Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning under Attack: Vulnerability Exploitation and Security Measures

Learning to discriminate between secure and hostile patterns is a crucial problem for species to survive in nature. Mimetism and camouflage are well-known examples of evolving weapons and defenses in the arms race between predators and preys. It is thus clear that all of the information acquired by our senses should not be considered necessarily secure or reliable. In machine learning and pattern recognition systems, however, we have started investigating these issues only recently. This phenomenon has been especially observed in the context of adversarial settings like malware detection and spam filtering, in which data can be purposely manipulated by humans to undermine the outcome of an automatic analysis. As current pattern recognition methods are not natively designed to deal with the intrinsic, adversarial nature of these problems, they exhibit specific vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit either to mislead learning or to evade detection. Identifying these vulnerabilities and analyzing the impact of the corresponding attacks on learning algorithms has thus been one of the main open issues in the novel research field of adversarial machine learning, along with the design of more secure learning algorithms. In the first part of this talk, I introduce a general framework that encompasses and unifies previous work in the field, allowing one to systematically evaluate classifier security against different, potential attacks. As an example of application of this framework, in the second part of the talk, I discuss evasion attacks, where malicious samples are manipulated at test time to evade detection. I then show how carefully-designed poisoning attacks can mislead some learning algorithms by manipulating only a small fraction of their training data. In addition, I discuss some defense mechanisms against both attacks in the context of real-world applications, including biometric identity recognition and computer security. Finally, I briefly discuss our ongoing work on attacks against clustering algorithms, and sketch some promising future research directions.
The three‐dimensional structure of the regular surface protein of Comamonas acidovorans derived from native outer membranes and reconstituted two‐dimensional crystals

The three‐dimensional structure of the regular surface protein (p4 symmetry, lattice constant a=b=10.5 nm) of Comamonas acidovorans has been determined to a resolution of about 1.5 nm by means of electron microscopy and image processing. Three‐dimensional reconstructions were performed using native outer membranes and artificial two‐dimensional crystals of the surface protein, which was selectively solubilized by deoxycholate and recrystallized on carbon films. The two‐fold symmetric morphological complex is composed of two identical monomers which are in tight contact with the outer membrane and presumably anchored to it by a small hydrophobic domain.
Cooperative ARQ techniques for wireless networks

In most of the infrastructure networks, in which all terminals communicate through an access point (AP). In such scenarios, the AP can gather information about the state of the network, e. g. , the path-losses among terminals. Cooperative ARQ techniques can be useful for selecting a best mode based upon some network performance criterion. It is propose that a DF-HARQ (Decode and forward hybrid ARQ) Protocol which enhances throughput of the system. Base station will select a cooperative mode based upon some network performance criterion, and feed back its decision on the appropriate control channels. Here cooperative diversity lives across the throughput performance of the network. The protocol model and performance analysis to evaluate the throughput of the network is demonstrated.
Investigating Central Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Action Observation and Imagery Through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

ABSTRACT Sport and exercise psychologists provide some interventions for clients based on limited direct evidence and partial understanding of the mechanisms that underpin their efficacy. The authors review a recent technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which offers a tested procedure for investigating cortical activity during observation and imagery processes. They provide a detailed description of the TMS protocol and highlight some of the key studies that inform sport and exercise psychology research. Finally, the authors offer some thoughts on the direct application to practice.
One Health and paradigms of public biobanking

In this paper, the authors consider the idea of the public biobank governance framework with respect to the innovative paradigm of One Health. The One Health initiative has been defined as an integrative and interdisciplinary effort to improve the lives and well-being of human beings and non-human animals, as well as to preserve the environment. Here, we use this approach as a starting presumption with respect to institutional design. We examine the theoretical and legal framework underlying the concept of biobanking that, being public orientated, is for the public good. We suggest that this account of research practice does not ethically correlate with One Health principles. Instead, we argue that One Health requires a model of biobanking that is based on universal goods, that is, goods that serve human beings as well as non-human animals and the environment, and which we define in detail. Our purpose is to begin a discussion on how One Health principles might be implemented in health initiatives.
What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes?

