Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Referee-based architectures for massively multiplayer online games

Network computer games are played amongst players on different hosts across the Internet. Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) are network games in which thousands of players participate simultaneously in each instance of the virtual world. Current commercial MMOG use a Client/Server (C/S) architecture in which the server simulates and validates the game, and notifies players about the current game state. While C/S is very popular, it has several limitations: (i) C/S has poor scalability as the server is a bandwidth and processing bottleneck; (ii) all updates must be routed through the server, reducing responsiveness; (iii) players with lower client-to-server delay than their opponents have an unfair advantage as they can respond to game events faster; and (iv) the server is a single point of failure. The Mirrored Server (MS) architecture uses multiple mirrored servers connected via a private network. MS achieves better scalability, responsiveness, fairness, and reliability than C/S; however, as updates are still routed through the mirrored servers the problems are not eliminated. P2P network game architectures allow players to exchange updates directly, maximising scalability, responsiveness, and fairness, while removing the single point of failure. However, P2P games are vulnerable to cheating. Several P2P architectures have been proposed to detect and/or prevent game cheating. Nevertheless, they only address a subset of cheating methods. Further, these solutions require costly distributed validation algorithms that increase game delay and bandwidth, and prevent players with high latency from participating. In this thesis we propose a new cheat classification that reflects the levels in which the cheats occur: game, application, protocol, or infrastructure. We also propose three network game architectures: the Referee Anti-Cheat Scheme (RACS), the Mirrored Referee Anti-Cheat Scheme (MRACS), and the Distributed Referee Anti-Cheat Scheme (DRACS); which maximise game scalability, responsiveness, and fairness, while maintaining cheat detection/prevention equal to that in C/S. Each proposed architecture utilises one or more trusted referees to validate the game simulation similar to the server in C/S while allowing players to exchange updates directly similar to peers in P2P. RACS is a hybrid C/S and P2P architecture that improves C/S by using a referee in the server. RACS allows honest players to exchange updates directly between each other, with a copy sent to the referee for validation. By allowing P2P communication RACS has better
The stability of milk-based infant formulas during accelerated storage

ABSTRACT The stability of milk-based formulas (infant formula and follow-up formula) were evaluated at 42°C and 50°C, during 90 days. Unsaturated fatty acids, color, peroxide values, headspace oxygen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to evaluate the stability of milk-based formulas. No significant changes were observed in the unsaturated fatty acids (except DHA with a significant decrease after 90 days storage) of milk-based formulas stored at 42 or 50°C for 90 days. There is a significant change in color of the formulas during storage. For peroxide values and headspace oxygen, samples which were stored at a higher temperature would have higher peroxide values and less headspace oxygen after 90 days. For VOCs, results showed the significant differences of VOCs profiles in the formulas stored at different temperatures and lengths of storage period. In this study, the higher fat, the less oxidation stability was found.
An Improved Outliers Detection Algorithm for Received Signal Strength Measurements in Building Environment

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to detect outliers for RSS measurements in building environment. RSS measurements fluctuate severely in complex building environment because multi-path, obstacles, and moving people, can distort the propagation of radio wave, which leads to some inevitable large values in RSS measurement, known as outliers. Some classical outliers detection algorithm fail to detect them when outliers rate is higher. Based on this observation, we proposed a modified Hample filter algorithm to detect outliers. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can overcome the fluctuation of RSS in building localization environment.
Term rewriting systems: a tutorial

Term Rewriting Systems play an important role in various areas, such as abstract data type specifications, implementations of functional languages and automated deduction. In this tutorial we introduce some of the basic concepts and facts for TRSs. No attempt is made to present a comprehensive survey: e.g. the tutorial does not contain material about conditional TRSs or equational TRSs. The spirit of the material presented here is syntactic rather than semantic. An emphasis is put on Abstract Reduction Systems, of which not only TRSs are instances, but also Semi-Thue Systems, tree replacement systems, graph rewrite systems. As an example of an important termination proof technique we present the recursive path orderings in a new presentation. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985): 03B40, 68099. 1982 CR Categories: D.1. 1, F.4. 1.
In vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Niosome-Encapsulated Olive Leaf Extract

