Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Methane Potential for Wheat-based Fuel Ethanol and Beef Feedlot Integration

This study consisted of conducting biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays at thermophilic temperatures on ethanol byproducts typically produced downstream of distillation in wheat-based ethanol facilities. One experiment focused on the methane potential of the byproducts alone and two more experiments focused on the effect of amending the highest potential byproducts with feedlot manure at 1:1 and 2:1 (VS ratio) of byproduct to manure. Methane yields for whole stillage, thin stillage and wet cake were 585
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TEXTURE AND PECTIN CONSTITUENTS OF JAPANESE PEAR

The relationship between texture and pectin constituents and some related compounds of the Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder var. culta 'Housui') during fruit enlargement and ripening was studied. The modulus of elasticity, deformation ratio, and relaxation value from the flat plate compression test, and all the properties from the puncture test were affected by the pectin constituents, alcohol insoluble solids, and soluble solids. The hardness and deformation of the fruit obtained from the plate compression test might depend on the combination of the alcohol insoluble solids in fresh weight and weight of the fruit. The oxalate soluble pectin both in alcohol insoluble solids and in fresh weight affected the fruit texture more than the water soluble pectin. The solubilization of nonsoluble pectin to water soluble pectin appeared to influence the textural properties more than that of the nonsoluble pectin to oxalate soluble pectin. The puncture test was superior in analyzing the textural properties of the Japanese pear fruits with regard to changes in the pectin constituents.
Ultrafast Electrochemical Techniques

Ultrafast electrochemical techniques provide information about the kinetics and thermodynamics of redox processes that occur at submillisecond or even nanosecond timescales. This short timescale is achieved either by making very rapid transient measurements or by using ultrasmall probes to achieve very high rates of diffusion under steady-state conditions. Microelectrodes (i.e. electrodes with critical dimensions in the micrometer range) play pivotal roles in both approaches. Electrochemistry has several advantages over spectroscopy in that it provides direct information about electron transfer (E) and coupled chemical (C) reactions. Ultrafast electrochemical techniques now allow it to do so at times as short as 10 ns. In transient measurements, decreasing the lower accessible timescale depends critically on fabricating ultramicroelectrodes that continue to respond ideally as their critical dimension (e.g. the radius of a microdisc) decreases. It is now possible to assemble microelectrodes that respond to changes in applied potential within less than a few nanoseconds. In steady-state approaches, ultrasmall probes are required to make short timescale measurements and various approaches that yield nanodes (i.e. electrodes of nanometer dimension) have been proposed. However, beyond the need for smaller probes and faster instrumentation, the continued development of new theory describing electron transfer is essential, where the dimensions of the zone that is depleted of reactant because of a Faradaic reaction and the electrochemical double layer become comparable.
Determination of Graphite-Liquid-Vapor Triple Point by Laser Heating

Abstract : A technique was developed for measuring the melting temperatures of graphite, and the graphite-liquid-vapor triple point by means of continuous HF laser in the pressure range 120 to 215 atm. The triple point was found to be 120 + or - 10 atm and 4130 + or - 30 K for pyrolytic graphite. The results with neon, argon, and krypton as pressurization gases were concordant. A vapor-solid- liquid phase diagram was obtained in the vicinity of triple point. Photomicrography, electron micrography, x-ray diffraction, and ion microprobe mass analysis were used to characterize the structure of frozen liquid droplets, the pyrolytic graphite matrix, and condensed vapor.
Extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), and Lanthanides(III) from Nitric Acid Solutions with CMPO-Functionalized Ionic Liquid in Molecular Diluents

