Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poststroke Impairment and Recovery Are Predicted by Task-Specific Regionalization of Injury

Lesion size and location affect the magnitude of impairment and recovery following stroke, but the precise relationship between these variables and functional outcome is unknown. Herein, we systematically varied the size of strokes in motor cortex and surrounding regions to assess effects on impairment and recovery of function. Female Sprague Dawley rats (N = 64) were evaluated for skilled reaching, spontaneous limb use, and limb placement over a 7 week period after stroke. Exploration and reaching were also tested in a free ranging, more naturalistic, environment. MRI voxel-based analysis of injury volume and its likelihood of including the caudal forelimb area (CFA), rostral forelimb area (RFA), hindlimb (HL) cortex (based on intracranial microstimulation), or their bordering regions were related to both impairment and recovery. Severity of impairment on each task was best predicted by injury in unique regions: impaired reaching, by damage in voxels encompassing CFA/RFA; hindlimb placement, by damage in HL; and spontaneous forelimb use, by damage in CFA. An entirely different set of voxels predicted recovery of function: damage lateral to RFA reduced recovery of reaching, damage medial to HL reduced recovery of hindlimb placing, and damage lateral to CFA reduced recovery of spontaneous limb use. Precise lesion location is an important, but heretofore relatively neglected, prognostic factor in both preclinical and clinical stroke studies, especially those using region-specific therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By estimating lesion location relative to cortical motor representations, we established the relationship between individualized lesion location, and functional impairment and recovery in reaching/grasping, spontaneous limb use, and hindlimb placement during walking. We confirmed that stroke results in impairments to specific motor domains linked to the damaged cortical subregion and that damage encroaching on adjacent regions reduces the ability to recover from initial lesion-induced impairments. Each motor domain encompasses unique brain regions that are most associated with recovery and likely represent targets where beneficial reorganization is taking place. Future clinical trials should use individualized therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, intracerebral stem/progenitor cells) that consider precise lesion location and the specific functional impairments of each subject since these variables can markedly affect therapeutic efficacy.
The Relationship between Terminology Preferences, Empowerment and Internalised Stigma in Mental Health

Abstract People with a mental illness may be exposed to stigma which, when internalised, negatively influences self-esteem, personal goal attainment and quality of life. However, people who are empowered may actively challenge stigma by engaging in meaningful opportunities, furthering their self-worth as they achieve control within their lives. People who are empowered through active treatment participation are more likely to reach recovery goals and experience the benefits of evidence-based practices. Hence, empowerment can be viewed as essential to the recovery and well-being of people with a mental illness. Participants in this quantitative study (N = 173) were diagnosed with a mental illness and were recruited via convenience sampling from mental health support groups in Australia. Internalised stigma was less common and empowerment more prevalent in this study than was found in previous studies. However high internalised stigma and low empowerment were present. The terms ‘individual’ and ‘person with lived experience’ which have been identified as the preferred terms in a previous study were highlighted as both empowering and recovery focussed.
PREDATION AND VARIATION IN BREEDING HABITAT USE IN THE OVENBIRD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

Abstract From 1971 through 2003, Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) at the Hemlock Hill Biological Research Area in northwestern Pennsylvania never bred in forest interior. Instead, they exhibited atypical habitat selection for breeding by occupying regenerating forest edges. Pairs in 14 territories, the entire population, showed normal annual return rates and pairing rates compared with other studies. For this ground-foraging bird, other studies showed that deep soil litter is preferred—but at my study site, soil litter depth in Ovenbird-occupied areas was lower than that found in the unoccupied forest interior. During May, July, and August, songs played in forest interior to attract Ovenbirds to settle there were unsuccessful. I tested the hypothesis that eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) abundance influenced this atypical habitat selection. Chipmunks were nearly absent from Ovenbird territories, but were abundant in the forest interior. I discuss habitat selection in birds in relation to simple cues and relate this to variation in habitat selection and use found in Ovenbirds.
Targeting liver X receptor β: a new therapeutic approach to prevent atherosclerosis?

