Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some properties and reflex connexions of respiratory motoneurones of the cat's thoracic spinal cord

Our understanding of the physiology of limb movements is now firmly based on a comprehensive knowledge of the properties of spinal motoneurones and of the segmental reflexes acting on them. However, our understanding of the physiology of respiratory movements is without such a basis even though, of course, much has been learnt about the supraspinal mechanisms influencing them. Investigations on the latter originate from the work of Legallois (1812) who showed that in the medulla oblongata there is a region 'dans lequel reside le premier mobile de la respiration'. The region accorded such a function is loosely described as the 'respiratory centre'. Alternatively, a 'respiratory centre' is deemed to exist in order both to co-ordinate the activity of respiratory motoneurones at widely differing levels of the neuraxis and to permit the integration of the diverse excitatory and inhibitory pathways influencing respiration (cf. Pitts, 1946). Following Legallois, physiologists have been pre-occupied with the problem of localizing the 'respiratory centre' and in constructing hypotheses as to its function. Consequently, the most important level for the integration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic actions, the respiratory motoneurone itself, has, with few exceptions (e.g. Ramos & Mendoza, 1959), been largely neglected. On this account alone, the term 'respiratory centre' must be regarded as not particularly meaningful and the author agrees with Liljestrand (1953), that its use should be discarded. In order to learn something about the integrative function of the respiratory motoneurone, the technique of recording intracellularly from neurones (Brock, Coombs & Eccles, 1952; Woodbury & Patton, 1952) has been applied to respiratory motoneurones of the thoracic spinal cord. The thoracic spinal cord was studied because it offered the opportunity of recording from inspiratory and expiratory motoneurones in the same segment of the spinal cord. In the present paper an account is given of the
Criminal offending in schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by deinstitutionalization and increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the pattern of criminal convictions in persons with schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by both radical deinstitutionalization and increasing rates of substance abuse problems among persons with schizophrenia in the community. METHOD The criminal records of 2,861 patients (1,689 of whom were male) who had a first admission for schizophrenia in the Australian state of Victoria in 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995 were compared for the period from 1975 to 2000 with those of an equal number of community comparison subjects matched for age, gender, and neighborhood of residence. RESULTS Relative to the comparison subjects, the patients with schizophrenia accumulated a greater total number of criminal convictions (8,791 versus 1,119) and were significantly more likely to have been convicted of a criminal offense (21.6% versus 7.8%) and of an offense involving violence (8.2% versus 1.8%). The proportion of patients who had a conviction increased from 14.8% of the 1975 cohort to 25.0% of the 1995 cohort, but a proportionately similar increase from 5.1% to 9.6% occurred among the comparison subjects. Rates of known substance abuse problems among the schizophrenia patients increased from 8.3% in 1975 to 26.1% in 1995. Significantly higher rates of criminal conviction were found for patients with substances abuse problems than for those without substance abuse problems (68.1% versus 11.7%). CONCLUSIONS A significant association was demonstrated between having schizophrenia and a higher rate of criminal convictions, particularly for violent offenses. However, the rate of increase in the frequency of convictions over the 25-year study period was similar among schizophrenia patients and comparison subjects, despite a change from predominantly institutional to community care and a dramatic escalation in the frequency of substance abuse problems among persons with schizophrenia. The results do not support theories that attempt to explain the mediation of offending behaviors in schizophrenia by single factors, such as substance abuse, active symptoms, or characteristics of systems of care, but suggest that offending reflects a range of factors that are operative before, during, and after periods of active illness.
Pediatric Femoral Avascular Necrosis after Pyarthrosis: Use of Free Vascularized Fibular Grafting

Pyarthrosis of a child’s hip can lead to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Symptomatic treatment options for this condition are limited. We supposed that free vascularized fibula autografting would improve range of motion, decrease pain, and increase function in patients with symptomatic osteonecrosis of the pediatric femoral head secondary to pyarthrosis. We prospectively evaluated seven consecutive patients who presented with Stages IV and V osteonecrosis of the femoral head. All patients were treated with free vascularized fibular autografting to the femoral head. Postoperative evaluations of range of motion, pain symptoms, and functional activity showed improvements in all patients. Range of motion of the hip was significantly improved in the arcs of flexion (+23°) and external rotation (+22°). Harris hip scores significantly increased from an average preoperative score of 68 to an average postoperative score of 96. No patients needed revision surgery to hip arthrodesis or arthroplasty within the 3-year 11-month followup. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Focalización del programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas en Honduras

