Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Footprints of War and Famine: Intrauterine and Inter-Generational Effects of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and the 1974 Bengal Famine

This study utilizes the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war and the subsequent 1974 Bengal famine as a “double hit” design to estimate their impact on the health status of intrauterine birth cohorts. As a novel attempt, the study also investigates whether such “health legacy” is passed onto the next generation. By addressing the selection problem via Heckman two-step estimation and using the rich 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), the study finds that individuals born or conceived during the war, who faced the subsequent famine, had lower health outcomes compared to non-shock exposed cohorts. This provides evidence for the intrauterine growth restriction (IGR) hypothesis. The study also finds that children whose mothers were conceived or born during the war had significantly lower health outcomes with the effect being more pronounced among daughters than sons. The latter finding suggests the possibility of inter-generational transfer of the IGR effect.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF NUTRIENTS DURING GESTATION IN AN ANDEAN POPULATION OF THE HIGHLY MATROTROPHIC LIZARD GENUS MABUYA (SQUAMATA: SCINCIDAE)

ABSTRACT Skinks of Mabuya genus exhibit the most specialized allantoplacenta among squamates (type IV), and the greatest degree of placentotrophy known in Reptilia. They ovulate microlecithal eggs (1–2 mm) that lack fatty yolk platelets; thus, it is suggested that virtually all of the nutrients for embryonic development are obtained by placental means. To test this inference, the net uptake of nutrients during gestation in an Andean population of Mabuya was quantified and compared with other oviparous and viviparous lizards, matrotrophic skinks, and eutherian mammals. Ionic, protein and lipid contents of recently ovulated eggs and neonates were measured. A significant net uptake of water, ions (calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium), lipids, nitrogen (an index of protein), and dry matter was observed during development. Thus, in Mabuya the drastic reduction of egg size is related to the great reduction in the contribution of lecitotrophic nutrients to the embryo, an obligatory placentotrophy from early developmental stages, and the highest placental complexity known in Reptilia. All of these features converge with similar features found in eutherian mammals. Both clades evolved similar reproductive patterns and morphological features in their complex chorioallantoic placentae, which supplies all the nutrients for embryonic and fetal development.
Athyrium distentifolium var. flexile: an endemic variety

Summary Athyrium distentifolium is found in scattered sites in the Central and Northern Highlands of Scotland. In a few localities in the Central Highlands there is also an endemic variety: A. distentifolium var. flexile. Both types are found together in polymorphic populations with the two distinct forms. A. distentifolium can only grow well with moderate nutrients and in the polymorphic populations A. distentifolium is smaller than elsewhere and frequently infertile. A. distentifolium var. flexile is a smaller plant which is more frequently fertile than A. distentifolium in polymorphic populations and appears particularly well adapted to grow in stressful environments with low nutrient status.
The biology of ant‐like jumping spiders: intraspecific interactions of Myrmarachne lupata (Araneae, Salticidae)

Myrmarachne lupata is an ant-like salticid in which males have very large chelicerae. The display repertoire of this species is unusually large and complex for a salticid spider. Each individual male uses one of three different mating tactics depending on the female's maturity and location. With adult females outside nests type 1 courtship occurs which seems to be a form of visual communication and includes specialized movements and postures of the legs, palps and body. With adult females inside nests, males use type 2 courtship, which seems to be a form of non-visual communication and consists primarily of probing with the legs on the silk; males mate with receptive females inside the nests. With subadult females, males first use type 2 courtship then spin an adjacent silken chamber and cohabit. After she moults and matures, mating occurs inside the nest. Vacant nests of conspecific females, but not those of another sympatric salticid species, elicit courtship behaviour from males. During male-male interactions, embracing occurs with the large chelicerae spread apart. Females and subadults also display, and different displays occur in interactions depending on the sex/age classes of the spiders involved. Despite the unusual morphology of these spiders, their individual displays are similar to those of more typical salticids. During copulation males stand beside the female instead of over or on her as occurs with typical salticids.
Illegal Cartel

This paper offers a theoretical model for the analysis of illegal cartels. Given the nature of the cartel, retaliation is also illegal. To assess the stability of collusion as a criminal organization, we propose a one-shot game based on Bertrand competition with product differentiation. We confirm our conjectures on both the cartel's internal and external stability through numerical solutions. Depending on market parameters, the cartel remains stable with up to six homogeneous firms. By introducing cost asymmetry that number is significantly higher, and the collusion proves to be increasing in the share of high-cost firms in the market.
Innovation and Industry Selection

