Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward the Decision Tree for Inferring Requirements Maturation Types

Requirements are elicited step by step during the requirements engineering (RE) process. However, some types of requirements are elicited completely after the scheduled requirements elicitation process is finished. Such a situation is regarded as problematic situation. In our study, the difficulties of eliciting various kinds of requirements is observed by components. We refer to the components as observation targets (OTs) and introduce the word “Requirements maturation. ” It means when and how requirements are elicited completely in the project. The requirements maturation is discussed on physical and logical OTs. OTs Viewed from a logical viewpoint are called logical OTs, e.g. quality requirements. The requirements of physical OTs, e.g., modules, components, subsystems, etc., includes functional and non-functional requirements. They are influenced by their requesters' environmental changes, as well as developers' technical changes. In order to infer the requirements maturation period of each OT, we need to know how much these factors influence the OTs' requirements maturation. According to the observation of actual past projects, we defined the PRINCE (Pre Requirements Intelligence Net Consideration and Evaluation) model. It aims to guide developers in their observation of the requirements maturation of OTs. We quantitatively analyzed the actual cases with their requirements elicitation process and extracted essential factors that influence the requirements maturation. The results of interviews of project managers are analyzed by WEKA, a data mining system, from which the decision tree was derived. This paper introduces the PRINCE model and the category of logical OTs to be observed. The decision tree that helps developers infer the maturation type of an OT is also described. We evaluate the tree through real projects and discuss its ability to infer the requirements maturation types.
Complementary features for traffic sign detection and recognition

Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition is an important component of intelligent transportation systems. It has captured the attention of the computer vision community for several decades. In this paper, we propose a new traffic sign detection and recognition approach consisting of color segmentation, shape classification and recognition stages. In the first stage, the image is segmented using look-up tables and thresholding on the HSI color space. The second stage uses Distance to borders (DtBs) features and random forest classifier to detect circular, triangular and rectangular shapes among the segmented ROIs. The last stage consists in the recognition of the detected signs. It is performed using Random Forest as classifier and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) together with local self-similarity (LSS) as features. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves high recall, precision, and correct classification accuracy ratios, and is robust to various adverse situations.
Assessing neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia: a systematic review of measures

ABSTRACT Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) occur in people with dementia throughout disease course and across etiologies. NPS are associated with significant morbidities and hastened disease processes. Nevertheless, people with dementia are not systematically assessed for NPS in clinical settings. We review existing NPS measures for clinical and/or research purposes, and identify measurement gaps. Methods: We conducted a computerized search of peer-reviewed published studies of measures (January 1, 1980–December 1, 2013) using multiple search terms. Measures selected for review were in English, had adequate psychometric properties, and were developed for or used with people with dementia. Papers describing measures were evaluated by three coders along seven characteristics: behavioral domains, number of items, method of administration, response categories, targeted population, setting, and psychometric properties. Results: Overall, 2,233 papers were identified through search terms, and 36 papers from manual searches of references. From 2,269 papers, 85 measures were identified of which 45 (52.9%) had adequate psychometric properties and were developed or used with dementia populations. Of these, 16 (35.6%) were general measures that included a wide range of behaviors; 29 (64.4%) targeted specific behaviors (e.g. agitation). Measures differed widely as to behaviors assessed and measurement properties. Conclusions: A robust set of diverse measures exists for assessing NPS in different settings. No measures identify risk factors for behaviors or enable an evaluation of the context in which behaviors occur. To improve clinical efforts, research is needed to evaluate concordance of behavioral ratings between formal and informal caregivers, and to develop and test measures that can identify known risks for behaviors and the circumstances under which behaviors occur.
Subgame Consistent Cooperative solutions for randomly furcating stochastic Dynamic Games with uncertain horizon

In cooperative stochastic dynamic games a stringent condition — subgame consistency — is required for a dynamically stable solution. A cooperative solution is subgame consistent if an extension of the solution policy to a situation with a later starting time and any feasible state brought about by prior optimal behavior would remain optimal. This paper considers subgame consistent cooperative solutions in randomly furcating stochastic discrete-time dynamic games with uncertain horizon. Analytically tractable payoff distribution procedures contingent upon specific random realizations of the state and payoff structure are derived. Novel forms of Bellman equations and Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations for solving intertemporal problems with randomly furcating payoffs and random horizon are developed. This is the first time that subgame consistent solution for games with stochastic dynamics, uncertain future payoff structures and random horizon is obtained.
Male Body Contouring

