Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chromosome in situ hybridisation, Ki-67, and telomerase immunocytochemistry in liquid based cervical cytology

Aims: To assess the potential value of chromosome in situ hybridisation (CISH), Ki-67, and telomerase immunocytochemistry in liquid based cervical cytology to help detect carcinoma cells and precursors. Method: Sixty ThinPrep processed cervical cytology samples were studied: 23 cases within the normal limit, 13 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 10 high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), six squamous cell carcinomas, three endocervical adenocarcinomas, two cervical adenosquamous cell carcinomas, and three endometrial adenocarcinomas. CISH was performed with DNA probes specific for the pericentromeric regions of chromosome 11 and 16. Hybridisation signals were visualised with the streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique. The monoclonal MIB1 and polyclonal TRT-H231 antibodies were used to detect Ki-67 and telomerase immunoreactivity, respectively. Results: Non-specific background staining was almost absent in CISH slides. Normal squamous and glandular cells showed a diploid chromosomal pattern. A relative gain in chromosomes 11 and 16 (aneusomy) was seen in HSIL and the carcinomas (p<0.0001). In MIB1 stained smears, normal cells and koilocytes showed inconspicuous immunoreactivity, whereas strongly immunoreactive nuclei were found in cancer cells and HSIL (p<0.0001). Not only carcinoma and HSIL cells, but also some normal cells, showed cytoplasmic staining for telomerase. Conclusions: These preliminary results indicate that ThinPrep processed cervical smears are suitable for CISH and immunocytochemical studies. The neoplastic squamous and glandular cells were easily identified based on nuclear aneusomy and strong Ki-67 immuoreactivity in the context of abnormal nuclear morphology. This is the first study to apply CISH in cervical cytology using an immunoenzymatic approach.
Water defluoridation by hydrotalcite and takovite and subsequent formation of new fluoride-bearing phases

Hydrotalcite, takovite and their calcination products were used to remove fluoride from water at various molar ratios of initial fluoride to solid (Finitial:hydrotalcite or Finitial:takovite) ranging from 0.1 to 2.0, and their theoretical fluoride uptake limit. X-Ray powder diffraction and 19F magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used to characterize the solid samples and to investigate the fluoride removal mechanisms. Water defluoridation by uncalcined and calcined hydrotalcite attributes mainly to the intercalation of F− into their interlayers and adsorption of F− onto their external surfaces. The fluoride removal percent of calcined hydrotalcite are higher than those of uncalcined hydrotalcite at Finitial:hydrotalcite ratios varying between 0.1 and 1.5, whereas the situation is the reverse at a ratio of 2.0 in the 30 d sorption runs. It was induced by the precipitation of fluoride-bearing nordstrandite and sellaite during a long contact of high concentration fluoride solution with uncalcined hydrotalcite. In contrast, the sorption of fluoride by uncalcined and calcined takovite occurs predominantly on their external surfaces. Fluoride-bearing gibbsite or nordstrandite and NiF2 were formed as the fluoride solutions were treated by uncalcined takovite in the 30 d runs, which enhanced its defluoridation effect. The fluoride removal efficiency of calcined takovite is much lower than uncalcined takovite and calcined hydrotalcite, because the expected restoration of original layered structure of takovite did not happen during the reaction of calcined takovite with the fluoride solution.
On Pre/Post-Bond Testing and Calibrating SAR ADC Array in 3-D CMOS Imager

This paper presents pre/post-bond testing and calibration techniques for the successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) array in a three-dimensional (3-D) CMOS imager. The underlying idea is to test and calibrate the SAR ADC by measuring the major carrier transitions (MCTs) of its digital-to-analog converter (DAC) capacitor array (C-Array). During the pre-bond stage, when access to the die is very limited, we propose a calibration-oriented testing technique that only determines whether the ADC array can achieve the desired performance after calibration. Then, during the post-bond stage, we utilize the digital resources from the image signal processor (ISP) die to perform more thorough characterization and calibration of the ADC array. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed techniques.
Caenorhabditis elegans: The Cell Lineage and Beyond (Nobel Lecture)

Thank you so very much for inviting me to be here. It gives me a mingled sense of humility at how much I owe to others, and of joy that the collective work on the worm has been recognised in this way. Among the first of my many mentors was my PhD supervisor, Colin Reese, who was developing nonaqueous methods for oligonucleotide synthesis (see, for example, ref. [1]). Colin passed me on to my postdoctoral supervisor Leslie Orgel at the Salk Institute, to work on prebiotic chemistry. The plan was to see to what extent we could copy RNA chains without enzymes. The products were obtained in low yield, and the challenge was to work out the sequences that had been produced. We used cutting with different ribonucleases, and chromatography to separate the fragments (see, for example, ref. [2]). My introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans came in 1969 with my move, at Leslie's suggestion, to Sydney Brenner's group at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Figure 1). Sydney was reputed to be setting up a group to work on the nervous system of a nematode, though at that point nobody knew much about it.
Child and family functioning 6 and 12 months after a serious pediatric fracture.

