Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insecticides

The Need for Pesticides and Their Pattern of Use The Need for Pesticides Pattern of Use Pesticide Economics The Formulation of Pesticides Types of Formulation The NonPesticidal Ingredients of Formulations Pesticide Application Equipment Pesticide Laws and Regulations The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act The Food Quality Protection Act State Laws Enforcement The Classification of Insecticides Classification of Insecticides Evaluation of Toxicity Testing Procedures Tests with Insects Tests with Higher Animals Probit Analysis Source of Variability in Dose-Response Tests The Use of Log Dosage-Probit (LDP) Lines Appendix 5.1: An example of probit analysis using the SAS system The Uptake of Insecticides Penetration of Insecticides Through the Insect Cuticle Entry via the Mouth Uptake via the Spiracles The Mode of Action of Insecticides Insecticides Affecting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Insecticides Affecting Calcium Channels Insecticides Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase Insecticides Interfering with GABA-gated Chloride Channels Insecticides that Bind to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Insecticides Affecting Octopamine Receptors Insecticides Interfering with Respiration Insecticides Acting as Alimentary Toxins Insecticides Affecting Chitin Biosynthesis or Cuticle Sclerotization Insecticides Acting as Juvenile Hormone Mimics Insecticides Acting as Ecdysone Agonists, or Blocking Molting Hormone Activity Insecticides Abrading or Disrupting Insect Cuticle The Mode of Action of Acaricides Principles of Pesticide Metabolism Phase I Reactions Phase II Reactions Metabolic Pathways of Selected Insecticides Species Differences and Other Phenomena Associated with the Metabolism of Xenobiotics Species Differences in Detoxification Enzyme Activity Effect of Age and Sex on Enzyme Activity The Specificity of Detoxification Enzymes Selective Toxicity Synergism and Antagonism Enzyme Induction Insecticide Resistance Insecticide Resistance The Genetics of Resistance Mechanisms of Resistance Interaction Phenomena Rate of Development of Resistance Management of Resistance Pesticides in the Environment Persistence of Pesticides in Soil Photodegradation of Pesticides Pesticides and the Food Chain Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife
Les indicateurs de bactéries pathogènes résistantes aux antibiotiques dans les sédiments du Léman

L’evaluation des bacteries indicatrices de contamination fecale dans les lacs d’eau douce, et plus particulierement l’occurrence de bacteries resistantes aux antibiotiques dans les sediments, est primordiale. Cet interet est lie au risque potentiel de remise en suspension des agents pathogenes qui peuvent affecter la qualite de l’eau et des lors presenter des risques pour la sante humaine, par exemple lors d’activites recreatives et/ou suite a la consommation d’eau potable contaminee. Deux strategies ont ete developpees pour l’etude de l’accumulation de ces bacteries dans les sediments lacustres contamines. La premiere approche consiste a extraire et a quantifier les bacteries indicatrices de contamination fecale (FIB), y compris Escherichia coli (E. coli) et Enterococcus spp (ENT) a partir d’echantillons de sediments, suivi par la caracterisation de bacteroides specifiques pour l’homme par PCR en utilisant des amorces specifiques et par matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization- time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Une seconde approche est basee sur l’evaluation de la resistance multiple aux antibiotiques (MAR) a partir de FIB isolees. Malgre l’importance de cette thematique, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens, en particulier concernant le role des caracteristiques physico-chimiques des sediments sur l’accumulation de FIB et les effets negatifs potentiels sur les ecosystemes et la sante humaine (risques de resistance aux antibiotiques FIB). Cet article presente un apercu des methodes recemment mises au point a l’Institut F. -A. Forel pour l’extraction et la quantification de FIB-MAR dans les carottes de sediments preleverecueillis dans la baie de Vidy qui est la zone la plus contaminee du Leman a cause des rejets des eaux traitees par la station d’epuration de la ville de Lausanne. Ces eaux usees proviennent de l’industrie, des hopitaux et des activites domestiques. Notre recherche demontre que les sediments qui se sont accumules dans cette baie depuis 50 ans sont fortement contamines et constituent un reservoir important de FIB, FIB-MAR et de genes de resistance aux antibiotiques qui persistent dans les sediments riches en matiere organique.
Varietal Differences of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growth to Low Nitrogen Supply

