Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidencia actual de la influencia del cambio climático en la variable lluvia diaria observada en Honduras a partir de la base de datos disponible a la fecha

The Honduran territory since some years ago has been affected by extreme weather events maximum that have harmed the Honduran economy; leaving strong negative impact on the society and painful memories of deceased persons. Global atmospheric models to study the influence of climate change have been applied in Honduras; the results obtained are projections at the time of the climatic behavior based on certain assumptions. Interesting results to be taken into account by those responsible for the planning of the country. In the present research we have used daily rainfall data collected in the entire network of stations feeler rain that exists in the Honduran territory, since the 2013 toward years ago; that is to say the entire series available. The series of daily rainfall obtained have different lengths; by which we have classified these series in different lengths, in order to use the increased amount available data. Punctual and spatial analysis were applied to know the quality of the same. Using simple regression was investigated the trend of daily rainfall averages of 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 90, 180, 365, 1025, 1825 and 3650 days; these averages were determined by the arithmetic mean and the moving average. It was also investigated the trends of the days without rain for the series of 365 days. The influence of climate change in the rain to daily resolution and as quantity not still displays well-defined evidence on the linear trend of increase or decrease in the size of the variable. The slopes of the trends are very low to define significantly the increase or decrease of the rain.
Isolation of Aphanomyces sp(p). associated with skin lesions and mortalities in the striped (Mugil cephalus) and the thin lip (Liza ramada) grey mullets

Apha110111yces spp. were isola ted from sk in eros ions and ulcers of cultured Striped and th in lip grey mullets. Fungi with non-septated hyphae were found in wel mount preparations of skin . Samples inoculated on glucose peptone liquid medium fo r three successive steps then mycelia l growths were transferred into glucose peptone yeas t ex tract agar medium. Apha11 0111yces spp. were successfully isolated, in axenic cullllres, from seven out of 35 fi sh samples. The cul tu res were maintained on glucose peptone yeast ex lract liquid media. Format ion or spor:mgia in tap waler that contai ned hemp seeds confirmed tha t the grey mullet isolates are members uf the genus Aphanomyces. All isc! :lles grew progressive ly at sali ni lies that ranged from 2-8 ppl, however, only one isolate survived at 37°C.
The Tree That Built America—Not Making the Grade

Eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) is capable of impressive yields on a wide range of sites, but that volume is often skewed to low grade because of black knots. In this case study, we examined log and lumber yields from two contrasting sites in the Adirondacks of New York. A subsample of butt logs was isolated from each site to quantify the beneﬁts of pruning. Lumber grade distribution was the same for both sites, with 60% represented by lower grades. As expected, stems with pruned butt logs yielded the highest quality lumber. We examined landowner returns using historical management data over a 106-year rotation from the high-quality site. At a property tax rate of between $8 and $17/acre/year, a landowner can expect a real positive return of $15,794 to $1,065, respectively, on their investment, given a real hurdle discount rate of 4%. Although these results are positive, different silvicultural regimes could have improved grade recovery and heightened ﬁnancial returns.
BIODIVERSITY AND SEASONALITY OF PREDACEOUS COCCINELLIDS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN MANGO AGRO-ECOSYSTEM OF JHARKHAND

Coccinellids are the major natural enemies of many sucking pest in agro-ecosystems. A total of 2301 specimens of predaceous coccinellids were collected and identified to 16 species, of which 7 were recorded for the first time from Jharkhand, belonging to two sub families of family coccinllidae. Anegleis cardoni, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Illeis indica were found most frequent and abundant. When species diversity was compared among different locations and it was found that ShannonWiener diversity index varied from 2.126 to 1.376 indicated that species were less diverse but were frequently present. Peak population of coccinellids in mango orchards of region was recorded in the month of February and March. Thus, these results are discussed with current thinking of coccinellids as an important part of integrated pest management in mango orchards of region.
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND CELL HYBRIDIZATION

We report here the transformation of two spe- cies of orchid, Dendrobium phalaenopsis and D. nobile, by biolistic bombardment. Calli or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were used as target explants. Gold particles (1.0 µm) coated with plasmid DNA (pCAMBIA1301) encoding an intron-containing β-glucuronidase gene (gus-int) and a hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene were introduced into the PLBs or calli using the Bio-Rad PDS-1000/He Biolistic Particle Delivery System. Calli and PLBs were then chopped up and pre- cultured in 1/2-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.4 M mannitol for a 1-h osmoticum treatment before bombardment. Immediately after bombardment, the calli and PLBs were transferred to 1/2-strength MS medium without mannitol for recovery. Putatively transformed plantlets were obtained by selection and regeneration on medium supplemented with 30 mg/l hygromycin. The highest efficiency of transformation was obtained when selection was conducted at 2 days post-bombardment. For D. phalaenopsis and D. nobile, respectively, about 12% and 2% of the bombarded calli or PLBs produced independent transgenic plants. Integration and expres- sion of the transgenes were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Northern hybridization. No nontrans- formed plants were regenerated, indicating a tight selec- tion scheme. However, separate incorporation of the gus gene and the hpt gene was observed, and in one trans- genic line the gus gene was integrated into the genome of the transgenic plant, but not expressed.
Orthophenylphenol in healthcare environments: a trial related to a new administration method and a review of the literature

