Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estudio de las funciones fisiológicas y patológicas de la proteína tau mediante el uso de modelos murinos deficientes en tau

Tau is a major neuronal microtubule-associated protein whose main known biological function is to stimulate microtubule assembly and to stabilize the microtubule network that composes the axon. Tau protein has been primarily studied due to its dysfunction in a subset of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer? s disease. These pathologies are characterized by the accumulation of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in the central nervous system, distributed in a pattern which correlates with the progression of dementia. It remains unclear whether the deleterious effects of tau pathologies result from a toxic gain-of-function by hyperphosphorylated and/or aggregated tau or from critical losses of normal tau function in the disease state. In order to elucidate this controversial issue, we took advantage of a transgenic mouse model in which the tau gene is disrupted. We observed that tau deficiency affected HDAC6-mediated tubulin acetylation, leading to decreased acetylated-tubulin levels. In fact, we demonstrate an interaction between tau and HDAC6 which we propose results in HDAC6 inhibition. To further investigate tau functions, we performed a genetic array to analyze tau deficiency-derived gene expression alterations. The transcriptional analysis revealed that tau deficiency led to upregulation of the smarce1 gene, which encodes BAF57 protein. BAF57 is involved in the repression of neuron specific genes, which may explain the observed delay in axonal elongation in tau deficient neurons. We also demonstrated decreased calbindin and calmodulin levels in tau deficient mice, which may correlate with reduced calcium-buffering capacity in the absence of tau. To determine the toxic role of hyperphosphorylated tau, we generated a transgenic mouse model lacking tau protein and overexpressing GSK3s. These mice showed a delay in the progression of neurodegeneration, suggesting that tau phosphorylation results in a toxic gain-of function.
Marinococcus gen. nov., a new genus for motile cocci with meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall; and Marinococcus albus sp. nov. and Marinococcus halophilus (Novitsky and Kushner) comb. nov.

Ten strains designated as Planococcus halophilus, three strains of Planococcus sp. Group III, and an unidentified motile coccus were studied taxonomically. They all had meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, DNA base composition ranging between 43.9 to 46.6%, menaquinone systems with MK-7, and growth at a concentration of 20% of sodium chloride. These characteristics differ significantly from those of the type species (Planococcus citreus) of the genus Planococcus. Therefore, we regard these strains as belonging to a new genus, and propose the genus Marinococcus for such bacteria. Two species are recognized in this genus, Marinococcus albus sp. nov. and Marinococcus halophilus (Novitsky and Kushner) comb. nov. They differ from each other in colony pigmentation, oxidase, urease, extracellular DNase, nitrate reduction, hydrolysis of gelatin, casein and esculin, and production of acid from glucose and some other sugars. Marinococcus halophilus comb. nov. is the type species of the genus Marinococcus. Strain HK 718 (=CCM 2706, Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms, Brno, Czechoslovakia=IAM 12844, Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Japan=JCM 2479, Japan Collection of Microorganisms, Wako, Japan) is the type strain of M. halophilus, and strain HK 733 (=CCM 3517=IAM 12845=JCM 2574) is the type strain of Marinococcus albus.
Comparative Nutritional Value of Eastern Gamagrass and Alfalfa Hay for Dairy Cows

Abstract Digestibility and feeding value of Eastern gamagrass hay ( Tripsacum dactyloides ) and alfalfa hay ( Medicago sativa ) were compared. Digestibility of first and second cuttings of each was determined using 12 mature wethers in a replicated 4×4 Latin-square design. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber for first and second cutting alfalfa and first and second cutting gamagrass hay were: 53.6, 68.2, 41.4, 48.7; 54.7, 70.4, 38.3, 41.1; 57.3, 57.7, 60.0, 65.3; 52.3, 50.2, 54.1, 59.1%. Eastern gamagrass was about equal to alfalfa hay in digestibility. In a feeding trial, hays were compared as energy sources for lactating dairy cows with protein intake adjusted by feeding grain mixtures containing 12, 15, or 18% crude protein with alfalfa, first cutting gamagrass, and second cutting gamagrass hay, respectively. Intake of protein and dry matter of hay averaged 2.09 and 9.85 kg/d for alfalfa and 1.27 and 8.97 kg/d for gamagrass. Milk yield of cows fed alfalfa was higher than that of cows fed gamagrass (24.1 vs. 22.9 kg/d). Milk fat tests and weight changes were similar. Alfalfa hay was superior to gamagrass hay for milk yield primarily due to greater intake.
The human career : human biological and cultural origins

