Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of the Bam Earthquake to Establish a Pattern for Earthquake Management in Iran

The field of crisis management knowledge and expertise is associated with a wide range of fields. Knowledge-based crisis management is a combination of science, art and practice. Iran is an earthquake-prone country. Through years several earthquakes have happened in the country resulting in many human and financial losses. According to scientific standards, the first 24 hours following an earthquake is the most valuable time for saving victims. Yet in the case of Bam only 5% of the victims were rescued within the first 48 hours. The success of disaster management is evaluated in terms of programming, raising public participation, organizing and hiring manpower, and supervising the management process. In this study disaster management is divided into three stages in which different actions are required. The stages and actions are explained in detail. Moreover, features, effects, and losses of the earthquake are described.
Diet contains carcinogens and deficiency of vitamin C determines the level of oxidative DNA damage among Jakarta toll collectors

Consuming meat food products that undergo high-temperature combustion is able to provide opportunities exposed to carcinogenic substances and leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is also a precondition for the occurrence of DNA damage and cancer can be detected by the presence of 8- hydroxy-'2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). The study aimed to investigate whether the high prevalence of oxidative stress in Jakarta highway toll collector is independently or causally implicated in deficiency of vitamin C and the grilled food as the third factor modified the association. A cross-sectional study and urinary 8-OHdG was detected using the Enzyme-Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method on 161 toll gate collectors. The study found a strong relationship between grilled food and 8-OHdG (p-value 0.037); prevalence risk ratio (PRR) 2.01 (95% CI 1.044-3.890). However, relationship between variable vitamin C and the 8-OHdG stratified by grilled food founded inverse negatively, it was due to the high frequency of subjects 8-OHdG presented significantly with the deficiency of vitamin C. There was not enough intake of vitamin C among people who ate grilled food. Mantel-Haenzel formula was calculated and the estimation found the condition of independence from the test were X2MH=0.843 among the group who consumed the grilled food. The association between intake of grilled food and oxidative stress is the mere result of the effect of deficiency of vitamin C. Special attention should be given to minimize diet containing various carcinogens like the meat grilling process with a high temperature to decrease degenerative diseases and cancer risk in sub-population with high expose to air pollution.
Effect of Inulin, Oligofructose and Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin on Physicochemical, Staling, and Sensory Properties of Prebiotic Cake

A major challenge currently facing the food industry is the need for increased nutritional value in foods. A feasible and nutritional method to achieve this aim in bakery products is the addition of prebiotics which makes possible the sale of more nutritional food with equal sensory features. The main aim of the present study was to assess the effects of oligofructose, inulin and oligofructose-enriched inulin on the features of prebiotic cake. In the control sample, the highest symmetry and volume was observed, along with the lowest apparent density and specific gravity. The crumb was observed to become less yellowish and more reddish when fructans were added, except during the addition of 2.5% oligofructose-enriched inulin. In the storage period of the product, the control sample had the highest hardness and least moisture. Samples with 2.5% inulin/oligofructose and 10% oligofructose/inulin demonstrated an increased level of protein, total fiber, and ash, respectively. The highest and the lowest scores in terms of sensory evaluation of the cakes (one day post-baking) were attained by the 2.5% oligofructose/inulin and 10% inulin, respectively.
Integrating pronunciation into Chinese-Vietnamese statistical machine translation

Statistical machine translation for low-resource language suffers from the lack of abundant training corpora. Several methods, such as the use of a pivot language, have been proposed as a bridge to translate from one language to another. However, errors will accumulate during the extensive translation pipelines. In this paper, we propose an approach to low-resource language translation by exploiting the pronunciation correlations between languages. We find that the pronunciation features can improve both Chinese-Vietnamese and VietnameseChinese translation qualities. Experimental results show that our proposed model yields effective improvements, and the translation performance (bilingual evaluation understudy score) is improved by a maximum value of 1.03.
Reconstruction of a signal from time-averaged data

In measurement applications such as air quality monitoring, sensors record the average of a signal of over a fixed time period, for example, every hour or every day. Sensor networks may involve a number of different types of sensors with different temporal resolutions, for instance, expensive reference sensors recording accurate, hourly averages and inexpensive sensors recording noisy averages every ten minutes. In addition, readings for some time periods may be missing. In this paper, we discuss methods to combine sensor data representing heterogeneous time averages in order to i) reconstruct an estimate and associated uncertainty of signal at any given time, and ii) use data from reference sensors to calibrate low cost sensors in situ .
Estimating fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater using a two-reactant model

