Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Voltage Induced Variation of Solid Acid Catalyst Acidity

2 1.0 Introduction . 4 2.0 Methodology . 7 2.1 Synthesis of SAMs . 7 2.2 pH Titration Tests at Varying Voltage Offsets . 8 2.3 SAM Stability Tests . 10 3.0 Results . 12 3.1 pH Titration Tests at Varying Voltage Offsets . 13 3.2 SAM Stability Tests . 22 4.0 Conclusions . 26 Acknowledgements . 27 References . 28 Appendix . 30 Appendix A: 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid . 30 Appendix B: 3-mercaptopropanoic acid . 33 Appendix C: 4-mercaptobutyric acid . 36 Appendix D: New 4-mercaptobutyric acid . 38 Appendix E: 3-mercaptopropylsilane . 47 Appendix F: 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid . 49
The Value of a Joint Liability Scheme: Estimating Group Support for German Landesbanken

This paper estimates the funding advantage afforded by the joint liability scheme to German Landesbanken. The advantage is estimated by computing the difference between Moody’s baseline credit assessment (BCA), representing the stand-alone rating, and the adjusted BCA incorporating group support assumptions. This notch advantage is then multiplied by the average time-varying yield spreads between the respective notches and the rating-dependent liabilities. Our methodology estimates the funding advantage that remains when governmental support for banks formerly considered ‘Too Big to Fail’ (TBTF) is substantially reduced or even abolished. We find a substantial monetary funding advantage due to group support assumptions, amounting on average to a multiple of the Landesbanken’s aggregated annual profits. The aggregated observations mask a distinct heterogeneity, with some of the banks being significantly more exposed to the funding advantage than others.
Incorrect inferences and contextual word learning in English as a second language

When readers encounter new words they may try to infer their meanings from context. Such contextual inferences may be correct or incorrect. This research considered the effect of incorrect meaning inferences on contextual word learning in English as a second language. Chinese speakers encountered 48 novel vocabulary items in informative single-sentence English contexts and were instructed to infer their meanings. They were able to verify their inferences by reviewing dictionary-type definitions at the end of the learning procedure. Participants’ explicit knowledge of the critical vocabulary items was probed using a meaning generation task; their implicit knowledge was examined using a mixed-modality masked repetition priming lexical decision task. The results revealed a differential effect of incorrect inferences on the explicit and implicit knowledge of the vocabulary items. Explicit knowledge of meaning was less accurate after incorrect inferences than after correct inferences, but it was not worse than the knowledge gained when no explicit inference had been made. Implicit knowledge however was not affected by incorrect inferences. Pedagogical and research implications of the study findings are considered.
Evaluating microfoundations for aggregate price rigidities : Evidence from matched firm-level data on product prices and unit labor cost

Using data on product-level prices matched to the producing rms unit labor cost, we reject the hypothesis of a full and immediate pass-through of marginal cost. Since we focus on idiosyncratic variation, this does not t the predictions of the Máckowiak and Wiederholt (2009) version of the Rational Inattention Model. Neither do we nd that rms react strongly to predictable marginal cost changes, as expected from the Mankiw and Reis (2002) Sticky Information Model. We nd that, in line with Staggered Contracts models, rms consider both the current and future expected marginal cost when setting prices with a sum of coe¢ cients not signi cantly di¤erent from unity. Keywords: Price Setting, Business Cycles, Information, Micro Data. JEL classi cations: D8, E3, L16. We are grateful to Ricardo Reis, Mathias Trabandt, Karl Walentin, Andreas Westermark and members of the Eurosystem Wage Dynamics Network as well as seminar participants at the Budapest Economic Seminar Series, Uppsala University and the Riksbank for useful discussions. We would also like to thank Erik von Schedvin for excellent research assistance and Jonny Hall and David Roodman for helpful advice. The data used in this paper are con dential but the authorsaccess is not exclusive. The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reecting the views of the Executive Board of Sveriges Riksbank. yResearch Department, Sveriges Riksbank, SE-103 37, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: mikael.carlsson@riksbank.se zInstitute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Uppsala University and IZA. Address: IFAU, P.O. Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: oskar. nordstrom_skans@ifau.se
Evaluation of the New York State Experimental Prekindergarten Program.

