Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Reappraisal of the Oil-Gap Technique For the Measurement of Transtubular Potentials in Insect Epithelia

1. Transtubular potentials of insect Malpighian tubules and salivary glands are commonly measured in unperfused tubules in which the two ends are separated by means of an insulating oil gap. The validity of this method has been examined, using Malpighian tubules of a tenebrionid beetle, Onymacris plana . 2. The measured interelectrode potential was found to depend not only on the transtubular potential but also on potentials within the oil gap and at the open end of the tubule, and upon the core resistance, the length constant and a small but finite electrical leak beneath the insulating oil. 3. In perfused tubules of O. plana , the apparent transtubular potential recorded at the collecting end (analogous to the oil gap) was indistinguishable from that previously measured with the oil-gap technique. However, it was invariably lower than that recorded by an intraluminal pipette. 4. The results demonstrate that the interelectrode potential observed with the oil-gap technique is a poor measure of the true transtubular potential.
Effects of different herbicides on the Azolla and blue—green algal biofertilization of rice

Summary Pre-emergence herbicides applied at field recommended doses, 3 days after transplanting (DAT) rice plants, inhibited growth and N2-fixation of Azolla pinnata (Bangkok) and BGA (blue-green algae) inoculated 10 DAT. This inhibition was up to 15 DAT in Azolla and up to 20 DAT in BGA. Butachlor and Oxadiazon resulted in higher toxicity to Azolla and BGA than Benthiocarb and Pendimethalin. The application of 0·5 kg/ha active ingredient of 2,4-DNa did not inhibit growth of Azolla but inhibited BGA growth. However, 2,4-DEE, a post-emergence herbicide, applied 30 DAT showed inhibitory effects on the growth and N2-fixation of both Azolla and BGA. Inoculation of 2·0 t/ha of fresh Azolla 10 DAT produced maximum biomass within 20–25 days of herbicide treatments, depending upon the season. The inoculation of 10 kg/ha of a dry mixture of BGA 10 DAT could produce the maximum biomass 60 and 80 DAT in control and herbicide treated plots, respectively. The biomass and nitrogen produced by Azolla recorded at maximum mat formation were similar in both herbicide treated and untreated plots, but in BGA these were higher in controls than those of herbicide treated plots. The use of Azolla and BGA biofertilizers along with herbicides increased the grain and straw yields, and panicle number and nitrogen uptake, by rice over no Azolla or BGA treatments. The Azolla and BGA treatments even without weeding increased rice yield up to that of herbicide and biofertilizer treatments.
Opposition to the proposal to replace the family name Enterobacteriaceae

The Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae unanimously recommends that the proposal to replace the family name Enterobacteriaceae with Escherichiaceae be rejected by the Judicial Commission. The arguments in support of this recommendation are as follows: (i) Enterobacteriaceae is a legitimate name that has been specifically conserved as an exception to Rule 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria; (ii) the continued use of this name satisfies Principle 1 of the Bacteriological Code (to “aim at stability of names; avoid or reject the use of names which may cause error or confusion; and avoid the useless creation of names”); and (iii) Enterobacteriaceae is also specifically in accord with General Consideration 6, Principles 1, 8, and 9, Rules 21b, 23a, and 56b, and Opinion 15 of the Bacteriological Code, whereas the proposal to use Escherichiaceae violates each of these portions of the Bacteriological Code.
Determinação do Valor Nutricional das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves

Tres ensaios biologicos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar o conteudo de energia metabolizavel e do coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etereo da soja integral processada por diferentes metodos (extrusao e tostagem) e do farelo de soja reconstituido com oleo. No primeiro e segundo ensaios, foram utilizadas a metodologia tradicional de coleta total de excretas, utilizando pintos no primeiro ensaio e galos no segundo. No terceiro ensaio, empregou-se a metodologia de alimentacao forcada (Sibbald, 1976) com galos adultos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as sojas testadas apresentaram composicoes bromatologicas semelhantes. Os processamentos usados para a soja integral conferiram diferencas na digestibilidade dos nutrientes da soja e os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etereo obtidos para a soja extrusada e para o farelo de soja com adicao de oleo foram superiores aos obtidos para soja tostada pelo vapor. Os valores de energia metabolizavel obtidos para a soja extrusada foram superiores aos encontrados para a soja tostada pelo vapor e para o farelo de soja com adicao de oleo, que foram semelhantes entre si.
Genomics and the Evolution of Phenotypic Traits

