Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Carcinoid Tumors: Immunohistochemical and Immunoblot Studies

The immunohistochemical demonstration of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) and/or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been accepted as being reliable in identifying metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostate origin. However, islet cell tumors, especially hindgut-derived carcinoid tumors, have occasionally been reported to be positive for PAcP. We therefore studied a series of carcinoid tumors of the lung and gastrointestinal tract immunohistochemically for PAcP expression by using two polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody. Thirty-three carcinoid tumors were examined. All five rectal carcinoids in the series showed convincing PAcP positivity with at least two of the three anti-PAcP antibodies. No significant PAcP positivity was observed in the remaining 28 foregut- and midgut-derived carcinoid tumors, except for weak focal positivity in one lung carcinoid. PSA antibody reacted negatively in all cases. Western blots of an aqueous cell lysate from one rectal carcinoid revealed protein bands in the region of 45–55 kd that immunoreacted with anti-PAcP antibodies, confirming the validity of the immunostains. These results suggest that PAcP positivity is common in rectal carcinoid tumors and that it most likely represents true PAcP expression. This seemingly aberrant protein expression may be explained by the shared cloacal derivation of the rectum and prostate, giving rise to cells with both endocrine and partial prostatic epithelial differentiation.
Ocular Responses to Ammonia in Broiler Chickens

Abstract In two trials, 60 male commercial broilers were placed in each of eight environmentally controlled chambers receiving 0, 25, 50, or 75 ppm aerial ammonia from 1 to 28 days. Birds exposed to 25 ppm (lower concentration) ammonia gas developed ocular abnormalities but at a slower rate when compared with birds exposed to 50 and 75 ppm (higher concentrations). Birds exposed to higher concentrations also developed more severe lesions. With little atmospheric ammonia present after 28 days of the grow-out stage, the corneas indicated signs of healing. Lymphocytes and heterophils were seen in the iris at 49 days in ammonia-exposed birds even when ammonia exposure was terminated at 28 days. The lower ammonia concentrations resulted in abnormalities that were slight when compared with those seen at the higher ammonia concentrations. As measured by the incidence of inflammatory infiltrates in the trachea, lung, and air sacs, respiratory tract tissues did not appear to be affected by any tested level of aerial ammonia. The findings in this investigation represent the first report indicating that ammonia-induced uveitis in chickens clears rapidly after exposure to ammonia ceases.
Loan Sales and Relationship Banking

Firms raise money from banks and the bond market. Banks sell loans in a secondary market to recycle their funds or to trade on private information. Liquidity in the loan market depends on the relative likelihood of each motive for trade and affects firms' optimal financial structure. The endogenous degree of liquidity is not always socially optimal: There is excessive trade in highly rated names, and insufficient liquidity in riskier bonds. We provide testable implications for prices and quantities in primary and secondary loan markets, and bond markets. Further, we posit that risk-based capital requirements may be socially desirable. Copyright (c) 2008 by The American Finance Association.
1 Up-regulation of genes involved in N-acetylglucosamine uptake and metabolism suggests a recycling mode of chitin in intraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Title Up-regulation of genes involved in N-acetylglucosamine uptake and metabolismsuggests a recycling mode of chitin in intraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Author(s) Kobae, Yoshihiro; Kawachi, Miki; Saito, Katsuharu; Kikuchi, Yusuke; Ezawa, Tatsuhiro; Maeshima, Masayoshi; Hata, Shingo; Fujiwara, Toru Citation Mycorrhiza, 25(5): 411-417 Issue Date 2015-07 Doc URL http://hdl.handle. net/2115/62598 Right The original publication is available at www.springerlink. com
The Biosynthesis of Capuramycin-type Antibiotics

