Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A thermodynamic analysis of photosynthesis: Quantum requirement and theoretical biomass growth rates

Interest in photosynthesis continues to increase with a global focus on developing alternative fuel sources such as biofuels. It is the various forms of biomass that provide the raw materials for the production of biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. The vast majority of these materials are grown by the photosynthesis process. Developing a mathematical model of the process allows for a clearer understanding of what limits and propels the process, and what this reaction might be capable of in terms of biomass growth on an industrial scale. The primary driving force of photosynthesis, solar energy, is a crucial aspect of this model. Relating the amount of light to organism growth is done by exploring the concept of quantum requirement, which is essentially the amount of photons needed to drive the photosynthesis reaction. The theoretical quantum requirement calculated is dependent on the wavelength of incoming photons in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) spectrum, and varies between 9.94 moles of photons per mole of biomass (approximated as glucose) at 400nm, and 17.8 moles of photons per mole of biomass at 700 nm. Measured, experimental values of quantum requirement from the literature considered here average a value of 61.7 moles of photons per mole of biomass required. The conclusion is that the theoretical lower limit of operation, which is therefore the absolute minimum quantum requirement, occurs when the photosynthesis process operates reversibly. It is suggested that the large difference between theoretical and measured quantum requirement values may indicate that the photosynthesis process is irreversible in nature. By the model developed, two other observations of interest are made: photon entropy has little effect on the calculated quantum requirement; heat must be rejected from the process, and increases in magnitude with increasing irreversibility. In the final chapter, the theoretical model for quantum requirement is utilised in conjunction with spectral irradiance data to obtain estimates of theoretical photosynthetic growth rates. With a reversible photosynthetic process, a growth rate of 81.0 g/m.hr of biomass would be possible if all light energy in the PAR spectrum were absorbable. Applying the absorption capabilities of a commonly-occurring pigment such as chlorophyll a, this theoretical growth rate is reduced to 20.0g/m.hr, to indicate the light saturation and absorptionlimited effect of a plant’s cell biology. Both values are still largely above experimentally determined growth rates from literature. These discrepancies are discussed with focus on relevant enzymes and proteins in the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of
Image reconstructions and FDTD modelling of an antenna array for 3 D microwave tomography

Image reconstructions and FDTD modelling of an antenna array for 3D microwave tomography JOHAN KÖSTER Department of Signals and Systems Division of Biomedical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer for women worldwide and thus considered to be a great problem. Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment, however a self diagnosis of this type of cancer is quite hard and this is why an accurate diagnosis method is very interesting. The use of microwave tomography is not widespread in the medical field due to lack of clinical success and an extension from two dimensions to three could be a solution to this problem. One of the reasons for using microwave tomography as a mammography tool is that the contrast between a tumour and healthy tissue is large and the radiation used is not ionising. Another reason is that the cost is relatively low in comparison to other soft tissue imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging. Five different types of monopole antennas were modelled using FDTD and evaluated as well as the placement of the antennas and cables in respect to each other. Simulations of the resulting antenna array where performed and matched the measurements well. The reconstructions performed with measured data from the developed antenna array imaged objects well in the vertical direction as well as in the horizontal direction. The permittivity of a small high contrast object was successfully reconstructed as well as of a larger low contrast object. The reconstruction of the permittivity for two small high contrast objects was successful and the two objects are detected. Consistently the conductivity was not well reconstructed for any object.
The ambivalent role of mimetic behaviors in proximity dynamics

This articles examines the peculiar role of mimetic behaviors in co-location processes. We start showing that geographical proximity between agents and/or firms is not a sufficient nor necessary condition for the collective performance of clusters. Other types of socio-economic proximities characterize clusters, and our purpose is to show that, among the several ways to analyze the complex links between proximities and clusters, the theoretical outlook on the role played by mimetic interactions in co-location processes are certainly one of the most promising. Mimetic behaviors of location (in economics and sociology) are introduced in order to demonstrate that co-location processes can be the result of sequentiality, uncertainty, legitimacy and non market interactions, rather than full rational and isolated decisions and pure strategic market interactions. According to the type of mimetic behavior at work in the clustering process, the nature of socio-economic proximity can differ and have a strong influence of the “evolutionary stability” of clusters. All these theoretical considerations are illustrated through the emblematic French case of “Silicon Sentier”, cluster which has gathered together three hundred firms of the French net-economy (the famous “dotcom”) during the Internet bubble swelling.
Phenomenological Deconstruction, Slow Pedagogy, and the Corporeal Turn in Wild Environmental/Outdoor Education.

