Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion

Botulinum toxin A is produced by anaerobic spore-forming bacteria and is used for various therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin A injections are the most popular nonsurgical procedure worldwide. Despite an increased demand for botulinum toxin A injections, the clinical pharmacology and differences in formulation of commonly available products are poorly understood. The various products available in the market are unique and vary in terms of units, chemical properties, biological activities, and weight, and are therefore not interchangeable. For safe clinical practice and to achieve optimal results, the practitioners need to understand the clinical issues of potency, conversion ratio, and safety issues (toxin spread and immunogenicity). In this paper, the basic clinical pharmacology of botulinum toxin A and differences between onabotulinum toxin A, abobotulinum toxin A, and incobotulinum toxin A are discussed.
bHLH 104 confers tolerance to cadmium stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Running title : bHLH 104 is involved in Cd tolerance

bHLH104 confers tolerance to cadmium stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Running title: bHLH104 is involved in Cd tolerance Xiani Yao, Yuerong Cai, Diqiu Yu*, Gang Liang* Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China *Correspondences: Diqiu Yu (ydq@xtbg.ac.cn); Gang Liang (lianggang@xtbg.ac.cn, Dr. Liang is fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article)
Fat suppression for continuously moving table whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging using the gradient reversal t echnique

Introduction Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging (wbDWI) can be beneficial for patient screening or treatment monitoring because it has a superior disease contrast. Although wbDWI is generally performed using the multistation approach, a recent work [1] has demonstrated that the continuously moving table (CMT) approach can be used to generate images with more homogeneity in terms of temporal and spatial discontinuities. In [1], DW images were acquired with short tau inversion recovery (STIR) technique so that unnecessary fat signal could be suppressed. Although the performance of STIR was relatively satisfactory, remains of the fat signal could still be observed in many image slices as marked with arrows in Fig.1. Thus, a more effective fat suppression method is required to improve the CMT-wbDWI. Recently, several reports have confirmed that the gradient reversal (GR) algorithm, first reported more than 20 years ago [2], can be more efficient in multistation whole-body imaging than many other fat suppression techniques [3,4]. In this abstract, we propose to use the GR algorithm for CMT sequences and analyze why the GR algorithm can provide improved fat suppression results in the images acquired with the CMT sequences.
The effect of conservation on the dynamics of chemical reaction networks

Abstract Component mass conservation gives a linear first integral to the dynamic reaction kinetic equations and greatly influences the set of admissible reactions. Therefore, mass conservation can be related to the deficiency of the reaction network and thus to its dynamic properties. In particular, it is shown that a mass conserving CRN without isomers and with a full rank complex composition matrix has zero deficiency. The concepts and results are illustrated on the example of the original and the lumped version of Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
Characteristics of Female Nonagenarian Participants in an Observational Health Study

Background: Inclusion of very elderly participants in health studies is limited, despite the increasing longevity in the population. We aimed to describe characteristics of female nonagenarians who had been retained for a decade in an ongoing, population-based cohort study. Methods: This study describes 14 female nonagenarians who participated in the 10-year follow-up phase of the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Their baseline characteristics, from a decade earlier, were compared with 109 fellow participants lost to follow-up. Results: For nonagenarians at follow-up, mean BMI, relative appendicular mass and blood pressure were in the ideal ranges recommended for all adult ages, whereas mean BMD was in the osteopenic range for the hip and spine. Three (21.4%) of the nonagenarian women were underweight, four (28.6%) were overweight and one was obese; five (38.5%) had hypertension, two (14.3%) required assistance walking, nine (69.2%) had osteoporosis and two (15.4%) had low lean mass in the sarcopenic range. None of the women smoked or had fallen in the previous year, nine (64.3%) used three or more prescription medications and five (35.7%) used five or more. Comparisons of baseline data collected a decade earlier for the nonagenarians and their peers who were subsequently lost to followup, showed similarities in body habitus, falls, polypharmacy, education, marriage status, socioeconomic status and morbidity. However, the group lost to follow-up were more likely to have had osteoporosis and/or be hypertensive. Conclusion: We present health-related data for nonagenarian participants of a prospective cohort study. While few differences were found between these participants and age-matched peers for baseline data collected a decade earlier, the nonagenarians who participated in the 10-year follow-up were less likely to have had osteoporosis or hypertension than their peers at recruitment. Further involvement of the very elderly in health research is warranted, since data for this age group are rare.
MCT1 polymorphism among Egyptian children and adolescents as a usefulpredictor for physical fitness and muscle fatigue.

