Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMF‐driven overshielding electric field and the origin of the plasmaspheric shoulder of May 24, 2000

Between the hours of 6–10 UT on May 24, 2000, the IMAGE extreme ultraviolet (EUV) instrument observed a shoulder‐shaped bulge in the morning sector plasmapause [ Burch et al., 2001a , 2001b ]. Simulation results of the data‐driven Magnetospheric Specification Model (MSM) have reproduced the formation (during 4:00–5:15 UT) and subsequent evolution of the shoulder. In the model, the shoulder is created by a dusk‐to‐dawn overshielding electric field, triggered by two sudden, strong northward (Nwd) turnings of the IMF. Overshielding causes antisunward flow of pre‐dawn plasma, producing an asymmetric bulge that rotates eastward.
Allocation of Emission Allowances within the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme to the Waste Sector

The present study develops an approach explicitly to cover the waste sector under the Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union (EU ETS). The objective is to analyze various allocation possibilities and the resulting monetary burdens for the waste sector. Three different allocation variants for allocating emission allowances and their financial burden to the waste sector are developed. These variants support implementation within the EU ETS in the third trading period from 2013 to 2020. The respective distributions of emission allowances to the Austrian waste sector are estimated for each variant calculated. Allowances vary depending on specific industry, the relative share of free and purchased allowances, and the relative costs entailed in additional purchase. Although the present paper focuses explicitly on the Austrian waste sector, in principle, the calculation procedure is applicable to waste sectors in other developed countries as well.
Acibenzolar-s-methyl in rust and blotch control in field conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) resistance inductor, associated or not with the fungicide azoxystrobin + cyproconazole base, the control of Cercospora leaf rust and coffee under field conditions. The study was conducted during two harvest years (2007/2008 and 2008/2009), in commercial planting of the Mundo Novo cultivar. Used treatments were: ASM (25 g ha-1) applied omnthly five times (from December to April of each harvest year); fungicide (500 mL ha-1) and the mixture fungicide (500 mL ha-1) + ASM applied three times (December, February and April of each harvest year); the mixture fungicide (500 mL ha-1) applied three times (December, February and April of each harvest year) + ASM applied five times (December to April of each harvest year); the mixture fungicide (750 mL ha-1) applied two times (December and March of each harvest year) + ASM applied five times (December to April of each harvest year) and witness. Rust control (84%) given by ASM was statistically equal to the treatment with fungicide (94%) in the low harvest year (2008/2009), when diseases intensity was not as high as in the high harvest year (2007/2008). In the high harvest year, ASM did not control blotch, while in the low harvest year this product controlled blotch (77%) at an inferior rate compared to fungicide (92%) and mixtures (89 to 94%). In low harvest years, ASM can be used in rust and blotch control for coffee trees and showed compatibility with the fungicide ciproconazole + azoxystrobin.
Geant4 Simulation Study of Dose Distribution and Energy Straggling for Proton and Carbon Ion Beams in Water

Dose distribution and energy straggling for proton and carbon ion beams in water are investigated by using a hadrontherapy model based on the Geant4 toolkit. By gridding water phantom in N × N × N voxels along X, Y and Z axes, irradiation dose distribution in all the voxels is calculated. Results indicate that carbon ion beams have more advantages than proton beams. Proton beams have bigger width of the Bragg peak and broader lateral dose distribution than carbon ion beams for the same position of Bragg peaks. Carbon ion has a higher local ionization density and produces more secondary electrons than proton, so carbon ion beams can achieve a higher value of relative biological effectiveness.
Evaluating Local Job Creation

Abstract This article introduces economic development planners to a new approach to evaluating local job creation efforts, an approach that explicitly considers the chains of employment vacancies that open up when new jobs are created. This “job chains” model is an analytic framework for assessing the employment impacts associated with economic development programs and the social value of those impacts. The approach focuses on measuring the wage gains to job changers and placing realistic values on jobs for those not previously employed in the area. It explicitly considers both efficiency and distributional effects of job creation. We discuss the simple mechanics of the technique and present an example relating to the establishment of a large auto plant in a major Midwestern city. We conclude with practical ground rules for planners carrying out a job chains analysis of an economic development effort.
Impacts of climate change on non-native species