Olive leaf extract (OLE) loaded niosomes as an antibacterial agent delivery system against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Listeria innocua (ATCC 33090) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were investigated by comparing with the antibacterial activity of free OLE. Niosomes were prepared using a lipid film hydration method followed by ultrasound-assisted size reduction technique and characterized in terms of morphology, entrapment efficiency (41.92±0.81%), average particle size (2.66±1.25 μm) and zeta-potential (-34.16±6.48 mV). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of free OLE and OLE loaded niosomes against strains were determined. The most susceptible strain against free OLE was the MRSA with MIC value of 2.34 mg/mL OLE. However, the MIC value of OLE loaded niosomes against MRSA was 100 mg/mL. Unfortunately, OLE loaded niosomes (150 mg) with max capacity did not show any antibacterial effect against other three strains due to entrapment efficiency. In conclusion, OLE loaded niosomes has promising value as a novel antimicrobial delivery system to control MRSA. Keywords : Olive leaf extract, microencapsulation, noisome, oleuropein, antibacterial activity. DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-6-01
Computational Methods for Option Pricing (Frontiers in Applied Mathematics) (Frontiers in Applied Mathematics 30)

It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite computational methods for option pricing frontiers in applied mathematics book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of computational methods for option pricing frontiers in applied mathematics, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.
Aerosol Radiative Forcing Estimation over a Remote High-altitude Location (~4900 masl) near Yala Glacier, Nepal

In the present study, we estimated the aerosol radiative forcing and heating rates near Yala Glacier, Nepal (28.21°N, 85.61°E; 4900 masl), using in situ black carbon (BC) mass concentration measurements, satellite data sets, and model simulations. The real-time ambient BC mass concentration was continuously measured using an Aethalometer (AE-33) from October 2016 to May 2017. The Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) model was used to simulate the aerosol optical properties in conjunction with the in situ measurements and satellite data sets. Outputs from OPAC and the satellite data sets were used as inputs for the Santa Barbara Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model to estimate the radiative forcing. The in situ measurements showed that the BC mass concentration peaked during the pre-monsoon season (707.9 ± 541.8 ng m–3), which was corroborated by the higher aerosol optical depth (AOD) values during this season (0.058 ± 0.002). The diurnal cycle of the BC mass concentration exhibited a night-time low and afternoon high, which were influenced by the boundary layer dynamics and valley wind flow pattern. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis indicated diverse source regions, including northern Asia, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), and parts of Nepal and Bangladesh. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived AOD and Angstrom exponent (AE), and the OPAC-simulated single-scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry parameter (AP) over the study site were estimated to be 0.048 ± 0.009 and 1.32 ± 0.01, and 0.938 ± 0.019 and 0.710 ± 0.042, respectively, during the study period. The mean radiative forcing during the study period for the top of the atmosphere, surface and atmosphere were 3.4, –0.5 and 3.9 W m–2, respectively. Higher atmospheric forcing was observed in the pre-monsoon season, leading to changes in the heating rates.
Effect of phosphoric acid pretreatment on characterization of gelatin from broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) bones

Broiler chicken [Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)] bone is one of the alternative sources of collagen to form gelatin. This research was attempted to extract and characterize broiler chicken bone gelatin. Chicken bones were pretreated with phosphoric acid in various concentrations and curing times. The concentration of phosphoric acid was 8 %, 9 % and 10 %, while the curing time was 12 h and 24 h. Then, gelatin was extracted and physicochemical properties examined. Gelatin was pretreated by phosphoric acid 9 % for 24 h produced the best physicochemical properties with (15.4 ± 0.94) % of yield. Moisture, ash content, and pH of chicken bones gelatin were (3.96 ± 1.46) %, (24.0 ± 6.36) %, and (5.74 ± 0.003) %, respectively. Other physiochemical properties were (372.29 ± 4.62) g bloom of gel strength, (54.21 ± 1.24) % of protein content, and (60.21 ± 0.72) % of emulsion stability. Infrared spectra of chicken bones gelatin had the most with vibration peak at the wave number of 1 639 cm −1 to the amide I, of 1 545 cm −1 to the amide II, of 1 129 cm −1 to the amide III, of 2 292 cm −1 to the amide B, and 3 456 cm −1 to the amide A.
Definitions and conceptual models of quality of life

Over the past 30 years, quality of life has evolved into a respected construct for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment in health care. The field has grown in methodological rigor and in the sophistication of instrument development. Researchers in oncology have been at the forefront in the evaluation of quality of life, recognizing the need to assess outcomes more broadly than tumor response and length of survival. In 1985, quality of life was identified as a key parameter of efficacy to be used for approval of new anticancer drugs for advanced metastatic disease in the USA. In 1988, the Division of Cancer Treatment (CTEP) of the National Cancer Institute (USA) identified improving quality of life as one of its highest priorities. Quality-of-life endpoints are integral components of cancer clinical trials throughout the world, and are required for all phase III clinical trials by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. But what is quality of life? The literature contains a bewildering array of characterizations. The term “quality of life” is commonly used to mean health status, physical functioning, symptoms, psychosocial adjustment, well-being, life satisfaction, or happiness. Introducing the term “health-related quality of life” has not solved the problem. Because the terms have meaning in everyday language, they are frequently used without explicit definition. At the heart of the problem is the very nature of the idea of quality of life, which is uniquely personal in its essence.
Variability of OH reactivity in the Landes maritime Pine forest: Results from the LANDEX campaign 2017

