Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Special Issue Editors: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Decision Making in New Product Development and Innovation

e are pleased to introduce this specialissue on decision making in new productdevelopment (NPD) and innovation. Thisspecial issue’s main objective is to advance our un-derstanding of NPD and innovation decision makingfor individual products and product portfoliosat all organizational levels. In NPD, ﬁrms typicallyemploy a stage-gate process in which activity phasesare staggered with decision points where projectsare continued or abandoned (Barczak, Grifﬁn, andKahn, 2009). Despite the dominance of this processparadigm, relatively little research focuses on NPDdecision points, offering an important researchopportunity (Hauser, Tellis, and Grifﬁn, 2006). In this introduction to the special issue, we sum-marize and overview the contributions of the articlesand offer some thoughts about future research onNPD and innovation decision making. Before doingso, however, we would like to thank the authors andreviewers. The contribution of special issues hingeson the quality and diversity of the submitted manu-scripts and the timely and insightful feedback ofreviewers. As a testament to the importance of thetopic, 23 manuscripts were submitted and evaluatedby more than 50 reviewers. We are very gratefulto the reviewers, particularly those who reviewedover multiple revisions. Also, we would like to thankTony Di Benedetto, JPIM Editor, for allowing usthis opportunity to make this special issue possibleand for his guidance and insight throughout the entireprocess.Of the 23 manuscripts, we could only publish ﬁve. We had to make difﬁcult decisions, as we were limitedby space constraints. Additionally, a few meritoriousarticles were entered into the ‘‘normal’’ JPIMreview process because their ﬁt with the special issueparameters and guidelines was not as strong as othersubmissions.
Wykorzystywanie instrumentów nadzorczych w polityce makrostabilnościowej

h e paper underlines that behind the recent boom-bust cycles that occurred in a relatively large number of countries there was the prior massive entry of commercial banks on mortgage markets where they crowded out mortgage banks and building societies. h is produced systemic risk resulting from the situation in which long-term mortgage loans begun to be funded with relatively short-term bank deposits. h e risk was compounded by the rapidly growing use of short-term wholesale funding taken by banks from the global interbank money market. All this produced long-term booms on the mortgage markets in many countries. h e pro-cyclical bank behavior was not contained by supervisors, due to the doctrinal belief that bank capital requirements (Basel II) were sui cient to cover bank potential losses. h e global banking crisis proved that this belief was unfounded. h e experiences of the crisis illustrated that supervision tools should be used to contain the pro-cyclicality of bank credit. h e paper underlines that central banks, due to their independence, should play a dominating role in deciding about using supervisory tools for preventing excessive rate of growth in credit that ould lead to unstable lending booms.
Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a common lymphoid malignancy characterized by the expansion and progressive accumulation of mature autoreactive B lymphocytes. The disease is clinically heterogeneous and incurable by standard chemotherapy. A major feature of the disease is the marked dependence of the leukaemic cells on various microenvironmental stimuli, which promote leukaemia cell growth, survival, and drug-resistance. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive CLL. The identification of recurrent genetic lesions using next generation sequencing technology has provided new data on the pathophysiology of the disease and has improved its prognostication. The recognition of the critical role of the B cell receptor (BCR) in driving the disease has resulted in the development of BCR pathway inhibitors that have the potential to completely transform CLL treatment in the near future. Other novel therapeutic agents, such as BCL2 antagonists and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cells, are also showing great promise in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize some of these recent advances, with a particular focus on the BCR and corresponding pathway inhibitors.
A new cluster validity criterion for fuzzy c-regression model and its application to T-S fuzzy model identification

