Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin.

AIMS This double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted to assess the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of AZD6140, the first oral, reversible adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients (n = 200) with atherosclerosis were randomized to receive AZD6140 50, 100, or 200 mg twice daily (bid) or 400 mg daily (qd) or clopidogrel 75 mg qd for 28 days. All groups received aspirin 75-100 mg qd. AZD6140 (100 and 200 mg bid, 400 mg qd) rapidly and nearly completely inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation after initial dosing (day 1) and at day 28. On day 1, peak final-extent inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) was observed 2-4 h post-dose with AZD6140, whereas clopidogrel minimally inhibited platelet aggregation (mean percentage IPA < 20%, all time points). Four hour post-dose at steady state, the three higher doses of AZD6140 produced comparable final-extent mean percentage IPA (approximately 90-95%), which exceeded that with AZD6140 50 mg bid or clopidogrel (approximately 60%). AZD6140 was generally well tolerated. All bleeding events, except one in a patient receiving 400 mg qd, were minor and of mild-to-moderate severity. CONCLUSION AZD6140 100 and 200 mg bid were well tolerated and were superior to AZD6140 50 mg bid and clopidogrel 75 mg qd with regard to antiplatelet efficacy.
Ontogeny of ultraviolet‐sensitive cones in the retina of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In order to facilitate emerging models of retinal development, we developed electroretinogram and in situ hybridization protocols to examine the ontogeny of photoreceptors in the retina of a land‐locked salmonid, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We cloned cDNA fragments corresponding to the rod opsin and each of the four cone opsin gene families, which we utilized to produce riboprobes. We established the specificity of the in situ hybridization protocol by examining subcellular signal localization and through double‐labeling experiments. We confirm the assumption that the accessory corner cones in the square mosaic are the ultraviolet wavelength‐sensitive (UVS) cone photoreceptor (i.e., they express an SWS1 opsin) and observed UVS cones throughout the retina of small trout. Larger fish have a decrease in sensitivity to short wavelength light stimuli and the distribution of UVS cones in the mature retina is limited to the dorsal‐temporal quadrant. These larger fish also possess differentiated UVS cones in the peripheral germinal zone (PGZ), including within areas peripheral to mature retina lacking UVS cones. These data are consistent with the loss of putative UVS cones from the PGZ of a migratory salmonid of another genus, and thus the disappearance of UVS cones appears to be general to the Family Salmonidae, regardless of life history strategy. The generation, differentiation, and subsequent loss of UVS cones in the smolt PGZ is a dramatic example of the supposition that the mechanisms of PGZ development recapitulate the retinal embryogenesis of that species. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:294–306, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correctional Facilities as Partners in Reducing HIV Disparities

Abstract:The United States now has the highest incarceration rate in the world. The majority of prison and jail inmates come from predominantly nonwhite and medically underserved communities. Although incarceration has adverse effects on both individual and community health, prisons and jails have also been used successfully as venues to provide health services to people with HIV who frequently lack stable health care. We review demographic trends shaping the difficulties in providing care to incarcerated people with HIV and recommend the Centers for AIDS Research Collaboration on HIV in Corrections as a model of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing those difficulties.
Human papillomavirus detection in a “Digital” age

The correlation between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has been well established, as has the prognostic significance of this association. Patients with HPV-related head and neck cancers are younger, healthier, and fare better than those who are HPV-negative. Individuals can be tested for the HPV protein/RNA/DNA directly or for the p16 protein (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1), which has been accepted as a surrogate marker for HPV, especially when the precise subtype of HPV might not be readily identified. However, an analysis of patients from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial 0129 observed that, of the patients who had HPV-positive disease identified (using in situ hybridization), only 93% (192 of 206 patients) were also p16-positive. Moreover, of those who were identified as HPV-negative, 18.8% (22 of 117 patients) were actually p16-positive. Therefore, the concordance rate between HPV and p16 is far less than might be believed. This is why Biron et al have evaluated the use of a newer digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to determine HPV status in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, as published in this issue of Cancer. The accurate characterization of these cancers clearly has many clinical implications that are being approached from different angles, so it is also important to consider fundamentally how to make the diagnosis of HPV-related disease.
Improving Pseudorange Estimation in GNSS Receivers with a Recursive Bayesian Approach