A “slow pedagogy of place” in (environmental/outdoor) education has been enacted by the two authors over the past three years in a third year under-graduate semester-long unit named Experiencing the Australian Landscape. An integrated practical and theoretical, de- and reconstruction of fast pedagogies is now needed, we believe, if education is to make a positive contribution to overcoming the ecologically problematic human condition. Experiencing the Australian Landscape fosters an embodied sensory-percep- tual and conceptual-theoretical “sense” or “possibility” of place while assisting its participants to understand the relations of their body and nature, in time and space, as they are experienced phenomenologically. We hope the notion of a slow ecopedagogy prompts a reversal of the precarious prospects for experiential education in schooling and acts as a critique of the “take-away” pedagogies proliferating in education.
Usefulness of Six emoticon newly adapted to facebook

Rapid growth of internet utilization consequences in an expansion of individual's social networks via SNS. Recently, Facebook has added six different emotion buttons reflecting suggestions claiming that "Like" button is limited, and thus must be improved. Regarding to how well newly updated six different emotion buttons were utilized, a survey that inquires the usefulness and usability of buttons for further improvement in service was conducted to 35 Facebook users of 20's and 30's, the most active ages with frequent usages. As a result, users responded with negative attitudes considering expression of six different emotions in Facebook, and exhibited less frequent usages of the service. According to respondents, the emotion expression service would lead better approachability if Facebook suggests simpler emotion expression, for example, two emotion buttons rather than current six buttons.
On the maximal Sobolev regularity of distributions supported by subsets of Euclidean space

This paper concerns the following question: given a subset $E$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ with empty interior and an integrability parameter $1<p<\infty$, what is the maximal regularity $s\in\mathbb{R}$ for which there exists a non-zero distribution in the Bessel potential Sobolev space $H^{s,p}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ that is supported in $E$? For sets of zero Lebesgue measure we apply well-known results on set capacities from potential theory to characterise the maximal regularity in terms of the Hausdorff dimension of $E$, sharpening previous results. Furthermore, we provide a full classification of all possible maximal regularities, as functions of $p$, together with the sets of values of $p$ for which the maximal regularity is attained, and construct concrete examples for each case. Regarding sets with positive measure, for which the maximal regularity is non-negative, we present new lower bounds on the maximal Sobolev regularity supported by certain fat Cantor sets, which we obtain both by capacity-theoretic arguments, and by direct estimation of the Sobolev norms of characteristic functions. We collect several results characterising the regularity that can be achieved on certain special classes of sets, such as $d$-sets, boundaries of open sets, and Cartesian products, of relevance for applications in differential and integral equations.
Sex and population variation in ultraviolet reflectance of colour patches in Gallotia galloti (Fam. Lacertidae) from Tenerife (Canary Islands)

Sex and population differences in the ultraviolet (UV) reflectance patterns of two phenotypically divergent lacertids from Tenerife, Gallotia galloti eisentrauti and G. g. galloti, are described. Adults in both populations have rows of lateral and ventro-lateral blue patches on either side of the trunk that show a single peak of reflectance in the near UV. The lateral patches of males are more intensely reflective than those of females, but females have more chromatic and UV-shifted lateral patches than males. Most G. g. eisentrauti and some G. g. galloti also have blue cheek patches on either side of the gular area. Male cheek patches have reflectance peaks in the near UV, whereas those of females peak in the visible part of the spectrum. The lateral patches of males from the two populations differ in hue but not in intensity, those of G. g. galloti being more UV-shifted than those of G. g. eisentrauti. Female G. g. galloti have more intensely reflective lateral patches than female G. g. eisentrauti. Interindividual variation in peak wavelength and/or UV chroma is present in both sexes and populations. This is the first demonstration of sexual dichromatism in the UV reflectance of colour patches in a lacertid.
Faint warm debris disks around nearby bright stars explored by AKARI and IRSF

