Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrograde slow‐wave activation: a missing link in gastric dysfunction?

Dear Editors, We would like to congratulate Somarajan et al on their interesting article “The effect of chronic nausea on gastric slowwave spatiotemporal dynamics in children”. 1 The authors applied body surface gastric mapping (5 × 5 electrodes and sophisticated signal processing) to study slowwave abnormalities in children with chronic nausea. Such emerging methods constitute important progress to address the critical limitations of electrogastrography including imprecise electrode positioning, overdependence on frequency metrics, and inability to resolve slowwave direction.2,3 Among their findings, Somarajan et al report that retrograde slowwave activation was common in pediatric patients with nausea.1 This exciting finding in children is in keeping with a recent report by Gharibans et al, showing that retrograde slowwave activation was prominent in adults with functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis, which correlated well with symptoms, whereas traditional (frequencybased) EGG metrics and gastric emptying correlated poorly.4 Both studies build on invasive mapping research revealing that abnormal propagation, particularly retrograde activation (and often at normal frequencies), was pronounced in gastroparesis and chronic nausea patients.5,6 We agree that “actionable biomarkers are key to resolving disorders of gastrointestinal function” 7; hence, it seems noteworthy that all of the above mapping studies may be converging on at least one new clinical biomarker: retrograde activation. The physiological and clinical consequences of retrograde slowwave activation are currently inadequately defined. Although gastric dysrhythmias have previously been associated with hypomotility,2 this was typically observed in the context of tachygastria, and there is a paucity of studies specifically addressing retrograde activation. Interestingly, Eagon & Kelly showed in dogs that reverse gastric pacing close to the intrinsic frequency actually induced powerful retrograde contractions and reduced gastric emptying,8 and Yao et al showed that reverse pacing in healthy humans could induce dyspeptic symptoms including bloating, satiety, pain, and nausea.9 If retrograde slowwave activation is accompanied by retrograde contractions in humans, this would have important implications. For example, it is interesting to speculate whether sustained retrograde contractions could modify the distribution of gastric contents, distend the fundus, impair accommodation, and/or promote reflux. If retrograde activation is not accompanied by contractions (or incompletely so), they could still be clinically useful if they correlate with specific disease or symptom phenotypes. Without a doubt, further studies such as that by Somarajan et al— and mechanistic studies— are needed to determine whether retrograde activation will emerge as an important clinical biomarker of gastric dysfunction.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Induced Neurogenic Nocturnal Hypertension

There is a bidirectional, causal relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension. OSA-related hypertension is characterized by high rates of masked hypertension, elevated nighttime blood pressure, a nondipper pattern of nocturnal hypertension, and abnormal blood pressure variability. Hypoxia/hypercapnia-related sympathetic activation is a key pathophysiological mechanism linking the 2 conditions. Intermittent hypoxia also stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to promote hypertension development. The negative and additive cardiovascular effects of OSA and hypertension highlight the importance of effectively managing these conditions, especially when they coexist in the same patient. Continuous positive airway pressure is the gold standard therapy for OSA but its effects on blood pressure are relatively modest. Furthermore, this treatment did not reduce the cardiovascular event rate in nonsleepy patients with OSA in randomized controlled trials. Antihypertensive agents targeting sympathetic pathways or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have theoretical potential in comorbid hypertension and OSA, but current evidence is limited and combination strategies are often required in drug resistant or refractory patients. The key role of sympathetic nervous system activation in the development of hypertension in OSA suggests potential for catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation. Although long-term, randomized controlled trials are needed, available data indicate sustained and relevant reductions in blood pressure in patients with hypertension and OSA after renal denervation, with the potential to also improve respiratory parameters. The combination of lifestyle interventions, optimal pharmacological therapy, continuous positive airway pressure therapy, and perhaps also renal denervation might improve cardiovascular risk in patients with OSA.
GISAXS and TOF‐GISANS studies on surface and depth morphology of self‐organized TiO2 nanotube arrays: model anode material in Li‐ion batteries

