Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENERALIZATIONS OF THE HAHN-BANACH THEOREM REVISITED

In this paper, based on the extended versions of the Farkas lemma for convex systems introduced recently in [9], we establish an extended version of a so called Hahn-Banach-Lagrange theorem introduced by Stephan Simons in [22]. This generalized version of the Hahn-Banach-Lagrange theorem holds in locally convex Hausdorff topological vector spaces under a Slater-type constraint qualification condition and with the relaxing of the lower semi-continuity of some functions involved and the closedness of the constrained sets. The version, in turn, yields extended versions of the Mazur-Orlicz theorem, the sandwich theorem, and the Hahn-Banach theorem concerning extended sublinear functions. It is then shown that all the generalized versions of the Farkas lemma for cone-convex/sublinear-convex systems in [9] and the new extended Hahn-Banach-Lagrange theorem just obtained are equivalent together. A class of composite problems involving sublinear-convex mappings is considered at the end of the paper. Here the main results of the paper are applied to get a strong duality result and optimality conditions for the class of problems. Moreover, a formula for the conjugate of the supremum of a family (possibly infinite, not lower semi-continuous) of convex functions is then derived from the duality result to show the generality and the significance of the class of problems in consideration.
Overview of Clostridium difficile Infection: Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Treatment

The use of antimicrobial agents and acquired resistances explains in part the emergence and spreading of epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile. Continued use of antimicrobial therapy still represents an acute danger in triggering the emergence and spreading of new resistant and multiresistant strains including against first-line antibiotics. We examine the pathway of peptidoglycan synthesis in this organism and associated resistances, as well as resistance to other classes of antibiotics. The life cycle of C. difficile involves growth, spore formation and germination. Spores endow the organism with a formidable capacity of persistence in the environment and in the host, resistance, dissemination and infectious potential. Highly resistant spores produced by antibiotic-resistant/multiresistant strains may be one of the most serious challenges we face in what concerns the containment of C. difficile. Finally, we review recent developments in the treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection.
Effects of soil moisture and dried raindroplet crust on saltation and dust emission

[1] Field experiments using a sand particle counter and an optical particle counter clarified the links between saltation and dust emission under wet and weakly crusted conditions in a fallow field previously cultivated with wheat in Australia. A crust was formed by the impact of raindroplets after small precipitation events. A little soil moisture enhanced the strengths of crust and aggregation even though the soil was dried. Dust concentration was proportional to friction wind velocity, but the proportionality was dependent on ground surface conditions, such as the minimally dispersed particle size distribution of parent soil and the presence or absence of crust.
REVEALING NON-ALPHABETICAL GUISES OF SPAM-TRIGGER VOCABLES

Unsolicited bulk email (spam) nowadays accounts for nearly 75% of daily email traffic, a figure that speaks strongly for the need of finding better protection mechanisms against its dissemination. A clever trick recently exploited by email spammers in order to circumvent textual-based filters, involves obfuscation of black-listed words with visually equivalent text substitutions from non-alphabetic symbols, in such a way it still conveys the semantics of the original word to the human eye (e.g. masking viagra as v1@gr@ or as v-i-a-g-r-a). In this paper we discuss how a simple-yet-effective adaptation of a classical algorithm for string matching may meet this stylish challenge to effectively reveal the similarity between genuine spam-trigger terms with their disguised alpha-numeric variants.
The Role of Sport Marketing Mix in Generating Revenue for Iranian Football Clubs

Background. Marketing mix is a tool which can be used by administrators to achieve their goals. Objectives. This research investigated the role of sports marketing mix in generating revenue for football clubs. Methods. Data for this mixed method research was obtained from library studies, interviews with experts, and questionnaires. The statistical population comprised employees of the Football Federation, football clubs, and universities in the field of sports marketing. Theoretical sampling was conducted in the qualitative stage and interviews continued to the point of saturation. The whole statistical population was sampled in the quantitative stage. Results. The results showed that each element of the sports marketing mix apart from price had a positive and significant impact on generating revenue for football clubs. Conclusion. Based on the importance and the role of sports marketing mix in generating revenue for football clubs, it is recommended that club managers strive to choose an appropriate marketing mix.
The Option Value of Human Capital: Higher Education and Wage Inequality