Appropriate and effective nitrogen (N) use is an important factor to realize the sustainable rice production and to avoid environmental pollution. In this study, the low N conditions were induced by two different treatments; the restricted supply of N fertilizer by soil culture and the sudden depression of N by water culture. The growth responses of eight varieties of indica rice to low N supply were analyzed using fundamental growth parameters and specific nitrogen utilization rate (NUR) . The relative growth rate (RGR) was generally higher in the local varieties than improved varieties in both experiments. The net assimilation rate (NAR) showed a close correlation with RGR, whereas the specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio did not. A highly positive correlation was found between RGR and NUR. Among the local varieties, Pokkali showed the highest RGR, NAR and NUR in both experiments. These results indicated that under low N supply, the growth rates of the local varieties were higher than those of the improved varieties due to their higher NAR and NUR.
Effect of Fungicides and Lettuce Cultivar on Severity of Botrytis Gray Mold: 2007 Study

Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, usually has been considered a minor disease in field-grown lettuce. However, for the past two lettuce production seasons, the incidence of this disease has increased significantly in Southwestern Arizona lettuce fields. Most of the infected fields were planted to romaine lettuce; however, some iceberg lettuce plantings were involved as well. The occurrence of gray mold was most prevalent during February and March. The primary symptoms of the disease include plant wilting accompanied by a fuzzy gray growth at the plant base, which contains masses of airborne spores. Sclerotia may also be present on infected tissue. Infected plants that show these symptoms usually wilt and die. Botrytis cinerea can survive on crop debris, as a pathogen on numerous crops and weed hosts, and as sclerotia in soil. Airborne spores that land on senescent or damaged lettuce stems and leaves germinate and rapidly colonize this tissue. Once established, the pathogen grows into adjacent healthy stems and leaves. A field trial was established to 1) evaluate the effectiveness of some fungicides to reduce the incidence of Botrytis gray mold and 2) compare the susceptibility of some lettuce cultivars to this disease. Botrytis gray mold did not develop in plots of the crisphead cultivar ‘Winterhaven’; however, the disease was present in all plots planted with cultivars of romaine lettuce. Among the tested romaine cultivars, Botrytis gray mold incidence was lowest in ‘A 35585-1', ‘Fresh Heart’ and ‘Rome 59' in untreated plots as well as in plots treated four times with the fungicides Rovral, Endura, or Switch. On the other hand, disease incidence was highest on the cultivar ‘Green Towers’ in untreated plots as well as those treated with one of the three tested fungicides. To compare the ability of tested fungicides to control Botrytis gray mold, the disease incidence values for each of the five romaine cultivars treated with each specific fungicide were pooled together and compared to disease levels recorded on untreated plants. Foliar applications of treatments were made Jan 24, Feb 1, Feb 16 and Feb 28, 2007. A 31% reduction in disease was recorded on romaine lettuce plants treated with Switch, whereas a 17% reduction in Botrytis gray mold was observed on plants treated with Endura. Rovral did not significantly reduce Botrytis gray mold in this trial. Additional field trials are planned to verify these initial findings.
Etude de deux régulateurs de l’APC/C et de leurs rôles dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire et de la cohésion lors de la méiose chez Arabidopsis thaliana

La meiose est la division cellulaire qui aboutit a la production de gametes haploides. Lors de la meiose, un unique evenement de replication est suivi de deux divisions afin de reduire la ploidie. Lors de ces deux divisions, la cohesion entre chromatides sœurs est eliminee de facon sequentielle pour permettre la succession de deux segregations de chromosomes equilibrees. La progression du ‘’cycle meiotique’’ est controlee par des regulateurs communs a la mitose et a la meiose mais egalement par des mecanismes necessitant des proteines specifiques a la meiose. L’objectif de de mon travail de these etait de decrypter les mecanismes moleculaires permettant l’enchainement de deux divisions equilibrees pour la production de gametes haploides. Nous avons pu montrer que la proteine OSD1 inhibait l’APC/C pour permettre la progression meiotique. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence un reseau fonctionnel, comprenant OSD1, CYCA1;2/TAM et TDM, indispensable a trois etapes cles de la progression meiotique chez Arabidopsis ; la transition prophase-meiose I, la transition meiose I-meiose II et la sortie de meiose. Ces travaux ont egalement permis de caracteriser chez Arabidopsis les deux paralogues de Shugoshin, qui sont des proteines conservees et impliquees dans la protection de la cohesion centromerique. Nous avons egalement identifie Patronus comme un nouveau protecteur de la cohesion centromerique en meiose. Les resultats obtenus suggerent que Patronus est un regulateur de l’APC/C qui permet d’empecher l’elimination de la cohesion centromerique en interkinese meiotique.
Predicting patterns of invasion by black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in Flanders (Belgium) and its impact on the forest understorey community