Evaluation of: Bradley MN, Hong C, Chen M et al.: Ligand activation of LXR β reverses atherosclerosis and cellular cholesterol overload in mice lacking LXR α and ApoE. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 2337–2346 (2007). The increase in cardiovascular disease and its clinical complications occurs despite extensive use of effective drugs and, thus, development of new and complementary therapeutic approaches is urged. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are cholesterol sensors within cells and play a critical role in the modulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Reverse cholesterol transport, bile acid synthesis and intestinal cholesterol absorption are all positively affected by LXR activation. In mice, LXR agonists have demonstrated beneficial effects on atherosclerosis, but also resulted in unfavorable effects on triglyceride metabolism, mainly due to the activation of LXRα in the liver. Activation of LXRβ reduces atherosclerosis and increases HDL cholesterol, without raising plasma triglyceride levels, making it an attra.
Assessment of Pyloric Sphincter Physiology Using Functional Luminal Imaging Probe in Healthy Volunteers

Background/Aims The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) can measure tissue distensibility and geometric changes through volumetric distention. The esophagogastric junction has been well studied using EndoFLIP, studies on pylorus are lacking. We aim to study biomechanical properties of pylorus using EndoFLIP to create normative data. Methods We performed a prospective study of 20 healthy volunteers (ages, 18-54 years; 10 men) who underwent pylorus evaluation using 12-cm FLIP placed across the pyloric sphincter. FLIP data were analyzed using FLIP planimetry plots at baseline and after administration of hyoscine butyl bromide injection. Results The median pylorus distensibility index (P-DI) was 8.37 mm2/mmHg (interquartile range, 4.22-13.04 mm2/mmHg) at 40 mL balloon volume. The 90th percentile at 40 mL balloon for P-DI was 14.89 mm2/mmHg, for cross-sectional area was 244.20 mm2/mmHg, and diameter and pressure were 17.58 mm and 48.84 mmHg, respectively. There was significant increase in P-DI after administration of hyoscine butyl bromide injection (P < 0.05). Conclusion The normative values can be used as reference values for pyloric distensibility. This reference can be used in studies of related to pyloric diseases such as gastroparesis.
Cost and effectiveness of Platelet Rich Plasma in the healing of varicose ulcer: Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES to analyze the evidence on the cost and effectiveness of Plaque Rich Plasma in the treatment of venous ulcers compared to other topical therapies. METHODS systematic review, with search in the databases: COCHRANE, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, SCOPUS, without temporal cut and in the English, Portuguese and Spanish languages. RESULTS fifteen articles were included, a cost-minimization analysis showed that the cost of Plaque Rich Plasma is € 163.00 ± 65.90, slightly higher than the cost of standard dressing. Regarding effectiveness, the results of the studies associated with the meta-analysis suggest a tendency that Plaque Rich Plasma is effective in the healing of venous ulcers. CONCLUSIONS it is concluded that there are few studies about the cost of Platelet Rich Plasma and this product tends to be effective in the healing of venous ulcers. However, more controlled and randomized clinical studies are necessary in order to establish a stronger recommendation.
Cyclic di-AMP Signaling in Bacteria.

The second messenger molecule cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is formed by many bacteria and archaea. In many species that produce c-di-AMP, this second messenger is essential for viability on rich medium. Recent research has demonstrated that c-di-AMP binds to a large number of proteins and riboswitches, which are often involved in potassium and osmotic homeostasis. c-di-AMP becomes dispensable if the bacteria are cultivated on minimal media with low concentrations of osmotically active compounds. Thus, the essentiality of c-di-AMP does not result from an interaction with a single essential target but rather from the multilevel control of complex homeostatic processes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the homeostasis of c-di-AMP and its function(s) in the control of cellular processes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 74 is September 8, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Multiple Routes of Bluetongue Virus Egress

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne virus infecting livestock. Its frequent emergence in Europe and North America had caused significant agricultural and economic loss. BTV is also of scientific interest as a model to understand the mechanisms underlying non-enveloped virus release from mammalian and insect cells. The BTV particle, which is formed of a complex double-layered capsid, was first considered as a lytic virus that needs to lyse the infected cells for cell to cell transmission. In the last decade, however, a more in-depth focus on the role of the non-structural proteins has led to several examples where BTV particles are also released through different budding mechanisms at the plasma membrane. It is now clear that the non-structural protein NS3 is the main driver of BTV release, via different interactions with both viral and cellular proteins of the cell sorting and exocytosis pathway. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the molecular biology of BTV egress and compare the mechanisms that lead to lytic or non-lytic BTV release.
A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential

Embase and PubMed were systematically searched for articles addressing the neuroprotective properties of phytocannabinoids, apart from cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, including Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabidiolic acid, cannabidivarin, cannabichromene, cannabichromenic acid, cannabichromevarin, cannabigerol, cannabigerolic acid, cannabigerivarin, cannabigerovarinic acid, cannabichromevarinic acid, cannabidivarinic acid, and cannabinol. Out of 2,341 studies, 31 articles met inclusion criteria. Cannabigerol (range 5 to 20 mg·kg−1) and cannabidivarin (range 0.2 to 400 mg·kg−1) displayed efficacy in models of Huntington's disease and epilepsy. Cannabichromene (10–75 mg·kg−1), Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (20 mg·kg−1), and tetrahydrocannabivarin (range 0.025–2.5 mg·kg−1) showed promise in models of seizure and hypomobility, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Limited mechanistic data showed cannabigerol, its derivatives VCE.003 and VCE.003. 2, and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid mediated some of their effects through PPAR‐γ, but no other receptors were probed. Further studies with these phytocannabinoids, and their combinations, are warranted across a range of neurodegenerative disorders.
Antioxidative Property and LC/MS Analysis of Apis Honey Samples Collected from Different Geographical Locations of India

