Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal measurement of tibial motion relative to the femur during passive displacements in the cat before and after anterior cruciate ligament transection

Passive anterior‐posterior displacement and medial‐lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur in the feline knee were assessed before transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, immediately after transection, and 2 and 4 months after transection. Four anaesthetized experimental and three sham‐operated control animals were positioned in a stereotaxic frame. Motions of the tibia relative to the femur were measured with use of 60‐Hz video motion analysis, while a strain‐gauged system allowed measurement of forces and moments applied to the tibia. Displacement at 15 N of anterior force and 30° of knee flexion increased by an average of 6 mm following transection, and stiffness decreased by an average of 6 N/mm. At 2 and 4 months following transection, there were statistically significant reductions in this abnormal displacement. Stiffness during anterior displacement of the tibia at 30° increased significantly from immediately after transection to 4 months. At 90°, mean anterior displacement decreased from 5.1 mm immediately after transection to 2.9 mm at 4 months. Media rotation at 30° of knee flexion was significantly decreased from a mean of 16.5° after transection to a mean of 10.7° at 4 months. Changes in medial rotation at 90°, lateral rotation at 90°, and lateral rotation at 30° were not statistically significant. These results indicate a significant change in secondary constraints to tibial motion in response to knee instability.
MORAL PANIC AND SEXUAL OFFENSES AGAINST CHILDREN

It had all the appearances of a conventional sentencing hearing. The accused sat quietly in the front row of the Middleton Court House with his wife beside him, arm in arm. She gave him one last hug after the judge pronounced sentence: five years in a federal institution. Among the small group attending the hearing were two young teenagers, the daughters of the accused. When the judge handed down the sentence, they burst into tears and ran from the room.
The dimensions and numbers of small vesicles in blood capillary endothelium in the hind legs of dogs, and their relation to vascular permeability

The dimensions and numbers of vesicles were determined in the blood capillary endothelium of the gastrocnemii muscle of dogs. These results permitted more accurate calculations of the number of vesicles crossing the endothelium in one direction/sec/(μm2 (∼6·2), and of the median vesicular attachment time (∼8 sec). The probability of fusion occurring when a vesicle contacts a plasma membrane (α= 0·004) was unchanged: hence it was concluded, from the mean cellular width (0·21 μm) and the calculated cytoplasmic viscosity (∼0·1 poise), that ∼49% of the vesicles starting from one side reached the other one, and that their median transit time was ∼1 sec.
Learning to construct verbs in Navajo and Quechua

Navajo and Quechua, both languages with a highly complex morphology, provide intriguing insights into the acquisition of inflectional systems. The development of the verb in the two languages is especially interesting, since the morphology encodes diverse grammatical notions, with the complex verb often constituting the entire sentence. While the verb complex in Navajo is stem-final, with prefixes appended to the stem in a rigid sequence, Quechua verbs are assembled entirely through suffixation, with some variation in affix ordering. We explore issues relevant to the acquisition of verb morphology by children learning Navajo and Quechua as their first language. Our study presents naturalistic speech samples produced by five Navajo children, aged 1;1 to 4;7, and by four Quechua-speaking children, aged 2;0 to 3;5. We centre our analysis on the role of phonological criteria in segmentation of verb stems and affixes, the production of amalgams, the problem of homophony, and the significance of distributional learning and semantic criteria in the development of the verb template. The phenomena observed in our data are discussed in light of several proposals, especially those of Peters, Pinker, Slobin, and Hyams.
FIRMS , CONTRACTS , AND TRADE STRUCTURE

This dissertation consists of three essays in the intersection of the theory of international trade and the theory of the firm. The first essay starts by unveiling two systematic patterns in the volume of intrafirm trade. I then show that these patterns can be rationalized in a theoretical framework that combines a Grossman-Hart-Moore view of the firm with a Helpman-Krugman view of international trade. In particular, I develop an incomplete-contracting, property-rights model of the boundaries of the firm, which I then incorporate into a standard trade model with imperfect competition and product differentiation. The model pins down the boundaries of multinational firms as well as the international location of production. Econometric evidence reveals that the model is consistent with other qualitative and quantitative features of the data. In the second essay, I develop a dynamic, general-equilibrium Ricardian model of NorthSouth trade, in which the incomplete nature of contracts governing international transactions leads to the emergence of product cycles. Following the property-rights approach to the theory of the firm, the same force that creates product cycles, i.e. incomplete contracts, opens the door to a parallel analysis of the determinants of the mode of organization. The model is shown to deliver endogenous organizational cycles. I discuss several macroeconomic and microeconomic implications of the model and relate them to the previous literature on the product cycle. The third essay, co-authored with Professor Helpman from Harvard University, provides a theoretical framework for studying global sourcing strategies. In our model, heterogeneous final-good producers choose organizational forms. That is, they choose ownership structures and locations for the production of intermediate inputs. We describe an equilibrium in which firms with different productivity levels choose different ownership structures and supplier locations. We then study the effects of within-sectoral heterogeneity and variations in industry characteristics on the relative prevalence of these organizational forms. The analysis sheds light on the structure of foreign trade within and across industries. Thesis Supervisor: Daron K. Acemoglu Title: Professor of Economics Thesis Supervisor: Jaume Ventura Title: Pentti J. K. Kouri Associate Professor of Economics
Efficient real-coded genetic algorithms with flexible-step crossover

