Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Inadequate, Invaluable Fair Information Practices

For the past thirty years, the general advice for those seeking to collect, use, and share people’s personal data in a responsible way was relatively straightforward: follow the fair information practices, often called the “FIPs. ” These general guidelines were designed to ensure that data processors are accountable for their actions and that data subjects are safe, secure, and endowed with control over their personal information. The FIPs have proven remarkably sturdy against the backdrop of near-constant technological change. Yet in the age of social media, big data, and artificial intelligence, the FIPs have been pushed to their breaking point. We are asking too much of the FIPs, yet they are far too entrenched and important to be abandoned. New privacy risks present an opportune moment to assess the state of the FIPs in the modern world and ask whether they are up to the task. This Essay is an attempt to identify the practical virtues and limitations of the FIPs in order to help privacy law evolve while retaining traditional notions of data accountability. I argue that while we cannot do without the FIPs, it is time for lawmakers to stake out new ground. They should pay more attention to things like anti-competitive behavior and the design of information technologies. The FIPs are necessary, but not sufficient. To make privacy law whole, the FIPs must be treated as one of several frameworks to protect our personal information and people's ability to consent to data practices must be treated as a finite resource.
Type 1 protease resistant prion protein and valine homozygosity at codon 129 of PRNP identify a subtype of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A man was studied with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) who had serial cortical syndromes evolving over 15 months without significant ataxia, prominent myoclonus, or periodic complexes on EEG examinations. This clinical phenotype correlated with a predominantly cortical and striatal distribution of lesions and accumulation of protease resistant prion protein with relative sparing of the brainstem or cerebellum. No amyloid plaques were seen and prion protein (PrP) immunohistochemistry only demonstrated very faint granular deposits in the cerebral cortex. Molecular analysis showed homozygosity for valine at codon 129 in the prion protein gene (PRNP) and protease resistant prion protein type 1 deposition. The comparison of molecular and clinicopathological features of the present case with those previously reported in sCJD, indicates that valine homozygosity at codon 129 and type 1 protease resistant prion protein are associated with a distinct phenotypic variant of sCJD. The data also support the view that thePRNP codon 129 polymorphism and the physicochemical properties of the protease resistant prion protein are major determinants of phenotypic variability in sCJD.
Archaea S . cerevisiae higher eukaryotes b Pfd 1 / Gim 6 PFDN 1 Pfd 2 / Gim 4 PFDN 2 Pfd 4 / Gim 3 PFDN 4 Pfd 6 / Gim

Prefoldin is a cochaperone, present in all eukaryotes, that cooperates with the chaperonin CCT. It is known mainly for its functional relevance in the cytoplasmic folding of actin and tubulin monomers during cytoskeleton assembly. However, both canonical and prefoldin-like subunits of this heterohexameric complex have also been found in the nucleus, and are functionally connected with nuclear processes in yeast and metazoa. Plant prefoldin has also been detected in the nucleus and physically associated with a gene regulator. In this review, we summarize the information available on the involvement of prefoldin in nuclear phenomena, place special emphasis on gene transcription, and discuss the possibility of a global coordination between gene regulation and cytoplasmic dynamics mediated by prefoldin.
Exploring the contingencies of private-collective innovation: An agent-based model

The private-collective model has been advanced as a new model specifying the incentives that give rise to innovation in an economy: It involves the free revealing of design information created at private expense, in exchange for a mix of private and collectively provided benefits. We explore the environmental conditions in which private-collective innovation is likely to emerge and thrive. Our agent-based simulation makes it possible to study multiple contingencies, their interactions and outcomes in a systematic way. We find that the private-collective model of innovation delivers greater innovation performance, and is more likely to be sustainable, if the environment is characterized by low rivalry among agents, high imitability of designs, and extraneous benefits to reputation. Interestingly, the detectability of design plagiarism is negatively associated with system performance and with the emergence and stability of cooperation due to extensive punishment activities. The paper contributes to our understanding of the emergence of private-collective innovation from self-regarding individual behavior and of the system-level performance outcomes, as compared to the canonical private-investment model of innovation.
THE BI-DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERFIRM COLLABORATION AND BUSINESS SALES

We show that interfirm collaboration both leads to increased sales and results from greater business sales. Collaboration during or after entry into an industry often increases sales. Collaboration with incumbents has immediate impact on sales, while collaboration with entrants has longer-term impact. Large and growing businesses then tend to collaborate with incumbents and entrants. Thus, interfirm collaboration facilitates success and results from past success. The results provide insights into how firms benefit from collaboration and contribute to dynamic views of strategy.
Time Reversal and Refocusing in Random Media

