Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption promotes breast cancer development in female mice

Backgrounds: Epidemiological studies show that alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk. However, the mechanism by which alcohol causes this effect is not known. Therefore, our objective is to generate an animal model to find the mechanism by which alcohol increases breast cancer risk. Methods: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption on breast cancer development, 65 female FVB/N mice were randomized (30-water, 35-alcohol) to have free access to water or 20% alcohol. All mice were given the same diet and placed in similar living conditions. Eleven weeks into the study, mice were injected with M et-1 mammary cancer cells subcutaneously in their backs. We measured body weight, food, liquid consumption, and tumor growth rate throughout the study. To determine body composition, mice were scanned using a GE Lunar Piximus Densitometer, which measures percent body fat, percent lean body mass, and bone mineral density. Results: Results showed that tumor development is exacerbated in the alcohol consuming mice. Alcohol consuming mice developed tumors earlier than water consuming mice. Furthermore, tumors in the alcohol consuming mice were larger in volume. Body weights, caloric consumption, and body composition showed no significant difference between the alcohol and water consuming mice. Conclusion: We present a suitable animal model where we can elucidate the mechanism by which alcohol consumption promotes mammary tumor development. 3 3 BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the U.S. and the second leading cause of death. (1) An estimated 40,460 women are expected to die from the disease in one year alone and over 150,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. (2) There are several non-modifiable factors that increase breast cancer risk, including age, family history, age at first full-term pregnancy, early menarche, and delayed menopause. (2, 3) However, other risk factors can be controlled by behavioral and dietary changes. (4) These modifiable risk factors include alcohol consumption (increased risk), body weight (obesity; increased risk), and exercise (decreased risk). (2) Our present objective is to determine how alcohol affects breast cancer development. Alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner. (5, 6, 7) For example, observational studies show that one or two drinks per day increases breast cancer development in women by 30-50%. (8) Furthermore, evidence shows that regions with greater alcohol intake (more than 1-2 drinks per day) have higher breast cancer incidence. (1) Epidemiological studies suggest that breast cancer risk increases by 7.1% with …
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENGLISH DAY PROGRAM TOWARDS STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS IN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SCHOOL SMK N 1 PACITAN

Mudyanita, Tika. 2011. The Contributions of English Day Program Towards Students’ Speaking Skills In International Standard School SMK N 1 Pacitan. Final Project. English Department, Languages and Arts Faculty, Semarang State University.First Advisor : Drs. L.Elyas Nugraha, M.A. Second Advisor : Sri Wuli Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Pd. Key words:English Day program, International standard school, descriptive qualitative research. This study discussed about the contributions of English Day program towards students’ speaking skills in international standard school. Speaking English was the important thing in an international standard school, and English day was one of the programs to improve students’ speaking skills in international standard school. The problem of this study was to what extent the English Day program gave contributions towards the students’ speaking skills in SBI SMK N 1 Pacitan in the academic year 2010/2011. The objective of the study were to describe the implementation of English Day program and to discover the contribution English Day program towards students’ speaking skills. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative study. The data were collected from questionnaire, observation, and interview.The subject of the study were the first grade students of TKJ class (Communication networking technique) of SBI SMK N 1 Pacitan in the academic year of 2010 / 2011. Quetionnaire and unguided interview were given to the students, while guided interview were given to the English teacher. The results of the research showed that, English Day program could improve students’ and teachers’ speaking skills. If they could obey the regulation that they must speak English all day long when English Day program run, automatically they would be able to speak English well. But, the implementation of English Day in SBI SMK N 1 Pacitan haven’t been done well because of several reasons. Mostly, they were still shy used English or, they had some difficulties to understand English conversations. They haven’t understood that speaking English was very important for International Standard School. It was recommended that the school must made a regulation about English Day program and also added one more day when all persons in school must speak English all day long, since English Day was an important program for International Standard school.
Relations exposition-effets et pharmacogénétique du ganciclovir chez le patient transplanté

