Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a hospital based study in Kishanganj, India

Background: A major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is dyslipidemia characterized by high plasma triglyceride (TG), low HDL and increased LDL. Early detection of dyslipidemia in T2DM can help in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease. The present study is based on the detection of anomalous lipid profile in T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 35 T2DM patients with fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 110 mg/dL, and 32 subjects with FBG (70-110 mg/dL) were considered as controls. Serum samples were assayed for determination of the levels of total Cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, TG, and VLDL. Variables were compared between T2DM subjects and controls, with statistical significance at p ≤0.05. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 12 (34.29%) and 9 (25.71%) with abnormal lipids levels of TC and TG respectively whereas 11 (31.43%), 12 (34.29), and 9 (25.71%) were found with lipoprotein abnormalities of HDL, LDL and VLDL respectively in T2DM subjects either singly or in combination. The serum parameters TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL were significantly correlated to FBG levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The variables were also significantly associated among each other in T2DM patients. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence to suggest that lipid variables are associated with each other in T2DM patients among the population of Kishanganj, India.
Popularity over Relevance in Collaborative Tagging Systems for General Resource Discovery

Although services offering collaborative tagging provide rich interactive experiences that exemplify a sense of community among disparate user groups, their raison d'etre ultimately remains similar to traditional information retrieval systems. In this paper we will explore potential conflict between user requirements for PIM and CIM, and the theme of popularity over relevance by revisiting basic information retrieval principles within the context of collaborative tagging. The long-term implications of these factors for the efficacy of collaborative tagging in general resource discovery will also be examined. The theoretical analysis presented suggests that PIM requirements conflict with the wider requirements of resource discovery by invoking a series of extra relevance variables and that emphasis on popularly used tags and the subsequent effect on ‘collective behavior’ potentially compromises the effectiveness of system performance. Hypotheses are proposed for testing and further research areas are suggested.
Arthropod Biodiversity in the Tropical Forest Canopy

Tropical arboricolous arthropods were observed in the early 1800s in the "great forests near the equator in South America" and were later described by Henry Walter Bates (1884). Despite Bates' keen observations, more than a century passed before insects and their relatives were routinely observed in the forest canopy or collected directly from it (Collyer, 1951). William Beebe and collaborators (1917) also recognized that the canopy held marvels of biological interactions, but "gravitation and tree-trunks swarming
The role of moist processes in the intrinsic predictability of Indian Ocean cyclones

The role of moist processes in short‐range forecasts of Indian Ocean tropical cyclones (TCs) track and intensity and upscale error cascade from cloud‐scale processes affecting the intrinsic predictability of TCs was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with parameterized and explicitly resolved convection. Comparing the results from simulations of four Indian Ocean TCs at 10 km resolution with parameterized convection and convection‐permitting simulations at 1.1 km resolution, both reproduced the observed TC tracks and intensities significantly better than simulations at 30 km resolution with parameterized convection. “Identical twin” experiments were performed by introducing random perturbations to the simulations for each TC. Results show that moist convection plays a major role in intrinsic error growth that ultimately limits the intrinsic predictability of TCs, consistent with past studies of extratropical cyclones. More specifically, model intrinsic errors start to build up from the regions of convection and ultimately affect the larger scales. It is also found that the error at small scale grows faster compared to the larger scales. The gradual increase in error energy in the large scale is a manifestation of upscale cascade of error energy from convective to large scale. Rapid upscale error growth from convective scales limits the intrinsic predictability of the TCs up to 66 h. The intrinsic predictability limit estimated by the 10 km resolution runs is comparable to that estimated by the convection‐permitting simulations, suggesting some usefulness of high‐resolution (~10 km) models with parameterized convection for TC forecasting and predictability study.
An Alternative to the Standard Spatial Econometric Approaches in Hedonic House Price Models

Omitted, misspecified, or mismeasured spatially varying characteristics are a cause for concern in hedonic house price models. Spatial econometrics or spatial fixed effects have become popular ways of addressing these concerns. We discuss the limitations of standard spatial approaches to hedonic modeling and demonstrate the spatial generalized additive model as an alternative. Parameter estimates for several spatially varying regressors are shown to be sensitive to the scale of the fixed effects and bandwidth dimension used to control for omitted variables. This sensitivity reflects the uncertainty associated with the estimates when the appropriate spatial scale of the controls is unknown. (JEL Q51, Q52)
European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20-year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset

Vegetation distribution and state have been measured since 1981 by the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) instrument through satellite remote sensing. In this study a correction method is applied to the Pathfinder NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data to create a continuous European vegetation phenology dataset of a 10-day temporal and 0.1° spatial resolution; additionally, land surface parameters for use in biosphere–atmosphere modelling are derived. The analysis of time-series from this dataset reveals, for the years 1982–2001, strong seasonal and interannual variability in European land surface vegetation state. Phenological metrics indicate a late and short growing season for the years 1985–1987, in addition to early and prolonged activity in the years 1989, 1990, 1994 and 1995. These variations are in close agreement with findings from phenological measurements at the surface; spring phenology is also shown to correlate particularly well with anomalies in winter temperature and winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Nevertheless, phenological metrics, which display considerable regional differences, could only be determined for vegetation with a seasonal behaviour. Trends in the phenological phases reveal a general shift to earlier (−0.54 days year−1) and prolonged (0.96 days year−1) growing periods which are statistically significant, especially for central Europe.
MERIT FUNCTIONS FOR MATRIX CONE COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEMS

The merit function arises from the development of the solution methods for the complementarity problems defined over the cone of non negative real vectors and has been well extended to the complementarity problems defined over the symmetric cones. In this paper, we focus on the extension of the merit functions including the gap function, the regularized gap function, the implicit Lagrangian and others to the complementarity problems defined over the nonsymmetric matrix cone. These theoretical results of this paper suggest new solution methods based on unconstrained and/or simply constrained methods to solve the matrix cone complementarity problems (MCCP).
Syntactic ambiguity resolution and the prosodic foot: Cross-language differences

In this study we examined syntactic ambiguity resolution in two different Chinese languages, Cantonese and Mandarin, which are relatively similar grammatically but very different phonologically. We did this using four-character sentences that could be read using two, two-syllable sequences (2-2) or a structure where the first syllable could be read by itself. The results showed that when both potential readings were semantically congruent, Mandarin speakers had a strong preference for the 2-2 structure and they preferred that structure much more than Cantonese speakers did. We attribute this to Mandarin having a more dominant bisyllabic prosodic foot than Cantonese. When the 2-2 meaning was semantically incongruent, however, the alternative structure was preferred by both Mandarin and Cantonese speakers. Overall, the results suggest that, in silent reading tasks and semantically neutral conditions, the prosodic foot is generated automatically and can affect syntactic choices when ambiguity arises.
Simulation of Atmospheric Humidity Uptake by the Aerial Roots of Plants

The mobilization of water by the plant is one of the main challenges of the moment given the threats of food insecurity whose main cause is climate change. The atmosphere contains moisture at any time of the year in the arid or semi-arid zone. Apart from the underground roots naturally possessed by many plants, there are plants which possess exclusively or not aerial roots. In the search for methods of adapting crops to water stress, it is imperative to deepen knowledge about interaction between atmospheric humidity and the aerial roots of plants with respect to water absorption. Assuming transfer coefficients of the aerial roots homogeneous and taking into account the variability of the water potential of atmospheric humidity, simulations showed that relative air humidity, root size, and radial and axial transfer coefficients strongly influence radial and axial flows and therefore the amount of water absorbed by the roots.
Classes of Hardy spaces associated with operators, duality theorem and applications

Let L be the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup on L 2 (R n ) with suitable upper bounds on its heat kernels. In Auscher, Duong, and McIntosh (2005) and Duong and Yan (2005), a Hardy space H1 L(R n ) and a BMO L (R n ) space associated with the operator L were introduced and studied. In this paper we define a class of H p L (R n ) spaces associated with the operator L for a range of p < 1 acting on certain spaces of Morrey-Campanato functions defined in New Morrey-Campanato spaces associated with operators and applications by Duong and Yan (2005), and they generalize the classical H p (R n ) spaces. We then establish a duality theorem between the H p L (R n ) spaces and the Morrey-Campanato spaces in that same paper. As applications, we obtain the boundedness of fractional integrals on H p L (R n ) and give the inclusion between the classical H p (R n ) spaces and the H p L (R n ) spaces associated with operators.
Ab initio thermodynamics of liquid and solid water

Significance A central goal of computational physics and chemistry is to predict material properties by using first-principles methods based on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. However, the high computational costs of these methods typically prevent rigorous predictions of macroscopic quantities at finite temperatures, such as heat capacity, density, and chemical potential. Here, we enable such predictions by marrying advanced free-energy methods with data-driven machine-learning interatomic potentials. We show that, for the ubiquitous and technologically essential system of water, a first-principles thermodynamic description not only leads to excellent agreement with experiments, but also reveals the crucial role of nuclear quantum fluctuations in modulating the thermodynamic stabilities of different phases of water. Thermodynamic properties of liquid water as well as hexagonal (Ih) and cubic (Ic) ice are predicted based on density functional theory at the hybrid-functional level, rigorously taking into account quantum nuclear motion, anharmonic fluctuations, and proton disorder. This is made possible by combining advanced free-energy methods and state-of-the-art machine-learning techniques. The ab initio description leads to structural properties in excellent agreement with experiments and reliable estimates of the melting points of light and heavy water. We observe that nuclear-quantum effects contribute a crucial 0.2 meV/H2O to the stability of ice Ih, making it more stable than ice Ic. Our computational approach is general and transferable, providing a comprehensive framework for quantitative predictions of ab initio thermodynamic properties using machine-learning potentials as an intermediate step.
An Analysis of COX-2 Derived Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Responses of Thermally Classified Neurons in the Anterior Hypothalamus

