Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age Differences in Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion: A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes.

CONTEXT Younger age has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for prolonged recovery after sport-related concussion, yet few studies have directly evaluated age differences in acute recovery. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical recovery patterns for high school and collegiate athletes. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Large, multicenter prospective sample collected from 1999-2003 in a sports medicine setting. SUBJECTS Concussed athletes (n = 621; 545 males and 76 females) and uninjured controls (n = 150) participating in high school and collegiate contact and collision sports (79% in football, 15.7% in soccer, and the remainder in lacrosse or ice hockey). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants underwent evaluation of symptoms (Graded Symptom Checklist), cognition (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System). Athletes were evaluated preinjury and followed serially at several time points after concussive injury: immediately, 3 hours postinjury, and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90 (with neuropsychological measures administered at baseline and 3 postinjury time points). RESULTS Comparisons of concussed high school and collegiate athletes with uninjured controls suggested that high school athletes took 1 to 2 days longer to recover on a cognitive (Standardized Assessment of Concussion) measure. Comparisons with the control group on other measures (symptoms, balance) as well as direct comparisons between concussed high school and collegiate samples revealed no differences in the recovery courses between the high school and collegiate groups on any measure. Group-level recovery occurred at or before 7 days postinjury on all assessment metrics. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest no clinically significant age differences exist in recovery after sport-related concussion, and therefore, separate injury-management protocols are not needed for high school and collegiate athletes.
La Confiance, Variable-Clé d'un Contrôle Rénové / "Trust", a Key Variable in a New Approach of Management Control

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. La Confiance, Variable-Clé d’un Contrôle Rénové / ”Trust”, a Key Variable in a New Approach of Management Control Nathalie Guibert, Yves Dupuy
Non-monetary social and network value: understanding the effects of non-paying customers in new media

Welcome to this Special Issue of the Journal of Strategic Marketing titled ‘Non-Monetary Social and Network Value: Understanding the Effects of Non-Paying Customers in New Media. ’ The rationale for this Special Issue resides in the influential strategic shift, which is being observed from a conventional one-way paradigm, in which customers are viewed as relatively passive recipients of incoming marketing cues, to an increasingly two-way, interactive perspective, which recognises customers’ proactive, co-creative engagement, behaviours and relationships in crafting and co-creating their personal experiences with particular brands, products and organisations within broader social networks (Aaker, Fournier, & Brasel, 2004; Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004; Brodie et al., 2011; Sawhney, Verona, & Prandelli, 2005). Within this evolving environment, firms are becoming increasingly focused on facilitating interactions, and building engagement, with key stakeholder groups, including consumers, consumer communities, public organisations and the general public (Bolton & Saxena-Iyer, 2009), thus resulting in complex sets of networked relationships influenced by each of the stakeholder groups involved (Mӧller & Wilson, 1995). However, while individuals’ interactive experiences and engagement within social networks may represent indirect revenue-generating opportunities they, typically, do not generate monetary value for firms directly. This Special Issue of the Journal of Strategic Marketing seeks to provide insight into the nature and dynamics typifying consumers’ non-monetary, social value generated within new media-based social networks, which remains extremely limited in the literature to date. The objectives of this Special Issue are to highlight the increasingly important role of non-paying customers to contemporary organisations, the specific dynamics characterising such individuals across different contexts, the ensuing implications of these developments for the development of marketing theory, and the identification of key opportunities and challenges arising from these dynamics for strategic marketing. In pursuing these objectives we present ten papers featuring authors from eight countries addressing a range of contemporary theoretical and managerial aspects relating to firm value as generated by non-paying customers. What constitutes a non-paying customer? While literature on this topic has remained sparse to date, we refer to a non-paying customer as a user of specific product(s) or service(s), which are offered for free, such that a mandate for the user’s financial payment to the firm does not exist, as it would in more traditional (i.e. paying customer) contexts. Examples of non-paying customer contexts include free email services (e.g. Gmail, Yahoo), search engines (e.g. Google, Bing), social media sites (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter), content marketing or the provision of free samples of products or services to consumers. As such, the emergence and rise of the Internet
Imprinted genes and their role in human fetal growth

