Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial liberalization and income inequality: channels and cross-country evidence

This article investigates the role of financial liberalization as a determinant of income inequality, both theoretically and empirically. The authors focus on two financial liberalization policies: lowering the reserve requirement of the banking sector and decreasing international capital controls. A tractable economic model features heterogeneous agents with different investment abilities. Only high-ability agents borrow and invest; others save. Profitability is fully reflected by the levels of financial liberalization and financial development. Savers and investors generate different levels of income, implying income inequality. The proposed model predicts that financial liberalization, in the form of reserve requirements, can lower income inequality, if the overall degree of financial liberalization is not too high. Moreover, financial development helps spread the proceeds of financial liberalization equally across the income distribution. However, in financially liberalized economies, further liberalizations will have a negative effect on income distribution. A cross-country empirical analysis supports these theoretical findings. 1 This project is part of DFID/ESRC Growth Research Programme ES/J009067/1 “Politics, Finance and Growth”. 2 Contact author: Silke Bumann is a PhD candidate at the University of Groningen, Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Nettelbosje 2, 9747 AE Groningen, The Netherlands. She can be contacted at s.bumann@rug.nl. 3 Robert Lensink is a Professor of Finance and Financial Markets at the University of Groningen, Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Nettelbosje 2, 9747 AE Groningen, The Netherlands. He is also a Professor of Finance and Development at the University of Wageningen. He can be contacted at b.w. lensink@rug.nl.
DEFICIENCE VISUELLE ET URBANISME : L'ACCESSIBILITE DE LA VILLE AUX AVEUGLES ET MAL VOYANTS

L'auteur, a qui l'on doit les bandes en relief au bord des quais de metro, nous livre ici l'experience d'un homme de terrain, doublee de celle d'un professionnel de la readaptation. Le monde associatif, les urbanistes, les responsables de la voirie ont maintenant un ouvrage de reference dans leur effort pour construire des villes ou chacun, malgre ses handicaps, puisse vaquer a ses occupations, circuler et se distraire. En rehabilitant l'usage de l'ouie, on contribuera a promouvoir une architecture des cinq sens ou chacun peut mobiliser ses ressources propres en vue d'une autonomie optimale. Les solutions proposees pour les mal-voyants, guidage passif, guidage artificiel, guidage passif tactile, mobilier urbain "utile", revetements de sol, reperes, indices sonores passifs, passages pietons decales, abaissement des trottoirs, chaussees surelevees, dispositifs d'eveil de vigilance, plans inclines, etc.s'harmonisent avec celles souhaitees par d'autres composantes de la population a mobilite reduite.
Focused Crawling Based Upon Tf-Idf Semantics and Hub Score Learning

A focused crawler traverses the Web to collect documents related to a particular topic, and can be used to build topic specific collection of documents for use in digital libraries and domain specific search. General crawlers make use of breath first search method to traverse the Web for as much amount of information as possible. Focused crawler help the search indexer to index all documents present on the World Wide Web related to a specific domain which in turn provides search engine’s users complete and fresher most information. In this paper we present a focused crawler capable of learning from the previous crawl results to collect the documents related to the sports domain. Crawling results for four consecutive crawls are shown. Results shows significant improvement in the precision value for the crawler with respect to the number of crawling attempts made.
GBL AND CREATIVITY IN CLASSES

The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained during ProActive project, a European project having as main objective the creation of learning contexts in which educators (teachers, professors, trainers) of different LLP sub-programmes (Comenius, Leonardo da Vinci and Erasmus) can an apply their creativity in designing their own GBL scenarios using digital tools (two games editors: Eutopia and ). In order to identify project’s potential in developing educational games, in the first phase of the project were organized several focus groups with teachers, trainers and professors according to an initial project plan. The results obtained helped the team to adapt the two game editors according to the users’ needs. In a second phase, University of Bucharest has selected three pilot sites representing centers, associations, institutions that offer courses in different fields: from computer skills and advanced computer networks to personal development and outdoor education were selected to be part of implementation phase. The selection process was made according with specific criteria related to their experience in the field and institutions’ interests to use Game Based Learning in their current practice. Through co-design sessions and workshops participants learned how to use the tools for creating games, and how to integrate these computer aided instruction sequences in a regular classroom. Through Game Based Learning, trainers will improve their teaching methods, transforming classes in spaces for collaborative work, participation, problem solving. Game Based Learning will encourage students to continue their work at home and to communicate with other colleagues and trainer even if the learning scenarios are applied in traditional learning, in blended learning, or in distance learning.
Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Novabone Putty with PRF Membrane for the Treatment of Grade II Furcation Involvement: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND : Complexity of furcation morphology often results in difficulty in the treatment of multirooted teeth. Reconstruction of the lost or injured parts of periodontium stands as the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy. In this study, mandibular molar Grade II furcation defects were treated either with a combination of Novabone putty + PRF or with Novabone putty alone. MATERIALS & METHODS : Nine patients diagnosed as generalized chronic periodontitis having clinical and radiographic evidence of bilateral Grade II furcation defects were enrolled for the study. The test sites were treated with Novabone putty + PRF and control sites with Novabone putty alone. RESULTS : Both the test group and the control group showed statistically significant improvement in all the clinical and radiographic parameters at the end of 6 months. On intergroup comparison no significant difference exists between the group, except for the significant gain in CAL for the test group. CONCLUSION : The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in the clinical outcomes between a monotherapy of bioactive glass and a combination therapy of bioactive glass + PRF, but higher gain in CAL in the combination therapy signifies new attachment.
Design of a Machine Learning Based Predictive Analytics System for Spam Problem