BACKGROUND Previous findings indicate that pediatric fractures can have adverse consequences for child adjustment and family functioning immediately after injury. However, longer term effects of the fractures are unknown. The purposes of the present prospective study were to examine the child and family outcomes of pediatric traumatic fractures at 6 months and 1 year after injury, and to identify injury and treatment factors associated with these outcomes. METHODS We evaluated 57 children 6 to 12 years of age with traumatic fractures requiring hospitalization. Using standardized measures and parent interview, we obtained measures of pre- and postinjury child and family functioning. RESULTS Although outcomes were primarily positive at 1 year after injury, child functional limitations and family stress were observed up to 6 months after injury. Lower extremity fractures had a more negative impact on families across all three assessment points. Children with fracture interventions that involved prolonged immobilization had more functional limitations at 6 months than children who were ambulatory. Family burden was higher at 1 month for the immobilized children, but not at later follow-up. CONCLUSION Some children and families experience adverse effects during the year after a serious pediatric fracture, especially if sustained in a lower extremity. Fracture stabilization that allows for greater ambulation may offer some benefits related to functional outcomes and family impact.
Evaluation of Distributional Compositional Operations on Collocations through Semantic Similarity

This paper considers comparative estimation of compositional distributional semantic models. Central to our approach is the idea that the meaning of a phrase is a function of the meanings of its parts. We provide two vector space models for lemmatized and unlemmatized corpus, and four compositional functions, which we tested on a phrase similarity task. Our main goal is to estimate, which method most accurately expresses the relationship of whole
IL-2 Is Not Required for the Initiation of CD8 T Cell Cycling but Sustains Expansion 1

Based primarily on in vitro data, IL-2 is believed to be the key cytokine for initiation of the cell cycle of activated T cells. However, the role of IL-2 remains unresolved for T cell responses in vivo. We examined whether the absence of IL-2-mediated signaling in CD8 T cells affected initiation of proliferation. Our results conclusively demonstrated that initial division of Ag-specific CD8 T cells following priming was IL-2 independent, regardless of the context in which Ag was presented. In contrast, the latter stage of the proliferative phase was IL-2-dependent, particularly in nonlymphoid tissues. Thus, activated CD8 T cells initially undergo IL-2-independent proliferation, but reach a critical juncture where the requirement for IL-2 as a growth factor gains prominence.
Multiple Vector Preserving Interpolation Mappings in Algebraic Multigrid

We propose algorithms for the construction of AMG (algebraic multigrid) interpolation mappings such that the resulting coarse space will span (locally and globally) any number of a priori given set of vectors. Specific constructions in the case of element agglomeration AMG methods are given. Some numerical illustrations are also provided.
Questions To Ask and Issues To Consider While Supervising Elementary Mathematics Student Teachers.

Randolph A. Philipp is an associate professor of Recently I was asked to make a presentation to teacher education at San supervisors of elementary school student teachers Diego State University about the teaching of mathematics. I structured the and a member of the presentation around a set of questions the supervisors Center for Research in might ask student teachers about the mathematics Mathematics and Science lessons they observe. Before sharing these questions, Education, San Diego, however, I must address whether there is a need for California. Some of the such questions. After all, have the students not com i/ato for this article were pleted an elementary mathematics methodology gathered with support (EMM) course in which they learned how to teach from a grant from the mathematics? I begin this paper with a vignette, National Science drawn from my EMM course, that illustrates that Foundation (NSF). The beginning student teachers have a wide variety of views expressed are those beliefs, values, and knowledge about the teaching of the author and do not and learning of mathematics. If supervisors continue necessarily reflect NSF. to challenge the student teachers' assumptions and
Podoconiosis, the Non-Filarial Elephantiasis, a Means of Discrimination and Poverty in Ethiopia

Podoconiosis is a non-infectious geo-chemical disease caused by exposure of bare feet to red clay soil derived from volcanic rocks. In Ethiopia, 1 million people suffer with the disease. It affects the physical condition (disability and deformity) of patients and also the social and economic status of affected individuals. Studies conducted in endemic countries clearly stated that there is stigmatization in the family and in general in the community. This consequences mental distress in affected individual. Besides, individuals affected economically: they cost for treatment and mainly they loss their productivity potential. These results financial crisis individually and aggravate poverty in the society. This review intends to address the social exclusion and economic impact of podoconiosis in Ethiopia.
The Diagnosis and Characteristics of Moderate Dry Eye in Non-Contact Lens Wearers

