Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
relationship in an Afromontane bird community: the effect of geographical

Aim To show that the frequently reported positive trend in the abundance‐ range-size relationship does not hold true within a montane bird community of Afrotropical highlands; to test possible explanations of the extraordinary shape of this relationship; and to discuss the influence of island effects on patterns of bird abundance in the Cameroon Mountains. Location Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon, Western Africa. Methods We censused birds during the breeding season in November and December 2003 using a point-count method and mapped habitat structure at these census points. Local habitat requirements of each species detected by point counts were quantified using canonical correspondence analysis, and the size of geographical ranges of species was measured from their distribution maps for sub-Saharan Africa. We tested differences in abundance, niche breadth and niche position between three species groups: endemic bird species of the Cameroon Mountains, non-endemic Afromontane species, and widespread species. Results We detected neither a positive nor negative abundance‐range-size relationship in the bird community studied. This pattern was caused by the similar abundance of widespread, endemic and non-endemic montane bird species. Moreover, endemic and non-endemic montane species had broader local niches than widespread species. The widespread species also used more atypical habitats, as indicated by the slightly larger values of their niche positions. Main conclusions The relationship detected between abundance and range size does not correspond with that inferred from contemporary macroecological theory. We suggest that island effects are responsible for the observed pattern. Relatively high abundances of montane species are probably caused by their adaptation to local environmental conditions, which was enabled by climatic stability and the isolation of montane forest in the Cameroon Mountains. Such a unique environment provides a less suitable habitat for widespread species. Montane species, which are abundant at present, may also have had large ranges in glacial periods, but their post-glacial distribution may have become restricted after the retreat of the montane forest. On the basis of comparison of our results with studies describing the abundance structure of bird communities in other montane areas in the Afrotropics, we suggest that the detected patterns may be universal throughout Afromontane forests.
ARTICLE The biogeography of lower Mesoamerican freshwater fishes

Aim This paper examines the importance of regional processes in determining the patterns of distribution and diversity of lower Mesoamerican freshwater fishes. Location We focused our analyses on the lower Mesoamerican region, which we define to include all the rivers of Panama and Costa Rica. The geographic boundariesaretheColombianChocotothesouthandLakeNicaraguatothenorth. Methods We described the biogeographical provinces of lower Mesoamerica (LMA) using presence/absence data of primary and secondary LMA freshwater fishes. We conducted subsequent analyses at the spatial resolution of the biogeographical provinces and described patterns of community composition, species richness, endemism, range size, and the permeability of dispersal barriers between biogeographical provinces. Results This study represents the first attempt since that of W. A. Bussing in 1976 to investigate the biogeographical regions of Mesoamerica, and our analyses demonstrate increased regional complexity in biodiversity patterns relative to previous studies. Changes in community composition across LMA clearly highlight the importance of both extrinsic geological processes and intrinsic biological differences among freshwater fish species in shaping the dispersal and diversification histories of the LMA freshwater fish fauna. The influence of biology and geology is also exemplified by patterns of endemism and turnover between biogeographical provinces, which suggests that the relative importance of regional speciation and dispersal varies spatially across the LMA landscape. Finally, it would seem to follow that secondary freshwater fishes will have larger range sizes than primary fishes as a result of the increased salinity tolerance posited for the former group, and thus the increased probability of dispersal along coastlines. We did not, however, find a significant difference between the average range size of primary and secondary freshwater fishes, indicating that the putative differences in physiological tolerance to seawater between the two groups are not reflected in their distribution patterns at the scale of LMA. The geometric distribution of range size of LMA freshwater fishes suggests that dispersal of both primary and secondary freshwater fishes along coastlines must be infrequent. Main conclusion The observation that regional processes exerted a strong influence on the assembly and maintenance of LMA freshwater fish communities has important consequences for both theory and conservation. We suggest that large-scale biogeographical analyses are required to illuminate the backdrop upon which local interactions play themselves out, supporting a top-down approach to the study of biological diversity. Our results also identify areas of high conservation priority, providing a baseline for informing conservation strategies for freshwater fishes in LMA. We conclude by calling for conservation planning and action that acknowledges the importance that regional processes play in
Communication Revisited

Just what constitutes a problem of communication is not easily agreed upon. Some theorists approach the issue from the vantage point of information bits comprising a message; others speak in terms of organizational roles and positions of centrality or peripherality ; still others emphasize the directional flows of corporate data. The result is that more and more people are communicating about communication, while the achievement of clarity, understanding, commitment, and creativity-the goals of communication-becomes more and more limited.
Training and Inference Methods for High-Coverage Neural Machine Translation

