Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-stage oligopoly models with nested logit demand structures: A simplifying approach

Solving multi-stage oligopoly models by backward induction can easily become a com- plex task when rms are multi-product and demands are derived from a nested logit frame- work. This paper shows that under the assumption that within-segment rm shares are equal across segments, the analytical expression for equilibrium pro ts can be substantially simpli ed. The size of the error arising when this condition does not hold perfectly is also computed. Through numerical examples, it is shown that the error is rather small in general. Therefore, using this assumption allows to gain analytical tractability in a class of models that has been used to approach relevant policy questions, such as for example rm entry in an industry or the relation between competition and location. The simplifying approach proposed in this paper is aimed at helping improving these type of models for reaching more accurate recommendations.
Vernacular Architecture as a Strategy Toward Sustainable Building Design

-In the current research, not only contemporary needs are considered, but also future needs are not forgotten and are tried to be fulfilled by inspiration from vernacular architecture. In conjunction with that, in most of the developing countries, the concept of sustainable architecture is not extensively considered yet, although these countries have a priority for resolving many prevailing problems. While many professionals and scholars criticize the quality of current architecture and energy consumption in the world, vernacular climate responsive constructions seem to be on appropriate patterns. Consuming technology and material of their own time, these constructions provide their users with environmental comfort conditions along with minimum ecological footprint and energy consumption. Therefore, this article has aimed to understand the solutions used in vernacular architecture in Iran, with an emphasis on hot and dry regions of cities such as Esfahan, Yazd and Kashan. Three factors were found to have significance: effect of climate on building form in arid-hot regions of Iran; constructional patterns based on climatic designs, for instance in basements, courtyards, Ivan, domical ceilings and porches; widely ranged behavioral patterns as intelligent responses to climate, seen in former lifestyles. All factors were analyzed since they were worthy evidences of lifestyle and knowledge used in order to overcome hot summers in considerable parts of the country. Hence, the investigation goes on finding the ways on which these solutions can be carried, and how they can be implemented in the current low energy designs. In current building design, only following the formal elements is not enough, then their thermal rules should be looked upon as well so to take advantage of the logic behind them. Hence, the methodology of the study is based on a theoretical approach supported mainly by the outcomes of the literature review and case study analysis. Apart from that, the research involves fieldwork, and more specifically deskwork studying, as a form of qualitative method of data collection. Finally, results support a better design to overcome the current global energy crisis as well as maintaining a high level of self-consciousness.
A Music Structure Informed Downbeat Tracking System Using Skip-chain Conditional Random Fields and Deep Learning

In recent years the task of downbeat tracking has received increasing attention and the state of the art has been improved with the introduction of deep learning methods. Among proposed solutions, existing systems exploit short-term musical rules as part of their language modelling. In this work we show in an oracle scenario how including longer-term musical rules, in particular music structure, can enhance downbeat estimation. We introduce a skip-chain conditional random field language model for downbeat tracking designed to include section information in an unified and flexible framework. We combine this model with a state-of-the-art convolutional-recurrent network and we contrast the system’s performance to the commonly used Bar Pointer model. Our experiments on the popular Beatles dataset show that incorporating structure information in the language model leads to more consistent and more robust downbeat estimations.
Gender Composition of Children and Sanitation Behavior in India

Open Defecation has been linked to various public health issues and has gained significant policy attention. Investing in adoption of better sanitation has also been advocated on the grounds of providing women with privacy and protection from po-tential harassment. Nonetheless, previous research has shown that due to son-biased preferences, households in India under-invest in outcomes for their female children. I use the gender of the first-born child as an indicator of the presence of adult female children in households and find that, in certain cases, households reduce open defeca-tion if the first-born child is a girl. The findings in this paper provide a new first stage association between gender composition of children and sanitation behavior and also contribute to the economic literature on decision making in households belonging to developing countries.
Assessing Racial Disparities in Parole Release

In a rational choice model of parole release, a color-blind parole board seeking to minimize violations would release all prisoners below a certain risk threshold. To test this prediction, we extend the outcome-test methodology used in assessing discrimination in police searches. We overcome the inframarginality critique by taking advantage of strategic timing of release: within each racial group, violation rates are equalized for a given sentence length. We use the National Corrections Reporting Program data, which record all parole-release decisions in the United States. We find that violation rates are consistently higher for African American parolees, a result not consistent with a parole board bias against African Americans. This conclusion is robust to a variety of tests, including ruling out postrelease discrimination. Evidence on the timing of release suggests a policy aimed at limiting racial disparities in time served rather than in violation rates, which favors fairness over efficiency.
Digital Entrepreneurship: Toward a Digital Technology Perspective of Entrepreneurship

