Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The thermochronologic record of erosion and magmatism in the Canyonlands region of the Colorado Plateau

The Cenozoic history of crustal deformation, surface uplift, and erosion of the central Colorado Plateau (southwestern USA) is distinct from and relatively poorly understood compared with surrounding regions in the North American Cordillera, including the Grand Canyon region and the southwestern Plateau margin. Here, we present new apatite thermochronologic results from Paleozoic-Mesozoic sandstones sampled in the Canyonlands region—the interior of the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah. The apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (He) ages are highly dispersed, with both positive-slope and negative-slope age-effective U (eU) trends. Samples with apatite He results suitable for thermal history modeling are from the Abajo and La Sal mountains intrusive complexes and the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rocks sampled near the Colorado River at Lees Ferry, Arizona, and Hite, Utah. Samples with the richest thermal history information have positive-slope apatite He age-[eU] trends, with ages ca. 10 to 5 Ma at [eU] < 10 ppm and ca. 25 to 20 Ma at [eU] > 60 ppm. Modeled thermal histories that best predict this pattern require two periods of rock cooling: one during the middle Cenozoic ca. 30 to 20 Ma and the other since the latest Miocene ca. 6 Ma. The most recent cooling documents the transition from a slowly eroding Miocene landscape to recent rapid erosion that likely postdates 6 Ma and the integration of the modern Colorado River. Middle Cenozoic rock cooling can be attributed to either ∼1 km of erosion between ca. 25 and 15 Ma, as previous workers have suggested in other parts of the Colorado Plateau region, or relaxation of a geothermal gradient transiently doubled by magmatism associated with the vigorous magmatic flare-up that swept through the region ca. 34 to 20 Ma. The ambiguity of using middle Cenozoic rock cooling as a proxy for erosion in this region means that this event should be described using a nongenetic term: the Middle Cenozoic Cooling Event.
Aerosol Effect on the Cloud Phase of Low‐Level Clouds Over the Arctic

Three years of nighttime Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation data was used in synergy with CloudSat measurements to quantify how strongly aerosol type and aerosol load affect the cloud phase in low‐level clouds over the Arctic. Supercooled liquid layers were present in the majority of observed low‐level clouds (0.75 ≤ z ≤ 3.5 km) between −10 and −25 °C. Furthermore, based on the subset (6%) of data with high quality assurance for aerosol typing, ice formation is more common in the presence of dust or continental aerosols as opposed to marine or elevated smoke aerosols. With the first aerosol group, glaciated clouds were found at cloud top temperatures of 2 to 4 °C warmer than with the latter aerosol types. Further association of the aerosol concentration with the cloud phase showed that the aerosol concentration outweighs the aerosol type effect. Depending on the aerosol load, the temperature at which a cloud completely glaciates can vary by up to 6–10 °C. However, this behavior was most pronounced in stable atmospheric conditions and absent over open ocean with lower tropospheric stability values and probably less stratified clouds. Finally, more mixed‐phase clouds were associated with high aerosol load, suggesting that mixed‐phase clouds have an extended lifetime in the Arctic under high cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. This implies that in a pristine environment, with few or no local aerosol sources, and under the investigated conditions the amount of aerosol particles affects the cloud phase more than the aerosol type does.
A GIS-Based Support Vector Machine Model for Flash Flood Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping in China

Flash floods are one of the natural disasters that threaten the lives of many people all over the world every year. Flash floods are significantly affected by the intensification of extreme climate events and interactions with exposed and vulnerable socio-economic systems impede regional development processes. Hence, it is important to estimate the loss due to flash floods before the disaster occurs. However, there are no comprehensive vulnerability assessment results for flash floods in China. Fortunately, the National Mountain Flood Disaster Investigation Project provided a foundation to develop this proposed assessment. In this study, an index system was established from the exposure and disaster reduction capability categories, and is based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods. We evaluated flash flood vulnerability by adopting the support vector machine (SVM) model. Our results showed 439 counties with high and extremely high vulnerability (accounting for 10.5% of the land area and corresponding to approximately 100 million hectares (ha)), 571 counties with moderate vulnerability (accounting for 19.18% of the land area and corresponding to approximately 180 million ha), and 1128 counties with low and extremely low vulnerability (accounting for 39.43% of the land area and corresponding to approximately 370 million ha). The highly-vulnerable counties were mainly concentrated in the south and southeast regions of China, moderately-vulnerable counties were primarily concentrated in the central, northern, and southwestern regions of China, and low-vulnerability counties chiefly occurred in the northwest regions of China. Additionally, the results of the spatial autocorrelation suggested that the “High-High” values of spatial agglomeration areas mainly occurred in the Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Chongqing, and Beijing areas. On the basis of these results, our study can be used as a proposal for population and building distribution readjustments, and the management of flash floods in China.
Modelling anglers' fish release choices using logbook data

