Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Criteria for Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Implications for the Practicing Clinician

Background:In most research studies and clinical trials, Alzheimer disease (AD) has been diagnosed using the criteria developed by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association work group in 1984. Developments over the last 27 years have lead to the need for new diagnostic criteria. Review Summary:Four articles in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia in 2011 describe new criteria for AD dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to the AD pathophysiological process (MCI due to AD) and the underlying rationale for them. These new criteria emphasize that the AD pathophysiological process starts years and perhaps decades before clinical symptoms, and that biomarkers can be used to detect amyloid &bgr; deposition and the effects of neurodegeneration in the brain. Conclusions:These new criteria are immediately helpful to the practicing clinician, providing more accurate and specific guidelines for the diagnosis of AD dementia and MCI due to AD. As new diagnostic tools and new treatments for AD become available, diagnosis using these criteria will enable patients with this disorder to receive the best possible care.
Hyperactivity of Human DNase I Variants

Human DNase I, an enzyme used to treat cystic fibrosis patients, has been engineered to more effectively degrade double-stranded DNA to lower molecular weight forms by introducing positively charged amino acids at positions that can interact favorably with the proximal negatively charged phosphate groups of the DNA. A series of combination mutants having from one to six additional basic residues compared with the wild type has been constructed, expressed in human 293 cells, and characterized. The degree of hyperactivity for the mutants was highly dependent upon the conditions in various assays, including the concentration and length of the DNA substrate and the salt and divalent metal ion concentrations. The level of hyperactivity was inversely proportional to both DNA concentration and DNA length, consistent with the processive nicking mechanism for the hyperactive variants. Salt was inhibitory for wild type DNase I but actually enhanced the activity of the hyperactive variants. Under optimal conditions for wild type, variants with one additional positive charge possessed the highest activity, which was only severalfold greater than that for wild type. However, in the presence of low DNA concentrations and molecular weights, no Ca2+, and 150 mm NaCl, the variant with six engineered basic residues was most active, having >10,000-fold higher activity than the wild type enzyme. Therefore, any potential increase in potency for the hyperactive variants in vivo will be determined by the concentration, length, and environment of the DNA.
CONCEPTUALISING THE PROCESS OF HYPERMEDIA SEDUCTION

This paper presents work in progress towards the development of a model of hypermedia seduction. Our goal is to provide developers and researchers with a holistic perspective of this significant process. Hypermedia seduction relates to the orchestration of specific actions and elements that facilitate the onset of desired changes within a user’s behaviour. Emphasis is placed on behavioural and emotional aspects of the user. The concepts presented suggest that seduction may enhance the formation of more meaningful user relationships. It is anticipated these ideas will influence future directions in hypermedia research. ©University of Glamorgan. 2003 All Rights Reserved.
达芬奇机器人手术系统与电视胸腔镜在胸内纵隔疾病手术治疗中的对比研究

背景与目的 近年来达芬奇机器人手术系统（da Vinci robot system）应用于治疗胸内纵隔疾病日趋成熟。 本研究通过总结沈阳军区总医院近3年来在纵隔疾病中行手术治疗的临床病例资料，探讨达芬奇机器人手术系统在手术中的疗效；并比较其与电视胸腔镜在纵隔手术中的优缺点，展望达芬奇机器人手术系统在纵隔手术中的应用前景。 方法 选择2010年1月-2013年11月沈阳军区总医院行达芬奇机器人手术及电视胸腔镜下（含胸腔镜辅助小切口）手术的胸内纵隔疾病患者共203例。 对两组的手术时间、术中失血量、术后3天内引流总量、术后拔管时间、术后住院时间、手术费用进行比较，结果应用SPSS 19. 0进行相关分析。 结果 两组共203例患者均顺利完成手术。 术后恢复良好，无围手术期死亡病例。 手术时间机器人组为82（20-320）min，电视胸腔镜组89（35-360）min，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 术中出血量：机器人组为10（1-100）mL，电视胸腔镜组50（3-1, 500）mL；术后72 h引流量：机器人组215（0-2, 220）mL，电视胸腔镜组350（50-1, 810）mL；术后拔管时间：机器人组3（0-10）d，电视胸腔镜组5（1-18）d；术后住院天数：机器人组7（2-15）d，电视胸腔镜组9（2-50）d；手术费用：机器人组（18, 983.6±4, 461.2）元，电视胸腔镜组（9, 351.9±2, 076.3）元，以上指标两组比较差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。 结论 达芬奇机器人手术与电视胸腔镜手术在胸内纵隔疾病的手术时间相当，在手术安全性以及术后快速恢复上均优于胸腔镜手术，但手术费用也比胸腔镜手术明显增加。
A Study of the Impact of Freezing on the Lyophilization of a Concentrated Formulation with a High Fill Depth

