Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Derived Exosomes Induced M2 Macrophage Polarization and Promoted the Metastasis of Osteosarcoma Cells Through Tim-3.

INTRODUCTION Osteosarcoma, the most prevalent primary malignancy of the bone, is often presented with high-grade subclinical metastatic disease that metastasizes at very early stages. Exosomes, as molecular information carriers, may play a potent role in the occurrence and development of tumors through oncogenic molecular reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In this study, we will investigate the effect of osteosarcoma-derived exosomes on the polarization of TAMs and decipher its underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Osteosarcoma-derived exosomes from MG63 cells were isolated and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and nano-particle size analysis. Double fluorescence staining was performed to confirm the macrophages phagocytosis of exosomes. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and transwell assays were conducted to assess the effect of exosomes on migration, invasion, and macrophage differentiation. The mouse model of osteosarcoma was established to evaluate the effects of exosomes on lung metastasis in vivo. RESULTS MG63 exosomes were successfully isolated and verified to be phagocytized by macrophages through fluorescence confocal microscopy. The results revealed that osteosarcoma cells could induce M2 type differentiation of macrophages largely through Tim-3 mediated by exosomes, which in turn could promote the migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and lung metastasis of osteosarcoma cells through the secretion of cytokines including IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that osteosarcoma-derived exosomes induced M2 polarization of macrophages and promoted the invasion and metastasis of tumors through Tim-3; besides, the study also suggests a novel therapeutic target for future studies.
Effect of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Testosterone Propionate on the Reproduction of the Side Blotched Lizard, Uta stansburiana

IN Winkler County, Texas, the female sexual cycle of Uta stansburiana begins during February (Tinkle, 1961). Most females begin their cycle in December in the laboratory if the temperature constantly exceeds 26? C. Occasionally the larger females begin their cycle in mid-November under this laboratory condition but never before this time (D. W. Tinkle, pers. comm.). The males in the field normally demonstrate spermatogenesis in the late fall but reach the peak of spermiogenesis after midwinter (Hahn, 1964). In the laboratory mature males will have motile sperm and show courtship behavior in November.
Confidence judgments in children's and adults' event recall and suggestibility

: The present work investigated the role of children's and adults' metacognitive monitoring and control processes for unbiased event recall tasks and for suggestibility. Three studies were conducted in which children and adults indicated their degree of confidence that their answers were correct after (Study 1) and before (Study 2) answering either unbiased or misleading questions or (Study 3) forced-choice recognition questions. There was a strong tendency for overestimation of confidence regardless of age and question format. However, children did not lack the principal metacognitive competencies when these questions were asked in a neutral interview. Under misleading questioning, in contrast, children's monitoring skills were seriously impaired. Within each age group, better metacognitive differentiation was positively associated with recall accuracy in the suggestive interview.
Assessment of the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes

The use of molecular oxygen to sustain life has as a metabolic byproduct the formation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione (GSH)–dependent metabolism of hydrogen peroxide via GSH-dependent peroxidases is a vital process to prevent oxidative stress. These antioxidant enzymes in conjunction with glutathione reductase comprise the glutathione redox cycle (Reed, 1985, 1986). In conjunction with the superoxide dismutases, this cycle serves an essential role in limiting the production of hydroxyl radical and other reactive oxygen species that can cause indiscriminate damage to cellular constituents. As a substrate of several isoenzymes of glutathione peroxidases (UNIT 7.1), GSH is also used to limit the same oxidative events induced by organic hydroperoxides, including fatty acid hydroperoxides.
Equilibrium Reforms and Endogenous Complexity

Decision makers called to evaluate and approve a reform, proposed by an interest group, a politician, or a bureaucracy, suffer from a double asymmetric information problem: about the competence of the proposer and the consequences of the proposal. Moreover, the ability of decision makers to evaluate proposals depends on the complexity of the legislative environment, itself a product of past reforms. We model the strategic interaction between reformers and decision makers as a function of legislative complexity, and study the dynamics of endogenous complexity and stability of reforms. Complexi cation-simpli cation cycles can occur on the equilibrium path, and expected long-run complexity may be higher when competence of reform proposers is lower. The results apply to regulatory reforms, legislative politics, and institutional design.
The omission of critical data in the pursuit of ‘revolutionary’ methods to accelerate the description of species