In this paper, we introduce a system built for the Duolingo Simultaneous Translation And Paraphrase for Language Education (STAPLE) shared task at the 4th Workshop on Neural Generation and Translation (WNGT 2020). We participated in the English-to-Japanese track with a Transformer model pretrained on the JParaCrawl corpus and fine-tuned in two steps on the JESC corpus and then the (smaller) Duolingo training corpus. First, during training, we find it is essential to deliberately expose the model to higher-quality translations more often during training for optimal translation performance. For inference, encouraging a small amount of diversity with Diverse Beam Search to improve translation coverage yielded marginal improvement over regular Beam Search. Finally, using an auxiliary filtering model to filter out unlikely candidates from Beam Search improves performance further. We achieve a weighted F1 score of 27.56% on our own test set, outperforming the STAPLE AWS translations baseline score of 4.31%.
Genetic parameters and QTL analysis of δ13C and ring width in maritime pine

Classical quantitative genetics and quantitative trait dissection analysis (QTL) approaches were used in order to investigate the genetic determinism of wood cellulose carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C, a time integrated estimate of water use efficiency) and of diameter growth and their relationship on adult trees (15 years) of a forest tree species (maritime pine). A half diallel experimental set-up was used to (1) estimate heritabilities for δ 13 C and ring width and (2) to decompose the phenotypic δ 13 C/growth correlation into its genetic and environmental components. Considerable variation was found for δ 13 C (range of over 3%‰) and for ring width (range of over 5 mm) and significant heritabilities (narrow sense 0.17/0.19 for δ 13 C and ring width, respectively, 100% additivity). The significant phenotypic correlation between δ 13 C and ring width was not determined by the genetic component, but was attributable to environmental components. Using a genetic linkage map of a full-sib family, four significant and four suggestive QTLs were detected for δ 13 C, the first for δ 13 C in a forest tree species, as far as known to the authors. Two significant and four suggestive QTLs were found for ring width. No co-location of QTLs was found between δ 13 C and growth.
Diet, growth and early survival of Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) chicks in North Norway

Abstract Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) chick growth, diet, feeding rate and early survival and adult body condition were quantified on Hornøya, North Norway in 2002 and 2003 after a long-term change in diet from large Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Sand Lance (Ammodytes spp.) in the early 1980s to smaller, poorer quality gadids, Sand Lance and Herring (Clupea harengus). The results were compared with data collected in 1980-1982, when feeding conditions were considered very favourable. Chick growth was similar in both periods. The breeding adults compensated for reduced food quality by increasing the feeding frequency, such that the chicks received the same amount of fish (g d-1 and kJ d-1) or even more in 2002-2003. This increase in activity did not, however, result in a decline in adult body mass, suggesting that prey were abundant close to the colony and that the parents did not suffer from the apparent increased feeding effort.
The mechanism and inhibitory effect of recombinant human P53 adenovirus injection combined with paclitaxel on human cervical cancer cell HeLa.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of recombinant human p53 adenovirus injection combined with paclitaxel on human cervical cancer HeLa cell proliferation, apopto - sis and expression of vascular endothelial growthfactor(VEGF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detection of ef - fects of paclitaxel, rAd-p53, and drug combina - tion on the proliferation of HeLa cells by MTT method. Detection of effects of paclitaxel, rAd- p53, and drug combination on the proliferation of HeLa cells by diamidino-phenyl-indole (DAPI) staining. Detection of effects of paclitaxel, rAd- p53, and drug combination on the expression of VEGFofHeLacellsbyWesternblotting. RESULTS: Paclitaxel, rAd-p53 alone or in com - bination could inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells in 24-72 h.The inhibition is time dependent and dose dependent. Inhibition of HeLa cells in the combination group was significantly higher than single use of paclitaxel group and rAd-P53 group( p<0.05). Thecombinedeffectofthecoef - ficient of drug interaction (CDI) value was CDI < 1, showing that the two have a synergistic effect. Cell inhibition rate combined group of RAd-P53 (5 ◊ l07 vp/mL) and paclitaxel (3 µg/mL) 48 h af - ter application is higher than that of monothera - py group ((54.0 ± 0.92) % vs. (31.8 ± 0.58) %, (27.2 ± 0.55) %, p < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of HeLacellsincombinationgroupwassignificant - ly higher than that in paclitaxel group, rAd-p53 alone group ((83 ± 0.07) % vs. (11 ± 0.01) %, (36 ± 0.04) %, (62 ± 0.05) %, p < 0.05). Expression of VEGF in HeLa cells of combination group was significantly lower than that of the two single drug groups. Expression of VEGF in HeLa cells was decreased by (81 + 0.08) %, (45 + 0.07) % and(60+0.06)%( p<0.05),respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of rAd-p53 and paclitaxel inhibiting HeLa cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis is better than the single drug. Its mechanism may be related to the down-regulationofVEGF.
Intensity of panicle malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties

Mango germplasm comprising of forty three varieties was evaluated for the level of the panicle malformation disease intensity. The intensity varied significantly among the genotypes. Out tested varieties four were tolerant, 27 were moderately tolerant, five were moderately susceptible while seven were recorded highly susceptible to malformation. Disease incidence frequency was highest in ‘Lab-e-Mashooq’ (68.70 %) followed by ‘G.M. Wala’ (64.28 %) and lowest in ‘Sensation’ (7.20%) and ‘Gulab Khas’ (7.8 %). The lowest affected varieties may be used for incorporating their tolerance in the other commercial varieties through breeding program. The incidence rate was higher (38.69%) in six commercial varieties under Central Punjab ecological conditions than that of (26.70%) in the Southern (Multan) region. However, the tolerance in genotypes seems specific to ecological regions and the growers of the highly susceptible varieties should be very careful and regular in carrying the control measures
Factors affecting avian cross‐species microsatellite amplification

Compilation and analysis of information from the literature regarding cross-species microsatellite amplification and polymorphism success, and relating this to source-target species genetic distance as estimated by pairwise cytochrome b (cytb) divergence, enabled an in-depth investigation of factors affecting avian cross-species microsatellite amplification. Source-target species cytb distances provided accurate estimates of cross-species microsatellite amplification/polymorphism success rates not only in birds, but also in taxa where microsatellites cross-amplify across contrasting levels of taxonomic classification (frogs and cetaceans). As cytb is one of the most commonly sequenced DNA regions, pairwise cytb genetic distances should therefore be useful for predicting cross-species microsatellite success across a range of taxonomic groups. While the most important factor affecting cross-species microsatellite amplification/polymorphism success was a negative association with source-target species genetic distance, associations with additional features affecting cross-species amplification/polymorphism success included: decreasing PCR annealing temperature significantly increasing the chance of successful cross-species amplification, and a significant positive association between source species polymorphism and the proportion of target species in which a locus revealed polymorphism. No association between cross-species amplification and repeat motif (di-, tri-, or tetranucelotide) or repeat structure (perfect, imperfect, or compound) was observed. A set of nine loci which cross-amplified across an unusually broad range of passerine bird species were also identified, and could serve as a good starting point for cross-species amplification testing in passerine species for which insufficient loci are available.
TP53 as clinical marker in head and neck cancer

The prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has improved only little during the last decades. Clinical markers for the biological aggressiveness of the cancer are few. The most reliable prognostic indicator is the stage of the disease. Research of the significance of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene as a predictive marker for prognosis and response to treatment in head and neck cancer has given discrepant results. One reason is probably the attempt to use p53 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for TP53 mutations. However, in immunohistochemistry the protein is analyzed and thus the result does not usually correlate with TP53 mutations. The marker for prognosis of the response to treatment has to be reliable, and the analytical method needs to be both sensitive and specific. In addition to a sensitive method for TP53 mutation analysis the localization and quality of the mutations have to be analyzed to reveal the significance of the mutation on the function of the p53 protein. In this study, TP53 mutations were analyzed, using a sensitive PCR-SSCP method, in the tumors of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The quality and localization of mutations were analyzed by sequencing. The frequency of the TP53 mutations and the effect on the function of the p53 protein were studied using IARC TP53 mutation database and literature. Correlation of TP53 mutations with chemical exposure and their significance on prognosis and response to radiation treatment was studied. In addition, the significance of cell cycle regulators cyclin D1, p16, p21 as potential markers of biological aggressiveness of tumors was studied. The results of this study showed that the patients carrying in their tumor TP53 mutations in the DNA binding region of the gene had been exposed to chemicals more than patients with no mutation or other types of mutations. These mutations also correlated with biological aggressiveness and prognosis and the response to radiation treatment. It was also shown that a combination of cyclin D1 and p16 analyzed by immunohistochemistry correlated with worse prognosis in head and neck cancer.
pH-optima in lipase-catalysed esterification

Though lipases are frequently applied in ester synthesis, fundamental information on optimal pH or substrate concentration, can almost only be found for the reverse reaction – hydrolysis. This study demonstrates that the pH-optima of lipase-catalysed esterifications differ significantly from the optima of the hydrolysis reaction. In the esterification of n-butanol and propionic acid with lipases of Candida rugosa (CRL) and Thermomyces lanuginosa (TLL) pH-optima of 3.5 and 4.25, respectively, were found. This is about 3–4 units (CRL) and 7 units (TLL) in pH lower than optimum for hydrolysis. Enzyme activity increased with increasing concentrations of protonated acid indicating that the protonated acid rather than the deprotonated form is substrate for esterification. The rate of esterification can be drastically increased by ensuring acid concentrations up to 1000 mmol L−1 for CRL and 600 mmol L−1 for TLL in the reaction system.
Social Change and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health over the Life Course in China: A Cohort Analysis

