Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic and risk factors of cervical cancer among female staff of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

This study examines the sociodemographic and risk factors for cervical cancer among female staff of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria. It is a descriptive cross-sectional survey which was conducted among 400 female staff using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires. The sampling technique adopted was systematic sampling technique. Data analyses were done using statistical package for social sciences version 23 software package. Chi square was used to determine the associations between age at marriage and cervical erosion. A total of 77(19.3%) respondents consume alcohol, 78(19.5%) have had sexually transmitted infection and 58(14.5%) had multiple sexual partners. Thirty-nine (7.5%) have had regular Pap test, while 293(73.2%) have never had Pap test. Cervical erosion was found among 114(38.3%) out of which 101(25.3%) occurred in women that were married on or before the age of 21 years. This study shows the association of cervical cancer among female staff of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri and their sociodemographic and other risk factors. Monogamy, late commencement of sexual activity, personal hygiene, use of barrier contraceptive methods, regular cervical screening and early detection efforts will help towards primary prevention.
Designing And Implementation Of Simple Retinal Vessel Separation Based On Adaptive Local Thresholding

The retina has one of the items like retinal blood vessels. The attributes of the retinal vessels have their unique size and shape. Illnesses endured by people, with cardiovascular disorders, hypertension and diabetic retinopathy can be recognized by looking at these blood vessels. A computerized framework that can recognize blood vessels from different items in the retina is here introduced. It comprises of segmentation, preprocessing and exactness computations. Citation: Mohammad Sami, Dr. Avinash Gour (2020). Design and Implementation Of Simple Retinal Vessel Separation Based On Adaptive Local Thresholding. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281, 2(8), August 2019, pp 9 19 International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281 Volume 2, Issue 8, August, 2019 IJAMSR 2 (8) www.ijamsr. com CrossRef: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2019. 2.8. 1812 IJAMSR 2(8) www.ijamsr. com August 2019 10 International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281
Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to global warming. Part I: model description and role of heat generated by organic matter decomposition

We constructed a new model to study the sensitivity of permafrost carbon stocks to future climate warming. The one-dimensional model solves an equation for diffusion of heat penetrating from the overlying atmosphere and takes into account additional in situ heat production by active soil microorganisms. Decomposition of frozen soil organic matter and produced CO2 and methane fluxes result from an interplay of soil heat conduction and phase transitions, respiration, methanogenesis and methanotrophy processes. Respiration and methanotrophy consume soil oxygen and thus can only develop in an aerated top-soil column. In contrast, methanogenesis is not limited by oxygen and can be sustained within the deep soil, releasing sufficient heat to further thawin depth the frozen carbon-rich soil organic matter. Heat production that accompanies decomposition and methanotrophy can be an essential process providing positive feedback to atmospheric warming through self-sustaining transformation of initially frozen soil carbon into CO2 and CH4. This supplementary heat becomes crucial, however, only under certain climate conditions. Oxygen limitation to soil respiration slows down the process, so that the mean flux of carbon released during the phase of intense decomposition is more than two times less than without oxygen limitation. Taking into account methanogenesis increases the mean carbon flux by 20%. Part II of this study deals with mobilization of frozen carbon stock in transient climate change scenarios with more elaborated methane module, which makes it possible to consider more general cases with various site configurations. Part I (this manuscript) studies mobilization of 400 GtC carbon stock of the Yedoma in response to a stepwise rapid warming focusing on the role of supplementary heat that is released to the soil during decomposition of organic matter.
Characterization and biodegradability of amphoteric superabsorbent polymers

Novel amphoteric superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) based on carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic acid, acrylamide, and [2-(methylacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride were prepared by inverse suspension copolymerization. The SAPs were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The absorbency or swelling behaviors in deionized water, saline solutions, and pH value solutions were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the absorbency in various solutions decreases with an increase of the ion concentration, which was attributed to osmotic pressure of water and ions between the polymeric gel and the external solutions. Biodegradability of the amphoteric SAPs was also reported. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Volatile constituents of star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) from Cuba

