Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Performance of Visible, Near-, and Mid-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties

Abstract This review addresses the applicability of visible (Vis), near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of soil properties. We address (1) the properties that can be predicted and the accuracy of the predictions, (2) the most suitable spectral regions for specific soil properties, (3) the number of predictions reported for each property, and (4) in-field versus laboratory spectral techniques. We found the following properties to be successfully predicted: soil water content, texture, soil carbon (C), cation exchange capacity, calcium and magnesium (exchangeable), total nitrogen (N), pH, concentration of metals/metalloids, microbial size, and activity. Generally, MIR produced better predictions than Vis-NIR, but Vis-NIR outperformed MIR for a number of properties (e.g., biological). An advantage of Vis-NIR is instrument portability although a new range of MIR portable devices is becoming available. In-field predictions for clay, water, total organic C, extractable phosphorus, total C and N appear similar to laboratory methods, but there are issues regarding, for example, sample heterogeneity, moisture content, and surface roughness. The nature of the variable being predicted, the quality and consistency of the reference laboratory methods, and the adequate representation of unknowns by the calibration set must be considered when predicting soil properties using reflectance spectroscopy.
Design and evaluation of silymarin-HP-?-CD solid dispersion tablets

Since solubility is the main constraint for oral bioavailability of silymarin, an attempt has been made to design tablet formulations of silymarin-HP-β -CD solid dispersion in order to improve oral bioavailability. Tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression technique using superdisintegrants such as crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and polyplasdone XL in different concentrations. Developed formulations were evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics viz. hardness, % friability, weight variation, drug content, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution profiles. Amongst different batches, formulations containing crosscarmellose sodium showed superior disintegration and dissolution profiles compared to other formulations. However all the formulations showed improved dissolution over marketed formulation reflecting vital role of HP-β -CD dispersion in promotion of silymarin oral bioavailability. Moreover, optimized formulation showed stability at varying temperature and relative humidity.
Human osteoblast-like cells response to pulsed electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings

Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (Ca-def HAP) coatings are synthesized by pulsed electrodeposition on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) substrates. Physico-chemical characterizations of the coating are carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) for X-ray microanalysis, and Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for structural characterization. Moreover, the biocompatibility properties of the synthesized biomaterial are studied by observing the human osteoblast-like cells’ (MG-63) response, which is investigated using a proliferation study carried out with an MTS test, and a cellular morphology study performed by SEM. The analysis of gene expression is carried out using a Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The results indicate that the pulsed electrodeposited Ca-def HAP coating doesn't produce any cytotoxic effect and enhances the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) which are the two main markers of osteoblast differentiation and bone neoformation.
Mesoporous carbons prepared from mixtures of magnesium citrate with poly (vinyl alcohol)

From magnesium citrate and its mixtures with poly (vinyl alcohol), mesoporous carbons were successfully obtained through their carbonization at 900°C, followed by the dissolution of MgO. A high surface area as more than 1500m2/g was obtained without any activation process, which was mainly due to mesopores with a size of about 5 nm, and mesopore volume reached 2 mL/g. Electric double layer capacitor composed of these mesoporous carbons and 1 mol/L H2SO4 electrolyte showed a high capacitance about 320 F/g with a charge-discharge current density of 20 mA/g and about 220 F/g with a high current density of 1000 mA/g. The carbons prepared showed a high adsorption ability for gasoline vapor, about 1g/g of carbon. A relatively good linear relation between adsorbed amount of gasoline vapor and pore volume with the size less than 10 nm was found.
Dynamics of trapping and localization of excess electrons in simple fluids

