Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rhetorical questions, relevance and scales

Rhetorical questions, and other varieties of pragmatically conditioned questions, present a challenge for a purely truth-conditional theory of the interpretation of interrogatives. In this paper, it is argued that relevance-theoretic principles account for the conditions of use of rhetorical questions. Concretely, it is proposed that a pragmatic principle, the "Bottom of Scale Principle", critically interacts with the Principle of Relevance and derives the dynamic meaning of the rhetorical use of a question. The Bottom of Scale Principle is also associated with the particular entailment and monotonicity properties of interrogatives, which explain the ability of rhetorical questions to license negative polarity items.
Evaluation of Different Preparation Procedures of Pathogen Reduction Technology(Mirasol®)-Treated Platelets Collected by Plateletpheresis

Background: The Mirasol® pathogen reduction technology (PRT) for platelet concentrates (PC) uses riboflavin and UV light (270–360 nm). We evaluated the impact of PRT on platelets in comparison to standard single-donor PC. Material and Methods: Platelets were resuspended in autologous plasma. After 2 h rest without agitation, PC were split into an untreated control unit (C-PC) and an immediately treated unit (T-PC) (series I). In series IV, split PC were stored under agitation over night before PRT was carried out. Platelet quality was assessed by pH, glucose consumption, lactate production rate, LDH, soluble sCD62p and CD62p expression with and without TRAP (thrombin receptor-activating peptide) over 7 days. Results: Series I: On day 5, pH values were lower for T-PC (6.8 ± 0.2 vs. 7.4 ± 0.1, C-PC), accompanied by a higher glucose consumption rate of 0.069 ± 0.016 vs. 0.035 ± 0.006 mmol/1012 platelets/h and lactate production rate of 0.126 ± 0.031 vs. 0.063 ± 0.011 mmol/1012 platelets/h. CD62p using TRAP was lower for T-PC (50 ± 11 vs. 62 ± 14%). Baseline activation was higher in T-PC (35 ± 12 vs. 28 ± 15%). Longer initial rest time had no impact on these results (series II/III/IV). Conclusion: PRT leads to an increase of platelet metabolism and activation independent of the length of the initial rest times. PC resuspended in autologous plasma should be stored at maximum up to day 5.
Reestruturação de Software Dirigida por Conectividade para Redução de Custo de Manutenção

Most of the software cost is due to maintenance. In the last years, there has been a great deal of interest in developing cost estimation and effort prediction instruments for software maintenance. This work proposes that module connectivity is a key factor to predict maintenance cost and uses this thesis as the basis to develop a Connectivity Evaluation Model in OO Systems (MACSOO), which is a refactoring model based on connectivity whose aim is to minimize maintenance cost. We describe experiments whose results provide an example of the model application and expose the correlation between connectivity and maintainability.
Avaliação de usabilidade em sites de e-commerce: uma aplicação da teoria da resposta ao item (TRI)

O presente artigo discute os metodos convencionais de avaliacao de usabilidade e apresenta uma proposta de avaliacao em sites de e-commerce utilizando a Teoria da Resposta ao Item. Foi construido um questionario e aplicado em 361 sites, resultando numa escala padronizada para mensuracao do grau de usabilidade em sites e e-commerce. Palavras Chave: usabilidade, e-commerce, teoria da resposta ao item
Étalonnage du Test de Compréhension de l'Ambiguïté sur une population de 50 à 80 ans

Nous sommes amenes quotidiennement a interpreter des enonces rendus ambigus par la polysemie du lexique, l'ambivalence de certaines structures morpho-syntaxiques ou l'aspect image d'expressions metaphoriques. S'il nous est generalement facile de lever l'ambiguite grâce au contexte linguistique ou pragmatique, la comprehension de ces enonces se revele compliquee pour des patients cerebroleses, atteints de troubles de la comprehension. Or, si l'orthophoniste dispose d'outils d'evaluation valides permettant de tester la comprehension lexicale, syntaxique et pragmatique, aucun outil valide ne permet d'evaluer la comprehension de l'ambiguite. Reprenant le "protocole d'evaluation de la comprehension des ambiguites lexicales et du langage metaphorique" elabore par F. Pelage, nous l'avons quelque peu modifie, puis soumis a 73 personnes de 50 a 80 ans, de trois niveaux d'etudes differents, pour en faire l'etalonnage. Nous souhaitions quantifier d'une part les variables d'âge et de niveau d'etudes, et d'autre part, les variables linguistiques, telles que le contexte, la frequence et le nombre d'acceptions pour les mots polysemiques. Notre etude a permis de conclure que certaines epreuves permettaient de mettre en valeur un effet de l'âge des sujets, et d'autres, un effet de leur niveau d'etudes, discriminant non pas trois, mais deux niveaux (pre et post-bac). En ce qui concerne les variables linguistiques, le contexte permet de reperer plus facilement les differentes acceptions d'un mot polysemique ; d'autre part, plus un mot comporte d'acceptions, plus il semble difficile d'acceder a la totalite de ses acceptions ; enfin, on observe un effet de la frequence relative des homophones et des mots polysemiques monocategoriels.
A Probabilistic Method for Computing Term-by-Term Relationships