Anthropogenic changes to climate and extreme weather events have already led to the introduction of non-native species (NNS) to the North Atlantic. Regional climate models predict that there will be a continuation of the current trend of warming throughout the 21st century providing enhanced opportunities for NNS at each stage of the invasion process. Increasing evidence is now available to show that climate change has led to the northwards range expansion of a number of NNS in the UK and Ireland, such as the Asian club tunicate Styela clava and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Providing definitive evidence though of the direct linkage between climate change and the spread of the majority of NNS is extremely challenging, due to other confounding factors, such as anthropogenic activity. Localised patterns of water movement and food supply may also be complicating the overall pattern of northwards range expansion, by preventing the expansion of some NNS, such as the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata and the Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensis, from a particular region. A greater understanding of the other aspects of climate change and increased atmospheric CO2, such as increased rainfall, heat waves, frequency of storm events, and ocean acidification may aid in increasing the confidence that scientists have in predicting the long term influence of climate change on the introduction, spread and establishment of NNS.
Privacy Mirrors: Understanding and Shaping Socio-technical Ubiquitous Computing Systems

Privacy is a known issue in ubiquitous computing, exasperated by an oft-cited feature of ubiquitous computing — invisibility. Dangers of invisible computing are interfaces that do not give people the needed tools of awareness and control to understand and shape the behavior of the system. By definition, ubiquitous computing systems are socio-technical, encompassing three environments: social, technical, andphysical. We argue that addressing or presenting solutions in any one environment alone cannot solve the privacy issue in ubiquitous computing. Privacy is addressed best by giving users methods, mechanisms, and interfaces to understand and then shape the system in all three environments. We introduce Privacy Mirrors, a framework for designing socio-technical ubiquitous computing systems that will integrate into people’s on-going needs, practices, values, and aesthetic sensibilities.
Safeguarding reputation through strategic, integrated and situational crisis communication management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the often missing theoretical foundation of crisis communication from an integrated perspective on the micro, meso and macro level. Based on the theory of structuration, a systematic, integrative framework is developed for safeguarding organizational legitimization and multidimensional reputation through communication during crisis situations which is applicable both for profit and non‐profit organizations.Design/methodology/approach – Gidden's theory of structuration was chosen as a basis to develop the integrative model of crisis communication that proposes a communicative impact on reputation on a situative level of message strategies (micro level), an organizational level (meso level) and a societal level (macro level). A well‐organized crisis communication management on all of these levels is seen as the key communicative driver to safeguard long‐term organizational reputation.Findings – The paper shows that successful crisis communication management .
A decomposition approach to design information and knowledge issues for engineering design

A categorisation of the the Design Information and Knowledge (DIAK) domain has been established. This highlights 8 major areas that may be grouped into four views on the domain. This categorisation may be used to communicate and integrate the issues, to work globally and to plan and identify critical research areas. The information centric view arguably represents the overall information life cycle. The approach deals with not only the information life cycle but also user issues, technology issues and generic issues. The issue of ‘quality’ in information is an emerging new area and will be a critical part of new research initiatives. The various domain views illustrate the cross functional nature of the issues of managing design information and knowledge. The overall aim is to enable the development of a unified theory of design information and knowledge that will underpin and support the provision of appropriate and accurate information to engineering designers who are creating and embodying new products and systems
INPUT VARIABLE SELECTION METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF INTERPRETABLE REGRESSION MODELS

Large data sets are collected and analyzed in a variety of research problems. Modern computers allow to measure ever increasing numbers of samples and variables. Automated methods are required for the analysis, since traditional manual approaches are impractical due to the growing amount of data. In the present thesis, numerous computational methods that are based on observed data with subject to modelling assumptions are presented for producing useful knowledge from the data generating system. Input variable selection methods in both linear and nonlinear function approximation problems are proposed. Variable selection has gained more and more attention in many applications, because it assists in interpretation of the underlying phenomenon. The selected variables highlight the most relevant characteristics of the problem. In addition, the rejection of irrelevant inputs may reduce the training time and improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Linear models play an important role in data analysis, since they are computationally efficient and they form the basis for many more complicated models. In this work, the estimation of several response variables simultaneously using the linear combinations of the same subset of inputs is especially considered. Input selection methods that are originally designed for a single response variable are extended to the case of multiple responses. The assumption of linearity is not, however, adequate in all problems. Hence, artificial neural networks are applied in the modeling of unknown nonlinear dependencies between the inputs and the response. The first set of methods includes efficient stepwise selection strategies that assess usefulness of the inputs in the model. Alternatively, the problem of input selection is formulated as an optimization problem. An objective function is minimized with respect to sparsity constraints that encourage selection of the inputs. The trade-off between the prediction accuracy and the number of input variables is adjusted by continuous-valued sparsity parameters. Results from extensive experiments on both simulated functions and real benchmark data sets are reported. In comparisons with existing variable selection strategies, the proposed methods typically improve the results either by reducing the prediction error or decreasing the number of selected inputs or with respect to both of the previous criteria. The constructed sparse models are also found to produce more accurate predictions than the models including all the input variables. Tikka, J. (2008): Syotemuuttujanvalintamenetelmia tulkittavien regressiomallien konstruoimiseen. Tohtorin vaitoskirja, Teknillinen korkeakoulu, Dissertations in Information and Computer Science, TKK-ICS-D11, Espoo, Finland.
Towards More Sustainable and Less Crisis-Driven Financial Regulation

