Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMPROVED BACK-PRESSURE SCHEDULING TECHNIQUE in AMI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

In this paper, we provide an objective function (OF ) on a mesh network architecture, consisting of multiple gateways that will ensures high performance and reliability of the grid network in emergency situat ions. Some incidences like power outage generate large number of data packets and cause congestion. Thus i n order to manage the traffics we introduce a multi gateway scheduling algorithm based on Back-Pressure method and propose a distributed objective function . The simulation results confirm the superiority of t he proposed objective function.
Feasibility of Google Tango and Kinect for Crowdsourcing Forestry Information

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using the Microsoft Kinect and Google Tango frame-based depth sensors for individual tree stem measurements and reconstruction for the purpose of forest inventory. Conventionally field reference data in forest inventory are collected at tree and sample plot level by means of manual measurements (e.g., a caliper), which are both labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, color (i.e., red, green and blue channels, RGB) and range images acquired by a Kinect and Tango systems were processed and used to extract tree diameter measurements for the individual tree stems. For this, 121 reference stem diameter measurements were made with tape and caliper. Kinect-derived tree diameters agreed with tape measurements to a 1.90 cm root-mean-square error (RMSE). The stem curve from the ground to the diameter at breast height agreed with a bias of 0.7 cm and random error of 0.8 cm with respect to the reference trunk. For Tango measurements, the obtained stem diameters matched those from tape measurement with an RMSE of 0.73 cm, having an average bias of 0.3 cm. As highly portable and inexpensive systems, both Kinect and Tango provide an easy way to collect tree stem diameter and stem curve information vital to forest inventory. These inexpensive instruments may in future compete with both terrestrial and mobile laser scanning or conventional fieldwork using calipers or tape. Accuracy is adequate for practical applications in forestry. Measurements made using Kinect and Tango type systems could also be applied in crowdsourcing context.
HOMOLOGY MODELING AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF DAHP SYNTHASE FROM BRACHYPODIUM DISTACHYON

The Shikimate pathway is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents because it is essential in microbes and plants but absent in animals. The 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) is the first enzyme of this pathway, which is involved in the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) to produce 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP). DAHPS enzymes have been divided into two types, class I and class II, based on their primary amino acid sequence and three dimensional structures. The plant DAHPS belongs to class II and is regulated differently than DAHPS from microorganisms. To understand the structural basis of such differences in DAHPS from plants and its catalytic mechanism, we have used sequence analysis, homology modeling and docking approach to generate the three dimensional models of DAHP synthase from Brachypodium distachyon (Bd-DAHPS) complexed with substrate PEP for the first time. The three dimensional models of Bd-DAHPS provides a detailed knowledge of the active site and the important secondary structural regions that play significant roles in the regulatory mechanism and further may be helpful for design of specific inhibitors towards herbicide development.
A Review of a HVAC With VRF System

Energy requirement of India particularly heating & cooling in space is likely to increase by for fold within the span of 20 years. So energy efficiency has been prime importance in HVAC system. There are various other options available for energy saving in HVAC systems and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) technology is one of them. In heating/cooling space VRF technology is having considerable potential for energy saving (10% to 40%).
Between Development and Social Policies: The Impact of European Structural Funds in Objective 1 Regions

Rodríguez-Pose A. and Fratesi U. (2004) Between development and social policies: the impact of European Structural Funds in Objective 1 regions, Reg. Studies 38, 97–113. European regional support has grown in parallel with European integration. The funds targeted at achieving greater economic and social cohesion and reducing disparities within the European Union (EU) have more than doubled in relative terms since the end of the 1980s, making development policies the second most important policy area in the EU. The majority of the development funds have been earmarked for Objective 1 regions, i.e. regions where GDP per capita is below the 75% threshold of the EU average. However, the European development policies have come under increasing criticism based on two facts: the lack of upward mobility of assisted regions; and the absence of regional convergence. This paper assesses, using cross-sectional and panel data analyses, the failure so far of European development policies to fulfil their objective of delivering greater economic and social cohesion by examining how European Structural Fund support is allocated among different development axes in Objective 1 regions. We find that, despite the concentration of development funds on infrastructure and, to a lesser extent, on business support, the returns to commitments on these axes are not significant. Support to agriculture has short-term positive effects on growth, but these wane quickly, and only investment in education and human capital – which only represents about one-eight of the total commitments – has medium-term positive and significant returns.
Modelling of a PMSG Wind Turbine with Autonomous Control