measurement. Results: In total, 30 surface swabs and 6 ambient air samples were collected. The mean values of the total ACC were determined on surface swabs: 12.1 colony CFU/cm2 for total microorganisms and 2.9 CFU/cm2 for fungi before application, and 1.6 CFU/cm2 for total microorganisms and 0.4 CFU/cm2 for fungi after application. The mean values of the total ACC were detected in ambient air samples: 258 CFU/m3 for total microorganisms and 208 CFU/m3 for fungi before application, and 20 CFU/m3 for total microorganisms and 15 CFU/m3 for fungi after application. Conclusion: The total ACC values obtained before and after applications have shown that orthophenylphenol (Fumispore) is suitable for adequate disinfection in healthcare environments.
Reactive oxygen species and their influence on stallion semen fertility - a review

Summary Losses in motility and fertilizing ability of stored semen can at least in part be attributed to lipid peroxidation of the sperm plasma membrane. Physiologically, mitochondrial respiration is the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In processed semen, ROS originate from contaminating leucocytes and from spermatozoa with residual cytoplasm. In addition, normal spermatozoa produce ROS as a result of their flagellar activity. At low concentrations, ROS have positive biological effects and regulate physiological sperm functions. Mammalian sperm cell membranes have a specific lipid composition with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making them particularly susceptible to damage by ROS. Peroxidation increases membrane permeability and decreases metabolic activity of sperm cells. To control the effects of ROS, semen contains antioxidants. Enzymatic antioxidants are glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Antioxidants have been substituted in semen through the diet or by adding antioxidants to semen extender. However, as the loss of sperm motility during cooled-storage is not only an effect of plasma membrane dysfunction but also of mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, addition of antioxidants to semen during cooled-storage may have only limited effects.
Does inherent flammability of grass and litter fuels contribute to continental patterns of landscape fire activity?

To (1) identify the trade‐offs among flammability attributes within grass and litter fuel types; (2) determine how flammability attributes of grass and litter fuels vary across macro‐ecological gradients; and (3) test our hypothesis that inherent flammability attributes of grass and litter fuels scale to satellite‐derived proxies for fire frequency and intensity.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the kernel root of Xylocarpus mekongensis

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extract of the kernel root of Xylocarpus mekon- genesis (Lamk.) M. Roem. (Meliaceae) was evaluated in dif- ferent methods. The extract showed significant anti- inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced oedema test in rats showing 69.42 % reduction in the paw volume (P<0.01) comparable to that produced by the standard drug indometha- cin (70.25 %) at 24 h when the extract was fed at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. The percentage inhibition of the oedema paw volume was statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared with the indomethacin treated animals at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h. The extract exhibited IC50 value 4.78 μg/ml in DPPH free radical scavenging activity test that was found to be very significant and comparable to that of the standard antiox- idants ascorbic acid and BHA (1.9372 and 4.81 μg/ml) respec- tively. Innitric oxide radical scavenging test, the IC50value was also found fairly significant 57.37 μg/ml when compared to standard ascorbic acid (36.81 μg/ml). In reducing power test, the maximum absorbance of the same extract was observed as 1.923 at 100 μg/ml and that of ascorbic acid and BHA were 2.8111 and 1.0314 respectively. The extract showed highest antioxidant capacity at 100 μg/ml concentration expressed as equivalents of ascorbic acid (1.44). The total phenolic content of the extract was also found quite high (342.15±0.92 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent). Therefore, the results of this study suggest the probable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activ- ities of the ethanolic extract of X. mekongenesis kernel root and justify its use in traditional medicines.
Experimentally evolved populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida allow the targeting of genomic footprints of selection due to host adaptation

