Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Possible causes of overdependency in young children.

The American socialization process emphasizes the learning of independence in the childhood years. Perhaps more than in other societies, standing on one's own feet, being able to fend for oneself is an important characteristic of the socialized person in our society. Beginning in early childhood we systematically train our children to attend to their physical needs by themselves (feeding, dressing, toileting), to learn to get along without the mother's continual presence and to learn to take a certain measure of hardship without turning to the socializing agent for help or comfort. But the American socialization process also emphasizes dependence. American parents want their children to turn to them for guidance and to accept their instructions as they attempt to induct the young into the mores of society. It is important for our children to learn a dependency drive-to learn to solve some problems by turning to the adult because the adult knows the approved ways of behaving. Successful socialization, then, involves the acquisition of a culturally approved balance between dependency and independence. Not all children learn the proper balance between these two drives. Some children become overly-dependent upon mother or mother substitute. These are the children who continually seek out adults for their presence, their help, or their approval. They find it hard to grow up and cling tenaciously to their mothers for support. This paper is concerned with causes of overdependency. It reports the results of a study in which 20 young children (six-year-olds) who were rated as being overdependent were compared with 20 young children who served as controls. Two hypotheses were advanced to explain overdependency and each of these was tested in the study: I. Overdependency results from a non-permissive approach to infant disciplines. During the past decade an articulate group of neo-Freudians has advocated a permissive approach to feeding, weaning, toilet training
An Actual Survey of Dimensionality Reduction

Dimension reduction is defined as the processes of projecting high-dimensional data to a much lower-dimensional space. Dimension reduction methods variously applied in regression, classification, feature analysis and visualization. In this paper, we review in details the last and most new version of methods that extensively developed in the past decade.
Appearance of the frequency-doubling stimulus at threshold.

PURPOSE It has been argued that the threshold for detecting frequency-doubling (FD) technology perimeter stimuli differs from the threshold for perceiving spatial structure (pattern) in the same targets. Thresholds for perceiving spatial structure have typically been assessed using orientation-identification experiments. The authors investigated the influence of orientation, edge profile, and psychophysical method on the origin of the reported differences in detection and orientation-identification thresholds for FD gratings. METHODS Detection and orientation-identification thresholds were determined in 12 observers with the use of FD stimuli (0.25 cyc/deg, 25 Hz) presented centrally and at 15 degrees eccentricity. Edge profile (square- and Gaussian-windowed) and orientation (horizontal, vertical, and oblique) were independently modified. Detection thresholds were also measured for spatially uniform flickering targets (25 Hz). Orientation-identification thresholds using a two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) and a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) method were also compared in five experienced observers. RESULTS Orientation-identification and detection thresholds did not significantly differ under any condition tested. Orientation-identification thresholds obtained with 2-AFC were not significantly different from those obtained with 2-IFC. Thresholds for spatially uniform flicker were significantly lower than for FD stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The authors found that orientation-identification and detection thresholds for FD gratings did not differ and argue that recent findings to the contrary arise from the inappropriate use of spatially uniform flicker targets as alternatives in 2-IFC experiments.
Why Is (111) Silicon a Better Mechanical Material for MEMS: Torsion Case

This paper shows that using the Finite Element Method (FEM), the torsional stiffness of silicon varies by the least amount on silicon (111) with respect to crystallographic directions, when compared to silicon (100) and (110). The used simulator is ANSYS 5.7 with the element type of Solid 64. As a simulation model, we use a simple torsion system, in which a rotational inertia is attached to the center of clamped-clamped beam with a rectangular cross-section. From the results of the modal analysis, the torsional stiffness is derived using the formula between the natural frequency and the torsional stiffness. Simulation results show that the maximum variations of the torsional stiffness on silicon (111), (100) and (110) are 2.3%, 26.5%, and 31.2%, respectively. This implies that on and silicon wafers, substantially different physical dimensions are necessary for devices with the same torsional characteristics, but with different orientations. Therefore, silicon wafers represent a more suitable substrate to design and fabricate torsional micro and nano systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Face detection and its applications

In the past two decades, face detection has been proven as the most interesting research field from the domain of image processing. In this paper, we are going to describe some important aspects of face detection, which are very much useful in many applications like face recognition, facial expression recognition, face tracking, facial feature extraction, gender classification, identification system, document control and access control, clustering, biometric science, human computer interaction (HCI) system, digital cosmetics and many more [1]. Before that, I would like to focus on some well-known face detection techniques [2] and then some feature detection methods because until and unless we extract the important features (eyes, nose, mouth) from a face we won‟t be able to uniquely identify the person properly.
Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor.

