Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of elevated CO2 on the protein concentration of food crops: a meta‐analysis

Meta‐analysis techniques were used to examine the effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] on the protein concentrations of major food crops, incorporating 228 experimental observations on barley, rice, wheat, soybean and potato. Each crop had lower protein concentrations when grown at elevated (540–958 μmol mol−1) compared with ambient (315–400 μmol mol−1) CO2. For wheat, barley and rice, the reduction in grain protein concentration was ∼10–15% of the value at ambient CO2. For potato, the reduction in tuber protein concentration was 14%. For soybean, there was a much smaller, although statistically significant reduction of protein concentration of 1.4%. The magnitude of the CO2 effect on wheat grains was smaller under high soil N conditions than under low soil N. Protein concentrations in potato tubers were reduced more for plants grown at high than at low concentrations of ozone. For soybean, the ozone effect was the reverse, as elevated CO2 increased the protein concentration of soybean grown at high ozone concentrations. The magnitude of the CO2 effect also varied depending on experimental methodology. For both wheat and soybean, studies performed in open‐top chambers produced a larger CO2 effect than those performed using other types of experimental facilities. There was also indication of a possible pot artifact as, for both wheat and soybean, studies performed in open‐top chambers showed a significantly greater CO2 effect when plants were rooted in pots rather than in the ground. Studies on wheat also showed a greater CO2 effect when protein concentration was measured in whole grains rather than flour. While the magnitude of the effect of elevated CO2 varied depending on the experimental procedures, a reduction in protein concentration was consistently found for most crops. These findings suggest that the increasing CO2 concentrations of the 21st century are likely to decrease the protein concentration of many human plant foods.
Behavioural and genetic evidence of a recent population switch to a novel host species in brood-parasitic indigobirds Vidua chalybeata

We describe a population of Village Indigobirds Vidua chalybeata on the Zambezi River that parasitizes the nests and mimics the songs of a novel host species, Brown Firefinch Lagonosticta nitidula, yet coexists with a population that mimics the usual host species of this indigobird, Red-billed Firefinch L. senegala. Male indigobirds mimicking the song of L. nitidula are morphologically indistinguishable from those that mimic songs of the usual host, L. senegala. Likewise, nestling indigobirds in broods of L. nitidula and L. senegala are similar in having mouth markings that mimic the nestlings of L. senegala rather than those of the novel host. Molecular genetic evidence indicates that the host switch to L. nitidula has involved at least four different indigobird matrilines. Indigobirds that are associated with L. nitidula are genetically similar to the indigobirds associated with sympatric L. senegala, and not to the indigobirds associated with west African Bar-breasted Firefinch L. rufopicta, the species that is most closely related to L. nitidula. Because field and experimental studies show that female indigobirds prefer males that mimic the songs of their own foster species, and females choose the same host to parasitize, the indigobirds reared by a novel host form a distinct breeding population. Taken together, behavioural, morphological and genetic evidence indicates a recent host switch by indigobirds in the Zambezi region from their old host L. senegala to a new host L. nitidula.
Shame, Attachment, and Psychotherapy: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology, Relational Trauma, and Harbingers of Healing

Irecently attended a street festival in my adopted hometown of thirty years, Oakland, California (Art and Soul, 2016). Oakland is a wonderfully diverse community, with a large African-American population that migrated from the deep southern US, particularly Louisiana, in the 1940s. The southern AfricanAmerican food tradition includes delicious barbeque of all varieties. At this festival, a contest for the best barbeque allowed people to sample several versions of barbeque and then vote for their favourite. Some people enjoy trying many varieties, whereas others prefer to find one and return for more. I am of the latter type, particularly when long lines await me at other vendors. But I witnessed many who braved the longer lines, clearly enjoying the exploration of many “samples” before choosing their favourite. Whether you like to spend time with one idea and mindfully savour all of what it has to offer, or prefer to sample several ideas, I am hoping this paper will interest you. Regardless of your preferred way of “sampling”, I guarantee you will not have to wait in line. In this paper, I will speak to many aspects of the relationship between attachment and shame, with a particular emphasis on disorganised or unresolved attachment and shame, different types of shame, the neurophysiology of shame, Porges’ (2011) polyvagal theory, and dissociation. Clinical vignettes are sprinkled throughout this essay in order to bring these themes alive in ways that I hope will enhance the readers understanding and ways of working psychotherapeutically.
Effect of Oxygen and carbon Diozide Concentrations on Gross Dark CO2 Fixation and Dark Respiration in Bryophyllim diagremontiaum

