Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Quantitative Study of Chromaticism : Changes Observed in Historical Eras and Individual Composers

Music historians have observed informally that Western music became increasingly chromatic between roughly 1600 and 1900. This view is tested formally, and the results are shown to be consistent with the standard view. Music historians have similarly assumed that the music of major composers such as Mozart and Beethoven became increasingly chromatic over their respective lifetimes. Measurements of chromaticism in both theme-based and opus-based samples are shown to be inconsistent with these intuitions. At face value, the results of this study affirm that Western art music has become more chromatic over time, but that five major composers' use of chromatic tones changed little (quantitatively) over the course of their careers. Repercussions for stylistic interpretations of these composers are discussed. Submitted 2006 September 12; accepted 2006 September 28.
Data Gathering With Minimum Number of Relay Packets in Wireless Sensor Networks

The data gathering problem is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In general, mobile elements are used to collect the sensed data of sensors to reduce the problem of unbalanced energy consumption caused by multi-hop transmission. However, in time-sensitive applications of WSNs where mobile elements are used to collect time-sensitive data, we must pay particular attention to the length of the traveling path to ensure that data are still useful after delivered to the sink. In this paper, we focus on how to plan a traveling path that meets the delay requirement of time-sensitive applications for data collection and reduces the amount of relay packets in the WSNs. The proposed algorithm is called Timeliness Traveling Path Planning (TTPP) algorithm. Based on the least squares curve approach, the proposed TTPP algorithm can find the best-fitting curve for any given set of sensors by reducing the amount of relay packets in the WSNs. The effectiveness of the proposed TTPP algorithm is confirmed through extensive simulations.
Outcome of electroclinical, electrographic, and clinical seizures in the newborn infant

Three seizure types have been described in the neonate: electroclinical, electrographic, and clinical only. Controversy still exists about whether the episodic abnormal movements seen in some infants, which are not accompanied by simultaneous ictal discharges on the EEG, are true seizures. Twenty‐four infants with seizures were studied, 17 had purely electrographic and/or electroclinical seizures, seven had clinical‐only seizures; six of these seven had clonic seizures, without facial manifestations or autonomic change. The three seizure types were investigated using video‐EEG and a Griffiths neurodevelopmental assessment was performed in each seizure group. Of the seven infants with clinical‐only seizures, six had clonic seizures with a normal background EEG, neuroimaging studies and neurodevelopmental follow‐up assessment were normal in five. In the remaining 17 infants with electrographic and/or electroclinical seizures, seizure discharges were often associated with ocular phenomena, apnoea, or tonic posturing, and the background EEG was abnormal in all but one subject. Neurodevelopmental follow‐up assessments revealed a poor outcome(14 of 17) in this group. In otherwise healthy infants, purely clonic seizures involving only the limbs may be a benign phenomenon and an EEG should be obtained to avoid unnecessary treatment. Infants with seizures superimposed on an abnormal background EEG pattern had a poor outcome.
Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the reproducibility of a new method of measuring passive resistance to stretch in the human hamstring muscle group, in vivo, using a test re‐test protocol and 2) to examine the effect of repeated stretches. Passive resistance offered by the hamstring muscle group during knee extension was measured in 10 subjects as knee flexion moment (Nm) using a KinCom dynamometer. The knee was passively extended at 5 deg/s to the final position where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase). EMG of the hamstring muscle was also measured. The test re‐test protocol included 2 tests (tests 1 and 2) administered 1 h apart. On a separate occasion 5 consecutive static stretches were administered (stretches 1–5) separted by 30 s. Stretch 6 was administered one hour after stretch 5. In the static phase passive resistance did not differ between test 1 and test 2. Resistance declined in both tests 1 and 2, whereas EMG activity remained unchanged. The decline in resistance was significant up to 45 s. For the repeated stretches there was an effect of time (90 s) and stretch (1–5) with a significant interaction i.e., resistance diminished with stretches, and the 90‐s decline was less as more stretches were performed. Passive resistance in stretch 6 was lower than in stretch 1. The present study has demonstrated a reliable method for studying resistance to stretch of the human hamstring muscle group. A viscoelastic response of the human hamstring muscle was shown. With 5 repeated stretches, resistance to stretch diminished and each stretch exibited a viscoelastic response, albeit less with each subsequent stretch. The effect of 5 repeated stretches was significant 1 h later.
The Arabidopsis STV1 Protein, Responsible for Translation Reinitiation, Is Required for Auxin-Mediated Gynoecium Patterningw⃞

