Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Formation of the Amino Acid Glycine (NH2CH2COOH) and Its Isomer (CH3NHCOOH) in Extraterrestrial Ices

We have investigated the synthesis of the simplest amino acid, glycine, by Galactic cosmic-ray particles in extraterrestrial ices. Laboratory experiments combined with electronic structure calculations showed that a methylamine molecule [CH3NH2(X 1A')] can be dissociated through interaction with energetic electrons in the track of a cosmic-ray particle to form atomic hydrogen and the radicals CH2NH2(X 2A') and CH3NH(X 2A'). Hydrogen atoms with sufficient kinetic energy could overcome the entrance barrier to add to a carbon dioxide molecule [CO2(X 1Σ)], yielding a trans-hydroxycarbonyl radical, HOCO(X 2A'). Neighboring radicals with the correct geometric orientation then recombine to form glycine, NH2CH2COOH(X 1A), and also its isomer, CH3NHCOOH(X 1A). These findings expose for the first time detailed reaction mechanisms of how the simplest amino acid glycine and its isomer can be synthesized via nonequilibrium chemistry in interstellar and cometary ices. Our results offer an important alternative to aqueous and photon-induced formation of amino acids in comets and in molecular clouds. These results also predict the existence of a hitherto undetected isomer of glycine in the interstellar medium, suggest that glycine should be observable on Saturn's moon Titan, and help to account for the synthesis of more complex amino acids in the Murchison and Orgueil meteorites.
The Dependence of payPerformance Sensitivity on the Size of the Firm

I analyze the relationship between firm size and the extent to which executive compensation depends on the wealth of the firm's shareholders. I use a simple agency model to motivate an econometric model of this relationship. Estimating this model on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation data using nonlinear least squares, I determine that pay-performance sensitivity (as defined by Jensen and Murphy (1990b)) appears to be approximately inversely proportional to the square root of firm size (however measured). I also analyze the properties of pay- performance sensitivity for teams of executives working for the same firm and show it to have similar properties as CEO pay-performance sensitivity.
Expression and functional role of nitric oxide synthase in osteoblast‐like cells

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are enzymes that produce nitric oxide (NO) from L‐arginine in a reaction yielding citrulline as a coproduct. Nitric oxide modulates the activity of a wide variety of cells, but little is known about its effects on bone cells. In the present study we report that the NOS inhibitor NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (NMMA) induced a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of the osteoblast‐like cell lines MG63 and ROS 17/2.8. The inhibitory effect was prevented by increasing L‐arginine concentrations in the medium and by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. Likewise, NMMA inhibited interleukin‐6 secretion, independently of its effect on cell number. NOS expression by MG63 cells was confirmed by measuring their ability to metabolize radiolabeled L‐arginine to citrulline. NOS bioactivity was detected in unstimulated cells, but was markedly increased by stimulating the cells with cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, or 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. NOS activity was partially dependent upon the presence of calcium in the medium. Furthermore, constitutive‐type NOS (c‐NOS) and inducible‐type NOS (i‐NOS) mRNA expression was detected in ROS 17/2.8 cells after reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. In conclusion, osteoblast‐like cells express c‐NOS and i‐NOS, and NOS activity seems to play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and function.
Pseudoneglect in a patient with partial callosal disconnection.

Each hemisphere may not only be responsible for processing stimuli from the contralateral sensory systems and for programming movements of the contralateral hand, but may also be important for mediating attention-intention within the contralateral hemispace. If each hemisphere mediates attention-intention within contralateral hemispace, both hemispheres must work in concert especially when an arm is crossed and used in opposite hemispace. If both hemispheres did not work together, the directional bias of each hemisphere would become manifest and induce the contralateral extremity to err toward its own hemispace, inducing pseudoneglect . To test this hypothesis, we examined a patient who had a partial callosal disconnection. In trying visually and somaesthetically to bisect lines with her left hand in right hemispace, the patient made systematic errors to the left; in bisecting lines in left hemispace with her right hand, she made systematic errors to the right. The patient also made less dramatic systematic errors even when a hand was used in its own hemispace, which suggests that each hemisphere mediates attention-intention within and towards the contralateral hemispace.
Color stability and lipid oxidation of broiler breast meat from animals raised on organic versus non‐organic production systems