Background: Several nucleoside antibiotics contain a uridine-5′-carboxamide core of unclear origin. Results: The A-102395 biosynthetic gene cluster was cloned, a genetic system was developed, and three enzymes were characterized in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Uridine-5′-carboxamide originates from UMP and l-Thr by sequential reactions catalyzed by a dioxygenase and transaldolase. Significance: The results provide the first opportunity to methodically interrogate the biosynthesis of these unusual antibiotics. A-500359s, A-503083s, and A-102395 are capuramycin-type nucleoside antibiotics that were discovered using a screen to identify inhibitors of bacterial translocase I, an essential enzyme in peptidoglycan cell wall biosynthesis. Like the parent capuramycin, A-500359s and A-503083s consist of three structural components: a uridine-5′-carboxamide (CarU), a rare unsaturated hexuronic acid, and an aminocaprolactam, the last of which is substituted by an unusual arylamine-containing polyamide in A-102395. The biosynthetic gene clusters for A-500359s and A-503083s have been reported, and two genes encoding a putative non-heme Fe(II)-dependent α-ketoglutarate:UMP dioxygenase and an l-Thr:uridine-5′-aldehyde transaldolase were uncovered, suggesting that C–C bond formation during assembly of the high carbon (C6) sugar backbone of CarU proceeds from the precursors UMP and l-Thr to form 5′-C-glycyluridine (C7) as a biosynthetic intermediate. Here, isotopic enrichment studies with the producer of A-503083s were used to indeed establish l-Thr as the direct source of the carboxamide of CarU. With this knowledge, the A-102395 gene cluster was subsequently cloned and characterized. A genetic system in the A-102395-producing strain was developed, permitting the inactivation of several genes, including those encoding the dioxygenase (cpr19) and transaldolase (cpr25), which abolished the production of A-102395, thus confirming their role in biosynthesis. Heterologous production of recombinant Cpr19 and CapK, the transaldolase homolog involved in A-503083 biosynthesis, confirmed their expected function. Finally, a phosphotransferase (Cpr17) conferring self-resistance was functionally characterized. The results provide the opportunity to use comparative genomics along with in vivo and in vitro approaches to probe the biosynthetic mechanism of these intriguing structures.
How frequently is venous thromboembolism in heparin-treated patients associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?

BACKGROUND Patients receiving heparin for thromboprophylaxis or treatment may have new or recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) if immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs or for other reasons, eg, if anticoagulation fails. We estimated from the literature how frequently a patient presenting with VTE during or following heparin therapy has HIT-associated VTE. METHODS A comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies using unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for thromboprophylaxis or treatment in which new or recurrent VTE and serologically confirmed HIT were reported. From extracted study data, the proportion of patients with HIT-associated VTE relative to any VTE was calculated by heparin type and mode of administration. RESULTS We identified 10 studies, some with multiple arms, that used unfractionated heparin (IV administration, 5 studies; subcutaneous administration, 3 studies) or subcutaneous LMWH (5 studies) and met analysis criteria. Across these studies, 386 of 6,219 heparin-treated patients had VTE, including 32 patients who also had HIT. The frequency of HIT-associated VTE among heparin-treated patients with VTE was comparable between IV and subcutaneous unfractionated heparin therapy (13.2% [17 of 129 patients] vs 12.4% [14 of 113 patients]; odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 2.3; p > 0.99) yet significantly different between unfractionated heparin and LMWH therapy (12.8% [31 of 242 patients] vs 0.7% [1 of 144 patients]; odds ratio, 21.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 156; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS VTE is associated with HIT infrequently (< 1%) in LMWH-treated patients, yet often (approximately one in eight cases) in unfractionated heparin-treated patients. Physicians should suspect the possibility of HIT if VTE develops during or soon after unfractionated heparin use; if thrombocytopenia is present, alternative anticoagulation should be used until HIT is excluded.
Time-resolved oxygen monitoring in human breath

A small form-factor oxygen sensor is designed for respiratory monitoring to meet specifications: form-factor, sensitivity and real-time (<0.1 %v of O2 at 100Hz). Two designs are demonstrated based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) that surpass the requirements. © 2019 The Author(s)
Research on supply chain hybrid competition and products' differentiation effects in e-commerce age

Supply chain hybrid competition happens among two manufacturers and one traditional retailer in e-commerce age. Being a channel leader the first manufacturer's role becomes a little sophisticated. That is, being the traditional retailer's supplier and competing with the second weaker manufacturer on the internet at the same time. Besides, as an online competitor the second manufacturer's channel status could go steadily up as electronic market becomes more mature institutionally. This paper compares two kinds of game models corresponding to two different channel statuses in supply chain partners, which means a weakest traditional retailer or a weakest online manufacturer separately. It finds two models' existence conditions of supply chain partners' optimal revenues, optimal decision variables, etc. By numerical analysis it especially analyzes their products' differentiation effects. At the same time, it gives some useful managerial inspiration further.
The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food