In the current agronomical context of pesticide use reduction, deciphering the genetic bases of pathogen adaptation to plant resistances is of major importance to improve their durability. Knowledge of the virulence gene frequencies in pathogens populations could indeed allow the prediction of their durability before deployment. Globodera pallida is a major pest of potato crop for which a promising resistance QTL, GpaVvrn, has been identified in Solanum vernei. An experimental evolution study, in which G. pallida lineages evolved on resistant or susceptible potato genotypes for up to eight generations, previously showed that G. pallida was able to rapidly overcome GpaVvrn resistance. However it was not known if enough genetic mixing occurred in these lineages to be able to detect islands of differentiation in a genome scan approach. Here, we investigated this question using 53 polymorphic microsatellite markers distributed along the genome and three different tests based on genetic differentiation and heterozygosity. We identified eight outlier loci, indicative of genomic regions putatively involved in host adaptation. Several loci were identified by multiple detection methods and/or in two independent adapted lineages. We also showed that some identified candidate genomic regions seem to be also involved in the overcoming of nematode resistance in a genotype harbouring the same resistance QTL in a different genetic background. These results validate the feasibility of a genome scan approach on a biological material coming from short experimental evolution, and encourage to perform a high coverage genome scan using whole genome resequencing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Molecular genetics and functions of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus glycoproteins in viral entry and virus-induced cell fusion

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is considered the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and several lymphoproliferative disorders. Recently, the fulllength KSHV genome has been cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and successfully recovered in 293 cells. The herpesviral glycoproteins are structural components of the KSHV particle and are thought to facilitate virus entry, egress and virus-induced cell fusion. Investigations, described herein, have focused on the genetic manipulation of the KSHV-BAC36 in order to address the role of K8.1 glycoprotein in virus entry and the role of the carboxyl tail α-helices of glycoprotein (gB) in virusinduced cell fusion. In addition, a panel of KSHV-glycoprotein mutants was constructed in order to address the specific role of each glycoprotein in viral entry, egress and virusinduced cell fusion. To further address the role of K8.1 in virus infectivity, a K8.1-null recombinant virus (BAC36∆K8.1) was constructed by deletion of most of the K8.1 open reading frame and the insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene cassette within the K8.1 gene. Transfection of the mutant genome (BAC36∆K8.1) DNAs into 293 cells produced infectious virions in the supernatants of transfected cells. Hence, these results clearly demonstrated that the K8.1 glycoprotein is not required for KSHV entry into 293 cells. In addition, two recombinant BAC36-derived genomes were constructed (via a two-step homologous recombination procedure in bacteria) specifying truncations that fully or partially truncated a predicted α-helical structure of the gB carboxyl terminus known to be involved in virus-induced cell fusion from studies with the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gB. Initial experiments suggested that disruption of the predicted α-helical structure gBtH2 enhanced virus-induced cell fusion. Furthermore, utilization of the
Spider: Species Identity and Evolution in R. A Tutorial

Spider: Species Identity and Evolution in R, is an R package implementing a number of the most useful analyses for DNA barcoding studies and other research into species delimitation and speciation. It has been developed primarily by staff and students in the Department of Ecology at Lincoln University, and was first released in 2011. The package seeks to provide a number of analyses that the developers have found useful in their own research and hadn’t been implemented in other R packages.
BIOLOGY OF HYDRACTINIID HYDROIDS. 1. COLONY ONTOGENY IN HYDRACTINIA ECHINATA (FLEMMING)

The colonial marine hydroid, Hydractinia echinata, exhibits a wide range of growth morphologies during ontogeny, from sheet-like colonies of uniform ectodermal mat to colonies which produce complex networks of stolons. Colony ontogeny was quantified under uniform environmental conditions for 70 colonies of H. echinata, with data collected on the growth rates of the three major colony parameters: mat tissue, stolon tissue, and polyps. Analysis of the relative growth rates of the tissues clearly illustrates that variability in colony form between colonies can be attributed to continuous variation in just one of the parameters governing colony ontogeny.
Depth, bay position and habitat structure as determinants of coral reef fish distributions: Are deep reefs a potential refuge?

Increasing disturbance frequency and severity on coral reefs has caused declines in the abundance of structurally complex corals and many fish species that depend on them. However, most studies have focused on the shallowest 10 m, despite coral habitat extending to > 30 m in many regions. Reefs in deeper water and offshore locations are less exposed to many stressors associated with coral decline, and may offer a refuge for coral-associated fishes. Understanding how distributions and species-specific fish-habitat relationships vary along depth and distance-from- shore gradients is critical for assessing refuge potential. Here we examined the community structure, distributions and coral habitat associations of 123 reef fish species along a depth gradient from = 20 m. Our results suggest that while many species are restricted to vulnerable shallow depths, deep offshore reefs provide a potential refuge for a substantial proportion of coral-associated fishes threatened by degradation of shallow coastal reefs, and deep reefs should be afforded greater consideration in conservation planning for coral reef fishes.
Mutualism between the Eurasian woodwasp,Sirex noctilio( Hymenoptera:Siricidae) and its fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum( Russulales:Amylostereaceae)