This article suggests a probabilistic method to compute the term relationships from relevance information, which complements the studies on a non‐probabilistic technique called pseudo‐classification. A quadratic ranking function (i.e., a bilinear function) on the components of document and query vectors is derived by incorporating the term‐by‐term relationships. The conventional probabilistic indexing model, the probabilistic retrieval model, and our earlier generalized model are special cases of the proposed model. By exploring the different views of probability, procedures for estimating the required parameters are provided. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the possibility of doxastic venture: a reply to Buckareff

In response to Buckareff, I agree that it is indeed impossible intentionally and directly to acquire a belief one judges not to be supported by one's evidence. But Jamesian doxastic venture does not involve any such direct self-inducing of belief: it is rather a matter of an agent's taking to be true in practical reasoning what she already, through some ‘passional’, non-epistemic, cause, holds true beyond the support of her evidence. To deny that beliefs may sometimes have passional causes is, I argue, purely a rationalist dogma. I do concede to Buckareff, however, that a venture of faith might sometimes be sub-doxastic, in the sense that full practical commitment is made to faith-propositions without actual belief. That concession requires only a minor modification, however, to a doxastic-venture model of faith.
Oxidative stability and triacylglycerols structure of lipid fraction from cookies for infants

The aim of this research was to analyse the quality of the lipid fraction extracted from commercially available cookies intended for infants. The composition, fatty acid distribution and oxidative stability of fats, interpreted as the resistance of fats against autooxidation, were studied. In addition, the kinetic parameters of the oxidation process, such as activation energies (Ea), pre-exponential factors (Z) and reaction rate constants (k) for fat oxidation under the differential scanning calorimetry tests conditions were calculated using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method and the Arrhenius equation. The distribution of fatty acids in the tested cookies is similar to that present in most of infant formulas, but differs significantly from that in human milk. Based on the results obtained, high oxidative stability of tested fats can be observed. The Ea values ranged from 86.22 to 116.13 kJ/mol; Z from 1.95 × 109 to 1.05 × 1013; and k values ranged from 5.70 × 10− 4 min− 1 at 100°C to 2.12 × 10− 1 min− 1 at 170°C.
Dynamic Effect in the Capillary Pressure–Saturation Relationship and its Impacts on Unsaturated Flow

Capillary pressure plays a central role in the description of water flow in unsaturated soils. While capillarity is ubiquitous in unsaturated analyses, the theoretical basis and practical implications of capillarity in soils remain poorly understood. In most traditional treatments of capillary pressure, it is defined as the difference between pressures of phases, in this case air and water, and is assumed to be a function of saturation. Recent theories have indicated that capillary pressure should be given a more general thermodynamic definition, and its functional dependence should be generalized to include dynamic effects. Experimental evidence has slowly accumulated in the past decades to support a more general description of capillary pressure that includes dynamic effects. A review of these experiments shows that the coefficient arising in the theoretical analysis can be estimated from the reported data. The calculated values range from 104 to 107 kg (m s)−1 In addition, recently developed pore‐scale models that simulate interface dynamics within a network of pores can also be used to estimate the appropriate dynamic coefficients. Analyses of experiments reported in the literature, and of simulations based on pore‐scale models, indicate a range of dynamic coefficients that spans about three orders of magnitude. To examine whether these coefficients have any practical effects on larger‐scale problems, continuum‐scale simulators may be constructed in which the dynamic effects are included. These simulators may then be run to determine the range of coefficients for which discernable effects occur. Results from such simulations indicate that measured values of dynamic coefficients are within one order of magnitude of those values that produce significant effects in field simulations. This indicates that dynamic effects may be important for some field situations, and numerical simulators for unsaturated flow should generally include the additional term(s) associated with dynamic capillary pressure.
MicroRNAs in Platelet Physiology and Function

