Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explication et prévision des cinétiques de dégradation en Rusitec des matières azotées végétales à partir d'un fractionnement des parois

The relation between nitrogen solubility in Van Soest detergents and in vitro nitrogen degradation was studied on 11 substrates with degradation process calculations in digestive trials and an artificial semi-continuous flow (Rusitec) rumen. The kinetics of plant protein degradation in Rusitec, especially the maximum degradation values, were rather similar to those calculated from literature data obtained in situ. In the exponential model used to describe the protein degradation, the maximum disappearance (a + b) was negatively correlated with the percentage of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen in the Van Soest (ADIN/Total N). In the foods tested, the non degradable fraction corresponds to a quantity which is equivalent to approximately 76% of the ADIN fraction. The instantaneously degraded nitrogen (a) was rather well explained by the percentage of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen in the Van Soest (NDIN/Total N). The rate of disappearance (c) of the slowly degraded fraction was inversely correlated with the proportion of ADF in the NDF, which demonstrates the latter's resistance to degradation. This type of fractionation could be used in predicting nitrogenous value of feed stuffs for ruminants.
Phenolic Reactions during Winemaking and Aging

The reactivity of polyphenols is due to the position of the hydroxyl groups on their aromatic nuclei. Ortho-hydroxyl groups promote oxidation while meta-hydroxyl groups induce electrophilic aromatic substitution. Both hydroxylation patterns are encountered in flavonoid structures, on the B and A rings, respectively. In addition to oxidation and electrophilic aromatic substitution, flavonoids undergo nucleophilic addition on the central C ring when it is positively charged. Reactions of the A and C rings are pH-dependent. The A ring of flavonoids undergoes a polycondensation reaction mediated by an aldehyde. The products are anthocyanin and flavanol polymers and copolymers constituted of both. Flavanol polymers are not stable and rearrange into vinyl flavanols and xanthylium pigments. Vinyl flavanols can react with the positively charged C ring of anthocyanins, yielding pyranoanthocyanins, which can also be formed from components that have a reactive double bond, such as carbonyl and ethylene bonds. The positively charged C ring primarily undergoes direct reactions. Since the positive charge on the C ring of anthocyanins and flavanols is pH-dependent, their dehydration and interflavan bond cleavage reactions are also pH-dependent. This leads to flavanol–anthocyanin (F-A + ) adducts at lower pH values and anthocyanin–flavanol (A + -F) adducts above pH 3.8. Temperature seems to favor formation of the latter.
Monitoring of HAB species in the Mediterranean Sea through molecular methods

A qualitative and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed for the detection of several potentially Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species and genera belonging to Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Raphydophyceae. Oligonucleotide primers were designed based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences available in public database or identified in this study. The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay were validated using clonal cultures and then natural seawater samples, as well as the known copy number of plasmids containing the target ITS-5.8S rDNA regions. A filter system for collecting mixed phytoplankton cells coupled to a target species-specific PCR assay was performed on spatial and temporal series of net and surface seawater samples during coastal water monitoring carried out in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea. The application of PCR allowed a rapid detection of various genera and species-specific potential HAB taxa in all examined natural samples. Qualitative and semi-quantitative PCR results obtained from field samples were compared with microscopic [light microscope (LM)] examinations. The two methods gave comparable results, and the molecular assay was able to detect HAB target cells at concentrations not detectable by microscopy or those of uncertain identity. The highest values of positive detection of potential HAB taxon presence obtained by PCR assay compared with the microscopic examination ranged from 67 to 8.0%.
Aislamiento reproductivo asimétrico entre Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis y Lutzomyia longipalpis (especie C2), vectores neotropicales de leishmaniasis visceral (Diptera: Pshychodidae)

Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis and Lutzomyia longipalpis (species C2, L. sp n.) are two endemic species of Phlebotominae sand fly vectors from Venezuela. The two insects are sympatric and monophyletic but have deeply diverging, morphological differences. They belong to the L. longipalpis complex. A study of their reproductive isolation is necessary to understand the process of speciation and maintenance of the two sister species as two discrete taxonomic and biological entities. Cross-mating tests were conducted (homo and hetero-specific) and monitored under two criteria: biological (presence of copulation and offspring) and genetic (using two isozymic markers diagnostic for the L. longipalpis complex; enzyme diagnosis AK and HK). Results indicate reproductive isolation, with an asymmetrical genetic exchange in a direction of hybridization between the two species under experimental conditions, and production of a low number of heterozygotes. These findings support the existence of negative selection on hybrids, and explain the absence of hybrids under natural conditions, in the sympatric locality.
Effect of different levels of copper on growth performance and cecal ecosystem of newly weaned piglets

