Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
China's distant-water fisheries in the 21st century

We conservatively estimate the distant-water fleet catch of the People’s Republic of China for 2000–2011, using a newly assembled database of reported occurrence of Chinese fishing vessels in various parts of the world and information on the annual catch by vessel type. Given the unreliability of official statistics, uncertainty of results was estimated through a regionally stratified Monte Carlo approach, which documents the presence and number of Chinese vessels in Exclusive Economic Zones and then multiplies these by the expected annual catch per vessel. We find that China, which over-reports its domestic catch, substantially under-reports the catch of its distant-water fleets. This catch, estimated at 4.6 million t year 1 (95% central distribution, 3.4–6.1 million t year 1 ) from 2000 to 2011 (compared with an average of 368 000 tyear 1 reported by China to FAO), corresponds to an exvessel landed value of 8.93 billion € year 1 (95% central distribution, 6.3– 12.3 billion). Chinese distant-water fleets extract the largest catch in African waters (3.1 million t year 1 , 95% central distribution, 2.0–4.4 million t), followed by Asia (1.0 million t year 1 , 0.56–1.5 million t), Oceania (198 000 t year 1 , 144 000–262 000 t), Central and South America (182 000 t year 1 , 94 000– 299 000 t) and Antarctica (48 000 t year 1 , 8 000–129 000 t). The uncertainty
The response of herring to high crowding densities in purse-seines: survival and stress reaction

To study the effects of crowding in purse-seines on the survival and stress response of herring (Clupea harengus), large-scale field experiments were conducted in the North Sea during 2008 and 2009. The mortality was 28% at a crowding density of 221 kg m 23 and increased further with increasing density. Crowding densities ,150 kg m 23 did not result in any additional mortality compared with the control group (0.9 –2.0%). Smaller herring and herring with a lower condition factor were more vulnerable to the effects of crowding. Blood analyses showed a significant increase in cortisol, lactate, and blood ions in the crowded fish. Lactate returned to control levels 2 d post-stress, whereas cortisol and blood ion levels continued to increase during the 4- to 5-d monitoring period. Furthermore, plasma glucose appeared to be substantially reduced at the end of the trial, indicating that the herring were incapable of restoring homeostasis and were approaching energy exhaustion. These results provide important information about the crowding densities that can be tolerated in the purse-seine fisheries for herring and will benefit future development of guidelines for purse-seine slipping operations.
Wild birds as reservoirs for diverse and abundant gamma- and deltacoronaviruses

ABSTRACT Wild birds interconnect all parts of the globe through annual cycles of migration with little respect for country or continental borders. Although wild birds are reservoir hosts for a high diversity of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, we have little understanding of the ecology or evolution of any of these viruses. In this review, we use genome sequence and ecological data to disentangle the evolution of coronaviruses in wild birds. Specifically, we explore host range at the levels of viral genus and species, and reveal the multi-host nature of many viral species, albeit with biases to certain types of avian host. We conclude that it is currently challenging to infer viral ecology due to major sampling and technical limitations, and suggest that improved assay performance across the breadth of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, assay standardization, as well as better sequencing approaches, will improve both the repeatability and interpretation of results. Finally, we discuss cross-species virus transmission across both the wild bird – poultry interface as well as from birds to mammals. Clarifying the ecology and diversity in the wild bird reservoir has important ramifications for our ability to respond to the likely future emergence of coronaviruses in socioeconomically important animal species or human populations.
Selective piglet feeders improve age-related bait specificity and uptake rate in overabundant Eurasian wild boar populations

