Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creating new markets through service innovation

Service businesses now make up about 70% of the aggregate production and employment in the OECD nations, yet true innovation is rare in the service sector. Many companies incrementally improve their offerings, but few succeed in creating service innovations that launch new markets or reshape existing ones. The premise of this article is that by thinking about a service in terms of its core benefits and the separability of its use from its production, managers can more easily see how to outinnovate their competitors. Before they can do so, though, they must understand the different types of market-creating service innovations as well as the factors that enable them. The authors introduce and describe a two-by-two matrix whose taxonomy helps managers think strategically about service innovations that can create new markets. The dimensions of the matrix refer to the type of benefit offered and the degree of service separability. The article references best-practices examples including Enterprise Rent-A-Car, FedEx, eBay, Starbucks, Cirque du Soleil, Google, Southwest Airlines, Walgreens, Netflix and Barnes & Noble to illuminate each of the four cells of the matrix and explain the value to managers of understanding the dynamics of the cell that is most applicable to their service innovation efforts.
Toward a neurobiology of body dysmorphic disorder

Despite its prevalence and clinical significance, very little is known about the neurobiology of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). However, information about the possible neurobiologic substrates of BDD is starting to emerge. Family and genetic studies suggest that BDD is a hereditary disorder. There is indirect psychopharmacologic evidence implicating serotonin in modulating BDD symptoms. Neuropsychological studies demonstrate abnormalities in memory, executive functioning, emotion recognition, and visual self-perception. Case studies of BDD symptoms resulting from brain damage implicate right temporal regions. Studies of the neural basis of body image distortion suggest both involvement of the right parahippocampal gyrus in appraisals of body image, and dysfunction of specific temporal and parietal cortical regions in mediating distorted visual self-perception. Reactions of disgust and anxiety to visual perceptions, which are fundamental processes in BDD patients, may be due to excessive activation of the insula and amygdala. The neurobiologic basis of BDD is likely a complex interplay of dysfunctions in several neural systems. A combination of dysfunctions in frontal-subcortical circuits, right temporal and parietal cortical areas, and limbic structures may produce both the symptoms and neurocognitive deficits characteristic of BDD.
THE AGE AND GROWTH OF GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, PYGOSTEUS PUNGITIUS AND SPINACHIA VULGARIS, AS SHOWN BY THEIR OTOLITHS

Little appears to be known about the ecology of the European fresh-water sticklebacks. As these fishes are common and widespread and important in the ecology of many bodies of fresh water, it was decided to investigate certain aspects of their life history. This is the second of two papers, the first of which (Hynes, 1950) dealt with the food of Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and Pygosteus pungitius (L.). This paper is concerned primarily with the age and growth of Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius, but it includes the study of a few Spinachia vulgaris Fleming.
Adaptation to Habitat in a Group of Annual Plants

Clapham (1946) has emphasized that the persistence of a species at a given site is dependent upon the interaction of plant and environment throughout the whole of the life-cycle, at the stages of germination, establishment, vegetative growth, flowering and the setting of viable seeds. He points out that the elucidation of the way in which a species thus interacts with its environment can most profitably be investigated by experimental methods. This work represents an attempt to investigate experimentally, using relatively simple apparatus, the basis of adaptation to a rather extreme habitat in a well-defined group of annuals on the Derbyshire limestone. As annuals, their survival in any locality depends upon the successful accomplishment every year of all the above stages whatever the seasonal and yearly variations of climate. Despite this variation the life-cycles are remarkably similar and constant: germination invariably takes place in the early autumn, usually in midor late September; vegetative growth then proceeds until some time in December and with the onset of more favourable conditions in the spring, flowering occurs; seeds are shed in May or June but no germination takes place until the following autumn. As will be seen later, this life-cycle fits rather well into the local climatic pattern, but its significance and the way in which it is controlled was not at all obvious. The habitat is very clearly defined as the species are only to be found on shallow soil in open, sunny situations. On the Derbyshire limestone these conditions are provided in abundance on rock ledges, screes, etc., with a more or less southerly aspect where the annuals in question form a distinct community. Sociologically, therefore, the situation is very simple, particularly as competition between individuals or species is almost nonexistent. The following species may be included in the community, varying somewhat in abundance:
Gıdalardaki katkı maddeleri ve zararları; çocukluk hiperaktivitesi

Gidalardaki katki maddeleri denince, kendileri gida maddesi olmadiklari halde gidalarin kalitesini arttirmak, kivamini tutturmak, tadini ve rengini vermek, yapisini duzeltmek gibi islevleri yaninda onlarin hazirlanmasi sirasinda da kolaylik ve iyilestirme saglayan ve bu asamadan sonra ise bozulmalari- na engel olup tezgâh omurlerini uzatmak gibi birtakim teknolojik fonksiyonlari olan maddeler anlasilir.
Ordenamiento ecológico marino: visión temática de la regionalización.

