Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thienorphine Is a Potent Long-Acting Partial Opioid Agonist: A Comparative Study with Buprenorphine

A strategy in the development of new treatment for opioid addiction is to find partial opioid agonists with properties of long duration of action and high oral bioavailability. In a search for such compounds, thienorphine, a novel analog of buprenorphine, was synthesized. Here, we reported that, like buprenorphine, thienorphine bound potently and nonselectively to μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors stably expressed in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells and behaved as a partial agonist at μ-opioid receptor. However, some differences were observed between the pharmacological profiles of thienorphine and buprenorphine. In vitro, thienorphine was more potent than buprenorphine in inhibiting [3H]diprenorphine and stimulating guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding to rat μ-opioid receptor stably expressed in CHO cells. In vivo, thienorphine exhibited a less potent but more efficacious antinociceptive effect with an ED50 value of 0.25 mg/kg s.c. and more potent antimorphine effect with an ED50 value of 0.64 mg/kg intragastric, compared with buprenorphine. Additionally, the bioavailability of thienorphine was greatly higher than that of buprenorphine after oral administration. Moreover, compared with buprenorphine, thienorphine showed a similar long-lasting antinociceptive effect but a much longer antagonism of morphine-induced lethality (more than 15 days). These results indicate that thienorphine is a potent, long-acting partial opioid agonist with high oral bioavailability and may have possible application in treating addiction.
The rise and fall of leader males in a multi‐level society: Takeovers and tenures of male hamadryas baboons

As one means to maximize access to females, males of some species are intolerant of other males in social units, resulting in female defense polygyny, a mating system in which one male monopolizes mating access to as many females as he can for as long as possible. In such a system, the length of a male's tenure and the number of females he is able to acquire are important predictors of his reproductive success. Hamadryas baboons differ from many other taxa with female defense polygyny in that they acquire and lose females individually, thus patterns of acquisition and loss of females over time are additional factors contributing to a male's fitness. Here, we describe longitudinal patterns of female acquisition and loss over a 9‐year period in a group of 250 wild hamadryas baboons. Complete tenures of leader males ranged from 310 to 2,160 days (N = 13) and results from a survival analysis yielded a median tenure length of 2,160 days, or 6 years (N = 49). The total number of females acquired, which increased with tenure length, ranged from 1 to 14 and averaged 3.5, and leader males acquired females both opportunistically and via challenging other males. The interval between acquisition of successive females ranged from 0 to 1,196 days with a median of 203, and males acquired all of their females less than halfway into their tenure. Females from outside of a leader male's social sphere (clan and band) were acquired relatively later in their tenure compared to females from within a male's social sphere. Leaders typically lost females gradually during the latter part of their tenure or all (or most) at once, suggesting an inverted U‐shaped longitudinal arc of male competitive ability. Am. J. Primatol. 77:44–55, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among high-risk patients and rates of subsequent bacteremia.

BACKGROUND Bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been associated with increased hospital costs, length of stay, and patient mortality. However, the role of routine inpatient surveillance for ESBL colonization in predicting related infection is unclear. METHODS From 2000 through 2005, we screened 17,872 patients hospitalized in designated high-risk units for rectal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae using a selective culture medium. In patients with a bloodstream infection due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-BI) during the study period, surveillance results were evaluated for evidence of antecedent ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization. RESULTS The rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization doubled during the 6-year study period, increasing from 1.33% of high-risk patients in 2000 to 3.21% in 2005. Among patients with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization, 49.6% also carried vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The number of ESBL-BIs increased >4-fold in 5 years, from 9 cases in 2001 to 40 cases in 2005. Of 413 patients colonized with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, 35 (8.5%) developed a subsequent ESBL-BI. Of concern, more than one-half of all ESBL-BIs occurred in patients who were not screened. These 56 patients received a diagnosis of ESBL-BI in the emergency department, when hospitalized in low-risk medical units, or at transfer from an acute or long-term health care facility. CONCLUSIONS Colonization with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing at a rapid rate, and routine rectal surveillance for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae may have clinical implications. However, in our experience, over one-half of patients with an ESBL-BI did not undergo screening through our current surveillance measures. As a result, targeted screening for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae among additional patient populations may be integral to future ESBL-BI prevention and management efforts.
Fluid/Structure Interaction Analysis of the Effects of Solder Bump Shapes and Input/Output Counts on Moulded Packaging

This paper presents a fluid/structure interaction (FSI) analysis of the effects of solder bump shapes and input/output (I/O) counts on moulded packaging. The FSI events during the encapsulation process are investigated using a virtual modeling technique, whose mesh-based parallel code-coupling interface couples both finite volume and finite element codes. In this paper, the effects of five different solder bump shapes, denoted Cases 1-5, are considered in the perimeter and full array of solder bump arrangements with different I/O counts. The FSI between the epoxy moulding compound and structures (silicon chip and solder bumps) is presented in the displacement profile. The effects of the bump shape and I/O count are considered in the flow front advancement, structure displacement, stress, and void formation. The maximum displacements, von Mises stresses, and voids are minimized by implementing the bump shape in Case 3. The applications of Cases 3 and 5 with higher I/O counts (full array type) reduced the stress concentration in the solder bump by nearly 40% and 60%, respectively, compared to the cases with lower I/O counts (perimeter type).
Re-imagining marketing as societing: A critical appraisal of marketing in a developing country context.

