Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex on resistance to Trichuris muris infections in mice

SUMMARY Two panels of H-2 recombinant strains of mice were used in an attempt to map the H-2-linked genes which control resistance to infection with Trichuris muris. Response phenotypes could be related to the presence of ‘resistance’ (q, b) or ‘susceptibility’ (k, d) alleles at I-A. The influence of these genes was modulated by other alleles, particularly q or d alleles, at the D end of the H-2. Absence of I-E molecules correlated with resistance to infection in some but not all strains studied. Thus the (B10.BR × B10.G) Fl strain which expressed I-Ek gene products was resistant to infection. A study of the time-course of infection in strains of mice expressing q alleles throughout the H-2 on 4 different genetic backgrounds (NIH, SWR, DBA and B10) revealed that most strains were resistant to infection. However, the DBA/1 strain exhibited differential responsiveness, 4 out of 6 individuals harbouring mature adult parasites on day 35 post-infection.
Synchronizing multiphasic circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells

SUMMARY Endogenous circadian clocks regulate day–night rhythms of animal behavior and physiology. In zebrafish, the circadian clocks are located in the pineal gland and the retina. In the retina, each photoreceptor is considered a circadian oscillator. A critical question is whether the individual circadian oscillators are synchronized. If so, the mechanism that underlies the synchronization needs to be elucidated. We generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses short half-life GFP under the transcriptional control of the rhodopsin promoter. Time-lapse imaging of rhodopsin promoter-driven GFP expression revealed that during 24 h in constant darkness, rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells fluctuated rhythmically. However, the pattern of fluctuation differed between individual cells. In some cells, peak expression was seen in the subjective early morning, whereas in other cells, peak expression was seen in the afternoon or at night. Light transiently decreased rhodopsin expression, thereby synchronizing the multiphasic circadian oscillation. The application of dopamine or dopamine D2 receptor agonist also synchronized the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression. When the D2 receptors were pharmacologically blocked, light exposure produced no effect. This suggests that the synchronization of the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression by light is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors. The mechanism that underlies the synchronization probably involves dopamine-mediated Ca2+ signaling pathways. Light, as well as dopamine, lowered Ca2+ influx into the rod cells, thereby resetting rhodopsin promoter expression to the initial phase.
Microbial remediation and optimization of oil polluted wetlands at Dalian Bay in China.

OBJECTIVE The wetland at Dalian Bay in the Northeast of China has been polluted by oil severely. The effect of various microbes and operation parameters on the bioremediation of oil-polluted wetlands at Dalian Bay was investigated and reported previously. In the study, other operation conditions related to the status of medium were investigated via statistical experimental design and analysis and a necessary information is involved to use micro-technology in the application. METHODS The method used involved the direct inoculation of selected bacteria, which were capable of degrading oil. The operation conditions were further optimized and evaluated by gravimetrical assay. RESULTS The optimal pH and temperature for the studied bacteria to degrade the existing oil pollutants were established as pH 8.0 and 27 degrees C. The mixed of various bacteria showed better results in terms of oil degradation than any single one. Among the selected four factors, disturbance, oxidant, nutrients, and biosurfactant, the former two contributed more impacts on the oil degradation in the early stage of process, while the latter two became the limiting factors in the late stage. Three sets of optimal conditions were obtained for each individual stage, but no one was suitable for the overall process. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the technical feasibility of using direct inoculation into the contaminated soil samples to remove oil pollutants. It suggested that the operation conditions should be monitored and adjusted during the different stages of bio-reactions in the process to achieve the best result of oil degradation.
Multiple transcripts encoded by the ilvGMEDA gene cluster of Escherichia coli K-12

