, the bank as the driver of credit creation is crucial in an economy, and meanwhile bank regulations have great potential impacts on entire economy rather than only in the bank sector itself.
The Evolution of Polyandry: Sperm Competition, Sperm Selection, and Offspring Viability

▪ Abstract In contrast to Bateman's principle, there is now increasing evidence that female fitness can depend on the number of mates obtained. A number of genetic benefits have been proposed for the evolution of polyandry. A meta-analysis of available data suggests that polyandry, rather than multiple mating, can have a weak but significant general effect on embryo viability, as indicated by egg hatching success. Although this effect is generally regarded as evidence in favor of the genetic incompatibility hypothesis, appropriate data that test for intrinsic sire effects on embryo viability are generally unavailable. Moreover, maternal effects that could generate the result have not been adequately controlled, and there is little unequivocal evidence to suggest that fertilization is biased toward sperm bearing genotypes that would enhance offspring viability. Greater effort is required in these areas to elucidate the mechanisms underlying observed fitness effects of polyandry.
Facile templateless fabrication of ZnO nanostructures: A consideration of several parameters

a. Department of Polymer Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Pajoohesh Blvd, Karaj Hwy, Tehran, P.O. Box 14965-115, Iran. b. Department of Novel Drog Delivery Systems, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Pajoohesh Blvd, Karaj Hwy, Tehran, P.O. Box 14965-115, Iran. c. Inorganic Nanostructures and Catalysts Research Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Pajoohesh Blvd, Karaj Hwy, Tehran, P.O. Box 14968-13151, Iran.
Design of Function for Tracing Di ff usion of Classified Information for IPC on KVM S hota F ujii

The leaking of information has increased in recent years. To address this problem, we previously proposed a function for tracing the diffusion of classified information in a guest OS using a virtual machine monitor (VMM). This function makes it possible to grasp the location of classified information and detect information leakage without modifying the source codes of the guest OS. The diffusion of classified information is caused by a file operation, child process creation, and inter-process communication (IPC). In a previous study, we implemented the proposed function for a file operation and child process creation excluding IPC using a kernel-based virtual machine (KVM). In this paper, we describe the design of the proposed function for IPC on a KVM without modifying the guest OS. The proposed function traces the local and remote IPCs inside the guest OS from the outside so as to trace the information diffusion. Because IPC with an outside computer might cause information leakage, tracing the IPCs enables the detection of such a leakage. We also report the evaluation results including the traceability and performance of the proposed function.
Effects of Chromium Picolinate and Ascorbic Acid Dietary Supplementation on Nitrogen and Mineral Excretion of Laying Hens Reared in a Low Ambient Temperature (7 °C)

Sahin K. , N. Sahin: Effects of Chromium Picolinate and Ascorbic Acid Dietary Supplementation on Nitrogen and Mineral Excretion of Laying Hens Reared in a Low Ambient Temperature (7 o C). Acta Vet. Brno 2002, 71: 183‐189. The effects of chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) and ascorbic acid (L-ascorbic acid) supplementation on nitrogen (N), ash and mineral retention in laying hens (Hy-Line) reared under a low ambient temperature (7 oC) was evaluated. One hundred and twenty laying hens (32-weekold) were divided into four groups, 30 hens per group. The laying hens were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 400 µg of Cr/kg of diet, 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid /kg of diet, or 400 µg of Cr plus 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg of diet. Retention of N, ash, Ca, P, Zn, Fe and Cr were highest with the combination of chromium and ascorbic acid and were lowest with the control diet ( P< 0.05). Accordingly, excretion of N, ash Ca, P, Zn, Fe and Cr was lesser in chromium and ascorbic acid supplemented groups than the control ( P< 0.05), that of combination of supplemental chromium and ascorbic acid being lowest. Results of the present study show that supplementing ascorbic acid and chromium, particularly as a combination, improved retention of mineral and decreased excretion of nitrogen, ash, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, and Cr in laying hens. Such a combination of supplementation can offer a potential protective management practice in preventing the detrimental effects of cold stress in laying hens. The results of the present study also show that chromium and vitamin C had additive effects on parameters measured at the present study. Cold stress, chromium, ascorbic acid, mineral excretion, laying hen
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF CURCUMIN , GARLIC EXTRACT AND OLIVE OIL ON HYPERLIPIDEMIA INDUCED IN RATS