We use a novel dataset of company-level innovation measures to identify the most innovative industries based on counts of their applications for foreign worker visas and their patent applications and grants. We are able to build portfolios which overweight these innovative industries and which generate economically significant excess returns, especially in the 2013-2018 period, with low turnover. The results do not appear to be fully explained by risk factors, and the same innovation measures do not predict returns at the single stock level.
Complexes of the condensed tannins of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia scop.) with fraction 1 leaf protein and with submaxillary mucoprotein, and their reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH

In vitro studies were made to determine the nature of complexes formed between the condensed tannins (i.e. pro-anthocyanidins or flavolans) of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and either the major soluble dietary protein, Fraction 1 protein, of green leaves, or bovine salivary mucoprotein. Fraction 1 protein, uniformly labelled with 14C, formed only insoluble complexes with these tannins. Bovine salivary mucoprotein produced insoluble complexes only at temperatures below 25°C. Fraction 1 protein complexes were stable between pH 3.5 and pH 7.0. At pHs below 3.0 greater than 90% of the protein was solubilised in the presence of PEG but at pH 8.0 only 30% of the protein was released from the complex. In vivo experiments with sheep fed sainfoin, confirmed the stability of the tannin-Fraction 1 complexes in the rumen (pH 6.5) and break-up of the complexes in anterior duodenal samples (pH 2.5) as shown by the extractability of condensed tannin from the complex. The significance of these results with respect to (a) bloat in cattle, (b) nitrogen metabolism of ruminants, is discussed. Polyethylene-glycol, mol.wt. 4000 (PEG) exchanged with protein in the complex releasing protein into solution. The effectiveness of PEG was dependent on the amount of tannin in the complex and the age of the complex at the time of addition of PEG. The results explain the observation that PEG is unsuitable as a marker for rumen volume determination when animals are fed herbage that contains condensed tannins. A method for determining any deleterious effects of tannins on nitrogen metabolism by ruminants, is suggested.
Two Harvard Economists on Monetary Economics: Lauchlin Currie and Hyman Minsky on Financial Systems and Crises

In November 1987, Hyman Minsky visited Bogotá, Colombia, after being invited by a group of professors who at that time were interested in post-Keynesian economics. There, Minsky delivered some lectures, and Lauchlin Currie attended two of those lectures at the National University of Colombia. Although Currie is not as well-known as Minsky in the American academy, both are outstanding figures in the development of non-orthodox approaches to monetary economics. Both alumni of the economics Ph.D. program at Harvard had a debate in Bogotá. Unfortunately, there are no formal records of this, so here a question arises: What could have been their respective positions? The aim of this paper is to discuss Currie’s and Minsky’s perspectives on monetary economics and to speculate on what might have been said during their debate.
Political Ties across Country Borders

This paper investigates the value to foreign firms of contributing to US political campaigns. Using a comprehensive database of US campaign contributions by employees of US subsidiaries of foreign firms, we find that foreign firms contributing to US political campaigns have higher profits than a country-industry-size matched sample of foreign firms that do not contribute. In particular, foreign firms facing greater information asymmetry have greater benefits from contributions. Exploiting the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) as an exogenous shock to campaign contributions, we find that foreign contributing firms not only receive more government contracts than non-contributing foreign and domestic firms, but also benefit disproportionately more than domestic contributing firms. Our results highlight the limited effectiveness of campaign contribution laws and the cost to US firms of foreign political contributions.
Clutch size, development and wing morph differentiation of Melittobia digitata

Melittobia digitata Dahms (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) is a wing polymorphic, gregarious ectoparasitoid of bees and wasps. In nature, females of this wasp start to produce their progeny after feeding on the host. The first adults to develop will emerge as short wing morphs (SWM). Mother and daughters will lay eggs in the same hosts, and the following females to develop will emerge as long wing morphs (LWM). We evaluated the effects of the clutch size on the development, egg load, and wing morph differentiation of M. digitata. Developmental time was shorter when insects developed in small clutches, and immature survivorship was reduced in the largest clutch (400 eggs/host). Morph differentiation was also affected by the clutch size. SWMs developed in small clutches (5 and 25 eggs/host) while LWMs in large clutches (200 and 400 eggs/host). However, both morphs developed in intermediate clutches (50 and 100 eggs/clutch), with a decreasing number of SWMs developing with the increase in the clutch. The size and egg load of each morph was affected with the increase in the clutch size, although the forewing length/hind‐tibia length ratio was kept constant for each morph developing from different clutch sizes. Egg load of LWMs was also reduced when compared to the SWMs that developed from the same clutch, although LWMs females were larger (longer tibia length). We discuss the possible mechanisms inducing the morph differentiation in M. digitata, as well as the physiological, behavioral, and ecological changes facing each morph.
Ingresos Y Educación En El Sector Rural Colombiano (Income and Education in the Colombian Rural Sector)