Recently, Meierotto et al. (2019) proposed a ‘revolutionary’ protocol for the description of understudied hyperdiverse taxa. The premise of their study was to champion exclusively DNA-barcode-based species descriptions (=diagnoses), which would dramatically increase the rate of description and provide a ‘human-readable record in the literature’ (unlike a Barcode Index Number, BIN; Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013) that can later be supplemented with additional information. Species are always delimited against already known species (Linnaeus, 1753, 1758; Mayr, 1992; ICZN, 1999; Naciri & Linder, 2015; Renner, 2016). This was also recognized by Meierotto et al. (2019, p. 120): ‘Requirements for the publication of new species include (. ) that they be accompanied by either a description or diagnosis which can separate them from any known species with which they are likely to be confused’. However, the latter authors failed to diagnose their 15 new Zelomorpha Ashmead, 1900 species from 51 out of 52 previously known species (only the type species was used in the analysis) and their three new Hemichoma Enderlein, 1920 species from any of the five previously known species. This is not the first case of its kind in zoology; Hebert et al. (2004) proposed to recognize ten species of skipper butterflies (genus Astraptes) based on DNA characters and ecology and some morphological characters, but the species were not formally named until Brower (2010) described them based exclusively on unique mutations in the DNA barcode region. Brower (2010) hailed this method as a flagship example of DNA barcoding’s success in overcoming the ‘taxonomic impediment’ (Brower, 2010). However, it has received extensive criticism (DeSalle et al., 2005; Pons et al., 2006; Rubinoff
Working Paper Series 304 ( ISSN 1211-3298 ) Should the Average Tax Rate Be Marginalized ?

Economic theory assumes that taxpayers use their true marginal tax rate (MTR) to guide their economic decisions. However, complexity of the personal income tax system implies that taxpayers may incorrectly perceive true marginal prices and incentives. We first develop an updating model that formalizes this proposition. A prediction of this model is that an unexpected innovation in the previous year’s average tax rate (ATR) influences the perception of the MTR in the current year, even though the MTR is not in fact changing between the two years. This model generalizes the “schmeduling” hypothesis of Liebman and Zeckhauser (2004), who suggest that taxpayers use the ATR in place of the MTR in making their decisions. Then, assuming that taxpayers react to their perceived after-tax price as economic theory would suggest, we test this prediction empirically by examining whether household labor income responds to predictable (but not necessarily predicted) variation in the previous year’s ATR due to eligibility for the Child Tax Credit, which depends on the exact timing of a child’s 17th birthday. We find that household labor income decreases in response to losing eligibility for the Child Tax Credit. This finding is inconsistent with the rational taxpayer hypothesis, but consistent with the schmeduling hypothesis. Our robustness tests do not provide any consistent evidence that this result is entirely driven by an omitted variable bias due to a direct timing of birth effect. We also discuss the welfare consequences of schmeduling.
Intra-party decision making and moderation under proportional representation∗

We establish coalitional stable party structures of a party formation game under proportional representation. We assume farsighted political players which can commit to form parties, expressive voters and a policy selection process with random proposals subject to intra party majority rule. Parties may form governments and each government offers a policy lottery. In a stable party structure, a moderating centre party ensures that the median voter either realizes an outcome which is strictly better than the status quo or her ideal point. If agents are risk neutral, party politics is stable against dictatorship.
Risk measurement and Implied volatility under Minimal Entropy Martingale Measure for Levy process

This paper focuses on two main issues that are based on two important concepts: exponential Levy process and minimal entropy martingale measure. First, we intend to obtain risk measurement such as value-at-risk (VaR) and conditional value-at-risk (CvaR) using Monte-Carlo methodunder minimal entropy martingale measure (MEMM) for exponential Levy process. This Martingale measure is used for the exponential type of the processes such as exponential Levy process. Also, it can be said MEMM is a kind of important sampling method where the probability measure with minimal relative entropy replaces the main probability. Then we are going to obtain VaR and CVaR by Monte-Carlo simulation. For this purpose, we have to calculate option price, implied volatility and returns under MEMM and then obtain risk measurement by proposed algorithm. Finally, this model is simulated for exponential variance gamma process. Next, we intend to develop two theorems for implied volatility under minimal entropy martingale measure by examining the conditions. These theorems consider the asymptotic implied volatility for the case that time to maturity tends to zero and infinity.
TO COMPARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, INTOLERANCE TO UNCERTAINTY, AND RESILIENCE IN INDIVIDUALS QUARANTINED FOR COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND IN HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Pooja Yadav, Abhinav Tewari, Priya Arora, Nimmi A Jose, Ved Pal Mahla and AshutoshTripathi SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 05 May 2020 Final Accepted: 10 June 2020 Published: July 2020
Naturally Occurring Compounds

