Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NAD+ and NAFLD – caution, causality and careful optimism

The prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, and new treatments are sorely needed. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has been proposed as a potential target to prevent and reverse NAFLD. NAD+ is an important redox factor for energy metabolism and is used as a substrate by a range of enzymes, including sirtuins (SIRT), which regulates histone acetylation, transcription factor activity and mitochondrial function. NAD+ is also a precursor for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is an important component of the antioxidant defense system. NAD+ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are available as over‐the‐counter dietary supplements, and oral supplementation with these precursors increases hepatic NAD+ levels and prevents hepatic lipid accumulation in pre‐clinical models of NAFLD. NAD+ precursors have also been found to improve hepatic mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress in pre‐clinical NAFLD models. NAD+ repletion also prevents NAFLD progression to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as NAD+ precursor supplementation is associated with decreased hepatic stellate cell activation, and decreased fibrosis. However, initial clinical trials have only shown modest effects when NAD+ precursors were administrated to people with obesity. We review the available pre‐clinical investigations of NAD+ supplementation for targeting NAFLD, and discuss how data from the first clinical trials can be reconciled with observations from preclinical research.
Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reactivity and their influence on ventilatory sensitivity

What is the topic of this review? Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, which is a principal factor in determining ventilatory responses to CO2 through the role reactivity plays in determining cerebral extra‐ and intracellular pH. What advances does it highlight? Recent animal evidence suggests central chemoreceptor vasculature may demonstrate regionally heterogeneous cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, potentially as a protective mechanism against excessive CO2 washout from the central chemoreceptors, thereby allowing ventilation to reflect the systemic acid–base balance needs (respiratory changes in PaCO2 ) rather than solely the cerebral needs. Ventilation per se does not influence cerebrovascular reactivity independent of changes in PaCO2 .
Cell growth regulation by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

The growth response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to activation of recombinantly expressed G protein-coupled muscarinic M2 or M3 acetylcholine (ACh) receptors has been assessed. Activation of these receptors leads to divergent growth responses: M2 ACh receptor activation causes an increase in DNA synthesis, whereas M3 ACh receptor activation causes a dramatic inhibition of DNA synthesis. The M3 ACh receptor-mediated growth inhibition has been characterised, and shown to comprise aG r phase cell cycle arrest, involving an increase in p2lCipl/Wafl protein expression. Further, a receptormediated increase in p2iClP1/Wafl association with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) leads to a decrease in CDK2 activity and an accumulation of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb). The increase in p21Cipl/Wafl expression is due at least in part to an increase in p2ic,pl/Wafl mRNA although no receptor-mediated change in candidate transcription factor activities could be detected. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation profiles suggested two alternative hypotheses to account for the receptor-mediated growth arrest. However, pharmacological and biochemical data demonstrate that ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK are not involved in the growth regulation, whilst inhibition of PKC partially ablates the growth arrest. Data demonstrate that both M3 ACh receptor-mediated ERK and JNK activities may be dependent on liberated G-protein Py subunits, whilst the growth arrest is not perturbed by Py subunit sequestration. Data presented reveal a MAPK-independent mechanism of growth regulation that may involve coupling of the M3 ACh receptor to heterotrimeric G-protein families other than Gq/11. Work presented in this thesis appears in the following publication: Burdon, D. , Patel, R. , Challiss, R.A. J., and Blank, J.L. (2002) Growth regulation by the M3 ACh receptor. Evidence for the involvement of p21Cipl/Wafl. Biochemical Journal, 367. 549-559
Synthesis and Structure of Bis(diphenylphosphinimino)methanide and Bis(diphenylphosphinimino)methanediide Beryllium Complexes

Reactions of BeEt2 with bis(diphenylphosphinimino)methanes H2C[PPh2NR]2 yielded the first bis(diphenylphosphinimino)methanide and bis(diphenylphosphinimino)methanediide beryllium complexes [CH(PPh2N-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)2]BeEt (1), [C(PPh2NSiMe3)2](BeEt)2 (2), and [C(PPh2NPh)2](BeEt)2 (3), respectively. 1–3 were characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Preheating and Reheating after Standard Inflation

