Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Checkpoint Adaptation and Recovery: Back with Polo after the Break

S. cerevisiae cells that are unable to repair a double strand break ultimatelyescape the DNA damage checkpoint arrest and enter mitosis. This process called'adaptation' depends on functional Cdc5, a Polo-like kinase, and was long thoughtto be limited to single-cell organisms. However, the recent finding that Xenopusextracts can adapt to a long-lasting stall in DNA replication indicates thatcheckpoint adaptation does also occur in multicellular organisms. Interestingly, theXenopus Polo-like kinase (Plx1) plays an important role in this adaptation. To addto this, data from our laboratory have shown that the human Polo-like kinase (Plk1)is also required for cell cycle re-entry following a DNA damage-induced arrest. Buthere, Plk1 was shown to be required for bona-fide checkpoint recovery, rather thanadaptation. That is, Plk1 is required to restart the cell cycle once all of the damage isrepaired and checkpoint signaling is turned off. While the target of Plx1 duringadaptation is a component of the checkpoint machinery (Claspin), the target of Plk1during recovery turns out to be a mitotic regulator (Wee1). Here, we discuss some ofthe remarkable similarities and subtle differences in the molecular mechanisms thatcontrol checkpoint adaptation and recovery, and the role of Polo-like kinasestherein.
Elements of distributed computing

Departing from the focus on shared memory and synchronous systems commonly taken by other texts, this is the first useful reference based on an asynchronous model of distributed computing, the most widely used in academia and industry. The emphasis of the book is on developing general mechanisms that can be applied to a variety of problems. Its examples-clocks, locks, cameras, sensors, controllers, slicers, and synchronizers-have been carefully chosen so that they are fundamental and yet useful in practical contexts.
Temporal and spatial characteristics of tonically active neurons of the primate's striatum.

1. Tonically active neurons (TANs) in the primate striatum develop transient responses to sensory conditioning stimuli during behavioral training in classical conditioning tasks. In this study we examined the temporal characteristics of such TAN responses and mapped the sites of TANs responding to auditory and visual conditioned stimuli in the striatum in macaque monkeys. We further mapped the locations of TANs recorded acutely in the squirrel monkey striatum in relation to the neurochemically distinguished striosome and matrix compartments of the striatum, and made quantitative comparisons between the densities and compartmental distributions of TANs and those of four major types of striatal interneuron identified by histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. 2. We made recordings from 858 TANs at different sites in the striatum in two behaving macaque monkeys at different times during training with auditory (click) and visual (light-emitting diode flash) conditioning stimuli. TANs distributed across large parts of the striatum developed responses to the conditioning stimuli. The responses comprised a decrement of tonic firing (pause) followed by a rebound excitation. Measurements were made of the onsets, offsets, and durations of the pauses of individual TANs and of the interspike intervals (ISIs) of the same cells. 3. The mean duration of the pause responses (268.3 ms) was greater than the mean ISI of the same neurons (181 ms), suggesting that the pause represents an active suppression of TAN firing. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the pause responses was 0.28, compared with a CV of 0.63 for the same cells' ISIs. The population CV for the pauses was 0.16, compared with a population CV of 0.20 for the ISIs. These data, together with temporal analysis of the responses and population histograms, suggest that the pauses became temporally aligned across large parts of the striatum after learning. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were carried out to determine whether there were differences in the onset and offset latencies of the pause response or in the durations of the pause responses for TANs at different sites. These analyses suggested that, with rare exceptions, there was no difference in the timing of the TAN responses across large (> 10 mm3) parts of the striatum. 4. Comparisons of TAN responses in different regions of the striatum showed that, for responses to a given modality of conditioned stimulus, there were no significant differences in pause offset times for TANs recorded in the caudate nucleus or putamen, or for TANs recorded in more anterior or more posterior parts of these nuclei. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Penalized regression methods with application to generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and smoothing

Recently, penalized regression has been used for dealing problems which found in maximum likelihood estimation such as correlated parameters and a large number of predictors. The main issues in this regression is how to select the optimal model. In this thesis, Schall’s algorithm is proposed as an automatic selection of weight of penalty. The algorithm has two steps. First, the coefficient estimates are obtained with an arbitrary penalty weight. Second, an estimate of penalty weight λ can be calculated by the ratio of the variance of error and the variance of coefficient. The iteration is continued from step one until an estimate of penalty weight converge. The computational cost is minimized because the optimal weight of penalty could be obtained within a small number of iterations. In this thesis, Schall’s algorithm is investigated for ridge regression, lasso regression and two-dimensional histogram smoothing. The proposed algorithm are applied to real data sets and simulation data sets. In addition, a new algorithm for lasso regression is proposed. The performance of results of the algorithm was almost comparable in all applications. Schall’s algorithm can be an efficient algorithm for selection of weight of penalty.
Range Resolution of Targets

