Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Past, Present and Future of Femoropopliteal Stenting

Endovascular stent implantation was introduced to femoropopliteal procedures almost 2 decades ago. Initial results with balloon-expandable stainless steel stents and self-expanding Elgiloy stents, however, were disappointing. In particular, recurrence rates after long-segment femoropopliteal stenting were catastrophically high, in the range of 60% to 80% at 1 year. Also, attempts to resolve the problem of in-stent restenosis (ISR) using first-generation covered stent-grafts led to unsatisfactory results, high procedural complication rates due to large introducers, and a high incidence of graft thrombosis, which did not make these devices convincing alternatives to bare metal stents. After years of stagnation, however, recent developments in femoropopliteal stent technology have been promising. Self-expanding nitinol stents have been evaluated in several prospective studies. Initial problems with stent fractures seem to be resolved using second-generation devices; for the first time, stenting has been shown to be beneficial compared to balloon angioplasty in longer femoropopliteal lesions. Nevertheless, although superior to balloon angioplasty, nitinol stenting is still associated with a considerable restenosis rate, and treatment of ISR remains problematic. Future concepts to further improve long-term patency after femoropopliteal stenting therefore are under investigation, including drug-eluting stents, biodegradable stents, and coated stent-grafts. From a current perspective, femoropopliteal stenting remains the Achilles' heel of the interventionist.
Obesity and Headache: Part I – A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Obesity and Headache

Individually, both obesity and headache are conditions associated with a substantial personal and societal impact. Recent data support that obesity is comorbid with headache in general and migraine specifically, as well as with certain secondary headache conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In the current manuscript, we first briefly review the epidemiology of obesity and common primary and secondary headache disorders individually. This is followed by a systematic review of the general population data evaluating the association between obesity and headache in general, and then obesity and migraine and tension‐type headache disorders. Finally, we briefly discuss the data on the association between obesity and a common secondary headache disorder that is associated with obesity, idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Taken together, these data suggest that it is important for clinicians and patients to be aware of the headache/migraine‐obesity association, given that it is potentially modifiable. Hypotheses for mechanisms of the obesity‐migraine association and treatment considerations for overweight and obese headache sufferers are discussed in the companion manuscript, as part II of this topic.
Three‐year outcome of phase‐specific early intervention for first‐episode psychosis: a cohort study in Hong Kong

Aim: Although phase‐specific early intervention for first‐episode psychosis has been implemented in many different parts of the world, limited medium‐term outcome data are available in non‐Western populations with relatively low mental health resources. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of phase‐specific early intervention in first‐episode psychosis.
Cutting Edge: Differential Signaling Requirements for Activation of Assembled Cyclin D3-cdk4 Complexes in B-1 and B-2 Lymphocyte Subsets1

B-1 lymphocytes represent a distinct B cell subset with unusual mitogenic responses. PMA alone promotes proliferation in B-1 cells, but not in splenic B-2 cells. Although cyclin D2-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) complexes mediate early retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) phosphorylation in B-1 cells, the transient nature of their accumulation cannot account for the continued increase in pRb phosphorylation, which is maximal at 24 h. We show herein that PMA promotes the accumulation of functional cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 cells following loss of cyclin D2. PMA also induces accumulation of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-2 cells; however, these complexes do not phosphorylate pRb. Thus, PMA is sufficient to induce synthesis and assembly of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in B-1 and B-2 cells; however, PMA triggers cyclin D3-cdk4 activation only in B-1 cells. These results reveal a novel regulatory step that controls activation of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes whose function segregates differentially in B cell subsets.
Antecedents of Toddler Aggression: Dysfunctional Parenting in Mother-Toddler Dyads