Evolutionary genetics has entered an unprecedented era of discovery, catalyzed in large part by the development of technologies that provide information about genome sequence and function. An important benefit is the ability to move beyond a handful of model organisms in lab settings to identify the genetic basis for evolutionarily interesting traits in many organisms in natural settings. Other benefits are the abilities to identify causal mutations and validate their phenotypic consequences more readily and in many more species. Genomic technologies have reinvigorated interest in some of the most fundamental and persistent questions in evolutionary genetics, revealed previously unsuspected evolutionary phenomena, and opened the door to a wide range of new questions.
Number of Ossification Centers in the Anuran Cranial Bones Depends upon the Rate of Development: Experimental Evidence

Cranial development was compared in Rana temporaria (Anura; Ranidae) and Bombina variegata (Anura; Discoglossidae) specimens reared at normal, high, and low level of thyroid hormone (TH). Sequence and timing of cranial ossification as well as rate of a particular bone’s differentiation and growth depend upon TH level. Also, bones which normally develop from a single ossification center (frontoparietal, parasphenoid, vomer, squamosal, angulosplenial, septomaxilla, pterygoid, and premaxilla) were revealed to form from two or more ossification centers in specimens reared at high and low TH level. This indicates them to develop from several early precalcified anlagen which normally fuse prior to the beginning of calcification thus appearing as a single ossification center. Changes in the rate of a particular bone’s differentiation and growth caused by manipulation with a TH level may cause precocious beginning of their calcification or their delayed fusion. As a result, they begin to calcify prior to their fusion thus appearing as several separate ossification centers. Number of ossification centers depends upon the rate of cranial and overall somatic development. Interspecies and individual differences in the rate of cranial and overall ontogeny are responsible for the inter- and intraspecific variability in the number of ossification centers recorded in anurans.
Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees — current successes in North America

Nonnative invasive pathogens have decimated North American forests for over 100 years, and additional pathogens continue to arrive. These pathogens are destined to be permanent fixtures in the ecosystem. In many cases, management activities have been unsuccessful in slowing the spread of these pathogens or in restoring forests. Genetic resistance potentially provides an invaluable management tool for restoring these species or using them in plantations. Although native tree species are highly susceptible to some nonnative pathogens, a low frequency of resistance is present in even those North American host species most affected. Classical breeding methods can produce genetically diverse and resistant populations for reforestation or restoration of natural forests. However, any operational program for developing resistant populations of forest trees must contend with relatively long generation times, as well as the long-lived nature of trees and the potential of the pathogen to evolve. Western white pine (Pinus monticola), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), American chestnut (Castanea dentata), and American elm (Ulmus americana) are examples of species for which there are successful breeding programs for disease resistance. Examples from these species, with a particular focus on western white pine and white pine blister rust [Cronartium ribicola] resistance, will be used to illustrate some of the successes in operational programs, as well as to discuss some of the research needs and current unknowns in developing durable resistance. Some of these programs have been ongoing for 50 years, while the Port-Orford-cedar program began only in the last decade. Resistant seedlings from several programs are now being used in reforestation and restoration.
Rhythmic development of some native species of blackberries (Rubus L., Corylifolii, Rosaceae) from the collection of Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznan´.