Abstract. Maintaining residual chlorine levels in a water distribution network is a challenging task, especially in the context of developing countries where water is usually supplied intermittently. To model chlorine decay in water distribution networks, it is very important to understand chlorine kinetics in bulk water. Recent studies have suggested that chlorine decay rate depends on initial chlorine levels and the type of organic and inorganic matter present in water, indicating that a first-order decay model is unable to accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water. In this study, we employed the two-reactant (2R) model to estimate the fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater. We carried out a bench-scale test for surface water and groundwater at initial chlorine levels of 1, 2, and 5 mg L−1. We used decay data sets to estimate optimal parameter values for both surface water and groundwater. After calibration, the 2R model was validated with two decay data sets with varying initial chlorine concentrations (ICCs). This study arrived at three important findings. (a) We found that the ratio of slow to fast reacting components in groundwater was 30 times greater than that of the surface water. This observation supports the existing literature which indicates the presence of high levels of slow reacting fractions (manganese and aromatic hydrocarbons) in groundwater. (b) Both for surface water and groundwater, we obtained good model prediction, explaining 97 % of the variance in data for all cases. The mean square error obtained for the decay data sets was close to the instrument error, indicating the feasibility of the 2R model for chlorine prediction in both types of water. (c) In the case of deep groundwater, for high ICC levels (> 2 mg L−1), the first-order model can accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water.
First Report of the Hawaii Bird Records Committee

: The Hawaii Bird Records Committee (HBRC) was formed in 2014 to provide a formal venue for reviewing bird reports in the Hawaiian Islands and to maintain and periodically update the checklist of birds of the Hawaiian Islands. This is the first report of the HBRC. From 2014 to 2016, the HBRC reviewed 46 reports involving 33 species, including 20 species not recorded previously in the Hawaiian Islands, nine species reported previously that were based only on visual documentation at the time, one re-evaluation of a species pair reported previously, two introduced species whose establishment was questioned, and one species previously regarded as hypothetical. The HBRC accepted 17 new species, did not accept three new species, and did not accept five species that previously had been accepted on other checklists of Hawaiian Island birds. The Hawaiian Islands bird checklist includes 338 species accepted through 2016.
Manipulation of laser-accelerated proton beam profiles by nanostructured and microstructured targets

Nanostructured and microstructured thin foils have been fabricated and used experimentally as targets to manipulate the spatial profile of proton bunches accelerated through the interaction with high intensity laser pulses (6 x 1019 W/cm(2)). Monolayers of polystyrene nanospheres were placed on the rear surfaces of thin plastic targets to improve the spatial homogeneity of the accelerated proton beams. Moreover, thin targets with grating structures of various configurations on their rear sides were used tomodify the proton beam divergence. Experimental results are presented, discussed, and supported by 3D particle-in-cell numerical simulations.
Early Packet Rejection Using Dynamic Binary Decision Diagram

A firewall is a hardware or software device that performs inspection on a given incoming/outgoing packets and decide whether to allow/deny the packet from entering/leaving the system. Firewall filters the packets by using a set of rules called firewall policies. The policies define what type of packets should be allowed or discarded. These policies describe the field values that the packet header must contain in order to match a policy in the firewall. The decision for any given packet is made by finding the first matching firewall policy, if any. In a traditional firewall, the packet filter goes through each and every policy in the list until a matching rule is found, the same process is again repeated for every packet that enters the firewall. The sequential lookup that the firewall uses to find the matching rule is time consuming and the total time it takes to perform the lookup increases as the policy in the list increases. Nowadays, a typical enterprise based firewall will have 1000+ firewall policy in it, which is normal. A major threat to network firewalls is specially crafted malicious packets that target the bottom rules of the firewall’s entire set of filtering rules. This attack’s main objective is to overload the firewall by processing a flood of network traffic that is matched against almost all the filtering rules before it gets rejected by a bottom rule. As a consequence of this malicious flooding network traffic, the firewall performance will decrease and the processing time of network traffic may increase significantly The current research work is based on the observation that an alternative method for the firewall policies can provide a faster lookup and hence a better filtering performance. The method proposed in this research relies on a basic fact that the policy can be represented as a simple Boolean expression. Thus, Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), are used as a basis for the representation of access list in this study. viii The contribution of this research work is a proposed method for representing firewall policies using BDDs to improve the performance of packet filtering. The proposed mechanism is called Static Shuffling Binary Decision Diagram (SS-BDD), and is based on restructuring of the Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) by using byte-wise data structure instead of using Field-wise data structure. Real world traffic is used during the simulation phase to prove the performance of packet filtering. The numerical results obtained by the simulation shows that the proposed technique improves the performance for packet filtering significantly on medium to long access lists. Furthermore, using BDDs for representing the firewall policies provides other useful characteristics that makes this a beneficial approach to in real world.
Excessive use of social networks: Psychosocial profile of Spanish adolescents

