Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solidification/stabilization of heavy metals in tannery sludge char with various binders

AbstractThe leaching potential of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu) from the tannery sludge charred at above 350°C under oxygen-depleted conditions was evaluated for re-use as landfill cover materials. Solidification/stabilization (S/S) was employed for the immobilization of heavy metals in the tannery sludge chars (TSCs) to further reduce the leaching potential. The effects of charring temperatures, different types of binders (FeSO4, lime, cement, HAP, and ladle slag), and aging on the immobilization of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cr) in the TSCs were investigated. The immobilization efficiencies were estimated using the toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP). The results show that the extractable concentrations of heavy metals decreased with the charring temperature. The single binder (FeSO4 alone) was highly effective for Cr immobilization, but not for other heavy metals such as Ni and Zn. The binary binders, FeSO4 combined with lime, cement, or ladle slag, were highly effective .
Modified Electrochemical Methods for the Determination of Eugenol in Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) and Pharmaceutical Formulations

DCP and DPP polorographic methods have been developed for the quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of eugenol in plant products (i.e. Syzygium aromaticum) and pharmaceutical formulation (Dentogum). Eugenol produces a well defined polarographic wave/peak in 0.1 Μ ammonium tartrate at pH 6.7± 0.1 with Ε m Ep. = -1.03/ -1.20 V vs SCE. The wave/ peak height is found to be proportional to the concentration of eugenol. The developed procedure was used for the analysis of eugenol in extract of syzygium Aromaticum and pharmaceutical formulation. Statistical treatment of the observed voltammetic data revealed high accuracy and good precision of determination. The work has been supplemented by FTIR screening of the sample; eugenol exhibits absorption bands at about 3530 cm", 1510 cm", 1265 cm"', 1035 cm" and 910 cm". The percentage of eugenol in pharmaceutical formulation was determined by the developed method, which is in close agreement with that reported by the manufacturers.
The effect of stirring on the morphology of birnessite nanoparticles

The effect of mechanical stirring on the morphology of hexagonal layer-structure birnessite nanoparticles produced from decomposition of KMnO4 in dilute aqueous H2SO4 is investigated, with characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 adsorption (BET). Mechanical stirring during an initial stage of synthesis is shown to produce black birnessite containing nanofibers, whereas granular particulates of brown birnessite are produced without stirring. This is the first reduction synthesis of black birnessite nanoparticles with dendritic morphology without any use of organic reductant, and suggests that a particular morphology can arise from structural preferences of Mn in acidic conditions rather than particular organic reactants. These results enlighten the possibility of synthesizing nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology.
X‐ray investigation of the mechanisms of phase transformations in single crystals of ZnS, ZnxCd1−xS, and ZnxMn1−xS (II). Comparison of observed and calculated diffraction effects

The experimentally observed intensity profiles recorded from ZnS, Zn x Cd 1-x S and Zn x Mn 1-x S crystals at different stages of the 2H-3C and 2H-6H transformations are compared with those computed theoretically from the three parameter model in the previous paper. It is found that the 2H-3C and 2H-6H transformations occur by the nonrandom nucleation of deformation faults. The probability of the growth of a nucleus is much greater than that of the creation of a fresh nucleus. At least two different fault probabilities have therefore to be employed in computing the diffraction effects in each case. The transformation behaviour of Zn x Cd 1-x S and Zn x Mn 1-x S crystals is strongly influenced by variations in stoichiometry (x). Large values of x (x > 0.95) favour the 2H-3C transformation, whereas smaller values (x ≤ 0.94) favour the formation of the 6H phase. A comparison of the calculated and observed intensity distributions indicates that in some crystals the 2H-3C and 2H-6H transformations occur simultaneously in different regions of the same single crystal.
Electrochemical Oxidation of the Sulfide Ion in Synthetic Geothermal Brines in Batch Cells Using Coke Electrodes

The oxidation of the sulfide ion occurs efficiently in batch cells at massive coke electrodes. At all currents studied, the products included a low yield of elemental sulfur, which deposited on the anode; the yields of sulfate were also low, except at the highest current. The remaining products were soluble organosulfur species, indicating that the coke anodes acted sacrificially. The reaction displayed unusual kinetic behavior with respect to the disappearance of sulfide: a two-stage reaction was observed in which the loss of sulfide was faster in the early stages of reaction, while elemental sulfur deposited on the anode. A subsequent slower current-controlled reaction was associated with the formation of the remaining products.
A state of the science review of the potential health hazards associated with asbestos in shielded metal arc welding rods in the United States