Abstract Platelets are anucleate blood cells that are best known for their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Perhaps due to the necessity of maintaining a proteome over an 8- to 9-day lifespan or the need to adapt to environmental situations, platelets retain many of the RNA metabolic processes of nucleated cells such as the ability to splice, translate, and regulate RNA levels through posttranscriptional mechanisms. In fact, in the absence of transcription, the dependence on posttranscriptional mechanisms to regulate gene expression may have resulted in microRNAs (miRNAs) making up a greater proportion of the platelet transcriptome than observed in other cells. miRNAs are ∼22 nucleotide RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or inhibition of translation. miRNAs regulate differentiation of the platelet precursor, the megakaryocyte. Identification of miRNA:mRNA pairs that are associated with platelet phenotypes has led to the discovery of novel regulators of platelet function in healthy and diseased subjects. Circulating miRNAs may originate from platelets and can serve as biomarkers for platelet function. Platelet microparticles have been demonstrated to have the ability to deliver miRNAs of extracellular targets and alter gene expression in those targets. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of miRNAs in megakaryocytes, platelets, and platelet microparticles.
Phenotype and genotype of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the tiger grouper alimentary tract Epinephelus fuscoguttatus

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been isolated successfully from the tiger grouper intestine. However, their genus or species have not been Epinephelus fuscoguttatus identified. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the three isolated LAB (KSBU-12C, KSBU-5Da, and KSBU-9) based on their phenotype and genotype. The LAB phenotype was examined by observing morphological features including cell morphology, spore production and motility. The physiological tests were performed in 6.5% NaCl at the temperatures of 10 C and 45 C, and the biochemical tests were evaluated based on the production of enzymes catalase, oxidase and arginine dehydrolase, following the Standard Analytical Profile Index, API 50 CH kit. The genotype was examined based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis , and the products were analyzed using the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) NCBI database. The three isolates (KSBU-5Da, KSBU-12C, and KSBU-9) were categorized into the genus . 16S rDNA sequence analysis Enterococcus indicated that the isolates had 99% similarity to ATCC 9790, registered in E. hirae GenBank with accession number . It was concluded that the three LAB NR_075022. 1 isolates taken from the tiger grouper are . Epinephelus fuscoguttatus E. hirae Nursyirwani Nursyirwani ( ) Corresponding author: nursyirwani_adnan@yahoo.com : Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Author roles: Nursyirwani N Original Draft Preparation; : Formal Analysis, Resources, Software, Visualization; : Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Asmara W Wahyuni AETH Investigation, Resources; : Data Curation, Investigation, Resources, Software, Visualization; : Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Triyanto T Fauzi M Writing – Original Draft Preparation; : Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Muchlisin ZA No competing interests were disclosed. Competing interests: Nursyirwani N, Asmara W, Wahyuni AETH How to cite this article: et al. Phenotype and genotype of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the tiger 2017, :1984 (doi: grouper alimentary tract [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review] Epinephelus fuscoguttatus F1000Research 6 ) 10.12688/f1000research.12734. 1 © 2017 Nursyirwani N . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the , which Copyright: et al Creative Commons Attribution Licence permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This research was partially supported by Universitas Riau. Grant information: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 10 Nov 2017, :1984 (doi: ) First published: 6 10.12688/f1000research.12734. 1 1 2 2 3 1
Therapeutic targets in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

Purpose of reviewFocal and segmental glomerulosclerosis occurs due to a defect in the glomerular filtration barrier. This review highlights contributions from the past year that have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with emphasis on discoveries which may lead to the identification of therapeutic targets. Recent findingsSlit diaphragm proteins have become increasingly important in signal transduction and in mediating downstream events. Actin polymerization occurs after the podocin–nephrin–Neph-1 complex is phosphorylated by Src kinase and Fyn. Recent studies of angiotensin receptor antagonists, corticosteroids and erythropoietin unravel new mechanisms that ameliorate proteinuria by targeting the cell cycle within the podocyte. The discovery that an N-acetylmannosamine kinase (MNK) mutant mouse has glomerulopathy is suggestive that human sialylation pathways may represent therapeutic targets. Proteinuria before podocyte effacement demonstrated in laminin-β2 null mice highlights the importance of the glomerular basement membrane. Interferon-β reduced proteinuria in three models of kidney injury, showing greatest effect on glomerular endothelial cells in vitro. SummaryBasic research has illuminated mechanisms by which classic therapies have antiproteinuric effects directly on the podocyte. As knowledge expands with improved molecular techniques, understanding signaling pathways in health and proteinuric states should lead to potential therapeutic targets in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Terascale turbulence computation using the FLASH 3 application framework on the IBM