Understanding the factors that predict excessive use of social networks in adolescence can help prevent problems as addictive behaviours, loneliness or cyberbullying. The main aim was to ascertain the psychological and social profile of adolescents whose use of SNSS is excessive. Participants comprised 1,102 adolescents aged between 11 and 18 from Girona (Spain). Those who made excessive use of social networks were grouped together. Their personality and social profiles were explored, the former using NEO FFI, NEO PI-R and Self-Concept AF5, and the latter through the use of Social Support Appraisals, self-attributed type of ICT use in the family and rules regarding ICT use at home. The prevalence of excessive use was 12.8%, being higher among girls. The personality profile was characterized by neuroticism, impulsivity and a lower family, academic and emotional self-concept. The social profile was defined by the perception of high ICT consump¬tion in the mother and siblings, and a lack of rules. The protective factors were conscientiousness, the existence of rules, and being a boy; risk factors were the use of SNSS as a distraction and for fun, and the perception of high sibling consumption. Interventions based on gender and working on responsible ICT use within the family environment are proposed to prevent more serious psychological problems. Poder entender los factores que predicen un uso excesivo de redes sociales en la adolescencia puede ayudar a prevenir problemas como conductas adictivas, soledad o ciberacoso. El principal objetivo es explorar el perfil psicológico y social de adolescentes que realizan un uso excesivo de redes sociales. Participaron 1.102 adolescentes de 11 a 18 años de Girona (España). Se agruparon los que realizaban un uso excesivo y se exploró su perfil de personalidad (NEO FFI, NEO PI-R y autoconcepto AF5) y el social (apoyo social percibido, tipología autoatribuida de consumo de TIC en la familia y normas de uso de las TIC en el hogar). La prevalencia de uso excesivo fue del 12,8%, siendo mayor en chicas. El perfil de personalidad se caracterizaba por el neuroticismo, la impulsividad y menor autoconcepto familiar, académico y emocional. Percibir elevado consumo de TIC en la madre y hermanos y no disponer de normas de uso define su perfil social. Los factores protectores fueron: la responsabilidad, tener normas de uso y ser chico, y los de riesgo: el uso de redes sociales para distraerse y divertirse, y la elevada percepción de consumo de los hermanos. Se sugiere plantear intervenciones según el sexo y trabajar el uso responsable de las TIC con el entorno familiar, para prevenir problemáticas psicológicas más graves.
Under nutrition and associated factors among adult on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Wolaita Sodo teaching and referral hospital, southern nations nationalities peoples region, Ethiopia

Malnutrition can be defined as a state of nutrition in which there is a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients. This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of under nutrition and associated factors among adult on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Wolaita Sodo teaching and referral hospital, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Institutional based cross sectional study design was used among randomly selected 519 adult patients on HAART at Wolaita Sodo University referral Hospital. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and weight and height measurements were taken to determine the levels of nutritional status. Data were entered on to Epi Info version 3.5. 1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for cleaning and further analysis. Both binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with nutritional status of people on HAART. Odds ratios along with 95%CI was estimated to measure the strength of association and p value less than 0.05 was used as a cut-off point to declare level of statistical significance. The magnitude of underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) was 26.6% 95%CI: (22.8 to 30.4%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that, not having food aid (AOR=2.76, 95%CI: (1.77-4.30)), low baseline CD4 count (AOR=2.12, 95%CI: (1.31-3.42)) being male (AOR=1.80, 95%CI: (1.10-2.93)) and lack of formal education (AOR=2.48, 95%CI: (1.48-4.17) were significantly associated with under nutrition. The burden of underweight was high among adult on HAART lack of food aid and formal education, decrease in CD4 count and male gender have influenced nutritional status of the study participants. Nutritional assessment, management and nutritional support and timely initiation of ART should be the key intervention during the course of chronic HIV care. Follow up and ART service provision monitoring are also important to improve the nutritional status of HIV/AIDS patient. Key words: Under nutrition, body mass index (BMI), highly active antiretroviral therapy, underweight.
Study of Bacterial Attachment During the Bioleaching of Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, and Sphalerite

