Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Carcinoma Patients

Sentinel lymph node sampling has become an alternative to axillary lymph node dissection to provide prognostic and treatment information in breast cancer patients. The role of immunohistochemistry has yet to be established. A total of 241 sentinel lymph nodes (in 270 slides) from 91 patients with invasive carcinoma (73 ductal, 9 lobular, 8 mixed lobular/ductal, 1 NOS) were studied for presence of macrometastases (> 0.2 cm), identified in hematoxylin and eosin sections, and occult metastases (micrometastases [≤ 0.2 cm], clusters of cells, isolated carcinoma cells), identified only by immunohistochemistry. Intraoperative touch preparations, frozen sections, seven hematoxylin and eosin levels (L1–L7), and two AE1–3 cytokeratin immunohistochemistries (L1, L4–5) of the entire bisected or trisected sentinel lymph node were examined. Thirty-one (34%) patients had 50 positive sentinel lymph nodes. Twenty-six (33%) sentinel lymph nodes had metastatic carcinoma (11 macrometastases, 11 micrometastases, 3 clusters of cells, 1 isolated carcinoma cells) by touch preparations, frozen sections, and one hematoxylin and eosin (L1). Thirty-eight (43%) were positive by AE1–3 immunohistochemistry (L1) (11 macrometastases, 8 micrometastases, 13 clusters of cells, 6 isolated carcinoma cells), significantly more than by touch preparations, frozen sections, hematoxylin and eosin L1, or hematoxylin and eosin L2–7. Cytokeratin immunostain on L4–5 demonstrated 31 (34%) positive sentinel lymph nodes, a similar frequency to cytokeratin immunostain on L1. Size of sentinel lymph node metastasis did not correlate with size, histologic grade, or type of primary breast carcinoma. AE1–3 (L1) immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive in delineating sentinel lymph node metastasis, especially clusters of cells and isolated carcinoma cells. The prognostic significance of clusters of cells and isolated carcinoma cells and the value of AE1–3 immunohistochemistry on frozen sections need to be determined.
Structural and Functional Roles of FSH and LH as Glycoproteins Regulating Reproduction in Mammalian Species

© 2013 Mullen et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Structural and Functional Roles of FSH and LH as Glycoproteins Regulating Reproduction in Mammalian Species
A study of prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea and its associated symptoms among adolescent girls residing in slum areas of Vadodara city, Gujarat -

Background: Almost a quarter of India's population comprises of girls below 20 years and dysmenorrhea is a common problem among them. The magnitude of this problem is not clearly known in India. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea and its associated symptoms among adolescent girls residing in slum areas of Vadodara city, Gujarat. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, a part of field training of third-year medical students where adolescent girls (14–19 years) who experienced menarche for minimum of 1 year at the time of the study, residing in slum areas of Vadodara city were selected purposively and enrolled a sample of 100 adolescent girls. For compiling data, pretested oral questionnaire was used after obtaining written consent from the participants. Result: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 75%, which is significantly higher among the girls with family history of dysmenorrhea. School absenteeism in 65%, decreased school performance in 56%, adverse effect on daily routine in 73%, and affected social relations in 64%. Prevalence of associated menstrual symptoms 57% in which most common physical and psychological symptom was lower abdominal pain (42%), and emotional instability (46%), respectively. For relief, only 5% girls consulted the doctor, 28% girls resorted to self-medications whereas almost 65% girls resorted to self-help techniques such as rest and home remedies (e.g., hot fomentation and eating fenugreek). Conclusion: Considering higher prevalence of dysmenorrhea, education on reproductive organs and reproduction to the young girls in their important phase of life is needed to prevent unnecessary suffering and interruptions in their education and daily life.
Meat market reaction towards mass media and science communication on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

This study assesses the correlation between reports on food risk published in scientific journals and in the printed mass media and changes in the meat market. It focuses on the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom. The findings suggest that during the time BSE and its related human disease were of noticeable public concern, there was a predominantly negative correlation between the number of reports on BSE published in the British printed mass media and meat market variables. In contrast, reports of scientific research on the disease contributed to reducing the perception of food risk because these numbers correlated positively with the meat market.
Distribution of the Parathyroid Hormone 2 Receptor in Rat: Immunolocalization Reveals Expression by Several Endocrine Cells.

