Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Classical Scaling of Quantum Entanglement

In this paper, we consider the implications of the classical scaling of quantum entanglement observed experimentally. The probability of preserving entanglements over classical scales and preventing the entanglement from collapsing due to physical interactions is exceedingly small, indicating a fragile entanglement process. We propose a physically robust entanglement process that persists to classical scales as observed. We use a formulation of quantum mechanics that gives precedence to the physical rather than the mathematical aspects of the theory and its transition to the classical domain, using a physical interpretation instead of the literal interpretation of the Hilbert space of the standard formalism. We clarify the difference between separable (product) and nonseparable (entangled) states, and the local realism nature of the product states which obey Bell’s inequality compared to the non-local nature of the entangled states which violate Bell’s inequality. We note that the truly quantum mechanical processes such as the double-slit interference pattern, potential barrier tunneling, and in particular the entanglement process as we show in this paper, depend on the quantum mechanical phenomenon of wave-particle duality. In entanglement experiments, the quantum mechanical results obtained are from the wave aspect of the wave-particle quantum object (q-object), just like the interference pattern in double-slit experiments, not the particle aspect of the q-object which is currently unknowingly assumed. The wave aspect of the q-object gives rise to the non-local behaviour as would be expected from the quantum mechanical calculations, while the particle aspect exhibits local causal behaviour. This explains why the entanglement process is robust: the wave-particle q-objects of entangled states have definite physical characteristics at emission time and are free of fragile evanescent properties. In addition, we conclude that “spooky action at a distance” (SAAD) is not required.
Window of Opportunity: socioeconomic consequences of demographic changes in

In the last few decades , Brazil has experienced major demographic changes. From a young age structure in the 1970, the population is gradually shifting to an older distribution. The transformation in the population age structure can have important impacts on economic growth. This paper estimates the demographic dividends in Brazil, and shows that demographic changes could have positive impacts on economic growth, but lack of investments in human capital and poor institution could lead to a slower growth than what could be expected from the population change. We also analyzed two components of the
Choosing wisely: The Canadian Thoracic Society's list of six things that physicians and patients should question

ABSTRACT Choosing Wisely is a campaign that aims to help clinicians and patients engage in conversations regarding unnecessary tests and treatments, in order to improve quality of care and reduce waste in healthcare. Specialty societies are asked to develop lists of commonly used tests and treatments that are not supported by evidence and/or could expose patients to unnecessary harm. The Canadian Thoracic Society appointed a 5-member Choosing Wisely Task Force to develop this list. After establishing evidence-based criteria for recommendation selection and prioritization, they generated an initial list of candidate recommendations from: 1) existing respiratory-related US and Canadian Choosing Wisely recommendations; 2) Canadian Medical Association (CMA) Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters (POEMs™) rated by ≥ 10% of CMA respondents to: “… help to avoid unnecessary or inappropriate treatment, diagnostic procedures, preventative interventions or a referral…”; and 3) additional suggestions by CTS content experts. The list was serially reduced through voting by members of the Canadian Respiratory Guidelines Committee and the Task Force in three electronic Delphi processes and by members of the CTS in an online poll (members were also asked to suggest additional recommendations). Evidence reviews were performed for the top 10 recommendations. This resulted in the following CTS Choosing Wisely Top 6 List: 1) Don't initiate long-term maintenance inhalers in stable patients with suspected COPD if they have not had confirmation of post-bronchodilator airflow obstruction with spirometry; 2) Don't perform CT screening for lung cancer among patients at low risk for lung cancer; 3) Don't perform chest computed tomography (CT angiography) or ventilation-perfusion scanning to evaluate for possible pulmonary embolism in patients with a low clinical probability and negative results of a highly sensitive D-dimer assay; 4) Don't treat adult cough with antibiotics even if it lasts more than 1 week, unless bacterial pneumonia is suspected (mean viral cough duration is 18 days); 5) Don't initiate medications for asthma (e.g., inhalers, leukotriene receptor antagonists, or other) in patients ≥ 6 years old who have not had confirmation of reversible airflow limitation with spirometry, and in its absence, a positive methacholine or exercise challenge test, or sufficient peak expiratory flow variability; and 6) Don't use antibiotics for acute asthma exacerbations without clear signs of bacterial infection. This list was developed through a rigorous and novel process and addresses overuse in different areas of respiratory medicine in Canada. It can provide a starting point for a systematic implementation process targeting clinicians and patients, to the benefit of patients and the healthcare system in general.
Frotzler, Angela and Coupaud, Sylvie and Perret, Claudio and Kakebeeke, Tanja and Hunt, Kenneth and Eser, Prisca (2009) Effect of detraining on bone strength in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury after a period of electrically-stimulated-cycling : a small cohort