Con el propósito de mejorar la eficiencia distributiva del gasto social en Honduras dentro de un contexto de fuertes restricciones fiscales, es indispensable priorizar a los hogares más pobres como beneficiarios de los programas sociales. Consecuentemente, desde el año 2010 el Bono 10.000 --el programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas (PTMC) del país-- ha combinado la focalización geográfica y la de hogares para lograr este objetivo. En esta nota los autores analizan la evolución de los modelos de focalización de hogares del Bono 10.000 en términos de errores de inclusión y exclusión, y proponen una nueva metodología para mejorar el último esquema. Esta metodología consiste en un modelo de prueba de aproximación de medios (Proxy Mean Test) a partir de los ingresos de los hogares y de sus características socioeconómicas. Con el nuevo modelo, los errores de exclusión e inclusión en las áreas rurales son del 17% en cada caso versus 38,3 y 32% respectivamente en el modelo anterior.
Phylogeography of Sophora davidii (Leguminosae) across the ‘Tanaka‐Kaiyong Line’, an important phytogeographic boundary in Southwest China

The ‘Tanaka‐Kaiyong Line’ (TKL) is a major phytogeographic boundary in Southwest China, separating East Asia's Sino‐Himalayan and Sino‐Japanese Floras. However, little is known about the importance of this boundary in promoting intraspecific phylogeographic subdivision and divergence. Using chloroplast (cpDNA) and nuclear‐intron (nDNA) sequence data, we reconstructed the population history of Sophora davidii, a drought‐tolerant riparian shrub widely distributed on either side of the TKL. Specifically, we aimed at testing two long‐standing explanations for possible vicariant events across the TKL: (i) Late Pliocene (c. 3 Ma) geological uplift of the eastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) or (ii) a sharp environmental gradient associated with the establishment of different monsoon regimes on either side of the TKL during the (Late) Pleistocene. Our genealogical analyses detected a major west–east split in cpDNA, geographically largely consistent with the TKL, and dated to c. 1.28 Ma (95% HPD: 0.21–2.96 Ma), hence postdating the latest phase of eastern QTP uplift. Furthermore, integrating cpDNA phylogeographic patterns with mismatch analyses, we found multiple refugial isolation and long‐term demographic stability of populations in the west (Hengduan Mountain Range) compared with extensive range expansions in the east, possibly during the last glacial period(s) and followed by differentiation into regional sublineages (southeast: Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau vs. northeast: Qinling Mts./Loess Plateau). Although nuclear differentiation was less marked, the geographical pattern of nDNA haplotypes provided some further indication of the species' eastward expansion, possibly from source populations located just east of the TKL (lower Jinshajiang region). Overall, the present data reject the geological (tectonic) explanation for the TKL and, instead, provide supportive evidence for its role as a climatically driven barrier to present‐day plant dispersal. In addition, our study highlights changing temperatures and vegetation types during the last glacial period(s), along with aspects of regional topography, to be important determinants of the glacial eastward expansion of S. davidii. In consequence, our study lends support to a ‘glacial out‐of‐Hengduan Mts’. hypothesis for the xerophytic‐riparian flora of Southwest China, which in turn is inconsistent with the traditional view of the TKL as a ‘classical’ vicariant‐biogeographic boundary.
Numerical Computations and Computer Assisted Proofs of Periodic Orbits of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation

We present numerical results and computer assisted proofs of the existence of periodic orbits for the Kuramoto-Sivashinky equation. These two results are based on writing down the existence of periodic orbits as zeros of functionals. This leads to the use of Newton's algorithm for the numerical computation of the solutions and, with some a posteriori analysis in combination with rigorous interval arithmetic, to the rigorous verification of the existence of solutions. This is a particular case of the methodology developed in [19] for several types of orbits. An independent implementation, covering overlapping but different ground, using different functional setups appears in [33].
Une contrainte globale pour l'extraction de motifs séquentiels

RÉSUMÉ. L’extraction de motifs séquentiels sous contraintes est un problème majeur en fouille de données. De nombreuses méthodes ad hoc efficaces on été proposées pour le résoudre, mais elles souffrent toutes d’un manque de généricité. Des approches basées sur la Programmation Par Contraintes (PPC) ont été récemment proposées, mais elles ne sont pas encore assez efficaces, principalement en raison de l’encodage utilisé. Dans cet article, nous proposons une contrainte globale basée sur le principe de projection qui permet de remédier à cet inconvénient. Les expérimentations menées montrent que notre approche surpasse clairement les approches PPC, et demeure compétitive avec les méthodes ad hoc sur de grandes bases de séquences.
No patient left behind: The promise of immune priming with epigenetic agents

ABSTRACT Checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that inhibit PD-1 or CTLA-4, have revolutionized the treatment of multiple cancers. Despite the enthusiasm for the clinical successes of checkpoint inhibitors, and immunotherapy, in general, only a minority of patients with specific tumor types actually benefit from treatment. Emerging evidence implicates epigenetic alterations as a mechanism of clinical resistance to immunotherapy. This review presents evidence for that association, summarizes the epi-based mechanisms by which tumors evade immunogenic cell death, discusses epigenetic modulation as a component of an integrated strategy to boost anticancer T cell effector function in relation to a tumor immunosuppression cycle and, finally, makes the case that the success of this no-patient-left-behind strategy critically depends on the toxicity profile of the epigenetic agent(s).
3,5-Diamino-1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolium bromide