This paper proposes a new cluster validity criterion designed for the fuzzy c-regression model (FCRM) clustering algorithm. The proposed cluster validity criterion is utilized to determine the appropriate number of clusters in the FCRM. A systematic procedure for the T-S fuzzy model identification is proposed based on the FCRM accompanied with the new cluster validity criterion. Simulation results show that for a given nonlinear system, the proposed algorithm can effectively and accurately obtain a T-S fuzzy model for it.
Trends in epidemiology, clinical and histopathological characteristics of breast cancer in Iran: results of a 17 year study.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the top cancer among women worldwide and the most frequent malignancy among Iranian women over the past few decades. The increasing trend and high mortality rate of BC in the developing world necessitates studies concentrating on its characteristics in countries in Asia. The current study focused on clinical and histopathological features of BC among Iranian females. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study involved 714 Iranian patients with histopathologically proven BC undergoing resection of primary tumours and axillary clearance. Demographic, clinical and histopathological data were obtained and studied between ten year age groups (≤ 40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-70 years, and ≤ 71 years) in four chronologic phases from 1994-2009. RESULTS Mean age of patients was 49.4 ± 13.1 years. Most of cases (33.2%) were in 41-50 group. Mean size of primary tumors was 3.94 ± 2.47 cm and 87.1% of cases had infiltrative ductal carcinoma. Modified radical mastectomy was the most common method of surgery carried out (48.8%). Some 57.1% of tumors were in pT2 and tumor size decreased significantly during the period (p<0.05). The most common BC stage was llla (27%). Lower BC stages (0 and 1) constituted 13.9% of the diagnosed tumors. Our series of patients aged ≤ 40 had larger tumors (mean 4.73 ≤ 3.02 cm) compared to older age groups (p=0.003). Lower stages (0 and I) were more frequent among the oldest patients while nearly 50% of patients aged ≤ 40 had tumor stage III. We also observed a significant decreasing trend in the mean LN count (p<0.05) and blood vessel invasion (p=0.023) from younger to older age groups. CONCLUSIONS More aggressive disease for younger age groups, earlier peak incidence age and high rate of advanced BC at the time of diagnosis among Iranian women, were the main findings of this study.
Victor Nee and Sonja Opper, Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China ,

More than 630 million Chinese have escaped poverty since the 1980s, reducing the fraction remaining from 82 to 10 percent of the population. This astonishing decline in poverty, the largest in history, coincided with the rapid growth of a private enterprise economy. Yet private enterprise in China emerged in spite of impediments set up by the Chinese government. How did private enterprise overcome these initial obstacles to become the engine of China's economic miracle? Where did capitalism come from? Studying over 700 manufacturing firms in the Yangzi region, Victor Nee and Sonja Opper argue that China's private enterprise economy bubbled up from below. Through trial and error, entrepreneurs devised institutional innovations that enabled them to decouple from the established economic order to start up and grow small, private manufacturing firms. Barriers to entry motivated them to build their own networks of suppliers and distributors, and to develop competitive advantage in self-organized industrial clusters. Closeknit groups of like-minded people participated in the emergence of private enterprise by offering financing and establishing reliable business norms. This rapidly growing private enterprise economy diffused throughout the coastal regions of China and, passing through a series of tipping points, eroded the market share of state-owned firms. Only after this fledgling economy emerged as a dynamic engine of economic growth, wealth creation, and manufacturing jobs did the political elite legitimize it as a way to jump-start China's market society. Today, this private enterprise economy is one of the greatest success stories in the history of capitalism.
Corporate Governance and Capital Structure: Evidence from Listed Firms in Nigeria Stock Exchange

This study basically examined the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure decisions of listed firms in Nigeria. However, based on the availability of data for the study, the following corporate governance variables were considered (board size, CEO duality, board composition and managerial ownership) while debt to equity ratio was adopted as the criterion for capital structure. To accomplish this objective, the annual report for the period 2006 -2011 was analyzed. In addition, the study considered a total of 40 listed firms in the Nigerian stock exchange market. The choice of the selected firms’ arises based on the capital structure and the equity ownership structure of the listed firms.
Analytical modelling of amorphous glass-coated microwires for microwave applications