&NA; The aim of the present research was to evaluate the influence of organic and non‐organic production systems on color stability and lipid oxidation of broiler meat Pectoralis major (PM) stored under refrigeration (4°C) for 9 days. PM samples from organic (ORG) and non‐organic (NORG) production systems were compared based on physicochemical analyses (instrumental color, myoglobin concentration, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), pH, and lipid oxidation) performed in 4 different trials (n = 4). In general, NORG broilers demonstrated higher (P < 0.05) b* and lipid oxidation values than ORG, whereas ORG samples exhibited increased (P < 0.05) MRA, ratio of reflectance at 630 per 580 nanometers (R 630/580), and a* values. The lower color stability observed in NORG samples can be partly due to lipid oxidation. Therefore, the production system can affect color and lipid stability of broiler breast meat during storage.
Effects of Gangliosides GM1 and GD1 a on GAP‐43 Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation in Isolated Growth Cones

Abstract: Phosphorylation of the nervous system‐specific protein GAP‐43 in growth cones in vivo increases as the growth cones near their targets, at a time when the gangliosides GM1 and GD1a are being accumulated in the growth cone membrane, thus raising the possibility that the gangliosides could modulate GAP‐43 behavior. We used a subcellular fraction of intact isolated growth cones to show that both GM1 and GD1a affected the calcium‐ dependent posttranslational regulation of GAP‐43 in several similar ways. Both gangliosides induced rapid incorporation of phosphate into GAP‐43; however, the induction was undetectable with our antibody 2G12 that is specific for kinase C‐phosphorylated GAP‐43. Furthermore, neither ganglioside stimulated kinase C activity in isolated growth cones, suggesting that the rapid Phosphorylation may not be on Ser41, the kinase C site. However, both gangliosides did induce a slower accumulation of GAP‐43 phosphorylated on Ser41, apparently by inhibiting a phosphatase. Finally, calcium‐dependent proteolysis of GAP‐43 was also stimulated by both GM1 and GD1a. In contrast, GD1a, but not GM1, caused the redistribution of GAP‐43 into the isolated growth cone cytoskeleton. The results demonstrate that both gangliosides can modulate the calcium‐dependent regulation of GAP‐43.
Co-effect of aqueous solubility of drugs and glycolide monomer on in vitro release rates from poly(D,L-lactide- co-glycolide) discs and polymer degradation

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous solubility of model drugs and glycolide monomer (GM) from poly(D,L -lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) discs on in vitro release rates and polymer degradation. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a water-soluble compound, and dexamethasone in a water-insoluble base form were selected as model drugs. Glycolide monomer, that has moderate solubility in water, was a non-toxic and biodegradable additive as a derivative material of hydrolysis of PLGA in order to obtain desirable drugs release rates. PLGA discs with or without GM were formulated by means of compression molding method. The prepared polymeric discs were incubated at 37°C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and characterized at scheduled time points for water uptake, mass loss, diameter and morphology change, molecular weight and composition change using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), and 1H-NMR, respectively. The supernatants were taken out of the sample vials and were analyzed for drug release. The 5-FU release was found to be increasing in proportion to the drug loading amount with an initial burst for 5 days, while dexamethasone release showed inverse relationship with the increasing drug loading amount. However, the release behaviors of 5-FU and dexamethasone polymeric discs containing GM showed faster release rates than control discs (without GM) and did not show lag periods during the in vitro release test due to adding GM, which acted as a channeling agent that has moderate solubility in water. Polymer degradation was found to be affected by aqueous solubility of drugs and GM. In conclusion, we observed that drugs release rates were influenced by their aqueous solubility and loading amount and also GM plays a major role in controlling drug release rates regardless of solubility of drugs. This system appears to be promising for controlled drug delivery aimed at local therapy.
Generating smooth surfaces with bicubic splines over triangular meshes: toward automatic model building from unorganized 3D points