The design of cost‐efficient control strategies for invasive species that are too widespread and abundant for complete eradication, at least in the short term, will benefit from a rigorous analysis of invasion patterns and associated effects on native biodiversity. In this paper, the case of the invasive North American tree Prunus serotina in Flanders (Belgium) is presented. Our main objectives were to determine the susceptibility of forest stands to invasion by P. serotina and the subsequent effects of invasion on the understorey community. We used the large database of the first Flemish Forest Inventory. Multiple logistic regressions indicated that P. serotina occurred more frequently in privately owned, younger forest on coarse‐textured, dry soils (podzols), and the combination of these factors allowed us to correctly predict presence/absence of P. serotina in 70% of the validation plots. However, locational variables proved to be important as well, indicating that the invasion process is still ongoing. Prediction of P. serotina densities by means of multiple linear regressions was less successful. Effects on the understorey richness were analysed by comparing the number of species and the mean Ellenberg values between pairs of plots, only differing by the presence of P. serotina in the shrub layer. A reduction of the understorey richness following invasion was only pronounced on the more moist soils, while compositional changes mainly occurred on drier soils. It is concluded that priority for control should be given to landscapes with a low fraction of invaded stands and to forest stands located on more moist soils. However, using its potential to threaten native biodiversity as an argument for control should be done with care as further research is needed whether the observed negative effects are due to a species (i.e. native vs. non‐native) or a density effect (high vs. low).
Role of Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Modulating the Immune-Stimulatory Function of Dendritic Cells

There is a growing body of evidence indicating that the nervous and immune systems cross-talk during inflammatory and immune responses. Secretion of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides from the tachykinin family, including substance P (SP) and hemokinin-1 (HK-1), favors cellular immunity by binding the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) to promote immune cell survival and activation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the stimulation of cellular immunity; however, the ability of pro-inflammatory tachykinins to affect the immune-stimulatory function of DCs remains elusive. Since DCs home strategically to peripheral and lymphoid tissues where tachykinins are secreted, we hypothesized that signaling via the NK1R enhances DC longevity and their T cell-stimulatory function, including the induction of type-1 CD4+ T cell helper (Th1) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL/Tc1) responses. Using DCs generated from murine bone marrow precursors (BMDCs), I describe that BMDCs express functional NK1R, and agonistic signaling via the receptor rescues BMDCs from apoptosis. The immunological relevance of these findings were validated in vivo, as I demonstrate that adoptive transfer of NK1R-signaled BMDCs loaded with antigen (Ag) migrate efficiently to tissue-draining lymph nodes (DLNs) where they survive longer and induce superior type-1 DTH responses compared to adoptive transfer of control Ag-loaded BMDCs. Secondly, I investigated the mechanisms by which NK1R-signaled BMDCs favor cellular immunity, including their ability to generate Th1 and CTL/Tc1 responses. I show that agonistic signaling via the NK1R promotes the maturation of BMDCs and inhibits their secretion of IL-10, and adoptive transfer of NK1R-signaled BMDCs elicits enhanced Ag-specific Th1 and CTL/Tc1 responses. The individual roles of adoptively transferred NK1R-signaled BMDCs and endogenous DCs were further addressed by comparing the development of type-1 immunity in wild-type, IL-12 knockout (IL-12p35-/-) and Diphtheria Toxin Recetor (DTR) transgenic (inducible depletion of CD11c+ DCs) mice. With these models, I demonstrate that generation of robust Ag-specific Th1 and CTL/Tc1 responses requires secretion of IL-12p70 by endogenous DCs and inhibition of IL-10 production by transferred BMDCs. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that adoptive transfer of NK1R-signaled BMDCs promotes enhanced type-1 immunity by mechanisms involving both exogenous and endogenous DC populations.
Phosphoryliertes α-Synuclein als diagnostischer Marker für eine dermale sympathische Neurodegeneration bei Lewy body-Erkrankungen

