Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Leading Cancer Types in Afghanistan

Background: Researches have shown that cancer is one of the chief causes of death in most of the advanced and developed countries; and in the developing countries, cancer is the second leading cause of death. In Afghanistan, approximately twenty-thousand (20,000) people are diagnosed with cancer annually and fifteen-thousand among these patients die in the same year. Breast cancer in the women is reported to be the highest, stomach the second and blood cancer in the third category in Afghanistan. Method: A questionnaire-based survey during the public awareness campaigns in schools, universities and other public places was conducted by Afghanistan Cancer Foundation in 2018. In the campaigns, the participants were asked to fill the questionnaire; after their consent, the participants returned the questionnaires were analyzed by Afghanistan Cancer Foundation. Results: The survey was conducted over a total population of 238,491 including 121,192 females and 117,299 males. Death cases were reported to be 8335 while the total number of alive patients reaches up to 368. Furthermore, 121 cases of Breast, 64 of stomach, 50 of Leukemia, 19 of Liver, 11 of Esophagus, 9 of Cervix & Uterine, 9 of Brain and 85 cases of other types of cancer were reported. Conclusion: Breast, stomach and blood cancers are the frequently diagnosed cancer sites in Kabul.
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005

This product is part of the RAND Health working paper series. RAND working papers are intended to share researchers' latest findings and to solicit informal peer review. They have been approved for circulation by RAND Health but have not been formally edited or peer reviewed. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. Summary The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), the historic agreement that ended years of legal battles between the states and the major tobacco companies, was signed on November 23, 1998. Under the terms of the MSA, Arkansas has an 0.828-percent share of the payments being made to participating states over the next 25 years. Arkansas is unique in the commitment made by both elected officials and the general public to invest its share of the Tobacco Settlement funds in health-related programs. The Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act of 2000 (referred to hereafter as the Initiated Act), a referendum passed by the voters in the November 2000 election, specifies that the Arkansas tobacco funds are to support seven health-related programs: Only one of these programs is completely dedicated to smoking prevention and cessation. Some programs are serving short-term health-related needs of Arkansas residents; others are long-term investments in the public health and health research infrastructure. The Initiated Act also created the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission (ATSC) and gave it the responsibility for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the funded programs. As part of its evaluation function, the ATSC contracted with the RAND Corporation to serve as the external evaluator. RAND was charged with performing a comprehensive evaluation of the progress of the programs in fulfilling their missions, as well as the programs' effects on smoking and other health-related outcomes. This report is the second report from the RAND evaluation. The report updates the information and assessments provided in our first biennial report submitted to the ATSC in 2004. Using the evaluation methods described in Chapter 1 and Appendix A, the evaluation is designed to address the following four research questions: x Have the funded programs developed and implemented their programming as specified in the Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act of 2000? x What factors are contributing to the programs' implementation successes or challenges? …
The Fate of [U-13C]Palmitate Extracted by Skeletal Muscle in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Control Subjects

The current study investigated the fate of a [U- 13 C]palmitate tracer extracted by forearm muscle in type 2 diabetic and control subjects. We studied seven healthy lean male subjects and seven obese male subjects with type 2 diabetes using the forearm muscle balance technique with continuous intravenous infusion of the stable isotope tracer [U- 13 C]palmitate under baseline conditions and during intravenous infusion of the nonselective β-agonist isoprenaline (ISO; 20 ng · kg −1 lean body mass · min −1 ). In skeletal muscle of control subjects, there was a significant release of 13 C-labeled oxidation products in the form of 13 CO 2 (15% of 13 C uptake from labeled palmitate) and a significant release of 13 C-labeled glutamine (release of 13 C-labeled atoms from glutamine was 6% of 13 C uptake from labeled palmitate), whereas in type 2 diabetic subjects there was no detectable release of 13 CO 2 and 13 C-glutamine, despite a significant uptake of [U- 13 C]palmitate (60% of control value). There was net uptake of arterial 13 C-labeled glutamate by forearm muscle in both groups. Also, the ISO-induced increase in arterial glutamine enrichment and arterial concentration of 13 C-glutamine was more pronounced in the diabetic group relative to control subjects. In view of the diminished ISO-induced release of 13 C-glutamine from type 2 diabetic muscle, the latter data indicate that more [U- 13 C]palmitate entered the liver in the diabetic group and was incorporated into newly synthesized glutamine and glutamate molecules. Thus, the lack of release of 13 C-labeled oxidation products by type 2 diabetic muscle during β-adrenergic stimulation, despite significant [U- 13 C]palmitate uptake, indicates differences in the handling of fatty acids between type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy control subjects.
Winter mortality temperature and influenza: has the relationship changed in recent years?