In current study 13 native Rubus species of Corylifolii section, cultivated in the Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, were investigated. Phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems of these plants were analyzed. Some habitat factors (temperature and precipitation) were also taken into consideration. The differences in seasonal rhythm of individual taxa were noticed. The life cycles of some species were disturbed. Weather conditions were the most important factors to have an significant influence on seasonal rhythm of Rubus species. In general, in 2008 rainfall deficiency during the vegetation caused flower and fruit disorders and the earlier dye coloration of leaves and leaf-fall. But the drought did not always affect growth rate of generative shoots.
Identification, Behavioral Observations, and Notes on the Distribution of the Titi Monkeys Callicebus modestus Lönnberg, 1939 and Callicebus olallae, Lönnberg 1939

Abstract We conducted field surveys for titi monkeys (Callicebus spp.) in the vicinity of the original collection sites of two poorly known species, Callicebus olallae and Callicebus modestus. Two distinct Callicebus forms were photographed and filmed, and according to an examination of existing literature as well as the original specimens, these represent C. olallae and C. modestus. They occur in patchy and fragmented grassy woodlands and appear to be at least locally threatened by hunting. Both were known from single locality collections and the taxonomic distinctiveness of these forms urgently needs to be further investigated, as does their true conservation status.
Effect of supplementation of the maternal diet with fish oil or linseed oil on fatty-acid composition and expression of Delta 5- and Delta 6-desaturase in tissues of female piglets

The present study investigated whether enrichment of the pig maternal diet with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affects the fatty-acid composition of female piglets via enhancing of expression of the lipogenic enzymes D5-desaturase (D5d) and D6-desaturase (D6d). The sows (50% Landrace 3 50% Large White) were fed a control diet or one of the experimental diets starting at day 45 in gestation. The experimental diets were supplemented either with linseed oil or fish oil, whereas the control diet contained palm oil. Expression of D5d and D6d, and fatty-acid composition was determined by Western blotting and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively, in muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver. The highest D5d protein expression was observed in the piglets’ muscle, followed by subcutaneous adipose tissue, with the lowest level in the liver. Expression of D6d in the piglets’ tissues followed an opposite pattern, and was highest in the liver, followed by subcutaneous adipose tissue, with the lowest level in muscle. Supplementation of the maternal diet with fish oil or linseed oil increased the level of n-3 PUFA of the piglets in a tissue-specific manner. The response of D6d and D5d protein expression in female piglets, with average birth weight 2.4 kg, to the dietary manipulation was also tissue-specific. It is suggested that the increase in n-3 PUFA content in the progeny was related, at least partially, to the activation of D6d and D5d expression.
Five Ways to Increase Civic Engagement.

In Brighton, Iowa, a few nights each month, children and teenagers come together to make food for starving children in other countries, like Guatemala, Romania, and Ethiopia. They prepare the food themselves to insure nutritional content. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, five Tennessee students donated 95 school desks, a commercial freezer, filing cabinets, lounge furniture, household appliances, and school supplies to Our Lady Academy, a school destroyed by the destructive winds. Afterwards, they did $20,000 worth of labor to help rebuild one of the teacher’s homes that was also devastated by the hurricane. —Make a Difference Day 1
The differences in habitat selection in two sympatric species of eastern Poland: the White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus) and the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger)

ABSTRACT In the last 20 years, a westward expansion of the White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus) has been reported in Europe. Even though this species has become a regular breeder in some places, we lack basic information on the choice of breeding sites. The aim of the present work is to compare the habitat preferences of two closely-related species: the expansive White-winged Tern and the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger), which has been breeding in this part of Poland for a long time. The data were gathered in east-central Poland from late May to early July 2013. All potential tern nesting areas were searched over 40,000 km2, river valleys in particular. There were 41 colonies of White-winged Terns with a total number of 1,348 pairs and 55 colonies of Black Terns with 666 pairs. A Generalized Linear Model (GLZ) showed differences between both tern species in habitat parameters. However, only two predictors—area of open habitat (meadows, arable fields) and habitat type (ox-bow lakes vs. waterlogged sedge fields)—were significant. White-winged Terns located their colonies in waterlogged sedge fields three times more often than Black Terns did, while the latter nested three times more frequently on ox-bow lakes. There was also a statistically significant greater proportion of open habitats around the colonies of White-winged Terns than around those of Black Terns. The colonies of the two species were roughly the same size in all habitats. This study showed that habitat type was the basic factor governing the choice of nesting site by these two closely-related tern species.
Biogeography and Phylogeny of Cardamine (Brassicaceae)1