Due to its unique chemical properties, chrysotile asbestos was historically incorporated into a wide variety of products, including the outer covering, or “flux” of certain classifications of general arc mild steel welding electrodes. The purpose of this analysis is to review the historical engineering, toxicology, regulatory, and epidemiology information relevant to asbestos in mild steel welding rods in order to assess whether mild steel welders are at increased risk of developing asbestos-related diseases as a result of welding rod use. We divided our analysis into four distinct time periods, based on what we perceived to be seminal events in welding technology or in the evolution of knowledge regarding asbestos and asbestos-related diseases. These time periods are as follows: late 1800s to 1929, 1930–1955, 1956–1970, and 1971–2006. We found that studies that attempted to measure airborne asbestos directly in welding rod fumes found no measurable fibers; this is likely due to the fact that the fibers degrade at high temperatures present in the welding arc. In addition, “worst-case” use simulation studies, specifically intended to generate airborne flux particles, reported that airborne asbestos concentrations were either undetectable or very low. The airborne concentrations generated were always below the current OSHA permissible exposure limit (0.1 f/cc TWA), and the lifetime doses associated with “worst-case” use were found to be far below the plausible thresholds for mesothelioma and lung cancer. The epidemiology of mild steel welders is difficult to interpret due to confounding exposures such as (1) possible exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium in stainless steel welding fumes (lung cancer), (2) smoking (lung cancer), and (3) bystander exposure to amphibole asbestos (lung cancer and mesothelioma). None of the published welder studies controlled for all three factors, yet when any single source of bias was controlled for, the majority of the studies reported no significant risk in either asbestos-related disease. Furthermore, none of the investigators in any of the welder studies suggested that asbestos in welding rods might be a risk factor for lung cancer or mesothelioma, and there is not a single case report in the medical literature that attempts to link welding rod use to an asbestos-related disease. We conclude that the weight of evidence indicates that welders were not historically at risk of developing asbestos-related diseases as a result of welding rod use.
Effect of blade number and angle on the characteristics of the savonius type wind turbine

The savonius type vertical axis wind turbine can be operated in all wind directions, is low cut in speed and high in torque. Therefore, it is a potential source of energy in low wind areas. This research aimed to compare the performance of H-Savonius vertical axis wind turbine using blades numbers and blades angle. The turbine containing the blades numbers 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 18 with the blades angle being at -15°, -5°, 0°, 5° and 15°, respectively. Tests were undertaken at open type circuit wind tunnel. The results showed that the maximum power coefficient of the wind turbine at 16 blades and angle of 5° with an average of 0.26 which had 4.5 % increase in power compared to that of turbines the baseline. Finally, the cut in wind speed and the rev up time was 2.32 m/s and 25 s, respectively.
Photoanisotropic Effects in Poly(vinyl-cinnamate) Derivatives and Their Applications

The effect of LC photo-aligning by poly(vinyl-cinnamate) (PVCi) derivatives is consequent to the phenomena of the photo-induced optical anisotropy, found in PVCi films during their illumination by UV-light within the self-absorption band of the PVCi film. We proved in our experiment, that the phenomena of the photo-induced birefringence in thin films of PVC derivatives takes place due to the two main factors: described earlier irreversible photochemical process (2 + 2) cycloaddition of cinnamoyl groups and reversible photophysical reorientation of the chromophore groups, that accumulates photochemical non-active part of the UV-light energy. We reviewed various applications of the effect of photo-induced optical anisotropy in PVCi films including: writing the polarization holograms and images, optical data processing, development of different polarization optical elements, non-destructive testing of defects, LC photo-aligning. Most of the early papers, devoted to the above mentioned applications were published in 1977–1987 in USSR only and are not well known worldwide.
FTIR Spectrophotometric Methods Used for Antioxidant Activity Assay in Medicinal Plants

Abstract: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a fast and nondestructive analytical method. Associated with chemometrics, it is a powerful tool for research and industry. The present review discusses the antioxidant activities assay of some plants (fruits, leaves, aerian part) with medicinal properties using an FTIR spectrophotometric method in comparison with other ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric methods. A good correlation was found between the different methods used for measuring the antioxidant capacity of some of these herbs.
Stability of 13C‐Urea/PEG Capsules by LC‐APCI‐MS

