Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increasing Mastectomy Rates Among all Age Groups for Early Stage Breast Cancer: A 10‐Year Study of Surgical Choice

Abstract: First‐line surgical options for early stage breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ include breast conserving surgery or mastectomy. We analyzed factors that influence the receipt of mastectomy and resultant trends over time. Registry analysis was carried out for 21,869 women who underwent up‐front surgical treatment for stage 0, I or II breast cancer between 1998 and 2007 using data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry. We examined the trend of treatment over time and assessed the probability of receiving mastectomy using multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 54.5% of women received breast conservation and 45.5% received mastectomy over a 10‐year period (annual BCS rate range: 46.9–61.2%). The overall mastectomy rate substantially decreased from 53.1% in 1998 to 38.8% in 2005 (p < 0.0001), but then increased to 45% in 2007 (p < 0.001). Between 2005 and 2007, the increase in mastectomies in the age groups of <50 years, 50–69 years, and ≥70 years was 7.5% (p = 0.0351), 4.9% (p = 0.0132) and, 8.0% (p = 0.0283), respectively. On multivariate analysis, the rate of receiving mastectomy was drastically higher for women with stage I or II (versus in situ) disease and moderate or poorly differentiated (versus well differentiated) histology. The rate was modestly higher for uninsured and government‐insured (versus privately insured) patients, patients older than 70 years (versus younger), rural (versus urban) location, receptor negative (versus receptor positive) disease, and unusual histologies (versus ductal and lobular histology). There was no statistically significant difference in surgical choice with regard to race. Determinants of mastectomy for in situ and early stage breast cancer include stage, histology, age, insurance status, county of residence, receptor status. The rate of mastectomy declined until 2005 and is now increasing across all age groups, especially for women < 50 years and ≥70 years.
${{\rm E}^{2}}{\rm LMs}$ : Ensemble Extreme Learning Machines for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has attracted attentions in pattern recognition field due to its remarkable advantages such as fast operation, straightforward solution, and strong generalization. However, the performance of ELM for high-dimensional data, such as hyperspectral image, is still an open problem. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce ELM for hyperspectral image classification. Furthermore, in order to overcome the drawbacks of ELM caused by the randomness of input weights and bias, two new algorithms of ensemble extreme learning machines (Bagging-based and AdaBoost-based ELMs) are proposed for the classification task. In order to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms, support vector machines (SVMs) are used for evaluation and comparison. Experimental results with real hyperspectral images collected by reflective optics spectrographic image system (ROSIS) and airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) indicate that the proposed ensemble algorithms produce excellent classification performance in different scenarios with respect to spectral and spectral-spatial feature sets.
An adaptive queue management method for congestion avoidance in TCP/IP networks

In mid 1980s, congestion control algorithms were implemented in TCP, realizing that the original flow control mechanisms were not capable of protecting IP networks from severe congestion. In recent years, the limitations of endpoint congestion control have been realized. The active queue management method RED and the feedback scheme explicit congestion notification (ECN) have been proposed to complement the TCP congestion control with the goal of preventing congestion instead of curing the network after congestion occurred. We evaluate the performance of the RED/ECN congestion avoidance system, and show that it is not dynamic enough to provide successful congestion avoidance in different traffic conditions. As an alternative to random early setection (RED), we propose an adaptive queue management scheme that can maintain high throughput and low roundtrip delays under dynamic traffic loads.
Maxillofacial fracture epidemiology and treatment plans in the Northeast of Iran: A retrospective study

Background The epidemiology of facial injuries varies based on lifestyle, cultural background and socioeconomic status in different countries and geographic zones. This study evaluated the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures and treatment plans in hospitalized patients in Northeast of Iran (2015-2016). Material and Methods In this retrospective study, the medical records of 502 hospitalized patients were evaluated in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery in Kamyab Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The type and cause of fractures and treatment plans were recorded in a checklist. Data were analyzed with Mann–Whitney test, chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test, using SPSS 21. Results The majority of patients were male (80.3%). Most subjects were in 20-30-year age range (43.2%). The fractures were mostly caused by accidents, particularly motorcycle accidents (MCAs), and the most common site of involvement was the body of the mandible. There was a significant association between the type of treatment and age. In fact, the age range of 16-59 years underwent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) more than other age ranges (P=0.001). Also, there was a significant association between gender and fractures (P=0.002). Conclusions It was concluded that patient age and gender and trauma significantly affected the prevalence of maxillofacial traumas, fracture types and treatment plans. This information would be useful for making better health policy strategies. Key words:Epidemiology, treatment, facial injuries, maxillofacial fractures, trauma.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human gastric cancer.

INTRODUCTIONInducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. iNOS expression and activity results in the production of high levels of NO[1]. The generation of physiological levels of NO is important for mucosal function and it also exerts a cytoprotective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa. However, increased iNOS expression has been observed in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as ulcerative colitis[2,3], and gastritis[4] and it has been speculated that increased NO may induce DNA damage[5,6] and angiogenesis[7]. Nonetheless, the role of iNOS in human GI neoplasia is largely unkown. Previous studies have demonstrated increased iNOS expression in breast cancer[8,9], and increased iNOS activity and protein levels have been demonstrated in colorectal cancer[10] and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus[11]. However, to date, the role of iNOS in gastric carcinogenesis has not been elucidated.
Contrasting models of driver behaviour in emergencies using retrospective verbalisations and network analysis

Automated assistance in driving emergencies aims to improve the safety of our roads by avoiding or mitigating the effects of accidents. However, the behavioural implications of such systems remain unknown. This paper introduces the driver decision-making in emergencies (DDMiEs) framework to investigate how the level and type of automation may affect driver decision-making and subsequent responses to critical braking events using network analysis to interrogate retrospective verbalisations. Four DDMiE models were constructed to represent different levels of automation within the driving task and its effects on driver decision-making. Findings suggest that whilst automation does not alter the decision-making pathway (e.g. the processes between hazard detection and response remain similar), it does appear to significantly weaken the links between information-processing nodes. This reflects an unintended yet emergent property within the task network that could mean that we may not be improving safety in the way we expect. Practitioner Summary: This paper contrasts models of driver decision-making in emergencies at varying levels of automation using the Southampton University Driving Simulator. Network analysis of retrospective verbalisations indicates that increasing the level of automation in driving emergencies weakens the link between information-processing nodes essential for effective decision-making.
THE STORY OF THE CEREBELLUM.

One of the earliest discoveries of our ancient forefathers of the forest or the cave must have been the deadly nature of a blow delivered on the nape of the neck; yet in this they did but follow the instinct shown by the tiger and the hawk in striking down-their prey. As Homer sang, here lies 'the fountain of the nerves. ' This Heroghilus found to be in the ventricle of the cereilum or parencephalon,2 an organ recently described by Aristotle. g Herophilus, who was the first professor of anatomy at the school of Alexandria, taught that "the purer blood from the heart ascends thiough the veins to the torcular, the wine-press; there it yields up the vital spirit and this, mixing with the air inspired through the ethmoid cells, is in the ventricle of the parencephalon converted mto animal spirit, the, breath of the rational soul. This diffuses through the ventricles and into the substance of the brain, and by the channels of the nerves it is carried to all parts of the body, as well to impart movement to the muscles as to carry to the seat of the rational soul the sensations received by the sense organs. " Five hundred years later, Galen' seems to have been responsible for afew additional points. The passage of air and spirit to and from the cerebellar ventricle is guarded by the vermis, a sort of spiral valve under the control of the pineal body; the cerebellum is of a hard, firm consistency to impart strength to the motor nerves, while the cerebrum is softer for the reception of impressions conveyed to it by the sensory nerves. Until recent years the motor part of the facial nerve was still known as the pars dura, the sensory auditory as the pars mollis of the seventh nerve. Galen knew nothing of the dissociation of the mental faculties, nor of the separate seat in the various ventricles of perception, imagination, judgment, and memory; this theory was first advanced more than a century later by a noted alienist, Poseidon. Through him, the cerebellum, more particularly the cerebellar ventricle, became the organ of memory, a sort of chest for the safe storage of ideas and images. It was protected by the vermis against a too sudden access of spirit from the anterior ventricles, a function lateir assumed for the anterior medullary velum,
The STAT 3 NH 2-Terminal Domain Stabilizes Enhanceosome Assembly by Interacting with the p 300 Bromodomain

Tieying Hou, Sutapa Ray, Chang Lee, Allan R. Brasier 3 From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Internal Medicine, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1060 Running title: STAT3 NH2-terminus-p300 bromodomain interaction Address correspondence to: Allan R. Brasier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, MRB 8.138, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1060. Tel. : 409-772-2824; Fax: 409-772-8709; E-mail: arbrasie@utmb.edu
The Enceladus and OH Tori at Saturn

