Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
About the second order moment of the Lagrangian velocity increments

We study the behavior of the second-order Lagrangian structure functions on state-of-the-art numerical data in 3d and in 2d. From a phenomenological connection between Eulerian space-fluctuations and the Lagrangian time-fluctuations, it is possible to rephrase the Kolmogorov 4/5-law into a relation predicting the linear (in time) scaling for the second order Lagrangian structure function. When such a function is directly observed on current experimental or numerical data, it does not clearly display a scaling regime. We introduce a parametrization of the Lagrangian structure functions based on Batchelor suggestion and test it on data. We show that such parametrization supports the idea that both Eulerian and Lagrangian data are consistent with the expected scaling plus finite-Reynolds effects affecting the smalland large-time scales. Furthermore, we are able to make quantitative predictions on the Reynolds number value for which Lagrangian structure functions are expected to display a scaling region. About the second order moment of the Lagrangian velocity increments 2
University of Groningen A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage

A review of more than 60 studies (plus more than 65 studies on P2G) on power and energy models based on simulation and optimization was done. Based on these, for power systems with up to 95% renewables, the electricity storage size is found to be below 1.5% of the annual demand (in energy terms). While for 100% renewables energy systems (power, heat, mobility), it can remain below 6% of the annual energy demand. Combination of sectors and diverting the electricity to another sector can play a large role in reducing the storage size. From the potential alternatives to satisfy this demand, pumped hydro storage (PHS) global potential is not enough and new technologies with a higher energy density are needed. Hydrogen, with more than 250 times the energy density of PHS is a potential option to satisfy the storage need. However, changes needed in infrastructure to deal with high hydrogen content and the suitability of salt caverns for its storage can pose limitations for this technology. Power to Gas (P2G) arises as possible alternative overcoming both the facilities and the energy density issues. The global storage requirement would represent only 2% of the global annual natural gas production or 10% of the gas storage facilities (in energy equivalent). The more options considered to deal with intermittent sources, the lower the storage requirement will be. Therefore, future studies aiming to quantify storage needs should focus on the entire energy system including technology vectors (e.g. Power to Heat, Liquid, Gas, Chemicals) to avoid overestimating the amount of storage needed.
GEOGRAFIA DA MORTALIDADE INFANTIL NO CONTEXTO DAS DESIGUALDADES REGIONAIS DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL

A taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI) e um dos indicadores de saude mais sensiveis as desigualdades sociais e as disparidades regionais. Por isso, contrariando-se os reconhecidos avancos na reducao da mortalidade infantil no Brasil, ainda sao encontradas TMIs elevadas e bem acima das metas estabelecidas nos programas de vigilância e controle. E o caso da meta estabelecida pelo Brasil no âmbito dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milenio (ODM). Embora essa meta tenha sido antecipadamente alcancada e celebrada, realidades locais mais carenciadas estao muito distantes de atende-la. Esse e o contexto motivador para a realizacao deste trabalho, cujo objetivo, expresso de forma sintetica, e analisar as variacoes espaciais das TMIs, ao nivel das microrregioes do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, nos periodos de 2003-2007 e 2008-2012. A fim de propor algumas razoes de contexto regional capazes de explicar as variacoes espaciais nas TMIs, levantamos indicadores relacionados com o sistema de atencao (oferta e uso dos servicos de atencao primaria) e com as desigualdades socioespaciais (expressas atraves de um indicador composto de privacao social). Os dados foram coletados em fontes secundarias oficiais, modelados e inseridos em Sistema de Informacao Geografica. Os resultados indicaram a reducao das TMIs em quase todas as microrregioes de Minas Gerais. Mas ainda persistem enormes desigualdades regionais, com taxas ainda muito elevadas nas microrregioes mais carenciadas.
Two-Dimensional Nematic Colloidal Crystals Self-Assembled by Topological Defects

The ability to generate regular spatial arrangements of particles is an important technological and fundamental aspect of colloidal science. We showed that colloidal particles confined to a few-micrometer-thick layer of a nematic liquid crystal form two-dimensional crystal structures that are bound by topological defects. Two basic crystalline structures were observed, depending on the ordering of the liquid crystal around the particle. Colloids inducing quadrupolar order crystallize into weakly bound two-dimensional ordered structure, where the particle interaction is mediated by the sharing of localized topological defects. Colloids inducing dipolar order are strongly bound into antiferroelectric-like two-dimensional crystallites of dipolar colloidal chains. Self-assembly by topological defects could be applied to other systems with similar symmetry.
Association of parental chronic pain with chronic pain in the adolescent and young adult: family linkage data from the HUNT Study.