We employ a surface hopping trajectory method to study the rapid nonadiabatic relaxation after an excess electron is injected in unperturbed fluid helium. Several distinctively different relaxation processes, characterized by their relative importance at different times during the relaxation to a localized equilibrium state are detailed. These processes include: Short time nonadiabatic leakage from cavity to cavity, exploring the fluctuating unperturbed solvent structure. This relaxation involves slow drifting of the occupied state through a continuum of levels. This is followed by rapid diabatic expansion of a particular solvent cavity once the electron–solvent forces begin to take effect on the solvent atoms in a particular region of the fluid. We also study the importance of nonadiabatic hang up trajectories in which the excess electron gets caught in the first excited state of a bistable well potential offered by a pair of closely coupled cavities in the solvent. We study the density dependence of the.
PRE AND POST THERAPY MICROBIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF BACTERIA CAUSING CLINICAL MASTITIS IN COWS

Mastitis is one of the costliest diseases of dairy cattle. Mastitis is classified as subclinical and clinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis is a condition, which is characterized by local symptoms like swelling of the udder, heat and pain or systemic symptoms like fever, anorexia, depression with milk abnormalities like milk clots, flakes, watery secretions, blood in milk. About 150 species of microorganisms have been incriminated as the causal agents of mastitis. Some times in clinical mastitis after treatment there are reoccurrence of clinical mastitis. Looking to the economic important the present study was undertaken with the following objectives viz. cultural isolation, biochemical characterization and PCR based identification of bacterial pathogens, extraction of DNA from clinical mastitic milk and PCR based identification of major bacterial pathogens, post therapy isolation, identification and quantitation of bacteria by Real-Time PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates. A total 73 milk samples collected from the 73 clinical mastitis affected cows from Anand and Panchmahal district of Gujarat. Out of 73 mastitis milk samples collected from cows (n=73), 48 cows were positive for bacterial isolation and, 51 isolates obtained were S. aureus 39.22 per cent (20/51), Str. agalactiae 31.37 per cent (16/51) and E. coli 29.41 per cent (15/51) by cultural method. Cultural and biochemical characterization of 20 Staphylococci isolates revealed that isolates were produced white to slight yellow color colonies on the blood agar, Gram positive cocci in clusters, negative by KOH test, gave catalase positive, oxidase negative and failed to grow on MacConkey agar. On Mannitol salt agar (MSA) 7 (35.00%) S. aureus showed fermentation on MSA, whereas 13 (65.00%) were mannitol non fermentative. Pigment production on nutrient agar revealed that 9 (45.00%) S. aureus found positive for pigment production, whereas 11 (55.00%) produced white colonies on nutrient agar. The haemolytic activity on sheep blood agar produced 7 (35.00%) Staphylococci exhibited α haemolysin production (Complete haemolytic), whereas 2 (20.00%) showed β haemolysin (Partial haemolytic) and, 11 (55.00%) were non-haemolytic on sheep blood agar. All the 16 Streptococci isolates which were dew drop like colonies on blood agar, Gram positive cocci in chain, negative for the KOH, catalase and oxidase test and failed to grow on MacConkey agar and mannitol salt agar. All the 15 E. coli isolates which were greyish colony on blood agar, gram negative bacilli, positive for KOH and catalase tests, oxidase negative, lactose fermenting pink color colony on MacConkey agar, produced greenish
A Comprehensive Model for the Adsorption of Supercritical Hydrogen on Activated Carbon

Utilizing Henry's law constants as a scaling factor, a unique comprehensive adsorption curve was constructed for the experimental adsorption data of hydrogen on activated carbon over the temperature range of 77−298 K. This representation of the supercritical adsorption data is independent of temperature and can generate a reasonable value for saturated adsorption; therefore, it succeeded in avoiding the trouble of defining a fictitious quantity in applying the Dubinin−Astakhov equation under supercritical condition. A Freundlich-type equation and an exponential equation were proposed to model the comprehensive adsorption curve.
Experimental and simulation studies of thermal flow of borophosphosilicate and phosphosilicate glasses

