Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of Sunscreen Lotions, a Modular Chemistry Project

The project described in this paper illustrates the spectrophotometric UV behavior of some representative chemicals used as sun blockers and some over the counter (OTC) sunscreen lotions labeled with different sun protection factor (SPF). The experiments have been carried out in three different solvents, Cyclohexane, Methanol and Dimethyl sulfoxide, which illustrate the solvent effect in the UV spectra. Indices of UV protection have been estimated from the ratios of the areas per unit of wavelength for each UV region (UVA-I, UVA and UVB). Higher indices of UV protection are obtained for higher SPF. The broad spectrum protection (UVA protection) has also been estimated from the critical wavelength value. All OTC sunscreen lotions studied comply with broad spectrum labeling, λ(crit.) ≥370 nm, while the sun blockers studied cannot be classified as such. When comparing the UV spectra for sunscreen lotions that have aged for one year with freshly produced sunscreen, a shift toward the UVB region for aged lotion can be observed. UVA/UVB ratio is the parameter of choice to describe the aging effect, while λ(crit.) is practically insensitive to aging. Sunscreen aging is accompanied by UVA protection failure and therefore renewing sunscreens each season is to be recommended. This project has been carried out for final year students in Chemistry and Pharmacy at different degrees of difficulty.
LIPID PEROXIDATION AFTER INTRACORTICAL INJECTION OF FERRIC CHLORIDE INCREASES THE INCIDENCE OF SEIZURES IN YOUNG RATS

Clinical studies have shown that the incidence of early posttraumatic seizures ishigher in children than in adults and it has been proposed that iron-induced lipidperoxidation has an important role in the development of epileptogenic foci. In this study,we examined some of the hypothesized reasons for the difference in the incidence ofearly posttraumatic seizures between young and adult rats. Twelve young and twelveadult rats were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 and 2 were control groups, eachcomprising of 6 young rats and 6 adult rats respectively and were given intracorticalinjections of normal saline. Group 3 and 4 were injury groups, again comprising 6 youngrats and 6 adult rats respectively and were given intracortical injections of FeCl3. All ratswere observed for 6 hours post injection for the occurrence of seizures and were thenkilled. The injected hemispheres were extirpated and tested for malondialdehyde (MDA)level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as indices of oxidative damage. Resultsshowed that seizures were observed only in Group 3. Increased MDA level and decreasedSOD activity were observed in Group 3 (ANOVA, p<0.001). Increased MDA levels anddecreased SOD activity were significantly higher in rats with seizures (Group 3) than inthose without seizures (independent t-test, p<0.001). We conclude was that differentlevels of lipid peroxidation induced by intracortical ferric chloride injection may accountfor the different seizure incidence between young and adult rats
Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Cluster Modified N-Doped for Degradation of Toluene in Air

V2O5 cluster-modified N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2/V2O5) nanocomposites photocatalyst was prepared by a facile impregnation-calcination method. The effects of V2O5 cluster loading content on visible light photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples were investigated for degradation of toluene in air. The results showed that the visible light activity of N-doped TiO2 was significantly enhanced by loading V2O5 clusters. The optimal V2O5 loading content was found to be 0.5 wt. %, reaching a removal ratio of 52.4% and a rate constant of 0.027 min−1, far exceeding that of unmodified N-doped TiO2. The enhanced activity is due to the deposition of V2O5 clusters on the surface of N-doped TiO2. The conduction band (CB) potential of V2O5 (0.48 eV) is lower than the CB level of N-doped TiO2 (−0.19 V), which favors the photogenerated electron transfer from CB of N-doped TiO2 to V2O5 clusters. This function of V2O5 clusters helps promote the transfer and separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. The present work not only displays a feasible route for the utilization of low cost V2O5 clusters as a substitute for noble metals in enhancing the photocatalysis but also demonstrates a facile method for preparation of highly active composite photocatalyst for large-scale applications.
Oxidation of Ti3SiC2 in air

Polycrystalline samples of Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} were oxidized in air in the 900 to 1,400 C temperature range. The oxidation was parabolic with parabolic rate constants, k{sub p}, that increased from 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}9} to 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} kg{sup 2}/m{sup 4}s as the temperature increased from 900 to 1,400 C, respectively, which yielded an activation energy of 370 {+-} 20 kJ/mol. The scale that forms was dense, adhesive, resistant to thermal cyclings and layered. The outer layer was pure TiO{sub 2} (rutile), and the inner layer consisted of mixture of SiO{sub 2} and TiO{sub 2}. The results are consistent with a model in which growth of the oxide layer occurs by the inward diffusion of oxygen and the simultaneous outward diffusion of titanium and carbon. The presence of small volume fractions ({approx} 2%) of TiC{sub x} in Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} were found to have a deleterious effect on the oxidation kinetics.
Smart Contracts: Best Practices