The aim of this research is to model an autonomous control wind turbine driven permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) which feeds alternating current (AC) power to the utility grid. Furthermore, this research also demonstrates the effects and the efficiency of PMSG wind turbine which is integrated by autonomous controllers. In order for well autonomous control, two voltage source inverters are used to control wind turbine connecting with the grid. The generator-side inverter is used to adjust the synchronous generator as well as separating the generator from the grid when necessary. The grid-side inverter controls the power flow between the direct current (DC) bus and the AC side. Both of them are oriented control by space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) with back-to-back frequency inverter. Moreover, the proportional-integral (PI) controller is enhanced to control both of the inverters and the pitch angle of the wind turbine. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is integrated in generator-side inverter to track the maximum power, when wind speed changes. The simulation results in Matlab Simulink 2012b showing the model have good dynamic and static performance. The maximum power can be tracked and the generator wind turbine can be operated with high efficiency.
Modelling and Multi-Variable Control of Refrigeration Systems

In this paper a dynamic model of a 1:1 refrigeration system is presented. The main modelling effort has been concentrated on a lumped parameter model of a shell and tube condenser. The model has shown good resemblance with experimental data from a test rig, regarding as well the static as the dynamic behavior. Based on this model the effects of the cross couplings has been examined. The influence of the cross couplings on the achievable control performance has been investigated. A MIMO controller is designed and the performance is compared with the control performance achieved by using a conventional SISO structure, which thus takes the cross couplings into account. Hereby the essential parameters that determines the magnitude of the interaction caused by the cross couplings has been clarified.
Effects on estimation accuracy of forest variables using different pulse density of laser data

Collection of airborne laser scanner data for forest inventory is becoming a common practice today. To reduce cost when laser data are collected over large areas, the flight altitude or flight speed may be increased, resulting in low pulse density laser data. The effect of using a different pulse density of laser data on estimation accuracy of forest variables was investigated at stand level. Laser data were acquired by the airborne TopEye system at a 1,200-ha forest area located in southern Sweden (58°30′N, 13°40′E). The 70 selected stands were dominated by Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with tree height in the range of 6-28 m (mean 19 m) and stem volume in the range of 30-620 m3 ha−1 (average 286 m3 ha−1). Regression analysis was used to establish empirical functions at stand level. The pulse density of laser data was reduced from 25,000 to 40 returns ha−1. By reducing the pulse density the root mean square error (RMSE) for the tree height and stem volume estimation increased from 0.7 to 1.8 m and from 13% to 29%, respectively. A substantial decrease in estimation accuracy of tree height and stem volume could be observed at pulse densities <80 returns ha−1 (corresponding to about 10 m between adjacent laser returns). The rapid increase in RMSE at these pulse densities could be explained by the less accurate classification of ground returns. With access to a high resolution digital elevation model the RMSE for the tree height and stem volume estimation increased from 0.7 to 1.1 m and from 13% to 23%, respectively, as an effect of the reduced pulse density. Even though the pulse density was reduced to several meters between adjacent laser returns, the estimation accuracies were equal to or better than those commonly obtained by using conventional forest inventory methods, e.g., aerial photo interpretation. This finding implies that low pulse density airborne laser scanner data could be cost efficient to use in inventory for estimation of forest variables at stand level.
Are Asset Securitizations Sales or Loans?

This study addresses whether asset securitizations are really asset sales or a form of secured borrowing, by estimating cross-sectional equity valuation regressions to assess whether the stock market treats securitized assets and liabilities held by a special purpose entity (SPE) as assets and liabilities of the sponsor-originator (S-O). Overall, we find that the market views the SPE assets and liabilities as belonging to the S-O, i.e., the risk and rewards of ownership of the transferred assets reside with the S-O and not the SPE. Results from a boot-strapping simulation that controls for scale by randomly assigning SPE assets and liabilities from one S-O to another provide evidence that scale bias is an unlikely explanation for finding the market views SPE assets and liabilities as belonging to the S-O. Findings from specifications in which we permit coefficients to differ for S-O firms with high and low relative levels of retained interest indicate that whereas the market views asset securitizations by low retained interest S-O firms as sales, i.e., risk transfer has taken place, it views asset securitizations by high retained interest S-O firms as secured borrowings, i.e., risk transfer is incomplete. We also show that although the market views securitizations by regulated and unregulated S-Os as secured borrowing, there is suggestive evidence that regulated firms have greater incentives to use securitizations to achieve off-balance sheet financing.
Discrete-time observations of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation analysis and design under continuous-time Markov models