An accurate analytical model for the scattering of a amorphous glass-coated ferromagnetic microwire is presented. The electromagnetic problems of both the scattering from a ferromagnetic microwire in free-space and inside a rectangular waveguide are solved and the results are experimentally verified with measurements inside a WR-90 waveguide.
Plasma and hepatic tissue levels of thrombomodulin, tissue factor, NFκB and nitric oxide in responders and nonresponders to IFNα therapy

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes and utilizes the hepatocyte to replicate. In so doing, many hepatocyte activities are shifted from their native state to one reflecting liver cell stress. Thrombomodulin and tissue factor are endothelial cell proteins that are expressed as a result of tissue injury or stress. Urokinase is a serine protease, which has been implicated in a number of physiologic and pathologic processes related to cellular stress and or injury. Nitric oxide is produced by cells in response to injury and functions both as a vasodilator and as an activator of a large number of cytokine cascades. NFκB is a transcription factor that forms one of the first lines of cellular defense against infection and hepatocellular stress.
Use of CpG oligonucleotides for cancer immunotherapy and their effect on immunity in the tumor microenvironment.

William Coley was the first physician to employ immunotherapy for patients with cancer [1]. His strategy was based on his clinical observation of cancers regressing after the tumor site became infected with streptococci. This convinced Coley that bacteria could be used to treat cancer. He therefore injected heat-killed bacteria directly into the tumor masses of his patients. This killed bacterial preparation, known as ‘Coley’s toxin’, led to tumor regression in some patients [1]. The antitumor activity of Coley’s toxin was sub sequently attributed to the presence of endotoxin in the preparation. However, the observation concerning tumor regression involved Streptococcus infection: a Gram-positive organism that does not produce endotoxin. More recent studies suggest that other/additional bacterial components, including bacterial DNA, have the capacity to trigger the innate immune system and may well have contributed to the observed responses. In this context, Tokunaga et al. found that BCG lysate slowed the growth of tumors and identified bacterial DNA as the underlying component of the lysate responsible for that response [2]. Krieg et al. then reported on the ability of unmethylated CpG motifs, present at high frequencies in bacterial but not mammalian DNA, to stimulate the immune system [3]. Akira et al. demonstrated that CpG DNA and synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) expressing unmethylated CpG motifs were acting on immune cells that expressed Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) [4]. Binding of CpG DNA to TLR9 initiated an immuno stimulatory cascade culminating in the maturation, differentiation and/or proliferation of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, monocytes and macrophages. Many subsequent reports verified that CpG ODNs could induce the production of cytokines and chemokines that supported a proinflammatory (IL-1,
White matter lesion progression, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline: The Austrian stroke prevention study

White matter lesions progress over time, but the clinical consequences are widely unknown. Three‐hundred twenty‐nine elderly community‐dwelling volunteers underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging scanning and cognitive testing at baseline and at 3‐ and 6‐year follow‐up. We measured the changes in white matter lesion and brain parenchymal volumes. After 6 years, the median increase in white matter lesion load was 0.2cm3 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.0–0.80cm3) with a maximum of 31.4cm3. The median loss of brain volume was 2.3% (IQR, 1.13–3.58%). Increasing white matter lesion volume was correlated with loss of brain volume (p < 0.0001) and performance decline in tests of memory (p = 0.022), conceptualization (p = 0.046), and visuopractical skills (p = 0.005). Associations between changes in white matter lesion load and cognitive functioning were no longer significant when adding change in brain volume to the models, suggesting that cognitive decline related directly to loss of brain substance with progression of lesion burden. Ann Neurol 2005;58:610–616
Income inequality and population health: An analysis of panel data for 21 developed countries, 1975–2006

The relative income–health hypothesis postulates that income distribution is an important determinant of population health, but the age and sex patterns of this association are not well known. We tested the relative income–health hypothesis using panel data collected for 21 developed countries over 30 years. Net of trends in gross domestic product per head and unobserved period and country factors, income inequality measured by the Gini index is positively associated with the mortality of males and females at ages 1–14 and 15–49, and with the mortality of females at ages 65–89 albeit less strongly than for the younger age groups. These findings suggest that policies to decrease income inequality may improve health, especially that of children and young-to-middle-aged men and women. The mechanisms behind the income inequality–mortality association remain unknown and should be the focus of future research.
Lactate Turnover and Gluconeogenesis in Normal and Obese Humans: Effect of Starvation

