Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning from the Failure of Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: Is the amyloid hypothesis discredited?

The latest estimates identify 5.4 million Americans as victims of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the percentage of people dying of this serious scourge has increased by a an astounding 66% between 2000 and 2008 whereas other serious illnesses such as stroke, HIV-AIDS and cardiovascular disease have declined substantially [1]. This highlights the lack of approaches to prevent, slow and treat AD. In the meantime, industry has formulated numerous drugs to treat AD that were based on neuroprotection and on the basis of the amyloid hypothesis [2-7]. Many of these treatments were also successfully tested in animal models of AD that express familial AD (FAD) mutant forms of the human β amyloid protein (Aβ ) precursor (APP) [7]. Unfortunately, most of these studies have failed to show clinical improvement or protection in AD patients. This has resulted in a disillusionment and even hostility against the amyloid hypothesis [8-11], which in its simplest and broadest sense states that Aβ derived from APP forms toxic aggregates that trigger a cascade of events, including deposition of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), to induce synaptic loss followed by neurodegeneration to cause dementia [12]. This theory has been supported by a core set of findings that have been reproduced in a number of laboratories that FAD mutations on APP and another set of membrane proteins termed presenilins (PS1 and PS2) preferentially increase the levels of longer 42/42 aa forms of Aβ (Aβ 42/43), while the normally predominant form (Aβ 40) may or may not be altered [13-15]. This fits well with other studies showing that Aβ 42 self-associates to form aggregates (oligomers and larger fibrils) more readily than does Aβ 40. Further, a large body of literature also demonstrates that soluble Aβ oligomers are neurotoxic in vitro and cause defects in memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) in animal models [16-20]. Despite the large consensus, one has to recognize that there are several gaps in our understanding of neurodegeneration in AD and the pathway is poorly replicated in transgenic animal models, as none of these models show the sequence of synaptic loss followed by NFT formation and neurodegeneration observed in AD [21].
Bright Intracranial Lesions on Diffusion-weighted Images: A Pictorial Review

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a MR sequence that is used to evaluate the rate of microscopic water diffusion within the tissues. The ability to measure the rate of water diffusion is important because this is frequently altered in various disease processes. Generally, the lesions with restricted water diffusion show bright intensity on DWI, but the lesions without restricted water diffusion can also show bright intensity on DWI, which is called the "T2 shine through effect". With DWI, we can sensitively detect hyperacute infarction (within 6 hours after symptom onset), and this is difficult to detect with using CT and the conventional MR sequences. The acute and subacute lesions of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and carbon monoxide intoxication also show bright intensity on the DWI. The other diseases that can show bright intensity on the DWI include acute and subacute diffuse axonal injury lesions, hyperacute and late subacute hematomas, cerebral abscess, subdural empyema, acute herpes encephalitis, various tumors and such degenerative and demyelinating diseases as multiple sclerosis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Wilson's disease and Wernicke's encephalopathy.
Factors modifying childrens inhalational risk assessment

Context: This study reviews factors in children, which alter their risk to inhalational exposures, and modify the inhalational risk assessment process. Factors identified in the literature distinguish children from adults when assessing risk of inhalational exposures. Such factors are determined based on childrens unique physiological, anatomical, and biochemical characteristics, which extend to include a unique inhalational dosimetry. Numerous methods have been developed to account for such factors in children. However, some factors are more inclusive than others are, and a comprehensive assessment of these factors is important to enhance risk analysis in children. Objective: The aim was to identify factors in children that modify the four steps of risk assessment and assess the magnitude of uncertainty associated with these factors. Methods: Authors did not follow a specific system for selecting articles from the literature. However, original and review articles were chosen based on their relevancy to the objectives of this paper. Five EPA documents and one WHO document were used to identify factors shown in Figure 1. EPA guidelines for inter and intra species differences and for inhalational dosimetry were used in calculating uncertainty associated with the identified factors. Results: Figure 1 illustrates factors identified as influential in childrens inhalational risk assessment, with the elucidation of possible correlations that exist among these factors. Table 1 ranks factors in order of their importance and determination in two selected steps of risk assessment. Figure 2 evaluates uncertainty related to factors shown in Figure 1 based on criteria described in Methodology. Figure 3 demonstrates the inclusiveness of each of the methods used to assess risk in children. Conclusion: Childrens risk assessment demands special considerations and the inclusion of factors specific to them because of their continuous developmental changes, which differentiate them from adults.
Depletion of γ/δ T cells does not prevent or ameliorate, but rather aggravates, rat adjuvant arthritis

