Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported High-Risk Locations of Drug Use among Drug Offenders: Ethnic and Gender Differences

This study provides a detailed multiple-choice self-report analysis of home, work, and other public locations where drug offenders report using drugs. Specific settings were examined as a function of gender and Latino versus Anglo ethnicity. The participants for this study were 391 individuals attending drug diversion programs in Southern California. The single most frequently reported location of use was the participants’living rooms with a small group of friends. There was no evidence that Latinos were relatively likely to use at home, which had been suggested in previous work. Rather, Latinos differed from Anglos most by showing a relative preference for outdoor locations of use at home or work contexts. These results could reflect a lifestyle difference between Anglos and Latinos.
Medication order communication using fax and document-imaging technologies.

PURPOSE The implementation of fax and document-imaging technology to electronically communicate medication orders from nursing stations to the pharmacy is described. METHODS The evaluation of a commercially available pharmacy order imaging system to improve order communication and to make document retrieval more efficient led to the selection and customization of a system already licensed and used in seven affiliated hospitals. The system consisted of existing fax machines and document-imaging software that would capture images of written orders and send them from nursing stations to a central database server. Pharmacists would then retrieve the images and enter the orders in an electronic medical record system. The pharmacy representatives from all seven hospitals agreed on the configuration and functionality of the custom application. RESULTS A 30-day trial of the order imaging system was successfully conducted at one of the larger institutions. The new system was then implemented at the remaining six hospitals over a period of 60 days. The transition from a paper-order system to electronic communication via a standardized pharmacy document management application tailored to the specific needs of this health system was accomplished. CONCLUSION A health system with seven affiliated hospitals successfully implemented electronic communication and the management of inpatient paper-chart orders by using faxes and document-imaging technology. This standardized application eliminated the problems associated with the hand delivery of paper orders, the use of the pneumatic tube system, and the printing of traditional faxes.
Alendronate produces greater effects than raloxifene on bone density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density: results of EFFECT (EFficacy of FOSAMAX® versus EVISTA®Comparison Trial) International 1

Objectives. Alendronate and raloxifene are antiresorptive agents with different mechanisms of action, each used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and tolerability of alendronate to raloxifene in postmenopausal women with low‐bone density.
NOVEL APPROACHES TOWARD EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ISLET ALLOGRAFT REJECTION1

Background. The inability to diagnose early rejection of an islet allograft has previously proved to be a major impediment to progress in clinical islet transplantation. The need to detect early rejection will become even more relevant as new tolerance-inducing protocols are evaluated in the clinic. We explored three novel approaches toward development of early diagnostic markers of islet rejection after islet allotransplantation. Methods. (a) Canine islet allograft transplant recipients were immunosuppressed for 1 month, then therapy was withdrawn. Serum glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen (GAD65), an endogenous islet protein, was monitored daily with a CO2 release assay. (b) Rodent islets were genetically engineered to express a unique foreign protein (&bgr;-galactosidase) by using adenoviral vectors, and after allograft transplantation, the viral-specific protein was measured in serum using optical luminescence. (c) Rodents receiving islet allografts were immunosuppressed temporarily, and daily glucose tolerance tests were followed until graft failure occurred. Results. (a) Although serum monitoring of GAD65 antigen demonstrated elevated levels preceding loss of graft function in preliminary studies, the effect was not reproducible in all animals. (b) Genetically engineered rodent islets demonstrated normal insulin kinetics in vitro (insulin stimulation index 2.57±0.2 vs. 2.95±0.3 for control islets, P =ns), and purified viral protein products had a stable half-life of 8 hr in vivo. After islet allotransplantation, there were two peak elevations in serum viral proteins, confirming that an intra-islet “sentinel signal” could be detected serologically during acute rejection. There was no lead-time ahead of hyperglycemia, however. (c) Daily sequential intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGT) tests demonstrated evidence of allograft dysfunction (decline in KG) with a 2-day lead time to hyperglycemia (2.58±0.3 vs. 1.63±0.2%/min, respectively, P <0.001), with an accuracy of 89%, sensitivity of 78%, and specificity of 95%. Conclusions. Of the three diagnostic tests, metabolic assessment with an abbreviated IVGT was the most effective method of demonstrating early islet dysfunction due to rejection.
Robust Radial Velocity Estimation of Moving Targets Based on Adaptive Data Reconstruction and Subspace Projection Algorithm