We report here that, using Northern (RNA) blots, we identified two relatively stable transcripts of 4.6 and 1.1 kb that correspond to the products of the ilvEDA and ilvE genes and two relatively unstable transcripts of 6.7 and 3.6 kb that correspond to the products of the ilvGMEDA and ilvDA genes. The transcripts were identified by the use of eight probes derived from segments of the ilvGMEDA cluster. In addition, we used two strains with deletions of ilvG or ilvDA and observed the expected decrease in transcript size in Northern blots. Primer extension with reverse transcriptase generated a 169-nucleotide product corresponding to a 5' end within the ilvED intercistronic region, 37 nucleotides from the AUG codon of the ilvD gene. This primer extension product presumably indicates the 5' end of the ilvDA transcript that we detected in Northern blots. The stability of the transcripts was monitored, and RNase E was found to play a major role in ilv transcript degradation. Transcript levels varied in response to growth in the presence of the end product amino acids and in response to the presence of the polar frameshift site in ilvG. Although there have been speculations about the identities and numbers of transcripts derived from the ilvGMEDA cluster on the basis of the identification of some of the sites of transcription initiation and termination, this is the first report of the use of Northern blots to determine the actual sizes and distribution of mRNAs present in vivo.
Making It Work: A Field Study of a "CSCW Network

This article presents a field study of the procurement, implementation, and use of a local area network devoted to running computer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW) related applications in a U.K. central government organization. In this particular case, the network ran into a number of difficulties, was resisted by its potential users for a variety of reasons, was faced with being withdrawn from service on a number of occasions, and remains only partly used. The study points to the kinds of problems that a project to introduce computer support for cooperative work to an actual organization is likely to face, and a series of concepts is offered to help manage the complexity of these problems. In so doing, this article adds to and extends previous studies of CSCW tools in action but also argues that experience form the field should be used to reorganize the research agenda of CSCW.
Genomic Microdiversity of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Underlying Differential Strain-Level Responses to Dietary Carbohydrate Intervention

ABSTRACT The genomic basis of the response to dietary intervention of human gut beneficial bacteria remains elusive, which hinders precise manipulation of the microbiota for human health. After receiving a dietary intervention enriched with nondigestible carbohydrates for 105 days, a genetically obese child with Prader-Willi syndrome lost 18.4% of his body weight and showed significant improvement in his bioclinical parameters. We obtained five isolates (C1, C15, C55, C62, and C95) of one of the most abundantly promoted beneficial species, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, from a postintervention fecal sample. Intriguingly, these five B. pseudocatenulatum strains showed differential responses during the dietary intervention. Two strains were largely unaffected, while the other three were promoted to different extents by the changes in dietary carbohydrate resources. The differential responses of these strains were consistent with their functional clustering based on the COGs (Clusters of Orthologous Groups), including those involved with the ABC-type sugar transport systems, suggesting that the strain-specific genomic variations may have contributed to the niche adaption. Particularly, B. pseudocatenulatum C15, which had the most diverse types and highest gene copy numbers of carbohydrate-active enzymes targeting plant polysaccharides, had the highest abundance after the dietary intervention. These studies show the importance of understanding genomic diversity of specific members of the gut microbiota if precise nutrition approaches are to be realized. IMPORTANCE The manipulation of the gut microbiota via dietary approaches is a promising option for improving human health. Our findings showed differential responses of multiple B. pseudocatenulatum strains isolated from the same habitat to the dietary intervention, as well as strain-specific correlations with bioclinical parameters of the host. The comparative genomics revealed a genome-level microdiversity of related functional genes, which may have contributed to these differences. These results highlight the necessity of understanding strain-level differences if precise manipulation of gut microbiota through dietary approaches is to be realized. The manipulation of the gut microbiota via dietary approaches is a promising option for improving human health. Our findings showed differential responses of multiple B. pseudocatenulatum strains isolated from the same habitat to the dietary intervention, as well as strain-specific correlations with bioclinical parameters of the host. The comparative genomics revealed a genome-level microdiversity of related functional genes, which may have contributed to these differences. These results highlight the necessity of understanding strain-level differences if precise manipulation of gut microbiota through dietary approaches is to be realized.
A Mixed Methods Exploration of Black Presidents Appointed to Predominantly White Institutions: Assessing their Exposure to the Glass Cliff and Experiences as Administrators of Color