BACKGROUND Men are increasingly seeking out cosmetic procedures, especially minimally and noninvasive body-contouring procedures. OBJECTIVE With the relative lack of scientific evidence related specifically to the use of body-contouring procedures in men, there is a need for more education and scientific discussion in this growing group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Understanding the male anatomy and aesthetics, and how body-contouring techniques and new modalities can be used in men, can lead to better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This review of body contouring in men emphasizes currently available literature and author experiences.
From Smashed Screens to Smashed Stacks: Attacking Mobile Phones Using Malicious Aftermarket Parts

In this preliminary study we present thefirst practical attack on a modern smartphone whichis mounted through a malicious aftermarket replace-ment part (specifically, a replacement touchscreen). Our attack exploits the lax security checks on thepackets traveling between the touchscreen's embed-ded controller and the phone's main CPU, and isable to achieve kernel-level code execution privilegeson modern Android phones protected by SELinux. This attack is memory independent and survives datawipes and factory resets. We evaluate two phonesfrom major vendors and present a proof-of-concept attack in actual hardware on one phone and an emulation level attack on the other. Through a semi-automated source code review of 26 recent Androidphones from 8 different vendors, we believe that ourattack vector can be applied to many other phones, and that it is very difficult to protect against. Similarattacks should also be possible on other smart devicessuch as printers, cameras and cars, which similarlycontain user-replaceable sub-units.
The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure

Abstract The term “urban stream syndrome” describes the consistently observed ecological degradation of streams draining urban land. This paper reviews recent literature to describe symptoms of the syndrome, explores mechanisms driving the syndrome, and identifies appropriate goals and methods for ecological restoration of urban streams. Symptoms of the urban stream syndrome include a flashier hydrograph, elevated concentrations of nutrients and contaminants, altered channel morphology, and reduced biotic richness, with increased dominance of tolerant species. More research is needed before generalizations can be made about urban effects on stream ecosystem processes, but reduced nutrient uptake has been consistently reported. The mechanisms driving the syndrome are complex and interactive, but most impacts can be ascribed to a few major large-scale sources, primarily urban stormwater runoff delivered to streams by hydraulically efficient drainage systems. Other stressors, such as combined or sanitary sewer overflows, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and legacy pollutants (long-lived pollutants from earlier land uses) can obscure the effects of stormwater runoff. Most research on urban impacts to streams has concentrated on correlations between instream ecological metrics and total catchment imperviousness. Recent research shows that some of the variance in such relationships can be explained by the distance between the stream reach and urban land, or by the hydraulic efficiency of stormwater drainage. The mechanisms behind such patterns require experimentation at the catchment scale to identify the best management approaches to conservation and restoration of streams in urban catchments. Remediation of stormwater impacts is most likely to be achieved through widespread application of innovative approaches to drainage design. Because humans dominate urban ecosystems, research on urban stream ecology will require a broadening of stream ecological research to integrate with social, behavioral, and economic research.
ZibJana : A Sensor Fusion Framework for Improved Localization

Global Positioning System (GPS) is probably the most widely used technique for localization these days. While the location information obtained from GPS is often reliable enough for applications like Tomtom and Garmin in giving driving directions on the road, there are many other applications out there (for example, augmented reality applications), which demand more accurate position information than what can be obtained from GPS. In this paper we describe ZibJana, a localization application we developed on htc magic smart phone running Android 1.6. ZibJana collects sensor information from smart phone’s built-in GPS receiver, camera, and accelerometer. Then applying Kalman Filter it combines those data from different sources to obtain smart phone’s location estimation more accurately than what is obtainable from GPS only. Major contributions of this work include a sensor fusion framework for accuracy gain in GPS position estimation. This will be useful for developing augmented reality applications, ubiquitous games, and many other applications which require very fine level of accuracy in position estimation.
Time‐dependent reversal of dentate LTP by 5 Hz stimulation

FIELD potential recordings were made from the dentate gyrus of urethane-anaesthetized rats in order to investigate the ability of 5 Hz stimulation to reverse long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by a high frequency tetanus. A 10 min train of 5 Hz was found to reverse LTP in a time-dependent fashion: as the interval between tetanus and 5 Hz was increased, LTP became progressively less susceptible to reversal. If 10 min or 30 min intervened between tetanization and 5 Hz stimulation, LTP was unaffected. These results indicate that dentate LTP in vivo exhibits a similar limited time window of vulnerability to reversal by low frequency stimulation to that previously reported in area CA 1in vitro.
An unconstrained partitioned realization for derivative constrained broad-band antenna array processors