In practice, inevitable image coregistration error and channel phase mismatch will significantly degrade the estimation performance of the target radial velocity in the ground moving target indication processing with multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. To overcome this problem, a new radial velocity estimation method using the subspace projection (SP) algorithm with adaptive data reconstruction is proposed in this letter. Based on the joint-pixel signal model, the Wiener weight vector is used to reconstruct the multichannel data vector of the pixel containing the moving target. Then, the SP algorithm is adopted to deal with the radial velocity estimation with the reconstructed single “snapshot” data. The validity and robustness are verified by both simulations and real SAR data experiments.
Hierarchical and cooperative model predictive control of electrical grids by using overlapping information

The presented study deals with hierarchical and cooperative model predictive control (MPC) of electrical grids. The aim of this study is minimizing electrical frequency deviation while ensuring power levels do not rise too much. The original system is a simply interconnected one divided in several areas and, in order to control eventually disconnected areas due to communication blackouts, an expansion of the original system to a hierarchical version of itself by overlapping original system's areas is developed.
Implication des cellules NK au cours des maladies auto-immunes

Les maladies auto-immunes (MAI) correspondent a un large ensemble de pathologies cliniquement heterogenes, affectant le plus souvent des adultes jeunes, de facon volontiers chronique. Du point de vue physiopathologique, ces maladies correspondent a la survenue d’une rupture de tolerance au soi, dont les mecanismes sont complexes et font appel a l’ensemble des acteurs du systeme immunitaire. Si l’implication des cellules de l’immunite adaptative est largement documentee dans ce contexte, celle des cellules appartenant a l’immunite innee, comme les cellules Natural Killer (NK) est peu etudie. A travers deux exemples de MAI systemiques, le Lupus Systemique (LS) et le Syndrome des Antisynthetases (SAS), l’objet de ce travail est de montrer l’implication des cellules NK au cours des MAI et d’etudier les mecanismes en cause.L’etude phenotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules NK chez des patients presentant une MAI revele de nombreuses anomalies comparativement aux sujets controles. Ces dernieres sont plus marquees chez les patients en phase active plutot qu’en remission. De plus, l’infiltration des tissus cibles au cours du SAS par les cellules NK d’une part, et l’activation in vitro de ces cellules par les auto-antigenes au cours du LS d’autre part, confirme l’implication des cellules NK au cours de ces deux MAI. Par ailleurs, des interactions des cellules NK avec plusieurs types cellulaires impliques dans l’immunopathologie de ces maladies semblent conditionner les anomalies observees. Ces dernieres sont differentes selon la maladie etudiee : le profil des cellules NK des patients atteints de LS etant plutot immature et tourne vers la production de cytokines, tandis que celui des patients atteints de SAS correspond a un stade de differentiation terminal mais hypofonctionnel.L’ensemble des resultats suggere que les cellules NK participent a l’immunopathologie des MAI. Leur implication est conditionnee par l’effet de certains stimuli et certaines interactions cellulaires, qui sont de nature differente d’une MAI a l’autre.
The Electrocortical Effects of Enflurane: Experiment and Theory

