Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advanced in Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis: From Lipids to Inflammation

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of vascular disease worldwide. During the past several decades, landmark discoveries in the field of vascular biology have evolved our understanding of the biology of blood vessels and the pathobiology of local and systemic vascular disease states and have led to novel disease-modifying therapies for patients. This review is made to understand the molecular mechanism of atherosclerosis for these future therapies.CONTENT: Advances in molecular biology and -omics technologies have facilitated in vitro and in vivo studies which revealed that blood vessels regulate their own redox milieu, metabolism, mechanical environment, and phenotype, in part, through complex interactions between cellular components of the blood vessel wall and circulating factors. Dysregulation of these carefully orchestrated homeostatic interactions has also been implicated as the mechanism by which risk factors for cardiopulmonary vascular disease lead to vascular dysfunction, structural remodeling and, ultimately, adverse clinical events.SUMMARY: Atherosclerosis is a heterogeneous disease, despite a common initiating event of apoB-lipoproteins. Despite of acute thrombotic complications, an adequate resolution response is mounted, where efferocytosis prevents plaque necrosis and a reparative scarring response (the fibrous cap) prevents plaque disruption. However, a small percentage of developing atherosclerotic lesions cannot maintain an adequate resolution response, which leading to the formation of clinically dangerous plaques that can trigger acute lumenal thrombosis and tissue ischemiaand infarction.KEYWORDS: atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, efferocytosis, foam cells, thrombosis
Abbreviation Words Used In ‘Avakin Life 3d Virtual World’ Online Game Chatting Room

The purpose of this study is to analyze the abbreviation words used in Avakin Life 3D Virtual World Online Game Chatting Room. The Words selected were related to the types of abbreviation, acronym, and initialism in the daily chat discussion. The study pointed to the theory of Plag (2002) and Hu (1988). Those words are indicated through some forms of Abbreviations which are elaborated into distinguished categories such as acronyms and initialism, whereas the different clippings which included front clipping, middle clipping, end clipping and middle and end clipping.The data analysis concerning on identifying and explaining the meanings of the abbreviation words inthe chatting room are written by the players themselves.While, the method used in obtaining this study was a qualitative method that visualized the data analysis are derived from the documents in the form of discussion room.There are40 Abbreviation wordare found such as Anwr, Brb, Hru, Wyd, Nvm, and Rofl in this study. In which the dominant of the Abbreviations are the types of acronym and initialism. Keywords : Linguistics - Morphology - Abbreviation - Acronym - Chatting Room.
Identification of glacial refugia in south‐eastern North America by phylogeographical analyses of a forest understorey plant, Trillium cuneatum

Aim We examine several hypotheses emerging from biogeographical and fossil records regarding glacial refugia of a southern thermophilic plant species. Specifically, we investigated the glacial history and post‐glacial colonization of a forest understorey species, Trillium cuneatum. We focused on the following questions: (1) Did T. cuneatum survive the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in multiple refugia, and (if so) where were they located, and is the modern genetic structure congruent with the fossil record‐based reconstruction of refugia for mesic deciduous forests? (2) What are the post‐glacial colonization patterns in the present geographical range?
Satellites of Plant Viruses

The term "satellite virus" was first used by Kassanis in 1962 (46) to describe the small virus that was dependent on tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) for multiplication in plants. Several other "satellites" have since been described and the term is now usually used to refer to a virus or nucleic acid that is unable to multiply in cells without the assistance of a specific "helper" virus, is not necessary for the multiplication of the helper virus, and has no appreciable sequence homology with the helper virus genome. This defini­ tion thus distinguishes satellite nucleic acids from (a) nucleic acids that form part of a divided genome, such as the small RNA species of to­ braviruses, comoviruses, or nepoviruses (4), which cannot replicate in the absence of the larger genome RNA species but themselves carry the cistron for the protein in which both genome segments are packaged; (b) subge­ nomic fragments generated during normal virus replication (5); (c) "defec­ tive" virus nucleic acids such as the RNA of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) mutants PMl and PM2 (107) which, though able to replicate inde­ pendently, code for a defective coat protein, and can only be packaged in normal TMV coat protein; (d) other "defective" nucleic acids, such as those occurring in the defective interfering particles of some animal viruses (35) which are derived from the helper virus genome and depend on it for replication but are not needed by it for infection; and (e) nucleic acids that mUltiply independently in plants with the production of infective particles but rely on other viruses for some biological functions such as transmission by aphids (17). However, individual plant virus satellites have some features in common with each of these types of nucleic acid. In the following account only sufficient data are given about the helper
Anti‐HIV‐1, Cytotoxic, and Biological Properties of Selected Polyoxometalate Compounds a