Abstract The applicability of liquid chromatography‐atmospheric‐pressure chemical‐ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐APCI‐MS) for the determination of 13C‐urea in 13C‐urea/PEG capsules has been studied. It is essential to assess the stability of a newly developed low‐dose (38 mg) 13C‐urea/PEG capsule, which will be used for a 13C‐urea breath test (13C‐UBT) to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. A standard curve was linear over the concentration range 10–1000 µg/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day variations were less than 2.75% in APCI‐MS. The detection limit was 10 pg when selected ion monitoring (SIM) was employed. The content of 13C‐urea in capsules was within the acceptable range between 95 and 105%. Therefore, it was established that 13C‐urea/PEG capsules were stable under an accelerated stability condition that was set at 40 ± 2°C with relative humidity of 75 ± 5%, during six months by using LC‐APCI‐MS. This research is the first report that describes LC‐APCI‐MS analysis of 13C‐urea capsules.
Growth of Welfare and its Distribution in the U.S., 1979-2013

In spite of its importance, the growth of welfare and its distribution is an underresearched topic. The usual focus is income, an intermediate product of economic activity, while welfare is the final product. Although results depend crucially on the price index used, it becomes obvious that welfare growth was substantially slower than income growth and that the middle-class quintiles fared worse. The welfare of the top 1% grew three to four times as fast as that of the 3rd quintile. With an interdependent utility function using the 5th quintile as reference, only the top quintile experienced positive welfare gains.
Non-invasive measurements of hemoglobin + myoglobin, their oxygenation and NIR light pathlength in heart in vivo by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

The existing non-invasive optical methods of the hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) estimation in cardiac tissues imply knowledge of the light pathlength (L) when various modifications of Lambert-Beer law for either spectrophotometry or light diffuse reflectance is applied. For Hb and/or Mb quantification in tissue, a few invasive (biochemical) approaches were applied. For L (differential pathlength factor; DPF) determination in tissue, special optical methods were used. No approaches have been proposed to simultaneously and non-invasively determine Hb/Mb and L in cardiac or other muscle tissues. In the present study, the first derivative of the NIR diffuse reflectance spectrum is shown to be effective in simultaneous determination of Hb+Mb concentration (in mM) and L (in mm) in cardiac tissue in vivo. The results showed that measured in a few minutes in a normal pig heart in vivo the total Hb+Mb concentration was 0.9-1.2 mM of heme, tissue oxygen saturation parameter (OSP) was approximately 65%, and DPF at 700-965 nm was of 2.7-2.8. At the experimental ischemia, total [Hb+Mb] decreased by 25%, OSP reduced to zero, while DPF did not change. These results correlated with the previously published. The method may be applied during open-heart surgery, heart studies ex vivo or to any muscle tissue to continuously and non-invasively monitor the [Hb+Mb] content and oxygenation as well as L, which may reflect the changes in tissue structure.
Numerical simulation and validation of SI-CAI hybrid combustion in a CAI/HCCI gasoline engine

SI-CAI hybrid combustion, also known as spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), is a promising concept to extend the operating range of CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) and achieve the smooth transition between spark ignition (SI) and CAI in the gasoline engine. In this study, a SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) has been constructed on the basis of the 3-Zones Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z). An ignition model is included to initiate the ECFM3Z calculation and induce the flame propagation. In order to precisely depict the subsequent auto-ignition process of the unburned fuel and air mixture independently after the initiation of flame propagation, the tabulated chemistry concept is adopted to describe the auto-ignition chemistry. The methodology for extracting tabulated parameters from the chemical kinetics calculations is developed so that both cool flame reactions and main auto-ignition combustion can be well captured under a wider range of thermodynamic conditions. The SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) is then applied in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) engine simulation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained from a single cylinder VVA engine. The detailed analysis of the simulations demonstrates that the SI-CAI hybrid combustion process is characterised with the early flame propagation and subsequent multi-site auto-ignition around the main flame front, which is consistent with the optical results reported by other researchers. Besides, the systematic study of the in-cylinder condition reveals the influence mechanism of the early flame propagation on the subsequent auto-ignition.
Conductive Behaviors of Polymer-Based Electrorheological Fluid under Zero and Oscillatory Mechanical Fields

The dc conductive properties of oxidized polyacrylonitrile-based electrorheological (ER) fluid under zero and oscillatory mechanical fields are examined. In a zero mechanical field, the resulting dc current through the ER fluid decreases approximately exponentially with time to a limited value once the applied electric field strength exceeds a critical value, whereas in an oscillatory mechanical field, the dc current, obtained below the critical electric field, changes with the applied mechanical frequency and strain amplitude. The conductance results measured under the off-state mechanical field are in accord with the quasi-one-dimensional variable range hopping model of charge carriers localized along a one-dimensional chain. A modified fibrillated chain structure model is presented to interpret the conductive behavior. The conductivity of this ER suspension is thought to depend on the number and nature of the continuous and the isolated conductive chains accumulated by the dispersed particles. A percolation theory is introduced to analyze our results.
Non‐Aqueous Synthesis of High‐Purity Metal Oxide Nanopowders Using an Ether Elimination Process

