Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Quantitative Systematic Review of Normal Values for Short‐Term Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a known risk factor for mortality in both healthy and patient populations. There are currently no normative data for short‐term measures of HRV. A thorough review of short‐term HRV data published since 1996 was therefore performed. Data from studies published after the 1996 Task Force report (i.e., between January 1997 and September 2008) and reporting short‐term measures of HRV obtained in normally healthy individuals were collated and factors underlying discrepant values were identified. Forty‐four studies met the pre‐set inclusion criteria involving 21,438 participants. Values for short‐term HRV measures from the literature were lower than Task Force norms. A degree of homogeneity for common measures of HRV in healthy adults was shown across studies. A number of studies demonstrate large interindividual variations (up to 260,000%), particularly for spectral measures. A number of methodological discrepancies underlined disparate values. These include a systematic failure within the literature (a) to recognize the importance of RR data recognition/editing procedures and (b) to question disparate HRV values observed in normally healthy individuals. A need for large‐scale population studies and a review of the Task Force recommendations for short‐term HRV that covers the full‐age spectrum were identified. Data presented should be used to quantify reference ranges for short‐term measures of HRV in healthy adult populations but should be undertaken with reference to methodological factors underlying disparate values. Recommendations for the measurement of HRV require updating to include current technologies. (PACE 2010; 1407–1417)
Screening for high blood pressure: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement.

DESCRIPTION Reaffirmation of the 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force statement about screening for high blood pressure. METHODS The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force did a targeted literature search for evidence on the benefits and harms of screening for high blood pressure. RECOMMENDATION Screen for high blood pressure in adults age 18 years or older. (Grade A recommendation).
Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in Primary and Secondary Mucinous Tumors of the Ovary: Analysis of Coordinate Immunohistochemical Expression Profiles and Staining Distribution in 179 Cases

Coordinate expression profiles for cytokeratins 7 and 20 (CK7 and CK20) are useful for distinguishing certain types of adenocarcinomas but use for distinction of primary and secondary mucinous tumors in the ovary is limited due to the existence of a number of tumor types exhibiting overlapping CK7/CK20 immunoprofiles; the use of staining distribution patterns in the distinction of tumors with shared profiles has not been evaluated in detail. We report analysis of both coordinate expression profiles and staining distribution in 179 rigorously classified mucinous tumors in the ovary, including 53 primary tumors [35 atypical proliferative (borderline) mucinous tumors of gastrointestinal type and 18 invasive mucinous carcinomas] and 126 secondary tumors [28 colorectal adenocarcinomas, 54 appendiceal tumors (23 adenocarcinomas, 31 low-grade adenomatous mucinous tumors associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei), 14 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 8 endocervical adenocarcinomas, 5 gastric adenocarcinomas, 4 gallbladder/biliary tract adenocarcinomas, and 13 adenocarcinomas of unknown primary sites). A CK7+/CK20+ immunoprofile was the most common profile in primary ovarian tumors (74%), upper gastrointestinal tract tumors (78%), and endocervical tumors (88%) but was occasionally observed in lower intestinal tract tumors (colorectal: 11%; appendiceal: 13% of low-grade tumors, 35% of carcinomas). A CK7–/CK20+ immunoprofile was the most common profile in lower intestinal tract tumors (79%) and was uncommon in upper gastrointestinal tract tumors (9%), rarely seen in primary ovarian tumors (4%), and not seen in endocervical tumors. A CK7+/CK20− profile was observed in some primary ovarian (23%), upper gastrointestinal tract (13%), and endocervical tumors (13%) but not in lower intestinal tract tumors. For CK7+ tumors, staining distribution was very frequently diffuse (>50% of tumors cells positive) in primary ovarian, upper gastrointestinal tract, and endocervical tumors, whereas staining distribution was often focal (<50% of tumors cells positive) when present in colorectal and appendiceal carcinomas but not in low-grade appendiceal tumors. For CK20+ tumors, staining distribution was variable but often focal in primary ovarian tumors and nonlower intestinal tract tumors, whereas the pattern was almost always diffuse in lower intestinal tract tumors. Immunohistochemical staining distribution can supplement CK7/CK20 coordinate expression profiles to distinguish subsets of primary ovarian and metastatic lower intestinal tract mucinous tumors having overlapping immunoprofiles but neither coordinate expression profiles nor staining distribution distinguishes primary ovarian tumors from the nonlower intestinal tract metastases.
A new strategy for treating nets. Part 2: Users' perceptions of efficacy and washing practices and their implications for insecticide dosage