Most regulatory reform after the global financial crisis represents politically motivated reactions to that crisis. The Dodd-Frank Act, for example, puts much weight on reforming mortgage financing. It's unlikely, though, that the next financial crisis will result from subprime mortgage lending. Indeed, because the financial system is constantly changing, future financial crises are unlikely to resemble, and may have very different causes than, past crises. We're currently shifting, for example, to shadow banking, which has been estimated as $67 trillion worldwide. In shadow banking, disintermediated modes of financing-including money-market mutual funds, securitization, hedge funds, and repo financing-are replacing traditional bank lending. We need to develop a financial regulatory framework that can anticipate, or at least respond to, future financial crises and a dynamically changing financial system. Traditionally, financial regulation has been tethered to the financial architecture at the time the regulation is promulgated. The Dodd-Frank Act, for example, focuses heavily on the complex mortgage-backed securities and derivatives that are believed to have been triggers of the financial crisis. The Glass-Steagall Act limited the ability of commercial banks to engage in securities underwriting, which was thought to have "fueled the rampant stock speculation preceding the 1929 Crash and
Knowledge management in extended enterprises

This paper highlights the importance of Knowledge Management (KM) in extended enterprises.Global competitiveness poses flexibility challenges in a time-based competition.One of the strategies adopted in industry is to develop extended enterprises by improving the level of collaboration between various autonomous firms. This coupled with several knowledge changes require a new focus on effective knowledge management.Judicious use of IT to form and support extended enterprises that gain from KM efforts is important.This paper presents the need and scope of Knowledge Management in enterprises facing the global competitive challenges.The emphasis of knowledge management as a process with a synergy between university and industry efforts is also outlined.A visionary approach based on a simulator and AI based architecture is discussed. It is suggested that models that promote IT based integration between objectives, decision and information (ODI) integration will be expedient for the evolving extended enterprises and virtual enterprises domains.
Food preferences of golden jackals and sympatric red foxes in European temperate climate agricultural area (Hungary)

Abstract Differences in food preferences between two sympatric canids, the golden jackal (Canis aureus), which is currently spreading from south-east Europe and is a little-known species in Europe, and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were investigated. Data on diet composition and food availability were collected over a 13-season period, in a temperate climate agricultural area of Hungary. We found that jackals and foxes preferred small mammals (Ivlev's electivity index, Ei=0.38 and 0.39, respectively), and avoided towards wild boar (Ei= -0.43 and -0.56, respectively) and cervids (Ei=-0.92 and -0.94, respectively). Jackals preferred pheasant less than foxes (Ei=0.06 and 0.51, respectively). Within small mammals, both predators preferred the open field living species, with the forest living species being less favoured. The relationship between the available biomass of small mammals, as the primarily important food resource for both canids, and the proportion of consumed biomass of small mammals was not close. This was probably as a result of abundant food resources and high trophic flexibility of the golden jackal and red fox allowing these two closely related carnivores to coexist sympatrically in Central European areas without resource partitioning.
Fenología reproductiva y biometría de nidos, huevos y pollos del Ñandú, Rhea americana en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

La estacion reproductiva del Nandu ( Rhea americana ) presenta una variacion temporal entre los estados del sur y del centro oeste y nordeste de Brasil. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la fenologia reproductiva de la especie en Rio Grande do Sul, a traves del analisis de las diferentes etapas reproductivas. Se ha constatado un retraso de 30 dias aproximadamente, de diferencia en el inicio de la reproduccion, con relacion a las poblaciones del centro-oeste y nordeste de Brasil. Los machos demuestran preferencia por construir sus nidos en los cultivos de soja. La predacion animal y la interferencia humana fueron las principales causas de abandono de los nidos por parte de los machos incubantes. Los factores climatologicos influenciaron grandemente en el exito de las eclosiones y en la supervivencia de los pichones. Se hizo ademas, la biometria de nidos, huevos y pollos encontrados.
Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats: a comparison of fish faunas between bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds

Mangroves and seagrass beds are considered important nursery habitats for coral reef fish species in the Caribbean, but it is not known to what degree the fish depend on these habitats. The fish fauna of 11 different inland bays of the Caribbean island of Curacao were compared; the bays contain 4 different habitat types: seagrass beds in bays containing mangroves, seagrass beds in bays lacking mangroves, mud flats in bays containing mangroves and seagrass beds, and mud flats in bays completely lacking mangroves and seagrass beds. Principal component analysis showed a high similarity of fish fauna among bays belonging to each of the 4 habitat types, despite some dif- ferences in habitat variables and human influence between bays. Juveniles of nursery species—fish species using mangroves and seagrass beds as juvenile nurseries before taking up residence on reefs—showed highest abundance and species richness on the seagrass beds, and on the mud flats near mangroves and seagrass beds, but were almost absent from bays containing only mud flats. The high abundance and species richness on the mud flats near nursery habitats can be explained by fishes migrating from the adjacent mangroves/seagrass beds to the mud flats. Seagrass beds near to mangroves showed a higher richness of nursery species than did seagrass beds alone, suggesting an interaction with the mangroves resulting in an enhancement of species richness. Comparison of fish densities from the 4 different habitat types indicates that for the nursery species the degree of depen- dence on a combination of mangroves and seagrass beds as nurseries for juvenile fish is high for Ocyurus chrysurus and Scarus iserti, the dependence on seagrass beds is high for Haemulon parrai, H. sciurus, Lutjanus apodus, L. griseus, Sparisoma chrysopterum and Sphyraena barracuda, and the dependence on mud flats near mangroves/seagrass beds is high for L. analis. The dependence on mangroves and/or seagrass beds is low for Chaetodon capistratus, Gerres cinereus, H. flavolineatum and L. mahogoni, which can also use alternative nursery habitats.
In Search of Normativity of Unconscious Reasoning

PUZZLES CHURCH is "DEEPLY" PUZZLED by "the idea that we can be ignorant of our own reasons" (2005, 31). I was, at first sight, puzzled by this puzzlement. There is no question that we, indeed, are ignorant of many of our reasons. In cases of routine behavior, for instance, we are often not, or only dimly, aware of the reasons for doing something. When I use the indicator when taking a turn to the left with my car, 1 have no conscious reason for doing so. It has become routine behavior, acquired during my lessons in car driving. My non-awareness may even be considered as sign of my excellence as a driver. This non-awareness is most noteworthy in all those cases in which we, again routinely, withdraw from a particular action. Education and training not only teach us how and why to perform certain activities, they also give us reasons to refrain from all sorts of other actions. There are many reasons to do certain things; there seem to be many more reasons for not doing other things. To suppose that having reasons would by necessity involve conscious awareness of these reasons would life make impossible to live. So, ignorance seems to be very common, not to say trivial. This raises the question whether there is anything nontrivial in the attempt to make sense of ignorance of our reasons. What element or aspect of ignorance is it that may evoke philosophical interest? Jennifer Church seems to have in mind different overlapping concerns. In the first part of her paper, she addresses (1) the issue of legitimacy; that is, the specification of conditions under which attributions of unconscious content are legitimate or illegitimate; and (2) the issue of normativiry; that is, the question how and why unconscious reasons can be normative for me. The first question can be discussed without reference to a self; the second question cannot. In the second part of the paper there arise new concerns: (3) the issue of having reasons that can not be recognized as reasons by oneself, "strange reasons" so to say, with spatial reasoning as a paradigm case; and (4) the issue of being moved by ones reasons through the visceral connection between desires and beliefs on the one hand and motor activity (external or internal) on the other hand; this connection is secured by our emotions.
Dynamic statistical optimization of GNSS radio occultation bending angles: advanced algorithm and performance analysis

Abstract. We introduce a new dynamic statistical optimization algorithm to initialize ionosphere-corrected bending angles of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based radio occultation (RO) measurements. The new algorithm estimates background and observation error covariance matrices with geographically varying uncertainty profiles and realistic global-mean correlation matrices. The error covariance matrices estimated by the new approach are more accurate and realistic than in simplified existing approaches and can therefore be used in statistical optimization to provide optimal bending angle profiles for high-altitude initialization of the subsequent Abel transform retrieval of refractivity. The new algorithm is evaluated against the existing Wegener Center Occultation Processing System version 5.6 (OPSv5.6) algorithm, using simulated data on two test days from January and July 2008 and real observed CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) measurements from the complete months of January and July 2008. The following is achieved for the new method's performance compared to OPSv5.6: (1) significant reduction of random errors (standard deviations) of optimized bending angles down to about half of their size or more; (2) reduction of the systematic differences in optimized bending angles for simulated MetOp data; (3) improved retrieval of refractivity and temperature profiles; and (4) realistically estimated global-mean correlation matrices and realistic uncertainty fields for the background and observations. Overall the results indicate high suitability for employing the new dynamic approach in the processing of long-term RO data into a reference climate record, leading to well-characterized and high-quality atmospheric profiles over the entire stratosphere.