Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil

Frente al desafio que la rabia representa para la industria pecuaria y la salud publica en America Latina, el presente articulo tiene como objetivo hacer una revision de literatura amplia y critica sobre la epidemiologia de la rabia transmitida por murcielagos en Brasil. El tema es abordado inicialmente desde una perspectiva historica hasta la caracterizacion molecular de aislamientos del virus, para finalmente contrastar con la situacion de otros paises de las Americas. La informacion referente a Brasil es presentada de manera separada debido a la gran abundancia de especies de murcielagos de diversos habitos alimenticios, implicadas en la transmision del virus de la rabia y las complejas relaciones entre los ciclos epidemiologicos revelados por estudios de tipificacion antigenica y analisis filogenetico, lo cual ha permitido reconocer con mas nitidez, la importancia de los quiropteros como reservorios y transmisores de esta enfermedad. Este nuevo escenario epidemiologico exige reexaminar las medidas de control aplicadas hasta el momento, desde un abordaje multidisciplinar, asi como cooperacion intersectorial y participacion por parte de la comunidad. Rabies Transmitted by Bats in Brazil Considering that rabies represents a challenge for the livestock industry and public health in Latin America, this article is intended to do a comprehensive and critical literature review on the epidemiology of rabies transmitted by bats in Brazil. The subject is addressed from a historical perspective to molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates and finally making a contrast with other countries of the Americas. Information concerning Brazil is presented separately because of the abundance of bats species with different feeding habits, involved in the transmission of rabies virus and the complex relationships between epidemiological cycles in this country, which have been disclosed by antigenic typing and phylogenetic analysis. This has allowed to recognize more clearly the importance of bats as reservoirs and transmitters of this disease. This new epidemiological scenario requires reappraising current control measures, using a multidisciplinary approach, intersectoral cooperation and community participation
Cerebellar Contribution to Saccades and Gaze Holding

The possible role of the cerebellum for the control of saccades and gaze holding is reconsidered using a computational modeling approach. As suggested by previous research, control of gaze holding is assumed to be enhanced by the floccular lobe, whereas control of the saccadic pulse is governed by the oculomotor vermis and fastigial nucleus. In the present work, a negative feedback loop via the paramedian tract neurons and the floccular lobe that contains a forward model of the oculomotor plant is supposed to enhance the time constant of the brainstem integrator. Control of saccadic amplitude is hypothesized to be achieved by a more complex network: feedforward projections from the superior colliculus via the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis to the oculomotor vermis and fastigial nucleus cooperate with feedback connections from excitatory burst neurons to overcome the sluggishness of the assumed local feedback loop formed via the superior colliculus and to implement inverse dynamics of downstream neural and motor processing.
Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi‐)natural vegetation in Europe (1990–2006) in relation to AOT40‐ and flux‐based risk maps

Records of effects of ambient ozone pollution on vegetation have been compiled for Europe for the years 1990–2006. Sources include scientific papers, conference proceedings, reports to research funders, records of confirmed ozone injury symptoms and an international biomonitoring experiment coordinated by the ICP Vegetation. The latter involved ozone‐sensitive (NC‐S) and ozone‐resistant (NC‐R) biotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown according to a common protocol and monitored for ozone injury and biomass differences in 17 European countries, from 1996 to 2006. Effects were separated into visible injury or growth/yield reduction. Of the 644 records of visible injury, 39% were for crops (27 species), 38.1% were for (semi‐) natural vegetation (95 species) and 22.9% were for shrubs (49 species). Owing to inconsistencies in reporting effort from year to year it was not possible to determine geographical or temporal trends in the data. Nevertheless, this study has shown effects in ambient air in 18 European countries from Sweden in the north to Greece in the south. These effects data were superimposed on AOT40 (accumulated ozone concentrations over 40 ppb) and POD3gen (modelled accumulated stomatal flux over a threshold of 3 nmol m−2 s−1) maps generated by the EMEP Eulerian model (50 km × 50 km grid) that were parameterized for a generic crop based on wheat and NC‐S/NC‐R white clover. Many effects were found in areas where the AOT40 (crops) was below the critical level of 3 ppm h. In contrast, the majority of effects were detected in grid squares where POD3gen (crops) were in the mid‐high range (>12 mmol m−2). Overall, maps based on POD3gen provided better fit to the effects data than those based on AOT40, with the POD3gen model for clover fitting the clover effects data better than that for a generic crop.
Temporal development of coastal ecosystems in the Baltic Sea over the past two decades