The volatile constituents of the star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) growing in Cuba were analysed by GC-MS. One hundred and four compounds were identified in the aroma concentrate, of which (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, limonene, linalool, ˛-copaene and hexadecanoic acid were found to be the major constituents. The presence of many terpenic compounds is thought to contribute to the unique flavour of the star apple fruit. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting Greenberg’s “Generalizations about Numeral Systems”
 (1978)*

This article examines seven of the 54 generalizations on numeral systems presented by Greenberg in 1978 either as absolute universals or as universal tendencies. Five of the generalizations deal with details of the arithmetic structure of numeral systems, with particular reference to the order of elements in the numeral expression and to the use of subtraction and related phenomena in numeral expressions. It is shown that the details of these generalizations need to be revised § Portions of the material included in this article have been presented at various fora. I am grateful to all those who contributed to the ensuing discussions. This article is dedicated to the memory of the late Joseph H. Greenberg, the giant on whose shoulders I stand. Bernard Comrie Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara Email: comrie@linguistics.ucsb. edu Received 11 August, 2020; Revised 11 September, 2020; Accepted 15 September, 2020 Copyright © 2020 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 44 Revisiting Greenberg’s “Generalizations about Numeral Systems” (1978) in light of new data, and argued that even the formulation of universal tendencies is problematic given the rarity of some of the phenomena at issue and the resulting difficulty of establishing statistically valid inferences. Two of the generalizations discuss fundamental properties of natural language numeral systems, namely whether they are necessarily finite, and whether they allow gaps. It is argued, contra Greenberg, that there are both natural number series that are infinite and those with gaps. Throughout, it is emphasized that only the careful formulation of the original generalizations by Greenberg has enabled us to progress in our understanding of these aspects of numeral systems in natural languages.
PENGARUH BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE TERHADAP STABILITAS DAN KARAKTERISTIK EMULGEL KOMBINASI EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH DAN MINYAK PEPPERMINT

Emulgel ekstrak jahe merah dan minyak peppermint tanpa penambahan antioksidan dapat menyebabkan perubahan warna. Maka perlu adanya pengembangan formula dengan penambahan butylated hydroxyanisole sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan butylated hydroxyanisole dalam formulasi emulgel kombinasi ekstrak jahe merah dan minyak peppermint. Konsentrasi butylated hydroxyanisole yang digunakan dalam formulasi adalah 0,01% pada formula 1 yaitu 0,02% pada formula 2 yaitu 0,03% pada formula 3, dan formula 4 tanpa menggunakan butylated hydroxyanisole. Evaluasi fisik dilakukan terhadap beberapa parameter uji karakteristik sedian antara lain organoleptik, pengukuran pH, daya sebar, viskositas, homogenitas, dan sineresis. Evaluasi fisik dilakukan pada sediaan yang disimpan di suhu 4°±2°C, suhu ruang, 40°±2°C pada minggu ke-0 sampai minggu ke-12. Hasil menunjukan bahwa seluruh formula pada penyimpanan suhu 40°±2°C dan suhu ruang, emulgel mengalami perubahan warna menjadi kecoklatan dan kuning. Homogenitas dan nilai pH emulgel seluruh formula selama penyimpanan menunjukan hasil yang homogen dan stabil pada pH 6. Semua formula selama penyimpanan mengalami peningkatan daya sebar dan penurunan viskositas. Pada formula 4 (tanpa BHA) menunjukan angka sineresis paling tinggi sebesar 41,75% pada jam ke-72. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan BHA tidak berpengaruh dalam formulasi emulgel kombinasi ekstrak jahe merah dan minyak peppermint.
Encapsulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a silica host

Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been encapsulated in a hydrous, alcohol-free, silica matrix produced by acidifying an aqueous mixture of colloidal silica and an SRB culture. The viability of the encapsulated species was investigated by monitoring the formation of the metabolic products, H2S and acetate. Freshly prepared gel samples containing ∼5 × 105 cells cm−3 of gel reduced sulfate ions at a rate of ∼11 µg h−1 cm−3 gel, when placed in a nutrient solution based on Postgate's Medium C. Less than 0.1% of the encapsulated species were leached into the nutrient solution over a 10 day period. Gels drained of nutrient solution and stored under nitrogen for 10 weeks at ambient temperature initially exhibited low sulfate reduction rates (∼2 µg h−1 cm−3 gel) on re-immersion in nutrient, presumably due to a decrease in the encapsulated cell population. However, the initial sulfate reduction rate of ∼11 µg h−1 cm−3 of gel was re-established after soaking the gel samples in nutrient solution for six days, indicating that the encapsulated bacterial population could be rapidly restored within the gel's pore network, even after several months of storage.
DISTANCE DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRONIC ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN DONOR AND ACCEPTOR ADLAYERS : P-TERPHENYL AND 9,10-DIPHENYLANTHRACENE

Investigations of energy transfer between adlayers on single‐crystal surfaces provide a unique opportunity to explore electronic energy transfer in restricted geometries. In this study, laser induced fluorescence techniques and donor quantum yield measurements were used to examine the distance dependence of electronic energy transfer between donor and acceptor adlayers on Al2O3(0001). The donor adlayer was p‐terphenyl, the acceptor adlayer was 9,10‐diphenylanthracene, and n‐butane was the variable spacer adlayer. The electronic energy transfer rates vs spacer thickness were determined at both 30 and 85 K in ultra high vacuum. The butane spacer experiments showed that the donor energy transfer rate decreased with a 1/d3 dependence, where d is the thickness of the spacer adlayer. Given a Forster quantum mechanical or a Kuhn classical energy transfer mechanism with randomly oriented dipoles, a 1/d3 distance dependence is consistent with resonance electronic energy transfer from a two‐dimensional donor adlaye.
Compatibility study of Ti and Ge2Sb2Te5 for phase-change memory applications

In this study, the kinetics of titanium–Ge2Sb2Te5 chalcogenide compound formation has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, MeV helium-ion backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Two sets of samples have been used, one with titanium on a Ge2Sb2Te5 film and the other with a reverse structure. To induce the compound formation, isothermal experiments were carried out at various temperatures. It has been found that titanium induces the dissociation of the chalcogenide layer and the formation of TiTe2 compound. In both the samples, the growth of TiTe2 is kinetically controlled with an activation energy of 0.9±0.1 eV. In excess of titanium atoms with respect to tellurium, the dissociation of what is left in the original chalcogenide proceeds by the formation of TiGe x compound, leaving antimony and eventually germanium grains.
Plasma etch properties of organic BARCs

Plasma etching is an integral part of semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) processing and is widely used to produce high-resolution patterns and to remove sacrificial layers. Bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) under the resist absorb light to minimize reflectivity during lithography and are typically opened during pattern transfer using plasma etching. High etch selectivity is required in the BARC opening process to minimize resist loss to allow further substrate etching. Because the plasma etch process combines physical bombardment and chemical reaction, the factors affecting etch rate and selectivity are complex. The results are related to etch conditions and the chemical nature of polymer. This paper addresses plasma etch properties as they relate to polymer type and etch gas composition. Polyacrylate, polyester, and polymers containing nitrogen and halogens have been investigated. The research was carried out by a series of designs of experiments (DOEs), which varied the flow rate of Ar, CF4, and O2 in plasma gas. The selectivity of BARC to resist depends not only on the carbon content but also on the different ways polymer compositions and structures respond to an oxidizing gas, a reducing gas, and plasma bombardment. Based on a polymer decomposition mechanism, we discuss what could happen physically and chemically during the polymer's exposure to the high-energy reactive plasmas. We also modified the Ohnishi parameter for the polymers containing nitrogen and halogen using our polymer decomposition theory. The contribution of nitrogen and halogen in the etch equation can be positive or negative depending on the chemical properties of the plasma.
Gas‐Liquid Mass Transfer in a Slurry Bubble Column at High Slurry Concentrations and High Gas Velocities