Growth is defined as the progressive increase in size and is listed as one of the eight main characteristics of life. In human gestation the most rapid growth phase is from 16 to 32 weeks when first there is both cell number and size increase and then from 32 weeks onwards there is continued size increase (Pollack and Divon, 1992). The mechanism of growth in utero is of fundamental interest to clinicians and scientists because of its implications for neonatal health. Growth is multifactorial in origin with both genetics and environment contributing equally large parts. Despite this complexity analysis of the candidate genes involved is possible using simple tissue biopsies at the relevant stages of development. Of particular interest in understanding fetal growth is the analysis of a group of genes that show a parent-of-origin effect known as genomic imprinting. Imprinted genes are not only found in eutherian (placental) and metatherian (marsupial) mammals but surprisingly also in plants. Nevertheless, their evolution in mammals appears to be linked primarily to placentation. It is thought to result from a potential conflict between the parents in terms of the drive to successfully propagate their own separate genes and the mother’s added drive for her survival through the pregnancy to reproduce again. This means that the mother wants to restrict fetal growth and the father to enhance it.
Bcl‐2 Engineered MSCs Inhibited Apoptosis and Improved Heart Function

Engraftment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult bone marrow has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction. However, limited cell viability after transplantation into the myocardium has restricted its regenerative capacity. In this study, we genetically modified MSCs with an antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 gene and evaluated cell survival, engraftment, revascularization, and functional improvement in a rat left anterior descending ligation model via intracardiac injection. Rat MSCs were manipulated to overexpress the Bcl‐2 gene. In vitro, the antiapoptotic and paracrine effects were assessed under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, the Bcl‐2 gene‐modified MSCs (Bcl‐2‐MSCs) were injected after myocardial infarction. The surviving cells were tracked after transplantation. Capillary density was quantified after 3 weeks. The left ventricular function was evaluated by pressure‐volume loops. The Bcl‐2 gene protected MSCs against apoptosis. In vitro, Bcl‐2 overexpression reduced MSC apoptosis by 32% and enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by more than 60% under hypoxic conditions. Transplantation with Bcl‐2‐MSCs increased 2.2‐fold, 1.9‐fold, and 1.2‐fold of the cellular survival at 4 days, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks, respectively, compared with the vector‐MSC group. Capillary density in the infarct border zone was 15% higher in Bcl‐2‐MSC transplanted animals than in vector‐MSC treated animals. Furthermore, Bcl‐2‐MSC transplanted animals had 17% smaller infarct size than vector‐MSC treated animals and exhibited functional recovery remarkably. Our current findings support the premise that transplantation of antiapoptotic gene‐modified MSCs may have values for mediating substantial functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction.
The Linkage between Excess Board Independence and Capital Structure: An Exploration in the Context of Listed Companies in Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between one of the corporate governance mechanisms employed to effectively monitor managers and align their goals with those of shareholders, number of independent directors on the board and capital structure for 68 firms listed on Saudi Arabian stock exchange for the period 2010-2014. We employ two measures that account for the representation of independent directors, board independence and excess independence and test this relationship in the presence of a number of control variables such as board size, assetsâ€™ tangibility and firm size, profitability and growth opportunities. We find that board independence and debt share a positive relationship which is not statistically significant, while the link between excess independence and debt is positive and is statistically significant. The results are robust when the book debt is alternated with market debt. Our findings have important implications for the corporate governance structures of firms. This has important implications for the regulators and firms.
Seizure control outcomes after resection of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor in 50 patients.

OBJECT Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) are a subset of relatively rare glioneuronal tumors that typically present with epilepsy during childhood. The authors' aim was to identify factors that predict seizure control following excision. METHODS The authors reviewed the cases of 50 patients who underwent resection of DNETs at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1990 and 2006. Demographic, seizure history, radiographic, and histopathological data were collected and analyzed for statistical association with postoperative seizure control. RESULTS Of the 50 patients, 86% presented with intractable epilepsy. The median age at surgery was 21 years (range 4-46 years; 40% were < 18 years old at time of surgery), with a median duration of 8 years from onset of seizures (24% were adult-onset seizures). Fifty-two percent of the cases were associated with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia. Complete resection was achieved in 78% of cases. Intraoperative electrocorticography in 23 patients identified extralesional interictal activity in 16 cases, which led to extended lesionectomy or lobectomy. The remaining patients underwent lesionectomy alone. The median follow-up was 5.6 years, during which time tumor progression occurred after subtotal resection. The proportional estimates of seizure freedom (Engel Class I outcome) were 0.86 at 1 year and 0.85 at 5 years. Seizure freedom was predicted by complete or extended resection (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.39-2.03; p < 0.0001) and extratemporal location (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.42; p = 0.03) on multivariate analysis. Secondary analysis for intraoperative electrocorticography cases demonstrated that seizure outcome was better when extralesional spiking foci were detected (94% seizure free) compared with when they were absent (43% seizure free). CONCLUSIONS Excision of DNETs and, when present, adjacent dysplastic cortex was highly effective for seizure control. Excellent seizure-free outcomes and tumor control were seen with lesionectomy alone in most cases. Electrocorticography with extended resection was useful for patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Eisosomes Regulate Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) Cortical Clusters and Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling upon Osmotic Stress*