I . Eighteen pigs were studied at environmental temperatures of 5", 13" and 23", with three levels of' feeding at each. 2. Energy losses in the faeces and urine were measured throughout as the pigs grew from 20 to 90 kg; respiratory exchange was measured intermittently, for an average of ten 24 h periods for each pig. 3. From regressions of heat production, energy retention and water-vapour production on body-weight, estimates of these quantities were made at weights of 25, 3 j , 4 j , 55, 65, 75 and 85 kg. 4. Digestibility of energy was unaffected by daily food intake, hut increased by 0.12 percentage units per degree rise of temperature. The mean urine energy loss was 30.5 kJ/MJ digestible energy. I t was not significantly affected by temperature. Methane production was not affected by temperature but fell by 0.086 F 0.027 kJ/MJ apparent metabolizable energy (ME) with each g/kg0'73 increase in daily food intake. 5. Heat production increased with body-weight and daily food intake and with falling temperature. ' ,There was a significant interaction between the last two factors. These effects were summarized in a general equation. 2-2 MJ (3.24 i: 0-52 Mcal) per g,/kgo"s increasc in daily food intake. This corresponded to a reduction of 1.4 d in the time taken to grow from 20 to 90 kg. 7. Total energy retention throughout the experiment, estimated from energy balance results, was in close agreement with that estimated by comparative slaughter. 8. The net availability of ME was 72% at 23': at lower temperatures it increased with bodyweight to values in excess of 80 ? ". 9. Estimates of the energy maintenance requirement at 23' were in good agreement with others in the literature. In terms of body-weight, W, measured in kg, the tnean values (kJ/d) were 1761 W0'5' at so, 1473 lZi0'57 atr3" and 891 W0"' at 23'; inunits of lrcalld the corresponding coefficients of W0.57 were 421, 352 and 213. 6. Total heat production during the experiment fell by 13-6
Rapid Publication Fc g RIIA Alleles Are Heritable Risk Factors for Lupus Nephritis in African Americans

Allelic variants of Fc g R confer distinct phagocytic capacities providing a mechanism for heritable susceptibility to immune complex disease. Human Fc g RIIa has two codomi-nantly expressed alleles, R131 and H131, which differ substantially in their ability to ligate human IgG2. The Fc g RIIa-H131 is the only human Fc g R which recognizes IgG2 efficiently and optimal IgG2 handling occurs only in the homozygous state. Therefore, since immune complex clearance is essential in SLE, we hypothesized that Fc g RIIA genes are important disease susceptibility factors for SLE, particularly lupus nephritis. In a two-stage cross-sectional study, we compared the distribution of Fc g RIIA alleles in African Americans with SLE to that in African American non-SLE controls. A pilot study of 43 SLE patients and 39 controls demonstrated a skewed distribution of Fc g RIIA alleles, with only 9% of SLE patients homozygous for Fc g RIIa-H131 compared with 36% of controls (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05–0.69, P 5 0.009). This was confirmed with a multi-center study of 214 SLE patients and 100 non-SLE controls. The altered distribution of Fc g RIIA alleles was most striking in lupus nephritis. Trend analysis of the genotype distribution showed a highly significant decrease in Fc g RIIA-H131 as the likelihood for lupus nephritis increased ( P 5 0.0004) consistent with a protective effect of the Fc g RIIA-H131 gene. The skewing in the distribution of Fc g RIIA alleles identifies this gene as a risk factor with pathophysiologic importance for the SLE diathesis in African Americans. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1996. 97:1348–1354.)
Transference of Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical to the Ocean Surface Induces High Phytoplankton Cell Death