The problem of resolving targets in range is formulated as a hypothesis-testing problem. A generalized likelihood approach is developed and very good results are obtained, e. g. , targets separated by more than a pulsewidth can almost always be resolved, Specifically, simulations showed that when using a sampling rate of 1.5 samples per pulsewidth, two 20 dB nonfluctuating targets can be resolved at a resolution probability of 0.9 and at a false-alarm probability of 0.01 at separations varying between ¿ and ¿ of a pulsewidth, depending on the relative phase difference between the targets. The effect of increasing the sampling rate was investigated and it appears that there is only marginal benefit in increasing the sampling rate beyond 1.5 samples per pulsewidth. Finally, the generalized likelihood approach was compared to several easily implemented adhoc approaches and an adhoc approach involving fitting a pulse shape to the data is only slightly (approximately 10%) less accurate than the likelihood approach.
Trans activation of transcription by herpes virus products: requirement for two HSV‐1 immediate‐early polypeptides for maximum activity.

The transcriptional programme of the herpes viruses is organised into three principal phases. The immediate‐early (IE) genes are the first to be transcribed, by the pre‐existing host RNA polymerase II, and their promoters are strongly stimulated by a polypeptide component of the virus particle. The E and L gene promoters become active only after the appearance of IE gene products. Genetic and biochemical evidence has shown that the HSV‐1 IE polypeptide Vmw175 (ICP 4) is essential for the trans activation of HSV early promoters, but the role of none of the other four IE gene products was known. This paper describes functional tests that show, by co‐transfection of recombinant plasmids into HeLa cells, that (i) Vmw175 alone can activate an HSV‐1 E gene promoter, (ii) the four other HSV‐1 IE gene products by themselves are unable to activate transcription, (iii) the combination of Vmw175 plus the product of IE gene 1, Vmw110 (ICP 0), is a much better activator than Vmw175 alone, (iv) cloned IE gene products of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella‐zoseter virus (VZV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) can also activate transcription from an HSV‐1 early promoter, and (v) this activation also occurs with cellular promoters.
Trends in Statin Use and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Among US Adults: Impact of the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines

Background Few data are available on the use of statins after publication of the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) guidelines in 2001. Objective To determine changes in statin use and its Impact on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control among US adults from 1999 to 2004. Methods High LDL-C levels and statin use among 1911 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 were determined and compared with 1770 and 2094 participants of NHANES 1999–2000 and NHANES 2001–2002, respectively. Statin use was obtained from review of participants’ drug containers. High LDL-C levels and LDL-C control were defined, using risk-specific cut-points from the ATP-III guidelines. Results: Statins were taken by 24 million Americans in 2003–2004, an increase from 12.5 million in 1999–2000. In 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004, statins were being used by 19.6%, 27.3%, and 35.9% of US adults with high LDL-C levels, respectively (p trend <0.001). Age-standardized mean LDL-C declined from 119.9 to 112.0 to 100.7 mg/dL among statin users between 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004. LDL-C control to ATP-III recommended targets was achieved by 49.7%, 67.4%, and 77.6% of statin users in 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004, respectively (p trend <0.001). Among US adults with high LDL-C, after multivariate adjustment, non-Hispanic blacks were 39% less likely (prevalence ratio = 0.61; 95 CI 0.39 to 0.97) than non-Hispanic whites to be taking statins. Conclusions: Statin use continues to increase among US adults and this has led to substantial improvements in LDL-C control. Nevertheless, suboptimal statin use, especially among racial/ethnic minorities, continues to prevent the maximal public health benefit from this effective drug class.
Somatotopical organization of striatal activation during finger and toe movement: A 3‐T functional magnetic resonance imaging study

The present study aimed at determining the distribution and somatotopical organization of striatal activation during performance of simple motor tasks. Ten right‐handed healthy volunteers were studied by using a 3‐T whole‐body magnetic resonance unit and echo planar imaging. The tasks consisted of self‐paced flexion/extension of the right fingers or toes. Motor activation was found mainly in the putamen posterior to the anterior commissure (10 of 10 subjects) and the globus pallidus (6 subjects), whereas the caudate nucleus was activated in only 3 subjects, and in a smaller area. Thus, performance of a simple motor task activated the sensorimotor territory of the basal ganglia. Within the putamen, there was a somatotopical organization of the foot and hand areas similar to that observed in nonhuman primates. These data suggest that functional magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study normal function of the basal ganglia and should therefore also allow investigation of patients with movement disorders.
Efficiently mining high utility sequential patterns in static and streaming data