We study the two-phase scenario following inflation, where the initial step is preheating, accompanied by a step of perturbative reheating at which inflaton field decays transferring all of its energy to create relativistic particles, the interaction of these particles will evolve towards a state of thermal equilibrium with a temperature Tre called the reheating temperature. It is observed that the scenario of reheating normally predicts the maximum reheating temperature that corresponds to an almost instantaneous transition from inflation to the radiation domination era. This will naturally lead to a nonperturbative preheating. In this framework, we propose constraints on the reheating duration parameters expressed in terms of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) inflationary scalar spectral index. In this work we study the compatibility of polynomial and Higgs models of inflation with the observational data obtained from Planck 2018.
Symmetry operators for the conformal wave equation in rotating black hole spacetimes

Finnian Gray, 2, ∗ Tsuyoshi Houri, † David Kubizňák, 2, ‡ and Yukinori Yasui § Perimeter Institute, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1 National Institute of Technology, Maizuru College, Kyoto 625-8511, Japan Institute for Fundamental Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 572-8508, Japan (Dated: April 29, 2021)
A(I)rtist or Counterfeiter? Artificial Intelligence as (D)Evaluating Factor on the Art Market

Abstract This paper shows that humans perceive the value of paintings made by AI as lower than the value of those made by humans when the creator of the work is known. This phenomenon occurs regardless of which style (figurative or abstract) the evaluated paintings have. The negative impact of the information that AI is the author of a painting is mediated by the author’s artistry (AA) and the overall impression (OI) the painting makes on participants. Moreover, it was found that people use context cues when assessing paintings made by humans and AI. The perceived value of a painting increases when the information about the value of the painting made by AI was provided as a context cue, indicating that people exclude works created by AI from the category of human-made art. The method used in the research is an experiment made with 296 respondents (42.6% female). The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 62 (M = 35.30, SD = 10.76).
Social support, nutrition and health among women in rural Bangladesh: complex tradeoffs in allocare, kin proximity and support network size

Malnutrition among women of reproductive age is a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. Of particular concern are undernutrition from underweight and iron deficiency, along with overweight and obesity, all of which have negative health consequences for mothers and children. Accumulating evidence suggests that risk for poor nutritional outcomes may be mitigated by social support, yet how social support is measured varies tremendously and its effects likely vary by age, kinship and reproductive status. We examine the effects of different measures of social support on weight and iron nutrition among 677 randomly sampled women from rural Bangladesh. While we find that total support network size mitigates risk for underweight, other results point to a potential tradeoff in the effects of kin proximity, with nearby adult children associated with both lower risk for underweight and obesity and higher risk for iron deficiency and anaemia. Social support from kin may then enhance energy balance but not diet quality. Results also suggest that a woman's network of caregivers might reflect their greater need for help, as those who received more help with childcare and housework had worse iron nutrition. Overall, although some findings support the hypothesis that social support can be protective, others emphasize that social relationships often have neutral or negative effects, illustrating the kinds of tradeoffs expected from an evolutionary perspective. The complexities of these effects deserve attention in future work, particularly within public health, where what is defined as ‘social support' is often assumed to be positive. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Multidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal–child health'.
Male partner participation in maternity care and social support for childbearing women: a discussion paper

Male partners/fathers are key support persons for many childbearing women and their involvement in pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum/postnatal period has beneficial effects on a wide range of outcomes related to maternal and child health and family wellbeing. Social support is implicated in the relevant causal pathway, but has received largely tangential attention in the public health literature. This discussion paper aims to reframe men's participation in maternity care as an opportunity to enhance their readiness and ability to provide social support to women, contributing to the debate on the definition and rationale for male partner involvement, and paving the way for further empirical work. I begin by presenting a theory of change illustrating the causal pathway leading from male partner participation, through the key intermediate step of social support, to improved health and wellbeing for women and children. I proceed by arguing that many people desire male partner participation in maternity care; however, in practice, this is often limited owing to cultural, social and institutional barriers. I use examples from the intervention literature to demonstrate how participation in care can boost men's motivation to support women and enhance their ability to do so by increasing their knowledge and skills. Finally, I draw up general implications for further male partner involvement programmes, suggesting that in order to achieve meaningful and sustainable gains, attention to design is crucial in order to avoid reinforcing patriarchal gender norms. Programmes should be implemented alongside other efforts to improve quality and promote woman-centred care. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Multidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal–child health’.
Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The New Era of Thinking