Context: Debris disks are important observational clues for understanding planetary-system formation process. In particular, faint warm debris disks may be related to late planet formation near 1 AU. A systematic search of faint warm debris disks is necessary to reveal terrestrial planet formation. Aims: Faint warm debris disks show excess emission that peaks at mid-IR wavelengths. Thus we explore debris disks using the AKARI mid-IR all-sky point source catalog (PSC), a product of the second generation unbiased IR all-sky survey. Methods : We investigate IR excess emission for 678 isolated main-sequence stars for which there are 18 micron detections in the AKARI mid-IR all-sky catalog by comparing their fluxes with the predicted fluxes of the photospheres based on optical to near-IR fluxes and model spectra. The near-IR fluxes are first taken from the 2MASS PSC. However, 286 stars with Ks<4.5 in our sample have large flux errors in the 2MASS photometry due to saturation. Thus we have measured accurate J, H, and Ks band fluxes, applying neutral density (ND) filters for Simultaneous InfraRed Imager for Unbiased Survey (SIRIUS) on IRSF, the \phi 1.4 m near-IR telescope in South Africa, and improved the flux accuracy from 14% to 1.8% on average. Results: We identified 53 debris-disk candidates including eight new detections from our sample of 678 main-sequence stars. The detection rate of debris disks for this work is ~8%, which is comparable with those in previous works by Spitzer and Herschel. Conclusion: The importance of this study is the detection of faint warm debris disks around nearby field stars. At least nine objects have a large amount of dust for their ages, which cannot be explained by the conventional steady-state collisional cascade model.
Planthology: an Application System for Plant Diseases Management

Planthology: an Application System for Plant Diseases Management Salvatore Davino, Stefano Panno, Marco Arrigo, Maurizio La Rocca, Andrea Giovanni Caruso, Giosuè Lo Bosco* a Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo (PA) , Italy. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per le Tecnologie Didattiche di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 PALERMO (PA), Italy. c Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Palermo, Viale Archirafi 34, 90123 Pslermo (PA) , Italy. giosue.lobosco@unipa.it
Analysis of Diversification Driven by Restructure and EVA in China State-owned Key Enterprises

The restructuring of state-owned key enterprises is the major theme to comply the state sectorâ€™s distribution and structure adjustment, and to enhance comprehensive national power. It is required for raising the core competitiveness of central enterprises and sustainable development. The restructuring of state-owned key enterprises drives the diversification. In this paper, an empirical analysis is given on relation between diversification and EVA in the state-owned key enterprises listed companies researching the effect of specialization ratio (sr), related ratio (rr) and EVA in 2007-2012.The empirical results show that the EVAs of related-diversification companies are the best, the ones of unification are the lowest, and RR is positively associated with EVA, while SR have an U relationship with EVA. In addition, the paper gives advices on restructuring state-owned key enterprises. The conclusions of this paper have great implications on improving state-owned key enterprises restructuring.
Variational Monte Carlo with the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz

Monte Carlo sampling techniques have been proposed as a strategy to reduce the computational cost of contractions in tensor network approaches to solving many-body systems. Here, we put forward a variational Monte Carlo approach for the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA), which is a unitary tensor network. Two major adjustments are required compared to previous proposals with nonunitary tensor networks. First, instead of sampling over configurations of the original lattice, made of L sites, we sample over configurations of an effective lattice, which is made of just ln(L) sites. Second, the optimization of unitary tensors must account for their unitary character while being robust to statistical noise, which we accomplish with a modified steepest descent method within the set of unitary tensors. We demonstrate the performance of the variational Monte Carlo MERA approach in the relatively simple context of a finite quantum spin chain at criticality, and discuss future, more challenging applications, including two-dimensional systems.
Mechanization Index and Machinery Energy Ratio Assessment by means of an Artificial Neural Network: a Mexican Case Study

A single hidden layer artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to estimate simultaneously two mechanization indicators, Mechanization Index (MI) and Machinery Energy Ratio (MER), used to characterize a group of farms in a target farming region. Values of the two mechanization indicators could be obtained without direct calculation of their equations by using the ANN model. To develop the model, data representative of a developing farming system in Mexico were obtained from farmers, local makers of agricultural machinery, researchers and government officials, as well as from relevant databases. A wide range of variables of farming activities were examined, and from these, 11 were used as input variables for the model. The values of the model’s outputs correlated well (Pearson’s= 0.963 and 0.947 for MI and MER respectively) with actual, calculated values, indicating that the model is valid. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to investigate the effects of each input item on the output values. Since the ANN model can predict two mechanization indicators for a target farming system, it could be a good tool for appraising mechanization of regional farms. Also it overcomes some of the limitations of using as inputs simple data available from local databases that may contain errors.
Grains and potato consumption in association with anthropometric measures and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study.

