Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incentives for Mitigation - Who pays, Who benefits?

Irvine (2008) presented a very interesting paper arising from an investigation of the state of the foundations and sub-floor structures of typical houses in Wellington City. The investigation had indicated that in a large proportion of timber houses in Wellington these building sub-elements were very deficient in terms of earthquake resistance posing a significant risk to these houses if a major earthquake were to occur. The paper described an analysis of the relative costs and benefits of upgrading the deficient foundations and sub-floor systems to meet NZS3604:1999 if the buildings were to be subjected to a simulated M7.5 earthquake on the Wellington fault. The analysis included both direct losses to buildings and contents as well as indirect costs such as the provision of emergency services, temporary accommodation and costs of injuries and loss of life. Assuming a 50 year average dwelling life the authors produced estimated benefit/cost ratios for different annual risks of the simulated Wellington fault earthquake. From their results it could be concluded that in terms of direct losses the benefits would only outweigh the costs if the annual probability of an earthquake was greater than about 0.3% , but if indirect costs are taken into account the overall benefits would outweigh the costs for an annual probability of earthquake greater than about 0.1%. The paper raises significant issues about the costs and benefits of mitigation. Like many such investigations of the benefits and costs of making changes, either to existing buildings or to design codes in respect of new buildings, it is only concerned with the overall risk of loss to society as a whole without consideration of how these risks are borne, and who would pay for the upgrading and who would benefit from them. This is very important when it comes to deciding who should pay for the upgrading and what incentives should be given for doing it. If A is expected to pay for it and B gets the benefit there will be a disincentive for A to do it, irrespective of any overall benefit to the greater society. By focussing only on the costs and losses it also neglects the significance of insurance in the overall analysis. There are costs associated with insurance which the property owner pays through an annual premium which effectively increase the lifetime costs of buildings. In return the property owner is effectively guaranteed that any damage will be repaired and the costs refunded including replacement as new if major damage occurs – ie the owner will actually benefit from the loss if the building is old, which is one reason why insurers have problems with arson in respect of old buildings. The main risk carriers are the insurance companies, the reinsurance companies to whom insurance companies cede most of their earthquake risk, and the New Zealand Government, for which read the New Zealand taxpayer, in respect of the indirect costs. In general the benefits are likely to be shared in some way among all these, plus the owner if the premium is reduced.
Growth performance, nitrogen balance and urinary purine derivatives in growing-furring mink [Mustela vison] fed bacterial protein produced from natural gas

A bacterial protein meal (BPM), containing 70% crude protein and produced on natural gas, was evaluated versus fish meal as protein source for mink in the growing-furring period (June 29 November 26). BPM, rich in nucleic acids, accounted for 0 (control), 20 and 40% of dietary crude protein corresponding to 0, 4 and 8% of the wet diets, respectively. Each diet was given to 48 animals, 24 males and 24 females. The inclusion of BPM tended to reduce feed intake and body weight gain during the first half of the experimental period, but this was compensated for during the last part of the experiment, except for males on the 8% BPM diet. Balance experiments carried out with 18 and 28 weeks old males, revealed similar digestibility of main nutrients except for fat that were reduced with BPM inclusion. N-retentions were similar for the dietary groups. Daily excretion of urine was lower with the 8% BPM diet than with the other diets. Excretion of urinary purine derivatives (allantoin, xanthine), decreased or was not consistently affected (hypoxanthine, uric acid) by the dietary level of BPM, indicating that nucleic acids from BPM were utilized in vivo. The skin characteristics and fur quality were not affected by diet, except for shorter hair length with inclusion of BPM. In conclusion, the experiment showed that BPM can account for 40% of dietary protein in growing-furring mink without negative effects on N metabolism, body weight gain or fur quality.
Introductory Chapter: Stomach-Beyond Digestion

