Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Direct Method of Measuring Benthic Primary Production in Streams1

This paper describes a method of direct measurement of the primary production of the benthic algal community in the lotic environment hat eliminates calculations of diffusion and is adaptable to the various chemical analyses used to indicate rates of production. 'This technique was developedl at Oregon State University, Corvallis, and supported by Research Grant WP 423, Federal Water Quality Administration. Benthic algal communities have been shown to be highly productive and may be more so than phytoplankton in shallow embayments (Odum et al. 1959; Pomeroy 1959; Smalley 1959; Teal 1959). In the lotic environment the significance of the benthic primary community varies. In headwater streams, allochthonous material may be more significant as a primary food source than the benthic algae produced in the stream (Chapman and Demory This content downloaded from 128.193. 8.24 on Wed, 28 Aug 2013 14:57:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Influence of Stream Discharge on Reproductive Success of a Prairie Stream Fish Assemblage

Abstract We studied the relationship between stream discharge and reproductive success for five members of a prairie stream fish assemblage. Based on information obtained from the literature, we constructed seven models relating stream discharge to successful reproduction. To assess the utility of our models, we collected larval and juvenile Arkansas River shiners Notropis girardi, peppered chub Macrhybopsis tetranema, plains minnow Hybognathus placitus, flathead chub Platygobio gracilis, and red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis from the Canadian River, Texas, during 2000–2001. We removed otoliths and counted daily growth increments to determine ages. Models were parameterized by use of age and discharge data. Models were evaluated with the Akaike information criterion likelihood statistic to assess which model(s) best described reproductive success for each species. Of the seven models evaluated, the best overall model predicted that reproductive success was uniform across dates when discharge was present in.
The immunomodulatory effect of saikosaponin derivatives and the root extract of Bupleurum kaoi in mice

The saikosaponins ‐a(SSa), ‐d(SSd), ‐f(SSf), crude saponin mixture (CSM) and H2O‐layer components (HLC) which were isolated from the root of Bupleurum kaoi Liu, Chao et Chuang (Umbelliferae), demonstrated an immunomodulatory effect. Mice of the BALB/c strain were injected peritoneally with drugs to assess immune responses weekly over a 4 week period. The results showed that the mean ratio of thymus weight to body weight increased during week 1 but declined gradually thereafter; the ratio of helper T‐cells to suppressor T‐cells (Th/Ts) from mice treated with SSf and HLC gradually increased; however, in mice treated with SSa, SSd and CSM, the ratio rose to a maximum at week 3 and then decreased; the IL‐2 level of treated mice was significantly higher than that of the control group throughout the test period; the ratio of spleen weight to body weight in all drug treated groups increased weekly; the activity of B‐cell stimulation in mice was promoted week by week; levels of IgA, IgG and IgM in serum of SSd and SSa treated animals increased. An in vitro study, involving stimulation of IL‐1 demonstrated the following order of potency: SSd
FLAVONOLS HPLC ANALYSIS, IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED HUMULUS LUPULUS L. GENOTYPES

Abstract The Humulus lupulus L. is well known as necessary raw material for beer production. The main structural classes of chemical compounds identified from hop cones include terpenes, bitter acids, prenylated chalcones, and flavonol glycosides. They were subjects of presented work. The content of quercetin was found in the range 490 - 1092 μg/g and that of kaempferol from 218 to 568 μg/g of the dry hop cones. The content of isorhamnetin was very low in all varieties. From biological activities in vitro point of view, relative high level of inhibition activity was observed for six hop genotypes - Zlatan, Lučan, and the Oswald's clones 31, 70, 71, 72, 114 on both enzymes thrombin and urokinase, but without correlation to analyzed flavonols content. In spite of this, antioxidant activity, measured by both the BCLM and HPE methods, was found high and seem to be in correlation with content of analyzed flavonols. Particularly the Oswald's clone 114 expressed very potent biological activities. In general, obtained results indicate that hop cones are valuable material also for other application others than beer production.
Enhanced Polymer One-step Staining for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (EPOS-PCNA) in NR-S1 Tumors of Mouse Tongues : Comparison with the PCNA and Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) Immunohistochemistry