Abstract The biogeography and phylogeny of Cardamine L. were inferred based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions and the plastid trnL intron and trnL-F spacer regions. This genus is one of the largest and polyploid-rich genera of the Brassicaceae and has its center of diversity in Eurasia. Species were included from all populated continents, representing all sections except two monotypic ones. The results support a hypothesis of recent and rapid speciation in the genus. The traditional sectional classification was not supported. We found evidence for several extremely long-distance dispersal events. Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere and the Arctic has occurred repeatedly; we identified at least three phylogenetically distinct Arctic lineages, two distinct Oceanian lineages, and four distinct South American lineages. Polyploidization has occurred independently many times during the evolution of Cardamine. Recent divergence combined with widespread polyploidization offer an explanation for the complex taxonomy of the genus.
Antifungal Diterpenoids and Flavonoids from Ballota inaequidens.

ABSTRACT Two diterpenoids (hispanolone 1, ballonigrine 2) and six flavonoids (5-hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone 3, retusin 4, 5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone 5, pachypodol 6, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone 7, 5-hydroxy-7,3′,4′-trimethoxyflavone 8) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Ballota inaequidens. Hub. -Mor. & Patzak. Among them, 7 has not been reported previously in the genus Ballota. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of 1–4, 6, and 8 were tested against Bacillus subtilis. , Staphylococcus aureus. , Escherichia coli. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa. , Candida albicans. , and Candida crusei.
The sensitivity of C3 photosynthesis to increasing CO2 concentration: a theoretical analysis of its dependence on temperature and background CO2 concentration

The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased from the pre-industrial concentration of about 280 μmol mol−1 to its present concentration of over 350 μmol mol−1, and continues to increase. As the rate of photosynthesis in C3 plants is strongly dependent on CO2 concentration, this should have a marked effect on photosynthesis, and hence on plant growth and productivity. The magnitude of photo-synthetic responses can be calculated based on the well-developed theory of photosynthetic response to intercellular CO2 concentration. A simple biochemically based model of photosynthesis was coupled to a model of stomatal conductance to calculate photosynthetic responses to ambient CO2 concentration. In the combined model, photosynthesis was much more responsive to CO2 at high than at low temperatures. At 350 μmol mol−1, photosynthesis at 35°C reached 51% of the rate that would have been possible with non-limiting CO2, whereas at 5°C, 77% of the CO2 non-limited rate was attained. Relative CO2 sensitivity also became smaller at elevated CO2, as CO2 concentration increased towards saturation. As photosynthesis was far from being saturated at the current ambient CO2 concentration, considerable further gains in photosynthesis were predicted through continuing increases in CO2 concentration. The strong interaction with temperature also leads to photosynthesis in different global regions experiencing very different sensitivities to increasing CO2 concentrations.
Effects of food and temperature on development, fecundity and life‐table parameters of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Development, reproduction and life tables of Adalia bipunctata (L.) were studied at three temperatures (19, 23 and 27°C) on a mixture of frozen pollen and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs as a factitious food and on the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) as natural foods. Development time of A. bipunctata on all tested diets decreased with increasing temperature. Mortality was lowest at 23°C, averaging 44.5%, 42.6% and 24.3% on factitious food, A. pisum and M. persicae respectively. The shortest developmental time from egg to adult at this temperature was observed on factitious food (18.55 days). However, the factitious food was inferior to the aphid diets in terms of reproduction, yielding the longest pre‐oviposition period, shortest oviposition period and lowest fecundity. The mean oviposition rate at 23°C varied from 19.94 to 25.03 eggs day−1 on factitious food and M. persicae respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) on different foods increased with increasing temperature and ranged from a minimum of 0.08 females/female/day on factitious food (19°C) to a maximum of 0.18 females/female/day on A. pisum (27°C). The results suggest that a mixture of E. kuehniella eggs and pollen fully support development of A. bipunctata larvae and can be used as an alternative to live aphids in the mass rearing of the pre‐imaginal stages of the predator. However, reproductive performance of a laboratory population may be better on aphids than on the factitious food.
Growth, Development and Yield of Rice in Response to Cold Temperature