Spamming is the act of abusing an electronic messaging system by sending unsolicited bulk messages. Filtering of these messages is merely another line of defence and does not prevent spam messages from circulating in email systems. This problem causes users to distrust email systems, suspect even legitimate emails and leads to substantial investment in technologies to counter the spam problem. Spammers threaten users by abusing the lack of accountability and verification features of communicating entities. To contribute to the fight against spamming, a cloud-based system that analyses the email server logs and uses predictive analytics with machine learning to build trust identities that model the email messaging behavior of spamming and legitimate servers has been designed. The system constructs trust models for servers, updating them regularly to tune the models. This study proposed that this approach will not only minimize the circulation of spam in email messaging systems, but will also be a novel step in the direction of trust identities and accountability in email infrastructure.
Research Trends in the Dominating Microalgal Pigments, β-carotene, Astaxanthin, and Phycocyanin Used in Feed, in Foods, and in Health Applications

Three pigments, β-carotene, astaxanthin and phycocyanin are presently well-established microalgal products, produced at large-scale in cultures of microalgae or cyanobacteria and used as natural colours in feed and foods and as nutritional additives. Applied research in these 3 pigments is, however, still developing rapidly; particularly in their effects on human health. This commentary provides a brief overview on the main functional effects of β- carotene, astaxanthin and phycocyanin and presents an analysis of the current trends in research activities in relation to their used in feed, foods and health.
Estimating cover of benthic organisms from underwater video images: variability associated with multiple observers

Using trained observers and video images of reef transects from many parts of the Great Barrier Reef, we investigated (1) accuracy of classification of benthos and (2) variability contributed by observers to the precision of estimates of benthic cover obtained from video tapes. In order to esti- mate accuracy of identification, benthic organisms were identified twice, first in the field and later from video images. These identifications were then compared. The effect of observer error on preci- sion of benthic cover estimates was examined by having 2 observers sample the same video images on 3 separate occasions. These estimates were then compared at the level of different benthic groups (hard coral, soft coral and algae) and for different hierarchical levels of classification of hard corals (life form, family, genus and species). 'Benthic groups' (mean accuracy of 90 ± 8%) and 'families of hard coral' (91 ± 7%) were identified most accurately and least variably from video images, although many genera and some distinctive species were also identified reliably. Life forms of hard corals proved to be the least accurate and most variable level of classification, with a mean accuracy rating of 74 ± 16%. There was little additional variation in estimates of cover when 2 trained observers sampled images, compared with variation in estimates of cover from repeated samples of images by a single observer. At 10% cover, variability in estimates made by a single observer resulted in mean CIs of 7.9 to 12.1%. Inclusion of variation between observers expanded CIs by only ±0.22%. Furthermore, total observer error was small relative to estimates of cover. For example, at 30% cover, the mean CI due to both between- and within-observer variability was 27.2 to 32.8%.
Geographical changes in relative frequency of inversions in chromosome III of Drosophila pseudoobscura among natural populations from Mexico

Chromosomal polymorphism in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura have been broadly studied in the USA but scarcely in Mexico where only about 60 localities have been analyzed. Differences among both regions are notorious with respect to their chromosomal constitution. Northern populations, those of USA, have as representative inversions the sequences ST, AR and CH contrasting with those in Southern populations (Mexico) in which prevail the gene arrangements TL, CU and SC. Assuming as a probable mechanism that has allowed these substitutions the flow generated by the presence of a North - South clines, we took as a goal find out if such clines really exist. With that objective in mind we studied 29 populations of this species distributed along four North - South transects. Specimens of D. pseudoobscura caught by attracting them with fermenting bananas were carried to the laboratory where from each female an isofemale line was established. When their offspring appeared a single larva from each isofemale was taken, its salivary glands extracted and stained with a solution of lacto-aceto- orcein, by these means the polytene chromosomes were obtained. On these chromosomes we identified, for each larva, the inversion (s) carried in the third chromosome, in such a way 3439 third chromosomes were analyzed. Among the 29 localities we identified 17 different inversions but the number of them varied from population to population from three to eleven. Relative frequencies of each inversion at every location were calculated and with them for each transect the presence or absence of clines was determined. Among each transect the existence of clines was observed only between two or three near by populations, but we were not able to find a clear manifestation of the presence of clines along a complete transect. Our results at this respect are similar to those previously reported for USA populations. A mechanism that explains North - South substitutions of predominant inversions remains as open question.
Development and quality evaluation of foxtail millet ( Setaria italica (L.)) incorporated breads