Death rates in the winter months are higher than at other times of the year and there are no satisfactory explanations of why this is so. This paper examines the relationship between winter deaths temperature and influenza deaths over the last 35 years in England and Wales using the latest available information. The analysis shows a clear relationship between excess winter deaths temperature and influenza mortality over the period 1949-1985. (EXCERPT)
Analisis Kualitas dan Kuantitas Tenaga Keperawatan Terhadap Persepsi Insiden Keselamatan Pasien di RS X Jakarta Tahun 2015

ABSTRAK Keselamatan Pasien ( Patient Safety ) telah menjadi issue yang sangat penting dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Setiap orang ingin mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang aman dan bebas dari cedera yang tidak diinginkan. Melalui penelitian ini, dianalisis kualitas dan kuantitas tenaga perawat terhadap persepsi insiden keselamatan pasien di Rumah Sakit X. Studi dilakukan pada 44 orang perawat dan bidan dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel pengetahuan, pendidikan, kemudahan penggunaan alat,kerjasama tim,pengalaman bekerja, disiplin dan jumlah tenaga perawat terhadap insiden keselamatan pasien. ABSTRACT Patient safety has become a very important issue in health care. Everyone wants to get health care that is safe and free from unwanted injuries. Through this study, analyzed the quality and quantity of nurse perceptions of patient safety incidents in the hospital X. The study was conducted on 44 nurses and midwives using cross sectional design to examine the relationship between the variables of knowledge, education, ease of use tools, work experience, discipline and the number of nurses on patient safety incidents.
Temporary Tattoos: Alternative to Adolescent Self-Harm?

89 Current Psychiatry Vol. 10, No. 4 Although self-harm behaviors such as burning or cutting are common among adolescents, they are a source of concern for parents and friends, and challenging to treat. Treatments have focused on distracting stimuli such as ice or the sting of a rubber band snapped on the wrist. Tattooing may be an alternative somatic strategy that can decrease selfharm and counter negative body image.1,2 In a study of 423 individuals with body modification (tattoos and piercings), 27% admitted to cutting themselves during childhood.3 This study’s authors concluded that these practices became a substitute for self-harm, helped patients overcome traumatic experiences, and improved satisfaction with body image. In line with these observations, we decided to offer temporary tattooing to residents in our 60-bed child and adolescent treatment center. Patients were age 6 to 20 and 70% were female. We received consent from all patients’ guardians after explaining the temporary, nontoxic nature of the ink or decals. Our first trials were with adolescent females with a history of cutting, but we offered temporary tattooing to all patients within a few months. Overall, 7 females and 3 males, all of whom had an axis I mood disorder, participated in temporary tattooing as an alternative to self-harm. We noted borderline personality traits in female patients who engaged in severe selfharm. Patients either drew on themselves or, with therapist supervision, “tattooed” other patients using self-selected designs. One older teenage girl used cutting to manage flashbacks of sexual abuse from a family member. She had multiple scars from the cutting despite outpatient, hospital, and residential treatment over several years without symptom improvement. After 1 year of tattooing, her cutting episodes decreased from several times per month to once every 3 months. She also reported an improvement in positive perception of her body image from 0 on a 1-to-10 scale on admission to 5 at 1 year. A younger teenage female without visible scars used cutting to manage feelings of being ugly associated with memories of sexual abuse. She reported that over 3 months, drawing tattoos improved her feelings about her body from 0/10 to 4/10, and she no longer reported thoughts of cutting or self-harm. Over 3 months, a male teenager without scars who cut himself when distressed about female relationships instead used tattoos to draw his conflicted feelings on his arm. Tattoo designs included: • flowers, vines, and roses • patients’ psychological issues • 2 faces for a patient dealing with internal and external relationship conflicts • 2 flags to represent melding different cultures • 2 hearts fused to represent issues with the intensities of love • foreign words to indicate secrecy and alienation • fantasy daydreams reflected as unicorns and dolphins.
BASIC SCIENCES CURRICULUM IN MEDICAL EDUCATION

Introduction: Traditional methods are generally used for teaching basic science courses at Shiraz Medical School. Such courses are taught during the first and second years of a seven-year medical program. The goal of this study was to analyze teachers and students’ perceptions of basic science teaching in medical education. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the college of medicine of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Results: Regarding the students’ viewpoints, 71.4% reported that curriculum content in basic sciences was enough and had good relevance. 59.2% of students believed the objectives of basic sciences curriculum were clear. Conclusion: The burden of teaching basic sciences ranges from sustaining interest to clinical relevance. It is expected that medical schools will continuously monitor what works and what does not work with their curricula and make the necessary adaptations as required.
A prospective study of pulmonary function test in obese patients

