Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Physiology of the Joints. Vol. 1, Upper Limb

The first two orthopaedic volumes in this series came out in 1959 and now, a decade later, we are faced with a second edition, this time under the editorship of Ronald Furlong. There has been considerable tidying up, in which plastic surgery has now been evicted to occupy a volume of its own, and the lengthy section on general surgical principles and methods has also been resited. The orthopaedic scope of the two volumes has, however, been considerably expanded and the total number of contributors has jumped from sixteen in the first edition to fifty in the second. Even with the support of such a strong team, the editor has still been wisely selective and much of the new effort has been concentrated on describing procedures which have gained general acceptance in recent years, although most of the tried and true procedures, which constitute the bulk -of orthopaedic lists, have been included and in many cases revised. The section on surgery of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is particularly strong and the contributions of Hodgson and Stock on anterior spinal approaches, and Freebody on anterior interbody fusion seem particularly valuable in an outstanding section. Again in the hip, a great deal of what is now standard surgery has been described, although two separate accounts of the Salter operation seems a little excessive. It is interesting also to see that the McKee total hip replacement, alone of those being done in the United kingdom at the moment, is considered, in the words of the editorial, 'to be established and to have evolved from the stage of experiment'. The surgery of fractures is generously dealt with, reflecting an increasing tendency to treatment by internal fixation. The internal fixation of femoral neck fractures is described in terms which ignore the existence of image intensifiers, and the description of the fixation of trochanteric fractures is based on the Capener nail-plate rather than the two-piece variable angle devices which are now probably more commonly used. As is -proper in a book of this sort, there is very little ground for controversy, but-on meniscectomy-it is diverting to contrast the advice given in the present edition that 'the posterior part of the meniscus is allowed to remainsince in practice it very rarely causes subsequent disabiltiy', with the opposite advice given in the first edition. It is comforting to reflect that both writers are probably right. All in all, this is a magnificent work, elegantly produced, beautifully illustrated, admirably edited so that the contributions are in a uniform format, without being either characterless or excessively dogmatic. It should certainly be available in all theatres where orthopaedic operating is carried out. It is necessarily not comprehensive and, for anyone faced with a bizarre or unusual operative situation, there will still need to be, lying about somewhere, a set of Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics.
Thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria in cold marine sediment

Sulfate reduction was measured with the 35SO42− -tracer technique in slurries of sediment from Aarhus Bay, Denmark, where seasonal temperatures range from 0° to 15°C. The incubations were made at temperatures from 0°C to 80°C in temperature increments of 2°C to search for presence of psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. Detectable activity was initially only in the mesophilic range, but after a lag phase sulfate reduction by thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria were observed. No distinct activity of psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria was detected. Time course experiments showed constant sulfate reduction rates at 4°C and 30°C, whereas the activity at 60°C increased exponentially after a lag period of one day. Thermophilic, endospore-forming sulfate-reducing bacteria, designated strain P60, were isolated and characterized as D esulfotomaculum kuznetsovii. The temperature response of growth and respiration of strain P60 agreed well with the measured sulfate reduction at 50°–70°C. Bacteria similar to strain P60 could thus be responsible for the measured thermophilic activity. The viable population of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria and the density of their spores was determined in most probable number (MPN) dilutions. The density was 2.8·104 cells·. g−1 fresh sediment, and the enumerations suggested that they were all present as spores. This result agrees well with the observed lag period in sulfate reduction above 50°C. No environment with temperatures supporting the growth of these thermophiles is known in the region around Aarhus Bay.
Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in the bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae)

This study reports the isolation and characterization of seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae). The loci were isolated from two libraries constructed from genomic DNA enriched for CA and GA repeats. These markers yielded nine to 40 alleles per locus (mean 22.1) in a survey of 45 individuals from a single population located in the western Swiss Alps. Average observed heterozygosity ranged from 16.2 to 77.4%. These microsatellite loci should be valuable tools for studying fine-scale genetic structure.
Native Species for Roadslope Revegetation: Selection, Validation, and Cost Effectiveness

