Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Smooth Control to Avoid Congestion for Wireless Network

In wireless network, TCP Reno and TCP Vegas do not work well as they do in wired network, because they take packet losses or timeout as the signal of congestion. However, in wireless network, temporary link outages or fading-induced bit errors result in packet losses, so the TCP decreases the cwnd improperly. Some variations of TCP have been developed to improve the transport protocol performance for wireless network. These approaches progress along two directions. One direction is to hide any losses not related to congestion from the sender, so that the sender can only detect the packet losses due to congestion, such as I-TCP or snoopy protocol. However these protocols are not fit for ad hoc network in which there are no middle base stations between the wire link and the wireless link. Thus, the other direction, explicit congestion notification (ECN), is a promising direction in the wireless network. In the paper, we propose a new protocol based on expanded ECN mechanism to respond to packet losses in the wireless environment more properly. The paper gives the idea to construct the new mechanism, called TCP 3-states/ECN2, and analyses the stability of the new mechanism. By using the NS-2 simulator, the paper compares the new mechanism on throughput, drop ratio and delay time with TCP Reno and TCP Vegas. The simulation result indicates TCP 3-states/ECN2 mechanism can get better tradeoff of throughput and delay time, so it can work well in wireless environment
IgM anti‐hepatitis C virus core antibodies as marker of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation

The differential diagnosis of recurrent hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) may be difficult. We evaluated the diagnostic significance of IgM anti‐hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) core antibodies in 27 patients undergoing OLT because of HCV‐associated cirrhosis. Serial serum samples collected before and after OLT were tested for the presence of IgM anti‐HCV core antibodies. Results were compared with the histological evidence of liver damage, the presence, level, and genotype of serum HCV RNA and the degree of immunosuppression. All patients underwent recurrent HCV infection. Recurrent hepatitis was diagnosed histologically in 21 patients an average of 48 weeks after OLT (range 2–209 weeks): 18 had persistence or (re)appearance of the IgM anti‐HCV core after OLT, one lost the IgM anti‐HCV core after OLT, and two never secreted IgM anti‐HCV core either before or after OLT. The remaining six patients did not develop recurrent hepatitis after a follow‐up of 44–241 weeks from OLT; in these patients, IgM anti‐HCV core either disappeared (1 case) or decreased (1 case) after OLT or were persistently negative throughout the study (4 cases). Thus, 18/21 patients with recurrent hepatitis, but only one of six without recurrent hepatitis, secreted IgM anti‐HCV core after OLT (P < 0.05). The IgM anti‐HCV core levels were not correlated with the level or genotype of serum HCV RNA or the degree of immunosuppression. In conclusion, secretion of IgM anti‐HCV core antibodies after OLT seems associated with recurrence of HCV‐associated liver disease and may have diagnostic significance. J. Med. Virol. 56:224–229, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of immunoperoxidase staining of 3 different types of CD5 antibodies in a spectrum of breast lesions.

CONTEXT We recently described a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who presented with a breast carcinoma that stained positive for CD5 using a commercially available antibody (CD5-4C7, Novocastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK). OBJECTIVES To study the distribution of CD5 immunoreactivity in tissue sections of a variety of benign and malignant breast lesions using the antibody CD5-4C7 and to compare the results with those obtained with 2 other commercially available CD5 antibodies (CD5/54/F6, Dako, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK, and CD5/54/B4, Novocastra). DESIGN Paraffin sections of 102 breast biopsy specimens with various diagnoses were examined using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex technique. SETTING The histopathology department of a tertiary referral teaching hospital. RESULTS The staining results obtained with CD5-4C7 were different from those obtained with the other 2 antibodies. With 4C7, the normal and benign biopsy specimens showed varying numbers of positive epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Heterogeneous positive staining was also present in 47 (78%) of 60 invasive female breast carcinomas and in all 3 male breast carcinomas examined. A statistically significant correlation was found between CD5 positivity and tumor grade, with grade 3 tumors being less likely to be CD5 positive than grades 1 and 2 (P =.0035). No correlation was found between CD5 positivity and patient's age, tumor histologic type, axillary lymph node status, or progesterone receptors. On the other hand, the CD5/54/F6 and CD5/54/B4 antibodies only stained lymphocytes and occasional normal breast ducts, mostly those showing apocrine metaplasia. All other normal benign and malignant epithelial cells were negative. CONCLUSIONS Positive staining for CD5 using the antibody 4C7 is seen in normal and benign breast tissue and 78% of invasive breast carcinomas. The positivity is more common in low-grade tumors. No significant staining was seen with the 2 other CD5 clones used in this study. The significance of the positive staining obtained with CD5-4C7 is not obvious, but this clone may be more sensitive than the others, or it may be recognizing an epitope shared by another antigen.
Bufuralol hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2D6 and 1A2 enzymes in human liver microsomes.

Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation is a prototypical reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D6, an enzyme known to show debrisoquine/sparteine-type genetic polymorphism in humans. In the present study we further examined the roles of several human P450 enzymes, as well as P450 2D6, in the hydroxylation of (+/-)-bufuralol, using liver microsomes from several human samples and human P450 enzymes expressed in human lymphoblastoid cell lines or Escherichia coli. Kinetic analysis of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation by liver microsomes showed that there were different Km and Vmax values in seven human samples examined; low Km values (approximately 0.05 mM) were observed in four samples (including sample HL-18), high Km values (approximately 0.25 mM) in two samples (including sample HL-67), and an intermediate Km value (approximately 0.1 mM) in one sample. Quinidine and anti-rat P450 2D1 antibody almost completely inhibited bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in human sample HL-18 at a substrate concentration of 0.4 mM, whereas these effects were not so drastic when liver microsomes from human sample HL-67 were used. In contrast, a very low concentration (< 10 microM) of alpha-naphthoflavone or anti-human P450 1A2 antibody significantly inhibited bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation catalyzed by human sample HL-67, but not HL-18, with 0.4 mM bufuralol. When the relative contents of P450 2D6 and P450 1A2 in 20 human samples were determined, bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in samples containing large amounts of P450 2D6 tended to be more sensitive to quinidine, whereas the P450 1A2-rich samples were highly susceptible to alpha-naphthoflavone. However, at low substrate concentrations bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation was shown to be catalyzed principally by P450 2D6, based on the inhibitory effects of anti-rat P450 2D1 antibody and quinidine, in both human samples HL-18 and HL-67. At least five other, minor, bufuralol products were formed by human liver microsomes, in addition to 1'-hydroxybufuralol. Two of them were identified as 4- and 6-hydroxybufuralol by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The formation of the 4- and 6-hydroxylated products was suggested to be catalyzed by P450 1A2, based on the results of correlation with P450 1A2 contents in 60 human samples and inhibition by anti-P450 1A2 and alpha-naphthoflavone. Purified recombinant P450 1A2 (expressed in E. coli) produced 1'-, 4-, and 6-hydroxybufuralol in a reconstituted system, although P450 2D6 (expressed in human lymphoblast cell lines) was found to catalyze only bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Public Distribution System vs. Market: Analysis of Wheat and Rice Consumption in India

Despite the large-scale antipoverty programs, especially food and nutrition programs, 15 per cent of Indian population is undernourished. The National Food Security Act (NFSA) aims at reducing food insecurity by granting a right to food to a large share of the population. The implementation of the world largest food aid program, however, is controversially debated: While historically, rationed highly subsidizes staple food have been used to improve the access to food for poor people, cash transfers are considered as an alternative with lower market distortions, leakages and fiscal costs. This study analyzes consumption patterns of wheat and rice delivered through the Public Distribution System in India and investigates targeting errors as well as reasons for leakage, self-selection and under-supply of staples using cross-sectional household data on all-India level. Our findings indicate some serious targeting errors of the current distribution system as migrant workers and female-led households are not well covered. We find that leakage rates are in general very low for poor households and regions with high poverty rates, implying that higher market prices have negative consequences for the poor excluded from the system. Further, wealthier households restrain from consuming subsidized grains. This negative self-selection of wealthier households implies a high potential for cost savings that would be lost under a cash-transfer scheme. Thus, or study provides a subtle and differentiated analysis that is highly useful for improving the current distribution system as well as design and targeting issues relevant for an alternative cash-transfer system.
Complex Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms Control Expression of the E2F3 Locus

ABSTRACT E2F transcription activity has been shown to play a critical role in cell growth control, regulating the expression of a variety of genes that encode proteins important for the initiation of DNA replication and cell cycle regulation. We have shown that the E2F3 locus encodes two protein products: the E2F3a product, which is tightly regulated by cell growth, and the E2F3b product, which is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. To further explore the mechanism controlling the expression of the two E2F3 gene products, we analyzed the genomic sequences flanking the 5′ region of E2F3a and E2F3b. We find that a series of E2F binding sites confer negative control on the E2F3a promoter in quiescent cells, similar to the control of the E2F1 and E2F2 promoters. In addition, a group of E-box elements, which are Myc binding sites, confer responsiveness to Myc and are necessary for full activation of the E2F3a promoter in response to growth stimulation. Based on these results and past experiments, it appears that the E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3a genes are similarly regulated by growth stimulation, involving a combination of E2F-dependent negative control and Myc-mediated positive control. In contrast, the constitutive expression of the E2F3b gene more closely reflects the control of expression of the E2F4 and E2F5 genes.
The diagnostic accuracy of E6 & 7 mRNA detection as a primary screening test for the detection of severe cervical lesions.