BACKGROUND: High concentrations of enflurane will induce a characteristic electroencephalogram pattern consisting of periods of suppression alternating with large short paroxysmal epileptiform discharges (PEDs). In this study, we compared a theoretical computer model of this activity with real local field potential (LFP) data obtained from anesthetized rats. METHODS: After implantation of a high-density 8 × 8 electrode array in the visual cortex, the patterns of LFP and multiunit spike activity were recorded in rats during 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) enflurane anesthesia. These recordings were compared with computer simulations from a mean field model of neocortical dynamics. The neuronal effect of increasing enflurane concentration was simulated by prolonging the decay time constant of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was modulated, inverse to the neocortical firing rate. RESULTS: In the anesthetized rats, increasing enflurane concentrations consistently caused the appearance of suppression pattern (>1.5 MAC) in the LFP recordings. The mean rate of multiunit spike activity decreased from 2.54/s (0.5 MAC) to 0.19/s (2.0 MAC). At high MAC, the majority of the multiunit action potential events became synchronous with the PED. In the theoretical model, prolongation of the IPSP decay time and activity-dependent EPSP modulation resulted in output that was similar in morphology to that obtained from the experimental data. The propensity for rhythmic seizure-like activity in the model could be determined by analysis of the eigenvalues of the equations. CONCLUSION: It is possible to use a mean field theory of neocortical dynamics to replicate the PED pattern observed in LFPs in rats under enflurane anesthesia. This pattern requires a combination of a moderately increased total area under the IPSP, prolonged IPSP decay time, and also activity-dependent modulation of EPSP amplitude.
Caring for a common future: medical schools' social accountability

Origins and context The concept of ‘the social accountability of medical schools’ is moving from the peripheral preoccupation of a few to a more central concern of medical schools themselves. Born of concerns about the professionalism and relevance of both the institutions and their graduates, it is seen increasingly as an urgent call to focus the considerable social resources vested in academic health science institutions on addressing the priority health concerns of the societies they serve. For a profession embedded in an ethos of service, this would seem an obvious transition. However, as with any movement towards transformative change, it runs the risk of being more mantra and rhetoric than mandate and responsibility.
The Interaction of Otolith and Proprioceptive Information in the Perception of Verticality: The Effects of Labyrinthine and CNS Disease

Abstract: A review of recent experiments in patients with labyrinthine and neurological disorders assessing the subjective postural vertical (SPV) and the subjective visual vertical (SVV) is presented. The SPV was measured with subjects (Ss) seated in a motorized flight simulator tilting at 1.5 deg/s in roll and pitch; the Ss' task was to indicate when they entered and left self‐verticality. The SVV was measured by Ss adjusting a straight line to what they perceived as gravitational upright. Clear dissociations between the SVV and SPV were found, for example, patients with acute unilateral vestibular disorders had marked tilts of the SVV toward the side of the lesion but a “lean” (bias, tilt) of the SPV was never found. Dissociations of the SPV and SVV could also be induced in normal subjects by roll‐plane visual motion stimuli: the SVV was tilted in the direction of motion, but the SPV was not. Prolonged lateral body tilt did, however, bias the SVV (the “A” effect) and the SPV, but these effects are likely to be mediated by somatosensory rather than otolithic input. Evidence for the latter came from (i) findings in patients with absent vestibular function, who showed an enhanced “A” effect, and (ii) from a patient with a thalamic infarction, who showed absence of the “A” effect when leaning on the hemihypesthetic side. In separate experiments where normal Ss indicated space‐vertical and space‐horizontal with saccadic eye movements, we found differences between these percepts, that is, subjective external space lost orthogonality. The findings in these various experiments can be interpreted if we abandon the idea of a single, “internal representation” of verticality. Different sensory modalities convey different and sometimes conflicting messages about verticality. Otolithic and somatosensory signals can have opposite sign effects during verticality estimates while tilted. In man, somatosensory cues have a prominent role in verticality perception.
Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches – beneficial effect of re‐warm‐up at half‐time