Smart contracting, which is the practice of using software coded to automatically execute an action on receipt of a certain input or the occurrence of another triggering event, is not a new concept. Software that automatically executes “if-then” logic has been used outside of the blockchain context for decades. It is the novel integration of that functionality with blockchain technology that may be significant in the new technological, business, and legal opportunities it creates. The combination of smart contract and blockchain technology provides the ability to:
Web-based vocational English: development, practice and problems

In response to the IT in education initiative by Hong Kong's Vocational Training Council, a project on web-based vocational English course was carried out at the Language Centre of Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi) in September 1999. This project aimed to find out how to enhance language learning through integrating web-based and classroom-based activities. A survey was administered to investigate students' response to this type of learning experience. In this paper, the development of the web-based activities and the integration process would be described and the survey results would be discussed.
PREDICTORS OF EARLY MORTALITY IN ANTERIOR CIRCULATION STROKE

: To assess and evaluate the significance of common clinical parameters as independent indices of mortality in stroke. To evaluate and correlate Rodrigues and Joshi's prognostic score with Bandolier's prognostic index as predictors of early mortality in stroke victims. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess and evaluate the significance of common clinical parameters as independent indices of mortality in stroke. To evaluate and correlate Rodrigues and Joshi's prognostic score with Bandolier's prognostic index as predictors of early mortality in stroke victims.
EMPLOYEE RETENTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

In today’s competitive environment, the success of any organisation depends upon the retention of key employees, who happen to be the most vital and dynamic resource of any organisation. To a great extent, customer satisfaction, organisational performance in terms of increased sales, satisfied employees, effective succession planning etc., is dependent upon the ability of the organisation to retain the best employees in any organisation. Consequently, the biggest challenge that organisations are facing today is not only managing its human resource but also retaining them. Securing and retaining skilled employees play an important role for any organisation, because the knowledge and skills of employees have become highly important in gaining competitive advantage in the modern business environment. This paper takes a look at retention from employees’ perspective and reviews the various extant literature and research report on employee retention. It also examines the factors influencing employee retention among as well as the importance of having a retention strategy, which is based on a wellarticulated human resource management system.
k, t, d-Proximities in Rough Set

The present paper is devoted to the study of k, t, d −proximity on rough sets from the relation point of view. The operator O0(φ,Α) and O(φ,Α) is defined using the upper approximation and closure operators derived from the relation. The properties of induced operator and their connections are henceforth obtained. Moreover, our approach represents a new generalization of the operator using upper approximation only.
Studies on antibacterial activities of n-thiolated beta-lactams and their polymeric nanoparticles against mrsa

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is now the most challenging bacterial pathogen affecting patients in hospitals and in care centers, and has brought on the need to develop new drugs for MRSA. This thesis centers on studies of N-thiolated βlactams, a new family of potent antibacterial compounds that selectively inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Chapter 1 describes MRSA in more detail. Chapter 2 outlines experiments on the effect of a fatty ester group (CO2R) on the C4-phenyl ring of N-methylthio β-lactams, expecting that attachment of long chain ester moieties might increase the hydrophobicity, and thus enhance the drug’s ability to penetrate through the cell membrane. However, the results indicate that antibacterial activity drops off rapidly when more than seven carbon atoms are in the chain. These results led to the idea about examining a β-lactam conjugated polymer as a possible pro-drug delivery method, which is the focus of Chapter 3. To synthesize the initial drug-polymer candidate, microemulsion polymerization of an acrylate-substituted lactam was done in aqueous solution to form hydrophilic
Democratic Transitions and Implicit Power: An Econometric Approach

Recent works of political economy have emphasized the importance of distinguishing between transfers of explicit and implicit power over economic decision making in democratic transitions. Scholars have so far provided interesting anecdotal evidence supporting their claims of potential divergence between transfers of explicit and implicit power. This raises the question of whether it is possible to econometrically identify when a transfer of explicit power has not also been accompanied by a transfer of implicit power. This paper offers a straightforward and easily replicable approach to addressing this question using the tools of financial econometrics. We apply this approach here to a major country where considerable uncertainty remains over the military’s implicit role in economic decision making long after an explicit transfer of power to elected leaders, namely Turkey. Our findings indicate a significant gap between the explicit and implicit aspects of Turkey’s democratic transition, adding support to scholars’ claims about the importance of distinguishing between these aspects of transitions.
A Study of Ozone Synthesis in Coaxial Cylinder Pulse Streamer Corona Discharge Reactors