Native species arise as an alternative to improve the poor success of traditional hydroseeding with commercial species in degraded areas. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish a procedure to select suitable native species for roadslope revegetation, (2) validate the procedure by means of field sowing experiments, and (3) assess cost effectiveness of the use of native species in hydroseeding as regards commercial ones. Vegetation surveys were performed in semiarid roadslopes of East Spain and species success evaluated according to abundance and frequency. A list of potentially suitable species for revegetation was produced and a subset of species selected and hydroseeded to check their suitability in hydroseeding. Cost effectiveness of the use of native species was estimated. Results support the suitability of the procedure for the selection of native species. Vegetation cover produced by the hydroseeded mixture of native species was high (between 43 and 70% throughout the 4 years) and was 4–20 times higher than the cover produced by a standard commercial seed mixture. The price of the selected seed mixture was 30 times that of the commercial one, but the cost of relevant ecological advantages provided by the use of native species was only twice that of the commercial species on the basis of cost effectiveness assessment. Practical consequences for restorers, policymakers, and practitioners are discussed, and the use of native species is encouraged to improve revegetation success of roadslopes and similar slope types especially in semiarid and arid environments.
Linking fishing mortality reference points to life history traits: an empirical study

The rule of thumb that fishing mortality to achieve maximum sustainable yield (FMSY) equals natural mortality (M) has been both criticised and supported by theoretical arguments. However, the relationship has been rarely investigated using empirical data. We carried out a meta-analysis on 245 fish species worldwide and linked three types of reference points (FBRP: FMSY, Fproxy, and F0.5r )t oM and other life history parameters (LHP). We used Bayesian hierarchical errors-in- variables models to investigate the relationships and included the effect of taxonomic class and order. We compared various models and found that natural mortality is the most important LHP affecting FBRP. Other covariates, such as von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, asymptotic length, maximum age, and habitat types, add little to the relationship, partially because of correlation and large measurement and process errors. The best model results in FMSY = 0.87M (standard deviation (SD) = 0.05) for teleosts and FMSY = 0.41M (SD = 0.09) for chondrichthyans. Fproxy based on per-recruit analysis is about 15% smaller than FMSY. Results could be used to estimate FBRP from LHP in data-poor situations. Resume : Des arguments theoriques ont ete utilises tant pour critiquer que pour appuyer la regle generalement evoquee vou- lant que la mortalite du poisson necessaire a l'atteinte du rendement equilibre maximum (FMSY) soit egale a la mortalite na- turelle (M). Cependant, cette relation a rarement ete examinee a la lumiere de donnees empiriques. Nous avons effectue une meta-analyse de 245 especes de poissons a l'echelle planetaire et relie trois types de points de reference (FBRP : FMSY, Fproxy, et F0,5r )a M ainsi qu' ad 'autres parametres du cycle biologique (LHP). Nous avons utilise des modeles hierarchiques baye- siens d'erreurs sur les variables pour etudier ces relations et y avons integre l'effet de la classe et de l'ordre taxinomiques. Nous avons compare divers modeles et determine que la mortalite naturelle est le LHP ayant la plus grande incidence sur les FBRP . D 'autres covariables, telles que le coefficient de croissance de von Bertalanffy, la longueur asymptotique, l'âge maximum et les types d'habitat, n'ont que peu d'incidence sur la relation, en raison notamment de la correlation et d'impor- tantes erreurs de mesure et de traitement. Le meilleur modele donne une valeur de FMSY = 0,87M (ecart-type (SD) = 0,05) pour les teleosteens et de FMSY = 0,41M (SD = 0,09) pour les chondrichthyens. La valeur de Fproxy basee sur l'analyse du rendement par recrue est d'environ 15 % inferieure a FMSY. Les resultats pourraient etre utilises pour l'estimation de FBRP a partir de LHP dans les cas ou peu de donnees sont disponibles. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Seventh Grade Students' Misconceptions about Animals' Reproduction, Growth and Development and Their Likely Resources

Students' ideas that do not agree with the current scientific view are called misconceptions (Smith, diSessa & Roschelle, 1993; Munson, 1994), alternative conceptions (Palmer, 1993; Wandersee, Mintzes & Novak, 1994) or preconceptions (Clement, 1982; Gallegos, Jerezona & Flores, 1994). The research on students’ misconceptions about animals’ reproduction, growth and development indicated that students possess various misconceptions, which were summarized as follows: 1. Students do not distinguish between reproduction and the act of copulation in mammals (Okeke & Wood-Robinson, 1980). 2. Students believe that sexual reproduction must involve mating and male animals are always bigger and stronger than females (See. Driver, Squires, Rushworth & WoodRobinson, 1994, p.45). 3. Students believe that sexual reproduction occurs only among animals and asexual reproduction produces weaker offspring than sexual reproduction does (Berthelsen, 1999). 4. Although knowing that whales are mammals, students have difficulty in understanding that young whales suck milk or whales feed on plankton (Kubiatko & Prokop, 2007).
Tissue Transplantation