High utility sequential pattern (HUSP) mining has emerged as a novel topic in data mining. Although some preliminary works have been conducted on this topic, they incur the problem of producing a large search space for high utility sequential patterns. In addition, they mainly focus on mining HUSPs in static databases and do not take streaming data into account, where unbounded data come continuously and often at a high speed. To efficiently deal with both problems, we propose a novel framework for mining high utility sequential patterns over static and streaming databases. In this regard, two efficient data structures named ItemUtilLists (Item Utility Lists) and HUSP-Tree (High Utility Sequential Pattern Tree) are proposed to maintain essential information for mining HUSPs in both offline and online fashions. In addition, a novel utility model called SequenceSuffix Utility is proposed for effectively pruning the search space in HUSP mining. We propose an algorithm named HUSP-Miner (High Utility Sequential Pattern Miner) to find HUSPs in static databases efficiently. Then, a one-pass algorithm named HUSP-Stream (High Utility Sequential Pattern mining over Data Streams) is proposed to incrementally update ItemUtilLists and HUSP-Tree online and find HUSPs over data streams. To the best of our knowledge, HUSP-Stream is the first method to find HUSPs over data streams. Experimental results on both real and synthetic datasets show that HUSP-Miner outperforms the compared algorithms substantially in terms of execution time, memory usage and number of generated candidates. The experiments also demonstrate impressive performance of HUSPStream to update the data structures and discover HUSPs over data streams.
Digital management and retrieval of physical documents

Although in today's everyday work environments digital and paper documents co-exist, the systems used to manage them are often completely separate; digital documents are managed using computer systems, while paper documents are organised and managed using manual systems. Since it is unlikely that the widespread use of paper documents will cease to exist in the foreseeable future, digital systems are needed for managing the storage and retrieval of paper documents which better integrate with existing systems for management of digital documents. This paper presents an architecture for a system to digitally manage paper document containers, such as folders, which has been used as the design basis for a prototype system we have developed. This prototype system aims to resolve some of the problems associated with an earlier prototype we have developed to integrate filing of physical folders with digital document management systems.
Steady-state analysis of an AC-AC Z-Source inverter including discontinuous power flow

Z-Source inverters, consisting of both inductors and capacitors as DC link components, provide unique boost capability in contrast to conventional inverters. The simple structure needs no additional switching elements and only small step-up chokes. Due to the oscillatory arrangement of both inductors and capacitors in the DC link, voltages and currents exhibit characteristical dynamic behaviour especially if using the Z-source inverter with an AC supply. The consequences are discontinuous power flow and distortion of the output voltage. The authors derive analytic equations describing the steady-state behaviour of the Z-source inverter for all relevant variables with special regard to AC supply without additional high-performance measures, resulting in a discontinuous power flow. The significance of the approach is verified by practical tests.
Double-Poly EEPROM Cell for High Density Memories using Positive and Negative Voltage Programming

This paper will present a very compact EEPROM cell for high density applications, featuring split voltage programming. The information is stored in a self-aligned floating-gate transistor with thin (8nm) tunnel oxide. Bit selection is performed by a low-voltage transitor. Long endurance (more than 106 cycles) is achieved and the asymmetric window closing will be explained. The innovative cell concept has been validated on a 256k parallel EEPROM device.
Generation of Zero Pronouns Based on the Centering Theory and Pairwise Salience of Entities

This paper investigates zero pronouns in Korean, especially focusing on the center transitions of adjacent utterances under the framework of Centering Theory. Four types of nominal entity (Epair, Einter, Eintra, and Enon) from Centering Theory are defined with the concept of inter-, intra-, and pairwise salience. For each entity type, a case study of zero phenomena is performed through analyzing corpus and building a pronominalization model. This study shows that the zero phenomena of entities which have been neglected in previous Centering works are explained via the center transition of the second previous utterance, and provides valuable results for pronominalization of such entities, such as p2-trans rule. We improve the accuracy of pronominalization model by optimal feature selection and show that our accuracy outperforms the accuracy of previous works.
Determination of tunnel mass and physical thickness of gate oxide including poly-Si/SiO/sub 2/ and Si/SiO/sub 2/ interfacial transition Layers

By including poly-Si/SiO/sub 2/ and Si/SiO/sub 2/ interfacial transition (IFT) layers, an excellent agreement in terms of both C-V and J-V characteristics is obtained between the experiment and theory for both polarities of gate voltage (V/sub G/) for the first time. The highly precise physical models for gate depletion and gate accumulation bring an oxide thickness extracted from the C-V fitting in a negative V/sub G/ close to that extracted in a positive V/sub G/. It is shown that the physical oxide thickness should be regarded as a distance between the middle points inside the IFT layers in both sides of the gate oxide. In addition, it is found that the tunnel mass is independent of the gate-oxide thickness from 14 to 28 /spl Aring/. It is also shown that the oxide-thickness dependence of the tunnel mass , is ascribable to the C-V-J-V fitting only in the case of a negative polarity of V/sub G/ while neglecting the poly-Si/SiO/sub 2/ IFT layer.
Efficiently implementable algebra for distributed in-network spatial analysis