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv DEDICATION . vi LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xiii CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION . 1 Leadership in the Literature . 1 Background . 2 Purpose of Study . 6 Definition of Terms. 7 Delimitations . 8 Limitations . 9 Assumptions . 9 Significance of Study . 9 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, HISTORIOGRAPHY . 11 The Social Construction of Race in America . 12 Situating the Context. 13 The Negro Problem: “Schooling the Freed People” (Butchart, 2010). 15 viii The Black Worker . 21 Waging War: Black Labor and Higher Education . 24 The Black Higher Education Professional: A Post-Civil Rights Assessment . 30 Onward to the Glass Ceiling . 39 Summary . 51 CHAPTER III LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 53 Realizing Kings’ Dream but Missing the Mark: Factors Facilitating Racial Disparities in the College Presidency. 53 The Glass Cliff . 58 Supporting Frameworks . 72 Summary . 77 CHAPTER IV – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY . 80 Introduction . 80 Philosophical Paradigms . 83 Quantitative Research Methodology and Design . 85 Qualitative Research Design and Methodology . 99 Mixed Methods Interpretation . 110 Summary . 111 CHAPTER V QUANTITATIVE RESULTS . 112 Findings. 112 ix Description of Institutions. 112 Prevalence of Adverse Conditions: Research Question 1. 114 Observed Differences in Magnitude: Research Question 2 . 116 Summary . 132 CHAPTER VI – QUALITATIVE RESULTS . 135 Description of Participants . 137 Findings. 140 African American Presidents’ Career Path . 140 African American Presidents’ Perceptions of Their Leadership . 146 Situational Leadership Theory and Perceptions of Leadership . 168 African American Presidents’ Experiences with Race and Gender. 171 Perspectives on Minority Leadership . 199 Critical Race Theory and Participants’ Experiences with Race . 202 Summary . 205 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Results. 207 Qualitative Data Supporting Quantitative Data . 208 Overall Interpretation of Dual Methodologies . 210 CHAPTER VII – DISCUSSION . 212 Introduction . 212 Discussion of Findings . 213 x Limitations of the Study. 223 Implications for Higher Education Practice . 224 Directions for Future Research . 231 Conclusion . 232 APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF IPEDS VARIABLES . 234 APPENDIX B – IRB APPROVAL LETTER . 235 APPENDIX C – FORMAL RECRUITMENT LETTER . 236 APPENDIX D – FOLLOW UP RECRUITMENT EMAIL . 237 APPENDIX E – APPROVED ORAL CONSENT FORM . 238 APPENDIX F – DEMOGRAPHIC FORM . 239 APPENDIX G – INTERVIEW PROTOCOL . 241 APPENDIX H – COVER LETTER/INTERVIEW FOLLOW UP . 243 APPENDIX I – INTERVIEW FOLLOW UP LETTER . 244 REFERENCES . 245
Selective Cortical Alteration after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Very Immature Rat Brain

Distinctive cerebral lesions with disruptions to the developing white matter are found in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Although hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a causal pathway, the pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury in the VLBW infant is not fully understood. Pertinent murine models would facilitate the investigation of the processes leading to these cerebral lesions and enable the evaluation of therapeutic strategies. Postnatal d 3 (P3) rats are at a stage of cortical oligodendroglial maturation and axonal outgrowth similar to very preterm infants. Our aim was to characterize the effects of a focal hypoxic-ischemic injury at P3 on subsequent cerebral development. Three groups of P3 Wistar rats were investigated: group I underwent right carotid ligation followed by 6% hypoxia for 30 min (HI), group 2 had carotid ligation only, and group 3 had no intervention. At P21, in the HI group, the right cortical area was reduced compared with controls (p < 0.01). There were no significant alterations in the size of the dorsal hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. The cortical myelinated area was reduced in the HI animals compared with controls (p < 0.01). There was a corresponding loss of myelinated axons extending up into the cortex, with deep cortical neuronal and axonal architecture markedly disrupted. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistology showed a reactive gliosis in the deep parietal cortex (p < 0.01). Moderate HI injury in the immature rat brain compromised cortical growth and led to a selective alteration of cortical myelinated axons with persistent gliosis. These alterations induced at P3 by unilateral HI share neuropathological similarities with the diffuse white matter lesions found in VLBW infants.
Myelin‐associated glycoprotein and its axonal receptors

Myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) is expressed on the innermost myelin membrane wrap, directly apposed to the axon surface. Although it is not required for myelination, MAG enhances long‐term axon–myelin stability, helps to structure nodes of Ranvier, and regulates the axon cytoskeleton. In addition to its role in axon–myelin stabilization, MAG inhibits axon regeneration after injury; MAG and a discrete set of other molecules on residual myelin membranes at injury sites actively signal axons to halt elongation. Both the stabilizing and the axon outgrowth inhibitory effects of MAG are mediated by complementary MAG receptors on the axon surface. Two MAG receptor families have been described, sialoglycans (specifically gangliosides GD1a and GT1b) and Nogo receptors (NgRs). Controversies remain about which receptor(s) mediates which of MAG's biological effects. Here we review the findings and challenges in associating MAG's biological effects with specific receptors. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water footprint for Korean rice products and virtual water trade in a water-energy-food nexus

ABSTRACT One possible approach for addressing water and food insecurity involves food production, trade, and water used elsewhere. In this study, we introduce a water footprint for Korean rice products and focus on the impacts of localized cultivation and water supply systems on the water footprint. In addition, we discuss several studies on the application of water footprint and virtual water trade in water and food management in Korea. Finally, we suggest the role of water footprint and virtual water trade in sustainable resource management through a water-energy-food nexus approach.
Mechanisms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in the ferret

Transient lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) relaxation is the major mechanism of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in humans – an event unassociated with swallowing. Mechanisms involved in triggering transient LOS relaxation are poorly understood, and their further study requires a small animal model. In this study we aimed to establish methods for prolonged ambulant oesophageal manometry in ferrets, and to determine motor events associated with reflux episodes and their triggering by different gastric nutrient loads. Forty‐two studies were performed on nine ferrets with chronic cervical oesophagostomies, through which a manometric assembly was introduced and secured to a collar, which incorporated a microphone for detection of swallows. The assembly included a gastric feeding channel, one gastric and four oesophageal manometric sideholes, a 2.5‐cm‐long LOS sleeve sensor, and an oesophageal pH electrode. Intragastric infusions were given over 2 min, the first after a 30‐min control recording period, and in 29/42 studies, a second infusion was given 60 min later. Infusions were either 25 mL 10% dextrose solution, pH 3.5 (22 studies), 25 mL triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid) pH 3.5 (11 studies), or 25 mL air (nine studies). Episodes of oesophageal acidification were absent before gastric infusions. After infusion, 2.1 ± 0.2 episodes occurred over the first 30 min. After glucose infusion, 15/18 acidification episodes (83%) occurred during transient LOS relaxation, and 3/18 (17%) occurred after gradual (< 1 mmHg sec−1) downward drifts in basal LOSP to < 2 mmHg. After lipid infusion two acidification episodes occurred, both during transient LOS relaxation. Mean duration of transient LOS relaxation was 8.0 ± 0.4 sec. All infusions increased occurrence of transient LOS relaxation to a similar extent, each of which ended with primary peristalsis. We conclude that gastric infusion of glucose, lipid and gas are all effective in provoking gastro‐oesophageal reflux in ferrets. Reflux occurs through similar mechanisms to those seen in humans, i.e. increased triggering of transient LOS relaxation. The conscious ferret is therefore an appropriate model for future studies of manipulation of mechanisms giving rise to gastro‐oesophageal reflux.
Feedback of Eddy Currents in Layered Materials for Magnetic Speed Sensing

