Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron transport through dangling-bond silicon wires on H-passivated Si(100)

We compute the electron transmission through different types of dangling-bond wire on Si(100)–H (2 × 1). Recent progress in the construction of atomic-size interconnects (Weber et al 2012 Science 335 64) shows the possibility to achieve atomic-size circuits via atomic-size wires using silicon surfaces. Hence, electron transport through quasi-1D Si-based structures is a compelling reality. Prior to these achievements, wires formed by controlled desorption of passivating H atoms off the monohydride Si(100) surface have been shown to be subject to 1D correlations and instabilities (Hitosugi et al 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4034). The present calculations are based on density functional theory and evaluate the electron transmission though the minimum-energy 1D structures that can be formed when creating dangling-bonds on Si(100)-(2 × 1)-H. The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to assess the transport properties of these atomic-size wires in the presence of 1D instabilities; (ii) to provide a fingerprint for experimental identification of the instability through the transport characteristics of the wires. To these aims, we evaluate the electron transport through the wires in the absence of instabilities, in the presence of distortions (Jahn–Teller instabilities) and in the presence of magnetic instabilities (ferro- and antiferro-ordering). We find that instabilities substantially reduce the transport capabilities of dangling-bond wires leading to transmissions that vary so differently with electron energy that an unambiguous identification of the wire type should be accessible in transport experiments.
Burnout in chairs of obstetrics and gynecology: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout in chairs of academic departments of obstetrics and gynecology, identify important stressors, and develop strategies to treat and prevent burnout. STUDY DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study of 131 chairs in the United States and Puerto Rico. We used a 6-part questionnaire focusing on demographics, potential stressors, satisfaction with personal and professional life, self-efficacy, burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), and support from the spouse/partner and family. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi(2) test for categorical variables and t test or analysis of variance for continuous variables. RESULTS Questionnaires were returned from 119 chairs, 110 men and 9 women, a response rate of 91%. Chairs had served an average of 7.2 years. They worked an average of 67.4 hours each week, spending 45% of their time in administrative duties, 31% in patient care, 15% in teaching, and 8% in research. Female chairs worked significantly more hours per week than male chairs, 76.9 versus 66.7 hours (P =.005). Chairs who had served >10 years worked significantly fewer hours each week than did those who had been chairs <5 years, 63.2 versus 69.2 hours (P =.04). The most significant stressors were hospital/departmental budget deficits, Medicare/Medicaid billing audits, loss of key faculty, union disputes, and faculty, resident, and staff dismissals. To deal with stress, chairs most often spent time with family and friends. Twenty-two percent of chairs were somewhat-very dissatisfied with their positions. The MBI-HSS revealed a high subscale score for emotional exhaustion, moderate-high for depersonalization, and high for personal accomplishment. High emotional exhaustion was observed in younger chairs, those who worked nearly 70 hours each week, and those with less spouse/partner support. Burnout was more common in new chairs. CONCLUSION Burnout in chairs of obstetrics and gynecology is characterized by a high level of emotional exhaustion, moderate-high depersonalization, and high personal accomplishment. These findings should be used to develop programs to improve the psychologic well-being of our academic leaders.
Congestion-Driven Placement Improvement Using Cell Spreading

As technology moves into VDSM arena, the integration density of ICs goes higher and higher. It makes the congestion a global issue, for it appears in many pieces on the chip while not only in some bins. Many methods proposed before just focused on reducing the congestion restrictedly in one bin, but can not handle the problem of global congestion effectively. In this paper, a congestion-driven placement method using cell spreading is proposed, which alters the routing supply and the routing demand by row or column uniformly. During the spreading process, cells move along the direction in which the congestion is cut down. The average routing demands are set to control the extent for cell spreading to avoid producing new congestion. The experiments show that our method can reduce the congestion by 31.4% in x direction and 22.1% in y direction on average while within 5% wire length being increased
A novel cabazitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle system with superior in vitro stability and long blood circulation time

Abstract Cabazitaxel (CTX) is a second-generation semisynthetic taxane that demonstrates antitumor activity superior to docetaxel. However, the low aqueous solubility of CTX has hampered its use as a therapeutic agent. In this work, CTX-loaded N-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine end-capped monomethyl poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (D,L-lactide) (mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc)/CTX) micelles were prepared to improve the solubility of CTX while retaining its superior stability before accessing the tumor site. The mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc)/CTX micelles showed excellent stability in vitro compared with mPEG-PLA/CTX micelles. When stored at 25 °C, the mPEG-PLA/CTX micelles tended to aggregate within 1 h, whereas the mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc)/CTX micelles were uniformly transparent even after three weeks. Dilution of mPEG-PLA/CTX micelles widened their size distribution and decreased the encapsulation efficiency, while significant change was not found in mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc)/CTX micelles, even when diluted 1000-fold. Pharmacokinetic results in Sprague–Dawley rats indicated that, compared with Jevtana®, intravenous administration of mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc)/CTX micelles stably retained the CTX in plasma with 26.03-fold larger of the area under the time–concentration curve, 2.13-fold longer of the half-life, and 9.99-fold higher of the maximum concentration. In conclusion, mPEG-PLA-Phe(Boc) micelle may be a potential nanocarrier not only to improve the solubility of CTX but also to prolong the blood circulation time, which results in improved biological activity.
Extracellular matrix produced by cultured corneal and aortic endothelial cells contains active tissue‐type and urokinase‐type plasminogen activators