We use EVOLVE−FLOW, a thin film thermal flow process simulator, to simulate the thermal flow of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) and phosphosilicate glass (PSG) thin films in trenches on patterned wafers, where two‐dimensional surface evolution is appropriate. For a fixed anneal time, two parameters control the thin film flow processes: surface tension and viscosity. We demonstrate our simulator by reproducing flowed BPSG film profiles after a 15 min furnace annealing cycle. Digitized as‐deposited BPSG film and substrate profiles from experimental scanning electron micrographs are used as initial profiles in the simulations. We then predict flowed phosphosilicate film profiles, and combine experiments and simulations to estimate the surface tension of PSG films in a rapid thermal annealing process. The viscosity of the PSG films is modeled as a function of temperature and phosphorus pentoxide concentration using an Arrhenius type equation. The estimated values of the viscosity and surface tension are used.
Highly enhanced sensitivity of hydrogen sensors using novel palladium-decorated graphene nanoribbon film/SiO2/Si structures

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have been of great interest in a wide range of device applications for their novel physical, electronic and spin transport properties. Here we study the hydrogen (H2) sensing properties of GNRs decorated with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles by a one-step chemical modification and reduction process. A novel Pd-GNR film/SiO2/Si structure was fabricated by transferring a Pd-GNR film onto a heavily doped Si substrate with a native oxide layer. It is demonstrated that the Pd-GNR film/SiO2/Si structure exhibits highly enhanced responses to H2 than the pristine Pd-GNR film at parts-per-million (ppm) concentration levels at room temperature. For example, the Pd-GNR film/SiO2/p-Si structure shows an excellent response (ΔR/Rair) of ∼94% to 100 ppm H2 in air. The sensing mechanism was proposed to explain these H2 sensing characteristics based on p–n junction theory. Our findings demonstrate the incorporation of nanoparticles in GNR-based gas sensors through chemical functionalization and present a novel strategy for the application of GNRs in high performance gas sensors.
Mechanotransduction and blood fluid dynamics in developing blood vessels

The vascular endothelium is the interface in the cardiovascular system between the blood vessel wall and the flowing blood. As such, these cells are exposed to both shear stress and circumferential stretch. Though a lot is known about the regulation of gene expression by flow in mature vascular networks, very little is known in developing vessels. Most vascular networks in the adult are homeostatic, exhibiting very low rates of endothelial cell replication and turnover. In disease states such as cancer or macular degeneration, the vascular system is able to recapitulate embryonic growth and reinduce blood vessel growth. The vasculature that develops is similar to the embryonic vasculature, and so many have used knowledge of embryonic development to interpret pathological blood vessel growth. It was believed until recently that the embryonic vasculature was not sensitive to flow. We recently showed that shear stress is necessary for proper vascular development. We therefore review the role of blood flow and mechanical forces in vascular development. We examine the pattern and magnitude of flow present in primitive vascular networks as well as exploring gene regulation by shear stress in both in vitro and in vivo embryonic systems. A l'interieur du systeme cardiovasculaire, l'endothelium vasculaire est l'interface entre les parois des vaisseaux sanguins et le les flux sanguia. A ce titre, ses cellules sont exposees a la fois a des contraintes de cisaillement et a detirement circonferentiel. Bien que l'on ait de bonnes connaissances sur la regulation de l'expression des genes par circulation dans les reseaux vasculaires matures, nous en savons tres peu sur les vaisseaux en developpement. La plupart des reseaux vasculaires de l'adulte sont homeostatiques, demontrant des taux tres faibles de replication et de remplacement des cellules endotheliales. Dans des maladies telles que le cancer ou la degenerescence maculaire, le systeme vasculaire est capable de reprendre la croissance embryonnaire et de re-induire la croissance des vaisseaux sanguins. Le reseau de vaisseaux sanguins qui se developpe est similaire a la vasculature embryonnaire et un grand nombre de scientifiques ont utilise les connaissances sur le developpement embryonnaire pour interpreter la croissance pathologique des vaisseaux sanguins. Jusqu'a recemment, on pensait que la vasculature embryonnaire n'etait pas sensible a la circulation sanguine. Nous avons recemment demontre que les contraintes de cisaillement sont necessaires au developpement vasculaire correct. Par consequent, nous examinons le role de la circulation sanguine et des forces mecaniques dans le developpement vasculaire. Nous examinons la configuration et l'amplitude de la circulation dans les reseaux vasculaires primitifs et nous explorons la regulation genetique par les contraintes de cisaillement, a la fois sur des systemes embryonnaires in vitro et in vivo.
Variability of N Export in Water: A Review