The extraction of microquantities of U(VI), Th(IV), and lanthanides(III) from nitric acid solutions with CMPO-functionalized ionic liquid 1-[3[[(diphenylphosphinyl)acetyl]amino]propyl]-3-tetradecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate, CMPO-FIL(I) in molecular organic diluents has been studied. The effect of HNO3 concentration in the aqueous phase and that of extractant concentration in the organic phase on the extraction of metal ions is considered. The stoichiometry of the extracted complexes was determined. CMPO-FIL(I) demonstrates greater extraction ability towards Ln(III) than its neutral CMPO analog, diphenylphosphorylacetic acid N-nonylamide. This inner synergistic effect increases with a decreasing organic diluent polarity. The partition of CMPO-FIL(I) between the equilibrium organic and aqueous phases is the dominant factor governing the extractability of Ln(III) ions in the extraction system.
Evaluation of the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Strecker Reaction Conducted Under Continuous Flow

Building on our experience of micro-reaction technology, we present herein the evaluation of an integrated borosilicate glass micro reactor in which 51 α-aminonitriles were synthesized via a series of continuous solution-phase and heterogeneously catalyzed reaction steps, affording analytically pure products in yields > 99.6 %. As an extension to this, the ability to selectivity synthesize aldehydic Strecker products in the presence of ketonic functionalities was also investigated, concluding with the chemoselective synthesis of 2-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-(phenethylamino)acetonitrile whereby the desired product was obtained in 99.8 % yield and quantitative purity. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Carbon disulfide biofiltration: Influence of the accumulation of biodegradation products on biomass development

BACKGROUND: This research has assessed the impact of sulfate accumulation on the performance of two biofilters treating CS2. Both biofilters were packed with a pelletized organic fertilizer and operated in downflow mode (Biofilter A) and flow reversal mode (Biofilter B). The performance of the biofilters after an excessive accumulation of sulfate has also been evaluated. RESULTS: The excessive accumulation of sulfate and the reduction in the packing material's moisture content resulted in a decrease in the initial high removal efficiency recorded during the first 50 days (approx.) of operation in both biofilters. A recovery strategy based on mixing and washing the packing material led to a sustained RE of 40 ± 9% and 62 ± 11% for Biofilters A and B, respectively. Both biofilters recovered their initial performance after irrigation. A high CO2:EC ratio suggested that secondary oxidation reactions related to heterotrophic bacteria occurred in both bioreactors. The maximum elimination capacity (ECmax) recorded in Biofilters A and B was 11.6 and 16.6 g CS2 m−3 h−1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the capacity biofilters treating CS2 have to recover after sulfate accumulation episodes and the importance of optimized irrigation strategies. The benefit of the flow reversal operating mode was highlighted. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of Halloysite Nanotube on the Mechanical Properties and Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) (PBT)

In this study, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/halloysite composites having various amounts of halloysite, as a one-dimensional (1D) nanotubular alumina-silicate filler, were prepared by melt processing in a twin screw extruder. Nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the samples were studied by DSC and XRD methods. The effect of halloysite amount on the nonisothermal melt crystallization kinetics of the PBT was analyzed with various kinetic models, namely the Ozawa, Avrami modified by Jeziorny, and Liu–Mo. Crystallization activation energies of the samples were determined by the Kissinger model. Viscoelastic properties of the samples were studied by DMA tests. By comparing the effect of halloysite amount on the melt crystallization kinetics of PBT, it was found that halloysite increased the crystallization rate of PBT. Crystallization activation energy values of the PBT and composite samples including 2%, 5%, and 10% of halloysite were found to be −341.8, −353.3, −373.6, and −419.6 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on the DMA tests, it was found that halloysite increased the elastic feature of the sample due to polymer-filler interactions.
Novel Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials by Covalent Anchoring of Phenothiazines on MCM-41

Triethoxysilyl functionalized phenothiazinyl carbamates were synthesized and covalently grafted onto mesoporous MCM-41. XRD and N2 adsorption measurements indicated the presence of a highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonal structure of functional materials, while the incorporation of organic compounds in the solid materials was proven by means of 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy as well as by FT-IR spectroscopy. Upon oxidation with (NO)BF4, stable phenothiazine radical cations were generated in the pores of the materials, which can be detected by means of UV−vis and EPR spectroscopy.
Intercalators. 1. Nature of Stacking Interactions between Intercalators (Ethidium, Daunomycin, Ellipticine, and 4‘,6-Diaminide-2-phenylindole) and DNA Base Pairs. Ab Initio Quantum Chemical, Density Functional Theory, and Empirical Potential Study