Swedish Agency for Water Management, Gothenburg, Sweden*Corresponding author: tel: +46 10 478 41 44; e-mail: jens.olsson@slu.seOlsson,J.,Tomczak,M.T. ,Ojaveer,H. ,Ga˚rdmark,A. ,Po˜lluma¨e,A. ,Mu¨ller-Karulis,B. ,Ustups,D. ,Dinesen,G.E. ,Peltonen,H. ,Putnis,I. ,Szymanek,L. ,Simm,M. ,Heikinheimo,O. ,Gasyukov,P.,Axe,P.,andBergstro¨m,L.Temporaldevelopmentofcoastalecosystemsinthe BalticSea overthe pasttwo decades. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv143.Received1 April 2015; revised 13 July 2015; accepted17 July 2015.Coastalareasareamongthemostbiologicallyproductiveaquaticsystemsworldwide,butfacestrongandvariableanthropogenicpressures.Fewstudieshave,however,addressedthetemporaldevelopmentofcoastalecosystemsinanintegratedcontext.Thisstudyrepresentsanassessmentofthe development over time in 13 coastal ecosystems in the Baltic Sea region during the past two decades. The study covers between two to sixtrophic levels per system and time-series dating back to the early 1990s. We applied multivariate analyses to assess the temporal developmentof biological ecosystem components and relate these to potential driving variables associated with changes in climate, hydrology, nutrientstatus, and ﬁshing pressure. Our results show that structural change often occurred with similar timing in the assessed coastal systems.Moreover,in10ofthe13systems,adirectionaldevelopmentoftheecosystemcomponentswasobserved.Thevariablesrepresentingkeyecosystemcomponentsgenerallydifferedacrosssystems,duetonaturaldifferencesandlimitationtoavailabledata.Asaresultofthis,thecorrelationbetweenthetemporaldevelopmentofthebiologicalcomponentsineachareaandthedrivingvariablesassessedwastosomeextentarea-speciﬁc. However,change in nutrient status was acommon denominator of the variables most often associated with changes in the assessed systems. Our results,additionally, indicate existing strengths as well as future challenges in the capacity of currently available monitoring datato support integratedassessments and the implementation of an integrated ecosystem-based approach to the management of the Baltic Seacoastal ecosystems.Keywords: eutrophication,ﬁsh, integratedassessment, management, multivariate analyses, phytoplankton, zoobenthos, zooplankton.
Sexual Allocation in a Simultaneously Hermaphroditic Coral Reef Fish

There has been some question about sexual allocation in outbreeding simultaneous hermaphrodites. In particular, under what circumstances should they invest equally in male and female functions? An attempt was made to determine the pattern of allocation of reproductive effort in the hermaphroditic teleost fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae), and to elucidate the factors influencing that pattern. Most of the gonad of H. nigricans is comprised of ovary, the testis forming only a thin band of tissue on the outside of the gonadal capsule. On a given day of spawning, eggs comprise most of the biomass of the gametes released. Courtship behaviors are at least as much female as male functions. Thus, most of the reproductive effort is spent on female functions. This pattern is not accounted for by inbreeding, low density, or partial parthenogenesis, but by the structure of the mating system. Hamlets "trade eggs," giving up eggs to be fertilized in exchange for the opportunity to fertilize those of another individual. Together, egg trading and the pattern of allocation of reproductive effort account for the evolutionary stability of the hermaphroditism by providing a fecundity advantage similar to that of parthenogens over sexual organisms.
Inheritance of plastid DNA in the Turnera ulmifolia complex (Turneraceae)

