Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localization of preproenkephalin mRNA in the rat brain and spinal cord by in situ hybridization

To determine the localization in rat brain and spinal cord of individual neurons that contain the messenger RNA coding for the opioid peptide precursor preproenkephalin, we performed in situ hybridization with a tritiated cDNA probe complementary to a protion of preproenkephalin mRNA. We observed autoradiographic signal over the cytoplasm of neurons of many regions of the central nervous system. Several types of controls indicated specificity of the labeling. Neurons containing preproenkephalin mRNA were found in the piriform cortex, ventral tenia tecta, several regions of the neocortex, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, caudate‐putamen, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, preoptic area, amygdala (especially central nucleus, with fewer labeled neurons in all other nuclei), hippocampal formation, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, perifornical region, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, arcuate nucleus, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, medial mamillary nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, zona incerta, periaqueductal gray, midbrain reticular formation, ventral tegmental area of Tsai, inferior colliculus, dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden, dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei, pontine and medullary reticular formation, several portions of the raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (especially substantia gelatinosa), ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei, medial and spinal vestibular nuclei, cuneate and external cuneate nuclei, gracile nucleus, superior olive, nucleus of the trapezoid body, some deep cerebellar nuclei, Golgi neurons in the cerebellum, and most laminae of the spinal cord. In most of these brain regions, the present results indicate that many more neurons contain preproenkephalin mRNA than have been appreciated previously on the basis of immunocytochemistry.
Paths through a maze of rectangles

Finding short paths through mazes of rectangles has applications in VLSI wire-routing and robotics. This paper introduces and analyzes heuristic algorithms for finding short paths, under the assumption that the algorithms have no information about rectangles not already encountered along a path. Tight worst-case bounds are derived for the ratio of the length of these algorithms' paths to the lengths of shortest paths. A model of random mazes is defined for testing the typical or average-case behavior of algorithms. Although specially designed mazes can force the heuristic algorithms to give long paths, simulations and analysis show that the better heuristics usually give paths nearly as short as possible.
Tick-induced blood loss leads to regenerative anaemia in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

SUMMARY Although there is an increasing understanding of the role of parasites in their host dynamics, accurate, quantitative estimates of parasite caused morbidity in wild animals are rare. Here, we examine the possible impact of 2 tick species (Ixodes ricinus, I. hexagonus) on the condition of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). For this, we tested for correlations between blood parameters of 36 adult hedgehogs from an experimental population enclosed in a natural habitat and their tick infestation over a period of 8 months (March–October 2007). We found correlations between the tick infestation and the concentration of red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCH, MCHC, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils. These results indicate that ticks can induce anaemia in the hedgehog. The peripheral blood characteristics and the erythrocyte indices characterize this anaemia as haemorrhagic and regenerative. During the course of our study the hedgehogs of our population showed below normal mortality but morbidity was found to be high resulting from the blood loss caused by the feeding activity of the ticks.
Influence of Heat Stress on Male Fertility

Introduction Testicular temperature of bulls must be 2 to 6° C cooler than body temperature to allow normal spermatogenesis and maturation of sperm. Exposure of bulls to increased ambient temperatures results in reduced semen quality (Casady et al., 1953; Skinner and Louw, 1966; Meyerhoeffer et al., 1985). Local heating of the scrotum of bulls for a few days causes a reduction in the number of sperm ejaculated (Austin et al., 1961; Gerona and Sikes, 1970). Heat stress has minimal effects on testicular endocrinology in bulls (Minton et al., 1981, Barth and Bowman, 1994) although heat stressed alters steroidogenesis in boars (Wettemann and Desjardins, 1979). Increased testicular temperature, whether caused by exposure to elevated ambient temperature or fever, reduces semen quality (Waites, 1970). Breeding seasons in many locations in the U.S. occur during months when bulls are exposed to elevated ambient temperatures, and semen is collected for artificial insemination during all months of the year. Potential fertility of an individual bull is more important than of an individual cow because one bull can influence pregnancy rate of 30 or 40 cows with natural mating, or thousands of cows with artificial insemination. Exposure of bulls to optimal ambient temperatures during the two months before breeding or semen collection, and during the breeding season, without even one or two days of exposure to heat stress, is essential to maximize reproductive performance.
A finite element model of skin deformation. II. An experimental model of skin deformation