Properties of isolated intercalators (ethidium (E), daunomycin (D), ellipticine (EL), and 4,6‘-diaminide-2-phenylindole (DAPI)) and their stacking interactions with adenine···thymine (AT) and guanine···cytosine (GC) nucleic acid base pairs were investigated by means of a nonempirical correlated ab initio method. All intercalators exhibit large charge delocalization, and none of them (including the DAPI dication) exhibits a site with dominant charge. All intercalators have large polarizability and are good electron acceptors, while base pairs are good electron donors. MP2/6-31G*(0.25) stabilization energies of intercalator···base pair complexes are large (E···AT, 22.4 kcal/mol; D···GC, 17.8 kcal/mol; EL···GC, 18.2 kcal/mol; DAPI···GC, 21.1 kcal/mol) and are well reproduced by modified AMBER potential (van der Waals radii of intercalator atoms are enlarged and their energy depths are increased). Standard AMBER potential underestimates binding, especially for DAPI-containing complexes. Because the DAPI dicat.
RESEARCH REGARDING BAKERY PRODUCTS IRON STRENGTHENING

In the present paper we studied the possibility of iron strengthening of the bakery products, by introducing some high iron content ingredients into their recipes. In order to do this we made bread samples, for which we partially and totally replaced the raw material with nettle and spinach decoction or with fresh spinach and nettle. We also studied samples in which we used egg yolk. These analysis consisted in the determination of the iron concentration for nettle, spinach and egg yolk as raw material, for the nettle and spinach decoction and for the finished products obtained out of these materials. After that, we realized the comparative study for the obtained results. The bread was obtained in our own college laboratory, and the determination of the iron content for the analyzed samples was made using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometric method. We also proceeded with the sensuous comparative analysis of the resulted products.
Consumer rejection threshold of ethyl phenylacetate and phenylacetic acid, compounds responsible for the sweet‐like off odour in wines made from sour rotten grapes

Backgrounds and Aims: This study aimed to determine a consumer rejection threshold (CRT) for ethyl phenylacetate (EPhA) and phenylacetic acid (PhAA) in wine. These compounds have recently been reported to be responsible for sweet-like, honey off odours in wine made from sour rotten grapes. Methods and Results: Non-expert wine consumers (n = 35) received pairs of samples comprising a control wine against a spiked wine with an ascending concentration of the target compounds and were asked to indicate which sample they preferred. Results estimated a conjoint CRT for EPhA and PhAA of 140 and 700 mg/L, respectively. Wines spiked with a EPhA and PhAA concentration around the CRT evoked intense ‘dried fruit’ aromas that led to a decrease of the general aroma quality; these wines are significantly rejected by consumers. Conclusions: The measured CRT provides an initial estimation of the risk concentration for EPhA and PhAA in red wine, as they represent a ‘taint’ for regular wine consumers. Significance of the Study: These data allow wine producers to predict if a given wine will be disliked by consumers or to help guide ‘blending away’ of such wines.
Purity specification methods for ionic liquids

In the last decade, ionic liquids have shown great promise in a plethora of applications. However, little attention has been paid to the characterisation of the purity of these fluids, which has ultimately led to non-reproducible data in the literature. In order to facilitate specification of ionic liquids, a number of analytical protocols with their limits of detection (where available) have been compiled, including methods of other authors. In particular, quantitative methods have been developed and summarised for the determination of the total ionic liquid content, residual unreacted ionic liquid starting material and by-products (amines, alkylating agents, inorganic halides), solvents from extraction procedures and water, in addition to decomposition products and total volatiles.
REACTIONS OF PHOSPHATE IN ALUMINUM SYSTEMS.: I. ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY X-RAY AMORPHOUS "ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE"