Abstract. Total OH reactivity measurements were conducted during the LANDEX intensive field campaign in a coniferous temperate forest located in the Landes area, south-western France, during July 2017. In order to investigate inter-canopy and intra-canopy variability, measurements were performed inside (6 m) and above the canopy level (12 m), as well as at two different locations within the canopy, using a Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM) and a Laser Photolysis-Laser Induced Fluorescence (LP-LIF) instrument. The two techniques were intercompared at the end of the campaign by performing measurements at the same location. Volatile organic compounds were also monitored at both levels with a proton transfer-time of flight mass spectrometer and online gas Chromatography instruments to evaluate their contribution to total OH reactivity, with monoterpenes being the main reactive species emitted in this Pinus pinaster Aiton dominated forest. Total OH reactivity varied diurnally, following the trend of BVOCs of which emissions and concentrations were dependent on meteorological parameters. Highest levels of total OH reactivity were observed during nights with a low turbulence (u* ≤ 0.2 m/s) leading to lower mixing of emitted species within the canopy and thus an important vertical stratification, characterized by a strong concentration gradient. By comparing the calculated OH reactivity from contributions of individually measured compounds to the measured OH reactivity, a discrepancy was seen at both heights mainly related to ambient temperature during day-time. It highlights that missing OH sinks could be due to temperature-dependent missing primary emissions or secondary products linked to a temperature-enhanced photochemistry. During night-time hours, atmospheric stability and relative humidity played a key role in the missing reactivity. Lower turbulence showed to be favourable for night-time chemistry, inducing a higher missing OH reactivity. Humid surfaces may have represented an additional sink for oxygenated compounds, escaping de facto total OH reactivity, and leading to lower or no missing OH reactivity.
DESAIN DAN IMPLEMENTASI CLOUD BASED LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MENGGUNAKAN EUCALYPTUS-VE DI SMUN 1 MINGGIR

Saat ini sarana dan fasilitas merupakan faktor penting yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas pembelajaran suatu sekolah. Dimana Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi telah menjadi bagian yang penting agar sistem pembelajaran menjadi lebih optimal, dari segi penyampaian materi yang efisien , efektif dan fleksibel dengan layanan E-learning berbasis cloud computing.
Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics and kinetics of wood sawdust and wood sawdust hydrochar

This study compares the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics with the kinetics of wood sawdust and its hydrochar. Wood sawdust hydrochar was obtained by the hydrothermal treatment of wood sawdust (biomass/water: 1 g/4 mL) at 220°C, where the residence time was set as 90 min. After hydrothermal carbonization, carbon content and heating value were both increased by 14%. Pyrolysis and combustion of wood sawdust and its hydrochar were performed by thermogravimetric analysis at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C/min. Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method, Friedman method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method, and Kissinger method were used for analyzing the pyrolysis data. For combustion, only KAS and FWO methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters. As compared to wood sawdust pyrolysis, average activation energy of hydrochar pyrolysis was lower (150.36 kJ/mol by using KAS method, 153.05 kJ/mol by using FWO method). Based on mean activation energies, pyrolysis reaction of hydrochar was more favorable than its combustion. In combustion, average activation energy of hydrochar combustion reaction was higher; indicating that combustion of wood sawdust was more favorable.
Studying on the node’s influence and propagation path modes in microblogging

In order to analyze microblogging information propagation path modes,the node's influence to reflect its importance was defined based on considering the characteristics of information propagation in microblogging.Firstly,the broadcast/comment data of a microblogging was collected and preprocessed.Then,the formal description of the transmission network was given,and the node’s influence was defined which reflects its significance in the local and global aspects.The results of comparative experiments show that the new definition is reasonable.Besides,some information propagation path modes were proposed,which combine the measurement of influence.Finally,the results by using visualization software-NodeXL show that the information propagation path modes are typical.
Evaluating radioisotope‐based approaches to measure anaerobic methane oxidation rates in lacustrine sediments

The microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the dominant sink for methane in anoxic sediments. AOM rate measurements are essential for assessing the efficacy of the benthic methane filter to mitigate the evasion of this potent greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Incubation techniques with trace amounts of radiolabeled substrate (typically 14CH4) represent the most sensitive approach for methane oxidation rate measurements. Yet, radiotracer application can be performed in different ways, rendering the comparability of AOM rate measurements in field and laboratory investigations problematic. We compared four different 14CH4‐based short‐term incubation approaches to quantify methane turnover rates in lake sediments. Three of the applied methods yielded similar and reliable downcore rate profiles. They provided clear evidence for AOM with maximum rates of 15 nmol cm−3 d−1 at ~ 17 cm sediment depth. Using the short‐term slurry incubation (SL) method, however, we were unable to detect the AOM activity maximum that we observed with the other approaches. We hypothesize that changes in the microbial structure and disruption of physical interactions due to mixing of sediments negatively affected the activity of AOM communities and longer incubation times are necessary to enhance the sensitivity of this approach. Minor variabilities in rate measurement that we found in the non‐SL incubations may be related to small‐scale sediment heterogeneity, differential partial methane loss during sample handling, and/or an uneven application of the radiotracer. Whole‐core incubations interfere the least with the in situ conditions, but the ultimate choice of the AOM rate measurement method will depend on the individual sampling requirements.
Physiological Effects of Spaceflight/Unloading and the Mitigating Effects of Flywheel-Based Resistive Exercise

Abstract The deleterious effects of spaceflight encompass numerous physiological effects that undermine long-term goals of manned round-trip missions to Mars. Among the greater losses are to the human musculoskeletal system due to limited mechanical/load-bearing activity. In-flight exercise and nutritional countermeasures seek to reduce physiological losses. Restoration of mechanical/load-bearing activity in microgravity is achieved with flywheel-based exercise hardware. Research with spaceflight analogs showed exercise done with flywheel-based devices abated muscle mass and strength losses with modest increases in net energy costs. This led to the installment of flywheel-based hardware on The International Space Station (ISS). To date, exercise with flywheel-based hardware has reduced musculoskeletal losses, with more success achieved for muscle-, versus bone-based, outcomes. In-flight exercise may better address bone losses with hardware that imparts high rates of impulse loading to the engaged musculoskeleton.
PNN based crop disease recognition with leaf image features and meteorological data

An automatic crop disease recognition method was proposed in this paper, which combined the statistical features of leaf images and meteorological data. The images of infected crop leaves were taken under different environments of the growth periods, temperature and humidity. The methods of image morphological operation, contour extraction and region growing algorithm were adopted for leaf image enhancement and spot image segmentation. From each image of infected crop leaf, the statistical features of color, texture and shape were extracted by image processing, and the optimal meteorological features with the highest accuracy rate were obtained and selected by the attribute reduction algorithm. The fusion feature vector of the image was formed by combining the statistical features and the meteorological features. Then the probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) classifier was adopted to evaluate the classification accuracy. The experimental results on three cucumber diseased leaf image datasets, i.e., downy mildew, blight and anthracnose, showed that the crop diseases can be effectively recognized by the integrated application of leaf image processing technology, the disease meteorological data and PNNs classifier, and the recognition accuracy rate was higher than 90%, which indicated that the PNNs classifier trained on the disease feature coefficients extracted from the crop disease leaves and meteorological data could achieve higher classification accuracy. Keywords: image processing, crop disease recognition, disease meteorological data, morphology, probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe. 20150804.1719 Citation: Shi Y, Wang X F, Zhang S W, Zhang C L. PNN based crop disease recognition with leaf image features and meteorological data. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 60－68.
An Investigation of Workability Experiment for Crowd Modeling in 360º Panoramic View in George Town, Malaysia on Mobile Platform

In the computer graphics industry, there is a great demand for cost and time effective simulation and rendering while meeting an acceptable level of realism. Hardware based simulation and rendering has been taken to another degree of low level of details in environment modelling with grandeur of peoples. This paper presents an investigation to find out the feasibility of deploying crowd in 3600 panoramic view using the mobile platform as the case study. Crowd modelling within panoramic view is the first attempt in adding extra information i.e. crowd to the heritage sites in panoramic view. First, the crowds are modelled through some modifications to the Newtonian Laws, inclusion of proxy agents, speed control and turning. Second, workability tests experiments are carried out concerning the preferred parameters for each agent, improvement on random movements of the crowd and dynamicity, with the capability of collision avoidance. Finally, this investigation is discussed and has proposed some solutions in handling crowd in 3600 panoramic view on mobile platform.