ABSTRACT In this paper we model recreational anglers' decisions to voluntarily release their catch to improve fish stock conservation. Using a random utility framework, we compare anglers' utility of retaining and consuming fish versus increased stock conservation achieved by fish releases. The analysis is based on a dataset of fish landings from anglers fishing for salmon and sea trout in Ireland during the seasons 2010–2016. Results indicate that there is a statistically significant inverse association between the weight of a fish and the probability of release, with larger fish more likely to be retained for consumption. On average, anglers were willing to sacrifice around 2.5 kg of fish to improve conservation of salmon and sea trout stocks, with a median value of 1.48. Results also indicate that the release probability varies based on fishing methods, with the use of spinners, fly-fishing and shrimps as bait to be more likely to be used for catch and release and live bait (i.e. worms) to retain the fish. Licence types and anglers' nationality are also important variables explaining release probability.
Examining the utility of using multiple, co–occurring tree species to increase climate sensitivity in dendrochronology

Dendrochronological studies have traditionally centered around the analysis of one tree species from either one location or from multiple locations. Recently, there has been an emergence of multiple species analysis from one location or more that seeks to establish a chronology that crosses the species boundary, as well as the hardwood and softwood divide. The goal of this research is to determine the dendroclimatic benefit of using of multiple, co–occurring tree species collected from a single site. This paper examines the correlation of climactic variables to multiple species of trees sampled from a 0.84 square kilometer mixed-growth forest in the Uwharrie Mountain foothills known as the Margaret J. Nichols Piedmont Longleaf Pine Preserve (hereafter Nichols Tract). Two species of softwood (Pinus palustris and Pinus echinata) were dendrochronologically sampled along with one species of hardwood (Quercus stellata). Using a sample size of n =90 during the period 1935–2016, I evaluate the compatibility of these three species in analyzing climate trends to determine if there is an increase in climatic sensitivity when combining ring–width data from all species. I also address if climatic sensitivity is temporally dependent and why.
Multi-Resolution Weed Classification via Convolutional Neural Network and Superpixel Based Local Binary Pattern Using Remote Sensing Images

Automatic weed detection and classification faces the challenges of large intraclass variation and high spectral similarity to other vegetation. With the availability of new high-resolution remote sensing data from various platforms and sensors, it is possible to capture both spectral and spatial characteristics of weed species at multiple scales. Effective multi-resolution feature learning is then desirable to extract distinctive intensity, texture and shape features of each category of weed to enhance the weed separability. We propose a feature extraction method using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and superpixel based Local Binary Pattern (LBP). Both middle and high level spatial features are learned using the CNN. Local texture features from superpixel-based LBP are extracted, and are also used as input to Support Vector Machines (SVM) for weed classification. Experimental results on the hyperspectral and remote sensing datasets verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and show that it outperforms several feature extraction approaches.
Backtesting VaR Accuracy: A New Simple Test

This paper proposes a new test of Value at Risk (VaR) validation. Our test exploits the idea that the sequence of VaR violations (Hit function) - taking value 1-α, if there is a violation, and -α otherwise - for a nominal coverage rate α verifies the properties of a martingale difference if the model used to quantify risk is adequate (Berkowitz et al., 2005). More precisely, we use the Multivariate Portmanteau statistic of Li and McLeod (1981) - extension to the multivariate framework of the test of Box and Pierce (1970) - to jointly test the absence of autocorrelation in the vector of Hit sequences for various coverage rates considered as relevant for the management of extreme risks. We show that this shift to a multivariate dimension appreciably improves the power properties of the VaR validation test for reasonable sample sizes.
Stratigraphy of the Pre-Columbian Chancay Funerary Bundle

During the excavations conducted on the Cerro Colorado site (Peruvian Central Coast), van Dalen Luna discovered that some 40% of 1,500 burials contained human remains wrapped in funerary bundles (fardos). The study of the associated material, along with radiocarbon dating, revealed that the cemetery was used by the society known today as the Chancay culture (ca. 1000 to 1572 AD). In this article we present the stratigraphy of one of the excavated funerary bundles. Its layout informs about the complexity of the funerary ritual during which it was made, as well as the general Chancay mortuary pattern.
Impact of changes in anthropogenic air pollutants on particulate air quality and the attributable burden of disease