The initial fixation of phosphate by X-ray amorphous "aluminum hydroxide" at pH values of 7, 6, 5 and 3.8 and at initial phosphate concentrations ranging from 2 to 100 p.p.m. of P and in certain instances, up to molar concentration, was shown to be primarily a result of an adsorption reaction. This reaction occurred very rapidly and was practically completed within a half-hour, but was followed by a slow decomposition-precipitation process. The adsorption mechanism was suggested to be basically the same as the decomposition-precipitation reaction, except the latter requires the release of the aluminum ion into solution.The limitations of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm are discussed in light of the data obtained. A unified equation for adsorption and precipitation of phosphate in aluminum systems is presented.
GEMS data assimilation system for chemically reactive gases

A data assimilation system for chemically reactive gases has been developed at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the ”Global and regional Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in-situ data” (GEMS) project. ECMWF’s integrated forecast system (IFS) was extended to include the chemically reactive gases ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide. Chemical transport models were coupled to the IFS using the OASIS4 coupler to model the chemical processes and to provide the IFS with chemical production and loss rates. This paper describes the assimilation system for the reactive gases, presents the background error statistics developed for the reactive gases, and shows some first results of the assimilation of satellite retrievals for all five new species.
Removal of lead from water by adsorption on a kaolinitic clay

The possible use of kaolinitic clay, Giru clay, from Nigeria as an adsorbent for the removal of lead from water was investigated. Studies were carried out as a function of contact times, concentrations, temperatures and pH. The kinetics of adsorption as well as adsorption isotherms at different temperatures were equally studied. The results show that lead removal is favoured by low concentration, high temperature and acidic pH. The reasons for these observations are adduced.
Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil, Plant and Air of Scrapyard of Discarded Vehicles at Zarqa City, Jordan

Ninety soil samples, forty plant samples (Anabasis articulata), and twenty air samples were collected from the scrap yard of discarded vehicles near Zarqa city, Jordan. These samples were analyzed for heavy metals: Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, and Fe. Longitudinal and vertical profiles of soil samples were studied. Generally, the levels of all heavy metals studied in the scrap yard area were found to be higher than those of the control samples. The levels of heavy metals decreased with depth until reaching a constant value at 9 cm depth. The levels of heavy metals also decreased at distances farther away from the scrap yard area. A significant difference in heavy metal concentrations was found between washed and unwashed plant samples. On the other hand, no significant differences have been found between plant samples from inside and outside the scrap yard area. Air samples showed wide variations in heavy metal levels among the sampling sites. The enrichment factors for non-crustal elements such as Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, in both soil and particulate matter, were found to be more than 10, indicating anthropogenic sources such as dust, rust, and exhaust emissions from the scrap yard area, whereas the crustal elements such as Fe and Mn showed enrichment factors of less than 10.
A critical literature review of focused electron beam induced deposition

An extensive review is given of the results from literature on electron beam induced deposition. Electron beam induced deposition is a complex process, where many and often mutually dependent factors are involved. The process has been studied by many over many years in many different experimental setups, so it is not surprising that there is a great variety of experimental results. To come to a better understanding of the process, it is important to see to which extent the experimental results are consistent with each other and with the existing model. All results from literature were categorized by sorting the data according to the specific parameter that was varied (current density, acceleration voltage, scan patterns, etc.). Each of these parameters can have an effect on the final deposit properties, such as the physical dimensions, the composition, the morphology, or the conductivity. For each parameter-property combination, the available data are discussed and (as far as possible) interpreted. By combining models for electron scattering in a solid, two different growth regimes, and electron beam induced heating, the majority of the experimental results were explained qualitatively. This indicates that the physical processes are well understood, although quantitatively speaking the models can still be improved. The review makes clear that several major issues remain. One issue encountered when interpreting results from literature is the lack of data. Often, important parameters (such as the local precursor pressure) are not reported, which can complicate interpretation of the results. Another issue is the fact that the cross section for electron induced dissociation is unknown. In a number of cases, a correlation between the vertical growth rate and the secondary electron yield was found, which suggests that the secondary electrons dominate the dissociation rather than the primary electrons. Conclusive evidence for this hypothesis has not been found. Finally, there is a limited understanding of the mechanism of electron induced precursor dissociation. In many cases, the deposit composition is not directly dependent on the stoichiometric composition of the precursor and the electron induced decomposition paths can be very different from those expected from calculations or thermal decomposition. The dissociation mechanism is one of the key factors determining the purity of the deposits and a better understanding of this process will help develop electron beam induced deposition into a viable nanofabrication technique.
Regional Embeddedness Segments Across Fifteen Countries