<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> En este artículo se presentan algunas estimaciones del ingreso en el sector rural colombiano como un todo y para la agricultura y el resto del sector. Los resultados indican que en el sector rural hay una alta segmentación por género y que los retornos de la educación son muy bajos, especialmente en la agricultura. Una hipótesis para explicar estos bajos retornos es la falta de factores complementarios como acceso a la tierra, asistencia técnica y bienes públicos en general. <b>English Abstract:</b> This article presents some estimates of income in the Colombian rural sector as a whole and for agriculture and the rest of the sector. The results indicate that in the rural sector there is a high segmentation by gender and that the returns to education are very low, especially in agriculture. One hypothesis to explain these low returns is the lack of complementary factors such as access to land, technical assistance and public goods in general.
Effects of four egg desticking procedures on hatching rate and further survival and growth of larvae in the tench (Tinca tinca L.)

Four desticking procedures for tench eggs (A: tannic acid solution (1 g L−1) for 15 s; B: alcalase enzyme solution (8 mL L−1) for 60 s; C: alcalase enzyme solution (15 mL L−1) for 120 s; D: Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) solution for 58 min followed by tannic acid solution (1 g L−1) for 15 s) were tested to obtain data about influence on embryo survival to hatching stage and further survival and growth of the larvae. In the tannic acid and Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) treatment (A and D) few eggs stuck together and some were adhered to the incubator walls, whereas in the alcalase treatments (B and C) eggs neither stuck together nor adhered to the incubator walls. Percentages of hatched larvae did not show significant differences (mean values ranged between 47.4% in treatment A to 37.0% in treatment C). Larvae deformities observed were <0.5% in all cases. There were no significant differences among survival and growth rates of the larvae from different egg desticking origin, reaching, after 30 days, mean survival values around 90% and total length and weight of 12.5 mm and 19 mg respectively.
Work Family Balance from Women Techno-preneures Perspective: A Qualitative Enquiry

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of women technopreneurs in India and to identify challenges and opportunities that they faced in the process of balancing work and family life. Establishing technological enterprise, as women in the Indian context, where they face caste, cultural and organizational constraints, still considered as a challenge for many. The study was qualitative and exploratory in nature. In-depth interviews were conducted with women technopreneurs selected through convenient sampling method. A thematic analysis of the interview data generated five themes including: Gender Identity, Multiple role responsibilities, Work Challenges, Striking a balance, Being Role model. Based on the findings, we provide implications for research and practice. <br>
On the Other Side of Hedge Fund Equity Trades

Hedge funds earn positive ex post abnormal returns and avoid negative abnormal returns on their equity portfolios when trading in the opposite direction of highly diversified low-turnover institutional investors (quasi indexers). This pattern seems to be driven by the preferences of quasi indexers for high-market-beta stocks together with the ability of hedge funds to identify subsets of especially profitable trades. It remains pronounced when accounting for other determinants of hedge fund trades, such as stock liquidity, market anomalies, and major corporate events. Trading against other institutional investors or noninstitutions does not result in abnormal performance for hedge funds. This paper was accepted by David Sraer, finance. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023. 4877 .
Platform Dependence and Exploitation

Unfair practices by online platforms have not only exclusionary effects on relevant markets but also exploitative effects on captive business users (and/or individual users). Nevertheless, attention is lopsided with most of the focus having been placed on the exclusionary abuse. With the aim of provoking a further discussion on the platform’s exploitative conduct, this paper seeks to clarify the state of the economic dependence of business users on online platforms and exploitative practices by those platforms, mainly against business users, from the point of view of EU competition law. Through this study, the authors aim at contributing to the conceptual development of the power to exploit customers/suppliers and the dominance threshold in exploitative abuse cases under Art.102(a) TFEU.
Melaspilea galligena sp. nov. and some other lichenicolous fungi from Russia

Thirty species of lichenicolous fungi are reported, many being new to various regions of Russia. Melaspilea galligena sp. nov. growing on Pertusaria cf. cribellata is described from Russian Far East. A possibly new lichenicolous Toninia species (on Parmelina tiliacea ) and a species of Arthonia (on Cladonia ) with 1–2-septate ascospores resembling poorly known A. lepidophila are described, illustrated and discussed. Dactylospora suburceolata is reported new to Russia and Asia, growing on a new host species Mycobilimbia carneoalbida . Tremella cetrariicola is new to Siberia and Clypeococcum cetrariae is newly documented on Vulpicida .
Internet Policy Framing in Emerging Economies: A Case Study of Marco Civil da Internet, A Brazilian Law for Internet Governance