Background: This study was aimed to investigate the association of consuming white rice and potato, as well as the bread type with anthropometric measures and blood pressure (BP) in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents. Methods: This nationwide study was conducted in 2011-2012 among 14,880 students, aged 6-18 years, selected by multistage cluster sampling from 30 provinces of Iran. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist -to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to- height ratio (WHtR), as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured. The self-reported frequency consumption of white rice and potato (daily or non-daily), as well as consumed bread type were asked. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.47 (3.36). They were consisted of 50.76% girls and 75.57% urban residents. The intake of white rice had significant positive association with anthropometric indices and SBP levels ( P -value<0.05). In crude and adjusted models, white rice consumption was significantly associated with BMI (0.29(0.06-0.51 and 0.19(0.02-0.35)). Likewise, significant association existed between the type of the bread and anthropometric indices (except for WHR). Potato consumption was significantly associated with anthropometric indices (except for WHR and WHtR) and BP levels. In adjusted model, potato consumption had significant positive association with BMI. For every increase in the frequency of daily consumption of white rice, 0.19 units were added to BMI. Conclusion: White rice consumption increases the risk of general and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Consequently, for prevention and control of obesity, the consumption of refined grains should be limited by moderating nutrition policies. Keywords: Grains, High blood pressure, Obesity, Anthropometric indices, Iran
Consumers' Attitude towards Branded Apparels: Gender Perspective

The relationship between consumers’ decision-making styles and their choice between domestic and imported brand clothing is investigated using a sample of Indian consumers. The objective of this paper is to gauge the factors affecting purchase decision taking gender perspective as base. Empirical findings are calculated using survey technique and chi square test with a sample of 320 participants in Delhi and NCR. The objective of this paper is to analyze the significance of demographic profile of consumers affecting the purchase decision of branded garments and to observe from gender perspective the consumer awareness about different apparel brands available in the Indian market and also to find out whether there is a significant difference in total expenditure on branded apparels done by males vis- a - vis females. The results exhibit no significant differences in the brand awareness, shopping frequency and shopping expenditure between males and females.
Modelling Natural Action Selection: Mechanisms of choice in the primate brain: a quick look at positive feedback

We consider the possibility that positive feedback loops are exploited by the brain in determining which action to perform at any given moment. We emphasise the need for, and requirements of, a controller that can exploit the potential benefits, and overcome the inherent pitfalls of using positive feedback for selection. We present the vertebrate basal ganglia as one possible solution to this control problem, and focus on basal ganglia involvement in the oculomotor system of the primate brain, presenting it as an example of how positive feedback and competitive dynamics are used synergistically to bring about changes in gaze. Finally we strengthen the case for involvement of positive feedback mechanisms in reflexive gaze control by demonstrating that a computational model of the oculomotor system is able to reproduce eye movement abnormalities present in sufferers of Parkinson’s disease a disease that affects the basal ganglia, and consequently the control of positive feedback.
Exurban Dynamics: An Analysis of Migration and Urban Containment Policies

Exurban research has yielded little in the way of providing information as to neither the rates of migration from urban to exurban areas or an understanding of the effects of urban containment policies on this form of development vis-à-vis migration. This article is an attempt to provide localities and policy makers in the United States with a better understanding of the exurban form and which policies may be most effective in stemming the outward migration of individuals from urban to exurban areas. The article first traces the rates of exurban migration within larger metropolitan areas in the US over a twenty-year period from 1984 to 2005. Next, the article analyzes the effects of state and local urban containment policies on this type of migration. The findings suggest that exurban migration is an uneven process that varies considerably by region. More importantly, the results demonstrate that urban containment plans as currently designed vary in their effectiveness in reducing exurban migration.
Effects of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Wind Turbine Parameters on the Performance of a Small-Scale Wind Power Generation System

Permanent magnet synchronous generators are widely used in small-scale wind power generation systems. Appropriate design of the generator and turbine parameters improves the performance of the wind power generation systems. This paper analyzes the effect of different design parameters of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator and the turbine on the annual energy output and also on the cost of a small-scale wind power generation system. The analytical model of the generator and wind turbine is used along with cost models for different parts of the system. The power losses in power electronics devices are also taken into account. Streszczenie. Generatory synchroniczne z magnesami trwalymi są powszechnie uzywane w energetyce wiatrowej. W artykule analizuje sie mozliwości projektowe generatora i turbiny oraz ich wplyw na parametry malego systemu energetyki wiatrowej. (Wplyw parametrow generatora synchronicznego i turbiny na wlaściwości malego systemu energetyki wiatrowej)