Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generalization of the minimum classification error (MCE) training based on maximizing generalized posterior probability (GPP)

In this paper, we generalize the training error deﬁnitions for minimum classiﬁcation error (MCE) training and investigate their impact on recognition performance. Starting the conventional MCE method, we discuss with three issues in regard to training error definition, which may affect the recognizer performance and need to be extensively studied. We focus our discussions on the ﬁrst two aspects in this paper. We re-visit the fact that the objective function in MCE training can be formulated into an equivalent form for maximizing the “posterior probability” of the corresponding training units. Based on the framework of the generalized posterior probability (GPP) [1], we design experiments to demonstrate effects about different training units and different constraints on segmentation boundaries for the MCE training. We also provide a performance analysis to illustrate our generalization for both phone recognition and word recognition tasks based on the wall street journal (WSJ0) [2, 3] database.
Novel compact broadband rat-race coupler combined fractal geometry with composite right/left handed transmission line

In this article, a super compact enhanced-bandwidth (EB) rat-race coupler (RRC) is initially proposed based on the combined technology of fractal geometry and lumped-element composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL). The close-form broadband derivation and a set of design guideline for fractal implementation are provided which should be a reference value for future design. Fractal perturbation in RRC is demonstrated without any deterioration of the performance especially the broadband behavior, but results in a competitive 89.5% size reduction. For verification, a RRC prototype operated at GSM band (centered at 0.9 GHz) has been designed, fabricated and measured. Numerical and experimental results are in good agreement and indicate that the proposed RRC obtains a 155.5% bandwidth enhancement with respect to its conventional counterpart.
Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Ejaculation

Abstract Ejaculation is the final stage of coitus in the mammalian male and results in the expulsion of sperm out of the urethral meatus. Two successive phases, emission and expulsion, can be distinguished during ejaculatory response. Normal anterograde ejaculation requires close coordination of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic components commanding the different peripheral anatomical structures (accessory sexual glands, ducti, and striated muscles) involved in ejaculation. The efferent pathways innervating these anatomical structures drive motor outputs originating from spinal thoracolumbar and lumbosacral nuclei. These spinal ejaculatory centers, the synchronized activation of which is likely carried out by a group of spinal cells, are under the control of both peripheral sensory afferents coming from genital areas and supraspinal information arising from specific brain regions.
Effect of phenytoin on the clinical signs and in vitro muscle twitch characteristics in horses with chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis and myotonia.

In vitro twitch characteristics of the semimembranosus muscle were evaluated in 9 clinically normal horses, in 15 horses with chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis (CIR) and in 2 horses with myotonia. Effects of phenytoin on in vitro muscle twitch and clinical signs of CIR and myotonia were evaluated in these same horses. Times to 90% relaxation were prolonged in the horses with CIR (mean +/- SEM, 186 +/- 5.9 ms) and in 2 horses with myotonia (197 and 177 ms) compared with those in clinically normal horses (mean +/- SEM, 146 +/- 2.1 ms). Horses with CIR also had significantly (P less than 0.05) longer times to 50% relaxation, compared with clinically normal horses. In the group of horses with CIR, Standardbreds had significantly (P less than 0.05) longer times to 90% and 50% relaxation, compared with Thoroughbreds. Times to 100% peak tension did not differ among the groups. Administration of phenytoin directly into a muscle preparation bath solution had no effect on muscle twitch properties. After the initial muscle biopsy, phenytoin was administered orally for 7 to 10 days to 4 horses with CIR, 2 myotonic horses, and 2 clinically normal horses before repeat biopsy from the same site in the contralateral semimembranosus muscle. Times to 90% relaxation decreased from 197 and 177 ms to 144 and 126 ms, respectively, in the 2 myotonic horses, from a mean of 192 (+/- 9) ms to 170 (+/- 9) ms in the 4 horses with CIR and remained unchanged (154 and 140 ms before vs 155 and 139 ms after treatment) in the 2 clinically normal horses. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of nonlinear dissipation in soft Duffing oscillators.