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Funktionsübergreifende Szeneninterpretation zur Vernetzung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen

Die zunehmende Vernetzung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen (FAS) und die damit verbundene Mehrfachnutzung von Sensoren durch FAS-Funktionen erfordert eine generische Datenschnittstelle zur Beschreibung des Fahrzeugumfelds. Diese Datenschnittstelle ist nach dem Stand der Technik eine nicht-interpretierte Umfeldbeschreibung, die auch als Szene bezeichnet wird. In diesem Beitrag wird das bei BMW eingeführte und auf der Szenenbeschreibung aufbauende Konzept der funktionsübergreifenden Szeneninterpretation (FSI) vorgestellt. Mit der FSI wird das Ziel verfolgt, funktionsübergreifende Szeneninterpretationsalgorithmen zentral zu berechnen und die Ergebnisse dieser Algorithmen allen FAS-Funktionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Neben einer detaillierten Beschreibung von Architektur, Ausprägungen und Kategorien der FSI erfolgt eine Einordung der FSI in die bei BMW eingesetzte Umfeldmodell-Architektur.
Stochastic Gradient VB and the Variational Auto-Encoder

How can we perform efficient inference and learning in directed probabilistic models, in the presence of continuous latent variables with intractable posterior distributions, and large datasets? We introduce a stochastic variational inference and learning algorithm that scales to large datasets and, under some mild differentiability conditions, even works in the intractable case. Our contributions is two-fold. First, we show that a reparameterization of the variational lower bound yields a lower bound estimator that can be straightforwardly optimized using standard stochastic gradient methods. Second, we show that for i.i. d. datasets with continuous latent variables per datapoint, posterior inference can be made especially efficient by fitting an approximate inference model (also called a recognition model) to the intractable posterior using the proposed lower bound estimator. Theoretical advantages are reflected in experimental results.
ABERRANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN OSTRICH

African arid veld (Sauer and Sauer, 1959, 1966a, 1966b, 1967a, 1967b, 1970; Sauer, 1970; 1971) the year 1969 was marked by exceptional ecological conditions. Unusual rains fell in the central Namib during March and April and yielded an abundant and rich vegetation. The herbivores found excellent grazing until the end of the year. It boosted the local populations and attracted immigrant species from the mountainous hinterland and other neighboring districts that had received little or no rain. The impact on the Ostrich was a mass reproductive activity which, in turn, triggered social stresses and incompatibilities among these cursorial and largely gregarious birds. The plentiful food supply allowed the Ostriches to produce many offspring several months before they normally reach a reproductive peak. Large numbers of chicks hatched from July through December 1969 and well into 1970. Normally the offspring do not appear in any significant numbers before late November o.r early December. Many sexually motivated adults did not start nesting, but remained in the communal areas where they performed sexual displays continually day after day. This not only prevented them from assuming their parental tasks, but also incited other birds to participate in the sexual displays even at the expense of their small chicks whom they abandoned. One o.f these strange and unusual activities was the males' display of homosexual behavior, the main subject of this report on a rare event affecting a whole population of wild birds. Homosexual behavior is defined as a sexual display directed toward a member of the same sex. Such behavior is known in a number of
Regional-Scale Simulations of Fungal Spore Aerosols Using an Emission Parameterization Adapted to Local Measurements of Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. Fungal spores as a prominent type of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) have been incorporated into the COSMO-ART (Consortium for Small-scale Modelling-Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) regional atmospheric model. Two literature-based emission rates for fungal spores derived from fungal spore colony counts and chemical tracer measurements were used as a parameterization baseline for this study. A third, new emission parameterization for fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) was adapted to field measurements from four locations across Europe. FBAP concentrations can be regarded as a lower estimate of total PBAP concentrations. Size distributions of FBAP often show a distinct mode at approx. 3 μm, corresponding to a diameter range characteristic for many fungal spores. Previous studies for several locations have suggested that FBAP are in many cases dominated by fungal spores. Thus, we suggest that simulated FBAP and fungal spore concentrations obtained from the three different emission parameterizations can be compared to FBAP measurements. The comparison reveals that simulated fungal spore concentrations based on literature emission parameterizations are lower than measured FBAP concentrations. In agreement with the measurements, the model results show a diurnal cycle in simulated fungal spore concentrations, which may develop partially as a consequence of a varying boundary layer height between day and night. Temperature and specific humidity, together with leaf area index (LAI), were chosen to drive the new emission parameterization which is fitted to the FBAP observations. The new parameterization results in similar root mean square errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients compared to the FBAP observations as the previously existing fungal spore emission parameterizations, with some improvements in the bias. Using the new emission parameterization on a model domain covering western Europe, FBAP in the lowest model layer comprise a fraction of 15% of the total aerosol mass over land and reach average number concentrations of 26 L−1. The results confirm that fungal spores and biological particles may account for a major fraction of supermicron aerosol particle number and mass concentration over vegetated continental regions and should thus be explicitly considered in air quality and climate studies.
Cp Violation and a Search for New Physics in LHCb