Existing sensor network query processors (SNQPs) have demonstrated that in-network processing is an effective and efficient means of interacting with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for data collection tasks. Inspired by these findings, this article investigates the question as to whether spatial analysis over WSNs can be built upon established distributed query processing techniques, but, here, emphasis is on the spatial aspects of sensed data, which are not adequately addressed in the existing SNQPs. By spatial analysis, we mean the ability to detect topological relationships between spatially referenced entities (e.g. whether mist intersects a vineyard or is disjoint from it) and to derive representations grounded on such relationships (e.g. the geometrical extent of that part of a vineyard that is covered by mist). To support the efficient representation, querying and manipulation of spatial data, we use an algebraic approach. We revisit a previously proposed centralized spatial algebra comprising a set of spatial data types and a comprehensive collection of operations. We have redefined and re-conceptualized the algebra for distributed evaluation and shown that it can be efficiently implemented for in-network execution. This article provides rigorous, formal definitions of the spatial data types, points, lines and regions, together with spatial-valued and topological operations over them. The article shows how the algebra can be used to characterize complex and expressive topological relationships between spatial entities and spatial phenomena that, due to their dynamic, evolving nature, cannot be represented a priori.
Pseudomonas 2007

Pseudomonas, the and was at the Westin Wash-ington, 26 to 30 Three hundred thirty participants attended this meeting from 30 countries. There were 27 invited speakers. There also were 220 posters, among which 22 were chosen for oral presentations. The meeting highlighted the remarkable breadth of the ﬁeld while emphasizing the similar-ities and differences between species in the genus Pseudomonas . Some of these exciting developments are summarized in this review of the talks presented at the meeting. With a few exceptions, the presentations are grouped according to the sessions in which they were presented. In addition, in this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology , a number of papers provide in-depth coverage of some of the oral and poster presentations from the meeting.
BROADBAND MID-INFRARED SOLID-STATE LASERS Broadband Mid-Infrared Lasers

A survey of broadband Co2+and Cr2+-based lasers is presented. These mid-IR sources, operating in the very interesting “molecular fingerprint” region between ∼1.6 and 3.5 μm offer the broadest bandwidth from all solid-state vibronic lasers. The emphasize is made on Cr2+-doped lasers, which have not only the widest and the highest gain, but also operate at room-temperature and produce the shortest pulses of only several optical cycles around 2.5 μm directly from the resonator. Ten years after their invention, Cr2+-doped lasers have come of age and emerge in applications, demanding high power and extreme bandwidth. The paper reviews advances in the existing and novel Cr2+-based lasers, such as mixed Cr2+:ZnSxSe1−x, Cr2+:CdMnTe and Cr2+:CdZnTe lasers, which are likely to extend these features even further, and briefly describes a number of novel and yet upcoming applications. The first steps towards electrically pumped nanocrystalline lasers are described and the underlying physics is outlined.
Effect of Thyroid Hormones on the Redox Balance of Broiler Chickens

In the present study, two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of hyper- and hypothyroid status on the redox balance of broiler chickens. In Trial 1, 3 groups of broiler chickens were randomly subjected to one of the three treatments: subcutaneous administration of triiodothyronine (T 3 , 150 μg/kg BW), methimazole (MMI, 150 mg/kg BW), or saline. The blood, liver and heart were sampled at 3 h after injection. In Trial 2, three groups of 20 broiler chickens were randomly fed with one of the three diets: control, dietary supplementation of T 3 (1.5 mg/kg diet) or MMI (1 g/kg diet) for 7 days. In trial 1, the plasma concentrations of T 3 and T 3 to thyronine ratio (T 3 /T 4 ) were significantly increased by T 3 injection. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) tended to be increased (p = 0.067) by both T 3 and MMI treatments while the ferric reduced/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) was increased only by MMI treatment. Acute T 3 treatment had no significant effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentrations of FRAP and TBARS in either liver or heart tissue. In contrast, the hepatic activities of SOD were decreased (p<0.05) while the cardiac levels of FRAP were significantly increased (p<0.0001) by MMI treatment. In chronic treatments, the rectal temperature of chickens was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by MMI treatment. The circulating T 3 levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) by long-term T 3 treatment, and showed a trend to decrease in MMI treatment. The plasma concentrations of TBARS were significantly (p<0.05) increased by MMI treatment. All the redox parameters measured in either liver or heart were not significantly altered by either long-term T 3 or MMI treatment except that the hepatic SOD activities were significantly augmented by T 3 treatment. The result showed that neither acute nor long-term elevation of circulating T 3 levels induced lipid peroxidation in broiler chickens. The enhanced enzymatic antioxidant system (SOD in cardiac tissue) may be involved in the protection of the bird to increased oxidative challenge. The responses of redox balance to changed thyroid state seem to be tissue specific.