Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.

PURPOSE This study investigated the pattern of recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma and the predictive value of histologic classification in resected lung adenocarcinoma using the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)/American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) classification system. PATIENTS AND METHODS Histologic classification of 573 patients undergoing resection for lung adenocarcinoma was determined according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification system, and the percentage of each histologic component (lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid) was recorded. The pattern of recurrence of those components and their predictive value were investigated. RESULTS The predominant histologic pattern was significantly associated with sex (P < .01), invasive tumor size (P < .01), T status (P < .01), N status (P < .01), TNM stage (P < .01), and visceral pleural invasion (P < .01). The percentage of recurrence was significantly higher in micropapillary- and solid-predominant adenocarcinomas (P < .01). Micropapillary- and solid-predominant adenocarcinomas had a significantly higher possibility of developing initial extrathoracic-only recurrence than other types (P < .01). The predominant pattern group (micropapillary or solid v lepidic, acinar, or papillary) was a significant prognostic factor in overall survival (OS; P < .01), probability of freedom from recurrence (P < .01), and disease-specific survival (P < .01) in multivariable analysis. For patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, solid-predominant adenocarcinoma was a significant predictor for poor OS (P = .04). CONCLUSION In lung adenocarcinoma, the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification system has significant prognostic and predictive value regarding death and recurrence. Solid-predominant adenocarcinoma was also a significant predictor in patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Prognostic and predictive information is important for stratifying patients for aggressive adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
Moderating Effects of Family Characteristics on Financial Literacy and the Growth of Family Businesses in Kenya

Family businesses have dominated the economic landscape around the world (Liu, Yang & Zhang, 2010 and Wee & Ibrahim, 2012), contribute an average of 75% of the GDP (Prior, 2012 and Buang, Ganefri & Sidek, 2013) and are widely seen as the backbone of the economy (Schwass, 2013). Family businesses, particularly the small-to-medium sized, are the grassroots of the global economy (Wallace, 2010), and are clearly the majority of all the businesses in the world (Buang et al., 2013). By their very nature, most SMEs are family businesses (Maalu, MacCormick, K‟Obobyo & Machuki, 2013). Such family businesses continue to dominate most of the world‟s economies. Whether large or small, family businesses play an important role in emerging and developed economies (Wee & Ibrahim, 2012).
Phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase-5 by cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase alters its catalytic and allosteric cGMP-binding activities.

In addition to its cGMP-selective catalytic site, cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) contains two allosteric cGMP-binding sites and at least one phosphorylation site (Ser92) on each subunit [Thomas, M.K. , Francis, S.H. & Corbin, J.D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14971-14978]. In the present study, prior incubation of recombinant bovine PDE5 with a phosphorylation reaction mixture [cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) or catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), MgATP, cGMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine], shown earlier to produce Ser92 phosphorylation, caused a 50-70% increase in enzyme activity and also increased the affinity of cGMP binding to the allosteric cGMP-binding sites. Both effects were associated with increases in its phosphate content up to 0.6 mol per PDE5 subunit. Omission of any one of the preincubation components caused loss of stimulation of catalytic activity. Addition of the phosphorylation reaction mixture to a crude bovine lung extract, which contains PDE5, also produced a significant increase in cGMP PDE catalytic activity. The increase in recombinant PDE5 catalytic activity brought about by phosphorylation was time-dependent and was obtained with 0.2-0.5 microM PKG subunit, which is approximately the cellular level of this enzyme in vascular smooth muscle. Significantly greater stimulation was observed using cGMP substrate concentrations below the Km value for PDE5, although stimulation was also seen at high cGMP concentrations. Considerably higher concentration of the catalytic subunit of PKA than of PKG was required for activation. There was no detectable difference between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated PDE5 in median inhibitory concentration for the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil, or zaprinast 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Phosphorylation reduced the cGMP concentration required for half-maximum binding to the allosteric cGMP-binding sites from 0.13 to 0.03 microM. The mechanism by which phosphorylation of PDE5 by PKG could be involved in physiological negative-feedback regulation of cGMP levels is discussed.
Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin negatively modulates ILC3 function through perturbation of IL-23-mediated MAPK signaling