Real-coded genetic algorithms (GAs) are effective methods for function optimization. Generally speaking, the major crossover methods used in real-coded GAs require a large execution time for calculating the fitness of many children at each crossover. Thus, a new crossover method is needed for searching such a large search space efficiently. A novel crossover method that generates children stepwise is proposed and applied to the conventional generation-alternation model. In experiments based on standard test functions and actual problems, the proposed model found an optimal solution 30-50% faster than did the conventional model.
Pragmatic trials in peri‐operative medicine: why, when and how?

We have been asked to write a counter-view to appear alongside an interesting editorial discussing pragmatic trials, particularly in the setting of perioperative care, written by three well respected leaders in our field. We agree that there are common problems with the way randomised trials have been undertaken in the past, especially in anaesthesia and surgery. We also recognise that these problems undermine the value of research as a tool to improve patient care. We propose an alternative view of pragmatic randomised controlled trials in perioperative care and how future research might be improved.
A novel spectral subtraction scheme for robust speech recognition: spectral subtraction using spectral harmonics of speech

This paper addresses a novel noise-compensation scheme to solve the mismatch problem between training condition and testing condition for an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, specifically in in-car environments. The conventional spectral subtraction schemes rely on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) such that attenuation is imposed on that part of the spectrum that appears to have low SNR, and accentuation is made on that part of high SNR. However, these schemes are based on the postulation that the power spectrum of noise is in general at the lower level in magnitude than that of speech. Therefore, while such postulation is adequate for high SNR environment, it is grossly inadequate for low SNR scenarios such as the in-car environment. This paper proposes an efficient spectral subtraction scheme focused to specifically low SNR noisy environments by distinguishing the speech-dominant segment from the noise-dominant segment in the speech spectrum. Representative experiments confirm the superior performance of the proposed method over conventional methods. The experiments are conducted using car noise-corrupted utterances of the Aurora2 corpus.
MANAGEMENT OF CANDIDA INFECTIONS IN SURGICAL PATIENTS

EVIDENCE DEFINITIONS • Class I: Prospective randomized controlled trial. • Class II: Prospective clinical study or retrospective analysis of reliable data. Includes observational, cohort, prevalence, or case control studies. • Class III: Retrospective study. Includes database or registry reviews, large series of case reports, expert opinion. • Technology assessment: A technology study which does not lend itself to classification in the above-mentioned format. Devices are evaluated in terms of their accuracy, reliability, therapeutic potential, or cost effectiveness.
Dental Arch Relationships in Turkish Patients with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Born between 1976 and 1990: A Comparison with Eurocleft

Objective To compare the dental arch relationships of Turkish patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with the results reported for participants in the Eurocleft study. Patients Study models of 109 patients with complete UCLP from five university clinics in Turkey were evaluated (clinic A = 25 patients, clinic B = 23 patients, clinic C = 20 patients, clinic D = 21 patients, and clinic E = 20 patients). The mean age of the patient cohort was nine years old (range = 8–11 years old), and the cohort was born between 1976 and 1990. Methods The examiners rated the three-dimensional (3D) models using the GOSLON Yardstick. The scores were compared with those from the Eurocleft centers: E1(B), E2(E), E3(A), E4(F), E5(C), and E6(D). Intra- and interexaminer agreements were evaluated using weighted kappa statistics. Results The mean GOSLON scores for the Turkish clinics were as follows: clinic A = 3.16, clinic B = 3.13, clinic C = 3.25, clinic D = 3.67, and clinic E = 3.70. Scores for three of the Turkish clinics (A, B, and C) were significantly worse than the scores for the three best Eurocleft centers, E1(B), E2(E), and E3(A) (P < .001, P < .001, and P < .05, respectively). Scores for two of the Turkish clinics (D and E) were similar to those for Eurocleft center E6(D) but worse than the scores for the other Eurocleft centers (P < .01, P < .001, respectively). Conclusions This was the first study in which three-dimensional models were used to derive scores to compare with those of the Eurocleft centers. According to the results of analysis of 109 3D models, 50.4 % of the patients in Turkey were classified as GOSLON score 4 and 5. This may have been attributable to poor surgical procedures, low-volume surgeons, and the decentralized treatment approach in Turkey between 1985 and 2000. Further research is needed to assess the situation in Turkey in more recent years.
Breathing-mode lattice relaxation accompanying emission and capture by deep electronic levels in silicon.