Turnover rates of lactate and glucose were determined in normal, obese, and fasted obese human subjects. L—(+) lactate-U-C-14 (50μc.) and glucose-l-C-14 (50 μc.) were administered over a four-hour period on consecutive days by a primed-infusion technic. Lactate and glucose interconversion rates were calculated from precursor-product specific activity ratios obtained during the infusion period and the rates of lactate and glucose turnover. Glucose turnover, oxidation, recycling, and conversion to lactate, when expressed on a mg. /kg. /hr. basis, were significantly less in obese subjects than in normals; however, when expressed as a percentage of the turnover, no significant differences were observed. Glucose oxidation represented 14 per cent; recycling, 10 per cent; and conversion to lactate, 66 per cent of the glucose turnover rate. Approximately 15 per cent of the glucose turnover was derived from lactate. In contrast, there were no significant quantitative or qualitative differences in the metabolism of lactate by normal or obese subjects. Lactate oxidation represented 11 per cent and lactate conversion to glucose 21 per cent of the lactate turnover rate. During starvation, there was a 30 per cent reduction in glucose pool size, turnover, and oxidation. Blood lactate concentrations and lactate turnover were unchanged despite decreased conversion of glucose to lactate. The conversion of lactate to glucose increased from 14 ± 2 to 21 ± 2 mg. /kg. /hr. and represented 36 per cent of the lactate turnover. The fraction of the glucose turnover derived from lactate increased two-fold, from 17 to 38 per cent. These results are in general agreement with those obtained in animals and are the first quantitative estimates of lactate-glucose interconversion rates in man. The combination of decreased glucose conversion to lactate and increased lactate conversion to glucose in the presence of an unchanged blood lactate concentration and turnover requires that there be increased synthesis of lactate from sources other than glucose. In addition, increased conversion of lactate to glucose at unchanged blood concentrations indicates enhanced extraction of lactate during starvation.
Evaluation of a Wipe Surface Sample Method for Collection of Bacillus Spores from Nonporous Surfaces

ABSTRACT Polyester-rayon blend wipes were evaluated for efficiency of extraction and recovery of powdered Bacillus atrophaeus spores from stainless steel and painted wallboard surfaces. Method limits of detection were also estimated for both surfaces. The observed mean efficiency of polyester-rayon blend wipe recovery from stainless steel was 0.35 with a standard deviation of ±0.12, and for painted wallboard it was 0.29 with a standard deviation of ±0.15. Evaluation of a sonication extraction method for the polyester-rayon blend wipes produced a mean extraction efficiency of 0.93 with a standard deviation of ±0.09. Wipe recovery quantitative limits of detection were estimated at 90 CFU per unit of stainless steel sample area and 105 CFU per unit of painted wallboard sample area. The method recovery efficiency and limits of detection established in this work provide useful guidance for the planning of incident response environmental sampling following the release of a biological agent such as Bacillus anthracis.
Changing Gear: Productivity, ICT and Service Industries in Europe and the United States

This paper examines cross-country and cross-industry differences in labor productivity performance and their association with ICT. It broadens earlier work with coverage of 52 industries in 16 OECD countries. The analysis suggests that ICT diffusion in Europe is following similar industry patterns to those observed in the U.S., but at a considerably slower pace. The key differences between Europe and the U.S. are in the intensive ICT-using services, with U.S. productivity growth showing a strong acceleration during the second half of the decade, whereas growth stalled in the EU. More specifically, the U.S. showed rapid productivity expansion in retail and wholesale trade and securities, which account for much of the overall U.S.-EU gap in productivity growth since 1995. In the ICT-producing sector, computers and communication equipment showed strong productivity growth and acceleration in virtually all countries, but differences are much bigger across countries for ICT-producing services, such as telecom services.
A new triangulation algorithm from 3D unorganized dense point cloud

