Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Software Safety

Recently, there has been an extraordinary growth of software used to monitor and/or control safety-critical subsystems or functions, and required of these systems is a suitable level of safety depending on the application. To achieve an acceptable level of safety, a level of rigor must be applied to the development of software used in critical applications. Standards are often employed as a pre-requisite to ensure that a suitable software process is followed for obtaining a level of confidence that safety requirements have been achieved. The purpose of the system safety process is to identify and mitigate hazards coupled with the execution and maintenance of the developing software. Associated with each hazard is a level of risk which can or cannot be fully mitigated. The process must reduce residual risk to an acceptable level defined by the safety certifier and cost is a consideration in determining the level of acceptable residual risk. Since safety issues occur in many domains and software safety standards evolve and deviate due to various circumstances and environments, it is important to select the most appropriate standard for a given project.
MOLECULAR MECHANISM AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF 1,2-NAPHTHOQUINONE

Extensive literature regarding the health side effects of ambient pollutants (AP) are available, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), but limited studies are available on their electrophilic contaminant 1,2-Naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), enzymatically derived from naphthalene. This review summarizes relevant toxicologic and biological properties of 1,2-NQ as an environmental pollutant or to a lesser degree as a backbone in drug development to treat infectious diseases. It presents evidence of 1,2-NQ-mediated genotoxicity, neurogenic inflammation, and cytotoxicity due to several mechanistic properties, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that promote cell damage, carcinogenesis, and cell death. Many signal transduction pathways act as a vulnerable target for 1,2-NQ, including kappaB kinase b (IKKbeta) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Antioxidant molecules act in defense against ROS/RNS-mediated 1,2-NQ responses to injury. Nonetheless, its inhibitory effects at PTP1B, altering the insulin signaling pathway, represents a new therapeutic target to treat diabetes type 2. Questions exist whether exposure to 1,2-NQ may promote arylation of the Keap1 factor, a negative regulator of Nrf2, as well as acting on the sepiapterin reductase activity, an NADPH-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the formation of critical cofactors in aromatic amino acid metabolism and nitric oxide biosynthesis. Exposure to 1,2NQ is linked to neurologic, behavioral, and developmental disturbances as well as increased susceptibility to asthma. Limited new knowledge exists on molecular modeling of quinones molecules as antitumoral and antimicroorganism agents. Altogether, these studies suggest that 1,2-NQ and its intermediate compounds can initiate a number of pathological pathways as AP in living organisms but it can be used to better understand molecular pathways.
Remote sensing of Australian wetlands: An evaluation of Landsat TM data for inventory and classification

This study aimed to develop simple remote-sensing techniques suitable for mapping and monitoring wetlands, using Landsat TM imagery of inland wetland sites in Victoria and New South Wales. A range of classification methods was examined in attempts to map the location and extent of wetlands and their vegetation types. Multi-temporal imagery (winter/spring and summer) was used to display seasonal variability in water regime and vegetation status. Simple density slicing of the mid-infrared band (TM5) from imagery taken during wet conditions was useful for mapping the location and extent of inundated areas. None of the classification methods tested reproduced field maps of dominant vegetation species; however, density slicing of multi-temporal imagery produced classes based on seasonal variation in water regime and vegetation status that are useful for reconnaissance mapping and for examining variability in previously mapped units. Satellite imagery is unlikely to replace aerial photography for detailed mapping of wetland vegetation types, particularly where ecological gradients are steep, as in many riverine systems. However, it has much to offer in monitoring changes in water regime and in reconnaissance mapping at regional scales.
Intuition in Design A perspective on designers' creativity