The physics program of LHCb concerns the study of CP violation in the B system, including more precise determination of the CKM matrix parameters and in particular the determination of φs The search for new physics which could manifest itself indirectly will be a high priority. The main advantages of LHCb over the B factories are the access to the Bs system and very large B production rates. In addition, LHCb is a dedicated B physics experiment with excellent vertexing and particle identification capabilities. It is currently setting up its detector in its allocated LHC interaction region and is foreseen to be ready for data taking in November 2007 for the pilot run.
NEAR-IR H2 EMISSION OF PROTOSTARS: PROBING CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENTS

We present new observations of near-infrared molecular hydrogen (H2) line emission in a sample of 18 Class I and flat-spectrum low-mass protostars, primarily in the Tau-Aur and ρ Oph dark clouds. The line emission is extended by up to several arcseconds (several hundred AU) for most objects, and there is little night-to-night variation in line strength coincident with the continuum point source. Flux ratios of H2 v = 2–1 S(1) and v = 1–0 S(1) lines are consistent with this emission arising in jets or winds in many objects. However, most objects have only small offsets (under 10 km s−1) between their H2 and photospheric radial velocities. No objects have line ratios which are clearly caused solely by UV excitation, but the H2 emission of several objects may be caused by UV or X-ray excitation in the presence of circumstellar dust. There are several objects in the sample whose observed velocities and line fluxes suggest quiescent, non-mechanical origins for their molecular hydrogen emissions. Overall, we find the H2 emission properties of these protostars to be similar to the T Tauri stars studied in previous surveys.
Spherical harmonic computations with topographic/isostatic coefficients

A spray shield assembly for oil wells which require artificial lift apparatus The shield assembly includes a hollow bonnet member and a seal assembly wherein the seal assembly is supported in overlying relationship relative to a stuffing box on an oil well. The bonnet member is affixed to oil well structure by resilient biasing means. A polished rod is sealingly and reciprocatingly received axially of the bonnet member and the seal assembly.
Prevalence of Different Types of Gingivitis and Periodontitis in Patients Who Attended Periodontal Clinic in ArAr Specialist Dental Centre , a Clinical Survey Study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of different types of gingivitis and periodontitis and their distribution in males and females for patients attended to periodontal clinic over 15 months from October, 2015 to December, 2016.1)To evaluate the severity and incidence of those disease among group sexes and how specifically affect each sex group.2)To estimate the periodontal health condition of the community from the study sample.3)To instruct them about the importance of periodontal health and good oral hygiene.4)To make this study a reference study for comparison for other studies. The study was conducted on 1273 patients who attended periodontics clinic, ArAr dental center over 15 months from October, 2015 to December 2016. The sample consisted of 748 male patients and 525 female patients with age vary from 15 to 69. Information on sex, age, systemic diseases, medical history, dental history and periodontal status were obtained (probing, radiographs, plaque and gingival indices). According to data analyzed, gingivitis was more predominant than periodontitis and males are more affected by both gingivitis and periodontitis.
Medical Image Segmentation by Active Contour Improvement

This paper introduces a new medical image segmentation approach based on active contour improvement. The boundaries in brain images are detected using an original technique of active contour improved by a Region of Interest (ROI) extraction. We compare the results of the proposed model to Chane-Vese active contour model and Caselles’s et al. Geodesic active contour model. Experimental results of brain boundary localization on a national center of Oncology’s database demonstrate the promising performance of this method.
An overview of plant responses to soil waterlogging

