Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INVOLVEMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MUMPS

aspect of liver function can only detect severe damage. The absence of jaundice or of significant increase in the level of serum bilirubin, the slight increase in the level of serum alkaline phosphatase, and the negative result attending the colloidal gold test all bear witness to the lack of help in diagnosis afforded by these tests in fatty liver disease. Bromsulphthalein clearance was impaired only when liver damage was of sufficient severity to endanger life. Liver biopsy was of value in confirming the diagnosis of fatty liver and in following the course of recovery. The outstanding feature of the disease is, of course, the fat accumulation in the liver, and still more remarkable is its failure to respond to methionine and choline, the usual lipotrophic substances, the lack of which produces gross fat accumulation in the liver in laboratory animals. Chemical poisons and infectious hepatitis have been carefully excluded in these cases. It is pointed out that the fat accumulation is not specific of the disease, because fat accumulation is a feature of many conditions, including those due to chemical poisons, infections and starvation; and it is also emphasized that the problem of fat in the liver is highly complex. In starvation and after injections of pituitary extract fat in the liver comes from the depots and in choline deficiency from the food. In choline deficiency therefore the caloric intake bears a direct relationship to the quantity of fat in the liver. Animals in an active growth phase may use their essential amino acids for building body tissue, so that a relative deficiency is produced, and methionine-supplied methyl groups for the synthesis of choline are unavailable for this purpose. Waterlow considers that this particular fatty liver disease of infants differs from the bulk of human fatty liver disease in that the source of fat is exogenous, a point supported by the relatively high caloric intake on a background of all otherwise deficient diet. This high carbohydrate accompanied by low protein intake is also important in the determination of wdema. The failure to respond to very large doses of methionine or choline is difficult to explain, but the response to milk suggests that, although Iipotrophic activity of casein is related to its methionine content, there is a possibility of an active factor other than methionine. Waterlow, however, does not favour the view that fatty liver disease is a deficiency of some substance yet unknown, but lays emphasis on three factors, namely, the metabolic demands of the growing organism, prolonged depletion of protein, and carbohydrate overloading. Protein deficiency may, by virtue of the loss of certain labile components of enzyme systems intimately associated with fat metabolism, accelerate a fat accumulation which will remain unaffected by the lipotrophic components of the protein.
Evolving 3G mobile systems: broadband and broadcast services in WCDMA

The third-generation WCDMA standard has been enhanced to offer significantly increased performance for packet data and broadcast services through the introduction of high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), enhanced uplink, and multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS). This article provides an overview of the key technologies used, the reasons behind their selection, and their integration into WCDMA. Performance results are also included to exemplify the performance possible in an evolved WCDMA network.
Educating Doctors: Crisis in Medical Education, Research and Practice

Medical Education Dr Wolf's book opens with a critique of the current status of medical education at both college and medical school levels. He deplores the emphasis on scientific fact in college at the expense of liberal education in the arts and humanities. He feels that admission to medical school is based solely on mastery of scientific fact and that the total immersion in basic science continues through the 4 years. At the clinical level, bedside teaching has largely been replaced by impersonal exercises such as chart rounds, and the skilled physician-teacher is rarely observed talking to patients and taking a proper history with appropriate consideration of social and behavioral influences. The result is that the student learns to take histories in a rote, mechanical, question-and-answer mode. "the fallacy of the distinction between organic and functional illness" This reviewer agrees with Wolf's critique of medical education up to a
The Swedish Communicative Development Inventory III

A revised form of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory III (SCDI-III) was presented designed for Swedish speaking children aged 2 years 6 months–4 years 0 months with the objective to give a proxy measure of their language competence. The instrument contains a vocabulary checklist with 100 words, mainly predicates, from four areas; Food words, Body words, Mental words and Emotion words. Two sections assess the child’s grammar skills and a final section appraises the child’s metalinguistic awareness. Assessments from 1,134 parents are reported. Scales with adequate psychometric properties were formed for each section. Monthly median values and spread of score distributions are presented for each scale. Girls scored higher than boys on all scales. The revision, sampling procedures, demographic variables and issues of reliability and validity, are discussed. The general structure of the instrument can well be integrated in similar instruments designed for other languages and cultures.
An adult face bias in infants that is modulated by face race