VI Abkürzungsverzeichnis . VII Abbildungsverzeichnis . IX Tabellenverzeichnis . X 1 Einleitung . 1 1.1 Klinik des idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms und der Multisystematrophie . 1 1.1.1 Epidemiologie und Diagnose . 1 1.1.2 Apparative Diagnostik . 2 1.2 Neuropathologische Aspekte . 6 1.2.1 Lewy body-Erkrankungen . 6 1.2.2 Multisystematrophie . 9 1.3 Die Rolle des phosphorylierten α-Synucleins . 11 1.4 Zielsetzung der Arbeit . 14 2 Material und Methoden . 15 2.1 Patienten . 15 2.1.1 Patientenrekrutierung und Studieneinschluss . 15 2.1.2 Klinische Untersuchung . 18 2.2 Gewebe . 21 2.2.1 Entnahmetechnik und Aufarbeitung . 21 2.2.2 Immunhistochemie . 22 2.2.3 Morphologische Analyse . 27 2.3 Statistische Methoden . 31 3 Ergebnisse . 33 3.1 Patienten . 33 3.2 Diagnostisch relevante Daten . 33
Rice Stemborers in Indonesia

Lepidopterous stemborers are one of the most important groups of rice pests in the tropic Asia including Indonesia. Collection and identification of rice stemborers were carried out during the period of 5 months (March-May, 1977 and April-May, 1978). The specimens were collected from various places in Java, South Sumatera (Lampung), Bali, South Sulawesi and South Kalimantan. These specimens were used for identification and to know the major species and their distribution. The preserved and identified specimens, more than 10,000 individuals are kept in Plant Pests and Diseases Division, Central Research Institute for Food Crops, Bogor, Indonesia, and the duplicate specimens in Department of Environmental Biology, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
Le temps dans les traductions français-mandarin et mandarin-français : convergence ou divergence ?

Se placant dans la continuite des travaux theoriques, cet article presente une etude empirique basee sur corpus, dans le but de montrer comment le temps est exprime et traduit d’une langue tensee (le francais) vers une langue non-tensee du point de vue de la morphologie flexionnelle (le mandarin) et vice versa. En nous appuyant d’abord sur des descriptions theoriques, puis sur les resultats des analyses quantitatives des donnees, nous montrerons que la divergence perceptible au niveau formel est associee a une convergence identifiable au niveau de l’interpretation temporelle pertinente dans un contexte donne. La traduction d’une langue source vers une langue cible presente des ajustements systematiques au niveau formel pour que l’information temporelle pertinente puisse etre identifiee avec succes dans la langue cible.
Exploitation and characterisation of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in soybean

444 E.3 EXPLOITATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RESISTANCE TO THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA IN SOYBEAN VENTER C, FOURIE H & BERNER J North-West University, Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa E-mail: chanteventer@gmail.com Production of soybean, which is an important oilseed crop in South Africa, is increasing due to a rising demand for protein rich food. Parasitism by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, however, damages the crop in local production areas. The use of host plant resistance, is a useful and cost-effective tool for optimization of soybean yield in nematode infested areas. Therefore, results of traditional screening assays were compared with those for endogenous catalase (CAT) enzyme levels in seedlings of M. incognita-infected and non-infected resistant as well as a susceptible cultivar. Subsequently, 25 local cultivars were evaluated for resistance to M. incognita race 2 in separate, but concurrent greenhouse trials. These cultivars were screened for resistance using an inoculum density of 5000 M. incognita eggs and J2/seedling. Root system gall ratings, eggs and J2 counts/root system as well as reproduction factor values were used as indicators of the level of plant resistance/susceptibility to M. incognita. Significantly lower gall rating indices for LS5995 and the commercially available cultivar PHB95Y20 were obtained when compared to those for the other cultivars. Cultivar LS5995 was also classified as the poorest host (Rf value < 1), indicating resistance and poor population development of M. incognita. Comparison of CAT enzyme levels and traditional nematode parameters exploited to identify resistance will also be elaborated. Cost-effective and quick methods to identify M. incognita-resistance in local cultivars can play a significant role in soybean breeding programmes and sustainable production of this crop in South Africa. Chanté Venter*1, Driekie Fourie1, Jacques Berner1 and Anine Jordaan2 (*chanteventer@gmail.com) 1Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa 2Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa Predominant pests and diseases of soybean In South Africa In tr o d u c ti o n  Annual evaluation to supply farmers and industry with most recent host status of cultivars to RKN  To optimize screening process In tr o d u c ti o n Study has dual purpose:
La fenomenología: un método multidisciplinario en el estudio de las ciencias sociales

