Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions between the Orange Carotenoid Protein and the phycobilisomes in cyanobacterial photoprotection

Too much light can be lethal for photosynthetic organisms. Under such conditionsharmful reactive oxygen species are generated at the reaction center level. Cyanobacteria havedeveloped photoprotective mechanisms to avoid this. One of them relies on the solubleOrange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) that binds a ketocarotenoid (hydroxyechinenone, hECN). Under strong blue-green illumination, OCP gets photoconverted from an orange inactive form(OCPo) to a red active one (OCPr). OCPr interacts with phycobilisomes, the majorcyanobacterial light harvesting antennae, and triggers heat dissipation of the excess lightenergy collected by these gigantic pigment-protein complexes. Consequently, excitationpressure on reaction centers and fluorescence emission decrease.OCPr binds to phycobilisome cores, containing mainly chromophorylated proteins ofthe allophycocyanin (APC) family. I constructed Synechocystis PCC 6803 mutants affected insome minor APC forms (ApcD, ApcF and ApcE). These special APCs play the role ofterminal emitters, i.e. funnel light energy to Chlorophyll a. Strong-blue green illuminationtriggered normal OCP-related fluorescence quenching in all mutant cells. The fluorescencedecrease induced by Synechocystis OCP in vitro was similar when using phycobilisomesisolated from wild-type or mutant cells. These results demonstrated that the terminal emittersare not needed for interaction with the OCP and they strongly suggested that OCPr interactswith one of the major APC forms of the phycobilisome core.Phycobilisomes containing 2, 3 or 5 APC cylinders per core were isolated fromdifferent cyanobacterial strains. Synechocystis and Arthrospira OCPs were purified from overexpressingSynechocystis mutant strains. I then performed in vitro OCP/phycobilisomeinteraction studies. The number of APC cylinders per core had no clear influence on theamount of fluorescence quenching. Both OCPs behaved very differently, one appearing muchmore species-specific than the other. Structure-based hypotheses were emitted to explain suchdissimilarity.Arthrospira OCP N-terminal and C-terminal domains were separated throughproteolysis. The isolated N-terminal domain retained a bound carotenoid, which displayedsimilar conformation than in OCPr. This isolated N-terminal domain triggered importantphycobilisome fluorescence quenching even under dark conditions. In contrast, the isolated Cterminaldomain attached no pigment and had no visible effect on phycobilisome emission. Itwas then proposed that only the N-terminal domain of OCP is implied in interactions withphycobilisomes. The C-terminal domain modulates its activity.
Weed Control by Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum) Used as a Living Mulch

Subterranean clover as a living mulch was evaluated for weed control and its effect on field corn silage and grain yield in 1986 to 1988. Treatments included combinations of subterranean clover living mulch, rye dead mulch, and no mulch with three superimposed tillage practices (conventional, minimum, and no-tillage). Results indicated that subterranean clover living mulch effectively controlled ivyleaf morningglory. Little control of fall panicum was obtained in 1986; however, living mulch combinations effectively controlled fall panicum in 1987 and 1988. Weed biomass was reduced significantly by all living mulch combinations, but all other combinations resulted in higher weed biomass than living mulch. Corn silage and grain yields from the no-tillage plus living mulch treatment were comparable to or higher than those obtained with the conventional tillage plus no mulch treatment.
Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores

This is an ambitious work which brings together contributions from many of the great and good in littoral biology, long established names mixing with newcomers in the impressive list of authors. The individual sections are often excellent but it is fairly clear that authors were given limited guidance as to the scope of their offerings, resulting in quite a heterogeneous finished product. Detail varies widely, with some entries highly technical and others less so. Taxonomic coverage is uneven and reflects the individual proclivities of the authors rather than any attempt to ensure consistency of approach. It can be hard to find your way around, too; it is in the nature of encyclopaedias that the entries are arranged alphabetically, however the book lacks a consistent and systematic structure or hierarchy due to a lack of suitable subheadings within entries. For example, there is an overview chapter for echinoderms and separate entries for each of the major classes which are all at different locations throughout the book, making comparisons an awkward challenge for the reader. Neither is there consistency in the titling of sections, some taxonomic groups referred to by their Latin and others by their common names. Overall the titling of entries is not helpful to the target oriented reader, so whilst browsing through the chapters is often serendipitous it is also frustrating if you’re looking for something specific. The diversity of entries is considerable; even a lifelong and ardent admirer of the Log from the Sea of Cortez (Steinbeck, 1958) was taken aback by an entry on ‘Ricketts, Steinbeck and intertidal ecology’, which seemed out of place. It is, essentially, great fun and a nice book to dip into and read for general interest; whether it is especially useful as a serious research tool is less certain.
Causas determinantes de fracaso de emprendimientos en Colombia antes de los 5 Años

