Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENERALIZED KINETIC AND EVOLUTION EQUATIONS IN THE APPROACH OF THE NONEQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL OPERATOR

The method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator developed by D. N. Zubarev is employed to analyze and derive generalized transport and kinetic equations. The degrees of freedom in solids can often be represented as a few interacting subsystems (electrons, spins, phonons, nuclear spins, etc.). Perturbation of one subsystem may produce a nonequilibrium state which is then relaxed to an equilibrium state due to the interaction between particles or with a thermal bath. The generalized kinetic equations were derived for a system weakly coupled to a thermal bath to elucidate the nature of transport and relaxation processes. It was shown that the "collision term" had the same functional form as for the generalized kinetic equations for the system with small interactions among particles. The applicability of the general formalism to physically relevant situations is investigated. It is shown that some known generalized kinetic equations (e.g. kinetic equation for magnons, Peierls equation for phonons) natur.
A global perspective on physiological change with age

Chapter 5 ww w.a sh ga te. co m A Global Perspective on Physiological Change with Age ww w.a sh ga te. co m © Copyrighted Material ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m Eileen Crimmins, Felicia Wheaton, Sarinnapha Vasunilashorn, Hiram Beltran-Sanchez, Lu Zhang and Jung Ki Kim ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m ww w.a sh ga te. co m In Western countries, we think of certain physiological changes as part of normal “ageing. ” The idea that the levels of blood pressure and cholesterol rise, that weight increases, that functioning decreases is viewed as part of the ageing process. These physiological changes are monitored by physicians and health systems, and are associated with a significant portion of the use of prescription drugs. Physiological changes associated with age not only contribute to chronic disease, but also lead to disability, diminished quality of life and ultimately, mortality. Yet while ageing is inevitable, it is necessary to question whether the physiological changes we associate with ageing are the result of innate human biology and to what extent physiological age changes are shaped by the social environments in which we live. In this chapter, we examine global differences in a number of markers of ageing to show that there are many patterns of physiological differences with age depending on environmental, cultural, economic, medical and historical circumstances. The observed differences highlight that what we regard as the ageing process is not consistent across countries and is very influenced by environmental circumstances. The differences that we observe suggest that these processes may be changing rapidly in much of the world and that much of what we have assumed to be normal physiological changes with ageing may reflect the environmental circumstances in modern Western or American society. These societies have undergone demographic and economic revolutions that are now ongoing in the rest of the world where newly ageing populations have lived through the entire economic and demographic transition. Recently, a number of nationally representative surveys of ageing populations have added biomarkers to their data collections. The inclusion of measured physiology in social surveys allows for the comparison of markers of health which cannot be reported accurately by respondents in many circumstances. The ability to compare these measured indicators across societies allows us to make generalizations about ageing that have, heretofore, not been possible. To investigate whether physiological changes with age are universal, we examine age differences in a number of markers of physiological dysregulation associated with ageing across a range of populations including Japan, the United States (US), England, Taiwan, two provinces in China, Mexico, Indonesia and the Tsimane of © Copyrighted Material
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LIBRARY FOR HTML5 BASED GAMES: DignityAI

Gunumuzde internetin hizlanmasi, uygulamalarin bircogunun internet ortama tasinmasina neden olmustur. Web sayfalarinin bu kadar etkin olarak kullanilmasi, her uygulamanin her tarayicida herhangi bir plugin gerektirmeden sorunsuzca calismasi gerekliligini ortaya cikarmistir. Iste bu noktada HTML5, gelistiricilerin yardimina kosan bir standart olarak ortaya cikmistir. HTML5 genel olarak, CSS ve Javascript'in birlesimi ile olusan yeni bir standartlar butunudur. Internet ortamina aktarilan uygulamalarin bir tanesi de oyunlardir. Bu noktada, HTML5 icin gelistirilen oyun motorlari incelenerek; ozellikleri, sunduklari olanaklar arastirilmistir. Bu oyun motorlari; populer oyun motorlarinin seviyesini yakalamaya yakin olmalarina ragmen, herhangi bir yapay zeka kutuphanesinin simdiye kadar HTML5 tabanli oyunlar icin gelistirilmemis oldugu gorulmustur. Bu calismada, soz konusu eksikligi gidermek amaci ile DignityAI yapay zeka kutuphanesi gelistirilmistir. Gelistirilen kutuphane, oyun motorundan bagimsiz olarak tum HTML5 oyunlarina entegre edilebilen ve bu oyunlara yapay zeka dinamiklerini katabilme yetenegine sahip bir kutuphanedir.
Recycling the past: the case of the intensive training programme in urbanism