Understanding the nature of turbulent flows remains one of the outstanding questions in classical physics. Significant progress has been recently made using computer simulation as an aid to our understanding of the rich physics of turbulence. Here, we present both the computer science and the scientific features of a unique terascale simulation of a weakly compressible turbulent flow that includes tracer particles. (Terascale refers to performance and dataset storage use in excess of a teraflop and terabyte, respectively.) The simulation was performed on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM Blue Gene/LTM system, using version 3 of the FLASH application framework. FLASH3 is a modular, publicly available code HOME PUBLICATIONS QUESTIONS JOBS Search designed primarily for astrophysical simulations, which scales well to massively parallel environments. We discuss issues related to the analysis and visualization of such a massive simulation and present initial scientific results. We also discuss challenges related to making the database available for public release. We suggest that widespread adoption of an open dataset model of high-performance computing is likely to result in significant advantages for the scientific computing community, in much the same way that the widespread adoption of open-source software has produced similar gains over the last 10 years.
Subretinal space and vitreous cavity as immunologically privileged sites for retinal allografts.

PURPOSE Because immune rejection is likely to be a major barrier to successful retinal transplantation, it is important to determine whether immune privilege for allogeneic retinal grafts is a feature of the subretinal space and vitreous cavity. METHODS Newborn neural retinas of C57BL/6 mice were implanted into the subretinal space, vitreous cavity, or subconjunctival space of eyes of adult BALB/c (disparate from C57BL/6 at major and minor histocompatibility loci). At postimplantation day 12, the recipients were evaluated for donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity and examined clinically and histologically for evidence of rejection. RESULTS Newborn neural retinal allografts in the subconjunctival space were destroyed by postimplantation day 12 and these recipients displayed intense donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity. By contrast, grafts in the subretinal space and vitreous cavity at postimplantation day 12 were found to be well differentiated and with no evidence of inflammation; these recipients failed to display donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity. Moreover, their spleens contained regulatory T cells that suppressed donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity in naive syngeneic recipients. CONCLUSIONS Allogeneic newborn neural retinal grafts implanted in the subretinal space and vitreous cavity experience immune privilege and induce deviant immune responses resembling anterior chamber associated immune deviation.
Cooperative Geographic Routing with Radio Coverage Extension for SER-Constrained Wireless Relay Networks

Cooperative communication for wireless networks has been extensively investigated from the perspective of physical-layer design. However, the impact of physical-layer cooperation on the network-layer routing design still remains unclear. In this paper, we examine the potential benefit of radio coverage extension from cooperation, and present how to incorporate this feature into the routing design. Specifically, with a series of mathematical formulations and derivations, we quantitatively identify direct and cooperative radio coverages based on the average symbol error rate (SER) performance requirement, elucidating how cooperative diversity gain can be translated into radio coverage extension. We then propose a cooperative geographic routing protocol with cross-layer design, namely the Relay-Aware Cooperative Routing (RACR) protocol, that exploits the merit of radio coverage extension for improving the non-cooperative geographic routing. Simulation results show that the RACR protocol performs significantly better than the non-cooperative geographic routing in terms of the average path length in dense ad hoc networks.
Role of cues and contexts on drug‐seeking behaviour

Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance‐abuse disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which cues are able to affect drug‐seeking behaviour. We address how animal models can describe the way drug‐associated cues come to facilitate the development and persistence of drug taking, as well as how these cues are critical to the tendency to relapse that characterizes substance‐abuse disorders. Drug‐associated cues acquire properties of conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation and discriminative control, which allow them to influence drug‐seeking behaviour. Using these models, researchers have been able to investigate the pharmacology subserving the behavioural impact of environmental stimuli, some of which we highlight. Subsequently, we examine whether the impact of drug‐associated stimuli can be attenuated via a process of extinction, and how this question is addressed in the laboratory. We discuss how preclinical research has been translated into behavioural therapies targeting substance abuse, as well as highlight potential developments to therapies that might produce more enduring changes in behaviour.
Knowledge Management in Software Development

Today’s business environment is extremely dynamic and competitive. In order to sustain the pressure and gain a competitive edge, it is imperative for organizations to be creative in their software development efforts. Agile software development has huge potential for nurturing creativity. However, little research has examined creativity in the context of software development projects, particularly those using agile practices. The objective of this paper is to articulate a model that elucidates the relationship between agile practices and creativity. Further, the model tries to provide an understanding of how Knowledge Integration mediates the relationship between agile practices and team creativity.