The visual preferences of infants for adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3.5- and 6-month-olds were presented with Caucasian adult vs. infant face pairs and Asian adult vs. infant face pairs, in both upright and inverted orientations. Both age groups showed a visual preference for upright adult over infant faces when the faces were Caucasian, but not when they were Asian. The preference is unlikely to have arisen because of low-level perceptual features because: (1) no preference was observed for the inverted stimuli, (2) no differences were observed in adult similarity ratings of the upright infant–adult face pairs from the two races, and (3) no differences between the infant and adult faces were observed across races in an image-based analysis of salience. The findings are discussed in terms of the social attributes of faces that are learned from experience and what this implies for developmental accounts of a recognition advantage for adult faces in particular and models of face processing more generally.
Bioinformatics applications of information extraction from scientific journal articles

Information extraction technology, as defined and developed through the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Message Understanding Conferences (MUCs), has proved successful at extracting information primarily from newswire texts and primarily in domains concerned with human activity. In this paper, the application of this technology to the extraction of information from scientific journal papers in the area of molecular biology is considered. In particular, it is described how an information extraction designed to participate in the MUC exercises has been modified for two bioinformatics applications: one concerned with enzyme and metabolic pathways; the other with protein structure. Progress to date provides convincing grounds for believing that information extraction techniques will deliver novel and effective ways for scientists to make use of the core literature which defines their disciplines.
MIMO techniques in WiMAX and LTE: a feature overview

IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced are the two evolving standards targeting 4G wireless systems. In both standards, multiple-input multiple-output antenna technologies play an essential role in meeting the 4G requirements. The application of MIMO technologies is one of the most crucial distinctions between 3G and 4G. It not only enhances the conventional point-to-point link, but also enables new types of links such as downlink multiuser MIMO. A large family of MIMO techniques has been developed for various links and with various amounts of available channel state information in both IEEE 802.16e/m and 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced. In this article we provide a survey of the MIMO techniques in the two standards. The MIMO features of the two are compared, and the engineering considerations are depicted.
Context-aware policy-based framework for self-management in delay-tolerant networks: A case study for deep space exploration

Policy-based management allows the deployment of networks offering quality services in environments beyond the reach of real-time human control. A policy-based protocol stack middleware, the context-aware broker, has been developed by the authors to autonomically manage the remote deep space network. In this article example policy rules demonstrate the concept, and prototype results from ns-2.30 show the overall positive cost-benefit impact in an example scenario.
Proliferation of the optical transport network: a use case based study

The ITU-T G.709 standard is perhaps the most underrated and yet widely used of all telecommunication standards, especially pertaining to the transport layer. In this article we focus on OTN as a delivery platform for emerging services. We will understand why OTN was originally proposed and how it can be a critical enabler for emerging services. To this end, we build use cases of OTN especially for Ethernet transport, mobile backhaul, IP router interconnection, sub-wavelength support, and support of overlaid services, especially across multiple domains. The use cases will bring to the fore key advantages of OTN and how this technology solution is ideal for emerging applications. We also discuss future movements in this technology and how these can affect the transport network.
Relation between global velocity and local torque optimization of redundant manipulators

In this article, the relation between the global optimization of joint velocity and local optimization of joint torque is investigated. The local minimization of the weighted joint torques can be matched to the global optimization of the corresponding weighted joint velocities when the weighted matrices satisfy certain sufficient conditions. A straightforward matching is obtained using the local optimization of the inertia inverse weighted dynamic torque and the global minimization of the kinetic energy. Another easy solution can be found, as will be shown later, if the inertia matrix is a constant and gravity is neglected. Based on that, it can be seen why a Cartesian robot, which has a constant inertia matrix, is always stable. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhancing optical communications with brand new fibers

Optical fibers have often been considered to offer effectively infinite capacity to support the rapid traffic growth essential to our information society. However, as demand has grown and technology has developed, we have begun to realize that there is a fundamental limit to fiber capacity of ~ 100 Tb/s per fiber for systems based on conventional single-core single-mode optical fiber as the transmission medium. This limit arises from the interplay of a number of factors including the Shannon limit, optical fiber nonlinearities, the fiber fuse effect, as well as optical amplifier bandwidth. This article reviews the most recent research efforts around the globe launched over the past few years with a view to overcome these limitations and substantially increase capacity by exploring the last degree of freedom available: the spatial domain. Central to this effort has been the development of brand new fibers for space-division multiplexing and mode-division multiplexing.
Review Article: Reviewing the impact of virtual teams in the information age