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.)] is an important underutilized millet grain, grown in various parts of India. It grows well even under adverse agro climatic conditions. It is good source of dietary fiber and s carotene. Foxtail millet incorporated breads were developed by incorporating foxtail millet flour at 10, 30 and 50 per cent level in the recipe. Height of the breads affected significantly at 50 per cent incorporation of foxtail millet flour. Value addition to breads with foxtail millet resulted in significant change in colour of both crust and crumb. Crumb colour changed from white to dull yellowish with increased incorporation of millet flour. The highest L value was found for 50 per cent (67.24) incorporated breads followed by control (53.56), 30 per cent (48.47) and 10 per cent (40.86). Compressive test of bread crumb showed significant difference between control and foxtail millet incorporated breads. Increase in foxtail millet resulted in increased hardness with harder crumb and grainy texture. Sensory evaluation scores revealed that the higher proportion of foxtail millet incorporation although decreased scores for colour, appearance and texture, the taste, flavour and overall acceptability improved and are on par with co
The Inner Dialog: Pragmatics for One Person

Pragmatics is typically concerned with clarifying the role of communication between speaker and hearer. However, I understand pragmatics principally as the research into the use of language. Moreover, I hold that language is also used by a single person to codify and reason with the knowledge that s/he has. The idea is that understanding what is said is a process whereby the hearer engages in a dialogue with him- or herself, being speaker and hearer at the same time. It shall be shown that viewing matters this way yields a better understanding of the role of semantics, too. It can elucidate the meaning (or role) of non-truth functional parts, in particular topic and focus.
Acoustic Properties of Magnetic Fluids Based on Transformer Oil Under Magnetic Field

Abstract The structural changes in magnetic fluids based on transformer oil TECHNOL and MOGUL upon the effect of an external magnetic field and temperature were studied by acoustic spectroscopy. When a magnetic field is increased, the interaction between the magnetic field and the magnetic moments of the nanoparticles leads to the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles and following clusters formation. However, the temperature of magnetic fluids has also very important influence on the structural changes because of the mechanism of thermal motion that acts against the cluster creation. The live time of clusters have relative long time scale for the magnetic fluid based on TECHNOL, while for MOGUL is quite short.
IS APEC SUITABLE FOR CURRENCY UNION

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. APEC member countries are remarkably different from each other in many respects. The traditional optimum currency area (OCA) theory may not be suitable for application to APEC. This paper stresses business cycles and trade intensity, which are included in OCA theory, and considers whether or not the "currency union" is suitable. The paper develops a procedure for applying OCA theory to APEC and examines these criteria while taking into account the endogeneity of these criteria. The result indicates that adopting the dollar for currency union is much more reasonable than adopting the yen.
Sub-Stroke-Wise Relative Feature for Online Indic Handwriting Recognition

The main problem of Bangla (Bengali) and Devanagari handwriting recognition is the shape similarity of characters. There are only a few pieces of work on writer-independent cursive online Indian text recognition, and the shape similarity problem needs more attention from the researchers. To handle the shape similarity problem of cursive characters of Bangla and Devanagari scripts, in this article, we propose a new category of features called ‘sub-stroke-wise relative feature’ (SRF) which are based on relative information of the constituent parts of the handwritten strokes. Relative information among some of the parts within a character can be a distinctive feature as it scales up small dissimilarities and enhances discrimination among similar-looking shapes. Also, contextual anticipatory phenomena are automatically modeled by this type of feature, as it takes into account the influence of previous and forthcoming strokes. We have tested popular state-of-the-art feature sets as well as proposed SRF using various (up to 20,000-word) lexicons and noticed that SRF significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art feature sets for online Bangla and Devanagari cursive word recognition.
Human Capital Development and FDI in Developing Countries