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of gamma/delta T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced rat adjuvant arthritis. METHODS Rats with adjuvant arthritis were injected with anti-T cell receptor gamma/delta (anti-TCRgamma/delta) monoclonal antibody V65 according to a preventive protocol, a pre-arthritis peak protocol, and a late therapeutic protocol. Arthritis severity and joint destruction were monitored, and depletion of target cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Although all protocols led to successful depletion of TCRgamma/delta(bright) cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, none of the regimens influenced clinical parameters of adjuvant arthritis. If rats were treated before the clinical peak of adjuvant arthritis, however, joint destruction was significantly more severe than in vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSION Rat adjuvant arthritis is not promoted or perpetuated by gamma/delta T cells. Aggravation of joint destruction with pre-arthritis peak anti-gamma/delta treatment suggests a stage-dependent protective role of gamma/delta T cells in adjuvant arthritis.
An investigation of therapy student's perceptions of cultural awareness

Cultural awareness is recognized as an essential skill for the effective practice of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of cultural awareness of 274undergraduate physiotherapy and occupational therapy students. A self administered questionnaire adapted and modified from Cheung et al (2002) was used. More than half of the students recognized the influence of cultural factors on the assessment and intervention process and the functional ability of the client. The majority of the students believed that the level of cultural awareness could be influenced by education (92%, 104/113) and placement experience (98%, 110/113). Students rated themselves to be ignorant or to having limited awareness of the sources of information and access to language translation services. This study highlights the need to address the challenges of working in a multicultural society within the curriculum and equip the students with the skills required to work in a multicu.
Clinical Presentation, Genotype and Microbiological Data among Cystic Fibrosis Children at King Hussein Medical Center

Objective: To describe the clinical presentations, genotype, microbiological data among children with cystic fibrosis treated at King Hussein Medical Center. Methods: A retrospective review of all the medical records of children (80) already diagnosed with Cystic fibrosis was conducted during the period 2002-2008 at King Hussein Medical Center. Clinical data collected included: age at presentation and diagnosis, clinical manifestation, delay in diagnosis, and family history. Laboratory tests that were done included: complete blood count, kidney and liver function tests, sweat chloride and genetic testing. PCR testing was performed for 36 mutations of cystic fibrosis. Those with borderline sweat chloride reading or atypical presentation were excluded. Results: The study group consisted of 46 (57%) males and 34 (43%) females with classic cystic fibrosis. Age ranged from one month to 16 years of age with a median of eight months. Most of the patients presented between one and six months of age (35%) with the majority being in neonatal period (24%). Only 13% presented after the age of two years. Most common presentation was recurrent wheezy chest (28%), while the least common was direct hyperbilirubinemia (2%). A delay in diagnosis more than six months was seen in 18 patients (26%). Twenty-one children (26%) had positive family history of Cystic Fibrosis, while 12 (15%) gave a history of male infertility in the family. Sputum cultures were positive in 24 patients; Pseudomonas Aureginosa was the most commonly found (24%). Cystic Fibrosis mutations were found in 25 patients (31%); Delta F508 mutation was the commonest 4%. Three patients died (4%); one with respiratory failure and severe pulmonary hypertension, two with severe fatal sepsis. Conclusion: There are diverse clinical presentations and genotypic features among our study group. A complete analysis of the DNA mutation would be helpful in knowing the most prevalent mutations in our population.
A fistful of Bitcoins

Bitcoin is a purely online virtual currency, unbacked by either physical commodities or sovereign obligation; instead, it relies on a combination of cryptographic protection and a peer-to-peer protocol for witnessing settlements. Consequently, Bitcoin has the unintuitive property that while the ownership of money is implicitly anonymous, its flow is globally visible. In this paper we explore this unique characteristic further, using heuristic clustering to group Bitcoin wallets based on evidence of shared authority, and then using re-identification attacks (i.e., empirical purchasing of goods and services) to classify the operators of those clusters. From this analysis, we consider the challenges for those seeking to use Bitcoin for criminal or fraudulent purposes at scale.
Anti-diabetic effect of Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage in obese Zucker rats

The effect of the traditional herbal medicine Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage(YJ) on the improvement of insulin resistance and lipid profile was studied using a model for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, lean (Fa/-) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage feeding for 4 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of plasma triglyceride in both lean and obese Zucker rats. Furthermore, Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage markedly decreased both plasma cholesterol and fasting plasma insulin, and significantly decreased the postprandial glucose level at 30 min during oral glucose tolerance test in obese Zucker rats. Although there was no statistical significance, the crude glucose transporter 4 protein level of Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage dieted obese rats tended to increase when compared to that of obese control rats. Therefore, the present results suggested that Yukmijihwangtang-Jahage may be useful in prevention and improvement of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperinsulinemia states such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, syndrome X and coronary artery disease.
An Integrated Approach for AutomaticAggregation of Learning Knowledge Objects