Self-organized anodic titania (TiO2) nanotube arrays are an interesting model anode material for use in Li-ion batteries owing to their excellent rate capability, their cycling stability and their enhanced safety compared to graphite. A composite material where carbothermally treated conductive TiO2 nanotubes are used as support for a thin silicon film has been shown to have the additional advantage of high lithium storage capacity. This article presents a detailed comparison of the structure, surface and bulk morphology of self-organized conductive TiO2 nanotube arrays, with and without silicon coating, using a combination of X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and time-of-flight grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS) techniques. X-ray diffraction shows that the nanotubes crystallize in the anatase structure with a preferred (004) orientation. GISAXS and TOF-GISANS are used to study the morphology of the nanotube arrays, delivering values for the inner nanotube radius and intertubular distances with high statistical relevance because of the large probed volume. The analyses reveal the distinct signatures of a prominent lateral correlation of the TiO2 nanotubes of ∼94 nm and a nanotube radius of ∼46 nm. The porosity averaged over the entire film using TOF-GISANS is 46%. The inner nanotube radius is reduced to half (∼23 nm) through the silicon coating, but the prominent lateral structure is preserved. Such in-depth morphological investigations over large sample volumes are useful towards development of more efficient battery electrode morphologies.
Deepfakes Unmasked: The Effects of Information Priming and Bullshit Receptivity on Deepfake Recognition and Sharing Intention

The study aims to test whether simple priming of deepfake (DF) information significantly increases users' ability to recognize DF media. Although undoubtedly fascinating from a technological point of view, these highly realistic artificial intelligent (AI)-generated fake videos hold high deceptive potential. Both practitioners and institutions are thus joining forces to develop debunking strategies to counter the spread of such difficult-to-recognize and potentially misleading video content. On this premise, this study addresses the following research questions: does simple priming with the definition of DFs and information about their potentially harmful applications increase users' ability to recognize DFs? Does bullshit receptivity, as an individual tendency to be overly accepting of epistemically suspect beliefs, moderate the relationship between such priming and DF recognition? Results indicate that the development of strategies to counter the deceitfulness of DFs from an educational and cultural perspective might work well, but only for people with a lower susceptibility to believe willfully misleading claims. Finally, through a serial mediation analysis, we show that DF recognition does, in turn, negatively impact users' sharing intention, thus limiting the potential harm of DFs at the very root of one of their strengths: virality. We discuss the implications of our finding that society's defense against DFs could benefit from a simple reasoned digital literacy intervention.
Prevention through design: insights from computational fluid dynamics modeling to predict exposure to ultrafine particles from 3D printing

ABSTRACT Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers are increasingly used in industrial, academic, military, and residential sectors, yet their emissions and associated user exposure scenarios are not fully described. Characterization of potential user exposure and environmental releases requires robust investigation. During operation, common FFF 3D printers emit varying amounts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) depending upon feedstock material and operation procedures. Volatile organic compounds associated with these emissions exhibit distinct odors; however, the UFP portion is largely imperceptible by humans. This investigation presents straightforward computational modeling as well as experimental validation to provide actionable insights for the proactive design of lower exposure spaces where 3D printers may be used. Specifically, data suggest that forced clean airflows may create lower exposure spaces, and that computational modeling might be employed to predict these spaces with reasonable accuracy to assist with room design. The configuration and positioning of room air ventilation diffusers may be a key factor in identifying lower exposure spaces. A workflow of measuring emissions during a printing process in an ANSI/CAN/UL 2904 environmental chamber was used to provide data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of a 6 m2 room. Measurements of the particle concentrations in a Class 1000 clean room of identical geometry were found to pass the Hanna test for agreement between model and experimental data, validating the findings.
Haploidentical age-adapted myeloablative transplant and regulatory and effector T cells for acute myeloid leukemia.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective treatment in eradicating high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we present data from a novel HLA-haploidentical HSCT protocol that addressed the 2 remaining major unmet medical needs: leukemia relapse and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Fifty AML patients were enrolled in the study. The conditioning regimen included total body irradiation for patients up to age 50 years and total marrow/lymphoid irradiation for patients age 51 to 65 years. Irradiation was followed by thiotepa, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide. Patients received an infusion of 2 × 106/kg donor regulatory T cells on day -4 followed by 1 × 106/kg donor conventional T cells on day -1 and a mean of 10.7 × 106 ± 3.4 × 106/kgpurified CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells on day 0. No pharmacological GVHD prophylaxis was administered posttransplantation. Patients achieved full donor-type engraftment. Fifteen patients developed grade ≥2 acute GVHD (aGVHD). Twelve of the 15 patients with aGVHD were alive and no longer receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Moderate/severe cGVHD occurred in only 1 patient. Nonrelapse mortality occurred in 10 patients. Only 2 patients relapsed. Consequently, at a median follow-up of 29 months, the probability of moderate/severe cGVHD/relapse-free survival was 75% (95% confidence interval, 71%-78%). A novel HLA-haploidentical HSCT strategy that combines an age-adapted myeloablative conditioning regimen with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy resulted in an unprecedented cGVHD/relapse-free survival rate in 50 AML patients with a median age of 53 years. This trial was registered with the Umbria Region Institutional Review Board Public Registry as identification code 02/14 and public registry #2384/14 and at www.clinicaltrials. gov as #NCT03977103.
Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus Document of the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society