The title salt, C8H10N5 +·Br−, crystallizes with two independent structural units in the asymmetric unit. The two independent cations have different conformations, the triazole and phenyl rings forming dihedral angles of 32.57 (6) and 52.27 (7)°. In both cations, the amino groups are planar (the sum of the angles at the N atom of each amino group is 360°) and conjugated with the triazole ring. Intermolecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds consolidate the crystal packing.
Multiferroic Hysteresis Loop 2

Multiferroics, showing both ferroelectric and magnetic order, are promising candidates 8 for future electronic devices. Especially, the fundamental understanding of ferroelectric switching 9 is of key relevance for further improvements, which however is rarely reported in literature. On a 10 prime example for a spin-driven multiferroic, LiCuVO4, we present an extensive study of the 11 ferroelectric order and the switching behavior as function of external electric and magnetic fields. 12 From frequency-dependent polarization switching and using the Ishibashi-Orihara theory, we 13 deduce the existence of ferroelectric domains and domain-walls. These have to be related to 14 counterclockwise and clockwise spin-spirals leading to the formation of multiferroic domains. A 15 novel measurement – multiferroic hysteresis loop – is established to analyze the electrical 16 polarization simultaneously as a function of electrical and magnetic fields. This technique allows 17 characterizing the complex coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic order in multiferroic 18 LiCuVO4. 19
Beyond the ABC: Climate Change Policy and Theories of Social Change

In this short and deliberately provocative paper I reflect on what seems to be a yawning gulf between the potential contribution of the social sciences and the typically restricted models and concepts of social change embedded in contemporary environmental policy in the UK, and in other countries too. As well as making a strong case for going beyond what I refer to as the dominant paradigm of ‘ABC’—attitude, behaviour, and choice—I discuss the attractions of this model, the blind spots it creates, and the forms of governance it sustains. This exercise provides some insight into why so much relevant social theory remains so marginalised, and helps identify opportunities for making better use of existing intellectual resources.
Querying and searching the deep web

The term Deep Web (sometimes also called Hidden Web) [2, 5, 8] refers to the data content that is accessible through Web pages, typically via HTML forms, but is not available on static pages for indexing by search engines. Deep Web data reside in databases and are made available dynamically, as Web pages, upon a specific search or query. An example is when we query a Yellow Pages website: the generated output is the result of a query posed on an underlying database, and is not stored as static pages; such output can normally be represented in relational form.
Delayed onset of quadriceps activity and altered knee joint kinematics during stair stepping in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine if the electromyographic onset of vastus lateralis and kinematic knee joint motion in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) differs from that of asymptomatic persons, during the task of stair stepping. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING University laboratory in Australia. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five participants with symptomatic knee OA and 33 asymptomatic controls. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Surface electromyography to determine the onset of vastus lateralis activity. Two-dimensional kinematic analysis of sagittal plane knee motion during stance phase of stair ascent and descent. RESULTS Participants with knee OA showed delayed onset of vastus lateralis activity during stair descent (P<.05) but not ascent. Both groups displayed a similar total range of knee motion. However, during stair descent, participants with OA had less knee flexion during early stance (P<.05) than controls. CONCLUSION Individuals with knee OA display altered quadriceps function and knee joint kinematics during stair descent. These impairments may have implications for force attenuation across the knee joint and warrant future investigation.
A New Network on Chip Design Dedicated to Multicast Service

The qualities of service presented in the network on chip are considered as a network performance criteria. However, the implementation of a quality of service, such as multicasting, shows difficulties, especially at the algorithmic level. Numerous studies have tried to implement networks that support the multicast service by adopting various algorithms to maintain the network average latency acceptable. To evaluate these algorithms, their performances are compared with the algorithms based on the multi-unicast. As expected, there is always a performances improvement. Regrettably, there is a possible degradation of latency introduced by such a service because of the large occupation of the network bandwidth for some period (which depends on packet size). In this paper, we propose an architectural solution aiming to avoid this possible degradation.
Gastric cancer: Patterns of disease spread via the perigastric ligaments shown by CT.