This paper presents the Knowledge Puzzle, an ontology-based platform designed to facilitate domain knowledge acquisition from textual documents for knowledge-based systems. First, the Knowledge Puzzle Platform performs an automatic generation of a domain ontology from documents’ content through natural language processing and machine learning technologies. Second, it employs a new content model, the Knowledge Puzzle Content Model, which aims to model learning material from annotated content. Annotations are performed semi-automatically based on IBM’s Unstructured Information Management Architecture and are stored in an Organizational memory (OM) as knowledge fragments. The organizational memory is used as a knowledge base for a training environment (an Intelligent Tutoring System or an e-Learning environment). The main objective of these annotations is to enable the automatic aggregation of Learning Knowledge Objects (LKOs) guided by instructional strategies, which are provided through SWRL rules. Finally, a methodology is proposed to generate SCORM-compliant learning objects from these LKOs.
Evaluation of the Emergency Department Patient with Possible Myocardial Ischemia

• Objective: To review strategies and methods for evaluating persons who present with chest pain. • Methods: Qualitative assessment of the literature. • Results: Nearly two thirds of patients who undergo chest pain evaluation in the emergency department will have nonischemic electrocardiographic changes and nonsignificant history and physical examination. These low-risk patients typically undergo further evaluation in a chest pain evaluation unit (CPEU). CPEUs combine the history and physical examination with a number of testing modalities, including serial electrocardiography, biochemical markers of ischemic injury, and exercise treadmill testing. The troponins are the gold standard biochemical markers for diagnosing myocardial necrosis but are unable to identify persons with ischemia only. Patients with positive electrocardiograms and markers are admitted, while those with negative findings go on to provocative testing, either exercise treadmill testing or pharmacologic stress imaging. Rest myocardial perfusion imaging provides an alternative method for assessing risk in chest pain patients as it can identify patients with infarction and ischemia. • Conclusion: Identifying the few patients at high-risk for MI among the many low-risk patients is challenging. A highly defined and standardized evaluation protocol is needed to improve diagnostic sensitivity without increasing overall costs.
Attitude and Perception of Pediatric Clerkship students in Yemen towards Team Based learning: A Preliminary Study

Introduction: Team based learning (TBL) is an innovative educational strategy that has been adopted by many medical schools all over the world. It has the advantage of active learning, critical thinking where the students learn to collaborate and communicate with one another in a single large classroom. In this study we explored pediatric clerkship students’ perceptions and attitudes regarding team based learning at University of Sciences and Technology/Yemen with a view to build in novations and improvements on teaching methods. Methods: A pilot descriptive cross-sectional study involved thirty seven pediatric clerkship female medical students attended two hours session in May 2013 at University of Sciences & Technology/college of medicine in Sana’s/Yemen. The session was converted from didactic into TBL one. The students participated in response to 14 statements at the end of the session. The internal consistency of the questionnaire items was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. Student perceptions were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale with a score of five being strongly agree. Collected Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20). Results: all the 37 female students constituting the attending group responded. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of the 14 items was 0.931. Students’ perceived TBL tutorial positively with about 94% of students agreed of positive impact of the session on their learning, and 92% agreed that the session helped them to work and learn in a team. Lower score of 62% were given to whether the session promoted understanding rather than memorization, and 60% of the students agreed of the achievement of learning objectives through TBL session. Conclusions : Clerkship Students’ evaluations indicated that Team Based Learning is a welcome alternative to the didactic lecture. It adds ongoing evidence suggesting the effectiveness of TBL as an instructional technique that promote student engagement and learning in teams.
A role for inside-out signaling in T cell receptor regulation of CD28 ligand binding

Efficient T cell activation depends on the engagement of both TCR and CD28, although the molecular mechanisms that control this signal integration are not fully understood. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we show that T cell activation can drive a reorientation of the cytosolic tails of the CD28 dimer. However, this is not mediated through CD28 ligand binding. Rather, TCR signaling itself mediates this conformation change in CD28. We also show that TCR signaling can induce CD28-ligand interactions. Although the CD28 dimer appears to bind ligand monovalently in solution, we show that both ligand-binding sites are required to efficiently recruit CD28 to the immunological synapse. These results suggest, that analogous to the cross talk from TCR that regulates integrin activation, TCR-initiated inside-out signaling may induce a conformational change to the extracellular domains of CD28, enabling ligand binding and initiating CD28 signaling.
Abstract 124: Collaterals Determine Risk of Early Territorial Stroke and Hemorrhage in the SAMMPRIS Trial