In this study the degree of bacterial attachment of the main microorganisms involved in the bioleaching of metal sulfides and their influence on the dissolution rate and final metal extractions were determined. Three different mineral sulfides were bioleached: chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS 2 ). A mixed culture of mesophilic bacteria ( Acidithiobacillus and Leptospirillum spp.) was tested at 35°C and thermophilic bacteria ( Sulfolobus spp.) were tested at 68°C. The results confirmed that a relationship exists between attachment and mineral dissolution rates. The bioleaching process can be divided into three stages. An initial stage with extensive bacterial attachment to the pyritic phase, which is of major importance in order to obtain high dissolution rates (since attached cells liberate Fe 2+ by contact bioleaching and oxidize Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ avoiding iron accumulation at the surface). In a second stage the bacterial attachment diminishes due to the saturation of the surface by the attached cells. This limitation, together with the presence of Fe 2+ in solution, produces an increase in the concentration of free cells, which use Fe 2+ as an energy source. Finally, in a third stage, a balance between free and attached cells is reached, giving rise to a cooperative mechanism. In this case, the attached cells attack the pyrite phase of the mineral generating Fe 2+ . This in turn is oxidized by the free cells in solution, regenerating the oxidizing agent (Fe 3+ ) for the indirect bioleaching of the mineral.
An Alternative Look at Hedge Funds

Many advisors have reassessed their clients’ investment policies in search for investment alternatives in recent years, leading some to consider hedge funds. According to an AdvisorBenchmarking survey in 2000, four percent of advisors indicated they used hedge funds. In 2002, the number of advisors using hedge funds increased dramatically to 15.3 percent (Kelly 2003). The reasons advisors state for this increased use of hedge funds center on the differences in the return characteristics of hedge funds versus the general capital markets. Other explanations include how hedge funds behave as a different asset class or are structured to provide absolute returns in any market. Although these reasons are very compelling, it is important to understand what hedge fund managers do to merit such distinctions and whether these are valid reasons. If advisors are unaware of the operational and performance attributes of hedge funds before recommending them to clients, they may end up reading about their recommendations in the headlines of their local newspaper. For example, in 2003, Gotham Partners Management Co., Beacon Hill Asset Management LLC and the Eifuki Master Fund have earned the honor of high profile failures, remarkable for the speed and size of their collapse. The Eifuki Master Fund lost its entire $300 million market value in seven trading days. Investors in this fund included the legendary George Soros. There are about 6,000–7,000 active hedge funds, and it has been estimated that about 20 percent cease their operations every year due to poor returns (Brown, Goetzmann and Ibbotson, 1999). This article presents a critical overview of hedge funds for advisors considering them for their clients’ portfolios. We begin with a brief description of the different investing styles and a discussion of the indexes that attempt to benchmark their performance. We then detail how advisors can misinterpret hedge fund returns by relying on traditional returns data. We also An Alternative Look at Hedge Funds
Discourse analysis correction using anaphoric cues

This paper presents a method for correcting arbitrary (possibly wrong or inadequate) discourse structure analyses, which is based on the constraints over the discourse structure configuration imposed by the anaphoric relations in text. The approach taken underlies on concepts and ideas from Veins Theory (VT; Cristea, Ide, Romary, 1998) as a theory of global discourse cohesion. The method, currently under implementation, will be evaluated against a corpus of texts previously corrected manually.
Isolation and characterization of flavonoid glycoside from Cordia obliqua Willd. leaf

Aim: Cordia obliqua Willd. (Clammy cherry) tree of family Boraginaceae and genus Cordia is a medium-sized deciduous tree and very well distributed all over India as well as other warmer regions of the world. Objective: The objective of the study was to isolate phytoconstituent from C. obliqua leaf methanol extract by column chromatography and characterization by various spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, ,and mass. Materials and Methods: The C. obliqua leaf methanol extract was prepared by successive solvent extraction using Soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was found rich in phytoconstituents with the help of chemical tests, and also it was found effective against pain, inflammation, and pyrexia in experimental animal studies. Hence, methanol extract was selected for isolation of important plant constituents by column chromatography. The column was carried out with the different solvent system used in particular ratios. A total of 50 fractions were collected and studied by thin-layer chromatography for pooling. The pooled F2 fraction was further studied by spectroscopic techniques to characterize the compound. Result: On isolation by column chromatography, a flavonol glycoside molecule of quercetin aglycone “3’-O-Methyl Quercetin-3-glucose-6-gallic acid” was characterized by spectroscopic techniques. It justified the effect of leaf extract in the treatment of pain, swelling, and inflammation and also as an antioxidant because flavonoids are a group of therapeutic active compounds due to their supreme antioxidant action. Conclusion: It was concluded that C. obliqua leaf methanol extract was rich in plant constituents and also has a number of therapeutic active constituents which suggest the plant used for other activities.