Les infections par cytomegalovirus sont un probleme majeur en transplantation renale du fait de l’augmentation du risque de perte de greffon et de l’augmentation de la morbi-mortalite des patients. Toutefois la mise en place d’un traitement prophylactique par ganciclovir a significativement fait diminuer l’incidence de ces infections. Cette efficacite est toutefois limitee par une importante hematotoxicite notamment des neutropenies. La survenue de cet evenement indesirable conduit a une reduction des doses voire a un arret du traitement, favorisant ainsi l’emergence de resistances virales. Ces resistances sont un probleme grandissant chez les personnes transplantees du fait du manque de protocole de prise en charge de celles-ci. Dans ce contexte notre objectif etait de mieux comprendre la survenue et le mecanisme de cette toxicite. Dans un premier temps nous avons etudie le metabolisme intracellulaire du ganciclovir chez des patients. Nous avons remarque qu’il y a une forte correlation entre l’exposition a la forme active du ganciclovir et la diminution du nombre de neutrophiles au 3eme mois de traitement. Nous avons par la suite etudie l’impact de variations genetiques sur des transporteurs. Nous avons remarque qu’un polymorphisme etait fortement associe a une diminution du nombre de neutrophiles et qu’il entrainait egalement une augmentation de la concentration intracellulaire de ganciclovir a l’aide d’un modele in vitro. Cette these fournit de nouveaux outils d’exploration du metabolisme et de l’accumulation intracellulaire du ganciclovir qui pourraient etre utiles pour la prevention de la survenue de neutropenies sous ganciclovir.
Heme dynamics and trafficking factors revealed by genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors

Significance All heme-dependent functions require the mobilization of labile heme (LH), of which there is little understanding of its nature and dynamics. To probe LH pools, we developed genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors and deployed them in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that LH is relatively abundant in the cytosol, but exceedingly low in the mitochondria and nucleus. Further, we find that LH can be mobilized by signaling molecules like nitric oxide. We also find that the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase constitutes a major heme buffer and is responsible for regulating the activity of a heme-dependent transcription factor. Altogether, our work will have profound implications for understanding the mechanisms of heme utilization. Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule. Heme acquisition by proteins and heme signaling are ultimately reliant on the ability to mobilize labile heme (LH). However, the properties of LH pools, including concentration, oxidation state, distribution, speciation, and dynamics, are poorly understood. Herein, we elucidate the nature and dynamics of LH using genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent heme sensors in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that the subcellular distribution of LH is heterogeneous; the cytosol maintains LH at ∼20–40 nM, whereas the mitochondria and nucleus maintain it at concentrations below 2.5 nM. Further, we find that the signaling molecule nitric oxide can initiate the rapid mobilization of heme in the cytosol and nucleus from certain thiol-containing factors. We also find that the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase constitutes a major cellular heme buffer, and is responsible for maintaining the activity of the heme-dependent nuclear transcription factor heme activator protein (Hap1p). Altogether, we demonstrate that the heme sensors can be used to reveal fundamental aspects of heme trafficking and dynamics and can be used across multiple organisms, including Escherichia coli, yeast, and human cell lines.
Cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts strategic choices in economic games

Significance Is human prosociality a consequence of cognitive control of selfish impulses? Alternatively, is it a default option that most people use unless they are cognitively persuaded that a given situation does not require them to behave prosocially? Our results support the latter argument. Participants with weaker cognitive control fairly shared a reward with another participant even when there was no chance of punishing unfair behavior, whereas those more capable of cognitive control behaved selfishly in the same situation. These findings demonstrate that participants’ intuitive choices in economic games are prosocial. Human prosociality has been traditionally explained in the social sciences in terms of internalized social norms. Recent neuroscientific studies extended this traditional view of human prosociality by providing evidence that prosocial choices in economic games require cognitive control of the impulsive pursuit of self-interest. However, this view is challenged by an intuitive prosociality view emphasizing the spontaneous and heuristic basis of prosocial choices in economic games. We assessed the brain structure of 411 players of an ultimatum game (UG) and a dictator game (DG) and measured the strategic reasoning ability of 386. According to the reflective norm-enforcement view of prosociality, only those capable of strategically controlling their selfish impulses give a fair share in the UG, but cognitive control capability should not affect behavior in the DG. Conversely, we support the intuitive prosociality view by showing for the first time, to our knowledge, that strategic reasoning and cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were not related to giving in the UG but were negatively related to giving in the DG. This implies that the uncontrolled choice in the DG is prosocial rather than selfish, and those who have a thicker dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and are capable of strategic reasoning (goal-directed use of the theory of mind) control this intuitive drive for prosociality as a means to maximize reward when there are no future implications of choices.
Mutagenesis and repair by low doses of α radiation in mammalian cells

