Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MIN—an optimal variable-space page replacement algorithm

A criterion for comparing variable space page replacement algorithms is presented. An optimum page replacement algorithm, called VMIN, is described and shown to be optimum with respect to this criterion. The results of simulating VMIN, Denning's working set, and the page partitioning replacement algorithms on five virtual memory programs are presented to demonstrate the improvement possible over the known realizable variable space algorithms.
Association Between PMTCT Services Utilization Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of their HIV-Exposed Children in Mtwara District, Tanzania

Although without any intervention in PMTCT up to 80% of HIV exposed children could not be infected with HIV, PMTCT interventions provide a critical opportunity to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child during pregnancy, labour and delivery and/or during breastfeeding. The objective of the study therefore was to determine the association between utilization of PMTCT services among HIV positive mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months and HIV status of their exposed children attending post-natal clinics in Mtwara Rural District. The study was carried out between July and August 2012. Analytical cross sectional study using structured questionnaire among 130 HIV positive mothers who had children aged between 6 to 24 months was employed. Random sampling of Health Facilities were done followed by conveniently sampling to select participants, where all HIV positive mothers (who fulfilled the inclusion criteria) who attended the clinic during the time of data collection were consecutively included in the study till the sample size reached. About 10% of children born by mothers who knew their HIV positive status before pregnancy and they were on ARV treatment were infected with HIV compared to 50% of children born by mothers who were not on ART treatment before pregnancy (χ2=4.3, p = 0.038). Transmission rate of HIV from mother to child among mothers whoreceived ARV‘s for PMTCT during pregnancy was 15.5% compared to 58.8% of mothers who do not received ARV‘s for PMTCT during pregnancy. Regardless of intervention, the prevalence of HIV among exposed children who had mixed feeding was 36.1% while for those who were exclusively breastfed/formula fed was 13.8% (χ2= 8.077, p = 0.004). Reduction of MTCT of HIV is possible with effective PMTCT interventions, including access to ARV‘s for PMTCT by mothers during pregnancy, labour, and during lactation period and also for exposed children from birth till when they stopped breastfed or proven to be HIV infected. Appropriate infant feeding practices is also crucial in reduction of MTCT. Strategies to address programmatic challenges of lower ANC attendance, low facility delivery and low post-natal care attendance in rural Tanzania which contribute to low uptake of ARV prophylaxis for PMTCT during pregnancy, labour and after delivery observed in this study are essential.
The character, value, and management of personal paper archives

We explored general issues concerning personal information management by investigating the characteristics of office workers' paper-based information, in an industrial research environment. we examined the reasons people collect paper, types of data they collect, problems encountered in handling paper, and strategies used for processing it. We tested three specific hypotheses in the course of an office move. The greater availability of public digital data along with changes in people's jobs or interests should lead to wholescale discarding of paper data, while preparing for the move. Instead we found workers kept large, highly valued papar archives. We also expected that the major part of people's personal archives would be unique documents. However, only 49% of people's archives were unique documents, the remainder being copies of publicly available data and unread information, and we explore reasons for this. We examined the effects of paper-processing strategies on archive structure. We discovered different paper-processing strategies (filing and piling)that were relatively independent of job type. We predicated that filers' attempted to evaluate and catergorize incoming documents would produce smaller archives that were accessed frequently. Contrary to our predictions, filers amassed more information, and accessed it less frequently than pilers. We argue that filers may engage in premature filing: to clear their workspace, they archives information that later turns out to be of low value. Given the effort involved in organzing data, they are also loath to discard filed information, even when its value is uncertain. We discuss the implications of this research for digital personal information management.
Subclinical hypothyroidism may not cause dyslipidemia in female patients

1) Gülhane Askeri T›p Akademisi Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Hastal›klar› Bilim Dal›, Uzm. Dr., Ankara 2) Gülhane Askeri T›p Akademisi Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Hastal›klar› Bilim Dal›, Doç. Dr., Ankara 3) Gülhane Askeri T›p Akademisi Aile Hekimli¤i Anabilim Dal›, Aile Hekimli¤i Uzman›, Yard. Doç. Dr., Ankara 4) Gülhane Askeri T›p Akademisi Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Hastal›klar› Bilim Dal›, Yard. Doç. Dr., Ankara 5) Gülhane Askeri T›p Akademisi Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Hastal›klar› Bilim Dal›, Prof. Dr., Ankara Subklinik hipotiroidi kad›nlarda dislipidemiye neden olmayabilir Araflt›rma | Research Article Türk Aile Hek Derg 2010; 14(4): 162-166 doi:10.2399/tahd.10. 162
IgE Generation and Mast Cell Activation

