Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐Energy and Short‐Pulse Generation from Passively Mode‐ Locked Ytterbium‐Doped Double‐Clad Fiber Lasers

Mode‐locked ytterbium‐doped fiber lasers capable of producing nanosecond‐, picosecond‐ or femtosecond‐level pulses with high energy or power have many advantages for various applications such as material processing and laser surgery. Firstly, in this chapter, the principles and methods used in passively mode‐locked fiber lasers are briefly described. Secondly, mathematical modeling of all normal disper‐ sion ytterbium‐doped fiber lasers for analyzing the pulse generation and propagation has been established and simulated with the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Thirdly, short pulses generated from passively mode‐locked fiber lasers have been demonstrated with carbon nanotube– deposited D‐shaped fiber as the saturable absorber. Different pulse width can be realized with different parameters of the laser cavity. Finally, the main amplification methods for short laser pulses have been discussed, and a broad prospect for applications of various technologies using short‐ pulse fiber lasers is further introduced. of the equivalent and lower self‐phase modulation result in the narrower spectrum.
The Pre-attentive Processing under Background of Industrial Automatic Control: Evidence from the vMMN

Safety education is a kind of effective means by which people can improve safety consciousness, can master the safety theory, regulations and technology standard.The most important reason of work-safety accident is human factor and the level of safety behaviors and emergency capability of production people is the focus of human factors. From the cognitive perspective, the article analyzes the pre-attentive processing features of human under the industrial auto-control background through people’s information processing. Therefore article propose a cognitive neural experiment approach based HCI. Article used the auto-control interface of the towing vessels of ocean engineering vessels to simulate that of the real operating room. The figures on the central interface presented that the regular winding drum speed of the towing machine was 7.5m/min and the graphic symbols on the both sides of the interface presented the system pressure safety alerting signals of the towing machine. Normally, the safety alerting signals on the two sides of the interface were green rectangles, but abnormally they would be red vertical rectangles, red horizontal rectangles or red hexagons. Namely, the task-related stimuli appeared in the center of people’s view but the task-unrelated stimuli appeared on the sides. The subjects were informed to concentrate on the winding drum speed on the center of the interface and ignore the pressure safety alerting signals on the sides. If the winding drum speed changes, the subjects should react as soon as possible. The experiment adopted Oddball and Equiprobable paradigms, using Event-related Potential (ERP) technology to verify. The results show that all of the 3 kinds of safety alerting signals can cause Visual Mismatch Negativity (vMMN) negative wave but the strength values are different. The pressure safety alerting signals of red horizontal rectangle are easier to cause the operator’s attention.
Eğitim Kurumu Kaynakları, Aile Özellikleri ve Öğrenci Başarısı: Türkiye’den Ortaöğretim Kurumları Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı Örneği

The paper examines the determinants of student achievement on the secondary school entrance exam (SSEE). The data for this project were collected through a survey of 810 primaryschool graduates. The empirical work is carried out by forming a model on student achievement and three categories of school, student, and family characteristics from primary-school graduates who were successful in SSEE.
Interactive comment on “ What do we learn from long-term cloud condensation nuclei number concentration , particle number size distribution , and chemical composition measurements at regionally representative observatories ? ” by

rigorous editing is certainly called for. The paper would also benefit from a structuring process, where info that is currently distributed throughout the text is collected and presented in a structured form. One example: the importance of CCN for predicting CDNC is discussed on p. 26 (! ) instead of the introduction – the whole point in CCN measurements from a climate perspective is their influence on cloud properties, so this should be discussed also in the introduction
Smokey the Tapir: Traditional Fire Knowledge and Fire Prevention Campaigns in Lowland Bolivia

ABSTRACT Severe wildfires devastated the southeastern Bolivian lowlands during 1999–2001. In response, the Bolivian government instituted an education campaign to reduce rural burning. Working with Chiquitano Indians in the southeastern lowlands, we were interested in finding out (1) the level of knowledge of fire behavior and the ecological role of fire in shaping forest and savannah ecosystems, and (2) current attitudes in Lomerio toward fire as a land management tool. We conducted key informant interviews in the Chiquitano territory of Lomerio to document Chiquitano knowledge of and attitudes toward fire practices. Informants expressed knowledge of fire behavior and effects, recognizing the effects of wind, relative humidity, and fuel moisture on fire intensity, and the effects of fire intensity on soil fertility. Informants revealed a complex understanding of the role of fire in maintaining the structure and composition of savannahs and how fire interacts with changing cattle production, climatic, and demographic conditions.
Development of microforming process combined with thin film transfer printing