In time reversal acoustics experiments, a signal is emitted from a localized source, recorded at an array of receivers, time reversed, and finally reemitted into the medium. A celebrated feature of time reversal experiments is that the refocusing of the reemitted signals at the location of the initial source is improved when the medium is heterogeneous. Contrary to intuition, multiple scattering enhances the spatial resolution of the refocused signal and allows one to beat the diffraction limit obtained in homogeneous media. This paper presents a quantitative explanation of time reversal and other more general refocusing phenomena for general classical waves in heterogeneous media. The theory is based on the asymptotic analysis of the Wigner transform of wave fields in the high frequency limit. Numerical experiments complement the theory.
Hardness results and approximation algorithms for some problems on graphs

This thesis has two parts. In the first part, we study some graph covering problems with a non-local covering rule that allows a “remote” node to be covered by repeatedly applying the covering rule. In the second part, we provide some results on the packing of Steiner trees. In the Propagation problem we are given a graph G and the goal is to find a minimum-sized set of nodes S that covers all of the nodes, where a node v is covered if (1) v is in S, or (2) v has a neighbor u such that u and all of its neighbors except v are covered. Rule (2) is called the propagation rule, and it is applied iteratively. Throughout, we use n to denote the number of nodes in the input graph. We prove that the path-width parameter is a lower bound for the optimal value. We show that the Propagation problem is NP-hard in planar weighted graphs. We prove that it is NP-hard to approximate the optimal value to within a factor of 2 1− n in weighted (general) graphs. The second problem that we study is the Power Dominating Set problem. This problem has two covering rules. The first rule is the same as the domination rule as in the Dominating Set problem, and the second rule is the same propagation rule as in the Propagation problem. We show that it is hard to approximate the optimal value to within a factor of 2 1− n in general graphs. We design and analyze an approximation algorithm with a performance guarantee of O( √ n) on planar graphs. We formulate a common generalization of the above two problems called the General Propagation problem. We reformulate this general problem as an orientation problem, and based on this reformulation we design a dynamic programming algorithm. The algorithm runs in linear time when the graph has tree-width O(1). Motivated by applications, we introduce a restricted version of the problem that we call the `-round General Propagation problem. We give a PTAS for the `-round General Propagation problem on planar graphs, for small values of `. Our dynamic programming algorithms and the PTAS can be extended to other problems in networks with similar propagation rules. As an example we discuss the extension of our results to the Target Set Selection problem in the threshold model of the diffusion processes. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the Steiner Tree Packing problem. In this problem, we are given a graph G and a subset of terminal nodes R ⊆ V (G). The goal in this problem is to find a maximum cardinality set of disjoint trees that each spans R, that is, each of the trees should contain all terminal nodes. In the edge-disjoint version of this problem, the trees have to be edge disjoint. In the element-disjoint version, the trees have to be node disjoint on non-terminal nodes and edge-disjoint on edges adjacent to terminals. We show that both problems are NP-hard when there are only 3 terminals. Our main focus is on planar instances of these problems. We show that the edge-disjoint version of the problem is NPhard even in planar graphs with 3 terminals on the same face of the embedding.
Effect of methanol extract from flower petals of Tagetes patula L. on acute and chronic inflammation model

The methanol extract of the florets of Tagetes patula (MEFTP) inhibited acute and chronic inflammation in mice and rats. MEFTP significantly suppressed hind‐paw oedema induced by γ‐carrageenin in mice. Furthermore, MEFTP not only inhibited the hind‐paw oedema induced by various acute phlogogens, such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin E1, but also suppressed the increase of vascular permeability by acetic acid, indicating that it primarily acts at the exudative stage of inflammation. In the chronic inflammation, MEFTP did not inhibit the proliferation of granulation tissue when tested by the cotton pellet method, however, it was effective on the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. Oral MEFTP inhibited acute and chronic inflammation in mice and rats. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive Simulations and Optimization of Advanced Ultra-Shallow Junction formation for Nano-CMOS devices