This study was performed to investigate the effect of oral supplementation of curcumin, garlic extract and olive oil on lipid profile, nitric oxide, adiponectin, endothelin-1, blood glucose and some inflammatory markers in normal, diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats supplementing high fat and cholesterol-enriched diet. Eighty female adult albino rats were divided into eight equal groups of 10 rats each. Group (1): negative control received normal diet only, group (2): rats fed on normal diet and received curcumin orally, group (3): rats fed on normal diet and receive garlic extract (1 ml/100g b.w.) orally, group (4): rats fed on normal diet and receive olive oil (0.5 ml/100g b.w.) orally, group (5): positive control received hyperlipidemic diet, group (6): rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet and received curcumin (350 mg/ 1 kg b.w.) orally, group (7): rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet and received garlic extract orally, group (8): rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet and received olive oil orally. The obtained results revealed that, curcumin, garlic extract and olive oil supplementations to hyperlipidemic rats showed a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol, nitric oxide, adiponectin and Endothelin-1 concentrations and significantly decrease in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, LDL-cholesterol, Fasting blood glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C), high sensitive C-reactive protein and Interleukin-6 levels. These results suggest that, curcumin, garlic extract and olive oil supplementations may have some benefits in patients suffering from dyslipidemia and diabetes.
A Simulation Model of Mesophytic Perennial Grasslands

Los pastizales son ecosistemas complejos y sus procesos se ven afectados por variables edaficas, meteorologicas y de manejo. En este contexto, los modelos dinamicos de simulacion son utiles para la comprension de estos procesos y disenar estrategias de utilizacion de las praderas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar y validar un modelo de simulacion de crecimiento de pastizales perennes, basado en variables de suelo y clima. En una primera aproximacion se considero que el suelo tenia adecuados niveles de fertilidad, por lo cual la disponibilidad de agua y el nivel de fitomasa fueron las principales variables que inciden sobre el crecimiento del pastizal. Se consideraron subrutinas de balance hidrico, crecimiento del pastizal y dinamica de biomasa radical. Las hipotesis referidas al funcionamiento del sistema fueron formuladas en un sistema de ecuaciones, el cual se resolvio numericamente mediante un programa escrito en Visual Basic®. La validacion del modelo se efectuo a traves de la comparacion estadistica entre los valores de MS simulados y los valores reales obtenidos en experimentos realizados en la localidad de Valdivia (39°47' S; 73°15' O; 9 m s.n.m.), donde se midio la acumulacion de MS de praderas naturalizadas y en pasturas de ballica (Loltum perenne L.)-trebol blanco (Trtfoltum repens L.) sometidas a cortes frecuentes. Los datos de suelos, termo-pluviometricos, y de radiacion solar fueron obtenidos de una estacion meteorologica ubicada en la misma localidad. Los coeficientes de determinacion entre los valores simulados y medidos en experimentos fueron mas altos en el caso de la simulacion de la acumulacion de MS (R2 = 98%). Cuando la pastura fue sometida a cortes frecuentes, el grado de ajuste del modelo fue menor (R2 = 60%), no obstante el modelo fue capaz de predecir la tendencia observada en los datos.
Forgetting Early Estimates in Monte Carlo Control Methods

