Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A pricing method for transmission loss based on sensitivity analysis

This paper presents a method to evaluate the economic value of transmission loss based on the share proportion principle and the sensitivity analysis. We first formulate an optimal power flow problem to derive the operation conditions, the nodal prices of each bus, and the transmission prices between two buses and then trace the transmission loss during operation based on the share proportion principle of the graph theory. The sensitivity analysis has been used to identify the wheeling path from each generator to any load, and the value of transmission loss is also evaluated. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE 30-bus standard system, which confirms our theoretical results. The proposed method can be used not only to improve the efficient usage of the power grid and congestion management but also to provide valuable economic signals for the generation or transmission investment
Prescribing and Monitoring Exercise Intensity in Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Review

This review intends to explore the impact of various levels of exercise intensity on physiological performance in a group of participants undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Specifically, this study aims to determine prescribing and monitoring exercise intensity in pulmonary rehabilitation. Although numerous studies have emerged in the past decade revealing the advantages of different aerobic exercise for pulmonary rehabilitation, this review has examined the nature of exercise training as part of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. This review will allow for greater confidence in any observed treatment effects, and will also provide novel information related to physiological and quality of life outcomes in patients with pulmonary disease. Information gained from this review is believed to allow for more individualised and appropriate exercise prescription for pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, as well as promote greater consistency and clarity related to the psychological and social impacts of varying levels of exercise intensity.
In Vivo Imaging of Retinal Hypoxia Using HYPOX-4-Dependent Fluorescence in a Mouse Model of Laser-Induced Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO)

Purpose To demonstrate the utility of a novel in vivo molecular imaging probe, HYPOX-4, to detect and image retinal hypoxia in real time, in a mouse model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods Retinal vein occlusion was achieved in adult mice by photodynamic retinal vein thrombosis (PRVT). One or two major retinal vein(s) was/were occluded in close proximity to the optic nerve head (ONH). In vivo imaging of retinal hypoxia was performed using, HYPOX-4, an imaging probe developed by our laboratory. Pimonidazole-adduct immunostaining was performed and used as a standard ex vivo method for the detection of retinal hypoxia in this mouse RVO model. The retinal vasculature was imaged using fluorescein angiography (FA) and isolectin B4 staining. Retinal thickness was assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) analysis. Results By application of the standard ex vivo pimonidazole-adduct immunostaining technique, retinal hypoxia was observed within 2 hours post-PRVT. The observed hypoxic retinal areas depended on whether one or two retinal vein(s) was/were occluded. Similar areas of hypoxia were imaged in vivo using HYPOX-4. Using OCT, retinal edema was observed immediately post-PRVT induction, resolving 8 days later. Nominal preretinal neovascularization was observed at 10 to 14 days post-RVO. Conclusions HYPOX-4 is an efficient probe capable of imaging retinal hypoxia in vivo, in RVO mice. Future studies will focus on its use in correlating retinal hypoxia to the onset and progression of ischemic vasculopathies.
Spring Relapse of Plasmodium relictum Infections in an Experimental Field Population of English Sparrows (Passer domesticus) *

A field population of English sparrows (Passer domesticus) was used to test the hypothesis that the reported spring maximum in the prevalence of Plasmodium infections is the result of an elevation of circulating parasite populations in established infections. Sparrows were captured, banded, infected with Plasmodium relictum, and released. Since natural infections were negligible in this population, patent infections in recaptured birds were assumed to result from the inoculation of parasites. The primary parasitemia in the experimental birds lasted approximately 25 days, while a substantial proportion of low intensity infections persisted through 125 days. Analysis of the seasonal distribution of patent infections in birds infected 125 days or longer showed a sharp rise in both prevalence and parasitemia in the spring. This study thus supports the hypothesis that spring relapse of established infections is responsible for the high spring prevalence of Plasmodium in birds.
What’s a Mother to Do?

Recent huntergatherers display much uniformity in the division of labor along the lines of gender and age. The complementary economic roles for men and women typical of ethnographically documented huntergatherers did not appear in Eurasia until the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. The rich archaeological record of Middle Paleolithic cultures in Eurasia suggests that earlier hominins pursued more narrowly focused economies, with womens activities more closely aligned with those of men with respect to schedule and ranging patterns than in recent forager systems. More broadly based economies emerged first in the early Upper Paleolithic in the eastern Mediterranean region and later in the rest of Eurasia. The behavioral changes associated with the Upper Paleolithic record signal a wider range of economic and technological roles in forager societies, and these changes may have provided the expanding populations of Homo sapiens with a demographic advantage over other hominins in Eurasia.
A monolithic W-band high-gain LNA/detector for millimeter wave radiometric imaging applications