This paper traces the etymology of the case in continuing professional education (CPE), restoring its historical societal roots, and discusses advantages which an integrative approach offers to planning education, to the urban planning practice and urban development in general. The narrative is drawn from the initiative of a multidisciplinary team of practitioners and scholars in the fields of planning, architecture, landscape architecture and transport engineering. The project RADI RIGU! – a number of innovative workshops undertaken in 2011/2012 actualized the role of urban public spaces in social revitalization processes and the communicative and procedural character of the urban project. It made an effort to place the idea of spatial strategic planning in post-Soviet mindset as well as to elaborate new, more communicative tools and an emotionally rich language for planning. Finally, it introduced an integrated three-dimensional format of continuing professional education, amalgamating lifelong learning, urban action and implementation-aimed outcome. The methodology of the programme is inspired by a series of workshops on public space on the Belgian coast. It is also based on the reconstruction of the “talka” methodology, the popular form of volunteer work in the USSR. The paper introduces the notion of social heritage and declares its ultimate place in the ecology of planning.
Assessment of Ant Colony using Component based Software Engineering Metrics

Objectives: Conventionally, to solve a problem it is necessary to design a new system every time and that it is difficult to reuse existing system for the designing of new system. This paper estimates usability of reusable components and interaction between components for integration of system. Methods: To handle this kind of problem Component Based System (CBS) has been considered. The reusability concept is the main factor of Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE) for components. More usage of reusable components provides better results in terms of estimation of reliability and efficiency of Component Based System (CBS). Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is one among soft computing technique which may be used to estimate the path followed by components and interaction of components. In this paper ACO is used as methodology to find out more reusable components to increase the reliability or efficiency of the system. MATLAB is used for implementation of ACO. Performance metrics like Component efficiency, component density and component dependency are used for the analysis of proposed work. Findings: The results shows that in proposed mechanism the component efficiency is high, component density is also high as compare to existing CBS. Applications: This paper may helpful for the analysis of soft computing techniques by the use of CBSE performance metrics.
Relationship Between Dietary Fatty Acids and Reproductive Functions in Dairy Cattle

Selection of dairy cattle for higher milk yield, without considering important non-production traits, has decreased reproductive efficiency. Thus, low reproductive performance is a major problem in high yielding dairy cattle. Previous studies showed that dietary manipulation to improve fertility holds much promise and dietary fats have positive effects on reproductive functions in high yielding dairy cattle. Positive effects of fats on reproductive performance due to the fatty acids, which are the precursors of progesterone and prostaglandins. Progesterone and prostaglandins hormones are most important factors that play a role on the control of reproductive functions. The amount of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic fattty acids in ration can be increase or decrease progesterone and prostaglandins synthesis especially PGF2α from ovary and uterus, respectively. Also fatty acids can be influence follicular development, ovulation, embryonic implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy. This review focuses on the relationships between dietary fatty acids and reproductive functions such as hormone profiles, ovarian function and follicular development, oocyte quality, embryo development, embryonic implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy in dairy cattle.
Phytofungitoxic Agent from Wild Plants

The objective of research was to find out phytofungitoxic agent from a methanol extract of Barringtona racemosa Linn. , Datura metel Linn. , Euphorbia hirta Linn. , and Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. on Saprolegnia sp. infected catfish eggs. The a one-way ANOVA test result showed that the methanol extracts of B. racemosa, D. metel, E. hirta, and H. formicarum gave the significant effect (p = 0.05) to mortality of Saprolegnia sp. Hatching rate (mean ± SE) of Saprolegnia sp. infected catfish eggs immersed the extract of B. racemosa, D. metel, E. hirta, and H. formicarum was 78.8 ± 2.7, 93.5 ± 0.6, 92.8 ± 1.7, and 79.8 ± 1.8%, respectively. It shown that the treatment of 5, 20, 30, and 40 ppm was a concentration of B. racemosa, D. metel, E. hirta and H. formicarum, respectively resulted the highest hatching rate of the infected catfish eggs. The study stated that the extracts of B. racemosa, D. metel, E. hirta, and H. formicarum have antifungal property to Saprolegnia sp. The extracts can be used as a natural antifungal agent for controlling saprolegniasis.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TOPOGRAPHICAL WORKS FOR BUILDINGS REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE IN THE URBAN PLANNING

