Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the Effects of Study Time and Study Strategy on Undergraduate Test Performance

Study time is frequently positively associated with memory performance (e.g., d’Ydewalle, Swerts, & Corte, 1983), a principle known as the total time hypothesis (first reported by Ebbinghaus, 1885). When provided with a finite amount of study material, students who study longer score better on tests (Cooper & Pantle, 1967). As a result, study time and academic success are often considered complementary (Karpicke, Butler, & Roediger, 2009; Kornell & Bjork, 2007; Landrum, Turrisi, & Brandel, 2006). In a series of studies observing junior high, high school, and undergraduate students, Christopoulos, Rohwer, and Thomas (1987) and Dellucchi, Rohwer, and Thomas (1987) found that study time increased with grade level. This increase in study time was attributed to an increase in the workload demands of classwork at higher grade levels (Christopoulos et al., 1987). Alternatively, in a similar set of studies, Curley, Estrin, Thomas, & Rohwer (1983) and Thomas, Iventosch, and Rohwer (1987) suggested that changes in study time can be attributed to the demands and characteristics of the coursework. In an effort to explore the effects of coursework on study time, d’Ydewalle et al. (1983) found that students who were anticipating a more difficult test studied longer, and might have used more elaborative study strategies. Additionally, the students expecting a more difficult test performed better, regardless of the actual difficulty of the test (d’Ydewalle et al., 1983). These findings, in ABSTRACT. Increased study time is associated with improved memory. Students tend to use study time as a benchmark for gauging how prepared they are for a test. While studying, students tend to rely on rote memorization. This has led to students using judgments of processing fluency to determine their level of understanding for the study material. Elaboration, or active learning, is also associated with improved memory. The effects of elaboration appear to be confounded with study time. Two experiments were conducted to disentangle the effects of study time and study strategy on test performance. For both experiments, participants read an article, were randomly assigned to study elaboration or memorization flashcards, and took a test. In Experiment 1, study time was not controlled. Experiment 2 followed the same procedure as Experiment 1 except participants were randomly assigned to study for 7.5 or 15 minutes. For Experiment 1, the elaboration group studied longer (they had more to study), but were actually more efficient than the memorization group. The elaboration and memorization groups scored better on the test than the control group. For Experiment 2, the extended study condition scored better than the brief study condition, and the elaboration condition scored better than the memorization condition. There was no interaction between the study time and study strategy conditions. These findings suggest that study time and study strategy act independently to affect test performance.
Cristallogenèse et caractérisations du diphosphate Na2ZnP2O7 pur et dopé et de la solution solide de type pérovskite Na(1x)BaxNb(1x)TixO3

Les proprietes physiques d'un materiau sont intimement liees a sa structure cristalline et dans le cas d'ions dopants aux sites qu'ils occupent. La premiere partie de ce travail est dediee au materiau diphosphate de sodium et de zinc Na2ZnP2O7, cristallise out vitreux et ceci pour les ions dopants Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ et Eu3+. Les phases cristallisees ont ete obtenues par la methode Czochralski, les verres par trempe a partir de l'etat fondu. Un ensemble de caracteristiques physiques ont ete mises en jeu (Raman, infrarouge, RPE, absorption optique, luminescence) pour determiner les sites occupes par les ions dopants et l'influence sur les proprietes optiques. La deuxieme partie de cet travail consiste a une meilleure connaissance des materiaux dielectriques sans plomb appartenant a la famille perovskite et plus particulierement a la solution solide NaNbO3-BaTiO3. Des monocistaux ont ete obtenus par la methode des flux et caracterises en utilisant plusieurs techniques : diffraction X, microanalyse, evolution thermique des domaines ferroelectriques-ferroelastiques, mesures dielectriques, piezoelectriques et pyroelectriques.
Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios

: Most scenarios on instruments limiting global warming in line with the 1.5 °C temperature limit of the Paris Agreement rely on overshooting the emissions threshold, thus requiring the application of negative emission technologies later on. Subsequently, the debate on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) (frequently subsumed under “geoengineering”) has been reinforced. Yet, it does not determine normatively whether those are legally valid approaches to climate protection. After taking a closer look at the scope of climate scenarios and SRM methods compiling current research and opinions on SRM, this paper analyses the feasibility of geoengineering and of SRM in particular under international law. It will be shown that from the perspective of human rights, the Paris Agreement, and precautionary principle the phasing-out of fossil fuels and the reduction in consumption of livestock products as well as nature-based approaches such as sustainable—and thus climate and biodiversity-smart—forest, peatland, and agricultural management strongly prevail before geoengineering and atmospheric SRM measures in particular. However, as all of the atmospheric SRM methods are in their development phase, governance options to effectively frame further exploration of SRM technologies are proposed, maintaining that respective technologies thus far are not a viable means of climate protection.
Contributions of place-based social-ecological research to address global sustainability challenges