Background: Eisosomes are protein-based structures of unknown function at the plasma membrane of yeast cells. Results: Eisosomes are shown to organize lipid domains that promote signal transduction during environmental stress. Conclusion: Environmental stress induces clustering of signal transduction lipids and proteins. Significance: A new mechanism to relay extracellular cues for intracellular responses is provided. Eisosomes are multiprotein structures that generate linear invaginations at the plasma membrane of yeast cells. The core component of eisosomes, the BAR domain protein Pil1, generates these invaginations through direct binding to lipids including phosphoinositides. Eisosomes promote hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) by functioning with synaptojanin, but the cellular processes regulated by this pathway have been unknown. Here, we found that PI(4,5)P2 regulation by eisosomes inhibits the cell integrity pathway, a conserved MAPK signal transduction cascade. This pathway is activated by multiple environmental conditions including osmotic stress in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Activation of the MAPK Pmk1 was impaired by mutations in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 5-kinase Its3, but this defect was suppressed by removal of eisosomes. Using fluorescent biosensors, we found that osmotic stress induced the formation of PI(4,5)P2 clusters that were spatially organized by eisosomes in both fission yeast and budding yeast cells. These cortical clusters contained the PI 5-kinase Its3 and did not assemble in the its3-1 mutant. The GTPase Rho2, an upstream activator of Pmk1, also co-localized with PI(4,5)P2 clusters under osmotic stress, providing a molecular link between these novel clusters and MAPK activation. Our findings have revealed that eisosomes regulate activation of MAPK signal transduction through the organization of cortical lipid-based microdomains.
Genetic analysis of the capsid region of astroviruses

Eight serotypes of human astroviruses (HAstV‐1 to HAstV‐8) have been described. To date, the entire genomes of HAstV‐1 and HAstV‐2 as well as the ORF2 sequences of HAstV‐1–6 and 8 have been reported. In this study, the ORF2 sequences of seventeen strains of HAstVs originating from different countries were determined, as well as the sequence ORF2 of one porcine astrovirus (PAstV) strain. Afterwards, comparison of the capsid protein precursors encoded by ORF2 of 46 strains of HAstVs, PAstV, and feline astrovirus (FAstV) was carried out. A phylogenetic tree showed eight genogroups of HAstVs that corresponded exactly to the serotypes. HAstV‐3 and 7 were the most closely related, whereas HAstVs, FAstV, and PAstV segregated from each other. Compared to a PAstV, a FAstV is closer to HAstVs. Furthermore, the capsid protein precursors were divided into four regions (after amino acid residues 424, 688, and 776, respectively) based on sequence identity. Region I was the most conserved, and FAstV was very close in identity to HAstVs. Two amino acid motifs in region I were predicted to contain the common antigenic epitopes. Region II was relatively variable. Deletions and insertions were characteristic of region III, and region IV was relatively conserved. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative sequence analysis of the capsid protein precursors of eight serotypes of HAstVs as well as two animal astroviruses (FAstV and PAstV). J. Med. Virol. 64:245–255, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accounting information as political currency *

We test whether accounting can be used as political currency. Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign issue. We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 election. We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional races. Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other races. The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied politicians. * We thank Richard Frankel, Paul Healy, S. P. Kothari, Krishna Palepu, Ross Watts, and seminar participants at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for helpful comments; and Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for financial support. We are also grateful to Center for Responsive Politics for providing the data on campaign contributions. Any errors are our responsibility. 1
Leadership Challenges at Hewlett-Packard: Through the Looking Glass