Historical buildings play an important role in cultural heritage scenario: their main value is due overall to age, artistic and structural features and to surrounding environment. A study for monitoring and analyzing building structure becomes of easy approach, thanks to periodical testing of its level of safety which can be obtained through modern geo-technologies, referring to non- contact, often automatic, metric sensors. Rehabilitation and maintenance of historical architecture includes reinforcement of configuration, adjustment of geometry and other technical procedures. The 3D laser scanning technology is one of the important techniques methods to acquire spatial data. It scans the architecture of the objective point by point in very short time; records and create point clouds to simulate the shape by computer; reconstructs 3D model with high accuracy. A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital three dimensional models useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games. Other common applications of this technology include industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics, reverse engineering and prototyping, quality control/inspection and documentation of cultural artifacts. The combined use of 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies allows the replication of real objects without the use of traditional plaster casting techniques, that in many cases can be too invasive for being performed on precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts. The resulting digital 3D model, shown in the screen of the laptop, was used by a rapid prototyping machine to create a real resin replica of original object. This method is especially fit for surveying historical architecture heritage with lack of construction records. This paper presents a study case regarding different practical projects for 3D scanning of historical buildings in Timisoara.
Meteor plasma trails: effects of external electric field

Abstract. Meteoroids traversing the E-region ionosphere leave behind extended columns of elevated ionization known as the meteor plasma trails. To accurately interpret radar signals from trails and use them for diagnostics, one needs to model plasma processes associated with their structure and evolution. This paper describes a 3-D quantitative theory of the electrostatic interaction between a dense plasma trail, the ionosphere, and a DC electric field driven by an external dynamo. A simplified water-bag model of the meteor plasma shows that the highly conducting trail efficiently short-circuits the ionosphere and creates a vast region of currents that flow through and around the trail. We predict that the trail can induce electric fields reaching a few V/m, both perpendicular and parallel to the geomagnetic field. The former may drive plasma instabilities, while the latter may lead to strong heating of ionospheric electrons. We discuss physical and observational implications of these processes.
Non-Linear Taylor Rule through Threshold Estimation

This paper tries to identify non-linearity in the estimation of Taylor type reaction function for Reserve Bank of India using a threshold estimation technique of Hansen (2000). For the monthly data from March 2001 to October 2009 with Repo rate as the policy rate the estimation significantly identifies two thresholds with inflation and one threshold with output gap as threshold variables. We compared this model with that of a naive univariate model and the typical Taylor type reaction function, the results are in support of the non-linear model in predicting the repo rate at turning points with more accuracy than the other two competing models.
Running Head: DIGITALIZATION OF TAMIL CHARACTERD IN PALM LEAF

Four Centuries ago, knowledge transfer from experts to learners was mostly through oral recitation. Script based knowledge transfer was catered by scribing on rocks, metals, cloth and leaves. Due to the abundant availability, the southern part of India mainly used ‘Palm Leaves’ as the base material for scribing. These ancient methods of writing and protecting manuscripts vanished over a period of time. Today, due to climatic changes and aging factors these manuscripts have started to degrade. To preserve the information present on the palm-leaves, digital images of each leaves have been taken up and stored. We have developed a ‘Semi-Automatic System’, with primary emphasis on Tamil Manuscripts. In order to have only the textual information for storage and segmentation purposes, it is mandatory that these images are binarized. Binarization of degraded document images has been a challenge to many computer scientists. Binarized characters are segmented and fed to a Character Recognition module capable of replacing the handwritten version to a printed version. The obtained printed version cannot be a fool-proof one, hence a linguistic scholar capable of reading both the handwritten and printed version needs to verify and confirm the final printed version. However, this will drastically reduce the time as compared to the current way of doing things. The development of our module will be of great use to linguistic scholars for quicker scrambling of texts from palm leaves and hence write variety of annotations to a single text.
Exposure to familiar versus novel conspecifics is associated with differential activity of oxytocin circuits

Oxytocin (OT) signalling has been shown to be significantly involved in the regulation of social behaviour, particularly in regards to pro-sociality. Familiarity with another conspecific is a major modifier of social behaviour. Here we investigated whether exposure to a familiar versus novel conspecific was associated with differential activity in OT neuronal circuits. We placed male mice in a chamber with a restrainer containing either a familiar or novel conspecific, with an empty restrainer as a control. Immunhistochemical analysis following this exposure showed greater activation of OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in response to exposure to a familiar conspecific, which was not found to occur in response to exposure to a novel or unfamiliar conspecific. Furthermore, there is increased general neuronal activation in the medial posterior amygdala in response to a familiar, but not novel, conspecific, and increased general neuronal activation in the medial anterior amygdala to exposure to both familiar and novel conspecifics, but the magnitude of this activation is significantly greater in response to the familiar conspecific. To substantiate the claim of a relationship between familiarity and OT, we injected male mice with the OT receptor (OT-R) antagonist L-368,899 and placed them in a scenario where they could choose to spend time in a chamber with a trapped conspecific or a chamber with a palatable tastant. OT-R antagonism reduced time spent with a familiar, but not novel conspecific. We conclude that familiarity and social context result in differences in OT neuronal activity and OT signalling.
German Modal Particles in the Functional Structure of IP

