Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design methodology of high efficiency continuous mode transfer power amplifiers with one octave bandwidth

This paper discusses a methodology for design of broadband power amplifiers (PA's). In comparison to conventional class-F and inverse class-F modes, the continuous mode provides wider design space for the realization of broadband efficiency PAs through the proper termination of fundamental, second and third harmonic impedances. This manuscript presents an approach based on in-band mode transfer between continuous inverse class-F and continuous class-F to allow for the realization of high efficiency PAs with upto one octave bandwidth. The validation of this mode transfer concept is performed using a 10-W Gallium Nitride (GaN) device. The PA, which was designed in Advanced Design Systems, exhibited a drain efficiency of greater than 60%, a power gain higher than 13 dB, and an output power of more than 10W over the frequency band ranging from 460 to 920 MHz, which corresponds to one octave bandwidth or 67% of fractional bandwidth.
An Arousal Interval Scale: A Psychophysical Scale for GSR Analysis

An interval scale method of measuring GSR is presented, which measures only deflections without correction for base level. The scale is derived from psychophysics. A distinction is made between the psychological meaning a GSR is given and its physical measurement. This paper asserts, on the basis of empirical studies, that GSR measures the hypothetical construct arousal. Therefore, scales of physical units are unjustified. A review of the literature finds that GSR does not conform to Wilder's (1962) Law of Initial Values. Therefore, an interval scale assuming base level as a “zero” of convenience is justified. Extensions of the use of such an interval scale are discussed.
Seizure classification in dogs from a nonreferral-based population.

On initial evaluation for onset of seizure disorders at nonreferral veterinary practices, 50 previously healthy dogs were enrolled in a study to determine the probability of identifying a specific cause for the seizures. Treatment was not administered prior to entry of dogs in the study. On the basis of antemortem and postmortem test results, 22 dogs (44%) were classified as having primary epileptic seizures (PES; idiopathic or without identifiable cause), 23 (46%) had secondary epileptic seizures (SES; identifiable intracranial cause), and 5 (10%) had reactive epileptic seizures (RES; metabolic or transient noxious cause). Forty-one dogs (82%) had 2 or more seizures before evaluation, with 37 (90%) of these dogs classified as having epilepsy on the basis of an underlying chronic brain disorder. For these 41 dogs, 17 (41%) had PES, 20 (49%) had SES, and 4 (10%) had RES. Among the 9 dogs (18%) with nonrecurring seizures, 5 had PES, 3 had SES, and 1 had RES. Generalized seizures were the most common first-observed seizure type associated with all etiologic classifications in all dogs with recurring and nonrecurring seizures. Diagnosis of SES was statistically more probable when the dog was less than 1 or more than 7 years old at the first seizure, when the first seizure was a partial seizure, or when the first seizure occurred between midnight and 8 AM. A diagnosis of RES was statistically more probable only when the interval between the first and second seizure was brief (< or = 4 weeks). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Challenges in engineering osteochondral tissue grafts with hierarchical structures

Introduction: A major hurdle in treating osteochondral (OC) defects is the different healing abilities of two types of tissues involved – articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Biomimetic approaches to OC-construct engineering, based on recapitulation of biological principles of tissue development and regeneration, have potential for providing new treatments and advancing fundamental studies of OC tissue repair. Areas covered: This review on state of the art in hierarchical OC tissue graft engineering is focused on tissue engineering approaches designed to recapitulate the native milieu of cartilage and bone development. These biomimetic systems are discussed with relevance to bioreactor cultivation of clinically sized, anatomically shaped human cartilage/bone constructs with physiologic stratification and mechanical properties. The utility of engineered OC tissue constructs is evaluated for their use as grafts in regenerative medicine, and as high-fidelity models in biological research. Expert opinion: A major challenge in engineering OC tissues is to generate a functionally integrated stratified cartilage–bone structure starting from one single population of mesenchymal cells, while incorporating perfusable vasculature into the bone, and in bone–cartilage interface. To this end, new generations of advanced scaffolds and bioreactors, implementation of mechanical loading regimens and harnessing of inflammatory responses of the host will likely drive the further progress.
Murine Ciliotoxicity and Rabbit Sinus Mucosal Healing by Polyhydrated Ionogen