New digital technologies have transformed the nature of uncertainty inherent in entrepreneurial processes and outcomes as well as the ways of dealing with such uncertainty. This has raised important questions at the intersection of digital technologies and entrepreneurship—on digital entrepreneurship. We consider two broad implications—less bounded entrepreneurial processes and outcomes and less predefined locus of entrepreneurial agency—and advance a research agenda that calls for the explicit theorizing of concepts related to digital technologies. In articulating the promise and value of such a digital technology perspective, we consider how it would build on and enrich existing entrepreneurship theories.
Non-Gaussian precision metrology via driving through quantum phase transitions

We propose a scheme to realize high-precision quantum interferometry with entangled non-Gaussian states by driving the system through quantum phase transitions. The beam splitting, in which an initial nondegenerate ground state evolves into a highly entangled state, is achieved by adiabatically driving the system from a nondegenerate regime to a degenerate one. Inversely, the beam recombination, in which the output state after interrogation becomes gradually disentangled, is accomplished by adiabatically driving the system from the degenerate regime to the nondegenerate one. The phase shift, which is accumulated in the interrogation process, can then be easily inferred via population measurement. We apply our scheme to Bose condensed atoms and trapped ions and find that Heisenberg-limited precision scalings can be approached. Our proposed scheme does not require single-particle resolved detection and is within the reach of current experiment techniques.
POD as tool for comparison of PIV and LES data

Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) provides instantaneous velocity ﬁelds which can contain dynamical ﬂow structures that occur system-atically. Turbulent ﬂows also contain random ﬂow structures, and therefore there is a need for tools that can identify the systematic dynamic ﬂow structures. We show how Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) based on snapshots (instantaneous ﬂow realizations) can be used for this purpose. As a test case, we use PIV measurements and LES calculations on the same turbulent jet in cross ﬂow. The Reynolds number based on the crossﬂow velocity and pipe diameter is 2400 and the jet to crossﬂow velocity ratio is R = 3 . 3 . The POD is able to identify two dynamic ﬂow structures: jet shear-layer vortices and wake vortices. A good agreement for the dynamical content is found between PIV and LES.
Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Cellular Phone users of Ethio-Telecommunications in Ambo Town

The study is conducted on quality of service delivery and its effect on customer satisfaction in the case of Ethiotelecom in Oromia region in Ambo area on mobile telephone users. This study tried to provide relevant factors that cause customers to respond about mobile phone services delivered by Ethio-telecom. The research approach employed for the study is mixed approach i.e. both qualitative and quantitative approached used to find out the effect of Ethio-telecom service quality on customer satisfaction. For the purpose of the study both primary and secondary data are used. The primary data are collected through questionnaire and interview with the Ambo branch Ethio-telecom employees, manager and customers. Furthermore, secondary data are taken from documents and brochures that are available from the branch office. The research design employed is descriptive and uses charts and frequency table to discuss the output. A sample of 500 were selected through simple random sampling from the total population. Result of the study shows that mobile phone users faces awe-inspiring number of the problems like network busy, error in connection, poor network coverage, slow mobile internet service and expensive price of the service.
From Quantum Quasiparticles to a Classical Gas Experiments with ultracold atoms track the smooth transformation of a quantum Fermi liquid into a Boltzmann gas

B oltzmann’s kinetic theory excellently describes the behavior of high-temperature gases, whose particles move around randomly and collide frequently. But if the gas is cooled down, its behavior changes dramatically, and Boltzmann’s classical picture must be abandoned for a quantum description. If the gas is made of fermions, it is describable by Fermi liquid theory—a powerful framework that applies to systems ranging from ordinary metals to the interior of neutron stars. Now Zhenjie Yan from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, and his colleagues have tracked the crossover from classical to quantum behavior in a homogenous gas made of ultracold lithium atoms [1]. These results will serve as a benchmark for future theory and experiments that explore
Crack propagation in quasicrystals 1 0 . 1 Crack propagation in quasicrystals

