Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contact-Chemosensory Evolution Underlying Reproductive Isolation in Drosophila Species

The main theme of the review is how changes in pheromone biochemistry and the sensory circuits underlying pheromone detection contribute to mate choice and reproductive isolation. The review focuses primarily on gustatory and non-volatile signals in Drosophila. Premating isolation is prevalent among closely related species. In Drosophila, preference for conspecifics against other species in mate choice underlies premating isolation, and such preference relies on contact chemosensory communications between a female and male along with other biological factors. For example, although D. simulans and D. melanogaster are sibling species that yield hybrids, their premating isolation is maintained primarily by the contrasting effects of 7,11-heptacosadiene (7,11-HD), a predominant female pheromone in D. melanogaster, on males of the two species: it attracts D. melanogaster males and repels D. simulans males. The contrasting preference for 7,11-HD in males of these two species is mainly ascribed to opposite effects of 7,11-HD on neural activities in the courtship decision-making neurons in the male brain: 7,11-HD provokes both excitatory and inhibitory inputs in these neurons and differences in the balance between the two counteracting inputs result in the contrasting preference for 7,11-HD, i.e., attraction in D. melanogaster and repulsion in D. simulans. Introduction of two double bonds is a key step in 7,11-HD biosynthesis and is mediated by the desaturase desatF, which is active in D. melanogaster females but transcriptionally inactivated in D. simulans females. Thus, 7,11-HD biosynthesis diversified in females and 7,11-HD perception diversified in males, yet it remains elusive how concordance of the changes in the two sexes was attained in evolution.
The Influence of Aging, Hearing, and Tinnitus on the Morphology of Cortical Gray Matter, Amygdala, and Hippocampus

Age related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a natural process represented by elevated auditory thresholds and decreased speech intelligibility, especially in noisy conditions. Tinnitus is a phantom sound that also potentially leads to cortical changes, with its highest occurrence coinciding with the clinical onset of presbycusis. The aim of our project was to identify age, hearing loss and tinnitus related structural changes, within the auditory system and associated structures. Groups of subjects with presbycusis and tinnitus (22 subjects), with only presbycusis (24 subjects), young tinnitus patients with normal hearing (10 subjects) and young controls (17 subjects), underwent an audiological examination to characterize hearing loss and tinnitus. In addition, MRI (3T MR system, analysis in Freesurfer software) scans were used to identify changes in the cortical and subcortical structures. The following areas of the brain were analyzed: Heschl gyrus (HG), planum temporale (PT), primary visual cortex (V1), gyrus parahippocampus (PH), anterior insula (Ins), amygdala (Amg), and hippocampus (HP). A statistical analysis was performed in R framework using linear mixed-effects models with explanatory variables: age, tinnitus, laterality and hearing. In all of the cortical structures, the gray matter thickness decreased significantly with aging without having an effect on laterality (differences between the left and right hemispheres). The decrease in the gray matter thickness was faster in the HG, PT and Ins in comparison with the PH and V1. Aging did not influence the surface of the cortical areas, however there were differences between the surface size of the reported regions in the left and right hemispheres. Hearing loss caused only a borderline decrease of the cortical surface in the HG. Tinnitus was accompanied by a borderline decrease of the Ins surface and led to an increase in the volume of Amy and HP. In summary, aging is accompanied by a decrease in the cortical gray matter thickness; hearing loss only has a limited effect on the structure of the investigated cortical areas and tinnitus causes structural changes which are predominantly within the limbic system and insula, with the structure of the auditory system only being minimally affected.
Vocational Education: An International Perspective

Vocational education is formal education about work, and vocational programs of study typically target a narrow subset of middle-income occupations. In this chapter, we trace vocational education from competing 20th century education philosophies to its varied structures throughout the 21st century world. We then review the body of economic research on labor market returns to vocational education. Three themes from this rapidly expanding literature are that (1) workers with a vocational education tend to have a flatter ageemployment profile than workers with an academic education, (2) individuals who seek and gain access to more secondary vocational education tend to have better attainment and earlycareer outcomes, whereas the effects of large-scale changes to tracking in secondary grades are more ambiguous; and (3) vocational postsecondary education is associated with improved labor market outcomes relative to no or incomplete postsecondary education, particularly for multi-year programs. We close by highlighting areas where more empirical research is needed, which include a deeper understanding of the long-term and inter-generational effects of vocational education on stability and growth in earnings, and the effects of vocational education in the developing world. * We thank Thomas Bailey, Sarah Crichton, Mika Haapanen, Steve Hemelt, Brian McCall, Sandra McNally, Cain Polidano, W. Craig Riddell, Peter Siminski, and Steven Stillman for useful suggestions, and we thank Richard Beem, Cora Bennett, and Eunsik Chang for excellent research assistance. All errors are our own.
De Novo Whole-Genome Sequencing and Annotation of Pathogenic Bovine Pasteurella multocida Type A:3 Strains