[ ]achieving global sustainability targets such as the Global Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or the future Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Post-2020 Agenda for biodiversity conservation requires better understanding of social-ecological interactions between regions and across spatial scales [ ]the IPBES Global Assessment reported that demand for material benefits, such as food or biofuels, is predominantly from higher- and middle-income countries, while its provision tends to originate from land-use systems in middle- and lower-income countries (Díaz et al , 2019) [ ]the extraction and exchange of material benefits are often negotiated between powerful social actors and institutions, often leading to unequal distributions of economic and environmental benefits and costs among actors and between regions (Díaz et al , 2019;Folke et al , 2019;Martín-López et al , 2019;Österblom et al , 2015) Improving current understanding of cross-scale social-ecological dynamics in order to better identify those dynamics that lead to unsustainable and unjust futures and the governance systems that promote sustainability and justice are – arguably – two of the most salient challenges for sustainability science today
Complete mitochondrial genome of Siamese cobra (Naja kaouthia) determined using next-generation sequencing

Abstract Siamese cobra (Naja kaouthia) exhibits highly toxic venom, which causes morbidity and mortality. Accurate species identification through molecular approaches is very important to administer correct antivenoms. The Siamese cobra mitogenome contains 17,203 bp with slight AT bias (58.2%) containing 37 genes in identical order to snake mitogenomes; no tandem repeat was found in the control region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Siamese and other cobras had highly supported monophyletic clades similar to the genus Naja and close relationships with other elapid snakes. Our results will facilitate clinical diagnosis and enrich genomic resources for future evolutionary studies and conservation management.
Comparison of Seed Treatments on the Germination of Seven Passion Fruit Species

Species within the Passifloraceae family are primarily native to regions with tropical climates. Passiflora is a large genus in the family Passifloraceae consisting of approximately 500 species, most of which are cultivated for edible fruits, pharmaceutical properties, and ornamental characteristics (Vanderplank, 1996). Most species are herbaceous, perennial vines with a rapid growth rate. Some of them like maypop (P. incarnata) are considered weeds due to their rampant growth (Wehtje et al., 1985).
Accuracy of MRI and Ultrasound in the diagnosis of placenta accreta in susceptible women referred to Tabriz gynecology hospitals

Introduction: Placenta accreta has very dangerous effects for mother and baby; timely diagnosis of this complication can decrease the maternal and neonatal health. Due to the lack of MRI use for timely diagnosis of placenta accreta in Iran, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the accuracy of MRI and ultrasound in the diagnosis of placenta accreta in susceptible women referred to gynecology hospitals in Tabriz. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Tabriz gynecology hospitals during 2015-2016 with the participation of 38 susceptible women to placenta accreta. After examination, the patients were referred to the imaging center (ultrasound and MRI) and the results of imaging were compared with the results of after cesarean. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20) and McNemar test. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: MRI examinations showed that 17 patients (89.47) had placenta accreta, while ultrasound examination showed that 12 (63.15) had placenta accreta. Comparison of the specificity and sensitivity showed that Ultrasound sensitivity (70) and specificity (93) were significantly lower than MRI sensitivity (79) (p=0.048) and specificity (100) (p=0.039). Conclusion: The accuracy, sensitivity, and predictive power of MRI technique in timely detection of this dangerous complication were very good compared to ultrasound and can be used in women susceptible to placenta accreta.
Online Energy Scheduling Policies in Energy Harvesting Enabled D2D Communications