Enhanced polymer one-step staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (EPOS-PCNA) consists of monoclonal mouse anti-PCNA and horseradish peroxidase coupled to an inert polymer backbone. This reagent was developed to shorten immunostaining time. In order to clarify the characteristics of this new immunohistochemical reagent, we applied this reagent to the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NR-S1 tumors of mouse tongues, and the staining results were compared with those from conventional PCNA and BrdU immunostaining. Positive reaction for EPOS-PCNA was observed to be granular or diffuse in the tumor cell nuclei. These positive cells were scattered in the NR-S1 tumor. The distribution and staining patterns of EPOS-PCNA were similar to those of PCNA. Their labeling indices (Lls) were also similar, although the Lls in EPOS-PCNA were higher than those in BrdU. We conclude that EPOS-PCNA is a simple, timesaving, and reliable method for assessing cell kinetics of tumor tissues.
Diversification of montane species via elevation shifts: the case of the Kaçkar cricket Phonochorion (Orthoptera)

Localized up-down altitudinal shifts and subsequent isolation–admixture of montane species in response to glacial cycles has been proposed as a mechanism for the high diversity along Anatolian mountains. However, specific predictions of the proposed mechanism (the elevation shift model) have yet to be tested. Here, we provide a first assessment of this model for promoting inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity in the bush-cricket genus Phonochorion endemic to the West Lesser Caucasus hotspot. Mitochondrial genes were analysed by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo inferences and coalescent simulations. Timing of diversification was estimated using a multispecies coalescent model. Divergence with gene flow was tested using an isolation with migration model. Population genetic parameters and genetic structuring were determined using Bayesian coalescent methods and spatial analysis. Demographic history was assessed using mismatch distributions and extended Bayesian skyline plots. Speciation events corresponded both to the Miocene and Pleistocene while intraspecific divergence was Pleistocene based. There was evidence for moderate levels of gene flow between species during diversification; however, incomplete lineage sorting could explain the data as well as gene flow. Overall diversification patterns within the genus Phonochorion agree with the predictions of the elevations shift model. Genetic patterns of diversification were driven mainly by Pleistocene glacial cycles and reflected the nature and distribution of sky islands. There was also some albeit weak evidence of demographic expansions coinciding with glacial cooling. However, evidence for divergence with gene flow was inconclusive.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 78. Galeopsis tetrahit L.

Galeopsis tetrahit is an annual weed which was introduced to North America from Eurasia. It is present in all Canadian provinces and occupies a wide range of habitats including cultivated fields. It favors well-watered nutrient-rich soils and occurs infrequently in the drier brown soil zones of the southern Canadian prairies. Low soil moisture may be a major factor limiting its distribution and spread. It can reduce crop yields, contaminate crop seed and act as a reservoir for disease-causing organisms. A number of herbicides are available for its control.Key words: Hemp-nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit L. , weed ecology, weed biology
Comparative evaluation of the acute toxicity and behavioural changes in Clarias gariepinus following exposure to dichlorvos and primextra pesticides

Dichlorvos is an organophosphate pesticide used for the control of pests in crops and stored products, while primextra is a commercial herbicide formulation generally used in agriculture for weed control. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the acute toxicity of dichlorvos and primextra pesticides and assess their effects on mortality and behavioural changes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 of dichlorvos were 6.06, 4.96, 1.65 and 1.29 mg l−1, while those of primextra were 9.34, 6.50, 5.41 and 4.67 mg l−1, respectively. The safe levels estimated by different methods varied from 1.29 × 10−1 to 1.29 × 10−5 mg l−1 in dichlorvos and from 4.67 × 10−1 to 4.67 × 10−5 mg l−1 in primextra. Behavioural changes, such as hyperactivity, gulping of air, skin discoloration, loss of balance, convulsion, erratic swimming and mucous secretions, were observed in fish exposed to both pesticides. Our study indicated that dichlorvos (96 h LC50 = 1.29 mg l−1) was more toxic to C. g.
Matrix Frequency Analysis of Oryza Sativa (japonica cultivar-group) Complete Genomes