PURPOSE To evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of single-agent cetuximab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer whose tumors express the epidermal growth factor receptor. PATIENTS AND METHODS Phase II, open-label clinical trial. Patients were required to have EGFr expression demonstrated on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue by immunohistochemical staining before study participation. Patients were required to have received irinotecan, either alone or in a combination regimen, and to have demonstrated clinical failure on this regimen before study entry. Cetuximab was administered weekly by intravenous infusion. The first dose of 400 mg/m(2) was given during the course of 2 hours. Subsequent weekly treatments were given at a dose of 250 mg/m(2) during the course of 1 hour. RESULTS Fifty-seven eligible patients were treated. All were assessable for toxicity and response. The most commonly encountered grade 3 to 4 adverse events, regardless of relationship to study drug, were an acne-like skin rash, predominantly on the face and upper torso (86% with any grade; 18% with grade 3), and a composite of asthenia, fatigue, malaise, or lethargy (56% with any grade, 9% with grade 3). Two patients (3.5%) experienced grade 3 allergic reactions requiring discontinuation of study treatment. A third patient experienced a grade 3 allergic reaction that resolved, and the patient continued on the study. Neither diarrhea nor neutropenia were dose limiting in any of the 57 patients treated. Five patients (9%; 95% CI, 3% to 19%) achieved a partial response. Twenty-one additional patients had stable disease or minor responses. The median survival in these previously treated patients with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer is 6.4 months. CONCLUSION Cetuximab on this once-weekly schedule has modest activity and is well-tolerated as a single agent in patients with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer whose tumors express the epidermal growth factor receptor. Further studies of cetuximab will evaluate the use of cetuximab in conjunction with first-line and adjuvant treatments for this disease.
The Cricoarytenoid Joint Capsule and Its Relevance to Endotracheal Intubation

Impaired movement of the cricoarytenoid joint with hoarseness and immobility of the vocal ligament may occur as a consequence of endotracheal intubation. Little is known about the cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its role in intubation. We investigated the joint capsules of 48 cricoarytenoid joints by means of gross anatomy microscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy; 30 unfixed cadaver larynges were also subjected to attempts to simulate traumata such as those that may occur during intubation trials. The larynges were intubated with the arytenoid tip entering the lumen of the tracheal tube or extubated with the cuff of the tube only partially deflated. Subsequently, i.e., after dissecting the left and right cricoarytenoid joint from each larynx, the morphologic changes induced experimentally were analyzed by using histologic methods. The cricoarytenoid joint was found to be lined by a wide joint capsule. Unexpectedly large and intensively vascularized synovial folds projected into the joint cavity. After simulation of intubation and extubation, histologic analysis revealed injuries to the synovial folds and joint surface impressions, but no trauma or rupture of the outer joint capsule. We conclude that laxity of the joint capsule and the large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthros and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction. Implications The present study illustrates by morphological investigations and intubation experiments that laxity of the joint capsule and large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthrosis and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction.
Physical impairments and functional limitations: a comparison of individuals 1 year after total knee arthroplasty with control subjects.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the physical impairments and functional limitations of individuals with total knee arthroplasty (TKA), as compared with individuals with no diagnosed knee disease (control subjects). SUBJECTS Twenty-nine individuals 1 year following TKA (13 women, 16 men) and 40 age- and gender-matched control subjects (18 women, 22 men) were assessed. METHODS Walking speed, stair-climbing ability, knee torque (in newton-meters), and total work performed during 15 repeated contractions were evaluated. RESULTS Walking speeds for men with TKA were 13% and 17% slower at normal and fast speeds, respectively. Their stair-climbing ability was even more compromised (51% slower). Walking speeds for women with TKA were 17% and 18% slower at normal and fast speeds, respectively. Similarly, their stair-climbing time was more compromised (43% slower). Men with TKA were 37% to 39% weaker and performed 36% to 37% less total work of their knee extensors compared with the control subjects. Similarly, women with TKA had knee extensor strength deficits of 28% to 29% and performed 24% less total work. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION One year after TKA, marked physical impairments and functional limitations persisted. [Walsh M, Woodhouse LJ, Thomas SG, Finch E. Physical impairments and functional limitations: a comparison of individuals 1 year after total knee arthroplasty with control subjects.
A 2 GHz merged CMOS LNA and mixer for WCDMA

