Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING IN A BIOSTATISTICS COURSE

We have introduced statistical problems, to be solved using the R software, into a Biostatistics course, in order to increase motivation for the field that requires a certain level of mathematical knowledge when most students are not always inspired for it. Our traditional class style used to be based only on slide presentations followed by pen and paper exercises with a calculator. Our aim was to complement this method with the use of software as a professional tool creating a active learning environment. Students came from Biology degree, Teaching of Geology and Biology degree and Marine Sciences degree. Each of the 200 students were presented with a total of four problems, during the semester, in the topics of Descriptive Statistics, Inference in One Variable, ANOVA and Simple Linear Regression. Students were requested to solve them at home and answer them in a form available in the “Moodle Inquiry” tool. Each student has his own different sample and also, questions were parameterized. For example, questions about Confidence Intervals were posed with different confidence levels (90%, 95% or 99%). Each students sees a different problem. Each of these has more than ten parameterized questions related to the same dataset exposed in the beginning of the text. Moodle doesn’t do this type of deliver different composed problems to each student so a small Python library was used to generate different problems and evaluate each individual student answer (numerical, textual or multiple choice types). To evaluate our methodology, we request students to “Share ideas, thoughts and constructive judgments about the Problems and also about the course” while students were working in the third Problem and also after the First Written Evaluation. The last and fourth Problem has been answered in class and students were requested to grade sentences in a five item Likert scale. Questions were about effort, time, help from other students and help from teacher. The analysis of answers suggest that the methodology of Problem Solving should be used again, with improvements, given the motivation and enthusiasm it promotes.
Alienated and disaffected students: Exploring the civic capacity of ‘Outsiders’ in Latin America

The aim of the study is to explore alienated and disaffected students in Latin America and investigate the development of their civic attitudes. The study has focused on a context that is assuming growing importance globally and about which more needs to be known, especially in terms of its potential for democratic development. The focus is on students from Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Mexico. Three distinct groups of students were identified labeled ‘Outsiders’, ‘Moderates’, and ‘Active Participators’. The ‘Outsiders’ had lowest scores on all civic values. Gender, parents’ political and social interest, students’ expected education level and home literacy were the four most important predictors for membership in the ‘Outsider’ group. Implications and future directions for research on Latin American ‘Outsiders’ are discussed.
Estimation of maximum tolerated dose and minimum efficient dose of BP-C1 in the treatment of stage IV breast cancer patients: A phase I response surface pathway designed study.

e11022 Background: The aims were to establish a treatment routine and to estimate the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) and the Minimum Efficient Dose (MED) of a novel anti-cancer agent named BP-C1. Methods: The material consists of 15 Stage IV breast cancer patients with a mean age of 51 years. The study was performed as a non-randomized multi-centre trial with between patient 3-level Response Surface Pathway design. BP-C1 was given intramuscularly once daily during 32 days. The given cumulative dose window was 0.16 to 1.12 mg/kg bw, resulting in a starting dose of 0.64 mg/kg bw. The main variable was the National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria (NCI-CTC) Bethesda. If the increase in toxicity was classified as moderate or less, the next patient in the sequence was allocated to an increased dose. In case of severe toxicity increase, the dose was reduced. Patients receiving cumulative dose of 0.96 mg/kg bw or higher was defines as the high-dose group. Results: Three of the five patients on the first d.
The multifactorial roles of IL-34 in immune responses

Interleukin 34 (IL-34), a newly identified interleukin that is functionally similar to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), stimulates and persists the survival, differentiation, migration and function of various myeloid mononuclear cells and macrophages. These cells express IL-34 receptor, colonystimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, CD115). IL-34 forcefully combines to CSF1R and then recruits macrophage and monocyte which secret TNF and IL-6 to initiate the innate or adaptive immune responses. The high serum level of IL-34 was observed in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are linked to the unique pro-inflammatory role of IL-34 in immune responses. In addition, IL-34 is considered to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine in anti-virus infection. Nonetheless, IL-34 also exerts an immunosuppressive reinforcement expressed in Treg that involves in the immunoregulatory role. Here, we conduct a systematic review to update the roles of IL-34 in immune responses.
A survey on database intrusion detection: approaches, challenges and application

Databases store vital information of an organisation and are therefore integral for its efficient working. This necessitates the establishment of database intrusion detection systems (DIDSs) which can detect and prevent unauthorised user access to the critical information stored in database. A lot of work has been done in the field of DIDSs which has grown at a very rapid pace. A large number of publications emerging every year to further improve upon the existing state of the art solutions. This paper investigates research on major approaches proposed in the field of database intrusion detection and analyses the drawbacks of the proposed methods in order to drive future research towards more efficient and effective DIDSs. A systematic survey is conducted in order to classify various approaches for detecting intrusion in databases. The work identifies open research questions and challenges, by methodically comparing existing strategies to combat malicious transactions in a database system, and also provides an insight to the applications of DIDSs.
Smart city making? The spread of ICT-driven plans and infrastructures in Nairobi