Anthropogenic primary aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions have undergone considerable regional changes over the last 50 years. Reduced anthropogenic emissions across high-income regions, in part due to the implementation of air quality and emission control regulations, have coincided with large economic-related emission growth across large parts of the developing world. These emission changes have undoubtedly led to regional changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and have affected human health. The global composition climate model, HadGEM3-UKCA, was used to simulate and evaluate regional changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and human health effects over the period 1960 to 2009. Dominated by regional increases across China and India, global simulated population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations was estimated to have increased by 37.5% over the period 1960 to 2009, despite declines across North America and Western Europe. As a result, mortality attributable to long-term PM2.5 exposure is estimated to have increased by 89% to 124% over the same period, which were driven largely by demographic transitions, and to a lesser extent by regional PM2.5 changes. Understanding the historical changes in ambient PM2.5 and their associated effects on human health is not only important for evaluating past efforts, but is also vital for crafting future air quality
Potency Analysis Preparation of Literacy Village Program in the Village of Bejiharjo, Karangmojo, Gunungkidul

This study aimed to obtain information on local potential that can be empowered for literacy village program in bejiharjo village Karangmojo subdistrict in Gunungkidul regency of Yogyakarta Special Region. This research used desciptive qualitative approach. This study obtained information that the potential of Bejiharjo village in preparing itself in managing the literacy village includes; 1) the possession of human resources who have completed adequate diploma and undergraduate programs (S1, S2, S3) to support the village literacy program, 2) Strategy and policy direction of Bejiharjo village development in building the quality of human resources to provide facilities support and funding of ECD and other non-formal education, in partnership with the government and PT in managing education programs; 3) available facilities andinfrastructurethatsupporttheimplementationofliteracyvillageprogramssuchas; (4) the presence of community participation in the form of personnel, thoughts, goods and costs, 5) the existence of partnerships that support the village literacy program, among others; Government of Gunungkidul Regency, UNY, Primagama, Mandiri Bank, BCA and community of Bejiharjo community in overseas.
Interannual to Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Salinity in the Southern Indian Ocean and the Role of the Indonesian Throughflow

Variability of oceanic salinity, an indicator of the global hydrological cycle, plays an important role in the basin-scale ocean circulation. In this study, interannual to decadal variability of salinity in the upper layer of the Indian Ocean is investigated using Argo observations since 2004 and data assimilating model outputs (1992–2015). The southeastern Indian Ocean shows the strongest interannual to decadal variability of upper-ocean salinity in the Indian Ocean. Westward propagation of salinity anomalies along isopycnal surfaces is detected in the southern Indian Ocean and attributed to zonal salinity advection anomalies associated with the Indonesian Throughflow and the South Equatorial Current. Composite and salinity budget analyses show that horizontal advection is a major contributor to the interannual to decadal salinity variability of the southern Indian Ocean, and the local air–sea freshwater flux plays a secondary role. The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulate the salinity variability in the southeastern Indian Ocean, with low salinity anomalies occurring during the negative phases of the PDO and ENSO and high salinity anomalies during their positive phases. The Indonesian Throughflow plays an essential role in transmitting the PDO- and ENSO-related salinity signals into the Indian Ocean. A statistical model is proposed based on the PDO index, which successfully predicts the southeastern Indian Ocean salinity variability with a lead time of 10 months.
Some Chemical Properties of Soil Affected by Long-Term Application of Primary Treated Wastewater

Effect of irrigation with primary treatedwastewater on some chemical properties of soil was the main purpose of' this investigation. Eight soil profiles were chosen fromAbou-Rawash farm (Giza Governorate)those profiles represent soils under different periods ofsewage water utilization (0, 10, 20, 25 and 50 years), respectively. The chemical analysis ofprimary treated wastewater showed that total salt concentration and heavy metal content was within the safe limits. Thus, wastewater remained within permissible limits for use as irrigation water. Soil analysis revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content were high in primary treatedwastewater irrigated soils compared to non-wastewater irrigated soils. The soil pH and EC decreased as a result of wastewater irrigation. Data indicate that the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil increased by irrigation with primary treatedwastewater compared to control soil; the highestaccumulation of micronutrients were found in the surface layer in soil irrigated with primary treated wastewater for fifty years and the lowest in the sub-surface layers of control soil. Based on our study, the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Mo, Cd, and B) was higher in top layers of primary treatedwastewater irrigated soil compared to those not irrigated with wastewater (control soil). It has been reported that high concentration of heavy metals in primary treatedwastewater leads to an increase of their content in soil. Also, the enrichment factor of the heavy metals in soil irrigated with primary treatedwastewater were higher and taken this sequence of Ni >Pb> Cd > Mo > B.
Evaluating the Constructive or Destructive Role of PowerPoint in Accounting Education