Marketing theory and practice is under severe criticism – socialists and the practitioners criticize marketing in its current form which calls for active efforts by marketers to reposition the discipline – making it beneficial to the masses. The Western world is thoroughly investigated based on the opinions of public regarding marketing as a discipline. However, studies which present a non-Western consumer’s attitudes toward the role of marketing in a society are scant. This purpose of this study is to encapsulate Pakistani consumers’ understandings and attitudes toward marketing with an emphasis on their perceptions of the ethicality and transformative power of the discipline. ,A purposive convenience sample of 40 professionals with diverse non-marketing backgrounds and of the widest possible demographic profile participated in in-depth, unstructured interviews. The content analysis and grounded theory method were used for the analysis. ,Marketing is appreciated for creating product awareness and, occasionally, combating social problems, but this positive image is clouded by severely criticizing it for promoting materialism, being irritatingly pervasive and pushy, as well as for using unethical and unfair practices. ,The study offers a valuable insight into the discipline’s performative and social legitimation in a fast-growing Asian economy. The authors recommend paths for a positive repositioning of the discipline that will improve its public image and enhance its potential for being recognized as a force for positive social change. ,Further to enhancing our understanding of consumer attitudes toward marketing, this paper’s value lies in it being the first ever exploration of the developing country perspective. Most importantly, it contributes to a debate that could enlighten the much-needed repositioning of marketing as a discipline to make it useful for masses.
Empirical analysis of the impact of RMB offshore market in Hongkong on monetary policy in China

Combined with the Markov regime switching vector autoregressive model (MS-VAR), this paper empirically analyses the nonlinear relationship between the RMB Offshore Market in Hongkong and monetary policy under different regional regimes. The research finds MSIH(3)-VAR(2) model can better describe the relationship between variables. The data are divided into three regimes which are Regime 1(the RMB exchange rate difference between HK offshore market and onshore is negative, the RMB deposit scale in HK declines, the money supply grows slowly), Regime 2(the exchange rate difference is positive, the deposit scale grows slowly, the money supply grows rapidly) and Regime 3(the exchange rate difference is positive, the deposit scale grows rapidly, the money supply grows rapidly). In the three regimes, the changes of the mainland RMB supply are different.
Cancer Screening Recommendations and Clinical Management of Inherited Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes in Childhood

Hereditary gastrointestinal cancer predisposition syndromes have been well characterized, but management strategies and surveillance remain a major challenge, especially in childhood. In October 2016, the American Association for Cancer Research organized the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop in which international experts in care of children with a hereditary risk of cancer met to define surveillance strategies and management of children with cancer predisposition syndromes. In this article, we review the current literature in polyposis syndromes that can be diagnosed in childhood and may be associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal neoplasms and other cancer types. These disorders include adenomatous polyposis syndromes (APC and MUTYH), juvenile polyposis coli (BMPR1A and SMAD4), Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome (STK11/LKB1), and PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS; PTEN), which can present with a more limited juvenile polyposis phenotype. Herein, the panel of experts provides recommendations for clinical diagnosis, approach to genetic testing, and focus on cancer surveillance recommendations when appropriate during the pediatric period. We also review current controversies on genetic evaluation of patients with hepatoblastoma and indications for surveillance for this tumor. Childhood cancer risks and surveillance associated with disorders involving the mismatch repair genes, including Lynch syndrome and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD), are discussed elsewhere in this series. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e107–e14. ©2017 AACR. See all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
Myths and Observations on Unconventional Monetary Policy -- Takeaways from Post-Bubble Japan --

