Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary energy and protein level on the production of growing ostriches

Extracted from text . The effect of dietary energy and protein level on the production of growing ostrichesT.S. Brand 1 , C.J. Nell 2 and S.J. van Schalkwyk 21 Elsenburg Agricultural Centre, P Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607, 2 Oudtshoorn Experimental Farm, PO Box 351, Oudtshoorn, 6620IntroductionThe Ostrich Industry reached a very low level during 1997/1998. Since feeding costs contributeapproximately 70-80 % of the total cost of ostrich production, several studies were conducted at that stage in anattempt to decrease the production costs of intensive ostrich enterprises. Swart (1988) found that the ostrich areable to utilize fibre components such as hemicelloluse and cellulose. In spite .
Current understanding of Merkel cells, touch reception and the skin

Merkel nerve endings are found in human skin, as well as the skin of all vertebrates functioning as mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are located in the basal layer of the epidermis both in hairy and in glabrous skin, and are often arranged in clusters. In hairy skin, Merkel cells are typically associated with large guard hairs and specialized sensory complexes known as touch domes. Merkel cells have lobulated nuclei and dense-core granules in the cytoplasm facing the associated afferent nerve terminal. Developmental studies have shown that avian Merkel cells are derived from the neural crest. In mammals, studies on transgenic mice have resulted in contradictory findings. Thus, the question of the developmental origin of mammalian Merkel cells remains to be resolved. Functionally, mammalian Merkel cell nerve endings are slowly adapting mechanoreceptors. In response to maintained mechanical stimulation they keep firing action potentials with characteristic irregular patterns. New experimental evidence strongl.
Biochemical Challenges in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global health crisis concerning the ability of a microorganism to withstand the inhibiting or killing action of an antimicrobial. AMR develops as a result of inappropriate use of antibiotics (taking antibiotics for viral infections like cold or flu) or not finishing antibiotics that are prescribed. It threatens the effective treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites amd viruses. The World Health Organization (WHO) selected antimicrobial resistance as the theme for World Health Day 2011, chanting “combat drug resistance – no action today, no cure tomorrow”. They also produced in 2014, a global report on AMR surveillance that resistance to common bacteria has reached alarming levels in many parts of the world [1]. A previous study revealed that Aeromonas species are common inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems. These Aeromonas spp. strains showed to be potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes [2]. The rising AMR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens in India became a great concern to public health officials [3]. High AMR was indicated among antimicrobials widely used in veterinary and human medicine with several Salmonella isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance, signaling serious implications in the treatment of salmonellosis in both public and animal health [4]. According to a Center for Disease Control and Prevention report, over twenty thousand Americans died from serious infections caused by AMR bacteria each year [5]. These superbugs include Clostridium difficile infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycinresistant Enterococci and carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Enterococci can acquire new resistance to antimicrobial agents by mutation or acquisition of extrachromosomal DNA, as plasmids or transposons. Due to the various genetic transfer mechanisms they may elicit, Enterococci may become important reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes [6]. E. faecium vanA is the predominant resistance gene among vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bloodstream infections of the urinary tract [7].
THE EFFECTS OF DREISSENA POLYMORPHA (PALLAS) INVASION ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES IN EASTERN EUROPE