The effect of a strictly dissipative force (velocity to the pth power model) on the response and bifurcations of driven, soft Duffing oscillators is considered. The method of harmonic balance is used to obtain the steady state harmonic response. An anomalous jump in the harmonic response (signifying a break in the resonance curve), obtained in the case of linearly damped, soft Duffing oscillators, is shown to persist even in the presence of nonlinear damping. It is shown that the bifurcation structure and the structure of the chaotic attractor are quite insensitive to the damping exponent p. However, the threshold values of the parameters, at which bifurcations occur, depend both on the damping index and the damping coefficient. The Melinkov criterion and an analytical criterion for the period-doubling bifurcation have been obtained in the presence of combined linear and cubic damping.
Corticosteroids in Rhinology

Adrenocorticosteroids are used extensively in the management of nasal and sinus disorders, and are often perceived by physician and patient alike as a measure of "last resort. " Biologicallyactive adrenocorticosteroids were first isolated and extensively studied in the early 1940's. The partial chemical synthesis of hydrocortisone about 1950 has been followed by the continuing development of improved and more potent synthetic corticosteroid preparations. The preparations currently available all have adequate biologic activity, and the trend is now toward providing therapeutic activity that is concentrated on the target organs, with a minimum of undesirable side effects. It is important that the physician using corticosteroids understands their mode of action, potential side effects, and the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of administration. Mode ot action. Adrenocorticosteroids exert an antiinflammatory action through effects that include decreasing capillary permeability and stabilization of lysosomal membranes. In addition, they significantly dampen the late response of allergic reactions by inhibition of the arachidonic acid cascade and blocking the effects of migratory inhibitory factor. I
Management of Molecular‐Targeted Therapy for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

&NA; Purpose To provide primary care providers with guidelines on the evaluation and management of treatment for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with emphasis on the molecular‐targeted therapy imatinib mesylate. Data Sources Research‐based articles in the medical literature, review articles, and clinical practice guidelines. Conclusions CML is a clonal stem cell disorder causing 5,000 new cases annually. Research on molecular‐targeted therapy confirms that specific protein kinases have broad consequences for the development of hture drugs to treat CML. The most recent discovery is a new compound, imatinib mesylate, which has become commercially available. Currently, the standard of care for CML is this agent. This therapy has changed management strategies for treatment of patients with the diagnosis of CML. lmpilcatlons for Practice Long‐term observations and evaluations are needed for final determination of treatment effectiveness; thus, primary care providers will follow patients with CML in the community. Unforeseen toxicity may surface, requiring accurate assessment and evaluation. Primary care providers will be actively involved with providing symptom management for these patients. SUMMARY A new compound has been developed that targets the diseased cells in CML and appears to spare normal cells (Savage & Antman, 2002). This selective‐targeted therapy has the ability to inhibit the BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase enzyme, resulting in complete hemato‐logic responses in 95% and major cytogenetic responses in 60% of the study subject patients with CML after a median follow‐up of 18 months (see Table 1; Kantarjian et al., 2002). It is not yet known whether this new agent will kill the progenitor bone marrow stem cells that originally carry the Ph+ chromosome. Although a number of study subject patients obtained a complete remission, it is too early to determine whether the patients will ever be able to completely discontinue treatment. Patients may need to take the drug for the rest of their lives. A life‐long commitment to a pill may be inconvenient, but the minimal side effects and lack of severe toxicities seen present a feasible option of treatment. Even though imatinib mesylate holds promise for the treatment of CML, several unanswered question remain: What is the optimal dose and length of therapy? How durable is the response? What are the late side effects or cumulative toxicities? When should patients use it, and should they use it alone or in combination with another agent. The final question remains: Can CML be cured with molecular‐targeted therapy? All of these questions require further research. A randomized trial comparing imatinib mesylate to an interfer‐on‐based regimen in patients with newly diagnosed CML is ongoing, with early data suggesting the superiority of imatinib rnesylate to interferon therapy (Cortes et al., 2002).
Biofilm Formation by a Fimbriae‐Deficient Mutant of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain 310‐TR produces fimbriae and forms a tight biofilm in broth cultures, without turbid growth. The fimbriae‐deficient mutant 310‐DF, constructed in this study, was grown as a relatively fragile biofilm at the bottom of a culture vessel. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that on glass coverslips, 310‐TR formed tight and spherical microcolonies, while 310‐DF produced looser ones. These findings suggest that fimbriae are not essential for the surface‐adherent growth but are required for enhancing cell‐to‐surface and cell‐to‐cell interactions to stabilize the biofilm. Treatment of the 310‐DF biofilm with either sodium metaperiodate or DNase resulted in significant desorption of cells from glass surfaces, indicating that both carbohydrate residues and DNA molecules present on the cell surface are also involved in the biofilm formation.
Grafting of Neonatal Marmoset Monkey Testicular Single-Cell Suspensions into Immunodeficient Mice Leads to ex situ Testicular Cord Neomorphogenesis