Ribosomal protein L24 (RPL24) is implicated in translation reinitiation of polycistronic genes. A newly isolated Arabidopsis thaliana short valve1 (stv1) mutant, in which one of the RPL24-encoding genes, RPL24B, is deleted, shows specific defects in the apical-basal patterning of the gynoecium, in addition to phenotypes induced by ribosome deficiency. A similar gynoecium phenotype is caused by mutations in the auxin response factor (ARF) genes ETTIN (ETT) and MONOPTEROS (MP), which have upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in their 5′-transcript leader sequences. Gynoecia of a double mutant of stv1 and a weak ett mutant allele are similar to those of a strong ett allele, and transformation with a uORF-eliminated ETT construct partially suppressed the stv1 gynoecium phenotype, implying that STV1 could influence ETT translation through its uORFs. Analyses of 5′-leader-reporter gene fusions showed that the uORFs of ETT and MP negatively regulate the translation of the downstream major ORFs, indicating that translation reinitiation is an important step for the expression of these proteins. Taken together, we propose that perturbation of translation reinitiation of the ARF transcripts causes the defects in gynoecium patterning observed in the stv1 mutant.
Depressive Symptoms Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles

ABSTRACT Using the Health and Retirement Study, this research examines well-being among grandparents raising grandchildren during middle to late life, specifically looking at how other roles in which a grandparent is participating (such as worker, volunteer, parent, or caregiver) may influence depressive symptoms among grandparent caregivers. Results indicate that grandparents who have recently begun raising a grandchild experience lower levels of well-being when compared to grandparents who are not raising a grandchild regardless of the grandparent's level of participation in roles beyond that of grandparent caregiver, while grandparents who have been raising a grandchild for longer periods of time seem to benefit from their participation in multiple roles. However, a higher level of participation in outside roles is associated with a decline in well-being among grandparents who stopped raising a grandchild, suggesting that, for these grandparents, participation in multiple roles acted mainly as a stressor rather than as a resource.
Cost effectiveness of COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs alone or in combination with a proton pump inhibitor for people with osteoarthritis

Objectives To investigate the cost effectiveness of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX 2) selective inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the addition of proton pump inhibitors to these treatments, for people with osteoarthritis. Design An economic evaluation using a Markov model and data from a systematic review was conducted. Estimates of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adverse events were based on data from three large randomised controlled trials, and observational data were used for sensitivity analyses. Efficacy benefits from treatment were estimated from a meta-analysis of trials reporting total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index score. Other model inputs were obtained from the relevant literature. The model was run for a hypothetical population of people with osteoarthritis. Subgroup analyses were conducted for people at high risk of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular adverse events. Comparators Licensed COX 2 selective inhibitors (celecoxib and etoricoxib) and traditional NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) for which suitable data were available were compared. Paracetamol was also included, as was the possibility of adding a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) to each treatment. Main outcome measures The main outcome measure was cost effectiveness, which was based on quality adjusted life years gained. Quality adjusted life year scores were calculated from pooled estimates of efficacy and major adverse events (that is, dyspepsia; symptomatic ulcer; complicated gastrointestinal perforation, ulcer, or bleed; myocardial infarction; stroke; and heart failure). Results Addition of a proton pump inhibitor to both COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs was highly cost effective for all patient groups considered (incremental cost effectiveness ratio less than £1000 (€1175, $1650)). This finding was robust across a wide range of effectiveness estimates if the cheapest proton pump inhibitor was used. In our base case analysis, adding a proton pump inhibitor to a COX 2 selective inhibitor (used at the lowest licensed dose) was a cost effective option, even for patients at low risk of gastrointestinal adverse events (incremental cost effectiveness ratio approximately £10 000). Uncertainties around relative adverse event rates meant relative cost effectiveness for individual COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs was difficult to determine. Conclusions Prescribing a proton pump inhibitor for people with osteoarthritis who are taking a traditional NSAID or COX 2 selective inhibitor is cost effective. The cost effectiveness analysis was sensitive to adverse event data and the specific choice of COX 2 selective inhibitor or NSAID agent should, therefore, take into account individual cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks.
Nanotechnology: A Promising Approach for Delivery of Neuroprotective Drugs