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver provides essentially two independent measurements of pseudorange through the estimation of code delay and carrier phase. Although the code delay estimate is an absolute (unambiguous) measurement its accuracy is hindered by noise; on the contrary, the phase estimate has, in general, better accuracy but is ambiguous. The Hatch filter has been used as the conventional solution to merge the two kinds of measurements. Herein, we propose an alternative solution based on the joint code delay/phase estimation using a bank of stochastic nonlinear filters. The phase ambiguity is progressively reduced by merging the code delay estimates with the phase estimates provided by the selected nonlinear filter.
Failure modes and effects analysis of dynamic environment test

Dynamic environment test is the main technique to verify the structure design and manufacture checkout of the spacecraft. Analysis about the FMEA of test equipment and the FMEA cases of past years, the reliability study on spacecraft dynamic environment test is progressed, the reliability guarantee is increased. In addition, establish the FMEA database system, collect the FMEA cases of past years and information into the database for query and use which can offer the technology support for realizing the goal of “zero failure”. This paper presents the introduction about the FMEA analysis of the test process.
Measurement of BK papovavirus IgG and IgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Current techniques for the measurement of BK papovavirus (BKV) specific IgM include sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) or indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining of BKV infected cells using a fluorescein conjugated anti‐human IgM antibody. These techniques are cumbersome and labor intensive and do not lend themselves to testing large numbers of sera.
Single-cell analysis of costimulation by B cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts demonstrates heterogeneity in responses of CD4(+) memory T cells.

Human endothelial cells (EC) express MHC class II molecules in vivo and are likely to be involved in presentation of antigens to CD4(+) T cells. We examined, at the single-cell level, EC presentation of superantigens to resting CD4(+) memory T cells. Within 2 h of adherence to class II+ EC early T cell activation is evidenced by translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), surface expression of CD69, and synthesis of IFN-gamma and IL-2. Naive T cells are not activated. T cell activation is dependent on the prior induction of MHC class II molecules on EC and is blocked by antibodies to LFA-3 (CD58). Our data place EC along a spectrum of antigen-presenting ability. Activated B cells and macrophages trigger more cells to express cytokines than do EC and at lower antigen concentrations; EC are in turn, superior to fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the concept of activation thresholds for cytokine synthesis within T cells also extends to earlier activation events: NFAT translocation is relatively easy to trigger, as is CD69 expression; fewer cells can be triggered to express IFN-gamma and fewer still to express IL-2. EC may, therefore, contribute to a graded immune response by inducing qualitatively and quantitatively different responses than professional APC.
[Experimental cerebral infarction in the dog. Ultrastructural study of microvessels in subacute cerebral infarction].

Large-sized infarctions of the cerebral hemisphere (LSICH) were experimentally induced in 20 dogs by injecting two silicone cylinders through the right cervical internal carotid artery. The LSICH models were perfused with heparinized saline and fixed with 1.5% glutaraldehyde solution through the contralateral carotid artery 7 days after the embolization. Mercox® was then injected manually. The brains were immediately removed, and specimens were obtained from the basal ganglia and the ectosylvian gyrus. Regenerated microvessels were observed within the necrosis in the basal ganglia. The regenerated microvessels had an irregular, “bead-like” surface, and formed anastomosed networks. The regenerated capillaries had double basement membranes and endothelia with abundant ribosome and increased pinocytotic vesicles. It is suggested that the regenerated capillaries had immature blood-brain barriers of increased permeability. It is thought that the brain functions of this area are reversible. The microvessels within the vasogenic edema in the corticomedullary junctional area of the ectosylvian gyrus had smooth surfaces, and formed normal capillary networks, but their perivascular spaces were dilated with edematous fluids.
Hippo‐YAP signaling pathway: A new paradigm for cancer therapy

In the past decades, the Hippo signaling pathway has been delineated and shown to play multiple roles in the control of organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. In mammals, the Hippo pathway is a kinase cascade leading from Mst1/2 to YAP and its paralog TAZ. Several studies have demonstrated that YAP/TAZ is a candidate oncogene and that other members of the Hippo pathway are tumor suppressive genes. The dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has been observed in a variety of cancers. This review chronicles the recent progress in elucidating the function of Hippo signaling in tumorigenesis and provide a rich source of potential targets for cancer therapy.
Something Old, Something New

Infants face the paramount task of learning a language. Here, I review recent literature on two separate topics that suggest they use a combination of both evolutionarily old and new cognitive tools to face this task. Research on the principles that guide how humans and nonhuman animals group sequences of sounds has shown that we share with other species perceptual biases that we apply to linguistic stimuli. On the contrary, research on processing differences between consonants and vowels suggests humans, but not other animals, benefit from a “division of labor” across phonological representations. This division would help to extract regularities from the speech signal and facilitate language learning. The studies reviewed here provide support for the idea that perceptual biases together with language-specific representations guide the discovery of linguistic structures.
Validating Clustering for Gene Expression Data Based on Semantic Distance of Gene Ontology Terms