The paper presents an algorithm for constructing tangent plane continuous (G/sup 1/) surfaces with piecewise polynomials over triangular meshes. The input mesh can be of arbitrary topological type, that is, any number of faces can meet at a mesh vertex. The mesh is first refined to one solely with quadrilateral cells. Rectangular Bezier patches are then assigned to each of the cells and control points are determined so that G/sup 1/ continuity across the patch boundaries is maintained. Since all the patches are rectangular, the resulting surface can be rendered efficiently by current commercial graphic hardware/software. In addition, by exploiting the fact that all the faces of the original mesh are triangular, the degree of each patch is optimized to three while a more general method dealing with arbitrary irregular meshes requires biquartic patches. Several surface examples generated from real 3D data are shown.
Intelius-NYU TAC-KBP2012 Cold Start System

This paper describes the Intelius-NYU 2012 system for the KBP Cold Start task. The Cold Start task can be decomposed into two subtasks: slot filling and entity linking. For slot filling, we focus on the adaptation of the NYU 2011 regular slot filling system to the Cold Start task. For entity linking, we apply Intelius‘s commercial conflation engine to link person and organization entities with minimal tuning for the Cold Start task. We also developed a voting-based entity linking system for geo-political entities.
Primate vocalizations and human linguistic ability.

Some representative vocalizations of captive rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, and gorilla were recorded and analyzed by means of sound spectrograms and oscillograms. It was found that these animals' vocal mechanisms do not appear capable of producing human speech. The laryngeal output was breathy and irregular. A uniform cross section, schwalike configuration appeared to underlie all the vocalizations. These animals did not modify the shape of their supralaryngeal vocal tracts by means of tongue maneuvers during a vocalization. Formant transitions occurred in some vocalizations, but they appeared to have been generated by means of laryngeal and possibly velar or lip movements. The nonhuman primates lack a pharyngeal region like man's, where the cross‐sectional area continually changes during speech. The data suggest that speech cannot be viewed as an overlaid function that makes use of a vocal tract that has evolved solely for respiratory and deglutitious purposes; the skeletal evidence of human evolution shows.
Decision-Making and the Barriers to Judicious Antibiotic Use

Escalating antibiotic resistance is a “multinational public health crisis. ”1 As children are heavy consumers of antibiotics and serve as community reservoirs of resistant organisms, promoting judicious pediatric antibiotic use can have high impact.2 Decreasing prescribing rates over the past decade have recently plateaued; young children still receive, on average, >1 antibiotic prescription per year, most for broad-spectrum drugs, with 25% of antibiotics prescribed for diagnoses for which antibiotics are unlikely to be of benefit.3,4 These data seem to defy rational logic; why is this problem so recalcitrant? Vaz et al,5 in this issue of Pediatrics , address this important question by recognizing that antibiotic prescribing decisions take place within the context of the physician–patient relationship, where the perspectives of individual families and physicians often take precedence over potential future risks of resistance for society at large. Classic decision theory and behavioral economics can help to explain how we make flawed choices. Vaz et al5 demonstrate that many parents have imperfect information; they are mistaken about the indications for antibiotic treatment and remain confused about the distinction between bacterial and viral infections. Although … Address correspondence to Sharon B. Meropol, MD, PhD, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Mailstop 6019, Cleveland, OH 44106. E-mail: sharon.meropol{at}uhhospitals.org
Dexmedetomidine and general anesthesia: a narrative literature review of its major indications for use in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