IgE is an important marker for allergy and plays a central role in the induction of allergic diseases through its binding of the high affinity receptor on mast cells. Mast cells can influence B cell survival, proliferation and differentiation into CD138+cells. Among TH2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are responsible for class-switching in B cells which resolves in production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies that bind to specific receptor on mast cells. IgE synthesis by B cells is regulated by CD40 ligand, IL-4 and interferon-gamma, therefore inhibition of B cell antigen-specific IgE may prevent the cleavage of CD23 from B cells, having a therapeutic impact which also includes the removal of circulating free IgE, omalizumab, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene receptor antagonist, and others. B cell differentiation into IgE-producing cells requires two signals provided by TH2 cells and IL-4, however IL-4, IL-1 and IL-10 as well as several hormones are critical for the development of TH2 cells, while cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta play a negative role. However, the exact mechanism of this process has not yet been defined.
The Influence of Adverse Drug Reactions on First-line Anti-tuberculosis Chemotherapy in the Elderly Patients.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is still common disease among the elderly patients in Korea where the overall incidence of TB is decreasing. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) associated with anti-TB drugs occurs frequently. Especially the aged tends to have more frequent ADRs than younger ones. These ADRs can cause significant morbidity, compromise therapeutic effects of drugs and even induce drug resistance. Therefore we evaluated the effect of ADRs on the first-line anti-TB drugs in elderly patients with active pulmonary TB. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts and radiological findings of the patients with 65 and older who were bacteriologically confirmed as active TB and treated with standard anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months. Major ADR was defined with temporary or continuous stop of any first- line drugs intake. Results: An ADR was noted in 54% of all patients. The incidence of major ADR was 32% in all elderly patients. Dermatologic ADR (9%) was the most common among the major ADRs. GI trouble (8%), arthralgia (6%), visual change (6%), hepatotoxicity (4%), and fever (1%) were also note d. The drugs responsible for major ADR were ethambutol (62%), pyrazinamide (35%), rifampin (18%) and isoniazid (9%). Major ADRs were associated with higher ESR level at the initiation of anti-TB drugs. Conclusion: First-line anti-TB drugs in elderly patients frequently caused the major ADRs. Therefore the elderly patients receiving anti-TB drugs should be closely monitored and better tolerable therapy should be considered as part of a TB research agenda.
Factors Discriminating Spontaneous Pursed-Lips Breathing Use in Patients with COPD

ABSTRACT Pursed-lips breathing (PLB) is often spontaneously performed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate spontaneous PLB prevalence and to identify factors discriminating its use. Fifty-seven patients with COPD (FEV1 = 44.3 ± 17.4%pred) underwent pulmonary function testing and two incremental bicycle exercise tests. Peak workload (Wpeak), oxygen uptake (VO2peak), breathing pattern, and dyspnea (Borg scale) were measured in the first exercise test and spontaneous PLB performance in the second. Six patients spontaneously performed pursed-lips breathing during rest (PLBrest), exercise and recovery, 18 during exercise and recovery (PLBex), 7 during recovery only (PLBrec), 20 not at all (PLBno), and 6 performed other expiratory resistive maneuvers. PLBrest and PLBex patients exhibited a lower Wpeak, O2 uptake, and minute ventilation (VE), greater expiratory flow limitation and higher slopes relating dyspnea to VE or W (%predicted). PLBrest patients were more hypercapnic, had a lower exercise tolerance and diffusion capacity, and greater flow limitation and hyperinflation. PLBrec and PLBno patients were indistinguishable with regard to pulmonary function, dyspnea, and exercise performance. The most significant independent predictors of spontaneous PLB use during exercise were FEV1/FVC and the slope relating dyspnea to VE. Spontaneous PLB is most often performed by COPD subjects when ventilation is stimulated by exercise, and during recovery from exercise. Severity of airflow obstruction and the dyspnea experienced during exercise play an important role in determining whether or not PLB is spontaneously performed by COPD patients.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Myocardin-related Transcription Factor Pathway Blocks Lung Metastases of RhoC-Overexpressing Melanoma