The conventional way to treat a mosquito net with pyrethroid insecticide is to apply a standard dosage every 6–12 months, and to avoid washing the net until just before retreatment. In some places, nets are normally washed much more often than this, and it may then be more appropriate to apply smaller amounts of insecticide after each wash. The choice of strategy must take into account not only biological effectiveness, but also users' perceptions of this effectiveness and their net‐washing habits. We used focus groups to compare users' responses to nets treated with different dosages and chemicals. One hundred current net users in urban Dar‐es‐Salaam were each given a net that had been pretreated either with permethrin (200 or 500 mg/m2), or with lambdacyhalothrin (3 or 15 mg/m2), or with water. Neither participants nor investigators knew which group had received which treatment. Focus group discussions were held after 2, 8 and 12 weeks. Participants greatly preferred treated nets. Low doses were perceived to be less effective, especially after 8 and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks most participants had washed their nets, despite requests to the contrary. Dirty nets were regarded as unhealthy and socially unacceptable. Few participants experienced side‐effects or expressed fears about the safety of treatment. We conclude that asking people to refrain from washing their nets is unrealistic. A ‘low‐dose frequent‐treatment’ strategy of insecticide application may be more appropriate in the long run. At first, however, low doses give perceptibly inferior protection. An initial high (loading) dose, followed by frequent lower (maintenance) dosages, might solve this problem.
Sunlight and skin cancer: Lessons from the immune system

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight induces skin cancer development. Skin cancer is the most common form of human neoplasia. Estimates suggest that in excess of 1.5 million new cases of skin cancer (www.cancer.org/statistics) will be diagnosed in the United States this year. Fortunately, because of their highly visible location, skin cancers are more rapidly diagnosed and more easily treated than other types of cancer. Be that as it may, approximately 10,000 Americans a year die from skin cancer, and the cost of treating skin cancer in the United States (both melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer) is estimated to be in excess of $2.9 billion a year. In addition to causing skin cancer, UV radiation is also immune suppressive. In fact, data from studies with both experimental animals and biopsy proven skin cancer patients suggest that there is an association between the immune suppressive effects of UV radiation and its carcinogenic potential. Recent studies in my laboratory have focused on understanding the initial molecular events that induce immune suppression. We made two novel observations: First UV‐induced keratinocyte‐derived platelet activating factor plays a role in the induction of immune suppression. Second, cis‐urocanic acid, a skin‐derived immunosuppressive compound mediates immune suppression by binding to serotonin receptors on target cells. Recent findings suggest that blocking the binding of these compounds to their receptors not only inhibits UV‐induced immune suppression but it also interferes with skin cancer induction. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decoupling Analysis of China’s Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions—An Empirical Study Based on Non-Competitive I-O and Tapio Decoupling Model

This paper uses the non-competitive I-O model and the Tapio decoupling model to comprehensively analyze the decoupling relationship between the output of the product sector in China and its embodied carbon emissions under trade openness. For this purpose, the Chinese input and output data in 2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, and 2012 are used. This approach is beneficial to identify the direct mechanism for the increased carbon emission in China from a micro perspective and provides a new perspective for the subsequent study about low-carbon economy. The obtained empirical results are as follows: (1) From overall perspective, the decoupling elasticity between the output of the product sector and its embodied carbon emissions decreased. Output and embodied carbon emissions showed a growth link from 2002 to 2005 and a weak decoupling relationship for the rest of the study period. (2) Among the 28 industries in the product sector, the increased growth rate of output in more and more product sectors was no longer accompanied by large CO2 emissions. The number of industries with strong decoupling relationships between output and embodied carbon emissions increased. (3) From the perspective of three industries, the output and embodied carbon emissions in the second and third industries exhibited a growth link only from 2002 to 2005; the three industries presented weak or strong decoupling for the rest of the study period. Through empirical analysis, this paper mainly through the construction of ecological and environmental protection of low carbon agriculture, low carbon cycle industrial system, as well as intensive and efficient service industry to reduce the carbon emissions of China’s product sector.
Endometrial carcinoma in adenomyosis: assessment of myometrial invasion on T2-weighted spin-echo and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images.

OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to compare T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted images with histologic findings in assessing the depth of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma in adenomyosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the MRIs of 11 patients who had a total of 12 lesions of endometrial carcinoma within adenomyosis. T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted images were compared with the histologic findings separately. We assessed the extent of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinomas. The depth of myometrial invasion seen on MRI was classified as stage S (superficial invasion), stage D (deep invasion), or undetectable. The staging accuracies of each sequence were assessed. The tumor-myometrium contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated for each sequence. RESULTS The histologic specimens revealed that myometrial invasion was deep in seven of 12 lesions and superficial in five. On T2-weighted images the depth of invasion was underestimated in two lesions and impossible to determine in five lesions. On dynamic T1-weighted images the depth of invasion was overestimated in one lesion and underestimated in one lesion. The staging accuracy on dynamic T1-weighted images (83%) was significantly higher than that on T2-weighted images (42%). The contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly higher on dynamic T1-weighted studies during the early phase (mean +/- SD, 2.68 +/- 0.94) than it was on T2-weighted studies (1.74 +/- 1.05) and during the delayed phase (2.01 +/- 0.86). CONCLUSION When adenomyosis coexists with endometrial cancer at the same site on T2-weighted images, contrast-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted imaging improves the accuracy of staging.
Towards satisfaction checking of power contracts in Uppaal