INTRODUCTION In Europe, dexmedetomidine has marketing approval only for sedation in intensive care units. However, its use during general anesthesia has been widely reported. The aim of this narrative review is to draw a picture of potential indications in anesthesia. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials using the keywords "Dexmedetomidine, Dexdor, Precedex and Dexdomitor. " The research ended in December 2016. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported the use of dexmedetomidine in adults receiving general anesthesia. We excluded studies related to cardiac surgery and studies reporting the use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant of locoregional anesthesia. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Several potential uses for dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia are described, especially: awake fiber optic intubation, the sparing effect of dexmedetomidine on hypnotic and opioid drugs, prevention of postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting and shivering, improvement of postoperative sleep and postoperative recovery, opioid-free anesthesia, use in craniotomy, endovascular stroke treatment and drug-induced sleep endoscopy. A protective effect against cardiac complications, an anti-inflammatory effect, and side effects, particularly bradycardia, are also described. CONCLUSIONS The properties of dexmedetomidine lead to its use for elective indications such as awake fiberoptic intubation and neurosurgical anesthesia. New topics are under debate. These subjects must be studied thoroughly because of their implication in the patients' surgical course. These advantages must be weighed against the major drawback of dexmedetomidine administration which is the potential for hemodynamic abnormalities.
Randomized Trial Comparing Locoregional Resection of Primary Tumor with No Surgery in Stage IV Breast Cancer at the Presentation (Protocol MF07‐01): A Study of Turkish Federation of the National Societies for Breast Diseases

Abstract: The MF07‐01 trial is a phase III randomized controlled trial which compares breast cancer patients with distant metastases at presentation who receive locoregional treatment for intact primary tumor with those who do not receive such treatment. The primary objective of the study is to assess whether locoregional treatment of the primary tumor provides a better overall survival. Secondary objectives include progression‐free survival, quality‐of‐life, and morbidity related to locoregional treatment. Locoregional treatments consist of either mastectomy or breast conserving surgery with level I‐II axillary clearance in clinically or sentinel lymph node positive patients. Radiation therapy to the whole breast follows breast conserving surgery. Standard systemic therapy is given to all patients either immediately after randomization in no‐locoregional treatment arm or after surgical resection of the intact primary tumor in locoregional treatment arm. The study is conducted in Turkey as a multicenter trial with central randomization. Total accrual target is 271. The trial was activated in October 2007 and authorized centers started to recruit patients since then. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number is NCT00557986.
SURVEY OF FREQUENT PATTERN MINING ALGORITHMS IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DATA LAYOUTS

In the modern digital world, there is an accumulation of data for every day. Really, the researchers are bewildered by the massive influx of data . To manage all these massive data is an open challenge for all the researchers in frequent pattern mining. This paper gives an account of the brief history of earlier works of frequent patterns with a detailed description of the core algorithms, highlighting the significant contributions of the different algorithms putforth by different authors. A comprehensive survey of most influential algorithms of literature has been explained and compared with them in the horizontal and vertical data layouts. It covers the main aspects of earlier works of Frequent Pattern Mining, which include a) pros/cons of the existing algorithms b) performance of the prior algorithms and memory space and c) Visualization of the existing algorithms.
THE BULK OF THE BLACK HOLE GROWTH SINCE z ∼ 1 OCCURS IN A SECULAR UNIVERSE: NO MAJOR MERGER–AGN CONNECTION

