Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of a Patterned Soft Magnetic Structure to Reduce Magnetic Flux Leakage of Magnetic Induction Wireless Power Transfer Systems

A soft-magnetic-metal-based shield structure was designed to reduce magnetic flux leakage in magnetic-induction wireless power transfer systems. Soft magnetic metals have the advantages of high permeability and low magnetic loss, but have the disadvantage of high power loss owing to eddy current that is induced on the surface as a result of low-insulating characteristics. In order to solve this problem, a patterned soft magnetic metal was used to cut the route of the induced current. This decreases the power loss and reduces the leakage of magnetic field. A soft-magnetic-metal-based structure that has various patterns was designed to find the optimal structure for reducing the leaking magnetic field. By applying this structure to Wireless Power Consortium commercial A10 coil, the inductance, transfer efficiency, and magnetic flux leakage of the coil according to the material and the structure of the soft-magnetic-metal-based structure were observed. Fabrication and measurement tests were performed to verify the proposed structure, and it was found that the test results corresponded to the simulation results. It was confirmed that the proposed structure had a 84% thinner thickness compared with that of a conventional ferrite shield, an equivalent transfer efficiency of 74.5%, and a reduction in magnetic flux leakage of 20.9%.
Enhanced cell death in NR‐S1 tumor by photodynamic therapy: Possible involvement of Fas and Fas ligand system

To investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on cell death in malignant tumor tissue, the frequency of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells and the possible involvement of Fas and Fas ligand system were evaluated.
Hypothalamic substance P as a candidate for transmitter of primary afferent neurons.

A peptide that exerts a depolarizing action on frog spinal motoneurons was found in the dorsal root of bovine spinal nerve. Pharmacological, chemical, and immunological properties of this motoneuron-depolarizing peptide were investigated and the results indicated that the peptide is identical with an undecapeptide, substance P, recently isolated from bovine hypothalamus by M.M. Chang and S.E. Leeman. The amount of hypothalamic substance P in bovine dorsal root determined by bioassay or radioimmunoassay was 24-130 pmole/g wet wt, whereas that in the ventral root was 9-27 times less. The effects of synthetic hypothalamic substance P on the isolated spinal cord of the frog and the newborn rat were studied. The peptide exerted a powerful depolarizing action on the motoneurons, its potency being about 200 times higher than that of L-glutamate. Distribution of substance P in the cat spinal cord was studied. The concentration of the peptide was highest in the dorsal part of dy lowered. When the dorsal root of the cat was ligated, substance P accumulated in a high concentration on the ganglion side of the ligature. These results, taken together, support the hypothesis that hypothalamic substance P is an excitatory transmitter of primary afferent neurons.
Decision Making in American Football: Evidence from 7 Years of NFL Data

Do team managers and coaches make rational decisions? In the era of big data one would expect coaching decisions to always be rational with respect to the maximization of the expected points scored. In order to examine this hypothesis we use data from the National Football League for the past 7 seasons to analyze two specific discrete decisions/choices that coaches face several times during a game. In particular, we analyze (i) the Point(s) After Touchdown (PAT) and (ii) the fourth down decisions. We use mean-field approximations and find that despite the statistical evidence available to them through years worth of data, coaches tend to make the status quo decisions, which in the majority of the cases does not lead to point maximization. One of the possible explanations that we put forward for this behavior is the fact that their coaching objective might be to minimize the variance of the expected points scored.
Dental pulp stem cells-derived schwann cells for peripheral nerve injury regeneration

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration even after severe injury. Peripheral nerve injury is followed by the normal rapid progression of Wallerian degeneration (anterograde or orthograde degeneration). During this process, the distal detached nerve segment degenerates, and the surrounding myelin breaks down. Simultaneously, the proximal segment of the axon undergoes degeneration that extends proximally only as far as the first node of Ranvier. The proximal segment can undergo a chromatolytic reaction; the Nissl bodies dissolve; and the nucleus migrates towards the periphery of the cell and the size of the nucleolus, nucleus and neuronal cell body increases, initiating a process of protein synthesis in an attempt to regenerate. Schwann cells play a major role in PNS axon regeneration. They are able to dedifferentiate, reenter the cell cycle and promote axonal regrowth by phagocytosis of the axonal and myelin debris, recruiting macrophages to the injury site, secreting several neurotrophic and key transcription factors and forming a unique column of cells called bands of Bungner within their endoneurial tubes for guiding the axonal sprouts from the proximal stumps (Burnett and Zager, 2004) (Figure 1).
The effects of metacognitive training versus worked-out examples on students' mathematical reasoning.