OBJECTIVES To examine a possible association of parental chronic pain with chronic pain in the adolescent and young adult and to explore whether a relationship could be explained by socioeconomic and psychosocial factors or may be affected by differences in family structure. DESIGN Unselected, population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway. PARTICIPANTS All inhabitants of Nord-Trøndelag County who were 13 years or older were invited to enroll in the study. In total, 8200 of 10 485 invitees (78.2%) participated in the investigation. Among 7913 participants in the target age group (age range, 13-18 years), 7373 (93.2%) completed the pain questions. The final study population consisted of 5370 adolescents or young adults for whom one or both parents participated in the adult survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was chronic nonspecific pain in adolescents and young adults, defined as pain in at least 1 location, unrelated to any known disease or injury, experienced at least once a week during the past 3 months. Chronic multisite pain was defined as chronic pain in at least 3 locations. RESULTS Maternal chronic pain was associated with chronic nonspecific pain and chronic multisite pain in adolescents and young adults (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8). Paternal chronic pain was associated with increased odds of pain in adolescents and young adults. The odds of chronic nonspecific pain and chronic multisite pain in adolescents and young adults increased when both parents reported pain. Adjustments for socioeconomic and psychosocial factors did not change the results, although differences in family structure did. Among offspring living primarily with their mothers, clear associations were observed between maternal pain and pain in adolescents and young adults, but no association was found with paternal pain. CONCLUSIONS Parental chronic pain is associated with chronic nonspecific pain and especially with chronic multisite pain in adolescents and young adults. Family structure influences the relationship, indicating that family pain models and shared environmental factors are important in the origin of chronic pain.
Circulating CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25– T Cells in Myasthenia Gravis and in Relation to Thymectomy

Studies in experimental animal models of human autoimmune diseases have revealed that CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Tr) cells are of thymic origin and have potentials in preventing auto‐aggressive immunity. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the best‐characterized autoimmune disease. Changes in the thymus are found in a majority of patients with MG. Thymectomy has beneficial effects on the disease severity and course in a substantial proportion of MG patients. But the occurrence and characteristics of Tr cells have not yet been defined in MG. We determined the frequencies and properties of circulating CD4+CD25+ versus CD4+CD25– cells in MG patients and healthy controls (HCs), with special focus on the effect of thymectomy on CD4+CD25+ cells. CD4+CD25high cells comprise only about 2% of blood lymphocytes in both MG patients and HCs. Frequencies of CD4+CD25high cells were similar in MG patients irrespective of treatment with thymectomy. CD4+CD25+ cells in both MG patients and HCs are mainly memory T cells and are activated to a greater extent than CD4+CD25– cells, as reflected by high levels of CD45RO and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR‐positive cells. In both MG patients and HCs, CD4+CD25+ cells also contained a high proportion of CD95‐expressing cells as possible evidence of apoptosis‐proneness. Upon stimulation with anti‐CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies, CD4+CD25+ cells responded more vigorously than CD4+CD25– cells in MG, irrespective of treatment with thymectomy, as well as in HCs. Although CD4+CD25– cells are mainly naïve T cells, in non‐thymectomized MG patients, they are activated to a greater extent as reflected by higher expression of HLA‐DR and CD95 on the surface compared to HCs. The data thus show that there is no deficiency of CD4+CD25+ cells in MG, nor is the proportion of CD4+CD25+ cells influenced by thymectomy.
The IQ of the Crowd: Understanding and Improving Information Quality in Structured User-Generated Content

User-generated content UGC is becoming a valuable organizational resource, as it is seen in many cases as a way to make more information available for analysis. To make effective use of UGC, it is necessary to understand information quality IQ in this setting. Traditional IQ research focuses on corporate data and views users as data consumers. However, as users with varying levels of expertise contribute information in an open setting, current conceptualizations of IQ break down. In particular, the practice of modeling information requirements in terms of fixed classes, such as an Entity-Relationship diagram or relational database tables, unnecessarily restricts the IQ of user-generated data sets. This paper defines crowd information quality crowd IQ, empirically examines implications of class-based modeling approaches for crowd IQ, and offers a path for improving crowd IQ using instance-and-attribute based modeling. To evaluate the impact of modeling decisions on IQ, we conducted three experiments. Results demonstrate that information accuracy depends on the classes used to model domains, with participants providing more accurate information when classifying phenomena at a more general level. In addition, we found greater overall accuracy when participants could provide free-form data compared to a condition in which they selected from constrained choices. We further demonstrate that, relative to attribute-based data collection, information loss occurs when class-based models are used. Our findings have significant implications for information quality, information modeling, and UGC research and practice.
Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction by a Cu2 O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products.

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce fuels is a promising way to reduce CO2 emission and address the energy crisis. However, the H2 evolution reaction competes with CO2 photoreduction, which would lower the overall selectivity for carbonaceous products. Cu2 O has emerged as a promising material for suppressing the H2 evolution. However, it suffers from poor stability, which is commonly regarded as the result of the electron-induced reduction of Cu2 O. This paper describes a simple strategy using Cu2 O as a dark cathode and TiO2 as a photoanode to achieve stable aqueous CO2 reduction with a high Faradaic efficiency of 87.4 % and a selectivity of 92.6 % for carbonaceous products. We have shown that the photogenerated holes, instead of the electrons, primarily account for the instability of Cu2 O. Therefore, Cu2 O was used as a dark cathode to minimize the adverse effects of holes, by which an improved stability was achieved compared to the Cu2 O photocathode under illumination. Additionally, direct exposure of the Cu2 O surface to the electrolyte was identified as a critical factor for the high selectivity for carbonaceous products.
Optimal control of driftless nilpotent systems: some new results

This paper derives two new results on optimization of nilpotent systems without drift. These results are based on the observation that nilpotent systems can be transformed into polynomial systems using product of exponential representation. Hence, the nilpotent system is first extended to become fully actuated using Lie brackets of the system vector fields with additional inputs which are fictitious. Using the product of exponential representation, this extended system is transformed to a canonical form in Phillip Hall coordinates and is well known to have a polynomial structure. The new results exploit the structure of the governing equations in Phillip Hall coordinates. These results are: 1) in the absence of inequality constraints, a quadratic cost functional in the inputs can be guaranteed to be minimized by solving a sequence of quasi-linearized problems; and 2) in the presence of state and control constraints, the optimal solution of Mayer's cost always lies on a constraint arc.
Domain structure of secretin PulD revealed by limited proteolysis and electron microscopy

Secretins, a superfamily of multimeric outer membrane proteins, mediate the transport of large macromolecules across the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria. Limited proteolysis of secretin PulD from the Klebsiella oxytoca pullulanase secretion pathway showed that it consists of an N‐terminal domain and a protease‐resistant C‐terminal domain that remains multimeric after proteolysis. The stable C‐terminal domain starts just before the region in PulD that is highly conserved in the secretin superfamily and apparently lacks the region at the C‐terminal end to which the secretin‐specific pilot protein PulS binds. Electron microscopy showed that the stable fragment produced by proteolysis is composed of two stacked rings that encircle a central channel and that it lacks the peripheral radial spokes that are seen in the native complex. Moreover, the electron microscopic images suggest that the N‐terminal domain folds back into the large cavity of the channel that is formed by the C‐terminal domain of the native complex, thereby occluding the channel, consistent with previous electrophysiological studies showing that the channel is normally closed.
Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol.

BACKGROUND Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels constitute a major risk factor for coronary heart disease; however, there are no therapies that substantially raise HDL cholesterol levels. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been proposed as a strategy to raise HDL cholesterol levels. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine the effects of torcetrapib, a potent inhibitor of CETP, on plasma lipoprotein levels in 19 subjects with low levels of HDL cholesterol (<40 mg per deciliter [1.0 mmol per liter]), 9 of whom were also treated with 20 mg of atorvastatin daily. All the subjects received placebo for four weeks and then received 120 mg of torcetrapib daily for the following four weeks. Six of the subjects who did not receive atorvastatin also participated in a third phase, in which they received 120 mg of torcetrapib twice daily for four weeks. RESULTS Treatment with 120 mg of torcetrapib daily increased plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol by 61 percent (P<0.001) and 46 percent (P=0.001) in the atorvastatin and non-atorvastatin cohorts, respectively, and treatment with 120 mg twice daily increased HDL cholesterol by 106 percent (P<0.001). Torcetrapib also reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by 17 percent in the atorvastatin cohort (P=0.02). Finally, torcetrapib significantly altered the distribution of cholesterol among HDL and LDL subclasses, resulting in increases in the mean particle size of HDL and LDL in each cohort. CONCLUSIONS In subjects with low HDL cholesterol levels, CETP inhibition with torcetrapib markedly increased HDL cholesterol levels and also decreased LDL cholesterol levels, both when administered as monotherapy and when administered in combination with a statin.
Progressive dilatation of the main pulmonary artery is a characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension and is not related to changes in pressure.

BACKGROUND Pulmonary artery (PA) dilatation is one of the consequences of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is used for noninvasive detection. However, it is unclear how the size of the PA behaves over time and whether it is related to pressure changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate PA size during follow-up in treated patients with PAH and whether it reflects pulmonary vascular hemodynamics. METHODS Fifty-one patients with PAH who underwent at least two right-sided heart catheterizations (RHCs) together with cardiac MRI (CMR) were included in this study. Another 18 patients who had normal pressure at RHC were included for comparison at baseline. From RHC, we derived PA pressures and cardiac output. From the CMR images we derived PA diameter (PAD) and the ratio of the PAD and ascending aorta diameter. RESULTS The PAD was significantly larger in patients with PAH than in patients without PAH (P < .001). A ratio of the PAD and ascending aorta diameter > 1 had a positive predictive value of 92% for PAH. Mean follow-up time was 942 days, and there was a significant dilatation during this period (P < .001). The change of the PAD did not correlate with the changes in pressure or cardiac output. A moderate correlation with follow-up time was found (r = 0.56; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A dilatated PA is useful for identifying patients with PAH. However, during patient follow-up, progressive dilatation of the PA is independent of the change in PA pressure and cardiac output and might become independent from hemodynamics.
Dark Photocatalysis: Storage of Solar Energy in Carbon Nitride for Time‐Delayed Hydrogen Generation

Abstract While natural photosynthesis serves as the model system for efficient charge separation and decoupling of redox reactions, bio‐inspired artificial systems typically lack applicability owing to synthetic challenges and structural complexity. We present herein a simple and inexpensive system that, under solar irradiation, forms highly reductive radicals in the presence of an electron donor, with lifetimes exceeding the diurnal cycle. This radical species is formed within a cyanamide‐functionalized polymeric network of heptazine units and can give off its trapped electrons in the dark to yield H2, triggered by a co‐catalyst, thus enabling the temporal decoupling of the light and dark reactions of photocatalytic hydrogen production through the radical′s longevity. The system introduced here thus demonstrates a new approach for storing sunlight as long‐lived radicals, and provides the structural basis for designing photocatalysts with long‐lived photo‐induced states.
Description of a new Allosquilla with notes on other adriatic Stomatopod

A new Lysiosquillid StomJatopod Allosquilla adriatica sp. no v. is described from Adriatic trawling grounds. | The possibility that all previous adriatic records of P. eusebia actually refer to Nannosquilloides occulta is discussed. Morphological as well as ecological differences between Meiosquiila desmaresti and M. pallida are pointed out.
Monetary Policy and Corporate Bond Returns

We investigate the impact of monetary policy shocks on excess corporate bonds returns. We obtain a significant negative response of bond returns to policy shocks, which is especially strong among low-grading bonds. The largest portion of this response is related to higher expected bond returns (risk premium news), while the impact on expectations of future interest rates (interest rate news) plays a secondary role. However, the interest rate channel is dominant among high-grading bonds and Treasury bonds. Looking at the two components of bond premium news, we find that the dominant channel for high-rating (low-rating) bonds is term premium (credit premium) news. (JEL 44, E52, G10, G12) Received: March 25, 2019: Editorial decision: March 27, 2020 by Editor: Hui Chen. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Excitation of marginal and substantia gelatinosa neurons in the primate spinal cord: Indications of their place in dorsal horn functional organization

Elecrophysiological recordings were made from superficial parts of the spinal dorsal horn in monkeys, using dye‐filled micropipette electrodes to permit iontophoretic marking of the recording sites for subsequent histological recovery. Focal field potentials and unitary activity evoked by dorsal root volleys including slowly‐conducting components (both myelinated and unmyelinated) were found in the posteromarginal zone and the substantia gelatinosa (SG). Unitary potentials identified as being of the type recorded from cellular regions wee separated into categories according to which groups of slowly‐conducting fibers and which kinds of cutaneous stimulation evoked the discharge. Recording locations for units exicted by volleys in myelinated fibers conducting under 35 m/sec, by the types of skin stimulation activating either highthreshold mechanoreceptors (nociceptos) or cooling thermoreceptors, and giving no evidence of suprathreshold C‐fiber excitation were centered on the posteromarginal zone. In conrast, recording loci for units exhibiting a strong C‐fiber excitation and responses to cutaneous stimulation known to effectively excite C‐fiber polymodal nociceptors or C‐mechanoreceptors were centered in the SG. There appeared varying degrees of convergence of primary afferent input to the neuronal units, although most showed substantial specificity in their afferent excitation. On the bases of these esults and consideration of existing morphological daa, it is proposed that the marginal zone is a major synaptic termination region for the affeent fibers from high‐threshold mechanoreceptors, cooling thermoreceptors, and perhaps otehr receptors with fine myelinated peripheral fibers. The SG, on the other hand, is suggested to be the terminal region for all types of unmyelinated primary afferent sensory neurons, and to have the complex role of integrating and distributing this input.
Nature and age of the deposits in Pedra Furada, Brazil: reply to Meltzer, Adovasio & Dillehay

The archaeological evidence of the Pedra Furada rock-shelter (northeastern Brazil), showing a long sequence of dated layers from 50,000 years b.p., was questioned in a paper presented by Meltzer, Adovasio & Dillehay, who visited the region at the end of 1993, in volume 68 of ANTIQUITY (1994). This paper presents the reply of the team directly involved in the research programme in this key area of American prehistory.