In time domain broadband adaptive array processing, each sensor datum is time shifted as for conventional beamforming to compensate for the misalignment between a look direction wavefront and the antenna array geometry. The broadband signal is then passed down a tapped delay line, and the output beam is formed as a weighted sum of the real signals on the taps of a multichannel tapped delay lines connected to the sensors, the weight vector being chosen so as to optimize the beam signal-to-noise ratio.
Multi-sensor image fusion with SCDPT transform

A multi-sensor image fusion algorithm based on SCDPT transform is proposed in this paper. SCDPT transform is used to decompose source images in each scale and direction to get low-pass sub-band coefficients and band-pass directional sub-band coefficients. The principle for low-pass sub-band coefficients is based on structural similarity (SSIM), regional energy and regional average gradient, while the principle for directional band-pass sub-band coefficients is based on SSIM and regional variance. Finally, fused image is obtained by SCDPT inverse transform. The proposed method is compared to the wavelet transform, Laplacian pyramid transform and gradient pyramid transform. Our algorithm not only has more flexible directional and shift invariance, but also is able to accurately capture the image information of the contour feature and texture details.
The effect of lexical inference strategy instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary depth and breadth

Abstract The current study was an attempt to investigate the possible effects of lexical inference strategy training on Iranian upper-intermediate EFL learners’ vocabulary depth and breadth. This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 45 upper-intermediate EFL learners at Simin Language Institute, in Rasht-Iran, who were selected through convenience sampling. All learners were female, aged 18 to 40, from three intact classes who were randomly assigned to one experimental group and one control group. In the experimental group, the participants were taught how to infer the meaning of new words from the context, employing lexical inference strategies. The control group received the traditional method of teaching vocabulary. The results of the t-test analysis indicated that the participants in the experimental group who received instruction on lexical inference strategies outperformed their counterparts in the control group with regard to their vocabulary depth and breadth. The findings may have implications for EFL teachers, language learners, and syllabus designers.
Relationship between Venous and Arterial Thrombosis: A Review of the Literature from a Causal Perspective

Venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis are traditionally regarded as two different diseases with respect to pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment strategies. Research findings of the past few years suggest that this categorical distinction may be too strict. However, whether the described relationship between venous and arterial thrombosis is real or a result of other factors such as confounding, chance, or bias is still unclear. In this review, we discuss the current literature while using causal diagrams to better understand possible causal relations between cardiovascular risk factors, atherosclerosis, arterial thrombosis, and venous thrombosis. Furthermore, we propose study designs to investigate the causal link between venous and arterial thrombosis. In addition, we comment on the effect of statin use on the occurrence of both arterial and venous thrombosis. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Software based in-system memory test for highly available systems

In this paper we describe a software based in-system memory test that is capable of testing system memory in both offline and online environments. A technique to transparently "steal" a chunk of memory from the system for running tests and then inserting it back for normal application's use is proposed. Factors like system memory architecture that needs to be considered while adapting any conventional memory testing algorithm for in-system testing are also discussed. Implementation of the proposed techniques can significantly improve the system's ability to proactively detect and manage functional faults in memory. An extension of the methodology described is expected to be applicable for in-system testing of other system components (like processor) as well.
Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq

Background Refugees who have suffered traumatic events present complex therapeutic challenges to health professionals. There is little research into post-exile factors that may be amenable to change, and therefore reduce morbidity. We examined the importance of social factors in exile and of trauma factors in producing the different elements of psychological sequelae of severe trauma. Method Eighty-four male Iraqi refugees were interviewed. Adverse events and level of social support were measured. Various measures of psychological morbidity were applied, all of which have been used in previous trauma research. Results Social factors in exile, particularly the level of ‘affective’ social support, proved important in determining the severity of both post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive reactions, particularly when combined with a severe level of trauma/torture. Poor social support is a stronger predictor of depressive morbidity than trauma factors. Conclusions Some of the most important factors in producing psychological morbidity in refugees may be alleviated by planned, integrated rehabilitation programmes and attention to social support and family reunion.
Inhibition of the ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase in transgenic potatoes leads to sugar‐storing tubers and influences tuber formation and expression of tuber storage protein genes.

