Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of genetic variability among Muskmelon (Cucumismelo L.) genotypes through biometrical traitsand molecular markers

Fifty genotypes of muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L .) were evaluated for variability through yield attributing characters and molecular markers. Analysis of variance for yield attributing character showed significant variation for all the traits, indicating presence of sufficient variability. D 2 values distributed all the genotypes in seven clusters. Maximum genetic distance was obtained between clusters II and V, while clusters III and VII displayed the lowest degree of divergence. Total soluble sugars followed by total soluble solids and fruit yield per plant contributed the most towards divergence. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis using 130 and 62 primers generated 1108 and 462 discrete markers, respectively ranging from 200-1800 bp in size. The UPGMA analysis showed that genotypes were distributed in different groups based on similarities matrix. The dendrogram obtained by combining the data of both the molecular marker revealed genetic similarities ranging between 57% to 81% with highest genetic similarity between MM-68 and MMM-61. These results suggest that RAPD and ISSR markers are useful for muskmelon genetic diversity analysis from different region of India, which will be helpful for further genetic improvement program of plant. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of muskmelon can be used to future breeding programmes to improve fruit quality.
Rupture strength and flow rate of Nautilus siphuncular tube

The siphuncular tube is a key component of the buoyancy control and mechanical strength systems in both Nautilus and fossil cephalopods. We measured the rate of hydrostatically induced fluid flow across the tube wall and tube rupture strength of Nautilus pompilius at hydrostatic pressures in the range of 10–85 bars. We found that in fresh, undecayed tubes, rupture occurs at pressures of about 80–85 bars. This is equivalent to the strength of the shell proper and to the depth limit of the live animal. The siphuncular tube is neither markedly stronger, nor weaker, than the shell. Siphuncle rupture strength is constant in the last 20 chambers of the shell despite a strong decrease in the siphuncle strength index (ratio of tube thickness to radius). The notion that strength index gives an accurate indication of tube strength is therefore in error. This suggests that the geometry of the siphuncular tube can not be straightforwardly used as an index of living depth in fossil cephalopods. Rupture occurs at the siphuncle-septum contact. The junction of the tube to its mechanical supports is thus weaker than the tube itself. Measured flow rates are in the range of 1–20 ml/h/chamber. Flow rates increase linearly with applied pressure and in successively larger chambers as a result of size-related variation in surface area and thickness of the tube wall. Rates of osmotic pumping in live animals are up to three orders of magnitude lower than hydrostatically induced flow rates across the siphuncular tubes of empty shells. Pumping capacity of live animals is apparently limited by functional constraints of the osmotic pump rather than by the fluid conductance properties of the tube wall. Living depth in evolving cephalopod lineages may be limited ultimately by physiologic or chemical restrictions of the osmotic pumping mechanism rather than by mechanical strength of the shell or siphuncle.
Homothallism in Thanatephorus Cucumeris

Evidence is given to support the claim made by seveml workers that T. cucumeris is homothallic. In some isolates the evidence for homothallism is conclusive. However, in other isolatos sterility factors prevent fruiting in otherwise self-fertile progeny and in still other isolates self-fertility of progeny can be accounted for by the frequency of binucleate spores in which both nuclei are immediate meiotic products. The importance of accompanying genetical studies with cytological information is therefore stressed.
Cytochrome P450 Structure Mechanism And Biochemistry

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Human Lung Myofibroblasts Dependent Profibrotic Activity in - 1 β TGF- Attenuates Constitutive and 4 Lipoxin A