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes lethal toxin that down-regulates immune functions. Translocation of B. anthracis across mucosal epithelia is key for its dissemination and pathogenesis. Group 3 innate lymphocytes (ILC3s) are important in mucosal barrier maintenance due to their expression of the cytokine IL-22, a critical regulator of tissue responses and repair during homeostasis and inflammation. We found that B. anthracis lethal toxin perturbed ILC3 function in vitro and in vivo, revealing an unknown IL-23-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Lethal toxin had no effects on the canonical STAT3-mediated IL-23 signaling pathway. Rather lethal toxin triggered the loss of several MAP2K kinases, which correlated with reduced activation of downstream ERK1/2 and p38, respectively. Inhibition studies showed the importance of MAPK signaling in IL-23-mediated production of IL-22. Our finding that MAPK signaling is required for optimal IL-22 production in ILC3s may lead to new approaches for targeting IL-22 biology.
Reevaluating a Model of Gender-Biased Gene Flow among Sub-Saharan Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers

Abstract In a previous study, we proposed a model for genetic admixture between African hunter-gatherers and food producers, in which we integrated demographic and genetic aspects together with ethnographic knowledge (Destro-Bisol et al. 2004b). In that study it was possible to test the model only using genetic information from widely dispersed and genetically heterogeneous populations. Here we reevaluate the congruence between the model and patterns of genetic variation using an anthropologically and geographically more homogeneous data set that includes Pygmies and farmers from Cameroon, Congo, and the Central African Republic. As implied by the model, the ratios of mtDNA to Y chromosome Nm estimates (effective population size, N, times the migration rate, m; 0.154 in Pygmies and 6.759 in farmers), support an asymmetric gene flow, with a higher Bantu-to-Pygmy gene flow for paternal than for maternal lineages, and vice versa for farmers. Analyses of intra- and interpopulation genetic variation further support the above observation, showing a prevailing effect of genetic drift on maternal lineages and gene flow on paternal lineages among Pygmies, and an opposite pattern among farmers. We also detected differences between patterns for classical and molecular measures of Y chromosome intrapopulation variation, which likely represent signatures of the introgression of Bantu lineages into the gene pool of Pygmy populations. On the whole, our results seem to reflect differences in the demographic history and the degree of patrilocality and polygyny between the two population groups, thus providing further support to our microevolutionary model in an anthropologically coherent framework.
Ablation of Gene Expression ofN-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor One by Antisense Oligonucleotides in Striatal Neurons in Culture

In the present study, a twenty-mer antisense oligonucleotide specific for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor one (ANR1) was applied to striatal neurons in primary cell culture. The ANR1 was found to be specific and nontoxic. Significant reductions in expression of NR1 mRNA and proteins were resulted after a single dose of ANR1 transcripts. Interestingly, there were reductions in total NR1 proteins but two phosphorylated forms of NR1 proteins at serine 896 and 897 residues were not reduced. There was also no change in the pattern of distribution of NR1 immunoreactivity in the striatal neurons. In addition, significant reductions of NMDA-mediated peak inward current were found after application of a higher concentration of ANR1 (20–100 µM) by patch clamp recordings. The present results indicate that ANR1 is a useful agent in reducing NMDA receptor functions. The present data thus provide detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms to explain our previous findings of amelioration of motor symptoms in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. More importantly, application of ANR1 was also found to display neuroprotective effects of striatal neurons against NMDA-induced excitotoxic cell death. The findings have implications in development of new approach in prevention of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases and new treatments for these diseases.
Overview of the IWSLT 2010 evaluation campaign