Synthesis of ozone in coaxial cylinder non-thermal plasma reactors with different structures was investigated in this paper. With digital measuring technology, the absorption energy of non-thermal plasma reactors induced by pulse streamer corona was estimated. In the view of energy absorption of non-thermal plasma reactors, pulse input energy depended on reactor structures, as well as pulse parameters, such as pulse amplitude and DC bias. With coaxial cylinder reactors energized by pulse voltage, the influences on ozone generation of pulse voltage polarity, pulse amplitude, and pulse repetition rate were studied. It was found that positive pulse voltage induced higher ozone generation than negative pulse voltage and higher amplitude pulses generated more ozone. Increasing the pulse repetition rate at a low level increased ozone generation to some extent, but then leveled off with further increasing. A critical repetition rate was found at which the ozone synthesis was the most efficient. Lower pulse amplitude was associated with higher critical repetition rate. Superimposing DC bias on pulse voltage was an effective method to enhance ozone generation. Besides, discharge modes and electrode structures of reactors affect ozone generation. A mixed discharge mode of volume and surface discharges was the most effective mode to generate ozone in all of the experimental discharge modes, namely volume, surface, volume and surface mixed discharge modes. Moreover, helix-cylinder reactors were better than wire-to-cylinder reactors in generating ozone.
Biosynthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles by bhargavaea indica and their synergistic effect with antibiotics against pathogenic microorganisms

The strain Bhargavaea indica DC1 isolated from four-year-old P. ginseng rhizospheric soil was used to perform rapid and extracellular biosynthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra of the reaction mixture containing silver nanoparticles showed a peak at 460 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon absorbance of silver nanoparticles. Field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) structural characterization revealed the nanobar, pentagon, spherical, icosahedron, hexagonal, truncated triangle, and triangular nanoparticles, with the size range from 30 to 100 nm. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and elemental mapping results also confirmed that the silver was the predominant component of isolated nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results correspond to the purity of silver nanoparticles and dynamic light scattering (DLS) result indicated that the average diameter of particles was 111.6 nm. In addition, enhancement in antimicrobial activity of commercial antibiotics was observed against various pathogenic microorganisms such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.
LES ÉNERGIES DE FAUTES D'EMPILEMENT ET DE MACLES DANS LES MÉTAUX NORMAUX

Les energies des diverses fautes d'empilement et de macles sont calculees dans l'approximation des interactions de paires valables pour les metaux « normaux » ou les surfaces de Fermi devient peu de spheres d'electrons libres. Les interactions a grande distance qui sont mises en jeu dans ces defauts, se somment pour donner des interactions entre plans atomiques qui different suivant que la sphere de Fermi coupe ou non les limites des zones de Brillouin, relatives au reseau reciproque du reseau plan. Dans les metaux monovalents, les interactions entre plans sont faibles et exponentiellement decroissantes ; dans les metaux polyvalents, les interactions sont plus importantes et fonctions oscillantes de la distance. Le signe et l'ordre de grandeur des energies trouvees sont en accord satisfaisant avec l'experience. La methode employee permet de discuter la stabilite relative des phases compactes (hexagonale ou cubique a faces centrees) pour les metaux et alliages desordonnes. Les stabilites des phases (en particulier, les concentrations limites des phases) sont controlees essentiellement par le nombre moyen d'electrons de conduction par atome. On retrouve ainsi une generalisation des regles de Hume Rothery. Le cas anormal des metaux nobles (Cu, Ag, Au) est discute.
Doorway state enhanced intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution in the asymmetric =CH2 hydride stretch of methyl vinyl ether

The microwave-infrared double-resonance capabilities of an electric-resonance optothermal spectrometer have been used to assign the high resolution (5 MHz) infrared spectrum of the asymmetric =CH2 stretch of the cis conformer of methyl vinyl ether near 3130 cm−1. This vibrational state is anharmonically coupled to a near-resonant bath state by a 0.69 cm−1 matrix element resulting in two vibrational bands separated by about 1.44 cm−1. The two mixed states resulting from this interaction are further coupled to other near-resonant bath states with an average matrix element of about 0.01 cm−1. The coupled state density increases weakly with the total angular momentum, J, however, the intramolecular vibrational energy distribution (IVR) rate is approximately independent of the total angular momentum quantum number. Therefore, the rotationally mediated coupling mechanisms are weaker than the anharmonic terms in the redistribution process. A two-state analysis of the strong coupling, which includes a phenomenolo.
Statistical Distance Latent Regulation Loss for Latent Code Recovery

