Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth, Characterization, and Properties of Co/Re Superlattices

Growth, Characterization, and Properties of Co/Re Superlattices Timothy R. Charlton All conducting materials have a magnetoresistive response (MR). In bulk ferromagnets the MR is due to the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). AMR results from the spin-orbit interaction and s-d electron scattering. The change in resistance due to AMR is only a few percent. In contrast, the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) can be over 100%. The primary mechanism responsible for GMR is spin-dependent scattering. But where does this scattering occur? Some experiments show that the magnitude of the GMR depends on the thickness of the ferromagnetic layer, concluding that the scattering occurs in the bulk of the ferromagnet. Other studies that vary the interface roughness and composition conclude that the interface scattering is important. To study this problem, we chose to investigate Co/Re superlattices. These superlattices are hcp with the c-axis, the magnetic easy axis, in the film plane, and have GMR and AMR contributions of comparable size. The basic idea is to use the AMR, as a probe to determine whether the scattering responsible for GMR occurs primarily at the interface or inside the Co layers. To do this, neutron reflectivity was used to find the magnetization vector in adjacent layers of Co and the MR was measured as a function of temperature. We found that in some geometries the GMR behaves like the AMR. Here the scattering responsible for GMR occurs in the Co layer. In other geometries, the GMR and the AMR behave differently as a function of temperature, so interface scattering is more important. This demonstrates that a fundamental understanding of the GMR must take into account the direction of current flow and the band structure of the materials. In addition to the expected in-plane anisotropy, we surprisingly observed an interface induced out-of-plane anisotropy. This type of anisotropy to our knowledge has never been measured in Co systems with an in-plane c-axis before. Co/Re superlattices can be used to test theories on ideal bulk antiferromagnets. Other magnetic superlattices have already been used in this capacity. In this dissertation we tested a surface spin-flop theory using our superlattices and found excellent agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.
Pediatric Index of Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Mortality Risk Score for Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care*

Objective: Comparison of clinical outcomes is imperative in the evaluation of healthcare quality. Risk adjustment for children undergoing cardiac surgery poses unique challenges, due to its distinct nature. We developed a risk-adjustment tool specifically focused on critical care mortality for the pediatric cardiac surgical population: the Pediatric Index of Cardiac Surgical Intensive care Mortality score. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected pediatric critical care data. Setting: Pediatric critical care units in the United States. Patients: Pediatric cardiac intensive care surgical patients. Interventions: Prospectively collected data from consecutive patients admitted to ICUs were obtained from The Virtual PICU System (VPS, LLC, Los Angeles, CA), a national pediatric critical care database. Thirty-two candidate physiologic, demographic, and diagnostic variables were analyzed for inclusion in the development of the Pediatric Index of Cardiac Surgical Intensive care Mortality model. Multivariate logistic regression with stepwise selection was used to develop the model. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 16,574 cardiac surgical patients from the 55 PICUs across the United States were included in the analysis. Thirteen variables remained in the final model, including the validated Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality (STAT) score and admission time with respect to cardiac surgery, which identifies whether the patient underwent the index surgical procedure before or after admission to the ICU. Pediatric Index of Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Mortality (PICSIM) performance was compared with the performance of Pediatric Risk of Mortality-3 and Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 risk of mortality scores, as well as the STAT score and STAT categories by calculating the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic from a validation dataset: PICSIM (area under the curve = 0.87) performed better than Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 (area under the curve = 0.81), Pediatric Risk of Mortality-3 (area under the curve = 0.82), STAT score (area under the curve = 0.77), STAT category (area under the curve = 0.75), and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (area under the curve = 0.74). Conclusions: This newly developed mortality score, PICSIM, consisting of 13 risk variables encompassing physiology, cardiovascular condition, and time of admission to the ICU showed better discrimination than Pediatric Index of Mortality-2, Pediatric Risk of Mortality-3, and STAT score and category for mortality in a multisite cohort of pediatric cardiac surgical patients. The introduction of the variable “admission time with respect to cardiac surgery” allowed prediction of mortality when patients are admitted to the ICU either before or after the index surgical procedure.
Effects of Preterm Birth on the Kidney