Objective: To examine concussion literature for specific guidelines regarding return to play (RTP) following sport-related concussion in child athletes. To make recommendations regarding the most appropriate RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion. Design: A literature review of concussion literature. Intervention: A literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases from 1998 to 2008. More than 60 articles and two websites were reviewed. Results: There is a paucity of research on sport-related concussion in child athletes, particularly younger children (age 5–12 years). In particular, there is no research on RTP guidelines for child athletes following sport-related concussion. Child athletes take longer to recover from concussions than adults. Concussion symptoms may resolve before cognitive function has completely recovered. Concussion assessment and management in children can be confounded by their growth and development, as well as the lack of trained medical personnel involved with youth sports. There are no child-specific assessment tools for concussion. Conclusions: RTP decisions in children should be made cautiously and should be individualised. No concussed child athlete should be allowed to RTP the same day. Physical and cognitive rest is very important to allow for the resolution of concussion symptoms. Child athletes should remain symptom free for several days before starting a medically supervised stepwise exertion protocol. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of concussion in children and to determine the most appropriate RTP guidelines. Child-specific concussion assessment tools need to be developed to improve concussion assessment and management in children.
Medications' impact on oral health.

BACKGROUND Over-the-counter and prescription drugs are used frequently, in large quantities and by many adults, particularly by those older than 65 years of age. A number of medications (prescription, over-the-counter, vitamins and minerals, herbal preparations) can affect oral health. With the population's aging, and as more drugs become available, dentists can expect to encounter medication-related oral side effects among their patients. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The author reviewed studies that ranged from case reports to randomly controlled, double-blinded studies. However, in view of the subject matter, the majority of findings are based on case reports. CONCLUSIONS Since many patients regularly take medications, both prescribed and nonprescribed, dentists always must take a thorough medical history so that they can be aware of medication-related problems and the impact of medications on diagnosis and treatment planning. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dentists must be aware of the potential oral tissue complications that medications can create and develop appropriate treatment plans for their patients that consider the oral health impact of the medications they take.
How People Perceive Human- and Product-like Robots: Cross-cultural Analysis Between Japan and Korea

In this article, we present two robot design types: human-like and product-like robot. A human-like robot is designed to be similar to humans in the appearance or behavior. A product-like robot is designed to maximize the functionality of a product. As well as the comparison between the human-like robot and product-like robot, cultural differences between Korea and Japan on perceived intellectual capability, robot-likeness, usefulness, overall impression and purchase intention were investigated. People evaluated the intellectual capability, usefulness and overall impression of the robots differently depending on their nationalities. The human-like robot was considered to be more robot-like than the product-like robot whereas there was no difference between the robots in both cultures on purchase intention. Implications for the robot design between Korea and Japan are discussed.
Efficient gene targeting and foreign DNA removal by homologous recombination in the picoeukaryote Ostreococcus

With fewer than 8000 genes and a minimalist cellular organization, the green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is one of the simplest photosynthetic eukaryotes. Ostreococcus tauri contains many plant-specific genes but exhibits a very low gene redundancy. The haploid genome is extremely dense with few repeated sequences and rare transposons. Thanks to the implementation of genetic transformation and vectors for inducible overexpression/knockdown this picoeukaryotic alga has emerged in recent years as a model organism for functional genomics analyses and systems biology. Here we report the development of an efficient gene targeting technique which we use to knock out the nitrate reductase and ferritin genes and to knock in a luciferase reporter in frame to the ferritin native protein. Furthermore, we show that the frequency of insertion by homologous recombination is greatly enhanced when the transgene is designed to replace an existing genomic insertion. We propose that a natural mechanism based on homologous recombination may operate to remove inserted DNA sequences from the genome.
Situational Analysis of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Control and the Use of Statin Therapy in Diabetes Patients Treated in Community Hospitals in Nanjing, China

Background: Comprehensive management of diabetes should include management of its comorbid conditions, especially cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes. Dyslipidemia is a comorbid condition of diabetes and a risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Therefore, lipid level management is a key of managing patients with diabetes successfully. However, it is not clear that how well dyslipidemia is managed in patients with diabetes in local Chinese health-care communities. This study aimed to assess how well low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was managed in Nanjing community hospitals, China. Methods: We reviewed clinical records of 7364 diabetic patients who were treated in eleven community hospitals in Nanjing from October 2005 to October 2014. Information regarding LDL-C level, cardiovascular risk factors, and use of lipid-lowering agents were collected. Results: In patients without history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), 92.1% had one or more CVD risk factors, and the most common CVD risk factor was dyslipidemia. The overall average LDL-C level was 2.80 ± 0.88 mmol/L, which was 2.62 ± 0.90 mmol/L and 2.82 ± 0.87 mmol/L in patients with and without CVD history respectively. Only 38% of all patients met the target goal and 37.3% of patients who took lipid-lowering agents met target goal. Overall, 24.5% of all patients were on lipid-lowering medication, and 36.3% of patients with a CVD history and 20.9% of patients without CVD history took statins for LDL-C management. The mean statin dosage was 13.9 ± 8.9 mg. Conclusions: Only a small portion of patients achieved target LDL-C level, and the rate of using statins to control LDL-C was low. Managing LDL-C with statins in patients with diabetes should be promoted, especially in patients without a CVD history and with one or more CVD risk factors.
Emotional Majority Agreement a psychometric property of affective self-report instruments