Este articulo es una revision teorica cuya finalidad es otorgar al investigador un marco de referencia sobre la fenomenologia como metodo cualitativo, con la utilizacion de bases de datos de alto nivel de reconocimiento, como Science Direct y Web of Science. Se pretende, en primer lugar, hacer una descripcion general de la fenomenologia, sus autores y contenidos esenciales; en segundo lugar, una meditacion teorica sobre la subjetividad como elemento centrico de la fenomenologia; y en tercer lugar, la relevancia del metodo cualitativo fenomenologico en las diferentes ciencias y disciplinas del conocimiento.Finalmente, se destaca la naturaleza reflexiva, dinamica y humanista de la fenomenologia como metodo cualitativo de estudio, otorgando al investigador fenomenologico una responsabilidad social de caracter trascendente, al develar el contenido subjetivo de cada unidad de analisis como elemento central del abordaje empirico.
Genetic and functional characterisation of the autosomal dominant form of Hyper IgE Syndrome

Background: Autosomal dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome (AD-HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by high serum IgE levels, eosinophilia, and skin and lung infections. Additional features of AD-HIES include characteristic facial appearance, scoliosis, retained primary teeth, and joint hyperextensibility. Recently, AD-HIES has been associated with heterozygous dominant negative mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which plays a key role in the signal transduction of a broad range of cytokines, and is crucial for IL-6-mediated regulation of Th17 cells. Objective: We aimed to characterize patients with the clinical diagnosis of ADHIES, to identify STAT3 mutations, and to assess the frequency and functional consequences of these mutations. Furthermore, we studied STAT3-dependent signalling pathways in patients with an AD-HIES phenotype but no STAT3 mutation. Methods: We sequenced STAT3 in 153 patients with a strong clinical suspicion of AD-HIES and further components of the IL-6 signalling pathway in patients found to be STAT3 wild type. The impact of the mutations on immune cell function was assessed by measurement of cytokine release by immune cells, T cell phenotyping and STAT1 phosphorylation assays. Results: About 60% of the AD-HIES patients revealed mutations in STAT3. All mutations found were heterozygous, clustered mainly in the DNA-binding or the SH2 domain and exerted dominant-negative effects. Functional analysis of mutations affecting different domains of STAT3 revealed that some mutations might have a less severe impact on functionality of STAT3, About 40% of our cohort of patients presenting with AD-HIES phenotype harboured wild type STAT3 and may carry mutations in other genes of either the same or closely related signalling pathways. Nevertheless, we ruled out mutations affecting the IL-6 pathway iIn five Sardinian patients with wild type STAT3. Impact of findings: The results lead to a better characterization of heterozygous STAT3 mutations and of the pathogenesis of AD-HIES.
Growth performance and body composition of kutum fingerlings, Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii 1901),in response to dietary protein levels

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary crude protein requirement for Rutilus frisii kutum fingerlings. Five isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (32%, 37%, 42%, 47%, and 52%). Triplicate groups of 80 kutum (average weight 0.5 g) were stocked in 250-L tanks and fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 8 weeks. The results indicate that the growth performance and feed utilization of kutum were significantly (P 0.05) by dietary protein level. No significant difference was found in the whole-body protein, lipid, moisture, or ash contents of fish fed the different dietary protein levels. The results obtained from this study could be beneficial in order to formulate artificial feed for aquaculture of kutum fingerlings.