Clustering algorithms for gene expression data attempt to partition the gene expression data into groups, which exhibits similar patterns of variation in expression level. Many clustering algorithms have been proposed, but little guidance is available to evaluate the clustering result from biological meaning. We developed a new algorithm to measure semantic distance between Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Based on this algorithm, we proposed a novel method to assess the biological predictive power of the clustering algorithms: among a cluster, the more similar the functions of genes are, the lower the semantic distance is. We applied the approach to evaluating hierarchical clustering algorithms for yeast cell and diabetes datasets, and successfully obtained the biological features of the gene clusters. We found the approach may contribute to achieve better clustering results.
Gender differences in the management and outcome of patients with acute coronary artery disease

Study objectives: To compare the clinical management and health outcomes of men and women after admission with acute coronary syndromes, after adjusting for disease severity, sociodemographic, and cardiac risk factors. Design: Prospective national survey of acute cardiac admissions followed up by mailed patient questionnaire two to three years after initial admission. Setting: Random sample of 94 district general hospitals in the UK. Patients: 1064 patients under 70 years old recruited between April 1995 and November 1996. Main results: Of the 1064 patients recruited, 126 (11.8%) died before follow up. Of the 938 survivors, 719 (76.7%) completed a follow up questionnaire. There were no gender differences in the use of cardiac investigations during the index admission or follow up period. However, male patients with hypertension were more likely to undergo rehabilitation compared with female hypertensive patients (OR 2.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 4.72). Men were also more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) than women (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.21 to 3.00), but there was no gender difference in the use of revascularisation overall (p=0.14). An indirect indication that the gender differences in CABG were not attributable to bias was provided by the lack of gender differences in health outcomes, which implies that patients received the care they needed. Conclusions: Despite the extensive international literature referring to a gender bias in favour of men with coronary heart disease, this national survey found no gender differences in the use of investigations or in revascularisation overall. However, the criteria used for selecting percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty compared with CABG requires further investigation as does the use of rehabilitation. It is unclear whether the clinical decisions to provide these procedures are made solely on the basis of clinical need.
Structuring Tweets for improving Twitter search

Spam and wildly varying documents make searching in Twitter challenging. Most Twitter search systems generally treat a Tweet as a plain text when modeling relevance. However, a series of conventions allows users to Tweet in structural ways using a combination of different blocks of texts. These blocks include plain texts, hashtags, links, mentions, etc. Each block encodes a variety of communicative intent and the sequence of these blocks captures changing discourse. Previous work shows that exploiting the structural information can improve the structured documents (e.g., web pages) retrieval. In this study we utilize the structure of Tweets, induced by these blocks, for Twitter retrieval and Twitter opinion retrieval. For Twitter retrieval, a set of features, derived from the blocks of text and their combinations, is used into a learning‐to‐rank scenario. We show that structuring Tweets can achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance. Our approach does not rely on social media features, but when we do add this additional information, performance improves significantly. For Twitter opinion retrieval, we explore the question of whether structural information derived from the body of Tweets and opinionatedness ratings of Tweets can improve performance. Experimental results show that retrieval using a novel unsupervised opinionatedness feature based on structuring Tweets achieves comparable performance with a supervised method using manually tagged Tweets. Topic‐related specific structured Tweet sets are shown to help with query‐dependent opinion retrieval.
Extracting Content of Characters from Single Text

Reading texts through digital tools, like computer, ipad or kindle, is gradually replacing the traditional reading behaviour. When people read a long text containing many characters such as a novel, they sometimes only want the content on one or several specific characters instead of the full text. This paper proposes a method to extract the content related one or several characters based on associative memory (ECC). The degree of closeness between a paragraph and multiple characters is calculated. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of ECC.
Derivation of the Extrinsic Values of Biological Diversity from Its Intrinsic Value and of Both from the First Principles of Evolution