The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a reservoir for pathogens that affect both humans and domestic animals. The control of these diseases requires the development of strategies such as oral vaccination of the reservoir species. The aim of the present study was to determine the species-specific visitation and removal rates of cereal-based baits under field conditions in an overabundant wild boar population. Two different field trials were conducted at a hunting estate. In one trial, baits were placed at track stations set up either randomly in the undeveloped portions of the estate or close to permanent wild boar feeding places. In the second trial, baits were placed in feeders that were selective for use by wild boar piglets. Both trials were conducted in summer 2007 and repeated in spring 2008. No evidence of attractant effect by the bait was found when comparing baited against control stations. A close proximity to the feeders was associated with an increased probability of being visited by wild boar, and piglet feeders were shown to be highly selective for young wild boar. Baits disappeared faster in summer than in spring (i.e. ~70% consumption after the first day in selective feeders in summer, and 40% in spring). Therefore, a combination of a summer season and selective feeders was found to be a potentially reliable bait-deployment strategy for wild boar juveniles under Mediterranean conditions. These results support the use of selective feeders for oral delivery of baits to 2–4-month-old wild boar piglets, which is the preferred age for vaccination. Our delivery technique based on selective piglet feeders also has potential for other uses in the Eurasian wild boar and wild pigs under different management conditions.
Stage-dependent interactions between intertidal crabs: from facilitation to predation

Large parts of the south-western Atlantic soft bottom intertidals are inhabited by the burrowing crab Neohelice granulata (previously known as Chasmagnathus granulatus) and the mud crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus, but adults rarely coexist in the same microhabitat. We describe the influence of burrows of N. granulata on the recruitment dynamic of C. angulatus and the effects of different ontogenetic stages of N. granulata on survival of recruits of C. angulatus. A two summer sampling shows that N. granulata burrows facilitate settlement of both species. To evaluate the mortality of recruits inside burrows, we performed a field experiment with juvenile and adult crab exclusion cages and inclusion of juveniles or adults of N. granulata. The results showed differences in crab sizes between treatments, due to predatory interactions that depended on prey size. When only juveniles of N. granulata were present, the higher mortality of C. angulatus was observed in smaller crabs. However when adults of N. granulata were present, larger juvenile crabs are the ones that suffered the highest mortality. These results show that adults are preying upon larger juveniles (of both species) reducing the mortality of the smaller ones that are preyed by the larger ones. We also measured emigration from these burrowing assemblages using bidirectional pitfall traps which showed that C. angulatus juveniles are leaving the burrows towards the subtidal. Here we demonstrate that N. granulata have positive and negative effects on the settlement of C. angulatus. These results highlight the importance of including stage-dependence relationships to analyse species interaction in marine ecology field works.
IN VITRO INTRAERYTHROCYTIC ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY OF AKAR KUNING (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) STEM AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN Plasmodium falciparum

Akar kuning (Arcangelisisa flava (L.) Merr) has been used as hereditary traditional medicine in many regions of Indonesia for treating various diseases, one of which is malaria. Generally, traditional communities use the stem of this plant for treating malaria. The aqueous extract of stem of this plant has been used on this study to test the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain in vitro. After 48 hours incubation, the parasitemia has been calculated based on Giemsa-stained thin smears of the extract-treated culture, positive control, and negative controL. Parasitemia percentage was determined within 1000 red blood cells, and used to calculate the growth percentage and inhibitory percentage. Based on the inhibitory percentage, IC50 was determined by means of SPSS 17 program. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of this plant posses antimalarial activity against the growth of P. falciparum 3D7 strain and the IC50 of the extract was 1.811 μg/mL. (FMI 2012;48 90-95)
The use of radioactive 7α, 17α‐dimethyl‐19‐nortestosterone (mibolerone) in the assay of androgen receptors

Tritiated 7α, 17α‐dimethyl‐19‐nortestosterone (DMNT; mibolerone), a synthetic androgen stable to metabolic conversion in the rat ventral prostate, is an excellent radioactive ligand for the quantitation and characterization of androgen receptors in prostate, liver, and cultured cells. DMNT is more receptor‐selective than 17α‐methyl‐17β‐hydroxy‐estra‐4,9,11‐trien‐3‐one (R1881); DMNT interacts with glucocorticoid and progestin receptors much less strongly than R1881. Unlike 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, DMNT does not bind tightly to testosterone‐estradiol binding globulin of human serum. The hydroxylapatite‐filter assay we employed can clearly distinguish between DMNT binding to androgen receptors of rat ventral prostate and interaction of DMNT with androgen binding protein of epididymides. The prostate cytosol (3H)DMNT‐receptor complex sediments in two forms (4 and 8 S) in a low salt medium. In 0.4 M KCl, both the prostate cytosol and nuclear (3H)DMNT‐receptor complexes migrated as 3–4 S components. The formation of both the cytosol and nuclear DMNT‐receptor complexes is inhibited by antiandrogens and 17β‐estradiol.
Impact of diatomite nutrition on two Trifolium alexandrinum cultivars differing in salinity tolerance