Background and objectives: Monocarboxylate transporter1 (MCT1) is a protein that mediates transport of pyruvate and lactate across cell membranes, its gene contains several polymorphisms (SNPs). We aimed to genotype SNP A1470T and to study its impact on muscle activity. Materials and Methods: 108 male children and adolescents were enrolled; 56 patients (easily fatigable after 30 minutes football training) and 52 normal individuals who completed the training protocol without complaint. Both groups were subjected to clinical examination and blood lactate and LDH assay. DNA samples were withdrawn for MCT1genotyping using high resolution melt technique. Results: Overall frequency of TT genotype was highest (44.5%) followed by AT and wild AA genotypes. Genotype AA was significantly lower in patients (OR 1.97) with a statistically higher frequency of allele A among control (56 versus 28 with P<0.001). Significantly higher blood lactate was found in patients. Alleles A and T were in equilibrium among control (56 versus 48, respectively) with marked disequilibrium in patients. Interpretation and conclusions: Allele A was favorable for MCT1 function, lactate transport and hence physical fitness. Within patients' groups, AA was not better than AT or TT thus suggesting potential role of training or epigenetic factors in improving allele a expression.
BRIEF Stakeholder and Policy Maker Perception of Key Issues in Food Systems Planning and Policy Making

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Phytochemical Screening, Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects and Kinetics of Cam Wood Dye Extracts

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, as it catalyzes the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones. Cam wood dye was extracted using methanol, acetone and dichloromethane; while extracts obtained were screened for Phytochemicals as well as their tyrosinase inhibitory effects and kinetic studies. Phytochemical screening of the three extracts showed the presence of total phlobatanins in all extracts except methanolic which had minute presence. Cardiac glycosides and flavonoids were also observed in the dichloromethane extracts and methanolic extract respectively. The methanolic extracts had best enzyme inhibition (84.1%) at highest concentration considered of 400µg/ml as compared to the dichloromethane and acetone extracts with peak values of 58.5 and 51.5% respectively. The enzyme kinetics analysis of substrate showed same inhibition type for three extracts which was non-competitive and its mechanism irreversible. The Michealis-Mentens constants for the three extracts were determined to be 0.344, 0.355 and 0.214mM, for acetone, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts respectively while the values of Vmax/Km shows inhibiting extracts followed the order: methanol extract > acetone extract > dichloromethame extract. The result therefore showed that methanolic extracts of Cam wood dye was the most effective in tyrosinase inhibition.
Nonlocal Effects on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering from Bimetallic Coated Nanoparticles

We study the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles by taking into account the nonlocal effect. The Gersten-Nitzan model is applied to investigate SERS from a molecule adsorbed on the nonlocal bimetallic nanoparticle. Numerical results show that there are two enhanced SERS peaks for bimetallic coated nanoparticles, and nonlocal effects will lead to less enhancement and blue-shift of SERS peaks. In addition, unusual resonant electric-field patterns are found in the nonlocal gold core in comparison with those in the local case. Our investigation is helpful for understanding some details of SERS schemes in nano-optics and plasmonics when nonlocal effects are considered.
Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Benefits in Alzheimer’s Disease

24 Cognitive function below age-matched controls is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. 25 Brain derived neurotrophic factor is a biochemical molecule that mediates neuronal survival, but 26 its expression is reduced in Alzheimer’s disease, causing neurodegeneration. Exercise has been 27 shown to increase Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, which mediates improvements in 28 cognition in Alzheimer’s patients and slows cognitive decline. Evidence is presented to show 29 that aerobic exercise is well known to increase serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, while 30 resistance training studies have not yet shown a conclusive effect. Increased Brain-Derived 31 Neurotrophic Factor from aerobic exercise has been shown to mediate improvements in 32 hippocampal volume and executive function. No clinical guidelines have been developed for 33 exercise to improve cognition in Alzheimer’s patients, so clinicians are encouraged to follow the 34 Canadian Physical Activity guidelines and include both aerobic and resistance training in 35 exercise programs to achieve maximum cognitive benefits. Exercise prescription is especially 36 important for those at high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, as they will greatly benefit 37 from the protective effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor before converting and exercise 38 adherence is increased in Alzheimer’s patients if they have found exercise they enjoy. 39
Digestion, ruminal pH, salivation, and feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes

The objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing different components of the diet with enzymes on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestion, milk production, and effective fiber. Eight multiparous and four primiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of supplementing a diet with a fibrolytic enzyme product containing mainly xylartase and cellulase activities. A total mixed ration (TMR), consisting of rolled barley, barley silage and alfalfa haylage (forage to concentrate ratio of 55:45, dry matter (DM) basis) differed in enzyme application: 1) no enzyme, 2) enzyme applied to concentrate (45% of TMR), 3) enzyme applied to supplement (4% of TMR), and 4) enzyme applied to premix (0.2% of TMR). Application rate was constant for enzyme treatments at lg/head/day. Digestibility of D M measured using multiparous cows increased by 12% compared to the control when enzyme was added to the concentrate. Enzyme treatments that were applied to a smaller component of the T M R did not increase digestibility compared to the control. There were no significant effects of enzyme supplementation on milk production and composition. However, cows fed concentrate supplemented with enzyme produced significantly more milk than cows receiving the enzyme applied to the premix. Enzyme supplementation did not alter daily time spent eating or ruminating, indicating that this fibrolytic enzyme product does not alter the physical structure of the feed. However, when enzymes were added to the ration daily saliva production increased, which may have been a physiological response to the increase in fermentation products due to increased digestion. Enzyme supplementation did not change the mean ruminal pH or the
Electronic 12-Hour Dietary Recall (e-12HR): Comparison of a Mobile Phone App for Dietary Intake Assessment With a Food Frequency Questionnaire and Four Dietary Records

Background One of the greatest challenges in nutritional epidemiology is improving upon traditional self-reporting methods for the assessment of habitual dietary intake. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of a new method known as the current-day dietary recall (or current-day recall), based on a smartphone app called 12-hour dietary recall, for determining the habitual intake of a series of key food and drink groups using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and four dietary records as reference methods. Methods University students over the age of 18 years recorded their consumption of certain groups of food and drink using 12-hour dietary recall for 28 consecutive days. During this 28-day period, they also completed four dietary records on randomly selected days. Once the monitoring period was over, subjects then completed an FFQ. The two methods were compared using the Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC), a cross-classification analysis, and weighted kappa. Results A total of 87 participants completed the study (64% women, 56/87; 36% men, 31/87). For e-12HR versus FFQ, for all food and drink groups, the average SCC was 0.70. Cross-classification analysis revealed that the average percentage of individuals classified in the exact agreement category was 51.5%; exact agreement + adjacent was 91.8%, and no participant (0%) was classified in the extreme disagreement category. The average weighted kappa was 0.51. For e-12HR versus the four dietary records, for all food and drink groups, the average SCC was 0.63. Cross-classification analysis revealed that the average percentage of individuals classified in the exact agreement category was 47.1%; exact agreement + adjacent was 89.2%; and no participant (0%) was classified in the extreme disagreement category. The average weighted kappa was 0.47. Conclusions Current-day recall, based on the 12-hour dietary recall app, was found to be in good agreement with the two reference methods (FFQ & four dietary records), demonstrating its potential usefulness for categorizing individuals according to their habitual dietary intake of certain food and drink groups.
Attachment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Multiple Trauma Samples

Introduction: Attachment orientations are associated with the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mediator role of trauma type in the association between attachment orientation and PTSD remains unknown. Method: The relationship between trauma type, attachment, and PTSD was investigated in a large multiple trauma sample (n=3735). All participants were assessed for PTSD using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and for attachment orientations utilizing the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). Results: Overall, a secure attachment style was related to lower PTSD severity, while insecure attachment styles were related to higher PTSD severity. Although both attachment dimensions were related to PTSD severity, attachment anxiety had greater contribution in predicting PTSD. PTSD symptom clusters were not found to depend on attachment dimensions. Finally, type of traumatic event moderated the association between attachment dimensions and PTSD severity. While among trauma survivors of family illness, the securely attached group showed the lowest PTSD severity, among trauma survivors of disease and physical health, the dismissively attached individuals showed the lowest level of PTSD severity, compared to other attachment groups. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of taking into account the nature of the traumatic event while assessing the effects of attachment in posttraumatic reactions. Moreover, dismissing attachment style might be adaptive when facing the trauma of disease.
Design of Lane Keeping Algorithm of Autonomous Vehicle