This paper provides an overview of virtual teams in the information age, focussing on the definition of virtual teams, their salient characteristics, the communication issues they face (including information overload, geographic and social distance), the technical issues involved (linking this to theories of media use), the issues raised by cultural diversity in the teams (including identity, trust and conflict) and managerial implications. Suggestions are made on how to address the issues raised and omissions from previous research are highlighted.
Next-generation digital television terrestrial broadcasting systems: Key technologies and research trends

In the last two decades, digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) systems have been deployed worldwide. With the approval of the fourth DTTB standard called Digital Television/ Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) by International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in December 2011, the research on first-generation DTTB standards is coming to an end. Recently, with the rapid progress of advanced signal processing technologies, nextgeneration DTTB systems like Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial-Second Generation (DVB-T2) have been extensively studied and developed to provide more types of services with higher spectral efficiency and better performance. This article starts from the brief review of the first-generation DTTB standards and the current status of emerging second-generation DTTB systems, then focuses on the common key technologies behind them instead of describing the specific techniques adopted by various standards. The state-of-the-art, technical challenges, and the most recent achievements in the field are addressed. The future research trends are discussed as well. In addition, the scheme of integrating DTTB and Internet is proposed to solve the crucial problem of information expansion.
Long-Term Ambient Concentrations of Particulates and Oxidants and Development of Chronic Disease in a Cohort of Nonsmoking California Residents

AbstractA cohort of 6340 nonsmoking California Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) who had resided within 5 miles of their present residence for the past 10 yr has been followed since 1977 for incidence of cancer and myocardial infarction (MI) through 1982; development of definite symptoms of, and increasing severity of, airway obstructive disease (AOD), chronic bronchitis, and asthma through 1987; and all natural cause mortality through 1987. Cumulative ambient concentrations of specific pollutants have been estimated for study participants from 1967 to 1987 by interpolating monthly statistics from statewide air monitoring stations to ZIP codes of residence and work location. Statistics include excess concentrations and exceedance frequencies above a number of cutoffs as well as mean ambient concentration and mean ambient concentration adjusted for time spent indoors. Indoor sources or nitrogen (NO2), and of paniculate pollution such as environmental tobacco smoke, both at home and at work, as well as occupati.
SEDE: An ontology for scholarly event description

Scholarly events are important scientific communication channels. Our research goal is to satisfy scientists’ basic information needs by collecting, archiving and providing access to scholarly event information. Furthermore, we aim to satisfy users’ in-depth information needs by excavating scholarly meaningful information through reasoning about knowledge. A prerequisite to accomplishing this end is to define a description base for scholarly events to enable software agents to crawl and extract scholarly event data, and to facilitate unified access to this data. The collected data may then be mined for non-obvious knowledge. We present the design and implementation of an ontology for scholarly event description (SEDE) to achieve the research goal, and the application use case scenarios in scholarly event information space. The scenarios presented highlight the characteristics of the SEDE ontology.
Random unlabelled graphs containing few disjoint cycles

We call a set B of vertices in a graph G a blocker if the graph G ‐ B obtained from G by deleting the vertices in B has no cycles. The classical Erdős‐Pósa theorem (1965) states that for each positive integer k there is a positive integer f(k) such that in each graph G which contains at most k pairwise vertex‐disjoint cycles, there is a blocker B of size at most f(k).
A GPU-accelerated and Monte Carlo-based intensity modulated proton therapy optimization system.

PURPOSE Conventional spot scanning intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) treatment planning systems (TPSs) optimize proton spot weights based on analytical dose calculations. These analytical dose calculations have been shown to have severe limitations in heterogeneous materials. Monte Carlo (MC) methods do not have these limitations; however, MC-based systems have been of limited clinical use due to the large number of beam spots in IMPT and the extremely long calculation time of traditional MC techniques. In this work, the authors present a clinically applicable IMPT TPS that utilizes a very fast MC calculation. METHODS An in-house graphics processing unit (GPU)-based MC dose calculation engine was employed to generate the dose influence map for each proton spot. With the MC generated influence map, a modified least-squares optimization method was used to achieve the desired dose volume histograms (DVHs). The intrinsic CT image resolution was adopted for voxelization in simulation and optimization to preserve spatial resolution. The optimizations were computed on a multi-GPU framework to mitigate the memory limitation issues for the large dose influence maps that resulted from maintaining the intrinsic CT resolution. The effects of tail cutoff and starting condition were studied and minimized in this work. RESULTS For relatively large and complex three-field head and neck cases, i.e., >100,000 spots with a target volume of ∼ 1000 cm(3) and multiple surrounding critical structures, the optimization together with the initial MC dose influence map calculation was done in a clinically viable time frame (less than 30 min) on a GPU cluster consisting of 24 Nvidia GeForce GTX Titan cards. The in-house MC TPS plans were comparable to a commercial TPS plans based on DVH comparisons. CONCLUSIONS A MC-based treatment planning system was developed. The treatment planning can be performed in a clinically viable time frame on a hardware system costing around 45,000 dollars. The fast calculation and optimization make the system easily expandable to robust and multicriteria optimization.
LP problem formulation of extremal path accelerations for a rigid body handled by multiple linkages