Incubation of plasminogen with the subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by cultured bovine corneal and aortic endothelial cells resulted in generation of fibrinolytic activity, indicated by proteolysis of 125I‐fibrin in a time‐and dose‐dependent manner. Both tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA) were identified in the ECM by fibrin zymography, immunoblotting, and inhibition of plasminogen activation by anti‐u‐and anti‐t‐antibodies. Most of the ECM‐resident plasminogen activator (PA) activity did not originate from intracellular PA release occurring when the endothelial cells were lyzed and the ECM exposed, since a comparable amount of PA was associated with the ECM when the cells were lyzed with Triton X‐100 or removed intact by treatment with 2 M urea. Active u‐PA and t‐PA were released from ECM by treatment with heparanase (endo‐β‐D‐), indicating that some of the ECM‐resident PA activity is sequestered by heparan sulfate side chains. These results indicate that both u‐PA and t‐PA produced by endothelial cells are firmly sequestered in an active form by the subendothelial ECM. It is suggested that ECM‐resident plasminogen activators participate in sequential matrix degradation during cell invasion and tumor metastasis. PA activity may also function in release of ECM‐bound growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and activation of proenzymes (i.e., prothrombin), resulting in modulation of the ECM growth‐promoting and thrombogenic properties. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flexibility bites back: the multiple and hidden costs of flexible employment policies

Flexible labour markets are increasingly regarded as the answer to a wide spectrum of labour market and societal challenges from creating jobs to reducing segmentation and welfare dependency, improving public finances and supporting workforce diversity and innovation. The contention is that, contrary to these claims, flexible labour markets generate fundamental contradictions and unsustainable long-term trends. The jobs miracle is exaggerated and based on low productivity jobs, outsiders often lose most from competition, claimants must work flexibly but still secure a full-time wage, low-wage employment is shrinking the fiscal base, jobs are not being adjusted to accommodate workers' changing needs and capacities and the disposable labour model is undermining long-term productivity.
Primary CNS lymphoma

Background: Autopsy studies reveal that most primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL) extensively infiltrate the brain. To date, there has been no correlation of autopsy findings with a modern neuroimaging assessment of tumor burden. Objective: To correlate autopsy findings in PCNSL to MRI findings. Method: From the authors’ database of immunocompetent patients with PCNSL diagnosed between 1985 and 2001, 10 patients who died and had PCNSL at autopsy were identified. Their pathology was compared to MR scans obtained shortly before death. Results: The median patient age was 60 years (range 44 to 80 years). There were six men and four women. Scans were performed within 4 weeks of death in seven patients, within 3 months in two patients, and within 4 months in one. Seven had enhancing lesions consistent with recurrence, and two of the three had focal T2 abnormalities. All had periventricular white matter abnormalities on T2 MR images. At autopsy, all 10 patients had widespread lymphoma throughout the CNS, but no tumor was found systemically. All had tumor infiltration in CNS regions that were normal radiographically, including T2 sequences. Conclusions: MRI underestimates the tumor burden of PCNSL. Bulky disease is seen as a contrast-enhancing lesion because of disruption of the blood–brain barrier, but microscopic tumor infiltration may lead to T2 hyperintensity or be completely normal radiographically.
Long‐term renal function in pediatric liver and heart recipients

Abstract: Long‐term survivors of pediatric liver and heart transplantation are at risk for progressive renal dysfunction as a result of chronic exposure to calcineuron inhibitors. This class of drugs causes alterations in renal perfusion that can result in irreversible renal injury including afferent arteriopathy, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Approximately 3–6% of pediatric liver and heart recipients will develop end stage renal failure. A much larger percentage has chronic renal insufficiency and hypertension. Children with significant renal compromise in the pretransplant period and those with significantly elevated serum creatinine levels during the first post‐transplant year may be at the highest risk to develop irreversible renal injury in long‐term follow‐up. Serum creatinine is a poor screening tool as it rises late in the course when the injury may no longer be reversible. Strategies to minimize long‐term exposure to calcineuron inhibitors may reduce the prevalence of renal insufficiency in this vulnerable population.
Protective Efficacy of Commercial Newcastle Disease Vaccines Against Challenge of Goose Origin Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in Geese

