Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 3. Loss, Sadness and Depression . By John Bowlby. (Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1980.) £12.00.

Social and educational influences are important in child psychiatry. Graham therefore suggested that there was a need to monitor the changing roles of women in society, the resulting changes in the rearing of children, the effectiveness of health education in schools, and the value of the counselling help available for pre-marital, marital, ante-natal, post-natal, and divorce problems. Specific psychological studies also had their champions. Ricks pleaded for an exploration of the tactics which healthy children use in acquiring early skills. Gwynn Jones spoke of the contributions clinical psychologists can make in psychiatric research. They counterbalance clinical intuition by applying rigorously controlled analyses of human behaviour and by recognizing the multiple and interacting determinants to which such behaviour is subject. The very important task of evaluating the effect of psychotherapies was bravely tackled by Crown. He was convinced that advances in this field can only be achieved through scientifically designed small-scale studies which have the narrow aim of clarifying specific questions of symptom alleviation, social, sexual and work adjustment, stress tolerance, and so on. The upshot of it all seems to have been that each of the many facets of psychiatric research has its own priorities which deserve individual consideration. But the over-riding priority seems to be the need to attract candidates to the psychiatric field who have research aspirations which are suitably fostered for the successful exploration of new avenues in psychiatric classification, pathogenesis and aetiology. Conclusions of this kind have also been drawn recently by other authorities, such as Peart (1979) and Rawnsley (1980).
Teaching Geographical Information Handling Skills for Lower‐income Countries

Geographical Information Systems are seen by many as a quick ‘fix’ for the problems of lower‐income countries and people in those countries have been encouraged to adopt this perception, along with the technology. As teachers of students from LICs, we seek to avoid reproducing a contextless transfer of technical skills and rather aim to promote an education based on the limitations of the technology and on the nature and construction of information. While identifying GIS as one of many components of ‘geographical information’, we emphasise the importance of including ‘non‐GIS’ staff in the education process. We advocate a ‘problem‐posing’ approach to the teaching of ‘Geographical Information for Development’ and discuss some of the challenges which this raises, both for teachers and students.
The case for licensing cytosine now for smoking cessation is overwhelming

Prochaska and colleagues’ excellent overview of cytisine in smoking cessation fails to highlight the compelling cost-benefit evidence on why this effective, safe, and inexpensive drug should be licensed immediately worldwide.1 This case has already been made,2 and readers interested in this drug and the inflexibility of Western regulatory systems are directed to this article. …
Anaphylaxis: the acute episode and beyond

#### Summary points Anaphylaxis is an alarming medical emergency,1 2 3 not only for the patient or caregiver, but also sometimes for the healthcare professionals involved. Although it is thought of as uncommon, the lifetime prevalence is estimated at 0.05-2%,4 5 and the rate of occurrence is increasing. Hospital admissions, although uncommon, are also increasing, as are admissions to critical care units.6 7 Many anaphylaxis episodes now occur in community settings.8 Accurate community based population estimates are difficult to obtain because of underdiagnosis, under-reporting, and miscoding, as well as use of different anaphylaxis definitions and different methods of case ascertainment in the populations studied.5 Although death from anaphylaxis seems to be uncommon, it is under-reported.9 In this article, we draw on evidence from randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental and other observational studies, and systematic reviews. We also reference key evidence based international and national anaphylaxis guidelines and their updates.1 2 10 11 #### Sources and selection criteria We based this review on Medline and …
The relationship between the mcgill pain questionnaire and functional status in oncology pain patients

Abstract The present investigation evaluated the ability of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) to predict the psychological and medical functional status of patients with pain secondary to malignancy. In contrast to findings with chronic benign pain, the results revealed that neither the affective, sensory or evaluative subscales of the MPQ Pain Rating Index (PRI) independently predicted functional status. In addition, overall pain intensity did not significantly moderate the relationship between the PRI subscale scores and functional status. The individual adjective cluster scores of the MPQ were found to be more strongly related to functional status than the PRI subscale scores. These findings provide evidence for the substantially greater discriminating power of the MPQ adjective cluster ratings as opposed to the more typically employed PRI dimensional subscale scores. The present study also outlined a method of analysis for individual adjective cluster profiles that can improve the discriminative cap.
Trauma and acute lung injury