Creativity is manifest in different ways in individual creative people. Designers are shown generally to prefer an intuition led approach to seeking design opportunities. It is thought that this intuitive approach arises from the particular personality characteristics of designers. The paper seeks to set out findings about characteristics relevant to designer personality which have been reported in the wider psychology and design literature, including a study of eminent designers and the ways in which they work. A special study was undertaken of UK design students to assess their personality characteristics and any possible bearing on intuitive preferences towards designing. Over three quarters of these designers were shown to prefer an intuition approach coupled with flexible open ended attitudes. Some relations are drawn between these findings and explanations arising from theoretical models which may help to explain intuitive processes and which form the basis for ongoing research in this area. Intuition is considered to be a distinct and transferable skill which is a precious asset as yet undervalued in the design domain.
Potential and Actual Yields of Seed from Black Spruce Cones

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S P.) trees have semi-serotinous cones and disperse seed over a period of years, a fact that suggests possible difficulty in seed release. Reported seed yields per cone are variable, and operational extraction yields are low. It is hypothesized that this could be attributed partially to incomplete extraction. The studies reported herein have shown that actual seed complements within cones are similar to theoretical estimates, ranging from 50 to 110 seeds per cone. The need to improve extraction technology is suggested, especially for genetically improved sources. Key words: black spruce, Picea mariana, cones, cone scales, seeds, seed yield, seeds per cone
Fatty Acid Composition of the Lipids from Pooled, Raw Milk

Summary The fatty acid compositions of 106 milk samples taken during the period of June, 1960, to June, 1961, are given as biweekly averages. Analyses were made by gas-liquid chromatography. Seasonal trends were noticeable, with 18:0 and 18:1 higher in the summer than in other seasons. This trend was reversed with 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0. Average values (per cent of total lipids) for the major acids were: 4:0–3.75, 6:0–2.22, 8:0–1.17, 10:0–2.54, 12:0–2.81, 14:0–10.06, 16:0–24.97, 18:0–12.07, 18:1–27.09, 18:2–2.39, and 18.3–2.06. Values are given for 11 additional acids.
PHYSICO- AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIES OF SOME CITRUS PEEL EXTRACTS, AND THEIR ACTIVITY AGAINST THE COTTON LEAFWORM, SPODOPTERA LITTORALIS (BOISD.)

eels of fresh navel orange (citrus sinensis) and lemon (citrus limon) fruits (Rutaceae) were extracted by absolute methanol (MeOH) and Hexane (Hex) as solvents differing in their polarities. The purpose was to detect some chemical and physicochemical characters of their crude extracts, and evaluate their bioactivity against 4th larval instar of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis using different methods of treatments. MeOH proved to be significantly (P<0.01) more efficient than Hex to extract phytochemicals (proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids) from lemon and orange. In addition, total antioxidant capacity was 26.4 and 3. 85μM/gm for orange peel extracted by MeOH and Hex, respectively. It seems that extraction ability could affects physicochemical characteristics, since % yield and specific gravity of MeOH extracts, either from lemon or orange, were significantly higher than Hex extracts. pH was <2.85 and >4 for Hex and MeOH extracts, respectively. Toxicity of citrus peel crude extracts against S. littoralis larvae showed that treatment by contact method was more efficient than ingestion, and Hex extracts were more toxic than MeOH extracts in both treatments. Citrus peel extracts showed relatively strong contact action, moderate repellency, weak ingestion and antifeedant activity against the 4th instar larvae. It is suggested that Hex could extracts toxic substances more than MeOH, out of the studied phytochemicals. Citrus peel waste is promising as a natural biopesticide, and its activity is determined by the solvent used for extraction, citrus species and method of treatment.
ELISA determination of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products in Pakistan