This paper gives an overview of the evaluation campaign results of the 7th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT 2010)1. This year, we focused on three spoken language tasks: (1) public speeches on a variety of topics (TALK) from English to French, (2) spoken dialog in travel situations (DIALOG) between Chinese and English, and (3) traveling expressions (BTEC) from Arabic, Turkish, and French to English. In total, 28 teams (including 7 firsttime participants) took part in the shared tasks, submitting 60 primary and 112 contrastive runs. Automatic and subjective evaluations of the primary runs were carried out in order to investigate the impact of different communication modalities, spoken language styles and semantic context on automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) system performances.
Satellite telemetry of marine megavertebrates: the coming of age of an experimental science

Wildlife telemetry research has expanded greatly in the last 2 decades, with the appli- cation of satellite tracking and archival logging technologies to study the ecology and conservation of marine mammals, birds, fishes, and turtles. Widespread and expanding use of satellite tracking to study movements and habitats of marine megavertebrates warrants a review of progress to date and a discussion of challenges facing this rapidly evolving research field. To this end, we reviewed the satellite telemetry literature of air-breathing marine taxa (i.e. birds, mammals, turtles) over the 20 yr time period from 1987 to 2006. This review yielded 92 studies with a wide taxonomic representation: 47 seabirds, 23 sea turtles, and 22 marine mammals. Here we critically evaluate these articles to assess progress in satellite tracking of marine megavertebrates in terms of (1) objectives and approach, (2) experimental design, and (3) reporting of results. The overall trends revealed increases in the duration and scope of tracking studies, yet improvements on experimental design and report- ing are needed to facilitate comparisons across studies and species. While inherent ecological differ- ences influence the focus and methods of taxon-specific studies, this review highlights specific areas in need of improvement and provides general suggestions for future tracking studies of marine megavertebrates.
Breastfeeding and Sustainable Development

Breastfeeding has substantial shortand long-term positive influences on maternal and infant health. Many studies have indicated that it is highly protective against childhood infections and malocclusion, enhances intelligence and decreases obesity. Prolonged breastfeeding provides a natural protection for women against breast and ovarian cancer while postponing the next pregnancy by means of extending the birth intervals. Breastfeeding, beyond its benefits for maternal and infant health, it is a substantial component for sustainable development on a global scale. When breastfeeding is assessed based on country’s income brackets, for all of indicators apart from the indicator of “commencing breast-feeding within the first hour”, the higher the income bracket of the country is, the lower are the rates of breastfeeding. In Turkey 96% of the children under five years of age are subject to breastfeeding for a while. Notwithstanding with the “Exclusive Breastfeeding up to six months of age” recommendation of the World Health Organization, this rate of 4.7% among the babies of six months of age in Turkey is far below the expected level. World Sustainable Development Summit was held in January 2016 and Sustainable Development Goals spearheaded by the United Nations were determined in order to replace the Millennium Development Goals which was ended in 2015. Although breastfeeding is more or less essentially associated with the entire goals, in this compilation, emphasis has been laid on eight goals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12) that are mostly associated with breastfeeding.
Saving Energy in Wireless Local Area Sensor Networks