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of copper sulfate on the growth performance and cecal ecosystem in newly weaned piglets. One hundred piglets weaned at 28±2 d were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 5 piglets each. Piglets received for 28 d the base diet with i) no addition (control) or with copper addition (from copper sulfate) at ii) 100, iii) 175, and iv) 250 mg/kg−1. On day 21, twenty piglets were randomly selected (one from each replicate) to slaughter and investigate the population and diversity of cecal microorganisms. The results showed that the diets containing 175 and 250 mg/kg−1 copper improved the average daily gain (ADG) by 51% and 60% and decreased the feed to gain ratio (F/G) by 21% and 16%, respectively. Adding 175 or 250 mg/kg−1 copper improved crude protein, ether extract, calcium and phosphorus digestibility. Viable counts of Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacilli in cecum tended to be reduced, while the concentrations of cecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased in pigs fed diet supplemented as copper level increased. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results showed that adding 175 or 250 mg/kg−1 copper reduced the lactobacilli in cecum. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) maps showed that band numbers and intensity of cecal bacterial 16S rDNA decreased as the copper levels increased. The results suggested that the effects of high dietary copper on microflora and their activities and metabolic products might contribute to the intestinal health and result in improved growth performance.
Mass releases of Trichogramma ostriniae increase maize production in DPR Korea

Field‐scale experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 on three cooperative farms in DPR Korea to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma ostriniae releases to reduce tunnel damage of maize plants caused by the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and increase grain maize production. When released three times against the first generation of the pest at nominal densities of about 150 000 parasitoids/ha each and another two times against the second generation (in total 750 000 parasitoids/ha), significant effects on all assessed parameters were obtained. In the release plots, a mean parasitism rate of 61% was found, significantly different from the 21.8% found in non‐release (control) plots. Furthermore, the number of larvae was significantly reduced in release plots compared to control plots by 63.5% over all farms and both study years. Feeding tunnels caused by the Asian corn borer were reduced in length in the release plots by 64.1%. Finally, we found that fresh yield of maize ears was significantly higher in the release plots compared to control plots. For all farms and both years, the increase in fresh yield was 28.2%. In this paper we are for the first time presenting data in an international journal on the effect of Trichogramma releases on maize production in DPRK. Although T. ostriniae releases at high host densities observed in the present study were not able to completely suppress damage by the Asian corn borer, the yield increase of more than 1 ton/ha indicate that T. ostriniae releases may contribute significantly to stabilize the country’s maize production as well as support community efforts to avoid reversion into a food emergency situation.
Infection with a Single Coccidian Oocyst and Its Significance

their offspring. This character, designated "alae maculatae," proved to be recessive and autosomal. The "alae maculatae" flies had wings darkened along the veins. As this character was found only in one of the F3 cultures it is impossible to say whether the gene calling forth the abnormality was present already in the wild population. No new mutant characters were found in 45 of the F4 and 43 of the F5 crosses. The small scale of the experiment, especially the insufficient number of the F2 cultures raised from each *of the F, crosses (from 3 to 8), probably prevented the detection of all the recessive mutant genes that were present in the initial flies in a heterozygous condition. Nevertheless, the results obtained show positively that the wild population of D. obscura is highly infected with recessive mutant genes, resembling in this respect the populations of D. melanogaster. S. GERSHENSON ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, U.S.S.R.
Effects of agar brand and concentration on the tissue culture medium

In tissue-cultured Cynara scolymus L. (globe artichoke) vitrification (hyperhydric transformation) can only be overcome by increasing the concentration of agar. However, with increasing concentrations of Difco Bacto agar (8–15 g/I) the availability of labelled kinetin is decreased. There is some evidence for postulating that cytokinins under inductive conditions of low agar concentration or high matrix potential are evocators of vitrification. Both the brand and concentration of agar also affect the chemical and physical characteristics of a culture medium. Impurities introduced with the agar are responsible for significant differences in the concentration of an element in comparable media with different levels of agar, and are easily detected by conductance. Penetrometer measurements also show large ranges in solidity of media with increasing concentrations, not only within the type of agar, but also for the same concentration within different brands.
Quantitative and qualitative genomic characterization of cultivated Ilex L. species