Preterm birth is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period (Ward and Beachy 2003) and in childhood overall (McCormick, 1985). Over recent decades both the incidence of preterm birth and survival rates of preterm infants has increased, with babies born as early as 25 weeks gestation now having about an 80% chance of survival (Kutz et al., 2009). Preterm birth is defined as birth prior to 37 weeks of gestation; it can be further subclassified as moderately preterm (birth between 32 and 37 weeks gestation) very preterm (birth < 32 weeks gestation) and extremely preterm (birth at < 28 weeks gestation) (Tucker and McGuire, 2004). Due to the immaturity of the organs at the time of birth, preterm infants exhibit an increased risk of developing a number of postnatal complications including renal insufficiency and in severe cases renal failure (Drukker and Guignard, 2002; Choker and Gouyon, 2004); the mortality rate in these infants is very high (Drukker and Guignard, 2002; Andreoli, 2004). There is also evidence that preterm birth adversely affects nephrogenesis (the formation of nephrons) in the developing kidney; if this is the case, this has the potential to not only adversely affect renal function in the early postnatal period but to also increase the risk of renal disease later in life. Certainly, there are many studies linking a reduced nephron endowment early in life with hypertension (Keller et al., 2003; Luyckx and Brenner, 2005) and vulnerability to secondary renal insults in adulthood (Nenov et al., 2000; Zimanyi et al., 2006; Hoppe et al., 2007). In this regard, there is substantial recent epidemiological evidence linking preterm birth with an increase in blood pressure in adulthood (Siewert-Delle and Ljungman, 1998; Kistner et al., 2000; Kistner et al., 2002; Doyle et al., 2003; Bonamy et al., 2005; Hack et al., 2005; Johansson et al., 2005; Dalziel et al., 2007; Cooper et al., 2008; KeijzerVeen et al., 2010b); these observations may be due to a reduced nephron endowment in preterm individuals. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of the effects of preterm birth on nephrogenesis in the developing kidney and on renal function postnatally.
Angle Tunable Liquid Wedge Prism Driven by Electro-Wetting

We proposed a wedge prism which is tunable by electrowetting actuation. The wedge prism is useful for a small camera or an endoscope, because the wedge prism is capable of changing the view without a large instrument. Our prism consists of two plates facing each other and liquid sandwiched between the plates. By changing the angle between the two plates, the liquid and the two plates form into the wedge shape. We used electrowetting to change the angle of the prism. The wedge prism keeps the size small, since the liquid driven by electrowetting works as a prism. In addition, the prism keeps the view clear because the optical flatness of the wedge prism is determined by the flatness of the two plates. In this research, we achieved the wedge prism with which we can shift the field of view to the right and the left.
Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE Phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust") induces a psychotomimetic state that closely resembles schizophrenia. As opposed to amphetamine-induced psychosis, PCP-induced psychosis incorporates both positive (e.g., hallucinations, paranoia) and negative (e.g., emotional withdrawal, motor retardation) schizophrenic symptoms. PCP-induced psychosis also uniquely incorporates the formal thought disorder and neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenia. The purpose of the present paper is to review recent advances in the study of the molecular mechanisms of PCP action and to describe their implications for the understanding of schizophrenic pathophysiology. METHOD Twenty-five papers were identified that described the clinical dose and serum and CSF levels at which PCP induces its psychotomimetic effects. The dose range of PCP-induced effects were compared to the dose range at which PCP interacts with specific molecular targets and affects neurotransmission. RESULTS It was found that PCP-induced psychotomimetic effects are associated with submicromolar serum concentrations of PCP. At these concentrations PCP interacts selectively with a specific binding site (PCP receptor) that is associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type excitatory amino acid receptor. Occupation of its receptor by PCP induces noncompetitive inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Other NMDA antagonists such as the dissociative anesthetic ketamine induce PCP-like neurobehavioral effects in proportion to their potency in binding to the PCP receptor and inducing NMDA receptor inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that endogenous dysfunction of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission might contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The relative implications of the PCP and amphetamine models of schizophrenia are discussed in relationship to the diagnosis and etiology of schizophrenia.
Blindness and visual impairment in Germany: a slight fall in prevalence.

