Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A multi-hierarchical symbolic model of the environment for improving mobile robot operation

El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis se centra en el estudio y aplicacion de estructuras multijerarquicas, que representan el entorno de un robot movil, con el objetivo de mejorar su capacidad de realizar tareas complejas en escenarios humanos. Un robot movil debe poseer una representacion simbolica de su entorno para poder llevar a cabo operaciones deliberativas, por ejemplo planificar tareas. Sin embargo a la hora de representar simbolicamente entornos reales, dado su complejidad, es imprescindible contar con mecanismos capaces de organizar y facilitar el acceso a la ingente cantidad de informacion que de ellos se deriva. Aparte del inconveniente de tratar con grandes cantidades de informacion, existen otros problemas subyacentes de la representacion simbolica de entornos reales, los cuales aun no han sido resueltos por completo en la literatura cientifica. Uno de ellos consiste en el mantenimiento de la representacion simbolica optimizada con respecto a las tareas que el robot debe realizar, y coherente con el entorno en el que se desenvuelve. Otro problema, relacionado con el anterior es la creacion/modificacion de la informacion simbolica a partir de informacion meramente sensorial (este problema es conocido como symbol-grounding). Esta tesis estudia estos problemas y aporta soluciones mediante estructuras multijerarquicas. Estas estructuras simbolicas, basadas en el concepto de abstraccion, imitan la forma en la que los humanos organizamos la informacion espacial y permite a un robot movil mejorar sus habilidades en entornos complejos. Las principales contribuciones de este trabajo son: - Se ha formalizado matematicamente un modelo simbolico basado en multiples abstracciones (multijerarquias) mediante Teoria de Categorias. Se ha desarrollado un planificador de tareas eficiente que es capaz de aprovechar la organizacion jerarquica del modelo simbolico del entorno. Nuestro metodo ha sido validado matematicamente y se han implementado y comparado dos variantes del mismo (HPWA-1 y HPWA-2). - Una instancia particular del modelo multijerarquico ha sido estudiada e implementada para organizar informacion simbolica con el objetivo de mejorar simultaneamente diferentes tareas a realizar por un robot movil. - Se ha desarrollado un procedimiento que (1) construye un modelo jerarquico del entorno de un robot, (2) lo mantiene coherente y actualizado y (3) lo optimiza con el fin de mejorar las tareas realizadas por un robot movil. - Finalmente, se ha implementado una arquitectura robotica que engloba todas las cuestiones anteriormente citadas. Se han realizado pruebas reales con una silla de ruedas robotizada que ponen de manifiesto la utilidad del uso de estructuras multijerarquicas en robotica movil.
HIV/AIDS education in regular and special (deaf) secondary schools in Ghana

This study investigated HIV/AIDS education in two secondary schools in Ghana comparing students’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour. Furthermore, this study investigated students most trusted source of HIV/AIDS knowledge, how students see the disease against other diseases and how HIV education is grounded in the schools curricular. In all, 283 students were involved in the survey. Their ages were between 12 and 25. The findings established that student’s knowledge on how to avoid the disease, mode of transmission, and prevention were very high. However, it was unearthed that female students fear for the disease was higher than their male counterparts and this have motivated them to know their status. It was also realised that students from the two schools involved in the surveys attitude toward people infected and affected by the disease were positive. However, student’s attitude toward condom use was negative. Moreover, respondents reported their dissatisfaction toward HIV education that go on in their respective schools. They added that education on the disease have had little impact on their behaviour. However, their trust for their teachers, school as well as the media for HIV/AIDS knowledge was very high. In contrast, students trust for their parents and religious leaders on HIV knowledge was very low. These have triggered the conception of total restructuring of the curricular to scale up an intervention that would target specific behaviour change. Parents and religious leaders should as well be integrated into the education of the disease in order to help bring the needed behaviour transformation on young people.
Neonatal Morbidities in Infants of Mothers with Glucose Intolerance in Pregnancy

Of 1839 pregnant women screened prospectively, 52 were identified to have glucose intolerance. Ten additional pregnant women identified as having glucose intolerance before the universal screening were also included in the study cohort. These 62 patients were followed in a perinatal high-risk clinic with weekly plasma glucose determinations. The patients were treated with diet and, in addition, 21 of 62 were treated with insulin therapeutically. By observational cohort design, the infants and a comparable number of matched controls were evaluated for evidence of neonatal morbidities and classified into percentile for birth weight. Compared with the control group, the operative mode of delivery, the mean birth weight, the birthweight percentile, the male/female ratio, the frequency of low Apgar score (≤ 6 at 1 min), and the number of infants with congenital anomalies were significantly higher in the infants born to the glucose-intolerant mothers. Although the mean maternal blood sugar was maintained within a reasonably euglycemic range, the usual neonatal morbidities were not eliminated entirely. Further understanding and management of glucose intolerance in pregnancy is necessary to further diminish or eliminate neonatal morbidities.
Neuroanatomical Basis of Facial Expression in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