Reservations are sometimes raised regarding the effectiveness of unconventional monetary policy (UMP) due to the concerns about influences of impaired financial systems and low policy rates. To see if this is the case, we combine the local projection method of Jorda (2005) with shadow rates to estimate macroeconomic effects of monetary policy shocks during the implementation period of UMP, and test if effects of these shocks with the same magnitude differ across periods or states of the economy, using Japan's data from the 1980s to 2016. We find that monetary policy shocks during the implementation period of the UMP had statistically significant expansionary effects on the economy. We also find that an unexpected 100 basis point cut in shadow rates during the UMP yielded larger expansionary effects on key economic variables than it did during the conventional monetary policy (CMP), because of the following three reasons: (i) A cut in the shadow rates resulted in a larger reduction in the real interest rate, and affected a wider range of borrowing rates during the UMP; (ii) The effectiveness of monetary policy shocks was dampened when the financial system was significantly impaired, particularly during the CMP; (iii) Other things being equal, the effectiveness has been so far little affected by the level of policy rate. Our results show that UMP has been effective, but that the nature of monetary transmission is subject to change depending on financial conditions or other economic circumstances, and therefore monetary policy needs to be carefully implemented. Note also that our study only explores the effects of a one-unit shock to the monetary policy rule, and does not address the entire effects of monetary easing that are affected by the size of shocks as well.
Operative Fixation of Medial Humeral Epicondyle Fracture Nonunion in Children

Background There is little information regarding the clinical presentation and/or surgical treatment of symptomatic medial humeral epicondyle nonunions. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the presenting symptoms and evaluate the results of surgical fixation of medial epicondyle nonunions. Methods Eight patients with symptomatic medial humeral epicondyle nonunions were evaluated after open reduction and internal fixation of the medial epicondyle. Average age at the time of initial injury was 11.3 years (range: 9.2 to 13.9 y). Outcome was assessed with radiographs and a questionnaire that included 3 self-reported functional outcome tools at a mean of 4.7 years (range: 1.5 to 7.5 y) after the surgery. Results Common presenting symptoms and signs included medial elbow pain and prominence, pain with lifting weights or throwing, limited range of motion, valgus instability, and ulnar nerve compression. After open reduction and internal fixation, patients reported improved pain score from a mean of 6.2 to 0.5. All patients returned to athletics. Mean postoperative QuickDASH (Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) score (and SD) was 6.8±11.7; mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 85.8±14.6; and mean Timmerman-Andrews Elbow Score was 87.5±10.4. Radiographic union was achieved in all but one patient postoperatively and there were no operative complications. Conclusions Open reduction and internal fixation of symptomatic medial humeral epicondyle nonunion results in improved pain and good elbow function. Level of Evidence Retrospective Case Series. Therapeutic Level IV.
FACTORES IMPULSORES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN MEDIDAS DE EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA EN EL TRANSPORTE MARÍTIMO DE MERCANCÍAS: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA LITERATURA

espanolLa reduccion de emisiones nocivas y costes energeticos derivados de los buques de mercancias son objetivos clave para el transporte maritimo. Una mayor inversion en medidas costo-eficientes podria ayudar a alcanzar estas metas. En consecuencia, estudiar los factores que incentivan su adopcion se vuelve de interes para fomentar la inversion. Este trabajo presenta una revision de literatura sobre inversion en eficiencia energetica en el transporte maritimo, con especial atencion a la toma de decisiones e impulsores de la inversion. EnglishThe reduction of harmful emissions and energy costs derived from merchant ships are key objectives for maritime shipping. Greater investment in cost-efficient measures could help achieve these goals. Consequently, the study of the factors that incentivise their adoption becomes interesting to encourage investment. This paper presents a literature review of investment in energy efficiency in maritime shipping focusing on decision-making and investment drivers.
Monetary-Policy Rule as a Bridge: Predicting Inflation without Predictive Regressions

A major issue with predicting inflation rates using predictive regressions is that estimation errors can overwhelm the information content. This article proposes a new approach that uses a monetary-policy rule as a bridge between inflation rates and short-term interest rates and relies on the forward-interest-rate curve to predict future interest-rate movements. The 2-step procedure estimates the predictive relation not through a predictive regression but far more accurately through the contemporaneous monetary-policy linkage. Historical analysis shows that the approach outperforms random walk out of sample by 30%–50% over horizons from 1 to 5 years.
DC, Come Home: DC Microgrids and the Birth of the "Enernet"

Most discussions about ac versus dc electricity include a retelling of the famous technical and commercial battle between Edison and Westinghouse/Tesla. It's a story about everything from electrocuting elephants at state fairs to the ambitious work of electrifying both urban and rural America. It's the tale of one of man's greatest engineering feats. It tells of a centralized power generation system based on the dominant use of incandescent light bulbs and ac constant-speed motors. In the end though, it is a retelling of history and unfortunately, it is a history that doesn't project.
Living with a long-term urinary catheter: older people's experiences.

