Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation of vegetative characters of Populus deltoides

Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to study the patterns of geographic varia- tion in Populus deltoides (Salicaceae). Ten characters reflecting the vegetative morphology in this species were analyzed for each of 522 individuals in 302 localities scattered throughout eastern North America. Factor analysis reduced the dimensionality of the matrix. The first factor, reflecting leaf size, shows a clear clinal pattern throughout the study area, with larger leaves in the south and southeast. Other factors, reflecting twig size, leaf apical shape, and leaf base shape also exhibit spatial patterns but on a smaller geographic scale. The influence of large-scale environmental and climatic variation on these patterns was examined by regressing the factor scores against a matrix of five environmental parameters. The regression residuals were then examined for spatial pattern. In most cases the residuals retain no spatial patterning. However, the first factor, that reflecting leaf size, shows some small-scale pattern. Analysis of geographic variation patterns of populations within a species, especially one with a wide area of distribution, permits an insight into its population structure and may lead to the factors that cause the observed dif- ferentiation, cohesion, or disjunction of the gene pool. We report on a study of geographic variation of leaf and twig characters of the east- ern cottonwood Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. subsp. deltoides. The opportunity for the pres- ent study arose as a by-product of geographic variation studies of aphid species of the genus Pemphigus, which form galls on the leaves and petioles of species of Populus (Sokal et al. 1980; Sokal and Riska 1981). Collections of samples from these trees were made throughout the conterminous U.S. and portions of Canada. To be useful in the study of the aphid parasite, these Populus specimens had to be collected in the summer, which precluded obtaining flow- ers or fruits. For this reason, the collections contain only leaves and twigs. The principal method of analysis in this pa- per is spatial autocorrelation analysis. This is a recently introduced technique for the analysis of geographic variation, which has as its special goal the description of the population structure of the studied samples (Sokal 1979, 1984; Sokal and Oden 1978a, 1978b; Sokal and Wartenberg 1981, 1983). To date it has been applied to data sets on various animals including humans
Street Network Inter-Accessibility and Urban Sustainability. Measuring Urban Compactness with Various Spatial Analyses Tools

This contribution demonstrates how the use of the space syntax method and urban micro scale tools can be used to identify and describe the spatial features of a sustainable city. As turned out, the spatial structure of the mobility network and the spatial relationship between buildings and streets influence several aspects related to compact and sustainable cities, such as vital urban centres, street life diversity, street safety, walkability, and the degree of the use of sustainable mobility means.
Twitter Sentimental Analysis Using Neural Network

: Sentimental Analysis can be referred to the process of analyzing and determining the thought process of the writer based on their messages on various social networking sites. Twitter is one of the most renowned social networking websites where user can read and post messages about a person, an event, a product and the current happenings all over the world. These are normally 140-280 characters in length. In this system, tweets are used as the raw data. The tweets are collected through Twitter API using a secret token. Then they are preprocessed using text mining package to reduce the noise in the words. The score is computed for each pre-processed tweet using Dictionary-Based Approach. For positive tweets, the score is 1, for negative tweet the score is -1 and 0 for neutral tweet. The pre-processed tweets along with the scores are stored in CSV format for further process. The train data and test data is provided in the ratio 60:40 to construct the classification model. After classification, it is observed that - Convolutional Neural Network is unformulated to compute the probability of the tweets. The system uses K-fold cross validation method to improve over the holdout method. Finally, as the result the opinion of the sentiment related to the given tweets is predicted using probability of the positive tweets by hybrid approach. This system produces a better performance measure when compared to other method
University of Southern Denmark Directing the wisdom of the crowd: the importance of social interaction among founders and the crowd during crowdfunding campaigns Clauss,

Crowdfunding plays an important role as an alternative funding source for technology ventures. No earlier studies particularly investigated the importance of social interactions during such crowdfunding campaigns. Hence, we particularly take the interaction between the project owner and the community as well as among community members into account. We empirically investigated potential success factors for crowdfunding projects of entrepreneurs on the base of 430 projects from the German crowdfunding platform Visionbakery. Our results show that social interaction during a crowdfunding campaign indeed increases the likelihood of its success. As comments from crowd members on particular projects might be positive or negative and can also provide additional argumentation or raise questions, comments can cause a dialog among crowd members. This shows that herding might not only be related to the number of contributors but also to their shared attributes and perceptions. Our discussion of theoretical and managerial implications closes with recommendations for future research on this evolving
Gönüllü Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Veri Görselleştirmesi Üzerine Bir Analiz