This essay presents the most outstanding general theories on the survival of young companies and the statistics and figures at the Colombian level, which present guidelines and conclusive results on the causes of failure of the enterprises in Colombia before 5 years, which are analyzed to be able to determine which are the determining causes of failure and thus give a guide to entrepreneurs so that their project has better bases and decisions with a view to their maintenance over time generating wealth. We can show that the companies that remain less than 5 years of operation, are the microenterprises, thus generating factors such as the size of the company, innovation and technology, are of great importance at the time of prior study or planning of the project, decision making and the result of its maintenance over time. Key words: entrepreneurship, failure, planning, financing and innovation.
Effects of Cucumber mosaic virus on the yield and yield components of peanut.

In Argentina, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is naturally infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), subgroup II. The study involved the evaluation of the effects on yield and yield components in response to CMV infection at different growth stages: 4-6 developed nodes on the main axis (V4-6), 12-16 developed nodes on the main axis (V12-16) and onset of bloom (R1). The results showed that CMV infection significantly reduces peanut seed yield, mainly due to a severe decrease in seed average weight which declined approximately by 30%, 20% and 11% when the virus was inoculated at V4-6, V12- 16 and R1, respectively. The number of pods, seeds, and seeds per pod were affected only when the virus was inoculated at V4-6. The percentage of confectionery peanut was also significantly affected when CMV was inoculated at vegetative crop stages. In addition, seed size and weight/volume ratio were greatly affected by the virus since the infected plants produced a higher proportion of small seeds. Larger seeds decreased when the plants were infected at earlier growth stages. Finally, infected plants produced a significantly greater number of immature pods than the healthy ones.
Avifauna of Entoto Mountain Forest, Ethiopia: Diversity and Potential for Tourism Development

Information on ornithological significances of important bird areas is required to develop appropriate actions for conservation of the birds and their habitats and to untap their potential contribution to local and national economy through avitourism activities. This study was conducted between December 2016 and January 2017 to determine bird diversity in the Entoto Mountain and to examine the potential of the area for developing avitourism. Birds were surveyed at systematicaly designated counting points. Overall, 517 individual birds belonging to 49 species were recorded in the entire study area. Of the total species recorded: i) two species were endemic [Abyssinian Catbird (Parophasma galiniei) and Yellow-fronted Parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons)]; ii) 11 species were nearly endemic (shared with one or two other countries); iii) three were globally threatened; and, iv) 21 species (43% of such species known from Ethiopia) were Afro-tropical highland biome-restricted assemblage. These findings, coupled to its close proximity to Addis, the presence of several cultual/historical sites in the area and easy accessibility, suggest that Entoto mountain area can be considered as with high potential for developing avitourism as one segment of ecotourism in the area
Heritable epigenetic variation of DNA methylation targets in plants

DNA methylation marks regulate gene expression and genome structure. Stability and dynamics of DNA methylation patterns are influenced by four major factors including de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, passive loss of methylation and active demethylation. Maintenance methylation functions are still well conserved among plants and animals, which separated more than 1.5 billion years ago. In contrast, demethylation mechanisms differ considerably among plants and mammals. Interfering with DNA methylation and demethylation systems could be a source of heritable epigenetic variation if DNA methylation changes are introduced that transcend into stable heritable gene expression changes. The high tolerance of plants to DNA methylation changes makes them an ideal experimental system to exploit DNA methylation and demethylation systems. In this study, four strategies have been developed and tested for their capacity to induce heritable epigenetic variation by interfering with DNA methylation and demethylation systems. These strategies included a chemical treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor, genetic demethylation using a mutant deficient in the maintenance methyltransferase MET1 and transgenic approaches to over-express MET1 and to express the human TET3 demethylase. While chemical demethylation only generated non-heritable changes, inactivating MET1 induced stable DNA methylation and expression changes at specific loci. Expression of the human TET3 protein also induced locus-specific loss of methylation but the efficiency of demethylation varied in individual transformants independent of TET3 level, which suggests that demethylation is locus-specific but stochastic.
THE EFFICACY OF NATURAL PLANT ANTIMICROBIALS AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI

The number of foodborne disease outbreaks related to fresh produce has increased in recent years. This has coincided with a growing public demand for minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Effective produce sanitizers are therefore needed that are at least as effective as chlorine, currently the most commonly used sanitizer. Natural antimicrobials from plant extracts and essential oils are a possible alternative. These are highly effective and may also be used in situations in which chlorine is not advantageous; for instance, in situations in which chlorine has limited efficacy or because of concerns over the production of harmful by-products resulting from chlorine use. Plant derived essential oils have been shown to be antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal. In this study we examined the use of natural antimicrobials from plant extracts and essential oils as possible alternative sanitizers. We examined these antimicrobials for their efficacy against Escherichia coli. In addition, since many of these natural compounds are believed to be membrane active, silver ions were added to some of the tests to assess the potential for synergy between the antimicrobials. Silver ions, although slow-acting on their own, often exhibit a synergistic antimicrobial effect when combined with other membrane active antimicrobials such as oxidizing agents. These studies reveal that plant derived antimicrobials are effective sanitizers with the potential to replace commonly used chlorine.
A small-angle X-ray solution scattering study of bovine α-crystallin

The native high molecular mass form of α-crystallin, the most important soluble protein in the eye lens, and its low molecular mass form obtained at 37 °C in dilute solutions were investigated by synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering. The α-crystallin solutions are polydisperse and good fits to the experimental data can be obtained using distributions of spheres with radii varying between about 5 and 10 nm. In spite of the polydispersity, two different ab initio methods were used to retrieve low resolution shapes from the scattering data. These shapes correspond to the z-average structure of the oligomers. In the absence of any symmetry constraints, the scattering curves of the two forms of α-crystallin yield bean-like shapes. The shape corresponding to the low molecular mass form has about 20% less mass at the periphery. Imposing tetrahedral symmetry on the average structures worsens the fit to the experimental data. We emphasized the apparent contradiction between hydrodynamic and molecular properties of α-crystallin. An explanation was put forward based on the presence of solvent-exposed flexible C-terminal extensions. We present two bead models (‘hollow globule with tentacles’ and ‘bean with tentacles’) based on NMR and cryo-electron microscopy studies and discuss how well they correspond with our data from X-ray scattering, light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation.
Using pheromone-baited traps to control the amount and distribution of tree mortality during outbreaks of the douglas-fir beetle

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the QuinneyNatural Resources Research Library, S.J. and Jessie E. atDigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The BarkBeetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography by an authorized administrator ofDigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contactdigitalcommons@usu.edu.
Factors Determining Spawning Success in Penaeus monodon Fabricius

Spawning success in relation to the size of spawner, clumping of eggs, percentage of spawning and frequency of spawning was studied in Penaeus monodon collected off Tamil Nadu, India. The results indicated positive correlation between the size of spawner and the fecundity and hatching percentage, but not the start of hatching. Hatching characteristics were influenced by clumping of eggs or abortive spawning; the greater the clumping, the longer the time taken for hatching, resulting in a lower hatching percentage. The start of hatching time increased when the frequency of spawning increased. Lower hatching rate was observed as the frequency of spawning increased.
Adherence Behaviors in Youth Following the Completion of an Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program

Chronic pain in youth is increasing and there is limited research regarding adherence behaviors in this population. As treatment is commonly an interdisciplinary approach involving a combination of medical, psychological, and physical treatments, it is important to understand how youth adhere to multiple treatment recommendations. Limited research suggests that adherence for youth with chronic pain is variable and often dependent on the type of recommendation. The current study evaluated adherence behaviors for youth following completion of an intensive interdisciplinary pain treatment (IIPT) program at one-month, six-month, and 12-month follow up appointments. Data collection included a retrospective medical record review of 122 patients with chronic pain who had completed the IIPT program. Results indicated variable levels of adherence for youth with highest rates occurring for recommendations related to exercise and counseling participation. Lowest adherence rates were reported for self-regulation recommendations. Overall adherence rates were found to be statistically different between onemonth (M=6.23; SD=1.68) and six-month (M=5.21; SD=1.89) follow up appointments (p=0.001) with lower adherence at six-month follow up. Functional disability, quality of life, and pain intensity were not significantly correlated with adherence rates at any follow up appointments. Depression, anxiety, pain acceptance, pain interference, and insurance type were not found to predict adherence rates at one-month follow up appointments. This study provides initial information regarding adherence for youth following completion of an IIPT program as well as providing longitudinal adherence information over the first year following program completion. Continued research is needed in order to generalize findings. Formalized assessment of adherence should be incorporated in future research.
A survey of Lolium rigidum populations in citrus orchards: Factors explaining infestation levels