In this paper, modeling and predictive simulations of advanced junction formation for CMOS devices based on atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) process simulator are presented. First, we will briefly discuss the different challenges and alternatives for the formation of advanced ultra-shallow junctions for the forthcoming generation of CMOS devices. We will present the physical atomistic modeling used in term of damage evolution, dopant diffusion and clustering, interaction with interfaces and the impact of impurities, which are crucial for accurate simulations. Subsequently, comparisons with a wide range of SIMS, sheet resistance measurement as well as electrical device characteristics showed that experimental results were remarkably well reproduced by the simulations. Finally, we shall demonstrate that device optimization can be achieved based on kMC process simulations, even for novel co- implant processes. This paves the way for the use of kMC in the design of devices and the optimization of junction formation to improve device performance.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHATES IN HISTOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

lead (Novikoff et at., J. Hislochem. Cytochem. 9: 434. 1961). 7. Finally, it should be noted that the Wachstein-Meisel medium remains free of lead phosphate precipitate through the incubation periods generally used for tissue sections, even at 37#{176}C. Thus the staining patterns of cytomembranes in tissue sections are more likely to result from enzyme activities than from specific lead phosphate adsorptions. Sections fail to show adsorption of lead phosphate: Sections were floated in the media, and lead phosphate was produced slowly by dropwise addition of 0.005 M phosphate, pH 7.4, as the medium was stirred. We tested: (1) heat-inactivated frozen sections of formaldehyde-calciumfixed tissues (90#{176}C,5 mm for rat sciatic nerve; 10 mm for rat kidney), at 4#{176} and 37#{176}C, with phosphate addition to Wachstein-Meisel medium over 10 mm; (2) nerve and kidney sections that had not been inactivated, in the Wachstein-Meisel medium to which 0.1 M sodium fluoride was added, with phosphate addition over 10 mm at 4#{176}C; and (3) noninactivated sections in the Wachstein-Meisel medium to which 0.01 M PCMB was added, with phosphate addition over 5, 10 and 30 mm at 4#{176}C. We also tested the effect upon staining of noninactivated sections in the usual Wachstein-Meisel medium to which phosphate was slowly added over 5 and 10 mm at 4#{176}C. In no instance did the presence of nonenzymatically produced lead phosphate in the medium produce staining of plasma membranes or other structures. To favor adsorption, the rate of lead phosphate production was kept low, in a manner reported in 1951 to produce nuclear adsorption in the alkaline phosphatase medium (Novikoff, Science 113: 320. 1951). It could also be argued, as Moses et at. do, that “difficulties in interpretation arise because most methods of inactivating ATPases also alter tissue proteins, phospholipids and other constituents. ” We used not only heat-inactivated sections but also untreated sections. We exposed them to forming lead phosphate as they were incubated in the Wachstein-Meisel medium in the presence of fluoride or PCMB and in the absence of enzyme inhibitors. No sign of adsorption of nomenzymatically produced lead phosphate was observed. These considerations make it reasonable to conclude that the staining reactions obtained in the Wachstein-Meisel and similar media reflect real enzymatic activities. We would subscribe to our 1962 statement, “One may be tempted to suggest on the basis of such differences as are found in rat placenta and toad bladder, or from the wide substrate specificity seen in capillary endothelium or the narrow specificity of the -cytomembranes of kidney and parotid, that different enzymes are present in different membranes and they take part in the transport of special molecules or in different membrane activities” (Novikoff et at., Symp. mt. Soc. Cell Biol. 1: 149. 1962).
Innovation, patentability requirement and north-south integration

We explore the e (cid:30) ects of the scope of patent protection when innovation takes the form of quality-improvement and new products continually replace old ones. We focus on a patent instrument called the “non-infringing inventive step” requirement, which captures the minimum improvement to the best patented technology a new invention is required to make in order for it to be patentable and non-infringing. We apply this instrument to a model modi (cid:31) ed from Eaton and Kortum’s (European Economic Review 2001) model of technology, trade and growth. In considering whether to increase the required inventive step, policy-makers trade o (cid:30) the bene (cid:31) ts of a higher rate of innovation against the loss of consumer surplus as patent-holders enjoy broader scope of patent protection. We (cid:31) rst establish that there exists an optimal binding inventive step requirement that maximizes country welfare under certain reasonable conditions. We then proceed to formulate an open-economy model, in which the North and the South (which has no innovative capability) interact through cross-border trade and Northern (cid:31) rms patent internationally. Our focus on inventive step requirement in quality-improvement innovation provides interesting comparison with earlier work of Grossman and Lai (American Economic Review 2004), who analyzed international IPR issues under an alternative regime based on patent length protection and when innovation expands the variety of products. Like Grossman and Lai, we (cid:31) nd that the North tends to under-protect intellectual property from a global perspective. Moreover, the South typically does not have enough incentive to set any binding patent scope requirement. Like Grossman and Lai, we (cid:31) nd that the North’s optimal strength of patent protection decreases after integration with the South. Pareto improvement can be achieved by the South setting a binding required inventive step and the North raising its required inventive step above the Nash equilibrium level.
Epidemiology of vaccine hesitancy in the United States