The PTH2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor selectively activated by PTH. We are studying the receptors distribution to guide the investigation of its physiological function. We have now generated an antibody from a C-terminal peptide sequence of the PTH2 receptor and used this to study its cellular distribution. Labeling with the antibody identified a number of endocrine cells expressing the PTH2 receptor, including thyroid parafollicular cells, pancreatic islet D cells, and some gastrointestinal peptide synthesizing cells. There was complete overlap of PTH2 receptor labeling with somatostatin in pancreatic islets, and partial overlap with somatostatin in thyroid parafollicular cells and in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, observations made previously by in situ hybridization histochemistry, including expression throughout the cardiovascular system, as well as by discrete populations of cells within the gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system were confirmed. These data suggest a broa.
Family Ownership and Cash Holdings : Empirical Evidence from Norway

This master thesis examines the level of cash holdings in Norwegian private firms in the period 2004 to 2014. We compare family firms to non-family firms and explore whether there are differences in their cash holding policies. Furthermore, we test whether inside versus outside management in family firms has an impact on cash holdings. Lastly, we look at the influence of founders in contrast to non-founders in family managed firms on cash holdings. We find that family firms hold significantly less cash than non-family firms. Moreover, we find that inside CEOs hold less cash than outside CEOs in family firms. Lastly, we find that founders hold slightly more cash than non-founders in family managed firms. Our findings contradict previous research. However, our research is based on private as opposed to public firms and might offer some new insight.
Mutations in GDAP1

Background: Mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) were recently shown to be responsible for autosomal recessive (AR) demyelinating Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) type 4A (CMT4A) as well as AR axonal CMT with vocal cord paralysis. Methods: The coding region of GDAP1 was screened for the presence of mutations in seven families with AR CMT in which the patients were homozygous for markers of the CMT4A locus at chromosome 8q21.1. Results: A nonsense mutation was detected in exon 5 (c.581C>G, S194X), a 1-bp deletion in exon 6 (c.786delG, G262fsX284), and a missense mutation in exon 6 (c.844C>T, R282C). Conclusions: Mutations in GDAP1 are a frequent cause of AR CMT. They result in an early-onset, severe clinical phenotype. The range of nerve conduction velocities (NCV) is variable. Some patients have normal or near normal NCV, suggesting an axonal neuropathy, whereas others have severely slowed NCV compatible with demyelination. The peripheral nerve biopsy findings are equally variable and show features of demyelination and axonal degeneration.
Probabilistic Control of Gene Networks

In this paper, an approach based on Markov chains for controlling gene networks is proposed. The state of the network is represented as a probability distribution, while state transitions are considered to be probabilistic. An algorithm is proposed to determine a sequence of control actions that drives the state of a given network to within a desired state set with a prescribed minimum or maximum probability. A heuristic is proposed and shown to improve the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for a class of gene networks
The Impact on Firm Performance: CEO Selection and Product Market Competition

I examine the relationship between the change in a firm’s performance and its CEO selection sources: internal promotion versus external hire in both high and low product competition environments. My results show that firms will be better off hiring an outside CEO (external hire) when the firms operate in a low product competition industry. Specifically, the evidence shows that hiring an outside CEO for a firm in a low product competition industry would increase the firm’s performance by about 3% for the entire tenure of the CEO. This paper shows that product market competition is an important factor in CEO selection.
An Acvr1 R206H knock‐in mouse has fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP; MIM #135100) is a debilitating genetic disorder of dysregulated cellular differentiation characterized by malformation of the great toes during embryonic skeletal development and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification postnatally. Patients with these classic clinical features of FOP have the identical heterozygous single nucleotide substitution (c.617G > A; R206H) in the gene encoding ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Gene targeting was used to develop an Acvr1 knock‐in model for FOP (Acvr1R206H/+). Radiographic analysis of Acvr1R206H/+ chimeric mice revealed that this mutation induced malformed first digits in the hind limbs and postnatal extraskeletal bone formation, recapitulating the human disease. Histological analysis of murine lesions showed inflammatory infiltration and apoptosis of skeletal muscle followed by robust formation of heterotopic bone through an endochondral pathway, identical to that seen in patients. Progenitor cells of a Tie2+ lineage participated in each stage of endochondral osteogenesis. We further determined that both wild‐type (WT) and mutant cells are present within the ectopic bone tissue, an unexpected finding that indicates that although the mutation is necessary to induce the bone formation process, the mutation is not required for progenitor cell contribution to bone and cartilage. This unique knock‐in mouse model provides novel insight into the genetic regulation of heterotopic ossification and establishes the first direct in vivo evidence that the R206H mutation in ACVR1 causes FOP. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline.