Microforming receives a lot of attentions in the recent years due to the increased use of microparts in electronics and medical sectors. For the further functionalization of these micro devices, high functional surface with noble metals are strongly required for the devices in bio- and medical fields, such as bio-sensors. To realize the submillimeter structure of metal foils and micro to nanometer structures in one forming process, the present study proposes a combined process of microforming for metal foils and transfer printing of gold (Au) thin films. To clarify the availability of the proposed combined process, transferability of Au thin films under micro bulging deformation are investigated. 0.1 mm-thick pure titanium (Ti) foils and 100 nm-thick Au films were used as blank and functional materials, respectively. The forming tests of the proposed process were conducted. With increasing strain of Ti foils, Au TP areas increase. By this experiment, it’s confirmed that the hydrogen reduction of oxidation layers and the strain of Ti foil are significant factor for Au TP on Ti foils.
A multi‐tier approach to identifying environmental stress in altricial nestling birds

Summary 1. Birds respond to unpredictable events in the environment by releasing corticosterone, which triggers alternate responses to overcome stressful situations. However, it has been questioned whether altricial nestlings perceive and respond to ecological stressors. Although some studies show adrenal responsiveness in non-precocial species, others report a hyporesponsive period postulated to avoid deleterious effects of corticosterone. 2. To test whether the environmental surroundings of nestlings modulate their stress levels we used a multi-tier comparative approach of plasma corticosterone: (1) within an individual, (2) among nestlings within a brood hierarchy, (3) among broods within a colony and (4) among individuals from different colonies. 3. Nestlings reacted to our protocol by elevating their corticosterone. Baseline levels differed between colonies, and were higher in singleton nestlings compared with two- and three-chick broods, but there were no differences related to within-brood hierarchies, age or condition index. 4. Acute levels were higher in older birds, suggesting a developmental change in adrenal responsiveness. Body condition also explained acute levels but only in singleton nestlings, with higher concentrations in heavier birds. 5. Overall our results indicate that altricial nestlings do respond to a variety of environmental stressors, and variation in aspects of environmental quality (e.g. food supply, parental care) may be associated with the differences in stress.
Numerical analysis of aneurysm using pulsatile blood flow through a locally expanded vessel

A numerical analysis based on a finite volume approach is employed for a 2-D axisymmetric, incompressible, laminar and transient flow in order to simulate the pulsatile blood flow in aneurysm. The unsteady nature of the blood is studied for three Womersley numbers and for three rheological models including Newtonian, Power law and Quemada. A physiological flow input waveform is presented in terms of Fourier series obtained by curve fitting to the experimental data. Introducing the hemodynamic wall parameters including wall shear stress (WSS), wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) and oscillatory shear index (OSI), results are presented for the variation of these parameters for all rheological models at different Womersley numbers. In addition, the effects of the rheological models and the Womersley number on the formation, growth, and shedding of the vortexes in the aneurysm are studied. The results implicates that the Womersley number has a significant effect on the flow field, while the effect of rheological model on the flow pattern is negligible. Besides, the reattachment and separation points are recognized based on the OSI and WSS diagrams.
Coupling the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM v. 2.0) to Environment and Climate Change Canada's greenhouse gas forecast model (v.107-glb)

Abstract. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CLASS-CTEM) together form the land surface component in the family of Canadian Earth system models (CanESMs). Here, CLASS-CTEM is coupled to Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)'s weather and greenhouse gas forecast model (GEM-MACH-GHG) to consistently model atmosphere–land exchange of CO2 . The coupling between the land and the atmospheric transport model ensures consistency between meteorological forcing of CO2 fluxes and CO2 transport. The procedure used to spin up carbon pools for CLASS-CTEM for multi-decadal simulations needed to be significantly altered to deal with the limited availability of consistent meteorological information from a constantly changing operational environment in the GEM-MACH-GHG model. Despite the limitations in the spin-up procedure, the simulated fluxes obtained by driving the CLASS-CTEM model with meteorological forcing from GEM-MACH-GHG were comparable to those obtained from CLASS-CTEM when it is driven with standard meteorological forcing from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) combined with reanalysis fields from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to form CRU-NCEP dataset. This is due to the similarity of the two meteorological datasets in terms of temperature and radiation. However, notable discrepancies in the seasonal variation and spatial patterns of precipitation estimates, especially in the tropics, were reflected in the estimated carbon fluxes, as they significantly affected the magnitude of the vegetation productivity and, to a lesser extent, the seasonal variations in carbon fluxes. Nevertheless, the simulated fluxes based on the meteorological forcing from the GEM-MACH-GHG model are consistent to some extent with other estimates from bottom-up or top-down approaches. Indeed, when simulated fluxes obtained by driving the CLASS-CTEM model with meteorological data from the GEM-MACH-GHG model are used as prior estimates for an atmospheric CO2 inversion analysis using the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem model, the retrieved CO2 flux estimates are comparable to those obtained from other systems in terms of the global budget and the total flux estimates for the northern extratropical regions, which have good observational coverage. In data-poor regions, as expected, differences in the retrieved fluxes due to the prior fluxes become apparent. Coupling CLASS-CTEM into the Environment Canada Carbon Assimilation System (EC-CAS) is considered an important step toward understanding how meteorological uncertainties affect both CO2 flux estimates and modeled atmospheric transport. Ultimately, such an approach will provide more direct feedback to the CLASS-CTEM developers and thus help to improve the performance of CLASS-CTEM by identifying the model limitations based on atmospheric constraints.
Nurses’ experiences on their self-leadership during a leadership development programme