Salt toxicity is one of the major problems in modern agriculture. Plants can employ silicon as a protective agent against stresses and the mechanisms of this process remain unknown. Two Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance were used (Helaly, salt sensitive and Sarw1, salt tolerant). They were grown in pots filled with normal and saline soil (2000 and 3000 ppm) in the absence or presence of diatomites (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 g/kg soil). Results indicated that diatomite significantly offset the negative impacts of salinity and increased tolerance of sensitive cultivar of clover (Helaly) to salinity stress. Salinity decreased markedly all measured growth parameters (plant height and fresh and dry weight of fodder/pot), photosynthetic rate , the percentage of relative water content (%RWC), percentage of membrane stability index (%MSI), total photosynthetic pigment, and the contents of each of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (C) while it increased the levels of both amino acids, proline and sodium (Na) in both T. alexandrinum cultivars, however the effect was more profound on the sensitive line. Addition of diatomite at an upgraded rates solely or combined with both concentrations of NaCl significantly increased the above measured growth parameters, photosynthesis, %RWC, %MSI, total pigment and the accumulation of each of Mg, K, P and Ca. Moreover, it synergistically increased the content of total amino acids while, on the other hand, reduced the contents of proline and Na. Notably, the impact of diatomite in mitigating the deteriorative effect of salinity was clearly manifested more in sensitive lines of clover than in tolerant ones and under the higher dose of salinity (3000 ppm) as compared to the lower dose (2000 ppm). Moreover, diatomite fertilization either alone or interacting with salinity induced two distinctive protein electrophoratic bands (233 and 25 KD) which were absent in either the control or salinity stressed cultivars. In this respect, diatomite was most effective at 3 g/kg on Helaly and 4.5 g/kg on Sarw1 imposed to the higher dose of salinity (3000 ppm). Diatomite application either alone or combined with salinity induced several distinguished amplified DNA fragments in both clover cultivars using PCR- RAPD analysis , although the number of induced polymorphic DNA fragments were more in Helaly than in Sarw1. These results indicate that diatomite recovered and improved the morphologic, metabolic and biochemical status of both cultivars under salinity stress and especially the sensitive line (Helaly). Key words: Diatomite, growth, proline, aminoacids, membrane stability index, relative water content, minerals, protein electrophorasis and RAPD-(DNA).
Role of Protein Flexibility in Function, Resistance Pathways and Substrate Recognition Specific ity in HIV-1 Protease: A Dissertation

In the 30 years since the Center for Disease Control's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report published the first mention of what later was determined to be AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) recognized as the causative pathogen, much has been done to understand this disease’s pathogenesis, development of drugs and emergence of drug resistance under selective drug therapy. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a combination of drugs that includes HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease, and more recently, integrase and entry inhibitors, have helped stabilize the HIV prevalence at extraordinarily high levels. Despite the recent stabilization of this global epidemic, its dimensions remain staggering with estimated (33-36million) people living with HIV-AIDS in 2007 alone. This is because the available drugs against AIDS provide treatment for infected individuals, but HIV evolves rapidly under drug pressure and develops resistant strains, rendering the therapy ineffective. Therefore, a better understanding underlying the molecular mechanisms of viral infection and evolution is required to tackle drug resistance and develop improved drugs and treatment regimens. HIV-1 protease is an important target for developing anti-HIV drugs. However, resistant mutations rapidly emerge within the active site of the protease and greatly reduce its affinity for the protease inhibitors. Frequently, these active site drug resistant mutations co-occur with secondary/ non-active site/ associated or compensatory mutations distal to the active site. The role of these accessory mutations is often suggested to be in
Organic Apple Production in Two Humid Regions: Comparing Progress in Pest Management Strategies in Iowa and New Zealand