The antioxidative property analysis was carried out for six different honey samples collected from different apiaries in India. The antioxidative property was determined on the basis of total phenol content in the six honey samples and their antiradical scavenging activity (DPPH assay). From the honey samples analysed, honey sample AP3 was found to have maximum antioxidative property. The total phenol content of honey sample AP3 was found to be 1.1 mg/L and the antiradical scavenging activity was found to be about 63.63%. Hence further honey sample AP3 was subjected to LC/MS analysis in order to know its composition. From the LC/MS analysis it was found that honey sample AP3 contains L- ethionine, N- acetyl glycine, oxamic acid, succinimide, xanthurenic acid, brivudin, histidine, quisqualic acid, quanosine and sissotrine. As the honey sample AP3 has significant antioxidative property, it can act as a good antimicrobial agent, effective wound healer which has no side effects, food preservative which is rich in nutrition.
Ultraviolet-indu ced mutations inCockayne syndrome cells are primarily caused bycyclobutane dimerphotoproducts while repair ofother photoproducts isnormal (DNArepair/xeroderma pigmentosum/skin cancer/shuttle vector/photoreactivation)

We compared thecontribution tomutagene- sisinCockayne syndrome (CS)cells ofthemajor class ofUV photoproducts, thecyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, tothatof other DNA photoproducts byusing themutagenesis shuttle vector pZ189. Lymphoblastoid cell lines fromtheDNArepair- deficient disorders CSandxeroderma pigmentosum (XP)and anormal line weretransfected withUV-treated pZ189. Cy- clobutane dimers wereselectively removed before transfection byphotoreactivation (PR), leaving nondimer photoproducts intact. After UVexposure andreplication inCSandXPcells, plasmid survival wasabnormally reduced andmutation fre- quency wasabnormally elevated. After PR,plasmid survival increased andmutation frequency inCScells decreased to normal levels butremained abnormal inXPcells. Sequence analysis of>200mutantplasmids showed that withCScells a major mutational hotspotwascaused byunrepaired cyclo- butane dimers. These dataindicate that withbothCSandXP cyclobutane dimers aremajorphotoproducts generating re- ducedplasmid survival andincreased mutation frequency. However, unlike XP,CS cells areproficient inrepair of nondimer photoproducts. Since XPbutnotCSpatients havea highfrequency ofUV-induced skincancers, ourdatasuggest that prevention ofUV-induced skin cancers isassociated with proficient repair ofnondimer photoproducts.
Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency

Oba, M. and Swift, M. L. 2014. Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 151–153. Eight lactating dairy cows were fed diets containing either Falcon or Tyto whole-plant barley silage (Hordeum vulgare; WPBS) in a crossover design to study effects on milk production and feed efficiency. The in vitro fibre digestibility (IVFD) of Falcon and Tyto WPBS was 61.6 and 57.2%, respectively. Cows consuming the Falcon WPBS utilized feed more efficiently compared with those consuming the Tyto WPBS (1.44 vs. 1.32 kg milk kg−1 dry matter intake) although milk yield was not affected. This research demonstrates that IVFD may be an important quality indicator of WPBS when balancing diets for high producing lactating cows.
Transformation of Gram-positive microorganisms with the Gram-negative broad-host-range cosmid vector pJRD215

A number of Gram-positive bacterial species of biotechnological importance were screened for the expression of the Gram-negative broad-host-range cosmid pJRD215, previously shown to be expressed in Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium smegmatis. As judged from acquired kanamycin or streptomycin resistance, pJRD215 was expressed in five out of ten species tested: Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium sp. , Corynebacterium glutamicum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Mycobacterium parafortuitum.
Construction of benchmark retinal image database for diabetic retinopathy analysis