Abstract The heterogeneity of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is reflected in a bizarre response to therapy. Although it is chemotherapy sensitive, the failure is the usual pathway either in local or distance status. With progression in Gene Expression Profile (GEP) and other molecular techniques, TNBC is divided into sub-types with unique pathways. In the current review, we are trying to highlight based on the molecular classification of TNBC and the management based on every type.
Use Text Mining for Financial Reports Analysis: Long Text to Image Converter

In this study, we propose a novel article analysis method. This method converts the article classification problem into image classification problem by projecting texts into images and then applying CNN models for classification. We call the method the Long Text to Image Converter (LTIC). The features are extract automatically from the generate images, hence there is no need of any explicit step of embedding the words or characters into numeric vector representations. This method saves the time to experiment pre-process. This study uses the financial domain as an example. In companies financial reports, there will describes the company's financial trends. The content has many financial terms used to infer the company's current and future financial position. The results indicated an 80% accuracy rate. The proposed LTIC produce excellent results during practical application. The return on simulated investment is 46%. In addition to tangible returns, the LTIC method reduces the time required for article analysis and is able to provide article classification references in a short period to facilitate the decisions of the researcher.
Detecting placebo and drug effects on Parkinson's disease symptoms by longitudinal item‐score models

This study tested the hypothesis that analyzing longitudinal item scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale could allow a smaller trial size and describe a drug's effect on symptom progression. Two historical studies of the dopaminergic drug ropinirole were analyzed: a cross‐over formulation comparison trial in 161 patients with early‐stage Parkinson's disease, and a 24‐week, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled efficacy trial in 393 patients with advanced‐stage Parkinson's disease. We applied item response theory to estimate the patients’ symptom severity and developed a longitudinal model using the symptom severity to describe the time course of the placebo response and the drug effect on the time course. Similarly, we developed a longitudinal model using the total score. We then compared sample size needs for drug effect detection using these two different models. Total score modeling estimated median changes from baseline at 24 weeks (90% confidence interval) of −3.7 (−5.4 to −2.0) and −9.3 (−11 to −7.3) points by placebo and ropinirole. Comparable changes were estimated (with slightly higher precision) by item‐score modeling as −2.0 (−4.0 to −1.0) and −9.0 (−11 to −8.0) points. The treatment duration was insufficient to estimate the symptom progression rate; hence the drug effect on the progression could not be assessed. The trial sizes to detect a drug effect with 80% power on total score and on symptom severity were estimated (at the type I error level of 0.05) as 88 and 58, respectively. Longitudinal item response analysis could markedly reduce sample size; it also has the potential for assessing drug effects on disease progression in longer trials.
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL FLUOROQUINOLONE-TRIAZOLE HYBRID COMPOUNDS AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Abstract: The hydrazide compound ( 2 ) was synthesized starting from 1-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine via two stage. The reaction of compound ( 2 ) with different alkyl(aryl)isothiocyanates afforded the corresponding compounds ( 3a-c ) . 1,3-Thiazolidine derivatives ( 4a-c ) were synthesized from the treatment of ( 3a-c ) with ethyl bromoacetate. Mannich bases ( 6a-d ) were yielded the treayment of ( 5a-c) with various suitable amines in the exictence of formaldehyde. Compound ( 3 ) derivatives were converted to 1,2,4-triazole as the starting material of fluoroquinolone analogues ( 11a-c ). Finally synthesized compounds were examined their biological properties and some of these showed potent activity.
A re-analysis of the data in Sharkey et al.’s (2021) minimalist revision reveals that BINs do not deserve names, but BOLD Systems needs a stronger commitment to open science

