Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing profitability of Burlina and Holstein Friesian cattle breeds

Abstract Aim of this study was to compare profitability of Burlina and Holstein Friesian cows in northern Italy. Cow’s profitability was calculated for each breed, with consideration of economic incentive programs and alternative milk pricing scenarios. The difference in annual profitability between Burlina and Holstein Friesian ranged from −€719 to −€274 per cow per year. In a low-input management level with a cow’s incentive payment and a specific cheese market strategy the low milk yield of Burlina can be compensate respect to Holstein Friesian.
Effects of α-, β-, γ- and ω-Gliadins on the Dough Mixing Properties of Wheat Flour

Abstract Gliadins were extracted from wheat and individual groups (α-, β-, γ-, ω-1 and ω-2) purified. The effects of the individual groups of gliadin on the mixing properties of doughs from low and high protein flours were measured on a 2-g Mixograph and a prototype microextension tester. The addition of all groups of gliadin resulted in a decrease in dough strength. The relative weakening effects were ω-1>ω-2≈α-≈β->γ- in the Mixograph, and γ->α-≈β-≈ω-2≈ω-1 in the Extensograph.
Lake Erie and its Basin

The bathymetry of Lake Erie is separated into Western, Central, and Eastern basins, whose form and feature have been strongly influenced by bedrock geology and the effects of Pleistocene events. The climatic regime is mid-continental but is modified by the overall effect of the Great Lakes, mean annual temperatures have a range of about 21 C. European settlement in the basin began in the early 1800s and land use patterns and historic settlement differ distinctly north and south of the lake. Changes in Lake Erie water quality are strongly associated with both agricultural and industrial development, but did not become severe until towards the end of the 1930s. However, changes and depletion of fish stocks likely owe as much to overfishing as to changes in water quality.
Physical and chemical properties of male and female mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) meat

The influence of gender on the physical and chemical properties of the M. longissimus dorsi et lumborum of mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) was examined. The mean live weights of ten male (28.58 kg) and nineteen female (30.58 kg) mountain reedbuck did not differ (P > 0.05),and the mean cold carcass weight was 16.36 kg for both genders. Gender had no influence (P > 0.05) on any of the physical characteristics (pH, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, colour) investigated. For the proximate chemical analysis of the M. longissimus dorsi et lumborum muscle, the effect of gender was only significant for the protein content, where the females (24.51%) displayed a higher percentage of protein compared to the males (23.68%). Neither the amino acid nor the mineral content differed significantly between the two genders. Glutamic acid (11.35 g/100 g) was the most abundant amino acid, followed by aspartic acid (2.94 g/100 g), glycine (0.86 g/100 g) and serine (0.66 g/100 g). The mineral content of mountain reedbuck indicated that meat derived from this species is high in phosphorus (206.47 mg/100 g), high in iron (4.19 mg/100 g), a source of zinc (1.80 mg/100 g), and low in sodium (4.19 mg/100 g). No significant differences between the genders for total saturated fatty acids (38.09%), total mono-unsaturated fatty acids (18.04%) or total polyunsaturated fatty acids (43.74%) were noted. The mean polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio for mountain reedbuck was 1.15 and the mean n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio 2.08. The extent of the influence of gender on physical and chemical characteristics of meat was found to be of limited practical value.
Characterization of Thermostable α-amylase from Thermophilic andAlkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Isolate DM-15

Bacillus sp. DM-15 was isolated from Ciftehan Thermal Spring, Turkey produced thermostable α-amylase at 55°C at pH 9. Analysis of the enzyme for molecular mass and amylolytic activity carried out by SDS-Starch-PAGE electrophoresis revealed a single band with high molecular mass 126 kDa. After extraction, the enzyme remained stable in a range of temperature and pH between 40-100°C and 4.5-10, respectively. The optimum enzyme activity was displayed at 60°C and pH 5.5-6.0. α-amylase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain cultivated in liquid media reached a maximum at 12 h with levels of 27.5 μmol mg-1 protein min-1. The enzyme was stable for 15 min at 60°C while 24% of the original activity was lost at 100°C. Enzyme activity was increased in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, Na2SO3 and KCl (105%) and inhibited in the presence of 5 mM EDTA, CuSO4, FeSO4, SDS (1%), Urea (8 M), Co up to 98, 79, 57, 36, 33 and 10%, respectively. The DM-15 α-amylase may be suitable for in liquefaction of starch in detergent and textile industries and in other industrial applications.
The Effects of Light on Callus Growth and Somatic Embryogenesis from Lavandula vera and Teucrium chamaedrys: A Preliminary Study