Monte Carlo algorithms are one of the three main reinforcement learning paradigms that are capable of efficiently solving control and decision problems in dynamic environments. Through sampling they shape the values of states in the search space. Based on these values they develop an exploration policy that is in turn used to guide the future direction of sampling. Studies confirm the convergence of this interleaving iterative approach to an optimal solution; however, when a learning agent lacks prior knowledge of the problem domain, the convergence rate may be extremely slow in case of an erroneous staring policy that causes far-from-optimal value estimates. In this paper we present a brief overview of Monte Carlo control algorithms in the scope of reinforcement learning and propose a method to improve the convergence by gradually forgetting early estimates. Our method keeps track of the state values with a moving average that gives a higher weight to the recent rewards and discounts the weight of the previous rewards, while assuming that the policy is improving over time. We apply it to the general on-policy Monte Carlo control algorithm and to the popular upper confidence bounds for trees algorithm in the Monte Carlo tree search framework. The evaluation on several decision problems confirms that our method regularly improves the convergence rate of both algorithms and in some cases also their final policy.
Potential effects of vinasse as a soil amendment to control runoff and soil loss

Abstract. Application of organic materials are well known as environmental practices in soil restoration, preserving soil organic matter and recovering degraded soils of arid and semiarid lands. Therefore, the present research focused on evaluating the effectiveness of vinasse, a byproduct mainly of the sugar-ethanol industry, on soil conservation under simulated rainfall. Vinasse can be recycled as a soil amendment due to its organic matter content. Accordingly, the laboratory experiments were conducted by using 0.25 m2 experimental plots at 20 % slope and rainfall intensity of 72 mm h−1 with 0.5 h duration. The effect of vinasse was investigated on runoff and soil loss control. Experiments were set up as a control (with no amendment) and three treated plots with doses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L m−2 of vinasse subjected to simulated rainfall. Laboratory results indicated that vinasse at different levels could not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease the runoff amount and soil loss rate in the study plots compared to untreated plots. The average amounts of minimum runoff volume and soil loss were about 3985 mL and 46 g for the study plot at a 1 L m−2 level of vinasse application.
Simulation-Based Learning: Comparative Review between Maritime Simulation and Other Domains

Simulation-based-learning (SBL) has been used in various domains such as maritime, medical, defense, aviation and nuclear power plant operation to increase performance and decrease risk of human errors for decades. Our study compares how the maritime domain differ from other domains and organization types in using SBL as a risk intervention and performance training tool. We aim to describe how and to what extent SBL reduces risk and human factor errors in different highreliability work domains, through training performance, teamwork, situational awareness, communication procedural skills and verification, familiarization, crisis management, decision making, confidence and correcting mental models. A literature review is done to identify effect, differences, similarities and potential research areas and learning areas in use of SBL as a tool for risk reduction and performance increase between maritime and other domains and organization types. The literature review shows how effect, methods and goals of risk and human error reduction through SBL differ between various organizations and domains. Results from the review show that even though overall goal of risk decrease and performance increase is similar in maritime operation training and other domains, there are differences in methods and partial goals in SBL and a conscious relation to these differences will increase quality of maritime domain SBL.
Integrace devizových trhů vybraných nových členských zemí EU

Práce se zabývá analýzou integrace nominálních měnových kurzů vybraných nových členských zemí EU (České republiky, Maďarska, Polska a Slovenska). Jejím cílem je testovat, zda-li existuje závislost chování měnových kurzů na sentimentu daného regionu, resp. jak je sladěn vývoj jejich výnosů získaných z kotací k USD s párem EUR/USD. Integrace výnosů měnových kurzů je následně testována pomocí analýzy sladěnosti (standardní a rolovaná korelační analýza), konceptu beta-konvergence (standardní regresní analýza, stavově-prostorový model, regresní panelový model) umožňující určit rychlost finanční integrace a konceptu sigmakonvergence umožňující určit stupeň finanční integrace v každém časovém okamžiku. Z prezentovaných výsledků lze pozorovat, že od vstupu do EU se vzájemná vazba mezi středoevropskými měnami a eurem relativně zvýšila, rychlost a dosažený stupeň konvergence lze hodnotit jako vysoký.
Modeling non-stationary , non-axisymmetric heat patterns in DIII-D tokamak