A highly sensitive competitive ELISA was standardized to determine aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and dairy samples randomly collected from Faisalabad city, using Riedel-de-Haen, Aflatoxin M1 ELISA Systems, (Art–No. 45169). Standards of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng L−1 AFM1 in sample/standard buffer were used in optimizing anti-AFM1 antibodies and peroxidase–AFM1 conjugate. Linear standard curve showed increase in concentration (log C) accompanied by decrease in maximal absorbance (%B/B0) values (%B/B0 = 124.3 − 45.0 log C) with highly significant negative correlation (−0.973). The middle of the test (50% B/B0) was at 30 ng L−1 with 6.7 ng L−1 the lowest detection limit (90% B/B0). Duplicate analysis of 41 samples showed AFM1 levels below EC permissible limits (50 ng L−1) with maximums of 40, 13, and 7.4 ng L−1 in milk, yogurt and butter, respectively. However, possibility of exceeding limits cannot be excluded, and demands regular monitoring.
Ragweeds (Ambrosia L.) in Britain

Abstract The occurrence and ecology of three species of Ragweed (Ambrosia L.) in Britain is described. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is the commonest species and is most often introduced with bird seed, but does not persist probably due to climate limitation of seed production and germination. A. psilostachya DC. is rarely established in sandy places. A. trifida L. is an uncommon introduction which also does not persist. Ragweed pollen was regularly recorded in Britain in 1992. Under conditions of global warming, it is likely that A. artemisiifolia will become established in Britain and could cause widespread hay fever.
Frequency of aneuploids in progenies of autotriploid barley,Hordeum vulgare L.

Chromosome counts of 863 progeny plants originating from 68 autotriploid barley plants revealed a considerable variation in chromosome numbers ranging from the diploid number (2n= 14) to 2n= 39. The most frequent groups were plants with 15 and 16 chromosomes each constituting about 27% of all progeny plants. Diploid plants and plants with 1 to 5 extra chromosomes constituted about 85% of the progeny plants. The remaining 15% had chromosome numbers from 20 to 39. Plants with the euploid numbers of chromosomes. 21, 28, and 35, were not more frequent than plants with aneuploid numbers between these groups. The results show that barley, although a diploid species, has a high tolerance for extra chromosomes.
Attract and kill: a new method for control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella

The attract and kill technique has been formulated in a product under the trade name ‘Sirene CM®’. It consists of a viscous paste containing 0.16% codlemone to attract the male moths and 6.0% permethrin to kill them. The formulation is applied by hand twice per season using a specially developed system which can be calibrated for application of the paste to the host plant in small droplets of either 100 μl or 50 μl. Between 1995 and 1997, 15 trials on control of the codling moth were conducted in isolated orchards in the Lake Geneva region. In each plot, depending on tree size, two applications varying between 52 and 537 g ha−1 of Sirene CM were made. In 14 trials, the larval attack of the codling moth on fruit was below the economic threshold of 1% and the hibernating population stayed at a low level. One single plot (0.4 ha) had to be treated with a curative spray in 1995, because the initial population was much too high. According to the reductions in trap catch and of mating frequency measured by tethered codling moth females, efficiency of the attract and kill droplets lasted 5–7 weeks, after which it decreased slowly.
Trends in and Future Outlook for Semiconductor Devices with Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Among the issues that need to be addressed on a global scale are the growth in energy consumption and rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To conserve energy while meeting the increasing demand for electricity, it is necessary to improve energy efficiency at all stages from electric power generation to electricity consumption. Toshiba Electronic Devices & Storage Corporation is promoting the development of various integrated circuits (ICs) and power devices as key parts in a broad range of fields, ranging from mobile, automotive, and other industrial applications to electric energy conversion equipment. We are making continuous efforts to supply such products in order to contribute to enhanced energy Efficiency
Climate change, boundary increase and elongation of a pre‐existing cline: A case study in Drosophila ananassae