Dreissena polymorpha has been invading fresh waterbodies of eastern and western Europe since the beginning of the 19th century and is still invading. A long history of monitoring and experimental studies conducted in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) has provided us with an understanding of the effects of zebra mussels on waterbodies they invade. However, this work has not been generally available. We review work conducted in the FSU and eastern Europe over the past 60 y on the community effects of this invading species. In freshwater areas, where Dreissena are the only bivalves that attach to hard substrates and have a planktonic larval stage, they can become enormously abundant and, within a short period of time, can obtain a biomass 10 times greater than that of all other native benthic invertebrates. When zebra mussels invade, benthic invertebrate communities change dramatically in terms of total biomass, species composition, and relative abundance of functional groups. Native filter feeders are outcompeted by D. polymorpha and decrease in abundance, while animals feeding on the sediments increase in abundance. Although D. polymorpha can cause a dramatic decline in the abundance of unionids, after initial peaks in zebra mussel abundance, D. polymorpha coexist with unionids. Dreissena are very effective filter feeders and shift materials from the pelagic to the benthos through their filter feeding and deposition of pseudofeces. When zebra mussels invade phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance decreases, the biomass of benthophage fish increases, and a greater percentage of the primary productivity is consumed by higher trophic levels than in systems without zebra mussels.
A neighborhood-level analysis of immigration and crime in Vancouver, Canada

We empirically evaluate the distribution of spatial patterns at the census tract (CT) level for various immigration and property crime measures in Vancouver, British Columbia, 2003 and 2016, using a spatial point pattern test that identifies significant similarities, or otherwise, in the spatial patterns of: (a) multiple measures of immigration (b) various property crime classifications (c) immigration and crime patterns together. Results show local-level variations in the spatial concentration of immigration in Vancouver CTs. The use of multiple measures of immigration showed substantive variations of immigrant settlement at the local-level. Moreover, results reveal that while immigrant concentration patterns are stable over time and, thus, demonstrate ecological stability, property crime patterns shift from year to year. The spatial analytic approach utilized in this study provide support for the use of local-level spatial models and the multi-dimensional operationalization of the immigration variable. There is heterogeneity among immigrant groups, an important yet often overlooked aspect in assessments of immigration effects on crime.
Seasonal changes in macrophyte and macrozoobenthos assemblages in three coastal lagoons under varying degrees of eutrophication

Bachelet, G. , de Montaudouin, X. , Auby, I. , and Labourg, P. J. 2000. Seasonalchanges in macrophyte and macrozoobenthos assemblages in three coastal lagoonsunder varying degrees of eutrophication. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:1495–1506.The dynamics of macrophytic and macrozoobenthic communities were studied duringtwo consecutive years in three French lagoons with diﬀering degrees of eutrophication:(1) Arcachon Bay, a macrotidal lagoon on the Atlantic coast; (2) the ﬁshponds ofCertes, an almost enclosed system adjacent to Arcachon Bay; and (3) the Etang duPre´vost, a highly eutrophic Mediterranean lagoon experiencing summer dystrophiccrises. Two stations were sampled seasonally in each system. The intertidal area ofArcachon Bay was covered by a dense, stable seagrass (
Dissolved organic matter release by an axenic culture of Emiliania huxleyi

Measurements of the release of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) were carried out on an axenic batch culture of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. This unicellular marine alga was cultured using a media with nitrate as the sole N source and the changes of DOM concentrations measured over 14 days. Results showed that there was a significant release of DON, i.e.7.6 µM N day−1 during mid-exponential growth phase (days 5–7). The highest release of DOC was also recorded in the same growth phase and accounted for 24.0 μM C day−1.
Grape variety affects female but also male reproductive success in wild European grapevine moths

Abstract 1. For insect herbivores the quality of the larval host plant is a key determinant of their fitness. Only little attention, however, has been given to the effects of plants on mating success of males and its consequence for the reproductive output of their mates. In addition, almost all the studies that have investigated the influence of host plants on herbivore fitness components have been done in the laboratory, and less is known of these effects in natural conditions.
FACE BITING ON A JUVENILE TYRANNOSAURID AND BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract The juvenile tyrannosaurid specimen BMR P2002.4. 1 possesses a series of four partially healed, oblong lesions along the left maxilla and nasal bones. The morphology of the lesions and their positioning and orientation are compatible with the jaws of the specimen, suggesting that the lesions may have been the result of a bite from an attacker of similar size and species as the bite victim. Bone remodeling of the lesions indicates partial healing and demonstrates that the injury was not fatal. The injury appears to have affected the growth of the skull, causing a slight warping of the left maxilla and a slight leftward curvature of the nasal. Previous examples of intraspecific behavior in theropods have noted various injuries on skulls; the majority of documented injuries are in adults. The presence and nature of these wounds suggests that juvenile tyrannosaurid behavior included intraspecific aggression among similar-sized individuals, as has been observed in modern crocodilians. Although it is not possible to unequivocally infer behavior from a fossil specimen, as a juvenile animal it is unlikely that the behavior directly reflects sexual competition or conflict, although it may represent learning behavior for later conflict as competing adults or territoriality over food or spatial resources.
Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL Bound Test Approach