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of freezing on the lyophilization of a concentrated formulation with a high fill depth. A model system consisting of a 15-mL fill of 15% (w/w) sulfobutylether 7-beta-cyclodextrin (SBECD) solution in a 30-mL vial was selected for this study. Various freezing methods including single-step freezing, two-step freezing with a super-cooling holding, annealing, vacuum-induced freezing, changing ice habit using tert-butyl-alcohol (TBA), ice nucleation with silver iodide (AgI), as well as combinations of some of the methods, were used in the lyophilization of this model system. This work demonstrated that the freezing process had a significant impact on primary drying rate and product quality of a concentrated formulation with a high fill depth. Annealing, vacuum-induced freezing, and addition of either TBA or an ice nucleating agent (AgI) to the formulation accelerated the subsequent ice sublimation process. Two-step freezing or addition of TBA improved the product quality by eliminating vertical heterogeneity within the cake. The combination of two-step freezing in conjunction with an annealing step was shown to be a method of choice for freezing in the lyophilization of a product with a high fill depth. In addition to being an effective method of freezing, it is most applicable for scaling up. An alternative approach is to add a certain amount of TBA to the formulation, if the TBA-formulation interaction or regulatory concerns can be demonstrated as not being an issue. An evaluation of vial size performed in this study showed that although utilizing large-diameter vials to reduce the fill depth can greatly shorten the cycle time of a single batch, it will substantially decrease the product throughput in a large-scale freeze-dryer.
REGENERATION OF THYMUS GRAFTS. I. HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL ASPECTS

The regeneration of thymus tissue in a subcutaneous site or under the renal capsule has been studied histologically and cytologically in mice. The pattern of regeneration, under normal circumstances, was arbitrarily divided into four stages. Necrosis affected all cell types in the centre of the implant during the first 24 to 48 hours after grafting and only a peripheral rim of viable tissue containing both epithelial and lymphoid elements was left (stage I). During the next 2 days intense mitotic activity became evident in the lymphoid rim (stage II), and by 5 to 6 days the typical structure of the thymus cortex was restored (stage III). By day S normal thymus architecture with characteristic cortico-medullary lobules became evident (stage IV). For about the first 2 weeks the cells dividing in the graft were entirely derived from donor cells surviving in the peripheral rim of the original implant. During the 3rd week, host cells were found dividing in the graft and by 21 days the dividing donor cell population had been entirely replaced by host cells. The only significant difference between the regeneration of subcutaneous and subcapsular implants was an earlier invasion by host cells in the former. Pretreatment of the host by thymectomy, irradiation, or both, caused some delay in the regeneration pattern of some syngeneic implants. Thymus tissue grafted to normal allogeneic hosts lost the lymphocytes surviving the initial transplantation injury and failed to undergo lymphoid differentiation. Only an epithelial-reticular framework with myelopoietic foci and scattered small darkly staining dense round cells, referred to as “small lymphocyte-like cells,” were present between the 2nd and 7th day. Between 7 and 11 days the grafts were heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes and histiocytes and they were subsequently rejected. Preirradiation of the host allowed some lymphoid differentiation in some allogeneic grafts but these too were sub
LONG TERM MAINTENANCE OF HORMONE RESPONSIVENESS IN PRIMARY HEPATOCYTE CULTURE