Idiopathic pulmonary ﬁbrosis (IPF) is a common, progressive, and invariably lethal interstitial lung disease with no effective therapy. The key cell driving the development of ﬁbrosis is the myoﬁbroblast. Lipoxin A 4 (LXA 4 ) is an anti-inﬂammatory lipid, important in the resolution of inﬂammation, and it has potential antiﬁbrotic activity. However, the effects of LXA 4 on primary human lung myoﬁbroblasts (HLMFs) have not previously been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of LXA 4 on TGF- b 1–dependent responses in IPF- and nonﬁbrotic control (NFC)–derived HLMFs. HLMFs were isolated from IPF and NFC patients and grown in vitro. The effects of LXA 4 on HLMF proliferation, collagen secretion, a -smooth muscle actin ( a SMA) expression, and Smad2/3 activation were examined constitutively and following TGF- b 1 stimulation. The LXA 4 receptor (ALXR) was expressed in both NFC- and IPF-derived HLMFs. LXA 4 (10 2 10 and 10 2 8 mol) reduced constitutive a SMA expression, actin stress ﬁber formation, contraction, and nuclear Smad2/3, indicating regression from a myoﬁbroblast to ﬁbroblast phenotype. LXA 4 also signiﬁcantly inhibited FBS-dependent proliferation and TGF- b 1–dependent collagen secretion, a SMA expression, and Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in IPF-derived HLMFs. LXA 4 did not inhibit Smad2/3 phosphorylation. In summary, LXA 4 attenuated proﬁbrotic HLMF activity and promoted HLMF regression to a quiescent ﬁbroblast They were found to be predomi- nantly a myoﬁbroblast-rich population (99% expressing a SMA) as described previously by us and others (15, 27–30). They expressed a SMA, CD90, ﬁ- broblast surface protein, and collagen type I. No contaminating cells were found. Immunostaining for macrophages (CD68), T cells (CD3), and pro- genitor cells (CD34) was negative. There was no evidence of cobblestone-shaped epithelial cells among the cultures. Results of this detailed charac- terization have been shown previously (27, 30).
Parasitoid Theory: From Aggregation to Dispersal

‘ -REE vol. 3, no. 10, October 1988 i lvestigations been more thorough, then he would probably never have riade these unfortunate remarks. In conclusion, therefore, there are no grounds for saying that the Prchaeopteryx specimens are faked and there can be but one verdict on this accusation: case dismissed.
Polyphenolic plant extracts: effects on disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in laboratory animals

Modern nutrition has clear evidence of the involvement into the metabolism of many minor food components, which were not previously discussed as factors necessary for life support of health and ill human. One of the innovative approaches to the creation of a new generation of specialized food products for the dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes is a targeted use in their composition plant minor biologically active food substances with proven significant hypoglycemic, cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant action as a «micro-ingredients». Promising sources of natural functional food ingredients for the dietary treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes and its attendant complications are plant extracts with a high content of natural polyphenolic compounds. The natural polyphenolic compounds include flavonoids, obligate food antioxidants what is the reason of their hypoglycemic and/or lipid-lowering effects. However, we consume no individual flavonoids, but their mixtures, with plant food. Data about antidiabetic properties of plant extracts containing various combinations of flavonoids are very important in the framework of the problem of dietary correction and prevention of type 2 diabetes from the position of clinical nutrition. The review briefly discusses the effect of green tea, bilberry leaves and bean coats plant extracts on disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in laboratory animals with experimentally or genetically determined diabetes. The presented analysis of publications shows that the results of experimental studies in vitro and in vivo confirm the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and/or hypolipidemic effect of polyphenolic plant extracts. It was concluded that the inclusion of plant extracts of flavonoids in the specialized food products for targeted nutritional correction and/or prevention of metabolic disorders of type 2 diabetes is a promising direction.
Effect of burning on seed production of bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Columbia needlegrasss.

A study was conducted in 1984 to determine the effect of fall prescribed burning on seed production of bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and Columbia needlegrass (Stipa columbiana) in the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)/grassland region. Plots were located on 7 burns of ages 1 to 5 years, with plots in adjacent unburned areas serving as controls. Seed production (seeds per plant) of bluebunch wheatgrass was greater on 2 of four 1-year-old burns and on one 3-yearold burn than on unburned comparison areas. Idaho fescue seed production was greater on a 5-year old burn than on the control plot, but not statistically different from the controls on 1or 3-year-old burns. Columbia needlegrass seed production was markedly greater on a 2-year-old burn than on adjacent unburned areas. The percentage of filled florets and the number of seeds per inflorescence tended to be greater on burned plots for all 3 species. Bluebunch wheatgrass showed a variable response in the number of inflorescences produced per plant 1 year after burning, but there were significantly (P? 0.05) more inflorescences per plant on the 3-year-old burn than the control. Idaho fescue plants produced fewer inflorescences on both 1-year-old burns than on the control plots, but more on the 5-year-old burn than on the control. Columbia needlegrass plants produced more inflorescences on the burn than on the control.
Organic alkalinity produced by phytoplankton and its effect on the computation of ocean carbon parameters