Aggression is stable as early as 2 years of age and predicts many negative adult outcomes. Although longitudinal predictors of child aggression have been identified, information is lacking regarding the proximal precursors of toddlers' aggression. During a 30-min interaction, 54 mother-toddler dyads were observed. Toddlers were categorized as aggressive or nonaggressive based on whether they exhibited aggression toward their mothers within the interaction. Most toddlers in both groups escalated from mild to more severe forms of misbehavior. Mothers of aggressive toddlers displayed more lax and overreactive discipline when addressing misbehaviors that preceded aggression than did mothers of nonaggressive toddlers. Mothers of aggressive toddlers either ignored or attended neutrally or positively to the aggression. Implications for parenting interventions are discussed.
The Cryptococcal Enzyme Inositol Phosphosphingolipid-Phospholipase C Confers Resistance to the Antifungal Effects of Macrophages and Promotes Fungal Dissemination to the Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT In recent years, sphingolipids have emerged as critical molecules in the regulation of microbial pathogenesis. In fungi, the synthesis of complex sphingolipids is important for the regulation of pathogenicity, but the role of sphingolipid degradation in fungal virulence is not known. Here, we isolated and characterized the inositol phosphosphingolipid-phospholipase C1 (ISC1) gene from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans and showed that it encodes an enzyme that metabolizes fungal inositol sphingolipids. Isc1 protects C. neoformans from acidic, oxidative, and nitrosative stresses, which are encountered by the fungus in the phagolysosomes of activated macrophages, through a Pma1-dependent mechanism(s). In an immunocompetent mouse model, the C. neoformans Δisc1 mutant strain is almost exclusively found extracellularly and in a hyperencapsulated form, and its dissemination to the brain is remarkably reduced compared to that of control strains. Interestingly, the dissemination of the C. neoformans Δisc1 strain to the brain is promptly restored in these mice when alveolar macrophages are pharmacologically depleted or when infecting an immunodeficient mouse in which macrophages are not efficiently activated. These studies suggest that Isc1 plays a key role in protecting C. neoformans from the intracellular environment of macrophages, whose activation is important for preventing fungal dissemination of the Δisc1 strain to the central nervous system and the development of meningoencephalitis.
Gene expression profiling in porcine maternal infanticide: A model for puerperal psychosis

The etiology of mental disorders remains largely unclear. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are key to the development of such disorders. Puerperal psychosis is the most extreme form of postnatal mood disorder in women. Similarly, parturition in the pig can trigger extreme behavioral disturbances, including maternal infanticide. In this study, we have used a targeted cDNA microarray approach using the pig as a model to understand the genes and genetic pathways that are involved in these processes. Two subtracted cDNA libraries from porcine hypothalamus were constructed, which were enriched for genes that were over‐expressed and under‐expressed in the aberrant behavioral phenotype, compared to the matched control. In addition to this, a normalized library was constructed from hypothalamus and pituitary samples taken from pigs in a variety of reproductive states. The libraries were partially sequenced and combined represented approximately 5,159 different genes. Microarray analysis determined differences in gene expression between hypothalamus samples from nine matched pairs of infanticidal versus control animals, using a common reference design. Microarray analysis of variance (MAANOVA) identified 52 clones as being differentially expressed (P ≤ 0.002) in the infanticide phenotype, a second analysis with friendly statistics package for microarray analysis (FSPMA) identified 9 genes in common to MAANOVA, and a further 16 genes. A rapid cross‐species screen onto a human oligonucleotide array confirmed 3 genes and highlighted 61 more potential candidates. Some of these genes and the pathways in which they are involved were also implicated in a parallel QTL study on maternal infanticide. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blogs as a Possibility to Express Yourself for Journalists

Modern society embodies its information needs through the freedom of bloggers. As a result, there are many independent individual or collective blogs around the world. A lot of journalists are bloggers because it gives them the opportunity to express their subjective opinion. Blog's a collector of information, writer, and editor, the material is published in its original form, without editorial changes, and with the ability to express what is on the mind. It also enables the author to keep track of the reaction of readers, respond to their comments and be open to new information. Blogs not only play a role in changing the way how traditional journalists do their work, but they are also becoming more and more a part of the business of traditional media. Blogs that are led by journalists differ from other blogs with their professionalism, objectivity and qualified approach to expose topics. In this article, we present our classification of journalistic blogs, which was based on the research of blogs which were led by journalists. We also present the results of the survey about journalistic blogs, in particular what types of journalistic blogs are most often read and which topics are popular among the blogger's audience.
A novel direct fibre generation technique for preparing functionalized and compound scaffolds and membranes for applications within the life sciences

Fibres, scaffolds and membranes have shown in the past decade their tremendous applicability to the life sciences. Essentially, these constructs have recently spearheaded focused applications in and within approaches to assist in the development of biologically active tissues to effective mechanisms for targeted and controlled cellular/drug delivery. There are several routes for forming continuous fibres from which functionalized scaffolds to membranes are prepared. One such technique that has demonstrated its wide versatility is none other than electrospinning. This is an electrified threading process capable of generating micro- and nano-sized (<50 nm) threads, which have been explored with a wide range of material compositions in their many manifestations. Although this threading process is economical and flexible, the process has its downsides, namely the associated high voltage to the preclusion of threading highly conducting viscoelastic media. In the current work we unveil a three-needle pressure-assisted spinning (PAS) approach comparable to coaxial- or co-electrospinning, without the hazardous high voltage and possessing the ability to thread highly conducting viscoelastic media from which pre-designed to functionalized compound structural units could be generated. Previously in our hands we demonstrated this technique with a two-needle system, which was only able to process a single- or multi-phase suspension at any given time. In its present form, two single/multi-phase miscible or immiscible media could be processed simultaneously. Therefore, PAS would be most useful to the biomedical world because a majority of biological media containing biological matter such as living cells have within them unprecedented concentrations of ions, which are needed by the living organisms for maintaining the cells/organisms' intricate metabolisms. In our hands, pressure-assisted spinning will compete directly with electrospinning and have a revolutionary effect on the fibre, scaffold and membrane preparation arena as applied to the plethora of applications within the life sciences.
Past food habit change is related to obesity, lifestyle and socio-economic factors in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort

Abstract Objectives To examine if obesity status and socio-economic and lifestyle factors are associated with self-reported past food habit change, and also whether the level of obesity depends on the reason for change. Design Cross-sectional analysis within the Malmo Diet and Cancer (MDC) study using data from the baseline examination and the extensive socio-economic and lifestyle questionnaire including questions of past food habit change. The risk of having changed food habits in the past was examined using logistic regression. Mean differences in obesity status across categories of reasons for past food habit change were examined using analysis of variance. Setting Malmö, the third largest city in Sweden. Subjects A sub-sample (15 282 women and 9867 men) from the MDC cohort recruited from 1992 to 1996. Results Individuals with body mass index (BMI) >30 kg m−2 had an increased risk of having reported past food habit change compared with individuals with BMI <25 kg m−2 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.48–1.83 for women; OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.32–1.76 for men). The highest level of obesity was observed among individuals who had changed their diet due to reasons related to the metabolic syndrome. Changers were more likely to be highly educated and to live alone, be retired, ex-smokers and non-drinkers at baseline. Conclusions Because past food habit change is related to obesity and other lifestyle and socio-economic factors, a complex confounding situation may exist that could seriously influence observed relationships between diet and disease. Studies need to collect information on past food habit change and take this information into account in the analysis and when interpreting study outcomes.
Distribution of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase (CCT) Isoforms

CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase is a major regulator of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. A single isoform, CCTα, has been studied extensively and a second isoform, CCTβ, was recently identified. We identify and characterize a third cDNA, CCTβ2, that differs from CCTβ1 at the carboxyl-terminal end and is predicted to arise as a splice variant of the CCTβ gene. Like CCTα, CCTβ2 is heavily phosphorylated in vivo, in contrast to CCTβ1. CCTβ1 and CCTβ2 mRNAs were differentially expressed by the human tissues examined, whereas CCTα was more uniformly represented. Using isoform-specific antibodies, both CCTβ1 and CCTβ2 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, in contrast to CCTα which resided in the nucleus in addition to associating with the endoplasmic reticulum. CCTβ2 protein has enzymatic activity in vitro and was able to complement the temperature-sensitive cytidylyltransferase defect in CHO58 cells, just as CCTα and CCTβ1 supporting proliferation at the nonpermissive conditions. Overexpression experiments did not reveal discrete physiological functions for the three isoforms that catalyze the same biochemical reaction; however, the differential cellular localization and tissue-specific distribution suggest that CCTβ1 and CCTβ2 may play a role that is distinct from ubiquitously expressed CCTα.
Using virtual online simulations in Second Life® to engage undergraduate psychology students with employability issues

This study compares online simulation in Second Life® (Linden Labs, San Francisco, California, USA) with equivalent face-to-face activities for three scenarios. The intention was that the three sets of activities would increase participant awareness of how psychology is applied in relation to work-based contexts. These were a Dragons' Den-style activity to increase awareness of entrepreneurialism, a supermarket-based activity based on consumer and work psychology and a counselling agency. After engaging in the activities, participants completed various measures, including a satisfaction questionnaire. In the supermarket scenario, Second Life® was rated significantly better in terms of student satisfaction and the extent to which awareness of the application of psychology in this context had increased. For the other scenarios, Second Life® and face-to-face activities were largely equivalent on the various measures. The exception was that in the online counselling scenario, participants did not indicate to a significant degree that they were now more aware of how psychology was applied in this setting. This might be linked to the perceived quality of interaction with the chatbot avatars. It is suggested that the overall superiority of the online supermarket scenario is because this complex problem-based activity achieved greater immersion in the online version. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
How Contexts Matter: A Framework for Understanding the Role of Contexts in Equity-Focused Educational Leadership

In this article, I put forth a framework for thinking about how contexts matter. This framework highlights organizational, occupational, personal, and social contexts that influence leadership, which I illustrated with three cases of superintendents working on issues of systemic, equity-focused improvements. Data are drawn from a seven-year study of a superintendent's network, including nine interviews with each participant. These illustrations demonstrate that different interactions between the personal, occupational, social, and organizational contexts may result in reframing, crystallizing, or negotiating what it means to lead for equity. For superintendents to engage in equity-minded reform, research and policy need to expand to consider leaders’ personal experiences as well as dominant discourses of equity.
International Environmental Dispute Resolution: The Dispute between Slovakia and Hungary Concerning Construction of the Gabcíkovo and Nagymaros Dams