Going to college is a risky investment in human capital. However, we highlight two options inherently embedded in college education that mitigate this risk: (i) college students can quit without completing four-year degrees after learning about their post-graduation wages and (ii) college graduates can take jobs that do not require four-year degrees (i.e., underemployment). These options reduce the chances of falling in the lower end of the wage distribution as a college graduate, rendering standard mean-variance calculations misleading. We show that the interaction between these options and the rising wage dispersion, especially among college graduates, is key to understanding the muted response of college enrollment and graduation rates to the substantial increase in the college wage premium in the United States since 1980. Furthermore, we find that subsidies inducing marginal students to attend colleges will have a negligible net benefit: Such students are far more likely to drop out of college or become underemployed even with a four-year degree, implying only small wage gains from college education.
Mental Retirement: Evidence from Global Aging Data

This study analyzes the effect of retirement on cognitive function; specifically, the hypothesis from human capital theory that because cognitive investment increases a worker's wage, workers may invest in their cognitive ability more than retirees, contributing to a post-retirement decline in cognitive function. While this topic is of great interest to health economics, we show that the method of analysis of some previous studies is not valid for examining this effect, and we propose an alternative method that addresses this concern. Further, our estimates indicate that retirement has only a weak effect on cognitive ability in a wide range of analyzed countries and heterogeneous groups. Therefore, according to our analysis, policies that have been widely adopted in developed countries to delay retirement, such as increasing the pensionable age, appear to have little detrimental affect on post-retirement cognitive ability.
Development of E-learning prototype for MUET assessment

This paper aims to discuss the development of E-learning prototype for MUET assessment in Fakulti Sains Komputer dan Teknologi Maklumat (FSKTM), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) namely, MUET Online System. The system is considered as a learning centre to study MUET examination that follows the MUET syllabus. The system will be used to assist students in making preparation before sitting for MUET examination. Before student can gain access to the system, students need to sign up and pay some fees before they are enrolled into virtual MUET class. The class will be guided by the English language lecturer from Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development (FSTPI), UTHM as teacher. The system provides learning modules, quiz and test section. At the end of learning session students’ performance are assessed through quizzes and test measure the level of student understands. The teacher will evaluate the student’s mark and provide advices to the student. Therefore, the MUET Online System will be able to improve student knowledge in English language and subsequently help student to obtain the best result in MUET by providing more guided references and practices.
Colors of Centaurs

Minor planets on outer planet-crossing orbits, called Centaur objects, are important members of the solar system in that they dynamically link Kuiper belt objects to Jupiter-family comets. In addition, perhaps 6% of near-Earth objects have histories as Centaur objects. The total mass of Centaurs (10–4 M ) is significant, about one-tenth of the mass of the asteroid belt. Centaur objects exhibit a physical property not seen among any other objects in the solar system, their B–R colors divide into two distinct populations: a gray and a red population. Application of the dip test to B–R colors in the literature indicates there is a 99.5% probability that Centaurs exhibit a bimodal color distribution. Although there are hints that gray and red Centaurs exhibit different orbital elements, application of the Wilcoxon rank sum test finds no statistically significant difference between the orbital elements of the two color groups. On the other hand, gray and red Centaurs exhibit a statistically significant difference in albedo, with the gray Centaurs having a lower median albedo than the red Centaurs. Further observational and dynamical work is necessary to determine whether the two color populations are the result of (1) evolutionary processes such as radiation-reddening, collisions, and sublimation or (2) a primordial, temperature-induced, composition gradient.
Enhanced Data Transmission for Wireless Sensor Networks

Low-power wireless sensor networks square measure associate degree exciting analysis direction in sensing and pervasive computing. previous security work in this space has targeted totally on denial of communication at the routing or medium access management levels. This paper explores resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer, that for good disable networks by quickly exhausting nodes’ battery power. These “Vampire” attacks are specific to any specific protocol, however rather place confidence in the properties of the many common categories of routing protocols. we discover that all examined protocols square measure inclined to lama attacks, that square measure devastating, tough to observe, and square measure straightforward to carry out victimization as few united malicious business executive causing solely protocolcompliant messages. In the worst case, a single lama will increase network-wide energy usage by an element of O(N*N ), wherever N in the variety of network nodes. we have a tendency to discuss strategies and trajectory to mitigate these forms of attacks, together with a replacement proof-of-concept protocol that demonstrably bounds the injury caused by Vampires throughout the packet forwarding section. KEYWORDS—Denial of service, uncompromised node, no backtracking, device networks, wireless networks, security and routing.
Disk Resident Taxonomy Mining for Large Temporal Datasets