In seawater dissolved organic acids produced by phytoplankton dissociate into conjugate bases and an amount of hydrogen ions that maintain electroneutrality, leaving the seawater alkalinity (AT) unchanged. However, the resulting conjugate bases react with protons during seawater titration and thereby contribute to the titration alkalinity (AT−ORG) whereas the contributions of other species (e.g., CO32− , B(OH)4− ) to AT are proportionally lowered. Production of such dissolved organic acids was confirmed in each of six phytoplankton cultures and in a coastal environment. In phytoplankton monocultures with initial concentrations of ∼70 μM nitrate and ∼5 μM phosphate, the contribution of organic acids to the seawater alkalinity (AT−ORG) was found to be 15−40 μmol kg−1 on the complete consumption of added nutrients, with the magnitude of AT−ORG depending on the phytoplankton species involved. In the coastal environment the contribution of AT−ORG was as high as 15 μmol kg−1. Analysis of back titration data of culture and coastal samples further enabled identification of the functional groups responsible, which included two distinct charge groups (pKa1 = 4.4−4.9; pKa2 = 6.1−6.9). Thus, if the effect of organic acids on seawater AT is not accounted for, the concentrations of inorganic carbon components calculated from pairs of carbon parameters, including AT, will be inaccurate in culture studies and in studies of productive coastal environments.
Phylogenetics of tribe Sabiceeae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) revisited, with a new subgeneric classification for Sabicea

Tribe Sabiceeae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) has undergone recent taxonomical changes with the incorporation of the related genera Ecpoma, Pseudosabicea and Stipularia into the type genus Sabicea. We use phylogenetic analysis and morphological data to verify the relationships among members of the tribe, including the most comprehensive taxon sampling of the tribe to date with 74 of 145 species. Sequence data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and three plastid markers (petD, rps16, trnT–F) were used to infer relationships among the members of the tribe. Individual analyses using maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian approaches reveal several supported clades: the former genus Stipularia is resolved as a monophyletic unit, but Ecpoma is monophyletic only if Sabicea urbaniana and Sabicea xanthotricha are included (corresponding to Sabicea subgenus Stipulariopsis sensu Wernham). Pseudosabicea is biphyletic, with one clade corresponding to section Anisophyllae of Halle (1964) and the other one to the other sections (Floribundae and Sphaericae) of the genus. Eleven morphological characteristics were recorded for all species studied and seven have been mapped onto the phylogenetic tree to study their evolution in the group and assess their value for the classification of Sabicea s.l. Finally, our study shows that a combination of diagnostic characteristics should be used to differentiate each group and we propose to recognise four subgenera in Sabicea.
Mycobiota: micro-eukaryotes inhabiting our body as commensals or opportunistic pathogens

The advent of metagenomics has profoundly revolutionized our way to describe microbial communities and discover sequence based biomarkers of health and disease. Similarly to bacteria commensal fungi are an essential part of human ecosystems being involved in the normal development of the immune system and for the maintenance of healthy tissues and physiological processes. More and more frequently patterns of fungal species are associated to immune disorders and increasing evidences are accumulating of the importance to study the co-occurrence of fungal flora and its microbial counterpart to understand the cross-talk between opportunistic fungi and the mammalian host. Here we critically analyze the studies investigating thefungal communities inhabiting ourbody, addressing at what extent the selection of the approaches and the molecular markers used determine the results obtained.
Pollination reservoirs for wild bee habitat enhancement in cropping systems: a review