Skin flap design has traditionally been based on geometric models which ignore the elastic properties of skin and its subcutaneous attachments. This study reviews the theoretical and experimental mechanics of skin and soft tissues (I) and proposes a mathematical model of skin deformation based on the finite element method (III). Finite element technique facilitates the modeling of complex structures by analyzing them as an aggregate of smaller elements.
Terroirausprägung bei der Rebsorte Riesling: Korrelation sensorischer, chemischer, bodenkundlicher und klimatischer Parameter

Die Terroirauspragung eines Weines wird definiert als die in einem Wein erfassbare sensorische und chemische Dimension der Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Rebe, den geologischen und pedologischen Standortkomponenten, der Topographie und den gelandespezifischen Klimaverhaltnissen. Zu ihrer Untersuchung wurden in den Jahrgangen 2004 und 2005 25 rheinland-pfalzische Riesling-Flachen auf sieben verschiedenen Ausgangsgesteinen ausgewahlt und bodenkundlich, klimatisch sowie topographisch charakterisiert. Trauben aus diesen Anlangen wurden unter standardisierten Bedingungen vinifiziert. Zur Erfassung des Einflusses betriebsspezifischer Faktoren auf die Terroirauspragung wurden zudem die in den beteiligten Weingutern betriebstypisch ausgebauten Weine herangezogen, wobei zur Vinifikation der im standardisierten Ausbau eingesetzte Hefestamm vorgeschrieben war. Die Untersuchung der jahrgangs-, ausbau- sowie ausgangsgesteinsbedingten Auspragung der Weine erfolgte sowohl auf sensorischer Ebene in Form einer deskriptiven Analyse als auch auf aromachemischer Ebene mittels der Analyse der Aromagehalte durch Headspace-SPME. Multivariate Statistikverfahren (Hauptkomponenten- und Cluster-Analyse) zeigten systematische sensorische und aromachemische Unterschiede zwischen den Weinen verschiedener Ausgangsgesteine, die es erlaubten, sensorische und aromachemische Marker bzw. Muster fur die jeweiligen Gesteinsgruppen abzuleiten. Diskriminanzanalysen uber die sensorischen und aromachemischen Datensatze wiesen uber beide Jahrgange hinweg eine Gruppierung der Weine anhand ihres Ausgangsgesteins aus. Jahrgang und Ausbau erwiesen sich ebenfalls als einflussnehmend. Mittels Partial Least Squares Regressions-Analyse konnten zahlreiche Beziehungen zwischen pedologisch-meteorologischen Parametern und der Intensitat sensorischer Attribute bzw. der Aromagehalte sowie auch zwischen den sensorischen und aromachemischen Datensatzen selbst aufgezeigt werden.
Impact and Mitigation of Multiantenna Analog Front-End Mismatch in Transmit Maximum Ratio Combining

Transmit maximum ratio combining (MRC) allows to extend the range of wireless local area networks (WLANs) by exploiting spatial diversity and array gains. These gains, however, depend on the availability of the channel state information (CSI). In this perspective, an open-loop approach in time-division-duplex (TDD) systems relies on channel reciprocity between up- and downlink to acquire the CSI. Although the propagation channel can be assumed to be reciprocal, the radio-frequency (RF) transceivers may exhibit amplitude and phase mismatches between the up- and downlink. In this contribution, we present a statistical analysis to assess the impact of these mismatches on the performance of transmit-MRC. Furthermore, we propose a novel mixed-signal calibration scheme to mitigate these mismatches, which allows to reduce the implementation loss to as little as a few tenths of a dB. Finally, we also demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed calibration scheme in a real-time wireless MIMO-OFDM prototyping platform.
Trisyllabic Tone 3 Sandhi Patterns in Mandarin Produced by Cantonese Speakers