The genome sequence information is essential to understand the function of extensive arrangements of genes. It is significant to combine all sequence information in a precise database to provide an efficient manner of sequence similarity search. The complete genome analysis, which is one of the essential steps to know their characteristics, is very important. Complete genome analysis is depends on matrix frequency of sequence residue calculation and CGR analysis. In this study, we select rice as the specimen for complete genome analysis. Rice is one of the most essential cereal crops providing food for more than half of the world’s population. Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group) species is an important cereal and model monocot. We have generated a matrix frequency for genetic code analysis, which helps in the study of complete genome residues. Here we report the duplets and triplets codon for genetic code analysis of O. sativa chromosomes. We illustrate a new method of Chaos Game Representation, which produces the objects possessing self-similar structure. As per our findings, the average matrix frequency of stop codons is similar to the matrix frequency of start codon. This average is seems to be similar in the complete genome sequences of every Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group) chromosomes.
The effects of heterozygous inversions on crossing-over in Drosophila ananassae

Crossing-over was studied in females of Drosophila ananassae under different karyotypic combinations to detect the effects of heterozygous inversions by utilizing three recessive markers of the second chromosome. Because of the presence of a subterminal inversion (2L) in the heterozygous condition, crossing-over between the cu and b genes is completely eliminated. However, 2L heterozygosity enhances the level of recombination between the b and se genes. Furthermore, two third chromosome inversions when heterozygous also exert an enhancing effect on crossing-over in the second chromosome. These results provide evidence for the existence of intra- and inter-chromosomal effects of inversions on crossing-over in D. ananassae. Key words: Drosophila ananassae, crossing-over, inversions, intrachromosomal effects, interchromosomal effects.
Ochratoxin A in Brazilian green coffee

Ocratoxina A e um composto nefrotoxico, teratogenico e imunotoxico produzido por especies de Aspergillus e Penicillium. Foi demonstrado ser carcinogenico para ratos e e possivelmente carcinogenico para humanos. Recentemente a toxina despertou atencao por ter sido encontrada em cafe e ter sido objeto de regulamentacao por paises importadores. O Brasil e o maior produtor de cafe no mundo e tambem seu maior consumidor. Para conduzir uma avaliacao inicial da situacao do cafe produzido no pais e oferecido a sua populacao, cento e trinta e duas amostras de cafe verde brasileiro, provenientes de 5 Estados produtores (Minas Gerais, Parana, Sao Paulo, Espirito Santo, e Bahia) e destinadas ao mercado nacional, foram coletadas em pontos de comercializacao nas cidades de Londrina e Santos, Brasil, e analisadas para ocratoxina A. A toxina foi isolada em colunas de imunoafinidade e quantificada em cromatografo liquido de alta eficiencia com detector de fluorescencia. O limite de deteccao foi 0,7ng/g e o coeficiente de variacao medio entre duplicatas foi 11%. Vinte e sete amostras estavam contaminadas com a toxina e a concentracao media para as amostras contaminadas foi 7,1ng/g de ocratoxina A. Nem o numero total de defeitos e nem o numero de cada defeito especifico encontrado na classificacao das amostras de acordo com o sistema brasileiro de classificacao (preto, meio-preto, ardido, verde-preto, verdes, brocados, coco) mostrou ter qualquer relacao com a contaminacao presente nas amostras.
On the mechanistic basis of plant affiliation in the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) species complex