Thiocyanate, goitrin and allyliso- thiocyanate were administered orally, either individually or in various combinations, by force-feeding to rats for a period of 21 days. Thyroid weight, 4-hr 13l I uptake, and synthesis of iodoamino acids were compared in each group to that in controls force-fed only distilled water. The quantity of the various substances tested administered daily was approximately equal to that calculated to be present in the amount of cabbage which the rats would consume daily. Combinations of the 3 test materials produced a greater alteration in thyroid function and in- crease in thyroid size than did administration of any one of them individually. It is concluded that the goitrogenicity of cabbage and other crucifer- ous plants may be explained by the combined action of the thiocyanate, goitrin and isothio- cyanates contained therein. {Endocrinology 79: 1117, 1966)
Analysis of Transmission Capabilities of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus(BYDV) by Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi in Northwest China

Transmission capabilities of BYDV by Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi in northwest China were studied.Under the normal temperature,potted wheat was used for the transmission of BYDV experiment in greenhouse.According to the different inoculated amount,various disposals were designed as one,three,and five adult aphids inoculated in one plant,respectively.Three larvae aphids inoculated in one plant.Each plant inoculated with three aphids was used as check.Three days after inoculation,the aphids in the plants were killed by pesticide.The BYDV infection situations were observed and recorded.The transmission capabilities by Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi were examined.It showed that in northwest China the prominent insect vector of the BYDV was Schizaphis graminum,however,the capability of Rhopalosiphum padi had improved than before.The transmission capability of Rhopalosiphum padi in Guanzhong area was stronger than that in Hexi area.The transmission capabilities of these two adult aphids in three areas examined were higher than that of their larvae.In northwest area,although the difference between the transmission capabilities of these two aphids were not prominent,they had higher capabilities and might present the variation possibility.This would bring more difficulties for preventing and controling the BYDV.
INVESTMENT RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON THE LONG-TERM 1 MEMORY PARAMETER 2

Purpose: The presence of a long-term memory component in a time series means that even 5 very distant observations exert a certain influence on subsequent implementations of the 6 process. Generally, this relationship is not particularly strong, but it does exist. Interpreting this 7 phenomenon in the context of financial time series, one can come to the conclusion that 8 information that has affected the market some time ago may still be important for the current 9 quotation. The article is devoted to checking the existence of a long-term memory in the 10 financial time series and assessing the investment risk of these series based on the long-term 11 memory parameter. 12 Design/methodology/approach: In order to study the phenomenon of long-term memory in 13 financial time series, the local Whittle estimator was used, while the investment risk assessment 14 was carried out using the fractal dimension, β-coefficient and standard deviation of rates of 15 return. 16 Findings: In the first part of the study the author indicated time series which were characterized 17 by the phenomenon of long-term memory. Then, on the basis of selected measures, the risk of 18 investment was estimated and shares with the least risk were indicated. 19 Research limitations/implications: The results obtained for selected measures showed 20 discrepancies between the shares with the highest and the lowest level of investment risk. 21 Although the results obtained do not give a definite answer which risk measure is more 22 effective, they encourage the use of other measures related to the phenomenon of long-term 23 memory. 24 Practical implications: Application in portfolio analysis. 25 Originality/value: The use of the long-term memory parameter to assess the investment risk 26 of shares. 27
Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy: an Update

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown efficacy in achieving significant seizure reduction in patients with refractory epilepsy not suitable for resective surgery. Based on the identification of several cortico-subcortical networks involved in epilepsy, several anatomical targets have been proposed for different epileptic syndromes. Among these targets, the most extensively investigated and also showing the most promising results are the anterior nucleus (ANT) as well as the centro-median (CMT) nucleus of the thalamus, and the hippocampus (Hipp). This paper provides a review of the literature in DBS for epilepsy focused on these targets with available data on efficacy as well as side effects. Technological advancements like responsive stimulation (RNS) are also underlined. Although promising results were reported for these different targets in specific epileptic syndromes, only ANT and RNS were tested on larger series of patients and could reach class I evidence level of efficacy. Moreover, overall data suggest that seizure outcome improves over time. We suggest that Hipp stimulation should be restricted to MTLE, whereas ANT stimulation could be properly performed also in multifocal seizures with predominant limbic involvement and CMT in generalized epilepsy. RNS should be proposed in focal epilepsy especially from extratemporal origin, even if closedloop technology could be applied to propagation nodes, such as ANT, Hipp or CMT, thus extending its use to multifocal or even generalized epilepsy. The complex physiopathology of seizure onset and propagation justifies further electrophysiologic and clinical research for the better understanding of the precise correlations existing between clinical manifestations and the structural and functional networks involved in the control of epileptogenicity. Together with a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of DBS at cortico-subcortical, this will certainly be helpful for the refinement of patient selection criteria, anatomical targets and stimulation parameters.
Effects of season and spacing on growth pattern and seed yield of Muskdana genotypes (Abelmoschus moschatus L.) and radical scavenging activity of its seed oil