Single-cell suspensions derived from immature rodent and ungulate testes can reconstitute testicular cords upon grafting into immunodeficient mice. In the present study, neonatal common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) testes were digested to a single-cell suspension, which was transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. After 9 or 18 weeks of incubation, the derivatives of the grafted single-cell suspensions were retrieved and analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. Three of 4 (75%) neonatal grafts exhibited reconstituted seminiferous cords strongly resembling seminiferous cords of the intact neonatal testis. The cords consisted of Sertoli cells, germ cells and peritubular myoid cells, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical marker analysis. Three-dimensional reconstruction models of the grafts revealed elongated tubules. Some of the tubules were branched, which occurs also in vivo, as we show here for the marmoset monkey. Importantly, no teratoma formation by immature pluripotency factor-expressing germ cells was observed. In summary, the reconstituted testicular cords were almost indistinguishable from the cords formed in situ, thereby impressively demonstrating a very high reconstructive potential of a single-cell suspension obtained from the neonatal marmoset monkey testis. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating testicular cord neomorphogenesis for a primate species ex situ.
Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications

We present significant numerical evidence, based on the entropy analysis by lumping of the binary expansion of certain values of the Gamma function, that some of these values correspond to incompressible algorithmic information. In particular, the value corresponds to a peak of non-compressibility as anticipated on a priori grounds from number-theoretic considerations. Other fundamental constants are similarly considered. This work may be viewed as ah invitation for other researchers to apply information theoretic and decision theory techniques in number theory and analysis.
Roentgenographic Measurement of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Height

The influences of differences in both intervertebral motion segment orientations and in reader judgments on measurements of the apparent intervertebral disc heights in lateral roentgenographs of the lumbar spine were examined. Forty-nine roentgenographs were obtained of nine discs that were tilted laterally up to ± 10 degrees, and rotated longitudinally up to ± 20 degrees. Three orthopaedic surgeons and three radiologists measured disc heights from five of these roentgenographs, all using the same measurement method. The differences in apparent height that resulted from the orientation changes and differences in judgments among the six readers were considerable, usually of the order of one half of the nominal disc height. The results show that, while roentgenographic measurements can be used to estimate disc height, accurate measurements cannot readily be made from routine roentgenographs, and the interpretation should always be cautious.
Postexercise Carbohydrate–Protein Supplementation Improves Subsequent Exercise Performance and Intracellular Signaling for Protein Synthesis

Ferguson-Stegall, L, McCleave, EL, Ding, Z, Doerner III, PG, Wang, B, Liao, Y-H, Kammer, L, Liu, Y, Hwang, J, Dessard, BM, and Ivy, JL. Postexercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation improves subsequent exercise performance and intracellular signaling for protein synthesis. J Strength Cond Res 25(5): 1210-1224, 2011-Postexercise carbohydrate-protein (CHO + PRO) supplementation has been proposed to improve recovery and subsequent endurance performance compared to CHO supplementation. This study compared the effects of a CHO + PRO supplement in the form of chocolate milk (CM), isocaloric CHO, and placebo (PLA) on recovery and subsequent exercise performance. Ten cyclists performed 3 trials, cycling 1.5 hours at 70% &OV0312;o2max plus 10 minutes of intervals. They ingested supplements immediately postexercise and 2 hours into a 4-hour recovery. Biopsies were performed at recovery minutes 0, 45, and 240 (R0, R45, REnd). Postrecovery, subjects performed a 40-km time trial (TT). The TT time was faster in CM than in CHO and in PLA (79.43 ± 2.11 vs. 85.74 ± 3.44 and 86.92 ± 3.28 minutes, p ≤ 0.05). Muscle glycogen resynthesis was higher in CM and in CHO than in PLA (23.58 and 30.58 vs. 7.05 μmol·g−1 wet weight, p ≤ 0.05). The mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation was greater at R45 in CM than in CHO or in PLA (174.4 ± 36.3 vs. 131.3 ± 28.1 and 73.7 ± 7.8% standard, p ≤ 0.05) and at REnd in CM than in PLA (94.5 ± 9.9 vs. 69.1 ± 3.8%, p ≤ 0.05). rpS6 phosphorylation was greater in CM than in PLA at R45 (41.0 ± 8.3 vs. 15.3 ± 2.9%, p ≤ 0.05) and REnd (16.8 ± 2.8 vs. 8.4 ± 1.9%, p ≤ 0.05). FOXO3A phosphorylation was greater at R45 in CM and in CHO than in PLA (84.7 ± 6.7 and 85.4 ± 4.7 vs. 69.2 ± 5.5%, p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that postexercise CM supplementation can improve subsequent exercise performance and provide a greater intracellular signaling stimulus for PRO synthesis compared to CHO and placebo.
A 0.18 µm high resolution bandpass delta-sigma modulator for acceleration transducer applications

