Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of combretastatin A4 phosphate on endothelial cell morphology in vitro and relationship to tumour vascular targeting activity in vivo.

BACKGROUND Combretastatin A4 Phosphate (CA4P) is a tubulin binding agent which causes rapid tumour vascular shutdown. It has anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on dividing endothelial cells after prolonged exposure, but these effects occur on a much longer time scale than the reduction in tumour blood flow. This study compared the time course of CA4P effects on endothelial cell shape and reduction in red cell velocity. METHODS Endothelial cell area and form factor (1-4 pi x area x perimeter-2) were measured for proliferating and confluent HUVECs after CA4P treatment. Recovery of shape after CA4P and colchicine was compared. Window chamber studies of tumours were used to measure red cell velocity. Results 70% reduction in red cell velocity and 44% reduction in HUVEC form factor occurred by 10 minutes. Proliferating HUVECs underwent greater cell shape change after CA4P, which occurred at lower doses than for confluent cells. Cell shape recovered 24 hours after 30 minutes exposure to CA4P, but not after colchicine. CONCLUSIONS The similar time course of cell shape change and red cell velocity reduction suggests endothelial cell shape change may be involved early in the in vivo events leading to vascular shutdown. Differences in the recovery from the shape changes induced by CA4P and colchicine could underlie the different toxicity profiles of these drugs.
Sequence Diversity, Intersubgroup Relationships, and Origins of the Mouse Leukemia Gammaretroviruses of Laboratory and Wild Mice

ABSTRACT Mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) are found in the common inbred strains of laboratory mice and in the house mouse subspecies of Mus musculus. Receptor usage and envelope (env) sequence variation define three MLV host range subgroups in laboratory mice: ecotropic, polytropic, and xenotropic MLVs (E-, P-, and X-MLVs, respectively). These exogenous MLVs derive from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that were acquired by the wild mouse progenitors of laboratory mice about 1 million years ago. We analyzed the genomes of seven MLVs isolated from Eurasian and American wild mice and three previously sequenced MLVs to describe their relationships and identify their possible ERV progenitors. The phylogenetic tree based on the receptor-determining regions of env produced expected host range clusters, but these clusters are not maintained in trees generated from other virus regions. Colinear alignments of the viral genomes identified segmental homologies to ERVs of different host range subgroups. Six MLVs show close relationships to a small xenotropic ERV subgroup largely confined to the inbred mouse Y chromosome. env variations define three E-MLV subtypes, one of which carries duplications of various sizes, sequences, and locations in the proline-rich region of env. Outside the env region, all E-MLVs are related to different nonecotropic MLVs. These results document the diversity in gammaretroviruses isolated from globally distributed Mus subspecies, provide insight into their origins and relationships, and indicate that recombination has had an important role in the evolution of these mutagenic and pathogenic agents. IMPORTANCE Laboratory mice carry mouse leukemia viruses (MLVs) of three host range groups which were acquired from their wild mouse progenitors. We sequenced the complete genomes of seven infectious MLVs isolated from geographically separated Eurasian and American wild mice and compared them with endogenous germ line retroviruses (ERVs) acquired early in house mouse evolution. We did this because the laboratory mouse viruses derive directly from specific ERVs or arise by recombination between different ERVs. The six distinctively different wild mouse viruses appear to be recombinants, often involving different host range subgroups, and most are related to a distinctive, largely Y-chromosome-linked MLV ERV subtype. MLVs with ecotropic host ranges show the greatest variability with extensive inter- and intrasubtype envelope differences and with homologies to other host range subgroups outside the envelope. The sequence diversity among these wild mouse isolates helps define their relationships and origins and emphasizes the importance of recombination in their evolution.
Facts and Artefacts in Research on Human Dental Plaque Fluid

In 1966, Jenkins suggested that the plaque fluid environment was likely to have higher concentrations of extracellular solutes than was apparent from analyses of total plaque concentrations. Early work on plaque fluid confirmed this contention, but some artefact was also generated by the prolonged centrifugation used for separation. The solute concentrations in plaque fluid mostly exceed those in saliva or crevicular fluid. Thus, the environmental conditions are distinctly different from those based on the assumption that saliva readily permeates films of dental plaque. In contrast, the presence of serum proteins suggests a crevicular input to plaque fluid. These data suggest that exchange between dental plaque and its environment is apparently restricted. Diffusion rates measured in dental plaque by different methods do not agree on how restricted it is. However, measuring diffusion in plaque introduces artefacts in packing density, a major determinant of the diffusion rate. The conditions used for collection and analysis have been reported to produce artefactual changes in plaque fluid potassium, a predominantly intracellular ion. Measurements of predominantly extracellular ions, such as calcium, are no less prone to artefact, whether based on ion-selective electrodes or on total calcium. We have much to learn about the fluid environment of the teeth and about dynamic changes in plaque fluid composition and properties during perturbations. Such information can give insights into pathological processes such as tooth demineralization and dental caries, calculus formation, and gingival inflammation.
Cooperative Group Localization Based on Factor Graph for Next-Generation Networks