We have demonstrated a monolithic W-band six-stage low noise amplifier/detector, using 0.1 /spl mu/m passivated pseudomorphic Al/sub 0.25/Ga/sub 0.75/As/In/sub 0.22/Ga/sub 0.78/As/GaAs HEMT technology. The front-end LNA, over the band from 85 to 96 GHz has achieved an average small signal gain of 40 dB which is the highest gain value ever reported for a MMIC operating in the W-band. The measured minimum resolvable temperature of the MMIC is about 1.6 K, where the dominant noise source is attributed to be the 1/f noise of the monolithically integrated HEMT diode. <<ETX>>
Dynamic arc model of the flashover of the polluted insulators

The importance of the research on insulator pollution has been increased considerably with the rise of the voltage of transmission lines. In order to determine the flashover behavior of polluted high voltage insulators and to identify to physical mechanisms that govern this phenomenon, the researchers have been brought to establish a modeling. In this study after presenting the theoretical and experimental open model, a dynamic arc model has been developed to calculate the flashover. The validity of the model was verified by comparing the computed results with the experimental results of previous researchers and good correlation has been shown.
A Critical Appraisal of CSF Monoamine Metabolite Studies in Schizophrenia

During the late 1950s and the following decades increasing evidence for a connection between central dopamine (DA) functions and schizophrenia emerged. The DA hypothesis of schizophrenia was based primarily on indirect pharmacological evidences, for example, the antipsychotic action of neuroleptic drugs correlated with their propensity to reduce DA function (phenothiazines, reserpine); neuroleptic drugs bind to dopamine receptors with affinities that are proportional to their antipsychotic potencies; high doses of amphetamine or other DA agonists can induce psychotic states resembling schizophrenia or exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Several extensive reviews of this field have previously been presented. '-5 More recent support for the hypothesis are findings of increased numbers of DAD2 (but not DA-DI receptors) in postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients unrelated to previous neuroleptic Interestingly, Wong and collaborators9 have recently found increased DA-D, receptor densities in vivo in the caudate nucleus of drugnaive schizophrenic patients using positron emission tomography. Several different approaches have been used to test the DA hypothesis of schizophrenia, for example, measurements of DA and its major metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in postmortem brains, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from schizophrenic patients and controls; measurements of enzyme activities involved in DA synthesis or degradation; assessments of central DA receptor sensitivity; and evaluation of clinical effects of drugs that alter DA function (for an extensive review, see reference 5). In the present paper, the focus is on findings in CSF monoamine and monoamine metabolite studies in schizophrenia. Emphasis is on the DA system, but also noradrenaline and serotonin and their principal metabolites, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), are briefly discussed.
Effect of tubing deposition, breathing pattern, and temperature on aerosol mass distribution measured by cascade impactor.

Aerosols produced by nebulizers are often characterized on the bench using cascade impactors. We studied the effects of connecting tubing, breathing pattern, and temperature on mass-weighted aerodynamic particle size aerosol distributions (APSD) measured by cascade impaction. Our experimental setup consisted of a piston ventilator, low-flow (1.0 L/min) cascade impactor, two commercially available nebulizers that produced large and small particles, and two "T"-shaped tubes called "Tconnector(cascade)" and "Tconnector(nebulizer)" placed above the impactor and the nebulizer, respectively. Radiolabeled normal saline was nebulized using an airtank at 50 PSIG; APSD, mass balance, and Tconnector(cascade) deposition were measured with a gamma camera and radioisotope calibrator. Flow through the circuit was defined by the air tank (standing cloud, 10 L/min) with or without a piston pump, which superimposed a sinusoidal flow on the flow from the air tank (tidal volume and frequency of breathing). Experiments were performed at room temperature and in a cooled environment. With increasing tidal volume and frequency, smaller particles entered the cascade impactor (decreasing MMAD; e.g., Misty-Neb, 4.2 +/- 0.9 microm at lowest ventilation and 2.7 +/- 0.1 microm at highest, p = 0.042). These effects were reduced in magnitude for the nebulizer that produced smaller particles (AeroTech II, MMAD 1.8 +/- 0.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.1 microm; p = 0.0044). Deposition on Tconnector(cascade) increased with ventilation but was independent of cascade impactor flow. Imaging of the Tconnector(cascade) revealed a pattern of deposition unaffected by cascade impactor flow. These measurements suggest that changes in MMAD with ventilation were not artifacts of tubing deposition in the Tconnector(cascade). At lower temperatures, APSD distributions were more polydisperse. Our data suggest that, during patient inhalation, changes in particle distribution occur that are related to conditions in the tubing and may reduce the diameters of particles entering the patient. This effect is more significant for nebulizers producing large particles. Changes in ambient temperature did not affect these observations.
Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among Infertile Patients Suspected with Female Genital Tuberculosis

Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is a symptomless disease that evidences itself only when it is investigated for infertility. Demonstration of the etiologic agent by H & E staining or Z-N staining for acid fast bacilli, smear microscopy, culture of menstrual blood, urine and sputum were often unsuccessful. We therefore, proposed to use the endo-ovarian tissue biopsies and pelvic aspirated fluids for the detection of FGTB among infertile women by conventional versus genotypic methods. A prospective case-control study was undertaken. A total of 302 specimens were collected from 202 infertile women highly suspected of having FGTB on laparoscopic examination and from 100 control women of reproductive age. Out of these 302 specimens, 150 (49.67%) were premenstrual endometrial tissue biopsies (ETBs), 95 (31.46%) were ovarian tissue biopsies (OTBs) and 57 (18.87%) were pelvic aspirated fluids (PAFs). All specimens tested by conventional/ phenotypic methods were later compared with multi-gene/ multi-primer PCR (multi-gene PCR) method using four sets of primers for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA in a single tube-single step reaction and correlated with laparoscopic findings. The presence of MTB DNA was observed in 49.5% of ETBs, 33.17% of OTBs and 5.44% of PAF specimens collected from highly suspected FGTB patients. All control women were confirmed as negative for tuberculosis. The conventional methods showed 99% to 100% specificity with a low sensitivity, ranging from 21.78% to 42.08% while H & E staining showed a sensitivity of 51.48%. Multi-gene PCR method was found to have a much higher sensitivity of 70.29% with MTB64 gene, 86.63% with 19kDa antigen gene at species and TRC4 element at regional MTB complex level and 88.12% with 32kDa protein gene at genus level (Pearson χ2 =214.612, 1df, McNemar’s test value <0.0001). The specificity of multi-gene PCR was 100%. We suggest site specific sampling, irrespective of sample type and amplification of the 19kDa antigen gene in combination with TRC4 element as a successful multi-gene PCR method for the diagnosis of FGTB and differentiation of mycobacterial infection among endo-ovarian tissue biopsies and PAFs taken from infertile women.
Effect of Concurrent Training with Blood Flow Restriction in the Elderly

Abstract The aim of this present study was to investigate on the effects of concurrent training with blood flow restriction (BFR-CT) and concurrent training (CT) on the aerobic fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength in a cohort of older individuals. 25 healthy older adults (64.7±4.1 years; 69.33±10.8 kg; 1.6±0.1 m) were randomly assigned to experimental groups: CT (n=8, endurance training (ET), 2 days/week for 30–40 min, 50–80% VO2peak and RT, 2 days/week, leg press with 4 sets of 10 reps at 70–80% of 1-RM with 60 s rest), BFR-CT (n=10, ET, similar to CT, but resistance training with blood flow restriction: 2 days/week, leg press with 1 set of 30 and 3 sets of 15 reps at 20–30% 1-RM with 60 s rest) or control group (n=7). Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSAq), 1-RM and VO2peak were assessed pre- and post-examination (12 wk). The CT and BFR-CT showed similar increases in CSAq post-test (7.3%, P<0.001; 7.6%, P<0.0001, respectively), 1-RM (38.1%, P<0.001; 35.4%, P=0.001, respectively) and VO2peak (9.5%, P=0.04; 10.3%, P=0.02, respectively). The BFR-CT promotes similar neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory adaptations as CT.
A Metric Based Automatic Selection of Ontology Matchers Using Bootstrapped Patterns

The ontology matching process has become a vital part of the (semantic) web, enabling interoperability among heterogeneous data. To enable interoperability, similar entity pairs across heterogeneous data are discovered using a static set of matchers consisting of linguistic, structural and/or instance matchers that discover similar entities. Numerous sets of matchers exist in the literature; however, none of the matcher sets are capable of achieving good results across all data. In addition, it is both tedious and painstaking for domain experts to select the best set of matchers for the given data to be matched. In this paper, we propose two bootstrapping-based approaches, Bottom-up and Top-down, to automatically select the best set of matchers for the given ontologies to be matched. The selection is processed, based on the characteristics of the ontologies which are quantified by a set of quality metrics. Two new structural quality metrics, the Concept External Structural Richness (CESR) and the Concept Internal Structural Richness (CISR), have also been proposed to better quantify the structural characteristics of the ontology. The best set of matchers is chosen using the sets of patterns learned through the proposed Bottom-up and Top-down bootstrapping approaches. The proposed metrics and the patterns constructed using these approaches are evaluated using the COMA matching tool with existing benchmark ontologies (Benchmark, Conference and Benchmark2 tracks of the OAEI 2011). The proposed Bottom-up based patterns, along with the two proposed quality metrics, achieved better effectiveness (F-measure) in selecting the best set of matchers in comparison with the static set of matching, supervised ML algorithms and the existing automatic matching. Specifically, the proposed Bottom-up patterns achieve a 14.6% Average Gain/Task and a significant improvement of 129% in comparison with the existing KNN model's Average Gain/Task.
How Participating in the Shadow Economy Affects the Growth of Latvian Firms

