Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbial Risk Indicators of Early Childhood Caries

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to use molecular identification methods, such as 16S RNA gene sequence and reverse-capture checkerboard hybridization, for identification of the bacteria associated with dental caries and with dental health in a subset of 204 twins aged 1.5 to 7 years old. A total of 448 plaque samples (118 collected from caries-free subjects and 330 from caries-active subjects) were used for analysis. We compared the bacteria found in biofilms of children exhibiting severe dental caries, with different degrees of lesion severity, with those found in biofilms of caries-free children. A panel of 82 bacterial species was selected, and a PCR-based reverse-capture checkerboard method was used for detection. A simple univariate test was used to determine the overabundance and underabundance of bacterial species in the diseased and in the healthy groups. Features identified with this univariate test were used to construct a probabilistic disease prediction model. Furthermore, a method for the analysis of global patterns of gene expression was performed to permit simultaneous analysis of the abundance of significant species by allowing cross-bacterial comparisons of abundance profiles between caries-active and caries-free subjects. Our results suggested that global patterns of microbial abundance in this population are very distinctive. The top bacterial species found to be overabundant in the caries-active group were Actinomyces sp. strain B19SC, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus spp. , which exhibited an inverse relationship to beneficial bacterial species, such as Streptococcus parasanguinis, Abiotrophia defectiva, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus sanguinis.
Srebp‐1 Interacts with c‐Myc to Enhance Somatic Cell Reprogramming

Somatic cell reprogramming is accompanied by changes in lipid metabolism. While attempting to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the lipid metabolic switch during reprogramming, we found that overexpression of sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1 (Srebp‐1), a transcriptional factor required for lipid homeostasis, enhances reprogramming efficiency, while knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibition of Srebp‐1 is inhibitory. Srebp‐1 overexpression blocks the formation of partially reprogrammed cells, and functions in the early phase of reprogramming. Furthermore, Srebp‐1 functions in nucleus and depends on its transcriptional activity but not its ability to bind the E‐box motif and regulation of canonical targets. Mechanistically, Srebp‐1 interacts with c‐Myc, facilitates its binding to downstream pluripotent targets, strengthens the function of c‐Myc in enhancing other Yamanaka factors' binding, and thereby promotes the expression of pluripotent genes. These results elucidate a novel role for Srebp‐1 in somatic cell reprogramming and provide insights into understanding the metabolic switch during reprogramming. Stem Cells 2016;34:83–92
Development and Assessment of Indicators for Quality of Care in Severe Preeclampsia/Eclampsia and Postpartum Hemorrhage

&NA; Severe preeclampsia/eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) are serious obstetric problems worldwide. Quality improvement of care measured by evidence‐based indicators is recommended as a recent important strategy; however, the indicators for quality of care of these two conditions have not been established. This study aimed to develop such indicators and assess their validity, reliability, and feasibility at different contextual levels. Of 32 initially valid indicators for care of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia, after two rounds of Delphi technique, 21 and 30 indicators were agreed to be suitable to monitor care at district and referral hospitals. Of 13 initial indicators for PPH, 8 and 13 indicators were selected, respectively. The interrater reliability of indicators varied from 0.28 to 0.63. At least three‐fourths of all indicators rated by local doctors and nurses were assessed as feasible in terms of relevance, measurability, and improvability. The process identified reliable and feasible performance indicators to monitor quality of care in severe preeclampsia/eclampsia and PPH for either basic or comprehensive emergency obstetric care (EmOC). The informative applicability of these indicators in clinical practice needs further evaluation.
Clinical signs of accessory nerve palsy.