Acute lung injury is a serious complication of major trauma occurring as a direct consequence of trauma to the lung or, more commonly, arising indirectly as a consequence of trauma elsewhere to the body. A spectrum of severity exists with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) defined as the most severe form of injury. The frequency of ARDS with severe trauma is unclear but is believed to occur in approximately 15- 25% of cases, although this is confused by the effects of multiple transfusions and associated injuries including burns and head injury. ARDS from all causes is estimated to occur with a frequency of two to 10 cases per 100 000 population. It causes a huge social and financial impact, with many survivors requiring a prolonged critical care stay and a significant number having a persisting poor quality of life a year after the injury. The mortality is, however, decreasing and stands at approximately 40%. A number of approaches are now recognized that can improve oxygenation and large trials have identified best critical care practice, leading to a reduction in ventilator-induced injury, with associated improvements in outcome.
Experts call for NICE to resume work on sex education halted by the coalition government

Sex education in schools is outdated, providing teenagers with too little information too late, leading to many engaging in risky behaviour and a high rate of teenage pregnancies, sexual health experts have warned. They have called on the government to allow the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to resume development of guidance that would modernise sex education programmes so that they encompass the role of sex in a loving relationship as well as the biology of sex and the risks associated with it. NICE was asked to develop guidance on “personal, social, health, and economic education, focusing on sex and relationships and alcohol education” in 2007 by the then Labour government. However, development of the guidance, which was due to be published in final form in 2011, was halted by the coalition government after the publication of a draft in 2010.1 The draft said that sex education classes should begin in primary school, with pupils starting to learn about friendships and respecting others. “Factually accurate, unbiased, and non-judgmental” classes tailored to each age group should continue from then on, covering sex, relationships, and alcohol to help youngsters understand the risks and consequences of their actions and resist peer pressure. Last week, in a reply to …
Chemistry and related properties of freshly emitted sea spray aerosol.

2 Aerosol 3 Patricia K. Quinn,*,† Douglas B. Collins,‡ Vicki H. Grassian,‡,§ Kimberly A. Prather,‡ 4 and Timothy S. Bates 5 †Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, United 6 States 7 ‡Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92024, 8 United States 9 Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States 10 Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States 1
Controlling mineral morphologies and structures in biological and synthetic systems.

2.3. Amorphous Minerals 4354 3. Biological Routes to Controlling Morphology 4354 3.1. General Mechanisms 4356 3.1. 1. Soluble and Insoluble Organic Molecules 4356 3.1. 2. Control over Crystal Polymorph 4357 3.1. 3. Control over Crystal Orientation 4359 3.2. Single-Crystal Biominerals 4359 3.2. 1. Organic and Inorganic Soluble Additives 4360 3.2. 2. Templating of Single-Crystal Morphologies 4361 3.3. Polycrystalline Biominerals 4366 3.3.1. Nacre Formation in Mollusks 4366 3.3.2. ForaminiferasA Biogenic Mesocrystal 4368 3.4. Amorphous Biominerals 4370 3.4. 1. Silicification in Diatoms 4370 3.4. 2. In Vitro Studies of Silicification in Diatoms 4371 4. Bioinspired Routes to Controlling Crystal Morphologies 4371
Time Course of Functional Recovery After Stroke: The Framingham Study

The time course for functional recovery following stroke has not been well defined. To obtain an unbiased picture, we studied the pace of recovery using standardized neurological, functional, and cognitive tests in stroke survivors in the Framingham cohort over a 4½-year period. Of 119 patients who developed new strokes, 67 survived 1 year; of these, 46 were evaluated at onset, and at 3, 6, and 12 months poststroke. Significant recovery was documented in the Barthel Index, mobility, self-care, and language. This occurred chiefly during the first 3 months, with marginal gains thereafter. Multivariate analyses revealed no differences in the pattern of recovery with regard to clinical or demographic characteristics. These data from a community-based study document improvement in physical function over a relatively short period of time after stroke onset. Focusing treatment and rehabilitation within this specific time period may enhance eventual outcome for stroke survivors. Key Words: Cerebrovascular disease—Epidemi— ology—Prognosis—Activities of daily living.
Model Predictive Control of Type 1 Diabetes added to Conventional Therapy