SUMMARY In order to investigate the effect of light on the tissue culture of lavender (Lavandula vera L.) and wall germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.), leaf explants from greenhouse-grown plants were inoculated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1) supplemented with 1 mg L−1 2,4-D and 2 mg L−1 kinetin and incubated either (i) continuously in the darkness for 6 weeks or (ii) first in the darkness for 0–5 weeks and then under illumination (150 μmol mr−2 s−1, 16 hour light/8 hour dark photoperiod). Lavender callus growth was improved under increased incubation in darkness while somatic embryogenesis was remarkably reduced under the same conditions. Incubation in darkness did not affect the growth of wall germander cultures, but improved somatic embryogenesis. Moreover, a possible participation of boron in the effect of light on somatic embryogenesis for both species was indicated.
Editorial

Taylor and Francis IED_A_370949. gm 10.1080/1 6 3110802707795 International Journal of Inclusive Education 360-3116 (pri t)/1464-5173 (online) Edit ri l 2 09 & Francis 0 002009 JoF ankham j . fr @ma . ac.uk The studies represented in this special issue form the first phase of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Education and Poverty programme. They were published in 2007 along with a summary drawing together the findings from across the programme. The second phase of this programme started early in 2007 and involves two studies focusing on attitudes and aspirations in relation to education and work. Further details about these projects can be found on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website (http:// www.jrf.org.uk/). The context in which the Foundation is funding this programme of work is our core interest in the underlying causes of poverty and disadvantage. There has been growing recognition over the last few years of the central role that education plays in the experience and perpetuation of poverty. Education also has the potential to act as a ‘ladder out of poverty’, but it is clear that this is too often not the case in practice. The intergenerational cycle of family poverty and educational disadvantage has been documented in many studies. Research has shown that growing up in poverty influences the likelihood of being poor as an adult, and this pattern seems to be strengthening over time (Blandon and Gibbons 2006). The extent to which teenage poverty can predict poverty in a person’s early 30s has doubled between the cohorts who were poor as teenagers in the 1970s and the 1980s. Education is a key mechanism through which childhood poverty translates into adult poverty; the UK has one of the strongest associations of social background with educational attainment among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (OECD 2002). The relationship between social and economic status and children’s attainment starts very early in life (Feinstein 2003). Through the compulsory school years the gap in attainment between children from different backgrounds continues and often widens, translating into different paths after age 16 and inequality in the level and type of qualifications and skills that young people gain. The experiences that any individual child has during childhood, and the outcomes of these in terms of their adult well-being (including but not limited to economic wellbeing), arise from multiple influences. These may include the following:
Attachment of Azospirillum to isolated plant cells

Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to attach to isolated plant cells. A rapid semi-quantitative assay to measure plant cell attachment, as was described previously for Agrobacterium, was found to work especially well for Azospirillum. Attachment was measured in an indirect way and confirmed by direct observations through scanning electron microscopy.
Effect of Relationships on Estimation of Variance Components with an Animal Model and Restricted Maximum Likelihood

Abstract Milk, fat, and protein yields in first lactation of two samples of 12 herds consisting of 4020 and 4024 Holstein cows in New York were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic covariances with an animal model by REML. Relationships were calculated within herd in three ways to provide inverses of relationship matrices. Full relationships consisted of tracing relationships to parents (base animals) of animals with milk and fat records between 1970 and 1980. Full relationships less base animals consisted of tracing relationships only one generation back from when protein records became available in 1981. Sire-only relationships were compiled using only relationships through sires. Fractions of nonzero elements in inverses of within-herd relationship matrices were . 72 for full, . 62 for full-less-base, and . 04 for sire-only relationships. Heritability estimates averaged over milk, fat, and protein were . 35 with full, . 33 with full-less-base, and . 25 with sire-only relationship matrices. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations were not affected by how relationships were computed. Comparable analyses of milk and fat yields from other sets of California, New York, and Wisconsin herds resulted in estimates of heritability that were slightly greater when only daughter and dam records were used than when all records in a herd were used.
Using Decline in Bird Populations to Identify Needs for Conservation Action

Abstract: A large decline in population size is sometimes considered sufficient indication that a species merits conservation interest. One organization categorizes as critically endangered any species whose populations decline by 80% over 10 years, whereas others assign importance to species declining 50% over 25 years. Using these and additional conservation‐alert categories, I determined how many of over 200 bird species that breed in Canada qualified for each category, based on population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. The majority of qualifying species were not candidates for immediate intervention to halt or reverse declines. Moreover, species assigned to alert categories based on 5‐ and 10‐year trends for past time periods frequently had positive trends in the subsequent decade. Results indicate that population decline should not be used to identify species at risk or as a basis for conservation action without detailed evaluation of the trend data and other characteristics of the species. However, assigning species to alert categories is a useful step in identifying species that may deserve conservation attention of some kind (including better monitoring and research as well as direct intervention). Evaluation of trend quality and persistence is an important step in determining the most appropriate action. Deciding when to recommend intervention will be the most problematic for species that are still relatively common and widespread, and there is a need for development of species‐specific population thresholds that would be appropriate for triggering such action.
Phenomenological Naturalism