During the past two to three decades, Drosophila ananassae, a warm adapted tropical species, has invaded low to mid altitude localities in the western Himalayas. Due to its cold sensitivity, this species had never been recorded from higher latitudes as well as altitudes in India to the 1960s. A latitudinal cline in this desiccation‐sensitive species corresponds with southern humid tropical localities rather than northern drier subtropical localities. An extension of its cline into lowland to midland montane localities has resulted due to global climatic change as well as local thermal effects through anthropogenic impact. However, D. ananassae populations at species borders are characterized by lower genetic variability for body melanization as well as for desiccation resistance. There is a lack of thermal plastic effects for body melanization, and the observed extended cline might represent evolutionary (genetic) response due to selection pressure imposed by drier habitats. A comparison of fecundity, hatchability and viability at three growth temperatures (17, 20 and 25°C) showed significant reduction in trait values at 17°C in D. ananassae. Thus, its recent range expansion into northern montane localities might involve genetic effects on stress‐related traits and plastic effects on life history traits. We suggest that D. ananassae could serve as an indicator species for analyzing range expansion under changing climatic conditions.
Searching for heat in a marine biodiversity hotspot

Coral reefs exhibit highly congruent patterns of biodiversity, with a prominent hotspot in the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA). Unlike many terrestrial systems, the IAA hotspot exhibits extensive latitudinal and longitudinal biodiversity gradients. Conflicting hypotheses have highlighted the importance of the area as a centre of origin, overlap or accumulation, with the location of endemics being used as the primary criterion for testing these hypotheses, by identifying the presumed geographical origins of species. We evaluate the utility of marine endemics for resolving these hypotheses, and examine recent molecular phylogenetic evidence for coral reef species that has revealed the antiquity of the endemics and the other species that make up this hotspot. These analyses emphasize the importance of the IAA in the survival rather than the origins of species.
Distribution of lymphoid neoplasms in Northeast Turkey: A retrospective analysis of 1136 cases according to the World Health Organization classification

Objective: Malignant lymphoma is one of the most common cancer type around the world. In this study, the distribution and demographic characteristics of the histologic subgroups of mature lymphoid neoplasms in Northeast Turkey were investigated. Methods: The study consists of 1136 patients diagnosed as mature lymphoid neoplasm between 2008 and 2014. The demographic data of the patients were analysed and histological subgrouping was performed according to the World Health Organization classification. Results: Mature B-cell neoplasms accounted for 79.2% (n=900) of all lymphoid neoplasms, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) for 10.9% (n=124), mature T/natural killer-cell neoplasms for 9% (n=102), and histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms for 0.9% (n=10). In our study, the most common subtypes of lymphoid neoplasms were as follows: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=261; 23%), plasma cell myeloma (n=252; 22.2%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (n=230; 20.2%), mycosis fungoides (MF) (n=66; 5.8%) and nodular sclerosing type classical HL (n=63; 5.5%). Only 2.9% of the cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were follicular lymphoma. All patients with HL were diagnosed by a lymph node biopsy. However, 48.1% of the patients with NHL arose from extranodal sites. Conclusion: This is the first study investigating the distribution of lymphoid neoplasms in Northeast Anatolia region with the review of the literature. The present study showed that the epidemiologic features similar to those reported in Western and Asian countries, whereas some subtypes showed distinct features. The high frequency of MF and the low frequency of follicular lymphoma are interesting findings of this study.
A long-term sustainability assessment of an Argentinian agricultural system based on emergy synthesis

