Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the emergency procedure in cases of dental avulsion among different professionals in the city of São José dos Campos-SP

Objective : To assess the knowledge of the immediate action to be taken in cases of tooth extraction among professionals from different areas who witness this type of trauma in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos - SP, as well as guide them to the conduct immediately to be taken, since the prognosis of avulsed teeth element is directly related to the time it takes to replanted in respective alveolus. Besides the time factor, other factors such as management of the tooth, storage environment, treatment of the replanted tooth and preservation technique also have influence on the best prognosis. Material and Methods: For the development of the survey 50 professionals were randomly selected from the following professions: firefighters, doctors, nurses, teachers and dentists in different workplaces and from both genders. An evaluation was made through a questionnaire related to emergency treatment in cases of dental avulsion. The same was applied to all professionals, and questions were answered in the same period of time. Results: All data obtained was evaluated and a statistical analysis was performed. The professionals interviewed had low knowledge about the emergency procedure to be performed in cases of tooth avulsion Conclusion: Even seen that part of the dentists are unaware of the appropriate techniques for this procedure, it was concluded that there is a great need for scientific and technical knowledge by this professional which would result in better patient care and more clarification on the subject the population.
Placa vulnerable: Métodos de identificación actual y futuro

Resumen La aterotrombosis es la principal causa de muer-te en el mundo occidental, la ruptura de la placavulnerable es el gatillo de los sindromes coro-narios agudos. La importancia de identificar laplaca vulnerable antes de su ruptura sigue sien-do un reto. Actualmente el diagnostico se pue-de realizar por metodos no invasivos, como esdeterminar la presencia de factores de riesgo,marcadores sericos de vulnerabilidad, y meto-dos invasivos como es la angioscopia. Aunqueexisten varios metodos, no existe uno que nosde toda la informacion morfologica y de activi-dad de la placa necesaria, parece que la termo-grafia va a ser de mucha utilidad. El futuro no essolo diagnosticar placa vulnerable sino al pa-ciente vulnerable. Podemos definir placa vulnerable (PV) como laplaca ateromatosa, susceptible de romperse yes la causa principal del (SICA), es decir es unaplaca de alto riesgo para trombosis y rapida pro-gresion a la estenosis, en otras palabras la po-driamos definir como una placa de alto riesgode ruptura, y susceptible de complicaciones. Enpocas palabras PV es una placa de
Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation- Culture Change in an Urban Environment

SUMMARY Imagine a nursing home where the waiting rooms look like comfortable, homey living rooms; the residents' rooms become “suites” the bathrooms are referred to as “spas” and the reception area is staffed by a “concierge. ” A place where each resident determines his/her own schedule based upon individual preferences rather than following a routine set by the nursing home. A place which liberates and empowers residents, staff and families to build relationships. This article describes the Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation in Brooklyn, New York, an urban facility with 320 residents and a 564-person staff, and its journey toward culture change, moving from “Units” to “Neighborhoods. ” This change in paradigm is guided by the values and principles of integration, creativity and compassion.
Estimated depth of apatite and collagen degradation in human dentine by sequential exposure to sodium hypochlorite and EDTA: a quantitative FTIR study

AIM To characterize chemical degradation of the principal constituents of dentine after exposure to NaOCl and EDTA using Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). METHODOLOGY Ground dentine particles, from extracted permanent human molars, were passed through sieves of 38 to 1 000 μm to provide six size ranges. Portions (250 mg) of each size range were reacted with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 2-10 min; or 17% EDTA for 5-1440 min. Powders larger than 75 μm were also sequentially exposed to NaOCl/EDTA/NaOCl each for 10 min. All experiments were repeated five times. Reacted and unreacted powders were washed and dried. Particles larger than 75 μm were then reground. FTIR spectra of unground and reground reacted particles enabled assessment of particle surface versus bulk chemistry, respectively, plus estimation of reaction depth. Changes in the ratio of the 1 640 cm-1 collagen: 1 010 cm-1 phosphate peak height or its inverse were obtained. These were used to estimate surface and bulk fraction reacted and thus depth to which collagen or phosphate was reduced following immersion in NaOCl or EDTA, respectively. The data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS Surface collagen fraction declined by ~40% within 2 min of NaOCl exposure, and plateaued at ~60% between 6-10 min. Bulk spectra showed average depth of collagen loss at 10 min was 16 ± 13 μm. Ten minute EDTA exposure caused ~60% loss of surface phosphate. Average depth of phosphate loss was 19 ± 12 μm and 89 ± 43 μm after 10 and 1 440 min EDTA immersion, respectively. Sequential NaOCl/EDTA immersion yielded a 62 ± 28 μm thick phosphate-depleted surface. Sequential NaOCl/EDTA/NaOCl treatment resulted in approximately 85 μm of collagen loss. CONCLUSIONS Data revealed the sequential depletion of collagen by NaOCl and apatite by EDTA in dentine, simultaneously exposing the other moieties. Alternate exposure to NaOCl and EDTA therefore enhances the depth of erosion.
Speaking for the evidence: colonoscopy vs computed tomographic colonography.