Background: The degree of collateral circulation is a powerful risk factor for recurrent stroke in the setting of medical therapy for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. The impact of collaterals on the short-term risk for stroke in patients treated by stenting or intensive medical therapies is not known. We systematically evaluated baseline angiographic features of collateral circulation and antegrade flow across intracranial stenoses in randomized subjects of the multicenter SAMMPRIS trial and correlated these to their 30-day risk of ischemic stroke. Methods: Digital review of baseline angiograms in SAMMPRIS was conducted to score ASITN/SIR collateral grade and TICI antegrade flow, blind to other data. Dichotomized collateral and TICI scores (none/partial versus complete) were analyzed independently and in combinations with trial endpoints of territorial ischemic stroke or stroke in territory (SIT) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) within 30 days in the intensive medical and stenting arms of the study. Log-rank tests with follow-up time censored at 30 days were used in the analysis. Results: Collaterals could be assessed on 376/424 baseline angiography studies available for digital imaging review for the 451 randomized subjects in SAMMPRIS (186 medical, 190 stenting). Early territorial stroke (SIT) occurred in 6/186 (3.2%) subjects in the medical arm and 20/190 (10.5%) after stenting. SIT was not associated with TICI in either arm, whereas collaterals exerted a potent protective influence in medical (p=0.067) and stented (p=0.004) cases, with 0/66 (0%) SIT in the medical arm and 0/51 (0%) SIT in the stented arm when collaterals were complete. SIT in medical cases was associated with partial TICI/partial collaterals (5/25 (20.0%)) versus complete TICI/partial collaterals (1/95 (1.1%)) and partial TICI/complete collaterals (0/66 (0%)), p<0.001. SIT in stented cases was associated with partial TICI/partial collaterals (11/46 (23.9%)) versus complete TICI/partial collaterals (9/93 (9.7%)) and partial TICI/complete collaterals (0/51 (0%)), p<0.001. ICH within 30 days occurred in 0/186 (0%) subjects randomized to medical therapy. In the stenting arm, early ICH occurred in 8/190 (4.2%) and was associated with TICI (p=0.036) and collaterals (p=0.077). Overall, early ICH after stenting was associated with partial TICI/partial collaterals (7/46 (15.2%)) versus complete TICI/partial collaterals (1/93 (1.1%)) and partial TICI/complete collaterals (0/51 (0%)), p<0.001. Conclusions: Patients with impaired collateral flow associated with severe intracranial stenosis had the highest risk for stroke within 30 days, both with intensive medical therapy and as a complication of angioplasty and stenting.
General Pattern Theory A Mathematical Study Of Regular Structures

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Employee Empowerment and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Rc & Sabic

The book analyses the important employee empowerment measures and based on which attempts to develop a model for employee satisfaction. Using primary data collected from two major public sector institutions in Saudi Arabia, such as Royal Commission at Yanbu and Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, the study tries to prove that employee empowerment measures are a must for the employees’ satisfaction, which is the backbone of a successful institution. The study points to the need for streamlining various measures of employee empowerment to meet the needs of the institutional objectives by ensuring job satisfaction of the employees.
Hybrid Graph Convolutional Networks for Semi-Supervised Classification

In recent years, Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) have been successfully applied to many graph classification problems. It has the capability to learn many types data that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) cannot handle, such as irregular data. However, we found that GCN can not completely capture the graph structure information and especially for inference on data efficiently. In this paper, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of several models and propose two different methods of combining models. Based on that, we propose a new model by using ensemble learning Based on GCN. This model has the ability to capture the advantages of multiple models. Finally, we conduct our experiment on several datasets, and the experimental results show that our approach is effective.
Adaptive detection using widely linear processing with data reusing for DS-CDMA systems

In this work we propose widely linear (WL) processing data-reusing algorithms for interference suppression in direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. Based on the widely linear estimation approach, we derive low complexity affine-projection algorithms for estimating the coefficients of adaptive linear multiuser receivers. Adaptation step normalization approaches are described for the WL type algorithms and comparison against their linear versions are carried out. Simulation experiments show that the proposed techniques outperform previously reported algorithms for several scenarios.