Conservation ethics have been based on 2 philosophical value systems: extrinsic value (defined broadly to include all values that derive from something external to the thing valued) and intrinsic value. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an extrinsic value system is problematic because measurement is often difficult; extrinsic value changes as spatial or temporal scales change; extrinsic value differs on the basis of external factors; some species have trivial or negative extrinsic values; and extrinsic value varies across human cultures and societies and with such factors as socioeconomic conditions, individual experiences, and educational backgrounds. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an intrinsic value system also poses challenges because intrinsic value can be seen as a disguised form of human extrinsic value; intrinsic value is initially ambiguous as to which objects or characteristics of biological diversity are to being valued; all aspects of biological diversity (e.g., species and ecosystems) are transitory; species and ecosystems are not static concrete entities; and intrinsic value of one species is often in conflict with the intrinsic value of other species. Extrinsic and intrinsic value systems share a common origin, such that extrinsic values are always derived from intrinsic value and life mutely expresses both intrinsic and extrinsic values—these are derived from and are products of biological evolution. Probing the values that underlie conservation helps the community clearly articulate its aims.
Against the ethicists: on the evils of ethical regulation

Ethical regulation of social research has increased considerably in the UK in the past few years, not least as a result of the ESRC’s Research Ethics Framework. This article questions whether ethics committees are capable of making sound judgments about the ethics of what is proposed and practised in particular research projects. In addition, the legitimacy of such regulation is questioned, on ethical grounds. Finally, it is argued that increased regulation will not raise the ‘ethical standard’ of social science and will probably worsen the quality of what it produces.
caudal and even‐skipped in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii and the ancestry of posterior growth

Summary In order to address the question of the conservation of posterior growth mechanisms in bilaterians, we have studied the expression patterns of the orthologues of the genes caudal, even‐skipped, and brachyury in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Annelids belong to the still poorly studied third large branch of the bilaterians, the lophotrochozoans, and have anatomic and developmental characteristics, such as a segmented body plan, indirect development through a microscopic ciliated larva, and building of the trunk through posterior addition, which are all hypothesized by some authors (including us) to be present already in Urbilateria, the last common ancestor of bilaterians. All three genes are shown to be likely involved in the building of the anteroposterior axis around the slit‐like amphistomous blastopore as well as in the patterning of the terminal anus‐bearing piece of the body (the pygidium). In addition, caudal and even‐skipped are likely involved in the posterior addition of segments. Together with the emerging results on the conservation of segmentation genes, these results reinforce the hypothesis that Urbilateria had a segmented trunk developing through posterior addition.
Measuring health-related physical fitness in physiotherapy practice: reliability, validity, and feasibility of clinical field tests and a patient-reported measure.

STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study with a test-retest design. OBJECTIVES To assess measurement properties of the physical fitness questionnaire, the 6-minute walk test, the stair test, the hand-grip test, the 30-second sit-to-stand test, and the fingertip-to-floor test in patients with various musculoskeletal conditions (MSCs). BACKGROUND Patients suffering from MSCs tend to be more deconditioned and less physically active than healthy people. Physiotherapists should, therefore, focus on health-related physical fitness in addition to their patients' specific MSCs to offer optimal treatment. To enable good decision making, a core set of feasible measures with acceptable measurement properties is needed. METHODS Eighty-one patients with MSCs (57.6 ± 14.2 years of age) were recruited from outpatient physiotherapy clinics. Relative reliability was analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficient model 2,1, and absolute reliability with standard error of measurement and smallest detectable change. Construct validity was assessed with a priori hypotheses. Time spent and assistance needed to accomplish the measures were used to assess feasibility. RESULTS The 6-minute walk test, the hand-grip test, and the physical fitness questionnaire showed acceptable reliability (49 m, 4 kg, and 2 points, respectively) and construct validity. The stair test showed acceptable reliability (8 seconds) but not validity. The 30-second sit-to-stand test showed acceptable validity but not reliability (4 sit-to-stands), whereas the fingertip-to-floor test showed neither acceptable reliability (9 cm) nor validity. CONCLUSION The 6-minute walk test, the hand-grip test, and the physical fitness questionnaire can be recommended as a core set of reliable and valid measures to assess health-related physical fitness in patients with various MSCs.
Antibacterial activity and bioactive compounds of 50% hydroethanolic extract of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.

Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity and the bioactive compounds of 50% hydroethanolic extract of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) rhizomes. Methods: Eight reference microbial strains including two Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)] and six Gram-negative bacteria [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATTC 700603), Proteus mirabilis (DMST 8212), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Vellore. (ATCC 15611), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)], were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility by the broth microdilution method. Bioactive compounds were analyzed by using HPLC. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration values of A. zerumbet extract were 8 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri and 16 mg/mL for Enterococcus faecalis and the other four Gram-negative bacilli. HPLC chromatograms revealed that the A. zerumbet extract contained hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Conclusions: The constituents of A. zerumbet rhizomes could be a potential source of antibacterial compounds, warranting further study of A. zerumbet extract.