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient k L a in a 0.1 m-diameter bubble column was studied for an air-slurry system. A C 9 -C 11 n-paraffin oil was employed as the liquid phase with fine alumina catalyst carrier particles used as the solid phase. The n-paraffin oil had properties similar to those of the liquid phase in a commercial Fischer-Tropsch reactor under reaction conditions. The superficial gas velocity U G was varied in the range of 0.01 to 0.8 m/s, spanning both the homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes. The slurry concentration ES ranged from 0 to 0.5. The experimental results obtained show that the gas hold-up EG decreases with an increase in slurry concentration, with this decrease being most significant when e S 0.1 m/s is taking on values predominantly between 0.4 and 0.6 s -1 when e S = 0.1 to 0.4, and 0.29 s -1 , when e S = 0.5. This study provides a practical means for estimating the volumetric mass transfer coefficient k L a in an industrial-size bubble column slurry reactor, with a particular focus on the Fischer-Tropsch process as well as high gas velocities and high slurry concentrations.
Current pulses in dc glow discharges in electronegative gas mixtures

Regular oscillations in the current are predicted in low‐pressure, planar discharges under certain conditions in electronegative gas mixtures in which the attachment rate coefficient is large at low values of E/P, the ratio of the electric‐field strength to the gas pressure. The frequency of the oscillations is about 10 kHz, and depending on the conditions of pressure, gap spacing, and applied voltage, the current wave form varies from a near‐sinusoidal shape to regularly repeating and well‐separated spikes with a peak current density on the order of or less than 1 mA/cm2. The instability which gives rise to these oscillations is due to attachment, and the oscillations result from alternate phases of space charge buildup and decay. Thus, the current oscillations predicted here in planar discharges are analogous to Trichel pulses, periodic current spikes which are observed in negative point‐plane corona discharges in electronegative gases.
Mobility of Surface Species on Oxides. 1. Isotopic Exchange of 18O2 with 16O of SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, MgO, CeO2, and CeO2-Al2O3. Activation by Noble Metals. Correlation with Oxide Basicity†

Temperature-programmed isotopic exchange of 18O2 with 16O of several oxides was carried out in the 200−900 °C temperature range. The oxides can be ranked according to their maximal rates of exchange obtained at the following temperatures: CeO2, 410 °C ≫ CeO2-Al2O3, 480 °C ≈ MgO, 490 °C > ZrO2, 530 °C ≫ γ-Al2O3, 620 °C ≫ SiO2, 850 °C. Except on CeO2 and on CeO2-Al2O3 a simple exchange yielding initially 18O16O can be observed. With ceria containing oxides, the reaction occurs in part via a multiple exchange mechanism yielding initially 16O2 which is indicative of the presence of binuclear species (O2, O2-, or O22-) at the ceria surface. Chlorine-free rhodium catalysts supported on these oxides were prepared with metal dispersions between 32 and 89%. The presence of rhodium accelerates considerably the oxygen exchange with the support: the maximal rates of the exchange can be observed at much lower temperatures, by about 200−300 °C with respect to the bare oxides. This is attributed to a spillover of oxyg.
Synthesis of ZnO with Different Morphology and its Photocatalytic Property

ZnO nanostructures with different morphology have been successfully fabricated by a simple relative low temperature approach at 90 °C for 5 h without surfactant assistance. These structures can be easily tailed using varied concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and different amounts of the hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O). X-ray diffraction (XRD) result proves the formation of ZnO with wurtzite structure. Microstructure as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates that the rod-like and chrysanthemum-like ZnO nanostructures contain many radial nanorods, which grow along the [0001] direction. Furthermore, the as-prepared ZnO nanomaterials exhibit high activity on the photo-catalytic degradation of typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), indicating that they are promising as semiconductor photo-catalysts.
Teoría de juegos aplicada a la competencia innovativa de la industria 4.0