In spite of several studies on factors affecting nitrogen (N) export in water, the spatiotemporal variability of N export is rarely addressed. This review aims at discussing the different factors involved in N export in water and the intra-annual variability of N occurrences in rivers at a watershed scale. From the analysis of the existing works some recommendations on future research work are proposed regarding (i) other N forms than nitrate being systematically considered for routine analysis or experimental studies (at least Kjheldal nitrogen), (ii) hydrologists and biogeochemists working together to better understanding of N dynamics according to water pathways, especially during “situations at risk,” (iii) water quality monitoring being reinforced both spatially and temporally, especially thanks to high frequency instrumentation, and (iv) accurate data on watersheds needed to give better explanations of N variations. We argue that a better understanding of spatiotemporal variability could greatly enhance the remediation of N export impacts, which is crucial to anticipate the impacts of global changes.
Conceptual understanding in science learning and the role of four psychometric variables: a person-centered approach

The present study investigated conceptual understanding in learning science in relation to four cognitive variables: logical thinking, field-dependence/field-independence, and divergent and convergent thinking. The participants were fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school pupils involved in different mental tasks, where they had to describe and interpret phenomena related to changes of matter. This brief report presents data from the students’ understanding of evaporation, and the method of analysis, a person-centered approach, is explicated. Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to reveal distinct clusters of cases sharing similar patterns of responses. The use of LCA aligns with theoretical conjectures related to a stepwise conceptual change process, and the hypothetical steps correspond to the identified discrete latent classes (LCs). Subsequently, the LCs were associated with the four cognitive variables as covariates, thus providing empirical evidence for the role of the above-mentioned individual differences in children’s learning in sciences. Methodological issues and theoretical implications are discussed.
Adsorption Study of Cobalt on Treated Granular Activated Carbon

This study is carried out for the removal of cobalt from aqueous solution using granular activated carbon in combination with p-nitro benzoic acid at temperature 25±1 °C. The adsorption isotherm of cobalt on granular activated carbon has been determined and the data fitted reasonably well to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm for activated carbon.
LIGHT-INDUCED PROTON UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF PHARAONIS PHOBORHODOPSIN DETECTED BY A PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

Phoborhodopsin (pR, also called sensory rhodopsin-II, sR-II) is a receptor for the negative phototaxis of Halobacterium salinarum (pR), and pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR) is the corresponding recep.
Integrated gas dynamic computational modelling and thermodynamic combustion diagnostics of multicylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine using compressed natural gas as a fuel

A comprehensive computational simulation model has been developed to describe the performance, efficiency and emission characteristics of the four-stroke multi-cylinder spark ignition engine which uses compressed natural gas as a fuel. This model performs an integrated simulation of thermodynamic, gas dynamic, and chemical kinetics of the whole engine system coupling with intake and exhaust manifolds. The thermodynamic combustion process is modelled by using the turbulent flame propagation process with a two-zone chamber (burned and unburned). Gas dynamics in the manifold system are modelled by using unsteady compressible hyperbolic partial differential equations. These equations contain heat transfer, friction, area change in pipe and empirical constants, which are used to determine boundary conditions at pipe junctions, valves and open ends. These equations are transferred into a set of ordinary differential equations by applying the method of characteristics and are solved by the finite difference method. Regarding exhaust emissions, nitric oxide concentrations have been predicted by using the rate kinetic model in the power cycle and along the exhaust pipes. Carbon monoxide is computed under the chemical equilibrium condition and then the empirical adjustment is made for kinetic behaviours based upon experimental results. Finally, predicted results of this model have been compared with experimental results and are found to be compatible. The parametric studies have been conducted with the equivalence ratio and the engine RPM, to predict engine performance. Also, the variations of pressure, temperature, and gas compositions in the exhaust system have been studied.
Scavenging Kinetics of Electrons Produced by Irradiation of Organic Glasses; Experimental Evidence for Long Range Tunneling