Growing interest in emotional interfaces and systems motivates the need for a standard and well-accepted way to measure emotional responses. We introduce the concept of Emotional Majority Agreement: a metric to characterize affective self-report instruments. Emotional majority agreement scores describe the extent to which a sample of participants agrees with regards to their emotional responses. We present a video-watching case study where 12 participants continuously rated how they felt using three self-report prototypes. Majority agreement measures differentiated videos that elicited more or less agreement, prototypes that supported more or less agreement, and individual differences between participants. We conclude with insights gained and future work.
Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores is involved in neuronal death induced by glycolysis inhibition in cultured hippocampal neurons

Disturbances in neuronal calcium homeostasis have been implicated in a variety of neuropathological conditions, including cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy, and possibly constitute part of the cell death process associated with chronic neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated if endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores participate in neuronal death triggered by moderate glycolysis inhibition induced by iodoacetate, an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, in cultured hippocampal neurons. Results show that exposure to iodoacetate leads to a slow partial decrease in cell survival, which is significantly prevented in the absence of Ca2+ or in the presence of the calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM. Treatment with caffeine and a low (1 μM) concentration of ryanodine, which activates the ryanodine receptor (RyR), exacerbates neuronal death, whereas dantrolene and 25 μM ryanodine, which antagonizes RyR, prevents damage. Xestospongin C (XeC), an antagonist of the inositol‐3‐phosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) also prevents neuronal damage. Inhibitors of the ER calcium ATPase (sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase; SERCA) have no effect. The decrease in ATP levels induced by iodoacetate is potentiated by caffeine and prevented by dantrolene. Although only a slight increase in glutamate extracellular levels is observed 3.5 hr after iodoacetate exposure, the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, MK‐801, efficiently prevents neuronal damage. Taken together, the data suggest that neuronal death induced during moderate glycolysis inhibition involves calcium influx through NMDA receptors and calcium release from intracellular ER stores. These results might be relevant to the understanding the mechanisms involved in neuronal damage related to aging and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, which have been associated with decreased glucose metabolism. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology.

BACKGROUND Standardization of renal allograft biopsy interpretation is necessary to guide therapy and to establish an objective end point for clinical trials. This manuscript describes a classification, Banff 97, developed by investigators using the Banff Schema and the Collaborative Clinical Trials in Transplantation (CCTT) modification for diagnosis of renal allograft pathology. METHODS Banff 97 grew from an international consensus discussion begun at Banff and continued via the Internet. This schema developed from (a) analysis of data using the Banff classification, (b) publication of and experience with the CCTT modification, (c) international conferences, and (d) data from recent studies on impact of vasculitis on transplant outcome. RESULTS Semiquantitative lesion scoring continues to focus on tubulitis and arteritis but includes a minimum threshold for interstitial inflammation. Banff 97 defines "types" of acute/active rejection. Type I is tubulointerstitial rejection without arteritis. Type II is vascular rejection with intimal arteritis, and type III is severe rejection with transmural arterial changes. Biopsies with only mild inflammation are graded as "borderline/suspicious for rejection. " Chronic/sclerosing allograft changes are graded based on severity of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Antibody-mediated rejection, hyperacute or accelerated acute in presentation, is also categorized, as are other significant allograft findings. CONCLUSIONS The Banff 97 working classification refines earlier schemas and represents input from two classifications most widely used in clinical rejection trials and in clinical practice worldwide. Major changes include the following: rejection with vasculitis is separated from tubulointerstitial rejection; severe rejection requires transmural changes in arteries; "borderline" rejection can only be interpreted in a clinical context; antibody-mediated rejection is further defined, and lesion scoring focuses on most severely involved structures. Criteria for specimen adequacy have also been modified. Banff 97 represents a significant refinement of allograft assessment, developed via international consensus discussions.
Linear Complementarity Models of Nash-Cournot Competition in Bilateral and POOLCO Power Markets