Debido a lo novedoso del tema los aportes que aqui se presentan son un primer esfuerzo, util aunque inicial, de sistematizacion que debera promover futuros acuerdos en torno a los enfoques tematicos e incentivar la generacion de informacion necesaria para poder trabajar cada tema y hacer los ejercicios de integracion que se requieran a diferentes escalas y para diferentes zonas marinas del pais.
Chapter 14:Culture Media for the Isolation of Shigella spp.

Shigella is adapted to humans as the only natural host, although it can infect higher primates. Ingestion of contaminated food or water is the most common route of transmission of Shigella in adults. Shigellosis is mainly a problem in low-income countries in Asia and Africa, where it has been considered endemic. Sporadic cases of Shigella infection have also been reported from moderate- to high-income countries, most of which are associated with travelling to Shigella endemic countries. Over the years, only a few studies have been done on the development and evaluation of culture media for their isolation. Culture media that have been used for isolation of Shigella spp. are not very specific or sensitive and are also used for other Enterobacteriaceae. For food and water samples, enrichment in a non-selective broth followed by plating onto three culture media of varied selectivity can be used for the maximum recovery of Shigella spp. These media, along with some recent developments on culture media for the detection and selective isolation of these bacteria, are the focus of this review.
Diversity and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Camellia oleifera stands in Hunan

Eight species of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi were isolated in the rhizospheric soil of Camellia oleifera stands,of these five were Glomus,two were Acaulopora and one was Scutellospora.Glomus mosseae showed the highest spore density,distribution frequency,relative abundance and importance value,being the dominant genus and species in Hunan Camellia oleifera stands,respectively.The average AM fungi spore density was 16 spores in per 50 grams soil.There were significantly positive correlationship between plant quantities and spore density(r=0.72,P0.01),plant species richness and AM fungal species richness(r=0.79,P0.01),plant species richness and spore density of AM fungi(r=0.69,P0.01). The order of effects of soil factors on ecological diversity of AM fungi was: organic matter total N pH value available P.
Functional limb morphology of extinct carnivores Smilodon fatalis, Panthera atrox, and Canis dirus based on comparisons with four extant felids and one extant canid

FUNCTIONAL LIMB MORPHOLOGY OF EXTINCT CARNIVORES SMILODON FATALIS, PANTHERA ATROX, AND CANIS DIRUS BASED ON COMPARISONS WITH FOUR EXTANT FELIDS AND ONE EXTANT CANID Burcu Carlon, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois University, 2014 Christopher Hubbard, Director Adaptations for hunting and locomotor functions of animals are related to the limb functional characteristics of limb muscles, muscle attachment sites on bones, and joint articular surface shapes. This dissertation includes study of extant Felis catus, Neofelis nebulosa, Panthera leo, and Acinonyx jubatus and extinct Smilodon fatalis, Panthera atrox, and Canis dirus. The extant species exhibit different locomotor modes. The functional characteristics of extinct species are predicted based on limb bone morphology. N. nebulosa, F. catus, and V. vulpes forelimb musculature was described, muscle maps were generated, and muscle fiber analysis was completed. Muscle attachment sizes were also compared in these species to explore the relationship between the size of a muscle and its attachment area. In addition to the bones of these three species, limb bones of extant Acinonyx jubatus, Panthera leo, Vulpes vulpes and extinct Smilodon fatalis, Panthera atrox, and Canis dirus were analyzed using geometric morphometric techniques to examine muscle attachment sites and joint articular surfaces. This was performed to infer the degree of muscle mechanical advantage and joint mobility in the extinct species and to suggest functional capabilities and behavior, such as different hunting and locomotion modes. When compared to felids, V. vulpes has larger muscles crossing the shoulder joint. Consequently, felids displayed larger ratios for muscles used for scapular and antebrachium rotation. In the geometric morphometric analysis of the forelimb, the cursorial carnivores differed from non-cursorial felids in glenoid fossa shape, humeral greater and lesser tubercles and radial tuberosity positioning, and distal radioulnar joint articular facet shape. P. atrox often clustered with P. leo. S. fatalis showed large attachment sites for scapular retraction muscles. Glenoid and distal radioulnar articular facet shapes in S. fatalis suggest increased shoulder joint and anteroposterior humerus rotation ability. In addition, shapes of elbow joint articulation and distal radioulnar articular facets in S. fatalis point to increased antebrachium rotation ability. These characters together may have aided S. fatalis during grappling with large prey. However, S. fatalis clustered with canids in the analyses of the scapula and ilium, suggesting the need for high endurance muscles needed during prey wrestling. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS
Shall I compare thee to a pressure wave? : visualisation, analogy, insight and communication in physics