Pneumonic pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is a common respiratory infection of ruminants that has major economic and welfare implications throughout the world. Here, we report the annotated genome sequences of seven pathogenic strains of P. multocida that were isolated from cattle in the UK. ABSTRACT Pneumonic pasteurellosis, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is a common respiratory infection of ruminants that has major economic and welfare implications throughout the world. Here, we report the annotated genome sequences of seven pathogenic strains of P. multocida that were isolated from cattle in the United Kingdom.
Editorial

The ‘true fathers’ (Goldberg, 1993, p. 27) of the Big Five, Tupes and Christal(1961), found factor V (Culture) to be ‘the least clear of the five factors identified by . eight analyses’. At the time of this observation, the input variables consisted of 35 personality trait terms selected by Cattell (1943a; b; 1944; 1945; 1947) to cover the ‘personality sphere’. It is interesting to note that the context of this observation foreshadows the problematic character of the present interpretation of Factor V in its various respects: the dejinition of traits (Cattell, 1943a, pp. 563-574), the status of the lexical hypothesis (Cattell, 1943b, pp. 483-486), the selection of trait variables (Cattell, 1943b; 1945; 1947), the relationship to g (e.g. Cattell, 1947, p. 201, p. 206), the format of the items (Cattell, 1947, pp. 201-206), the number of factors (Cattell, 1945; Fiske, 1949; Tupes and Christal, 1961), and the interpretation of factors (Cattell, 1945; Fiske, 1949; Tupes and Christal, 1961). Although attention to blends of factors and factor matching has been present from the onset of the lexical approach-see, for example, Cattell’s (1945, pp. 78-79) brief summary on principles of rotationthese matters have been dealt with much more consequentially during the last few decades. The main focus of the lexical enterprise since the renewed taxonomic attempt by Norman (1967) up to the recent presentation of the Big Five factor structure (Goldberg, 1990) has been on the identification of the most likable trait structure. But from the dawn of the Big Five model, particularly in the 10-15 years between Goldberg’s persuasive addresses to join the lexical approach (Goldberg, 1976; 198 1; 1993) there have also been repeated criticisms, mostly of the points listed above or variants thereof. Though the criticisms pertained to the approach as a whole, the fifth factor of the Big Five model seems to incorporate the various points of criticism. Because, in addition, some of the criticisms particularly refer to the contents of Factor V, this Fifth of the Big Five functions here as a synecdochic try your strength machine. The topic of the definition of traits is directly related to the contents of Factor V. In this Special Issue, De Raad points to the necessity of being explicit as regards the conceptual guidelines that both define and exhaust the trait domain. Also McCrae addresses the issue by asking what precisely the trait category includes. Brand specifically focuses on the inclusion of g as part of the personality trait domain. With respect to the lexical hypothesis, McCrae particularly maintains that certain highly valued individual differences, i.e. Openness to Experience, are poorly repre-
Neural Generators Underlying Temporal Envelope Processing Show Altered Responses and Hemispheric Asymmetry Across Age

Speech understanding problems are highly prevalent in the aging population, even when hearing sensitivity is clinically normal. These difficulties are attributed to changes in central temporal processing with age and can potentially be captured by age-related changes in neural generators. The aim of this study is to investigate age-related changes in a wide range of neural generators during temporal processing in middle-aged and older persons with normal audiometric thresholds. A minimum-norm imaging technique is employed to reconstruct cortical and subcortical neural generators of temporal processing for different acoustic modulations. The results indicate that for relatively slow modulations (<50 Hz), the response strength of neural sources is higher in older adults than in younger ones, while the phase-locking does not change. For faster modulations (80 Hz), both the response strength and the phase-locking of neural sources are reduced in older adults compared to younger ones. These age-related changes in temporal envelope processing of slow and fast acoustic modulations are possibly due to loss of functional inhibition, which is accompanied by aging. Both cortical (primary and non-primary) and subcortical neural generators demonstrate similar age-related changes in response strength and phase-locking. Hemispheric asymmetry is also altered in older adults compared to younger ones. Alterations depend on the modulation frequency and side of stimulation. The current findings at source level could have important implications for the understanding of age-related changes in auditory temporal processing and for developing advanced rehabilitation strategies to address speech understanding difficulties in the aging population.
Effect of etching stop layer on characteristics of amorphous IGZO thin film transistor fabricated at low temperature