Purpose. To identify and characterize moderate dry eye in non–contact lens wearers with a new scoring system-based dry eye questionnaire and to determine which objective tests better differentiate patients with moderate dry eye from healthy patients. Methods. Fifty-two healthy subjects (21 women and 31 men with a mean age of 27.8 ± 9.2 years) and 37 subjects with moderate dry eye (33 women and 4 men with a mean age of 36.4 ± 12.9 years) completed a 42-item dry eye questionnaire. Seventeen healthy subjects (11 women and 6 men with a mean age of 30.5 ± 9.7 years) and 28 subjects with moderate dry eye (24 women and 4 men with a mean age of 38.50 ± 3.8 years) underwent additional objective assessment of ocular surface health, tear osmolality, tear stability, and tear volume. Results. Subjects with moderate dry eye scored significantly higher (49.8 ± 20.3, P<0.0001) on the dry eye questionnaire than did normal subjects (11.7 ± 10.3). Ocular irritation symptoms worsened with progression of time of day in both groups of subjects. Internal reliability (0.95 Cronbach α) was excellent, and concurrent validity (Spearman ρ 0.507) was acceptable when compared to the McMonnies and Ho dry eye questionnaire. Significant differences in tear osmolality (P<0.00001), invasive tear breakup time (P<0.034), and corneal vital dye staining (P<0.0001) were detected between the two groups of subjects. A stepwise linear regression on objective clinical tests, however, did not account for 77% of the total variance in the questionnaire scores. Conclusions. A unique scoring system-based dry eye questionnaire was validated to separate non–contact lens wearers with moderate dry eye from healthy subjects. Objective tests of tear osmolality and stability and ocular surface integrity were better than other clinical measures at identifying differences between the two subject groups. The results strongly support the evidence that the diagnosis and treatment of moderate dry eye requires a detailed assessment of self-perceived symptoms and that objective clinical testing alone may be insufficient.
Scalable and reliable synchronous collaboration environment on CORBA using WWW

Currently, object-oriented technology is being widely adopted in multimedia development environments which provide integrated real-time services. Since various user demands cannot be satisfied with the conventional structured development technology, this trend is accelerating. This paper describes an object-oriented approach in constructing a reliable synchronous collaboration environment providing integrated real-time services. The approach utilizes the CORBA framework to support distributed objects and World Wide Web (WWW) technology to handle multimedia data. Also, by extending the real-time transport protocol, the approach supports scalable and reliable transportation of multimedia data. In this paper, we present our approach with a video conferencing system requiring high reliability.
Short-channel effects in MOSFET's at liquid-Nitrogen temperature

Short-channel or high-field effects in MOSFET devices are a continuing area of research in room-temperature devices. Much has been learned in the past several years about the physical origins of these effects, and new or modified device structures have been proposed to minimize them. Because of the improved device and circuit performance possible at liquid-nitrogen temperature (LN2), there has been considerable recent interest in low-temperature device physics. While large-geometry MOSFET behavior has been discussed in the literature at LN2, very little has been quantified regarding short-channel effects at low temperature. This paper addresses the physical origins of short-channel effects at these temperatures. It is concluded that while the physical mechanisms are similar to those at room temperature, quantitative differences exist that favor LN2operation.
Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal angiomyolipomas : experience from a medical center

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the functional outcome, safety and efficacy of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation assisted partial nephrectomy (LRAPN) versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) for renal angiomyolipoma (AML). Methods: 103 patients treated with LRAPN or LPN were recruited into present study, and the perioperative characteristics were compared. Results: All operations were performed successfully without massive hemorrhage or switch into open surgery. The baseline characteristics were comparable between two groups. In LRAPN group and LPN group, the median tumor size was 6.35 cm and 6.63 cm, mean operative time (OT) was 88.7 min and 100 min (P<0.05), mean warm ischemia time (WIT) was 0 min and 18.7 min (P<0.05); mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 105.6 ml and 134 ml (P<0.05), mean retroperitoneal drainage lasted 3 days and 3.5 days, and mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.12 days and 5.6 days, respectively. The postoperative change in eGFR was significantly smaller in LRAPN group than in LPN group (P<0.05). No recurrence occurred in these patients during a median follow up duration of 43.6 months. Conclusion: LRAPN is an alternative, safe and feasible approach for the treatment of AML and may achieve better kidney function, less blood loss and shorter operative time as compared to LPN.
Neurofibromin: a general outlook

Neurofibromin is a cytoplasmic protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and leukocytes. It is encoded by the gene NF1, located on chromosome 17, at q11.2, and has different biochemical functions, including association to microtubules and participation in several signaling pathways. Alterations in this protein are responsible for a phacomatosis named neurofibromatosis type 1.
Development and evaluation of cesarean section surgical training using computer-enhanced visual learning