Under natural conditions, plants are frequently exposed to transient or permanent soil waterlogging. Flooding drastically influences the soil physico-chemical properties, most notably soil redox potential, pH and O2 level. Thus, conditions of hypoxia or anoxia are commonly encountered by plant root systems. These O2 restrictive conditions dramatically affect plant growth, development and survival. One of the best characterised plant responses to soil waterlogging is the metabolic switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation. In fact, most proteins induced during hypoxic conditions are enzymes involved in the establishment of this fermentative pathway. Because the plant cells need to keep a continuous ATP supply, the use of alternative electron acceptors and/or alternative pathways may be key elements of survival under soil waterlogging. The plant response may also include a reduction in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, as well as root hydraulic conductivity. These physiological modifications may in turn affect carbohydrate reserves and translocation. In fact, efficient use of carbohydrates may discriminate between tolerant and intolerant species. Other observed adaptations include morphological changes which comprise the formation of hypertrophied lenticels, the initiation of adventitious roots and/or the development of aerenchyma. Our knowledge of the basic adaptive mechanisms of plants to soil waterlogging has benefited from large scale genomic and proteomic approaches, however, the diversity of the adaptive responses involved underlines the difficulty when studying this stress. This update reviews our current comprehension of the metabolic, physiological and morphological responses and adaptations of plants to soil waterlogging.
Real-Time Estimation and Damping of SSR in a VSC-HVDC Connected Series-Compensated System

Infrastructure reinforcement using high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) links and series compensation has been proposed to boost the power transmission capacity of existing ac grids. However, deployment of series capacitors may lead to subsynchronous resonance (SSR). Besides providing bulk power transfer, voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC links can be effectively used to damp SSR. To this end, this paper presents a method for the real-time estimation of the subsynchronous frequency component present in series-compensated transmission lines—key information required for the optimal design of damping controllers. A state-space representation has been formulated and an eigenvalue analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of a VSC-HVDC link on the torsional modes of nearby connected thermal generation plants. Furthermore, the series-compensated system has been implemented in a real-time digital simulator and connected to a VSC-HVDC scaled-down test-rig to perform hardware-in-the-loop tests. The efficacy and operational performance of the ac/dc network while providing SSR damping is tested through a series of experiments. The proposed estimation and damping method shows a good performance both in time-domain simulations and laboratory experiments.
Effects of Feeding Nozzle and Cup Feeding on Reaching the Time of Full Oral Feeding in the Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background: Oral feeding problems are among the most common issues in preterm infants. Various methods and feeding support tools are used in this regard, such as cup feeding and feeding nozzle. The present study aimed to determine the preferred method between cup feeding and feeding nozzle to support oral feeding in premature neonates. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 70 preterm infants with the gestational age of 30-33 weeks in Isfahan, Iran. Infants were divided into two groups of cup feeding and feeding nozzle application. The studied variables were the duration needed to reach the time of full oral feeding, weight changes since birth until full oral feeding, and length of hospital stay. Results: Mean duration to start full oral feeding was 4.03 and 5.1 days in the cup feeding and feeding nozzle groups, respectively (P 0.05). Mean length of hospital stay was 23.1 and 21.9 days in the cup feeding and feeding nozzle groups, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the time needed to reach full oral feeding was shorter in the cup feeding group compared to the feeding nozzle group. However, the mean length of hospital stay was two days shorter in the feeding nozzle group compared to the cup feeding group. Therefore, feeding nozzle could be utilized as a supportive method in the feeding of preterm infants.
Bug Severity Prediction by Classifying Normal Bugs with Text and Meta-Field Information

New software systems have been continuously developed and maintained to be useful and satisfy changing needs. Bug fixing is a fundamental activity in such constant software development and maintenance. If it is possible to predict bug severity accurately, it will be a huge contribution toward effective software development. Thus, activity in support of bug severity prediction is important for software development. If bug severity is predicted incorrectly, it brings about increased workloads for developers and increased expense. Therefore, in this study we present a method to improve prediction of bug severity. In this method we added text and meta-fields of the bug reports for our classifier model, and included ‘normal’ severity bug reports which represent a large amount of total reported bugs. The use of added fields and normal bugs were not taken into consideration in other studies. The bugs used in the experiments we performed cover large parts of the bug reports available in open source projects such as Mozilla and Eclipse. The experiments showed that the prediction accuracy was improved by the method we present.