Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Student profile and perceptions of hospitality management education : universities in South Africa

This study utilized student respondents from two universities in South Africa and analysed their perceptions of their hospitality management education, and then established relationships between their profiles and responses. A structured questionnaire survey of 184 hospitality management students provided the data for analyses. A greater number of students surveyed did not select hospitality as their first-choice study programme. However many of them tended to be satisfied with their study, and wished to recommend hospitality management education to their friends and relatives, and planned to remain and work in the hospitality sector over the long-term. This study also ascertained that students’ who have positive attitudes towards hospitality management and the sector, are mostly those that selected hospitality management as their first-choice study and then females were also in the majority. Students are generally concerned that their study curriculum is somewhat inadequate to address their study needs, and they need more time to be allocated to the core hospitality courses.This paper also calls on institutions of higher learning who admit students into hospitality management courses, to place preference on those students who originally preferred to study hospitality management as they will clearly be more dedicated to their preferred career option. Greater emphasis should also be placed on female students’ education and more support should be provided for them, as the hospitality sector continues to be dominated by female employees.
A discrete neuropeptide difference between two hybridizing grasshopper subspecies

Population divergence can be detected by the divergence of functional and neutral characters. Under some circumstances, it is desirable to have available a character that is discretely expressed in either of the diverging genomes, rather than the evaluation of qualitative variation of continuous characters. In the present study, we investigated mass peaks of peptide hormones in a model system of population divergence, the hybrid zone of two Chorthippus parallelus subspecies in the French–Spanish Pyrenees. Mass spectra from neuroendocrine tissues have previously been identified as species-specific and may have a sufficient resolution to vary at the subspecies level. For the first time, we succeeded in the detection of a subspecies-specific expression of neuropeptides collected from single individuals. Mass spectra sampled from populations across the C. parallelus grasshopper hybrid zone indicated neuropeptide identity between the sexes and within sample sites. The distribution of a single distinct but variable peptide signal, however, very closely followed the cline of the hybrid zone as derived from the mean variation in several continuous characters. The identity of this peptide in populations from the northern Pyrenees and central Europe supports a neuropeptide differentiation of preglacial origin. The observed differentiation in the peptide profile of the two subspecies demonstrates that a peptidomic approach may be a promising perspective to reconstruct reproductive isolation in an insect hybrid zone. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 541–548.
Targeting of the surfactant protein A receptor SP-R210L variant by influenza A virus in macrophages. (INM8P.440)

Alveolar macrophages (AM) are critical for controlling IAV infection by limiting virus release and by initiating innate and adaptive immunity. Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are a primary line of defense against IAV. Previous studies demonstrated that the SP-A receptor SP-R210 mediates clearance of SP-A-opsonized pathogens. Macrophages express two variants, SP-R210L and SP-R210S, though SP-R210L is predominant on AMs. Here, we studied the role of SP-R210 in IAV infection. We show that disruption of SP-R210L in vitro blocked IAV infection with H3N2 and H1N1 IAV strains. Flow cytometry and microscopy experiments showed that SP-R210L is required for endocytic trafficking of IAV to the nucleus. Furthermore, SP-R210L-mediated infection of macrophages was coupled to the production of TNFα. Interestingly, SP-R210L-deficient macrophages were hyper-responsive to the TLR7 ligand imiquimod. Accordingly, IAV inhibited SP-R210L expression in a time-dependent manner. To address these results in vivo, we studied transgenic mice with conditional disruption of SP-R210 in macrophages; SP-R210-deficient mice were significantly more susceptible to IAV infection as indicated by increased morbidity, decreased survival, and severe lung histopathology compared to WT littermates. Taken together, these findings support the model that by co-opting SP-R210L in AMs, IAV causes a functional ‘knock-down’, reducing the beneficial function of SP-R210L and leading to excessive lung inflammation.
Five new genera of termites from South America and Madagascar (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae, Termidae)

We must now assume that a high proportion of the existing genera of termites are known. A few based upon described species are named in a catalogue of the termites of the world by T. E. Snyder (1949, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., no. 112). Those described below are founded upon new species that accumulated as the result of several expeditions. The author is indebted to Karl P. Schmidt and E. R. Blake of the Chicago Natural History Museum, to Neal A. Weber of Swarthmore College, and to Harold Kirby of the University of California for most of these specimens. Some of the new species here described have been studied by Dr. Muzaffer Ahmad and incorporated into a forthcoming comprehensive analysis of termite phylogeny. Nine additional new genera from a collection made in 1948 by the author in the Belgian Congo await future description. Including all of these undescribed genera, the order of living Isoptera is now divided into five families, 153 genera, and three additional subgenera. The Mastotermitidae has a single genus and species. The Kalotermitidae has 11 described genera, and a few more will doubtless be added when the family is more thoroughly studied. The Hodotermitidae has eight genera, the Rhinotermitidae has 13, and the Termitidae has 120. The average number of species included in a genus is about 11, but of
Sexual size dimorphism and sex ratios in dragonflies (Odonata)