CHET C. SHERWOOD,a,b,c RALPH L. HOLLOWAY,a,c PATRICK J. GANNON,c,d KATERINA SEMENDEFERI,e JOSEPH M. ERWIN,f KARL ZILLES,g AND PATRICK R. HOFb,c,f aDepartment of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA bKastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratory and Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, and dDepartment of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA cNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York eDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0532, USA fFoundation for Comparative and Conservation Biology, Needmore, Pennsylvania 17238, USA gInstitut fur Medizin, Forschungszentrum Julich und C. & O. Vogt-Institut fur Hirnforschung, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany
QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTING OF WINTERTIME PRECIPITATION IN THE SIERRA NEVADA

Topography is one of the most important local elements that controls the amount, spatial distribution and occurrence of precipitation. This is particularly true for the wintertime precipitation in the western United States that has a large impact on the local hydrologic cycle. Large mountain barriers such as the Sierra Nevada (average crest height of 2.2 km, a half width of 100 km) typically produce maximum of precipitation 10-20 km upstream of the crest accompanied by a strong shadowing of the lee side. The occurrence of heavy precipitation along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada is mainly caused by orographic lifting of the oceanic in ow of air at the upslope of the mountain range. Consequently, cloud systems here evolve slowly and often persist for many hours within a single storm event (Rauber 1992). The amount of orographic uplift and precipitation is quite dependent on the size and shape of the barrier as well as the distribution of moisture and static stability at lower atmospheric levels (Smith 1979). The Sierra Nevada is especially well suited for study of orographic wintertime precipitation processes due to its uniform upwind slope and absence of larger mountains upstream (aside from 300 m high Coastal Range). This quasi-two dimensional mountain range slopes up uniformly from the Central Valley of California (at 0.1 km ASL) to approximately 2.2 km ASL over a horizontal distance of 100 km. The orientation of the range is north-northwest to south-southeast, and its length close to 600 km. There is a very small number of high passes that interrupt the compact ridgeline but a fairly large number of deep river valleys on the western slope oriented perpendicular to the mountain range [Fig. 1; see also Fig. 1 in Grubi si c and Cardon (2002) in this volume)]. Accurately predicting the amount and spatial dis-
Candida albicans Candida dubliniensis Candida famata Candida glabrata Candida guilliermondii Candida inconspicua Candida kefyr Candida krusei Candida lusitaniae Candida norvegensis Candida parapsilosis

Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 263, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland Haartman Institute, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 263, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
Genome-wide association analysis reveals genetic loci and candidate genes for feeding behavior and eating efficiency in Duroc boars

Efficient use of feed resources is a challenge in the pork industry because the largest variability in expenditure is attributed to the cost of fodder. Efficiency of feeding is directly related to feeding behavior. In order to identify genomic regions controlling feeding behavior and eating efficiency traits, 338 Duroc boars were used in this study. The Illumina Porcine SNP60K BeadChip was used for genotyping. Data pertaining to individual daily feed intake (DFI), total daily time spent in feeder (TPD), number of daily visits to feeder (NVD), average duration of each visit (TPV), mean feed intake per visit (FPV), mean feed intake rate (FR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were collected for these pigs. Despite the limited sample size, the genome-wide association study was acceptable to detect candidate regions association with feeding behavior and eating efficiency traits in pigs. We detected three genome-wide (P < 1.40E-06) and 11 suggestive (P < 2.79E-05) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-trait associations. Six SNPs were located in genomic regions where quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have previously been reported for feeding behavior and eating efficiency traits in pigs. Five candidate genes (SERPINA3, MYC, LEF1, PITX2, and MAP3K14) with biochemical and physiological roles that were relevant to feeding behavior and eating efficiency were discovered proximal to significant or suggestive markers. Gene ontology analysis indicated that most of the candidate genes were involved in the development of the hypothalamus (GO:0021854, P < 0.0398). Our results provide new insights into the genetic basis of feeding behavior and eating efficiency in pigs. Furthermore, some significant SNPs identified in this study could be incorporated into artificial selection programs for Duroc-related pigs to select for increased feeding efficiency.
VOICE CONVERSION USING K-HISTOGRAMS AND RESIDUAL AVERAGING