Effects of O2 and CO2 concentrations on the rates of net and gross dark CO2 fixation in B. daigremontianum were examined. Raising [CO2]i from 60 to 420 µll-¹ resulted in a decrease in the rate of dark respiration, increase in the rate of gross dark fixation (GDF) and shortened the time taken to reach maximum rate of GDF. However, cumulative GDF was relatively unaffected by [CO2]i at that range. At 14°C, lowering [O2] from 21 to 1.5 % had little effect on the rates and time course of dark respiration and GDF. However, at 24°C, this caused a drop in the rate of dark respiration, changed the time dependence of GDF and slightly increased cumulative GDF. Consequently, at 24°C cumulative net CO2 uptake was 3 . 3 times higher at 1 . 5 % versus 21% O2. These data are discussed in view of the suggested hypothesis that the amount of available substrate, at the end of the light period, is a principal component of the regulation of the amount of gross dark fixation and dark respiration in the following dark period.
Effects of duration of salt supplementation of sheep on rumen metabolism and the accumulation of elements

Sheep may adapt rumen function in response to supplementary sodium, potentially affecting the metabolism and accumulation of this element and related elements in target tissues and organs. In this study, sheep were provided with a supplement of sodium added to silage for 3, 6 or 9 weeks. There was no evidence of adaptation of rumen function that would have benefited digestion or element absorption, on the contrary, after 6 and 9 weeks supplementation compared with 3 weeks, the buffering capacity of rumen solids was reduced and their density increased, with long particles that were associated with high dry matter contents. Potassium concentration in kidneys increased after 9 week of supplementation, in conjunction with reduced bone potassium concentration. In addition, the concentration of cadmium, an element known to compete with sodium, increased in rumen contents and its availability decreased. Copper was increased in the brain and eyes after 9 weeks of supplementation with NaCl, and after 6 weeks, copper in blood plasma decreased. It is concluded that there was evidence of a dynamic response to NaCl supplementation, which affected rumen solids and the accumulation of several important elements in key target organs.
Particle dispersal due to interplay of motions in the surface layer of a small reservoir

Horizontal dispersion mechanisms must be well defined in order to determine the origin and fate of heterogeneous distributions of biogeochemical material. Here data from an intensive field campaign in Valle de Bravo Reservoir, Mexico, was used to run a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the simulated flow field was used to characterize the horizontal motions and investigate the dispersal of waterborne particles driven by the dominant circulation patterns. The surface layer horizontal motions included an oscillatory component associated with two basin‐scale internal wave modes and a spatially and temporally complex flow field associated mostly with topographic circulation. Modeling of particle advection by the horizontal motions led to areal dispersal rates of O(1) to O(10) m2 s−1, comparable with bulk dispersion rates observed in other surface layer studies. The aperiodic topographic component of the horizontal flow field, not the oscillatory motion or a combination of both, sustained most of the particle dispersal. In particular, local flow features, such as stagnation points, were shown to be a significant driver for horizontal dispersion and should be taken into consideration when analyzing horizontal distributions of waterborne material.
Scaling Reliably

Distributed actor languages are an effective means of constructing scalable reliable systems, and the Erlang programming language has a well-established and influential model. While the Erlang model conceptually provides reliable scalability, it has some inherent scalability limits and these force developers to depart from the model at scale. This article establishes the scalability limits of Erlang systems and reports the work of the EU RELEASE project to improve the scalability and understandability of the Erlang reliable distributed actor model. We systematically study the scalability limits of Erlang and then address the issues at the virtual machine, language, and tool levels. More specifically: (1) We have evolved the Erlang virtual machine so that it can work effectively in large-scale single-host multicore and NUMA architectures. We have made important changes and architectural improvements to the widely used Erlang/OTP release. (2) We have designed and implemented Scalable Distributed (SD) Erlang libraries to address language-level scalability issues and provided and validated a set of semantics for the new language constructs. (3) To make large Erlang systems easier to deploy, monitor, and debug, we have developed and made open source releases of five complementary tools, some specific to SD Erlang. Throughout the article we use two case studies to investigate the capabilities of our new technologies and tools: a distributed hash table based Orbit calculation and Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO). Chaos Monkey experiments show that two versions of ACO survive random process failure and hence that SD Erlang preserves the Erlang reliability model. While we report measurements on a range of NUMA and cluster architectures, the key scalability experiments are conducted on the Athos cluster with 256 hosts (6,144 cores). Even for programs with no global recovery data to maintain, SD Erlang partitions the network to reduce network traffic and hence improves performance of the Orbit and ACO benchmarks above 80 hosts. ACO measurements show that maintaining global recovery data dramatically limits scalability; however, scalability is recovered by partitioning the recovery data. We exceed the established scalability limits of distributed Erlang, and do not reach the limits of SD Erlang for these benchmarks at this scale (256 hosts, 6,144 cores).
Rapid PLBs Proliferation of Cymbidium spp. In vitro