PURPOSE This prospective accuracy study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid sequence amplification (NASBA) and flow cytometry for E6/7 human papillomavirus (HPV) mRNA detection as a primary screening test compared to cytology in the triage of severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions. METHODS 1083 women referred to our outpatient gynecology clinics for a routine Pap test were recruited. Residual material of the Pap smears was tested by NASBA and by flow cytometry for E6/7 mRNA expression. Biopsy results were used as reference standards. The accuracy indices of both techniques and of NASBA type-16 HPV were assessed for the detection of CIN2+ lesions and were compared to cytology. RESULTS An increased lesion severity was associated with increased positivity rates of both NASBA and flow cytometry tests (x(2), p<0.001). A positive correlation between NASBA and flow cytometry was identified when these methods were examined with the Phi coefficient (value 0.369, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] : 0.307-0.426). Furthermore, NASBA (89.7 vs 57.7%, p<0.0005) and flow cytometry (77.3 vs 57.7%, p<0.0005) exhibited higher specificity rates than cytology. However, their sensitivity rates did not exceed those of cytology (NASBA:69.8 vs 84.6%, p=0.051; flow cytometry: 69.12 vs 84.6%, p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS Both NASBA and flow cytometry exhibited increased specificity for the triage of CIN2+ lesions. However, their relatively lower sensitivity and higher positivity rates when compared to cytology do not make them ideal for a primary screening test. Hence, the role of mRNA detection in the screening for severe cervical lesions remains to be clarified.
Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatric Research and Treatment Perspectives and Prospects

Clinical research with hallucinogens has resumed after a generation's hiatus. To place these new studies in context, this article reviews the history of hallucinogens' use and abuse, discusses their pharmacological properties, and highlights previous human studies. Research with lysergic acid diethylamide and related hallucinogens with thousands of patients and control subjects was associated with acceptable safety when subjects were carefully screened, supervised, and followed up. Data were generated regarding hallucinogens' psychopharmacology, overlap with endogenous psychoses, and psychotherapeutic efficacy. Current American and European studies emphasize systematic psychopharmacology, in addition to psychotherapy protocols. Human hallucinogen research will help define unique mind-brain interfaces, and provide mechanistic hypotheses and treatment options for psychiatric disorders. It is critical that human hallucinogen research in the 1990s make use of state of the art methodologies, or consensually define when modifications are required. Training and supervisory issues also must be explicitly addressed.
Temporal sequence of endotoxin-induced systolic and diastolic myocardial depression in rabbits.

Twelve anesthetized rabbits received endotoxin (175 +/- 38 micrograms/kg i.v., mean +/- SD) to evaluate the temporal sequence of alterations in left ventricular (LV) function. LV volume was calculated from LV minor- and long-axis diameters, and wall thickness was measured with sonomicrometers. Hypotension, acidosis, and hypoxia were immediately corrected to eliminate these causes of myocardial depression. LV dilation developed early (1.2 +/- 0.5 h) with a significant (21 +/- 23%) increase in end-diastolic volume measured at a LV end-diastolic pressure of 5 +/- 6 mmHg. The LV stiffness did not change, and the LV dilation did not progressively worsen. Significant systolic depression developed later (2.8 +/- 1.0 h) with a 32 +/- 22% increase in end-systolic volume measured at a LV end-systolic pressure of 69 +/- 9 mmHg. The late preterminal phase (4.1 +/- 0.8 h) was characterized by a progressive increase in end-systolic volume (73 +/- 41% above control) and a significant (53 +/- 34%) increase in tau, the time constant of LV pressure fall. Diastolic abnormalities (LV dilation and increased tau) were not attributable to depressed contractility or altered hemodynamics. We conclude that endotoxin impairs systolic and diastolic LV function with distinct differences in time course. This suggests that contractility, relaxation, and passive LV properties are impaired by different endotoxin-mediated pathways and/or have different sensitivities to endotoxin.
A potential game governing a non-cooperative distributed Cognitive Radio Network: A price-based approach