Hormone responsiveness of hepatocytes often reflects the state of development of liver. ' Our objectives are: 1. To set up hormonally sensitive rat hepatocytes in culture. 2. To determine the factors required for the maintenance of this responsiveness. The initial effort is to study the responsiveness of this primary culture to glucagon and epinephrine in terms of their effect on the accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP. cultures were prepared from adult or fetal (about 17 days in gestation) rat liver? ' The culture was maintained in arginine-deficient Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium containing 10% dialyzed and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. The medium was changed every three to four days. To study the hormone response of hepatocytes, the culture was exposed to glucagon, isoproterenol or prostaglandin El for 3 min at 25", intracellular cyclic AMP was extracted with boiling water and the concentration of cyclic AMP was measured by a radioimmunoassay. " Glucagon receptors on hepatocytes were measured by the binding of 1251-glucagon.5 Hepatocytes from both fetal and adult rats were poorly responsive to glucagon and isoproterenol after dispersion with collagenase, presumably due to a loss of cell surface receptors caused by proteolytic activity. Fetal hepatocytes, when cultured in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum, became insensitive to glucagon and remained poorly responsive to isoproterenol as judged by their effect on cyclic AMP accumulation. The responsiveness to glucagon and isoproterenol could be partially restored by chemicals, such as butyrate or I-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, known to induce differentiation in cell cultures.63 'When hydrocortisone and insulin were included in the medium, both glucagon receptors and their effect on cyclic AMP accumulation were induced. As adult hepatocytes were more responsive to glucagon, these cells were used for monitoring the induction of this particular response. In the absence of hydrocortisone, the plating eficiency of adult hepatocytes was very low and the cells eventually died. With the addition of hydrocortisone and insulin, effects of both glucagon and isoproterenol on cyclic AMP accumulation in adult hepatocytes appeared within four hours and reached a maximum in about three days. By contrast, the effect of prostaglandin required about one week for full restoration. This primary culture of adult hepatocytes remained hormonally responsive for at least seven weeks. Under this culture condition, no significant increase in cell number was observed for both adult and fetal hepatocytes. The biochemical basis for the effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the induction of functional glucagon receptors is currently being investigated. Prima
Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and other illnesses. This study's objective was to determine the association of prior mild TBI with the subsequent diagnosis (that is, at least 1 year postinjury) of neurological or psychiatric disease. METHODS All studies from January 1995 to February 2012 reporting TBI as a risk factor for diagnoses of interest were identified by searching PubMed, study references, and review articles. Reviewers abstracted the data and assessed study designs and characteristics. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. A random effects meta-analysis revealed a significant association of prior TBI with subsequent neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the development of any illness subsequent to prior TBI was 1.67 (95% CI 1.44-1.93, p < 0.0001). Prior TBI was independently associated with both neurological (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.31-1.83, p < 0.0001) and psychiatric (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.50-2.66, p < 0.0001) outcomes. Analyses of individual diagnoses revealed higher odds of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, depression, mixed affective disorders, and bipolar disorder in individuals with previous TBI as compared to those without TBI. This association was present when examining only studies of mild TBI and when considering the influence of study design and characteristics. Analysis of a subset of studies demonstrated no evidence that multiple TBIs were associated with higher odds of disease than a single TBI. CONCLUSIONS History of TBI, including mild TBI, is associated with the development of neurological and psychiatric illness. This finding indicates that either TBI is a risk factor for heterogeneous pathological processes or that TBI may contribute to a common pathological mechanism.
ON MICROTUBULES AND NUCLEI MOTILITY IN THE POLLEN TUBE OF OLIVE ( OLEA EUROPAEA L . ) MARĺA