Two Coumot models of imperfect competition among electricity producers are formulated as mixed linear complementarity problems (LCPs), and a simple example is presented to illustrate their application. The two models simulate bilateral markets. The models include a congestion pricing scheme for transmission, but other transmission pricing approaches can also be represented in this framework. The two models differ from each other in that one has no arbitrage between nodes of the network, while in the other model arbitragers erase any noncost-based differences in price. The latter bilateral model tums out to be equivalent to a Coumot model of a POOLCO. The models differ from other Coumot market models in that they include both of Kirchhoff's laws via a dc approximation, can include arbitragers, possess unique solutions, and are readily solved by efficient LCP algorithms. The key assumption that permits their formulation as LCPs is that each producer naively assumes that its output will not affect transmission prices.
Cebu: Focus of Philippine Interisland Trade

T nHE economic relations and connections between areas are reflected in the character of transportation facilities and in the flow of trade. "' Whereas considerable literature exists on the role of water transportation in the economies of nations, it concerns itself mainly with international ports and overseas trade. The role of water transport in archipelagic nations generally has been neglected. The port of Cebu, a major focal point of Philippine interisland trade, reflects the importance of water transport in an insular nation.
Measurement of SOS expression in individual Escherichia coli K‐12 cells using fluorescence microscopy

Many recombination, DNA repair and DNA replication mutants have high basal levels of SOS expression as determined by a sulAp‐lacZ reporter gene system on a population of cells. Two opposing models to explain how the SOS expression is distributed in these cells are: (i) the ‘Uniform Expression Model (UEM)’ where expression is evenly distributed in all cells or (ii) the ‘Two Population Model (TPM)’ where some cells are highly induced while others are not at all. To distinguish between these two models, a method to quantify SOS expression in individual bacterial cells was developed by fusing an SOS promoter (sulAp) to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene and inserting it at attλ on the Escherichia coli chromosome. It is shown that the fluorescence in sulAp‐gfp cells is regulated by RecA and LexA. This system was then used to distinguish between the two models for several mutants. The patterns displayed by priA, dnaT, recG, uvrD, dam, ftsK, rnhA, polA and xerC mutants were explained best by the TPM while only lexA (def), lexA3 (ind–) and recA defective mutants were explained best by the UEM. These results are discussed in a context of how the processes of DNA replication and recombination may affect cells in a population differentially.
TMEM16B, A Novel Protein with Calcium-Dependent Chloride Channel Activity, Associates with a Presynaptic Protein Complex in Photoreceptor Terminals

Photoreceptor ribbon synapses release glutamate in response to graded changes in membrane potential evoked by vast, logarithmically scalable light intensities. Neurotransmitter release is modulated by intracellular calcium levels. Large Ca2+-dependent chloride currents are important regulators of synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to second-order neurons; the molecular basis underlying these currents is unclear. We cloned human and mouse TMEM16B, a member of the TMEM16 family of transmembrane proteins, and show that it is abundantly present in the photoreceptor synaptic terminals in mouse retina. TMEM16B colocalizes with adaptor proteins PSD95, VELI3, and MPP4 at the ribbon synapses and contains a consensus PDZ class I binding motif capable of interacting with PDZ domains of PSD95. Furthermore, TMEM16B is lost from photoreceptor membranes of MPP4-deficient mice. This suggests that TMEM16B is a novel component of a presynaptic protein complex recruited to specialized plasma membrane domains of photoreceptors. TMEM16B confers Ca2+-dependent chloride currents when overexpressed in mammalian cells as measured by halide sensitive fluorescent protein assays and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The compartmentalized localization and the electrophysiological properties suggest TMEM16B to be a strong candidate for the long sought-after Ca2+-dependent chloride channel in the photoreceptor synapse.
20,25‐diazacholesterol myotonia: An electrophysiological study

The electrophysiological characteristics of the myotonic syndrome produced syndrome produced in mammalian skeletal muscle by administration of 20,25‐diazacholesterol (20,25‐D) were studied in detail. In vivo electromyographic recordings confirmed widespread repetitive electrical activity, but delayed relaxation was evanescent and required isotonic rather than issometric conditions, with long recovery periods between stimuli, for clear demonstration. Subsequent administration of a potent inhibitorof membrane chloride conductance (Gci) induced profound delays in relaxation different from that after chornic 20,25‐D alone. Intracellular passive cable analysis revealed only a small decrease in membrane Gci and none in potassium conductance. Potassium current‐voltage relationships did not differ in control and treated animals. Intracellular microelectrode recordings consistently showed multiple driven action potentials during long depolarizations but no spontaneous myotonic discharges after cessation of the stimulus. Variations in temperature, buffer, and external ionic concentrations also failed to produce spontaneous activity. Anode break excitation under mild depolarizing conditions, however, did elicit repetitive membrane electrical activity.