The present study aims to investigate the dynamic relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. Specifically, the study tries to answer the questions whether energy consumption has any significance effect on economic growth of the country and it also determined the magnitude of the effect. In doing this, the study used an ARDL bound test approach to analyze Ethiopian data from 1970 to 2017 with real GDP as a function of energy consumption, human capital. , physical capital. , trade openness and policy change dummy. To do so, secondary data were obtained from WDI, UNCTAD stat and NBE. Co-integration test approves the existence of long-run relationship among the variables. Moreover, the estimation result reveals that, energy consumption found statistically insignificant in affecting economic growth in the long-run. However, it was positive and statistically significant in short-run. Likewise, the dummy variable incorporated to capture the policy change found insignificant in long-run and with positive significant result in short-run. Also, we applied the Granger causality test in linear multivariate models to evaluate how important is the causal impact of energy consumption on economic growth. The results give the evidence of causality running from economic growth to energy consumption supporting “conservation hypothesis”, implying that reducing energy consumption may be implemented with little or no adverse effect on economic growth. Hence, this study recommended the policy makers to improve the existing policies on energy consumption so as to enhance the level of efficiency in the energy sector i.e. energy regulation policies supporting the shift from lower-quality to higher-quality energy services.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR HYSTERESIS IN THE CELL CYCLES OF XENOPUS LAEVIS EGG EXTRACTS

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Novak-Tyson mathematical model 1 1.2 Physiology of embryonic cell cycles 2 1.2. 1 Oocytes 2 1.2. 2 Fertilized eggs 2 1.2. 3 Egg extracts 4 1.3 Molecular mechanisms of embryonic cell cycles 5 1.3.1 MPF and its function 5 1.3.2 How is MPF activity regulated 6 1.3.3 Cyclin B level and MPF activity 9 1.3.3.1 Activation threshold concentration of cyclin B and lag time 9 1.3.3.2 Inactivation threshold concentration of cyclin B. 10 1.3.3. 3 Threshold concentration of cyclin B when a DNA replication checkpoint in engaged 11 Chapter 2: BISTABILITY and HYSTERESIS 13
Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry

Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2011. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 177-192. Feedstuffs of plant origin contain anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid (PA) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which limit nutrient utilization in poultry. Phytic acid contains phosphorus, which is poorly digested by poultry, and has the capacity to bind to and reduce the utilisation of other nutrients, whereas NSP are indigestible and have the capacity to reduce nutrient utilisation by encapsulation. Supplemental phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes (carbohydrases) can, respectively, hydrolyze PA and NSP, alleviating the negative effects of these anti-nutritional factors. In feedstuffs of plant origin, PA is located within the cells, whereas NSP are located in cell walls, and hence it has been hypothesized that phytase and carbohydrases can act synergistically in improving nutrient utilization because the carbohydrases can hydrolyze the NSP in cell walls to increase the accessibility of phytase to PA. However, the response to supplementation of a combination of these enzymes is variable and dependent on several factors, including the type of carbohydrase supplement used, dietary NSP composition, calcium and non-phytate phosphorus contents, and endogenous phytase activity. These factors are discussed, and areas that need further research for optimising the use of a combination of phytase and carbohydrases in poultry diets are suggested.
Using Koi Carp to Produce Fish Silage