Optimum media salts concentration is essential for in vitro rapid propagation of orchid to provide sufficient nutrient require to promote metabolism and cell growth and to prevent toxic effect of media salts. Trehalose has a strong stabilizing effect on biological structures, forming a glass-like structure after dehydration. Because of these characteristics, trehalose is predicted to become a useful stabilizer in foods and an additive in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study is to integrate findings on the regulatory function of hyaluronic acid (HA) with trehalose to effects on growth and development of protocorm-like bodies (PLB) of two Cymbidium spp. Results of this study revealed that low concentration of HA with trehalose in modified MS medium increased maximum formation of PLB within short duration of culture. In Cymbidium insigne, 100% PLB formation rate was observed on medium containing trehalose with 0.1 mg/l HA9 or 1 mg/l HA9 after 5 weeks of culture. In Cymbidium dayanum, 80% PLB formation rate was observed on media containing trehalose with 0.01 mg/l HA9 after 3 weeks of culture. Based on our present study we concluded that trehalose and hyaluronic acid added with culture medium, rapidly increased the formation rate of PLB, shoot and root in vitro culture of Cymbidium spp.
Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art

Table of Contents Introduction Building Blocks Elephant Design Traditional Bases Folding Instructions Stealth Fighter. Snail. Valentine. Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Baby. Splitting Points Folding Instructions Pteranodon. Goatfish. Grafting Folding Instructions Songbird 1. KNL Dragon. Lizard. Tree Frog. Dancing Crane. Pattern Grafting Folding Instructions Turtle. Western Pond Turtle. Koi. Tiling Folding Instructions Pegasus Circle Packing Folding Instructions Emu. Songbird 2. Molecules Folding Instructions Orchid Blossom. Silverfish. Tree Theory Folding Instructions Alamo Stallion. Roosevelt Elk. Box Pleating Folding Instructions Organist. Black Forest Cuckoo Clock. Uniaxial Box Pleating Folding Instructions Bull Moose Polygon Packing Crease Patterns Flying Walking Stick. Salt Creek Tiger Beetle. Longhorn Beetle. Camel Spider. Water Strider. Scarab Beetle. Cicada Nymph. Scarab HP. Cyclomatus metallifer. Scorpion HP. Euthysanius Beetle. Spur-Legged Dung Beetle. Hybrid Bases Folding Instructions African Elephant References Glossary of Terms Index
Microphysically derived expressions for rate-and-state friction and fault stability parameters

Rate-and-state friction (RSF) laws and associated parameters are extensively applied to fault mechanics, mainly on an empirical basis with a limited understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. We recently established a general microphysical model [Chen and Spiers, 2016], for describing both steady-state and transient frictional behavior of any granular fault gouge material undergoing deformation by granular flow plus an arbitrary creep mechanism at grain contacts, such as pressure solution. We further showed that the model is able to reproduce typical experimental frictional results, namely “velocity stepping” and “slide-hold-slide” sequences, in satisfactory agreement with the main features and trends observed.
Trichopteran Communities of Streams Associated with Aspen and Conifer Forests: Long‐Term Structural Change

A comparison of the trichopteran communities of streams associated with aspen, spruce-fir, and nixed-conifer forests demonstrated significant differences in structure. Though tri- chopteran species composition in aspen-associated and spruce-fir associated streams was virtually identical, relative abundances of shredder and grazer Trichoptera differed significantly in the two types of streams. The ratio of shredder to grazer trichopteran biomass in aspen streams was 1:17 while in conifer streams, the dominance was reversed with a shredder to grazer biomass ratio of 3:1. The difference in dominance of functional groups in the two types of streams was attributed to the order-of-magnitude greater standing crop of detritus found in the conifer streams. It is hypothesized that the greater accumulation of detritus in conifer streams is the result of habitat modification by logs. Five times the number of logs were found in conifer streams as compared to aspen streams. The greater accumulation of logs in the conifer streams is attributed to lower rates of decomposition of conifer wood. The data suggest a general model for long-term structural change in trichopteran communities of the southern Rocky Mountains and I suggest that these long-term changes result from changes in quantity and quality of wood inputs during forest succession.
PKC-β is not necessary for cardiac hypertrophy

Studies in human and rodent models have shown that activation of protein kinase C-β (PKC-β) is associated with the development of pathological hypertrophy, suggesting that ablation of the PKC-β pathway might prevent or reverse cardiac hypertrophy. To explore this, we studied mice with targeted disruption of the PKC-β gene (knockout, KO). There were no detectable differences in expression or distribution of other PKC isoforms between the KO and control hearts as determined by Western blot analysis. Baseline hemodynamics were measured using a closed-chest preparation and there were no differences in heart rate and arterial or left ventricular pressure. Mice were subjected to two independent hypertrophic stimuli: phenylephrine (Phe) at 20 mg · kg−1 · day−1 sq infusion for 3 days, and aortic banding (AoB) for 7 days. KO animals demonstrated an increase in heart weight-to-body weight ratio (Phe, 4.3 ± 0.6 to 6.1 ± 0.4; AoB, 4.0 ± 0.1 to 5.8 ± 0.7) as well as ventricular upregulation of atrial natriuretic facto.
A partly endemic euryhaline fi sh fauna (otoliths, teeth) from the Early Miocene of the Aix-Basin (Provence, southern France)