Objectives. Determine the toxicity and efficacy of a novel antiprotease topical irrigation, polyhydrated ionogen (PHI) ± MgBr2, in improving sinonasal remucosalization following surgery. Study Design Blinded, randomized controlled study. Setting. Academic. Subjects and Methods. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of murine nasal septal explants was continuously recorded before and after addition of PHI solution to asses for ciliotoxicity. To evaluate for efficacy in remucosalization, 9 New Zealand white rabbits underwent bilateral medial-wall maxillary mucosal stripping followed by placement of an indwelling irrigation catheter. In a randomized fashion one side received 3 mL of normal saline (NS) daily, whereas the contralateral side received PHI ± MgBr2. Following a 14-day therapeutic trial, remucosalization was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for β-tubulin, a marker of cilia. A semiquantitative grading of ciliated remucosalization was applied with a chi-square test to compare the saline with the PHI ± MgBr2 treatment. Results. Safety evaluation of the PHI solutions demonstrated no evidence of ciliotoxicity. Histologic semiquantitative analysis of maxillary sinus remucosalization demonstrated significantly more ciliated epithelium (>60%) in the majority of PHI (n = 4) and PHI with MgBr2 (n = 5) treatment compared with the saline treatment (<30%) (n = 9). This was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining for type IV β-tubulin a marker of respiratory cilia. Conclusions. Success of functional endoscopic sinus surgery depends on restoration of normal mucociliary clearance. Topical PHI application has previously been demonstrated to significantly increase dermal wound healing. PHI solution is not ciliotoxic, and daily topical PHI or PHI MgBr2 irrigation enhances ciliated remucosalization compared with saline.
Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity

Frequent and extreme heat waves have strongly influenced the sustainable development of cities and resulted in a higher level of mortality in residents. Using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification scheme, combined with the factors of land surface temperature (LST), building age (BA), and housing price (HP), and the normalized values of which represent heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, respectively, this paper investigates a practical method for assessing the heat vulnerability of different LCZ classes in the old areas of a Chinese megacity, taking the Yuzhong district of Chongqing city as a case study. The results reveal that the distribution of LCZ classes in this study area exhibits a typical circle-layer distribution pattern from the city center to the suburbs. Heavy industry areas are the most vulnerable, with the highest exposure to heat waves, the oldest building age and the lowest housing price. Compact class areas (compact high-rise, compact mid-rise and compact low-rise) are usually more vulnerable than open class areas (open high-rise, open mid-rise, and open low-rise) and low-rise buildings are always more susceptible to heat waves than mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The methods and findings can help us to better understand the comprehensive and space–time action rules of heat vulnerability, thereby inspiring scientific and rational urban planning strategies to mitigate or adapt to urban heat weaves towards the sustainable development of cities and society.
Structural characteristics of staircase‐type retzius lines in human dental enamel analyzed by scanning electron microscopy

Based on a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of adjoining, acid‐etched planes cut through human cervical enamel, the structural characteristics of staircase‐type Retzius lines have been clarified. Structural features associated with this type of Retzius lines–such as cleftlike defects, decreased dimension of prisms, increased interprism, club‐shaped appearance of prisms, oblique ridges, and triangular regions–have been incorporated into a unifying, three‐dimensional model. A continuous discontinuity defect, involving both prisms and interprism, is a prominent feature of this type of Retzius lines. Prisms and interprism facing the deep aspect of the cleftlike defect show an enlarged, flat surface that encroaches on the cervically situated prisms being rebuilt from the same cleft. The initial part of a prism taking off from the cleft is of distorted shape. As the prism reaches the level of the interprism cleft, it abruptly regains its normal size and shape. The relationship between this type of Retzius lines and the carious process is discussed, and it is suggested that the discontinuity defect may retard the carious lesion due to a protective effect of its supposed organic content. The developmental events creating staircase‐type Retzius lines are discussed, and it is suggested that Tomes' processes are constricted near their bases with a corresponding increase in interprismatic growth region. Tomes' processes will have to reshape plastically as they move out of the constricted pits, trailing the parent ameloblasts as they resume enamel production and move in the direction of the prisms.
Persistent High Cortisol Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in a Subpopulation of Healthy Men

The present study tested the hypothesis that some subjects may not readily show habituation of adrenocortical stress responses to repeated psychological stress.Twenty healthy male subjects were each exposed five times to the same, brief psychosocial stressor (public speaking and mental arithmetic in front of an audience) with one stress session per day. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed as an index of adrenocortical stress responses. For the total group, cortisol levels were significantly elevated on each of the 5 days. The mean response decreased from day 1 to day 2; however, no further attenuation could be observed on the remaining days. Cluster analysis revealed two groups of subjects who showed completely different response kinetics. In the first group (N = 13), termed "low responders," cortisol levels were elevated on day 1 only. Day 2 to 5 cortisol levels were unaltered. In contrast, subjects in the second group ("high responders") displayed large increases to each of the five experimental treatments. This group had no significant response decrement from day 1 to day 2 to 4 and only a marginal response difference between day 1 and day 5. Discriminant analysis revealed that a combination of five personality scales plus the scores on a symptoms checklist significantly discriminated between high and low responders. With this discriminant function, all 20 subjects were correctly classified to the two groups. These results are discussed with a focus on the possible impact of adrenocortical response types on health and disease.
Comparison of Different Scoring Systems in the Assessment of Estrogen Receptor Status for Predicting Prognosis in Endometrial Cancer