Hydroxyl radical (OH), the main atmospheric oxidant at the global scale, is believed to play an important role in the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the sea. Herein, we provide evidence, on the basis of seven experiments performed in contrasting ecosystems (subtropical NE Atlantic and Antarctic waters), of high fluxes of atmospheric OH into the surface oceanic layer, particularly during afternoon events. The experiments demonstrated a tight negative relationship between phytoplankton abundance and the concentration of OH in surface seawater, with acute cell death during afternoon atmospheric OH influx events. The effect of OH radical was higher for picophytoplankton organisms, with Prochlorococcus showing the highest decay rate and the shortest half‐life among the phytoplankton populations habiting the ocean surface layers. Our results provide evidence for a high toxicity of atmospheric‐derived OH radical to phytoplankton of the surface layer of the ocean.
Measurement of natural (CD4+CD25high) and inducible (CD4+IL-10+) regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Abnormalities of regulatory T cells may play an important role in the loss of self-tolerance, which is a major characteristic of lupus. The objective of this study was to determine the ratio and the number of natural CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ and inducible CD4+IL-10+ regulatory T cells in lupus patients and to search correlation with disease activity. Seventy-two Hungarian lupus patients were enrolled in the study. Fourty-one age- and sex matched healthy donors served as controls. Flow cytometry was used for the quantification of CD4+CD25high Foxp3+ (nTreg) and CD4+IL-10+ (iTreg) cells. The ratio (3.06 ± 1.45%) and the number (0.019 ± 0.012 × 109/L) of nTreg cells decreased in lupus significantly (P < 0.001 in both) as compared to normal controls (4.26 ± 1.01% and 0.039 ± 0.017 × 109/L). The ratio of iTreg cells were significantly higher in patients than in controls (20.92 ± 14.02% versus 15.49 ± 11.65%, P < 0.03), but the number of these cell type did not differ in significant manner (0.314 ± 0.236 × 109/L versus 0.259 ± 0.183 × 109/L). The 19 active patients were characterised by significantly higher disease activity index (SLEDAI 8.63 ± 2.95 versus 1.74 ± 1.68, P < 0.001) and anti-DNA concentration (117.85 ± 145.89 versus 37.36 ± 68.85 IU/mL, P = 0.001) as compered to the 52 inactive patients. Furthermore, active patients required higher dose of methylprednisolon than inactive ones (14.8 ± 10.6 versus 4.8 ± 3.4 mg/day, P < 0.001). However, we did not find statistical significant difference in the number and ratio of the examined cell populations regarding to disease activity. Altered ratio and number of both natural and inducible regulatory T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus. There are small but appreciable difference in the number of regulatory T cells between inactive patients and healthy controls. It suggests that immunoregulatory deficiencies are present in the inactive stage of the disease also. Lupus (2007) 16, 489—496.
Metabolic Processes in Cytoplasmic Particles of the Avocado Fruit. III. The Operation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.

The evidence for the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the metabolism of plant mitochondria has been based mostly on studies of oxidative activity. The oxidation of diand tricarboxylic acids of the cycle was demonstrated in a variety of tissues, such as etiolated seedlings of mung bean (22), pea (10, 31), Avena (32), and Black Valentine bean (4), lupin cotyledons (7), castor-bean endosperm (5, 33), pea internodes (26), cauliflower (15, 16, 17) and broccoli (18) buds, Arum spadix (13, 14), tubers of white potato (28) and of sweet potato (2, 19), avocado fruit (6, 23), spinach leaves (24) and green as well as etiolated pea seedlings and leaves (29, 30). In several of these studies the oxidation rates of acids other than citrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate or malate were also followed (5, 10, 22, 29, 30, 32). The metabolism of pyruvate by the mediation of the cycle was the subject of investigations dealing with young and rapidly growing tissues (4, 5, 7, 10, 22, 32), and to a lesser extent with mature and stable material (2, 6, 19). Oxidative studies alone do not furnish sufficient proof for the cycling nature and the sequence of the individual reactions. A better insight may be gained by studying the formation of reaction products along with oxidations. This was done only to a limited extent with plant materials. Davies (10) adopted this procedure for a particulate fraction from pea hypocotyl. James and Elliott (14) also cited some chromatographic evidence for mitochondria from Arum spadix. The objective of this study was to investigate the operation of the cycle in avocado mitochondria by following rates of oxidation of acids and formation of products in the presence and absence of inhibitors.
Park6‐linked parkinsonism occurs in several european families