We present diagnostic criteria for motion sickness, visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), motion sickness disorder (MSD), and VIMS disorder (VIMSD) to be included in the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders. Motion sickness and VIMS are normal physiological responses that can be elicited in almost all people, but susceptibility and severity can be high enough for the response to be considered a disorder in some cases. This report provides guidelines for evaluating signs and symptoms caused by physical motion or visual motion and for diagnosing an individual as having a response that is severe enough to constitute a disorder. The diagnostic criteria for motion sickness and VIMS include adverse reactions elicited during exposure to physical motion or visual motion leading to observable signs or symptoms of greater than minimal severity in the following domains: nausea and/or gastrointestinal disturbance, thermoregulatory disruption, alterations in arousal, dizziness and/or vertigo, headache and/or ocular strain. These signs and/or symptoms occur during the motion exposure, build as the exposure is prolonged, and eventually stop after the motion ends. Motion sickness disorder and VIMSD are diagnosed when recurrent episodes of motion sickness or VIMS are reliably triggered by the same or similar stimuli, severity does not significantly decrease after repeated exposure, and signs/symptoms lead to activity modification, avoidance behavior, or aversive emotional responses. Motion sickness/MSD and VIMS/VIMSD can occur separately or together. Severity of symptoms in reaction to physical motion or visual motion stimuli varies widely and can change within an individual due to aging, adaptation, and comorbid disorders. We discuss the main methods for measuring motion sickness symptoms, the situations conducive to motion sickness and VIMS, and the individual traits associated with increased susceptibility. These additional considerations will improve diagnosis by fostering accurate measurement and understanding of the situational and personal factors associated with MSD and VIMSD.
Improving crop yield and resilience through photosynthesis optimisation: panacea or pipe dream?

Increasing the speed of breeding to enhance crop productivity and adaptation to abiotic stresses is urgently needed. The perception that a second Green Revolution should be implemented is widely established within the scientific community and among stakeholders. In recent decades, different alternatives have been proposed for elevating crop yield through manipulation of leaf photosynthetic efficiency. However, none of these have delivered practical or relevant outputs. Indeed, the actual increases in photosynthetic rates are not expected to translate into yield increases beyond 10-15%. Furthermore, instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis are not necessarily the reference target for research. Yield is the result of canopy photosynthesis, understood as the contribution of laminar and non-laminar organs over time, within which concepts such as canopy architecture, stay-green or non-laminar photosynthesis need to be taken into account. Moreover, retrospective studies show that photosynthetic improvements have been more common at the canopy level. Nevertheless, it is crucial to place canopy photosynthesis in the context of whole-plant functioning, which includes sink/source balance and transport of photoassimilates, and the availability and uptake of nutrients, such as nitrogen in particular. Overcoming this challenge will only be feasible if a multiscale crop focus combined with a multidisciplinary scientific approach is adopted.
Evolution of bubble length distributions in three-phase fluidized beds

Three-phase fluidization is an operation that has been applied to many chemical processes. The performance of a three-phase fluidized bed reactor is highly influenced by the bubble behavior. For example, gas bubbles affect bed expansion, bed mixing, gas holdup, particle entrainment, and mass transfer among the three phases. Therefore, the knowledge of the gas holdup, bubble velocity, bubble size, and its distribution, is very important in order to understand the behavior of this type of reactor. The aim of this present paper is the description of the steady-state evolution process of the average value and the distribution of bubble lengths in a column with solid particles whose diameter is smaller than the so-called critical particle size, which is around 3 mm for the air-water-glass beads system. Bubble length distributions are obtained from in situ fiber optic probe measurements throughout the fluidized bed. The evolution of bubble length distributions is studied under various operating conditions. The bubble flow regimes are identified objectively by studying, under steady-state operation, the bubble length mappings (functions of both axial and radial positions) in the fluidized bed.
VOC measurements within a boreal forest during spring 2005: the role of monoterpenes and sulphuric acid in selected intense nucleation events

G. Eerdekens, N. Yassaa, V. Sinha, P. P. Aalto, V. Fiedler, H. Aufmhoff, F. Arnold, M. Kulmala, and J. Williams Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Atmospheric trace gases, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling, Germany
A potential peptide inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 S and human ACE2 complex