In vivo evidence demonstrates that the initial febrigenic signal from the periphery is communicated to the anterior hypothalamus (AH), the thermoregulatory center of the brain, via ascending projections of the hepatic vagus nerve. The subsequent release of Norepinephrine (NE) in the AH is a key intermediary of the febrile response, resulting in two distinct phases mediated by ? 1 and ? 2 adrenoreceptors (AR). Activation of the ? 1 AR produces a PGE2- independent rise in body temperature, whereas ? 2 activation yields a biphasic response; hypothermia followed by a PGE2-dependent temperature increase (Feleder et al., 2007). What remains unknown is how these ARs modify the firing rate of thermoregulatory neurons within the AH to drive these phases and which cyclooxygenase (COX) isozyme is responsible for PGE2 production. The action of NE in the AH was tested in the present study with the selective COX-2 inhibitor Meloxicam (0.1-10 ? M) by recording single-unit activity of AH neurons in a tissue slice preparation from the adult male rat, in response to temperature and the selective ? 1 AR agonist Cirazoline (1 ? M) or the selective ? 2 AR agonist Clonidine (1 ? M). All neurons were classified as either warm-sensitive or temperature insensitive. Warm-sensitive neurons responded to Cirazoline with a decrease in firing rate, while temperature insensitive neurons showed a firing rate increase. These findings strengthen the role of the ? 1 AR in quickly driving set-point temperature into a hyperthermic range to initiate fever in a PGE2- independent fashion. In contrast, warm-sensitive neurons responded to Clonidine with an increase in firing rate, while temperature insensitive neurons showed a firing rate decrease. This indicates the ? 2 AR may initially be driving an opposing hypothermia, but COX-2 inhibition eliminated late phase responses after ? 2 AR activation, suggesting that PGE2 from this pathway is responsible for sustaining the fever initiated by ? 1 AR.
PROPERTIES OF SUPERSONIC EVERSHED DOWNFLOWS

We study supersonic Evershed downflows in a sunspot penumbra by means of high spatial resolution spectropolarimetric data acquired in the Fe i 617.3 nm line with the CRISP instrument at the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope. Physical observables, such as Dopplergrams calculated from line bisectors and Stokes V zero-crossing wavelengths, and Stokes V maps in the far red-wing, are used to find regions where supersonic Evershed downflows may exist. We retrieve the line-of-sight velocity and the magnetic field vector in these regions using two-component inversions of the observed Stokes profiles with the help of the SIR code. We follow these regions during their lifetime to study their temporal behavior. Finally, we carry out a statistical analysis of the detected supersonic downflows to characterize their physical properties. Supersonic downflows are contained in compact patches moving outward, which are located in the mid- and outer penumbra. They are observed as bright, roundish structures at the outer end of penumbral filaments that resemble penumbral grains. The patches may undergo fragmentations and mergings during their lifetime; some of them are recurrent. Supersonic downflows are associated with strong and rather vertical magnetic fields with a reversed polarity compared to that of the sunspot. Our results suggest that downflows returning back to the solar surface with supersonic velocities are abruptly stopped in dense deep layers and produce a shock. Consequently, this shock enhances the temperature and is detected as a bright grain in the continuum filtergrams, which could explain the existence of outward-moving grains in the mid- and outer penumbra.
Biomechanical Investigation of Locked Plate Fixation with Suture Augmentation in a Comminuted Three-Part Proximal Humerus Fracture Model

Background: Locked plating of displaced proximal humerus fractures is a reliable fixation method. Greater tuberosity (GT) failure is a known complication that may occur in the early post-operative period. Despite postoperative immobilization, the rotator cuff continues to exert significant forces on fracture fragments. Our hypothesis is that suture augmentation will provide greater stability of the GT than locked plating alone. To prove this we developed a three-part proximal humerus fracture model to test fracture fixation. Methods: A biomechanical study was performed on nine fresh frozen cadaveric humeri, simulating a three-part proximal humerus fracture (Neer Classification). Rotator cuff tendon insertions were preserved to physiologically load the proximal humerus. The fracture was reduced and fixed with a locked plate alone or a locked plate with suture augmentation of the GT to the rotator cuff tendons. Biomechanical testing utilized a materials testing machine and a three-dimensional motion capture system to quantify interfragmentary motion under torsional loading as a function of fixation type. Results: Greater torsional stability was observed in the suture-augmented group compared to the plate only group (p = 0.0012). There were two catastrophic failures in the plate only group while none of the suture reinforced constructs failed. Conclusions: In our model, suture-augmentation of the GT to the rotator cuff provided greater stability than locked plating alone. The current study provides a biome-chanical basis for reinforcing locked plate constructs with sutures. The added stability afforded by suture-augmentation may mitigate rotator cuff forces in the clinical setting, avoiding fracture displacement in the early postoperative rehabilitation period.
Molecular phylogeny of the Campanula pyramidalis species complex (Campanulaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear non-coding sequences and its taxonomic implications