Abstract Recent technological advancements in subcutaneous glucose monitoring and subcutaneous insulin delivery systems have stimulated the development of closed-loop systems for maintaining normoglycaemia in Type I diabetes. The main obstacle to satisfactory closed-loop control is the presence of disturbances (e.g. meals and physical activity), delays, pump limitation, sensor noise and inter-variability. A Model Predictive Control ( MPC ) strategy has been applied in a clinical study at the University of Virginia, Padova and Montpellier covering night and breakfast on 20 patients. Night regulation was very satisfactory, while breakfast compensation was slightly worse than with a conventional therapy. This was due to the trade-off in the tuning of the cost function between prompt meal reaction and attenuation of measurement noise. In order to overcome this limitation, in this paper an MPC algorithm added to a conventional therapy is described. In this way all the knowledge incorporated in the (personalized) open-loop therapy is used as a feedforward term while the MPC controller is a feedback correction that guarantees robustness with respect to model uncertainty and incomplete meal knowledge. Finally a procedure for tuning the regulator aggressiveness as a function of few clinical parameters (carbo-ratio and basal insulin delivery) is described.
Prognostic relevance of 18-F FDG PET/CT in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with up-front autologous transplantation.

We prospectively analyzed the prognostic relevance of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) at diagnosis, after thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) induction therapy and double autotransplantation (ASCT) in 192 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Presence at baseline of at least 3 focal lesions (FLs; 44% of cases), a standardized uptake value (SUV) > 4.2 (46%), and extramedullary disease (EMD; 6%) adversely affected 4-year estimates of progression-free survival (PFS; ≥ 3 FLs: 50%; SUV > 4.2: 43%; presence of EMD: 28%). SUV > 4.2 and EMD were also correlated with shorter overall survival (OS; 4-year rates: 77% and 66%, respectively). Persistence of SUV > 4.2 after TD induction was an early predictor for shorter PFS. Three months after ASCT, PET/CT was negative in 65% of patients whose 4-year rates of PFS and OS were superior to those of PET-positive patients (PFS: 66% and OS: 89%). In a multivariate analysis, both EMD and SUV > 4.2 at baseline and persistence of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake after ASCT were independent variables adversely affecting PFS. PET/CT involvement at diagnosis, after novel agent-based induction and subsequent ASCT is a reliable predictor of prognosis in MM patients. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as NTC01341262.
Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment

Asthma affects almost 20 million people in the United States and more than 300 million people worldwide. Of these, 10-15% have severe asthma, which is refractory to commonly available drugs. New drugs are needed because those that are currently available cannot control symptoms and exacerbations in all patients and can cause adverse reactions. In the past 10 years, there have been substantial advances in the understanding of asthma genetics, airway biology, and immune cell signaling. These advances have led to the development of small molecule therapeutics and biologic agents that may improve asthma care in the future. Several new classes of asthma drugs—including ultra long acting β agonists and modulators of the interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17 pathways—have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials. Other new drug classes—including dissociated corticosteroids, CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonists, toll-like receptor 9 agonists, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors—remain in earlier phases of development. Despite some preliminary efficacy data, there is insufficient evidence to make strong recommendations about the use of these newer agents. Future research on the clinical efficacy of these biologic agents, the effect of newer agents on severe asthma in pediatric patients, and the biology of non-eosinophilic and corticosteroid resistant asthma is needed to reduce the morbidity of asthma worldwide.
Multiple sclerosis: summary of NICE guidance

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of serious physical disability in working age adults and affects over 100 000 people in the United Kingdom.1 It causes a range of symptoms and disability and requires a broad multidisciplinary approach. A 2008 report, however, suggested delays and limited access to specialist services for affected people.2 This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 3 The guideline scope does not include disease modifying drugs as these have been covered in other NICE guidance. NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the guideline development group’s experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italics in square brackets. ### Diagnosing multiple sclerosis View this table: McDonald criteria4 for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Global trends in the distribution of Candida species causing candidemia.

Only five species account for 92% of cases of candidemia (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei); however, their distribution varies in population-based studies conducted in different geographical areas. C. albicans is the most frequent species, but considerable differences are found between the number of cases caused by C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. Studies from Northern Europe and the USA reported a high number of cases caused by C. glabrata, whereas studies from Spain and Brazil demonstrated a lower number of cases caused by C. glabrata and a higher number of cases attributed to C. parapsilosis. Globally, the frequency of C. albicans is decreasing, while that of C. glabrata and C. krusei is stable, and C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis are increasing. Patient characteristics and prior antifungal therapy also have a considerable influence on the distribution and frequency of Candida spp. , regardless of the geographical area. C. albicans is more frequent in patients aged up to 18 years, the frequency of C. parapsilosis decreases with age, and C. glabrata is more common in the elderly. Finally, the presence of horizontal transmission of Candida spp. isolates (reported mainly in patients from the adult medical and post-surgical ICU, patients from oncology-haematology units, and neonates) can affect species distribution.
Fluorescence lifetime measurements and biological imaging.