Since its publication in 1989, "The Human Career" has proved to be an indispensable tool in teaching human origins. This substantially revised third edition retains Richard G. Klein's innovative approach while showing how cumulative discoveries and analyses over the past ten years have significantly refined our knowledge of human evolution. Klein chronicles the evolution of people from the earliest primates through the emergence of fully modern humans within the past 200,000 years. His comprehensive treatment stresses recent advances in knowledge, including, for example, ever more abundant evidence that fully modern humans originated in Africa and spread from there, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and equally archaic people in Asia. With its coverage of both the fossil record and the archaeological record over the 2.5 million years for which both are available, "The Human Career" demonstrates that human morphology and behavior evolved together. Throughout the book, Klein presents evidence for alternative points of view but does not hesitate to make his own position clear. In addition to outlining the broad pattern of human evolution, "The Human Career" details the kinds of data that support it. For the third edition, Klein has added numerous tables and a fresh citation system designed to enhance readability, especially for students. He has also included more than fifty new illustrations to help lay readers grasp the fossils, artifacts, and other discoveries on which specialists rely. With abundant references and hundreds of images, charts, and diagrams, this new edition is unparalleled in its usefulness for teaching human evolution.
Pollination biology of Rhododendron cyanocarpum (Ericaceae): An alpine species endemic to NW Yunnan, China

The pollination biology of Rhododendron cyanocarpum (Franch.) W. W. Smith, an alpine species endemic to NW Yunnan, China, was investigated between 2007 and 2008. Floral traits including flowering time, floral morphology, petal color, and floral scents were assessed, and the associated pollinator assemblage and their foraging behavior were recorded. The flowering period of R. cyanocarpum ranges from late March to middle May and a single flower can last 8–10 days in its natural habitat. Flowers generally show marked herkogamy and the protruding style encourages pollinator foraging behavior that counteracts self‐pollination. Floral scents comprise mostly aliphatics (64.37%) and terpenoids (29.88%), which make the flowers attractive for several insect groups, but a peak at 430 nm in the reflectance spectrum of petals suggest selection for the attraction of bumblebees. The two Bombus species, B. festivus and B. richardsiellus, representing 90% of total recorded visits, were the only insect species that can be considered to effectively pollinate R. cyanocarpum. Pollination treatments indicated the general self‐compatibility of R. cyanocarpum; however, outcrossing seemed to be the dominant strategy, with low rates of self‐fertilization providing a certain level of reproductive assurance in its alpine habitat.
Species from the Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum boninense and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complexes associated with tree tomato and mango crops in Colombia

Colletotrichum species cause typical anthracnose symptoms in tree tomato and mango. To characterize species of Colletotrichum in these two crops in Colombia, 91 isolates were collected from several localities. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear gene sequencing of the ITS region and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene allowed the identification of three groups: acutatum, gloeosporioides and boninense. These three groups were further confirmed using two additional genomic regions (chitin synthase 1 and actin) for 30 isolates representative of the three previously identified complexes and one genomic region (ApMat) for the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex strains. The entire approach permitted a robust strain identification that allowed phylogenetic species recognition (PSR) based on the identification of well-supported monophyletic clades and concordance between individual and multilocus phylogenies. Morphological and physiological assays were also conducted. Isolates that were morphologically identified as C. gloeosporioides showed high phenotypic diversity. Pathogenicity data revealed a considerable degree of host preference.
Comparison of Salinity-Induced Changes in Two Cultivars of Barley