OBJECTIVE The stomach is suspended in the abdominal cavity by perigastric ligaments, which are derived from the dorsal and ventral mesogastrium. These ligaments provide a direct contiguous pathway for the peritoneal spread of gastric cancer. In this article, we discuss the embryology and anatomy of the stomach and describe the specific ligamentous routes along which gastric cancers may spread by direct invasion. CONCLUSION Extragastric disease alters the prognosis and treatment options available to patients with gastric cancer. Familiarity with the stomach's embryology will help the radiologist understand its anatomy and, therefore, the patterns of regional spread of gastric cancer. The location of the primary tumor can predict involvement of specific perigastric ligaments because locoregional spread of gastric cancer occurs along the arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic channels within those ligaments. Thus, identifying the location of the primary tumor can potentially improve patient outcomes.
A 2.4 GHz high efficiency SiGe HBT power amplifier with high-Q LTCC harmonic suppression filter

We present a 2.4 GHz SiGe HBT power amplifier integrated with a harmonic suppression filter implemented in a high-Q multilayer low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) substrate at the output. The power amplifier delivers a power of up to 27.5 dBm with a maximum power-added efficiency (PAE) of 47%. It has a power output of 27 dBm at an input power of 0 dBm with a PAE of 45%. The second and third harmonics are -44 dBc and -49 dBc, respectively, at this operating point. The power amplifier exhibits a linear gain of 35 dB and operates at a supply voltage of 3.3 V. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the best reported performance of a SiGe HBT power amplifier at 2.4 GHz and is comparable to performance previously achieved only with GaAs-based processes. The harmonic suppression filter and output match network have been implemented completely in LTCC without the use of external discrete components.
A comparison of the career aspirations of degree and P2000 diploma graduates from UK nursing programmes.

AIM This paper reports the findings from a study of career aspirations undertaken as part of a larger study on the graduate outcomes of two different preregistration nursing educational programmes in the UK. METHODS A self-completion questionnaire was administered to 52 degree graduates and 28 diplomates from two Universities on completion of their course. FINDINGS The findings suggest that while graduates appeared more definite over their long-term career goals, diplomates were more confident in their initial decision to enter the nursing profession. All respondents showed a marked tendency towards hospital-based clinical posts on graduation. Degree graduates displayed a greater interest in working overseas, nominating a far broader range of possible destinations and expressed interest in a wider range of further education courses, including Master's and PhD degrees. CONCLUSIONS The career aspirations of degree graduates and diplomates revealed in this study highlight a number of issues with implications for workforce planning, recruitment and retainment. Further larger scale longitudinal research is warranted.
Laser and Its Hazard Potential

Laser-induced eye injuries have been reported more and more often in the past years, yet the laser is not a modern invention. Based on stimulated emission, the wavelength, energy dose and pulse duration of the laser are the determining factors for its possible hazard potential. The eye, which is the most vulnerable body part for laser radiation, can be affected. As medical treatment is discussed controversial, a great demand has been put on developing laser protection gear. The present review summarizes the physical basics, clinical findings and therapeutic options of laser-induced eye injuries.
Caricature Effects, Distinctiveness, and Identification: Testing the Face-Space Framework

According to the multidimensional space framework, faces are represented as locations in a psychological face-space. Our aim was to test whether the locations of veridical, caricatured, and anticaricatured face stimuli in face-space, derived from multidimensional scaling analyses, could account for identification accuracy and distinctiveness ratings for these stimuli. Caricatures were identified more accurately and rated as more distinctive than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were identified less accurately but were not significantly less distinctive than veridical images. In the face-space derived from multidimensional scaling, caricatures were further from the origin and less densely clustered than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were closer to the origin and located in denser regions of the space. A quantitative model successfully predicted identification performance from the spatial locations of the stimuli. In general, the physically transformed faces were systematically mapped in the psychological space.
Tetrahymena proteins p80 and p95 are not core telomerase components

Telomeres provide stability to eukaryotic chromosomes and consist of tandem DNA repeat sequences. Telomeric repeats are synthesized and maintained by a specialized reverse transcriptase, termed telomerase. Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase contains two essential components: Tetrahymena telomerase reverse transcriptase (tTERT), the catalytic protein component, and telomerase RNA that provides the template for telomere repeat synthesis. In addition to these two components, two proteins, p80 and p95, were previously found to copurify with telomerase activity and to interact with tTERT and telomerase RNA. To investigate the role of p80 and p95 in the telomerase enzyme, we tested the interaction of p80, p95, and tTERT in several different recombinant expression systems and in Tetrahymena extracts. Immunoprecipitation of recombinant proteins showed that although p80 and p95 associated with each other, they did not associate with tTERT. In in vitro transcription and translation lysates, tTERT was associated with telomerase activity, but p80 and p95 were not. p80 bound telomerase RNA as well as several other unrelated RNAs, suggesting p80 has a general affinity for RNA. Immunoprecipitations from Tetrahymena extracts also showed no evidence for an interaction between the core tTERT/telomerase RNA complex and the p80 and p95 proteins. These data suggest that p80 and p95 are not associated with the bulk of active telomerase in Tetrahymena.