Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ammonia Production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on pelB Activation, Pectate Lyase Secretion, and Fruit Pathogenicity

ABSTRACT The accumulation of ammonia and associated tissue alkalinization predispose avocado fruit to attack by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Secretion of ammonia by C. gloeosporioides in the presence of KNO3 was induced by decreasing the pH from 7.0 to 4.0. When the fungus was grown at pH 4.0 or 6.0 in the absence of a nitrogen source, ammonia did not accumulate, and neither pelB (encoding pectate lyase) transcription nor pectate lyase secretion was detected. Under these nitrogen starvation conditions, only transcriptional activation of areA, which encodes the global nitrogen regulator, was detected. pelB transcription and pectate lyase secretion were both detected when C. gloeosporioides was grown at pH 6.0 in the presence of ammonia accumulated from different nitrogen sources. The early accumulation of ammonia induced early pelB expression and pectate lyase secretion. As the external pH increased from 4.0 to 6.0, transcripts of pac1, the C. gloeosporioides pacC homolog, also could be detected. Nit mutants of C. gloeosporioides, which cannot utilize KNO3 as a nitrogen source, did not secrete ammonia, alkalinize the medium, or secrete pectate lyase. If Nit mutants were grown at pH 6.0 in the presence of glutamate, then pectate lyase secretion was induced. Infiltration of 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide at pH 10 into ripening avocado fruits enhanced the activation of quiescent infection and symptom development by C. gloeosporioides. These results suggest that ambient pH alkalinization resulting from ammonia accumulation and the availability of ammonia as a nitrogen source independently regulate pelB expression, pectate lyase secretion, and virulence of C. gloeosporioides. These data suggest that alkalinization during C. gloeosporioides infection is important for its transformation from the quiescent biotrophic stage to the necrotrophic stage of fungal colonization in the fruit host.
The effect of medical malpractice liability on rate of referrals received by specialist physicians

Abstract Using nationally representative data from the United States, this paper analyzed the effect of a state's medical malpractice environment on referral visits received by specialist physicians. The analytic sample included 12,839 ambulatory visits to specialist care doctors in office-based settings in the United States during 2003–2007. Whether the patient was referred for the visit was examined for its association with the state's malpractice environment, assessed by the frequency and severity of paid medical malpractice claims, medical malpractice insurance premiums and an indicator for whether the state had a cap on non-economic damages. After accounting for potential confounders such as economic or professional incentives within practices, the analysis showed that statutory caps on non-economic damages of $250,000 were significantly associated with lower likelihood of a specialist receiving referrals, suggesting a potential impact of a state's medical malpractice environment on physicians’ referral behavior.
Interindividual Differences in Leg Muscle Mass and Pyruvate Kinase Activity Correlate with Interindividual Differences in Jumping Performance of Hyla multilineata

Frog jumping is an excellent model system for examining the structural basis of interindividual variation in burst locomotor performance. Some possible factors that affect jump performance, such as total body size, hindlimb length, muscle mass, and muscle mechanical and biochemical properties, were analysed at the interindividual (intraspecies) level in the tree frog Hyla multilineata. The aim of this study was to determine which of these physiological and anatomical variables both vary between individuals and are correlated with interindividual variation in jump performance. The model produced via stepwise linear regression analysis of absolute data suggested that 62% of the interindividual variation in maximum jump distance could be explained by a combination of interindividual variation in absolute plantaris muscle mass, total hindlimb muscle mass (excluding plantaris muscle), and pyruvate kinase activity. When body length effects were removed, multiple regression indicated that the same independent variables explained 43% of the residual interindividual variation in jump distance. This suggests that individuals with relatively large jumping muscles and high pyruvate kinase activity for their body size achieved comparatively large maximal jump distances for their body size.
Lack of a negative influence on viral growth by the nef gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains an open reading frame called nef at the 3' end of its genome. The nef gene product has been reported to down-regulate viral growth by suppressing viral transcription through interaction with the long terminal repeat region. We have compared two isogenic HIV-1 (HIV-1-WI3) strains, one of which lacks nef expression, and found little difference between them in in vitro growth. We tested effects on viral entry, DNA synthesis, and RNA expression by measuring HIV-specific low molecular weight DNA and RNA after infection. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis were comparable between the nef+ and nef- strains. The effects on viral growth were also examined by following changes in reverse transcriptase activity during the course of infection. The presence of the nef gene product failed to slow viral growth in several different cell types tested, including the human T-lymphocyte cell lines H9 and CEM-SS, human primary T cells enriched for CD4+ cells, and human monocytic cell lines U-937 and THP-1. On the contrary, the nef+ strain grew more efficiently in some cell types than the nef- strain. The same results were obtained with nef+ and nef- strains of a different virus, HIV-1-432, whose Nef had been reported to have a negative effect on viral growth. Our data suggest that the Nef protein does not act as a negative factor, at least in the experimental systems employed in our studies.
A 0.009–1.4-GHz Frequency Synthesizer With Suppressed Transients During VCO Band Switching