This paper reports new experimental results on the influence of scavengers on the yields of trapped electrons in γ‐irradiated organic glasses, which show that: (1) Trapped electron yields observed minutes after irradiation decrease exponentially with scavenger concentration; (2) transfer of trapped electrons to scavengers continues after irradiation, even in rigid matrices where no trapped electron decay occurs in the absence of scavengers; (3) the presence of a scavenger of low electron affinity can increase the yield of the anion of a scavenger of high electron affinity, although a large decrease would be expected if the scavengers competed for mobile electrons; (4) the ``electron capture cross sections'' of scavengers are often strongly dependent on what species the scavengers compete with for electrons, apparently indicating that the ``electron capture cross section'' is not an appropriate concept. These results and several others are consistent with a model involving tunneling of trapped electrons, b.
The synthesis and properties of binary acrylate oligomer mixtures and their blends with different soybean oil contents

Two kinds of curable acrylate oligomer mixtures were used for films obtained by thermal polymerization of multiacrylates group. Then, a series of soybean oil (SO) blends were prepared by inclusion of high content (up to 50 wt %) of the SO into the polymer network. A polyurethane oligomer with multifunctional acrylate endcaps (from pentaerythritol triacrylate) was used as a base component for the curable blends. Two of the blend components are biosourced oligomers, namely acrylated epoxidized SO (AESO) and SO. The effects of the acrylate oligomers ratio and of the SO content on the cross-linked polyurethane acrylate (PUA) matrix were studied by evaluating various properties of the films such as thermal behavior, tensile properties, and surface properties. The glass transition temperatures (T g) increased by increasing the content (from 10% to 50%) of AESO from −41°C to −16°C. The hydrophobic properties of the films surface significantly increased with the AESO content and slightly decreased with the SO content. These blends provide new environment-friendly formulations for cross-linked PUA matrices.
The Spectrum of Five Times Ionized Fluorine

The F VI spectrum in the 400-6000 A region has been obtained through the beam-foil excitation technique. In this wavelength interval 177 F VI lines have been observed. With the addition of 123 lines below 200 A from un unpublished analysis by Edlen, 158 energy levels have been established. Using polarization formulae the first ionization limit is determined to 1267606 ± 2 cm-1, and all available experimental polarization parameters in the Be sequence are collected and compared to theoretical calculations. Some of the strong configuration interactions in the F VI term system are studied by comparing the experimental results with theoretical predictions obtained in single- and multi-configuration calculations.
Viabilidade polínica como seleção assistida no programa de melhoramento genético de triticale

Neste trabalho,objetivou-se analisar a viabilidade de graos de polen de 52 genotipos de triticale, oriundos do bloco de cruzamentos do programa de melhoramento genetico da Embrapa Trigo do ano de 2005. A coleta das espigas foi realizada quando as plantas se encontravam na fase anterior a antese. As analises citologicas foram realizadas fixando as anteras de uma mesma espiga em fixador Carnoy. Para a analise polinica, as lâminas foram confeccionadas usando-se tres anteras da mesma flor, oriundas das regioes basal, mediana e apical de uma espiga, totalizando nove lâminas por genotipo. Para cada lâmina, foram contados cerca de 200 graos de polen, classificando-os em duas categorias: 1) normais ou viaveis e 2) anormais. Os dados foram analisados e as medias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan 5%. A analise de variância demonstrou haver diferencas significativas em relacao a viabilidade polinica entre os 52 genotipos observados. A grande maioria dos genotipos apresentou viabilidade polinica superior a 90 %. A selecao assistida, via analise citologica de graos de polens, e potencialmente util para um programa de melhoramento genetico vegetal, uma vez que cruzamentos feitos entre plantas portadoras de polens inviaveis resultarao em plantas estereis e numa menor producao de graos.