The minimum traveling time of a rigid body along a specified geometric path can be achieved by switching between extremal allowable accelerations. A linear programming (LP) problem is formulated to obtain such extreme accelerations for a body handled by multiple robotic manipulators or robotic fingers. Both rigid grasping and grasping with point contacts have been treated. >
Are we ready for SDN? Implementation challenges for software-defined networks

Cloud services are exploding, and organizations are converging their data centers in order to take advantage of the predictability, continuity, and quality of service delivered by virtualization technologies. In parallel, energy-efficient and high-security networking is of increasing importance. Network operators, and service and product providers require a new network solution to efficiently tackle the increasing demands of this changing network landscape. Software-defined networking has emerged as an efficient network technology capable of supporting the dynamic nature of future network functions and intelligent applications while lowering operating costs through simplified hardware, software, and management. In this article, the question of how to achieve a successful carrier grade network with software-defined networking is raised. Specific focus is placed on the challenges of network performance, scalability, security, and interoperability with the proposal of potential solution directions.
A comparison of two fast algorithms for computing the distance between convex polyhedra

The problem of tracking the distance between two convex polyhedra is finding applications in many areas of robotics. The algorithm of Lin and Canny (1991) is a well-known fast solution to this problem, but by recasting the algorithms into configuration space, we show that a minor modification to the earlier algorithm of Gilbert, Johnson, and Keerthi (1988) also gives this algorithm the same expected cost.
Survey of social search from the perspectives of the village paradigm and online social networks

Two paradigms currently exist for information search. The first is the library paradigm, which has been largely automated and is the prevailing paradigm in today’s web search. The second is the village paradigm, and although it is older than the library paradigm, its automation has not been considered, yet certain elements of its key aspects have been automated, as in the cases of the Q&A communities or novel services such as Quora. The increasing popularity and availability of online social networks and question-answering communities have encouraged revisiting of the automation of the village paradigm owing to new helpful developments, primarily that people are more connected with their acquaintances on the internet and their contact lists are available. In this survey, we study how the village paradigm is today partially automated: we consider the selection of candidates for answering questions, answering questions automatically and helping candidates to decide what questions to answer. Other aspects are also considered, for example, the automation of a reward system. We conclude that a next step towards the automation of the village paradigm involves intelligent agents that can leverage a P2P (peer-to-peer) social network, which will create new and interesting issues deeply entwined with social networks in the form of information processing by agents in parallel and side by side with people.
Organizational culture in knowledge creation, creativity and innovation: Towards the Freiraum model

This paper draws on findings from an in-depth case study of practices related to the meeting of organizational goals pertinent to knowledge creation, creativity and innovation performance. Overall a mixed methods approach that used both quantitative and qualitative data was adopted in empirical research conducted within a large German manufacturing firm. A quantitative analysis of survey data highlighted factors necessary to nurture an environment conducive to knowledge creation, creativity and innovation. The organization should: be open to change; encourage and value free communication and new and/or unusual ideas; tolerate mistakes; and nurture intrinsically motivated staff. It should be supported by leaders who promote these characteristics as shared values, while challenging and empowering their staff to generate new ideas in a drive to further innovation. Further analysis of focus group and interview data in the same case study identified three main determinants that underpin knowledge creation and creativity: (1) structured ‘space’ that creates expertise and experience of individuals while working in routine; (2) willingness to innovate – individuals’ propensity to experiment with ideas, even at risk of failure; and (3) authorized and dedicated ‘space’ designated specifically for individuals to explore new ideas (‘Freiraum’). These findings have contributed to the development of a new articulation of the organization of creativity and innovation. It draws on established concepts from the domain of knowledge and creativity management, and extends these to deepen our understanding of how aspects of organizational culture, including leadership and social conditions, influence organizational performance in terms of (1) improving knowledge creation processes related to creativity, and (2) fostering innovation.