The objective of this article is to compare the effectiveness of various estrogen receptor (ER) scoring systems for predicting prognosis in endometrial cancer (EC). We retrospectively analyzed 195 cases of primary EC with complete follow-up information. Three different methods—the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) criterion, histochemistry score (H-score), and Allred scoring system—were used to assess the degree of staining, and comparisons were made to determine which method correlated best with clinical outcomes. The ASCO/CAP criterion, H-score (cutoff value, 51–300), and Allred (cutoff value, 4–8) scoring systems showed high concordance in the following aspects: the ER status was significantly associated with subtype (type I vs. type II EC), newly recommended histologic type (grade 1–2, type I vs. grade 3, type I+type II EC), progesterone receptor status, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival in EC patients. Considering International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, lymphovascular space invasion, and lymph node metastasis, the ASCO/CAP criterion significantly exceeded the other 2 scoring systems. Furthermore, cases judged as ER positive by the ASCO/CAP criterion, but ER negative by the other 2 scoring systems, displayed similarly favorable outcomes to those cases that were consistently admitted as ER positive by all 3 scoring systems. The ASCO/CAP criterion was superior to both H-score and Allred score in terms of predictive and prognostic values. This easy, simple, and highly efficient criterion should be recommended for routine assessment of ER in EC patients.
Women's views on the impact of operative delivery in the second stage of labour: qualitative interview study

Abstract Objective To obtain the views of women on the impact of operative delivery in the second stage of labour. Design Qualitative interview study. Setting Two urban teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom. Participants Purposive sample of 27 women who had undergone operative delivery in the second stage of labour between January 2000 and January 2002. Key themes Preparation for birth, understandings of the indications for operative delivery, and explanation or debriefing after birth. Results The women felt unprepared for operative delivery and thought that their birth plan or antenatal classes had not catered adequately for this event. They emphasised the importance of maintaining an open mind about the management of labour. They had difficulty understanding the need for operative delivery despite a review by medical and midwifery staff before discharge. Operative delivery had a noticeable impact on women's views about future pregnancy and delivery. Conclusions Women consider postnatal debriefing and medical review important deficiencies in current care. Those who experienced operative delivery in the second stage of labour would welcome the opportunity to have a later review of their intrapartum care, physical recovery, and management of future pregnancies.
Deleting maternal Gtl2 leads to growth enhancement and decreased expression of stem cell markers in teratoma

The distal region of mouse chromosome 12 harbors the Dlk1–Dio3 domain, is essential for normal development and encodes maternally expressed noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including Gtl2 as well as paternally expressed proteins.Gtl2 works as a tumor suppressor in several types of human cancer cell lines; however, whether this reflects its function in vivo is unknown. Deleting Gtl2 from the maternal allele (Gtl2(–/+)) results in loss of expression of Gtl2 and decreased expression of downstream ncRNAs, including many miRNAs. To determine the role of ncRNAs in tumorigenesis, we induced teratomas by engrafting E6.5 embryos (wildtype or Gtl2(–/+)) under the kidney capsule of scid mice. Some teratomas derived from the Gtl2(–/+) embryos exhibited hypertrophic growth, suggesting that ncRNAs, including Gtl2, may act as tumor suppressors in vivo. Microarray analysis of miRNAs expressed by Gtl2(–/+) teratomas revealed decreased expression of 28 miRNAs encoded by the Dlk1–Dio3 domain, low expression of embryonic stem cell-specific miRNAs and dysregulation of miRNAs involved in tumorigenesis. This study suggests that downregulation of ncRNAs in the Dlk1-Dio3 domain leads to enhanced teratoma growth and repression of stem cell markers.
Integrated process design for biocatalytic synthesis by a Leloir Glycosyltransferase: UDP-glucose production with sucrose synthase.