In 1975, a longitudinal evaluation was begun of the New York State Experimental Prekindergarten Program to determine its effects on children's cognitive and non-cognitive development. The population consisted of 5,000 disadvantaged 4-year-olds enrolled in the program. The study provides evidence that the program had a general effect, not restricted to grade level, on the children's knowledge of verbal concepts after they left the program. A sub-study of effects of staff development activities (designed to increase continuity of children's learning experiences) gave evidence that with appropriate follow-up in the primary grades, certain effects, most notably those in the quantitative domain, may persist into the primary grades. The program was most effective for children whose mothers had the least education. The more time parents spent participating in the program, the higher their children scored on measures of cognitive development. Children who were exposed the greatest amount of time to the program were rated higher by their teachers on task orientations, extraversion, and verbal facility. Perhaps most important of all, children who had participated in the prekindegarten program were more likely to make normal progress through the primary grades. (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATLON NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )(Ms document has been reproducied as received from the person. Or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or °gallons stated in this docu merit do not necessarily represent officsil NIE goSaion or policy
Power, Control, and Gender: Training as Catalyst for Dysfunctional Behavior at the United States Air Force Academy.

I explore the role of training practices at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in perpetuating power and control issues and the potential consequences of those practices. I argue that trainee responses to control deprivation may have resulted in alleged sexual assaults by male cadets and the eating disorders manifested by female cadets. The paper concludes with implications for HRD, including a call for recognizing the strategic role of training in forming organizational culture.
PRODUCTIVE DIVERSIFICATION, STRUCTURAL TRANSITION AND DENSITY OF INDUSTRIAL CHAINS: ARE BRAZIL AND SOUTH KOREA DIFFERENT?

This paper aims to analyse the structural transition undertaken by Brazil and South Korea from the 1950s to 2000s in terms of sectoral diversification in a inter and intra-sectoral perspective. Additionally, through the so-called structural decomposition analysis (SDA) was investigated factors which contributed to the movement of specialisation observed in these economies. Moreover, the paper consolidated the understanding of the structural economic dynamics via movements related to the density of industrial chains. The main findings of this study showed that, (i) Brazil was affected by a process o premature specialisation in inter and intra-sectoral levels; (ii) South Korea increased sharply the share of medium/high-sectors in the economy while Brazil although more diversified, remained dependent of less dynamic sectors; (iii) The SDA methodology revealed the output growth of manufacturing was much more intense than in Brazil, particularly from 1995 to 2003. Furthermore, from 1995 to 2008, South Korea output growth in South Korea was pulled mainly by Exports, while in Brazil from 2003 to 2008 the domestic demand composed the main source of economic dynamism; (iv) During 2003 to 2008 both countries registered a significant rise of imported coefficients in the domestic production, but with distinct impacts over the share of manufacturing in the total value added.
Outflow rates in a black hole environment in presence of a dissipative standing shock

We find a self-consistent solution for the outflow rate from an accretion disc around a black hole. The centrifugal pressure dominated shock in a transonic accretion flow can act as a Compton cloud by emitting radiation in the form of hard X-rays. It is also the base of an outflow where considerable matter is ejected. We modify the Rankine–Hugoniot relationship in the accretion flow when the post-shock region suffers energy as well mass-loss. After connecting the post-shock solution in the disc with the sonic surface properties of the outflow, we obtain the ratio of the outflow rate and inflow rate R u m analytically. Our conclusions are (i) the outflow rate is at the most a few per cent of the inflow rate, (ii) the outflow is absent when the shock is relatively weak (more precisely, the compression ratio is less than about 2) and (iii) the outflow rate decreases with the increase of the energy loss at the post-shock region. Thus spectrally soft states will have lesser outflows.
From HCI to ACI: User-centered and Participatory design in Canine ACI

This work was presented as “The case for inclusiveness in ACI” at the ACI workshop held during the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction NordiCHI’14 , Oct 26–Oct 30, 2014, Helsinki, Finland. Abstract As is the case with new scientific disciplines, Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI) has motivated the re-examination of solved and unsolved issues in the philosophy of science. Using canine-human interaction as an example, these challenges are traced back to their roots in existing disciplines. We argue that, as long as research adheres to minimal standards, it should be considered ACI regardless of its stance on these debates.
Medicaid Expansion, Crowd-Out, and Emergency Department Utilization: Evidence from California's Bridge to Reform Medicaid

A common policy proposal to address the over-use of emergency departments by the uninsured is expanding public insurance. However, these expansions are not limited to the previously uninsured; crowding-out of private health insurance also occurs. The effect on emergency department utilization following an expansion in public insurance will be largely determined by the makeup of the newly covered population. Consideration of only one avenue will lead to an inaccurate interpretation of how expanding public insurance to the uninsured impacts emergency department utilization by the previously uninsured. Yet, the two streams of current literature -- the expansionary and crowding-out avenues -- have yet to cross. This paper is an effort to fill that gap. Using the Low Income Health Program (LIHP) and subsequent Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansions in California, we examine how the prior insurance status of the newly eligible Medicaid population impacts emergency department usage. Employing hospital-level data from 2006 through 2016, we estimate (1) a binary difference-in-difference model, (2) a continuous treatment difference-in-difference model where our treatment is the number of newly eligible and enrolled in Medicaid, and (3) a continuous difference-in-difference model with two treatment effects: the estimated number of newly enrolled who were previously uninsured vs. those previously privately insured. We find that emergency department visits increased and that this increase is driven entirely by those who crowded-out from their private insurance. The increase in emergency department usage increased healthcare expenditures in California by $389.1 million per year.
Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam

Results are presented from 2 series of ad hoc experimental programmes using the cone calorimeter to investigate the burning behaviour of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials, specifically polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic (PF) foams. These insulation materials are widely used in the construction industry due to their relatively low thermal conductivity. However, they are combustible in nature; therefore, their fire performance needs to be carefully studied, and characterisation of their thermal degradation and burning behaviour is required in support of performance‐based approaches for fire safety design. The first series of experiments was used to examine the flaming and smouldering of the char from PIR and PF. The peak heat release rate per unit area was within the range of 120 to 170 kW/m2 for PIR and 80 to 140 kW/m2 for PF. The effective heat of combustion during flaming was within the range of 13 to 16 kJ/g for PIR and around 16 kJ/g for PF, while the CO/CO2 ratio was within 0.05 to 0.10 for PIR and 0.025 to 0.05 for PF. The second experimental programme served to map the thermal degradation processes of pyrolysis and oxidation in relation to temperature measurements within the solid phase under constant levels of nominal irradiation. Both programmes showed that surface regression due to smouldering was more significant for PF than PIR under the same heat exposure conditions, essentially because of the different degree of overlap in pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. The smouldering of the char was found to self‐extinguish after removal of the external heat source.
Vavilovian Centers of Plant Diversity: Implications and Impacts

N.I. Vavilov, Academician of the V.I. Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, takes his place as a founding pillar of knowledge in the cathedral of the origin and development of cultivated plants. Relying on the theories of his revered predecessors, Charles Darwin and Alphonse de Candolle, Vavilov developed the concept of centers of origin for agronomic crops. Vavilov’s astute hypotheses set the stage for the modern use of exotic germplasm in plant breeding. Vavilov, a devoted scientist, continued to revise and refine his theory of the centers of origin throughout his lifetime based on additional plant collections and data evaluation. Though he initially proposed three in 1924, and eight in 1935, his final papers of 1940, discussed seven major centers with some minor additions. His concept of specific centers of origin for crop plants was not an isolated aphorism but has directed breeders, on their study and reflection, to the continued improvement and economic development of plants for humanity. Inherent genetic plant variability is the basis of domestication and breeding into crops of economic importance with food, fuel, fiber, and industrial uses. The objective of this article is to present a summary of Vavilov’s plant explorations. His collection trips led to the development of his theory of the centers of origin of cultivated crops, the law of homologous variation, as well as his concept of genetic erosion. Further modification of his theories by other scientists and the impact of his ideas are mentioned. His influence on present day conservation of genetic resources are presented.
Surface Recombination in Semiconductors

We propose two general criteria for a surface defect state to act as an efficient, nonradiative recombination center. The first is that the thermal ionization energy should not deviate from the mid-gap energy by more than the relaxation energy of the defect, In this case the activation energy for the recombination is given by the barrier for the capture of the first carrier, whereas the second carrier is captured athermally. The second citerion is related to the position of the average dangling bond energy relative to the band edges. If, as in the cases of InP or InAs, it is located close to a band edge, a low surface recombination velocity is expected. However a much faster recombination is predicated and experimentally observed in the materials with the average dangling bond energy located close to the mid-gap. The relevance of these criteria for the novel wide-gap optoelectronic materials is discussed.
Set-theoretic model reference adaptive control with time-varying performance bounds

ABSTRACT One of the fundamental problems in model reference adaptive control design is the ability of the controlled system to achieve not only stability but also a user-defined performance in the presence of exogenous disturbances and system uncertainties. To this end, we recently proposed a set-theoretic model reference adaptive control framework, which guarantees the norm of the system error to be less than a user-defined constant performance bound. The contribution of this paper is to generalise the set-theoretic model reference adaptive control framework for enforcing user-defined time-varying performance bounds on the system error, which gives the control designer a flexibility to control the closed-loop system performance as desired on different time intervals (e.g. transient time interval and steady-state time interval). Two adaptive command following control architectures are proposed and their stability and performance properties are rigorously established using system-theoretic methods.
Extracting distribution and expansion of rubber plantations from Landsat imagery using the C5.0 decision tree method