The third tone sandhi in Mandarin is a well-studied rule, where a Tone 3 followed by another Tone 3 is changed as a rising tone, similar to Tone 2. This Tone 3 sandhi rule is straightforward in disyllabic words, which is phonetically driven for the ease of production. In three or more than three syllables with Tone 3, however, the Tone 3 sandhi application is more complicated and involves both the prosodic and morph-syntactic domains, which makes it difficult for L2 learners. This study aims to understand how L2 learners with another tone language experience could master the Mandarin Tone 3 sandhi rule. Specifically, the study investigates the production of Tone 3 sandhi in trisyllabic Mandarin words by Cantonese speakers. In the current study, 30 Cantonese speakers were requested to produce 15 trisyllabic words (“1+[2+3]” and “[1+2]+3” sandhi patterns) and 5 hexasyllabic sentences with Tone 3 in sequences. The analyses of results center on three major types of error patterns: overgeneralization, under application, and combination. The findings are discussed with regard to the phono-syntactic interactions of Tone 3 sandhi at the lexical and phrasal levels as well as the influence of the Cantonese tonal system.
Optimal Planning and Routing in Medium Voltage PowerLine Communications Networks

This paper deals with the problem of deploying a PowerLine Communication (PLC) network over a medium voltage (MV) power grid. The PLC network is used to connect the end nodes (ENs) of the MV grid to the service provider by means of PLC network nodes enabled as access points. In particular, a network planning problem is faced wherein we require to define the PLC network topology by deciding which MV network nodes are to be enabled as access points. An optimization problem is then formulated, which minimizes the cost of enabling the access points and maximizes the reliability of PLC network paths in a multi-objective optimization fashion. This work also considers resiliency (i.e., it guarantees the PLC network connectivity even in case of link faults) and capacity constraints (i.e., it checks that there are enough resources to transmit the estimated amount of traffic over the PLC network paths). As a byproduct, the optimization algorithm also returns the optimal routing. Simulations based on realistic MV network topologies validate the proposed approach.
Vitamin C and iloprost attenuate skeletal muscle injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion of the lower extremities

374 Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;13(4):374-378 Amaç: S›çanda uygulanan alt ekstremite iskemi-reperfüzyonuna (‹/R) ba¤l› geliflen iskelet kas› hasar› üzerine iloprost ve C vitaminin etkisi de¤erlendirildi. Çal›flma plan›: Otuz dört adet Wistar albino cinsi s›çan befl gruba ayr›ld›. Bir grupta (I/R, n=6), renal arterlerin alt›ndan abdominal aorta kros-klemp kondu; üç saatlik iskemi süresini bir saatlik reperfüzyon izledi. Bir gruba (n=8), kros-klemp konmadan önce juguler ven yoluyla 100 mg/kg askorbik asit verildi. Bir baflka gruba (n=8) krosklemp süresince juguler ven yoluyla 20/ng/kg/min dozunda iloprost infüzyonu uyguland›. ‹loprost ve vitamin C gruplar›nda üç saatlik iskemi ve bir saatlik reperfüzyon uyguland›. Sham grubunda (n=6) s›çanlara anestezi uyguland›, bat›n ve juguler venöz hat aç›ld›; s›çanlar ayn› süre boyunca izlendi. Kontrol grubunda (n=6), sternotomi sonras›nda kan örnekleri al›nd› ve ard›ndan soleus kaslar› ç›kart›ld›. Bulgular: ‹loprost ve C vitamini alan gruplarda arteryel pO2 ve HCO3 düzeyleri I/R grubuna göre anlaml› derecede yüksek iken, iskelet kas› malondialdehit (MDA), plazma MDA, laktik dehidrogenaz (LDH) ve kreatin fosfokinaz (CPK) seviyeleri düflüktü (p<0.05). Vitamin C grubundaki iskelet kas› MDA düzeyi iloprost grubuna göre düflük bulundu (p<0.05). ‹loprost ve C vitamini alan gruplar aras›nda reperfüzyon sonras›nda pO2, HCO3, plazma MDA, LDH ve CPK düzeyleri aç›s›ndan anlaml› farkl›l›k bulunmad› (p>0.05). Sonuç: Alt ekstremite ‹/R sonucunda iskelet kas›nda belirgin hasar meydana gelir. Bu hasar C vitamini ve iloprostun reperfüzyon faz›ndan önce verilmesiyle azalt›labilir.
Examining Collaboration among Student Teams relying on Web Applications to Coordinate Software Development