Transparent bottom-gate amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) had been successfully fabricated at relative low temperature. The influence of reaction gas ratio of N2O and SiH4 during the growth of etching stop layer (SiOx) on the characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs was investigated. The transfer characteristics of the TFTs were changed markedly because active layer of a-IGZO films was modified by plasma in the growth process of SiOx. By optimizing the deposition parameters of etching stop layer process, a-IGZO TFTs were manufactured and exhibited good performance with a field-effect mobility of 8.5 cm2V-1s-1, a threshold voltage of 1.3 V, and good stability under gate bias stress of 20 V for 10000 s.
Gaining Longitudinal Accounts of Carers' Experiences Using IPA and Photograph Elicitation

Fluctuations in positive and negative caregiving experiences remain only partially explained as the significant variability over time of potential predictive factors themselves is understudied. The current study aims to gain considerable insight into caregiving experiences and perceptions over time by using photovoice methodology to support semi-structured interviews. A case study, longitudinal design is taken with three female caregivers who provide detailed insight into their caregivers' experiences over a 12 month period. The interview transcripts were analyzed using IPA- Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. This innovative combination of methods resulted in the emergence of three related themes which included consuming the role, feeling consumed by the role, and letting go of the role. The idiographic approach taken allowed both within case differences to be examined over time, and also between carer differences to be highlighted. Implications of illness type and its characteristics, and of attachment and relationship quality with the care recipient were seen in terms of how and when the caregivers moved between the themes identified. The use of others' support or respite care is examined vis-a vis caregiver's own beliefs, emotions, relationship attachment and motivations to care. Caregivers self-efficacy beliefs also shifted over time and were influential in caregiver experience as the care recipient condition or needs changed. No previous studies have found that negative caregiving consequences are, in part, under volitional control and yet our data on the underlying reasons for consuming caregiving or allowing themselves to consume, would suggest this may in part be true. This is important because it suggests that interventions to support caregivers should address relational and motivational factors more fully.
Extracellular Citrate Fuels Cancer Cell Metabolism and Growth

Cancer cells need excess energy and essential nutrients/metabolites not only to divide and proliferate but also to migrate and invade distant organs for metastasis. Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, considered a hallmark of cancer for anabolism and membrane biogenesis, requires citrate. We review here potential pathways in which citrate is synthesized and/or supplied to cancer cells and the impact of extracellular citrate on cancer cell metabolism and growth. Cancer cells employ different mechanisms to support mitochondrial activity and citrate synthesis when some of the necessary substrates are missing in the extracellular space. We also discuss the different transport mechanisms available for the entry of extracellular citrate into cancer cells and how citrate as a master metabolite enhances ATP production and fuels anabolic pathways. The available literature suggests that cancer cells show an increased metabolic flexibility with which they tackle changing environmental conditions, a phenomenon crucial for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis.
Theoretical study on the molecular tautomerism of the 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one system

3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one is a parent molecule for the family of hydroxypyridinones that are known in coordination chemistry as efficient metal ions chelators. In this work, relative stabilities of some possible tautomers were investigated using several quantum chemical methods: CBS (complete basis set methods), Gn, DFT (density functional theory), Hartree–Fock and MP2. Performed calculations show that the system under consideration exists as a mixture of two tautomers with comparable energies. Among them, the hydroxypyridinone structure of the studied molecular system seems to be a bit more stable than the o-dihydroxypyridine one, by a few kJ/mol only. Aromaticity and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding are the main effects influencing the stability of the studied tautomeric structures. Consequently, aromatic effects were calculated using several indices of aromaticity: HOMA (harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity), NICS (nucleus independent chemical shift), H, PDI (para delocalisation index), MCI (multi-centre index) and ASE (aromatic stabilisation energy). The strength of possible intra-molecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) was determined by means of the AIM (atoms-in-molecules) method and by calculating enthalpies for theoretical reactions that do or do not involve H-bonds. The AIM method was employed to understand how variations in atomic energies influence the stability of different tautomeric structures.
Psychological Mediators of the Association Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Depression: A Systematic Review

