Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supplementation to improve the production of yearling steers grazing poor quality forage. 2. The effects of oats, supplementary nitrogen, lupins and cottonseed meal

Four supplements were compared in an experiment in which yearling Hereford steers were grazed on mature annual pasture for 84 days and fed, at levels of 0, 300, 600 and 900 g/steer.day, supplements of pelleted cottonseed meal, lupins, oats + isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) or oats alone. The supplements increased growth rates from - 2 14 (no supplement) to 321, 119, 47 and 47 g/steer.day respectively (900 g/ steer.day). The cottonseed meal supplement produced significantly better growth rates than the other three supplements, the responses to which did not differ significantly. During a period of 111 days after supplementation, when all steers were lot-fed as one group prior to slaughter, there was substantial, but not complete compensatory growth and a significant inverse relationship between growth during supplementary feeding and growth during the next 111 days. There were, however, no significant differences in growth during lot-feeding, carcass weights, dressing percentages or carcass fatness associated with the previous supplementary feeding treatments. The effects of five different supplements (including the four mentioned above) on the intake of a poor quality roughage by weaner lambs were compared in a preliminary pen-feeding experiment. The supplements (pelleted cottonseed meal, lupins, oats + IBDU, oats + urea, and oats alone) significantly improved roughage consumption by 26-49%. There were no significant differences between supplements.
Intraspecific variation in wing colour is related to larval energy reserves in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus)

The physiological basis for pigment synthesis in lepidopteran wing scales is well‐studied, although less is known about the reasons why individuals of the same species vary in pigmentation. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) show subtle variations in the shade of orange on their wings and this is known to predict flight ability and mating success. The present study tests the possibility that the shade of orange is associated with the amount of residual energy reserves carried over from the larval stage. Using monarchs reared in captivity under identical conditions (n = 207), the residuals of a regression of wing size and mass at eclosion, which indicate larval energy reserves, are obtained. This measure is positively related to adult longevity without feeding, indicating the importance of this reserve to the monarchs, as well as the value of the measure for this investigation. The shade of orange (i.e. hue) is determined on scanned wings using image analysis. Importantly, orange hue is predicted significantly by residual mass at eclosion (individuals with more mass are redder). The linkage between these traits may explain previous findings whereby redder monarchs fly further and mate more because both behaviours would be enhanced with greater energy stores. The findings of the present study add to a growing body of work showing how intraspecific variation in pigmentation has biological significance to monarchs, and possibly other butterflies. Although much remains to be investigated regarding the physiological underpinnings of this variation, the results of the present study indicate that future efforts should be rewarding.
Species number, species abundance and body length of arboreal arthropods associated with an Australian rainforest tree

Abstract. 1 The species number, the abundance per species and the body length of arthropods foraging within the crowns of an over‐storey rainforest tree from Australia, Argyrodendron actinophyllum (Sterculiaceae), were investigated by interception trap sampling and restricted canopy fogging. Emphasis was placed upon the interpretation of trap data. Arthropods were trapped continuously day and night, over a 2‐year period and the final analyses examined the attributes of 759 species which represented 20,500 individuals. 2 The proportion of‘rare’species (Le. collected once) intercepted was high (35.7%), although lower than in other similar rainforest surveys. Neither the α log‐series nor the log‐normal distribution could be fitted to the relationship between number of species and number of individuals, since the number of rare species was much higher than predicted and the mode of the distribution could not be identified. The proportion of rare species was higher in fogging collections (452%) than in trap collections. 3 The data are compared with a study of Bornean arboreal beetles, obtained by fogging trees during a single sampling event. Several patterns were common to both data sets. However, the three‐dimensional plot of the variables describing the structure of the arthropod community showed a notably rougher surface than in the case of Bornean beetles. 4 Although several factors may complicate the interpretation of the three‐dimensional plots, long‐term and continuous sampling may alter our perception of complex arthropod communities. This methodology is imperative for a proper understanding of arthropod community structure in rain forests.
Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway

Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)–regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase–1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase–3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters—sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements—were strongly attenuated.
Review of small mammal trophic structure in drylands: resource availability, use, and disturbance

Abstract Early studies of trophic structure from North American deserts set up a paradigm with granivory as a general and integral phenomenon driving the assembly and structure of small mammal communities. This paradigm encouraged many comparative studies seeking support for convergent evolution. A comprehensive review of studies of dietary habits of aridland mammals provided little support for the paradigm. Subsequent research making use of ternary phase diagrams eventually showed that in small mammal communities trophic structure is strongly related to resource use. A synthesis of results across 5 continents shows a gradation in the distribution of trophic groups across regions. The percentage of species in each dietary category from regional pools shows that no one trophic group is dominant in all desert regions studied: South America has 58% herbivores; South Africa, 52% omnivores; North America, 50% granivores; Australia, 49% insectivores; and Eurasia, roughly equal proportions of granivores, herbivores, and omnivores (∼30% each). Seed availability shows substantial overlap across regions but with greater maxima in North America. Granivory appears to be a less important factor in aridlands subject to disturbance regimes, and this could be a result of reduced reliability of seed resources. The impact of fire upon arid environments is one factor common across the Southern Hemisphere but with a lesser effect in the Northern Hemisphere. Fire, rainfall, and particularly extreme climatic events such as El Niño can, at times, outweigh the importance of biotic factors such as competition or predation, emphasizing the importance of resource pulses associated with disturbances. The concepts of history of place and history of lineage can be important factors determining community structure, as has been well demonstrated with the impact of the extensive evolution of the granivorous Heteromyidae in North America and the radiations of marsupials in aridlands of Australia, 2 extremes of the trophic structure shown by desert small mammal communities.
When do grazers accelerate or decelerate soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in tundra? A test of theory on grazing effects in fertile and infertile habitats

It is generally predicted that grazers enhance soil microbial activity and nutrient availability and promote soil bacteria in fertile ecosystems, but retard microbial activity and nutrient availability and promote soil fungi in infertile ecosystems. We tested these predictions in tundra by comparing grazing effects between fertile and infertile habitats and with/without nutrient manipulation by fertilization. Grazing decreased soil N content in fertile and in fertilized plots in infertile habitats while increased it in infertile tundra habitats, which directly opposed our prediction. We conclude that this unpredicted outcome probably resulted from nutrient transport between habitats. Also contrasting with our hypothesis, grazing increased fungal rather than bacterial abundance in fertilized plots at both habitats. In support with predictions, grazing increased microbial activity for soil C decomposition in fertile but decreased it in infertile habitats. The effect of grazing on soil C decomposition followed same patterns as grazer-induced changes in the activity of β-glucosidase, which is an extracellular enzyme synthesized by soil microorganisms for degrading soil cellulose. We suggest that the theoretical framework on grazer–soil interactions should incorporate microbial potential for extracellular enzyme production (‘microscale’ grazer effects) and nutrient translocation by grazers among habitats (‘macroscale’ grazer effects) as important mechanisms by which grazers influence soil processes and nutrient availability for plants at contrasting levels of habitat fertility.
Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Control and Winter Wheat Response to POST Herbicides

Abstract Field studies were conducted to evaluate Italian ryegrass control and winter wheat tolerance to applications of diclofop, mesosulfuron plus methylated seed oil (MSO) alone or with 30% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), mesosulfuron plus thifensulfuron plus tribenuron plus MSO, mesosulfuron plus MCPA plus MSO, or flufenacet plus metribuzin. Treatments were applied to wheat PRE, two- to three-leaf wheat (2–3 LF) at Feekes stage 1.0 or to one- to two-tiller wheat (TILL) at Feekes stage 3.0, depending on label recommendations. Studies were conducted in Williamson, GA, and Plains, GA, from autumn 2003 to spring 2005. Italian ryegrass control was variable, depending on location and year. Maximum and most-consistent Italian ryegrass control (> 90%) occurred with mesosulfuron plus MSO and UAN. Without UAN, control of Italian ryegrass with mesosulfuron varied from 44 to 97%. That variability was partially attributed to unfavorable environmental conditions associated with cold night time temperatures at or below 0 C, following applications. Wheat injury observed in response to herbicide treatments was minimal (< 15%) and transient; wheat recovered with no differences in yield. Nomenclature: Diclofop; flufenacet; mesosulfuron; metribuzin; thifensulfuron; tribenuron; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Resumen Se realizaron estudios de campo para evaluar el control de Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum y la tolerancia del trigo de invierno a aplicaciones de diclofop, mesosulfuron más aceite de semilla metilado (MSO) solo o con 30% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), mesosulfuron más thifensuluron más tribenuron más MSO, mesosulfuron más MCPA más MSO o flufenacet más metribuzin. Los tratamientos se aplicaron al trigo en PRE, a dos a tres hojas del trigo (2–3 LF) en el estado Feekes 1.0 o a uno a dos hijuelos (TILL) en el estado Feekes 3.0, dependiendo de las recomendaciones de las etiquetas. Los estudios se realizaron en Williamson, GA y en Plains, GA, desde el otoño de 2003 a la primavera de 2005. El control de L. perenne fue variable dependiendo del sitio y el año. El máximo control (>90%) se dio con mesosulfuron más MSO y UAN. Sin UAN, el control de L. perenne con mesosulfuron varió entre 47% y 97%. La variabilidad fue parcialmente atribuida a condiciones ambientales desfavorables asociadas a temperaturas nocturnas de 0 C o inferiores, después de las aplicaciones. El daño observado en el trigo en respuesta a los tratamientos con herbicidas fue mínimo (<15%) y transitorio. El trigo se recuperó y no hubo diferencias en rendimiento.
Régulation des cellules souches de la lignée germinale - La niche s’agrandit chez la drosophile

Our fascination for stem cells originates from their ability to divide asymmetrically in order to self-renew and produce daughter cells which can differentiate and replenish tissues. Stem cells could thus represent an unlimited source of differentiated cells that could be used to repair malformed, damaged or ageing tissues. Understanding how their behaviour is regulated is then of paramount medical interest. Specific microenvironments surrounding the stem cells, termed "niches", were proposed to play a major role in the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. However, it is only recently, in the case of the stem cells producing the germline (GSGs) in Drosophila, that the cells and signals creating a niche were identified for the first time. Here, we review how this niche has been defined at the cellular and functional levels in vivo, thanks to the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila. Such studies have revealed adhesive interactions, cell-cycle modifications and intercellular signals that control the GSC behavior. Extracellular signals from the niche activate the BMP or JAK-STAT pathways in the GSCs and are necessary for their maintenance. Strikingly, both signaling pathways are also sufficient to convert differentiated germ cells into functional GSCs, demonstrating in vivo that a niche has the capacity to regenerate stem cells from differentiated cells. Rapid progresses have further identified direct links between these signaling pathways and the transcriptional regulation of the GSCs, providing a simple paradigm for stem cells regulation. Many of these features and signals are conserved in stem cells niches from Drosophila to mammals. We can thus hope that research on the GSCs in Drosophila will benefit therapeutic approaches to human degenerative diseases.
The Relationship between Pollen Load and Fruit Maturation and the Effect of Pollen Load on Offspring Vigor in Cucurbita pepo

In order to examine the relationships among the size of the pollen load, the number of seeds per fruit, the probability of fruit maturation, and offspring quality, we experimentally varied, by hand-pollinations, the number of pollen grains deposited onto stigmas of the common zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo). We found that differences in the size of the pollen load (low, medium, and high) translate into significant differences in the number of seeds per fruit; moreover, fruits with high seed numbers are more likely to mature than fruits with medium or low seed numbers when the size of the pollen load is varied among flowers on an individual plant. In addition, a controlled greenhouse study revealed that offspring produced by high pollen loads germinate and emerge more rapidly and have more leaves, a greater stem circumference, and more dry biomass at 30 days after emergence than do offspring produced by low pollen loads. These studies indicate that progeny resulting from intense pollen-tube competition (high pollen loads) are more vigorous than progeny produced under conditions of little or no pollen competition (low pollen loads) and that zucchini can, as Lee (1984) hypothesized, improve the average quality of its seed crop by selectively aborting fruits on the basis of seed number.
Cohesion, (non-)Domination, and Regional Organisations in the EU-SADC EPA Negotiations

One of the European Union’s (EU) aim is to boost regional economic integration among developing countries. The empowerment of regional organisations, such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), suggests that the EU promotes global justice in the form of non-domination of actors in the Global South. Yet, scholarship has heavily criticised the EU for how it negotiated an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the SADC, arguing that it contributed to disturbing regional integration. Indeed, it is puzzling why the EU pursued a bilateral trade agreement with South Africa separate from SADC’s customs union, and why it negotiated an EPA with a limited SADC negotiating group rather than with the full regional organisation. By making use of the concept of cohesion and embedding this in a conception of justice as non-domination, I argue that the initial absence of SADC’s cohesion made the EPA negotiations vulnerable to a dominant EU. The empirical case of the EU-SADC EPA suggests that regional integration is necessary for realizing global justice. However, this working paper argues that regional organisations are not sufficient to achieve justice in the form of non-domination, but they need to be accompanied by cohesion or solidarity among their members. Non-domination as a principle of global justice therefore requires an enabling context of cohesive developing regions.
Research on Parallel Data Currency Rule Algorithms

Data currency is a temporal reference of data, which is related to the value of data and affects the results of data analysis and mining. The currency rules that reflect the time series features of data can be used not only for data repairing, but also for data quality evaluation. However, with the rapid growth and dynamic update of data volume, both the forms and algorithms of basic currency rule are facing severe challenges in application. Therefore, based on the research on data currency repairing, we extended the basic currency rule form, and proposed rule extraction and incremental updating algorithms that can run in parallel on dynamic data set. The experimental results show that, compared with non-parallel methods, the efficiency of parallel algorithms is significantly improved.
Unrolled PRINCE Cipher based Glitch Physically Unclonable Function

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) have attracted attention as authentication technologies in integrated circuits (ICs). A PUF utilizes IC manufacturing variation as a unique device's ID. Several PUFs have been proposed, and a glitch PUF is superior to other PUFs in terms of resistance against malicious attacks. A glitch PUF uses the variation of glitch waveforms in AES's S-BOX circuit which requires large area to embed, while IoT devices have strict area constraint. It is important to satisfy the area constraints when a glitch PUF is applied to IoT devices. This study proposes a new glitch PUF using a lightweight cipher which can be embedded into small area. The proposed PUF is based on an unrolled PRINCE low-latency cipher. Experiments using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) prove the validity of the proposed PUF.
Design and Develop Artifact for Integrating with ERP and ECS Based on Design Science

From past studies about ERP, most researchers pay more attention to before or during implementing, only a few studies have investigated the situation after ERP implementation. Also, there are no practical results explored. Some researchers pointed out that communication and cooperation in the ERP system are important factors for improving performance in the post-implementation. Design Science focuses not only on a heretofore unsolved and important business problem but also creates artifacts to serve human purposes. In this paper, we show the post-implementation process between ERP and ECS through Design Science and go through the context model, activity diagram, sequence diagram of the Software Engineering to prove it is a systematic approach. Finally, we use metrics of Cyclomatic complexity and Halstead complexity to measure our artifact and give explanations and suggestions based on the measurement results.
Robust Stability Control of Inverted Pendulum Model for Bipedal Walking Robot

This paper proposes robust control for three models of the linear inverted pendulum (one mass linear inverted pendulum model, two masses linear inverted pendulum model and three masses linear inverted pendulum model) which represents the upper, middle and lower body of a bipedal walking robot. The bipedal walking robot is built of light-weight and hard Aluminum sheets with 2 mm thickness. The minimum phase system and non-minimum phase system are studied and investigated for inverted pendulum models. The bipedal walking robot is programmed by Arduino microcontroller UNO. A MATLAB Simulink system is built to embrace the theoretical work. The results showed that one linear inverted pendulum is the worst performance, worst noise rejection and the worst set point tracking to the zero moment point. But two masses linear inverted pendulum models and three masses linear inverted pendulum model have a better performance, a better high-frequency noise rejection characteristic and better set-point tracking to the zero moment point.
Systematics and biodiversity of Ophryotrocha (Annelida, Dorvilleidae) with descriptions of six new species from deep-sea whale-fall and wood-fall habitats in the north-east Pacific

Six new Ophryotrocha species are described from five whale-falls and two wood-falls off the southern Californian coast. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear gene H3 and the mitochondrial genes COI and 16S using MrBayes and maximum likelihood analyses were performed on 40 dorvilleid taxa and one outgroup. Ophryotrocha batillus sp. nov. is morphologically identical to Ophryotrocha scutellus described from a shallow water whale-fall in the North Atlantic, although the two cryptic species differ genetically. Ophryotrocha langstrumpae sp. nov. is closely related in the molecular phylogenetic analyses to these two sibling species. Ophryotrocha flabella sp. nov. is similar to Ophryotrocha globopalpata, and although there are a few morphological differences, the genetic divergence is low between the two species. Ophryotrocha nauarchus sp. nov. is sexually dimorphic, with males having appendages on the first chaetiger. Ophryotrocha magnadentata sp. nov. and Ophryotrocha longicollaris sp. nov. are sister species in our molecular analyses, and together with O. nauarchus sp. nov. and O. flabella sp. nov. they fall within a clade that includes O. globopalpata and Exallopus jumarsi described from hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean and Ophryotrocha longidentata from the shallow North Atlantic. Our results highlight the remarkable unknown diversity of deep-water habitats and the role of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the evolution of deep-sea life.