The Eurasian woodwasp,Sirex noctilio Fabricius is an important forestry quarantine pest in the world,which prefers to attack conifer. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa. However,over the last one hundred years,S. noctilio has been gradually introduced to New Zealand and Austria in Oceania,then to South American countries including Uruguay,Argentina,Brazil,and Chile and later to Canada,the US and South Africa. The woodwasp was first detected in Heilongjiang Province,in the northeast region of China in August,2013,where it mainly attacked Pinus sylvestris. A very strict mutualistic relationship exists between S. noctilio and the white rot fungus Amylostereum areolatum( Fr.) Boidin. S.noctilio's terrible attacks on host tree are in fact the act of its distinctive oviposition: female insects drill1- 5 small holes in the host tree through the bark to the cambium,injecting phytotoxic venom together with the arthrospores of A. areolatum,and sometimes an egg,into the holes. Together,the three pathogenic factors,Sirex larvae,symbiotic fungus and phytotoxic venom,act to weaken or even kill the tree. Particular attention should be paid to this important forest invading pest to China on account of its potential economic and ecological importance to Chinese forest ecosystem. In this article we reviewed the current researches on the symbiotic relationship between the woodwasp S. noctilio and its fungal symbiont A. areolatum. A great number of research findings on this subject were compared and summarized,in which the trophobiosis between Sirex larvae and the fungus,the spread of the fungus by woodwasps,the population structure of the fungus and the collaborative damage effect of the Sirex venom and the fungus on host tree were discussed in details. We attempted to provide some reasonable suggestions for the future study and open new insight into the control on this pest effectively.
NAF- INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN BONE MARROW AND CORD BLOOD CD34 POSITIVE CELLS

SUMMARY: Our previous findings indicated that fluorides could potentially damage human cord blood hematopoietic cells. In the present study our aim was to estimate the induction of apoptosis in human bone marrow (BM) as well as cord blood (CB) CD34 + cells exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF). We employed two different assays to evaluate early and final phases of apoptosis. BM and CB CD34 + cells were exposed to different doses of NaF (0, 1, 10 and 50 mg/L) and stored at 37°C for 24 h. The next day the percent of apoptotic cells was assessed. Apoptotic and necrotic cells were detected after Annexin- V and propidium iodide staining, respectively, and evaluated by FACS (Flow Activated Cell Sorter). Moreover, the cell culture supernatants were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of human copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD). Apoptosis was de- tectable both in BM and CB hematopoietic progenitor cells exposed to differ- ent doses of sodium fluoride. High doses of NaF induced a larger number of cells to enter the early phase of apoptotis, especially at the concentration 50 mg/L measured by FACS. We detected even more differences when analyzing cord blood CD34 + cells. We also found that BM as well as CB CD34 + cells ex-
Entry and operation strategies of Indian pharmaceutical firms in Africa under the dynamics of markets and institutions

La these demontre que l'environnement protectionniste en Inde a contribue a bâtir une industrie pharmaceutique solide. L'arrivee simultanee de l'Accord ADPIC et de la liberalisation economique a cree des « push factors » a la fois competitifs et favorables, obligeant les firmes pharmaceutiques indiennes (FPI) a chercher de nouvelles voies de croissance a l’etranger. Les politiques des pays africains en faveur des generiques, l’action des organisations internationales et la nouvelle gouvernance des marches finances par les bailleurs de fonds ont aussi induits des « pull factors » permettant aux FPI de s'engager davantage sur ces marches. Cette these montre a travers le cas du Mali que le marche en Afrique de l’Ouest francophone est divise en quatre segments – le marche public finance par l'Etat et par des donateurs et le marche prive formel et informel – avec des reglementations differentes. Les FPI n'utilisent que l'exportation dans ces pays, mais leurs organisations varient selon le segment dans lequel elles souhaitent operer. Enfin, ce travail utilise l’etude du Synriam, un nouvel antipaludeen pour montrer que Ranbaxy a utilise le partenariat avec Medicines for Malaria Venture pour developper ses capacites, acceder a de nouveaux marches et gagner en legitimite. Cette etude met en evidence que les organisations internationales peuvent creer des barrieres institutionnelles et influencer les strategies d'entree des firmes. En conclusion, cette these illustre la richesse et la complexite du marche pharmaceutique africain et demontre egalement que les strategies d'entree sur le marche et d'exploitation des FPI sont influencees par l'environnement institutionnel sous-jacent.