The effects of duration of cold, varying from 1 to 15 days, at 15/10 °C day/night temperature, were examined at floral initiation and booting in three cultivars of rice which differed in sensitivity to cold. Cold durations of greater than 1 day reduced spikelet number (up to 41 %), spikelet fertility (up to 90 %), inflorescence branch number (up to 43 %) and total length of branches (up to 34 %) relative to controls. Cold reduced spikelet number more than fertility at floral initiation, whereas cold reduced fertility more at booting. Some processes of growth — inflorescence branching, spikelet development, and dry matter accumulation — were directly and irreversibly damaged by cold. On the other hand, apex elongation showed thermal retardation (defined as a reduction in growth rate during the period of cold, only to the extent predicted from reduced thermal time) but recovered after cold was relieved. The sensitivity of a particular physiological process to cold may be related to the ability of the rate of that process to recover from cold stress and the opportunity (after cold stress is removed) for the completion of growth before the end of a development phase.
Variabilidade da circulação e transporte de umidade no regime de monção da América do Sul

XIII CAPÍTULO 1 – CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO REGIME DE MONÇÃO DA AMÉRICA DO SUL. 1 1.1 INTRODUÇÃO. 1 1.2 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE MONÇÃO. 3 1.3 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE MONÇÃO ASIÁTICO . 3 1.4 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE MONÇÃO DA AMÉRICA DO NORTE. 4 1.5 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO REGIME DE MONÇÃO DA AMÉRICA DO SUL. 4 1.5. 1 Padrões Sazonais da Precipitação . 9 1.6 OBJETIVO E DESCRIÇÕES DOS CAPÍTULOS. 12 CAPÍTULO 2 – CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO INÍCIO, FIM E DURAÇÃO DO REMAS. 13 2.1 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA MONÇÃO . 13 2.2 OBJETIVO . 16 2.3 DADOS UTILIZADOS . 16 2.4 FUNÇÕES ORTOGONAIS EMPÍRICAS COMBINADAS (COMBINED EOF). 17 2.5 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO REMAS. 21 2.5. 1 Índice de Monção Climatológico sobre a América do Sul . 24 2.5. 2 Comparação entre as Datas de Início e Fim do REMAS . 25 2.5. 3 Testes de Sensibilidade do LISAM. 27 2.6 EVOLUÇÃO ESPACIAL DO SEGUNDO MODO DA EOFC. 29 2.6. 1 Comparações entre LISAM e ZCAS . 33 2.7 VARIABILIDADE INTRA-SAZONAL DOS ÍNDICES . 34 2.8 FASES ATIVAS E NÃO ATIVAS DO REMAS. 35 2.8. 1 Composições médias da Precipitação do GPCP. 37 2.8. 2 Diferenças entre as Fases Ativas e não Ativas para Precipitação do GPCP. 38 2.8. 3 Diferenças entre as Fases Ativas e não Ativas para Circulação. 40 2.9 CONCLUSÕES. 41 CAPÍTULO 3. ESTIMATIVA DA CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO DE ORIGEM EXTERNA NA PRECIPITAÇÃO SOBRE A AMÉRICA DO SUL . 43 3.1 RECICLAGEM DE PRECIPITAÇÃO E TRANSPORTE DE UMIDADE. 43 3.2 OBJETIVOS . 45 3.3 MÉTODOS E DADOS. 45 3.3.1 Método de Reciclagem de Precipitação . 45 3.3.2 Esquema de precipitação Origem Externa. 49
On the fading number of multi-antenna systems over flat fading channels with memory and incomplete side information

Upper and lower bounds are derived on the capacity and fading number of multi-antenna systems operating over flat fading channels. The fading process may exhibit memory, and the receiver is assumed to have access to some incomplete (possibly null) side information related to the fading realization. For single-input single-output (SISO) systems these bounds typically yield an exact expression for the system's fading number. This expression is evaluated explicitly in the SISO Gaussian case as a function of the fading mean, its power spectral density, and the mutual information rate between the fading process and side information. In the absence of side information, the fading number of such systems depends only on the mean and variance of the fading process and on the minimum mean squared-error in predicting the present fading from the past; it is not directly related to the Doppler spread or coherence time.