ABSTRACT Since the late 2000s, the city of Nairobi in Kenya has become a focal point of large-scale and ambitious technology-driven city making processes and ambitions. In this study, we draw upon observations, interviews, and policy analysis to examine processes of city making and the spread of ICT-driven infrastructures, juxtaposing ambitious visions of emergent plans with ordinary realities of the African city. We demonstrate that while processes of smart city making have strongly been inclined toward technocratic approaches and deterministic appeals, this inclination is highly deceptive. We argue that rather than being deterministic, these processes are essentially politicized, highly contested, and shaped by the role and impact of local practices and context-specific realities. In making this argument, we draw from a social studies of technology perspective which engages with the notion of technological determinism to make this contribution to the academic field of critical urbanism.
A preliminary evaluation of a client-centred prompting tool for supporting everyday activities in individuals with mild to moderate levels of cognitive impairment due to dementia

Objectives Technology-based prompting has the potential to support people with dementia to complete multistep tasks in the home. However, these devices can be complex to use. This paper reports a feasibility trial of a personalised touchscreen digital prompter designed for home use. Methodology: A tablet-based prompter suitable for people living with dementia was developed, along with a detailed guidance manual. Carers loaded instructions for completing the task onto the prompter, and the person with dementia then used the tablet independently to complete a task. Eleven couples used the prompter ‘out-of-the-box’ with no support other than a guidance manual. Results The majority of participants with dementia could follow the steps on the prompter, and carers were able to breakdown and load tasks onto the prompter. Eight couples used the prompter successfully to complete goals that they had identified in advance. These included preparing simple snacks and using a TV remote control. Successfully achieving goals was associated with more frequent use of the prompting screen on more days, but not higher levels of editing or previewing of tasks. Conclusion The study provides the preliminary evidence that family caregivers can use a touchscreen tablet, software and manual package to identify specific tasks and break these down into steps and that people living with dementia can then follow the prompts to complete the tasks. This potentially represents an important advance in dementia care. Further testing is required to establish efficacy and to identify any factors that impact on outcomes.
The Roles of Key Electrolytes in Balancing Blood Acid-Base and Nutrient in Broiler Chickens Reared under Tropical Conditions

The loss of electrolyte balance in diets of broiler chickens has resulted in a serious distur-bance of blood acid-base balance, coupled with elevated body temperature. The body losses carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3), resulting in respiratory alkalosis or acidosis. Under tropical conditions of high environmental temperatures, the balance of electrolytes in feeds must be set much higher as to maintain equal metabolic and digestive efficiency. However, information on the ideal dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) that could effectively correct acid-base imbalance in broiler chickens under severe heat stress condition is scanty. Therefore, the effects of varying electrolyte balance in diets on haematology, blood glucose and serum inorganic elements were assessed in broiler chickens at starter (0 - 21 d) and finisher (22 - 35 d) phases, under temperature-humidity index of 24.97 - 35.19. One day-old Arbor Acre chicks (n = 300) were procured and randomly allotted to diets supplemented with potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, to balance monovalent ions (sodium, potassium and chloride) at 210 (T1), 240 (T2), 270 (T3), 300 (T4), 330 (T5) and 360 (T6) mEq/kg DEB, in a completely randomised design. On days 21 and 35, blood (5 mL) samples were collected from birds in each replicate whose weights were closest to the mean class weight for haematology and serum biochemical indices using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α = 0.05. Different levels of DEB did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) haematology and blood glucose at starter phase. However, at finisher phase, heterophil: lymphocyte of birds on 270 and 240 mEq/kg DEB were lower (P < 0.05) compared to other dietary treatments. Blood acid-base balance was relatively enhanced in birds on aggregate DEB level of 360 mEq/kg with reduced chloride ion and relatively lower incidence of hemodilution with respect to high haemoglobin levels as this level is advantageous in balancing blood acid to base ratio in broiler chickens reared under severe environmental temperatures higher than 43? C ± 5? C as against some previous opinions that did not take into consideration, the inherent dietary electrolyte balance in feedstuff, other functional mono or divalent ions, and the severity of environmental factors.
INNOVATIVE TEACHING PRACTICES FOR 4G STUDENTS