A number of aphid species comprise multiple taxa (biotypes, races, subspecies etc.) with distinct but often overlapping plant ranges. These species complexes are of considerable evolutionary interest, with a long-standing debate as to whether they may have evolved sympatrically through disruptive selection arising from trade offs in the capacity to utilise different plants (e.g., Futuyma & Mayer, 1980; Diehl & Bush, 1989; Via, 1991; Bush, 1994). However, little is known about the behavioural or physiological processes that may underpin the negative correlations between the capacity of closely-related aphids to utilise different plant species [but see Wilkinson & Douglas (1998) and Caillaud (1999)]. This study concerns the black-bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop. , a heterecious aphid with ca. 80 summer (secondary) hosts and 1–3 winter (primary) hosts. The differential capacity of the four recognised subspecies (A. f. cirsicanthoides, A. f. fabae, A. f. mordwilkoi and A. f. solani) to utilise secondary hosts may have selected for assortative mating of the sexual generation on the primary hosts (Mackenzie & Guldemond, 1994), and a negative correlation has been demonstrated in aphid utilization of Vicia faba and Tropaeolum majus, specific host plants of A. f. fabae and A. f. mordwilkoi respectively (Mackenzie, 1996). However, this trade off is not symmetrical (Douglas, 1997): A. f. fabae perform more poorly on T. majus than A. f. mordwilkoi on V. faba, and it was suggested that T. majus may be unsuitable for feeding by A. f. fabae. The purpose of this study was to use the electrical monitoring technique (EPG) of Tjallingii (1988) to test the prediction that the capacity of aphids to penetrate to the sieve elements and exhibit sustained feeding on phloem sap is reduced for A. f. fabae on T. majus, but not for A. f. mordwilkoi on V. faba.
2α-Phosphohydantocidin: Thein VivoAdenylosuccinate Synthetase Inhibitor Responsible for Hydantocidin Phytotoxicity

Abstract Hydantocidin is a phytotoxic natural product previously reported to inhibit purine biosynthesis at the site of adenylosuccinate synthetase. While hydantocidin does not inhibit this enzyme in vitro, Arabidopsis thaliana plants subjected to hydantocidin treatment were found to contain an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of the plant extract significantly reduced inhibition, suggesting that the in vivo active molecule might be phosphorylated. 2α-Phosphohydantocidin was synthesized and proved to be a potent inhibitor of rabbit muscle adenylosuccinate synthetase. This inhibition exhibited a time-dependent component not seen with hadacidin, a known competitive inhibitor with respect to aspartate at this site. The unidentified inhibitor produced in Arabidopsis eluted in the same fraction as 2α-phosphohydantocidin following reversed-phase HPLC separation. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of a molecule with a mass identical to that of 2α-phosphohydantocidin in this same fraction. These data suggest that 2α-phosphohydantocidin is the in vivo adenylosuccinate synthestase inhibitor responsible for hydantocidin phytotoxicity.
Effects of different dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat

The effect of three different lipid sources (soybean oil, chicken oil or bovine fat) on the abdominal fat fatty acid composition in 50 day-old broiler chickens was evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 treatments, 8 repetitions and 40 Arbor Acres broiler chicks of each sex. The four treatments were isocaloric and isoproteic with the following characteristics: T1 Control (Soybean-corn); T2 Control + 3% soybean oil; T3 Control + 3% chicken oil; and T4 Control + 3% bovine fat. The lipids from the diets had significantly statistical effects (p<0,05) on the fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat. Multivariate techniques also showed differences in fatty acid composition within treatments due to sex. The studied dietary lipids affected the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio (P/S) but had only small effects on the n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio.
The effect of waterlogging on nitrogen fixation and nodule morphology in soil-grown white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Nodulated, pot-grown plants of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Katrina) were subjected to different soil moisture regimes and the effect of these treatments on dry matter production, nitrogenase activity, aerenchyma formation, and bacteroid distribution was determined. In the first experiment, after 9 weeks growth shoots were significantly (P < 0.01) heavier for clover plants which were flooded from germination compared with those subjected to normal watering, indicating that clover can adapt to long-term waterlogging. In the second experiment, time-courses of acetylene reduction showed a lag phase of only 10 min for waterlogged plants, suggesting that gas exchange was occurring through aeration pathways rather than the water. Flooded plants that were drained 24 h prior to acetylene reduction assays had substantially greater nitro- genase activity than normally watered or continually flooded plants. However, there was a marked decrease in nitrogenase activity when plants which had been watered normally were flooded, suggesting a sensitivity of white clover to sudden changes in moisture conditions. Morphological studies of nodules from plants grown in normally watered and continually flooded soil showed increased aerenchyma production around roots and nodules of waterlogged plants. In addition, the infected cells of submerged nodules were larger and had larger acuoles than those from nodules of normally watered plants. This increase in vacuole volume to protoplast volume in infected cells may play a role in the tolerance of white clover nodules to waterlogging
Influence of Prebiotic Additions on the Quality of Gluten-free Bread and on the Content of Inulin and Fructooligosaccharides