What is the relevance of major mergers and interactions as triggering mechanisms for active galactic nuclei (AGNs) activity? To answer this long-standing question, we analyze 140 XMM-Newton-selected AGN host galaxies and a matched control sample of 1264 inactive galaxies over z ∼ 0.3–1.0 and M* < 1011.7 M☉ with high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging from the COSMOS field. The visual analysis of their morphologies by 10 independent human classifiers yields a measure of the fraction of distorted morphologies in the AGN and control samples, i.e., quantifying the signature of recent mergers which might potentially be responsible for fueling/triggering the AGN. We find that (1) the vast majority (>85%) of the AGN host galaxies do not show strong distortions and (2) there is no significant difference in the distortion fractions between active and inactive galaxies. Our findings provide the best direct evidence that, since z ∼ 1, the bulk of black hole (BH) accretion has not been triggered by major galaxy mergers, therefore arguing that the alternative mechanisms, i.e., internal secular processes and minor interactions, are the leading triggers for the episodes of major BH growth. We also exclude an alternative interpretation of our results: a substantial time lag between merging and the observability of the AGN phase could wash out the most significant merging signatures, explaining the lack of enhancement of strong distortions on the AGN hosts. We show that this alternative scenario is unlikely due to (1) recent major mergers being ruled out for the majority of sources due to the high fraction of disk-hosted AGNs, (2) the lack of a significant X-ray signal in merging inactive galaxies as a signature of a potential buried AGN, and (3) the low levels of soft X-ray obscuration for AGNs hosted by interacting galaxies, in contrast to model predictions.
Properties of a superoxide anion-generating microsomal NADH oxidoreductase, a potential pulmonary artery PO2 sensor.

In this study, we describe properties of a microsomal NADH oxidoreductase that is a potential PO2-dependent source of vasoactive reactive O2 species in the calf pulmonary artery. Microsomes show an NADH-dependent production of superoxide anion (O2-.), as detected by lucigenin-elicited chemiluminescence, a superoxide dismutase inhibited reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, and O2 consumption. The microsomal production of O2-. was modulated by physiologically relevant levels of NADH and PO2, and O2-. production was reduced by inhibitors of NADH-dependent microsomal electron transport. Microsomes catalyzed an NADH-mediated reduction of several electron acceptor dyes, cytochrome c (rotenone insensitive) and methemoglobin. On reduction with dithionite, a cytochrome with an absorbance at approximately 558 nm was observed. Arterial O2-. levels (chemiluminescence) were also reduced by NBT and microsomal electron transport inhibitors. In pulmonary arteries, NBT selectively inhibited PO2 and lactate elicited changes in force generation, presumably by trapping O2-. and preventing H2O2 formation. Thus these studies are consistent with an involvement of O2-. -derived H2O2 generation via a microsomal NADH-cytochrome b558 electron transport system in calf pulmonary artery smooth muscle PO2 and lactate-elicited tone responses.
AZATHIOPRINE: A FORGOTTEN ALTERNATIVE FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERE PSORIASIS

A 60-year-old man with a 30-year history of severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis has been followed at Gainesville Veterans Administration Medical Center. An extensive work-up, including many skin biopsies, confirmed the diagnosis of psoriasis. Rheumatologic evaluation for joint pain was compatible with psoriatic arthritis. The patient failed conventional psoriatic therapies because of side effects or inadequate response. Specifically, in 1960, he received systemic corticosteroids, but they resulted in severe mental status changes. He had to discontinue methotrexate after 6 years of treatment because of an abnormal liver biopsy
Absorption of Intact Oligosaccharide in Health and Disease

It is well known that small quantities of intact dietary sucrose and lactose pass across the normal intestinal wall, probably by a process of non-mediated diffusion, and are subsequently excreted in the urine (Folin & Berglund, 1922; Utter, 1927). Except for lactosuria during pregnancy and lactation (Brock & Hubbard, 1935) and very rare instances of endogenous sucrosuria (Elmer et al., 1939), disaccharides appearing in the urine are usually of dietary origin. Excretion of sucrose and lactose in larger amounts, associated with gastroenteritis, coeliac disease, hiatus hernia and other intestinal abnormalities, have been attributed to either disaccharidase deficiency producing elevated intestinal concentrations, or increased permeability of a structurally damaged mucosa (Moncrieff & Wilkinson, 1954; Owen &Lewis, 1956; Santini et al., 1957; Bickel, 1961 ; Gryboski et al., 1963; Weser & Sleisenger, 1965). Further analysis of the factors that determine absorption of intact oligosaccharide is presented, and the clinical siginficance of increased absorption is discussed. Urinary sugar measurements presented were made by quantitative paper chromatography (Menzies, 1973).