In vitro effects of salinity were compared in two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Bornova-92 and Hilal). Mature embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl for 20 days. NaCl-treatment decreased maximum shoot length, total soluble protein and DNA contents in both cultivars but decreased maximum root length in Hilal. Changes in fresh and dry weight and water content were not statistically-significant. Inhibitory effects were more dramatic in Hilal. Salinity did not cause genotoxic effects in both cultivars yet slightly affected protein patterns in Bornova-92. However, salinity altered cytosine methylation patterns from CCG to CG in Bornova-92, from CG to CCG in Hilal. Bornova-92 and Hilal may be regarded as salt-tolerant and salt-susceptible, respectively and the relative salt-tolerance of Bornova-92 may be due to cytosine methylation patterns and/or regulation of protein synthesis.
Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and CO2 evolution following harvesting in the white spruce forests of interior Alaska

The effect of timber harvesting on soil respiration was investigated in a white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench.) Voss) forest in interior Alaska. Clear-cutting increased respiration levels, especially in midsummer. Respiration estimates from an uncut, 133-year-old stand of white spruce averaged about 0.45 g•m−2•h−1 over two field seasons. In two adjacent cleared areas, the evolution of CO2 from the soil occasionally exceeded 0.6 g•m−2•h−1. Soil temperature and moisture regimes were increased after harvesting, presumably owing to increased insolation and reduced evapotranspiration. It was possible to relate the changes in these environmental parameters, by soil horizon, to respiration through previously developed nonlinear models and linear regression.
Spatial scale affects bioclimate model projections of climate change impacts on mountain plants

Plant species have responded to recent increases in global temperatures by shifting their geographical ranges poleward and to higher altitudes. Bioclimate models project future range contractions of montane species as suitable climate space shifts uphill. The species–climate relationships underlying such models are calibrated using data at either ‘macro’ scales (coarse resolution, e.g. 50 km × 50 km, and large spatial extent) or ‘local’ scales (fine resolution, e.g. 50 m × 50 m, and small spatial extent), but the two approaches have not been compared. This study projected macro (European) and local models for vascular plants at a mountain range in Scotland, UK, under low (+1.7 °C) and high (+3.3 °C) climate change scenarios for the 2080s. Depending on scenario, the local models projected that seven or eight out of 10 focal montane species would lose all suitable climate space at the site. However, the European models projected such a loss for only one species. The cause of this divergence was investigated by cross‐scale comparisons of estimated temperatures at montane species' warm range edges. The results indicate that European models overestimated species' thermal tolerances because the input coarse resolution climate data were biased against the cold, high‐altitude habitats of montane plants. Although tests at other mountain ranges are required, these results indicate that recent large‐scale modelling studies may have overestimated montane species' ability to cope with increasing temperatures, thereby underestimating the potential impacts of climate change. Furthermore, the results suggest that montane species persistence in microclimatic refugia might not be as widespread as previously speculated.
Using Culture and PCR Technique for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Duhok Cheese

Bu calismada Duhok peynirinde of E. coli O157:H7'nin varligi kultur ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonuteknigi (PZR) ile arastirilmistir. Peynir ornekleri (n:120) Zakho, Akre, Amedy ve Duhok sehirlerinden Eylul 2011Şubat 2012 tarihleri arasinda yerel market ve bakkallardan temin edilmistir.X-gal pozitif, MUG negatif, indol pozitif olan %10 (12/120) oraninda supheli koloni tespit edilmistir. Şuphelikolonilere biyokimyasal testler uygulanmis (API E 20 ve latex aglutinasyon testi) ve 7 (%5,83) ornekte E. coliO157:H7 tespit edilmistir. Bu izolatlararfbO157 ve flicH7 primerleri kullanilarak PCR yontemi ile dogrulama islemiuygulanmistir. Izolatlar %3,33 oraninda O157 ve 0,83 oraninda H7 antijeni pozitif olarak tespit edilmistir. PCRanalizlerinin sonunda orneklerin %0,83'unun E. coli O157:H7 oldugu gozlenmistir
Wheat Callus Culture: the Initiation, Growth and Organogenesis of Callus Derived from Various Explant Sources