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders especially neurodegenerative disorders are the major challenge for public health and demand the great attention of researchers to protect people against them. In past few decades, different treatment strategies have been adopted, but their therapeutic efficacy are not enough and have only shown partial mitigation of symptoms. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BSCFB) guard the CNS from harmful substances and pose as the major challenges in delivering drugs into CNS for treatment of CNS complications such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, epilepsy, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis (MS), and encephalitis, etc. Nanotechnology has come out as an exciting and promising new platform of treating neurological disorders and has shown great potential to overcome problems related to the conventional treatment approaches. Molecules can be nanoengineered to carry out multiple specific functions such as to cross the BBB, target specific cell or signaling pathway, respond to endogenous stimuli, and act as a vehicle for gene delivery, support nerve regeneration and cell survival. In present review, the role of nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs), dendrimers, and nanoemulsions for delivery of various neurotherapeutic agents has been discussed, besides this, their mechanism of action, and nanoformulation of different neuroprotective agents like curcumin, edaravone, nerve growth factors in CNS disorders like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism, epilepsy, stroke, and brain tumors has been reviewed.
Perennial grain on a Midwest Alfisol shows no sign of early soil carbon gain

Abstract Perennial grain crops are expected to sequester soil carbon (C) and improve soil health due to their large and extensive root systems. To examine the rate of initial soil C accumulation in a perennial grain crop, we compared soil under perennial intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) with that under annual winter wheat 4 years after the crops were first planted. In addition, we tested the effect of three nitrogen (N) sources on C pools: Low available N (Low N (Organic N); 90 kg N ha−1 poultry litter), moderately available N (Mid N; 90 kg N ha−1 urea) and high available N (High N; 135 kg N ha−1 urea). We measured aboveground C (grain + straw), and coarse and fine root C to a depth of 1 m. Particulate organic matter (POM-C), fractionated by size, was used to indicate labile and more stabilized soil C pools. At harvest, IWG had 1.9 times more straw C and up to 15 times more root C compared with wheat. There were no differences in the size of the large (6 mm–250 µm) or medium (250–53 µm) POM-C fractions between wheat and IWG (P > 0.05) in surface horizons (0–10 cm). Large POM-C under IWG ranged from 3.6 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.7 g C kg soil−1 across the three N rates, similar to wheat under which large POM-C ranged from 3.6 ± 1.4 to 4.7 ± 0.7 g C kg soil−1. Averaged across N level, medium POM-C was 11.1 ± 0.8 and 11.3 ± 0.7 g C kg soil−1 for IWG and wheat, respectively. Despite IWG's greater above and belowground biomass (to 70 cm), POM-C fractions in IWG and wheat were similar. Post-hoc power analysis revealed that in order to detect differences in the labile C pool at 0–10 cm with an acceptable power (~80%) a 15% difference would be required between wheat and IWG. This demonstrates that on sandy soils with low cation exchange capacity, perennial IWG will need to be in place for longer than 4 years in order to detect an accumulated soil C difference > 15%.
Long-Term Outcome of Outlet-Type Ventricular Septal Defect: Focus on Congestive Heart Failure and Aortic Valve Disorder