BACKGROUND Some 70% of all cases of blindness in Germany are due to diseases of old age. As the population at large is aging, the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment would be expected to rise. To assess this, we studied prevalence trends in Germany over the past three decades. METHODS We calculated the age- and sex-standardized prevalence of blindness in Germany using data from the archive of the blind registry of the Rhineland Regional Council (Landschaftsverband Rheinland, LVR) for the years 1978 to 2006. We then validated the findings with the aid of data on blindness and visual impairment from the Statistics on Severe Disability (Schwerbehindertenstatistik, SBS) that are published periodically by the German Federal Statistical Office. RESULTS The number of registered blind persons in the Rhineland increased from 10,665 in 1978 to 12,706 in 1987 and 15,766 in 1997, but it changed little thereafter, remaining at 15,725 in 2006. There was a corresponding trend in the prevalence of blindness in the Rhineland, which rose from 116.8 to 165.6 per 100,000 persons from 1978 to 1997 but was roughly the same, at 163.1 per 100,000 persons, in 2006. The SBS data on blindness and visual impairment reveal a decline in prevalence from 392 to 372 per 100,000 persons between 1987 and 2005. The standardized prevalence rates for blindness and visual impairment in Germany have been declining slowly since about 1997. DISCUSSION Blindness and visual impairment have become slightly less common in Germany, even though the population is aging. This may be due, at least in part, to better eye health care.
Effects of a Creative Expression Intervention on Emotions, Communication, and Quality of Life in Persons With Dementia

Background:Effective nonpharmacological interventions are needed to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms and to improve quality of life for the 5.3 million Americans affected by dementia. Objective:The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a storytelling program, TimeSlips, on communication, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of life in long-term care residents with dementia. Methods:A quasi-experimental, two-group, repeated measures design was used to compare persons with dementia who were assigned to the twice-weekly, 6-week TimeSlips intervention group (n = 28) or usual care group (n = 28) at baseline and postintervention at Weeks 7 and 10. Outcome measures included the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version, the Functional Assessment of Communication Skills, the Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease, and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (this last measure was collected also at Weeks 3 and 6 during TimeSlips for the treatment group and during mealtime for the control group). Results:Compared with the control group, the treatment group exhibited significantly higher pleasure at Week 3 (p < .001), Week 6 (p < .001), and Week 7 (p < .05). Small to moderate treatment effects were found for Week 7 social communication (d = .49) and basic needs communication (d = .43). A larger effect was found for pleasure at Week 7 (d = .58). Discussion:As expected, given the engaging nature of the TimeSlips creative storytelling intervention, analyses revealed increased positive affect during and at 1 week postintervention. In addition, perhaps associated with the intervention's reliance on positive social interactions and verbal communication, participants evidenced improved communication skills. However, more frequent dosing and booster sessions of TimeSlips may be needed to show significant differences between treatment and control groups on long-term effects and other outcomes.
Representing Sheared Convective Boundary Layer by Zeroth- and First-Order-Jump

Dry convective boundary layers characterized by a significant wind shear on the surface and at the inversion are studied by means of the mixed-layer theory. Two different representations of the entrainment zone, each of which has a different closure of the entrainment heat flux, are considered. The simpler of the two is based on a sharp discontinuity at the inversion (zeroth-order jump), whereas the second one prescribes a finite depth of the inversion zone (first-order jump). Large-eddy simulation data are used to provide the initial conditions for the mixed-layer models, and to verify their results. Two different atmospheric boundary layers with different stratification in the free atmosphere are analyzed. It is shown that, despite the simplicity of the zeroth-order-jump model, it provides similar results to the first-order-jump model and can reproduce the evolution of the mixed-layer variables obtained by the large-eddy simulations in sheared convective boundary layers. The mixed-layer model with both closures compares better with the large-eddy simulation results in the atmospheric boundary layer characterized by a moderate wind shear and a weak temperature inversion. These results can be used to represent the flux of momentum, heat, and other scalars at the entrainment zone in general circulation or chemistry transport models.
1-acyl-indoles. II. A new syntheses of 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methyoxy-3-indolyacetic acid and its polymorphism.

1-(p-Chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxy-3-indolylacetic acid, a potent antiinflammatory drug, was directly prepared from N1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-p-methoxyphenyl-hydrazine hydrochloride and levulinic acid in excellent yield by the new method. The recrystallization of 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxy-3-indolylacetic acid from solvents gave crystals of polymorphism -α, β, and γ-types.
Compact conversion and cyclostationary noise modeling of pn-junction diodes in low-injection. Part I. Model derivation

Starting from the well known low-injection approximation, a closed form, analytical compact model is derived for the small-signal (SS) and forced quasi-periodic operation of junction diodes. The model determines the small-signal and conversion admittance matrix of the device as a function of the applied (dc or periodic-time varying) bias. Noise characteristics, in both the stationary (SS) and cyclostationary cases, are also evaluated by means of a Green's function approach.
Best-Practice Guideline on the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect of Older Adults

