Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Escape from omnishambles in statistics: back to the basics

biostatistics. Many clinical symptoms and therapeutic results that we routinely experience in clinical practice show variation by chance. The image used to quantify the extent of such variation is referred to as a probability distribution. This is a pattern that shows the observed results collectively for each element of the same group or repeatedly observed results for specific groups. The distribution may be a normal, binomial, geometric, a Poisson distribution, or other forms. It is not an exaggeration to say that almost all biostatistics are based on the normal distribution, as biological phenomena, measurements of human psychological characteristics, and sociological variables are usually distributed normally. To determine the shape of the normal distribution, we need only know the mean and variance. Calculating probability is also easy because the fraction of the distribution under the total area of the z-value in the normal distribution curve is the same, regardless of the shape of the normal distribution curve. In addition, although a population may not follow a normal distribution, with a sufficiently large random sample, a normal distribution can be assumed in almost all cases due to the central limit theorem. For example, a binary variable following a discrete distribution could be assumed to follow a normal distribution if the sample size were increased. Most medical journals require statistical analysis to summarize the data obtained for a sample and to generalize the results. As medicine has become more complex, statistical analysis has also become increasingly complex and diverse. In the era of evidence-based medicine, the importance of statistical analysis is being emphasized. An error in statistical analysis techniques means that the conclusions of a medical paper are wrong. However, few researchers, peer-reviewers, and even journal editors
Further evidence for binding of three single-stranded DNA molecules by the RecA filament.

The ability to accommodate three single-strands of DNA by each filamentous RecA-DNA complex, in the presence of the non-hydrolysable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate (ATP gamma S), was demonstrated by monitoring the fast renaturation that occurs between the complementary homopolymers, poly(dA) and poly(dT), upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-induced dissociation of RecA. The renaturation could be followed from the linear dichroism signal of DNA. The reaction was fast and complete when SDS was added to a mixture of RecA having three nucleobases per subunit each of poly(dA) and poly(dT), while the reaction was slower and incomplete in the absence of RecA. The efficient renaturation indicates that the two DNA strands were bound close to each other, i.e., to the same RecA filament. Similar fast renaturation was observed upon the addition of SDS to a mixture of RecA with three bases each of poly(dA), poly(dT), and a non-complementary DNA, poly(dC), even when one of the complementary DNAs was added last as the third strand. Since the dissociation of DNA from RecA is extremely slow in the presence of ATP-gamma S, and thus no renaturation can occur within the RecA filaments, the results indicate that RecA can bind three single-stranded DNA molecules.
IPv6 Home Networking Architecture Principles

This text describes evolving networking technology within residential home networks with increasing numbers of devices and a trend towards increased internal routing. The goal of this document is to define a general architecture for IPv6-based home networking, describing the associated principles, considerations, and requirements. The text briefly highlights specific implications of the introduction of IPv6 for home networking, discusses the elements of the architecture, and suggests how standard IPv6 mechanisms and addressing can be employed in home networking. The architecture describes the need for specific protocol extensions for certain additional functionality. It is assumed that the IPv6 home network is not actively managed and runs as an IPv6-only or dual-stack network. There are no recommendations in this text for the IPv4 part of the network.
Distributed learning of Random Weights Fuzzy Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose a scalable, decentralized learning algorithm for Random Weights Fuzzy Neural Networks, when training data is distributed through a network of interconnected computing agents. In this scenario, the aim is for all the agents to converge to a single model, with the requirement that only local communications between the agents are permitted. In this work we assume that all the agents know the parameters of the antecedents, while the parameters of the consequents are estimated by using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers strategy. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable to that of a centralized model, where all the data is collected by a single agent before the training process. To this date, this is the first publication that addressed the problem of training a fuzzy neural network over a fully decentralized infrastructure.
Igualdad efectiva según la ley 3/2007 en mutuas de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales desde la perspectiva preventiva y laboral

La igualdad efectiva en el ambito laboral, analizada desde la Ley 3/2007, toma una especial relevancia en el ambito de las Mutuas de Accidentes de Trabajo y Enfermedades Profesionales. En este estudio pretendemos conocer si las empresas encargadas de la prevencion y riesgo laborales cumplen la ley vigente en situaciones de embarazo en el ambito de la igualdad efectiva entre hombres y mujeres (ley 3/2007), en el ambito laboral (ley 31/1995 actualizada en la ley 54/2003), asi como a nivel preventivo, asi como determinar si contemplan entre sus actividades formativas programas de formacion especifica de maternidad y trabajo. Estudio de caracter descriptivo, observacional y transversal perfilada en el contexto de la investigacion en materia de genero cuya muestra esta conformada por diez mutuas de prevencion y riesgo laborales que tienen una mayor tradicion y consolidacion en la provincia de Sevilla. En cuanto a los resultados, 7 de las 10 mutuas estudiadas cumplen con la normativa vigente, aunque los tramites se inicia cuando la mujer trabajadora realiza su solicitud de prestacion por puesto de trabajo de riesgo. Los programas de formacion en prevencion son escasos, y aunque si se realiza la evaluacion del puesto de trabajo y la propuesta de reubicacion de la mujer trabajadora, no se llevan a cabo, salvo en dos mutuas, programas de seguimiento para verificar las propuestas de prevencion.
A novel control strategy for inverters with capacitive equivalent output impedance