p.xiv Chapter 0: Overview. 0.1 Physicists’ use of analogy to conceptualise and communicate physics. p.l 0.2 Training students to think scientifically. p.2 0.3 A word about terminology. p.3 0.4 Theoretical and methodological approaches. p.4 0.5 Brief outline of thesis. p.5 0.6 Summary of main findings. p.6 0.7 Origin of thesis title: shall I compare thee to a pressure wave? p.12 Chapter 1: Literature Review. 1.0 Providing a map of the territory. p.14 1.1 Visual & kinaesthetic thinking in science: key cases from history of science. p.16 1.2 The theatre of the mind: some philosophical & psychological perspectives. p.21 1.3 What is my stance concerning mental representations? p.23 1.4 What role do intuition and visualizability play in physics? p.25 1.5 What role does insight play in physics? p.27 1.6 What role does tacit knowledge play in acquiring and promoting insight? p.28 1.7 What techniques do physicists use to bridge ‘linguistic’ divides between ‘sub­ cultures’ of the physics community? p.29 1.8 The creation and use of analogies in science. p.31 1.9 The creation and use of models in science. p.33 1.10 Can computer models strengthen physicists’ visualization capabilities? p.37 1.11 Goel’s thesis that it is often necessary for thoughts to be imprecise & fluid may suggest a cognitive role for playful analogies in conceptualisation. p.38 1.12 How is analogy classified? A cognitive science perspective. p.40 1.13 How are analogy, simile and metaphor related? p.44 1.14 The role of analogy in science education. p.46 1.15 Expert and novice use of analogy: the influence of culturally learned strategies on domain representations. p.49 1.16 What part do cognitive, social, and developmental processes play in scientific thinking? p.50 1.17 Cognitive styles: different strokes for different folks. p.53 1.18 Knowledge gap in literature and summary research questions. p.55
More Mutualisms between Consumers and Plants

In the past few years, there has been considerable interest in the idea that herbivores can benefit their host plant. This paper present four specific mechanisms by which herbivores can enhance plant functioning. It is suggested that consumer activity can stimulate the growth of beneficial phyllosphere and rhizosphere micro-organisms, enhance plant nitrogen relations, and provide organic matter to soils.
Emotions and the Ethics of Consequence in Conservation Decisions: Lessons from Cecil the Lion

Though the conservation community has long premised its moral foundations on consequentialist thinking and has embraced a dualistic worldview severing reason from emotion, the conservation community has erred by failing to address—or even acknowledge—the limitations of these fundamental tenets. This failure reemerged in 2015 when a wealthy hunter killed an African Lion named Cecil for a trophy, in turn, prompting a debate within the conservation community about the appropriateness of killing Cecil. A number of conservationists: (1) defended such instances of trophy hunting on the basis that money generated by trophy hunting can support conservation and (2) ridiculed as irrational those who oppose such instances of killing in the name of conservation. We suggest this response by the conservation community represents common, but problematic, ethical reasoning. We offer a critique of both the ethical underpinning of such reasoning and the assumptions about the relationship between reason and emotion. We urge ethical and social psychological maturation on behalf of the conservation community.
Coping with Infuriating, Mean, Critical People

For all of us forced to deal with an infuriating, mean, critical person, seasoned counselor Nina Brown has a word of warning. You must accept that your usual coping strategies are not effective, and will not be effective, with this person, she advises. You cannot expect them to react and behave as adults. So what's a victim to do? Start with the suggestions in this book. In Coping with Infuriating, Mean, Critical People, Brown explains why many people, who may not display all of the characteristics necessary for a formal, full-blown narcissist diagnosis, still display what she calls a destructive narcissistic pattern that results in much the same anguish for those with whom the individual interacts. Thankfully, she also provides specific methods that will help victims of this behavior deal with the narcissistic colleague, supervisor or boss, parent, or intimate other. Only the extremely lucky among us have never faced or felt the effects of narcissistic behaviors and attitudes, displayed by colleagues, bosses, friends, parents, or lovers. These individuals may boast and brag constantly, take credit for other people's work, expect favors but return few or none, never listen (but always know all the answers), be sure of what is right and best regardless of the topic. They devalue others, micromanage, are hypercritical and mistrustful. Other characteristics of this harmful personality include an inflated sense of importance, although achievements are exaggerated and actual outcomes don't support feelings of superiority. They are exploitative, without empathy, and believe they are envied by all. Brown's excellent advice will help you cope.
If America Had Canada's Stumpage System