BACKGROUND Injury to the spinal accessory nerve causes paralysis of the trapezius muscle, which is a painful and disabling condition. Many injuries are iatrogenic. Diagnosis is often made after a long delay, suggesting that current clinical signs are inadequate. METHODS Accessory nerve palsy is known to be a cause of winging of the scapula. Observation of six patients with accessory nerve palsy has shown that winging of the scapula is most prominent when the patient actively externally rotates the shoulder against resistance. RESULTS This is in contrast to the other causes of winging of the scapula including long thoracic nerve palsy and muscular dystrophy, where the scapula is most prominent on flexion or abduction of the shoulder. CONCLUSION We propose that the resisted active external rotation test should be regarded as the key clinical sign for accessory nerve palsy.
Dihydropyridines Inhibit Acetylcholine-Induced Hyperpolarization in Cochlear Artery via Blockade of Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Acetylcholine (ACh) induces hyperpolarization and dilation in a variety of blood vessels, including the cochlear spiral modiolar artery (SMA) via the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF). We demonstrated previously that the ACh-induced hyperpolarization in the SMA originated in the endothelial cells (ECs) by activating a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCa); the hyperpolarization in smooth muscle cells was mainly an electrotonic spread via gap junction coupling. In the present study, using intracellular recording, immunohistology, and vascular diameter tracking techniques on in vitro SMA preparations, we found that 1) ACh-induced hyperpolarization was suppressed by intermediate-conductance KCa (IK) blockers clotrimazole (IC50 = 116 nM) and nitrendipine and by the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine, but it was not suppressed by the big-conductance KCa blocker iberiotoxin. The immunoreactivity to anti-SK4/IK1 antibody was localized mainly in ECs. 2) The three dihydropyridines—nifedipine, nitrendipine, and nimodipine—all concentration-dependently inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization, with an IC50 value of 455, 34, and 3.2 nM, respectively. 3) Among other L-type Ca2+ channel (IL) blockers, 10 μM verapamil exerted a 20% inhibition on ACh-induced hyperpolarization, whereas diltiazem and the metal ion Ca2+ channel blockers Cd2+ and Ni2+ had no effect. 4) Nitrendipine and charybdotoxin abolished ACh-induced dilation in the SMA. We conclude that ACh-induced hyperpolarization in the SMA is generated mainly by activation of the IK in the ECs, and dihydropyridines suppress the EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization by blocking the IK channel, not the IL channel. The clinical relevance of this dihydropyridine action is discussed.
Non-recursive method for motion detection from a compressive-sampled video stream

This paper introduces a non-recursive algorithm for motion detection directly from the analysis of compressed samples. The objective of this research is to create an algorithm able to detect, in real-time, the presence of moving objects over a fixed background from a compressive-sampled greyscale video stream. Many difficulties arise using this type of algorithm because it violates the fundamental principles of compressive sensing reconstruction that lie beneath traditional recursive methods. Recursive reconstruction methods even if accurate need large amounts of time and resources because they aim to retrieve all of the information contained within a scene. Our method is based on two key considerations. The first is that the targeted information of a moving element compared to a fixed background is really small. The second is an appropriate choice of a sub-Gaussian compressive sampling strategy. Our aim is to reduce the focus of general reconstruction in order to retrieve only objects of interest. This algorithm can be used to process compressed samples derived from a video stream with a speed of 100fps. This makes possible to detect the presence of moving objects directly from compressed samples with limited resources.
Influence and Effect of Computer Game Addiction on Students in the Schools under Basic Education Level in the Northeast

This study aimed to 1) examine factors related to computer game addiction of the youth in basic educational institutions, 2) to examine contexts influencing computer game addition of educational institution youths, and 3) investigate computer game addiction behavioral impacts of basic educational institution youths. Data collection was divided into 2 types. First type, quantitative data was derived from 2,000 sample of youths, obtained by simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for collecting data was a 5-part questionnaire. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentages, path analysis, and content analysis. Qualitative data was collected by using a focus group of 520 youths, chosen by the purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by note-taking forms on group discourse and an observation form on students behaviors. The data was on analyzed by category analysis and content analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1. For the causal factors helping in computer game addiction of basic educational institution youths in northeast Thailand, the following were found: Attitudes toward computer game playing, autocratic rearing model, and students behaviors decreasing risk of computer game playing, all directly affected game addiction behaviors of youths. 2. Regarding internal and external basic educational institution contexts the following were found. a) The internal basic educational institution contexts influencing students game addiction included: it was easy to go in and out the school; or there were school walls which could be climbed up to go out; the school had computer games for students to play through the use of school Internet laboratory which the teacher could not check thoroughly. b) The external basic educational institution contexts influencing students game addiction included: many computer game cafes were near the school and the school personnel also involved in game cafes. The cafes which provided Internet and game playing services were open from morning to evening; so anyone could conveniently use these services all the time without limitations of age and time for playing at low prices; the playing places were well hidden; they were not strict for any group of customers; children or youths could use the services; and some cafes had promotion of one hour free for customers to play games. 3. The impacts of computer game addition on free the three groups was as follows. a) The group with impacts involving aggressive behaviors, showed that the students were self-centered, easily petulant, hot-tempered, disobedient to parents, violence, stole parents’ money, had more expenses, and changed behaviors such as imitating game behaviors, and speaking aggressively. b) The group with impacts involving friars, had short memories, low achievement, were absorbed in games only, and had no attention in learning. c) The group with impacts involving health, pale and thin. eye-sight disorders, had no physical exercise, and were exhausted.
A Functional-Phylogenetic Classification System for Transmembrane Solute Transporters