Energy efficiency plays a vital role in device-to-device communications, which has been recognized as a key challenge. In this article, we study the implications of the peak power constraints and processing cost on the energy scheduling policy, and find that the peak power should be used around the time slots of each energy arrival, and the only time slot in which the intermittent communication may occur is the last time slot. A new optimal energy scheduling algorithm is devised based on these observations. Also, we propose a near-optimal energy scheduling algorithm that simultaneously takes into account the peak power constraints and the processing cost. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy scheduling algorithm and the validity of the mathematical analyses.
Psychological responses and related factors of college students in Shaan’xi during COVID-19 outbreak/ 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the psychological responses and related factors of college students in Shaan’xi during the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to provide reference for the psychological intervention for college students. @*Methods@#A self-designed general data questionnaire and Psychological Questionnaires for Emergent Events of Public Health(PQEEPH) were sent out to students in public university aged 18 to 28 years by Wechat APP from February 7th to 9th, 2020. Univariate and Logistic analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors associated with NCP. @*Results@#The scores of the five factors on the PQEEPH scale were (0.29±0.48) for depression, (0.27±0.46) for neurasthenia, (0.92±0.60) for fear, (0.15±0.34) for obsessive-anxiety, and (0.26±0.44) for hypochondria，The score of fear factors were the highest. And 15.4% had depressive emotional deviation, accounting for the highest proportion of emotional deviation, and the proportion of compulsive anxiety emotional disorder was highest, which accounting for 6.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the higher grades were risk factors for depression (OR=1.61, 95%CI=1.05-2.47), obsessive anxiety (OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.05-2.31) and hypochondria (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.16-3.47) disorders, Non-medical specialties is risk factor for fear disorders (OR=2.16, 95%CI=1.18-3.95)，not believing oneself to be in danger in the face of the epidemic was a protective factor for five types of mood disorders (OR=0.17-0.51), and residence in towns and villages was a protective factor for neurasticity disorders (OR=0.58, 95%CI=0.38-0.87), the gender of female was the protective factor of hypochondria emotional disorder (OR=0.34, 95%CI=0.19-0.62)(P<0.05). @*Conclusion@#During outbreak of COVID-19, psychological intervention counselling and health education of college students should be strengthened. Moreover, psychological problems need be screened in time for intervention, so as to reduce panic and other adverse psychological conditions of students.
Physico-chemical characteristics of raw water of River Tawi, near Sitlee water treatment plant, Jammu

The present study was carried out to assess the drinking quality of raw water of the river Tawi, near Sitlee water treatment plant, water characteristics like temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, potassium, sulphate, silicate, nitrate, phosphate, iron, copper, zinc, lead and chromium, were conducted for a period of two years. Monthly range of these physico-chemical parameters is within the permissible limits of drinking water standards, except for turbidity and COD, during different months, during both the years.
Critical threshold identified in the functional relationship between beaked whales and their prey

Anthropogenic noise is increasingly recognized as a potentially significant stressor for marine animals. Beaked whales, deep-diving cephalopod pre dators, have been disproportionally present in atypical mass stranding events coincident with military sonar exercises, while frequently disturbed populations that do not strand may have reductions in fitness. We present in situ measures of prey availability, a key factor affecting fitness, for 2 distinct populations of Mesoplodon densirostris: one on a US Navy range in The Bahamas and one nearby in an area less exposed to sonar. The variables most strongly correlated with beaked whale habitat use were related to the distribution of deep-sea squid (mode spacing, peak depth, and 100 m scale variability). All squid metrics were more favorable for beaked whales at the less exposed site than those on the range. To develop a generalized functional relationship between prey resources and beaked whale habitat use, data from The Bahamas were combined with comparable data from another Navy range and the larger beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris. A powerlaw relationship was observed between a normalized metric of prey quality and whale habitat use. A critical threshold in prey characteristics, below which beaked whales appear unlikely to be successful, but above which small changes in resource availability enable large gains for predators, was observed. This implies that modest changes in the behavior of individual whales associated with disturbance can have consequential population effects. Our results elucidate the ecological realities of these elusive and sensitive beaked whales, and the importance of environmental context in effective spatial planning for the deep sea. OPEN ACCESS Mesoplodon densirostris, an elusive, deep-diving beaked whale, relies on newly described aggregations of squid in the deep sea to be successful. Photo: Bahamas Marine Mammal Organisation
Quality Estimates of INSAT-3D Derived Cloud Top Temperature for Climate Data Record

Reliable measurements of cloud top temperature (CTT) are crucial for several applications including climate research and evaluation of cloud-resolving models. Being a relevant geophysical property of climate system, CTT is identified as an essential climate variable by global climate observing system (GCOS). This article evaluates quality of INSAT-3D retrieved CTT products at 4 km (CTT4 km) and 50 km (CTT50 km) resolutions in terms of GCOS requirements by validating them with concurrent measurements from ground-based hyper-spectral microwave radiometer (MWR). CTT4 km and CTT50 km agree with MWR retrieved CTTs at respective spatial resolutions, within 4 K and 5 K respectively, which are close to the GCOS required accuracy of CTT (1–5 K) for climate studies. The study also examines adequacy of GCOS standard spatial resolution for CTT (50 km) and dependence of spatial resolution on CTT, by comparing CTT50 km and CTT4 km. Analysis shows deviation of 7 K between CTT50 km and CTT4 km. It is observed that the effect of spatial resolution on CTT is relatively less for opaque clouds (with uncertainty within 3 K for 50% cloud fraction) compared to that for semitransparent cirrus (STC) clouds (within 9 K for 50% cloud fraction). These uncertainties are observed to be decreasing with increasing cloud fraction. Thus, our study shows that INSAT-3D CTT at 50-km resolution agrees with GCOS recommended spatial resolution for opaque clouds. However, caution should be taken in case of STCs. The results presented here are particularly important for scale-dependent approaches of cloud characterization and have significant implications for the parameterization of clouds in climate models.
Human-Animal Immune Simulations in Covid-19