The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of prebiotic additives on gluten-free breads, and to assess the effectiveness of gluten-free bread supplementation with the selected prebiotics: inulin, oligosaccharide syrup and bitter-free chicory flour. The breads with the 3, 5 or 8% additions of the mentioned prebiotics were baked and stored for 48h. During this period the following analyses were performed: a texture profile, the content of mono-and oligosaccharides, and of inulin. The best effects on sensory features of gluten-free bread were observed when applied medium doses of prebiotics, being a 5% inulin supplemented bread the highest sensory scored. The addition of 5 and 8% of inulin, FOS syrup and chicory flour at all applied doses reduced the crumb hardening rate during the 3 days storage period. Content of fructooligosaccharides with DP 3–5 in standard bread was 0.1%, and in the supplemented breads did not exceed 0.3%. Addition of Frutafit preparation and bitter-free chicory flour enriched bread with inulin up to 1–3.5g/100g, the highest preservation level was observed in the case of chicory flour addition.
East African flyway and key site network of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) documented through satellite tracking

In October 2002, four adult Lesser Flamingos were tagged at Lake Bogoria, Kenya: two with solar-powered platform transmitter terminals (PTTs) and two with battery-powered PTTs, one of which stopped transmitting after 38d. In July 2003, an additional four birds were tagged with solar-powered PTTs. During the first two years (November 2003–October 2004), flight patterns of the tagged birds were independent. Interlake flight distances ranged from 16–441km (mean: 111.5km, n = 243), 68.3% being less than 100km and 96% less than 300km. There was no significant difference among the birds in the median length of their interlake flights. The number of days spent at each stopover ranged from 0 (less than 1d) to 153d (mean: 14.4d, n = 250). There was a significant difference among the birds in the number of days spent at each stopover. This difference was due to one very active bird that made 133 interlake flights during the period, visiting 12 different sites, spending a mean 5.2d at each site and travelling 12 600km. There was no significant difference among the other six birds. The seven birds' flights were confined to a 940km north-south range within the Great Rift Valley between Lake Logipi in northern Kenya and Bahi Swamp in central Tanzania. Their key site network consisted of eight alkaline lakes (Logipi, Bogoria, Elmenteita, Nakuru, Natron, Empakai Crater Lake, Manyara and Eyasi), and Lake Bahi, a seasonal lake in central Tanzania. The conservation status of these nine sites varies from well-protected to completely unprotected. None of the birds appears to have bred during either the 2002–2003 or the 2003–2004 breeding seasons (October–January), although other Lesser Flamingos bred at Lake Natron during both seasons, Lake Natron being the only East African site where the Lesser Flamingo has bred successfully during the past 45 years.
Transfer of stem rust resistance to wheat from an Agropyron chromosome having a gametocidal effect

Two procedures were used to induce homoeologous recombination between Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. chromosome 7el2 and wheat chromosomes. One procedure involved the use of 'Chinese Spring' nullisomic 5B – tetrasomic 5D, and resulted in plants lacking chromosome 5B. In the second procedure, a line carrying the mutant gene ph1b was used, and plants were produced that had only a 5B chromosome carrying ph1b. Both procedures resulted in the transfer of a gene or genes for stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks. and Henn.) resistance from chromosome 7el2 to wheat chromosomes. During the transfer process, it was discovered that both the whole Agropyron chromosome and the recombinant chromosomes showed preferential transmission through the female gametes, but not through the male gametes. On heterozygous plants seed set was greatly reduced. Apparently, the Agropyron chromosome or a gene carried by it had a gametocidal action that resulted in female gametes, which did not carry the gene, failing to functi.