The relationship between quadriceps muscle temperature (Tm) and sprint performance was evaluated during soccer matches in 25 competitive players. In one game, Tm was determined frequently (n=9). In another game, eight players performed low‐intensity activities at half‐time (re‐warm‐up, (RW), whereas another eight players recovered passively (CON). Tm was 36.0±0.2 °C at rest and increased (P<0.05) to 39.4±0.2 °C before the game and remained unaltered during the first half. At half‐time, Tm decreased (P<0.05) to 37.4±0.2 °C, but increased (P<0.05) to 39.2±°C during the second half. In CON and RW, Tm and core temperature (Tc) were similar before and after the first half, but 2.1±0.1 and 0.9±0.1 °C higher (P<0.05), respectively, in RW prior to the second half. At the onset of the second half, the sprint performance was reduced (P<0.05) by 2.4% in CON, but unchanged in RW. The decrease in Tm was correlated to the decrease in performance (r=0.60, P<0.05, n=16). This study demonstrates that in soccer, the decline in Tm and Tc during half‐time is associated with a lowered sprint capacity at the onset of the second half, whereas sprint performance is maintained when low‐intensity activities preserve muscle temperature.
Diagnostic sur l'évolution de l'état de santé écologique du Léman par l'analyse des séries chronologiques du phytoplancton

Suite au probleme d'eutrophisation que connut le Leman, un suivi comprenant des mesures physico-chimiques et biologiques a ete instaure par la CIPEL pour favoriser la lutte contre la degradation du milieu. Fournissant un ensemble de donnees coherentes sur une periode de 25 annees (1974 a 1998) ce suivi a permis de : (1) dresser un bilan sur l'evolution de la qualite trophique du Leman, (2) preciser les changements a long terme de la communaute phytoplanctonique et (3) d'en determiner les causes probables. Malgre la baisse des concentrations en phosphore qui s'initia vers la fin des annees 70 (de 90 MugP. L-1 en 1979 a 40 MugP. L-1 en 1998), les parametres proposes par l'OCDE comme critere d'evaluation de l'etat trophique des lacs ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer une amelioration du milieu. Au contraire, depuis le debut des annees 90 les biomasses phytoplanctoniques sont en augmentation et presentent des valeurs similaires a celles atteintes au cours des annees 70 avec une recrudescence d'especes filamenteuses et/ou caracteristiques de milieux eutrophes. Le seul signe positif est le retour d'especes caracteristiques de milieux oligotrophes. Dans ce contexte, il est difficile de juger si les mesures de protection allaient dans le bon sens et une etude plus poussee de son fonctionnement actuel et passe s'imposait. A l'aide de la methode multitableaux STATIS, nous avons dresse le modele de la phenologie annuelle caracteristique du phytoplancton lemanique et mis en evidence des differences interannuelles de la dynamique saisonniere. Ces differences, qui se manifestent principalement a partir de la periode estivale, aboutissent a la distinction de trois modeles de succession qui ont la particularite de se succeder dans le temps : de 1974 a 1985, 1986 a 1991 (1988 exclu) et 1992 a 1998 (plus 1988). Cette derniere periode, source d'interrogations en termes de gestion et de determinisme du processus d'oligotrophisation, se caracterise par une apparition precoce des especes d'automne a strategie adaptative de type " R ". Afin de donner une explication fonctionnelle a cette evolution de nature " catastrophique " au sens de Thom (1977) et une interpretation en termes d'evolution de la qualite du milieu, nous avons cherche a mieux caracteriser les associations d'especes impliquees dans ces changements et les caracteristiques du milieu qui leurs sont associees.
The virological and immunological consequences of structured treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection

BackgroundSome individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection have discontinued their drug therapy with consequent plasma virus rebound. In a small number of patients, a delayed or absent rebound in plasma virus load has been noted after drug cessation, apparently associated with prior drug interruptions and autologous boosting of HIV-1 specific immune responses. We hypothesized that cyclic structured treatment interruptions structured treatment interruptions (STI) could augment HIV-1 specific immune responses in chronic HIV-1 infection, which might help to control HIV-1 replication off therapy. MethodsWe initiated an STI pilot study in 10 antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1 chronically infected subjects with baseline CD4 T-cell counts > 500 × 106 cells/l and plasma viral load > 5000 copies/ml who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for 1 year with good response (plasma viral load < 20 copies/ml for at least 32 weeks). Three cycles of HAART interruption were performed. ResultsIn all of the patients viral load rebounded, but doubling times increased significantly between the first and third stops (P = 0.008), and by the third stop, six out of nine subjects had a virological set-point after a median 12 months off therapy that was lower than baseline before starting HAART (ranging from 0.6 log10 to 1.3 log10 lower than baseline) and in four it remained stable below 5000 copies/ml. Those subjects who controlled viral replication developed significantly stronger HIV-1 specific cellular immune responses than subjects lacking spontaneous decline (P < 0.05). During viral rebounds no genotypic or phenotypic changes conferring resistance to reverse trancriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors was detected, but mean absolute CD4 T-cell counts declined significantly, although never below 450 × 106/l and the mean value at 12 months off therapy was significantly higher than the pre-treatment level (P = 0.004). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that STI in chronic HIV-1 infection might augment HIV-1-specific cellular immune responses associated with a spontaneous and sustained drop in plasma viral load in some subjects but at the potential cost of lower CD4 T-cell counts.
A strategy of network bandwidth scheduling based on time window partition for spacecraft platform

Future spacecrafts have characteristics of high mobility, load diversity and so on. The platform network system of spacecraft carries most of the data exchange tasks. With the diversity demands of system complexity and task load, it is necessary to carry out reasonable network planning. In order to meet the scheduling requirements and system stability, we analyze the multi-task information flow model of spacecraft and design the strategy of network bandwidth scheduling based on time window partition. At last, the software Matlab is used to simulate the scheduling strategy. The simulation results show that this scheduling strategy can meet the scheduling requirements and system stability.
Alternative novel therapies for the treatment of elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients

With a median age at diagnosis of approximately 65–70 years, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a major therapeutic challenge in the elderly. Only 30–35% of elderly patients with AML are considered eligible for intensive chemotherapy and do actually receive it. However, the long-term benefit associated with intensive chemotherapy remains marginal, and the overall outcome for this population remains poor. The remaining 60–65% of elderly AML patients receives supportive care only. Nevertheless, several studies have indicated that patients who receive any therapy had a better outcome if compared with patients who receive supportive care only. Thus, the development of novel, less toxic, targeted agents is offering new options to older AML patients who are unfit for intensive approaches. In the present review, we will report on the results achieved using intensive chemotherapy and novel agents, and will describe some of the new strategies under development for treating older AML patients.
Epstein-Barr latent membrane protein 1 transformation site 2 activates NF-κB in the absence of NF-κB essential modifier residues 133–224 or 373–419

Epstein Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) induces NF-κB activation through transformation effector sites (TES) 1 and 2, both of which are critical for B-lymphocyte transformation. TES2 principally activates canonical NF-κB, which we confirm is NF-κB essential modifier (NEMO)-dependent and requires an intact ubiquitin binding in A20 binding inhibitor of NF-κB and NEMO (UBAN) domain. LMP1 TES2 activated NF-κB in Jurkat cell lines harboring NEMO truncated at 372 (A45) or NEMO with an in-frame deletion of 133–224 (2C), whereas TNFα, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 Tax, and CD40 did not. In both A45 and 2C Jurkat cell lines, LMP1 TES2-mediated NF-κB activation was blocked by siRNAs to TNFα receptor-associated factor 6 and NEMO, by IκB kinase inhibitors, and by the IκBα superrepressor, indicating that the NEMO mutants function to support canonical NF-κB activation. Expression of A45 or 2C mutants in NEMO-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts reproduced the Jurkat phenotypes: LMP1 TES2 activated NF-κB in fibroblasts lacking NEMO amino acids 133–224 or 373–419, but TNFα and Tax did not. Further analysis indicated that TES2 did not activate NF-κB in cells expressing the double deletion mutant Δ133–224/Δ372–419. These data provide further evidence of the essential role for NEMO in LMP1 TES2 NF-κB activation and highlight the importance of unique domains within NEMO for sensing distinct NF-κB stimuli.