Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the sulfate aerosol hygroscopicity parameter in WRF-Chem

Abstract. A new sulfate aerosol hygroscopicity parameter ( κ SO 4 ) parameterization is suggested that is capable of considering the two major sulfate aerosols, H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 , using the molar ratio of ammonium to sulfate ( R ). An alternative κ SO 4 parameterization method is also suggested that utilizes typical geographical distribution patterns of sulfate and ammonium, which can be used when ammonium data are not available for model calculation. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), the impacts of different κ SO 4 parameterizations on cloud microphysical properties and cloud radiative effects in East Asia are examined. Comparisons with the observational data obtained from an aircraft field campaign suggest that the new κ SO 4 parameterizations simulate more reliable aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, especially over the sea in East Asia, than the original κ SO 4 parameterization in WRF-Chem that assumes sulfate aerosols as (NH4)2SO4 only. With the new κ SO 4 parameterizations, the simulated cloud microphysical properties and precipitation became significantly different, resulting in a greater cloud albedo effect of about −1.5 W m−2 in East Asia than that with the original κ SO 4 parameterization. The new κ SO 4 parameterizations are simple and readily applicable to numerical studies investigating the impact of sulfate aerosols in aerosol–cloud interactions without additional computational expense.
The Neuqu6n Basin: an overview

The Neuqu6n Basin of Argentina and central Chile contains a near-continuous Late Triassic-Early Cenozoic succession deposited on the eastern side of the evolving Andean mountain chain. It is a polyphase basin characterized by three main stages of evolution: initial rift stage; subduction-related thermal sag; and foreland stage. The fill of the basin records the tectonic evolution of the central Andes with dramatic evidence for baselevel changes that occurred both within the basin and along its margins. The record of these changes within the mixed siliclastic-carbonate succession makes the basin an excellent field laboratory for sequence stratigraphy and basin evolution. The 4000 m-thick fill of the basin also contains one of the most complete Jurassic-Early Cretaceous marine fossil records, with spectacular finds of both marine and continental vertebrates. The basin is also the most important hydrocarbon-producing province in southern South America, with 280.4 x 10 6 m 3 ofoil produced and an estimated 161.9 x 10 6 m 3 remaining. The principal components of the hydrocarbon system (source and reservoir) crop out at the surface close to the fields. The deposits of the basin also serve as excellent analogues to reservoir intervals worldwide. This paper aims to provide a brief introduction to the Neuqu~n Basin. It should provide a stepping stone for further reading and also for further studies. This paper also serves as an introduction to this Special Publication, which details the most recent work within the basin. The proposed goals of the Special Publication are as follows. • To present the Neuqu6n Basin as an integrated case study in sequence stratigraphy
Mechanical Properties of Untreated and Alkali Treated Sida Acuta Stem Fibre

The present study is conducted for modifying the fibre surface properties and the characterization of mechanical properties of a sida acuta stem fibre. We propose to measure mass loss, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break and density. This paper reports the improved tensile properties of Sida acuta stem fibre. Changes occurring in stem fibres when treated with a 5% concentration sodium hydroxide solution for 4 hr’s test duration. For modifying the natural fibres requires specific chemical treatments to improve the bonding strength between fibre and matrix in a polymer matrix composite and also can reduce water absorption. In this study we chosen alkaline (NaOH) treatment of different samples at different concentrations was carried. The mechanical properties were studied of treated and untreated samples. Thus we can access to the mass loss, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and density. At finally analyse and conclude the results obtained by the mechanical properties of the chemically treated and untreated sida acuta stem fibres. Morphology analysis on fibre for before and after alkali treatment was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Keywords— Alkaline (NaOH) treatment, Mechanical properties, Stem fibre, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. ——————————  ——————————
WATSON: Abstracting Behaviors from Audit Logs via Aggregation of Contextual Semantics

—Endpoint monitoring solutions are widely deployed in today’s enterprise environments to support advanced attack detection and investigation. These monitors continuously record system-level activities as audit logs and provide deep visibility into security incidents. Unfortunately, to recognize behaviors of interest and detect potential threats, cyber analysts face a semantic gap between low-level audit events and high-level system behaviors. To bridge this gap, existing work largely matches streams of audit logs against a knowledge base of rules that describe behaviors. However, specifying such rules heavily relies on expert knowledge. In this paper, we present W ATSON , an automated approach to abstracting behaviors by inferring and aggregating the semantics of audit events. W ATSON uncovers the semantics of events through their usage context in audit logs. By extracting behaviors as connected system operations, W ATSON then combines event semantics as the representation of behaviors. To reduce analysis workload, W ATSON further clusters semanti- cally similar behaviors and distinguishes the representatives for analyst investigation. In our evaluation against both benign and malicious behaviors, W ATSON exhibits high accuracy for behavior abstraction. Moreover, W ATSON can reduce analysis workload by two orders of magnitude for attack investigation.
CHANCEL: Efficient Multi-client Isolation Under Adversarial Programs