English Abstract: For centuries, citizens have participated of social manifestations in order to discuss important issues. However, in recent decades, the digital divide combined with the mobility provided by mobile devices, as well as the presence of digital media, provided the perfect scenario to the emergence of citizen networks, which questioned the existence public and economic policies, and, sometimes, came out of the digital environment and went to the streets. All these characteristics were present on April 23, 2014, when was established the Law 12,965, known in Brazil as the Marco Civil of Internet. It is a law that establishes the principles, guarantees, rights and duties of Internet users in the country and was built collaboratively between the Federal Government and society through the use of the digital environment as a platform for debate. By promoting this kind of debate, we can see a progressive transformation of existing social mentality as it makes room for a new social role, where although there are hegemonic interests, there is also the presence of citizens who need to express their views in and out the online environment. This article analyzes the use of ICTs for the development of e-citizen through the case study of the discussion about the regulation of Law 12,965 through public platforms for debate. Portuguese Abstract: Por séculos, cidadãos têm participado de manifestações sociais para discutir importantes temas. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, a inclusão digital associada à mobilidade permitida pelos dispositivos móveis, bem como a presença digital, proporcionaram o cenário perfeito para o surgimento de redes cidadãs, as quais questionam a existência de políticas públicas e econômicas e que por vezes saem do ambiente digital e ganham as ruas. Todas essas características estavam presentes em 23 de abril de 2014, quando foi estabelecida a Lei 12,965, conhecida no Brasil como o Marco Civil da Internet. Esta lei estabelece os princípios, garantias, direitos e deveres dos usuários de Internet no país e foi elaborada de maneira colaborativa entre o Governo Federal e a sociedade por meio de uma plataforma digital de debate. Ao proporcionar este tipo de debate, podemos ver uma transformação progressiva da mentalidade social existente de modo a proporcionar um novo papel social, na qual embora haja interesses hegemônicos, igualmente tem a presença de cidadãos os quais precisam expressar seus pontos de vista dentro e fora do ambiente online. Este artigo analisa o uso das TIC’s para o desenvolvimento do e-cidadão por meio do estudo de caso da discussão sobre a regulamentação da Lei 12,965 utilizando plataformas públicas de debate.
Sequential Advocacy

The collection of information necessary for decision-making is often delegated to agents (e.g. bureaucrats, advisors, lawyers). If both the pros and cons of a decision have to be examined, it is better to use competing agents instead of a single agent. The reason is that two conflicting pieces of information cancel each other out. Using two agents, each searching for one cause yields full information collection at minimum costs. This provides a rationale for advocacy in political and judicial systems. In this paper, we provide a rationale for the sequential nature of information collection in advocacy systems. If two agents search simultaneously, the incentive to continue searching is affected by the information found by the other agent. This forces the principal to leave rents to the agents. If agents search sequentially, the reward can be made conditional on the information found in earlier stages. This reduces the cost of information collection. However, sequential advocacy implies either a more sluggish decision-making process or a less-informed decision.
Hovering performance of a negatively buoyant fish

The ratio of the induced power required to hover in ground effect relative to that out of ground effect in a small negatively buoyant demersal teleost (Synchiropus picturatus) is compared with that of helicopters and a theoretical curve. It is concluded that the hovering performance of S. picturatus in ground effect is superior to that of the average helicopter.
Musaespora, a Genus of Pyrenocarpous Lichens With Campylidia, and Other Additions to the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of New Guinea

Abstract The new lichen genus Musaespora is described from Java and Papua New Guinea. It is the first known pyrenocarpous lichen genus with campylidia, and appears to belong to the Aspidotheliaceae. Three species are described, two foliicolous species from Papua New Guinea and one corticolous species from Java. In addition, a list is given of the foliicolous lichen flora of the site in Papua New Guinea, where the foliicolous Musaespora species have been found, two more new foliicolous species are described, Echinoplaca hispida and Sporopodium lucidum, and 19 species are recorded for the first time form Papua New Guinea.
Teaching Stem Education in Nigeria: Challenges and Recommendations

STEM is an acronym for science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Recently, attention has been placed on STEM as a result of the employment gap in STEM-field and the need to meet the demand of technological development of this present time. STEM was earlier known as SMET meaning science mathematic engineering and technology before it was later changed in the 1990s by the National Science Foundation to promote and create awareness the direction technological development is taking us has created a need to prepare, sensitize, motivate and promote the study of STEM. However, the fundamental questions remain; how we teach STEM, what are the challenges with STEM education and what possibilities do the future hold. This paper seeks to explore the answer to these questions and how best to make STEM education effective in Nigeria. The paper does this by first of all exploring the literature on STEM education in Nigeria, then proceed to look at the challenges facing sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics education in Nigeria. It further looks at the possibilities available and how STEM education and improve the general welling being of both the people and the society in which they live in. the paper concludes that STEM education is necessary for the growth and development of the nation and if Nigeria will remain the giant of Africa, then more emphasis must be placed on STEM education.