The breathing-mode (volume) lattice relaxations associated with carrier emission and capture by a variety of deep electronic levels in silicon are evaluated from high-pressure measurements of the emission rates and capture cross sections. Included are (1) the vacancylike acceptor levels associated with the oxygen-vacancy pair (or /ital A/ center) and the gold, platinum, and palladium impurities, (2) the chalcogenide donors in their singly and doubly charged states, (3) a number of 3/ital d/ transition-metal donors, and (4) the phosphorus-vacancy pair (or /ital E/ center) acceptor. The signs and magnitudes (which range from /similar to/0 to 5 A/sup 3//emitted-carrier) of these relaxations are discussed in terms of models for the impurities and defects responsible for the associated levels. The results on the chalcogenides are compared with recent theoretical results. The experimental method used appears to be the only viable experimental method for determining these relaxations which are a direct manifestation of the effective electron-phonon coupling at deep levels and which are important to the understanding of many of the properties of deep levels.
Morbidity of pernicious anaemia. Incidence, prevalence, and treatment in a Danish county.

On the basis of questionnaires distributed to 124 doctors and eight hospitals in the County of Odense (265,000 inhabitants), Denmark, the frequency of pernicious anaemia in the area has been calculated at September 15, 1967. There were 334 patients (224 females and 110 males) treated at this date. The prevalence was 1.3% (1.7% in females and 0.8% in males). In 60% of the patients the diagnosis was made during a stay in hospital and in 20% by examination in a central laboratory or by a specialist. The prevalence is found to be highest in the older age groups, and within these groups there has been a heavy increase over the figures found during a similar survey in 1950 within the same area. The incidence has risen from 8.9 to 9.5 per 100,000 inhabitants since 1950; and, assuming the same distribution of patients with pernicious anaemia in the entire country as in the County of Odense, it can be estimated that every year 400–450 new cases of the disease will be diagnosed and that over the whole of Denmark 6000 patients are being treated. Eighty per cent of the patients are treated with hydroxocobemin (Vibeden) and cyanocobalamin-tannine complex (Betolvex). Forty per cent of the patients receive more than the recommended dose. The sale of vitamin B12 preparations within the County in 1966 is, however, about three times as high as the quantity which is actually used for treating the patients with pernicious anaemia and patients with other vitamin B12 deficiencies recorded.
Confidentiality in distributed average information consensus

Cooperation of agents is imperative for information consensus in a network, but confidentiality issues might discourage certain agents from participating in the distributed consensus algorithms. This paper proposes a novel distributed average consensus algorithm which preserves the confidentiality of every cooperating agent's initial state value from other cooperating agents in the network, while asymptotically achieving the desired average of the initial state values of the agents. The proposed algorithm requires minimal change in the widely-known graph Laplacian based linear consensus algorithm and imposes minimal additional computational load on the participating agents.
Osmotic Stress-Induced Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Requires Msn1p and the Novel Nuclear Factor Hot1p

ABSTRACT After a sudden shift to high osmolarity, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells respond by transiently inducing the expression of stress-protective genes. Msn2p and Msn4p have been described as two transcription factors that determine the extent of this response. Inmsn2 msn4 mutants, however, many promoters still show a distinct rise in transcriptional activity upon osmotic stress. Here we describe two structurally related nuclear factors, Msn1p and a newly identified protein, Hot1p (for high-osmolarity-induced transcription), which are also involved in osmotic stress-induced transcription.hot1 single mutants are specifically compromised in the transient induction of GPD1 and GPP2, which encode enzymes involved in glycerol biosynthesis, and exhibit delayed glycerol accumulation after stress exposure. Similar to agpd1 mutation, a hot1 defect can rescue cells from inappropriately high HOG pathway activity. In contrast, Hot1p has little influence on the osmotic stress induction of CTT1, where Msn1p appears to play a more prominent role. Cells lacking Msn1p, Msn2p, Msn4p, and Hot1p are almost devoid of the short-term transcriptional response of the genes GPD1,GPP2, CTT1, and HSP12 to osmotic stress. Such cells also show a distinct reduction in the nuclear residence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1p upon osmotic stress. Thus, Hot1p and Msn1p may define an additional tier of transcriptional regulators that control responses to high-osmolarity stress.
Characterization of Virulence Plasmid Diversity among Clostridium perfringens Type B Isolates