BACKGROUND The present study is rooted in a cognitive-metacognitive approach. The study examines two ways to structure group interaction: one is based on worked-out examples (WE) and the other on metacognitive training (MT). Both methods were implemented in cooperative settings, and both guided students to focus on the problem's essential parts and on appropriate problem-solving strategies. AIMS The aim of the present study is twofold: (a) to investigate the effects of metacognitive training versus worked-out examples on students' mathematical reasoning and mathematical communication; and (b) to compare the long-term effects of the two methods on students' mathematical achievement. SAMPLE The study was conducted in two academic years. Participants for the first year of the study were 122 eighth-grade Israeli students who studied algebra in five heterogeneous classrooms with no tracking. In addition, problem-solving behaviours of eight groups (N = 32) were videotaped and analysed. A year later, when these participants were ninth graders, they were re-examined using the same test as the one administered in eighth grade. METHOD Three measures were used to assess students' mathematical achievement: a pretest, an immediate post-test, and a delayed post-test. ANOVA was carried out on the post-test scores with respect to the following criteria: verbal explanations, algebraic representations and algebraic solution. In addition, chi-square and Mann-Whitney procedures were used to analyse cooperative, cognitive, and metacognitive behaviours. RESULTS Within cooperative settings, students who were exposed to metacognitive training outperformed students who were exposed to worked-out examples on both the immediate and delayed post-tests. In particular, the differences between the two conditions were observed on students' ability to explain their mathematical reasoning during the discourse and in writing. Lower achievers gained more under the MT than under WE condition. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the kind of task and the way group interaction is structured are two important variables in implementing cooperative learning, each of which is likely to have different effects on mathematical communication and achievement outcomes.
Modeling of partial discharges in the presence of harmonics

Harmonics are frequency-domain representations of time-domain occurrences which may increase the peak, rms and rate of change of the applied voltage. Small variations in harmonic content can result in significant changes to measured partial discharge patterns. This experimental study sought to model partial discharges due to electrical treeing as a consequence of varied harmonic content reducing the power quality. The total harmonic distortion (THD) and waveshape (Ks) indices were varied to a maximum of 40% and 1.6 respectively. An unprecedented six harmonic orders (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 23rd and 25th) have been simultaneously superposed onto the fundamental frequency (50 Hz). Electrical trees were developed in a point-plane geometry employing 2 μιη radius hypodermic needles and a 3 mm gap in epoxy resin (LY/HY 5052) samples at constant voltages of 8.4 kV peak and 14.4 kV peak. Modeling partial discharge activity with the function cosh (V + dV ÷ dt) provided a good fit for identifying peaks and periods of no partial discharge activity ('dead zones') on the phase-resolved partial discharge plots. Waveforms with increased magnitude of the 7th harmonic only produced anomalous results which did not fit the function.
Cytoplasmic morphology weaver (wv) mouse cerebellar neurons at the culture substratum

The purpose of this study was to determine the structural basis for the hypermotility and impaired growth cone elongation of the homozygous weaver (wv/wv) mouse cerebellar granule cell neurons in culture. Two‐day cultures of dissociated week‐old normal (+/+) and wv/wv cerebellum were processed for electron microscopy of intact cells and cytoskeleton. Serial sections parallel to and starting from the substrate were examined. Fine‐caliber neurites of normal granule cells are packed with parallel arrays of microtubules at all levels. Microfilament‐packed microspikes are present at substrate level emanating from a cortical microfilament lattice at the terminus of neurites of varying length. Homozygous weaver granule cells at substrate level have lateral cytoplasmic extensions along the neurite. Microtubules that curve throughout the neurite are separated by cytoplasm. The lateral extensions and growth cone cytoplasmic projections contain microfilaments and occasionally microtubules. Microfilament‐packed microspikes are not observed. Immunofluorescent detection of actin confirms the ultrastructural picture. A hallmark of the wv/wv cytopathology is the presence of large numbers of coated vesicles throughout the neurite shaft at the cell‐substratum interface. These are rare at similar locations in +/+ neurites. We hypothesize that reduced tension in the growth cone and neurite owing to the presence of lateral extensions and absence of stable microspikes are responsible for the impaired elongation and hypermotility of mutant neurons.
Lipoprotein metabolism in hepatic lipase deficiency: studies on the turnover of apolipoprotein B and on the effect of hepatic lipase on high density lipoprotein.