: Among the modern trends, in the internet world, user's knowledge production and consumption is becoming a new look in the scope of geographical information systems. Geographic data generation is not the only process that experts and professionals can do today. Amateur internet users also provide geographical contribution through online systems. Geographical data generation of amateur users is defined as voluntereed geographic information. In this study
Nonlinear granular phononic crystals and their applications

Phononic crystals are the analogue of photonic crystals for the acoustic waves. By adding scattering periodic inclusions forming a crystal inside an homogeneous host material, some ranges of acoustic frequencies are totally reflected and then forbidden in the resulting material. This creates acoustic band-gaps. Nonlinear granular phononic crystals are composed of statically compressed chains of particles, confined in a guide, that interact nonlinearly through Hertzian contacts. [1] Uncompressed granular crystals are called “sonic vacuum type crystals” and are incapable of transmitting linear elastic waves. [2]
Progress towards Mapping Seasonal Snowpack from Very High Resolution Drone Photogrammetry

Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) offer the opportunity to map small areas photogrammetrically at very high resolution in an on-demand fashion. RPAS datasets may subsequently provide very high resolution three dimensional terrain and surface models. While the use of RPAS for both qualitative and quantitative mapping is increasing rapidly, examples related to snow are promising, but limited (De Michele et al. 2015; Durand 2015; Bühler et al. 2016; Harder et al. 2016; Marti et al. 2016).
Development Of Feature Descriptor Based Methods For Images Annotation

: These days Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) has gotten progressively prevalent. CBIR framework relies upon the visual ideas of the images. These visual ideas are characterized by the low-level highlights like color, surface, and state of whole images that are separated. At that point, they are put away in the database as an element database. The practiced CBIR techniques are utilized in an enormous image database. Be that as it may, these techniques likewise need some solid advancement in the abstract content of images. Color is a generally utilized component for speaking to images in CBIR. We present a novel way to deal with naturally produce transitional image descriptors by misusing idea co-event designs in the pre-named preparing fixed that renders it conceivable to delineate complex scene images semantically. Our work is roused by the way that different ideas that every now and again co-happen crosswise over images structure designs that could give relevant signals to singular idea induction.
Effects of Political Violence on Incumbent Political Parties

While the large-N literature has paid some attention to the relationship between electoral politics and terrorism with a focus on whether terrorism affects left-wing or right-wing parties, we argue, that the role of incumbency is overlooked. We maintain that through local state resources and party machinery the national incumbent party is able to overcome criticisms that breaches to security happened on its watch. We conduct separate analyses on the 1993 and 1997 general elections from Chile and five general elections between 1995 and 2011 in Turkey. These two countries are not only historically among the most terror-affected countries of the world and have a checkered history with democracy (Weinberg 2013) but they also enable us to compare the effects of urban ideological terrorism in the case of Chile with that from Turkey which includes rural guerrilla warfare and has an ethnic dimension, and also affected civilians as well as noncivilians. We combine data from the Global Terrorism Database with electoral politics data. Our choice of countries enables us to examine left-wing incumbents, right-wing incumbents, single party and coalition incumbent governments. Unlike much of the relevant literature, our statistical analysis is conducted at the municipal level, where we argue that the effects of terrorism are most likely to be felt given the proximity to the attack. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the municipal level electoral linkages as well as the local party organizations more in the study of political violence as strong local organizations present incumbent parties the opportunity to avoid blame for their failure to provide security to citizens.
Improvement of rice variety for biotic and abiotic stress resistance using the technique of allele mining

During the crop evolution, humans were interested to select desirable plants for cultivation that leads to the bottleneck of genetic domestication. In this way, domestication and modern breeding strategies reduce the genetic variation of the crop. As a result, the modern-day breeding program concentrates only on the limited genetic resources for crop improvement. Research concentrates to increase genetic variability either by unused genetic resources or induced variation by mutation. Allele mining is one of the techniques to unlock the variation in genetic resources which remain to be the unexploited resources for various agronomic traits. Allele mining identifies the role of an allele with a phenotype that paves the way to develop allele-specific markers and these will be useful in the Molecular Breeding program. This review describes progress made in allele mining and its impact on a rice improvement program.
Confined Bed Breakage of Fine Iron Ore Concentrates