In ill-conditioned communication environment, multiple target localization is of important practical significance. The cooperative group localization (CGL) model was firstly put forward, which has verified the effectiveness of localization performance gain and simultaneous multiple target localization in ill conditions. However, there exist two inherent difficulties: the strict demand for CGL topology and the high complexity. By the rational use of information to relax restrictions on topology and by dividing the complex problem into some simple local ones, the factor graph (FG) together with the sum-product algorithm is a perfect candidate for the problems above. In order to solve the two problems, we propose the weighted FG-based CGL (WFG-CGL) algorithm which incorporates the optimal weights based on the information reliability. In order to further reduce the complexity, we propose the low-complexity FG-based CGL (LCFG-CGL) algorithm. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the localization error in CGL is first derived. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithms not only perform better in relaxing CGL topology requirement, but also enjoy high localization accuracy under low complexity in comparison with the existing CGL algorithm.
Static and adaptive mutation techniques for genetic algorithm: a systematic comparative analysis

In this paper, a systematic comparative analysis is presented on various static and adaptive mutation techniques to understand their nature on genetic algorithm. Three most popular random mutation techniques such as uniform mutation, Gaussian mutation and boundary mutation, two recently introduced individual adaptive mutation techniques, a self-adaptive mutation technique and a deterministic mutation technique are taken to carry out the analysis. A common experimental bench of benchmark test functions is used to test the techniques and the results are analysed. The analysis intends to identify a best mutation technique for every benchmark problem and to understand the dependency behaviour of mutation techniques with other genetic algorithm parameters such as population sizes, crossover rates and number of generations. Based on the analytical results, interesting findings are obtained that would improve the performance of genetic algorithm.
Integrating Mathematical Optimization and Decision Making in Intelligent Fields

In this paper a decision-making approach that can be applied to problems that are relevant to the oil and gas industry is presented. This methodology is supported by state-of-the-art mathematical optimization algorithms, and is based on the formal integration of the decisions in question with well-studied optimization procedures. The integration of the methodology with the application adds to its robustness. Two different types of problems are formulated and solved. The first kind is based on deciding which wells have to be shut in during a given production interval whilst simultaneously optimizing the controls for each selected well. The second category involves deciding for a group of wells which ones have to be injectors or producers, and at the same time searching for optimal well locations. In all the results obtained we can systematically see that the set of decisions proposed by the integrated approach mean substantial improvement in field production. For example, in the first class of problems studied, the production oil target is satisfied, and up to 50 percent of produced water is saved with respect to the reference case. The huge amount of information available, for example, in Intelligent/Smart Fields or Closed-Loop Reservoir Management can be utilized for rigorously making solid decisions. In this work we put an emphasis on integration of real-life decisions with a realistic simulation-based mathematical optimization framework. This framework can be also useful for establishing a common language for decision makers and researchers within a given organization, and as a consequence endowing the decision-making process with agility and robustness. It should be stressed that ultimately it is human interpretation and intuition that drives the making of crucial decisions. Automated tools should be understood as an additional (and hopefully valuable) source of information for making these important decisions.
Degradation of atorvastatin: (1R,2S,4S,5S)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroperoxy-4-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-N,5-diphenyl-3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxamide

The degradation of atorvastatin calcium in methanol and hydrogen peroxide results in the crystallization of the title compound, C26H24FNO6, which shows several differences compared with the starting compound. In the crystal structure of the title compound, intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding is found.
PPARβ agonists trigger neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y

Neuroblastomas are pediatric tumors originating from immature neuroblasts in the developing peripheral nervous system. Differentiation therapies could help lowering the high mortality due to rapid tumor progression to advanced stages. Oleic acid has been demonstrated to promote neuronal differentiation in neuronal cultures. Herein we report on the effects of oleic acid and of a specific synthetic PPARβ agonist on cell growth, expression of differentiation markers and on parameters responsible for the malignancy such as adhesion, migration, invasiveness, BDNF, and TrkB expression of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The results obtained demonstrate that many, but not all, oleic acid effects are mediated by PPARβ and support a role for PPARβ in neuronal differentiation strongly pointing towards PPAR ligands as new therapeutic strategies against progression and recurrences of neuroblastoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 837–847, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellites in the eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair genes as modulators of evolutionary mutation rate.