This brief presents a 0.009-1.4-GHz frequency synthesizer that is able to compensate for changes in the frequency tuning range, due to temperature variations, by switching voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) bands with minimal phase and frequency errors, without cycle slipping and without introducing any phase offsets. This is accomplished by a subthreshold capacitor bank switching circuit that causes the gradual addition of capacitance slowly enough to allow the loop to adjust the VCO control voltage to compensate. The additional circuitry uses less than 0.001 mm2 of silicon area and has minimal power consumption and minimal effects on the synthesizer's phase noise when fully switched. The synthesizer used to demonstrate this was implemented in a 0.18-μm SiGe BiCMOS process and achieves 365-fs integrated jitter at 1.05 GHz, with a total power consumption of 81 mW. Measurements of the capacitor bank switching circuit shows that it prevents cycle slipping during band switching and reduces the maximum frequency deviation by 99.3%.
A task migration implementation of the Message-Passing Interface

In order to use networks of workstations in parallel processing applications, several schemes have been devised to allow processes on different, possibly heterogeneous, platforms to communicate with one another. The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) is one such scheme that allows for message-passing across different architectures. The MPI specification does not make provisions for the migration of a process between machines. This paper describes the work required to modify, an MPI implementation to allow for task migration. It also describes "Hector", our heterogeneous computing task allocator that is used to migrate tasks automatically and improve the overall performance of a parallel program.
Hemimethylation and Non-CpG Methylation Levels in a Promoter Region of Human LINE-1 (L1) Repeated Elements*

DNA methylation within the promoter region of human LINE1 (L1) transposable elements is important for maintaining transcriptional inactivation and for inhibiting L1 transposition. Determining methylation patterns on the complementary strands of repeated sequences is difficult using standard bisulfite methylation analysis. Evolutionary changes in each repeat and the variations between cells or alleles of the same repeat lead to a heterogeneous population of sequences. Potential sequence biases can arise during analyses that are different for the converted sense and antisense strands. These problems can be avoided with hairpin-bisulfite PCR, a double-stranded PCR method in which complementary strands of individual molecules are attached by a hairpin linker ligated to genomic DNA. Using human L1 elements to study methylation of repeated sequences, (i) we distinguish valid L1 sequences from redundant and contaminant sequences by applying the powerful new method of molecular barcodes, (ii) we resolve a controversy on the level of hemimethylation of L1 sequences in fetal fibroblasts in favor of relatively little hemimethylation, (iii) we report that human L1 sequences in different cell types also have primarily concordant CpG methylation patterns on complementary strands, and (iv) we provide evidence that non-CpG cytosines within the regions analyzed are rarely methylated.
Using query based Multi-word Feature Extraction of Web Document Clustering

The huge amount of data available in the web Information Industry. This type of data is no use until it is converted into useful information. To analyze this huge amount of data and extract useful information from it is necessary. This paper proposed methodology Using query based Multi-word Feature Extraction document clustering and produced meaningful document. This proposed algorithm improves performance and produce quality cluster.
Tourism and Economic Growth in Nepal