Since energy consumption is one of the most limiting factors for embedded and integrated systems, today's microelectronic design demands urgently for power-aware methodologies for early specification, design-space exploration and verification of the designs' power properties. To this end, we currently develop a contract- and component-based design concept for power properties, called Power Contracts, to provide a formal link between the bottom-up power characterization of low-level system components and the top-down specification of the systems' high-level power intent. In this paper, we present a first proof of concept for the verification of the leaf-component power contracts of a hierarchical system design w. r. t. their implementation in UPPAAL. Building on these, we can provide assured power contracts for the hierarchical Virtual Integration (VI) of the leaf-components to a compound power contract of the integrated final system and thus allow for a sound and traceable bottom-up integration and verification methodology for power properties.
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis Associated with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: Report of 2 New Cases and Review of 35 Cases from the Literature

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare cause of primary pulmonary hypertension characterized by thin-walled microvessels infiltrating the peribronchial and perivascular interstitium, the lung parenchyma, and the pleura. These proliferating microvessels are prone to bleeding, resulting in accumulation of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces. Here we report 2 cases of PCH with pulmonary hypertension, 1 of them associated with mechanical intravascular hemolysis, a feature previously reported in other hemangiomatous diseases, but not in PCH. Case 2 was diagnosed by pulmonary biopsy; to our knowledge the patient is the second adult to be treated with interferon α-2a.Review of the literature identified 35 patients with PCH and pulmonary hypertension. The prognosis is poor and median survival was 3 years from the first clinical manifestation. Dyspnea and right heart failure are the most common findings of the disease. Hemoptysis, pleural effusion, acropachy, and signs of pulmonary capillary hypertension are less common. Chest X-ray or computed tomography scan usually shows evidence of interstitial infiltrates, pulmonary nodules, or pleural effusion. Hemodynamic features include normal wedge pressures. Radiologic and hemodynamic findings are undifferentiated from those of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease but differ from other causes of primary pulmonary hypertension.Epoprostenol therapy, considered the treatment of choice in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, may produce pulmonary edema and is contraindicated in patients with PCH. Regression of lesions was reported in 1 patient treated with interferon therapy and 2 other patients stabilized, including our second patient. PCH was treated successfully by lung transplantation in 5 cases. Early recognition of PCH in patients with suspected primary pulmonary hypertension is possible based on clinical and radiologic characteristics. Diagnosis by pulmonary biopsy is essential for allowing appropriate treatment.
FGF1 signaling regulates self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells through activation of aurora a kinase

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor. The GBM tumor mass contains a unique cell population, GBM stem cells (GBM-SCs), which possess the self-renewal, tumor initiating and tumor progression. FGF1B is the major transcriptional variant of FGF1 in GBM. In our recent study, we demonstrated the FGF1B transcript is up-regulated in self-renewing GBM cells. In order to study GBM-SCs, we developed an approach to isolate GBM-SCs by using FGF1B promoter-driven GFP reporter (F1BGFP). We showed that F1BGFP(+) GBM cells exhibit higher phosphorylation levels of FGFR and AurA than F1BGFP(-) cells, indicating the activation of FGFR and AurA. In this research highlight, we summarized the role of FGF1 signaling and AurA in tumorigenesis. In addition, we also suggested that FGF1-FGFR-AurA cascade regulates GBM-SCs, which may enable development of target-based therapy that act against the GBM-SCs.
Sodium selenite modulates tumour marker indices in N‐nitrosodiethylamine‐initiated and phenobarbital‐promoted rat liver carcinogenesis

The effect of sodium selenite (Se) was investigated against two‐stage rat liver carcinogenesis initiated by a single intraperitoneal injection of N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN, 200 mg kg−1 i.p.) followed by promotion with phenobarbital (PB, 0.05%) in a basal diet. Se (4 p.p.m.) was administered per os daily throughout the entire experiment, before the initiation, or during the promotion stage. The plasma, liver (hepatoma and surrounding tissue) and kidney tissue were investigated biochemically for lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and 5′‐nucleotidase. These enzyme activities were increased (p < 0.001) in plasma of hepatoma‐bearing rats compared with normal control rats. The elevation of these enzyme activities in plasma was indicative of the persistent deteriorating effect of DEN in cancer‐bearing animals. Aminotransferase levels were decreased in hepatoma and surrounding liver tissue, whereas lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and 5′‐nucleotidase were increased in the cancer condition. These enzyme activities were reversed to near normal control values in animals treated with Se. It is apparent that the beneficial effect of Se is primarily exerted on the initiation phase and secondarily during the promotion stage of DEN‐initiated rat liver carcinogenesis. The analysis of marker enzyme activities taken together with our previous findings clearly indicates the antitumour efficacy of sodium selenite on DEN‐induced hepatoma animals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current options for the treatment of resistant hypertension