The remarkable observation that Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, is actively venting has led to the suggestion that ejected water molecules are the source of the toroidal atmosphere observed at Saturn for over a decade using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Here we show that the venting leads directly to a new feature, a narrow Enceladus neutral torus. The larger torus, observed using HST, is populated by charge exchange, the process that limits the lifetime of the neutrals in the Enceladus torus.
Optical myography system for posture monitoring

An optical myography system for hand posture recognition by monitoring visible area variation due to posture changes is reported. The experimental setup consists of an ordinary camera, a homogeneous background and simple markers. Allied to its feasibility and low cost, the proposed technique has shown capability to distinguish five different postures that contracts the flexor muscles located at forearm anterior part in different degrees, being suitable for further applications in assistive technologies.
Closed-loop subspace identification with prior information

Adding prior information to open-loop subspace identification has been proven to be effective in obtaining state-space models with improved accuracy. The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of close-loop subspace identification by using prior information. The proposed method uses a parsimonious model formulation to remove the correlation between future input and past innovation, which is the significant challenge in closed-loop subspace identification. In addition, every row is considered as an optimal multi-step ahead predictor and the constrained least square (CLS) approach is used to incorporate prior information. The mathematical analysis and simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of Short-Term Pranayama and Meditation on Cardiovascular Functions in Healthy Individuals

Context: Asana, pranayama, and meditation are three main techniques of yoga practiced in India over thousands of years to attain functional harmony between the body and mind. Recent studies on long-term yogic practices have shown improvements in cardiovascular functions. Aim: The present study was conducted to ascertain if a short-term practice of pranayama and meditation had improvements in cardiovascular functions in healthy individuals with respect to age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Settings and Design: This interventional study was conducted in the Department of physiology of S.N. Medical College, Bagalkot. Patients and Methods: Fifty healthy subjects (24 males and 26 females) of 20–60 years age group, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent two hours daily yoga program for 15 days taught by a certified yoga teacher. Pre and post yoga cardiovascular functions were assessed by recording pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure. Statistical analysis used: The parameters were analyzed by Student's t test. Results: There was significant reduction in resting pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure after practicing pranayama and meditation for 15 days. The response was similar in both the genders, both the age groups, <40 yrs and >40 yrs and both the groups with BMI, <25 kg/m2 and >25 kg/m2. Conclusion: This study showed beneficial effects of short term (15 days) regular pranayama and meditation practice on cardiovascular functions irrespective of age, gender, and BMI in normal healthy individuals.
Prospective study of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of NIDDM.

OBJECTIVE Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are raised in obese individuals, and a particularly strong association with central obesity has been described. We hypothesized that elevated GGT levels are a marker for visceral fat, and specifically for hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), and that hepatic steatosis leads to hepatic insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, we examined the association between GGT levels and risk of NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We carried out a prospective cohort study of incident cases of doctor-diagnosed NIDDM in a group of 7,458 nondiabetic men (aged 40-59 years) followed for a mean of 12.8 years (range 11.5-13.0). The men were randomly selected from general practice lists in 24 British towns. Cases of NIDDM were ascertained by repeated postal questionnaires to the men and by regular systematic review of primary care records. RESULTS A total of 194 men developed NIDDM during follow-up. Mean serum GGT at baseline (geometric mean [95% CI]) was significantly higher in the NIDDM patients than in the rest of the cohort (20.9 [19.3-22.6] vs. 15.3 U/l [15.0-15.6], P < 0.0001). There was a smooth, graded increase in the age-adjusted risk of NIDDM with increasing GGT levels, with a relative risk in the top fifth of the distribution of 6.8 (3.5-12.9) relative to the bottom fifth (trend P < 0.0001). This association was independent of serum glucose and BMI and of other predictors of NIDDM with which GGT is associated, including alcohol intake and physical activity level (adjusted upper to lower fifth relative risk: 4.8 [2.0-11.8], trend P < 0.0001]). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a raised serum GGT level is an independent risk factor for NIDDM. Serum GGT level may be a simple and reliable marker of visceral and hepatic fat and, by inference, of hepatic insulin resistance.
The Protective Effect of PNU-282987, a Selective &agr;7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, on the Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Is Associated With the Inhibition of High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Expression and Nuclear Factor &kgr;B Activation in Mice

