Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reverse engineering 4.7 million lines of code

The ITC‐Irst Reverse Engineering group was charged with analyzing a software application of approximately 4.7 million lines of C code. It was an old legacy system, maintained for a long time, on which several successive adaptive and corrective maintenance interventions had led to the degradation of the original structure. The company decided to re‐engineer the software instead of replacing it, because the complexity and costs of re‐implementing the application from scratch could not be afforded, and the associated risk could not be run. Several problems were encountered during re‐engineering, including identifying dependencies and detecting redundant functions that were not used anymore. To accomplish these goals, we adopted a conservative approach. Before performing any kind of analysis on the whole code, we carefully evaluated the expected costs. To this aim, a small but representative sample of modules was preliminarily analyzed, and the costs and outcomes were extrapolated so as to obtain some indications on the analysis of the whole system. When the results of the sample modules were found to be useful as well as affordable for the entire system, the resources involved were carefully distributed among the different reverse engineering tasks to meet the customer's deadline. This paper summarizes that experience, discussing how we approached the problem, the way we managed the limited resources available to complete the task within the assigned deadlines, and the lessons we learned. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross-situational and longitudinal stability of social-emotional functioning in young children.

KOHN, MARTIN, and ROSMAN, BERNICE L. Cross-situational and Longitudinal Stability of Social-emotional Functioning in Young Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 721-727. Evidence is presented that 2 major factor dimensions that jointly account for major proportions of the variance of the social-emotional functioning of young children represent relatively enduring personality predispositions. Kindergarten children (N = 287) were rated by their teachers on classroom functioning and by testers on test-taking behavior; most of the children (N = 271) were rated again by their classroom teacher at the end of the first grade and by testers in the first half of the second grade. The factor dimensions were found to have moderate stability over time and across settings. Longitudinal stability was enhanced substantially when matching factor scores were pooled across settings.
Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Increasing stress from global warming, sea level rise, acidification, sedimentation, pollution, and unsustainable practices have degraded the most critical coastal ecosystems including coral reefs, oyster reefs, and salt marshes. Conventional restoration methods work only under perfect conditions, but fail nearly completely when the water becomes too hot or water quality deteriorates. New methods are needed to greatly increase settlement, growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stress of keystone marine organisms in order to maintain critical coastal ecosystem functions including shore protection, fisheries, and biodiversity. Electrolysis methods have been applied to marine ecosystem restoration since 1976, with spectacular results (Figures 1(a)-(c)). This paper provides the first overall review of the data. Low-voltage direct current trickle charges are found to increase the settlement of corals 25.86 times higher than uncharged control sites, to increase the mean growth rates of reef-building corals, soft corals, oysters, and salt marsh grass— an average of 3.17 times faster than controls (ranging from 2 to 10 times depending on species and conditions), and to increase the survival of electrically charged marine organisms—an average of 3.47 times greater than controls, with the biggest increases under the most severe environmental stresses. These results are caused by the fundamental biophysical stimulation of natural biochemical energy production pathways, used by all organisms, provided by electrical stimulation under the right conditions. This paper reviews for the first time all published results from properly designed, installed, and maintained projects, and contrasts them with those that do not meet these criteria.
THE FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE OF RABBITS

In the rabbit retina acetylcholinesterase activity is localized in the perinuclear cisterna, in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus of ganglion cells and amacrine cells. The histochemical reaction is positive also in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of some horizontal cells. The highest activity is seen in the internal plexiform layer; because of artifacts caused by the diffusion of the enzyme, a clear demonstration of relation of the positivity to one or the other regular components of this layer, however, is not possible. Myelinated fibers which exhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and are most probably efferent are found in the internal plexiform layer. In the retinal nerve fiber layer and in the optic nerve only a few fibers show a positive reaction.
Damp housing and childhood respiratory symptoms: the role of sensitization to dust mites and molds.