While segmenting consumers, it is beneficial to understand how emotions and sensory perceptions relate to consumers’ food behavior. In this research, a new measure called the “local embeddedness” (EMB) scale was used to measure the emotional bond with the region among 1,714 respondents from 15 countries. There were two aims of the study: firstly, to examine the effectiveness of the EMB scale in segmenting respondents, and secondly, to profile the EMB segments in terms of socio-demographic variables. Results show that EMB segments consisted of three groups of respondents: 1) strong local supporters, 2) confused disbelievers, and 3) limited knowledge about product origin/trust industry segment.
Unexpected Desilylative-alkylation of 3-O-tert-Butyl-dimethylsilyl Galangin

Biological activities of flavonoids have led to the creation of many therapeutic forms of plant flavonoids. Data on the chemical structures of a variety of flavonoids have been obtained, and the fundamental mechanisms of action of flavonoids as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, cardiotonics, radioprotectors, antitumor agents and antiviral agents have been identified. However, little effort has been expended on synthetic flavonoid analogues presumably due to the difficulties in controlling the regiochemistry of the flavonoids. As a part of our ongoing efforts directed at the structureactivity relationship studies (SARs) of naturally occurring flavonoids, we have been interested in the regioselective alkylation of flavanones (naringenin, 1, Fig. 1) and flavones (apigenin, 2, Fig. 1). Herein, we report our recent attempts on the regioselective alkylation of a flavonol, galangin (3, Fig. 1). The flavonol has an additional hydroxyl group at the 3 position of the ring C (Fig. 1), which is known to be the primary site of alkylation. Thus, we envisaged that 3-Oprotected galangin would be selectively converted into the 7O-alkyl galangin under alkylating conditions, and set out to synthesize the key intermediate 4 starting from the commercially available chrysine 7 (Scheme 1). Treatment of chrysine 7 with Me2SO4 and K2CO3 in acetone provided the 5,7-di-O-methyl chrysine 8, which was subjected to the α-hydroxylation conditions to give the 5,7di-O-methyl galangin 9 in 60% yield. Protection of the 3-OH group with TBDMSCl and DMAP in anhydrous pyridine followed by Lewis acid-mediated demethylation provided the key intermediate 4, which was smoothly transformed into the alkylated product 5 upon treatment with substituted benzyl bromides (3-ClBnBr, 4-ClBnBr and 3-CNBnBr) and K2CO3 in acetone. However, under the alkylation conditions, the TBDMS protecting group was lost, and the NOESY analysis of 5 showed that there was no nOe correlation between the benzylic and A-ring protons (H6 and H8) (Fig. 2), which implied that the alkylation did not take place at the 7-O position. Instead, the benzylic protons of 5 showed strong nOe correlation with aromatic protons at the B-ring, which confirms that the alkylation site is 3-O rather than 7O. Protection of the 3-hydroxy group of 9 with TBDPSCl instead of TBDMSCl was attempted to provide more stable silyl ether but resulted in the same desilylative alkylation product 5 (data not shown). Based on this result, we presumed that the unexpected 3O-alkylated products were formed via desilylative-alkylation mechanism (Scheme 2). The flavonoid is deprotonated with K2CO3 to give an anion 11, which resonanced to the corresponding chromen-4-ol anion 12. The alkoxide ion then attacks the nearby TBDMS group to result in silyl migration (3-O to 4-O). The enolate anion at the 3-position 13, thus formed, attacks benzylic bromide to provide the 3-O-alkyl product 14, which resonances back to the stable aromatic form with concurrent loss of the TBDMS group upon aqueous work-up. In order to verify the desilylative-alkylation mechanism,