The development of modern approaches to the genetic improvement of the tree crops Ilex paraguariensis (‘yerba mate’) and Ilex dumosa (‘yerba señorita’) is halted by the scarcity of basic genetic information. In this study, we characterized the implementation of low-cost methodologies such as representational difference analysis (RDA), single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP), and reverse and direct dot-blot filter hybridization assays coupled with thorough bioinformatic characterization of sequence data for both species. Also, we estimated the genome size of each species using flow cytometry. This study contributes to the better understanding of the genetic differences between two cultivated species, by generating new quantitative and qualitative genome-level data. Using the RDA technique, we isolated a group of non-coding repetitive sequences, tentatively considered as Ilex-specific, which were 1.21- to 39.62-fold more abundant in the genome of I. paraguariensis. Another group of repetitive DNA sequences involved retrotransposons, which appeared 1.41- to 35.77-fold more abundantly in the genome of I. dumosa. The genomic DNA of each species showed different performances in filter hybridizations: while I. paraguariensis showed a high intraspecific affinity, I. dumosa exhibited a higher affinity for the genome of the former species (i.e. interspecific). These differences could be attributed to the occurrence of homologous but slightly divergent repetitive DNA sequences, highly amplified in the genome of I. paraguariensis but not in the genome of I. dumosa. Additionally, our hybridization outcomes suggest that the genomes of both species have less than 80% similarity. Moreover, for the first time, we report herein a genome size estimate of 1670 Mbp for I. paraguariensis and that of 1848 Mbp for I. dumosa.
Fewer S‐alleles are maintained in plant populations with sporophytic as opposed to gametophytic self‐incompatibility

Plants use self-incompatibility to reject pollen bearing alleles in common at the S-locus. These systems are classified as gametophytic (GSI) if recognition involves haploid pollen or sporophytic (SSI) if recognition involves diploid paternal genotypes. Dominance in SSI systems reduces the number of S-alleles, but it has not been clear which system should maintain greater diversity when all else is equal. We simulated finite populations to compare the equilibrium number of S-alleles in populations with either GSI or a co-dominant SSI system. When population size was constant, SSI systems maintained more S-alleles than GSI systems. When populations fluctuated in response to an S-Allee effect, fewer S-alleles were observed in SSI systems when S-allele diversity was low, and SSI populations were vulnerable to extinction over a broader range of parameters. Turnover rates at the S-locus were also faster in SSI populations experiencing strong S-Allee effects. Given the variable expectations concerning S-allele diversity in these systems, we reviewed published estimates of S-allele diversity. GSI populations have significantly more S-alleles on average than SSI populations (GSI = 25.70 and SSI = 16.80). Dominance likely contributes to this pattern, although the demographic consequences of the S-Allee effect may be important in populations with fewer than 10 S-alleles.
Effects of subchronic chlorfenvinphos administration on liver antioxidative parameters and lipid peroxidation marker in experimental rats

The objective of the present study was to examine whether subchronic small-dose exposure to chlorfenvinphos, a commonly used pesticide in Poland, may induce changes in the activities of liver antioxidative enzymes and cause an increase in liver malonyldialdehyde level. The animals received once daily 0.1 mL per 100 g of olive oil (control groups) and oil solution of chlorfenvinphos at a dose of 0.02 LD50–the experimental groups. The animals were sacrificed on day 14 and day 28 of the exposure. In the serum cholinesterase activity and in the liver activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as well as malonyldialdehyde level were determined. The study revealed that, apart from the inhibitory effects of subchronic chlorfenvinphos administration on serum cholinesterases, this insecticide increased oxidative stress in the liver, which was manifested by antioxidative enzyme activities and enhanced level of lipid peroxidation marker. Moreover liver oxidative stress has been observed in the absence of depressed cholinestaerase level. It is concluded, that in chronic exposure to organophosphates, apart from serum cholinesterase activity the monitoring of parameters of oxidative stress as a new biomarker must be taken into consideration.
Phytotoxicity of metabolites produced by Pyrenophora semeniperda in liquid culture

Pyrenophora semeniperda was shown to produce heat stable, biologically active metabolites under agitated liquid culture conditions. Using a seedling bioassay it was shown that filtrates harvested from P. semeniperda cultures had a significant impact on coleoptile length of both wheat and Bromus diandrus, but had no effect on seed germination. The relative toxicity of filtrates derived from several isolates of P. semeniperda and infiltrated into wheat leaves was highly correlated with the virulence of these isolates. A comparison of metabolites harvested from P. semeniperda and Pyrenophora teres grown under the same cultural conditions revealed that P. teres did not affect wheat coleoptile growth, but affected the coleoptile elongation of B. diandrus, although less than filtrates produced by P. semeniperda. Culture filtrates harvested after 6 days were toxic to wheat and B. diandrus and toxicity was maximal in filtrates derived from cultures that were 12 days old. Culture filtrates diluted to 1 in 20 produced symptoms in wheat seedlings, but only undiluted or 5 × concentrated filtrates produced symptoms on B. diandrus seedling leaves. Plants older than first node stage (Z 31) were significantly less sensitive to filtrate than younger plants. A degree of host selectivity to the metabolites was observed since leaves of Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus, Lablab purpureus and Xanthium occidentale were unaffected by infiltrates.
Case report of pediatric tuberculoma with occulomotor and trochlear nerve palsy