When a molecule absorbs a photon of appropriate energy, a chain of photophysical events ensues, such as internal conversion or vibrational relaxation (loss of energy in the absence of light emission), fluorescence, intersystem crossing (from singlet state to a triplet state) and phosphorescence, as shown in the Jablonski diagram for organic molecules (Fig. 1). Each of the processes occurs with a certain probability, characterized by decay rate constants (k). It can be shown that the average length of time τ for the set of molecules to decay from one state to another is reciprocally proportional to the rate of decay: τ = 1/k. This average length of time is called the mean lifetime, or simply lifetime. It can also be shown that the lifetime of a photophysical process is the time required by a population of N electronically excited molecules to be reduced by a factor of e. Correspondingly, the fluorescence lifetime is the time required by a population of excited fluorophores to decrease exponentially to N/e via the loss of energy through fluorescence and other non-radiative processes. The lifetime of photophycal processes vary significantly from tens of femotoseconds for internal conversion1,2 to nanoseconds for fluorescence and microseconds or seconds for phosphorescence.1
Characterization of the first report of Mycobacterium timonense infecting an HIV patient in an Ecuadorian hospital.

Mycobacterium timonense is a non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) described in southern France in 2009, and to our knowledge, not reported again as a human pathogen in indexed literature. The aim of this work was to characterize the first clinical isolate of M. timonense in Ecuador. Time of growth, biochemical tests, thin layer growth test, PCR-RFLP analysis of the hsp65 gene and MALDI-TOF spectra analysis were not able to identify the species. The species identification was achieved through sequencing of rrs, hsp65 and rpoB genes. The results highlight the necessity to set up a sequencing method to identify emerging NTM in Ecuadorian clinical facilities.
Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) belonging to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. ZIKV was first isolated from a monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 [1]. Subsequently, sporadic human infections were reported in Africa and Asia. In 2007, the first large documented ZIKV outbreak was reported from Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia [2]. No further transmission was identified in the Pacific until October 2013, when French Polynesia (FP) reported the first cases; a subsequent explosive outbreak resulted in an estimated 28 000 cases seeking medical care (approximately 11% of the population) [3,4]. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the FP strain was closely related to Cambodia 2010 and Yap State 2007 strains, corroborating previous findings of the expansion of the ZIKV Asian lineage [3]. During the FP outbreak, most clinical cases presented with mild disease characterized by low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. In November, a patient presented with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune disease causing acute or subacute flaccid paralysis, 1 week after a confirmed acute ZIKV infection [5]. Subsequent GBS cases were identified, correlating temporally with the ZIKV outbreak. The incidence rate of GBS cases during the ZIKV outbreak was approximately 20-fold higher than expected given the size of the FP population and the established incidence rates of GBS (1–2/ 100 000 population per year) [6]. No severe disease resulting from ZIKV infection had been reported prior to the FP outbreak, but previous clinical characterization was based on a limited number of confirmed cases. The recent temporal and spatial association between the FP ZIKV outbreak and the highly unusual GBS cluster is very
The burden of norovirus gastroenteritis: an important foodborne and healthcare-related infection.

Human norovirus (NoV) is now recognized as one of the most important causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. During the course of NoV infection, symptoms are usually mild and disappear within 48 h after onset. The incidence of NoV infection is high, with hundreds of cases per 10 000 of the population, although the number of infections is still underestimated. Epidemiological surveys conducted in Europe and North America have shown that NoV infections constitute a major disease burden, especially for young children and the elderly, in whom NoV infection leads to high rates of hospitalization and mortality. NoV infections are also of concern in hospitals, where viral infections can be persistent in immunocompromised patients. Although the cost of NoV infection in the hospital community has not yet been clearly established, it appears that NoV infections could cost hundreds of thousands of euros in terms of unit closure, and NoV-related sickness in patients and health workers. Besides their clinical burden, NoVs, as foodborne pathogens, also cause to millions of dollars of losses for the healthcare system and the food industry. Recent estimates in the USA showed that, annually, NoV illness cost $2 billion and led to a loss of approximately 5000 quality-adjusted life-years, making NoV one of the top five pathogens causing enteric illnesses. The highest cost among 14 foodborne pathogens is also attributed to human NoV in The Netherlands. This accumulation of evidence underlines the enormous impact of NoV on populations.