Training students in software engineering should attempt to mimic industry practices. Thus, student teams develop non-trivial software products, which includes interacting with collaborative tools deployed as web applications. The interaction may be mechanistic or organic, and occur for different durations. Collaboration studies tightly control these factors, relying on manual activity logging, very specific software requirements, surveys and interviews. Since these tools allow simultaneous interaction and capture revision histories, collaboration may be more objectively measured. This paper investigates social media conversations, revision histories, and commit logs from undergraduate student teams performing software development. The objective is to examine how this form of data could be translated into collaborative activities and whether the same performance relationships are achieved in a class setting. A small pilot study shows that the translation methodology did not produce the exact relationships from other studies, but it does shed light on a team’s perception of collaborators.
Blood group A immunodeterminants on human red cells differ in biologic activity and sensitivity to alpha‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase

BACKGROUND: Epitopes of blood group A antigen can be enzymatically cleaved from red cells (RBCs), but the extent of cleavage required for normal survival in allogeneic blood transfusion recipients is unknown. Therefore, the cleavage rates were studied for A antigen epitope binding of 1) complement‐activating anti‐A, 2) Dolichos biflorus anti‐ A, lectin, and 3) hemagglutinating anti‐A during incubation with a purified alpha‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase, E.C. 3.2. 1.49 (alpha‐ GalNAc'ase).
A new method of information encryption

Aiming at high fidelity image only can be encrypted in time domain, summarize the current all kind of encryption methods in time domain. That are only chaos permutation, only chaos encryption and hybrid encryption algorithm. Then, this paper proposed the block chaos image scrambling and chaos encryption with after effect. In the block permutation, give the formular of correlation and compare the correlation before and after permutation. After the hybrid encryption, computing the information entropy of encrypted image. At last, according to the security analysis, the image encryption algorithm demonstrates strong resistance toward exterior attacks such as statistical attacks and differential attacks.
Synthetic biological networks

Despite their obvious relationship and overlap, the field of physics is blessed with many insightful laws, while such laws are sadly absent in biology. Here we aim to discuss how the rise of a more recent field known as synthetic biology may allow us to more directly test hypotheses regarding the possible design principles of natural biological networks and systems. In particular, this review focuses on synthetic gene regulatory networks engineered to perform specific functions or exhibit particular dynamic behaviors. Advances in synthetic biology may set the stage to uncover the relationship of potential biological principles to those developed in physics.
In vitro and in vivo Stability of the 2ζ2 Protein Complex of the Broad Host-Range Streptococcus pyogenes pSM19035 Addiction System

Abstract Streptococcus pyogenes pSM19035-encoded (10.7 kDa) and ζ (32.4 kDa) proteins are necessary to secure stable plasmid inheritance in bacteria, with ζ acting as toxin that kills plasmiddeprived cells and as an antitoxin that neutralises the activity of ζ. The and ζ proteins copurify as a stable complex that, according to analytical ultracentrifugation and gel filtration, exists as 2ζ2 heterotetramer in solution. Cocrystals of the 2ζ2 complex contain and ζ in 1:1 molar ratio. Unfolding studies monitoring circular dichroic and fluorescence changes show that the ζ protein has a significantly lower thermodynamic stability than the protein both in free state and in the complex. Proteolytic studies indicate that ζ protein is more stable in the the 2ζ2 complex than in the free state. In vivo studies reveal a short halflife of the antitoxin (~18min) and a long lifetime of the ζ toxin (>60min). When transcriptiontranslation of a plasmid containing the and ζ genes was inhibited, cell death was observed after a short lag phase that correlates with the disappearance of the protein from the background.
Nebulizer therapy in cystic fibrosis: An overview