In the following paper a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is studied by means of the “mathematical tool of game theory”. When we are faced with a distributed CRN, it is observed that selfishness of users will decrease the efficiency of network resource usage. Indeed, this is the selfishness of the users dispossessing them of optimum achievable state in the network. Using a game theoretical approach, we will offer a suitable pricing method which formulates the game as a potential one and allows the users to get more of network resources as long as they pay for it. Furthermore, how this method functions in a simulated CRN will be shown. According to simulation results, it can be perceived that in a non-cooperative environment, an ordinary network face a considerable drop in the number of convergence trials and the access of users to network resources, whereas exploiting the suggested pricing method mitigates the negative effects of selfishness of users. Moreover, the simulation results show that there are even some parameters which are bettered using the pricing method in the network in comparison with cooperative setting.
Coordinated and circumlocutory semantic naming errors are related to anterolateral temporal lobes in mild AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging

Abstract Naming difficulties are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and, to a lesser extent, of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. The association of naming impairment with anterior temporal lobe (ATL) atrophy in Semantic Dementia (SD) could be a tip of the iceberg effect, in which case the atrophy is a marker of more generalized temporal lobe pathology. Alternatively, it could reflect the existence of a functional gradient within the temporal lobes, wherein more anterior regions provide the basis for greater specificity of representation. We tested these two hypotheses in a study of 15 subjects with mild AD, 17 with aMCI, and 16 aged control subjects and showed that coordinate and circumlocutory semantic error production on the Boston Naming Test was weakly correlated with ATL gray matter density, as determined by voxel-based morphometry. Additionally, we investigated whether these errors were benefited by phonemic cues, and similarly to SD, our AD patients had small improvement. Because there is minimal gradient of temporal lobe atrophy in AD or MCI, and, therefore, no basis for a tip of the iceberg effect, these findings support the theory of a modest functional gradient in the temporal lobes, with the ATLs being involved in the naming of more specific objects. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1099–1107.)
Susceptibility of Biallelic Haplotype and Genotype Frequencies to Genotyping Error

Summary With the availability of fast genotyping methods and genomic databases, the search for statistical association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with a complex trait has become an important methodology in medical genetics. However, even fairly rare errors occurring during the genotyping process can lead to spurious association results and decrease in statistical power. We develop a systematic approach to study how genotyping errors change the genotype distribution in a sample. The general M‐marker case is reduced to that of a single‐marker locus by recognizing the underlying tensor‐product structure of the error matrix. Both method and general conclusions apply to the general error model; we give detailed results for allele‐based errors of size depending both on the marker locus and the allele present. Multiple errors are treated in terms of the associated diffusion process on the space of genotype distributions. We find that certain genotype and haplotype distributions remain unchanged under genotyping errors, and that genotyping errors generally render the distribution more similar to the stable one. In case–control association studies, this will lead to loss of statistical power for nondifferential genotyping errors and increase in type I error for differential genotyping errors. Moreover, we show that allele‐based genotyping errors do not disturb Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the genotype distribution. In this setting we also identify maximally affected distributions. As they correspond to situations with rare alleles and marker loci in high linkage disequilibrium, careful checking for genotyping errors is advisable when significant association based on such alleles/haplotypes is observed in association studies.
The Correlation between Common Stock Return and Price Earnings (PE) Ratio: Egypt Case

The present research aims to correlation between common stock return and Price Earnings (PE) Ratio; the population of the study is the Egyptian exchange; the period from 2008 to 2015 Through monthly data of EGX30 index. Finally, There is not a significant correlation between common stock return and earning per share; The researchers can justify it to Political risk during and after 25th of January 2011 and 30th of June 2013 revolutions; Decline in trading volumes and Foreign & Arab investors exit from Egyptian exchange.
PD-1/PD-L pathway and autoimmunity

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) was isolated in 1992 by subtractive-hybridization technique, as a molecule whose expression is enhanced by apoptotic stimuli. Since then we have been analyzing the function of PD-1 in the regulation of immune responses. Generation of PD-1 deficient mice, pathophysiological analyses of autoimmune diseases in PD-1 deficient mice, identification of two ligands, and analyses of downstream events of PD-1 revealed that PD-1 prevents autoimmunity by inhibiting activation of self-reactive lymphocytes. These findings were further applied on human autoimmune diseases and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on human PD-1 gene have been reported to link with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and type I diabetes.