Leadership ise regarded as an essential component of nursing practice and an integral aspect of the nurse’s role. A leadership development programme is an organised, often off-the-job happening, that brings people with varying skills and abilities together for collective learning and development experiences. A leadership initiative was created in July 2012 to educate and empower 14 nurses selected from the Africa region as leaders in their countries. They were selected to attend a leadership programme to change their thinking and to act with a broader mind set, using nursing perspectives to influence their work of multinational health endeavours. An important goal of this programme was to enhance self-leadership and to enable participants to recognise and attend to their unique learning needs. Furthermore, participants learned to collaborate with colleagues, and sought other available resources to leverage the expertise and experiences that enhanced their own learning. In the context of nurse leaders attending a leadership programme, it was unclear how they experienced their self-leadership during attendance of the initiative. The objectives of this qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual study were to explore and describe the experiences of nurse leaders with regard to their self-leadership during a leadership development programme offered by the African Leadership Development Academy. The fourteen attendees served as the study sample. They were between the ages of 40 and 50 years, and served in a leadership position in nursing services from 5 African countries. The data were collected by means of individual narratives. Open coding of data followed. The central story line was emotional intelligence (EI) in self-leadership developed during attendance of the programme. Five themes emerged from the data analysis; namely humble beginnings to maturity, awareness of self-leadership, personal power base and growth, challenges faced along the way, and a bigger picture of future visions. It was concluded that the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-leadership effectiveness seemed to warrant organisational consideration of the possible inclusion of emotional intelligence, among other competencies, as a selection and promotion criterion for future leaders.
A Process for the Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan from Prawn Shell Waste

Chitin was prepared from prawn shell waste by a chemical process involving demineralization, deproteinization and decolorization. Chitosan was prepared from chitin by deacetylation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of deacetylation process during chitosan production on the physiochemical and functional properties of prawn shell chitosan. Four experimental chitosan samples were prepared at ambient temperature with different duration of deacetylation process (i.e. 45, 55, 65 and 72 hrs and their characteristics were evaluated. This study demonstrated that duration of deacetylation affected mostly the degree of deacetylation, solubility and viscosity of the product. Therefore, the process of deacetylation of chitin for conversion to chitosan needs careful control and observation. Key words: Prawn shell; Duration of Deacetylation; Chitosan; Ambient temperature; Physicochemical and Functional properties. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i4.7330 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(4) , 323-330, 2010
Sequencing of plant genomes - a review

The scientific revolution that started with the human-genome sequencing project, carried out with first-generation sequencing technology, has initiated other sequencing projects, including those for plant species. Different technologies have been developed together with the second- and third-generation sequencing platforms called 1396984945next-generation1396986481 sequencing. This review deals with the most relevant second-generation sequencing platforms, advanced analysis tools, and sequenced plant genomes. To date, a number of plant genomes have been sequenced, with many more projected for the near future. Using the new techniques and developed advanced bioinformatics tools, several studies including both plant genomics and transcriptomics were carried out. Likewise, completion of reference genome sequences and high-throughput resequencing projects presented opportunities to better understand the genomic nature of plants and accelerated the process of crop improvement. Modern sequencing and bioinformatics approaches have led to overcome the challenges that arose mainly in plant genomes with large size, high CG content, heterozygosity, transposable elements, repetitive DNA, and homopolymers or polyploidy, as may be the case with the most important crops. There is no doubt that the rest of the species will also benefit from such breakthroughs, which also include direct RNA sequencing without requiring cDNA synthesis. In fact, we are not in a postgenomic era as is sometimes stated, but rather in the beginning of a genomic revolution.
The Solid Wastes of Coffee Production and of Olive Oil Extraction: Management Perspectives in Rural Areas