BACKGROUND Passengers who have ventricular fibrillation aboard commercial aircraft rarely survive, owing to the delay in obtaining emergency care and defibrillation. METHODS In 1997, a major U.S. airline began equipping its aircraft with automated external defibrillators. Flight attendants were trained in the use of the defibrillator and applied the device when passengers had a lack of consciousness, pulse, or respiration. The automated external defibrillator was also used as a monitor for other medical emergencies, generally at the direction of a passenger who was a physician. The electrocardiogram that was obtained during each use of the device was analyzed by two arrhythmia specialists for appropriateness of use. We analyzed data on all 200 instances in which the defibrillators were used between June 1, 1997, and July 15, 1999. RESULTS Automated external defibrillators were used for 200 patients (191 on the aircraft and 9 in the terminal), including 99 with documented loss of consciousness. Electrocardiographic data were available for 185 patients. The administration of shock was advised in all 14 patients who had electrocardiographically documented ventricular fibrillation, and no shock was advised in the remaining patients (sensitivity and specificity of the defibrillator in identifying ventricular fibrillation, 100 percent). The first shock successfully defibrillated the heart in 13 patients (defibrillation was withheld in 1 case at the family's request). The rate of survival to discharge from the hospital after shock with the automated external defibrillator was 40 percent. A total of 36 patients either died or were resuscitated after cardiac arrest. No complications arose from use of the automated external defibrillator as a monitor in conscious passengers. CONCLUSIONS The use of the automated external defibrillator aboard commercial aircraft is effective, with an excellent rate of survival to discharge from the hospital after conversion of ventricular fibrillation. There are not likely to be complications when the device is used as a monitor in the absence of ventricular fibrillation.
Mechanisms of cell entry by influenza virus

A wide range of viruses, including many human and animal pathogens representing various taxonomic groups, contain genomes that are enclosed in lipid envelopes. These envelopes are generally acquired in the final stages of assembly, as viruses bud from regions of the membrane of the infected cell at which virally encoded membrane proteins have accumulated. The viruses procure their membranes during this process and mature particles ‘pinch off’ from the cellular membranes. Under most circumstances, initiation of another round of infection is dependent on two critical functions supplied by the envelope proteins. The virus must bind to cell-surface receptors of a new host cell, and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes must occur to transfer the viral genome into the cell. Enveloped viruses have evolved a variety of mechanisms to execute these two basic functions. Owing to their relative simplicity, studies of binding and fusion using enveloped viruses and their components have contributed significantly to the overall understanding of receptor–ligand interactions and membrane fusion processes – fundamental activities involved in a plethora of biological functions.
Redesigning Processes in Municipalities: A Case Study on Developing Process Architecture and Mapping Processes

Process oriented management approaches constitute the most important source of forming an effective management mechanism. This source assures that the institution is correctly understood by all its stakeholders, mutual work areas are defined, collaborative working culture towards certain goals are adopted. Within the framework of process management, defining the processes via reviewing the activities of the institution, modeling or mapping these processes with a standard language, determining the performance indicators to provide for traceability turns into a total reconstruction effort within the institution. Local administrations are those public institutions that need process oriented management the most due to their structure and their activities related to the regulations as well as due to their direct interaction with their citizens. In this study, the importance of process management within the framework of public administrations is emphasized and the structure of the process architecture is presented that came to light as a result of the project study that was carried out privately in a certain municipality; the processes defined within the proposed architectural structure are exemplified in accordance with work processes modeling and notation.
Comparison of a microneutralization test in cell culture and virus neutralization test in embryonated eggs for determining infectious bronchitis virus antibodies

A microneutralization test (MNT) system utilizing cytopathic effect end points was effective in determing neutralization indexes for infectious bronchitis virus antibodies. The system is reproducible within 1 index unit at the 95% level of probability. Comparison of the MNT to tests in eggs resulted in a positive correlation (B =0.81), which was significant (P greater than 0.01). The quantitative dose-response relationship of the MNT is linear (P greater than 0.005), with the 95% prediction limits fitting between one 10-fold dilution.
Family First: Does Nepotism Hinder Investments at U.S. Firms?