ABSTRACT Pollinator-dependent growers seek alternative pollination models as pollination-security concerns grow. Pollination reservoirs, set-aside bee foraging areas, may offer growers a practical tool for increasing wild bee populations and decreasing reliance on managed bees. We review the literature on pollination reservoirs regarding a) effectiveness, b) reservoir-to-crop ratios, and c) costs and benefits. We discuss the relevant aspects of d) plant–pollinator relationships, e) landscape context, f) wild bees as pollinators, g) flower selection, and h) limitations. Recent research clearly suggests that pollination reservoirs can increase wild bee populations, crop yield, and profit. Last, we identify gaps that require additional research.
Prevalence of Giardia antigen in stool samples from dogs and cats

SUMMARY A total number of 153 faecal samples (105 from dogs and 48 from cats) were examined for the presence of Giardia infection by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ProspecT® Giardia Rapid Assay). Infection rates were significantly (p<0.05) higher in dogs (19.04%) than in cats (4.16%), in female (28%) than in male (10.90%) dogs, and in winter (29.54%) than in the spring/summer period (11.47%). Though not significant, the prevalence of giardiasis was also found to be higher in owned (19.67%) than in refuge dogs (18.18%), in ≤ 3 year-old dogs (33.07%) than in older ones (7.40%), and in symptomatic (37.50%) than in asymptomatic dogs (17.52%). These data demonstrate that Giardia is more widespread than had been previously thought in Italy. It is also concluded that dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats may serve as potential animal reservoirs in urban areas.
Nutritional factors affecting the breaking strength of bone in laying hens

The bone is a mineral reserve for metabolic requirements and eggshell formation as well as providing support to the bodies of birds. Bone weakness in laying hens has caused many problems such as bone deformation, osteoporosis, cage layer fatigue and fractures. These problems result in economic losses and are detrimental to animal welfare. Breaking strength is a good indicator of the health and strength of bone and an increase in breaking strength in laying hens would be important to decrease economic losses and improve the welfare of animals. One of the main factors affecting bone breaking strength is nutrition, as it is closely related to dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and particle size of the calcium source, particularly when the dietary calcium is insufficient. It has been accepted that the composition of the diet, trace elements, especially boron, vitamins, and feed additives play important roles in maintaining bone health and improving the breaking strength of bone in laying hens. This article reviews the results of studies in laying hens wherein the effect of nutrition on the breaking strength of bone were examined.
Understanding influenza CD8+ T cell immune escape from pre-existing immunity and T cell receptor cross-strain recognition

i DECLARATION . iii PREFACE . v COMMUNICATIONS . vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix TABLE OF CONTENTS . xiii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES . xvii List of tables: . xvii List of figures: . xix ABBREVIATIONS . xxiii CHAPTER 1 : Literature Review . 1 1.1 Influenza viruses and their impact in health and economies . 1 1.2 Structure of influenza virions . 5 1.3 Influenza virus life cycle . 6 1.4 Innate immune defences against influenza . 7 1.5 The adaptive immune system . 8 1.5. 1 Structure and diversity of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules . 9 1.5. 2 Antigen presentation and initiation of CTL responses . 10 1.5. 3 T cell receptor (TCR) . 11 1.5. 4 TCR-pHLA recognition . 13 1.5. 5 TCR-pHLA-I cross-reactivity . 15 1.5. 6 Initiation of CD8+ T cell responses . 16 1.5. 7 CD8+ T cell effector functions . 17 1.5. 8 CD8+ T cell memory . 18 1.5. 9 The role of CTLs against influenza . 23 1.5. 10 Influenza CTL immune escape . 24 1.5. 11 CD4+ T cell responses . 28 1.6 Protective human T cell responses . 29 1.7 Current influenza vaccines . 31 1.8 Emerging vaccine approaches . 32 1.8. 1 Universal antibodies . 33 1.8. 2 T cell-based vaccines . 35 1.9 Objectives and rationale . 39 CHAPTER 2 : Materials and Methods . 40 2.1 Materials . 40 2.1.1 Buffers and media . 40 2.1.2 Cell lines . 42 2.2 Methods . 43 2.2.1 Generation of modified IAVs by reverse genetics . 43
Gastrointestinal helminths of spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) stranded in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Thirty-one spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris stranded in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, were examined for endoparasitic helminths. The following species were identified: Zalophotrema pacificum and Hadwenius tursionis (Digenea); Strobil-ocephalus triangularis, Trigonocotyle sp. , and Tetraphyllidea gen. sp. larva (Cestoda); immature Bolbosoma hamiltoni (Acanthocephala); and Anisakis typica (Nematoda). Except for H. tursionis, all the identified helminths are reported for the first time in Mexico. Stenella longirostris represents a new host for H. tursionis and A. typica.
Detection and quantification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asterisʼ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticusʼ at early and late stages of Huanglongbing disease development