The first reference to this subject that I have been able to obtain is the legend of St Cosmas and St Damian, recorded by Jacobus de Voragine in 'Golden Legend' written in the thirteenth century. The Saints miraculously transplanted a whole leg from a dead Ethiopian to a devoted member ofthe early church, whose own leg was afflicted with a malignant growth. According to the tale, the transplant was a success. In 1804 Baronio showed that free autografts of skin would take successfully. In 1927 Bauer showed that skin grafts exchanged between identical twins would also survive. In the early part of this century work from a variety of sources showed that with the exception oftransplants between twins and between members of highly inbred animal strains, homologous grafts between members of the same species, after an initial temporary take, were invariably rejected. In 1924 Holman showed that a second skin homograft from the same donor to the same recipient was more rapidly rejected than the first. Medawar (1944, 1945) and his colleagues in the 1940s studied the process of the rejection of skin grafts and clarified the behaviour-of homologous grafts. Thus when genetic differences between donor and recipient are excluded, survival of transplanted tissue depends solely on the technical factors of grafting. The remarkable success of renal transplantation between identical twins that has been reported by Murray & Harrison (1963)
Nitrogen Cycling and the Spread of Shrubs Control Changes in the Carbon Balance of Arctic Tundra Ecosystems

Abstract Decomposition in the Arctic has been slower than plant growth, causing an accumulation of detritus in tundra soils. Climate warming may result in carbon (C) loss by accelerating the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). Nitrogen (N) release from SOM may also enhance plant growth, which is limited by N availability in tundra ecosystems. Since N acquisition varies by plant species, changes in plant community composition resulting from climate change may alter carbon cycling in tundra soils. Shrubs are growing in predominance in tundra communities in response to warming. Since they are the woodiest plants in the tundra, this may increase ecosystem C storage, because wood has the highest C:N ratio of any plant tissue and decomposes slowly. Whether net ecosystem C storage increases or decreases will depend on the balance of (a) C losses from SOM and (b) C storage in plant pools due to higher primary productivity and changes in plant community composition.
FosB, a Cysteine-Dependent Fosfomycin Resistance Protein under the Control of ςW, an Extracytoplasmic-Function ς Factor in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT We demonstrate that the Bacillus subtilis fosB(yndN)gene encodes a fosfomycin resistance protein. Expression offosB requires ςW, and both fosBand sigW mutants are fosfomycin sensitive. FosB is a metallothiol transferase related to the FosA class of Mn2+-dependent glutathione transferases but with a preference for Mg2+ and l-cysteine as cofactors.
Rnf Genes in Purple Sulfur Bacterium Allochromatium vinosum

Allochromatium vinosum is a photosynthetic, diazotrophic purple sulfur bacterium that oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur and thiosulfide. In this article, we report the presence of rnf genes in Allochromatium vinosum, some of which have been reported to take part in nitrogen fixation in some species.
MAPPING TARGETS OF PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE IN RELATION TO BINDING SITES FOR PHAGE OR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Phage X receptor protein of Escherichia coli (LamB protein or maltoporin) was purified in a mild detergent and subjected to prolonged proteolysis by either trypsin or subtilisin. Cleavage occurred at a limited number of sites without affecting the trimeric structure of the protein. Fragments could be dissociated only by heating in sodium dodecyl sulfate to 100 “C. The positions of purified fragments were determined with respect to the uncleaved 421-residue polypeptide by chemical analyses. The regions containing target sites were mapped around residues 159,203,245, and 370. Based on kinetics of appearance of the different peptides, early cleavage events occurred at sites near residues 159,203, and 245 and could be distinguished from late events around residue 370. Information regarding the topological orientation of the cleavage sites could be obtained from the effect of in vitro proteolysis on the ability of the protein to bind phage X or monoclonal antibodies. Loss of phage X neutralizing activity coincided with early cleavage events, whereas loss of antigenic determinants, known to be exposed at the cell surface, appeared late. Cleavage regions are thus likely to be exposed at the cell surface, a conclusion compatible with the location of mutations affecting the interaction of LamB protein with phage in vivo.
Endophytic fungi from the hybrid Neva of Populus deltoides Marsh Populus nigra L. and their antimicrobial activity