Sexual size dimorphism and biased sex ratios are common in animals. Rensch's rule states that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) would increase with body size in taxa where males are larger than females and decrease with body size in taxa where females are larger. We tested this trend in dragonflies (Odonata) by analysing body size of 21 species and found support for Rensch's rule. The increase in SSD with increasing size among species can be explained by sexual selection favouring large males. We also estimated the slope of the relationship between sex ratio and size ratio in populations of the 21 species. A negative slope would suggest that the larger sex suffers from high mortality in the larval stage, consistent with riskier foraging. The slope of this relationship was negative, but after correcting for phylogentic non-independence with independent contrasts the relationship was no longer statistically significant, perhaps because of phylogenic inertia or low sample size. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 86, 507–513.
The speciation and biogeography of birds

This book should be of value to anyone interested in bird evolution and taxonomy, biogeography, distributional history, dispersal and migration patterns. It provides an up-to-date synthesis of current knowledge on species formation, and the factors influencing current distribution patterns. It draws heavily on new information on Earth history, including past glacial and other climatic changes, on new developments in molecular biology and palaeontology, and on recent studies of bird distribution and migration patterns, to produce a coherent account of the factors that have influenced bird species diversity and distribution patterns worldwide. Received the Best Bird Book of the Year award for 2004 from "British Birds" magazine. Winner of the British Birds/British Trust for Ornithology, Bird Book of the Year 2004! The first book to deal comprehensively with bird speciation and biogeography. This book features: up-to-date synthesis of new information; clearly written; no previous book covers the same ground; many maps and diagrams; makes difficult and widely scattered information accessible and easily understood; a sound base for future research; and, takes full account of recent developments in molecular biology.
RNA worlds : from life's origins to diversity in gene regulation

Once thought to be just a messenger that allows genetic information encoded in DNA to direct the formation of proteins, RNA (ribonucleic acid) is now known to be a highly versatile molecule that has multiple roles in cells. It can function as an enzyme, scaffold various subcellular structures, and regulate gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, as well as act as a key component of the protein synthesis and splicing machinery. Perhaps most interestingly, increasing evidence indicates that RNA preceded DNA as the hereditary material and played a crucial role in the early evolution of life on Earth. This volume reviews our understanding of two RNA worlds: the primordial RNA world before DNA, in which RNA was both information store and biocatalyst; and the contemporary RNA world, in which mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and a host of other RNAs operate. The early chapters of the book analyze the role of RNA in the first life forms and the appearance of cells. Subsequent chapters examine riboswitches and ribozymes, establishing what the RNA molecule is capable of alone. The book goes on to discuss the evolution of ribosomes and the functions of RNPs, before reviewing the recent work that has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs and siRNAs. Also covered are viral RNAs, telomerase RNA, and tools for scientists who work on RNA. The book is thus essential reading for all molecular biologists and biochemists, as well as chemists interested in RNA technology, information storage, or enzyme catalysis.
Fructose Metabolism Disorders