The board of directors has a long list of responsibilities in all areas of governance. However, to many, the fundamental obligations of the board are simple and distill down to two: 1) evaluate and approve the corporate strategy and 2) hire and fire the CEO. The Hewlett-Packard Company has had four leadership changes over the last twelve years. It has also faced numerous strategic changes, as well as controversies and challenges at the senior management and board levels.We examine these issues and ask: Does the board of directors understand the skills and experiences needed to run the company? Have they settled on a corporate strategy? Why has the board repeatedly appointed an external, rather than internal, executive as CEO? Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the book Corporate Governance Matters, and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Relationship between the Epstein‐Barr virus genome and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Caucasian patients

In order to explore whether undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) shows a regular association with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), regardless of the geographical and ethnic origin of the patient, a correlated histopathological and nucleic acid hybridization study was performed on biopsies from Caucasian patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas and from various controls. Among 12 undifferentiated NPCs, 11 were positive for EBV‐DNA, with multiple copies of the viral genome per cell. Serological tests showed elevated anti‐VCA and anti‐EA (DA) titers. Six NPCs with various degrees of squamous differentiation, four malignant lymphomas of the nasopharynx and seven carcinomas located outside the nasopharynx were EBV‐DNA negative. These findings further stress the uniqueness and regularity of the association between EBV‐DNA and undifferentiated NPC. Clearly, the association extends over geographical barriers and holds true not only in the previously studied, moderate‐incidence African ethnic group, but also in the low‐incidence Western patients.
The impact of multiple framing cues on promotion success: Evidence from an experiment in an online Pay What You Want context

Participative pricing mechanisms have become increasingly popular among companies. A specific type of this mechanism called “pay what you want” (PWYW) seems to be a desirable way of increasing sales revenues. In particular, using the mechanism for online services has proven to be successful as the internet offers a flexible platform for it and as the role of variable costs is minimal in online services. However, as many social influence strategies work differently in physical and online worlds, there needs to be a thorough understanding of how framing a PWYW offering affects the prices that consumers are willing to pay. Specifically, the authors look at how reference price, promotion availability and payment anonymity affect consumers’ price estimates and purchase and search intentions for an online game bundle in an experimental setting. The results show that the variables have an interactive effect on the price consumers would pay for the games and on consumers’ purchase intentions. Out of the main effects, high reference price affects consumers’ price estimates the most.
Factors Limiting the Implementations of Agile Practices in the Software Industry: A Pilot Systematic Review

This paper presents a pilot Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study which examined the limitations of Agile methods in the software industry based on primary research. The study investigated IEEE conferences and journal papers published between 2007 and 2012. 29 papers were identified as the most relevant. While the SLR findings brought to light limitations both in the Agile methods and in their implementation, the latter issues were the ones most frequently addressed. The results reveal that the three most repeatedly cited factors are high dependency on people/personnel, organisational dependency, and high impact on organisational structure and culture. While these three factors are mutually related, the people factor – especially the need for strong involvement and support from upper - level management – can be regarded as a primary necessity in Agile implementation. In spite of the Agile principles laying emphasis on people-critical functions, and in spite of the excellent rules in the gist of the principles, problems still arose when it came to the implementation stage. This finding indicates the need for future work on proper guidelines for management, given that existing guidelines for Agile adoptions and implementations are general and less focused on upper level managers.
Impact Of Merger And Acquisition On Debt Management Ratio: A Case Study In Malaysian Banking Sectors

This study based on efficiency theory of shareholder’s wealth maximization of acquisition principle attempted to investigate the debt management ratio of ten Malaysian anchor banks after undergoing mega merger and acquisition program which was completed in the year of 2000. As efficiency theory consists of three elements that are financial synergy, operation synergy and managerial synergy, the study will primarily focus its analysis on financial synergy (debt management). Using accounting technique (financial statement analysis) to draw the implication, the study results highlighted the performance of those anchor banks from the year 2000 to 2004. The ratio analysis tools employed covered total liabilities to total assets, total liabilities to total equity, times interest earned, and cash debt coverage ratio. The findings shows that in general, the anchor banks recorded improvement in term of debt management; yet more comprehensive strategies have to be executed to further enhance the financial synergy. The generalization however shall be done in more cautious as the study inherits several limitations including the application of financial statement which based on historic cost rather than reflecting the current market situation. The study perhaps can be extended to include the analysis of earnings performance ratios and market/investor perception toward the resilience of those anchor banks after completing the merger and acquisition mega program.