Intel SGX aims to provide the confidentiality of user data on untrusted cloud machines. However, applications that process confidential user data may contain bugs that leak information or be programmed maliciously to collect user data. Existing research that attempts to solve this problem does not consider multi-client isolation in a single enclave. We show that by not supporting such in-enclave isolation, they incur considerable slowdown when concurrently processing multiple clients in different enclave processes, due to the limitations of SGX. This paper proposes CHANCEL, a sandbox designed for multi-client isolation within a single SGX enclave. In particular, CHANCEL allows a program’s threads to access both a per-thread memory region and a shared read-only memory region while servicing requests. Each thread handles requests from a single client at a time and is isolated from other threads, using a MultiClient Software Fault Isolation (MCSFI) scheme. Furthermore, CHANCEL supports various in-enclave services such as an inmemory file system and shielded client communication to ensure complete mediation of the program’s interactions with the outside world. We implemented CHANCEL and evaluated it on SGX hardware using both micro-benchmarks and realistic target scenarios, including private information retrieval and product recommendation services. Our results show that CHANCEL outperforms a baseline multi-process sandbox by 4.06− 53.70× on micro-benchmarks and 0.02−21.18× on realistic workloads while providing strong security guarantees.
A decision support tool for assessing cumulative effects on an Arctic migratory tundra caribou population

As large migratory caribou herds decline globally and regional climate trends point to a warmer future, there is a need and a legislative requirement to ensure impacts of industrial development are fully assessed, particularly with respect to cumulative effects. In this paper we use a current proposal, the potential leasing of the 1002 lands on the Alaskan Arctic coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for hydrocarbon development, to project the potential cumulative effects on the international Porcupine Caribou Herd. Using the caribou cumulative effects model, an existing decision support tool, we evaluate six alternative development scenarios for the 1002 lands, ranging from no leasing to full leasing with standard mitigation conditions. Compared to the no leasing option, at the current population size (218,000 caribou), our analysis projected that the likelihood of a herd decline over a 10-year period would increase from 3% to 19% depending on the leasing scenarios analyzed. This compares to an increased probability of decline from 11% to 26% if the starting population was 100,000, indicative of population estimates in the early 1970s. Our approach accomplishes one of the main steps in a comprehensive cumulative effects assessment, namely the quantification of past, present, and foreseeable future projects on a valued ecosystem component, the Porcupine Caribou Herd. We suggest the testing of underlining assumptions and refinements of the model required to more fully estimate the impacts of development. The use of transparent, quantitative decision support tools in assessing industrial development impacts on Arctic wildlife becomes more critical as climatic changes to Arctic landscapes accelerate.
Current Research Trends and Perspectives on Solid-State Nanomaterials in Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen energy, with environment amicable, renewable, efficiency, and cost-effective advantages, is the future mainstream substitution of fossil-based fuel. However, the extremely low volumetric density gives rise to the main challenge in hydrogen storage, and therefore, exploring effective storage techniques is key hurdles that need to be crossed to accomplish the sustainable hydrogen economy. Hydrogen physically or chemically stored into nanomaterials in the solid-state is a desirable prospect for effective large-scale hydrogen storage, which has exhibited great potentials for applications in both reversible onboard storage and regenerable off-board storage applications. Its attractive points include safe, compact, light, reversibility, and efficiently produce sufficient pure hydrogen fuel under the mild condition. This review comprehensively gathers the state-of-art solid-state hydrogen storage technologies using nanostructured materials, involving nanoporous carbon materials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, nanoporous organic polymers, and nanoscale hydrides. It describes significant advances achieved so far, and main barriers need to be surmounted to approach practical applications, as well as offers a perspective for sustainable energy research.
Differential Training: A Generic Framework to Reduce Label Noises for Android Malware Detection

—A common problem in machine learning-based malware detection is that training data may contain noisy labels and it is challenging to make the training data noise-free at a large scale. To address this problem, we propose a generic framework to reduce the noise level of training data for the training of any machine learning-based Android malware detection. Our framework makes use of all intermediate states of two identical deep learning classiﬁcation models during their training with a given noisy training dataset and generate a noise-detection feature vector for each input sample. Our framework then applies a set of outlier detection algorithms on all noise-detection feature vectors to reduce the noise level of the given training data before feeding it to any machine learning based Android malware detection approach. In our experiments with three different Android malware detection approaches, our framework can detect signiﬁcant portions of wrong labels in different training datasets at different noise ratios, and improve the performance of Android malware detection approaches.
Machine Learning Explainability and Transferability for Path Navigation