This paper evaluates the proposition that development of human capital can be instrumental in attracting FDI in developing countries by using fixed effects models on the panel data of 23 selected developing countries and 35 years (1970-2004). For the purpose, we employ two indicators of human capital development that are health expenditures and illiteracy rate and our empirical estimates confirm the efficiency seeking behavior of the MNEs. This study differs from the existing empirical literature-earlier FDI was mainly driven by market seeking motive and latter on by efficiency seeking motive- by finding the importance of both motives at the same time. Excessive government consumption and military expenditures are comparatively more significant, reflecting non-market friendly approaches. The impact of real lending interest rate on FDI is positive because higher lending interest rate in host countries mean MNEs have cost advantages in term of financing by home countries.
Magnetization dynamics and frustration in the multiferroic double perovskite Lu2MnCoO6

Here, we investigate the magnetic ordering and the magnetization dynamics (from kHz to THz time scales) of the double perovskite Lu2MnCoO6 using elastic neutron diffraction, muon spin relaxation, and micro-Hall magnetization measurements. This compound is known to be a type II multiferroic with the interesting feature that a ferromagneticlike magnetization hysteresis loop couples to an equally hysteretic electric polarization in the bulk of the material despite a zero-field magnetic ordering of the type ↑↑↓↓ along Co-Mn spin chains. Here we explore the unusual dynamics of this compound and find extremely strong fluctuations, consistent with the axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) model for frustrated spin chains. We identify three temperature scales in Lu2MnCoO6 corresponding to the onset of highly fluctuating long-range order below TN = 50±3 K identified from neutron scattering, the onset of magnetic and electric hysteresis, with change in kHz magnetic and electric dynamics below a 30 K temperature scale, and partial freezing of ~MHz spin fluctuations in the muon spin relaxation data below 12 ± 3 K. Our results provide a framework for understanding the multiferroic behavior of this compound and its hysteresis and dynamics.
Integrable discretization of the vector/matrix nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the associated Yang-Baxter map

The action of a Backlund-Darboux transformation on a spectral problem associated with a known integrable system can define a new discrete spectral problem. In this paper, we interpret a slightly gener- alized version of the binary Backlund-Darboux (or Zakharov-Shabat dressing) transformation for the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) hier- archy as a discrete spectral problem, wherein the two intermediate potentials appearing in the Darboux matrix are considered as a pair of new dependent variables. Then, we associate the discrete spectral problem with a suitable isospectral time-evolution equation, which forms the Lax-pair representation for a space-discrete NLS system. This formulation is valid for the most general case where the two de- pendent variables take values in (rectangular) matrices. In contrast to the matrix generalization of the Ablowitz-Ladik lattice, our discretiza- tion has a rational nonlinearity and admits a Hermitian conjugation reduction between the two dependent variables. Thus, a new proper space-discretization of the vector/matrix NLS equation is obtained; by changing the time part of the Lax pair, we also obtain an integrable space-discretization of the vector/matrix modified KdV (mKdV) equa- tion. Because Backlund-Darboux transformations are permutable, we can increase the number of discrete independent variables in a multi- dimensionally consistent way. By solving the consistency condition on the two-dimensional lattice, we obtain a new Yang-Baxter map of the NLS type, which can be considered as a fully discrete analog of the principal chiral model for projection matrices.
Reported fatigue in people after Guillain-Barré Syndrome: a retrospective national survey in the UK

Aim. Despite continuing functional recovery over time, fatigue remains a persistent feature of post-acute GuillainBarre Syndrome (GBS). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fatigue in people after GBS and investigate its associations with other factors after GBS. Methods. Validated questionnaires including the SF-36 and fatigue severity scale were sent to members of the GBS support group, a UK wide patient and carer organisation. Results. A total of 884 questionnaires were returned (58% response rate). Respondents’ answers demonstrated that those with severe fatigue following GBS had spent longer in hospital than those who were not severely fatigued (P=0.003). Poorer mental health was also associated with more severe fatigue. A strong predictor of prolonged fatigue was discharge from hospital in a wheelchair (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.71, P<0.001) but the severity of fatigue appeared to be independent of recovery of mobility (Kendall’s taub=0.03, P=0.2). Conclusion. This survey is the largest study of fatigue in people after GBS. Its findings demonstrate that fatigue remains a persistent problem for many people after GBS. More severe fatigue was associated with decreased health related quality of life and increased levels of depression and anxiety in people after GBS. Whilst the severity of fatigue was significantly associated with poorer mobility on discharge, there was no association between the recovery of mobility after discharge and fatigue severity. This indicates that whilst other impairments and activity limitations improved over time, fatigue did not and implies that more severe fatigue is not simply an indicator of a more severe presentation of GBS. Whilst the reasons for persistent severe fatigue remain unclear, this study indicates that further investigations of mobility, mental health and fatigue are warranted so that targeted interventions can be put in place to manage this debilitating complication. (It J Physiotherapy 2013;3:154-60)