By 2003, organic apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. ] production had increased to 5626 ha in the United States and to 2964 ha in New Zealand by 2002. Common problems facing organic apple growers in the humid regions of New Zealand and the United States include effective management strategies for apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke)] and insect pests. Experiments conducted in Iowa in 2003-2004 demonstrated the effectiveness of a kaolin clay- and spinosad-based insecticide program in maintaining codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)] damage levels to less than 5% in the scab-resistant cultivars Enterprise, Liberty, Redfree, and Gold Rush. Similar pest management systems have been developed in New Zealand to comply with export standards and quarantines. The use of codling moth granulosis virus and a spinosad-based insecticide have led to reduced pest pressure and to an increase in organic exports with a 41% premium price over conventional apples. However, an association between spinosad use and woolly apple aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)] population increase was observed in organic orchard surveys in 2006. An alternative to spinosad applications, insect disinfestation through controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment, was investigated to control quarantined pests and to extend the storage potential of scab-resistant cultivars. A CA treatment of 9 weeks of 2% O 2 and 2% CO 2 at 0.5 °C was determined to maintain firmness ratings to export standards in CA-stored, scab-resistant 'Pinkie' apples and to decrease internal ethylene concentration by 84% compared with apples stored in air. In addition, new scab-resistant cultivars with 'Pinkie' background under development in New Zealand show promise for organic production in humid regions. Few fruit quality differences were determined between 'Pinkie' fruits from integrated fruit production and organic production systems, although premium prices exist only for certified organic apples.
THE OLDEST FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF A DENTAL LAMINA IN SHARKS

The presence of a specific tooth-producing tissue, or dental lamina, is a synapomorphy of “higher” gnathostomes (chondrichthyans, acanthodians, and osteichthyans). Because the dental lamina is a soft tissue, that basically consists, of a band of epithelial tissue that produces the tooth buds, it does not become fossilized. However, the pattern of adding teeth from precise positions of the jaw have been considered as evidence of its existence (Reif, 1982). In this sense, the successive tooth families of chondrichthyans or the symphyseal tooth-whorls of acanthodians and osteichthyans are widely accepted as diagnostic of a dental lamina (Reif, 1982; Smith and Coates, 2001). More recently, Smith and Johanson (2003 a, b) suggested that teeth (and thus, the dental lamina) evolved independently at least twice in basal jawed vertebrates. These authors claimed the presence of a homoplastic dental lamina in more derived placoderms (arthrodires) based on the presence of patterned and regulated “true” teeth development from specific locations, although their proposal has been thereinafter discussed (Burrow, 2003; Young, 2003). With respect to chondrichthyans, teeth are organized in families, which include functional and replacement teeth, perpendicularly aligned to the jaw axis. Teeth develop in the lingual part of the family and migrate to the labial part until occupying the optimum functional position. Later, the used tooth is shed (sometimes it can be retained) and this position is occupied by the next tooth of the same family. To date, the in situ tooth families preserved in the early Emsian (Lower Devonian), Doliodus problematicus (Woodward 1892), showed the oldest fossil evidence of a dental lamina in sharks (Miller et al., 2003).
Competition and niche partitioning in a floodplain ecosystem: a cladoceran community squeezed between fish and invertebrate predation