This paper examines the relationship between the growth of Latvian firms and their involvement in the shadow economy in 2015. When up to 10% of the overall economic activity of firms is in the shadow economy, this had a growth-enhancing effect on firms that recorded non-positive growth during the last five years. Using the perceptions of corruption and interview languages as instruments of measuring the shadow economy participation rate, the authors conclude that there is a positive relationship between perceptions of corruption and the shadow economy participation rate.
Chronic Tension Type Headache, An Analog for Fibromyalgia and Depression Disorder?

Background: Chronic tension type headache (CTTH) is the most prevalent headache and is associated with a high socio-economic impact. The exact pathogenesis of CTTH remains unclear. It has been shown CTTH has many similar clinic features with fibromyalgia (FM) and major depression disorder (MDD). Several studies have found some changes of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, sex hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in FM and MDD. We speculated CTTH has the same changes. Striving to provide new insights into the pathophysiology of CTTH, we designed this trial to address the common and specific aspects of these three disorders in their clinic features and pathophysiological mechanisms, especially from neuroendocrine system and inflammatory pathways. Method: The patients with CTTH, FM and MDD were recruited, and the healthy subjects were selected as controls. The sleep quality, depressive mood and cognitive function of all subjects were evaluated. The serum levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) , gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected to find the changes of neuroendocrine system and inflammatory pathways which are believed to be linked with these disorders. Results: Compared with the controls, the HAMD-17 and PSQI scores were significantly higher (Ps<0.001) and the MoCA-C score was significantly lower (P=0.029) in the CTTH, FM and MDD patients. The patients with the CTTH, FM and MDD showed different degrees of damage in spatial and object memories compared to the controls (Ps<0.05). The changes of the HPA and HPT axes, GnRH and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CTTH, FM and MDD patients were similar. In addition, the serum levels of CRH, cortisol, GnRH, TRH, IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly higher (P<0.001) while TT3, TT4 were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the CTTH, FM and MDD groups relative to the controls. The FM patients showed lower value in the pituitary level of HPA and HPT axis. Conclusion: The patients with CTTH had similar patterns of memory damage and changes of the HPA and HPT axes, GnRH and pro-inflammatory cytokines with the FM and MDD patients.
Analysis of the A‐V Conduction Defect in Complete Heart Block Utilizing His Bundle Electrograms

Twenty-one patients with complete heart block (CHB) were studied by recording His bundle (BH) electrograms. The site of block was localized proximal or distal to the site at which the BH electrogram was recorded. Eighteen patients had block distal to the recorded BH deflection. One of these 18 patients had a narrow QRS complex indicating block within the His bundle; the other 17 had wide QRS complexes probably due to bilateral bundle-branch block. The three patients with block proximal to the His bundle are examples of A-V nodal block or block in the uppermost portion of the BH. Two of these three had normal QRS complexes; the third with a left bundle-branch block pattern demonstrated that during CHB the ECG criteria for the localization of the site of block are not dependable. The conduction time from the atrium to the BH (A-H time) was measured in the 18 patients with CHB distal to the BH and was within the normal range. With atrial pacing there was progressive lengthening of the A-H time, and Wenckebach phenomena were demonstrated in some cases. The conduction time from the His bundle to the ventricles (H-V time) in patients with block proximal to the His bundle was also within the normal range. Bilateral bundle-branch block was probably the mechanism of block in the majority of the patients with CHB; this emphasizes the clinical significance of ECG patterns indicating bilateral bundle-branch block during normal sinus rhythm with 1:1 A-V conduction.
Private and Public Provision of Counseling to Job-Seekers: Evidence from a Large Controlled Experiment

Contracting out public services to private firms has ambiguous effects when quality is imperfectly observable. Using a randomized experiment over a national sample in France, we compare the efficiency of the public employment service (PES) vs. private providers in delivering very similar job-search intensive counseling. The impact of each program is assessed with respect to the standard, low intensity track offered by the PES to the unemployed. We find that job-search assistance increases exit rates to employment by 15 to 35%. But the impact of the public program is about twice as large as compared to the private program, at least during the 6 first months after random assignment. We argue that the observed contract structure with the private providers has not overcome the underlying agency problem. We find no evidence of cream-skimming: rather, it seems that profit maximizing private providers have found it optimal to enroll as many job-seekers as they could, but to make minimum effort on the placement of some of them.