This paper presents an algorithm for triangular mesh generation from unorganized points based on 3D Delaunay tetrahedralization and mesh-growing method. This algorithm requires the point density to meet the well-sampled condition in smooth regions and dense sampling in sections of a great curvature and two close opposite surfaces. The principle of the algorithm is as follows. It begins with 3D Delaunay tetrahedralization of all sampling points. Then extract part of triangles belonging to the surface as the seed facets according to the rough separation characteristics which based on the angle formed by the circumscribing balls of incident tetrahedrons. Finally, the algorithm grows the seed facets from front triangles to all triangles of the surface. This paper shows several experimental results which explain this approach is general and applicable to various object topologies.
Porter's Industry Clusters in Irish Indigenous Industry

Studies by Porter (1990) and others find that competitive and successful industries usually occur in the form of clusters of industries which are linked together through vertical or horizontal relationships. This paper assesses whether the sectors of Irish indigenous industry which look most competitive and successful form such clusters. It is concluded that there is only limited or qualified evidence of Porter-type clusters in Irish indigenous industry but, despite this, there has been a relatively strong competitive performance by most of Irish indigenous industry over the past decade. We also comment on policy implications.
PENGARUH TIME BUDGET PRESSURE, PENGALAMAN AUDITOR, ETIKA AUDITOR, DAN KOMPLEKSITAS AUDIT TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian untuk menguji dan mengetahui pengaruh time budget pressure, pengalaman auditor, etika auditor dan kompleksitas audit terhadap kualitas audit . Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan teknik pengumpulan data kuisioner dengan responden auditor yang bekerja di Kantor Akuntan Publik di Kota Bandung. Alat uji analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain adalah: (1) Time Budget Pressure dan Kompleksitas Audit masing-masing berpengaruh negatif secara signifikan terhadap kualitas audit pada KAP di Kota Bandung; (2) Pengalaman Auditor dan Etika Auditor masing-masing berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap kualitas audit yang dilakukan auditor pada KAP di Kota Bandung; (3) Time Budget Pressure, Pengalaman Auditor, Etika Auditor dan Kompleksitas Audit secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kualitas audit yang dilakukan auditor pada KAP di Kota Bandung. Kata kunci : time budget pressure, pengalaman, etika, kompleksitas, kualitas audit. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine and determine the affect of time budget pressure, the auditor experience, ethical of auditors and audit complexity on audit quality. The method used is a survey method with questionnaire data collection to auditors who work in Public Accounting Firm (Kantor Akuntan Publik) in Bandung as the respondent. Analyze testing tool used is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are: (1) each of Time Budget Pressure and Audit Complexity are significantly negative affect on the quality of audits conducted by auditors in Public Accounting Firm in Bandung; (2) each of The Auditor Experience and Ethical of Auditors are significanty positive affect on quality of audits conducted by auditors in Public Accounting Firm in Bandun; (3) Time Budget Pressure, Auditor Experience, Ethical of Auditors and Audit Complexity simultaneously significant affect on the quality of audits conducted by auditors in Public Accounting Firm in Bandung. Keywords: time budget pressure, experiences, ethics, complexity, audit quality.
Marketing and the Bottom Line: The Marketing Metrics to Pump Up Cash Flow

1: Is Your Metrics System Good Enough? 2: Brand Equity Is An Elephant 3: The Dangers Of Reliance On Shareholder Value And Other Financial Metrics 4: Metrics Evolution: How Did We Get Where We Are? 5: A Practical Methodolgy For Selecting The Right External Metrics 6: Using Metrics To Improve Innovation Performance 7: Employee Brand Equity 8: Monitoring Other Stakeholders' Brand Equity 9: Assessing The Performance Of The Mix 10: Getting The Right Metrics To The Top Table 11: The Fuzzy Future