A merged LNA and mixer with an on-chip VCO is fabricated in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS for a 2.1 GHz WCDMA receiver. The front-end consumes 8 mA from 2.7 V and gives NF of 3.2 dB, conversion gain of 24.2 dB, and input IP3 of -1.5 dBm. The VCO consumes 3 mA while achieving phase noise of -128.4 and -138.5 dBc/Hz at offsets of 5 and 15 MHz, respectively.
The Case for a Gender-Neutral (Universal) Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Policy in the United States: Point

Published data to date indicate that human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention vaccines are safe and efficacious in reducing HPV persistence and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 lesions of the cervix ([1][1]-[5][2]). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration licensed the quadrivalent HPV vaccine
Design of Cascode-Compensated Opamps Based on Settling Time and Open-Loop Parameters

Considering the importance of settling behavior of operational amplifiers (op amps) for a given accuracy in many applications (like in switched-capacitor circuits), in this paper, a new methodology for the design of two-stage cascode-compensated op amps based on settling time is proposed. Concerning the application of the op amp, it specifies proper open-loop circuit parameters to obtain the desired settling time and closed-loop stability. As the effect of zeros in the open-loop transfer function has been taken into account, the proposed methodology becomes very accurate in achieving the required specifications. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology
Efficacy of RAD001 (everolimus) and octreotide LAR in advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors: results of a phase II study.

PURPOSE Evaluate the activity of everolimus (RAD001) in combination with octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in patients with advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS Treatment consisted of RAD001 5 mg/d (30 patients) or 10 mg/d (30 patients) and octreotide LAR 30 mg every 28 days. Thirty carcinoid and 30 islet cell patients were enrolled. RESULTS Intent-to-treat response rate was 20%. Per protocol, there were 13 with partial responses (22%), 42 with stable disease (SD; 70%), and five patients with progressive disease (8%). Overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 60 weeks. Median PFS for patients with known SD at entry was longer than for those who had progressive disease (74 v 50 weeks; P < .01). Median overall survival has not been reached. One-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 83%, 81%, and 78%, respectively. Among 37 patients with elevated chromogranin A, 26 (70%) achieved normalization or more than 50% reduction. Most common toxicity was mild aphthous ulceration. Grade 3/4 toxicities occurring in >or= 10% of patients included hypophosphatemia (11%), fatigue (11%), and diarrhea (11%). Treatment was associated with a dose-dependent rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Those with lower than 109 U/L rise in LDH at week 4 had shorter PFS (38 v 69 weeks; P = .01). Treatment was also associated with a decrease in proliferation marker Ki-67 among patients who underwent optional paired pre- and post-treatment biopsy (P = .04). CONCLUSION RAD001 at 5 or 10 mg/d was well tolerated in combination with octreotide LAR, with promising antitumor activity. Confirmatory studies are ongoing.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN PITUITARY CELLS OF DUCK AND QUAIL

Structures demonstrating the presence of glycoproteins, acid phosphatase activity and OsO4 impregnation were localized by means of the electron microscope in duck and in quail pituitary cells. Two methods for the electron microscopic demonstration of glycoproteins were used: a chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid mixture on glycol-methacrylate-embedded tissues, and the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique. Both methods showed glycoproteins in the following sites: (a) the secretory granules in three types of cells (A, B, C) which are part of the seven different cells of the avian pituitary; (b) the several kinds of dense bodies which are richer in reaction product than the secretory granules. A correlation with previous studies on similar species of birds is helpful in identifying each of the three positive types of cells as thyrotropic cell (A), prolactin cell (B) and gonadotropic cell (C). The presence of glycoproteins within the Golgi saccules (on condensing granules) was found with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method in these gonadotropic cells only. In gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells, acid phosphatase activity is weak in the inner Golgi saccules and strong in the "Golgi Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes" system, in the lysosomes, in the dense bodies and in the vacuolated dense bodies. The structures which are richest in glycoproteins are also those which have the most acid phosphatase activity. On the contrary, OsO4-stained structures in duck gonadotropic cells (nuclear pericisterna, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae and outer Golgi saccules) have no glycoproteins or acid phosphatase activity.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Thai Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome in children has become the focus of many research projects in recent years. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Thai children and its correlation with overweight and obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 348 children enrolled in grade 1 to grade 9 was done in Ongkhaluck province in Thailand. Demographic and anthropometric data were gathered. Blood tests were also performed to check for blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. RESULTS The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our population was 4.0%. Metabolic syndrome was found in 0.7% of non-obese/non-overweight children and 17.6% of obese/overweight children. Participants with metabolic syndrome were found to be significantly older, heavier, and taller and to have higher parameters of adiposity when compared with those without metabolic syndrome. Obesity was significantly correlated with every criterion of diagnosis of metabolic syndrome except Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG). CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Thai children is consistent with other reports from across the world.
Observer based stochastic trajectory tracking control of mechanical systems