La teoría de juegos, desde su origen hasta la actualidad, es una herramienta utilizada para determinar las múltiples decisiones estratégicas que realizan los jugadores (tomando en consideración que estos son racionales y las reglas del juego se encuentran predefinidas) para alcanzar el máximo beneficio o utilidad, hasta que aquellos se encuentren compitiendo o cooperando y no quieran moverse de esa situación, logrando así el equilibrio de Nash.
Evaluating Plane Curves As Constraints for Locomotion on Uneven Terrain

This paper focuses on preliminary work related to the discovery of single degree-of-freedom mechanism paths useful for dynamic locomotion tasks. The objective is to bridge a gap between kinematic specifications and emerging dynamic behaviors. This is accomplished by formulating a set of ordinary differential equations that includes essential mechanism characteristics (path traced, mechanical advantage) but excludes all physical mechanism parameters (topology, link lengths). The dynamics represent a rotation constrained body propelled by a foot that is attached to that body by a user-defined path. The foot is powered by a series-elastic actuator acting through a mechanical advantage function that is defined across the length of the path. Through this framework, a range of user-defined paths were tested for effective locomotion on flat and complex terrains. Foot paths and mechanical advantage functions exist outside of any mechanical design, with the goal to discover paradigms worth instantiating into physical mechanisms, a task reserved for kinematic synthesis. This work would empower existing kinematic synthesis techniques to achieve dynamic requirements. In other words, kinematic requirements are transformed from an end to a means. Their dynamic utility would be evaluated by the framework presented in this paper rather than pursued by themselves.
Role of smectite in siliceous-sinter formation and microbial-texture preservation: Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

A siliceous sinter collected from Octopus Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA contains an occluded volcanic rock fragment that has undergone alteration. The sinter piece beyond the fragment is mostly dominated by opal-A with trace amounts of bacterial cells, calcite and detrital quartz. Within the altered rock region, the mineral assemblage is dominated by dioctahedral smectite and quartz with trace amounts of pseudobrookite, ilmenite, rutile and hematite. Onset of opal-CT formation was only found in the outer spicular region of the sinter, which is unexpected given that this outer part represents newest growth. A reaction mechanism is proposed whereby the alteration of feldspar to smectitic clay locally produces excess silica, and alkali metal, and raises pH. As the clay mineral forms, it sequesters ions from pore fluids thereby inhibiting the opal-A phase change to more ordered opal-CT. Ions such as Mg are known to promote the opal-A to opal-CT reaction. Smectite formation therefore may assist microbial-texture preservation processes as excess silica produced increases the rate at which primary opal-A is formed. The altered zone also retains the greatest amount of fixed C and fixed N (operationally defined as C and N retained upon combustion at 450°C). The fixed N probably represents ammonium trapped in the exchangeable interlayer site of the smectite. This fixed N may serve as a potential biological signature of microbial activity in ancient rocks formed in similar environments.
Hollow, pH-sensitive calcium–alginate/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel beads as drug carriers for vancomycin release

In this study, hollow calcium–alginate/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel beads were prepared by UV polymerization for use as drug carriers. The hollow structure of the beads was fortified by the incorporation of PAA. The beads exhibited different swelling ratios when immersed in media at different pH values; this demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel beads were pH sensitive. A small amount (<9%) of vancomycin that had been incorporated into the beads was released in simulated gastric fluid, whereas a large amount (≤67%) was released in a sustained manner in simulated intestinal fluid. The observed drug-release profiles demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel beads are ideal candidate carriers for vancomycin delivery into the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the biological response of cells to these hydrogel beads indicated that they exhibited good biological safety and may have additional applications in tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010