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vii 1: OVERVIEW 1 1.1. Importance of the environment to New Zealand 1 1.2. Carp introduction to New Zealand waterways 2 1.3. Possible uses for carp 3 1.4. Thesis overview 3 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1. Maintaining New Zealand‟s Natural Environment 4 2.2. Carp and Their Environmental Impacts 5 2.2.1. Koi carp in New Zealand 6 2.3. Possible Uses of Carp: Eradication Versus Utilization 11 2.3.1. Food source 11 2.3.2. Processed non-food applications 19 2.3. 3. Miscellaneous Uses 24 2.4. Silage 29 2.4.1. The process 29 2.4.2. Fish silage 30 2.4.3. Studies on Fish Silage 34 2.4. 4. Uses for fish silage 37 2.5. Aims of the Research 40 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 41 3.1. Materials 41 iv 3.1.1. Fish 41 3.1.2. Chemicals and additives 42 3.1.3. Equipment 42 3.1.4. Analytical methods 43 3.2 Trials 43 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 4.1. Preliminary trials 50 4.1.1. Effect of stirring conditions, ensiling time, temperature and pH . 50 4.1.2. Effect of temperature 53 4.1.3. Effect of pH 54 4.2. Main trials 50 4.2.1. Single acids 60 4.2.2. Acid combination trials 66 4.2.3. Adding kiwifruit and acid 70 4.3 Summary 81 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84 6: REFERENCES 86
Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Properties of Thymus fallax.

Abstract Following the crude extraction of aerial parts of Thymus fallax. with methanol, the soluble fraction was tested for antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion assay. Four antibiotics, ofloxacin, sulbactam, cafoperazona, and netilmicin, were used as controls. The extract was shown to have pronounced antibacterial effects against 27 of 52 bacteria species. The results showed that the methanol extract of Thymus fallax. had great potential for antibacterial activity, in particular against Arthrobacter atrocyaneus. , Bacillus sphaericus. , Enterobacter hormaechei. , Staphylococcus cohni cohni. , Pseudomonas syringae. , and Kocuria rosea. , and the extract inhibited growth of these bacteria at concentrations of 31.25–500 µg/ml. Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts against known etiologic agents of diseases traditionally treated with Thymus fallax. of similar preparations provides scientific justification for the use of the herb in ethnomedical practice in Turkey.
Lysophospholipids: two-faced mediators in atherosclerosis

As risk factors for atherosclerosis and major constituents of atherosclerotic lesions, lipids have long been regarded as instrumental in the development of this disease. Apart from their structural contribution to lesion development, lipids may also modulate processes, both in circulation and in the plaque, which are instrumental in this vasculopathy. This review focuses on two major bioactive phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, which were recently shown to be potentially important mediators in atherogenesis. These lysolipids display a dysregulated biosynthesis during atherosclerosis and are rather complementary in their mode of action. They both act as agonists of G-protein-coupled receptor family members on all vascular wall cell types involved in atherosclerosis, rendering them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. This review will outline the current knowledge on their homeostasis, their physiological activity in various inflammatory and vascular wall cells and.
Antibacterial activity of sourdough lactic acid bacteria: isolation of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance fromLactobacillus sanfranciscoC57