K E Y W O R D S Effects of season and spacing on growth pattern and seed yield of Muskdana genotypes (Abelmoschus moschatus L.) and radical scavenging activity of its seed oil RITU MISHRA1,2#, AJAY KUMAR3#, ANIL K. GUPTA1,2* , DHARMENDRA SAIKIA2,3 AND RAJ K. LAL1 1Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015 (U.P.), India 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Gaziabad-201002 (U.P.), India 3Division of Molecular Bioprospection, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015 (U.P.), India Received: 04 March 2020 Revised: 14 July 2020 Accepted: 01 August 2020 ePublished: 12 September 2020 Corresponding author: Anil K. Gupta; #Authors have equal contribution Tel: + 05222718544; Fax: + 05222718544 E-mail address: ak.gupta@cimap.res.in Cluster analysis
Underwater Image Enhancement Using NPEA

: Light scattering (LS) & color change are 2 major issues in underwater images (UI). Because of LS, incident light gets reflected & deflected various times via particles visible in the water. This degrades visibility & contrast of UI. A novel multi-scale fusion (MSF) technique for single image dehazing has also been proposed to create further nature visual revival result. Though, naturalness is necessary for image enhancement (IE) to attain pleasing perceptual quality. In this paper, we have used NPEA to improve the contrast of the image.
Universalization of Primary Education and the “Socialization of Education” Policy in Vietnam

The author describes two types of “socialization of education” activities: the inhabitant participating type and the enterprise participating type. In the former, the School Encouragement Association, a local consortium for educational promotion, organizes the popular organizations and representatives of the enterprises in the locality. Many popular organizations support education development. For example, the Women’s Union promotes enrolment of children in schools, donations for school construction and support for poor children, and opening charity courses for non-formal education for women. In the second type, enterprises cooperate financially to construct schools. They also contribute to training students, thus, preparing them as productive workers and offering them employment in the future. Labor unions also participate in school construction, collection of donations for subsidies to children from poor families or the areas with difficulties in going to school. The author points out the contradictory situation in that the implementation of the policy brings about an increase of parents’ and communities’ financial burden and an enlargement of disparities among communities while EFA (Education For All) preaches non-fee education. He also notes problems of local financial ability and sustainability of popular organizations’ activities: many poor areas have difficulty in raising funds because they do not have enough educational resources to carry out “socialization of education” to begin with; it is probable, in the social changes which the country undergoes, to decrease the mobilization capability of the popular organizations by reducing influences of the socialist ideology and increasing members’ work hours.
Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation through Multistage Fine-Tuning

Neural machine translation (NMT) approach [Bahdanau et al., 2015] performs well when data is abundant. For general domain or domain with lots of parallel data, we can easily train an NMT model of good quality. However, for domains with very little data, such as lecture domain, the translation quality is extremely bad. Existing domain adaptation methods such as finetuning can leverage out-of-domain parallel datasets. However, when there are more than one out-ofdomain datasets, current methods simply mix them together and thus do not explore the full potential of multiple out-of-domain datasets. In this paper, we explore the potential of multiple out-of-domain datasets for educational lecture translation, where we propose an inflation-deflation multistage fine-tuning strategy and domain relevance measurement of out-of-domain datasets, and report on experiments and analysis showing strong improvements of translation quality over baselines.
Statistics on bargraphs of inversion sequences of permutations

An inversion sequence (x1, . . . , xn) is one such that 1 ≤ xi ≤ i for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n. We first consider the joint distribution of the area and perimeter statistics on the set In of inversion sequences of length n represented as bargraphs. Functional equations for both the ordinary and exponential generating functions are derived from recurrences satisfied by this distribution. Explicit formulas for the generating functions are found in some special cases as are expressions for the totals of the respective statistics on In. A similar treatment is provided for the joint distribution on In for the statistics recording the number of levels, descents and ascents. Some connections are made between specific cases of this latter distribution and the Stirling numbers of the first kind and Eulerian numbers.
The German Way or the CO2 Delusion and its Consequences

In 2018 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1] prepared a "Special Report on possible impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways" [2]. This report is a sequel of previous Assessment Reports, which besides many alarmistic exaggerations also presents Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to restrict global warming to 1.5°C over the 21st century. A temperature increase less than 2°C, better only 1.5°C, was recommended and decided on the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This decision is known as the Paris Agreement [3] and considered as the succeeding consent of the Kyoto Protocol [4].