The word nebulizer comes from the Latin ‘nebula’ meaning mist, and was first used in 1872. However, the principles of nebulizer therapy date back over 4000 years. Even Hippocrates supported the use of hot vapours to help the diseases of the throat and chest.1 Nebulizer therapy has altered vastly over the years and cystic fibrosis (CF) caregivers are often bombarded with a large, and often, confusing array of nebulizer systems to choose from.2 The British Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society formulated nebulizer guidelines in 1994 and 2001, respectively, aiming to give guidance to clinicians prescribing and delivering treatment with nebulizers.3,4 The purpose of this paper is to present practical information regarding the different nebulizer systems available. The aim is to assist the CF clinician to choose the most appropriate nebulizer device for the drug to be nebulized and the individual patient receiving therapy. Where possible information is referenced or taken from the nebulizer device handbooks. However, on occasion, observations are made based on the author's clinical experiences working with adults and children with CF. Most therapeutic aerosols are heterodisperse, consisting of a range of particle sizes.5 They can be described by the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) above and below which 50% of the mass of the drug is contained.6 The therapeutic effectiveness of an inhaled drug depends on a number of factors but in particular how much bypasses the oropharynx and deposits in the lungs. There are three main mechanisms of deposition. Inertial impaction occurs in the upper airway and in the first few generations of bronchi where airflow is faster and more turbulent. Impaction also occurs at bends and branches of the airway. Further distally, as the cross‐sectional area of the airways increases, the velocity of airflow decreases and becomes more laminar. In these peripheral airways, particularly if the tidal breath is slow and deep (increasing dwell time), gravitational sedimentation is the main method of deposition. Submicronic particles are more likely to deposit via diffusion providing they are not exhaled.7 Based on industrial hygiene models, particles greater than 10 μm in diameter are demonstrated to deposit in mouth and throat, 5–10 μm deposit in the large conducting airways and oropharanyx, and those between 1–5 μm deposit in the smaller airways and alveoli.8 However, accurately predicting aerosol deposition in real life is challenging, particularly as there are so many patient factors to consider (Table 1). Table 1 Factors determining aerosol delivery6
“The Challenge Facing Renal Artery Revascularization: What Have we Not Proven and Why we Must?”

Abstract Endovascular renal artery stent therapy for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) is associated with excellent acute technical success, low complication rates and acceptable long-term patency. However, the clinical benefits to patients of renal artery stenting remain uncertain. To facilitate debate regarding the treatment of RAS, we need to understand the epidemiology, basic physiology and clinical consequences of renal artery stenosis. We must attempt to determine which patients are likely to benefit from renal artery stenting, assess the nuances of the percutaneous procedure and review the current literature pertaining to renal artery stenting.
EEG-Related Changes to Fatigue during Intense Exercise in the Heat in Sedentary Women

Purpose: This study examined the possible causal mechanisms of fatigue during intense exercise in the heat in a group of nine sedentary women. Methods: Two strenuous cycling sessions were performed, at 100% of maximal aerobic power, either in neutral (N-Ex, air temperature: 22°C ± 0.4°C, air humidity: 53% ± 8%) or in heat conditions (H-Ex, air temperature: 35°C ± 0.3°C, air humidity: 59 ± 6). Tympanic temperature (Tty), heart rate (HR), body mass loss (BML), lactate concentration [La] and brain electrical activity (EEG: α and β waves and α/β ratio) were recorded. Results: Tty, HR and [La] increases (p ﹣1) than that during N-Ex (0.08 ± 0.02°C·min﹣1), and time to exhaustion (Time Limit at 100%) was significantly (p β waves decreased (p α/β ratio increased (p < 0.05) significantly immediately before exhaustion. Conclusion: During exercise in the heat, the high rate of core temperature rising might be a critical factor triggering faster brain changes.
The chemokine receptor CCX‐CKR mediates effective scavenging of CCL19 in vitro

The chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and CCL25, by signalling through the receptors CCR7 or CCR9, play critical roles in leukocyte homing. They also bind another heptahelical surface protein, CCX‐CKR. CCX‐CKR cannot couple to typical chemokine receptor signalling pathways or mediate chemotaxis, and its function remains unclear. We have proposed that it controls chemokine bioavailability. Here, using transfected HEK293 cells, we have shown that both CCX‐CKR and CCR7 mediate rapid CCL19 internalisation upon initial chemokine exposure. However, internalised CCL19 was more efficiently retained and degraded after uptake via CCX‐CKR. More importantly, CCR7 rapidly became refractory for CCL19 uptake, but the sequestration activity of CCX‐CKR was enhanced. These properties endowed CCX‐CKR with an impressive ability to mediate progressive sequestration and degradation of large quantities of CCL19, and conversely, prevented CCR7‐expressing cells from extensively altering their chemokine environment. These differences may be linked to the routes of endocytosis used by these receptors. CCX‐CKR, unlike CCR7, was not critically dependent on β‐arrestins or clathrin‐coated pits. However, over‐expression of caveolin‐1, which stabilises caveolae, blocked CCL19 uptake by CCX‐CKR while having no impact on other chemokine receptors, including CCR7. These data predict that CCX‐CKR scavenges extracellular chemokines in vivo to modify responses through CCR7.