This book consists of a glimpse of many professors’ ideas towards improvement of teaching practices in India. The vital concept includes strategies in teaching, modernization in education, art of teaching, flipped class room, brain storming, active teaching and learning, challenges in teaching, creative teaching and design thinking. A collection of research letters presented over here has main intention to help the student community by adopting innovative teaching. Around 95 articles were contributed through research letters all over India. Notably, 68 articles were reviewed and presented in this book.
Evaluation of Autonomic Function in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective: Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition in which ever-repeating obstruction of upper airway during the sleep. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the autonomic nervous system function in patients with moderate to severe OSAS. Materials and Methods: Totally, 29 patients diagnosed with OSAS by Polysomnography (PSG) and scored moderate to severe based on American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) International Scoring in Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurophysiology Sleep Laboratory were included the study. Thırty healthy individuals included as control group. Analyzing protocol of electrophysiological autonomic nervous system functions included Sympathetic Skin Response (SDY) for sympathetic nervous system and RR Interval Variability (RRIV) for parasympathetic nervous system both during rest and after Hyperventilation (HV). Results: Patient group included 29 patients consists of 4 women (14%) and 25 men (86%) and control group included 30 healthy volunteers consists of 18 women (60%) and 12 men (40%). The mean age was 46.6±10.2 years for the patient group and 43.5±12.2 years for the control group. In patient group, 12 patients had moderate OSAS and 17 patients had severe OSAS. No statistically significant difference was found for the values of mean SDY latency, RRIV and HV-RRIV between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: In our study, significant autonomic dysfunction was not found in patients with OSAS. (JTSM 2015;2:38-41)
Norm Enforcement in Markets: Group Identity and the Volunteering of Feedback

The provision of trader feedback is critical to the functioning of many markets. We examine the influence of group identity on the volunteering and informativeness of feedback. In a market experiment conducted simultaneously in Germany and the United States, we manipulate the interaction of traders based on natural social and induced home market identities. Traders are more likely to provide feedback information on a trader with whom they share a common group identity, and the effect is more pronounced for social identity than for home market identity. Both kinds of group identity promote rewarding good performance and punishing bad performance.
Calculating Slope Gradient Variations in the Submarine Landforms by R and Python Statistical Libraries

Multiple factors affect submarine geomorphology causing variations in the gradient slope: geological settings (rock composition, structure, permeability, erodibility of the materials), submarine erosion, gravity flows of water streams, tectonics, sediments from the volcanic arcs, transported by transverse submarine canyons. Understanding the slope geomorphology is important for the precise bathymetric mapping. However, analysis of such a complex geomorphic structure as ocean trench requires numerical computation and advanced statistical analysis of the data set. Such methods are proposed by R and Python programming languages that include libraries of machine learning algorithms for the data processing used in this research: {tidyverse}, {ggsignif}, {ggplot} and {magrittr} by R, StatsModels, Matplotlib, NumPy, Pandas and Seaborn by Python. The research workflow can be summarized in five steps: 1) Partial least squares regression analysis; 2) Violin plots, modified box plot approach; 3) Modelling variations of depth and slope gradient, facetted in multi-panel plots by 4 tectonic plates; 4) Calculating normalized steepness angle; 5) Sorting, ranking and grouping of the cross-sectioning profiles by gradient slope degree, to estimate differences in the geomorphic shapes. As a result of the ranking performed in step 5, slopes were classified into five classes based on the calculated tangent angles: strong, very strong, extreme, steep, very steep. The results show differences in the gradient slope between various segments of the Mariana Trench located in four tectonic plates: Mariana, Caroline, Pacific and Philippine Sea, performed by statistical data modelling. Programming codes and snippets are presented for repeatability of the methods in similar research tasks.
Study of Glycated hemoglobin level in Non-Diabetic Iron deficiency anemia

Background: The traditional role of HbA1c analysis has been for assessing glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. The results of seminal studies demonstrated that early, intensive glycaemic control could significantly reduce the risk of a range of diabetes-related complications, and permitted the establishment of precise HbA1c target values for treatment goals. Methods: Study involves total Total 140 partcipants and among them 70 are non-diabetic, anaemic patients and 70 age-matched healthy subjects. Haematologic investigations were done and the fasting and postprandial glucose and HbA1c levels were measured in all the subjects. Result: The mean HbA1c (9.1 ± 1.7%) level in the patients with IDA was higher than that in the control group (5.5% ± 0.8) (p 0.05). Conclusion: HbA1c is not affected by the blood sugar levels alone, and there are various confounding factors when HbA1c is measured, especially that of iron deficiency, which is the commonest of the deficiency diseases worldwide. It is hence important to rule out IDA before making a therapeutic decision, based on the HbA1c levels.
New Guidelines, Less Guidance, and the End of an Era: Healthcare -Associated Pneumonia in 2016