The human body essentially relies on two sources to provide energy and building blocks, oxygen and food. The oxygen is taken in through the respiratory system and can be utilized almost directly for metabolic reactions, while food, after eaten, has to be sent on to a long journey of digestion before becoming utilizable nutrients to nurture the body. This heavy lifting is done by the digestive system. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 6 million people on earth die of various digestive disorders every year [1], only second to heart disease (~7 million). Therefore, it is absolutely vital to understand how this system works and to take good care of it.
The application of linguistic processing to automatic abstract generation

One approach to the problem of generating abstracts by computer is to extract from a source text those sentences which give a strong indication of the central subject matter and findings of the paper. Not surprisingly, concatenations of extracted sentences show a lack of cohesion, due partly to the frequent occurrence of anaphoric references. This paper describes the text processing which was necessary to identify these anaphors so that they may be utilised in the enhancement of the sentence selection criteria. It is assumed that sentences which contain non-anaphoric nounphrases and introduce key concepts into the text are worthy of inclusion in an abstract. The results suggest that the key concepts are indeed identified but the abstracts are too long. Further recommendations are made to continue this work in abstracting which makes use of text structure.
Técnicas de estimación de la relación señal a ruido en modulaciones digitales.

Tomando en cuenta la gran cantidad de parametros para caracterizar la eficiencia de la recepcion de una senal, la relacion senal a ruido (SNR, por sus siglas en ingles) figura entre las mas empleadas. Estimar, con la mayor precision posible este parametro es de gran importancia para una gran variedad de tecnicas como el sensado de espectro en la radio cognitiva, la decodificacion turbo, la adaptacion de enlace y el control de potencia en CDMA. En general existen dos tipos de tecnicas de estimacion de la SNR. Una variante es la estimacion asistida por datos, en la cual el receptor estima la SNR basado en el conocimiento de los datos enviados por el transmisor. La otra tecnica de estimacion es llamada estimacion a ciegas, en la cual el receptor no conoce los datos enviados por el transmisor de antemano. Este trabajo esta enfocado en caracterizar los algoritmos de estimacion mas utilizados, para analizar sus ventajas y desventajas. Se muestran ademas resultados comparativos por simulaciones en relacion al desempeno de estos estimadores.
Comparison of Signature Pattern Analysis Methods in Molecular Epidemiology

We consider the supervised learning problem of assigning test injluenza sequences to their correct group (where the group is the host species), Assume that training cases (injluenza sequences and their group labels) are available, usually via estimates of phylogenetic (evolutional) trees as a special case of unsupervised learning. We compare zhree supervised learning methods: (1) a published signature pattern analysis (VESPA) approach; (2) an unpublished Bayesian approach that assumes sites are independent, and (3) a nearest-neighbor approach withjexible evolutionary distance measures. Although the Bayesian approach has the attractive feature of reporting estimated probabilities for each group for each test sequence, those pro babilitie. ~ are somewhat suspect because of the site-independence assumption that is dijjicult to remove. We investigate the impact of this independence assumption and show that it can be conservative or anti-conservative (meaning that it leads to either overstating or understating the separability of the groups). The VESPA approach also assumes site independence, but it has the advantage of allowing for dependence among sequence scores in a way that can easily be estimated, as we illustrate. Finally, the distance-based method is always a strong contender, and especially in this case because of the ease of incorporating evolutionary models into the distance measure. All three methods are of potential use on similar problems, with no sin,gle method emerging as the clear winner. We compare conclusions under the three approaches for sequences from the Nucleoprotein (NP) gene of the human influenza RNA virus from three host species. This data is available from the influenza database maintained at Los Alamos National Laboratory (http:/71inker.lanL gov@u/searchJrarne. html).
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY LEAD NITRATES IN THE GILLS OF GRASS CARP, Ctenopharyngodon idelia (Val.) JUVENILES

The present study showed that the lead had toxic effects on the gill structures of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles such as clubbing molting of epithelial cells, epithelial separation, necrosis, fusion of adjacent lamellar epithelium and hyperplasia of secondary lamellar epithelium, destruction of epithelial cells, curved of epithelial, loose in regular shape of epithelium, bite and bleeding tissues through exposure for 48 hrs. All these histological changes depended on lead concentration and exposure period.
Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes

Pulp and paper mills are a major source of industrial pollution worldwide. The pulping and bleaching steps generate most of the liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes (Table 1) [1]. Pulping is a process in which the raw material is treated mechanically or chemically to remove lignin in order to facilitate cellulose and hemicellulose fiber separation and to improve the papermaking properties of fibers. Bleaching is a multistage process to whiten and brighten the pulp through removal of residual lignin. Pulping and bleaching operations are energy intensive and typically consume huge volumes of fresh water and large quantities of chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, bisulfites, elemental chlorine or chlorine dioxide, calcium oxide, hydrochloric acid, and so on. A partial list of the various types of compounds found in spent liquors generated from pulping and bleaching steps is shown in Table 2 [2–4]. The effluents generated by the mills are associated with the following major problems:
Wireless HDTV channel estimator using LMS criterion to Yacoub's distributions

This paper presents an estimator to wireless HDTV (High Definition Television) using the LMS (Least Mean Square) Criterion. This method evaluates the parameters κ - µ or η - µ for Yacoub Distribution and the parameter m for Nakagami Distribution from simulated data. These distributions model the fast fluctuation of envelope of a received signal composed of clusters of multipath waves propagating in a non-homogeneous environment. The procedure to estimate these parameters uses the pdf (probability density function) obtained from received signal. The signal is generated using two fading channel simulator development by author. The results show that the Yacoub's Distributions provides a best fitting to simulated data than Nakagami-m Distribution. The Yacoub's distributions have two parameters to estimate, while the Nakagami distribution have just one parameter. The analysis of the received signal and the estimated curves confirm that there is a very good agreement between the estimated parameters from signal and the parameters used to generated the correspondent signal.
DYNAMICS OF CD 133 + CELLS IN CULTURES OF GLIOMA C 6 AND FETAL RAT BRAIN UNDER THE NEUROGENIC CELLS SUPERNATANT INFLUENCE

oncogenic viruses [3] and they are responsible for recurrence of disease after surgical resection. BTSCs and NSCs have the ability to self-renewal and multiple drug resistance [4, 5]. The latter property is associated with an increased expression and activity of ABC-transporters, which are common BTSCs and NSCs markers. Another common marker is a cell surface protein CD133 (prominin-1) [6, 7]. CD133 was first identified in the protrusions of membranes of murine neuroepithelial stem cells (SCs). The molecule CD133 belongs to the family of cell surface glycoproteins with five transmembrane domains and is found in both normal cells and a number of different types of tumor and cancer cells. In epithelial cells, especially in neuroepithelial SCs, CD133 is localized in the microvilli, primary cilia and the middle part of the cell body; Active studies of biological properties of neurogenic stem cells (NSCs) and the discovery of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) excite review the problem of the origin and progression of tumors. Cellular and molecular similarities between BTSCs and normal NSCs justify the search for new treatments using NSCs at malignant gliomas. The brain tumors, especially the most malignant glioma forms – glioblastomas, contain subpopulations of BTSCs or tumor initiating cells that cause resistance of tumors to radiation and chemotherapy [1, 2]. Both BTSCs and NSCs have clonogenic properties, form neurospheres in the culture, and express neuronal and astroglial markers during differentiation. It is believed that NSCs of subventricular zone are the most probable source of gliomas by the impact of carcinogens or ABSTRACT
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF POWER FROM GRID CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

In disseminated framework, renewable Energy Sources (RES) are progressively joined utilizing power hardware interfaces. Broad utilization of force gadgets produce harmonic current and mightdiminish nature of force. In this paper, renewable Energy Sources (RES) is associated with the network through a matrix interfacing inverter for force quality change. The matrix interfacing inverter is associated with a 3-stage 4-wire framework and hysteresis current control strategy is utilized to create door beats. Here renewable Energy Sources (RES) is spoken to as a dc source. The lattice interfacing inverter has the ability of infusing RES energy to the framework furthermore diminishes load unbalance, load sounds and responsive force interest is adjusted. All out Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the lattice associated framework is broke down. The reproduction has been completed in MATLAB/Simulink
Porous Organic-inorganic Hybrids for Removal of Amines