This article examines social stratification in individual health trajectories for multiple cohorts in the context of China’s dramatically changing macro-social environment. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we find significant socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the mean level of health and that these SES differentials generally diverge over the life course. We also find strong cohort variations in SES disparities in the mean levels of health and health trajectories. The effect of education on health slightly decreases across successive cohorts. By contrast, the income gap in health trajectories diverges for earlier cohorts but converges for most recent cohorts. Both effects are more pronounced in rural areas. Given that these cohort effects are opposite those reported in recent U.S. studies, we discuss China’s unique social, economic, and political settings. We highlight the association between SES and health behaviors, China’s stage of epidemiologic transition, and the changing power of the state government and its implications for health care.
Introduction

This special issue of Justice Research and Policy contains invited articles on criminal sentencing and corrections, a criminological topic that, arguably, generates the most attention from criminal justice system policy makers, lawmakers, and judges. Nationwide, the steep growth in our incarcerated population has generated a prolific amount of discussion both in the academic literature and the popular media. Over the last two decades, our national prison population has nearly tripled to the point that it is estimated that more than one in every 100 adults is now confined in an American jail or prison.1 The increased costs associated with housing so many inmates are daunting. In 1987, the states collectively spent $10.6 billion of their general funds on corrections, while in 2007 they spent more than $44 billion – a 315% jump.2 With so many states struggling in these economically lean times to balance their budgets, a question frequently asked is whether or not the huge investment in corrections spending is reaping satisfactory returns vis-à-vis enhanced public safety
Tonic Immobility and PTSD in a Large Community Sample

People can be paralyzed when facing threat. Such paralysis, or peritraumatic “tonic immobility” (TI), is important as it seems associated with later PTSD development. However, the prevalence of TI is not known. This study investigated its prevalence in a large representative sample as well as its association with PTSD. 4781 participants from the general population completed measures of peritraumatic TI, peritraumatic fear, peritraumatic dissociation, trait anxiety, dissociative tendencies, behavioral inhibition, and PTSD symptoms. Extreme TI was rare in participants without PTSD (0.6% in those without trauma and 0.8% in those with trauma but without PTSD) but not in those with PTSD (7.6%). Moderate TI occurred more often (6.5%, 6.3% and 17.7% for participants without trauma, trauma without PTSD and trauma plus PTSD respectively). Extreme TI was more frequent in participants that experienced sexual violence, childhood emotional abuse, accidents and war-related traumas than in those that did not experience those traumas. In multivariate analyses TI, trait anxiety and dissociative tendencies predicted PTSD severity, with trait anxiety and TI being the most relevant predictors. These results stress the relevance of further exploration of TI responses.
Retraction Notice

At the request of the Journal Editor(s) and the Publisher and/or the author(s), the following article has been retracted. Çetin, Y. , Wai, J., Altay, C. , & Bushman B. J. (2016). Effects of violent media on verbal task performance in gifted and general cohort children. Gifted Child Quarterly, 60(4), 279-287. doi: 10.1177/0016986216660382
Chemical Composition and Immunomodulatory Activity of Hypericum perforatum Essential Oils †

Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) extracts have been used for their therapeutic effects; however, not much is known about the immunomodulatory activity of essential oils extracted from this plant. We isolated essential oils from the flowers and leaves of H. perforatum and analyzed their chemical composition and innate immunomodulatory activity. Analysis of flower (HEOFl) versus leaf (HEOLv) essential oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that HEOFl was comprised mainly of monoterpenes (52.8%), with an abundance of oxygenated monoterpenes, including cis-p-menth-3-en-1,2-diol (9.1%), α-terpineol (6.1%), terpinen-4-ol (7.4%), and limonen-4-ol (3.2%), whereas the sesquiterpenes were found in trace amounts. In contrast, HEOLv was primarily composed of sesquiterpenes (63.2%), including germacrene D (25.7%) and β-caryophyllene (9.5%). HEOLv also contained oxygenated monoterpenes, including terpinen-4-ol (2.6%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons were found in trace amounts. Both HEOFl and HEOLv inhibited neutrophil Ca2+ mobilization, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, with HEOLv being much more active than HEOFl. Furthermore, the pure sesquiterpenes germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene also inhibited these neutrophil responses, suggesting that these compounds represented the active components of HEOLv. Although reverse pharmacophore mapping suggested that potential protein targets of germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and α-humulene could be PIM1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAK2), a kinase binding affinity assay did not support this finding, implying that other biological targets are involved. Our results provide a cellular and molecular basis to explain at least part of the beneficial immunotherapeutic properties of the H. perforatum essential oils.