Diabetic retinopathy, a symptomless medical condition of diabetes, is one of the significant reasons of vision impairment all over the world. The prior detection and diagnosis can decrease the occurrence of acute vision loss and enhance efficiency of treatment. Fundus imaging, a non-invasive diagnostic technique, is the most frequently used mode for analyzing retinal abnormalities related to diabetic retinopathy. Computer-aided methods based on retinal fundus images support quick diagnosis, impart an additional perspective during decision-making, and behave as an efficient means to assess response of treatment on retinal abnormalities. However, in order to evaluate computer-aided systems, a benchmark database of clinical retinal fundus images is required. Therefore, a representative database comprising of 2942 clinical retinal fundus images is developed and presented in this work. This clinical database, having varying attributes such as position, dimensions, shapes, and color, is formed to evaluate the generalization capability of computer-aided systems for diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. A framework for the development of benchmark retinal fundus images database is also proposed. The developed database comprises of medical image annotations for each image from expert ophthalmologists corresponding to anatomical structures, retinal lesions and stage of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the substantial performance comparison capability of the proposed database aids in analyzing candidature of different methods, and subsequently its usage in medical practice for real-time applications.
Characterization of the cell death processes triggered by indirubin derivatives in neuroblastoma cells

In this chapter, we propose to define cell necrobiology as the scientific discipline studying the functional processes leading to cell death and the consequences thereof. We review the classification of cell death types observed in the physiological context of embryogenesis, which is mainly based on morphological characteristics. We also review the methods, in our opinion, better suited to quantify and characterize lethality in cell cultures challenged with drugs. This pharmacological approach has been applied to study several new indirubin derivatives. Interestingly, some of these compounds were capable of inducing a nonapoptotic type of cell death characterized by cytoplasm disintegration and autophagy.
Integrating Chemistry and Mechanics: The Forces Driving Axon Growth.

The brain is our most complex organ. During development, neurons extend axons, which may grow over long distances along well-defined pathways to connect to distant targets. Our current understanding of axon pathfinding is largely based on chemical signaling by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. These cues instruct motile growth cones, the leading tips of growing axons, where to turn and where to stop. However, it is not chemical signals that cause motion-motion is driven by forces. Yet our current understanding of the mechanical regulation of axon growth is very limited. In this review, I discuss the origin of the cellular forces controlling axon growth and pathfinding, and how mechanical signals encountered by growing axons may be integrated with chemical signals. This mechanochemical cross talk is an important but often overlooked aspect of cell motility that has major implications for many physiological and pathological processes involving neuronal growth. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 36 is October 6, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN ARCTIC SPECIES OF GYNAEPHORA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

The genus Gynaephora Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is represented in North America by two closely related species, Gynaephora groenlandica (Wocke) and Gynaephora rossii (Curtis), whose geographic distributions overlap broadly across the Canadian arctic archipelago (Ferguson 1978; Møllgaard and Morewood 1996). Like other lymantriid moths, females of these species fly little, if at all, whereas males are strong fliers and apparently rely on pheromones to locate mates. Cross-attraction has been observed but there is no confirmed evidence that the two species interbreed. This report describes experiments designed to document reproductive isolation of G. groenlandica and G. rossii at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island (78°53′N, 75°55′W).
15N-Isotope dilution as a measure of dinitrogen fixation by Azospirillum brasilense associated with maize

The classical difference method (based on Kjeldahl determinations) and the 15N-isotope dilution method to measure dinitrogen fixation by Azospirillum brasilense associated with maize in vitro were compared. Both methods resulted in an accurate measure of the amount of Azospirilluin-fixed nitrogen found in the maize plant; 12.6% of the maize nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere. When sucrose, malate, or succinate was added as a carbon source to encourage dinitrogen fixation in the maize rhizosphere, atmosphere-derived nitrogen in the maize increased to 19.0, 28.0, and 38.0% of the total nitrogen (the remainder coming from seed nitrogen).
USE OF INTERTIDAL MANGROVE AND SEA WALL HABITATS BY CORAL REEF FISHES IN THE WAKATOBI MARINE PARK, INDONESIA

Intertidal mangroves and manmade structures such as sea walls (jetties) may be used as nursery areas by coral reef fishes. Fishes utilizing these intertidal habitats near the island of Kaledupa were observed by visual census on ten occasions each, to identify the species utilizing these habitats, compare the abundance and diversity at the two sites, observe the degree of site-fidelity, and attempt to locate alternate habitats utilized at low tide. Fish in the mangrove were not abundant and dominated by juveniles and adults of the orbiculate cardinalfish, Sphaeramia orbicularis. The vagabond butterfly fish, Chaetodon vagabundus was seen occasionally. One blue-lined demoiselle, Chrysiptera caeruleolineata, was observed repeatedly at the same location. Other fish were transient. The sea wall had a more abundant and diverse fish fauna, including many species of damselfish, two species of butterfly fishes, white-saddled cardinalfish and orbiculate cardinalfish, a moray eel, and a lionfish. Many of the fish were adults. Some species at the sea wall also showed site-fidelity, while most were transient. At low tide, they were seen congregated in deeper pools close by. This suggests that they may not utilize the coral reefs at all, but may stay by the wall all the time.