Deep neural networks are powerful tools for machine perception. Unfortunately their decisions are diﬃcult to explain due to the complexity and size of the networks. Previously we have alleviated this issue by using the representational portion of a deep neural network and combining it with a 𝑘 -nearest neighbor (KNN) classiﬁer. Through inspection of the decisions made by the KNN, we can directly see the training data responsible for the decisions, allowing us to determine the quality of the overall decision and the quality of the representational layer of the deep NN. While the technique worked well, it requires tens of thousands of latent vectors to be stored for classiﬁcation. In addition, it lacks the ability to show how parts of an image inﬂuence the classiﬁcation decision. Here we address these issues by 1) Using a radial basis function network (RBFN) in place of the KNN allowing far fewer images to be used in deployment and 2) Using an autoencoder network for explainability. In addition to these techniques, we examine the eﬀects of transfer learning to determine that results are robust. All results are tested on a domain where an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigates a forest trail through a single camera.
ROV++: Improved Deployable Defense against BGP Hijacking

—We study and extend Route Origin Validation (ROV), the basis for the IETF defenses of interdomain routing. We focus on two important hijack attacks: subpreﬁx hijacks and non-routed preﬁx hijacks . For both attacks, we show that, with partial deployment, ROV provides disappointing security beneﬁts. We also present a new attack, superpreﬁx hijacks , which completely circumvent ROV’s defense for non-routed preﬁx hijacks. We then present ROV++, a novel extension of ROV, with signiﬁcantly improved security beneﬁts even with partial adoption. For example, with uniform 5% adoption for edge ASes (ASes with no customers or peers), ROV prevents less than 5% of subpreﬁx hijacks, while ROV++ prevents more than 90% of subpreﬁx hijacks. ROV++ also defends well against non-routed preﬁx attacks and the novel superpreﬁx attacks. We evaluated several ROV++ variants, all sharing the improvements in defense; this includes “Lite”, software-only variants, deployable with existing routers. Our evaluation is based on extensive simulations over the Internet topology. We also expose an obscure yet important aspect of BGP, much ampliﬁed by ROV: inconsistencies between the observable BGP path (control-plane) and the actual trafﬁc ﬂows (data-plane). These inconsistencies are highly relevant for security, and often lead to a challenge we refer to as hidden hijacks
Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Lungs Protect against

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. The T cell response plays a critical role in facilitating clearance of an acute RSV infection, and memory T cell responses are vital for protection against secondary RSV exposures. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells have been identified as a subset of memory T cells that reside in nonlymphoid tissues and are critical for providing long-term immunity. There is currently limited information regarding the establishment and longevity of TRM T cell responses elicited following an acute RSV infection as well as their role in protection against repeated RSV infections. In this study, we examined the magnitude, phenotype, and protective capacity of TRM CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs of BALB/c mice following an acute RSV infection. TRM CD4 and CD8 T cells were established within the lungs and waned by 149 d following RSV infection. To determine the protective capacity of TRMs, FTY720 administration was used to prevent trafficking of peripheral memory T cells into the lungs prior to challenge of RSV-immune mice, with a recombinant influenza virus expressing either an RSV-derived CD4 or CD8 T cell epitope. We observed enhanced viral clearance in RSV-immune mice, suggesting that TRM CD8 T cells can contribute to protection against a secondary RSV infection. Given the protective capacity of TRMs, future RSV vaccine candidates should focus on the generation of these cell populations within the lung to induce effective immunity against RSV infection. ImmunoHorizons , 2021, 5: 59 – 69.
Generating Natural Language Descriptions witb Examples: Differences between Introductory