In low frequency situation, most of inverters are inductive (what is called L-inverter). While in this paper, a novel control method is proposed to change the output impedance of the inverter become capacitive in both low frequency and high frequency (what is called C-inverter). The proposed control method includes splitting capacitor of the LCL filter from one to two and using the current between the two splitting capacitors as the feedback current through an integrator, which is deem as a virtual impedance to constitute control loops. The splitting of the capacitor can reduce the system from the third-order system to the first-order, which would make it to be controlled easier. Moreover, the feedback current through the virtual impedance could change the output impedance of the inverter to achieve capacitive. And simulation results has been provided to demonstrate the excellent performance of the capacitive inverter with the improved LCL filter. It have been shown that the inverter which is capacitive have excellent output characters. In short, this novel control method combine the hardware way and the software way to reduce the constrain on capacitive output to change the output impedance of the inverter.
Time Course of Tissue Plasminogen Activator–Induced Recanalization in Acute Cardioembolic Stroke: A Case-Control Study

Background and Purpose— The relationship between arterial recanalization, infarct size, and outcome in patients treated with intravenous thrombolytics remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the time course of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA)-induced recanalization in patients with cardioembolic stroke treated <3 hours from symptom onset and to investigate the relationship between arterial recanalization, infarct volume, and outcome. Methods— We prospectively studied 72 patients with an acute cardioembolic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory: 24 treated with rtPA at <3 hours and 48 matched controls. Serial transcranial Doppler examinations were performed on admission and at 6,12, 24, and 48 hours. Infarct volume was measured by use of CT at day 5 to 7. Modified Rankin Scale score was used to assess outcome at 3 months. Results— Rate of 6-hour recanalization was higher (P <0.001) in the rtPA group (66%) than in the control group (15%). Five (20.8%) rtPA patients and 15 (31.2%) controls recanalized between 6 and 12 hours, and 2 (8.3%) patients and 12 (25%) controls between 12 and 48 hours, respectively. At 48 hours, 75% of rtPA patients and 27% of controls had improved (P <0.001). Infarct volume was 50.2±40.3 cm3 in rtPA patients and 124.8±81.6 cm3 in controls (P <0.001). Moreover, infarct volume was associated strongly (P <0.001) with duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion. At 3 months, 14 (58%) rtPA patients and 11 (23%) controls (P =0.037) became functionally independent (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2). A close relationship (P =0.002) existed between modified Rankin Scale score at 3 months and time to reperfusion. In addition, clinical outcome was associated strongly (P =0.001) with degree of 6-hour recanalization. Logistic regression analysis identified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score <17 (odds ratio 12.1, 95% confidence interval 2.8 to 68, P =0.001) and early recanalization (odds ratio 23.4, 95% confidence interval 5.4 to 96, P =0.001) as independent predictors of functional independence at 3 months. Conclusions— Intravenous rtPA is associated with early recanalization, which leads to lower infarct size and better clinical outcome. Early recanalization is a powerful independent predictor of functional independence at 3 months.
NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C plays a role in nonhost disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pathogens by regulating chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species

Chloroplasts are cytoplasmic organelles for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. In addition, recent studies have shown that chloroplasts have a critical role in plant innate immunity against invading pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic by-product from photosynthesis, which also functions as a signaling compound in plant innate immunity. Therefore, it is important to regulate the level of hydrogen peroxide in response to pathogens. Chloroplasts maintain components of the redox detoxification system including enzymes such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs), and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). However, the significance of 2-Cys Prxs and NTRC in the molecular basis of nonhost disease resistance is largely unknown. We evaluated the roles of Prxs and NTRC using knock-out mutants of Arabidopsis in response to nonhost Pseudomonas syringae pathogens. Plants lacking functional NTRC showed localized cell death (LCD) accompanied by the elevated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in response to nonhost pathogens. Interestingly, the Arabidopsis ntrc mutant showed enhanced bacterial growth and disease susceptibility of nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, the expression profiles of the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways and phytohormone analyses including SA and JA revealed that the Arabidopsis ntrc mutant shows elevated JA-mediated signaling pathways in response to nonhost pathogen. These results suggest the critical role of NTRC in plant innate immunity against nonhost P. syringae pathogens.
[Localization and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human prostate].

BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases-7 (MMP-7), one of an extracellular matrixdegrading metalloproteinase, play an important role tumor invasion and metastasis. We investigated localization, biochemical characterization and mRNA expression of MMP-7 in prostate tissues. METHODS Immunohistochemical method, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and northern blot analysis were performed using tissues of prostatic cancer, BPH and normal prostate. RESULTS A latent proenzyme with Mr28,000 of MMP-7 was detected in the ductal epithelial cells of BPH and in the cytoplasm of cancer cell of the prostate. The ratio of mRNA expression in MMP-7/beta-actin was significantly higher in the tissue of the invasive prostatic cancer than those of normal prostate and BPH in northern blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MMP-7 may participate in the function of exocrine gland of normal prostate by preventing glandular obstruction and may play a role in invasion and metastasis of prostatic cancer.
Dynamics of insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas.

The dynamics of insulin release in response to relatively long infusions of glucose were studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Insulin secretion was determined by immunochemical assay of the total portal vein effluent. Histological examination of the perfused pancreases and measurement of oxygen consumption by these tissues indicated that optimal physiological conditions were used. It was observed that, when glucose was infused for a period of approximately 1 hr into a perfused pancreas, there appeared 2 distinctly different phases of insulin release. There was an early, or rapid, release of insulin which subsided within approximately 2 min, followed by a late, or slow release phase which continually increased in rate until termination of the glucose infusion. The contribution of newly synthesized insulin to either phase was determined by comparing the insulin release by normal control preparations to that by preparations which were treated with puromycin. Incorporation of L-valine-14C was used a.
Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850

In bright spring light on the Great Plains of two centuries ago, governorJuan Bautista de Anza failed in the last of the three crucial tasks that his superiors had set him as part of their effort to reform New Mexico's Comanche policy. Over half a decade, Anza had followed one success with another. He had brilliantly defeated the formidable Comanche nomnekaht (war leader) Cuerno Verde in 1779, and as a consequence in 1786, he had personally fashioned the long-sought peace between New Mexico and the swelling Comanche population of the Southern Plains. His third task was to persuade the Comanches to settle in permanent villages and to farm. ' But the New Mexico governor found the third undertaking impossible. Observers of Plains Indian life for 250 years and committed to encouraging agriculture over hunting, the Spaniards were certain that the culture of the horse Indians was ephemeral, that the bison on which they depended were an exhaustible resource. Thus Anza pleaded with the tribes to give up the chase. The Comanches thought him unconvincing. Recently liberated by horse culture and by the teeming wildlife of the High Plains, their bands found the Arkansas River pueblo the governor built for them unendurable. They returned to the hunt with the evident expectation that their life as buffalo hunters was an endless cycle. And yet Anza proved to be a prophet. Within little more than half a century, the Comanches and other tribes of the Southern Plains were routinely suffering from starvation and complaining of shortages of bison. What had happened? 2 Environmental historians and ethnohistorians whose interests have been environmental topics have in the two past decades been responsible for many of our most valuable recent insights into the history of native Americans since their contact with
Cache-Conscious Thread Scheduling for Massively Multithreaded Processors

Highly multithreaded architectures introduce another dimension to fine-grained hardware cache management. The order in which the system's threads issue instructions can significantly impact the access stream seen by the caching system. This article studies a set of economically important server applications and presents the cache-conscious wavefront scheduling (CCWS) hardware mechanism, which uses feedback from the memory system to guide the issue-level thread scheduler and shape the access pattern seen by the first-level cache.
Distinct expression patterns of genes associated with muscle growth and adipose deposition in tibetan pigs: a possible adaptive mechanism for high altitude conditions.