At a recent National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference on “Enhancing the Use and Quality of Colorectal Cancer Screening,” the final discussion period was dominated by an animated debate between optical colonoscopists and computed tomographic (CT) colonographers about the relative merits of their respective screening tests (optical colonoscopy and CT colonography). A similar exchange between gastroenterology and radiology specialty societies occurred in strongly worded letters to the White House after President Obama had CT colonography for colorectal cancer screening during his annual physical examination. Gastroenterologists claimed that optical colonoscopy is the “gold standard” test; radiologists claimed that Medicare unfairly excludes reimbursement for CT colonography as a screening test (1).
Hepatitis mouse models: from acute‐to‐chronic autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with interface hepatitis, raised plasma liver enzymes, the presence of autoantibodies and regulatory T‐cell (Tregs) dysfunction. The clinical course is heterogeneous, manifested by a fulminant or indolent course. Although genetic predisposition is well accepted, the combination with currently undefined environmental factors is crucial for the development of the disease. Progress in the development of reliable animal models provides added understanding of the pathophysiology of AIH, and these will be very useful in evaluating potential therapeutics. It appears that artificially breaking tolerance in the liver is easy. However, maintaining this state of tolerance breakdown, to get chronic hepatitis, is difficult because liver immune homeostasis is strongly regulated by several immune response inhibitory mechanisms. For example, Tregs are crucial regulators in acute and chronic hepatitis, and C57BL/6 mice are most prone to experimental AIH. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with liver (AIH) autoantigens (CYP2D6/FTCD or IL‐4R) and the disturbance of liver regulatory mechanism(s), leading to experimental AIH, are likely to be most representative of human AIH pathology.
Syndecans: from peripheral coreceptors to mainstream regulators of cell behaviour

In the 25 years, as the first of the syndecan family was cloned, interest in these transmembrane proteoglycans has steadily increased. While four distinct members are present in mammals, one is present in invertebrates, including C. elegans that is such a powerful genetic model. The syndecans, therefore, have a long evolutionary history, indicative of important roles. However, these roles have been elusive. The knockout in the worm has a developmental neuronal phenotype, while knockouts of the syndecans in the mouse are mild and mostly limited to post-natal rather than developmental effects. Moreover, their association with high-affinity receptors, such as integrins, growth factor receptors, frizzled and slit/robo, have led to the notion that syndecans are coreceptors, with minor roles. Given that their heparan sulphate chains can gather many different protein ligands, this gave credence to views that the importance of syndecans lay with their ability to concentrate ligands and that only the extracellular polysaccharide was of significance. Syndecans are increasingly identified with roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including tumour progression, vascular disease, arthritis and inflammation. This has provided impetus to understanding syndecan roles in more detail. It emerges that while the cytoplasmic domains of syndecans are small, they have clear interactive capabilities, most notably with the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, through the binding and activation of signalling molecules, it is likely that syndecans are important receptors in their own right. Here, an overview of syndecan structure and function is provided, with some prospects for the future.
Breast cancer incidence in the randomized PEARL trial of lasofoxifene in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.

BACKGROUND Currently available selective estrogen receptor modulators reduce the risk of breast cancer, but they are not widely used. In the Postmenopausal Evaluation and Risk-Reduction with Lasofoxifene (PEARL) trial, lasofoxifene was shown to reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, nonvertebral and vertebral fractures, coronary artery disease, and stroke, but the effects on total breast cancer (invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ, ER+ and estrogen receptor-negative [ER-]) and ER+ invasive breast cancer are unknown. METHODS Postmenopausal women (n = 8556) aged 59-80 years with low bone density and normal mammograms were randomly assigned to two doses of lasofoxifene (0.25 and 0.5 mg) or placebo. The primary endpoints of the PEARL trial were incidence of ER+ breast cancer and nonvertebral fractures at 5 years. A nested case-control study of 49 incident breast cancer case patients and 156 unaffected control subjects from the PEARL trial was performed to evaluate treatment effects on risk of total and ER+ invasive breast cancer by baseline serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin levels using logistic regression models. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate risk of total breast cancer and ER+ invasive breast cancer using intention-to-treat analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Breast cancer was confirmed in 49 women. Compared with placebo, 0.5 mg of lasofoxifene statistically significantly reduced the risk of total breast cancer by 79% (hazard ratio = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08 to 0.55) and ER+ invasive breast cancer by 83% (hazard ratio = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.57). The effects of 0.5 mg of lasofoxifene on total breast cancer were similar regardless of Gail score, whereas the effects were markedly stronger for women with baseline estradiol levels greater than the median (odds ratio = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.51) vs those with levels less than the median (odds ratio = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.16 to 3.79; P(interaction) = . 04). CONCLUSION A 0.5-mg dose of lasofoxifene appears to reduce the risks of both total and ER+ invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia.