Tourism has become an important economic activity in all the countries of the world. It creates various direct, indirect and induced effects in the economy. This paper attempts to confirm empirically about the positive impact of tourism in Nepal. It is based on Nepalese data of foreign exchange earnings from tourism and gross domestic product for the period between FY 1974/75 and 2009/10. Co-integration test has been done for ascertaining long run relationship and error correction method for short run dynamics. Granger Causality test has been applied to determine causal relationship between these variables. The evidence confirms the conventional wisdom that of tourism development, that tourism (represented by foreign exchange earnings) causes economic growth both in short and long run. The result also indicates bi-directional causality between these variables.
Use of marijuana and changing risk perceptions.

OBJECTIVES To improve understanding of which adolescents were most likely to perceive marijuana as not harmful. METHODS Analyses were based on the SHARP survey, conducted in 3 large school districts in Utah in 2009, 2011, and 2013, among students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12. RESULTS Across school grades, students who viewed marijuana as not harmful were ≥9 times more likely to have used marijuana. The perception that marijuana has no risk was higher in males, Hispanics, youth not living with their mother or father, and increased with school grade and decreased with the education of the student's guardian. CONCLUSIONS Those historically identified as high risk for marijuana use also were most likely to view marijuana as not harmful.
Requirement for calcium ions in lymphocyte transformation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin

Medium calcium ions were essential to the development of the lymphocyte transformation response induced by PHA. Magnesium ions could not substitute for calcium ions. Calcium exerted its influence during the induction phase of the process before DNA synthesis began since its removal after the response had fully developed did not alter subsequent levels of nucleic acid synthesis. The early development of RNA synthesis was prevented by low calcium levels indicating that calcium either directly influenced the initiation of this process or some prior event(s).
Resonance and Quality Factor of the  $RL_{\alpha} C_{\alpha}$ Fractional Circuit

This paper introduces the general fundamentals of the fractional order RL<sub>α</sub>C<sub>α</sub> circuit, where α is the order of the elements. The generalized complex impedance of the RL<sub>α</sub>C<sub>α</sub> circuit can be purely real, imaginary, or short circuit. The stability analyses where two regions have been classified are introduced with many numerical examples. General maps for transient and frequency responses are investigated showing the damping parameters for each case. The resonance, 3 dB frequencies, bandwidth, and quality factor for all possible cases have been investigated with detailed analytical formulas. Numerical and PSpice simulations are provided using different examples to validate these concepts.
The Val279Phe variant of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 gene is associated with catalytic activities and cardiovascular disease in Korean men.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) exerts a pro- or antiatherogenic effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the association between Lp-PLA(2) variant (V279F and A379V) and CVD in Korean men. DESIGN CVD patients (n = 532) and healthy controls (n = 670) were genotyped for the Lp-PLA(2) polymorphism (V279F and A379V). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We calculated odds ratio (OR) on CVD risk and measured anthropometries, lipid profiles, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, oxidized LDL, lipid peroxides, and Lp-PLA(2) activity. RESULTS The presence of the 279F allele was associated with a lower risk of CVD [OR 0.646 (95% confidence interval 0.490-0.850), P = 0.002], and the association still remained after adjustments for age, body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption [OR 0.683 (95% confidence interval 0.512-0.911), P = 0.009]. Lp-PLA(2) activity was lower in CVD patients taking a lipid-lowering drug (31%), those not taking a lipid-lowering drug (26%), and control subjects (23%) with the V/F genotype, compared with those with the V/V genotype. Subjects with the F/F genotype in controls and two CVD patients groups showed no appreciable enzymatic activity. Control subjects with the V/F genotype had larger LDL particle size than those with the V/V genotype. In addition, control subjects carrying the F allele showed lower malondialdehyde concentrations. On the other hand, we found no significant relationship between A379V genotype and CVD risk. CONCLUSIONS The association of the F279 loss of function variant with the reduced risk of CVD supports the concept that Lp-PLA(2) plays a proatherogenic and causative role in CVD.
Volume and outcome--it is time to move ahead.