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer with the majority of deaths arising from metastatic disease. Evidence implicates Rho-activated gene transcription in melanoma metastasis mediated by the nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivator, myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF). Here, we highlight a role for Rho and MRTF signaling and its reversal by pharmacologic inhibition using in vitro and in vivo models of human melanoma growth and metastasis. Using two cellular models of melanoma, we clearly show that one cell type, SK-Mel-147, is highly metastatic, has high RhoC expression, and MRTF nuclear localization and activity. Conversely, SK-Mel-19 melanoma cells have low RhoC expression, and decreased levels of MRTF-regulated genes. To probe the dependence of melanoma aggressiveness to MRTF transcription, we use a previously developed small-molecule inhibitor, CCG-203971, which at low micromolar concentrations blocks nuclear localization and activity of MRTF-A. In SK-Mel-147 cells, CCG-203971 inhibits cellular migration and invasion, and decreases MRTF target gene expression. In addition, CCG-203971–mediated inhibition of the Rho/MRTF pathway significantly reduces cell growth and clonogenicity and causes G1 cell-cycle arrest. In an experimental model of melanoma lung metastasis, the RhoC-overexpressing melanoma cells (SK-Mel-147) exhibited pronounced lung colonization compared with the low RhoC–expressing SK-Mel-19. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of the MRTF pathway reduced both the number and size of lung metastasis resulting in a marked reduction of total lung tumor burden. These data link Rho and MRTF-mediated signaling with aggressive phenotypes and support targeting the MRTF transcriptional pathway as a novel approach to melanoma therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 193–204. ©2016 AACR.
CALL FOR PAPERS Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in hypertension

Dikalov SI, Ungvari Z. Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 305: H1417–H1427, 2013. First published September 11, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00089. 2013. —Based on mosaic theory, hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that develops because of genetic, environmental, anatomical, adaptive neural, endocrine, humoral, and hemodynamic factors. It has been recently proposed that oxidative stress may contribute to all of these factors and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of hypertension. Previous studies focusing on the role of vascular NADPH oxidases provided strong support of this concept. Although mitochondria represent one of the most significant sources of cellular ROS generation, the regulation of mitochondrial ROS generation in the cardiovascular system and its pathophysiological role in hypertension are much less understood. In this review, the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cross talk between angiotensin II signaling, pathways involved in mechanotransduction, NADPH oxidases, and mitochondria-derived ROS are considered. The possible benefits of therapeutic strategies that have the potential to attenuate mitochondrial oxidative stress for the prevention/treatment of hypertension are also discussed.
Repercussões da amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo sobre a morbimortalidade neonatal

O objetivo foi analisar os fatores associados ao obito e sobrevida com sequela em neonatos egressos de gestacoes que cursaram com amniorrexe prematura. Estudo observacional do tipo coorte historica analisou prontuarios de pacientes que evoluiram com quadro de amniorrexe prematura < 34 semanas de gestacao. As variaveis foram cotejadas com os desfechos obito neonatal e sobrevida com sequela. Em ambos os grupos os dados foram submetidos a analise bivariada, sendo os valores que exibem significância estatistica submetidos a regressao logistica. No modelo multivariado final em relacao ao obito fetal tiveram significância estatistica: corioamnionite; indice de Apgar < 5 no 5o minuto; peso ao nascimento < 1.000g; e reanimacao cardiopulmonar. Quanto a presenca de sequela entre os sobreviventes destacam se: a colonizacao cervical; persistencia do canal arterial; indice de Apgar < 5 no 5o minuto; e peso ao nascimento < 1.000g. Processos infecciosos, extremo baixo peso ao nascer e asfixia periparto sao as principais variaveis ligadas aos desfechos estudados entre neonatos egressos de gestacoes que cursaram com amniorrexe prematura.
Eosinophils are dispensable for allergic remodeling and immunity in a model of house dust mite-induced airway disease.