Purpose: To investigate the outcome of outlet-type ventricular septal defect (VSD) after surgery in pediatric patients.Methods: A total of 152 children who underwent surgical repairs for outlet-type VSD were enrolled. Clinical features associated with development of congestive heart failure (CHF), aortic valve prolapse (AVP), and aortic regurgitation (AR) were analyzed.Results: CHF was noted in 34 (22.4%) of 152 patients. Patients with CHF had a larger VSD size (p＜0.0001), a higher Qp/Qs ratio (p＜0.0001), and a higher mean pulmonary pressure (p＜0.0001) compared with patients without CHF. AVP was noted in 106 (69.7%) of 152 patients. Patients with AVP had an older operation age (p＜0.0001), a smaller Qp/Qs ratio (p＜0.0001), a higher systolic pressure gradient between the left and right ventricles (p＜0.0001), and a higher diastolic pressure gradient between the aorta and the right ventricle (p=0.022) compared with the patients without AVP. Among 43 (28.3%) patients with AVP and AR, 17 had mild and 4 had moderate-severe AR after surgery. Severe AVP (p=0.0231) and pre-operative AR (p＜0.001) are two risk factors for the presence of postoperative residual AR.Conclusion: Long-term outcome of surgical repairs for outlet-type VSD is excellent in most pediatric patients without severe CHF or moderate-severe AR. AVP and AR are more frequent and severe in patients with delayed surgery, highlighting the importance of early surgical treatment of outlet-type VSD.
Direct analytical sample quality assessment for biomarker investigation: Qualifying cerebrospinal fluid samples

Measurement of biochemical markers represents an important aid to clinicians in the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurological diseases. Many factors can contribute to increase the chances that a biomarker study becomes successful. In a cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF), more than 84% of laboratory errors can be attributed to several preanalytical variables that include CSF collection, storage, and freeze thawing cycles. In this concept paper, we focus on some critical issues arising from basic proteomics investigation in order to highlight some key elements of CSF quality control. Furthermore, we propose a direct assessment of sample quality (DASQ) by applying a fast MALDI‐TOF‐MS methodology to evaluate molecular features of sample degradation and oxidation. We propose DASQ as a fast and simple initial step to be included in large‐scale projects for neurological biomarker studies. In fact, such a procedure will improved the development of standardized protocols in order to have well‐characterized CSF biobanks.
When Brain Beats Behavior: Neuroforecasting Crowdfunding Outcomes

Although traditional economic and psychological theories imply that individual choice best scales to aggregate choice, primary components of choice reflected in neural activity may support even more generalizable forecasts. Crowdfunding represents a significant and growing platform for funding new and unique projects, causes, and products. To test whether neural activity could forecast market-level crowdfunding outcomes weeks later, 30 human subjects (14 female) decided whether to fund proposed projects described on an Internet crowdfunding website while undergoing scanning with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Although activity in both the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex predicted individual choices to fund on a trial-to-trial basis in the neuroimaging sample, only NAcc activity generalized to forecast market funding outcomes weeks later on the Internet. Behavioral measures from the neuroimaging sample, however, did not forecast market funding outcomes. This pattern of associations was replicated in a second study. These findings demonstrate that a subset of the neural predictors of individual choice can generalize to forecast market-level crowdfunding outcomes—even better than choice itself. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Forecasting aggregate behavior with individual neural data has proven elusive; even when successful, neural forecasts have not historically supplanted behavioral forecasts. In the current research, we find that neural responses can forecast market-level choice and outperform behavioral measures in a novel Internet crowdfunding context. Targeted as well as model-free analyses convergently indicated that nucleus accumbens activity can support aggregate forecasts. Beyond providing initial evidence for neuropsychological processes implicated in crowdfunding choices, these findings highlight the ability of neural features to forecast aggregate choice, which could inform applications relevant to business and policy.
Apoptosis and cellular proliferation in human epidermal squamous cell neoplasia