SUMMARY A comprehensive classification system for transmembrane molecular transporters has been developed and recently approved by the transport panel of the nomenclature committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. This system is based on (i) transporter class and subclass (mode of transport and energy coupling mechanism), (ii) protein phylogenetic family and subfamily, and (iii) substrate specificity. Almost all of the more than 250 identified families of transporters include members that function exclusively in transport. Channels (115 families), secondary active transporters (uniporters, symporters, and antiporters) (78 families), primary active transporters (23 families), group translocators (6 families), and transport proteins of ill-defined function or of unknown mechanism (51 families) constitute distinct categories. Transport mode and energy coupling prove to be relatively immutable characteristics and therefore provide primary bases for classification. Phylogenetic grouping reflects structure, function, mechanism, and often substrate specificity and therefore provides a reliable secondary basis for classification. Substrate specificity and polarity of transport prove to be more readily altered during evolutionary history and therefore provide a tertiary basis for classification. With very few exceptions, a phylogenetic family of transporters includes members that function by a single transport mode and energy coupling mechanism, although a variety of substrates may be transported, sometimes with either inwardly or outwardly directed polarity. In this review, I provide cross-referencing of well-characterized constituent transporters according to (i) transport mode, (ii) energy coupling mechanism, (iii) phylogenetic grouping, and (iv) substrates transported. The structural features and distribution of recognized family members throughout the living world are also evaluated. The tabulations should facilitate familial and functional assignments of newly sequenced transport proteins that will result from future genome sequencing projects.
PEARL Multimodality Neuromonitoring and Decompressive Hemicraniectomy After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Methods We report the case of a young woman with delayed cerebral infarction and intracranial hypertension following subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring hemicraniectomy, who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring of the contralateral hemisphere before and after craniectomy. Results Intracranial hypertension was preceded by signs of ischemia and impaired brain metabolism diagnosed through cerebral microdialysis and PbtO2 monitoring, as well as a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) to <40 mmHg despite increasing vasopressor requirements. We describe how a comprehensive multimodality neuromonitoring approach was utilized to inform the decision to perform an early decompressive hemicraniectomy. Post-operatively, CPP and intracranial pressure (ICP) normalized, and the patient was weaned off all pressors within hours. The modified Rankin score at 3 and 12 months was 5. Conclusions Delayed rescue hemicraniectomy can be lifesaving after poor grade SAH. The role of multimodality brain monitoring for determining the optimal timing of hemicraniectomy deserves further study.
Occurrence of pseudoexfoliative material in parabulbar structures in pseudoexfoliation syndrome

Abstract The blind and painful left eye of a 88‐year‐old woman was enucleated and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Three years earlier, after unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome with advanced open angle glaucoma of the left eye had been diagnosed, argon laser trabeculoplasty and pars plicata diathermy were performed. Light microscopy showed deposits of typical pseudoexfoliative material in the anterior segment and endothelialization of the chamber angle. By transmission electron microscopy we demonstrated pseudoexfoliative fibers not only at the typical intraocular locations and in the bulbar conjunctiva but also ultrastructurally identical material in hitherto not described extraocular locations such as extraocular rectus and oblique muscles, vortex veins and the optic nerve sheaths. Ultrastructurally, the fibers showed all the characteristic features of pseudoexfoliative material. Our findings are another strong indication that pseudoexfoliation syndrome is not a purely intraocular disorder but represents a more widespread disease.
The Effect of Dissociation on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Brucella

Electrophoretic investigations of rough and smooth forms of bacteria have been confined largely to a few groups of organisms. Brown and Broom (1929) and Ahuja (1929) reported there was no difference in electrophoretic mobility of R and S forms of intestinal bacteria; however, Joffe, Hitchcock, and Mudd (1933), Joffe and Mudd (1935), and Moyer (1936b) have shown that R and S forms of these organisms have mobilities that are quite different from each other. Appreciable differences in mobility of R and S forms of tubercle bacilli were observed by Kahn and Schwarzkopf (1930), Reed and Gardiner (1932), (1934), and Choucroun and Plotz (1934). Electrophoresis studies on vibrios, both R and S forms, have been especially investigated by Soru (1934) and Linton, Mitra, and Seal (1938). These last authors conclude that electrophoretic data give a quantitative measure of the roughness of organisms. Rane (1929) observed differences in electrophoretic behavior of R and S forms of Bacterium phaseoli (sojense). Thompson (1931) reported differences in electro-
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Underrecognition by clinicians and diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions*