RATIONALE Current thinking accredits eosinophils with preeminent contributions to allergic airway responses, including a major role in the development of airway remodeling, a process thought to significantly contribute to airway dysfunction. However, direct evidence in support of this notion is limited and often controversial. OBJECTIVES We elucidated the requirement for eosinophils in the generation of allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and remodeling in a model involving chronic respiratory exposure to house dust mite (HDM). METHODS We used three methods to selectively eliminate eosinophils, a depleting antibody (anti-CCR3), and two strains of eosinophil-deficient mice (ΔdblGATA and the transgenic line PHIL). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Anti-CCR3 treatment markedly reduced pulmonary eosinophilia (> 80%) over the course of HDM exposure but had no effect on the remaining inflammatory response, the extent of lung Th2 cells, or the development of remodeling-associated changes, including subepithelial collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening. In addition, we observed that, despite the absence of eosinophils, HDM-exposed GATA mice mounted robust airway and lung inflammation and hyperresponsiveness and showed a remodeling response equivalent to that observed in wild-type mice. Moreover, these mice had similar serum HDM-specific IgE levels and Th2-associated splenocyte cytokine production as HDM-exposed wild-type control mice. Similar observations were made in PHIL eosinophil-deficient mice subjected to chronic HDM exposure, although slight decreases in airway mononuclear cells, but not lung Th2 cells, and remodeling were noted. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that, at variance with the prevailing paradigm, eosinophils play negligible roles in the generation of HDM-induced allergic immunity and airway remodeling.
Prognostic Value of Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Sudden Death Risk in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background— Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of sudden death in the young, although not all patients eligible for sudden death prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator are identified. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has emerged as an in vivo marker of myocardial fibrosis, although its role in stratifying sudden death risk in subgroups of HCM patients remains incompletely understood. Methods and Results— We assessed the relation between LGE and cardiovascular outcomes in 1293 HCM patients referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance and followed up for a median of 3.3 years. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) events (including appropriate defibrillator interventions) occurred in 37 patients (3%). A continuous relationship was evident between LGE by percent left ventricular mass and SCD event risk in HCM patients (P=0.001). Extent of LGE was associated with an increased risk of SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46/10% increase in LGE; P=0.002), even after adjustment for other relevant disease variables. LGE of ≥15% of LV mass demonstrated a 2-fold increase in SCD event risk in those patients otherwise considered to be at lower risk, with an estimated likelihood for SCD events of 6% at 5 years. Performance of the SCD event risk model was enhanced by LGE (net reclassification index, 12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–38.3). Absence of LGE was associated with lower risk for SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.39; P=0.02). Extent of LGE also predicted the development of end-stage HCM with systolic dysfunction (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80/10% increase in LGE; P<0.03). Conclusions— Extensive LGE measured by quantitative contrast enhanced CMR provides additional information for assessing SCD event risk among HCM patients, particularly patients otherwise judged to be at low risk.
Dexmedetomidine: sedation, analgesia and beyond

Background: Dexmedetomidine is an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic properties. Since its release in the US market in late 1999, it has gained remarkable attention in the adult, pediatric and geriatric populations, predominantly because of its minimal respiratory depression. However, beyond its well-known properties, dexmedetomidine has recently been investigated for its potential in many other clinical scenarios, including neuroprotection, cardioprotection and renoprotection, with promising results. Objective: This review provides an outline of the current use of dexmedetomidine in adult and pediatric populations in several clinical settings, including operating room, intensive care unit, postsurgical patients and patients who need sedation and/or analgesia for invasive and noninvasive procedures. Our objectives were to examine the most up-to-date clinical evidence, describe the magnitude of effects, and shed some light on potential future applications. Methods: Published, peer-reviewed studies, including preclinical data, were included in this review article. Results/conclusions: Dexmedetomidine is a novel agent with a wide safety margin and excellent sedative and moderate analgesic properties. Though its broadest use is currently in surgical and nonsurgical intensive care unit patients, dexmedetomidine appears to have promising future applications in the areas of neuroprotection, cardioprotection and renoprotection.
Leukemia detection from blood smears

Leukemia is a highly fatal hematologic cancer which starts in blood-forming tissue, such as bone marrow and triggers high production of immature and abnormal shaped blood cells. Skilled medical officers are required to diagnose leukemia from blood smears. This poses a problem in remote areas and rural areas where there is a shortage of qualified medical personnel. This paper proposes a computer-aided diagnosis system that can detect and classify leukemia from blood microscopic images. Satisfactory preliminary experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our system
A HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED FORM OF VALVULAR AND MURAL ENDOCARDITIS

In previous communications, 1 cases of endocarditis were classified as rheumatic, syphilitic, bacterial—acute and subacute—and indeterminate. The latter term was introduced to designate certain cases which do not fall into the category of any of the well-recognized groups of endocarditis, and the etiology of which is not yet established. The term is used to include (a) the cases of so-called "terminal" or "cachectic" endocarditis, occurring at the close of chronic diseases such as carcinoma, tuberculosis, nephritis, and leukemia, and (b) cases of "atypical verrucous endocarditis. " The purpose of the present communication is to discuss the cases included in the latter group, which we believe represent a hitherto undescribed form of endocarditis. We are at the present time reporting the study of four cases, clinical observations of which were supplemented by postmortem examinations. In each instance, there were peculiar valvular and mural lesions, which differed in morphology and localization from those generally