High-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) have gained great popularity in the mining industry in the last 25 years or so. One of the first successful applications of the technology has been in iron ore pressing prior to pelletization. Piston-and-die tests can provide good insights on the material response in an HPGR. This work analyzed confined bed breakage of four iron ore concentrates under different conditions. Saturation in breakage of particles contained in the top size in the tests was observed to occur at specific energies of about 2 kWh/t, whereas full saturation in breakage, with no additional increase in specific surface area of the material, occurred at energies above about 6 kWh/t. An expression was proposed to characterize the propensity of a material to break under confined bed conditions. The phenomenology involved in confined bed breakage of such materials was then analyzed in light of the results.
Kv1.3 Potassium Channels: Promising Therapeutic Targets in Hematological Malignancies

Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are selectively permeable for potassium ions and are activated by change of the cell membrane voltage [1]. They are grouped into 12 subfamilies (Kv1-Kv12) with the Kv1 subfamily named Shaker type. Kv channels consist of a homotetramer with four α-subunits and a central ion pore. Each α-subunit is composed of six transmembrane domains S1-S6, S4 serving as voltage-gate, S5 and S6 forming the p-loop as selective potassium ion filter. The α-subunits are associated with regulatory subunits such as Kvß, which control channel expression, gating, and potassium current, with integrins [2] and with adapter proteins and protein tyrosine kinase p56lck, which are involved in signal transduction [3]. Initially studied in excitable cells like neurons, expression of Kv channels was detected in different cell types including hematopoietic cells, and Kv channels of the Kv1.3 type were firstly described in human T lymphocytes in 1984 [4,5]. Kv1.3 channels of the plasma membrane prevent accidental depolarization of the T-cell, thereby regulating its resting membrane potential. Upon T-cell receptor engagement, Kv1.3 channels are recruited into the immunological synapse [6] and via potassium efflux prevent continuous depolarization generated by calcium influx through calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. The permissive hyperpolarization is crucial for sustained calcium influx to allow effective T-cell activation [7]. Elegant studies have shown that Kv1.3 channels are also expressed in the mitochondrial membrane (mitoKv1.3), where they function as mediators of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway [8]. Upon an initial apoptotic stimulus, the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax, which is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, translocates to the mitoKv1.3 and blocks its central channel pore at Lysin128. Inhibition of mitoKv1.3 channels results in mitochondrial hyperpolarization, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of cytochrome C (CytC), which feeds into the activation of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 [9]. In addition, Abstract
Biologics Targeting in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Conundrum

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, gastrointestinal disorder which is classified into Crohns’ disease and ulcerative colitis. It has a strong effect on the quality of life and is characterized by chronic periods of exacerbation and remission. It has an unknown etiology but is driven due to excessive immune response in the gut wall. The triggered immune response causes overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Biological therapies are the monoclonal antibodies that are created in the laboratory to stop certain proteins in the body causing inflammation. These biologics have dramatically changed the therapeutic approach to inflammatory bowel disease. Biologics has three classes: anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), anti-integrins, and anti-interleukin (IL) 12/23. This article offers a critical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of biological agents in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. We compared different studies that were available in the PubMed database. All the biologics showed a better clinical response and mucosal healing than placebo. Infliximab has the highest efficacy, but it can make antibodies to infliximab that causes loss of response; then golimumab is effective in these patients. Certolizumab is more effective if it is used as a first-line drug. If corticosteroid and immunomodulator therapy has failed then vedolizumab is effective. As steroid therapy causes major adverse effects and involves the whole body, biological therapy should take over. Still, we need more studies to make biological therapy as a first option in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Investigation on Various Training Algorithms for Robust ANN-PID Controller Design

: The classical off-line tuning of PID controller may not cope-up with the real-time disturbances as the control design process is independent of disturbance characteristics. So, the recent research focuses on making this tuning process on-line by using artificial intelligence techniques. Among various artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques, neural networks (NN) provide multiple features such as control design, forecasting, regression analysis, etc. However, the efficacy of artificial NN depends on how well the system is getting trained. Besides, there are many training algorithms available for implementing artificial NN to tune PID controller gain parameters for a given system. However, the selection of suitable training algorithm influences the effectiveness of the PID controller in the system. Moreover, the effective algorithm identified for one system may not work well for another type of system. So, it is always an important task to analyze which algorithm works better for the given system characteristics. With this intent, this paper presents a quantitative investigation on implementation procedure and response characteristic of different typical artificial NN training algorithms when applied to tune PID controller gain values to provide a robust control action for a considered system. The analysis has been presented with the help of MATLAB/Simulink ® based simulation results.
Leishmanicidal and anti-inflammatory activities of Lupeol Acetate isolated from Cnidoscolus tehuacanensis Breckon