The North American lumber market is integrated and, under normal conditions, provides unhindered access to all suppliers. North American log markets, in contrast, function on different principles: in one principle, a profit allowance for the wood processor plays a role in timber pricing, whereas in the other it is a byproduct of the give-and-take of arm's length market negotiations. Under the first system, markets are characterized by high elasticities of price transmission and, at times of market weakness, by low elasticities of product supply. Under the second system, the opposite of these benchmarks prevails. This can result in asymmetric supply responses in weak markets, to the detriment of U.S. producers. Whether this is a subsidy in the sense of conferring a direct financial contribution by the government or merely a more efficient pricing mechanism is beclouded by the dearth of market-based transactions. The challenge in the lumber dispute then is to devise a system of pricing in Canada that is more transparent in regard to the underlying valuation of timber.
Incorporating space into stock assessments of marine species

Spatial management of marine resources requires population dynamic parameters in much greater spatial detail than traditional stock assessments provide. This dissertation presents a suite of methods to improve the spatial prediction of population abundance, fishing and natural mortality and to make greater use of commercial catch data. The main objectives of this dissertation are to determine the efficacy of using the vast amount of data collected by on-board observers on commercial vessels in model-based estimation of abundance and to use the spatial autocorrelation to improve resource mapping and abundance estimation. The first paper presents a methodology for improving variogram estimation when samples exist from multiple years or regions sharing a similar process for generating spatial autocorrelation. In both simulations and in real datasets of oyster abundance the method proposed here reduced the likelihood of failing to obtain a variogram from a set of samples and improved the efficiency of variogram estimation. The second paper presents a simulation of the efficacy of using biased samples for geostatistical predictions. By creating and sampling spatially-autocorrelated datasets in a manner similar to a commercial fishery we found that model-based geostatistics provided a means of obtaining relatively unbiased predictions of abundance using this data. The next paper used catches obtained by onboard observers in the scallop fishery in Georges Bank Closed Area II in 1999 to obtain geostatistical abundance estimates. We used Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) effort data to obtain tows with less than 10% of the total effort. These tows provided geostatistical estimates of initial scallop abundance similar to a preseason fishery-independent survey. Local differences between the observer and survey predictions were driven primarily by data gaps. The last paper obtained spatiallyexplicit DeLury depletion estimates of dredge efficiency and scallop abundance using VMS data to correct for the actual fished area. Corrected-area efficiency estimates ranged between 20 and 55% with a mean of 45% and maps of abundance closely matched fishery-independent survey estimates. These results indicate that the there is tremendous potential to incorporate commercial fishery data for the purposes of obtaining quantitative resource assessment information.
Lifelong learners in music : portraits of generations

Background, aim and methodology Musicians today face major changes in the cultural life and the music profession, and the question rises how future professional musicians are going to deal with this. The changes are manifold. New developments in technology emerge, which can lead to new ways of creating music. A changing nature of consumers (think for example of the change in the age pyramid) leads to different artistic programming and to new audiences. The multicultural society asks for cultural awareness, gives new artistic opportunities, and also leads to new audiences. The changing cultural landscape leads to a changing nature of the career of musicians: they have no longer a job for life, but a portfolio career, and entrepreneurship and other generic skills become increasingly important. Musicians have to function in different contexts, in varying roles that can be applied to all kinds of practitioners in the music profession and they are challenged to respond accordingly to the variables in their environments. In addition the standards of excellence required keep rising: higher artistic quality, higher educational quality etc. All of this is reason enough to explore a conceptual framework of Lifelong Learning to underpin curricula in the conservatoire or music academy of today, which does not tend to keep pace with, nor to respond full heartedly to all these developments. Lifelong Learning is a dynamic concept whose key characteristics can be critical for the emergence of new creative and adaptive educational approaches for musicians. Hence the Lifelong Learning concept and its implementation are being investigated on the level of educational organization, curriculum, teachers, students and graduates. Doing so implies creating adaptive learning environments in which music students can be enabled to function optimally in a continuously changing professional practice.