Porous organic-inorganic hybrids have been prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and organosilane precursors by sol-gel method. Two organosilanes, 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)propyltriethoxysilane (DNPTES) and N-[[(2-nitrophenyl)methoxy]carbonyl]-3-triethoxysilylpropylamine (NPTES) were used to incorporate electron-accepting (di)nitrophenyl groups into the hybrids. The hybrids were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and their pore characteristics were studied by nitrogen sorption porosimetry. Surface area of the hybrids ranged from 563 to 770 m 2 /g, pore volume, 0.23-0.30 cm 3 /g, and porosity, 35-41%. It was demonstrated by UV-vis spectroscopy that aniline, ethylenediamine, and 1-aminonaphthalene could be removed from their hexane solutions in the presence of the hybrid powders. The removal of amines is attributable to donor-acceptor interaction between the electron-donating amines and electron-accepting (di)nitrophenyl moiety.
Assessment of metals in roasted indigenous coffee varieties of Ethiopia

The metals content (Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of roasted coffee varieties grown in five different regions of Ethiopia was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Representative samples were collected from Coffee Quality Inspection and Liquoring Center in the capital city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and the metals were extracted by wet digestion. The optimal digestion required 4 hours refluxing at 270 o C on Kjeldhal hot plate with a mixture of 5 mL HNO 3 (70%) and 1.5 mL HClO 4 (70%) to completely digest 0.5 g of roasted coffee samples. Recoveries of metals in the spiked samples varied from 90 to 110%. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the concentrations of Ca, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni and Zn with the variation of coffee beans geographic origin. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated high positive correlation among some metals and high negative correlation among others. The amounts of metals that a person can get from two cups of coffee are well below the daily recommended values and drinking two cups of coffee is safe for an adult person and free from the risks of Cd and Pb toxicity. KEY WORDS : Metals content, Roasted coffee, Indigenous coffee varieties, Ethiopia Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2018 , 32(1), 27-38 DOI: https://dx.doi. org/10.4314/bcse.v32i1. 3
PHYTO - PHARM ACEUTICAL ASSAY OF DASHAMOOLADI RASAYANA COMPOUND: A NOVEL COMPOUND FOR DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY

At least 171 million people worldwide have diabetes; among the m 47% suffer from symptom of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy (DSPN). Despite advances in understanding metabolic causes of neuropathy, treatments aimed at interrupting these pathological processes have been limited by side effects and lack of efficacy. Even though it is not mentioned directly in Ayurvedic literature, critical analysis of the lakshanas of DSPN gives certain insights to the role of Avarana of Vata by Dushyas. Ideally, Rasayanas are preferred in such multi - faceted disorders, wh ich not only disintegrate the clutches of Samprapti but also energize the glucose starved tissues. The objective of current article is to explore and understand pathogenesis of DSPN in the light of Ayurveda and to propose a novel herbal compound preparatio n - Dashamooladi Rasayana Compound for treatment of the same. This compound was analyzed and standardized scientifically through qualitative and quantitative analysis by Physico chemical parameters, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). This approach will signal a new era towards the use of Rasayanas in such neurodegenerative disorders and help millions in desolation.
Mathematical model of optical signals emitted by electrical discharges occuring in electroinsulating oil

The article presents a parametric model describing the registered distributions spectrum of optical radiation emitted by electrical discharges generated in the systems: the needle- needle, the needleplate and in the system for surface discharges. Generation of electrical discharges and registration of the emitted radiation was carried out in three different electrical insulating oils: fabric new, operated (used) and operated with air bubbles. For registration of optical spectra in the range of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared a high resolution spectrophotometer was. The proposed mathematical model was developed in a regression procedure using gauss-sigmoid type function. The dependent variable was the intensity of the recorded optical signals. In order to estimate the optimal parameters of the model an evolutionary algorithm was used. The optimization procedure was performed in Matlab environment. For determination of the matching quality of theoretical parameters of the regression function to the empirical data determination coefficient R 2 was applied.
Managing Differences in Situational Awareness Due to Roles in the Design-Use Process of Complex Systems

This chapter describes how Situational Awareness (SA) can differ between roles in the design-use process. SA is not traditionally used to describe awareness between roles in the design-use process. However, SA between individuals or groups having various roles in the design-use process could be described, assessed, and used as a tool for improving a design process.
The evolution of sex-change timing under environmental uncertainty: a test by simulation

Background: Life-history theory predicts that selection for changing from an initial sex to a second sex exists when the size- or age-specific reproductive-rate curves for males and females cross. The optimal timing of sex change will be the size or age at which the curves cross. But wild populations of many sex-changing fishes do not follow this prediction; individuals generally change sex at a size or age at which the sex that they become cannot yet reproduce. This phenomenon is termed ‘early sex change’. Question: Does uncertainty in the advent of successful reproduction in the second sex favour the evolution of early sex change? Method: Genetically explicit simulation to track the evolution of sex change timing. Key assumption: Reproduction in the initial sex (female) is assured but of low value, whereas reproduction in the second sex (male) is uncertain but of high value. Organisms: Our model is primarily based on the natural history of the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, but is designed to apply to many other species of sex-changing fishes. Results: Early sex change rapidly evolved under the conditions of the model. Moreover, the timing of sex change became highly variable within a population. The mean age of switching from female to male depended on the ratio of male to female reproductive rates: the higher the ratio, the earlier the mean age at which females switched. A second mechanism for early sex change arose from the asymmetrical fitness surface of females: those that switch earlier than the optimum time pay a smaller fitness penalty than those that switch later.
Homogenization of reactive flows in periodic porous media

Nous étudions la convection et la diffusion d’une espèce dans un milieu poreux en présence d’une réaction chimique linéaire d’adsorption/désorption sur les surfaces des pores. Le modèle mathématique est un système de deux équations de convection-diffusion couplées, une dans le volume du fluide saturé circulant dans le milieu poreux, l’autre sur les surfaces des pores, à l’interface avec la partie solide du milieu poreux. Il y a un couplage grâce à un terme de réaction linéaire exprimant l’échange de masse entre la concentration volumique et la concentration surfacique. Par une méthode de développement asymptotique à deux échelles avec dérive, on obtient le problème homogénéisé dans un répère mobile. Des calculs numériques sont effectués en 2-d afin d’étudier l’effet des variations du taux d’adsorption, du nombre de Péclet et de la diffusion surfacique sur le tenseur de dispersion effectif.
Effect of diets differing in fibre content fed during the early growth stage of pigs on subsequent energy and nutrient digestibility

The digestibility of energy and nutrients was determined in piglets weaned at 10 kg and fed a standard diet B, with a fibre (F) content of 37.9 g/kg, or diets with the F content increased to 53.5, 60.6 and 76.4 g/kg (diets GM10, GM15 and GM20, respectively). The diets were fed until 25 kg BW and then were replaced by diet B fed to all pigs for 14 days. During the last 5 days the digestibility of diet B was measured in pigs previously fed on diets with increased F contents. In diets with a higher F content, the digestibility of energy and nutrients, except F, was lower, whereas the digestibility of F was higher than in diet B. Consequently, the energy value of these diets was lower by 0.9-1.1 MJ ME. The energy and nutrient digestibilities of diet B fed after diets with a higher F content were not affected by the preceding diet except NDF and F digestibilities, which were digested better. The energy value of diet B fed to pigs pre-fed on high-fibre diets was from 0.15 to 0.21 MJ ME greater as compared with that of diet B fed continuously.