We used PCR to amplify most of the rbcL gene and identified restriction fragment length polymorphisms to study the inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the cross between two taxonomic varieties of the Turnera ulmifolia L. complex, vars. angustifolia and velutina. We identified an Alu I restriction site polymorphism that distinguished the parental plants. All 23 progeny from the cross var. angustifolia x var. velutina, where var. angustifolia was the maternal parent, possessed the paternal cpDNA. Results for the reciprocal cross were more varied, and the 16 progeny showed maternal, paternal, or biparental inheritance. We believe this represents the first study of plastid inheritance for any species in the Turneraceae. The results are unusual and warrant further investigation using other species in this family. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) has proven to be a useful molecule for phylogenetic studies of plants at a number of levels of the taxonomic hierarchy (Clegg and Zurawski, 1992; Downie and Palmer, 1992), and there has been a rapid proliferation of such studies. A knowledge of the patterns of inheritance of cpDNA is necessary to correctly interpret phylogenetic information, particularly for taxa undergoing polyploidization and hybridization (Harris and Ingram, 1991). Patterns of transmission of cpDNA may also be of significance for the population genetics of organelle genes (Birky, Maruyama, and Fuerst, 1983; Birky, Fuerst, and Maruyama, 1989), particularly where there are asymmetries in gene flow via pollen vs. seeds. Different approaches have been used to study the inheritance of plastids, including: 1) the use of plastid mutants that alter the plant's phenotype: 2) ultrastructural methods and fluorescence microscopy that examine the potential for different kinds of plastid transmission; and 3) the study of cpDNA directly, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (Corriveau and Coleman, 1988; Harris and Ingram, 1991). The latter method has allowed the investigation of plastid inheritance in an increasing number of species, and it also removes the potential transmission bias that might occur for mutant plastids (Schumann and Hancock, 1989).
Resource partitioning of roach Rutilus rutilus and bleak Alburnus alburnus in two eutrophic lakes in SE Norway

In this paper I investigate the resource partitioning of roach Rutilus rutilus and bleak Alburnus alburnus in two eutrophic lakes in SE Norway. Zooplankton was the preferred food item for both species during summer, whereas blue-green algae dominated the diet in September/October. There was no diet overlap in May, with the roach feeding mainly on detritus and the bleak feeding on surface insects. During summer the diet overlap increased, reaching high values in autumn. Habitat overlap was close to unity in spring and early summer. Coinciding with increasing diet overlap during summer and autumn the overlap in habitat decreased.
Selection of Intermediate Rates of Increase in Parasite-Host Systems

On theoretical grounds, we argue that parasite-host systems are ideal candidates for interdemic or "group" selection because of the potential for selection for avirulence based upon reduced host (hence group) survival. Such selection appears to have been an important ingredient in the stabilization of the myxomatosis-rabbit system in Australia, although clearly the evolution of resistance in the rabbit population also played a part. We present a simple mathematical model to demonstrate how easily group selection can (in theory) stabilize a parasite-host system. This model is not meant to be a literal translation of the myxomatosis-rabbit interaction, and in fact intentionally disregards host evolution; its purpose is to isolate the role of group selection in the parasite population. Fenner has established that both interdemic selection and host evolution were important in the stabilization of that system, although our model demonstrates that in theory interdemic selection alone could stabilize the interaction. Our central point is that selection for avirulence in the parasite population is important in the evolution of stability in parasite-host systems (Fenner and Myers 1978). The obvious next step, both from the general theoretical viewpoint and specifically with regard to the myxoma-rabbit system, will be to consider models in which both host and parasite are permitted to coevolve. We feel, as do many others, that modeling of coevolution of parasite-host systems has not received the attention deserved in theoretical ecology, and that because of the interdependence of the elements these associations represent much better candidates for such theory than the more popular predator-prey or competition systems. Moreover, as Donald R. Strong, Jr., has pointed out to us, a broad range of organisms are functionally parasitic and the ideas that we have developed herein apply to these as well as to the more restricted class of species which are the conventional organisms treated in parasitology.
Variations in the Pattern of Coughing in Rainbow Trout