Vaccines are among the most effective public health interventions against infectious diseases. However, there is evidence in the United States for parents either delaying or refusing recommended childhood vaccination. Exemptions to school immunization laws and use of alternative schedule from those recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics cannot only increase the risk of children contracting vaccine-preventable diseases but also increases the risk of infecting others who are either too young to be vaccinated, cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons or did not develop a sufficient immunological response to the vaccine. Healthcare providers are cited as the most influential source by parents on vaccine decision-making. Vaccine hesitancy needs to be addressed by healthcare providers and the scientific community by listening to the parental concerns and discussing risks associated with either delaying or refusing vaccines.
Bacterial Invasion: The Paradigms of Enteroinvasive Pathogens

Invasive bacteria actively induce their own uptake by phagocytosis in normally nonphagocytic cells and then either establish a protected niche within which they survive and replicate, or disseminate from cell to cell by means of an actin-based motility process. The mechanisms underlying bacterial entry, phagosome maturation, and dissemination reveal common strategies as well as unique tactics evolved by individual species to establish infection.
Motives of Managers' for Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Sri Lanka

This research is attempted to identify relative importance of underlying motives of managers‟ in Sri Lankan business organizat ions regarding the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Research is considered the managers of companies listed in Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE). Hence the present study is selected only four sectors in CSE namely manufacturing, banking finance and insurance, plantation and beverage food and tobacco. Study was based on the primary data. Primary data was collected through questionnaire and it was constructed to reflect key motives of CSR suggested in the literature and to examine whether it has been changed according to the business and personal profile of the manager. Descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test and One-way ANOVA occupied for the analysis. According to the results in descriptive analysis CSR is a more intrinsically driven concept in Sri Lanka. But managers are not rejecting the extrinsic motive as well. Further managers are more focus on the sustainability perspective of the society when engage in the CSR activities. That is the major concern about the CSR in the global arena in today‟s context. Analysis of the data reveals that managers perceived that long term sustainability must be the focus of CSR activities of the company and it should be should link with the national development policies of the country. This implies that readiness of corporate world for the engaged in national development activities. Therefore this study pave the path for government and all the other responsible authorizes to stimulate the CSR in Sri Lanka. Policy makers should initiate social and environmental projects that could easily be implemented by the private sector to assist in sustainable development of the country. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Global Illuminators . This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific & Review co mmittee of MISG-2014. Keywords― Corporate Social Responsibility, Motives.
IMPORTANCE OF THE GENERIC SEGMENT OF THYE PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS – THE CASE OF THE POLISH MARKET

Authors present results of the analysis of developments in the plant protection products industry, with a focus on its generic part. Authors concentrate on long-term changes of prices, volumes and values of generic pesticides launched into the market. There were two strategic groups of producers identified: research and development (R&D) and generic. The analyses conducted prove that there is a relationship between the amount of generic products on the market and their prices. It is also clear that the number of competitors significantly influences the speed and range of price erosion. Used as examples generic plant protection products were placed on the market with an average price 15% lower comparing to branded pesticides.
A competing survival analysis for housing relocation behaviour and risk aversion in a resilient housing market

Residential relocation decision making is a complicated process, and modelling this complex course of actions requires careful scrutinisation of different aspects. The relocation decision comprises several different decisions, including the reason for the relocation, relocation timing, and attributes of the desired residence. Among these decisions needing to be taken, the reason for relocation and its timing are decided earlier than others. Depending on the variant reasons and motivations for relocating, its timing may be accelerated or decelerated. Relocation usually occurs because of a multiplicity of reasons, which necessitates using a multivariate model for relocation decision making that is jointly modelled with the timing decision. A competing accelerated failure model to jointly formulate these decisions. The housing search literature emphasizes on the importance of considering financial risk acceptance level of decision makers in residential relocation decision models. Therefore, a binary logit model is used to model whether the decision maker is financially risk averse or not. This paper used longitudinal data collected in Australia from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. Further, the impact of group decision making on residential relocation is captured in this paper through the information provided in Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey regarding the manner in which decisions are made within households.