Abstract Since 1997, severe outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in geese in many regions throughout China have resulted in high morbidity and mortality, and great economic loss to farmers; however, no licensed, specific vaccine is yet available for this disease in China. In this study, goslings were immunized with different combinations and dosages of several commercial ND vaccines including La Sota vaccine, Mukteswar vaccine, recombinant live vaccine against avian influenza (AI) and ND (rL-H5 strain), and inactivated ND oil-emulsion vaccine (La Sota strain). The protective effects were evaluated based upon the level of antibody response and the degree of protection against the goose-origin virulent NDV strain. The result showed that two doses (i.e., one more than that for chicken) of La Sota vaccine priming, followed by 2–5 doses of Mukteswar vaccine boosting 2–3 weeks later, not only induced higher HI antibody levels, but also conferred longer-lasting protection. This immunization procedure can be recommended for prevention of ND in geese. Eficacia protectora en gansos de las vacunas comerciales contra la enfermedad de Newcastle frente al desafío con un virus virulento de la enfermedad de Newcastle originado en gansos. Desde 1997, brotes severos de la enfermedad de Newcastle en gansos en muchas regiones de China, han resultado en alta morbilidad y mortalidad con grandes pérdidas económicas para los avicultores, sin embargo, ninguna vacuna específica está licenciada en China para el control de esta enfermedad. En este estudio se inmunizaron gansos con diferentes combinaciones y dosis de varias vacunas comerciales contra le enfermedad de Newcastle incluyendo vacuna con cepa La Sota, vacuna con cepa Mukteswar, vacuna recombinante viva contra influenza aviar y enfermedad de Newcastle (rL-cepa H5) y vacuna emulsionada en aceite para la enfermedad de Newcastle (cepa La Sota). Los efectos protectores fueron evaluados basándose en los niveles de respuesta de anticuerpos y el grado de protección contra la cepa virulenta del virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle. Los resultados mostraron que una vacunación inicial con dosis doble (dos veces más que para pollos) de un preparado con la vacuna cepa La Sota, seguido 2 a 3 semanas después con 2 a 5 dosis de la vacuna con la cepa Mukteswar, no sólo indujeron altos niveles de anticuerpos medidos por la prueba de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación, sino que también confirieron una protección prolongada. Este procedimiento de inmunización puede ser recomendado para la prevención de la enfermedad de Newcastle en gansos. Abbreviations: AI = avian influenza; AIV = avian influenza virus; HA = hemagglutination; HAU = hemagglutination unit; HI = hemagglutination inhibition; HN = hemagglutinin-neuraminidase; im = intramuscular injection; in = intranasal; LD50 = median lethal dose; nd = not done; ND = Newcastle disease; NDV = Newcastle disease virus; OEV = inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine; sc = subcutaneous; SPF = specific-pathogen-free
Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) received reports of 593 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the US between June 1, 1981, and September 15, 1982. Death occurred in 243 (41%) of these cases. The incidence of AIDS by date of diagnosis has roughly doubled every 6 months since late-1979, and an average of 1-2 cases are now diagnosed per day. The mortality rate for cases diagnosed over 1 year ago exceeds 60%. About 80% of AIDS cases are concentrated in 6 metropolitan areas, primarily on the east and west coasts. 75% of AIDS cases have involved homosexual or bisexual men, among whom the reported prevalence of intravenous drug abuse was 12%. Among the 20% of heterosexual cases, the prevalence of intravenous drug abuse was 60%. Reported AIDS cases can be separated into groups based on the following risk factors: homosexual or bisexual males--75%, intravenous drug abusers with no history of homosexual activity--13%, Haitians with neither a history of homosexuality or intravenous drug abuse--6%, persons with hemophilia A with no other risk factors--0.3%, and persons in none of the other groups--5%. 51% of AIDS victims had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) without Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), 30% had KS without PCP, 7% had both PCP and KS, and 12% had opportunistic infection alone. The overall mortality rate for cases of PCP without KS (47%) was more than twice that for cases of KS without PCP (21%), while the rate for cases of both PCP and KS (68%) was more than 3 times as great. The mortality rate for opportunistic infection with neither PCP or KS was 48%.
Approaches for Business Model Representation: An Overview

Explicitly representing a business model facilitates the understanding, analysis, and innovation of its underlying logic. For representing business models, numerous approaches have been suggested in the literature. They differ greatly in their understanding of the business model concept, the approach for representation, the terminology, and the notational elements they use. This impedes the diffusion of the representational approaches in business practice and the development of a cumulative research tradition. Our contributions are twofold: Based on a comprehensive literature review, we provide (I) a synthesizing framework for classifying approaches for business model representation, and (II) a terminological and conceptual synthesis of the notational elements. Thereby, practitioners are supported in selecting the most suitable representation for a specific purpose. For researchers, our work provides the basis to develop a more cumulative stream of research.
Adult tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) survival on the polychlorinated biphenyl‐contaminated Housatonic River, Massachusetts, USA

Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were captured and banded at six sites that differed in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination levels in the Housatonic River watershed, western Massachusetts, USA, from 2000 through 2004 to test the prediction that apparent survival rates of females in more contaminated areas were lower than those from less contaminated areas. We also tested whether plumage coloration affected over‐winter survival and whether concentrations of PCBs in eggs differed between birds that did and that did not return the following year. Apparent survival rates were calculated using mark—recapture methods and compared using Akaike's Information Criterion. Model‐adjusted survival rates ranged from 0.365 to 0.467 for PCB‐contaminated females and between 0.404 and 0.476 for reference females. Models with either survival or capture probability modeled as functions of treatment (degree of PCB contamination), year, and age received some support. The model‐averaged parameter estimate reflecting a treatment effect for high‐PCB birds was negative ( = −0.046, SE() = 0.0939). Fifty‐four percent of the total model weights involved models in which survival was a function of PCB treatment. Eggs were collected for contaminant analyses from a random sample of females that did and that did not return the following year. Concentrations of total PCBs were the same or higher in the eggs of females that returned compared to the eggs of those that did not return at both the highly and the moderately contaminated PCB sites. This may have resulted from higher‐quality females with higher lipid reserves being more likely than lower‐quality females to return the following year. Percentage lipid was positively correlated with total PCBs in eggs. Survival rates were similar among swallows with brown versus blue plumage.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Retrocorneal Membranes and Corneal Scars

We studied the localization and distribution of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in corneal scar tissue and membranes using in situ hybridization in 8 corneas from keratoplasty and 4 normal corneas. Identification of the cells was done with immunohistochemistry for SM-α-actin, vimentin, and Lu5. CTGF mRNA was found in activated corneal fibroblasts in 7 of 8 scars, 7 of 8 retrocorneal membranes and 2 subepithelial membranes, whereas the control corneas showed no CTGF mRNA expression. Vimentin was positive in all scars, retrocorneal and subepithelial membranes, SM-α-actin in 7 of 8 scars and 6 of 8 retrocorneal membranes. These results suggest that CTGF plays a crucial role in corneal wound healing and membrane formation.
Handheld terminal vs. bodyworn antenna systems: A comparative study of MIMO systems performance

In this paper a comparative study of MIMO systems performance is presented by investigating a bodyworn antenna system and a handheld terminal system, taking into account the presence of the user's body. The effects of the correlation coefficient, the radiation efficiency and the number of receiving antennas on MIMO channel capacity are addressed. Extensive study is carried out to examine how these three parameters influence the performance of the two MIMO systems under study, in order to be able to select between a handheld multiple antennas terminal and a bodyworn multiple antennas system for a MIMO system implementation.
'The Rise of Non-State Actors in Cyberwarfare'

This chapter focuses on the rise of non-state actors in cyberwarfare and its impact on international law. The first part considers how digital technologies stimulated an increasing role for non-state actors in the international system, accelerating the demise of the state as primary actor of international law. Moreover, through a taxonomical analysis of non-state actors operating in cyberspace, it examines their present and future role in cyberwarfare, their relationship with the states, and their peculiar structures and modi operandi. The second part evaluates the challenges to international law posed by the non-state actors' involvement in this new paradigm of warfare. It considers how their participation in cyberwar may be covered by the traditional corpus of norms regulating armed conflicts. Furthermore, it addresses issues related to the attribution of the act and the ability of the state to respond to cyber threats deriving from non-state actors under the law of self-defense.
Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of butorphanol administered by single intravenous injection or continuous intravenous infusion in horses.

OBJECTIVE To determine an infusion rate of butorphanol tartrate in horses that would maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations while minimizing development of adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography following administration of butorphanol by single IV injection (0.1 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight) or continuous IV infusion (loading dose, 17.8 microg/kg; infusion dosage, 23.7 microg/kg/h for 24 hours). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, and changes in physical examination data, gastrointestinal tract transit time, and behavior were determined over time. RESULTS A single IV injection of butorphanol was associated with adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects including ataxia, decreased borborygmi, and decreased defecation. Elimination half-life of butorphanol was brief (44.37 minutes). Adverse gastrointestinal tract effects were less apparent during continuous 24-hour infusion of butorphanol at a dosage that resulted in a mean plasma concentration of 29 ng/ml, compared with effects after a single IV injection. No adverse behavioral effects were observed during or after continuous infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Continuous IV infusion of butorphanol for 24 hours maintained plasma butorphanol concentrations within a range associated with analgesia. Adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects were minimized during infusion, compared with a single injection of butorphanol. Continuous infusion of butorphanol may be a useful treatment to induce analgesia in horses.