The paper presents the design and realization of lane keeping function of an autonomous electric go-cart. The requirement towards the system concerning this paper is navigating the vehicle on a closed track with road markings, based on information from an optical camera with lane detection capabilities. To achieve this task, two solutions were used, a double-loop control with feedforward load disturbance compensation and a nonlinear method. The control algorithms were designed and tuned in a Hardware-In-The-Loop framework. The nonlinear algorithm was implemented on two different hardware devices and validated in CarSim–Matlab software environment.
Influence of Visual Feedback Training on the Balance and Walking in Stroke Patients

Korea Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate changes in the balance ability of patients whose head positions were altered due to stroke. Subjects were divided into three groups to determine the effects of the training on dynamic balance and gait. Methods: Forty-two stroke patients were enrolled. The Visual Feedback Training (VFT) group performed four sets of exercises per training session using a Sensoneck device, while the Active Range of Motion (ART) group performed eight sets per training session after receiving education from an experienced therapist. The Visual Feedback with Active Range of Motion (VAT) group performed four sets of active range of motion and two sets of visual-feedback training per session using a Sensoneck device. The training sessions were conducted three days a week for eight weeks. Results: The comparison of changes in dynamic balance ability showed that a significant difference in the total distance of the body center was found in the VFT group (p<0.05) and Significant differences were found according to the training period (p<0.05). The comparison of the 10 m walk test showed that the main effect test, treatment period and interactions between group had statistically significant differences between the three groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Head-adjustment training using visual feedback can improve the balance ability and gait of stroke patients. These results show that coordination training between the eyes and head with visual feedback exercises can be used as a treatment approach to affect postural control through various activities involving the central nervous
Interactive comment on “Effects of temperature on the heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on calcium carbonate” by L

This manuscript presents DRIFTS data investigating the heterogeneous reaction of sulfur dioxide and ozone on calcite surfaces. Although this system has previously been discussed in the literature, the current manuscript considers temperature effects between 230 and 298 K. The most notable claim is a “turning point” in the temperature effect around 250 K, which the authors attempt to explain in terms of competing factors between the “rate limiting step” for ozonolysis of surface sulfite versus the adsorption equilibrium for gaseous sulfur dioxide. This discussion of this temperature effect turning point, however, is presently not convincing. This and other major issues are numerated below:
The potential of biochar and anaerobic digestate use in a temperate conventional wheat production system

The worldwide trend in increasing fertiliser prices has led farmers to consider alternative sources of soil amendment [1]. Using the byproducts of renewable energy systems such as pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion would appear to offer a triple benefit of crop or food waste use, energy generation and the production of useful soil amendments [2]. However, there is some doubt as to how useful these soil amendments may be due to their perceived unreliable nutrient content [1] in commercial arable systems.
Parameterization method for unstable manifolds of delay differential equations

This work is concerned with efficient numerical methods for computing high order Taylor and Fourier-Taylor approximations of unstable manifolds attached to equilibrium and periodic solutions of delay differential equations. In our approach we first reformulate the delay differential equation as an ordinary differential equation on an appropriate Banach space. Then we extend the Parameterization Method for ordinary differential equations so that we can define operator equations whose solutions are charts or covering maps for the desired invariant manifolds of the delay system. Finally we develop formal series solutions of the operator equations. Order-by-order calculations lead to linear recurrence equations for the coefficients of the formal series solutions. These recurrence equations are solved numerically to any desired degree. The method lends itself to a-posteriori error analysis, and recovers the dynamics on the manifold in addition to the embedding. Moreover, the manifold is not required to be a graph, hence the method is able to follow folds in the embedding. In order to demonstrate the utility of our approach we numerically implement the method for some 1, 2, 3 and 4 dimensional unstable manifolds in problems with constant, and (briefly) state dependent delays.