Halting biodiversity decline is one of the most critical challenges for humanity, but biodiversity assessment and monitoring are hampered by taxonomic impediments. We here distinguish between a “dark taxon impediment” caused by a large number of undescribed species and a “superficial description impediment” caused by species descriptions so imprecise that type specimens have to be consulted in order to resolve species identities. Recently, Sharkey et al. (2021) proposed to address the dark taxon impediment for Costa Rican braconid wasps by describing 403 species based on barcode clusters (“BINs”) computed by BOLD Systems. The default assumption of the revision is that BIN=Species (e.g., BOLD:ACM9419 becomes Bracon federicomatarritai Sharkey, sp. nov.) and therefore the diagnoses of most species consist only of a consensus barcode. We here argue that this type of “minimalist revision” is unnecessary and undesirable. It is unnecessary because barcode clusters (e.g. BINs) already provide grouping statements that overcome many of the obstacles associated with dark taxon impediments. However, minimalist revisions are also undesirable and problematic because the diagnoses are only based on one character system, which in the case of Sharkey et al. study was poorly analyzed. Furthermore, the revision relies on units that violate basic rules of reproducibility because the BINs were delimited by a proprietary algorithm (RESL) that is applied to a mixture of public and private data. Here, we illustrate that many of the BINs described as species are unstable when the available data are reanalyzed, reiterate that COI mostly measures time of divergence, and that BOLD Systems violates key principles of open science. We conclude by urging authors, reviewers, editors, and grantors to only publish and fund projects that adhere to modern standards of reproducibility.
The nature of intraspecific genome size variation in taxonomically complex eyebrights

Genome size (GS) is a key trait related to morphology, life history, and evolvability. Although GS is, by definition, affected by presence/absence variants (PAVs), which are ubiquitous in population sequencing studies, GS is often treated as an intrinsic property of a species. Here, we studied intra- and interspecific GS variation in taxonomically complex British eyebrights (Euphrasia). We generated GS data for 192 individuals of diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia and analysed GS variation in relation to ploidy, taxonomy, population affiliation, and geography. We further compared the genomic repeat content of 30 samples. We found considerable genuine intraspecific GS variation, and observed isolation-by-distance for GS in outcrossing diploids. Tetraploid Euphrasia showed contrasting patterns, with GS increasing with latitude in outcrossing Euphrasia arctica, but little GS variation in the highly selfing Euphrasia micrantha. Interspecific differences in GS genomic repeat percentages were small. We show the utility of treating GS as the outcome of polygenic variation. Like other types of genetic variation, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, GS variation may be increased through hybridisation and population subdivision. In addition to selection on associated traits, GS is predicted to be affected indirectly by selection due to pleiotropy of the underlying PAVs.
Generating realistic cell samples for gene selection in scRNA-seq data: A novel generative framework

High dimensional, small sample size (HDSS) scRNA-seq data presents a challenge to the gene selection task in single cell. Conventional gene selection techniques are unstable and less reliable due to the fewer number of available samples which affects cell clustering and annotation. Here, we present an improved version of generative adversarial network (GAN) called LSH-GAN to address this issue by producing new realistic samples and combining this with the original scRNA-seq data. We update the training procedure of the generator of GAN using locality sensitive hashing which speeds up the sample generation, thus maintains the feasibility of applying gene selection procedures in high dimension scRNA-seq data. Experimental results show a significant improvement in the performance of benchmark feature (gene) selection techniques on generated samples of one synthetic and four HDSS scRNA-seq data. Comprehensive simulation study ensures the applicability of the model in the feature (gene) selection domain of HDSS scRNA-seq data. Availability The corresponding software is available at https://github.com/Snehalikalall/LSH-GAN
Development of a transboundary model of livestock disease in Europe

Epidemiological models of notifiable livestock disease are typically framed at a national level and targeted for specific diseases. There are inherent difficulties in extending models beyond national borders as details of the livestock population, production systems and marketing systems of neighbouring countries are not always readily available. It can also be a challenge to capture heterogeneities in production systems, control policies, and response resourcing across multiple countries, in a single transboundary model. In this paper we describe EuFMDiS, a continental-scale modelling framework for transboundary animal disease, specifically designed to support emergency animal disease planning in Europe. EuFMDiS simulates the spread of livestock disease within and between countries and allows control policies to be enacted and resourced on per-country basis. It provides a sophisticated decision support tool that can be used to look at the risk of disease introduction, establishment and spread; control approaches in terms of effectiveness and costs; resource management; and post-outbreak management issues.