When a solid is ruptured, mechanical energy of a large volume is concentrated to an atomically sharp crack tip to break chemical bonds. Fracture, hence, is a phenomenon that spans different lengths scales. Its study requires a variety of physics tools ranging from quantum mechanics and classical molecular dynamics to continuum mechanics. Linear elastic fracture mechanics is treating cracks as free internal planar surfaces of an elastic continuum. This results in a singularity of the stress field that decays as the inverse square root of the distance R from the crack tip [1]:
Dynamics of Flexible Fibers in Viscous Flows and Fluids

The dynamics and deformations of immersed flexible fibers are at the heart of important industrial and biological processes, induce peculiar mechanical and transport properties in the fluids that contain them, and are the basis for novel methods of flow control. Here we focus on the low–Reynolds number regime where advances in studying these fiber–fluid systems have been especially rapid. On the experimental side, this is due to new methods of fiber synthesis, microfluidic flow control, and microscope-based tracking measurement techniques. Likewise, there have been continuous improvements in the specialized mathematical modeling and numerical methods needed to capture the interactions of slender flexible fibers with flows, boundaries, and each other.
Interaction and Crosstalk Between Calcium and Redox Signaling Events in Plants

In response to any stimulus, various cellular responses are triggered among, which the most rapid responses include the induction of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) transients. The induction of calcium transient is due to the concerted action of calcium dependent channels, pumps, and carriers situated in the plasma membrane and different sub-cellular compartments. The spatial and temporal nature of the calcium transient is defined as cellular “Ca signature” and is responsible for the activation of stimulus-specific calcium sensor and decoder elements. The redox state of the cell under any condition is defined as the integrative ratio of reduced to oxidized form of redox couples present inside the cell. The induction of calcium transient is coherent with the significantly higher level of ROS, which shifts the redox status of the cell to a more oxidized state. This change occurs in a dose dependent manner and is sensed in calcium signaling dependent manner. The complex and coordinated interaction of calcium and redox events is responsible for the generation of stimulus-specific response. The present article deals with the overview of calcium and redox signaling events and their possible crosstalk to regulate different plant functions under normal and stressful environment. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The discovery of two distant, massive clusters of galaxies in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey

We discuss the radio, optical, and X-ray properties of two newly discovered, very X-ray luminous, distant clusters of galaxies. Both systems were noted as cluster candidates in a cross-correlation of data from the WENSS radio survey and the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. Follow-up observations performed by us and the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS) team confirmed both sources as distant galaxy clusters. The first cluster, MACS J0717.5+3745 at a redshift of z= 0.5548, contains a very extended, steep-spectrum radio source offset from the cluster core, making it the most distant radio relic known. The second cluster, MACS J1621.3+3810 at z= 0.465, is a strong cooling flow with a relatively weak central radio source. We present results from ROSAT High-Resolution Imager (HRI) observations of both clusters as well as from optical imaging and VLA radio interferometry observations. Our discoveries demonstrate that distant clusters can be efficiently identified in a relatively shallow X-ray survey, that radio/X-ray selection is efficient, and that both cooling flow and non-cooling flow clusters are selected.
Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes) were discovered in 2011. Since the original discovery, more than 20 different compositions have been synthesized by the selective etching of MAX phase and other precursors and many more theoretically predicted. They offer a variety of different properties, making the family promising candidates in a wide range of applications, such as energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, electrocatalysis, and medicine. These solution-processable materials have the potential to be highly scalable, deposited by spin, spray, or dip coating, painted or printed, or fabricated in a variety of ways. Due to this promise, the amount of research on MXenes has been increasing, and methods of synthesis and processing are expanding quickly. The fast evolution of the material can also be noticed in the wide range of synthesis and processing protocols that determine the yield of delamination, as well as the quality.
Genetic diversity in Brassica napus and association studies with seed glucosinolate content

Genetic diversity throughout the rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. napus) primary gene pool was examined by obtaining detailed molecular genetic information at simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci for a broad range of winter and spring oilseed, fodder and leaf rape gene bank accessions. The plant material investigated was selected from a preliminary B. napus core collection developed from European gene bank material, and was intended to cover as broadly as possible the diversity present in the species, excluding swedes (B. napus ssp. napobrassica (L.) Hanelt). A set of 96 genotypes was characterised using publicly available mapped SSR markers spread over the B. napus genome. Allelic information from 30 SSR primer combinations amplifying 220 alleles at 51 polymorphic loci provided unique genetic fingerprints for all genotypes. UPGMA clustering enabled identification of four general groups with increasing genetic diversity as follows (1) spring oilseed and fodder; (2) winter oilseed; (3) winter fodder; (4) vegetable genotypes. The most extreme allelic variation was observed in a spring kale from the United Kingdom and a Japanese spring vegetable genotype, and two winter rape accessions from Korea and Japan, respectively. Unexpectedly the next most distinct genotypes were two old winter oilseed varieties from Germany and Ukraine, respectively. A number of other accessions were also found to be genetically distinct from the other material of the same type. The molecular genetic information gained enables the identification of untapped genetic variability for rapeseed breeding and is potentially interesting with respect to increasing heterosis in oilseed rape hybrids.
Towards Stochastic Neural Network Control Policies