RÉSUMÉ Une revue systématique de la littérature a été effectuée afin d’identifier des moyens efficaces pour prévenir et combattre l’abus et la négligence envers les adultes âgés dans les établissements de soins de santé au Canada. L’examen a été fait en utilisant les bases de données qui ont été recherchés à partir de janvier 2000 à avril / mai 2013. En outre, les membres des groupes d’experts ont présenté les citations d’articles tirés des archives personnelles. Deux associés de recherche infirmier (ARI) ont selectionné chaque titre et chaque résumé pour l’inclusion. Après le coefficient d’objectivité a été déterminé entre les ARI (score Kappa de 0,76), les dossiers ont été divisés, évalués et les données extraites indépendamment. L’examen a révélé 62 études portant sur l’identification, l’évaluation et la réponse à l’abus et la négligence des personnes âgées; stratégies d’éducation, de prévention et de promotion de la santé; et soutien organisationnel au niveau du système pour prévenir et combattre ce type de maltraitance et de négligence. L’abus et la négligence envers les aînés demeure peu exploré en termes d’études fondées sur des preuves; par conséquent, il faut davantage de recherche dans tous les domaines décrites. ABSTRACT A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify effective approaches to preventing and addressing abuse and neglect of older adults within health care settings in Canada. The review was conducted using databases searched from January 2000–April-May 2013. Additionally, expert panel members submitted article citations from personal archives. Two research associates (NRA) screened each title and abstract for inclusion. After inter-rater reliability was determined between the NRAs (Kappa score of 0.76), the records were divided, appraised, and data extracted independently. The review resulted in 62 studies that focused on identifying, assessing, and responding to abuse and neglect of older adults; education, prevention, and health promotion strategies; and organizational and system-level supports to prevent and respond to abuse and neglect. Abuse and neglect of older adults remains under-explored in terms of evidence-based studies; consequently, further research in all of the areas described in the results is needed.
Incidence and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to i.v. nonionic iodinated contrast material in children.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of acute allergic-like reactions related to i.v. administration of low-osmolality nonionic iodinated contrast material in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Department of radiology contrast material reaction forms involving pediatric (younger than 19 years) imaging examinations performed from January 1, 1999, through June 30, 2006, were retrospectively evaluated for type of acute allergic-like reaction, severity of reaction, and patient outcome. The electronic medical record was reviewed for pertinent medical history related to each acute reaction, including previous contrast material reaction, premedication before administration of i.v. iodinated contrast material, previous allergic-like reaction to substances other than contrast material, and history of asthma. RESULTS In our department during the time period specified, 11,306 pediatric i.v. administrations of low-osmolality nonionic iodinated contrast material were performed. Acute allergic-like reactions to the contrast material were documented in 20 (0.18%) of the patients. Sixteen (80%) of the acute allergic-like reactions were categorized as mild, one (5%) as moderate, and three (15%) as severe. No deaths were attributed to i.v. nonionic iodinated contrast material. Six (30%) of the patients had a history of allergic-like reaction, including two patients who had a history of reaction to iodinated contrast material. Five (25%) of the patients had a history of asthma. CONCLUSION Acute allergic-like reactions to i.v. administration of low-osmolality nonionic iodinated contrast material in children are rare. As in the adult population, most pediatric reactions are mild; however, severe reactions do occur.
Protected Areas and Climate Change

The study of protected areas and climate change has now spanned two decades. Pioneering work in the late 1980s recognized the potential implications of shifting species range boundaries for static protected areas. Many early recommendations for protected area design were general, emphasizing larger protected areas, buffer zones, and connectivity between reserves. There were limited practical tests of these suggestions. Development of modeling and conservation planning methods in the 1990s allowed more rigorous testing of concepts of reserve and connectivity function in a changing climate. These studies have shown decreasing species representation in existing reserves due to climate change, and the ability of new protected areas to help slow loss of representation in mid‐century scenarios. Connectivity on protected area periphery seems more effective than corridors linking protected areas. However, corridors serving other purposes, such as large carnivore movement, may be useful for accommodating species range shifts as well. Assisted migration and ex situ management strategies to complement protected areas are being explored. Finally, in scenarios of the latter half of the century, protected areas and connectivity become increasingly expensive and decreasingly effective, indicating the importance of reducing human‐induced climate change.
Collective Motions and Formations of Multi-robots Based on Simple Dynamics

This paper reports collective behaviors and formation organization of multi-robot system with simple dynamics and interactions. We firstly show the model that is composed of the fundamental kinetics and the dynamics of the heading which each robot has as a degree of freedom. Next, we modify the model mainly focusing on the anisotropy of the interaction force, and discuss the characteristic of linear formation which is obtained by the modified model. Performance of the model is examined by both computer simulation and robot experiments.