There are two problematic solid residues from agriculture and agro‐industry, produced in vast amounts in rural areas: those from coffee bean production and processing and those deriving from the extraction process of olive oil. Notwithstanding these residues originat‐ ing in different geographical areas, they have striking similarities. They both derive from traditional, conventional and organic agriculture; they have a high content in lignins, cel‐ luloses and (poly)phenols; they are produced in million tonnes annually; they pose rel‐ evant environmental problems for disposal; they contain bioactive compounds; and the approach for their re‐use is often similar, sometimes overlapping. The most promising re‐uses in rural areas are for agriculture, as animal feed and for energy production. There are also minor uses, suitable for the production of added‐value commodities. The re‐use will be dependent on a variety of factors according to the diversity of (a) pedoclimatic areas that include altitude and latitude, soil texture and organic matter content, water regime and availability, (b) level of expertise of the small farmers, (c) social environment that includes training opportunities and availability to create associative forms among producers, (d) access to trade and communication networks and (e) easy access to com ‐ munity‐level processing installations. The perspectives of agronomic management and valorization are compatible with the objectives of a regenerative, sustainable agriculture.
The spawning migration of anadromous rainbow trout in the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia (Argentina) through radio-tracking

Adult anadromous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Santa Cruz River were implanted with radio-transmitters in May 2000 as they ascended the river from the ocean to locate spawning areas, assess the range and timing of the spawning migration, and determine the composition of the spawning populations. Radio-tagged fish revealed geographic and temporal migration patterns and previously unidentified spawning areas. Telemetry data indicated that anadromous fish dwell and spawn in the main stem river. Range of the total detected upstream migration varied between 2-280 km. Spawning begins by mid winter and peaks in the spring, matching the raise in water temperature, which ranged from 4"C at the beginning of the spawning season to 10"C at the end of the season in December. This pattern is similar to that of trout indigenous to the Pacific Northwest, USA, in which a raise in the water temperatures stimulates the onset of spawning. The arrangement of spatial locations of anadromous fish also indicated that spawning occurs in different sections along the main stem, giving some credence to the idea that subdivision at the intra-population level may exist. These results provide strong support to the idea that anadromous fish are at present more closely related to resident fish occurring in the upper Santa Cruz River, while resident fish from the lower reaches of the river may well constitute a separate spawning aggregation.
Nutrient Interception by a Riparian Forest Receiving Inputs from Adjacent Cropland

To investigate the ability of riparian forest to intercept nutrients leaving adjacent cropland, we examined changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing from a corn (Zea mays L.) field through a riparian forest. This study provided a comparison to previous studies of a different forest. We sampled groundwater from a transect of wells, and used a Br - tracer to confirm that groundwater moved laterally along the transect through the forest. As groundwater flowed through the forest, NO 3 - concentrations decreased from about 8 mg/L at the edge of the corn held to <0.4 mg/L halfway through the forest. Dissolved organic N and NH 4 + increased by less than 0.1 mg/L, and dissolved organic C did not change with distance [. ]
Detecting changes in the mean of functional observations

Summary. Principal component analysis has become a fundamental tool of functional data analysis. It represents the functional data as Xi(t)=μ(t)+Σ1≤l<∞ηi, l+ vl(t), where μ is the common mean, vl are the eigenfunctions of the covariance operator and the ηi, l are the scores. Inferential procedures assume that the mean function μ(t) is the same for all values of i. If, in fact, the observations do not come from one population, but rather their mean changes at some point(s), the results of principal component analysis are confounded by the change(s). It is therefore important to develop a methodology to test the assumption of a common functional mean. We develop such a test using quantities which can be readily computed in the R package fda. The null distribution of the test statistic is asymptotically pivotal with a well‐known asymptotic distribution. The asymptotic test has excellent finite sample performance. Its application is illustrated on temperature data from England.
Winter CO2 fluxes in a boreal forest

We measured soil respiration during two winters in three different ecotypes of the BOREAS northern study area. The production of CO2 was continuous throughout the winter and, when totaled for the winter of 1994-1995, was equivalent to the release of --40-55 g C/m 2 from the soil surface. As soils cooled in the early winter, the CO2 production rate decreased in a manner that appeared to be exponentially related to shallow soil temperatures. This exponential relationship was not observed when soils began to warm, possibly indicating that there may be additional or different processes responsible for increased CO2 production during winter warming events. We also measured CO2 concentrations in soil gas and the A4C of the soil CO2. These measurements show that the CO2 produced in winter is not simply the return to the atmosphere of the carbon fixed during the previous growing season. We suggest that the wintertime production of CO2 originates, at least in part, from the decomposition of old organic carbon stored at depth in the soil.