ABSTRACT Seasonal floodplains occasionally comprise highly productive zooplankton communities which are exposed to rapid shifts in predator regimes, also between vertebrate and invertebrate predators. We recorded the impact of two co-occurring zooplankton predators, the notonectid Anisops sardea and 0+ fish fry of Tilapia rendalli (max gape size 1 mm), on a cladoceran community dominated by Ceriodaphnia reticulata (0.25–0.78 mm), Daphnia laevis (0.6–1.8 mm) and Scapholeberis kingi (0.27–0.8 mm). Both predators strongly reduced abundance of all prey species, yet with a striking size-selective effect for Daphnia prey only, where fish showed a strong preference for small individuals, while Anisops preferred large Daphnia individuals. This contrasts with the general view of size selection in invertebrate versus vertebrate predators, but is logically caused by the feeding mode of the notonectid, and the gape size limitation of the fish fry. The two predators also showed a dietary niche differentiation in terms of both prey selection and habitat choice. T. rendalli fed preferably on small species and size classes, whereas predation from A. sardea concentrated on large prey. Competitive interference was indicated when feeding on Ceriodaphnia, and niche partitioning when feeding on the two other species. The predatory pattern suggests long-lasting coexistence in the system.
The recent Fusarium mycotoxin situation in grain and feed in China

Fusarium mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins, are widely distributed in grain and animal feed and cause hazards to human and animal health. China, one of the largest producers of agricultural products and animal feed, constantly faces challenges in preventing and controlling Fusarium mycotoxins. The recent status of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain and feed is of interest to many stakeholders; however, no comprehensive review of this has been published to date. The objective of this article is to review the recent situation in China, including the contamination situation, its (probable) main causes and the updated regulations. Every district of China has been affected by Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to varying degrees, with the most seriously affected districts being East China, Central China and North China. The incidence rates of deoxynivalenol and ZEA were higher than those of other Fusarium mycotoxins in both grain and feed samples. It has been suggested that deoxyniva.
CalcineurinTriggersReactive/InflammatoryProcesses inAstrocytesandIsUpregulatedinAgingand Alzheimer'sModels

phatasecalcineurin,whichregulatesinflammatorysignalingpathwaysinimmunecells,foraroleinastrogliosisandbrainneuroinflammation.Adenoviraltransferofactivatedcalcineurintoprimaryrathippocampalculturesresultedinpronouncedthickeningofastrocyte somataandprocessescomparedwithuninfectedorviruscontrolcultures,closelymimickingtheactivatedhypertrophicphenotype.This effect was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A. Parallel microarray studies, validated by extensive statistical analyses, showed that calcineurin overexpression also induced genes and cellular pathways representing most major markers associated with astrocyteactivationandrecapitulatednumerouschangesingeneexpressionfoundpreviouslyinthehippocampusofnormallyagingrats or in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). No genomic or morphologic evidence of apoptosis or damage to neurons was seen, indicating that the calcineurineffectwasmediatedbydirectactionsonastrocytes.Moreover,immunocytochemicalstudiesofthehippocampus/neocortex in normal aging and AD model mice revealed intense calcineurin immunostaining that was highly selective for activated astrocytes. Together,thesestudiesshowthatcalcineurinoverexpressionissufficienttotriggeressentiallythefullgenomicandphenotypicprofiles associated with astrocyte activation and that hypertrophic astrocytes in aging and AD models exhibit dramatic upregulation of calcineurin. Thus, the data identify calcineurin upregulation in astrocytes as a novel candidate for an intracellular trigger of astrogliosis, particularlyinagingandADbrain.
Characteristics of reared game pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)’s egg

Abstract Chemical and physical characteristics of game pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)’s egg were studied and compared with domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)’s egg. The birds were housed in individual cages in a environmentally controlled room (T=18÷20°C; 16L:8D) and fed ad libitum standard breeder diet. A sample of thirty eggs was analysed for each phase of the laying period (beginning, peak and end). The following chemico-physical parameters: egg, albumen, yolk and shell weight; yolk colour; egg and shell dry matter (DM); shell thickness (blunt end, pointed end and middle part) were measured. The protein, lipid, and cholesterol content was evaluated; the fatty acid (FA) profile analysed. We observed: egg weight average of 34.5g ; a high proportion of yolk (37%) in the whole egg (Y/E), consequently, a high lipid content of 13.9%; a protein content DM of 44.3%; the fatty acid composition was similar to that of chicken egg and the oleic acid (36.4%) was the major proportion of the total fatty acids, as in the domestic fowl. The rearing pheasant’s egg has a high nutritive concentration, due to high ratio yolk/whole egg, with biological and nutritional characteristics similar to domestic fowl’s egg.