This paper presents a low-power high-resolution band-pass ΔΣ modulator for acceleration transducer applications. The proposed band-pass ΔΣ modulator consists of a high-performance 6th order feed-forward ΔΣ modulator with 1-bit quantization. The modulator is fabricated in 0.18 µm 1P6M CMOS process with a core area of 1.47 mm2. This modulator got 90.3 dB peak signal to noise plus distortion ratio(SNDR) and 97 dB dynamic range(DR) over 4-kHz bandwidth, while the intermediate frequency(IF) is shifting from 100 KHz to 200 KHz. The power dissipation is 5 mW under 3.3-V power supply.
A Character-based Indexing and Word-based Ranking Method for Japanese Text Retrieval

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Brick-Building Interface Support for Cocreative Communication

To support cocreative communication between people who are in separate, remote locations, embodied communication (communication expressed through the physical body) is crucial, and a common place for communication should be established. This article proposes an idea to integrate remote physical places into a shared virtual space to bridge these remote places and to describe interface systems for cocreative communication. To show a typical example of cocreative communication with a high degree of freedom for bodily actions, this study focused on brick-building play, in which people are free to construct structures spatially with physical objects. For remote collaborative communication, including modeling with physical bricks at each physical place, two interface systems were designed: the brick-modeling interface system and the brick-reader glove interface system. The brick-modeling interface system makes it possible for users to act out others' brick plays with physical bricks in the remote places and in shared virtual space in real time. The brick-reader glove interface system enables users to act out the modeling process with virtual bricks and virtual avatars of both remote users in the shared virtual space. The experiment clearly suggests that these interface systems are useful for creating a shared virtual space and for supporting collaborative work in three dimensions with a sense that the remote people were together in the same place.
Vox Sanguinis

While screening Le(a+b+) Polynesian DNA samples for a candidate Sew allele, a point mutation (C5”+T) resulting in a new stop codon (Arg19’+stop) in the a( 1,2)fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2) was identified. This point mutation resulted in the gaining of a new restriction enzyme cleavage site (DdeI), which allowed restriction enzyme cleavage screening of 40 selected Polynesians and 42 random Caucasians. The nonsecretor phenotype in two of the three nonsecretor Polynesians analyzed was due to homozygosity for the ‘new’ mutation, whereas the third Polynesian nonsecretor (with Caucasian ancestors) was due to homozygosity of the ‘old’ (Tq~’~~+stop) mutation. The nonsecretor phenotype in all Caucasians analyzed was a consequence of homozygosity for the ‘old’ mutation. Both the new and the old nonsecretor mutations were identified in the heterozygous state in some secretor-positive Polynesians, while only the old mutation was found in the heterozygous state in Caucasians of the same phenotype.
Asymptotic behaviour of permutations avoiding generalized patterns

Visualizing permutations as labelled trees allows us to to specify restricted permutations, and to analyze their counting sequence. The asymptotic behaviour for permutations that avoid a given pattern is given by the Stanley-Wilf conjecture, which was proved by Marcus and Tardos in 2005. Another interesting question is the occurence of generalized patterns, i.e. patterns containing subwords. There are good asymptotic results for consecutive patterns and certain variations, but only specific results for patterns with subwords of length exactly 2. The goal of the project is to fully understand the analysis performed by Elizalde and Noy on such patterns, and to try to extend these results to other cases.
Dynamic changes in global and gene-specific DNA methylation during hibernation in adult thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus

ABSTRACT Hibernating mammals conserve energy in the winter by undergoing prolonged bouts of torpor, interspersed with brief arousals back to euthermia. These bouts are accompanied by a suite of reversible physiological and biochemical changes; however, much remains to be discovered about the molecular mechanisms involved. Given the seasonal nature of hibernation, it stands to reason that underlying plastic epigenetic mechanisms should exist. One such form of epigenomic regulation involves the reversible modification of cytosine bases in DNA by methylation. DNA methylation is well known to be a mechanism that confers upon DNA its cellular identity during differentiation in response to innate developmental cues. However, it has recently been hypothesized that DNA methylation also acts as a mechanism for adapting genome function to changing external environmental and experiential signals over different time scales, including during adulthood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DNA methylation is altered during hibernation in adult wild animals. This study evaluated global changes in DNA methylation in response to hibernation in the liver and skeletal muscle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels along with changes in expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1/3B) and methyl binding domain proteins (MBDs). A reduction in global DNA methylation occurred in muscle during torpor phases whereas significant changes in DNMTs and MBDs were seen in both tissues. We also report dynamic changes in DNA methylation in the promoter of the myocyte enhancer factor 2C (mef2c) gene, a candidate regulator of metabolism in skeletal muscle. Taken together, these data show that genomic DNA methylation is dynamic across torpor–arousal bouts during winter hibernation, consistent with a role for this regulatory mechanism in contributing to the hibernation phenotype. Summary: Dramatic changes in DNA methylation accompany stages of torpor during mammalian hibernation in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel.