Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF RHEBOK (PELEA CAPREOLUS) WITH CARFENTANIL–XYLAZINE OR ETORPHINE–XYLAZINE

Abstract Twelve adult rhebok (Pelea capreolus) were immobilized using a combination of 0.4 mg/kg xylazine and either 0.01 mg/kg of carfentanil (n = 6) or 0.01 mg/kg etorphine (n = 6), delivered i.m. using a remote injection system. Induction and recovery times, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), anesthetic depth, indirect blood pressure, and arterial blood gases were recorded. Rhebok were not intubated but nasal oxygen was administered. Forty minutes after induction, anesthesia was antagonized with naltrexone and yohimbine. Mean initial heart rate was significantly higher in the carfentanil group than in the etorphine group. Mean initial oxygen saturation was consistent with hypoxia in both the carfentanil group and the etorphine group. In both groups, arterial pH decreased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased during the first 15 min of anesthesia, and values were similar in both groups. These findings were consistent with respiratory acidosis and decreased ventilation. Values for respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, ETCO2, and blood pressure were similar for both groups at all time periods. During the first 5 min of anesthesia, rhebok in the carfentanil group were more responsive to stimuli than rhebok in the etorphine group. After administration of antagonists, time to first arousal was significantly shorter in the etorphine group than in the carfentanil group. Although cardiopulmonary values were similar for the two groups, rhebok in the carfentanil group were at a comparatively lighter plane of anesthesia, and some individuals in this group required additional manual and chemical restraint for medical procedures to be performed. In conclusion, for captive adult rhebok, 0.01 mg/kg of etorphine and 0.4 mg/kg of xylazine are recommended over 0.01 mg/kg carfentanil and 0.4 mg/kg xylazine because of qualitatively better anesthetic episodes and shorter recovery times.
Prognostic value of androgen receptor in triple negative breast cancer: A meta-analysis

Background Androgen receptor (AR) is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer. However, its prognostic value remains controversial in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here we present a meta-analysis to investigate the correlation between AR expression and TNBC prognosis. Results Thirteen relevant studies with 2826 TNBC patients were included. AR positive rate was 24.4%. AR+ patients tended to have lower tumor grade (p< 0.001), but more lymph node metastases (p < 0.01). AR positivity was associated with prolonged disease free survival (HR 0.809, 95% CI = 0.659-0.995, p < 0.05), but had no significant impact on overall survival (HR 1.270, 95% CI=0.904-1.782, p = 0.168). No difference in survival existed between subgroups using different AR or estrogen receptor cutoff values. Materials and methods Literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases to identify relevant articles on AR and TNBC prognosis. Fixed- and random-effect meta-analyses were conducted based on the heterogeneity of included studies. Heterogeneity and impacts of covariates were further evaluated by subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Conclusion AR positivity is associated with lower risk of disease recurrence in TNBC. Further clinical studies are warranted to clarify its prognostic role on TNBC recurrence and survival.
Invariant natural killer T cells are preserved in patients with glioma and exhibit antitumor lytic activity following dendritic cell‐mediated expansion

Brain tumors carry a poor prognosis, and newer approaches to their therapy are urgently needed. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are distinct innate lymphocytes with antitumor potentials. Defects in NKT cell function have been observed in patients with other forms of cancer. Here we show that both the frequency and interferon‐γ‐producing function of NKT cells are well preserved in adult patients with glioma (n = 9) and comparable to findings in healthy controls (n = 9). These cells can be readily expanded in culture using autologous mature dendritic cells loaded with the NKT ligand, α‐galactosyl ceramide. The expanded NKT cells from glioma patients are functional and, importantly, kill glioma cells in a ligand‐ and CD1d‐dependent manner. Expression of CD1d is detected both on primary glioma cells as well as endothelial cells in infiltrating new blood vessels by immunohistochemistry of glioma tissue sections. These data suggest that targeting NKT cells may provide a novel strategy for immunotherapy of glioma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential methotrexate and fluorouracil for the treatment of node-negative breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor-negative tumors: eight-year results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-13 and first report of findings from NSABP B-19 comparing methotrexate and 

PURPOSE To compare sequential methotrexate (M) and fluorouracil (F) (M-->F) with surgery (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project [NSABP] B-13) and cyclophosphamide (C), M, and F with M-->F (NSABP B-19), in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors and negative axillary nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 760 patients were randomized to B-13; 1,095 patients with the same eligibility requirements were randomized to B-19. Disease-free survival (DFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and survival were determined using life-table estimates. RESULTS A significant benefit in overall DFS (74% v 59%; P < .001) was demonstrated at 8 years in all B-13 patients who received M-->F (69% v 56% [P = .006] in those <or= 49 years of age, and 81% v 63% [P = .002] in those >or= 50 years). A survival advantage was evident in older patients (89% v 80%; P = .03). In B-19, through 5 years, an overall DFS advantage (82% v 73%; P < .001) and a borderline survival advantage (88% v 85%; P = .06) were evident with CMF. The DFS (84% v 72%; P < .001) and survival (89% v 84%; P = .04) benefits from CMF were greater in women aged <or= 49 years. M-->F or CMF after lumpectomy and breast irradiation resulted in a low probability of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). In B-13, the frequency of IBTR was 2.6% following M-->F versus 13.4% in women treated by lumpectomy; it was 0.6% following CMF in B-19. Toxicity >or= grade 3 was more frequent among CMF patients in B-19. The age-related difference in CMF benefit was not related to amount of drug received. CONCLUSION M-->F and CMF are effective for node-negative patients with ER-negative tumors. The incidence of local-regional or distant metastases and IBTR decreased after either therapy. The benefit from either therapy was evident in all patients, but the CMF advantage was greater in those <or= 49 years. Because it is less toxic, M-->F may be used in patients with medical problems that would preclude CMF administration.
The preterm parturition syndrome and its implications for understanding the biology, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of preterm birth

The syndromic nature of spontaneous labour was a concept first proposed in 1994 [1]. It has important implications for understanding the biology of preterm parturition, and also, setting realistic expectations about what programs for the prediction and prevention of preterm birth can and cannot do. The traditional view of preterm parturition has been that it is fundamentally the same process as spontaneous labour at term, and that the crucial difference is the gestational age at which these processes occur [2–4]. Another implicit assumption is that all causes of preterm labour are the same, because patients with preterm labour and intact membranes are treated with the combination of tocolytic agents and glucocorticoids worldwide. This article outlines the potential flaws in this concept, which we believe has halted progress in the prevention of preterm birth and in the treatment of preterm labour.
Positive Regulation of Phagocytosis by SIRPβ and Its Signaling Mechanism in Macrophages*

SIRPβ (signal-regulatory protein β) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed in hematopoietic cells but whose functions are unknown. We have now cloned mouse SIRPβ cDNA and have shown that the gene is expressed in various tissues in addition to cells of the macrophage lineage. Engagement of SIRPβ by specific monoclonal antibodies promoted Fcγ receptor-dependent or -independent phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. It also induced marked activation of MAPK and the upstream kinase MEK but weak activation of Akt. MEK inhibitors markedly blocked the promotion of phagocytosis by SIRPβ, whereas an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase partly blocked such response. In addition, inhibitors of myosin light chain kinase or of myosin ATPase blocked the promotion of phagocytosis by SIRPβ. Furthermore, SIRPβ induced the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia in macrophages as well as the translocation of activated MAPK to these structures. It also elicited tyrosine phosphorylation of DAP12, Syk, and SLP-76, and a Syk inhibitor blocked the promotion of phagocytosis and activation of MAPK by SIRPβ. Our results suggest that engagement of SIRPβ promotes phagocytosis in macrophages by inducing the tyrosine phosphorylation of DAP12, Syk, and SLP-76 and the subsequent activation of a MEK-MAPK-myosin light chain kinase cascade.
The Routine Culture of Allograft Tissue in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background Allograft tissue is an acceptable alternative to autograft tissue in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, several infections associated with tissue procurement have led some to consider routine intraoperative cultures of allograft tissue before implantation. A positive culture result presents a treatment dilemma in the asymptomatic patient. Hypothesis Treatment of culture swab—positive allograft tissue is unnecessary if there is no evidence of clinical infection. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on 247 cultures taken in 321 consecutive ACL reconstructions from a single surgeon. Allograft cultures were taken intraoperatively before antibiotic washing and implantation. All patients received standard prophylactic antibiotics consisting of intravenous vancomycin and perioperative cefazolin, and were routinely monitored in the postoperative period for signs of infection. Results Twenty-four of 247 (9.7%) cultures were positive after implantation. Sixteen of these (67%) grew organisms of high pathogenicity, whereas 8 (33%) were of low pathogenicity. Cultures were classified as poor, scant, or rare in all 24 patients. These patients did not receive additional antibiotics, and none went on to develop septic arthritis or wound complications. The 2 cases of septic arthritis had negative intraoperative cultures. Conclusions Treatment of low-virulence organisms or minimal growth high-virulence organisms is unnecessary if no evidence of clinical infection exists. The results may call into question the utility of routinely culturing allograft tissue as positive results did not correlate with infectious complications.
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Type II in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients: Incidence and Complications

OBJECTIVE:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Type II (HIT II) is the autoimmune-mediated severe form of the disease characterized by a significant reduction in platelets, and it carries a high risk of “paradoxical” serious thrombotic complications. Although HIT II has been studied in several different patient populations, the incidence of HIT II and the rate of thrombotic complications have never been reported in a neurosurgical patient population. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients, among neurosurgical patient populations, have a high exposure to heparin because they are in critical care units and have indwelling vascular catheters. In addition, the increase in neuroendovascular procedures with the associated use of heparinization will increase the exposure of SAH patients to heparin. METHODS:During a 3.5-year period (January 2000–June 2003), 389 consecutive SAH patients were treated at our center. We retrospectively reviewed their laboratory data and medical records and used accepted clinical criteria for the diagnosis of HIT II to determine the incidence of HIT II, thrombotic complications, management, and outcome. RESULTS:Fifty-nine patients (15%) met the clinical diagnostic criteria for HIT II. The average platelet count nadir in the HIT II patients was 68,600 ± 25,300/μl (mean ± standard deviation). Female patients and patients with Fisher Grade 3 were more likely to develop HIT II (P < 0.01). Thirty-six patients (61%) underwent a neuroendovascular procedure. The rate of systemic thrombotic complications in the HIT II patients was 37 versus 7% in SAH patients without HIT II (P < 0.001), and the rate of new hypodensities on head computed tomographic scans was 66% in the HIT II patients versus 40% in the SAH patients without HIT II (P < 0.001). Clinical outcomes were worse in the HIT II patients. The outcome was favorable for 38% in the HIT II patients versus 52% in all SAH patients (P < 0.05), and deaths were more common (29%) in the HIT II patients than in all SAH patients (12%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:The incidence of HIT II in SAH patients at a single center was 15%. The SAH patients with HIT II had significantly higher rates of thrombotic complications, new hypodensities on head computed tomographic scans, more deaths, and significantly less favorable outcomes. This is the first report of the incidence of HIT II in a neurosurgical patient population.
Getting Ready for the Future: Integration of Genomics into Public Health Research, Policy and Practice in Europe and Globally

The integration of genomics into public health research, policy and practice will be one of the most important future challenges that our health care systems will face. The next decade will provide a window of opportunity to establish infrastructures that will enable the scientific advances to be translated into evidence-based policies and interventions that improve population health. Approaches for national, European and international institutionalization of public health genomics are shown that aim to champion these challenges.
Genetics of the iron dicitrate transport system of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli B and K-12 express a citrate-dependent iron(III) transport system for which three structural genes and their arrangement and products have been determined. The fecA gene of E. coli B consists of 2,322 nucleotides and encodes a polypeptide containing a signal sequence of 33 amino acids. The cleavage site was determined by amino acid sequence analysis of the unprocessed protein and the mature protein. For the processed form a length of 741 amino acids was calculated. The mature FecA protein in the outer membrane contains at the N terminus the "TonB box," a pentapeptide, which has hitherto been found in all receptors and colicins which functionally require the TonB protein. In addition, the dyad repeat sequence GAAAATAATTCTTATTTCG is proposed to serve as the binding site of the Fur iron repressor protein. The fecB gene was mapped downstream of fecA and encodes a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 30,000. It was synthesized as a precursor, and the mature form was found in the periplasm. The fecD gene follows fecB and was related to a membrane-bound protein with an apparent molecular weight of 28,000. In Mu d1 insertion mutants upstream of fecA, the fec genes were not inducible by iron limitation and citrate, indicating a regulatory region, termed fecI, which controls fec gene expression.
ANALYSIS OF EARNINGS SURPLUS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL IN HUNGARY, BETWEEN 2004 AND 2013

According to the human capital theory, education can be seen as an investment into individual human capital. The profitability of human capital investment is partly determined by the individuals’ work-related earnings. The study examines how work-related earnings and the gap between gross earnings at different educational level changed in Hungary, between 2004 and 2013. An indicator is defined and presented to measure the change in gross earnings and net earnings caused by the education as human capital investment. Moreover we examine the change in earnings surplus by educational level, look for the answer to the question whether the gap between earnings for individuals with different educational attainment increased or decreased in Hungary from 2004 to 2013. Keywords—educational level, marginal earning rate, investment in human capital, tax burden
Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychological Functioning, Psychiatric Status, Functional Disability and Employment Status in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

The longitudinal course of subjective and objective neuropsychological functioning, psychological functioning, disability level, and employment status in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was examined. The relations among several key outcomes at follow-up, as well as the baseline characteristics that predict change (e.g., improvement), were also evaluated. The study sample consisted of 35 individuals who met the 1988 and 1994 CFS case definition criteria of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) at intake. Participants were evaluated a mean of 41.9 (SEM = 1.7) months following their initial visit (range = 24-63 months). Results indicated that objective and subjective attention abilities, mood, level of fatigue, and disability improve over time in individuals with CFS. Moreover, improvements in these areas were found to be interrelated at follow-up. Finally, psychiatric status, age, and between-test duration were significant predictors of outcome. Overall, the prognosis for CFS appears to be poor, as the majority of participants remained functionally impaired over time and were unemployed at follow-up, despite the noted improvements.
Coexistence of CJD and Alzheimer's disease: An autopsy case showing typical clinical features of CJD

The present report concerns an autopsy case of CJD showing typical clinical features of CJD. The patient was a Japanese woman without hereditary burden or dementing disorder anamnesis who was 70‐years‐old at the time of death. She developed gait disturbance at age 68, followed by memory impairment, visual disturbance, and myoclonus. A neurological examination approximately 2 months after the disease onset revealed akinetic mutism, in addition to periodic synchronous discharges on electroencephalogram. Serial neuroradiological examinations disclosed progressive atrophy of the brain. She died of bronchopneumonia 25 months after the disease onset. The brain weighed 560 g (cerebrum 490 g, brainstem with cerebellum 70 g). Macroscopically, neuropathological examination showed prominent atrophy of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum, in addition to necrosis of the cerebral white matter, compatible with panencephalopathic CJD. Histologically, there was neuronal loss with or without spongiform change in the cerebral cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, striatum, pallidum, thalamus, pontine nucleus, and cerebellar granule cells, in addition to diffuse synaptic‐type prion staining in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Furthermore, senile plaques, compatible with definite Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease rank Alzheimer's disease, and neurofibrillary changes of the limbic system, consistent with stage IV of Braak's classification, were found. Based on these clinicopathological findings and a review of the published literature, it is concluded that there were two forms of coexistence of CJD and Alzheimer's disease in the same patient.
The immunomodulatory effects of prolonged intravenous infusion of propofol versus midazolam in critically ill surgical patients

Both propofol and midazolam are known to inhibit immune function. The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine production in critically ill surgical patients as early markers of immune response to prolonged infusion of propofol and midazolam. The study enrolled 40 elective patients who were to receive long‐term sedation for more than 2 days. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two equally sized groups. Central venous blood samples for measurement of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were drawn prior to the start and after 48 h of infusion. After 48 h, propofol caused significant increases in IL‐1β (24%), IL‐6 (23%) and TNF‐α (4.8 times) levels, while midazolam caused significant decreases in IL‐1β (21%), IL‐6 (21%) and TNF‐α (19%). Both agents caused significant decreases in IL‐8 levels (propofol: 30%, midazolam: 48%, p < 0.05). Propofol caused significant decreases in IL‐2 levels (68%, p < 0.001) but increases in IFN‐γ (30%, p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant change with midazolam compared with the pre‐infusion level. In conclusion, during 48 h of continuous infusion, propofol stimulated, while midazolam suppressed, the production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and both caused suppression of IL‐8 production. Propofol inhibited IL‐2 production and stimulated IFN‐γ production, whereas midazolam failed to do so. Therefore, sedative agents may have clinical implications in high‐risk and immunocompromised patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging gridding reconstruction methods with and without density compensation functions

Reconstruction of magnetic resonance images from data not falling on a Cartesian grid is widely used for fast acquisitions, and it is a Fourier inversion problem typically solved using convolution interpolation, also known as gridding. This work presents a comparison between two gridding reconstruction methods to reconstruct magnetic resonance images from acquisitions using spiral trajectories through k-space. One method (grid-driven) is not based on a density compensation function while the other one (Direct Summation) uses Voronoi cells for the determination of the necessary areas to estimate the corresponding density compensation function. Both methods have been applied to the same image to see the reconstruction quality of each method. Both methods have correctly reconstructed the original image using only 13.73% of the original full-grid data from a Cartesian trajectory.
Emerging roles of system antiporter and its inhibition in CNS disorders

Abstract System is an antiporter belonging to the hetero(di)meric amino acid transporter family. It is located on astrocytes as well as on blood-brain barrier within the CNS. It plays a pivotal role in free radical neutralization as well as neuronal signalling by regulating the glutathione production which occurs via the exchange of intracellular glutamate with extracellular cystine at 1:1 molar ratio. Understandably, it is a vital component responsible for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis (e.g. redox state). Hence, it could be postulated that any perturbation in system function may contribute, directly or indirectly, to the pathophysiology of a variety of CNS disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, depression, multiple sclerosis, hypoglycemic neuronal cell death, glioma, and excitotoxicity, making system a promising target for treating CNS disorders. In recent times, recognizing the potential of this target, variety of inhibitors has been synthesized by modifying commercially available potent inhibitors including sulfasalazine, erastin, and sorafenib. Although, they have demonstrated efficacy, the in-depth data is still lacking to warrant their use for the treatment of aforementioned CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss the in-depth role of system transporter in maintaining normal physiology as well as in the pathophysiology of CNS diseases. Additionally, we have also listed some of the potent inhibitors of system . In conclusion, the critical role of system in multiple CNS disorders and advanced research on its inhibitors have promising future prospects for better management of the CNS ailments.