Hepatic lipase deficiency produces significant distortion in the plasma lipoprotein profile. Particles with reduced electrophoretic mobility appear in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) increases markedly in the circulation and plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels fall. At the same time there is a mass redistribution within the high density lipoprotein (HDL) spectrum leading to dominance in the less dense HDL2 subfraction. The present study examines apolipoprotein B turnover in a patient with hepatic lipase deficiency. The metabolism of large and small very low density lipoproteins was determined in four control subjects and compared to the pattern seen in the patient. Absence of the enzyme did not affect the rate at which large very low density lipoproteins were converted to smaller particles within this density interval (i.e., of VLDL). However, subsequent transfer of small very low density lipoproteins to intermediate density particles was retarded by 50%, explaining the abnormal accumulation of VLDL in the patient's plasma. Despite this, intermediate density particles accumulated to a level 2.4-times normal because their subsequent conversion to low density lipoprotein has been almost totally inhibited. Consequently, the plasma concentration of low density lipoprotein was only 10% of normal. On the basis of these observations, hepatic lipase appears to be essential for the conversion of small very low density and intermediate density particles to low density lipoproteins. The pathways of direct plasma catabolism of these species were not affected by the enzyme defect. In vitro studies were performed by adding purified hepatic lipase to the patient's plasma. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Virtual Reality and Disability

Throughout the conference, several papers referred to this technology, in either an explicit or an implicit way, through interactive systems of simulation. A plenary session, led by Albert Rizzo, concerned a survey on the potentialities which offer virtual reality according to the ‘types’ of handicap. This technology is approaching a state of maturity today. The different types of software which manage 3D images are available and adaptable towards all kinds of application. The hardware is also available: powerful personal computers, with reduced computing times, systems ensuring immersion (visual feedback, sound feedback, haptic feedback . . . ) and actuators for interaction in real time (data glove, speech processing . . . ): These technologies make it possible to obtain a satisfying realism, now sufficient to make some new applications possible. This paper presents an overview of the potentialities opened up by virtual reality and suggests some ideas of applying them to assisting people with specific needs. 2. Virtual reality as a multidisciplinary convergence domain
IgA‐containing plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut: failure of a thoracic duct fistula to deplete the numbers in rat small intestine

The quantitative importance of the traffic of large lymphocytes through the thoracic duct to the maintenance of the IgA‐containing plasma cell population of the lamina propria of the gut was examined by draining the thoracic duct for periods of time up to 10 days. Contrary to the expectation that IgA‐secreting plasma cell numbers in the small intestine would decline exponentially with a half‐time of approximately 5 days, the numbers of cells remained relatively constant after an initial decline in the first 4 days of lymphatic diversion. Results of in vivo pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine suggest that plasma cell numers are maintained by cell proliferation within the intestinal lamina propria, and that this is a compensatory mechanism brought into play by removal of the normal supply of precursors from the thoracic duct. The compensatory local recruitment of dividing plasma cell precursors principally involves those committed to IgA synthesis. It is suggested that thoracic duct lymph diversion calls into play a local mechanism to make up the deficit of plasma cell precursors lost in the lymph. This may be an accentuation of normal regulation of IgA synthesis in the lamina propria, and suggests that the homing of thoracic duct large lymphocytes is not the only source of renewal of gut plasma cells.
Regulation of the immune response. I. The potentiation of in vivo and in vitro immune responses by Fc fragments

Fc fragments derived from human and murine Ig were found to be potent adjuvants when administered with antigen. Both the in vivo and in vitro anti- sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) responses were significantly enhanced by Fc fragments. The adjuvant effect was shown to be extremely dependent upon the dose of antigen used, with the greatest enhancement occurring when suboptimal doses of antigen are employed. The anti-genicity of the Fc molecule was not related to its adjuvanticity because homologous Fc was as potent an adjuvant as heterologous Fc. Moreover, human Fc fragments enhanced anti-SRBC responses in mice which were tolerant to human gamma globulin.
A proposed expert system for word sense disambiguation: deductive ambiguity resolution based on data mining and forward chaining