Fructose occurs in fruit, nuts, honey and some vegetables as well as a component of the disaccharide, sucrose; it is not present in human or cows' milk. Since the emergence of trade in cane- and beet-sugar, fructose is now a near-ubiquitous component of the modern diet; and consumption has continued to increase across the developed world. Industrial generation of high-fructose products from starch in maize (corn) and other agricultural crops now enhances the availability of the fructose in commercial foods and comestibles – especially the so-called ‘health’ or ‘energy’ drinks. High consumption of fructose and related sugars is implicated in the so-called ‘Metabolic Syndrome’ associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and premature cardiovascular disease. After incorporation into the body from the diet, entry of fructose into cells occurs rapidly but also independently of regulatory influences of insulin: as fructose esters participate critically in intermediary metabolism, inherited defects of enzymes involved in handling of exogenous fructose may have profound pathological effects. Examples are essential fructosuria, hereditary fructose intolerance and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency. Key Concepts Fructose occurs as a free monosaccharide or as a component of sucrose; it is also derived from the sugar alcohol, sorbitol. Uptake of free fructose into cells via the GLUT 5 transporter occurs rapidly and is independent of insulin. Rare inborn errors of fructose metabolism affect this specialised pathway for metabolic incorporation in the liver, kidney and small intestine. With the appropriate level of diagnostic suspicion, facile detection of the most life threatening of these diseases is now possible by molecular analysis of genomic DNA, thus avoiding invasive biochemical investigations. Global manufacture of sugar as a commodity started with the European and Arabic exploration of Africa and use of slave labour in colonial sugar plantations. Changing dietary habits and global trends in food manufacture with intensified industrialisation of sugar production have exposed the toxic effects of fructose. Excessive ingestion of fructose and its congeners is injurious: the sugar influences the energy status of cells and stimulates hepatic lipogenesis; these effects are exaggerated in patients with defective intermediary metabolism of fructose. Keywords: inborn error; aldolase B; fructokinase; fructose; sucrose; metabolism; 1,6-bisphosphatase; high-22 fructose; industrialisation; cornstarch
¿La experiencia de gestión o la notoriedad de marca? Qué impacta más en la internacionalización de las cadenas de franquicias de servicios españolas

espanolEste trabajo identifica las variables que afectan la expansion internacional de las franquicias de servicios. Entre estas se senalan la experiencia de gestion, la notoriedad de marca, el tamano y el ratio de internacionalizacion. El estudio parte de un analisis empirico de 125 franquicias espanolas con presencia en 44 paises. Los resultados muestran que la experiencia en la gestion del modelo de franquicia, el grado de notoriedad de marca y el tamano de la cadena afectan significativamente al numero de paises en los que la cadena esta presente asi como al numero de tiendas y anos con presencia internacional. This paper focus on identifying the effects of several variables on the international expansion pursued by Spanish franchise service chains. These include: management and franchising experience, brand awareness, the international franchise ratio as well as franchisor’s size. This study is based on a survey of 125 franchisors doing business in 44 foreign countries. Findings allow us to conclude that franchising experience; together with brand awareness and company size are significantly associated with (i) the number of countries where the chain has a presence; (ii) the number of outlets abroad, and (iii) the years the chain has been operating overseas. EnglishThis paper focus on identifying the effects of several variables on the international expansion pursued by Spanish franchise service chains. These include: management and franchising experience, brand awareness, the international franchise ratio as well as franchisor’s size. This study is based on a survey of 125 franchisors doing business in 44 foreign countries. Findings allow us to conclude that franchising experience; together with brand awareness and company size are significantly associated with (i) the number of countries where the chain has a presence; (ii) the number of outlets abroad, and (iii) the years the chain has been operating overseas.
Effects of different molecular welghts of condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile in dairy goats

IN THAI I ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V CONTENTS VII LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF FIGURES XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS XVIN ENGLISH III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V CONTENTS VII LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF FIGURES XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS XV
River regulation alters drivers of primary productivity along a tropical river-estuary system

Worldwide, rivers continue to be dammed to supply water for humans. The resulting regulation of downstream flow impacts on biogeochemical and physical processes, potentially affecting river and estuarine productivity. Our study tested the hypothesis that primary production in the downstream freshwater reaches of a dammed river was less limited by light and nutrients relative to downstream estuarine primary production. In a tropical dryland Australian river estuary, we found that water-column primary productivity was highest at freshwater sites that had lowest light attenuation. Nitrogen may also have limited primary productivity. Below the freshwater zone was a region of macrotidal mixing with high concentrations of suspended soil particles, nutrients and chlorophyll a, and lower but variable primary productivity rates. Light controlled productivity, but the algal cells may also have been osmotically stressed due to increasing salinity. Further downstream in the estuary, primary productivity was lower than the freshwater reaches and light and nutrient availability appear to be a factor. Therefore the reduced magnitude of peak-flow events due to flow regulation, and the resulting decrease in nutrient export, is likely to be negatively impacting estuarine primary production. This has implications for future development of dams where rivers have highly seasonal flow.
Er-fiber laser based reference frequency standard for ultra dense WDM networks

We demonstrate all-fiber passively mode-locked optical frequency comb source at 1.55 μm stabilized to the absorption line of the hydrogen cyanide. With reduced cavity length 169 MHz fundamental repetition frequency, 111 fs pulse duration and 44 nm wide optical comb were obtained. Frequency of the optical comb was tied to the frequency stabilized DFB laser diode Absolute stability of the single comb line was measured to be 9e-9. We expect that stability of 1e-10 within the whole comb bandwidth can be obtained with proposed configuration.
F-Specific RNA-Bacteriophages as Model Viruses in Water Hygiene: Ecological Aspects