Abstract Background: Skilled performance of cesarean deliveries is essential in obstetrics and gynecology residency. A computer-enhanced visual learning module (CEVL Cesarean) was developed to teach cesarean deliveries. Methods: An online module presented cesarean deliveries as a series of components using text, audio, video and animation. First-year residents used CEVL Cesarean and were evaluated intra-operatively by trained raters, then provided feedback about surgical performance. Clinical outcomes were collected for approximately 50 cesarean deliveries for each resident. Results: From 2010 to 2011, 12 first-year residents participated in the study. About 406 unique observed cesarean deliveries were analyzed. Procedures up to each resident’s 70th case were analyzed by grouping cases in 10 s (cases 1–10 and 11–20), or deciles. Resident performance significantly improved by decile [χ2(6) = 47.56, p < 0.001]. When examining each resident’s performance, surgical skill acquisition plateaued by cases 21–30. Procedural performance, independent of resident, also improved significantly by decile [χ2(6) = 186.95, p < 0.001], plateauing by decile 4 (cases 31–40). Throughout the observation period, operative time decreased by 3.84 min (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Pre-clinical teaching using computer-based modules for cesarean sections is feasible to develop. Novice surgeons required at least 30 procedures before performing the procedure competently. When residents performed competently, operative time and complications decreased.
Development of a Bead Immunoassay To Measure Vi Polysaccharide-Specific Serum IgG after Vaccination with the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Vi Polysaccharide

ABSTRACT Vi polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is used as one of the available vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. Measurement of Vi-specific serum antibodies after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be complicated due to poor binding of the Vi polysaccharide to ELISA plates resulting in poor reproducibility of measured antibody responses. We chemically conjugated Vi polysaccharide to fluorescent beads and performed studies to determine if a bead-based immunoassay provided a reproducible method to measure vaccine-induced anti-Vi serum IgG antibodies. Compared to ELISA, the Vi bead immunoassay had a lower background and therefore a greater signal-to-noise ratio. The Vi bead immunoassay was used to evaluate serum anti-Vi IgG in 996 subjects from the city of Kolkata, India, before and after vaccination. Due to the location being one where Salmonella serotype Typhi is endemic, approximately 45% of the subjects had protective levels of anti-Vi serum IgG (i.e., 1 μg/ml anti-Vi IgG) before vaccination, and nearly 98% of the subjects had protective levels of anti-Vi serum IgG after vaccination. Our results demonstrate that a bead-based immunoassay provides an effective, reproducible method to measure serum anti-Vi IgG responses before and after vaccination with the Vi polysaccharide vaccine.
Man-made object classification in SAR images using 2-D cepstrum

In this paper, a novel descriptive feature parameter extraction method from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is proposed. The new method is based on the two-dimensional (2-D) real cepstrum. This novel 2-D cepstrum method is compared with principal component analysis (PCA) method by testing over the MSTAR image database. The extracted features are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM). We demonstrate that discrimination of natural background (clutter) and man-made objects (metal objects) in SAR imagery is possible using the 2-D cepstrum feature parameters. In addition, the computational cost of the cepstrum method is lower than the PCA method. Experimental results are presented.
Evolving intricacies and implications of E2F1 regulation

E2F transcription factors may play a pivotal role in the transcriptional regulation of several cellular processes far beyond the originally described cell cycle and proliferation. Among the six E2F family members, only E2F1 is noted for its role in apoptosis. The pocket protein family members Rb, p107, and p130 act as the main regulators of E2F activity. Nonetheless, in recent years other protein‐protein interactions have been described for E2Fs. The post‐translational modifications resulting from such protein interactions may have significant implications in the stability, half‐life, and functional activity of E2Fs. In human diseases the significance of E2Fs is still under appreciated and is primarily recognized only as a consequence of the impairment in retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). However, with increasing knowledge of other protein interactions, the derailment of E2F activity could be anticipated to stem from an abnormality of any node in the complex network governing their availability and activity. The present review is intended to provide a perspective on the diversity of biochemical mechanisms underlying abnormal E2F expression and activity, understanding of which may have significant clinical implications.
Eco-Health: a primer for veterinarians.

Since the 1950s, veterinary work has expanded from a concern with the health and diseases of individual animals, to groups of animals (herd and flock health), people (public health), business economics (which grew out of herd health), and, since at least the 1990s, the ecosystems that are the context for health and wellbeing of all animals and humans (ecosystem health). None of these changes in veterinary work was accomplished without some turmoil, as they have affected the nature of veterinary practice and the perception of the profession by the public.