Recordings of pressure changes within the buccal and opercular cavities of lightly anaesthetized rainbow trout were made simultaneously with movement recordings of the lower jaw and operculum. Coughing movements during the normal rhythm were analysed and in addition coughing cycles evoked by the introduction of dyes into the mouth. The different patterns recorded could be generally grouped into forward and backward types but a wide range was found. Information regarding the direction of water flow was obtained from analyses of the differential pressure waveforms and this also showed a range in different coughs. It is concluded that many variations of coughing grade into one another and the precise movements producing them and the afferent signals eliciting them remain to be investigated.
A Preliminary Report on the Tetranychidae (Acarina) of Brazil

Thirty-five species of Brazilian Tetranychidae are discussed, of which 7 are new: Oligonychus steinhaueri , Schizotetranychus rhynosperus , Eotetranychus nigrens , Platytetranychus spatulatus , P. elongatus , Mononychus mcgregori , and Tetranychus armipenis . The genus Acostanychus Livschitz is synonymized under Atrichoproctus Flechtmann (NEW SYNONYMY).
Interleukin-1β Enhances Corticosterone Secretion by Acting Directly on the Rat Adrenal Gland

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a monokine released by activated monocytes during the acute phase of the inflammatory responses, has been reported to enhance hypophyseal ACTH release mainly by stimulating hypothalamic CRF secretion. We investigated a possible direct effect of IL-1β on the adrenal gland of the rat. IL-1β was found to dose-dependently (4–8 μg/kg) raise corticosterone (B) blood concentration in hypophysectomized rats, without inducing any significant increase in the level of circulating ACTH. IL-1β did not affect B production by either isolated rat inner adrenocortical cells or fragments of adrenocortical autotransplants lacking chromaffin cells, but dose-dependently (10−8-10−6 M) enhanced that by adrenal slices including both cortex and medulla. The secretory effect of IL-1β (10−6 M) was completely blocked by both α-helical-CRF (10−6 M) and corticotropin-inhibiting peptide (10−6 M), two competitive inhibitors which (at these concentrations) were able to annul B response of adrenal slices to CRF (10−6.
Comparison of the ultrastructure of the food-concentrating filter of two appendicularians

Houses of Oikopleura longicauda were removed from preserved zooplankton samples and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Pore slze and f ~ b e r diameter of the food-concentrating fllter were determined for cornpanson with similar measurements on larger oikopleurids from cold ocean waters. The filter was con~posed of 3 types of fibers arranged In a regular rectangular array. In accordance with nomenclature used previously, we identified microfibers, nodulated fibers, and smooth fibers There were dense nodes where microfibers and nodulated fibers crossed. Mean pore size was 0.15 + 0.02 X 0.61 + 0.13 ,um ( t SD), with a mean wtdth-to-length ratio of 0.25 f 0.03 and mean porosity of 0.85 + 0.01. Mean pore size is sim~lar to that of O~kopleura djoica, a temperate-ocean oikopleund of similar body size, but is smaller than that of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni, a large, cold-ocean oikopleund. The rnicrof~bers of 0. longicauda were 17.1 f 2 6 nm in diameter, while the nodulated fibers were 38.9 t 8.8 nm in diameter, and the smooth fibers 48.1 f 10.2 nm in d~amete r All 3 fiber types formed branches, which contributed to high variance of mean pore slze.
Pseudothecia of Swiss needle cast fungus, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, physically block stomata of Douglas fir, reducing CO2 assimilation.