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Photocatalytic removal of phenol under visible light irradiation on zinc phthalocyanine/mesoporous carbon nitride nanocomposites

A series of zinc phthalocyanine/mesoporous carbon nitride (ZnPc/MCN) nanocomposites was prepared successfully by an impregnation method. The addition of ZnPc (0.05–1.5 wt%) extended the absorption of MCN to longer visible light region without affected its structure. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites for phenol removal depended on the loading amount of ZnPc. The photocatalytic activity of the MCN increased as the amount of ZnPc increased to 0.05 wt%, but further increase in the loading amount decreased the activity. It was suggested that the optimum amount of ZnPc acted as a good photosensitiser that effectively induced electron charge transfer and reduced the electron-hole recombination.
A New Synthetic Route to Poly(benzimidazole) and the Related Model Reactions to Imidazoline and Benzimidazole

Mono-, or di-substituted chlorodicyanovinyl benzene compound was reacted with an excess amount of ethylenediamine to give corresponding imidazoline product with high reaction yield. This reaction occurs by stable imidazoline ring-forming process through nucleophilic attack of terminal amine on the enaminonitrile adduct, the reaction intermediate, toward electropositive enamine carbon, which is accompanied by the release of neutral malononitrile moiety. The similar reaction with 1,2-phenylenediamine produced stable enaminonitrile-amine adduct at lower temperature which could be cyclized intramolecularly to thermally stable benzimidazole at elevated temperature in solution or in solid state. From the difunctional compound of both reactants, poly(enaminonitrile-amine) could be prepared as a new soluble precursor polymer for well-known polybenzimidazole (PBI). The thermal cyclization reaction accompanying the release of malononitrile molecules was studied using thermalanalysis and infrared spectroscopy.
Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments

The partition behavior was determined for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, from water to a range of soil and sediment samples. The measured partition coef ficients of the individual PAHs between soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) and water (i.e., Koc values) are relatively invariant either for the “clean” (uncontaminated) soils or for the clean sediments; however, the mean Koc values on the sediments are about twice the values on the soils. This disparity is similar to the earlier observation for other nonpolar solutes and reflects the compositional differences between soil and sediment organic matters. No significant differences in Koc are observed between a clean coastal marine sediment and freshwater sediments. The coastal sediments that are significantly impacted by organic contaminants exhibit higher Koc values. At given Kow values (octanol−water), the PAHs exhibit much higher Koc values than other relatively nonpolar solutes (e.g., chlorinat.
Chromatographic identification of two biologically important triterpenoids from the chloroform extract of Rhizophora mucronata

Summary Mangroves are the source of several bioactive secondary metabolites and have proven activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. Rhizophora mucronata is a mangrove species belonging to the family Rhizophoraceae. Betulin and lupeol are two naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoids having excellent biological properties. Chloroform extract of R. mucronata, collected from Pitchavaram, Muthupett and Manakudy regions of Tamilnadu, was chromatographed on silica gel 60F254 plates with nhexane and ethyl acetate (80:20) (v/v) as the mobile phase. Derivatizations were done using anisaldehyde and sulfuric acid reagents. The triterpenoids such as betulin and lupeol were identified through HPTLC method. This is the first report for the thin layer chromatographic (TLC) identification of triterpenoids such as betulin and lupeol from R. mucronata, which will be the most valuable information to identify the antimalarial and antiviral activities.
Improvement of the adhesion of Kevlar fiber to bismaleimide resin by surface chemical modification

Kevlar 49 fibers were surface-modified by chlorosulfonation and subsequent reaction of -SO2Cl with some reagents (allylamine, ethylenediamine, and deionized water) to improve the adhesion to 2,2-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl]propane (BMPP) resin. The change in fiber surface morphology and the surface functional groups introduced to the surface of the fiber were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), respectively. From the results of ESCA analysis, it was confirmed that the surface composition of the Kevlar fibers was significantly different from that of the bulk composition. After chlorosulfonation, the surface concentration of carbon was markedly decreased. The subsequent reaction with ethylenediamine, allylamine, and deionized water also changed the surface composition of the fiber; e.g. treatment with ethylenediamine and allylamine decreased the O/N ratio. On the other hand, the O/N ratio was increased by hydrolysis treatment. The s.