Deterministic neural networks (DNNs) are powerful models in many artificial intelligence tasks. In robotics, DNNs prove expressive and flexible control policies and often show good generalizability in novel scenarios. However, the deterministic nature of computations in DNNs effectively restricts DNNs to only modelling unimodal control policies. Training DNNs on multimodal data can cause inefficiencies or even lead to garbage results. In contrast, stochastic neural networks (SNNs) are able to learn one-to-many mappings. In this paper, we introduce SNNs as control policies and extend existing learning algorithm for feed-forward SNNs to recurrent ones. Our experiments on the task of quadrotor obstacle avoidance demonstrate that the use of SNNs instead of DNNs are crucial when multiple competing controls exist. We also sketch the future direction towards using recurrent SNNs.
Polycomb response elements Structural basis for targeting the chromatin repressor Sfmbt to Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://genesdev.cshlp. org/content/suppl/2013/11/01/27.21. 2367.DC1. html References http://genesdev.cshlp. org/content/27/21/2367.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 69 articles, 31 of which can be accessed free at: License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported), as described at ). After six months, it is available under a http://genesdev.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml six months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first
Supporting Information Coordinated Markets for Scalable Management of Organic Waste and Derived Products

Urban, agricultural, and food sectors produce significant amounts of organic waste (mostly in the form of livestock waste, food waste, and biosolids from wastewater processing). To give some perspective, the dairy sector in the U.S. State of Wisconsin is a 43 billion USD enterprise that manages 1,270,000 dairy cows [1, 2] and provides 29 billion gallons of milk and 2.8 billion pounds of cheese annually. A single dairy cow produces approximately 6,800 gallons of manure per year and the entire sector generates 8.7 billion gallons of manure per year [3, 4]. Moreover, it is estimated that 30% of all dairy food products supplied by the sector are wasted [5]. Waste management operations (collection, processing, and disposal) are becoming increasingly troublesome and costly due to ever increasing volumes of waste streams, their highly distributed nature, and their complex bio-physico-chemical composition. When left untreated, organic waste releases excess nutrients, chemicals, and biological agents to the soil, surface and ground waters, and emissions to the atmosphere, ultimately disrupting natural ecosystems. Nutrients in livestock waste and biosolids such as phosphorus and nitrogen accumulate in surface water bodies (e.g. lakes, ponds) triggering algal blooms and degrading the quality of water resources [6, 7]. Decreased water quality ultimately impacts health and socio-economic activities that are fundamental for some regions (e.g., tourism, real estate, swimming, sailing, fishing). To give some perspective, in the State of Wisconsin, the estimated annual phosphorus (P) input from livestock manure application as fertilizer is 103 million pounds while the input from synthetic
Research on the Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth in China: An Empirical Analysis based on Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model

In this paper, the panel smooth transition regression model was used to analyze the relationship between financial development and economic growth empirically. The paper mainly studied the effects of proportion of total loans of regional financial institutions in GDP on the output elasticity of capital, labor output elasticity and returns of scale. The empirical results show the level of financial development has a nonlinear diminishing relationship with the capital output elasticity, and has a nonlinear increasing relationship with labor output elasticity and returns of scale. Index Terms - Panel smooth transition regression model; Financial development; Economic growth 1. Introduction Both China's economy and finance have been developed rapidly since the reform and its opening up. The financial industry has undergone tremendous changes with the economic . China's financial sector is almost zero at the beginning of the reform and its opening up. Financial types are greatly enriched now, and there is a substantial increase in the total amount of financial assets. Finance has become an important means of government macroeconomic regulation and optimizing allocation of social resources. Economy is showing the characteristics of financialization increasingly . So modern finance plays a vital role in economic growth. In this context, the impact of finance development on economic growth is common concerned by domestic and foreign scholars. Therefore, to study the relationship between financial development and economic growth in China has important practical significance. Financial development and economic growth has been the