The volume–outcome hypothesis has created a policymaker's dilemma. In 1979, Luft and colleagues1 reported in the Journal that the number of procedures performed at a hospital (hospital volume) and mortality rates for many surgical procedures were inversely related. Since then, this relation has been documented many times,2 fueling a persistent debate about whether health care should be regionalized and certain sorts of complex, elective care restricted to high-volume medical centers.3–5 Two studies reported in this issue of the Journal will undoubtedly fuel this controversy. In the first, Birkmeyer and colleagues6 used Medicare claims data from 1994 through 1999 to .
L'asymptote du français avancé : les difficultés résistantes

L'observation du discours en francais de locuteurs d'origine etrangere montre que - quelle que soit leur langue d'origine - ils rencontrent certaines difficultes recurrentes, source d'ecarts de la langue par rapport a la norme reconnue. Il est significatif que ces caracteristiques ne se rencontrent pas chez les locuteurs d'origine etrangere dont l'apprentissage du francais langue seconde (ou troisieme.) a debute durant le jeune âge et qui ne se distinguent pas des locuteurs francais de langue maternelle. Laissant de cote l'aspect phonetique, a lui seul tres revelateur, nous constatons que ce ne sont pas les erreurs de lexique qui denotent la provenance des locuteurs car elles sont statistiquement rares. Par contre les variantes syntaxiques, statistiquement nombreuses, sont significativement groupees autour des formes verbales et du systeme des prepositions. Nous en deduisons que la didactique du francais langue etrangere, parallelement a un enseignement visant la communication, devrait developper un enseignement qui demonte les mecanismes logiques qui sous-tendent les systemes syntaxiques. Ceci surtout lorsqu'il s'agit d'apprenants qui ont depasse le stade de l'enfance, periode durant laquelle les mecanismes d'apprentissage sont tres differents.
Microphynolides A and B, new spiro-γ-lactone glycosides from Thymelaea microphylla

Two new spiro-γ-lactone glycosides named microphynolide A (1) and microphynolide B (2), together with twelve known compounds including five biflavonoids namely neochamaejasmin A, neochamaejasmin B, daphnodorin B, genkwanol A and stelleranol, one bis-coumarin daphnoretin, two lignans called pinoresinol and matairesinol, one flavonoid glucoside, tiliroside, a sinapyl alcohol glucoside, syringin, and two phytosterols, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the plant Thymelaea microphylla Coss. and Dur. All the isolated compounds were characterised by using spectroscopic methods and comparison with the literature data.
Borderline Immunodeficiency in Male Homosexuals: Is Life-style Contributory?

Results of our study suggest that white Southern male homosexuals without clinical evidence of AIDS who patronize “gay bars” may have significant zinc deficiency and moderately depressed T-helper/T-suppressor cell ratios. No single causative factor could be identified to explain the significantly low zinc and elevated copper levels measured in whole blood, as well as the depressed OKT4/OKT8 cell ratios. Seventy-four percent of the homosexual male subjects were “recreational” drug abusers, 81% used inhalant nitrites routinely, and 41% routinely treated themselves with antibiotics. Eighty-one percent practiced active and/or passive penile-oral insertion, and 55.5% practiced both active and passive anal intercourse. Of the latter, 19% reported anal bleeding. Clinically inapparent, though statistically significant, borderline immunodeficiency and aberrant zinc and copper levels may be a consequence of multiple factors comprising the gay bar life-style.
Lectures in Geometric Combinatorics

Abstract algebra: Groups, rings and fields Convex polytopes: Definitions and examples Faces of polytopes Schlegel diagrams Gale diagrams Bizarre polytopes Triangulations of point configurations The secondary polytope The permutahedron Abstract algebra: Polynomial rings Grobner bases I Grobner bases II Initial complexes of toric ideals State polytopes of toric ideals Bibliography Index.
BETWEEN LIFE GIVER AND LEISURE: IDENTITY NEGOTIATION THROUGH SEAFOOD IN TURKEY