descriptions must thus be able to include examples. Nurt"(cid:127)-more, the ability to tailor a description for a particular situation Examples form an integral and very important part of is particularly important as different situations can result in many descriptions, especially in contexts such as tutor-widely varying descriptions, where both the textual descrip-ing and documentation generation. The ability to tailor a tions and the accompanying examples vary. Some researchers description for aparticular situationis particularlyimpor-have already looked at how a textual description can be af-tant when different situations can result in widely vary-fected by different situations (or different users), e.g. (Paris ing descriptions. This paper considers the generation of 1988; Bateman and Paris 1989). Others have studied how descriptions with examples for two different situations: to construct or retrieve appropriate examples, e.g. (Rissland introductory texts and advanced, reference manual style and Soloway 1980; Ashley and Aleven 1992; Rissland 1983; texts. Previous studies have focused on any the exam-Suthers and Rissland 1988). However, the issue of tailoring pies or the language component of the explanation in descriptions that include examples for the situation at hand isolation. However, there is a strong interaction between has not been addressed. Yet, it is clear that one cannot plan the examples and the accompanying description and it is a description tailored to a user, and then independently and therefore important to study how both these components as an afterthought, add some examples to the description: are affected by changes in the situation. Sweller and his colleagues found that if the examples and the In this paper, we characterize examples in the context descriptive component were not well integrated, the combi-of their description along three orthogonal axes: the in-nation could result in reduced user comprehension (Chandler formation content, the knowledge type of the example and Sweller 1991; Ward and Sweller 1990). Examples and and the text-type in which the explanation is being gen-text must be presented to the user as a coherent whole, and crated. While variations along either of the three axes together, appropriately tailored to the situation. can result in different descriptions, this paper addresses Because examples are crucial in documentation (Charney, variation along the text-type axis. We illustrate our dis-Reder, and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bentonite, and kaolin as adsorbents for reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin contaminated feed on broiler histopathology and hemato-biochemical changes

Background and Aim: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bentonite and kaolin were used to reduce the adverse effects of mold-contaminated diet on broilers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of S. cerevisiae, bentonite, and kaolin in reducing the adverse effects of mold (fungal) contaminated diet on broilers. Specifically, we investigated the histopathological, hematological, and serum biochemical changes associated with broilers fed mold-contaminated diets supplemented with these three adsorbents. We also isolated and identified the common fungal contaminants in the poultry feeds as well as the mycotoxins they produced. Materials and Methods: Hundred broilers (3-weeks-old) were randomly grouped into five dietary treatments, basal feed (negative control), feed contaminated with mold, mold-contaminated feed+S. cerevisiae, mold-contaminated feed+bentonite, and mold-contaminated feed+kaolin. The fungal contaminants in the feeds were isolated and molecularly identified while the mycotoxins in the feed where analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood samples of birds from each group were analyzed for hematology and serum biochemistry. The liver, spleen, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius of the birds were excised and analyzed for histopathological changes. Results: The most common fungal contaminants in the feeds were Penicillium (33.3%) species, followed by Aspergillus species (22.2%). The mold-contaminated feed had the highest number of fungal contaminants, 55.6%, while the negative control (basal feed group) had none. Total aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol were high in the mold-contaminated feed (53.272 μg/kg and 634.5 μg kg, respectively), but these were reduced by the addition of adsorbents to the feed. The birds fed mold-contaminated feed had significantly (p<0.05) reduced red blood cell count counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin but increased white blood cell count compared to the negative control. Liver enzyme activity (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and cholesterol concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the group fed mold-contaminated feed while the serum albumin and total protein decreased significantly (p<0.05) in comparison with the negative control. Adverse histopathological changes were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius in the group fed mold-contaminated feed. Addition of S. cerevisiae, bentonite or kaolin in the mold-contaminated feed ameliorated these toxic effects. Conclusion: The observed histopathological lesions were consistent with mycotoxicosis in birds and were mild in the adsorbent treated groups. Kaolin had a higher protective effect against mycotoxicosis than the two other adsorbents.
Rare $b$-hadron decays at LHCb

Rare $b$-hadron decays are sensitive probes of New Physics, as new particles can give significant contributions on physics observables. Searches for phenomena beyond the Standard Model are focused on the study of branching fractions, CP asymmetries and angular observables of rare b-hadron decays. During Run 1 and Run 2 of the LHC, the LHCb experiment has collected large samples of these kind of decays. The latest measurements help to constrain the size of right-handed currents in extensions of the Standard Model.
Oxidation of Graphene on Metals

We use low-energy electron microscopy to investigate how graphene is removed from Ru(0001) and Ir(111) by reaction with oxygen. We find two mechanisms on Ru(0001). At short times, oxygen reacts with carbon monomers on the surrounding Ru surface, decreasing their concentration below the equilibrium value. This undersaturation causes a flux of carbon from graphene to the monomer gas. In this initial mechanism, graphene is etched at a rate that is given precisely by the same nonlinear dependence on carbon monomer concentration that governs growth. Thus, during both growth and etching, carbon attaches and detaches to graphene as clusters of several carbon atoms. At later times, etching accelerates. We present evidence that this process involves intercalated oxygen, which destabilizes graphene. On Ir, this mechanism creates observable holes. It also occurs mostly quickly near wrinkles in the graphene islands, depends on the orientation of the graphene with respect to the Ir substrate, and, in contrast to the f.