Objective:To determine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of three clinical definitions of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): (1) the American-European consensus conference definition; (2) the lung injury score; and (3) a recently developed Delphi definition. A second objective was to determine the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of ARDS made in daily practice. Design:Independent comparison of autopsy findings with the daily status of clinical definitions, constructed with data abstracted retrospectively from medical records. Setting:Tertiary intensive care unit. Patients:One hundred thirty-eight patients from the period 1995 through 2001 who were autopsied after being mechanically ventilated. Interventions:Clinical ARDS diagnoses were determined daily without knowledge of autopsy results. Charts were reviewed for any mention of ARDS in the clinical notes. Autopsies were reviewed independently by two pathologists for the presence of diffuse alveolar damage. The sensitivity and specificity of the definitions were determined with use of diffuse alveolar damage at autopsy as the reference standard. Measurements and Main Results:Diffuse alveolar damage at autopsy was documented in 42 of 138 cases (30.4%). Only 20 of these 42 patients (47.6%) had any mention of ARDS in their chart. Sensitivities and specificities (95% confidence intervals) were as follows: American-European definition, 0.83 (0.72–0.95), 0.51 (0.41–0.61); lung injury score, 0.74 (0.61–0.87), 0.77 (0.69–0.86); and Delphi definition, 0.69 (0.55–0.83), 0.82 (0.75–0.90). Specificity was significantly higher for both the lung injury score and Delphi definition than for the American-European definition (p < .001 for both), whereas comparisons of sensitivity, which was higher for the American-European definition, were not significantly different (p = .34 and p = .07, respectively). Conclusions:Acute respiratory distress syndrome appears underrecognized by clinicians in patients who die with this syndrome. In this population, the specificities of existing clinical definitions vary considerably, which may be problematic for clinical trials.
Health-related quality of life in severe cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis and improvement after B-cell depleting therapy.

OBJECTIVES To study the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in severe cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) associated with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and to describe the effect of rituximab on HRQOL. METHODS HRQOL was evaluated with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36). Health Survey questionnaire was submitted to 15 patients with severe CV. SF-36 questionnaire was evaluated at baseline and after rituximab. Physical Health Composite Summary (PCS) and Mental Health Composite Summary (MCS) scores were calculated according to standard protocols, and normalised to healthy controls. SF-36 summary scores were compared with those of HCV positive patients without CV, and other vasculitis published in the literature. European Quality of Life-5 dimensions (EQ5D) scores were also derived. RESULTS Physical and mental domain scores were all reduced if compared with those of the healthy population, with physical domains being greatly affected. HRQOL of CV was comparable with HRQOL reported for the other small vessel vasculitis. The development of CV in HCV positive patients worsened PCS rather than MCS score. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) did not correlate with HRQOL, while the presence of peripheral neuropathy was associated with a worse HRQOL. Early rituximab treatment improved both PCS and MCS scores, with long-term effects. CONCLUSIONS PCS rather than MCS was affected in HCV positive patients when CV is present. Rituximab improved both physical and mental domains, thus supporting its use before antiviral therapy in severe HCV-related CV. The cost/benefits ratio of a sequential therapy may be supported.
The design of orally bioavailable 2, 5‐diketopiperazine oxytocin antagonists: from concept to clinical candidate for premature labor

A short, efficient and highly stereoselective synthesis has been developed for a series of 6‐indanyl‐3‐alkyl‐7‐aryl/heterocyclic‐(3R, 6R, 7R)‐2, 5‐diketopiperazine amides that are potent and selective oxytocin (OT) antagonists. Property‐based design using an estimate of human oral absorption enabled focus to be directed to those templates with the greatest chance of delivering high bioavailability in humans. This led to the 2′, 4′‐difluorophenyl dimethylamide 40, a highly potent (pKi=9.2) and selective OT antagonist (>1,000‐fold selectivity vs. the human vasopressin receptors V1a, V2, and V1b) with good oral bioavailability (>50%) in the rat and dog. Increased solubility and an improved Cyp450 profile was achieved with a range of 2′‐substituted 7‐(1′,3′‐oxazol‐4′‐yl)‐(3R,6R,7R)‐2,5‐diketopiperazine amides and branching at the α‐carbon of the 3‐butyl group led to a superior rat pharmacokinetic profile that resulted in the discovery of the 2′‐methyl‐1′,3′‐oxazol‐4′‐yl morpholine amide derivative 74 GSK221149A (Retosiban), which had the best oral exposure and bioavailability in the rat. Retosiban has sub‐nanomolar affinity (Ki=0.65 nM) for the oxytocin receptor with >1400‐fold selectivity over the closely related vasopressin receptors. It has good solubility, low protein binding and has a good Cyp450 profile with no significant inhibition IC50>100 µM. Retosiban is >15‐fold more potent at the human oxytocin receptor than atosiban (a marketed i.v, peptide OT antagonist) and it has been shown to be an effective tocolytic by i.v. and by oral administration in rats, and was selected for progression as a potential clinical candidate for preterm labor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev 31:576‐604, 2011