Directors that are not owners directly benefit from nepotism, while only indirectly gain by increasing firm value. This creates an incentive to hire less qualified family members instead of more talented external candidates. This also weakens the incentive to enforce optimal investment. To assess the implications of nepotism, we build a unique database that tracks family connections—by blood, marriage, or adoption—among individuals employed in key positions by the same firm. Our analysis indicates that firms in which nepotism is pervasive invest substantially less than peer firms and are less responsive to changes in investment opportunities. Our results suggest that previous findings by the literature on family-owned firms may not be generalizable to family-run firms. ∗Leone is at Collegio Carlo Alberto, Parise is at the Bank for International Settlements, Sommavilla is at the Swiss Finance Institute and at the University of Lugano. Part of this paper has been written while Parise was at Harvard University and Sommavilla was at Columbia Business School. We are thankful for useful comments to Sumit Agarwal, Marco Di Maggio, Alexander Eisele, Francesco Franzoni, Randall Morck (EFA discussant), Giovanna Nicodano, Kim Peijnenburg and to participants at the EFA 2016 conference in Oslo. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank for International Settlements.
Adaptive extraction of water in urban areas based on local iteration using high-resolution multi-spectral image

Urban water extraction from high-resolution remote sensing image is one of important aspects for regional-urban environment research. However, the past researches mainly centered upon moderate and low resolution image, water body in open country and global scale for water extraction, which can't achieve better performance. To solve those problems, an adaptive method to extract urban water was proposed based on local iteration using high-resolution remote sensing image. In each iteration, segmented buffers were constructed with adaptive length and radius to exploit information in local scale, and also spatial consistency was token into account for an improvement of local classification. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed method was applicable in urban water extraction from high-resolution image.
Comparative Pollination Biology of Sympatric and Allopatric Andean Iochroma (Solanaceae)1

Abstract Field studies were conducted for 15 species of Iochroma Benth. and the nested genus Acnistus Schott to quantify the diversity of pollination systems and to assess the potential contribution of pollinator behavior to the persistence of closely related species in sympatry. We combined measures of pollinator visitation and pollen deposition to estimate the importance of major groups of pollinators for each species, and we calculated proportional similarity in the pollinator assemblage among species. We found that 12 species of Iochroma, encompassing a range of flower colors and sizes, were principally pollinated by hummingbirds and, in many cases, by the same hummingbird species. The remaining species were either pollinated by a mix of hummingbirds and insects (two species) or exclusively by insects (two species). Based on proportional similarity values, the overlap in pollinator assemblages was found to be higher for sympatric species than for allopatric ones, reflecting sharing of local pollinator fauna. However, observations of individual pollinator fidelity, perhaps related to territorial interactions among hummingbirds, suggested that pollinators may still contribute to the reproductive isolation of sympatric congeners. Nonetheless, because interspecific pollen flow does occur, the maintenance of species boundaries in sympatry probably requires postmating reproductive isolating mechanisms.
Development of a simulation environment for Cerenkov luminescence imaging

In vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a demanding application requiring advanced pre-clinical small animal optical imaging devices. Here we propose a Monte Carlo based simulation workflow aimed to improve the development of an efficient Cerenkov optical imager for small animals. Our work makes use of a modular approach by considering open source, freely available or custom built software to solve the forward light propagation problem from source to detector in the following steps: i) simulation of the efficiency of Cerenkov light production of beta-emitting radionuclide in tissue using GEANT4 ii) optical transport of the simulated emitted photons through a precise mouse CT-segmented model using Molecular Optical Simulation Environment (MOSE), iii) free space transport of light from the mouse surface to a CCD sensor and simulation of the system response. Results showed the effects of the choice of lens and sensor based on system characteristics. An internal 90-Y source was simulated considering a mouse phantom and the Cerenkov light detection by a CCD. We conclude that the modular approach presented in this work combines the strengths of the different simulation codes used and thus provides a complete work frame for optical simulations.
Executive Dysfunction in Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Survivors: A Systematic Literature Review of Neurocognitive Deficits and Interventions

Improved medical therapies have increased survivorship rates for children with posterior fossa tumors; resultantly, morbidities associated with survivorship, such as executive function deficits, have become increasingly important to identify and address. Executive dysfunction can impact academic achievement as well as functional outcomes. We summarize studies describing executive functioning deficits in pediatric posterior fossa tumor survivors who received cranial radiation therapy and intervention studies that have targeted executive functioning deficits. Previous theoretical models describing the etiology of these deficits are reviewed, and a new, more comprehensive model is proposed. Future research should move toward incorporating neuroimaging, longitudinal designs, and multiple informants.