Mining patterns under constraints in large data is a significant task to advantage from the multiple uses of the patterns embedded in these data sets. It is obviously a difficult task because of the exponential growth of the search space. Extracting the patterns under various kinds of constraints in such type of data is a challenging research. First, a memory-based, efficient pattern-growth algorithm, Forest Mine, is proposed for mining frequent patterns for the data sets and then consolidating global frequent patterns. For dense data sets, Forest-mine is integrated with FP-Tree dynamically by detecting the swapping condition and constructing FP-trees for efficient mining. Such efforts ensure that forest mine is scalable in both large and medium sized databases and in both sparse and dense data sets.
System, Society and Dominance Effects in Cross-National Organisational Analysis

Current cross-national organisational theory remains tied to stark polarisation between convergence and divergence, universal and relative, frames of analysis. Attempts at synthesis between these forces allow for, but do not always explain, why the organisation of work should be constantly pressured to conform to one particular `best practice'. Our approach examines three sources of external influence on work organisation practices: (i) the economic mode of production; (ii) national legacies and institutional patterns; and (iii) `best practice' or universal modernisation strategies generated and diffused by the `society-in-dominance' within the global economy at a particular period of time. In other words, the influences upon work within a particular country are the result of a three-way interaction of what we call system effects, societal effects and dominance effects. All societies are marked by these three influences, although the order of influence varies historically and between societies.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOMATOES DEPENDING ON THE STAGE OF RIPENING

Tomatoes are well-known vegetables, grown and eaten around the world due to their nutritional benefits. The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition (dry matter, soluble solids, titritable acidity, vitamin C, lycopene), the taste index and maturity in three cherry tomato varieties (Sakura, Sunstream, Mathew) grown and collected from greenhouse at different stages of ripening. The output of the analyses showed that there were significant differences in the mean values among the analysed parameters according to the stage of ripening and variety. During ripening, the content of soluble solids increases on average two times in all analyzed varieties; the highest content of vitamin C and lycopene was determined in tomatoes of Sunstream variety in red stage. The highest total acidity expressed as g of citric acid 100 g -1 was observed in pink stage (variety Sakura) or a breaker stage (varieties Sunstream and Mathew). The taste index of the variety Sakura was higher at all analyzed ripening stages in comparison with other varieties. This shows that ripening stages have a significant effect on tomato biochemical composition along with their variety. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ct. 66.1. 12053
H-related defect complexes in HfO2: A model for positive fixed charge defects

Based on first-principles theoretical calculations, we investigate the hydrogenation effect on the defect properties of oxygen vacancies (VO) in HfO2. A defect complex of VO and H behaves as a shallow donor for a wide range of Fermi levels, with a positive charge state, and this complex is energetically stable against its dissociation into VO and H. We suggest that the VO–H complex is responsible for the formation of positive fixed charges, which neutralize negative fixed charges during the postannealing process of SiOx/HfO2 stack.
The Determinants of Charity Misconduct

Charities in the United Kingdom have been the subject of intense media, political, and public scrutiny in recent times; however, our understanding of the nature, extent, and determinants of charity misconduct is weak. Drawing upon a novel administrative dataset of 25,611 charities for the period 2006-2014 in Scotland, we develop models to predict two dimensions of charity misconduct: regulatory investigation and subsequent action. There have been 2,109 regulatory investigations of 1,566 Scottish charities over the study period, of which 31% resulted in regulatory action being taken. Complaints from members of the public are most likely to trigger an investigation, whereas the most common concerns relate to general governance and misappropriation of assets. Our multivariate analysis reveals a disconnect between the types of charities that are suspected of misconduct and those that are subject to subsequent regulatory action.
Urea Biosensor based on Conducting Polymer Transducers