Finding a latent code that can generate specific data by inverting a generative model is called latent code recovery (or latent vector recovery). When performing gradient descent based latent recovery, the probability that the recovered latent code was sampled from a latent random variable can be very low. To prevent this, latent regulation losses or element resampling methods have been used in some papers. In this paper, when the latent random variable is an IID (Independent and Identically Distributed) random variable and performing gradient descent-based latent code recovery, we propose statistical distance latent regulation loss to maximize the probability that the latent code was sampled from the latent random variable. The statistical distance latent regulation loss is the distance between the discrete uniform distribution, assuming each latent code element has the same probability and one-dimensional distribution that each element of the latent random variable follows in common. Since the statistical distance latent regulation loss considers all elements simultaneously, it maximizes the probability that the latent code was sampled from a latent random variable. Also, we propose the latent distribution goodness of fit test, an additional test that verifies whether the latent code is sampled from the latent random variable. This additional test verifies whether all recovered latent codes’ elements ’ distribution follows one-dimensional distribution that each element of the latent random variable follows in common when the latent random variable is an IID random variable. Passing the latent distribution goodness of fit test does not mean that the latent codes are recovered correctly, but when the latent codes are recovered correctly, the latent distribution goodness of fit test should be passed. Compared with other latent regulation losses or element resampling methods, only latent code recovery using the statistical distance latent regulation loss could recover the correct latent code with high performance in the gradient descent-based latent code recovery.
Multi‐dimensional modeling of solar cells with electromagnetic and carrier transport calculations

We present a multi‐dimensional model for comprehensive simulations of solar cells (SCs), considering both electromagnetic and electronic properties. Typical homojunction and heterojunction gallium arsenide SCs were simulated in different spatial dimensions. When considering one‐dimensional problems, the model performs carrier transport calculations following a Beer–Lambert optical absorption approximation. We show that the results of such simulations exhibit excellent agreement with the standard PC1D one‐dimensional photovoltaic simulation. Photonic and plasmonic attempts to enhance SC efficiency demand comprehensive electromagnetic calculations to be undertaken in order to acquire accurate carrier generation profiles in two and three‐dimensional systems. Our model provides complete spectral and spatial information of typical optical and electronic behavior. Furthermore, our approach permits the detailed investigation of complex systems, including plasmonic SCs, which cannot be simulated using low‐dimensional modeling tools. We present the results of numerical simulations of an optically thin plasmonic gallium arsenide SC and observe improved device performance arising from the application of plasmonic nanostructures, which agree well with previous experimental findings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper(II) addition to white wines containing hydrogen sulfide: residual copper concentration and activity

Background and Aims The long-term effectiveness of copper(II) to remove sulfidic off-odours remains the subject of debate. This study was undertaken to assess the extent of copper removal after its addition to white wine that contained a variable concentration of hydrogen sulfide and to investigate the activity of the residual copper in a reaction relevant to white wine ageing. Methods and Results After the addition of sulfide to white wine, copper(II) was added to give an increasing mole ratio of hydrogen sulfide to copper(II). After settling for 1–5 days, negligible copper was removed after racking or filtering (0.45 or 0.20 μm), as determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Model wines were used in an attempt to ascertain the wine components that may interfere with the removal of the copper sulfide precipitate. Residual copper in the white wine after racking was active in mediating the production of a phenolic pigment. Conclusions Copper sulfide is not easily removed from white wine once formed. Model studies confirmed that tartaric acid is a critical factor influencing the extent of copper sulfide precipitation. Significance of the Study This study demonstrates that after addition of copper(II) to wines containing sulfide, the presence of residual copper is unavoidable and remains active in mediating reactions.
Heritability of inter-pack aggression in a wild pedigreed population of North American gray wolves.

Aggression is a quantitative trait deeply entwined with individual fitness. Mapping the genomic architecture underlying such traits is complicated by complex inheritance patterns, social structure, pedigree information, and gene pleiotropy. Here, we leveraged the pedigree of a reintroduced population of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming USA to examine the heritability of and the genetic variation associated with aggression. Since their reintroduction, many ecological and behavioral aspects have been documented, providing unmatched records of aggressive behavior across multiple generations of a wild population of wolves. Using a linear mixed model, a robust genetic relationship matrix, 12,288 SNPs, and 111 wolves, we estimated the SNP-based heritability of aggression to be 37% and an additional 14% of the phenotypic variation explained by shared environmental exposures. We identified 598 SNP genotypes from 425 gray wolves to resolve a consensus pedigree that was included in a heritability analysis of 141 individuals with SNP genotype, meta-data, and aggression data. The pedigree-based heritability estimate for aggression is 14%, and an additional 16% of the phenotypic variation explained by shared environmental exposures. We find strong effects of breeding status and relative pack size on aggression. Through an integrative approach, these results provide a framework for understanding the genetic architecture of a complex trait that influences individual fitness, with linkages to reproduction, in a social carnivore. Along with few other studies, we present here the incredible utility of a pedigreed natural population for dissecting a complex, fitness-related behavioral trait.