Introduction: Peculiar case of a tuberculoma in the midbrain, leading to superior oblique and inferior rectus palsy along with a moderate degree of ptosis of the right eye. Presenting features: 5 year-old female patient with complaints of fever, drooping of the right upper eyelid and uprolling of the right eye. 15 degree Hypertropia of the right eye with head tilt on the left side. The pupils showed sluggish reaction. Total restriction of ocular movements in the downward gaze suggesting the under action of the superior oblique and inferior rectus muscle. Moderate degree of unilateral ptosis. Vertical diplopia in downward gaze. Investigations: Cranial MRI with Intravenous contrast revealed a well-defined enhancing lesion measuring about 10 × 8 mm with small non-enhancing area noted within with significant edema in the midbrain. Presence of a tuberculoma in midbrain involving the trochlear nerve nucleus, the dorsolateral and central nucleus of the occulomotor nerve. Discussion: Partial fascicular oculomotor palsy leading to isolated inferior rectus palsy caused by midbrain infarction suggesting the possible selective involvement of an individual fascicle. Compression of the central caudal nucleus of the occulomotor nerve by the edema present around the tuberculoma gives rise to moderate ptosis in the patient. Patient received anti tubercular treatment. The improvement of the ocular symptoms after one month of anti-tubercular treatment confirmed the finding of a tuberculoma.
An overview of monitoring for raptors in Bulgaria

Abstract Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed
National Association of Secondary-School Principals

Since 1751 the age of 21 has been generally accepted as the age of legal majority in America. Since 1970, however, 42 States have lowered the age to 18 or 19 for most purposes, and the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the age for voting in Federal elections to 18. The new statutes will have wide impact on legal affairs. In particular, the ability of young adults to make binding contracts and the legal responsibility parents have for their children will be significantly changed. Even though most secondary school students are under 18 and most school rules do not depend on the age of students, the new statutes will affect secondary school administrators in several ways. In many States, students over the age of majority will be able to establish a legal residence separate from their parents. Adult students will also have the right to view their school records and to prevent their parents from viewing many of them. In most cases school administratorr, will no longer be able to require parental consent or permission forms for students past the age of majority. Other areas of concern will undoubtedly become apparent as the courts rule on specific legal questions. (JG) `Legal 6-Memorandum NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS 1904 Association Drive PERMISSION 10 REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL EY MICRO. FICHE ONLY HAS BEEN GRANTED BY N _ TO (RIC AN ORGANIZATIONS OPERAT 1Nc, UNDER A D GREEMENTS WITH THE NA TioNAL INSTITUTE or EDUCATION FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERM'S SION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER Reston, Va. 22091 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION I WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED PROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AT.NG IT POINTS 01 VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR PO, CY THE CHANGING ACE OF MAJORITY BEST COPY AVAILAB f'"\ LE
The pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum to wheat and legumes and its association with crop rotations

Studies were made of the pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. to wheat (Triticum aestivum), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula var. truncatula), and of the effects of crop rotation on field populations of the fungus. F. avenaceum reduced emergence and dry weight of wheat, subterranean clover, and barrel medic seedlings. Infection reduced the height of both legumes but not the height or yield of wheat. The fungus caused a greater reduction in dry weight and height in barrel medic than in subterranean clover. Barrel medic is recorded as a host of F. avenaceum for the first time. The fungus was isolated from the roots of seedlings and from 0.3 per cent of a commercial seed sample. When this infected seed was sown in wheat stubble in crop rotations of fallow-wheat (stubble burnt), fallow-wheat and fallow-wheat-pasture-pasture its incidence in seed increased to 5.2, 6.0 and 10 per cent, respectively Studies on the effects of rotations on the incidence of F. avenaceum in wheat roots and wheat soil demonstrated a relation between crop sequence and population levels of the fungus. F. avenaceum was more prevalent in fallow-wheat-pasture than fallow-wheat.