Objectives:With change in technology teaching methodology also changed and technology penetrates into the class rooms. The most commonly used computer aided teaching methodology in class rooms is PowerPoint presentation. It replaces the traditional method of teaching i.e. whiteboard and marker. This study measure the impact of PowerPoint presentation on studentâ€™ performance.Methodology:We choose 282 students studying accounting courses in various universities of Multan, Pakistan. We used SPSS and Microsoft Excel to analyze the data.Result:We found that PowerPoint has negative impact on the studentâ€™s performance. But on the other hand, students feel tiresome with traditional method of teaching. Students prefer to take quantitative courses via traditional method, and they prefer to take qualitative courses by PowerPoint presentation.
Sistem Monitoring Suhu, Kelembaban dan Gas Amonia pada Kandang Sapi Perah Berbasis Teknologi Internet of Things (IoT)

This research aims to create a dairy cage monitoring system that can send data of temperature, humidity and ammonia gas in the cage and display notification and recommendation based on these data. The system consists of three main components: monitoring tool, web server and mobile application. Monitoring tool consist of arduino uno microcontroller, DHT22 sensor, MQ-135 sensor and ESP8266. The web server receives data from the microcontroller and sends data to the mobile application. The mobile app displays monitoring data as well as notification and recommendation when the temperature, humidity and ammonia gas of the enclosure are in an ideal state. After testing, ESP8266 is able to send data to web server with average time difference between data sent to web server is 39 second at 25 meter distance. Keywords: Dairy cows, monitoring system, ESP8266, mobile application
A southern and northern control on speleothem-based Asian summer monsoon variability during MIS 4

Abstract A 20-year-resolution speleothem δ18O record from southern China reveals a detailed Asian summer monsoon (ASM) history between 73.6 and 62.3 ka. ASM changes during Interstadial 19 and late MIS 4 matched Greenland temperature variations but were antiphased with Antarctic temperatures. However, long-term strengthening of the ASM in early MIS 4 agrees well with the gradual Antarctic warming, when Greenland remained in a stable cold state. More specifically, the ASM was less variable during peak interstadials in contrast to striking instabilities during stadials. These observations suggest that the factors dominating ASM variability change through time. During early MIS 4, negligible freshwater perturbations occurred in the North Atlantic, and sea-surface temperatures in the low- to midlatitude Pacific Ocean reached the modern level. Thus, an expansion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) was likely important for the long-term ASM rise. In late MIS 4, the antiphase correlation between ASM and Antarctic temperature could be attributed to freshwater inputs into the North Atlantic and a southerly positioned ITCZ. Consequently, meridional ITCZ shifts, although within a limited latitudinal band, would result in an antiphase relationship between interhemispheric climate changes. Otherwise, an in-phase correlation could be expected if the centroid of ITCZ is stable along the equator.
Morphological Adaptation of River Channels to Vegetation Establishment: A Laboratory Study

While the scientific community has long recognized that alluvial rivers are the product of interactions between flowing water and bed material transport, it is increasingly evident that vegetation mediates these interactions and influences the stream channel characteristics. In a novel set of mobile bed laboratory experiments with variable discharge, we demonstrate that vegetation colonization affects bank erosion rates, channel shape, channel sinuosity, and bar pattern. Our analyses compared the morphological evolution of channels with initially steady bars considering the following three scenarios: (1) channel without vegetation, (2) channel with vegetation added to the floodplains, and (3) channel with vegetation added to both the floodplains and the bar surfaces that emerge at low flows. Absence of vegetation produced the widest and shallowest channel with the lowest sinuosity. Floodplain vegetation in the second scenario reduced bank erosion and resulted in a deeper and more sinuous channel with shorter bars. In the third scenario, vegetation establishment on emerging bar surfaces intensified erosion on the opposing bank, enlarging the amplitude of bends. Enhanced sedimentation on vegetated bar areas increased both bar elevation and bar length compared to the second scenario. The results show that the colonization of bar surfaces by plants creates the conditions for new floodplain and island formation, fostering channel meandering and anabranching. Finally, our experiments emphasize the role of alternating high and low flows on the morphological development of streams mediated by vegetation.
LEXICAL COMPLEXITY IN THE INTRODUCTIONS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ARTICLES

Lexical complexity refers to the various different words employed in the introductions of the undergraduate students’ research articles. The implementation of lexical complexity describes the writers’ overall development of lexical complexity use in the target language . This study aims to find out the employment of lexical complexit y in the introductions of undergraduate students’ research articles. It utiliz e d a quantitative design through corpus based analysis. The corpus studied consisted of 134 introductions of undergraduate students’ research articles. The data were analyzed using Web-based Lexical Complexity Analyzer . Then to decide the level of complexity applied in the students’ articles, the results were compared to the lexical complexity of Chinese learners’ oral narratives. The findings show that lexical density, lexical sophistication, and lexical variation are high except for verb variation, noun variation, adjective variation, adverb variation and modifier variation (cf. Lu, 2010, 2012; Ai & Lu, 2013). It is expected that this article could provide information about the lexical complexit y which is needed to be improved in the undergraduate students’ research articles.