We examined cell loss (apoptosis) and proliferation in a histopathological spectrum of epidermal squamous cell neoplasia, including 11 cases of solar keratosis (SK), 18 Bowen's diseases (BD) and 19 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Apoptotic and proliferative cells were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP‐digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and by the detection of nuclear antigen Ki‐67, respectively. Few apoptotic cells were observed in normal epidermis, while TUNEL index (TI; percentage of TUNEL‐positive cells) was highest for SCCs, followed by BDs and SKs, in the order given. Although the mean Ki‐67 index did not differ between SCCs and BDs. both disease types showed a significantly higher index than the SKs. Of SCCs, both TI and Ki‐67 index values were significantly higher in poorly than in well differentiated carcinomas. TI was significantly higher in SCCs without P53 immunohistochemical expression than in SCCs with P53 expression, while TI and Ki‐67 indices did not correlate with P53 expression in the SKs and BDs. These results suggest that apoptosis reflects not only cell loss, but also proliferative activity in the epidermal neoplastic lesions.
Macrophage differentiation and granulomatous inflammation in osteopetrotic mice (op/op) defective in the production of CSF‐1

Since the osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse was demonstrated to have a mutation within the coding region of the CSF‐1 gene itself, it serves as a model for investigating the differentiation mechanism of macrophage populations in the absence of functional CSF‐1. The op/op mice were severely monocytopenic and showed marked reduction and abnormal differentiation of tissue macrophages. Osteoclasts as well as marginal metallophilic macrophages and marginal zone macrophages in the spleen were absent. Most of the tissue macrophages were reduced in number and ultrastructurally immature. However, the degree of reduction in numbers of macrophages in the mutant mice was variable among tissues, suggesting that the heterogeneity of macrophages was generated by their different dependency on CSF‐1.
Energy-Efficient Transmission for Protection of Incumbent Users

Cognitive radio (CR) technology can be used to provide flexible mobile multimedia communications. In this article, we investigate energy-efficient design of CR to protect incumbent users, such as broadcasters and telecommunications operators. Power allocation and transmission duration are determined for a CR user exploiting multiple channels. Both energy efficiency of the CR user and interference with the incumbent users are considered. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches achieve reliable protection and significant performance gain in terms of energy efficiency.
A 4-year follow-up of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population sample.

BACKGROUND Prior follow-up studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ascertained ADHD cases in clinical samples mostly from North America but rarely from European countries. They have provided a good deal of information about the persistence of ADHD and its impairments, but the degree to which these results generalize to population samples and to other countries is not certain. Prior studies have also not assessed predictors of new-onset ADHD in youth without ADHD. METHOD At baseline, 7,912 of 18 million telephone numbers were randomly selected from throughout France from October 2, 2008, through December 11, 2008. Among 4,186 eligible families, 1,012 (24.2%) were successfully recruited at baseline, when a telephone interview was administered to all families about a child in the 6- to 12-year age range. Four years later, we attempted to recruit the entire sample to assess the persistence of ADHD and its impairments and the emergence of new associated conditions. RESULTS 86.5% of the families assessed at baseline were followed-up (N = 875). Participants who were and were not interviewed at follow-up did not differ on any clinical or demographic features. At follow-up, the prevalence of full or subthreshold ADHD was 65.8% for ADHD participants and 9.8% for those not having ADHD at baseline. Among the children who were not diagnosed with ADHD at baseline, 3.4% were diagnosed with ADHD at follow-up. Both the persistence of ADHD and new onsets of ADHD were significantly predicted by several baseline clinical features and by having a family history of ADHD (all P values < .05). CONCLUSIONS We replicated prior predictors of ADHD's persistence and provide new data about predictors of new ADHD onsets in the population. Our data about subthreshold ADHD support a dimensional conceptualization of the disorder and address the potential clinical utility of a subthreshold diagnostic category.