Zhu, Li, Mingzhou Li, Xuewei Li, Surong Shuai, Haifeng Liu, Jinyong Wang, Anan Jiang, Yiren Gu, Kai Zhang, Xiaokun Teng, and Zhongrong Jiang. Distinct expression patterns of genes associated with muscle growth and adipose deposition in Tibetan pigs: a possible adaptive mechanism for high altitude conditions. High Alt. Med. Biol. 10:45-55, 2009. -To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying high altitude adaptations in Tibetan pigs, changes in the expression of 140 genes associated with muscle growth and adipose deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle were studied at various growth stages in Tibetan, Landrace, and Meishan pigs using microarray analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in the expression of 13 genes (p < 0.05) and highly significant differences in the expression of 15 genes (p < 0.01) among the three pig breeds at 2 months. Differences in the expression of 7 genes were significant (p < 0.05) and differences in the expression of 10 genes were very significant (p < 0.01) in Tibetan pigs from 2 to 8 months. Tibetan pigs had significantly lower body weight than Landrace and Meishan pigs at 2 months and a larger myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA). Cluster analysis showed two significant (p < 0.01) gene expression patterns in Tibetan pigs, in addition to strong downregulation or upregulation of genes between 2 and 8 months. These results indicate that, in Tibetan pigs aged 2 to 8 months, the growth intensity of skeletal muscle is higher than that of intramuscular fat (IMF). The genes that exhibited downregulation were mainly those controlling adipose deposition, whereas the genes that were upregulated were primarily involved in adipose metabolism and skeletal muscle growth. These results are consistent with the unique genetic characteristics of Tibetan pigs, which have likely adapted to the unusual ecological conditions in high altitude areas.
Total Ankle Arthroplasty Historical Overview Current Concepts And Future Perspectives

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Borrelia burgdorferi-specific T lymphocytes induce severe destructive Lyme arthritis

This is the first documentation that Borrelia burgdorferi-specific T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of Lyme arthritis. We present direct evidence that T lymphocytes obtained from inbred LSH hamsters vaccinated with a whole-cell preparation of Formalin-inactivated B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate C-1-11 in adjuvant conferred on naive recipient hamsters the ability to develop severe destructive arthritis when challenged with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolates C-1-11 and 297. By contrast, recipients infused with normal T lymphocytes and challenged with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolates C-1-11 and 297 failed to develop severe destructive arthritis. The T lymphocytes transferred were obtained from the lymph nodes of vaccinated and nonvaccinated hamsters by depleting B lymphocytes by using monoclonal antibody 14-4-4s (< 1% B lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis). The enriched T lymphocytes showed enhanced proliferation to stimulation with concanavalin A and failed to respond to lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, only the enriched T lymphocytes from vaccinated hamsters proliferated on exposure to a whole-cell preparation of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate C-1-11 in the presence of mitomycin-treated syngeneic antigen-presenting cells. These results demonstrate that B. burgdorferi-specific T lymphocytes primed by vaccination with a whole-cell preparation of inactivated B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate C-1-11 in adjuvant are involved in the development of severe destructive arthritis. Additional experiments are needed to define the precise mechanism(s) responsible for the development of Lyme arthritis.
Interaction Techniques for the Exploration of Hepatic Vessel Structure

Hepatic vessel system is one of the most complex vessel systems in human body. For liver surgical planning, morphology and topology analysis of the hepatic vessel system is of our major interest. In this article, we present a new method to analyze the liver vessel system. Starting from the raw CT data set, vessel system is segmented. Based on that, then skeleton line of the vessel system is extracted and a symbolic vessel tree is constructed. The interactive analysis is achieved by combination of the abstract vessel tree information and the vessel surface model. The experimental results illustrate that the algorithm is effective, easy to implement, and addresses fully interaction facilities. The whole processing involves no human interventions, except the preprocessing of CT images
Early diagnosis of asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal squamouscancers

An examination of the oral cavity and oropharynx in asymptomatic patients at high risk requires an orderly visual inspection of the entire oral and oropharyngeal mucosa with particular attention to the tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate, uvula, tonsillar pillars, and the lingual aspects of the retromolar trigones. Completion and clear documentation of the entire examination should be recorded. Detected lesions that do not resolve in a reasonable length of time--two to three weeks--require intense and assiduous investigation. The following specifics should be considered. 1. Alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers, especially those 40 years of age and older, are at very high risk for the development of upper aerodigestive tract and lung squamous carcinomas. 2. The floor of the mouth, the ventrolateral tongue, and the soft palate complex are the high-risk sites within the oral cavity and oropharynx. 3. Persistent mucosal erythroplasia rather than leukoplakia is the earliest visual sign of oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. These lesions should not be regarded merely as precancerous changes. The evidence indicates that these lesions in high-risk sites should be considered to be invasive carcinoma or carcinoma in situ unless proven otherwise by biopsy. 4. Toluidine blue staining is a useful diagnostic adjunct, particularly as a method of ruling out false-negative clinical impressions. It may also be used as a rinse in high-risk patients to encompass the entire oral mucosa after a negative clinical examination and as a guide to improve biopsy yields. 5. If oral or oropharyngeal cancer is identified, evaluations of the larynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and lungs should be performed to rule out multiple primary cancers. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)