Continuous-time Markov processes with a finite state space can be used to model countless real world phenomena. Therefore, researchers often encounter the problem of estimating the transition rates that govern the dynamics of such processes. Ideally, the estimation of transition rates would be based on observed transition times between the states in the model, i.e., on continuous-time observation of the process. However, in many practical applications only the current status of the process can be observed on a pre-defined set of time points (discrete-time observations). The estimation of transition rates is considerably more challenging when based on discrete-time data as compared to continuous observation. The difficulty arises from missing data due to the unknown evolution of the process between the actual observation times. To be able to estimate the rates reliably, additional constraints on how they vary in time will usually be necessary. A real world application considered in this thesis involves the asymptomatic carriage state (colonisation) with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The pneumococcus has over 90 strains and for understanding the dynamics of the pneumococcus among humans it is important to understand within-host competition between these strains. Research questions regarding competition in this thesis are: does colonisation by one serotype protect from acquisition of other serotypes and is clearance affected by concurrent colonisation by other serotypes? A question regarding the implication of competition to pneumococcal dynamics after vaccination is also of interest. In addition, vaccine protection may be heterogeneous across individuals, leading to a question about how well such vaccine protection can be estimated from discrete-time data. When only discrete-time observations are available, the decision when to measure the current status of the process is particularly important. With measurements that are temporally apart from each other, information about the state of the process at one point does not give information about the state at the other points. When measurements are very close to each other, knowing the state at one point bears information about the state at other, temporally close points. This thesis addresses the estimation of transition rates based on repeated observations of the current status of an underlying continuous-time Markov process. Applications to actual data concern the process of pneumococcal colonisation. Optimal study designs are considered for improved future studies of similar type, applications including but not limited to pneumococcal colonisation studies.
Physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of four muscles from commercial crossbred pigs slaughtered at 130 kg body weight

In Spain, a sizeable proportion of pigs are slaughtered above 100 kg of body weight because are mainly intended for dry-cured ham elaboration. The chance of finding pork cuts differentiated by quality, which might be intended for fresh meat consumption, would optimize the production of heavy carcasses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of four muscles from heavy pigs. A total of 14 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) gilts were slaughtered at 130 kg of body weight. From each carcass, the following muscles (two per carcass) were excised: L ongissimus thoracis (LT) , Psoas major (PM), Lattissimus dorsi (LD) and Serratus ventralis (SV). Several physical (color, moisture losses and resistance to cutting), chemical (intramuscular fat content and its fatty acid profile) and sensorial (attributes related to aroma, flavor, texture and acceptability) characteristics were evaluated. The LT had the highest fibrousness and the lowest water holding capacity indicators, tenderness and juiciness. The PM showed the lowest intramuscular fat and monounsaturated fatty acid contents and fibrousness, and the highest moisture, C18:2n6 and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions. The LD had the highest yellowness and intensity of fat odor and flavor. The SV provided the highest intramuscular fat content and red color, and the lowest resistance to cutting. All muscles had similar score in global acceptability. There were several interesting physicochemical and sensory differences among the muscles studied which suggest that they might be commercialized individually as meat cuts of differentiated quality optimizing the use of heavy pig carcasses.
The Effect of the Combined Training on the Freestyle Flip Turn

The objective of the present research was to compare the effect of the sequence of concurrent strength and endurance exercises on the freestyle tumble turn. Forty male subjects between the ages of 15 and 19 years, with at least two years of competitive swimming experience, volunteered to participate in the study. The average age of 17.22 ± 0.94 years, 169.62 ± 7.11 Cm of height, and 62.82 ± 7.78 Kg of body mass were randomly chosen and divided into five groups of eight subjects – i.e. strength training (ST), endurance training (ET), strength-endurance training (SE), endurance-strength training (ES) and control (CO). The analyzed variables were the time duration, in seconds, of each turn phase: rolling time (RT), wall contact time (WCT), pushing time (PT), gliding time (GD) and 5 m round trip time (5mRTT) were calculated for each subject. There was the significant of the strength training on the 5mRRT and WCT. There were no significant changes in other training on the each turn phase.
Drought-associated changes in climate and their relevance for ecosystem experiments and models