A fossil fi sh fauna from the St. Donat locality at Aix-en-Provence (Early Aquitanian, Early Miocene) is described on the basis of otoliths, jaw teeth, and pharyngeal teeth. Other organisms (gastropods, ostracods, charophytes) are briefl y mentioned. Otoliths and ostracods are fi gured by SEM. The fi sh fauna consists of six taxa including cyprinids, atherinids, cyprinodontids, sciaenids, and moronids. Three fi sh species are new: Hemitrichas denisae, Prolebias fritzsteiningeri, and Morone maritima. The palaeoecological analysis reveals that the aquatic organisms from St. Donat present a mixture of marine, brackish, and lacustrine taxa. Due to the dominance of Hemitrichas, an occasionally hypersaline water body is suggested, in which a partly endemic fi sh fauna evolved. The palaeobiogeography of Morone maritima suggests an estuarine or brackish connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the western part of the Western Paratethys.
Evaluation of oil based avian influenza vaccine (H5NI) prepared with different concentrations of adjuvant.

Bird flu vaccine from H5N1 strain of avian influenza virus was prepared with two concentrations of adjuvant (Montanide ISA 70MVG). Two vaccines (I and II) were prepared containing 50 and 60% Montanide, respectively. Immune response of both the vaccines as single, as well as booster, dose was evaluated in layer birds through haemagglutination inhibition test. Single dose of both vaccines showed poor immune response, while booster dose gave better response with both the vaccines. However, the vaccine prepared with 60% Montanide provided better immune response compared with the vaccine containing 50% montanide.
Invasional meltdown potential: Facilitation between introduced plants and mammals on French Mediterranean islands

ABSTRACT In the increasingly important domain of insular invasion ecology, the role of facilitation between different introduced taxa has been mentioned, but rarely studied. This paper outlines facilitation between introduced mammals and the invasive succulents Carpobrotus edulis and C. aff. acinaciformis on offshore islands in southeast France. Rats and rabbits are the primary seed dispersers of Carpobrotus sp. on the islands studied. No such dispersal activity was detected on the adjacent mainland. Seed digestion by rats and rabbits also enhanced percent seed germination and speed, in spite of an associated reduction in seed size. In return, Carpobrotus provides a water/energy-rich food source during the dry summer season, thus demonstrating a clear case of mutualism between invaders.
Effect of solar UVR on the production of particulate and dissolved organic carbon from phytoplankton assemblages in the Indian Ocean

This study shows the effects of solar UVR on the photosynthetic parameters and the production of both particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC, respectively) of phytoplankton assemblages from oligotrophic areas of the southeastern Indian Ocean. Samples from the 20% PAR depth were incubated on deck under different intensities of 2 different light regimes: full solar radiation (PAR+UVR) and excluding UVR (PAR). Phytoplankton production was measured by the 14 C method, obtaining size-fractionated POC (0.2, 2 and 20 µm), total POC and DOC. POC values were fit to a photosynthesisirradiance (P−E) model that includes photoinhibi- tion. Phytoplankton populations under PAR+UVR had a 10% lower maximum photosynthetic rate (Ps B ) and an 86% higher sensitivity to inhibition (β) than populations incubated under only PAR exposures. For some stations, cells larger than 2 µm showed higher Ps B and photosynthetic effi- ciency (measured as the P−E slope, α) than smaller cells, but no significant differences were found for β. In contrast, DOC production was significantly higher under PAR+UVR than under PAR exposures and did not follow the P−E model used for fitting POC. The analysis of the P−E values for DOC production showed that values remained constant under PAR intensities but increased with increasing irradiance in the presence of UVR. In some cases, inhibition of DOC production at high irradiances was also observed. These results demonstrate the relevance of UVR irradiance as an environmental driver for phytoplanktonic DOC production in oligotrophic waters and reinforce the important role of UVR on the physiology and ecology of tropical plankton.
Dissemination of genetic improvement through a livestock industry

A theoretical study is reported of the way in which additive genetic improvement, made in a nucleus population, is passed to successive levels in a three-tier multiplication system. The rate at which progress accumulates at each level is approximately equal. The extent to which each tier is genetically behind the previous one has been termed the ‘improvement lag’. These lags can be considerable; their actual size is determined by the annual rate of progress in the nucleus, the age structure in the lower tiers, and by the origins and degree of selection achieved in the animals used as parents in these tiers. Only improvements generated in the top tier are cumulative. The scope for reducing the improvement lag is discussed within the context of livestock production in Britain.