Many wireless sensor network developers have adopted Bluetooth and Zigbee technologies for sensor communication. However, it has a big problem: the radio coverage is very short; so many sensors are needed to cover wide areas and sensors are expensive. On the other hand, these technologies lack a high bandwidth. IEEE 802.11a/b/g technologies have higher coverage areas and higher bandwidth, but their energy consumption is significantly higher. This paper discusses the energy consumption analytically and gives the considerations that should be taken into account in developing a wireless local area sensor network. Then, we propose a new protocol based on group collaboration to be implemented in these types of networks in order to decrease the energy consumption and save the energy wasted by the whole system. Finally, the protocol proposed is simulated and compared with other protocols available in the Ns2 simulator in order to prove that our solution is better.
The Overexpression of GMAP‐210 Blocks Anterograde and Retrograde Transport Between the ER and the Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Microtubule‐Associated Protein (GMAP)‐210 is a peripheral coiled‐coil protein associated with the cis‐Golgi network that interacts with microtubule minus ends. GMAP‐210 overexpression has previously been shown to perturb the microtubule network and to induce a dramatic enlargement and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus (Infante C, Ramos‐Morales F, Fedriani C, Bornens M, Rios RM. J Cell Biol 1999; 145: 83–98). We now report that overexpressing GMAP‐210 blocks the anterograde transport of both a soluble form of alkaline phosphatase and the hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus, an integral membrane protein, between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cis/medial (mannosidase II‐positive) Golgi compartment. Retrograde transport of the Shiga toxin B‐subunit is also blocked between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. As a consequence, the B‐subunit accumulates in compartments positive for GMAP‐210. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that, under these conditions, the Golgi complex is totally disassembled and Golgi proteins as well as proteins of the intermediate compartment are found in vesicle clusters distributed throughout the cell. The role of GMAP‐210 on membrane processes at the interface between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus is discussed in the light of the property of this protein to bind CGN membranes and microtubules.
The Significance of Foreign Direct Investment to the Economic Development of Sub Saharan Economies

This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the economic development of forty three (43) countries in Sub Saharan Africa. The Auto Regressive Vector (VAR) model was employed to effectuate econometric estimations, using annual data obtained from the database of the World Bank: World Development Indicators-WDI, 2018 for the period spanning from 1997 to 2017. The findings show that FDI has a negligible impact on the economic development of the countries studied; whereas economic development has a positive and strong impact on FDI. It is therefore recommended that: first African countries should develop value chains and attract FDI geared towards the transformation of their natural resources; and second they should improve pro-industry elements like adequate electricity supply, good transportation network, reduce corruption, and boost technological development to harness and accelerate their economic transformation. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Development, Sub Saharan Economies
Generating Random Variates for Stable Sub-Gaussian Processes with Memory

We present a computationally efficient method to generate random variables from a univariate conditional probability density function (PDF) derived from a multivariate α-sub-Gaussian (αSG) distribution. The approach may be used to sequentially generate variates for sliding-window models that constrain immediately adjacent samples to be αSG random vectors. We initially derive and establish various properties of the conditional PDF and show it to be equivalent to a Student’s t-distribution in an asymptotic sense. As the αSG PDF does not exist in closed form, we use these insights to develop a method based on the rejection sampling (accept-reject) algorithm that allows generating random variates with computational ease.
Relationship between income distribution and pay satisfaction : the moderating role of perceive value of money

Thi study was conducted to measure the moderating effect of perceive value of money in the relationship between income distribution and pay satisfaction. A survey research method was used to gather 150 usable questionnaires from employees who have worked in Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu (DBKK), Sabah. The outcome of hierarchical regression analysis confirms that relationship between perceived value of money and income distribution had increased pay satisfaction. This result confirms that perceive value of money does act as full moderating variable in the income distribution models of the organizational sample. In addition, the implications of this study to compensation theory and practice, conceptual and methodological limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Caste-, sex-, and age-dependent expression of immune-related genes in a Japanese subterranean termite, Reticulitermes speratus