The main goal of a voice conversion system is to modify the voice of a source speaker, in order to be perceived as if it had been uttered by an- other specific speaker. Many approaches found in the literature convert only the features related to the vocal tract of the speaker. Our proposal is to convert those characteristics, and to process the signal pass- ing through the vocal chords. Thus, the goal of this work is to obtain better scores in the voice conver- sion results.
Vascular endothelial growth factor–targeted paclitaxel‐loaded liposome microbubbles and inhibition of human epidermoid‐2 cell proliferation

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the formation of capillary blood vessels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of VEGF‐targeted paclitaxel (PTX)‐loaded liposome microbubbles (VTPLLMs) on the proliferation of human epidermoid (Hep‐2) laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Carbohydrate Derivatives of Indigo, Its Isomers and Heteroanalogues

have been used for a long time. They have technical applications, and are of considerable theoretical interest as well. The pigment can be obtained from various higher plants and fungi such as Baphicacanthus cusia (Acanthaceae), Calanthe veratrifolia (Orchidaceae), Isatis tinctoria (Brassicaceae), Polygonum tinctorium (Polygonaceae), Schizophyllum commune, and Agaricus campester through a process that involves its formation from precursors such as indican and isatan. Numerous derivatives of indigo have also been synthesized for commercial purposes. Until 2002, only three naturally occurring substituted indigos were known: the well-known Tyrian purple (isolated from purple snail) and two other brominated indigos. In 2002, Laatsch et al. reported the isolation of the akashines A, B, and C from terrestric Streptomyces spp. (Figure 2). Besides the 5,5’-dichloro-substituted indigo moiety, the akashines contain an N-glycosidic 4-amino-4,6-didesoxyglucose (akashine A) or a 4-acetamido-4,6-didesoxyglucose moiety (akashine B). They exhibit considerable growth inhibitory activity toward various human tumor cell lines, in contrast to the pharmacologically inactive non-glycosylated indigo. Indirubin, the red isomer of indigo, is the active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicinal recipe Danggui Longhui Wan, which has been used for the treatment of myelocytic leukemia. This substance and its substituted derivatives are potent inhibitors of several kinases such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). 9] Phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues by cellular protein kinases plays an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes. Protein kinases constitute the largest family of human enzymes and are considered to be the largest class amenable to therapeutic intervention by smallmolecule drugs. CDKs and GSK-3 play key roles in a large number of cellular processes. They are involved in various diseases, including certain cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and AIDS among others. 13] Both families of kinases have been used extensively as targets to identify small-molecular-weight pharmaceutical inhibitors of potential therapeutic interest. Among these inhibitors, the bis-indole indirubin and its analogues have gathered considerable attention, as they were discovered to inhibit CDKs and GSK-3. For example, 5-substituted indirubins display high inhibitory potency toward various CDKs and GSK-3b. 9, 14] Among indirubin isomers isolated from marine organisms, the natural product 6-bromoindirubin and its synthetic, more cell-permeable derivative 6-bromoindirubin3’-oxime also show enhanced selective inhibition of GSK-3 versus CDKs. 16] The high inhibitory potency of 5-nitroindirubin-3’-oxime led various research groups to synthesize disubstituted indirubins, namely at positions 5 and 7, thereby possibly combining selectivity and high activity. Moreover, the Figure 1. Indigo and its isomers. Figure 2. Akashin A.
A re-examination of the role of Campylobacter fetus subspecies coli in enteric disease of the pig

Campylobacter fetus subspecies coli was isolated from the small intestines of 17 piglets less than six weeks of age submitted for diagnosis. Sixteen of these animals had enteritis and in five of them no other probable bacterial cause of the enteric lesions was identified. Changes including congestion of the small intestinal mucosa, reduction in the height of the villi, thickening of the terminal ileum and histological evidence for inflammatory change in the small intestine were seen at post mortem examination. C f subsp coli was also isolated from the large intestinal mucosa of all the infected pits. In a further study, the organism was recovered from the colonic mucosa of 10 weaned animals treated for experimental swine dysentery. Two of these animals which had had a persistent mucoid diarrhoea were found to have large intestinal lesions resembling those of mild swine dysentery. No spirochaetes could be demonstrated in or isolated from the lesions seen in these two animals or from the other eight. The possibility that C f subsp coli may be a cause of enteritis in unweaned piglets and produce changes primarily in the small intestine is discussed. Evidence that C f subsp coli may cause large intestinal lesions in weaned pigs under certain circumstances is also discussed.
Immunosuppression by N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Is Mediated through Inhibition of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 Channels in T Cells