BACKGROUND Amblyopia is defined as defective visual acuity in one or both eyes without demonstrable abnormality of the visual pathway, and is not immediately resolved by wearing glasses. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of conventional occlusion versus atropine penalization for amblyopia. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, preference lists, science citation index and ongoing trials up to June 2009. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized/quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing conventional occlusion to atropine penalization for amblyopia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened abstracts and full text articles, abstracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS Three trials with a total of 525 amblyopic eyes were included. One trial was assessed as having a low risk of bias among these three trials, and one was assessed as having a high risk of bias.Evidence from three trials suggests atropine penalization is as effective as conventional occlusion. One trial found similar improvement in vision at six and 24 months. At six months, visual acuity in the amblyopic eye improved from baseline 3.16 lines in the occlusion and 2.84 lines in the atropine group (mean difference 0.034 logMAR; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005 to 0.064 logMAR). At 24 months, additional improvement was seen in both groups; but there continued to be no meaningful difference (mean difference 0.01 logMAR; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.04 logMAR). The second trial reported atropine to be more effective than occlusion. At six months, visual acuity improved 1.8 lines in the patching group and 3.4 lines in the atropine penalization group, and was in favor of atropine (mean difference -0.16 logMAR; 95% CI -0.23 to -0.09 logMAR). Different occlusion modalities were used in these two trials. The third trial had inherent methodological flaws and limited inference could be drawn.No difference in ocular alignment, stereo acuity and sound eye visual acuity between occlusion and atropine penalization was found. Although both treatments were well tolerated, compliance was better in atropine. Atropine penalization costs less than conventional occlusion. The results indicate that atropine penalization is as effective as conventional occlusion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Both conventional occlusion and atropine penalization produce visual acuity improvement in the amblyopic eye. Atropine penalization appears to be as effective as conventional occlusion, although the magnitude of improvement differed among the three trials. Atropine penalization can be used as first line treatment for amblyopia.
Increased expression of phosphorylated forms of heat‐shock protein‐27 and p38MAPK in macrophage‐rich regions of fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit

We aimed to assess the expression and distribution of Hsp27, pHsp27 (Ser82), p38MAPK and p‐p38MAPK in fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions and the myocardium of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Male New Zealand white rabbits were fed a high‐cholesterol diet for 18 weeks, maintaining serum cholesterol at approximately 20 mmol/l over this period. Aortic arch and myocardial tissues were analysed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Plasma Hsp27 levels were measured by ELISA. There was a significant increase in the expression of monomeric and dimeric forms of Hsp27, together with pHsp27 (Ser82), p38MAPK and p‐p38MAPK in the fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions (P < 0.01; P < 0.05; P < 0.001; and P < 0.001, respectively) and the myocardial tissues (P < 0.001) from the cholesterol‐fed rabbits compared with equivalent tissues from controls when the plasma concentration was low. Immunohistochemical analysis of the fibro‐fatty lesions showed marked increases in Hsp27 and pHsp27 (Ser82) immunoreactivity. Double immunostaining showed intense expression of pHsp27 and p‐p38MAPK in regions that were rich in macrophages, suggesting a close association with these inflammatory cells, whereas, in regions rich in smooth muscle cells, only p‐p38MAPK was found to be strongly expressed. An increased expression of pHsp27 (Ser82) was spatially associated with increased p‐p38MAPK within fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions and was colocalized to regions rich in macrophages. The initial increase in plasma Hsp27 levels may reflect the increase in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the early phases of disease. The falling concentrations subsequently may be coincident with the development of the advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Abiraterone and MVD3100 take androgen deprivation to a new level.