This paper concerns an observer based stochastic trajectory tracking control of mechanical systems. We consider mechanical systems in the presence of noise as stochastic systems and derive a condition for a stabilizing and tracking controller to achieve each control objective in probability. Here we assume that only position measurements can be available. Velocity information is reconstructed by the position information. The condition for the combined controller-observer is derived. Since our method is based on bounded stability, the norm of tracking error with respect to a given desired trajectory remains hounded in probability and the margin of error is assignable.
Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of neuroglobin and cytoglobin

Neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are two recently discovered intracellular members of the vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb) family. Ngb, predominantly expressed in nerve cells, is of ancient evolutionary origin and is homologous to nerve‐globins of invertebrates. Cygb, present in many different tissues, shares common ancestry with myoglobin (Mb) and can be traced to early vertebrate evolution. Ngb is held to facilitate O2 diffusion to the mitochondria and to protect neuronal cells from hypoxic‐ischemic insults, may be an oxidative stress‐responsive sensor protein for signal transduction, and may carry out enzymatic activities, such as NO/O2 scavenging. Cygb is linked to collagen synthesis, may provide O2 for enzymatic reactions, and may be involved in a ROS (NO)‐signaling pathway(s). Ngb and Cgb display the classical three‐over‐three α‐helical fold of Hb and Mb, and are endowed with a hexa‐coordinate heme‐Fe atom, in their ferrous and ferric forms, having the heme distal HisE7 residue as the endogenous ligand. Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of Ngb and Cygb. Moreover, Ngb and Cygb display a tunnel/cavity system within the protein matrix held to facilitate ligand channeling to/from the heme, multiple ligand copies storage, multi‐ligand reactions, and conformational transitions supporting ligand binding. IUBMB Life, 56: 657‐664, 2004
The Role of Microbiology in Models of Dental Caries

Models of dental caries (laboratory, animal, and human in situ models) vary markedly in their microbiological complexity. Laboratory models range from mono-cultures of cariogenic species providing an acidic challenge to enamel, to the development of diverse mixed cultures growing on a habitat-simulating medium in an artificial mouth or chemostat. The latter systems are of value in determining either mechanisms of action or cause-and-effect relationships-e.g., between dietary components or antimicrobial agents and the microflora. Laboratory models have also shown that the sensitivity of oral bacteria to inhibitors is markedly reduced when growing in biofilms such as dental plaque. Animal models have proved unequivocally that caries is an infectious and transmissible disease. Their use has enabled comparisons to be made of (a) the cariogenic potential of different bacterial species, (b) the role of the diet, and (c) the effects of potential anti-caries agents. It has been claimed that no caries-protective agent currently in use has failed a rodent test. In situ human models have been designed to permit the development of "natural" plaque on standardized enamel surfaces freely exposed to the human oral environment. The microflora that develops on unadulterated surfaces is similar in composition to that found at comparable sites on vital teeth. Demineralization can be accelerated by the inoculation of additional cariogenic bacteria coupled with either intra- or extra-oral sucrose rinses. The increased realism associated with the transition from laboratory to human in situ models is countered by a reduced ability to control or manipulate the system for experimental purposes. Thus, a hierarchy of tests is needed for the study of anti-caries agents, each requiring a varying degree of microbiological complexity.
A 12-bit — 35-MS/s pipeline ADC with dynamic element matching correction for ILC/CALICE integrated read-out

A low power 12 bits analog to digital converter is a critical part of a fully integrated readout system for the next ILC ECAL. We present here a new design of 12-bit ADC up to 35-MS/s using a pipelined architecture in a CMOS 0.35 m process. The first front-end stage of 2.5 bits includes an efficient dynamic element matching scheme permitting to average its gain errors. The back-end converter is a set of seven 1.5 bit stages followed by a 3 bit full flash. The dynamic range covered is 2V. The analog part of the converter can be quickly (in a couple of s) switched to a standby mode that reduces the DC power dissipation. The size of this converters layout including the output pads is 1.4mm×1.3mm, and the total power dissipation is only 45mW.
Venous stasis and thrombin generation

Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; *Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale diLocarno, Switzerland; and Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, SwitzerlandTo cite this article: Colucci G, Stricker H, Roggiani W, Haeberli A, Mombelli G. Venous stasis and thrombin generation. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2: 1008–9.