Abstract ʻCandidatus Phytoplasma asterisʼ (CPa) has been identified along with ʻCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusʼ (CLas) from citrus trees showing Huanglongbing (HLB) symptoms in Mexico. The low titre of CPa and CLas in infected plants is the major constraint to developing an accurate and sensitive method for their detection that would support an effective HLB diagnosis and management programme. This investigation reports the development and validation of a new TaqMan quantitative PCR to detect low titres of CPa in citrus trees with HLB symptoms based on the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene region. The assay was used to monitor the titre of CPa at early and late stages of disease development in symptomatic and asymptomatic Mexican lime trees in Colima, Mexico. The concentration of CLas was determined by nested-qPCR. Only eight out of 39 sampled branches showed HLB symptoms at the early infection stage. All 39 branches were symptomatic at the late infection stage. The qPCR yielded an increase in the branch incidence and concentration of CLas (49 to 100% and 5 × 103 to 12 × 103 cells/100 ng of total DNA), while CPa showed a decreased incidence and concentration (72to 41% and 199 to 19 cells/100 ng of total DNA) throughout the disease development. Results confirm the occurrence of mixed infection of CLas and CPa in HLB-affected citrus trees, although their epidemiological role in co-infecting remains unknown.
Quantification of Chitinase Activity in Fusarium oxysporum

[Abstract] Fungal morphogenetic development requires modification and plasticity of the cell wall, which implies synthesis and remodelling of its components, including chitin and glucan. Thus chitinase and glucanase activities are crucial for cell-wall biogenesis and cell division. Quantification of chitinase activity might be useful to identify structural defects that could negatively influence growth and morphogenesis of some filamentous fungi like Fusarium oxysporum, which produces both intracellular and secreted chitinases. The chitinolytic enzymes are categorized based on their enzymatic action on chitin substrates. Endochitinases are defined as the enzymes catalyzing the random cleavage at internal points in the chitin chain. Exochitinases catalyze the progressive release of acetylchitobiose or Nacetylglucosamine from the non-reducing end of chitin, and thus, are referred to as chitobiosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, respectively. Here we describe a simple method to easily purify chitinases in order to compare both endoand exo-chitinase activity of different F. oxysporum strains. The protocol can be adapted to any fungal species.
Trimethylamine oxide content and spoilage potential of New Zealand commercial fish species

ABSTRACT Breakdown of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) during post-harvest storage contributes significantly to loss of seafood quality. We surveyed 51 New Zealand commercial fish species and determined white muscle tissue concentrations of TMAO and the TMAO-derived spoilage indices: trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). There were significant differences in the TMAO concentrations between fish of various genus and species. Values ranged between 8 and 789 mg/100 g for ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), and 262 and 789 mg/100 g for cartilaginous fishes. The distribution of TMAO was similar to that of Northern Hemisphere fish species. Deep water species had the highest concentrations of TMAO. Seasonal effects in tarakihi (Nemadactylus macropterus) and red gurnard (Chelidonichthys kumu) were studied and TMAO declined significantly over the summer months. TMA-N was typically below 2 mg/100 g and TVB-N concentrations did not exceed the limits set by the European Community (EC) Commission Regulation No. 1022/2008.