Abstract Naturalists seek to ground what exists in a set of fundamental metaphysical principles that they call ‘nature’. But metaphysical principles can’t function as fundamental explanatory grounds, since their ability to explain anything depends on the intelligibility granted by transcendental structures. What makes metaphysical principles intelligible, what unifies them, and allows them to characterize the being of worldly objects are the transcendental structures through which worldly objects are manifest. This means that the search for fundamental explanatory grounds must go deeper than the postulation of brute metaphysical facts. But this search cannot end with transcendental structures either, since the mode of being of transcendental subjects also calls out for explanation. Conceiving of transcendental subjects through the concept of being-in-the-world ties the mode of being of subjects to the world they inhabit. What grounds the existence of worldly objects, and what grounds our existence as being-in-the-world is nature: a principle that is neither an object, nor a subject – a principle that makes possible our encounters with intelligible worldly things.
Factors Affecting Assessment of Parasitization by Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. and Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) on Spruce Budworm Larvae

Sampling to obtain valid estimates of the degree of parasitism in natural populations of insects presents a difficult problem to the quantitative-minded investigator. The method used must adhere to the principles of random sampling, yet it must be truly representative with respect to the occurrence of the parasite in its sampling universe, the host insect, in both time and space.
Book Review

A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Philip Herdina, Ulrike Jessner. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 2002. Pp. 182. ISBN 1-85359-468-7 (hbk). ISBN 1-85359-467-9 (pbk), pp. 182
Studies on Roots. V. Effects of Indoleacetic Acid on the Standard Root Growth Pattern of Phleum pratense

The effects of indoleacetic acid (IAA) on the elongation of Phleum pratense roots have been analyzed using photomicrographic records of the epidermal cells taken during growth. Concentrations applied to the root ranged from 10-5 to 10-11 M; the duration of the experimental period was about 5 hr. Effects can be separated into two categories Cells in their accelerating phase of growth and located close to the meristem (Phase I of Burström) were immediately inhibited by the higher concentrations (10-5-10-7 M) but after 1 hr began to recover their relative elemental growth rate, the extent of the recovery depending upon the strength of the application At lower concentrations (e g, 10-9 M) there may be a stimulation of the relative elemental growth rate Cells in their decelerating phase of growth and located in the basal portion of the elongating zone (Phase II of Burström) were irreversibly inhibited at all concentrations employed.
Inter-Annual Distributions of Larval and Pelagic Juvenile Cod (Gadus morhua) in Southwestern Nova Scotia determined with two Different Gear Types

Ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during 1979 on the Scotian Shelf have shown coincident egg and larval distributions for cod (Gadus morhua) and other related groundfish species. These data have been used by other investigators to support the larval retention hypothesis, in spite of three limitations: the exclusive use of a single type of small sampling gear, limited sampling landward of the 50-m isobath, and analysis of data collected in a single year. During May of 1985, 1986, and 1987 two gear types were used, from the shelf to coastal waters in southwestern Nova Scotia to assess the horizontal distributions of larval and pelagic juvenile cod. Tucker trawl collections made in each year revealed a cohort of cod that was not evident in the smaller gear, which effectively sampled cod larvae < 10 mm. During 1985 and 1986, when both larvae and juveniles were abundant, their distributions coincided. The mixture of sizes of cod from 3–45 mm reduced the importance of using multiple gear types. The interannual .
Nutrient and Antinutrient Composition of Cormels of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum

Abstract In order to improve cultivars through selection or breeding, the nutrient and antinutrient, i.e., trypsin inhibitor, total oxalate, soluble oxalate and calcium oxalate, compositions of cormels of twenty cultivars of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum were determined. The fat, sugar, starch and crude protein content in fresh cormels varied from 0.08-0.98, 0.2-1.5, 7.5-24.8 and 1.0-2.8%, respectively. Cormels provide 166-519 kJ of energy/100 g fresh weight. Moreover, cormels are a good source of minerals, including potassium, calcium, phosphorus and iron, a moderate source of zinc and copper, and an inadequate source of manganese. The contents of the trypsin inhibitor, total oxalate, soluble oxalate and calcium oxalate varied from 52-1020 Trypsin Inhibitory Units (TIU). g −1,8-130,4-89 and4-93 mg/100 g, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that the cv. ‘Sonajuli’ appears to be a promising candidate to provide genetic material from which improved lines can be developed.
Developing inclusivity