ABSTRACT N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that play an important role in neuronal development, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. NMDAR antagonists are neuroprotective in animal models of neuronal diseases, and the NMDAR open-channel blocker memantine is used to treat Alzheimer's disease. In view of the clinical application of these pharmaceuticals and the reported expression of NMDARs in immune cells, we analyzed the drug's effects on T-cell function. NMDAR antagonists inhibited antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of T cells and the migration of the cells toward chemokines. These activities correlated with a reduction in T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear localization of NFATc1, and they attenuated the activation of Erk1/2 and Akt. In the presence of antagonists, Th1 effector cells produced less interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), whereas Th2 cells produced more IL-10 and IL-13. However, in NMDAR knockout mice, the presumptive expression of functional NMDARs in wild-type T cells was inconclusive. Instead, inhibition of NMDAR antagonists on the conductivity of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 potassium channels was found. Hence, NMDAR antagonists are potent immunosuppressants with therapeutic potential in the treatment of immune diseases, but their effects on T cells have to be considered in that Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 channels are their major effectors.
Identifying Computer-Generated Text Using Statistical Analysis

—Computer-based automatically generated text are used in various applications (e.g. text summarization, machine translation) and such the machine-generated text signiﬁcantly helps our social life. However, machine-generated text may produce confusing information sometimes due to errors or inappropriate use of wordings caused by language processing, which could be a critical issue in president elections or in product advertisements. Previous methods for detecting such machine-generated text typically estimates the text ﬂuency, but, this may not be useful in near future because recently proposed neural-network based natural language generation results in improved wording close to human-crafted one. However, we hypothesize that the habit of human on writing is still more consistent. For instance, the Zipf’s law states that the most frequent word in the text written by human approximates twice the second most frequent word, nearly three times the third most frequent word, and so forth. We found that this is not true in the case of machine-generated text. We hence propose a method to identify the machine-generated text based on such the statistics – First, word distributed frequencies are compared with the Zipﬁan distribution to extract frequency features. Second, complex phrase features are extracted to show that human-generated text contains more sophisticated phrases than machine-generated one. Finally, the higher consistency of the human-generated text is quantiﬁed at both the sentence level using phrasal verbs and at the paragraph level based on coreference resolution relationships, which are integrated into consistency features. Thecombination of the frequency, the complex phrase, and the consistency features is evaluated on a hundred of original English books and a hundred of translated ones from Finnish. The result shows
Effects of guided bone regeneration around commercially pure titanium and hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants. II. Histologic analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine which treatment of a large osseous defect adjacent to an endosseous dental implant would produce the greatest regeneration of bone and degree of osseointegration: barrier membrane therapy plus demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA), membrane therapy alone, or no treatment. The current study histologically assessed changes in bone within the healed peri-implant osseous defect. In a split-mouth design, 6 implants were placed in edentulous mandibular ridges of 10 mongrel dogs after preparation of 6 cylindrical mid-crestal defects, 5 mm in depth, and 9.525 mm in diameter. An implant site was then prepared in the center of each defect to a depth of 5 mm beyond the apical extent of the defect. One mandibular quadrant received three commercially pure titanium (Ti) screw implants (3.75 x 10 mm), while the contralateral side received three hydroxyapatite (HA) coated root-form implants (3.3 x 10 mm). Consequently, the coronal 5 mm of each implant was surrounded by a circumferential defect approximately 3 mm wide and 5 mm deep. The three dental implants in each quadrant received either DFDBA (canine source) and an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (ePTFE), ePTFE membrane alone, or no treatment which served as the control. Clinically, the greatest increase in ridge height and width was seen with DFDBA/ePTFE. Histologically, statistically significant differences in defect osseointegration were seen between treatment groups (P < 0.0001: DFDBA/ePTFE > ePTFE alone > control). HA-coated implants had significantly greater osseointegration within the defect than Ti implants (P < 0.0001). Average trabeculation of newly formed bone in the defect after healing was significantly greater for HA-coated implants than for titanium (P < 0.0001), while the effect on trabeculation between treatments was not significantly different (P = 0.14). Finally, there were significantly less residual allograft particles in defect areas adjacent to HA-coated implants than Ti implants (P = 0.0355). The use of HA-coated implants in large size defects with DFDBA and ePTFE membranes produced significantly more osseointegration histologically than other treatment options and more than Ti implants with the same treatment combinations. The results of this study indicate that, although the implants appeared osseointegrated clinically after 4 months of healing, histologic data suggest that selection of both the implant type and the treatment modality is important in obtaining optimum osseointegration in large size defects.