Insects protect themselves from microbial infections through innate immune responses, including pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, the activation of proteolytic cascades, and the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. Termites, eusocial insects inhabiting microbe-rich wood, live in closely-related family groups that are susceptible to shared pathogen infections. To resist pathogenic infection, termite families have evolved diverse immune adaptations at both individual and societal levels, and a strategy of trade-offs between reproduction and immunity has been suggested. Although termite immune-inducible genes have been identified, few studies have investigated the differential expression of these genes between reproductive and neuter castes, and between sexes in each caste. In this study, we compared the expression levels of immune-related genes among castes, sexes, and ages in a Japanese subterranean termite, Reticulitermes speratus. Using RNA-seq, we found 197 immune-related genes, including 40 pattern recognition proteins, 97 signalling proteins, 60 effectors. Among these genes, 174 showed differential expression among castes. Comparing expression levels between males and females in each caste, we found sexually dimorphic expression of immune-related genes not only in reproductive castes, but also in neuter castes. Moreover, we identified age-related differential expression of 162 genes in male and/or female reproductives. In addition, although R. speratus is known to use the antibacterial peptide C-type lysozyme as an egg recognition pheromone, we determined that R. speratus has not only C-type, but also P-type and I-type lysozymes, as well as other termite species. Our transcriptomic analyses revealed immune response plasticity among all castes, and sex-biased expression of immune genes even in neuter castes, suggesting a sexual division of labor in the immune system of R. speratus. This study heightens the understanding of the evolution of antimicrobial strategies in eusocial insects, and of sexual roles in insect societies as a whole.
[Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor].

Fibrinolytic system(線 溶 系)は,plasminogenが その 特 異 的 なactivatorに よ り活 性 型 のbroad spectrumなserine proteaseで あ るplasminと な り,血 栓 のfibrinを 溶 解 す る こ とか ら名 付 け られ て い る. 線 溶 系 は た だ 単 に 血 管 内 に お い て血 栓 溶 解 に働 くば か りで な く, 炎 症,組 織 破 壊,細 胞 の 移 動,腫 瘍 細 胞 の 転 移,血 管 新 生,な ど種 々 の生 物 反 応 に お い て 重 要 な 役 割 を果 た し て い る(Fig.1)1,2). 線 溶 系 の 作 動 はtissue type plasminogen activator (tPA)とurokinase type plasminogen activator(uPA)に よ ってplasminogenが 活 性 化 さ れ る こ とで 開 始 さ れ る. こ れ ら両PA の 活 性 は,そ れ ら の特 異 的. inhibitorで あ る Type 1 plasminogen acitvator inhibitor(PAI -1) ,お よびcell receptor, cell matrix, cofactor 等 に よ り制 御 され て い る1). 特 にPAとPAI-1 のbalanceに よ り線 溶 開 始 活 性 が 決 っ て く る の で,PAI-1の 細 胞 で の 産 生 の 増 減 や,PAI1分 子 自体 の活 性 の 変 動 は前 述 した 生 物 反 応 に 大 き く影 響 す る1). PAI-1の 生 理 学 的 重 要 性 は 数 々 の 臨 床 例 か ら も確 か め られ て い る. 例 え ば PAI-1が 減 少 す る よ う な病 態 で は 出 血 傾 向 が
lnterleukin-6 production and secretion in human melanoma cell lines: regulation by interleukin-1

These investigations were designed to test the hypothesis that exogenous and/or endogenous interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulates interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human melanoma cell lines. Ten cell lines were examined for IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Six of these 10 lines constitutively expressed detectable IL-6 mRNA by RT-PCR; three of these six cell lines also produced intracellular and secreted IL-6 as evidenced by positive reaction for IL-6 using immunohistochemistry staining and ELISA methods; three others produced only intracellular IL-6. Addition of exogenous IL-1 was shown to have the following effects on IL-6 production: first, de novo induction of detectable IL-6 intracellular protein and secreted IL-6 in a cell line void of either; second, stimulation of IL-6 secretion in all three cell lines producing only intracellular IL-6 protein; and third, quantitative enhancement of IL-6 secretion in cell lines that constitutively secreted IL-6. Three of the 10 lines which secreted IL-6 also constitutively secreted IL-1. Experiments employing the IL-1 receptor antagonist confirmed an extracellular receptor-mediated role of IL-1 in regulation of IL-6 production in such cells. These results indicate that IL-1 can regulate IL-6 in human melanoma cells; however, heterogeneity in the constitutive expression as well as variability in response exists with respect to these two cytokines.