Urea is one of the final products of protein metabolism. In clinical analysis and dairy industry urea is a very significant parameter as excess in blood serum from its permissible range causes dysfunction of the kidney. Hence, its analysis is significant and is carried out frequently in various laboratories [1, 2]. Urea is an omnipresent compound present in blood and various organic fluids. It passes directly into milk through diffusion. Therefore, milk is the second major biological sample for the study of urea concentration [3]. A periodic monitoring of urea in milk can be used to predict the state of animal’s health and predict the protein requirement in its diet [4]. Besides milk, presence of urea in agricultural land as a pollutant due to excessive use fertilizers is also widely known. Various methods used for the determination of urea (without use of biocatalyst) are gas chromatography, calorimetric and flourimetric analysis etc [5]. However, these methods need sample pretreatment which stands as a major disadvantage in their versatility of applications. Alongside, these methods can not used for field monitoring. Therefore, devices developed based on biocatalyst “urease” to analyze urea also known as urea biosensors are of vital importance. The first urea biosensor was developed by Guilbault et al. [6] followed by many clinical and biochemical analysts. For the fabrication of the urea biosensor, urease is immobilized over a substrate. The immobilized urease there after catalyzes the urea conversion in to ammonium and bicarbonate ions based on enzyme substrate reaction. Many biosensors have been developed for the determination of urea in the biological samples namely spectrometry [79], potentiometry with application of pH sensitive electrode or an ion selective electrode or an ion sensitive field effective transistor [10-13], conductometry [14-16], coulometry [17], amperometry [18] and inductometry [19]. Amongst these methods, detection through electrochemical mode is highly adopted and versatile. This method involves the use of electrochemical urea biosensor. In the development of electrochemical urea biosensors, immobilization of urease over electrodes is the key parameter which decides the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sensor. Urea biosensors are collectively formed by biorecognition layer biocatalyst i.e. urease, a biotransducer – to read change in physical environment and convert into electronic signal. The complete working principle of the biotransducer component of urea biosensor is shown in Scheme 1. For making biotransducer and choice of substrate, conducting polymers are Source: Biosensors, Book edited by: Pier Andrea Serra, ISBN 978-953-7619-99-2, pp. 302, February 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
Large-scale randomized placebo-controlled trials have shown that sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, prolongs overall and disease progression-free survival in patients with HCC

Sorafenib is a kinase-targeted drug that has high efficacy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to determine whether sorafenib is more effective than hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) for HCC. Twenty patients treated with sorafenib (sorafenib group) initiated at 800 mg/day and 45 patients treated with HAIC (HAIC group) for unresectable Child-Pugh A advanced HCC were investigated retrospectively. The treatment effect was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). As a result, the overall response rate was significantly lower in the sorafenib group than in the HAIC group (P=0.03), while the disease control and survival rates did not differ between the two groups. In the sorafenib group, treatment was discontinued in 19 patients, including 12 due to side effects. In subgroups of patients treated with sorafenib, the survival rate was significantly lower in patients (n=11) administered sorafenib for <60 days compared to those (n=9) treated for ≥60 days. A shorter treatment period (<60 days) was an independent risk factor for unfavorable survival [hazard ratio (HR), 3.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45-7.66 vs. HAIC], while survival in patients treated with sorafenib for ≥60 days did not differ from those treated with HAIC (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.27-2.34). In conclusion, the disease control and survival rates of patients treated with sorafenib for advanced HCC were comparable to such rates in patients treated with HAIC. However, the prognosis was poor when long-term sorafenib treatment was not possible due to side effects, demonstrating the importance of patient selection for sorafenib treatment.
On the Mathematical Foundations of Political Economy

Political economy views economic issues through the lens of political organisation. In today's world, it must focus on the roles of markets and of democracy, two concepts which are driving revolutionary changes in the political organisation of both Europe and Asia. There are two main paradigms for the analysis of markets and democracy, both of which have been mathematically advanced over a number of years: the general equilibrium theory of markets, and social choice theory, which examines practical aspects of democracy. ' While it is true that political economy has made some limited use of the latter in order to examine political-economic issues of democracy, it has made little use of the former, the theory of market behaviour.
Modelling chemical abundance distributions for dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: The impact of turbulent metal diffusion

We investigate stellar metallicity distribution functions (MDFs), including Fe and α-element abundances, in dwarf galaxies from the Feedback in Realistic Environment (FIRE) project. We examine both isolated dwarf galaxies and those that are satellites of a Milky Way-mass galaxy. In particular, we study the effects of including a sub-grid turbulent model for the diffusion of metals in gas. Simulations that include diffusion have narrower MDFs and abundance ratio distributions, because diffusion drives individual gas and star particles towards the average metallicity. This effect provides significantly better agreement with observed abundance distributions in dwarf galaxies in the Local Group, including small intrinsic scatter in [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] of ≲0.1 dex. This small intrinsic scatter arises in our simulations because the interstellar medium in dwarf galaxies is well mixed at nearly all cosmic times, such that stars that form at a given time have similar abundances to ≲0.1 dex. Thus, most of the scatter in abundances at z = 0 arises from redshift evolution and not from instantaneous scatter in the ISM. We find similar MDF widths and intrinsic scatter for satellite and isolated dwarf galaxies, which suggests that environmental effects play a minor role compared with internal chemical evolution in our simulations. Overall, with the inclusion of metal diffusion, our simulations reproduce abundance distribution widths of observed low-mass galaxies, enabling detailed studies of chemical evolution in galaxy formation.