In order to study microtubule organization during pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Olea europaea, we applied immunofluorescence microscopy using mouse monoclonal antibody against α-tubulin as primary antibody and FITC-conjugated goat antimouse IgG as secondary antibody. DAPI enabled observation of the vegetative nucleus entering the emerging pollen tube before the generative cell. The latter then overtakes the vegetative nucleus once both are inside the pollen tube. The generative cell remains ahead of the vegetative nucleus until it is finally divided into two gametes. This cell division occurs when the generative cell is close to the tip of the pollen tube. Possible connections between microtubules and nuclear migration in the pollen tube are discussed.
An Acquired Inhibitor to Factor X In a Pediatric Patient with Extensive Burns

Purpose: An acquired inhibitor to factor X is an uncommon clinical finding in the pediatric population. We report the development of this type of inhibitor in a pediatric patient with extensive burns. Patients and Methods: The patient's clinical course was complicated by persistent blood loss from the burn site. Results: Characterization of the inhibitor demonstrated that it bound to the light chain of factor X. Conclusions: The inhibitor disappeared after treatment with i.v. immunoglobulin.
A preliminary anatomical study on carotid body of Makouei sheep

The carotid is a small mass of chemoreceptor's and sustentacular cells that detects changes in the composition of the arterial blood. The aim of the present study was to identify the size, color, location, blood and nerve supply of the carotid body in Makouei sheep. Fourteen heads of sheep from both sexes were collected from Urmia public slaughter-house. The exact situation and nerve supply of the carotid body was determined. Before dissection, blue latex was injected into right and left common carotid arteries. All the branches of the common carotid artery and the branch supplying carotid body were investigated. This study showed that, carotid body in sheep has been situated around the muscular branch of the occipital artery. The mean weight, width and length, thickness of carotid body were 0.01 g, 0.83 mm, 1.07 mm, and 1.06 mm respectively. Blood to the carotid body was supplied by glomic artery which was a branch of occipital artery. It was innervated by herring nerve which was a branch of glossopharyngeal nerve.
Practicability and safety of laser-assisted reduction surgery

Abstract. We have presented an innovative laser-assisted reduction surgery (LARS) based on plasma-induced ablation and photodisruption effects. In addition, we developed a laser operation system. Fetuses of mice from the Institute for Cancer Research that were immersed in physiological saline were irradiated by convergent-pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse width of 6 ns, and pulse energy of 50 mJ. The hearts of the postirradiated fetuses were significantly damaged, which resulted in rapid fetal death. We also substantiated the safety of LARS by analyzing the heat distribution of the induced laser pulse with thermal distribution equations. The results demonstrate that this innovative method for pregnancy reduction is feasible.
Facing disasters

“My PTSD is about a third better. You don’t realize how stressful doctoring is until you’re not doing it anymore. ” My friend and ex-partner, an echocardiographer, told me this 4 months after he retired. He selfdiagnosed PTSD from his career as a cardiologist, and estimated it would last years into retirement, perhaps forever. As a fellow, he had wanted to become an interventional cardiologist, but he knew he could not take the stress. We don’t talk about the stress we experience as cardiovascular interventionalists, and a literature search turned up almost nothing on the topic. I suspect that stress, like Voldemort in the Harry Potter books, is That Which Must Not Be Named among interventional cardiologists. Several factors prompt us to push stress under the rug. First, interventional cardiovascular medicine is (unfortunately) a male-dominated specialty [2] and men are famous for hiding stress behind a façade of bravado. Second, if one acknowledges stress then one must deal with it, and dealing with stress is difficult [3,4]. Finally, the frantic pace of professional life gives us no time to pause and acknowledge or deal with stress. If your patient dies on the table after prolonged resuscitation, how can you take time to de-brief yourself and the team when you have 5 more cases to complete in that day? Cardiac interventionalists experience many types of stress, but three types are common. The first is the stress of treating patients, common to all physicians, that leads to high levels of burn-out and suicide within the medical profession [5]. It starts during training. Depression and burnout occur in 29% of all residents
Diagnostic difficulties in ‘non‐mycotic’ cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases

The diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases is an area of bewildering complexity to many histopathologists. This article concentrates on ‘non‐mycotic’ cutaneous diseases. The ‘current state of the diagnostic art’ is critically assessed. Cutaneous ‘pseudolymphoma’ is relegated to the position of an aid‐memoire and is not a diagnosis. Inadequacies in the classification of cutaneous lymphoma are discussed and the non‐specificity of many histopathological features is highlighted. The status of specific entities is analysed and the contribution of modern investigative techniques in diagnosis is evaluated. This includes cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas with a detailed consideration of large cell lymphoma heterogeneity. Cutaneous B‐cell diseases are shown to be an unresolved diagnostic maze and the necessity for new clearly defined diagnostic criteria is emphasized. Evidence is presented to show that many cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases lie on continuous spectra that, initially, are probably antigenically driven, and that a diagnosis is best achieved by a multifaceted approach. This is exemplified by cutaneous diseases that have origins from both B‐ (cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia/lymphoma) and T‐cells (lymphomatoid papulosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis and mycosis fungoides). The future diagnostic role of the polymerase chain reaction and cytogenetic analysis is discussed. Intriguingly, recent molecular evidence has shown that lymphomatoid papulosis, cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, CD30 positive large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease can originate from a single T‐cell clone and display an identical chromosomal translocation and T‐cell receptor rearrangement. Careful clinico‐pathological correlation combined with prolonged patient follow‐up remains the gold standard for diagnosis.
In vivo metabolism study of vaccarin in rat using HPLC-LTQ-MSn.

In order to illustrate the main biotransformation pathways of vaccarin in vivo, metabolites of vaccarin in rats were identified using a specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LTQ XL™) method. The rats were administered a single dose (200 mg/kg) of vaccarin by oral gavage. By comparing their changes in molecular masses (ΔM), retention times and spectral patterns with those of the parent drug, the parent compound and six metabolites were found in rat urine after oral administration of vaccarin. The parent compound and five metabolites were detected in rat plasma. In heart, liver and kidney samples, respectively, one, four and three metabolites were identified, in addition to the parent compound. Three metabolites, but no trace of parent drug, were found in the rat feces. This is the first systematic metabolism study of vaccarin in vivo. The biotransformation pathways of vaccarin involved methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation.
Acinetobacter infection – an emerging threat to human health

The genus Acinetobacter comprises a complex and heterogeneous group of bacteria, many of which are capable of causing a range of opportunistic, often catheter‐related, infections in humans. However, Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as its close relatives belonging to genomic species 3 (“Acinetobacter pittii”) and 13TU (“Acinetobacter nosocomialis”), are important nosocomial pathogens, often associated with epidemic outbreaks of infection, that are only rarely found outside of a clinical setting. These organisms are frequently pandrug‐resistant and are capable of causing substantial morbidity and mortality in patients with severe underlying disease, both in the hospital and in the community. Several epidemic clonal lineages of A. baumannii have disseminated worldwide and seem to have a selective advantage over non‐epidemic strains. The reasons for the success of these epidemic lineages remain to be elucidated, but could be related to the potential of these organisms to achieve very dynamic reorganization and rapid evolution of their genome, including the acquisition and expression of additional antibiotic resistance determinants, under fluctuating environmental and selective conditions. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(12): 1048–1054, 2011
Regulation of Erythropoiesis in Fetus and Mother During Normal Pregnancy

The activity of the hormone erythropoietin was assayed (1) in the amniotic fluid of healthy women in the tenth to 16th weeks of pregnancy who had artificial interruption of pregnancy and (2) in the urinary output of healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Erythropoietin activity in concentrated urine increased significantly between the 24th and 31st weeks of pregnancy. No erythropoietin activity was demonstrated in amniotic fluid at the tenth week of pregnancy, even when the fluid was concentrated, but it was demonstrated in concentrated amniotic fluid from the 11th to 16th weeks. The assay results prove, indirectly, the hypothesis that increased production of erythrocytes in pregnancy is mediated by the erythropoietin humoral mechanism in both fetus and mother. Erythropoiesis in the fetus probably is regulated by erythropoietin as early as the 11th week of pregnancy.