AIM This paper is a report of a study of the experiences of older people living with a long-term urinary catheter and the development of a substantive theory grounded in their realities. BACKGROUND Understanding the user perspective is a prerequisite for involving older people in a collaborative relationship with healthcare professionals which is built around their needs and wishes. Older people's views and experiences of the complexity of living with a long-term catheter have not been widely researched. An enhanced understanding of catheter users' perspectives and an awareness of their needs can be used to improve care. METHOD A grounded theory approach was adopted and 20 in-depth interviews were carried out in England in 2005 and 2006 with 13 older people living at home with long-term urinary catheters. FINDINGS The core category 'all about acceptance' described older people's adjustment to living with a long-term urinary catheter; the two categories 'at ease' and 'uneasy' reflect the extremes of contentment experienced. Three interlinking categories of 'trying to understand', 'judging catheter performance' and 'being aware of the catheter' shaped older people's relationships with their catheters and this was mediated by their 'interaction with others'. The consequences for older people fluctuated along a continuum from 'engaging actively' to experiencing 'downbeat sentiments'. CONCLUSION To assist older people to adjust to living with a catheter, healthcare professionals must be sensitive to their life situations and individual needs rather than focusing predominantly on catheter performance and complications.
Impact of immunosuppression and region of birth on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among migrants living with HIV in Sweden

Little is known about the incidence and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3, adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive cervical cancer (CIN3+) among migrants living with HIV in a European setting. We assessed the cumulative incidence (CuI) and hazard ratio (HR) of CIN2+ and CIN3+ in a cohort of women living with HIV (WLWH) (n = 893) identified from the Swedish national HIV register and HIV‐negative women (n = 205,842) identified from the Swedish Population Register, matched on region of birth and age. Data was collected between 1993 and 2011 by linking our cohort with the Swedish National Cervical Screening Registry, collecting all cytological and histological results since 1993. The CuI of CIN3+ was 13.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9–17.2] for WLWH and 2.1% (95% CI 2.0–2.2) for HIV‐negative after 18 years of follow‐up. WLWH had more than eight times higher, age and region of birth matched, risk of CIN3+ than HIV‐negative (HR 8.8: 95% CI 6.9–11.3). WLWH born in the East region, dominated by Thai women, had a two times higher risk of CIN3+ compared with WLWH born in Sweden (HR 2.47: 95% CI 1.2–5.0), which remained after adjusting for immunosuppression. Our results showed a substantially increased risk of CIN3+ among WLWH, which differed depending on birth region. Early HIV diagnosis and attendance to cervical cancer screening, with focus on migrants, is of crucial importance to minimize the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Substrate-Voltage Modulation of Currents in Symmetric SOI Lateral Bipolar Transistors

The modulation of the currents in a symmetric Semiconductor-on-Insulator (SOI) lateral bipolar transistor with a voltage applied to the SOI substrate is studied. For an n-p-n transistor, a positive substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current, especially at low VBE values, while having relatively little effect on the base current. Similarly, a negative substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current of a p-n-p transistor. The physical mechanisms responsible for the modulation effects are discussed. The potential of using substrate bias to enhance the performance of symmetric SOI lateral bipolar circuits is briefly discussed.
Dangerous neighborhoods: State behavior and the spread of ethnic conflict

This article argues that the spread of ethnic conflict across international borders is a result of purposive repressive state action combined with political opportunity which allows the ethnic group to mobilize in response. We test our argument using a bivariate probit model to simultaneously estimate the risk of repression escalation and the spread of ethnic conflict (1976–2009), and find that the likelihood of both increases in the presence of relatively large, territorially concentrated transnational ethnic groups, and that nationalist governments are more likely to escalate repression amidst nearby ethnic violence. Political crises also exacerbate the risk of ethnic conflict spread.
Diversity of asparagus allergy: clinical and immunological features

Background Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is an extensively grown and consumed vegetable. To a lesser extent than other Liliaceae vegetables, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) due to asparagus has been reported. However, only a few case reports of asparagus IgE‐mediated allergy have been published. In a previous study, we demonstrated that two lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) (Aspa o 1.01 and Aspa o 1.02) were relevant allergens of asparagus.
The Gene Related to Anergy in Lymphocytes, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Is Necessary for Anergy Induction in CD4 T Cells1

Acquisition of the anergy phenotype in T cells is blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis and calcineurin activity, suggesting that anergic T cells may have a unique genetic program. Retroviral transduction of hemopoietic stem cells from TCR transgenic mice and subsequent reconstitution of syngeneic mice to express the E3 ubiquitin ligase, gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), or an enzymatically inactive form, H2N2 GRAIL, allowed analysis of the role of GRAIL in T cell anergy in vivo. Constitutive expression of GRAIL was sufficient to render naive CD4 T cells anergic, however, when the enzymatically inactive form H2N2 GRAIL was expressed, it functioned as a dominant negative of endogenous GRAIL and blocked the development of anergy. These data provide direct evidence that a biochemical pathway composed of GRAIL and/or GRAIL-interacting proteins is important in the development of the CD4 T cell anergic phenotype in vivo.