German modal particles (MPs) are a group of about twenty words, which are mainly used in the spoken language. They have been long neglected by the linguistic research, but have recently become an important field of study for many scholars interested in spoken-language phenomena. Their function is to express the speaker’s mental attitude toward or belief about what he or she is saying, i.e. they usually add the speaker’s subjective point of view to the basic meaning conveyed by the utterance.
3D thermal wave model of bioheat transfer - solution by means of finite difference method

Up to the present, the models describing temperature distribution in the biological tissue as a rule based on the Pennes bioheat transfer equation. Taking into account the nonhomogeneous inner structure of tissue the heat conduction proceeding in this domain should be described by the hyperbolic equation. In the paper the algorithm of numerical solution of hyperbolic heat conduction equation is presented. The explicit variant of finite differences method is applied and the results of computations are shown. 1. Thermal wave model of bioheat transfer Heat transfer in biological system is usually described by the Pennes equation basing on the classical Fourier law (e.g. [1]). Because the biological tissues are the materials with nonhomogeneous inner structure therefore the modified unsteady heat conduction equation (Cattaneo and Vernotte (CV) equation, hyperbolic heat conduction equation, non-Fourier heat conduction equation) should be taken into account (e.g. [2-4]). A general form of the thermal wave model of bioheat transfer in living tissues is following ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 , , , τ λ , , τ T x t T x t Q x t c T x t Q x t t t t   ∂ ∂ ∂ + = ∇ + +   ∂ ∂ ∂   (1) where c, λ denote the volumetric specific heat and thermal conductivity of tissue, Q (x, t) is the volumetric heat due to metabolism and blood perfusion, τ is the relaxation time. The function Q (x, t) is equal to ( ) ( ) B B B m Q x, t G c T T x, t Q =  −  +   (2) where GB is the blood perfusion rate, cB is the volumetric specific heat of blood, TB is the artery temperature and Qm is the metabolic heat source. It should be pointed out that for τ = 0 the equation (1) reduces to the wellknown Pennes bioheat equation. G. KaluŜa, E. Majchrzak 92 The equation (1) is supplemented by the boundary condition ( ) ( ) Γ : , b x T x t T x ∈ = (3) and initial ones ( ) ( ) 0 0 , 0 : , , 0 t T x t t T x t T t = ∂ = = = ∂ (4) where Tb(x) is known boundary temperature and T0 is known initial temperature of biological tissue. The dependence between relaxation time τ and thermal wave velocity C is following
Opérateurs proximaux pour la restauration bayésienne de signaux

A convex variational framework is proposed for solving inverse problems in a Hilbert space with a priori information on the representation of the target solution in a frame. Our approach consists of minimizing a rather generic convex objective function which can be interpreted from a Bayesian viewpoint. In order to solve the considered optimization problem, we propose an iterative algorithm whose convergence is guaranteed under mild conditions. This algorithm relies on the use of a proximal operator which is easily calculated in an explicit manner for a wide class of commonly used penalization functions.
An experiment to measure raindrop collection efficiencies: influence of rear capture

Abstract. In the case of severe accident with loss of containment in a nuclear plant, radionuclides are released into the atmosphere in the form of both gases and aerosol particles (Baklanov and Sorensen, 2001). The analysis of radioactive aerosol scavenged by rain after the Chernobyl accident highlights certain differences between the modelling studies and the environmental measurements. Part of these discrepancies can probably be attributed to uncertainties in the efficiencies used to calculate aerosol particle collection by raindrops, particularly drops with a diameter larger than one millimetre. In order to address the issue of these uncertainties, an experimental study was performed to close the gaps still existing for this key microphysical parameter. In this paper, attention is first focused on the efficiency with which aerosol particles in the accumulation mode are collected by raindrops with a diameter of 2 mm. The collection efficiencies measured for aerosol particle in the sub-micron range are quantitatively consistent with previous theoretical model developed by Beard (1974) and thus highlight the major role of rear capture in the submicron range.