Model organisms can be used to detect the possible presence of pathogens (index-function) or to assess the performance of a treatment process (indicator-function). To evaluate the index-function of FRNA-phages their ecology was studied. These phages were shown to be absent from feces of humans, dogs, cows, horses and to occur in relatively low numbers only in feces of pigs and calves. High counts were obtained from feces of broiler chickens (10 3 -10 7 pfu/g). In various types of wastewater, counts were usually between 10 3 and 10 4 pfu/ml. These high counts could not be explained by direct fecal input. Multiplication of FRNA-phages in the environment seemed unlikely because of the necessity of bacterial host-strains to bear F-pili. These are only produced at temperatures above 30°C. It was shown however, that multiplication of FRNA-phages can also occur if a host-cell pregrown at 37°C (e.g. in the warm-blooded intestine) is transferred to environmental temperatures. Hence, the presence of FRNA-phages in environmental samples is indirectly associated with fecal pollution
The effect of number of daily meals for dairy cows on milk yield and composition

The effect of the number of daily meals on milk yield and composition was studied in a commercial dairy herd. One hundred and eighty Israeli Holstein cows were divided into two groups. One group was given one meal daily and the second group three meals daily. Feeding frequency had no effect on D M intake, milk yield or milk composition. Total VFA and molar proportion of acetate were higher before feeding than 3 h later. The decrease in molar proportion of acetate after feeding was greater in the cows given one meal daily. The propionate molar proportion was higher before feeding and lower 3 h later i f cows were given three meals daily. As a result, the acetate to propionate ratio was lower in cows fed three meals daily before feeding and rose after 3 h. Ruminal ammonia-N concentrations, before and after feeding, were lower when cows were fed three meals daily. Plasma urea-N concentrations were higher before feeding, as compared with 3 h later. Plasma urea-N was higher for the one meal treatment, but significantly only 3 h after the morning meal. It is suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism towards more gluconeogenesis. Production responses to more frequent feeding are more likely to be revealed in high yielding dairy cows, maintained on high concentrate diets.
Anthracnose of Cosmos Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Korea

Anthracnose of cosmos caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is reported for the first time in Korea. The disease occurred widely in Kyeongnam province in1998 and the symptoms of sunken brownish spots were severely developed on stems. The fungi showed strong pathogenicity to the plant and are required at least 3 hr for conidial germination and host infection.
Genetic signature of the colonisation dynamics along a coastal expansion front in the damselfly Coenagrion scitulum

1. Many insects are expanding their distribution range polewards as a result of climate change, which has been shown to be associated with founder effects leading to a reduction in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation. These spatial genetic patterns may arise from colonisation from a broad expansion front or a limited neighbourhood after a stepping stone model of dispersal. The temporal persistence of such founder effects are poorly understood, mainly because studies looking at the fine‐scale initial temporal dynamics of the genetic signature of a range expansion are rare.
Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations

Introduction 1. The study of bird song 2. Production and perception 3. How song develops 4. Getting the message across 5. When do birds sing? 6. Recognition and territorial defence 7. Sexual selection and female choice 8. Themes and variations 9. Variation in time and space List of common and scientific names References Index.
Fc γ receptors and the complement system in T cell activation

Dendritic Cells (DC) are the major Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) of the immune system that are involved in initiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, as DC display many receptors involved in antigen uptake, including several types of FcgammaR. However, other APC, like B cells and macrophages also express FcgammaR and MHC class II molecules. In this thesis we show the contribution of these three different APC, in mice, in the Ag-specific MHC class II restricted activation of CD4+ T cells by systemically administrated Immune Complexes (IC). Furthermore, we analyzed the contribution of FcgammaR and the complement system in the presentation of immune-complexed Ag to CD8+ T cells after intravenous administration of IC. Here C1q appeared to play an important role. Next we aimed at identifying the role and importance of individual Fcgamma-receptors in the initiation and regulation of CD8+ T cell responses after subcutaneous injection of IC. Following this route of application, Fcgamma-receptors appeared to be redundant in the uptake and presentation of immune-complexed Ag. Finally, as mice deficient for C5 are unsusceptible to serum induced arthritis and anti-C5 monoclonal antibody treatment prevents arthritis in mice, the question is addressed whether human RA is also associated with C5.
Extended cavity passively mode-locked lasers in indium phosphide generic integration technology

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.