In 1990, a case-control study was conducted in the Netherlands into the association between damp housing, childhood respiratory symptoms, and sensitization to house dust mites and mold allergens. In this study, 259 children with chronic respiratory symptoms and 257 control children were involved. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE against house dust mites and a mixture of molds were determined. A visual inspection for signs of home dampness was performed in all homes. A questionnaire was given to the parents of the children to elicit information about the presence of signs of dampness in the previous 2 years and about risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. In the case group, 94 children had elevated serum IgE levels to house dust mites and 24 children to the mixture of molds. In the control group, house dust mite allergy was found in 31 children and mold allergy in two children. In a crude analysis, cases were slightly more likely to have been living in homes where damp or mold was reported or observed than were the controls. In cases as well as controls, home dampness was associated with increased sensitization to dust mites and molds. There was no relation between home dampness and case-control status after stratification for sensitization, however. Restriction of the analysis to cases with elevated serum IgE levels against dust mites and/or molds, and to controls without elevated serum IgE, increased the odds ratios, and several became significant at p < 0.05. This supports a connection between damp housing and sensitization to dust mites and/or molds and childhood respiratory symptoms. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Understanding Equity Comovement – An Information Based Approach

This paper investigates the relationship between equity comovement and firm level information events. Using a model free measure of comovement and a comprehensive dataset of over 2 million firm level information events covering a global sample of firms, we show that information events about large visible firms are positively related to increased comovement among large and small firms in the same industry and country, small firm information events increase comovement within-industries and decrease comovement withincountries. These relationships persist despite the increase in importance of macroeconomic variables as a determinant of equity comovement during the financial crisis and are robust to information environment such as legal system, or developed status.
Computer Models of Vocal Tract Evolution: An Overview and Critique

Human speech has been investigated with computer models since the invention of digital computers, and models of the evolution of speech first appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Speech science and computer models have a long shared history because speech is a physical signal and can be modeled accurately. This article gives a brief overview of the use of computer models in the study of the evolution of the vocal tract. We also present a critical case study of one model that has been used to study the vocal abilities of Neanderthals. We argue that this study contains subtle but fatal flaws which invalidate the conclusions drawn from the model, illustrating the dangers of applying computer models outside the area for which they have been developed. Future models need to make use of a broader database of anatomical and physiological data from other animals, especially nonhuman primates, to understand the path leading to modern Homo sapiens.
Costoclavicular pinching: a complication of long‐term central venous catheters: A report of three cases

In the course of 1994–1995 we found three nearly identical cases involving fracture of polyurethane catheters from subcutaneous implantable vascular ports. This resulted in complications: leakage of drugs and infusions and thereby soft tissue damage. The leakage occurred in the costoclavicular space in all instances. We assume that the catheters have been subjected to repeated pinching, resulting in material fatigue. In order to eliminate the risk of this serious complication, the subclavian route should be avoided and preference given to the approach via the internal jugular vein.
Zoonotic Aspects of Listeria monocytogenes : with Special Reference to Bacteriology

Listeria monocytogenes is a non acid-fast, Gram-positive facultative anaerobic pathogen, which is considered as food- and feed-borne. Whereas poor quality silage is the main cause of animal listeriosis, contaminated food of animal origin is the main cause of human listeriosis. That the raw material for food is of animal origin does not necessarily mean that the L. monocytogenes bacteria also spring from animals. The bacteria may have contaminated the food product while processed. Knowledge of the direct or indirect transmission of L. monocytogenes between animals and humans, via e.g. foods, is limited. To highlight the zoonotic aspects of L. monocytogenes we need more comparative data concerning isolates of animal and human origin. The aim of the present study was to characterize clinical L. monocytogenes isolates from different animal’s species and to compare the patterns with those obtained from previously characterized clinical human strains. Animal isolates were characterized by use of restriction enzymes Asc I and Apa I followed by PFGE. Out of 104 animal strains 47 belonged to clonal types identical or closely related to clonal types seen among clinical human strains. The clonal types shared by animals and humans may indicate that there is an exchange of L. monocytogenes strains between these two groups or there may be a common environmental pool of strains. On the other hand, 42 animal strains belonged to clonal types that were unfamiliar to our collection of human strains. Finally, 15 animal isolates distributed into eight clonal types yielded Asc I profiles familiar to our human clonal types yet unfamiliar Apa I profiles. Human and animal isolates of L. monocytogenes have rarely been compared by use of PFGE. Further studies is needed to highlight routes of transmissions between animals and humans, e.g., via food.
Arrhythmogenic Implications of Fibroblast-Myocyte Interactions