By tracking the different flows of emergy (the total amount of solar energy that was directly or indirectly required in a production process) it is possible to account for all environmental work previously involved in generating a resource, product or service. This donor-side perspective for environmental assessment has the advantage over usual economic and energy analysis in the ability to value renewable and nonrenewable environmental resource inputs both from the economy (purchased resources) and from nature (free resources) and compute their values on a common basis. On this basis, this paper presents the use of emergy synthesis on three cropping systems of the Pampa Region (Argentina) with the aim of evaluating the long-term trends (1984–2010) in emergy use and the effect of the adoption of new technologies in the study area. The cropping systems evaluated were wheat/soybean double cropping (W/S); maize (M), and spring soybean (S). Results form the emergy synthesis showed that the cropping systems studied were not only more productive but also more efficient over time. The range of the observed values for the emergy yield ratio (EYR) were 1.77–5.59, proving that the three cropping systems are considerably supported by renewable and locally available resources. The environmental load ratio (ELR) that represents the ratio between non-renewable and renewable resource inputs ranged between 0.3 and 1.43, a significant lower range compared to other extensive cropping systems. However, when inspecting the temporal dynamics of the emergy indicators, M and W/S showed a statistically significant optimum behavior, with the most favorable values just before the use of a more intensive cropping management represented by the use of genetically modified cultivars, the no-tillage adoption and the more frequent use of fertilizers at higher doses. By the time of these adoptions, both the EYR and ELR showed a breakpoint in their temporal dynamic, exhibiting a negative slope during the last years of the time series. Although the observed ranges of the emergy indicators can place these production systems among the most efficient and with the lower environmental impact, the negative trend in the emergy indicators shown in recent years constitutes a risky scenario in terms long-term sustainability. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Root-colonizing and soil-borne communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a temperate forest understorey1

We analyzed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in plant root samples from a natural forest ecosystem — a primeval forest in Järvselja, Estonia. AMF small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA genes were subjected to 454-pyrosequencing and BLAST-based taxonomic identification. Seventy-six AMF sequence groups (virtual taxa, VT) were identified from plant roots. Taken together with seven additional VT recorded in an earlier investigation of soil AMF communities at the site, this represents the highest number of AMF reported from a single ecosystem to date. The six study plant species hosted similar AMF communities. However, AMF community composition in plant roots was significantly different from that in soil and considerably more VT were retrieved from roots than from soil. AMF VT identified from plant roots as a whole and from individual plant species were frequently phylogenetically clustered compared with local and global taxon pools, suggesting that nonrandom assembly processes, notably habitat filtering, may have shaped fungal assemblages. In contrast, the phylogenetic dispersion of AMF communities in soil did not differ from random subsets of the local or global taxon pools.
Optimization & Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles fromRhizophora mucronata Mangrove bark extract

The major goal of nanotechnology is to produce nano materials with controlled properties like, size and shape which can serve the human being, marine species and ecosystem through diverse applications. Rhizophora mucronata Mangrove bark extract supported the synthesis of highly effective andsubstantial AgNPs. The synthesis of AgNPs from 1.0 mL of Rhizophora mucronata extract was optimized at different Physiological and biological condition at a concentration of pH 7.0 and 1.0 mM ofAgNO3at 37◦C.The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ZETA potential and Atomic force Microscopy (AFM). The Zeta potential value was-20.3 mV wherein the AFMenvisage the 3D structure of the nanoparticles ranging from~78 to~99 nm. The results confirm,consistent and high degree of stable nanoparticles of Rhizophora mucronata Mangrove bark extract could be used as immunostimulants, which will expand the possibilities of further research on disease controlling trialson marine animals.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS MODELS OF TETRAHEDRAL FINITE ELEMENTS FOR SOLVING ANTENNA RADIATION PROBLEMS

Abstract. In this work, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model of Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed and presented. The proposed method uses Hopfield NN that is able to efficiently represent the tetrahedral Finite Element (FE) functional that is formulated to interpolate the field radiation of a microstrip patch antenna. This study provide a robust method to combine NN with tetrahedral FE to provide a highly-reconfigurable memory-saving method, that help in reducing computational complexity of antenna radiation problems, and build a real-time analyzer of a reconfigurable antenna system implemented in a remote area. The proposed method shows a good match with the measured data and the analytical solutions.
Novel Clinical Trial Designs and Statistical Methods in the Era of Precision Medicine

Abstract After an overview of FDA’s draft guidances to industry on adaptive designs and enrichment strategies for clinical trials, we describe recent advances in adaptive confirmatory trial designs and statistical methods for their analysis. We then focus on biomarker-guided personalized therapies in the era of precision medicine, and precision-guided drug development and master protocols, and conclude with innovations in statistical science for precision medicine and regulatory submission.