Background: A number of existing meta-analyses and narrative reviews have already addressed the relation between childhood adversity and depression, yet none of them has examined the specific link between emotional abuse and depression highlighted by previous research. It is no longer appropriate to regard childhood maltreatment as a unitary concept when considering its effects on subsequent depression; instead, subtypes of childhood maltreatment need to be scrutinized separately. This review addresses this significant gap by critically evaluating empirical studies examining psychological mediators of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and subsequent depression. Methods: A systematic search of nine electronic databases was conducted to identify eligible studies published in English between January 1980 and January 2020. Given the heterogeneous outcomes of eligible studies and the inconsistent reporting of indirect effects, a narrative synthesis, rather than a quantitative meta-analysis, was conducted. An appraisal of methodological quality was also included. Results: We identified 34 papers, comprising 18,529 adults and 3,434 adolescents, including 888 clinical participants. Our synthesis suggests that studies on mediators in the emotional abuse–depression link have focused on five clusters of intervening variables: early maladaptive schemas, cognitive-personality variables, emotion dysregulation, interpersonal styles, and stressful negative events. Only 11 studies identified the unique contribution of emotional abuse to depression by controlling for other forms of childhood maltreatment. Conclusions: Our findings support several routes with relative consistency (e.g., early maladaptive schemas, hopelessness, negative cognitive styles, brooding rumination, overall emotion dysregulation). Because psychological mediators function as a complex interrelated system, controlling for the interrelation between them is important. The evidence for the purported mediating role of the factors identified in this review should be considered with caution given the relative dearth of large-scale, adequately powered longitudinal studies. This review proposes a comprehensive multilevel theoretical framework as a basis for future research.
The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Value of Multimarker Analysis in Heart Failure. An Approach to Biomarker-Targeted Therapy

Background: Heart failure is a pathophysiological state, which is still associated with high morbidity and mortality despite established therapies. Diverse well-known biomarkers fail to assess the variety of individual pathophysiology in the context of heart failure. Methods: An analysis of prospective, multimarker-specific therapeutic approaches to heart failure based on studies in current literature was performed. A total of 159 screened publications in the field of biomarkers in heart failure were hand-selected and found to be eligible for this study by a team of experts. Results: Established biomarkers of the inflammatory axis, matrix remodeling, fibrosis and oxidative stress axis, as well as potential therapeutic interventions were investigated. Interaction with end organs, such as cardio-hepatic, cardio-renal and cardio-gastrointestinal interactions show the complexity of the syndrome and could be of further therapeutic value. MicroRNAs are involved in a wide variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in heart failure and could be useful in diagnostic as well as therapeutic setting. Conclusion: Based on our analysis by a biomarker-driven approach in heart failure therapy, patients could be treated more specifically in long term with a consideration of different aspects of heart failure. New studies evaluating a multimarker – based therapeutic approach could lead in a decrease in the morbidity and mortality of heart failure patients.
Debye temperature of 4H-SiC determined by X-ray powder diffraction

Crystal structure of 4H-SiC was refined from room-temperature X-ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld refinement method. The refined lattice constants were determined to be a=b=3.079 93(0) Å, c=10.082 22(2) Å, and the refined overall temperature factor B=0.383(3) Å2. Using the Debye approximation, the Debye temperature was successfully determined to be 1194.8 K.
On the Provision of Excludable Public Goods - General Taxes or User Prices?

This paper compares some of the most common and debated ways of financing the provision of impure public goods/services in a unified dynamic general equilibrium framework. We study and rank a wide variety of ways ranging from provision without any user charges, to provision with full user charges; we also study mixed systems. In our quest for the best system, we address both efficiency and distribution issues. The focus is on the effects of user prices on individual incentives and choices. We identify circumstances under which a market system of user prices not only enhances aggregate efficiency but is also Pareto improving meaning that makes all types of income groups better off. But we also provide examples of circumstances under which user prices on impure public goods do not make sense.
Polarized neutron diffraction from Cs2KFe(CN)6 : the orbital moment and its anisotropy

Flipping ratios for 923 reflections were measured in a polarized neutron diffraction experiment at 1·5 K with a magnetic field of 4·6 T applied along the [100] and [011] directions of a crystal of Cs2KFe(CN)6, containing the low-spin [2T2g] hexacyanoferrate(III) ion. Various multipolar models of the noncollinear magnetization density were fitted to this and to the earlier [010] data. The expected transfer of spin by π covalence and σ spin polarization to the cyanide groups is observed. The field applied along [011] breaks the magnetic monoclinic symmetry of the crystal to give two independent anions. The direction of the net magnetization on each of the four independent ions in the three orientations can be accounted for by a crystal field of uniaxial symmetry with polar angles θ = 95·4(16)°, φ = 92·5(16)° relative to ac*b. The magnetization is almost collinear with the applied field for the [100] and [010], but distinctly noncollinear for the [011] data. In addition, there are significant anisotropic non.
Crystal structure of N-(3,5-benzenedicarboxy)-2,5-phenyl-3,4-(9,10-dihydroanthracen-diyl)-pyrrole—acetone—water (1:1:1), C38H25NO4 · C3H6O · H2O

Abstract C41H33NO6, triclinic, P1̅ (No. 2), a = 9.610(3) Å, b = 12.877(3) Å, c = 15.138(4) Å, α = 109.29(2)°, β = 105.16(2)°, γ = 94.24(2)°, V = 1680.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.059, wRref(F2) = 0.161, T = 289 K.