The construction of the Gab~ikovo-Nagymaros Project (G-N Project or Project) on the Danube River has given . rise to one of the most controversial bilateral environmental disputes in Europe. The G-N Project generates controversy on some of the most sensitive and emotional issues of our time: environmental degradation, protection of the rights of an ethnic minority, jeopardization of economic subsistence, inviolability, of international borders, development of sustainable energy resources, and the lingering power of the communist apparatus in Eastern Europe. This article attempts to promote a resolution of the G-N Project dispute by examining the potential legal arguments of Slovakia and Hungary.
Carbohydrate Ingestion Prior to Exercise Augments the Exercise‐Induced Activation of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex in Human Skeletal Muscle

This study examined the effect of pre‐exercise carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, acetyl group availability and substrate level phosphorylation (glycogenolysis and phosphocreatine (PCr) hydrolysis) in human skeletal muscle during the transition from rest to steady‐state exercise. Seven male subjects performed two 10 min treadmill runs at 70% maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2,max), 1 week apart. Each subject ingested 8 ml (kg body mass (BM))‐1 of either a placebo solution (CON trial) or a 5.5% CHO solution (CHO trial) 10 min before each run. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest and immediately after each trial. Muscle PDC activity was higher at the end of exercise in the CHO trial compared with the CON trial (1.78 ± 0.18 and 1.27 ± 0.16 mmol min‐1 (kg wet matter (WM))‐1, respectively; P 0.05) and this was accompanied by lower acetylcarnitine (7.1 ± 1.2 and 9.1 ± 1.1 mmol kg‐1 (dry matter (DM))‐1 in CHO and CON, respectively; P 0.05) and citrate concentrations (0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.91 ± 0.10 mmol (kg DM)‐1 in CHO and CON, respectively; P 0.05). No difference was observed between trials in the rates of muscle glycogen and PCr breakdown and lactate accumulation. This is the first study to demonstrate that CHO ingestion prior to exercise augments the exercise‐induced activation of muscle PDC and reduces acetylcarnitine accumulation during the transition from rest to steady‐state exercise. However, those changes did not affect the contribution of substrate level phosphorylation to ATP resynthesis.
Myasthenia gravis and the neuromuscular junction

Purpose of review Myasthenic disorders are a well characterized group of diseases of the neuromuscular junction. Their pathogenesis is diverse, including genetic and autoimmune mechanisms. We review recent findings on risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Recent findings Better knowledge of congenital myasthenia has led to the development of efficient diagnostic algorithms that have therapeutic implications. New epidemiological and genetic risk factors have been identified and are considered to play a role in the development of myasthenia gravis. The study of the role of innate immunity in myasthenia gravis has identified relevant pathways to explain myasthenia gravis causes. The description of the pathogenic role of IgG4 anti-MuSK antibodies has revealed heterogeneous immune mechanisms that should lead to more specific therapies. Rituximab seems to be particularly effective in MuSK+ myasthenia gravis, and eculizumab arises as an option in refractory AChR+ myasthenia gravis. Therapeutic algorithms need to be tailored to each myasthenia subtype. Summary Increasing knowledge about the environmental and genetic risk factors and basic immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, including the role of innate immunity, regulatory T cell impairment and autoantibody heterogeneity, is providing a rationale for treatment with new biological agents. Current immunotherapies in myasthenia gravis undoubtedly provide benefits, but also cause side-effects. Controlled trials are, therefore, needed to confirm initial results from pilot studies.
The evolution and value of bleeding assessment tools

Summary. A personal history of excessive mucocutaneous bleeding is a key component in the diagnosis of a number of mild bleeding disorders, including von Willebrand disease (VWD), platelet function disorders (PFD), and coagulation factor deficiencies. However, the evaluation of hemorrhagic symptoms is a well‐recognized challenge for both patients and physicians, because the reporting and interpretation of bleeding symptoms is subjective. As a result, bleeding assessment tools (BATs) have been developed and studied in a variety of clinical settings. This work has been pioneered by a group of Italian researchers, and the resultant ‘Vicenza Bleeding Questionnaire’ stands as the original BAT. In this review, we will discuss the modifications of the Vicenza Bleeding Questionnaire that have taken place over the years, as well as the validation studies that have been published. Other BATs that have been developed and published will be reviewed, as will the special situations of assessing pediatric bleeding as well as menorrhagia. Lastly, the clinical utility of BATs will be discussed including remaining challenges and future directions for the field.