Abstract The disease COVID-19 has caused heavy socio-economic burden and there is immediate need to control it. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The viral entry into human cell depends on the attachment of spike (S) protein via its receptor binding domain (RBD) to human cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Thus, blocking the virus attachment to hACE2 could serve as potential therapeutics for viral infection. We have designed a peptide inhibitor (ΔABP-α2) targeting the RBD of S protein using in-silico approach. Docking studies and computed affinities suggested that peptide inhibitor binds at the RBD with ∼95-fold higher affinity than hACE2. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirms the stable binding of inhibitor to hACE2. Immunoinformatics studies suggest non-immunogenic and non-toxic nature of peptide. Thus, the proposed peptide could serve as potential blocker for viral attachment. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Transpalpebral transorbital neuroendoscopic (TONES) repair of orbital meningoencephalocele: a technical note

Abstract Purpose Intraorbital encephalocele (OMEC) is a rare entity in adults, usually secondary to an orbital pathology or prior trauma, in particular orbital roof fractures. Treatment of the OMEC is warranted to alleviate the pulsating exophthalmos and prevent potential visual decline. OMEC and orbital roof fractures have been predominantly treated via a craniotomy with a reconstruction of the orbital roof using various implants. With the advances in the endoscopic techniques, neuroendoscopy found its application in the treatment of orbital pathologies. We report a minimally invasive alternative: endoscopic transorbital repair of OMEC. Material and methods The repair technique is described with illustrations and clinical images. Narrated operative video demonstrating the procedure is provided. Results Illustrative case: 50-year-old female presented with progressive right eye proptosis over 6 months. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated bony erosion in the lateral orbital roof, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small hyperintense T2-weighted and T1-weighted contrast enhancing lesion in the orbit, in the area of the bony erosion. Intraoperatively, the lesion was found to be an orbital encephalocele. The orbital defect was successfully repaired by employing the ‘sandwich’ technique, in which a dural substitute reinforced with tissue glue were deployed without repair of the osseous orbital roof. The patient tolerated the procedure well with ultimate resolution of proptosis. The cosmetic outcome was excellent. Conclusion The transorbital neuroendoscopic approach (TONES) presents a feasible, minimally invasive alternative treatment option for circumscribed intraorbital encephaloceles with minimal side effects, well tolerated by patients.
Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and varying concentrate feed proportions in the ration on methane emission, rumen fermentation and performance of periparturient dairy cows

ABSTRACT The climate-relevant enteric methane (CH4) formation represents a loss of feed energy that is potentially meaningful for energetically undersupplied peripartal dairy cows. Higher concentrate feed proportions (CFP) are known to reduce CH4 emissions in cows. The same applies to the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), albeit through different mechanisms. It was hypothesised that the hydrogen not utilised for CH4 formation through the inhibition by 3-NOP would be sequestered by propionate formation triggered by higher CFP so that it could thereby give rise to a synergistically reduced CH4 emission. In a 2 × 2-factorial design, low (LC) or high (HC) CFP were either tested without supplements (CONLC, CONHC) or combined with 3-NOP (NOPLC, 48.4 mg/kg dry matter (DM); NOPHC, 51.2 mg 3-NOP/kg DM). These four rations were fed to a total of 55 Holstein cows from d 28 ante partum until d 120 post partum. DM intake (DMI) was not affected by 3-NOP but increased with CFP (CFP; p < 0.001). CH4/DMI and CH4/energy-corrected milk (ECM) were mitigated by 3-NOP (23% NOPLC, 33% NOPHC) (p < 0.001) and high CFP (12% CON, 22% 3-NOP groups) (CFP × TIME p < 0.001). Under the conditions of the present experiment, the CH4 emissions of NOPLC increased to the level of the CON groups from week 8 until the end of trial (3-NOP × CFP × TIME; p < 0.01). CO2 yield decreased by 3-NOP and high CFP (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). The reduced body weight loss and feed efficiency in HC groups paralleled a more positive energy balance being most obvious in NOPHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). ECM was lower for NOPHC compared to CONHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.05), whereas LC groups did not differ. A decreased fat to protein ratio was observed in HC groups and, until week 6 post partum, in NOPLC. Milk lactose and urea increased by 3-NOP (3-NOP; p < 0.05). 3-NOP and high CFP changed rumen fermentation to a more propionic-metabolic profile (3-NOP; CFP; p < 0.01) but did not affect rumen pH. In conclusion, CH4 emission was synergistically reduced when high CFP was combined with 3-NOP while the CH4 mitigating 3-NOP effect decreased with progressing time when the supplement was added to the high-forage ration. The nature of these interactions needs to be clarified.