Low doses of α radiation in basements have been causally implicated in lung cancer. Previous studies have concentrated on high dose effects, for which no significant repair was found. In the present study, the methodology for measuring mutation by quantitating mitotic breaks and gaps was found to be applicable to G2-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells irradiated with 10–50 cGy of α radiation. The mutation yield in such cells closely resembles that of γ irradiation. Caffeine, which inhibits repair, produces the same straight line increase of α and γ mutation yields plotted against the dose. In the absence of caffeine, the repair of α radiation lesions is almost twice as great as for γ radiation. Mitotic index changes substantiate these interpretations. It is proposed that the higher ion density associated with α radiation may result in fewer lesions being missed by the repair processes. The quantitation of chromosomal lesions for G2 cells exposed to low doses of α radiation, γ radiation, or chemical mutagens in the presence and absence of caffeine is a rapid and reproducible methodology. Protection from mutational disease in a fashion similar to the use of sanitation for infectious disease appears practical.
Optical Microresonators for Sensing and Transduction: A Materials Perspective

Optical microresonators confine light to a particular microscale trajectory, are exquisitely sensitive to their microenvironment, and offer convenient readout of their optical properties. Taken together, this is an immensely attractive combination that makes optical microresonators highly effective as sensors and transducers. Meanwhile, advances in material science, fabrication techniques, and photonic sensing strategies endow optical microresonators with new functionalities, unique transduction mechanisms, and in some cases, unparalleled sensitivities. In this progress report, the operating principles of these sensors are reviewed, and different methods of signal transduction are evaluated. Examples are shown of how choice of materials must be suited to the analyte, and how innovations in fabrication and sensing are coupled together in a mutually reinforcing cycle. A tremendously broad range of capabilities of microresonator sensors is described, from electric and magnetic field sensing to mechanical sensing, from single‐molecule detection to imaging and spectroscopy, from operation at high vacuum to in live cells. Emerging sensing capabilities are highlighted and put into context in the field. Future directions are imagined, where the diverse capabilities laid out are combined and advances in scalability and integration are implemented, leading to the creation of a sensor unparalleled in sensitivity and information content.
Porous Organic Polymers for Post‐Combustion Carbon Capture

One of the most pressing environmental concerns of our age is the escalating level of atmospheric CO2. Intensive efforts have been made to investigate advanced porous materials, especially porous organic polymers (POPs), as one type of the most promising candidates for carbon capture due to their extremely high porosity, structural diversity, and physicochemical stability. This review provides a critical and in‐depth analysis of recent POP research as it pertains to carbon capture. The definitions and terminologies commonly used to evaluate the performance of POPs for carbon capture, including CO2 capacity, enthalpy, selectivity, and regeneration strategies, are summarized. A detailed correlation study between the structural and chemical features of POPs and their adsorption capacities is discussed, mainly focusing on the physical interactions and chemical reactions. Finally, a concise outlook for utilizing POPs for carbon capture is discussed, noting areas in which further work is needed to develop the next‐generation POPs for practical applications.
Mode of action uncovered for the specific reduction of methane emissions from ruminants by the small molecule 3-nitrooxypropanol

Significance Methane emission from the ruminant livestock sector—a by-product from enteric fermentation of plant biomass in the ruminant digestive system—is produced by methanogenic archaea and represents not only a significant amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributing to climate change but also an energy loss and a reduction in feed efficacy. The present study elucidates the development and the unique mode of action of the highly specific inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), which is targeting the nickel enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase in rumen archaea that catalyzes the methane-forming reaction. At the very low effective concentrations recently applied in vivo (dairy and beef cattle), 3-NOP appears to inhibit only methanogens and thus to be attractive for development as a feed supplement. Ruminants, such as cows, sheep, and goats, predominantly ferment in their rumen plant material to acetate, propionate, butyrate, CO2, and methane. Whereas the short fatty acids are absorbed and metabolized by the animals, the greenhouse gas methane escapes via eructation and breathing of the animals into the atmosphere. Along with the methane, up to 12% of the gross energy content of the feedstock is lost. Therefore, our recent report has raised interest in 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), which when added to the feed of ruminants in milligram amounts persistently reduces enteric methane emissions from livestock without apparent negative side effects [Hristov AN, et al. (2015) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(34):10663–10668]. We now show with the aid of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments that 3-NOP specifically targets methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR). The nickel enzyme, which is only active when its Ni ion is in the +1 oxidation state, catalyzes the methane-forming step in the rumen fermentation. Molecular docking suggested that 3-NOP preferably binds into the active site of MCR in a pose that places its reducible nitrate group in electron transfer distance to Ni(I). With purified MCR, we found that 3-NOP indeed inactivates MCR at micromolar concentrations by oxidation of its active site Ni(I). Concomitantly, the nitrate ester is reduced to nitrite, which also inactivates MCR at micromolar concentrations by oxidation of Ni(I). Using pure cultures, 3-NOP is demonstrated to inhibit growth of methanogenic archaea at concentrations that do not affect the growth of nonmethanogenic bacteria in the rumen.
Ammonium and nitrite oxidation at nanomolar oxygen concentrations in oxygen minimum zone waters