Abstract. Natural tropical rainforests in China’s Xishuangbanna region have undergone dramatic conversion to rubber plantations in recent decades, resulting in altering the region’s environment and ecological systems. Therefore, it is of great importance for local environmental and ecological protection agencies to research the distribution and expansion of rubber plantations. The objective of this paper is to monitor dynamic changes of rubber plantations in China’s Xishuangbanna region based on multitemporal Landsat images (acquired in 1989, 2000, and 2013) using a C5.0-based decision-tree method. A practical and semiautomatic data processing procedure for mapping rubber plantations was proposed. Especially, haze removal and deshadowing were proposed to perform atmospheric and topographic correction and reduce the effects of haze, shadow, and terrain. Our results showed that the atmospheric and topographic correction could improve the extraction accuracy of rubber plantations, especially in mountainous areas. The overall classification accuracies were 84.2%, 83.9%, and 86.5% for the Landsat images acquired in 1989, 2000, and 2013, respectively. This study also found that the Landsat-8 images could provide significant improvement in the ability to identify rubber plantations. The extracted maps showed the selected study area underwent rapid conversion of natural and seminatural forest to a rubber plantations from 1989 to 2013. The rubber plantation area increased from 2.8% in 1989 to 17.8% in 2013, while the forest/woodland area decreased from 75.6% in 1989 to 44.8% in 2013. The proposed data processing procedure is a promising approach to mapping the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of rubber plantations on a regional scale.
Global and Local Clustering-Based Regression Models to Forecast Power Consumption in Buildings

The study of energy efficiency in buildings is an active field of research. Modeling and predicting energy related magnitudes leads to analyze electric power consumption and can achieve economical benefits. In this study, classical time series analysis and machine learning techniques, introducing clustering in some models, are applied to predict active power in buildings. The real data acquired corresponds to time, environmental and electrical data of 30 buildings belonging to the University of León (Spain). Firstly, we segmented buildings in terms of their energy consumption using principal component analysis. Afterwards, we applied state of the art machine learning methods and compare between them. Finally, we predicted daily electric power consumption profiles and compare them with actual data for different buildings. Our analysis shows that multilayer perceptrons have the lowest error followed by support vector regression and clustered extreme learning machines. We also analyze daily load profiles on weekdays and weekends for different buildings.
Self-efficacy and diabetes prevention in overweight South Asians with prediabetes

How might these results change the focus of research or clinical practice? ► Our results support the importance of considering psychosocial health in the development and implementation of translational diabetes prevention programs in order to improve effectiveness among participants. AbStrAct Objective We evaluated the effects of a diabetes prevention itervention on self-efficacy (SE) and the associations between SE and diabetes-related outcomes among overweight Asian Indian adults with pre-diabetes in a randomized controlled translational trial (the Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program, D-CLIP). Research design and methods Data were obtained from 550 adults who were randomized to a diabetes prevention program or standard of care. Dietary and exercise-related SEs were measured at baseline, core intervention completion (4 months), and annually until the end of follow-up (3 years or diabetes diagnosis). Mixed-effects regressions described changes in SE over time by treatment group. Among treatment participants, multivariable-adjusted models described associations of SE at baseline and intervention completion with diabetes incidence and other secondary outcomes (weight, waist circumference (WC), exercise, and energy intake). Results From baseline to 4 months, dietary (β=10.3, p=0.04) and exercise (β=0.49, p=0.04) SE increased significantly in the treatment arm only; however, this increase from baseline was no longer significant at later time points. Among treatment participants, there was no association of dietary or exercise SE with diabetes incidence, but baseline exercise SE was independently associated with improved weight, WC, and exercise at 4 months (p<0.05). Change in exercise SE from baseline to intervention completion also predicted increased exercise at 4, 12, and 24 months (p<0.05). Conclusions Exposure to D-CLIP resulted in improved SE at treatment completion, but this effect was not sustained over longer follow-up. Several short-term and long-term secondary outcomes, but not diabetes risk, were significantly associated with exercise SE, suggesting this psychosocial trait may facilitate success in achieving certain health goals. Trial registration number NCT01283308.
Category Learning in the Brain Citation

150 words max), The ability to group items and events into functional categories is a fundamental characteristic of sophisticated thought. It is subserved by plasticity in many neural systems, including neocortical regions (sensory, prefrontal, parietal, and motor cortex), the medial temporal lobe, the basal ganglia and midbrain dopaminergic systems. These systems interact during category learning. Corticostriatal loops may mediate recursive, bootstrapping interactions between “fast” reward-gated plasticity in the basal ganglia and “slow”, reward-shaded, plasticity in the cortex. This can provide a balance between acquisition of details of experiences and generalization across them. Interactions between the corticostriatal loops can integrate perceptual, response, and feedback related aspects of the task and mediate the shift from novice to skilled performance. The basal ganglia and medial temporal lobe interact competitively or cooperatively, depending on the demands of the learning task.