Background: Obesity is considered to affect the respiratory functions. The objective was to study the pulmonary function test and its correlation with smoking, hypertension and diabetes in obese patients with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m 2 Methods: A cross sectional study was done on 100 patients with age >18 years and Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m 2 in the Department of Medicine, GR Medical College, Gwalior during the period between July 2013 to November 2014. After thorough history and clinical examination of all the selected patients, they were subjected to routine investigation and spirometry (Pulmonary function test). Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) was performed by using UNI-EM spirometer. Results: Out of 100 patients, 37% were in the age group of 41-50 years followed by 27% in 31-40 years and there was a female predominance (53%). Abnormal PFT was found in 58% patients, out of which the commonest pattern was restrictive (32%) followed by mixed pattern (26%). Among females with abnormal PFT restrictive and mixed type pattern were seen in 32% and 18.9% respectively whereas among males 32% and 34% had restrictive and mixed pattern of abnormal PFT respectively. It was found that abnormal PFT pattern was directly proportional to increase in BMI. The mean Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was 77.76 ± 15.56 L, mean Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) was 77.97 ± 17.40 L while mean FEV1/FVC ratio was 105.44 ± 7.85 in the study population. Most common PFT pattern seen in smokers was mixed type (55%). Among hypertensive patients 42.1% had normal PFT. Conclusions: More than half of obese patients were having abnormal PFT in our study, and the increase in BMI was associated with increase in abnormal PFT pattern. The most common abnormal function was restrictive pattern as reflected by decreased mean FVC, FEV1 and increased FEV1/FVC ratio. There was no correlation between hypertension and pulmonary function test in obese; similarly no correlation was seen between diabetes and PFT in obese.
Types of bone destruction and its severity in chronic periodontitis patients with tobacco smoking habit using periapical radiographs and transgingival probing: A cross-sectional study

Background: Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease which increases periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, as well as bone loss leading to varied severity and bone destruction in the form of horizontal and vertical patterns. Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine and measure the types and severity of bone destruction in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with tobacco smoking habit using intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs and transgingival probing. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 male participants with CP were included in the study. Group A comprised 30 heavy cigarette smokers and Group B comprised 30 nonsmokers. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Amount and pattern of bone loss were assessed using IOPA and transgingival probing. Results: The mean values of PI, PPD, and CAL were 2.50 ± 0.28 mm, 9.33 ± 1.42 mm, and 10.2 ± 1.62 mm, respectively, for cigarette smokers, which were found to be higher and statistically significant as compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers showed more bone destruction than nonsmokers in respect to maxillary molars 4.42 ± 1.31 mm and incisors 3.90 ± 1.10 mm as compared to nonsmokers. Types of bone destruction were more of vertical patterns (93.3%) in cigarette smokers. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was associated with severe attachment loss. Tobacco smoking not only affects soft tissues but also hard tissues such as bone. Palatal sides of maxillary molars showed significantly higher bone loss and also had more percentage of vertical patterns of bone loss compared to nonsmokers. IOPA and transgingival probing may be used as noninvasive methods for the determination of types and severity of bone destruction in CP patients with or without tobacco smoking habit.
YAŞLILARDA ÜRİNER VE FEKAL İNKONTİNANSIN BELİRLENMESİ, YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ: BİLGİLENDİRME ve EĞİTİM THE IDENTIFICATION OF URINARY AND FECAL INCONTINENCE IN OLDER PEOPLE AND ITS EFFECTS OVER LIFE QUALITY: BRIEFING AND TRAINING

Since urinary and fecal incontinence are viewed as taboos, nurses have great responsibility in the diagnosis and assessment of this problem. The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of incontinence which leads to social, psychological and economic loss in older people, learn about the community that is served, find out about the risk factors, diagnose incontinence early and give information about preventive measures and to inform patients who are not in the early stages about alternative treatments. This descriptive study was carried between December 2008 and March 2009, with a sample of 55 older people, 44 of whom were women and 11 of whom were male. These older people resided in Bolu Governorship Older People's Care Center. The urinary incontinence prevalence of 98% and fecal incontinence prevalence of 29.1% were found to be considerably high. The reasons for this high prevalence of incontinence are thought to be the changing definition of incontinence, the adoption of the short consultation form used internationally in urinary incontinence, carrying out data collection in the older people’s houses or in the older people’s center during talks on health and the higher mean age in comparison with other studies. It has been understood that approximately 2/3 of the older people suffering from urinary continence have their life quality affected in medium and high levels. It was also determined that half of the older people usually could not go out of their houses for fear of urinary incontinence while others experienced inability to go shopping, visit somebody and carry out religious tasks. By means of the information gathered from the talks on health, health talks, briefing and trainings were made depending on the type and degree of
Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Preventing Deltoid Muscle Atrophy after Rotator Cuff Repair: Preliminary Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Single-blind Trial