The theme of Human-Animal immune simulations in covid-19 is of tripartite nature . First is the human, the second is the infecting virus and the third is the animal. The simulation criteria for human are; functional immune system ,evident harmony in the nervous-endocrine-immune axis, potent homeostatic mechanisms and good nutritional status. The infectious virus should be capable to; Find port of entry, did efficiently the receptor mediated entry to the target cell entrance ,production of outnumbering viral particles forming viral load, production of virulence factors and evading the host immune mechanisms. The virus first sound to be zoonotic in nature, but then it expresses anthropozoonotic and zooanthroponotic infection cycle. Human sars-cov-2 infection forms clustered in six infection forms. While in the mammalian experimental sars-cov-2 infection is mostly of mild respiratory form. The mammalian animal simulation criteria are; High percent similarity in structure and function to human immune system, similar harmony in the axis of nervous-endocrine-immune systems and evident similarity percent in the cellular events of the immune responses to that of man.Sars-cov-2 antigenic epitopes identified as spike protein epitope, nucleoprotein epitope and binding domain epitope, infection in man rise up specific antibodies as early in the immune response time curve as IgM, then class switched to IgA in acute course of the infection then lately switched to IgG in chronic state. Anti-spike antibodies are virus neutralizing parallel to recovery from the infection. The duration of antibody lasting in patient plasma around three months but their protective efficacy upon re- infection is a matter of debate. Neutralizing anti-spike protein antibodies prevents experimental reinfection in both monkeys and Syrian golden hamsters. Though the duration of such protection to experimental reinfection is rather unknown.CD4 T cells effector and memory subsets are of crucial protective role in human covid-19.CD8 T cells and NK cells are exhausted during the human acute infection form. The role of NK,CD4,CD8 T cells in covid-19 in experimental animals remained to be explored. Number of novel immune models concerns Sars-cov-2 virus in various facets of human infection remain to be performed. Keywords: Antibody ,Covid-19 ,epitope , harmony , homeostasis , infection , Sars-cov-2 ,virus DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-18-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2020
The Pathological Features of Cyclophosphamide Induced Multi-Organs Toxicity in Male Wister Rats

Cyclophosphamide has the ability to induce multi-organ toxicity. The current study was conducted to investigate the toxicity effects of one dose and two doses of intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide at dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight in male Wister rats. Fifteen male rats were assigned into three group five rats each group namely, control, 1-dose, and 2-doses. 1-dose group rats received one dose of cyclophosphamide at dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, and 2-doses group rats received two doses of cyclophosphamide at dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. Liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and testes weight were recorded and collected for histopathological examination. The results showed a decrement in testes and spleen weight of 2-doses treated rats. The histopathology results showed pathological changes in all examined organs of cyclophosphamide treated rat. The fibrosis lesion was observed in 2-doses groups affected organs. Testicular injury in the 2-doses group involved 10% of the affected testis. In conclusion, cyclophosphamide treatment at dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight to male Wister rats induced multi-organs toxicity. The rats that received two doses of cyclophosphamide as dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight induced fibrosis in affected organs and elevated the testicular injury.
Impregnation of Chitosan Microspheres with the Natural Dye Curcuma

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impregnation of chitosan microspheres with the natural dye curcuma. The impregnation with curcuma dye was investigated in aqueous medium at pH 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0. The process of impregnation was monitored using capillary electrophoresis analysis which was carried out to observe the presence of dye in the impregnated microspheres. The microspheres loaded with dye at pH 10.0 were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. The dye was impregnated in the chitosan microspheres through an adsorption process and was released when placed in contact with acidic solutions at pH 1.0–5.0. The dye was released from the chitosan in less than 3 h, regardless of the pH, although most of the microspheres dissolved within 1 h. The release mechanism followed the Super Case II transport release model.