Forty-three endophytic fungal isolates were separated from the healthy twigs and barks of the hybrid poplar 'Neva' of Populus deltoides Marsh × Populus nigra L. Eleven distinct isolates were selected for further taxonomical identification by morphological traits and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Eight genera namely Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Botryosphaeria, Hyalodendriella, Mycosphaerella, Peyronellaea, Phoma and Valsa were identified on the basis of their morphological characterizations. Of them, the most frequent genus was Alternaria (that is, Ponipodef01, Ponipodef04 and Ponipodef07). Their ITS-rDNA sequences were compared with those available in the GenBank database to obtain the closest related species by BLAST analysis. A modified thin layer chromatography-bioautography assay was used to detect the antimicrobial activity of the n-butanol extracts of mycelia and culture filtrates of the isolates. Most of the fungal isolates were observed to have antibacterial activity, and antibacterial components mainly existed in mycelia. Two isolates Ponipodef05 and Ponipodef12 were also observed to have antifungal activity. The endophytic fungi isolated from the hybrid poplar 'Neva' of P. deltoides Marsh × P. nigra L. may be used as potential producers of antimicrobial natural products. Key words: Poplar hybrid 'Neva', endophytic fungi, extract, antimicrobial activity.
HEAVY METAL–INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALGAE 1

Heavy metals, depending on their oxidation states, can be highly reactive and, as a consequence, toxic to most organisms. They are produced by an expanding variety of anthropogenic sources suggesting an increasingly important role for this form of pollution. The toxic effect of heavy metals appears to be related to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting unbalanced cellular redox status. Algae respond to heavy metals by induction of several antioxidants, including diverse enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, and the synthesis of low molecular weight compounds such as carotenoids and glutathione. At high, or acute, levels of metal pollutants, damage to algal cells occurs because ROS levels exceed the capacity of the cell to cope. At lower, or chronic, levels algae accumulate heavy metals and can pass them on to organisms of other trophic levels such as mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes. We review here the evidence linking metal accumulation, cellular toxicity, and the generation of ROS in aquatic environments.
Short Communication Pregnancy increases the risk of mortality in West Nile virus-infected mice

West Nile fever outbreaks in the USA have caused over 700 human deaths, primarily due to neurological disease. The usual transmission route of West Nile virus (WNV) involves mosquito bites; however, alternative routes, including intrauterine infection, have also been reported. Here, the pathogenicity of WNV in mice during gestation has been investigated. An extremely high mortality rate was observed in pregnant mice (98%, 60/61) compared with non-pregnant mice (52%, 28/53; P<0.001), independent of the infecting dose or the week of pregnancy. Antibody titres were similar between pregnant and non-pregnant mice and between surviving and nonsurviving animals. WNV RNA titres in brains were also similar between pregnant and non-pregnant mice. WNV RNA could be detected in placentas and fetuses. These observations suggest strongly that, in the mouse model, pregnancy increases the risk of severe WNV infection and may help to understand the pathogenic mechanisms involved in WNV infection during pregnancy.
Forest mortality in high-elevation whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests of eastern California, USA; influence of environmental context, bark beetles, climatic water deficit, and warming

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) in subalpine zones of eastern California experienced significant mor- tality from 2007 to 2010. Dying stands were dense (mean basal area 47.5 m 2 /ha), young (mean 176 years), and even-age; mean stand mortality was 70%. Stands were at low elevations (mean 2993 m), on northerly aspects, and experienced warmer, drier climates relative to the regional species distribution. White pine blister rust was not observed; mountain pine beetle infestations were extensive. Ring widths were negatively correlated with climatic water deficit and positively corre- lated with water-year precipitation. Although trees that survived had greater growth during the 20th century than trees that died, in the 19th century trees that eventually died grew better than trees that survived, suggesting selection for genetic adaptation to current climates as a result of differential tree mortality. Air surveys (2006-2010) in the Sierra Nevada, Mt. Shasta, and Warner Mountains showed similar trends to the intensive studies. Observed mortality from air surveys was high- est in the Warner Mountains (38%) and lowest in the Sierra Nevada (5%); northern aspects at lower elevations within each mountain region had the highest probabilities of mortality and dying stands had higher climatic water deficit. Scenarios for the future of whitebark pine in California are discussed.
Domain Organization of theEscherichia coliRNA Polymerase σ70Subunit

Abstract We used limited trypsin digestion to determine the domain organization of theEscherichia coliRNA polymerase σ70subunit. Trypsin-resistant fragments containing σ70conserved region 2 (σ702), and carboxy-terminal fragments containing conserved regions 3 and 4 (σ703 – 4) were identified by a combination of amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry. The domains were studied for partial biochemical functions of σ70·σ702bound core RNA polymerase competitively with intact σ70. In contrast to σ702alone, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme formed with σ702specifically bound a single-stranded DNA oligomer with a sequence corresponding to the non-template strand of the −10 promoter element (the Pribnow box). σ702also forms crystals that are suitable for X-ray analysis. σ703 – 4bound the T4 AsiA protein with high affinity. The epitope for T4 AsiA on σ70was further localized to within σ70[551 – 608], comprising σ conserved region 4.2.