With socioeconomic liberalization and development, especially since 1980, Turkey has witnessed rapid changes in consumption patterns and fashion styles. Often one fad rapidly follows another, creatively combining symbols of the Ottoman era, foreign influences, and regional traditions. Kandiyoti argues that “[t]here is little doubt that class cultures in Turkey are increasingly being shaped and redefined through the medium of consumption. ” Thus, consumption has emerged recently as a central concern and analytical tool in historical, anthropological, and sociological works on Ottoman and Turkish society. One trend focuses on the secular high-income class' “globalized” consumption patterns and lifestyle, especially as expressed through shopping patterns and the commoditization of symbols of Turkish secularism. Another, more prevalent, trend is more concerned with the upwardly mobile Islamists' attempt at articulating their newly gained economic status through consumption. A third directs attention to the history of consumption and “the everyday” to counter a previous emphasis on production and state politics in the Ottoman Empire.
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Graphic Strategies for Analyzing and Interpreting Curricular Mapping Data

Objective. To describe curricular mapping strategies used in analyzing and interpreting curricular mapping data and present findings on how these strategies were used to facilitate curricular development. Design. Nova Southeastern University’s doctor of pharmacy curriculum was mapped to the college’s educational outcomes. The mapping process included development of educational outcomes followed by analysis of course material and semi-structured interviews with course faculty members. Data collected per course outcome included learning opportunities and assessment measures used. Assessment. Nearly 1,000 variables and 10,000 discrete rows of curricular data were collected. Graphic representations of curricular data were created using bar charts and stacked area graphs relating the learning opportunities to the educational outcomes. Graphs were used in the curricular evaluation and development processes to facilitate the identification of curricular holes, sequencing misalignments, learning opportunities, and assessment measures. Conclusion. Mapping strategies that use graphic representations of curricular data serve as effective diagnostic and curricular development tools.
Frequency tunable compact antenna for digital terrestrial radio reception

A varactor-loaded folded dipole antenna has been proposed for digital terrestrial radio reception. From calculation using ldquoFEKOrdquo, the proposed antenna maintains a VSWR of less than 1.6 and a figure-of-eight radiation pattern between frequency ranges of 187 MHz to 230 MHz. The proposed antenna has a compact structure of 332 mm by 30 mm which is suitable for sealing on vehiclespsila window. It will be used for digital terrestrial radio reception on vehicles.
RESISTENCIA A INSECTOS DE TOMATE INJERTADO EN PARIENTES SILVESTRES, CON ÉNFASIS EN Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)

RESUMEN Para evaluar la resistencia de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) injertado sobre parientes silvestres a insectos plaga, con enfasis en el psilido Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc.), fueron desarrolladas ensayos de laboratorio y campo desde mayo 2006 hasta abril 2007 en Jiquilpan, Michoacan, Mexico. El tomate ‘Rio Grande’ fue injertado sobre la especie silvestre S. lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme (“tinguaraque”) colectado en el area de estudio. Se conformaron tres tratamientos con tomate injertado, tomate sin injertar y tinguaraque solo. En condiciones controladas, las plantas fueron confrontadas con un numero conocido de adultos de B. cockerelli y su preferencia por cada planta fue registrada. La incidencia del psilido y de otras plagas en condiciones de campo fue tambien considerada. En condiciones controladas, la mayor preferencia del insecto fue por el tomate sin injertar y menor en el tinguaraque. La resistencia del tinguaraque e injerto a B. cockerelli fue confirmada en condiciones de campo; adicionalmente, esos mismos tratamientos mostraron resistencia a Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), afidos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) y mosca blanca (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Solo el complejo de chinches (Hemiptera) mostro similar incidencia entre tratamientos. Al parecer, la resistencia del tomate silvestre es de tipo antixenosis, pero dado que tambien se manifesto en el injerto, probablemente otros tipos de resistencia esten involucrados, incluida la antibiosis. Estos resultados son de gran utilidad para futuros estudios de manejo integrado de plagas del tomate. Palabras clave adicionales: Injertacion, tomate silvestre, insectos fitofagos