Callus was obtained from mature excised embryos of wheat, from nodal and internodal stem segments and from rachis segments using the medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962) (M medium), containing 1 *0 mg l"1 2,4-D, and from immature embryos using the medium of Green and Phillips (1975) containing 2 mg l"1 2,4-D. Callus yield from mature embryos depended upon the cultivar used. No callus could be obtained from leaf segments. Callus derived from mature embryos and nodal stem segments was successfully maintained by serial sub-culture on the M medium containing 2,4-D for up to 3 years although its growth rate declined to a lower level as culture proceeded. Such cultures consistently produced roots when transferred to a medium containing a low level of 2,4-D or no 2,4-D. The presence of the auxin was essential for continued proliferation of the callus tissue. Shoot initiation was infrequent, did not occur after the first few sub-cultures and could not be enhanced by various auxin and cytokinin additions to the medium. Callus derived from immature embryos did not have an enhanced potential for shoot initiation.
Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of megaherbivores

Two alternative hypotheses have been advanced to explain the demise of about half of the mammalian genera exceeding 5 kg in body mass in the later Pleistocene. One hypothesis invokes climatic change and resulting habitat transformations. This fails to predict the increased likelihood of extinctions with increasing body size, greater severity in both North and South America than in Eurasia or Australia, lack of simultaneous extinctions in Africa and tropical Asia, and the absence of extinctions at the end of previous glacial periods. The other hypothesis invokes human predation as the primary cause. This fails to explain the simultaneous extinctions of a number of mammalian and avian species not obviously vulnerable to human overkill. I propose a “keystone herbivore” hypothesis, based on the ecology of extant African species of megaherbivore, (i.e., animals exceeding 1,000 kg in body mass). Due to their invulnerability to non-human predation on adults, these species attain saturation densities at which they may radically transform vegetation structure and composition. African elephant can change closed woodland or thicket into open grassy savanna, and create open gaps colonized by rapidly-regenerating trees in forests. Grazing white rhinoceros and hippopotamus transform tall grasslands into lawns of more nutritious short grasses. The elimination of megaherbivores elsewhere in the world by human hunters at the end of the Pleistocene would have promoted reverse changes in vegetation. The conversion of the open parklike woodlands and mosaic grasslands typical of much of North America during the Pleistocene to the more uniform forests and prairie grasslands we find today could be a consequence. Such habitat changes would have been detrimental to the distribution and abundance of smaller herbivores dependent upon the nutrient-rich and spatially diverse vegetation created by megaherbivore impact. At the same time these species would have become more vulnerable to human predation. The elimination of megaherbivore influence is the major factor differentiating habitat changes at the end of the terminal Pleistocene glaciation from those occurring at previous glacial-interglacial transitions.
Shoot mineral composition and yield of wheat genotypes grown on a sodic and a non-sodic soil

A collection of wheat lines including 49 overseas and 35 Australian lines was grown in a 3-replicate randomised block design experiment at 2 sites (Two Wells and Roseworthy Campus, South Australia) during the 1994 growing season (June–December 1994). The aim of this investigation was to determine if elemental nutrients could be implicated in response to soil sodicity tolerance of wheat. Large grain yield differences and mineral concentrations were evident among different varieties including those from Australia. Several mineral concentrations in shoot, including manganese, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, boron, zinc and copper, taken up by these plants were correlated significantly with grain yield. The detrimental effects of sodium and boron concentrations on grain yields were less for local varieties than the overseas lines, because of lower average shoot concentrations and lower coefficients of variation associated with the Australian varieties. The grain yield reduction at a sodic site appeared to be due to both soil physical changes and nutritional changes, with the combined effects of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities accounting for 23% of the variation. Except for the large differences of boron and sodium concentrations, there appeared to be a similar magnitude of variability between the overseas wheat collection and the Australian wheats. The present study confirmed that the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats differ in sodium concentration or potassium : sodium ratio, in addition to other nutrient changes including potassium, manganese, magnesium and copper. However, sodium concentration (or potassium : sodium ratio) and boron were not sufficient enough to explain the variability in grain yield of all the Australian wheats studied, suggesting that other factors detrimental to wheat production in sodic soils need to be identified.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS KARENIA (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM NEW ZEALAND 1

