Sexual selection, reproductive isolation and the genic view of speciation

Wu (2001; this issue), shows convincingly that not the whole genome, but rather the gene is the unit of species differentiation. He distinguishes between two classes of loci, those that directly affect differential adaptation (`speciation genes') and those that do not. The speciation genes have a higher rate of differentiation during the process of speciation than the other genes. Wu (2001) concludes that speciation is an adaptive process driven either by natural or by sexual selection. Although he includes sexual selection as a driving force in speciation, most of his examples and most of the evidence presented refer to divergence by natural selection and to divergence in initially allopatric or parapatric populations. Wu (2001) presents a four-staged model that starts with populations of a species separated by extrinsic barriers. Differences in selection in the isolated populations then results in divergence of the loci under selection. Upon secondary contact, gene exchange at the loci of functional divergence would be restricted. During the second stage, differentiation between the populations has proceeded to produce co-adapted gene complexes, which result in some hybrid sterility or inviability, or to ecological and/or behavioural changes between the populations resulting in a lower ®tness of the hybrids in both parental environments. Massive hybridization could, however fuse the incipient species. During the third stage, a point of no return has been passed, the accumulation of speciation genes has resulted in differentiated co-adapted gene complexes, but a hybrid zone may still exist. At the fourth stage premating isolation has evolved and hybrids are either inviable or sterile: reproductive isolation is complete. Indeed, this looks like a very plausible scenario for speciation, and it may be the description of many speciation events in nature. Also, it resolves the problems caused by the biological species concept, which requires complete reproductive isolation. The evidence in support of the model is derived from genetic analysis of four sibling species in the Drosophila melanogaster-group. It is both in support of the genic view on speciation and of speciation as a process of differential adaptation. Wu (2001) concludes that the evolution of reproductive isolation is fundamentally a genomic concept, in contrast to the process of speciation. It may be early days for such a bold statement. Wu's (2001) perspective has certainly changed mine. It is important, because it has disentangled the troublesome relation between speciation and the evolution of reproductive isolation implicit in the biological species concept and demonstrates convincingly that genes are the units of selection for species differentiation. Yet, some nagging doubts remain. Wu's (2001) empirical evidence mainly comes from Drosophila, and in his view, the conclusion does not depend on the choice of evidence. However, when we try to apply Wu's (2001) four-stage model to speciation in haplochromine cichlid ®sh in Lake Victoria, some differences in the course of speciation events in these ®sh with those in the model become immediately obvious. These ®sh have shown an enormous radiation: over 500 species all derived from one or a few ancestors have evolved within the lake bed in possibly only 12 000 years, but not more than 750 000 years. Ecological diversi®cation has resulted in a wide range of food specialists, all well adapted morphologically (Seehausen & Bouton, 1997; Bouton et al., 1999). Parental care is by female mouth brooding, and females choose brightly coloured males to spawn. Mate choice for male colours is the sole mechanism of isolation between species. No post-mating barriers exist, and when no male colours can be observed, mate choice breaks down (Seehausen et al., 1997a). Hybrids are fertile and fully viable. Evidence from ®eld studies (Seehausen et al., 1997a,b; Seehausen, 2000), laboratory experiments (Seehausen & van Alphen, 1998) and theoretical modelling (Lande et al., in press) show that a population of these ®sh can split by sexual selection caused by small differences in preference for male coloration. This can result in two incipient species of which the males have different nuptial colours and females have a preference for males of either colour. Adaptive differentiation by natural selection follows the isolation of incipient species by sexual selection. Speciation can occur in sympatry. Unlike the ®rst stage in Wu's (2001) model, extrinsic barriers between populations are not always the start of the speciation process in haplochromine cichlids. Instead, it is the evolution of differential mate choice for nuptial colours, possibly triggered by a sex changing gene (Seehausen et al., 1999) that results in premating isolation between incipient species. Unlike the second stage in Wu's (2001) model, ecological and/or behavioural adaptations have not resulted in hybrid sterility or inviability, and reduced ®tness of the hybrids between incipient species is unlikely. Even haplochromine species that differ considerably in their ecological specialization (e.g. a pelagic piscivore and a detritus feeder from shallow bays, can produce fertile and Correspondence: Jacques van Alphen, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Science, Leiden University, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. E-mail: alphen@rulsfb.leidenuniv. nl