With increasing life span as afforded by nutritional, technological, and therapeutic advancements during the last century, cardiac diseases have moved to the top of morbidity and mortality statistics and progressed into a significant socioeconomic burden. Accordingly, efforts have been substantial to understand the development of heart failure as the final disease state in a sequence of events initiated by a variety of etiologies ranging from ischemic heart disease to idiopathic cardiomyopathies, hereditary diseases, and senescence. In respect to cardiac arrhythmogenesis, these studies were primarily focused on the elucidation of parenchymal cell dysfunction and included topics such as impairment of ion-channel function, reduced gap junctional coupling, and abnormal calcium handling of cardiomyocytes. By contrast, the involvement of stromal cells in the initiation and maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias has been less aggressively pursued. This is likely due to the circumstance that at first glance, stromal cells seem to be less “exciting” than their parenchymal counterparts, which exhibit electric and contractile activity. This perception has started to change considerably during the last decade, however, and it is the goal of this short review to summarize recent findings that shed new light onto potential roles played by cardiac fibroblasts, and in particular myofibroblasts, in the development of the arrhythmic heart. Editorial see p 249 ### Cardiac Fibroblasts: Structure, Function, and 3-Dimensional Organization In normal hearts, fibroblasts outnumber cardiomyocytes by a factor of 2 to 3.1 Scanning electron microscopic studies show fibroblasts to be spindle-like, slender cells that link up to each other by filopodia, whereby they form an interconnected 3-dimensional network of cells that surrounds cardiomyocytes in a regular fashion (Figure 1). 2 Similar to other tissues such as the skin, fibroblasts in the heart form a functional syncytium by expressing intercellular channels (gap junctions) at sites of cell-to-cell contacts.2,3 The ability of fibroblasts to also establish …
The Antifungal Echinocandin Caspofungin Acetate Kills Growing Cells of Aspergillus fumigatus In Vitro

ABSTRACT Caspofungin acetate is an antifungal antibiotic that inhibits synthesis of 1,3-β-d-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. While caspofungin causes cell death in yeasts and dimorphic fungi such as Candida albicans, its effect on Aspergillus fumigatus is less well understood. We used the fluorescent dyes 5,(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol (DiBAC), which stain live and dead cells, respectively, to further characterize the antifungal activity of caspofungin. For comparison, compounds whose mode of action was either fungistatic (fluconazole, itraconazole) or fungicidal (amphotericin B) were also evaluated. A correlation between caspofungin-induced loss of viability, decreased CFDA staining, and increased DiBAC staining was established first with C. albicans. For A. fumigatus, caspofungin caused similar dye-staining changes, which were quantified by fluorimetric analysis of stained hyphae grown in a medium that promoted dispersed growth. The minimum concentration of caspofungin required to produce these changes also decreased the level of growth-dependent reduction of the indicator dye Alamar Blue. We observed a differential effect of caspofungin as a function of cell position: 88% of apical cells and 61% of subapical branching cells failed to stain with the viable dye CFDA, but only 24% of subapical cells were unstained. Complementary results were seen with germlings from DiBAC-stained, caspofungin-treated cultures. Extended incubation of A. fumigatus with a single dose of caspofungin affected the same proportion of apical and subapical branching cells for up to 72 h. The dye-staining patterns illustrate that the cells at the active centers for new cell wall synthesis within A. fumigatus hyphae are killed when they are exposed to caspofungin.
THz imaging and sensing for security applications—explosives, weapons and drugs

Over the past 5 years, there has been a significant interest in employing terahertz (THz) technology, spectroscopy and imaging for security applications. There are three prime motivations for this interest: (a) THz radiation can detect concealed weapons since many non-metallic, non-polar materials are transparent to THz radiation; (b) target compounds such as explosives and illicit drugs have characteristic THz spectra that can be used to identify these compounds and (c) THz radiation poses no health risk for scanning of people. In this paper, stand-off interferometric imaging and sensing for the detection of explosives, weapons and drugs is emphasized. Future prospects of THz technology are discussed.
ERP Training and User Satisfaction: A Case Study

Training is still a neglected part of most ERP implementation projects. This case study investigates the relation between training satisfaction and â€¢ the perceptions of ease of use, â€¢ the perception of usefulness, â€¢ effectiveness and â€¢ efficiency in implementing an ERP system at a mid-sized organization. Training satisfaction is viewed as a necessary condition for technology acceptance. A survey of 143 employees involved in the implementation of ERP in a mid-sized university was conducted. ANOVA and t-tests were used to explore differences in training satisfaction among groups of users by gender, job type, and education level. We found that training satisfaction differed based on job type and gender but not education level. Multiple regression analysis found (1) post implementation training satisfaction related to ease of use and (2) current training satisfaction and user participation related to perceived efficiency and effectiveness of the ERP systems in doing respondentsâ€™ jobs.
The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGluR5 Is Endocytosed by a Clathrin-independent Pathway*

Metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5) are members of the growing group C G protein-coupled receptor family. Widely expressed in mammalian brain, they are involved in modulation of the glutamate transmission. By means of transfection of mGluR5 receptors in COS-7 cells and primary hippocampal neurons in culture followed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative image analysis and by a biochemical assay, we have studied the internalization of mGluR5 splice variants. mGluR5a and -5b were endocytosed in COS-7 cells as well as in axons and dendrites of cultured neurons. Endocytosis occurred even in the absence of receptor activity, because receptors mutated in the glutamate binding site were still internalized as well as receptors in which endogenous activity had been inhibited by an inverse agonist. We have measured a constitutive rate of endocytosis of 11.7%/min for mGluR5a. We report for the first time the endocytosis pathway of mGluR5. Internalization of mGluR5 is not mediated by clathrin-coated pits. Indeed, inhibition of this pathway by Eps15 dominant negative mutants did not disturb their endocytosis. However, the large GTPase dynamin 2 is implicated in the endocytosis of mGluR5 in COS-7. mGluR5 is the first shown member of the group C G-protein coupled receptor family internalized by a nonconventional pathway.
A Petri Net Model of Process Platform-based Production Configuration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold. In view of the importance of process platform‐based production configuration (PPbPC) in sustaining product family production efficiency, it is to study the underlying logic for configuring production processes for a product family based on a process platform. Second, it is to apply the Petri nets (PNs) techniques to model PPbPC, in attempting to shed light on the underlying logic.Design/methodology/approach – The authors first identify the fundamental issues in PPbPC, including variety handling, process variation accommodation, configuration at different abstraction levels, and constraint satisfaction. To accommodate the corresponding modelling difficulties, the authors develop a formalism of hierarchical colored timed PNs (HCTPNs) based on the principles of hierarchical PNs, timed PNs, and colored PNs. In the formalism, three types of nets together with a system of HCTPNs are defined to address the modelling of PPbPC.Findings – Applying HCTPNs to vibration .
Power electronic converter for wind power plant

During the last few years, power electronics have undergone a fast evolution, which is mainly due to two factors. The first one is the development of fast semiconductor switches that are capable of switching quickly and handling high current/voltage. The second factor is the introduction of real-time computer controllers that can implement advanced and complex control algorithms. These factors together have led to the development of cost-effective and grid-friendly converters. It is expected that current developments in gearless energy transmission with power-electronic grid interface will lead to a new generation of quiet, efficient, and economical wind turbines of size more than 7 MW. In this paper, most common topologies are selected and discussed in respect to advantages and drawbacks along with current and new trends in power-electronic technology for the integration of renewable energy sources.
Indwelling ureteral stents: evaluation of symptoms, quality of life and utility.

PURPOSE We report the prevalence of symptoms associated with ureteral stents, their impact on health related quality of life and utility analysis based on the validation studies of the new ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 85 consecutive adult patients with unilateral indwelling ureteral stents who were asked to participate during the validation phases of the USSQ were considered for this analysis. They were asked to complete the USSQ and the EuroQol, a weighted utility instrument, 4 weeks after stent insertion and removal. In addition, 40 patients were asked to complete these questionnaires 1 week after stent insertion to assess the prevalence of symptoms and utility values at different times. RESULTS Of the 85 patients 62 (73%) with a mean age of 50 years completed the necessary questionnaires. Urinary symptoms and pain that affected work performance and general health were important stent related problems. Of the patients 78% reported bothersome urinary symptoms that included storage symptoms, incontinence and hematuria. More than 80% of patients experienced stent related pain affecting daily activities, 32% reported sexual dysfunction, and 58% reported reduced work capacity and negative economic impact. The mean EuroQol utility values, which indicate patient satisfaction with treatment, were significantly reduced following stent insertion. CONCLUSION Urinary symptoms and pain associated with indwelling ureteral stents interfere with daily activities and result in reduced quality of life in up to 80% of patients. Stents are associated with negative functional capacity and reduced utility values. The results have implications in terms of routine clinical practice, patient counseling and future stent research.
Artificial neuron network implementation in detection and classification of DDoS traffic

Detection of DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) traffic is of great importance for the availability protection of services and other information and communication resources. The research presented in this paper shows the application of artificial neural networks in the development of detection and classification model for three types of DDoS attacks and legitimate network traffic. Simulation results of developed model showed accuracy of 95.6% in classification of pre-defined classes of traffic.