One of the major issues in the process of machine translation is the problem of choosing the proper translation for a multi‐sense word referred to as word sense disambiguation (WSD). Two commonly used approaches to this problem are statistical and example‐based methods. In statistical methods, ambiguity resolution is mostly carried out by making use of some statistics extracted from previously translated documents or dual corpora of source and target languages. Example‐based methods follow a similar approach as they also make use of bilingual corpora. However, they perform the task of matching at run‐time (i.e. online matching). In this paper, by looking at the WSD problem from a different viewpoint, we propose a system, which consists of two main parts. The first part includes a data mining algorithm, which runs offline and extracts some useful knowledge about the co‐occurrences of the words. In this algorithm, each sentence is imagined as a transaction in Market Basket Data Analysis problem, and the words included in a sentence play the role of purchased items. The second part of the system is an expert system whose knowledge base consists of the set of association rules generated by the first part. Moreover, in order to deduce the correct senses of the words, we introduce an efficient algorithm based on forward chaining in order to be used in the inference engine of the proposed expert system. The encouraging performance of the system in terms of precision and recall as well as its efficiency will be analysed and discussed through a set of experiments.
American Corporate Governance Indices as Seen from a European Perspective

Since the 1990s, The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins has become one of the most discussed research fields in corporate governance. Introduced in the landmark article by La Porta et al. (LLSV), this new method of empirically measuring the economic consequences of corporate governance rules promised to give completely new tools for research, investment, and rulemaking. As with all startups, conceptual difficulties, operational flaws, and stiff resistance by established players arose. In the meantime, however, much was improved, and the indices and metrics (leximetrics) that were developed on the basis of this empirical research gained enormous influence. Yet the criticism continued. Some criticism was inherently concerned with how to improve the methods; other criticism was fundamental and claimed either a schism between economists and law-
Permafrost soil water content evaluation using high-frequency ground-penetrating radar in Amdo catchment, Central Tibetan Plateau

High-frequency ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was applied to assess soil water content spatially during the freezing periods at a continuous permafrost site in Amdo catchment, which is centrally located in Tibetan Plateau. The active layer thickness was also roughly presented through the whole survey, which traveled almost 15Km from the top of a hill towards a seasonal stream. The results revealed that average soil moisture increased slightly towards the down-slope direction and kept a higher level near the stream, especially in the deeper layers. Moreover, we found that active layer depth varied with topography, and it ranged from 1.92m to 2.44m along the profile. The topography (i.e. slope and elevation) and stream distribution significantly alter spatial pattern of soil moisture and active layer thickness in the study regions.
Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices

In addition to moving itself in a greener direction and leveraging other environmental initiatives, IT could help create green awareness among IT professionals, businesses, and the general public by assisting in building communities, engaging groups in participatory decisions, and supporting education and green advocacy campaigns. Along these lines, tools such as environmental Web portals, blogs, wikis, and interactive simulations of the environmental impact of an activity could offer assistance. Green IT is an economic, as well as an environmental, imperative. Greening IT is and will continue to be a necessity, not an option. Green IT represents a dramatic change in priority in the IT industry. So far, the industry has been focusing on IT equipment processing power and associated equipment spending. It's not been concerned with other requirements such as power, cooling, and data center space. However, going forward, the IT industry will need to deal with all of the infrastructure requirements and the environmental impact of IT and its use. The challenges of green IT are immense; however, recent developments indicate that the IT industry has the will and conviction to tackle our environmental issues head-on. The IT sector and users must develop a positive attitude toward addressing environmental concerns and adopt forward-looking, green-friendly policies and practices.
Mining consequence events in temporal health data

It is useful, sometimes crucial in medicine domain, to discover a temporal association or causal relationship among events. Such a mining problem is often challenging because 'consequence events' may not reliably occur after each trigger event of interest. This makes it difficult to apply existing temporal data mining techniques directly to real world problems. In this paper, we formalise the problem of mining consequence events of newly-introduced interventions. We combine the Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design with frequent pattern mining techniques to define an interestingness measure called consequency. We then propose a Multiple Occurrence of Target events Mining (MOTM) algorithm. MOTM is applied to the real world problem of monitoring the consequence effects of newly-marketed medicines in linked administrative health databases. The results for the case of the cholesterol lowering drug atorvastatin highlight the consequence events with lowest negative consequency values, which suggest replacement of existing therapies with the new one. The consequence events with highest consequency values are likely to be associated with adverse reactions of atorvastatin or treatments of cardiovascular (or associated) conditions. Sensitivity examination of MOTM on another drug further illustrates its effectiveness.