In this paper, we present a new analytical approach for studying the development and the influence of eddy currents in layered systems of cylindrical symmetry. It is based on the development of a scalar model and exploits a connection between the complete elliptic integral and infinite integrals of Bessel functions to find the solution in an analytic form. The method is specifically designed to help identify the critical model parameters and to understand their functional dependencies. In the context of magnetic speed sensor systems, connections between the feedback of eddy currents and critical parameters, such as penetration depth, lead frame thickness, and the position of the sensitive elements, are investigated, aiming to advocate on sensor layouts to improve signal stability. The developed formalism also bridges the gap between the scalar approach and the well-known off-axis magnetic field of a current loop. In addition, a collection of solutions for infinite integrals of Bessel functions is included of which only a few special cases are found in the literature.
Policy Identification of the Working Capital Management of Medium-Sized Business

Abstract Enterprises use working capital to meet the needs of the organizations in order to perform operational activities. Hence, in order to produce optimal results, companies require sufficient working capital. Medium-scale industries have great potential in driving the economy through output and employment. As such, the purpose of this research is to analyze the working capital management policy of mediumsized business. This research employs literature study method by compiling relevant literature on the research problems. The data analysis process of this research is divided into three stages: (1) data reduction, which includes summarizing, classifying main points, focusing on important facts, and finding patterns; (2) data display, which includes data compilation and systematic data presentation; and (3) conclusion drawing and verification, which presents the research conclusions on the problem statements. Research findings suggest that working capital policy is dependant upon loan term and interest rate, which means that longer loan period leads to higher interest. Long-term loan of working capital requires debtors to pay bigger interest than short-term loan, because creditors must take into consideration the risks of uncertain future. Companies with short cash conversion cycle suggest fast retrieval of accounts receivable, good inventory management, and slower payment to supplier while maintaining corporate credibility.
The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights

Oxidative (permanent) hair dyes contain one or several “primary intermediates” (e.g., p-phenylenediamines, p-aminophenols) and “couplers” (e.g., m-aminophenols, m-hydroxyphenols). In the presence of peroxide, the primary intermediate(s) and the coupler(s) undergo a chemical reaction to form colored oligomers. In the 1970s a number of aromatic amines used in oxidative hair dyes were identified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic in rodents after lifetime oral administration. In response, regulatory action was taken, and some hair dye ingredients were banned in the European Union. Although recent results suggest that the main “primary intermediate” of oxidative hair dyes, p-phenylenediamine, has a weak genotoxic potential in vitro, it was not mutagenic in a mixture with nonmutagenic couplers, if tested under conditions comparable to those of practical use. Under conditions of use of permanent hair dyes, between 0.1 and 0.5% of the applied p-phenylenediamine may be absorbed through the skin. Acetylation in the skin is a key metabolic step for the primary intermediates p-phenylenediamine and p-aminophenol. Because of the involvement of aromatic amines, the discussion on the carcinogenicity of hair dyes in humans has been focused on urothelial cancer. Numerous epidemiological studies have investigated the risk of bladder cancer associated with the profession as a hairdresser, as well as the risk to consumers of hair dyes. Although some earlier studies suggested an overrepresentation of bladder cancer in male hairdressers, the majority of modern studies do not show an increase in relevant bladder cancer risk for professional or personal use of oxidative hair dyes. Today, there seems to be no relevant bladder cancer risk from the use of oxidative hair dyes. Such a conclusion can be derived from new toxicokinetic and metabolism investigations and is in general accordance with current epidemiological data. Human urothelial cancers, chemically induced by aromatic amines, have typical latency times often longer than 20 years. Since earlier exposures could have an impact decades later, the possibility of bladder cancer in hairdressers having intensively worked with permanent hair dyes during earlier decades (prior to the 1980s) should be taken into account.