The following study investigates the timing and mechanism of impact of Swiss needle cast on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needle physiology (i.e. gas exchange). Swiss needle cast is a foliar disease caused by the fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, which occurs throughout the range of Douglas fir and until recently has been considered unimportant. However, recent surveys show the Swiss needle cast currently affects > 52611 ha of forested lands in western Oregon, USA, causing a reduction in growth of c. 23% or an implied growth loss of c. 3.2 m3 ha-1 yr-1 for 1996 alone. Gas exchange of artificially inoculated 2-yr-old Douglas-fir seedlings was monitored on a monthly basis using A/Ci curve analysis. No effect of fungal presence on gas exchange was noted until the emergence of fungal fruiting structures (pseudothecia) from needle stomata. However, once present, maximum stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rates were inversely proportional to the presence of pseudothecia. A/Ci curve analysis showed that declines in CO2 assimilation appeared to be due to both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. Stomatal limitations to CO2 assimilation were the direct result of reduced CO2 diffusion through blocked stomata. Nonstomatal limitations arose, in part, from an indirect effect of pseudothecia development on Rubisco activation. For example, in both Swiss needle cast-infected foliage and foliage with artificially blocked stomata (by external application of petroleum jelly), the amount of Rubisco activation showed a strong, positive relationship with daily maximum stomatal conductance. A mechanism is proposed that outlines the impact of pseudothecia development on stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rates.
Variación temporal y espacial de aves playeras en la laguna Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, en tres temporadas no reproductivas

Temporal and spatial variation of shorebirds in Barra de Navidad lagoon, Jalisco, during three non-breeding seasons. Resident and migratory shorebirds inhabit different kinds of wetlands such as lagoons, rivers and seashores among others. In recent years, these areas have been importantly affected by urban, agriculture and touristic activities, such as the Barra de Navidad lagoon, for which little information is available to support conservation programs. The aim of this work was to describe shorebirds temporal and spatial distribution in Barra de Navidad lagoon during three non-breeding seasons (1999-2000, 2006-2007 and 2008-2009). For this, monthly censuses were performed from November-April with the purpose of registering all the shorebirds species. We were able to identify 19 shorebirds species (three residents and 16 winter visitors), of which Charadrius wilsonia, Limosa fedoa and Tringa semipalmata were the most abundant. The greater number of species was registered for November, December and March of the first and third seasons. The greater number of individuals was registered when birds were feeding during low tides, mainly in December, January and February of the first and third seasons. At low tide, there was a great number of species and individuals in zone C. This area had muddy substrates that were exposed during low tides and were used to feed. Barra de Navidad lagoon provided suitable habitats for feeding and resting for resident and migratory birds. Twelve of the 19 species were considered as priority within the Mexican bird conservation strategy. However, these habitats are threatened by human activities performed in the nearby areas of the lagoon that may have negative consequences for the distribution, abundance and conservation of these species.
Assessment of a rhabditid nematode, Rhabditis necromena Sudhaus and Schulte, as a biological control agent against the millipede Spinotarsus caboverdus Pierrard in the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa

The millipede Spinotarsus caboverdus Pierrard is an agricultural pest on the island of Santo Antao in the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa. All evidence suggests that S. caboverdus is not native to Cape Verde, but the actual country of origin is not known, thereby preventing attempts at classical biological control. In South Australia the nematode Rhabditis necromena Sudhaus and Schulte has been used as a biological control agent against the introduced Portuguese millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti Lucas. Considering the recent expansion of the host range of R. necromena, this species was assessed in both laboratory and field experiments as a possible biological control agent against S. caboverdus. Whilst R. necromena was capable of killing S. caboverdus in the laboratory, levels of infection in the field were extremely low. The reasons for this difference are discussed in the context of the success rate of attempts at biological control.