Abstract. Drought periods can have important impacts on plant productivity and ecosystem functioning, but climatic conditions other than the lack of precipitation during droughts have never been quantified and have therefore not been considered explicitly in both experimental and modeling studies. Here, we identify which climatic characteristics deviate from normal during droughts and how these deviations could affect plant responses. Analysis of 609 years of daily data from nine Western European meteorological stations reveals that droughts in the studied region are consistently associated with more sunshine (+45 %), increased mean (+1.6 °C) and maximum (+2.8 °C) air temperatures and vapour pressure deficits that were 51 % higher than under normal conditions. These deviations from normal increase significantly as droughts progress. Using the process-model ORCHIDEE, we simulated droughts consistent with the results of the dataset analysis and compared water and carbon exchange of three different vegetation types during such natural droughts and droughts in which only the precipitation was affected. The comparison revealed contrasting responses: carbon loss was higher under natural drought in grasslands, while increased carbon uptake was found especially in decidious forests. This difference was attributed to better access to water reserves in forest ecosystems which prevented drought stress. This demonstrates that the warmer and sunnier conditions naturally associated with droughts can either improve growth or aggravate drought-related stress, depending on water reserves. As the impacts of including or excluding climatic parameters that correlate with drought are substantial, we propose that both experimental and modeling efforts should take into account other environmental factors than merely precipitation.
The adverse effect of transnational and domestic terrorism on growth in Africa

This article investigates the adverse effects of domestic and transnational terrorism on income per capita growth for 51 African countries for 1970–2007, while accounting for cross-sectional (spatial) dependence and conflict (i.e. internal conflicts and external wars). The findings of the fixed-effects panel estimator suggest that transnational terrorism has a significant, but modest, marginal impact on income per capita growth. These results hold for two different terrorism event datasets. However, domestic terrorist events do not affect income per capita growth. Our findings differ from those in an earlier study on the impact of transnational terrorism on African growth, because we uncover a much more moderate effect. In our study, regional impacts and terrorism–conflict interactions effects are also distinguished. Moreover, our sample countries and period are more extensive. Our article contains a host of robustness checks involving macroeconomic and political variables that find virtually identical results. Alternative terrorist variables are also used, with little qualitative change in the findings. The absence of a domestic terrorism impact is surprising because there were many more domestic than transnational terrorist incidents in Africa. To promote growth, host and donor countries must direct scarce counter-terrorism resources to protect against transnational terrorism in particular. The modest impact of transnational terrorism on African growth means that developing countries' economies have been more resilient to terrorism than has been generally thought.
Towards a concurrency theory for supervisory control

In this paper we propose a process-theoretic concurrency model to express supervisory control properties. In light of the present importance of reliable control software, the current work ow of direct conversion from informal specication documents to control software implementations can be improved. A separate modeling step in terms of controllable and uncontrollable behavior of the device under control is desired. We consider the control loop as a feedback model for supervisory control, in terms of the three distinct components of plant, requirements and supervisor. With respect to the control ow, we consider event-based models as well as state-based ones. We study the process theory TCP as a convenient modeling formalism that includes parallelism, iteration, communication features and non-determinism. Via structural operational semantics, we relate the terms in TCP to labeled transition systems. We consider the partial bisimulation preorder to express controllability that is better suited to handle non-determinism, compared to bisimulation-based models. It is shown how precongruence of partial bisimulation can be derived from the format of the deduction rules. The theory of TCP is studied under nite axiomatization for which soundness and ground-completeness (modulo iteration) is proved with respect to partial bisimulation. Language-based controllability, as the neccesary condition for event-based supervisory control is expressed in terms of partial bisimulation and we discuss several drawbacks of the strict event-based approach. Statebased control is considered under partial bisimulation as a dependable solution to address non-determinism. An appropriate renaming operator is introduced to address an issue in parallel communication. A case for automated guided vehicles (AGV) is modeled using the theory TCP. The latter theory is henceforth extended to include state-based valuations for which partial bisimulation and an axiomatization are dened. We consider an extended case on industrial printers to show the modeling abilities of this extended theory. In our concluding remarks, we sketch a future research path in terms of a new formal language for concurrent control modeling.