Cnidoscolus tehuacanensis is an endemic medicinal species used to treat some inflammatory diseases, and biosynthesizes triterpenes and sterols, being Lupeol Acetate (LuAc) the main compound. It was submitted to biological assay to determine the anti-inflammatory and leishmanicidal potential. Anti-inflammatory effect was determined on acute (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate -TPA- and Carragenan models) and chronic inflammatory models (induce with Complet Freud´s Adjuvant -CFA-) using Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone (PBZ) as reference drugs. In vitro leishmanicidal activity was determined on Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes, Miltefosine and amphotericin B were used as reference drugs. In TPA assay, LuAc showed an ED50=1.79 mg/ear (Ind, ED50=0.91 mg/ear) and on Carragenan model, the antiinflammatory effect was not dose-dependent, in this case LuAc at 100, 150 and 250 mg/kg showed 43.31, 40.22 and 51.25% of inhibition, respectively at 5 h. On CFA chronic inflammatory model, LuAc and PBZ groups showed similar anti-inflammatory effect and similar Body Weight (BW) gain although this value was less respect to healthy and CFA groups. Also, inhibited the COX-2 activity being this effect slightly better that PBZ, and the joints and soft tissue from LuAc and PBZ groups did not show any alteration with respect to CFA group. In soft tissue, CFA group showed a significant increase size and leukocyte infiltrate as a result of the chronic inflammatory process; it group also showed sinusoidal hyperplasia in the joint. In liver histological analysis, the healthy and LuAc groups showed no alteration, and the CFA group showed a slight microabscess and scarce hematopoiesis, while the PBZ group presented scarce steatosis. The fraction (rich in LuAc) and LuAc pure were less active that extract against L. mexicana promastigotes. C. tehuacanesis is a potential source of LuAc. This natural compound showed a good anti-inflammatory activity (similar effect to PBZ) and did not cause liver damage.
Glucose sensing and the regulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase in yeast

Snf1/AMPK family members mediate the nutrient stress response in eukaryotes. In yeast, Snf1 is required for survival during glucose deprivation. There are three different Snf1 isoforms; each contains the catalytic alpha subunit, one of three regulatory beta subunits, and the regulatory gamma subunit. In glucose limitation, Snf1 is stimulated by activation loop phosphorylation by three partially redundant Snf1-activating kinases (SAKs), Sak1, Tos3, and Elm1. In glucose abundance, the PP1 phosphatase Glc7 dephosphorylates Snf1. We investigated the relationships between the three SAKs and three Snf1 isoforms, the roles of the SAK nonkinase domains, and the mechanism(s) controlling glucose-regulated Snf1 phosphorylation.Since Snf1 assembles into three complexes, the possibility existed that each SAK is dedicated to phosphorylating a single Snf1 isoform. To test this, we generated strains lacking different combinations of SAKs and beta subunits. While our results indicate that the SAKs are not dedicated to specific Snf1 isoforms, each SAK exhibited distinct abilities to activate Snf1, depending on the beta subunit and stress imposed on cells.Domain deletion analysis was employed to characterize the SAKs' nonkinase domains. Deletion of Sak1 and Tos3 (but not Elm1) C-termini diminished the ability to activate Snf1. Deletion of the Elm1 C-terminal domain abrogated Elm1's participation in morphogenetic signaling. Thus, the SAK C-terminal domains contribute to pathway specificity. Additional deletion mutants revealed an N-terminal Sak1 motif essential for Snf1 signaling. These data demonstrate that nonkinase N- and C-terminal domains are critical for SAK pathway specification.Snf1 phosphorylation status is regulated by integration of the reaction rates of phosphorylation by the SAKs and dephosphorylation by Glc7. We sought to determine which reaction(s) is glucose-regulated. SAKs immunoprecipitated from extracts of cells grown in high- and low-glucose conditions exhibited similar activity toward Snf1, suggesting the SAKs exhibit constitutive activity. Snf1 dephosphorylation, however, is glucose-regulated. When de novo phosphorylation was inhibited, Snf1 phosphorylation was stable in low glucose but rapidly lost upon glucose addition. Glc7 catalytic activity is not glucose-regulated since another Glc7 substrate was dephosphorylated in both glucose conditions. Therefore, Snf1 phosphorylation status is controlled by Snf1's availability to serve as a Glc7 substrate.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHENOL RED AND CREATININE ON THE RENAL BLOOD FLOW

Renal blood flow was studied in normal unanesthetized dogs in which a sterile thermostromuhr unit had been placed on the left renal artery a few days previously. The intravenous injection of solutions of phenol red or creatinine was found to produce an alteration of the renal blood flow lasting about ten minutes, after which the flow returned to about its previous level.