The Campanula pyramidalis complex is a group of closely related taxa with a distribution across the Balkans, from the Gulf of Trieste in the north to the Peloponnese Peninsula in the south, with small disjunct parts of the range in the south Apennines. Although 21 taxa were described within this complex, only three, C. pyramidalis, C. versicolor, and C. secundiflora, have been generally accepted in recent synoptical taxonomic treatments. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of three non-coding chloroplast regions (psbA-trnH, psbZ-trnfM, trnG-trnS) as well as of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (nrITS), lend strong support to the recognition of several lineages which only partially correspond to generally accepted taxonomic concepts. Molecular data presented in this study showed that C. pyramidalis is a polyphyletic assemblage that segregates into three distinct lineages, one of which is described here as a new species, C. austroadriatica sp. nov. The lectotype of C. pyramidalis, redefined in a strict sense, is designated. Neither C. versicolor nor C. secundiflora were found to be strictly monophyletic, but their monophyly could not be rejected. Morphological and biogeographical implications are discussed.
Influence of the Hole Length-to-Diameter Ratio on Film Cooling With Cylindrical Holes

Film cooling experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of coolant hole length-to-diameter ratio on the film cooling effectiveness. The results from these experiments offer an explanation for the differences between the film cooling results for cylindrical hole injection configurations previously reported by Goldstein et al. (1974), Pedersen et al. (1977), and Sinha et al. (1991). The previously reported injection configurations differed primarily in coolant hole length-to-diameter ratio. The present experiments were conducted with a row of cylindrical holes oriented at 35 deg to a constant-velocity external flow, systematically varying the hole length-to-diameter ratios (L/D = 1.75, 3.5, 5, 7, and 18), and blowing rates (0.52 < M < 1.56). Results from these experiments show in a region 5 < X/D < 50 downstream of coolant injection that the coolant flow guiding capability in the cylindrical hole was apparently established after five hole diameters and no significant changes in the film cooling effectiveness distribution could be observed for the greater L/D. However, the film cooling effectiveness characteristics generally decreased with decreasing hole L/D ratio in the range of 1.75 < L/D < 5.0. This decrease in film cooling performance was attributed to (1) the undeveloped character of the flow in the coolant channels and (2) the greater effective injection angle of the coolant flow with respect to the external flow direction and surface. The lowest values of film cooling effectiveness were measured for the smallest hole length-to-diameter ratio, L/D = 1.75.
Mathematical theory of single channel systems. Analyticity of scattering matrix

Introduction. In this paper we study the analytic properties of the scattering matrix for many-body, short-range, single-channel systems. Our main theorem asserts that the scattering matrix has a meromorphic continuation in the energy parameter into a certain sector of the complex plane. The poles of this continuation occur only at eigenvalues of the dilation analytic family H(') associated with the Hamiltonian H. By Balslev's and Combes' theorem the latter eigenvalues lead to the poles of the meromorphic continuation of the matrix elements on the dilation analytic vectors across the continuous spectrum into the second Riemann sheet. Moreover, if the potentials are nice enough so that the negative axis belongs to the meromorphic domain, then the poles on this axis occur at most at the negative eigenvalues of H. To prepare the ground for the proof of our main theorem we prove most of the theorems of the spectral and scattering theory for single-channel systems. These results are not new, but some of the theorems (e.g. the asymptotic completeness) contain improvements over the previous results. Most of the work is done in an abstract setting and only at the end we check the assumptions of the abstract theorems. This allows us to treat the problems of different character separately. The abstract approach has forced us to introduce the notions of the abstract Schrodinger operator and abstract many-body system. We hope they will be useful in extending our methods to other systems. The paper is self-contained; all necessary definitions are given in the text. I-V contain the preparatory abstract results; the main theorem is formulated and proved in ? VI, where all relevant definitions and preliminary results for N-body systems are also given. VII and VIII deal with the estimates of certain operators built out of the potentials and the free resolvent. These estimates are needed in the theorem of ? VI on the behavior of (H_ z)-' near the continuous spectrum. In