All "minor" components of the human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system-MSH3, MSH6, PMS2, and the recently discovered MLH3-contain mononucleotide microsatellites in their coding sequences. This intriguing finding contrasts with the situation found in the major components of the DNA MMR system-MSH2 and MLH1-and, in fact, most human genes. Although eukaryotic genomes are rich in microsatellites, non-triplet microsatellites are rare in coding regions. The recurring presence of exonal mononucleotide repeat sequences within a single family of human genes would therefore be considered exceptional.
Organisational Factors, Social Factors, and Women's Advancement

This study examines if organisation size and the degree to which the organisational hierarchy is male moderate the relationships between social factors (career and psychosocial functions of mentor support, and internal and external networks) and women's advancement in management. In all, 848 women in the Australian banking sector were surveyed. Results from moderator regression analyses found that, although male hierarchy does not moderate these relationships, the size of the organisation does. Specifically, career functions of mentor support and internal networks explain women's advancement more in small than in large banks. Recommendations for facilitating women's advancement in management are discussed.
Review of "Discrete Mathematical Models", Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Des igned in a d e c i s i o n t r ee fo rm, it is a r e s u l t of an a t t empt by its au thors F r a n k M. Andrews , Laura Klem, T e r r e u c e N. Davidson, P a t r i c k M. O ' M a l l e y and Wi l l a rd L. Rodge r s to r e c o r d the sequen t i a l dec i s ions one migh t m a k e in s e l ec t ing a p a r t i c u l a r s t a t i s t i c or s t a t i s t i c a l technique a p p r o p r i a t e for a g iven ana ly s i s f r o m the v a s t a r r a y of ava i l ab le t echn iques . The co re of this d e c i s i o n t r ee is a 16-page s equen t i a l q u e s t i o n s a n d a n s w e r s by which the u s e r is led to the a p p r o p r i a t e technique.
AGATE, access graph based tools for handling encapsulation

Encapsulation and modularity are supported by various static access control mechanisms that manage implementation hiding and define interfaces adapted to different client profiles. Programming languages use numerous and very different mechanisms, the cumulative application of which is sometimes confusing and hard to predict. Furthermore, understanding and reasoning about access control independently from the programming languages is quite difficult. Tools based on a language-independent model of access control are presented to address these issues. These tools support access control handling via visualisation of access, checking of design requirements on access and source code generation. We believe in the contribution of such tools for improving understanding and enhancing use of access control from design to implementation.
Systemic and diaphragmatic oxygen delivery-consumption relationships during hemorrhage.

When tissue O2 delivery falls below a critical threshold, tissue O2 uptake (VO2) becomes limited. We compared critical O2 delivery and critical and maximum O2 extraction ratios of the resting and contracting left hemidiaphragm with those of nondiaphragmatic tissues in seven dogs. The left hemidiaphragm was perfused through the left inferior phrenic artery with blood from the left femoral artery. Phrenic venous blood was sampled through a catheter in the inferior phrenic vein. Systemic O2 delivery was reduced in stages by controlled hemorrhage. Left diaphragmatic VO2 during rest and during 3 min of continuous stimulation (3 Hz) of the left phrenic nerve and VO2 of the remaining nonleft hemidiaphragmatic tissues were measured at each stage. Critical diaphragmatic O2 delivery for the resting diaphragm averaged 0.8 +/- 0.16 ml.min-1.100 g-1 with a critical O2 extraction ratio of 65.5 +/- 6%. In the contracting diaphragm, they averaged 5.1 +/- 0.9 ml.min-1.100 g-1 and 81 +/- 5%, respectively. Whole body O2 delivery at which resting diaphragmatic VO2 became supply limited was similar to that for nondiaphragmatic tissues. By comparison, supply limitation of VO2 occurred at a higher systemic O2 delivery in the contracting diaphragm than in the rest of the body despite the increase in critical diaphragmatic extraction ratio. Thus, oxygenation of the isolated diaphragm does not appear to be preferentially preserved during generalized reductions in O2 delivery. These results suggest that, in diseases associated with increased work of breathing and decreased O2 delivery, the diaphragm may become metabolically impaired before limitation of VO2 is observed systemically.
Preliminary Numerical Experiments on Oceanic Dispersion of 131I and 137Cs Discharged into the Ocean because of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster

It was reported that after the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and resulting tsunami that occurred on March 11, 2011, some radioactive material, including iodine and cesium, was discharged into the Pacific Ocean because of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) disaster. High concentrations of I and Cs were found in the seawater and seabed sediment along the coastline of Fukushima Prefecture. In addition, radionuclides were detected in marine products caught near Fukushima Prefecture. In response to this situation, assessment of the distribution of concentrations of radioactive materials by means of computer simulation, as well as oceanic survey, is urgently required. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), in cooperation with the Japan Marine Science Foundation and Kyoto University, has been working on numerical experiments to predict the spread of I and Cs in the marine environment and to estimate how much of these materials were released. The numerical experiments were carried out using the oceanic dispersion model SEA-GEARN and the ocean general circulation model (OGCM) developed by Kyoto University and the Japan Marine Science Foundation. The numerical experiments took into account depositions calculated using the atmospheric dispersion model GEARN in WSPEEDI-II of I and Cs released into the atmosphere. The numerical experiments were performed from March 12 to April 30, 2011. This paper focuses on the amounts of I and Cs that were released during the above-mentioned period, as well as the concentrations of these materials in the seawater. II. Description of Numerical Experiments
Distributed Metacognition during Peer Collaboration

Current educational reform efforts stress the need for educators to teach critical thinking skills and use group-based pedagogical methods. However, the empirical literature is still unclear under which circumstances they are best fostered. The present study examined scientific reasoning as participants worked on a causal reasoning task alone versus with a partner. In previous work, individual working alone readily acquire new strategies and add them to their existing repertoire but do not abandon their less-effective strategies. The challenge of cognitive development lies not in the construction of new strategies, but rather in the consolidation of metastrategic knowledge that allows individuals to effectively evaluate and select strategies from their repertoire. The results of this research suggest that special emphasis should be placed in peer collaboration’s role in fostering metastrategic understanding rather than focusing only on the development of strategies. Further, it suggests a benefit of collaboration not previously explored; the mutual reinforcement of each other’s unstable metastrategic control through a process of distributed metacognition. Instead of deep collaboration about simple thought (theories and strategies), the benefits of collaboration for these participants lie in simple collaboration about deep thought (metastrategic knowledge).
The Role of Visual and Auditory Temporal Processing in Reading Irregular and Nonsense Words

In the present study, the role of rapid visual and auditory temporal processing in reading irregular and nonsense words was investigated with a group of normal readers. One hundred and five undergraduates participated in various visual and auditory temporal-processing tasks. Readers who primarily adopted the phonological route in reading (nonsense-word readers) showed a trend for better auditory temporal resolution but readers who primarily adopted sight word skills (irregular-word readers) did not exhibit better visual temporal resolution. Both the correlation and stepwise multiple-regression analyses, however, revealed a relationship between visual temporal processing and irregular-word reading as well as a relationship between auditory temporal processing and nonsense-word reading. The results support the involvement of visual and auditory processing in reading irregular and nonsense words respectively, and were discussed with respect to recent findings that only dyslexics with phonological impairment will display temporal deficits. Further, the temporal measures were not effective discriminants for the reading groups, suggesting a lack of association between reading ability and the choice of reading strategy.
Clinical implications of expression of interleukin-8 related to myometrial invasion with angiogenesis in uterine endometrial cancers.

BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is essential for development, growth and advancement of solid tumors. The tumor-associated macrophage has been recognized among inflammatory cells as a candidate for supplying tumor angiogenic factors. Interleukin (IL)-8 is assumed to be a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. This prompted us to study the clinical implications of macrophage-derived angiogenesis in uterine endometrial cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients underwent curative resection for uterine endometrial cancers. The patient prognosis was analyzed with a 48 month survival rate after curative resection. In tissue of uterine endometrial cancers, the levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-8, basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the localization and counts of microvessels and macrophages were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between microvessel counts and IL-8 levels and between infiltrated macrophage counts and IL-8 levels in uterine endometrial cancers. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the localization of IL-8 was similar to that of CD68 for macrophages. IL-8 levels were significantly increased during myometrial invasion from stage Ia to stages Ib through IV. CONCLUSIONS IL-8 might act as an angiogenic switch in myometrial invasion in stage I uterine endometrial cancers. Furthermore, IL-8 supplied from infiltrated macrophages within and around the tumor might not be a prognostic indicator of advancement, but may be associated with myometrial invasion in uterine endometrial cancers.