The presence of herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum in Mediterranean (Spanish) citrus orchards was reported in 2005 and it poses a serious threat to crop management. The main objective of this research was to investigate which components could be responsible for the persistence of annual ryegrass populations in Mediterranean mandarin and orange orchards. This is the ﬁrst study regarding L. rigidum populations in Mediterranean citrus orchards. Surveys were con- ducted in 55 commercial citrus orchards in eastern Spain in 2013 by interviewing technicians who were working in cooperatives about crop management. The level of infestation by L. rigidum and the presence of harvester ants (Messor barbarus) then were estimated in the same orchards. The variables were subjected to a two-dimensional analysis and both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were ﬁtted for each of the three L. rigidum density levels that had been established. The multivariate models showed the signiﬁcant factors that were associated with various L. rigidum densities: (i) at a low density, the herbicides that were applied, the number of applications in 2013 and the type of irrigation (ﬂood or drip); (ii) at a medium density, the presence of harvester ants; and (iii) at a high density, the herbicides that were applied in 2013. The results indicated that drip irrigation and one application of glyphosate mixed with other herbicides (or herbicides other than glyphosate) were associated with a lower L. rigidum density. The alternative management options that are presented here should help farmers to reduce weed problems in Mediterranean citrus orchards. Future research is required to better understand the presence of herbicide-resistant populations, as well as the possible beneﬁcial presence of granivorous ant species.
Histology of the vertebrates;: A comparative text

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Sex-specific breeding ecology of common terns in N.E. England

Bi-parental care is necessary in a wide range of avian species to successfully raise offspring. I investigated a range of topics relating to sex-specific breeding ecology in common terns Sterna hirundo, a monogamous seabird with negligible sexual size dimorphism. Subtle size differences can be utilised to identify the sex of terns, enhanced by within-pair comparisons which increased the accuracy and simplified computational procedures. Under natural conditions, parental contributions were found to be flexible with respect to adult quality and body condition. Males were also found to provision more efficiently and to deliver more energy to offspring than females. Therefore there was no evidence for females investing more than males during a breeding attempt. Parental favouritism with respect to offspring sex was found, although why this should have occurred is uncertain. Experimentally increased egg production highlighted adult quality as an important factor in determining clutch size. Experimentally increasing male body mass did not result in lower provisioning rates or chick condition, suggesting that this species has a greater buffering capacity than previously thought. Environmental sensitivity of male and female offspring was examined under natural conditions. Mothers produced more female offspring at the end of the laying sequence, and male chicks from these eggs had higher mortality than females. This suggests that gender influences environmental sensitivity, even without sexual size differences.
A Simple Model to Think about the Evolutionary Rate in Macroevolution

At present, there are some controversies among scientists who have accepted the theory postulated by Darwin (enhanced in the present century by neodarwinian contributions), but which disagree with some of its aspects (Ridley 1985). Among these controversies are the level of selection (species, individuals or genes), the power of natural selection, the neutral theory, macroevolution, etc. A major controversy is over the rate of evolution and when most significant evolutionary change occurs. Here there are two opposing schools: phyletic gradualism (Dawkins 1987) and punctuated equilibrium (Gould & Eldredge 1977). In this paper we will deal only with the latter controversy, developing a simple model that can help students to think about evolution and better understand the gradualist and punctuationist macroevolutive approaches, affording them an easy and friendly teaching tool to introduce these concepts and other related ones (i.e. mutation, selection, fitness, extinction, origin of life, etc.) in the classroom. One of the greatest difficulties in teaching these issues is the inability to perform experiments concerning evolutionary predictions. Computer programs as presented in this paper can overcome some of these difficulties.