A major challenge to securing lifelong learning is the response of universities and their funding bodies. In the UK, the Government has set out a clear commitment to change; this has been reflected in the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) establishing a policy, planning and specific funding strategy with universities having to set out their policies, approaches and targets to widen participation. This is then measured through success in meeting those targets and published performance indicators. Attached to this approach is a funding stream which enables institutions to put into place actions to ensure success. This paper is based upon the work of the HEFCE national co-ordination team for widening participation (Action on Access), which has the responsibility of assisting achievement against the strategy. The paper will explain the HEFCE approach, compare it with a similar and earlier Australian strategy and demonstrate how institutional success is to be measured. There is always a risk that single item approaches become marginalized within a university as being the responsibility of a particular interest group. This development has been in response to Government direction, has the potential to shape and change institutions so that they become more inclusive; but does the policy add up?
Host range and biological activity of three Spodoptera nucleopolyhedrovirus genotypic variants and the effect of Tinopal LPW on the most active variant

The noctuid moths Spodoptera exigua, S. littoralis and S. frugiperda are three important insect pest species and the natural hosts of three distinct nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), of which several strains have been isolated world-wide. A variant of S. exigua NPV from Almería, Spain (Se-SP2A), a variant of the S. littoralis NPV from Morocco (Sl-M2) and a variant of the S. frugiperda NPV from California, USA (Sf-2), were analysed with restriction endonucleases and biologically compared in terms of host range, infectivity (median lethal concentration, LC 50 ) and virulence (median survival time, ST 50 ) for each of the three host species. Each virus was most effective against its homologous host when both LC 50 and ST 50 were taken into account, but one the S. littoralis variants, Sl-M2, showed the highest overall activity against all three species. The influence of the optical brightener Tinopal LPW on the activity of Sl-M2 against all three Spodoptera spp. was assayed. The LC 50 of Sl-M2 was reduced in all cases in the presence of Tinopal LPW; quite significantly in S. littoralis and S. frugiperda (8.7- and 7.2-fold, respectively) and only slightly (1.5-fold) in S. exigua . No significant differences in the ST 50 were detected when Tinopal LPW was added to the virus suspension.
The functional and aggregative responses of a herbivore: underlying mechanisms and the spatial implications for plant depletion

Summary 1. The functional and aggregative responses of dark-bellied brent geese Branta bernicla bernicla feeding on the green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca are described. 2. Bite rate showed maxima at both high and low algal biomass, although the functional response in terms of biomass intake rate was linear (type-1). The differences in the shapes of these responses can be explained by the fact that bite size declines with decreasing algal biomass. 3. There was little interference between the geese; the rate of aggression was only weakly related to goose density, and time spent feeding decreased only slightly with increasing density. 4. Geese fed on all parts of the algal bed, showing weak, but significant aggregation in patches of higher algal biomass in both October and November. 5. The observed pattern of aggregation was weaker than that predicted by the ideal free distribution with a low value of interference. 6. Simulation models were used to explore four possible behavioural factors leading to this deviation from predictions: cost of travel between patches, constraints on the perception of patch quality, disturbance and short-term resource guarding. It is concluded that resource-guarding is likely to be the most important contributory factor.
Microsatellite heterozygosity, fitness and demography in natterjack toads Bufo calamita

Relationships between mean individual fitness and genetic heterozygosity remain controversial because multiple studies over many years have yielded inconsistent results. However, molecular measurements of genetic variation have mostly been based on allozyme markers, which may have substantial limitations due to their relative insensitivity and occasionally also to the effects of natural selection. We investigated variation in the number of tandem dinucleotide repeats at eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in 38 natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, populations that varied in census size, degree of isolation and distance from the distributional range edge. We also measured fitness attributes, notably larval survival and growth rates, under standardized conditions using samples from six of these populations. The results indicated that larval growth rates were positively and strongly correlated with expected heterozygosity (He) across the microsatellite loci. He was in turn highest in large populations with minimal isolation, but low near the biogeographical range edge irrespective of population size. Larvae from the smallest and most isolated natterjack population exhibited particularly low fitness and heterozygosity. Our results suggest that microsatellite loci may provide a valuable new approach in studies of links between fitness and heterozygosity.
Structuring an undergraduate mathematics seminar dealing with options and hedging

Offering mathematics majors the opportunity to engage in current, real-world applications can be an important enhancement to their undergraduate course curriculum. Instead of focusing on the traditional topic areas in pure and/or applied mathematics, one may structure a seminar course for senior mathematics majors by concentrating on a specific applications area. While there is value in seminars covering traditional topics such as applications of differential equations or current topics in topology, to mention just two areas, one might consider structuring a seminar where the focus is on the application, and mathematics is used as a tool. This paper describes an outline for presenting a one hour credit course in the subject area of modeling options and hedging in the securities industry, along with comments on the importance of various activities and discussions. Topics involving bond trading strategies and currency markets are not included.