Patients with resistant hypertension are those who have uncontrolled blood pressure despite use of three or more antihypertensive medications, or those who require four or more medications to achieve control. When evaluating resistant hypertension it is important to rule out pseudoresistant hypertension that may result from factors including poor blood pressure measurement technique and the white coat effect. Potential contributing factors should be identified and reversed if possible, including obesity, excess alcohol intake and use of interfering medications such as NSAIDS, sympathomimetics and oral contraceptives. Modification of lifestyle factors such as weight loss, sodium restriction and physical activity is paramount for treatment success. Secondary causes of hypertension are common in this patient group and, therefore, appropriate screening tests should be carried out as necessary. Pharmacologic therapy is centered on combination therapy of medications from different mechanisms of action, especially diuretics, which are essential in maximizing antihypertensive effects. The role of mineralocorticoid antagonists is expanding, especially in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity where aldosterone excess may be implicated. Finally, when appropriate, specialist referral may facilitate blood pressure reduction and the ability to meet target blood pressure goals.
Wavefront Control System for Phase Compensation in Hard X-ray Optics

A highly precise adaptive optical system that can be used in the hard X-ray region was developed. To achieve highly precise control of the wavefront shape, we discussed an optical system with a bendable mirror of deformation accuracy better than 0.4 nm RMS. Using the system, we demonstrated the controllability of the wavefront of a 15 nm hard X-ray nanobeam. The intensity profile of the wavefront-modified beam was in good agreement with the wave-optically calculated profile.
Role for Neutrophils in Host Immune Responses and Genetic Factors That Modulate Resistance to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in the Inbred Mouse Strain SPRET/Ei

ABSTRACT Infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a complex disease in which the host-bacterium interactions are strongly influenced by genetic factors of the host. We demonstrate that SPRET/Ei, an inbred mouse strain derived from Mus spretus, is resistant to S. Typhimurium infections. The kinetics of bacterial proliferation, as well as histological examinations of tissue sections, suggest that SPRET/Ei mice can control bacterial multiplication and spreading despite significant attenuation of the cytokine response. The resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection is associated with increased leukocyte counts in the circulation and enhanced neutrophil influx into the peritoneum during the course of infection. A critical role of neutrophils was confirmed by neutrophil depletion: neutropenic SPRET/Ei mice were sensitive to infection with S. Typhimurium and showed much higher bacterial loads. To identify genes that modulate the natural resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection, we performed a genome-wide study using an interspecific backcross between C3H/HeN and SPRET/Ei mice. The results of this analysis demonstrate that at least two loci, located on chromosomes 6 and 11, affect survival following lethal infection with S. Typhimurium. These two loci contain several interesting candidate genes which may have important implications for the search for genetic factors controlling Salmonella infections in humans and for our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions in general.
A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson's disease

Substantial variation in the prevalence of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD) has been reported. The aim of this study was to review systematically and critically previous studies of the prevalence of PDD using PubMed to search the literature. Studies focusing on PD and PDD, as well as those examining on the epidemiology of dementia subtypes, were included. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used and the quality of the studies included was rated. Articles were included if: (1) the proportion of PDD among patients with either PD or dementia was reported in an original study; (2) patients had been subjected to prospective clinical examination; and (3) strategies to include all subjects with either PD or dementia within the community or hospital clinics within a geographical area were employed. Twelve studies of the prevalence of PD or PDD (1,767 patients included) and 24 prevalence studies of dementia subtypes (4,711 patients included) met the inclusion criteria. In the PD/PDD studies, the proportion (mean and 95% confidence interval) with PDD in PD was 24.5% (17.4–31.5). There were significant methodological variations between studies and in the four studies that matched the quality criteria most closely, the rate of PDD was 31.1% (20.1–42.1). The prevalence of PDD was estimated as 0.5% in subjects 65 years or older. The percentage of PDD among those with dementia was 3.6% (3.1–4.1), with an estimated prevalence of PDD of 0.2% in subjects aged 65 years or older. Despite methodological variation, this systematic review suggests that 24 to 31% of PD patients have dementia, and that 3 to 4% of the dementia in the population would be due to PDD. The estimated prevalence of PDD in the general population aged 65 years and over is 0.2 to 0.5%. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society