Nucleotide sugar-dependent ("Leloir") glycosyltransferases (GTs), represent a new paradigm for the application of biocatalytic glycosylations to the production of fine chemicals. However, it remains to be shown that GT processes meet the high efficiency targets of industrial biotransformations. We demonstrate in this study of uridine-5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-glc) production by sucrose synthase (from Acidithiobacillus caldus) that a holistic process design, involving coordinated development of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, and downstream processing (DSP) was vital for target achievement at ∼100 g scale synthesis. Constitutive expression in Escherichia coli shifted the recombinant protein production mainly to the stationary phase and enhanced the specific enzyme activity to a level (∼480 U/gcell dry weight ) suitable for whole-cell biotransformation. The UDP-glc production had excellent performance metrics of ∼100 gproduct /L, 86% yield (based on UDP), and a total turnover number of 103 gUDP-glc /gcell dry weight at a space-time yield of 10 g/L/h. Using efficient chromatography-free DSP, the UDP-glc was isolated in a single batch with ≥90% purity and in 73% isolated yield. Overall, the process would allow production of ∼0.7 kg of isolated product/L E. coli bioreactor culture, thus demonstrating how integrated process design promotes the practical use of a GT conversion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 924-928. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of proteins: An updated protocol and implications for a functional analysis of the genome

The two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) technique developed by Klose in 1975 (Humangenetik 1975, 26, 211–234), independently of the technique developed by O'Farrell (J. Biol. Chem. 1975, 250, 4007–4021), has been revised in our laboratory and an updated protocol is presented. This protocol is the result of our experience in using this method since its introduction. Many modifications and suggestions found in the literature were also tested and then integrated into our original method if advantageous. Gel and buffer composition, size of gels, use of stacking gels or not, necessity of isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel incubation, freezing of IEF gels or immediate use, carrier ampholytes versus Immobilines, regulation of electric current, conditions for staining and drying the gels – these and other problems were the subject of our concern. Among the technical details and special equipment which constitute our 2‐DE method presented here, a few features are of particular significance: (i) sample loading onto the acid side of the IEF gel with the result that both acidic and basic proteins are well resolved in the same gel; (ii) use of large (46 × 30 cm) gels to achieve high resolution, but without the need of unusually large, flat gel equipment; (iii) preparation of ready‐made gel solutions which can be stored frozen, a prerequisite, among others, for high reproducibility. Using the 2‐DE method described we demonstrate that protein patterns revealing more than 10 000 polypeptide spots can be obtained from mouse tissues. This is by far the highest resolution so far reported in the literature for 2‐DE of complex protein mixtures. The 2‐DE patterns were of high quality with regard to spot shape and background. The reproducibility of the protein patterns is demonstrated and shown to be thoroughly satisfactory. An example is given to show how effectively 2‐DE of high resolution and reproducibility can be used to study the genetic variability of proteins in an interspecific mouse backcross (Mus musculus × Mus spretus) established by the European Backcross Collaborative Group for mapping the mouse genome. We outline our opinion that the structural analysis of the human genome, currently pursued most intensively on a worldwide scale, should be accompanied by a functional analysis of the genome that starts from the proteins of the organism.
Occult Presentation of Myotonia Congenita in a 15-Year-Old Athlete

A case of myotonia congenita in an adolescent athlete was presented. Although this is a rare condition unknown to many treating physicians, the key to diagnosis was provocation of the patient's symptoms of muscle "tightening" and "cramping" during sustained exercise. The diagnosis would have been missed in routine office examinations with the patient at rest. The stereotypic generalized myotonic signs and symptoms were provoked after the patient was asked to play 20 minutes of basketball during one of his office evaluations. The provocative or postexercise examination was critical to the diagnosis as the resting office examination was completely normal. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by EMG and genetic testing. Myotonia congenita should be considered in the differential diagnosis of athletes with exercise-induced muscle "stiffness" or "cramping," particularly if the course is protracted and initial examinations are unremarkable. A provocative exercise period can be used to make the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is established, appropriate pharmacologic treatment may improve symptoms and allow return to daily activity without restriction.
A Nuclear Microscopic Study of Elemental Changes in the Rat Hippocampus After Kainate‐Induced Neuronal Injury

Abstract: The effect of intracerebroventricular kainate injection on the elemental composition of the hippocampus was studied in adult Wistar rats, at 1 day and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks postinjection, using a nuclear microscope. An increase in calcium concentration was observed on the injected side from 1 day postinjection. The increase peaked at 3 weeks postinjection, reaching a concentration of 18 times normal. Large numbers of glial cells but no neurons were observed in the lesioned CA fields at this time, suggesting that an increased calcium level was present in glial cells. This was confirmed by high‐resolution elemental maps of the lesioned areas, which showed very high intracellular calcium concentrations in almost all glial cells. It is possible that the high intracellular calcium level could activate calcium‐dependent enzymes, including calpain II and cytosolic phospholipase A2, shown to be expressed in reactive glial cells after kainate injections. In addition to calcium, an increase in iron content was also observed at the periphery of the glial scar at 4 weeks postinjection. Because free iron could catalyze the formation of free radicals, the late increase in iron content may be related to oxygen radical formation during neurodegeneration.