ABSTRACT Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to hepatic dysfunction and failure after liver transplantation, major hepatic resection, trauma, and hypovolemic shock. Therefore, reducing I/R injury is an important goal to improve the outcome of these procedures. Recently, high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been identified as a pathogenic mediator in several inflammatory diseases, including hepatic I/R. PNU-282987, a selective &agr;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, prevents nuclear factor &kgr;B (NF-&kgr;B) activation and thereby inhibits cytokine secretion through a specific cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Our study was designed to evaluate whether PNU-282987 would inhibit HMGB1 expression and prevent I/R-induced liver damage. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups as follows: sham group, vehicle plus I/R group, and PNU-282987 plus I/R group. Mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatic I/R for 60 min and pretreated with either vehicle or with PNU-282987, and blood and hepatic tissue samples were collected at 3, 6, and 12 h following reperfusion. The results showed that pretreatment with PNU-282987 decreased serum transaminase levels and ameliorated liver injury after hepatic I/R. Moreover, pretreatment with PNU-282987 suppressed NF-&kgr;B activation, cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor &agr;, interleukin 1&bgr;), and HMGB1 expression in liver after hepatic I/R. These observations suggest that PNU-282987 protects the liver from I/R injury possibly by inhibiting HMGB1 expression, suppressing cytokine production, and preventing NF-&kgr;B activation in mice.
Expressions of Membrane-Type I Matrix Metalloproteinase, Ki-67 Protein, and Type II Collagen by Chondrocytes Migrating from Cartilage Endplate into Nucleus Pulposus in Rat Intervertebral Discs: A Cartilage Endplate-Fracture Model Using an Intervertebral Disc Organ Culture

Study Design. Immunohistochemistry was performed in organ-cultured intact and cartilage endplate (CE)-fractured rat intervertebral discs (IVDs). Objectives. To demonstrate biologic events associated with migration of chondrocytes from hyaline CE into nucleus pulposus (NP). Summary of Background Data. It was recently revealed that the transition from a notochordal NP to a fibrocartilaginous NP in the rabbit IVD is accomplished exogenously by chondrocytes migrating from CEs into the NP. This observation has not been studied in other animal models, and the biologic events associated with chondrocyte migration have not been elucidated in the literature. Methods. IVDs including cranial and caudal CEs were obtained from 4-week, 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month old Wistar rats. To accelerate chondrocyte migration, CEs of IVDs were fractured and cultured for 48 hours. IVDs without CE-fracture were used as a control for each age group. Expressions of membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, as a marker for cell migration and extracellular matrix digestion) and Ki-67 protein (as a proliferation marker) and pericellular deposition of type II collagen (as a marker for fibrocartilaginous matrix) by the chondrocytes migrating from CE into NP were examined immunohistochemically. Results. In the control groups, chondrocyte migration limited only along the periphery of the notochordal NP and no chondrocytes were inside the NP proper. However, all the IVDs in the CE-fracture groups showed direct and more extensive migration of chondrocytes from CEs into the NP proper. The migrating chondrocytes in both control and CE-fracture groups expressed MT1-MMP and Ki-67 protein and deposited type II collagen in the NP. Conclusions. This report demonstrates the chondrocyte migration from CE into NP in the organ-cultured rat IVDs. This phenomenon is accelerated in the presence of CE fracture. The chondrocytes migrating from CEs into the NP expressed MT1-MMP and Ki-67 protein and deposited type II collagen. These biologic strategies probably enable chondrocytes of the hyaline CE to migrate into the ectopic NP region, replace notochordal cells, and change the notochordal tissue into fibrocartilage. These results suggest that similar biologic mechanisms may be involved in the natural transition from the notochordal NP to the fibrocartilaginous NP in other animal models, including human.
Spatial and Temporal Scaling Behavior of Surface Shortwave Downward Radiation Based on MODIS and In Situ Measurements

In this letter, a new Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based 5-km surface shortwave downward (SWD) radiation data set is used to examine the spatial scaling behavior of the surface radiative fluxes. In situ measurements of SWD radiation at time scales from 5 to 55 min from the Oklahoma MesoNet and the Baseline Surface Radiation Network sites over the U.S. are employed to examine the temporal scaling behavior of surface downward radiation and to evaluate the estimates based on MODIS observations from both Terra and Aqua platforms. Analysis reveals that the surface SWD radiation derived from MODIS Terra is in better agreement with ground observations than those from MODIS Aqua. Spatial scaling behavior is investigated based on the MODIS-derived SWD radiation at scales varying from 5 to 100 km. The root mean square difference and the mean standard deviation are found to be highly correlated with the scale exhibiting a strong log-linear relationship. This is a first study on the scaling behavior for surface SWD. Such information is expected to provide linkage between different satellite-based radiation data sets including those derived from geostationary satellites usually of coarser spatial resolutions.