The Parkin gene on 6q25.2–27 is responsible for about 50% of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism and less than 20% of sporadic early‐onset cases. We recently mapped a novel locus for early‐onset parkinsonism (PARK6) on chromosome 1p35–p36 in a large family from Sicily. We now confirm linkage to PARK6 in eight additional families with Parkin‐negative autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism from four different European countries. The maximum cumulative pairwise LOD score was 5.39 for marker D1S478. Multipoint linkage analysis gave the highest cumulative LOD score of 6.29 for marker D1S478. Haplotype construction and determination of the smallest region of homozygosity in one consanguineous family has reduced the candidate interval to a 9cM region between markers D1S483 and D1S2674. No common haplotype could be detected, excluding a common founder effect. These families share some clinical features with the phenotype reported for European Parkin‐positive cases, with a wide range of ages at onset (up to 68 yrs) and slow progression. However, features typical of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, including dystonia at onset and sleep benefit, were not observed in PARK6‐linked families, thus making the clinical presentation of late‐onset cases indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. PARK6 appears to be an important locus for early‐onset parkinsonism in European Parkin‐negative patients.
Adaptive biasing CMOS amplifiers

Two transconductance amplifiers are presented in which the concept of an input dependent bias current has been introduced. As a result, these amplifiers combine a very low standby power dissipation with a high driving capability. The first amplifier, suited for SC filters, is fairly small (0.075 mm/SUP 2/) and has a slew rate which is more than an order of magnitude better than micropower amplifiers presented earlier. The second amplifier can be used as a micropower buffer. Nearly the whole supply current is used to charge the load capacitor so that this amplifier has a high efficiency.
Tuberculosis during the first year of antiretroviral therapy in a South African cohort using an intensive pretreatment screening strategy

Objective:To determine the baseline prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in a cohort using a strategy of intensive pretreatment screening for TB and the subsequent incidence rate and temporal distribution of cases during the first year of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design:Prospective observational community-based ART cohort in South Africa. Methods:Adults enrolling for ART and who did not have a current TB diagnosis were intensively screened for TB at baseline using culture of two sputum samples, chest radiography and investigations for extrapulmonary disease as required. Patients who developed symptoms consistent with incident TB during ART were similarly investigated. Results:Two hundred forty-one patients had a median CD4 cell count of 125 cells/μl (interquartile range 70–186) and 200 (83%) started ART. TB was diagnosed in 87 (36%) patients, with 82% of pulmonary cases being culture-proven. Most TB cases (87%) were prevalent disease detectable at baseline, whereas just 11 (13%) were incident cases that presented during the first year of ART. The incidence rate during 0–4 months of ART was similar to the rate during months 5–12 of ART [10.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6–23.3) cases per 100 person-years versus 8.1 (95% CI 3.6–18.0) cases per 100 person-years]. Conclusion:Systematic culture-based screening detected a very high burden of prevalent TB present at baseline. This intensified screening strategy was associated with an approximately two-fold lower incidence rate in the first 4 months of ART than previously observed in this cohort. This suggests that many incident cases of symptomatic TB presenting during early ART can be detected as prevalent disease prior to ART initiation using sensitive diagnostic tests.
Designing professional development for teachers teaching out-of-field

ABSTRACT Learning to teach out-of-field is a challenge that many teachers worldwide face at some time in their career. Whether they are motivated to seek formal professional development as additional qualifications in this area, however, depends on many factors. Alignment between the specific professional development needs of out-of-field teachers and the planned learning experiences is essential to maximise sustained learning and applicability to teachers’ classrooms. This paper reports on a government-funded program designed to support teachers teaching ‘out-of-field’ in science and mathematics. The initial design of the program drew on existing literature on effective teacher professional learning. Using the theoretical lens of ‘boundary crossing’ this paper reports on the perceived discontinuities that teachers ‘brought with them’ in order to understand where the potential for learning lay, and compared this to teachers’ perceptions of their changed practice. Growth in teachers’ confidence and relational understandings of content, pedagogy and curriculum was evident. Implications for future programs to support out-of-field teachers are provided. Abbreviations Teaching out of field (TOOF); Professional Learning (PL); Professional Development (PD)