Background This study investigates the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in preventing deltoid atrophy during the first 12 weeks after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods Eighteen patients undergoing arthroscopic repair of a medium-sized rotator cuff tear by a single surgeon, were randomized into two groups: NMES and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Each group used the respective device for 6 weeks after surgery. Pain was measured at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively, using the visual analogue scale (VAS); range of motion (ROM), abduction strength and functional scores were measured at baseline and 12 weeks postoperatively. Deltoid thickness and cross-sectional areas were measured using magnetic resonance imaging at 12 weeks postoperatively. Results At 12 weeks post-surgery, no statistically significant difference was observed between the NMES and TENS groups in the pain VAS, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score, ROM, and abduction strength. Postoperative decrease in the thickness of the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid, at the level just below the coracoid, was -2.5%, -0.7%, and -6.8%, respectively, in the NMES group, and -14.0%, -2.6%, and -8.2%, respectively, in the TENS group (p=0.016, p=0.677, and p=0.791, respectively). At the level of the inferior glenoid tubercle, postoperative decrease in area of the deltoid was -5.4% in the NMES group and -14.0% in the TENS group, which was significantly different (p=0.045). Conclusions NMES has the potential for reducing deltoid atrophy after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, suggesting that NMES might help minimize postoperative atrophy after various shoulder surgeries.
New Insights in the Pathogenesis of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Abstract Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent. However, efficacy and clinical utility of this drug is significantly limited by severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity which develops due to renal accumulation and bio-transformation in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity can be manifested as acute kidney injury (AKI), or as different types of tubulopathies, salt wasting, loss of urinary concentrating ability, and magnesium wasting. The attenuation of cisplatin-caused AKI is currently accomplished by hydration, magnesium supplementation or mannitol-induced forced diuresis. However, mannitol treatment causes over-diuresis and consequent dehydration, indicating an urgent need for the clinical use of newly designed, safe and efficacious renoprotective drug, as an additive therapy for high dose cisplatin-treated patients. Accordingly, we emphasized current knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms responsible for cisplatin-caused nephrotoxicity and we described in detail the main clinical manifestations of cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction in order to pave the way for the design of new therapeutic approaches that can minimize detrimental effects of cisplatin in the kidneys. Having in mind that most of cisplatin-induced cytotoxic effects against renal cells are, at the same time, involved in anti-tumor activity of cisplatin, new nephroprotective therapeutic strategies have to prevent renal injury and inflammation without affecting cisplatin-induced toxicity against malignant cells.
Effect of vibratory stimulation on pain during local anesthesia injections: a clinical trial

Objectives This study aimed to assess the effect of DentalVibe on the level of pain experienced during anesthetic injections using 2 different techniques. Materials and Methods This randomized crossover clinical trial evaluated 60 patients who required 2-session endodontic treatment. Labial infiltration (LI) anesthesia was administered in the anterior maxilla of 30 patients, while inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) was performed in the remaining 30 patients. 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected at a rate of 1 mL/min using a 27-gauge needle. DentalVibe was randomly assigned to either the first or second injection session. A visual analog scale was used to determine participants' pain level during needle insertion and the anesthetic injection. The paired t-test was applied to assess the efficacy of DentalVibe for pain reduction. Results In LI anesthesia, the pain level was 12.0 ± 15.5 and 38.1 ± 21.0 during needle insertion and 19.1 ± 16.1 and 48.9 ± 24.6 during the anesthetic injection using DentalVibe and the conventional method, respectively. In IANB, the pain level was 14.1 ± 15.9 and 35.1 ± 20.8 during needle insertion and 17.3 ± 14.2 and 39.5 ± 20.8 during the anesthetic injection using DentalVibe and the conventional method, respectively. DentalVibe significantly decreased the level of pain experienced during needle insertion and the anesthetic injection in anterior LI and mandibular IANB anesthesia. Conclusions The results suggest that DentalVibe can be used to reduce the level of pain experienced by adult patients during needle insertion and anesthetic injection.