M en with advanced prostate cancer that has become resistant to conventional androgen-deprivation therapies have limited options: chemotherapies that extend life for just a few months — and are highly toxic — or the newly approved and expensive vaccine sipuleucelT (Provenge), which is given by repeat blood infusions. Two new options on the horizon — both in pill form and both designed to lower androgen levels more than older drugs — could extend those options. Closest to market is abiraterone acetate, which inhibits testosterone synthesis. At the European Society for Medical Oncology’s annual meeting last October, researchers presented phase III clinical trial results showing that this small molecule increased overall survival by a statistically signifi cant 3.9 months compared with placebo — 14.8 months vs. 10.9 months — among patients who were no longer benefi ting from chemotherapy with taxotere (Docetaxel). Johnson and Johnson unblinded the trial ahead of schedule so that control-group patients could also be treated with the drug. The next step is U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, according to principal investigator Johann de Bono, M.D., from the Institute for Cancer Research in London. Right behind abiraterone is MVD3100, which has just entered phase III studies. MVD3100 blocks both testosterone and its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), from interacting with cell receptors. Previous phase II studies showed that the drug could limit or stabilize prostate cancer metastases, reduce prostate-specifi c antigen (PSA) levels, and improve circulating tumor cell counts among patients who had either failed chemotherapy or hadn’t yet been treated. Because abiraterone and MVD3100 are among the fi rst treatments for advanced prostate cancer to appear in years, they have been widely covered in the press. “They’re both simple to administer and they have low toxicity,” said Nicholas James, M.D., professor of clinical oncology at the University of Birmingham, UK. “But we’ve been through this before: Some drugs generate massive publicity before licensing, and then they turn out to have modest effects. We’re keen to explore what they can do, but they’re not a panacea. ” Nevertheless, these drugs may lead to new approaches in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Their performance so far “suggests that androgen deprivation has a future in advanced prostate cancer that we might be able to improve on,” said Daniel Danila, M.D., an oncologist at the Memorial Sloan – Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Testosterone and DHT ordinarily coordinate the expression of male sex characteristics after binding with androgen receptors (ARs) in the prostate and other organs. In prostate cancer, that process gets distorted — the hormones hijack AR signaling, increasing expression of a whole spectrum of genes related to cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis.
Physical activity programs for persons with dementia.

BACKGROUND There is some evidence that physical activity delays the onset of dementia in healthy older adults and slows down cognitive decline to prevent the onset of cognitive disability. Studies using animal models suggest that physical activity has the potential to attenuate the pathophysiology of dementia. 'Physical activity' refers to 'usual care plus physical activity'. OBJECTIVES Primary: do physical activity programs maintain or improve cognition, function, behaviour, depression, and mortality compared to usual care in older persons with dementia? Secondary: do physical activity programs have an indirect positive impact on family caregivers' health, quality of life, and mortality compared to family caregivers of older persons with dementia who received usual care alone? Do physical activity programs reduce the use of health care services (e.g., visits to the emergency department) compared to usual care in older persons with dementia and their family caregiver? SEARCH STRATEGY The trials were identified from searches of the Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and LILACS on 9 September 2007 using the search terms: exercise OR "physical activity" OR cycling OR swim* OR gym* OR walk* OR danc* OR yoga OR "tai chi". SELECTION CRITERIA All relevant, randomized controlled trials in which physical activity programs were compared with usual care for the effect on managing or improving cognition, function, behaviour, depression, and mortality in people with dementia of any type and degree of severity. Secondary outcomes related to the family caregiver(s) included quality of life, mortality, and use of health care services were intended to be examined. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed the retrieved articles for relevance and methodological quality, and extracted data from the selected trials. These were pooled were appropriate. MAIN RESULTS Four trials met the inclusion criteria. However, only two trials were included in the analyses because the required data from the other two trials were not made available. Only one meta-analysis was conducted. The results from this review suggest that there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of physical activity programs in managing or improving cognition, function, behaviour, depression, and mortality in people with dementia. Few trials have examined these important outcomes. In addition, family caregiver outcomes and use of health care services were not reported in any of the included trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to be able to say whether or not physical activity programs are beneficial for people with dementia.
Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in the critically ill and injured

Recent developments in nutrition support have continued to focus on the gastrointestinal tract as an important part of host defense following injury. Immunosuppression and subsequent infections are a major problem in critically ill and critically injured patients, and aggressive nutrition support is necessary to avoid progressive protein or calorie malnutrition. Altered gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal immunity have received significant attention as important factors in improving host defenses influenced by nutrition. Specialty formulas show significant promise in supporting the critically ill patient and maximizing the opportunity for recovery without infectious morbidity. Evidence supporting enteral rather than parenteral nutrition continues to mount.