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Jacob J, Crotty M (2016) New Guidelines, Less Guidance, and the End of an Era: Healthcare -Associated Pneumonia in 2016. Int J Respir Pulm Med 3:063e Received: October 29, 2016: Accepted: November 24, 2016: Published: November 28, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Jacob J, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Jacob and Crotty. Int J Respir Pulm Med 2016, 3:063e
Assessing COPD profiles and outcomes by dyspnoea severity

Introduction: Dyspnoea is one of the most common symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Aims and objectives: To investigate relationships between dyspnoea severity, baseline characteristics and outcomes in patients with COPD. Methods: Data from two 1-year, randomized trials (NCT00168844; NCT00168831) of tiotropium Respimat® 5 µg and placebo were pooled. This retrospective analysis assessed characteristics and outcomes of patients by Baseline Dyspnea Index score. Results: Of 1317 patients, 337 (26%) had mild or no dyspnoea at baseline, 743 (56%) moderate dyspnoea and 237 (18%) severe dyspnoea (Table). Baseline demographic characteristics were similar across dyspnoea categories. However, higher levels of dyspnoea correlated with more advanced COPD (GOLD Stage), and greater use of short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Patients with severe dyspnoea reported more exacerbations within the past year. Increasing dyspnoea at baseline correlated with greater risk of moderate–severe (P=0.0005) and severe (P=0.0198) exacerbations during the study. Tiotropium reduced moderate–severe exacerbation risk and significantly improved FEV1 and FVC across all dyspnoea categories. Conclusions: Patients with more severe dyspnoea had more advanced COPD, and a higher risk of exacerbation. Tiotropium improved outcomes regardless of baseline dyspnoea severity.
Towards the Development of a Navigation System for a Bipedal Robot: Preliminary Analysis of the Literature

In the literature, several works are reported about the gait of bipedal robots. Some papers are associated with stability or automatic learning and navigation, but no paper was found that includes the variables of bipedal gait, stability, navigation and automatic learning, all applied in an indoor bipedal robot. Our objective is, after the analysis of the state of the art, to propose a methodology that will allow the autonomous navigation of a bipedal robot and validate its degree of autonomy with respect to the evaluation metrics reported in the literature
Urban Bird Species Diversity and Abundance in case of Wolkite Town, Southwestern Ethiopia

Urban environments are a place where bird species are living due to the availability of considerable food and roosting sites, particularly in gardens and parks. However, bird species diversity and distribution is poorly known in urban areas. In order to fill the gaps, this study aimed to quantify bird species diversity and abundance for conservation priority of Wolkite town. The study area was stratified into different blocks namely abattoir, dump site, sacred site and home-garden, based on land characteristics and bird attracting features. Point transects were laid on stratified blocks randomly with the aid of GPS. Bird data have been collected via direct observation with help of a binocular. The data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Paired Sample t-test. The study recorded a total 30 bird species, of which 18 species are resident and 12 are seasonal migrants. Most of the identified birds (58.67%) are locally frequent and about 6.6% are rare species. In home-garden block, the highest species diversity was recorded in both wet and dry seasons. The bird species are distributed evenly in home-garden (E=0.976) and sacred site(E=0.944) during wet and dry seasons. Bird species abundance had a significant difference among the identified blocks (F=5.47, df=3, P<0.05. The result showed that Wolkite town harbors many rare, near endemic, critically endangered and seasonal migrant bird species. Hence, it is an important area of endemism and conservation priority and qualifies the criteria to be recognized as an important bird area of Ethiopia. In conclusions, similar small towns could have a diversified bird species and need to be considered as a conservation priority areas.
Which treatment is most effective for individuals with anorexia nervosa?

pants completed a 120-minute training session involving calisthenics, technical training, and combat simulation. For the intervention phase, athletes were immersed in an ice bath, immediately after the completion of training, up to the neck (6 ̊C) for 4 cycles of 4 minutes each with 1 minute between cycles. Upper limb muscle power was assessed by estimating energy and time used for a pull-up, and lower limb muscle power was assessed by calculating countermovement of a mat with a vertical jump. At 24 hours, upper limb power was higher after cold-water immersion than after passive recovery (758 vs 696 W; P5.001) but not at 48 hours. Similarly, lower limb muscle power was also higher 24 hours after cold-water immersion (54 vs 36 cm; P5.001) but not after 48 hours. There was less perceived muscle soreness in the cold-water immersion group compared with the control group at 24 hours as measured on a 0 (no soreness) to 10 (maximal soreness) visual analog scale (1.5 points vs 3.1 points; P5.004). Athletes treated in the cold-water immersion group had a higher perceived recovery at 24 hours as measured on a 0 (no recovery) to 10 (maximal recovery) visual analog scale (8.8 points vs 6.9 points; P5.005). These differences did not persist at 48 hours postrecovery.