Significance As an essential nutrient, nitrogen plays a critical role in regulating oceanic primary productivity. Nitrogen is cycled between bioavailable and nonavailable forms through a network of aerobic and anaerobic microbial processes. Expanding oxygen minimum zones are hot spots for such transformations. Using a highly sensitive oxygen-sensing technique, we demonstrate that two key aerobic processes, ammonium oxidation and nitrite oxidation, persist even at low oxygen levels of 5–30 nM (∼0.01% air saturation). Activity at these low oxygen concentrations allows ammonium and nitrite oxidation to persist at oxic/anoxic boundaries and within anoxic waters if oxygen intrudes at sufficient frequency. In such environments, ammonium and nitrite oxidizers compete with anaerobic organisms for ammonium and nitrite, and thus act to control nitrogen loss. A major percentage of fixed nitrogen (N) loss in the oceans occurs within nitrite-rich oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) via denitrification and anammox. It remains unclear to what extent ammonium and nitrite oxidation co-occur, either supplying or competing for substrates involved in nitrogen loss in the OMZ core. Assessment of the oxygen (O2) sensitivity of these processes down to the O2 concentrations present in the OMZ core (<10 nmol⋅L−1) is therefore essential for understanding and modeling nitrogen loss in OMZs. We determined rates of ammonium and nitrite oxidation in the seasonal OMZ off Concepcion, Chile at manipulated O2 levels between 5 nmol⋅L−1 and 20 μmol⋅L−1. Rates of both processes were detectable in the low nanomolar range (5–33 nmol⋅L−1 O2), but demonstrated a strong dependence on O2 concentrations with apparent half-saturation constants (Kms) of 333 ± 130 nmol⋅L−1 O2 for ammonium oxidation and 778 ± 168 nmol⋅L−1 O2 for nitrite oxidation assuming one-component Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Nitrite oxidation rates, however, were better described with a two-component Michaelis–Menten model, indicating a high-affinity component with a Km of just a few nanomolar. As the communities of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers were similar to other OMZs, these kinetics should apply across OMZ systems. The high O2 affinities imply that ammonium and nitrite oxidation can occur within the OMZ core whenever O2 is supplied, for example, by episodic intrusions. These processes therefore compete with anammox and denitrification for ammonium and nitrite, thereby exerting an important control over nitrogen loss.
Evidence-based Periodontology: From Knowledge and Attitude to Practice

from the view of evidence-based approach to dental practice, periodontists may be categorized in four groups: those who are familiar with evidence-based periodontal practice, those who do it, those who hope to do it, or those who attempt to do it. In the first category, the practitioners might take the challenge to take the field to the next leading edge; these individuals are the present leaders of our pro-fession. The practitioners think they know about evi-dence-based periodontology, and claim that they have been doing it all the time. They see nothing new in this concept, and thus, believe they do not need to change! The other group state frankly they have no idea about evidence-based periodontal prac-tice, and are really hesitant to touch it. They will most likely keep their traditional approach, or at best, take a few steps in pondering the approach but turning back into the model of practice with which they are more familiar and comfortable.
Compressing Carbon Nanocages by Capillarity for Optimizing Porous Structures toward Ultrahigh‐Volumetric‐Performance Supercapacitors

High volumetric energy density combined with high power density is highly desired for electrical double‐layer capacitors. Usually the volumetric performance is improved by compressing carbon material to increase density but at the much expense of power density due to the deviation of the compressed porous structure from the ideal one. Herein the authors report an efficient approach to increase the density and optimize the porous structure by collapsing the carbon nanocages via capillarity. Three samples with decreasing sizes of meso‐ and macropores provide us an ideal model system to demonstrate the correlation of volumetric performance with porous structure. The results indicate that reducing the surplus macropores and, more importantly, the surplus mesopores is an efficient strategy to enhance the volumetric energy density while keeping the high power density. The optimized sample achieves a record‐high stack volumetric energy density of 73 Wh L−1 in ionic liquid with superb power density and cycling stability.