Three new dinoflagellate species, Karenia papilionacea sp. nov., Karenia selliformis sp. nov., and Karenia bidigitata sp. nov., were compared with the toxic species Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) G. Hansen & Moestrup, Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup, and Karenia brevisulcata (Chang) G. Hansen & Moestrup using the same fixative. Distinguishing morphological characters for the genus Karenia included a smooth theca and a linear apical groove. The new species can be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters of vegetative cells that include the location and shape of the nucleus; the relative excavation of the hypotheca; the characteristics of apical and sulcal groove extensions on the epitheca; the cellular shape, size, and symmetry; the degree of dorsoventral compression; and the presence of an apical protrusion or carina. Species with pronounced dorsoventral compression swim in a distinctive fluttering motion. An intercingular tubular structure traversing the proximal and distal ends of the cingulum is common to the species of Karenia, Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater & Dodge) J. Larsen, Gymnodinium pulchellum J. Larsen, and Gyrodinium corsicum Paulmier. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequence alignments show that the new species are phylogenetically distinct but closely related to K. mikimotoi and K. brevis.
Genome constitutions of Roegneriaalashanica, R. elytrigioides, R. magnicaespes and R. grandis (Poaceae: Triticeae) via genomic in-situ hybridization

The genomic constitutions of Roegneria alashanica, R. elytrigioides, R. magnicaespes and R. grandis were studied using GISH. DNA of Pseudoroegneria spicata (St), P. libanotica (St), P. stipifolia (St), R. ciliaris (StY), Lopophyllum elongatum (Ee), Agropyron cristatum (P) and Hordeum bogdanii (H) were used for probing, respectively. The results indicated that: 1) R. alashanica and R. magnicaespes contained one St genome, the other genome was unidentified, however, it was not an E, P, H or Y genome; 2) R. elytrigioides contained two St genomes and should on this basis be included in Pseudoroegneria; 3) R. grandis contained an St and an Stg genome. The Stg genome is suggested to be a modified form of the St genome of Pseudoroegneria and to be homoeologous with the Y genome. It might be an intermediate type between the St and Y genomes. Therefore, R. elytrigioides should be treated as Pseudoroegneriaelytrigioides.Roegneria alashanica, R. magnicaespes and R. grandis does apparently not belong in the genus Roegneria but further studies are needed to establish their correct taxonomic position.
Innervation of the cercal sensilla on the ovipositor of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina)

ABSTRACT. The ovipositor of the female sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), has a complement of cercal sensilla that includes long, medium and short tactile hairs, two campaniform domes, four olfactory pegs, and ten double‐channelled gustatory hairs. This sensory array is suited to assess oviposition site resources, prior to and during the laying of an egg batch.
O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas na indução de resistência a mela da soja

The role of non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR) on the biocontrol of diseases caused by R. solani on many crops has been reported in the literature. However, in Brazil, there is no information about the potential of BNR as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia diseases on soybean. On this research we tested the hypothesis that BNR can induce resistance on soybean against the foliar blight caused by R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 1 IA. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate BNR isolates isolated from peanuts, snapbeans and soybean according to their ability for inducing resistance on soybean against the foliar blight disease, under greenhouse conditions. This research evidenced the role of BNR inducing resistance on soybeans against the foliar blight. However, both the occurrence and effectiveness of the phenomenon of induced resistance are dependent on the soybean cultivation season.