Non-axisymmetric stationary magnetic perturbations lead to the formation of homoclinic tangles near the divertor magnetic saddle in tokamak discharges. These tangles intersect the divertor plates in static helical structures that delimit the regions reached by open magnetic field lines reaching the plasma column and leading the charged particles to the strike surfaces by parallel transport. In this article we introduce a non-axisymmetric rotating magnetic perturbation to model the time evolution of the three-dimensional magnetic field of a singlenull DIII-D tokamak discharge developing a rotating tearing mode. The non-axiymmetric field is modeled using the magnetic signals to adjust the phases and currents of a set of internal filamentary currents that approximate the magnetic field in the plasma edge region. The stable and unstable manifolds of the asymmetric magnetic saddle are obtained through an adaptive calculation providing the cuts at a given poloidal plane and the strike surfaces. For the modeled shot, the experimental heat pattern and its time development are well described by the rotating unstable manifold, indicating the emergence of homoclinic lobes in a rotating frame due to the plasma instabilities.
Sleep Quality and Its Health Correlates Among Egyptian Secondary School Students

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality and to assess its psychological and general health correlates among secondary school students in the city of Assiut, Egypt. A cross sectional study was conducted among 829 secondary school students (selected by multistage stratified random sampling) aged 15–19 years in Assiut. Students filled in a self-administered questionnaire that included demographic data, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, general perception of health, and the short form of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. The prevalence of poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) was 72.5%. The mean PSQI score was 7.35 ± 2.94 standard deviation. Poor sleep quality was higher among females, urban residents and public school students. Correlates of poor sleep by multivariate analysis were age, urban residence, public education, mild to moderate and severe to very severe anxiety symptoms, severe to very severe depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, and feeling fully active sometimes and not active at any time. Poor sleep quality was alarmingly highly prevalent among secondary school students, with significant health consequences. Increasing the awareness of the community especially adolescents, parents, and school teachers about healthy sleep is an essential priority.
Preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Stachys tibetica Vatke

Stachys tibetica Vatke (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in the folk medicine of Ladakh, India and Tibet for the treatment of various mental disorders. Infusion and decoction of the whole plant is used as a cup of tea for a severe fever, headaches and to relieve tension. The recent study is aimed to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical nature of Stachys tibetica Vatke. The whole plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (40 - 60℃), chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and finally decocted with water to get the respective extracts. The fluorescence characteristics of the powdered materials were analysed under ultraviolet light and ordinary light. Different physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value, foaming index, pH values, loss on drying and determination of foreign matter were carried out as per WHO guidelines. The total fat, flavonoid, saponin and volatile contents were also determined. Macroscopical studies revealed the authentication of the plant drug. Physicochemical parameters helped to standardize the plant material while preliminary qualitative chemical tests of different extracts showed the presence of Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Phytosterols/triterpenoids, Saponins, Fixed oils, Fats and phenols/tannins. Quantification of the total flavonoids and saponins and contents were determined as 54.66 ± 0.58 ㎎/g and 75.42 ± 0.48 ㎎/㎏ respectively, while the volatile and fat contents were 6.5% and 0.7% respectively. Results may lay the foundation for the standardization of the drug and discovery of new molecules from S. tibetica for the treatment of various diseases.
Effective electron mean free path in TiN(001)

The measured resistivity ρ of smooth stoichiometric epitaxial TiN(001) is 13 and 3.0 μΩ cm at 298 and 77 K for bulk layers but is 8 and 25 times higher when the layer thickness d is reduced to 2 nm. The increase in ρ with decreasing d is attributed to diffuse electron-surface scattering and is well described by the classical Fuchs-Sondheimer (F-S) model. This is unexpected because the F-S model is based on the nearly free electron model, while TiN exhibits a highly non-spherical Fermi surface and three bands crossing the Fermi-level. The measured room temperature effective electron mean free path λ for bulk scattering is 45 ± 4 nm, which is an order of magnitude larger than the free-electron prediction. This deviation is attributed to ∼93% of charge transport in TiN being due to two slightly filled bands which represent only 4% of conduction electrons. The F-S model is applicable to TiN because these two bands are nearly parabolic and nearly degenerate, yielding a single value for λ, which is estimated ba.