Transgenic potato plants were created in which the expression of ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) was inhibited by introducing a chimeric gene containing the coding region of one of the subunits of the AGPase linked in an antisense orientation to the CaMV 35S promoter. Partial inhibition of the AGPase enzyme was achieved in leaves and almost complete inhibition in tubers. This resulted in the abolition of starch formation in tubers, thus proving that AGPase has a unique role in starch biosynthesis in plants. Instead up to 30% of the dry weight of the transgenic potato tubers was represented by sucrose and up to 8% by glucose. The process of tuber formation also changed, resulting in significantly more tubers both per plant and per stolon. The accumulation of soluble sugars in tubers of antisense plants resulted in a significant increase of the total tuber fresh weight, but a decrease in dry weight of tubers. There was no significant change in the RNA levels of several other starch biosynthetic enzymes, but there was a great increase in the RNA level of the major sucrose synthesizing enzyme sucrose phosphate synthase. In addition, the inhibition of starch biosynthesis was accompanied by a massive reduction in the expression of the major storage protein species of potato tubers, supporting the idea that the expression of storage protein genes is in some way connected to carbohydrate formation in sink storage tissues.
Some Ideas on Privacy Preserving Meter Aggregation

With the upcoming widespread distribution of smart meters for electricity, gas and water consumption, new opportunities are closely linked to new privacy concerns. In this paper, we present protocols that can be used to privately compute aggregate measurements, allowing for fraudand leakage detection as well as statistical evaluation of meter measurements, without revealing any information about the non-aggregated values. While the protocols are aimed at the smart metering case, the technologies provided may be of independent interest for aggregating protocols.
Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in preterm and full-term children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis

Background Preterm (PT) birth and low birth weight (LBW) are high-prevalence events that are associated with adverse outcomes in the longer term, with vulnerability increasing as maturity at birth decreases. Psychiatric symptomatology appears heightened in PT/LBW survivors, though there are some discordant findings from studies using questionnaire measures, particularly with respect to anxiety and depressive symptoms. Method This article synthesises findings from research using clinical psychiatric diagnostic criteria in PT/LBW individuals aged 10–25 years compared with term-born peers. Key outcomes of interest were the rates of individuals receiving any psychiatric diagnosis and the number of diagnoses of anxiety or depressive disorders. Results A literature search for studies reporting prevalence of ‘any diagnosis’ yielded five studies that met inclusion criteria, with a total of 565 PT/LBW and 533 control individuals. Also, five studies were found that reported rates of anxiety/depression (692 PT/LBW and 605 control individuals). The risk of these outcomes was increased for PT/LBW individuals compared with controls [any diagnosis: odds ratio (OR) 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57–5.21; anxiety or depressive disorder: OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.73–4.73]. Conclusions The studies reviewed here indicate that, in addition to monitoring and management of medical and cognitive sequelae, the psychological well-being of PT/LBW individuals should be a key part of ongoing care.
Program synthesis using abstraction refinement

We present a new approach to example-guided program synthesis based on counterexample-guided abstraction refinement. Our method uses the abstract semantics of the underlying DSL to find a program P whose abstract behavior satisfies the examples. However, since program P may be spurious with respect to the concrete semantics, our approach iteratively refines the abstraction until we either find a program that satisfies the examples or prove that no such DSL program exists. Because many programs have the same input-output behavior in terms of their abstract semantics, this synthesis methodology significantly reduces the search space compared to existing techniques that use purely concrete semantics. While synthesis using abstraction refinement (SYNGAR) could be implemented in different settings, we propose a refinement-based synthesis algorithm that uses abstract finite tree automata (AFTA). Our technique uses a coarse initial program abstraction to construct an initial AFTA, which is iteratively refined by constructing a proof of incorrectness of any spurious program. In addition to ruling out the spurious program accepted by the previous AFTA, proofs of incorrectness are also useful for ruling out many other spurious programs. We implement these ideas in a framework called Blaze, which can be instantiated in different domains by providing a suitable DSL and its corresponding concrete and abstract semantics. We have used the Blaze framework to build synthesizers for string and matrix transformations, and we compare Blaze with existing techniques. Our results for the string domain show that Blaze compares favorably with FlashFill, a domain-specific synthesizer that is now deployed in Microsoft PowerShell. In the context of matrix manipulations, we compare Blaze against Prose, a state-of-the-art general-purpose VSA-based synthesizer, and show that Blaze results in a 90x speed-up over Prose. In both application domains, Blaze also consistently improves upon the performance of two other existing techniques by at least an order of magnitude.