ABSTRACT The important veterinary pathogen Clostridium perfringens type B is unique for producing the two most lethal C. perfringens toxins, i.e., epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin. Our recent study (K. Miyamoto, J. Li, S. Sayeed, S. Akimoto, and B. A. McClane, J. Bacteriol. 190:7178-7188, 2008) showed that most, if not all, type B isolates carry a 65-kb epsilon-toxin-encoding plasmid. However, this epsilon-toxin plasmid did not possess the cpb gene encoding beta-toxin, suggesting that type B isolates carry at least one additional virulence plasmid. Therefore, the current study used Southern blotting of pulsed-field gels to localize the cpb gene to ∼90-kb plasmids in most type B isolates, although a few isolates carried a ∼65-kb cpb plasmid distinct from their etx plasmid. Overlapping PCR analysis then showed that the gene encoding the recently discovered TpeL toxin is located ∼3 kb downstream of the plasmid-borne cpb gene. As shown earlier for their epsilon-toxin-encoding plasmids, the beta-toxin-encoding plasmids of type B isolates were found to carry a tcp locus, suggesting that they are conjugative. Additionally, IS1151-like sequences were identified upstream of the cpb gene in type B isolates. These IS1151-like sequences may mobilize the cpb gene based upon detection of possible cpb-containing circular transposition intermediates. Most type B isolates also possessed a third virulence plasmid that carries genes encoding urease and lambda-toxin. Collectively, these findings suggest that type B isolates are among the most plasmid dependent of all C. perfringens isolates for virulence, as they usually carry three potential virulence plasmids.
Examining Trends in the Administration of “As Needed” Medications to Inpatients With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Rationale: The use of “pro re nata” (PRN) medication in patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is common but may be a source of inappropriate medication administration. Objective: To identify trends in the administration of PRN medications to inpatients with BPSD. Methods: Retrospective chart audits were completed on inpatients with dementia who had PRN medications prescribed for aggression, agitation, or insomnia. Data collected included age, sex, time of day, day of week, medication used, and dementia diagnosis. Additionally, data regarding administration of ranged doses and concurrent use with regularly prescribed medications of the same class were collected. Results: A total of 170 inpatients with dementia were included. Over 50 346 bed days, 4000 PRNs were administered. Individuals were more likely to receive a PRN if they were younger, shortly after shift change, in the evening, or during the weekend. If a ranged dose is provided they are more likely to receive the higher dose. If they are receiving regularly scheduled medication from the same class, there is risk of double dosing.
Enhancement of starch conversion efficiency with free and immobilized pullulanase and α‐1,4‐glucosidase

Glucoamylase and pullulanase were immobilized on reconstituted bovine‐hide collagen membranes using the covalent azide linkage method. A pretanning step was incorporated into the immobilization procedure to enable the support matrix to resist proteolytic activity while accommodating an operating temperature of 50°C. The immobilized glucoamylase and pullulanase activities were 0.91 and 0.022 mg dextrose equivalent (DE) min−1 cm−2 of membrane, respectively. Immobilized glucoamylase had a half‐life of 50 days while the immobilized pullulanase had a half‐life of 7 days. This is a considerably improved stability over that reported by other researchers. The enzymes were studied in their free and immobilized forms on a variety of starch substrates including waxy maize, a material which contains 80% α‐1–6‐glucosidic linkages. Substrate concentrations ranged from 1% to a typical commercial concentration of 30%. Conversion efficiencies of 90–92% DE were obtained with free and immobilized glucoamylase preparations. Conversion enhancements of 4–5 mg of DE above this level were obtained by the use of pullulanase in its free or immobilized forms. Close examination of free pullulanase stability as a function of pH indicated improved thermal stability at higher pH values. At 50°C and pH 5.0, the free enzyme was inactivated after 24 h. At pH 7.0, the enzyme still possessed one‐half its activity after 72 h. Studies were conducted in both batch and continuous total recycle reactors. All experiments were conducted at 50°C. Experiments conducted with coimmobilized enzymes proved quite promising. Levels of conversion equivalent to those obtained with the individually immobilized enzymes were realized.
Epidemiological Investigation of Bloodstream Infections by Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli in a Taiwanese Teaching Hospital

ABSTRACT In an epidemiologic and case-control study including 30 case patients over a 3.5-year period in a Taiwanese university hospital, only β-lactamase inhibitor use and extended-spectrum cephalosporin use were identified as independent risk factors for nosocomial CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli bloodstream infection, and CMY-2 producers were found more prevalent than extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates.
Movements of the vocal apparatus during auditory hallucinations.

The occurrence of 43 reports of auditory hallucinations were accompanied by 19 instances of muscle activity to a moderate to marked degree (grades 2 and 3). There were only 4 instances in which the activity was coincident with the report of a hallucination, as indicated in Table 1. [SEE SOURCE PDF FOR TABLE 1. ] Although bursts of muscle activity are occasionally seen from muscles of vocalization coinciding with auditory hallucinations reported by psychotic patients, such hallucinations are not consistently accompanied by vocal myographic discharges.