A total of 232 strains from nine species ofLactobacillusisolated from sourdoughs were screened for antagonistic activity against sourdough-related micro-organisms. Seventy-seven strains on agar medium and 52 in culture supernatants, re-adjusted to pH 6.5 and catalase-treated, showed antagonistic activity. The activities were species and strain specific showing different spectra of inhibition against sourdough lactobacilli. All the strains were inhibitory toBacillus subtilisbut not against sourdough yeasts and moulds.Lactobacillus sanfranciscoandLactobacillus plantarumstrains had the largest inhibitory spectrum. All the antimicrobial compounds produced from strains of different species contained a protein moiety and were differently sensitive to different proteinases. A bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance, which was heat-stable (100°C for 20 min), insensitive to lipase and α-amylase, of a protein nature, with an inhibitory spectrum centred about lactic acid bacteria and a bactericidal or bacteriolytic mode of action was isolated fromLb. sanfranciscoC57. The antimicrobial substance also inhibitedListeria monocytogenes, and was mainly produced in the stationary phase of growth and at pH 4.0–5.0. Lb. sanfranciscoC57 variants, which did not contain the nativec. 17 kbp plasmid, maintained their antagonistic activity, therefore, the gene encoding for the bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance fromLb. sanfranciscoC57 is chromosomally located.
Mycorhization précoce et croissance de deux types de matériel végétal de plantain (Musa AAB)

Les bananes et plantains constituent une source de devises et fournissent des aliments de base pour les populations du Cameroun, avec une production annuelle de 1 000 000 de tonnes de plantains et pres de 700 000 tonnes de bananes dessert [1]. Cette culture, bien qu'en nette expansion, est soumise a de nombreuses contraintes abiotiques et biotiques qui peuvent, par ailleurs, etre exacerbees par le manque de materiel de plantation de qualite. Des techniques de multiplication de bananiers in vitro et in planta ont ete developpees dans le but de mettre a la disposition des planteurs du materiel vegetal homogene indemne de parasites et ravageurs. Ces vitroplants ou plants issus de fragments de tige (PIF) sont depourvus des symbiotes naturels que sont les champignons mycorhiziens a arbuscules (MA). Ces micro-organismes forment a l'etat naturel une association symbiotique avec les racines des vegetaux. Dans cette symbiose, qui se traduit par l'apparition d'organes mixtes mycelium-racine appeles mycorhize, le champignon MA permet a la plante de mieux assimiler le phosphore et d'autres elements nutritifs [2]. Il en resulte des gains de biomasse souvent importants. Les plants produits in vitro a partir de cultures de meristemes ou in planta a partir des fragments de tige sont depourvus de ces symbiotes qui peuvent cependant etre reintroduits pendant la phase de sevrage avant la transplantation au champ [3], augmentant de la sorte leur croissance [4] ainsi que leur tolerance aux stress biotiques [5] et abiotiques [6]. Ce travail evalue la possibilite d'une mycorhization precoce de PIF et de vitroplants de plantain c.v. Bâtard (AAB, sous-groupe plantain) et mesure l'effet de cette mycorhization sur la croissance des plants.
The Effect of Lameness on Milk Yield in Dairy Cows

Kocak O. , B. Ekiz:The Effect of Lameness on Milk Yield in Dairy Cows. Acta Vet. Brno 2006, 75: 79-84. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of lameness in a private dairy herd and the effect of lameness on the weekly milk yields and lactation milk yield of dairy cows. Data used in the analyses comprised 953 lactation data from 787 Holstein cows. The traits analysed were daily averages of weekly milk yield and lactation milk yield. To determine the effect of lameness on daily averages of weekly milk yield, mixed model procedure was applied in the analyses. Lameness incidence of the herd was 9.02% and most of the lameness events were in the first four weeks. Daily averages of weekly milk yield had significantly decreased in the diagnosis week and continued at a reduced level until 3 weeks after the diagnosis. Whereas milk yield of healthy cows was 30.57 kg/d, milk yield in the lameness week, first week, second week and third week were 27.52 kg/d, 27.83 kg/d, 29.15 kg/d and 29.80 kg/d, respectively. Lame cows produced more milk while they were not lame and after the treatment, compared with healthy cows. The effect of lameness on lactation milk yield was not significant.
Cytotaxonomy of Two Species of the Genus Hippeastrum (Amarillidaceae)

The caryotype of H. bicolor and H. igneum coincides in number and morphology (2n=16); satellites are born by submetacentric chromosomes at the fourth couple.In some cells of H. bicolor small satellites were found at the second couple, as heterozygotic character.