Polyoxometalate compounds, a large class of inorganic cluster-like compounds, are formed principally of oxide anions and early transition metal cations, usually in their do electronic configurations. ' Recent studies indicated that one compound of the polyoxometalate class, the French anti-HIV-1 agent, HPA-23 (molecular formula (NH,+),,(H+)[NaSb9W,, OS6IS-]), exhibited activity against several viruses in vitro and in viva2 Clinical studies in Europe and the USA, however, indicated that this particular compound was too toxic to be of serious interest as an anti-HIV-1 agent.3 We report here the results from evaluation of 38 polyoxometalates of several structural categories: (1) the Keggin class (e.g. a-SiW,,0a4= ST and a-BW,,O.,,,= BT); (2) the WellsDawson class (P,W,,06,"); and (3) various fragments derived from these structures (e.g. PW,,O,,7and PW,O,,4, the Keggin-derived sandwich compounds (e.g. K,,Cu,(H,O),(PW9O,,),), the hexametalates (W6019zand Mo,O,,Z-), decatungstate (Wl,,0324-), the Preyssler ion, [NaP,W,oOIlo]'4-, and different salt forms of these complexes. The anti-HIV-1 activity of the compounds in infected peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells was uniformly high; nearly 80% of the compounds tested had activity. Some of the most active compounds were ST, BT, and W,00324(ECm values 1 ph4). The smaller polyoxometalates, generally those with 6 atoms or less, did not have appreciable anti-HIV-1 activity. The toxicity in PBM cells varied from high
Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

In order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets. In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87. Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2. Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.
Commercial-off-the-Shelf Games in the Digital Wild and L2 Learner Vocabulary.

The purposes of this study are to examine the relation between playing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) games in the wild and L2 English vocabulary and to offer comparisons with non-gamers’ vocabulary. Data were collected from two samples of teenage L2 English learners in Sweden, Sample A (N = 1,069) and Sample B (N = 16). Questionnaires and English grades were collected from A and B, productive and receptive vocabulary tests from A, and interviews and essays from B. A quantitative-dominant mixed-methods approach was adopted. Results showed a significant positive correlation between time played and test scores. They also showed that time played was related to types of games played. Multiple regression analysis including time played and types of games as predictor variables and L2 vocabulary as the outcome variable showed that the effect from type disappeared when it was entered into the model, whereas time remained significant. A close examination of 45 words (productive test) revealed significantly higher scores for gamers (compared with non-gamers) at all vocabulary frequency levels, and for particularly difficult words. Overall, findings from Sample B regarding gaming habits and vocabulary (i.e., use of advanced or infrequent words in essays) reflected the results from Sample A, making it possible to conclude that playing COTS games matters for L2 learner vocabulary.
Development of Gene-linked Molecular Markers in South African Abalone (Haliotis midae) Using an In silico Mining Approach

The South African abalone, Haliotis midae, is the only endemic species of commercial value. Aquaculture remains the only avenue for expanding the industry, since the closure of the fishery. The current focus is on implementing a molecular breeding programme; thus the development of molecular markers for linkage mapping and QTL analysis is a priority. Various markers, mainly anonymous, have been developed for H. midae; however emphasis is being placed on the development of gene-linked type I molecular markers. The present study investigates and demonstrates the use of public sequence collections to develop type I markers for a species with limited genomic resources, via three strategies: Surveying anonymous H. midae microsatellite markers’ flanking regions to find homology to gene sequences in public databases, cross-species marker transfer of anonymous markers from H. rubra and H. discus hannai demonstrating putative gene associations and lastly EST marker mining (SNP and microsatellites) from various Haliotids and testing transfer to the target species. Approximately 17% of H. midae anonymous markers showed significant similarity to genes. The current study also reports higher cross-species transferability from both H. rubra and H. discus hannai to H. midae (39% and 20.5%, respectively) than previously demonstrated and 15 EST-microsatellites and 16 EST-SNPs were successfully mined. Furthermore, the non-random distribution of microsatellites and high nucleotide diversity in the H. midae genome was confirmed. This is a low cost and time effective method for marker development and presents a continuous and dynamic resource that could be used for future marker development and characterisation as sequence information in public databases grow exponentially.
Effects of diet, breed and slaughter endpoint on growth performance, carcass composition and beef quality traits in Limousin and Charolais steers

Ninety-six Charolais and Limousin steers were used to evaluate 75% grain (whole barley or corn) diets and two slaughter endpoints (7 mm backfat or 568 kg liveweight) in an experiment designed to constrain carcass weights to under approximately 341 kg yet produce optimal beef quality. Each breed was represented by eight progeny from each of six sires. The trial was terminated after 281 d feeding regardless of individual steers attaining designated slaughter endpoints. Limited availability of dietary energy in whole-barley diets resulted in decreased (P < 0.01) average daily gain and increased (P < 0.01) dry matter intake, feed/gain and days on feed for barley- vs. corn-fed cattle. Charolais outgained (P < 0.05) Limousin but dry matter intake was similar on a g BW00.75 basis. Feeding to 568 kg liveweight was associated with high (P < 0.10) ADG and decreased (P < 0.05) feed/gain compared with feeding to 7 mm. Corn feeding increased (P < 0.001) carcass weights, fat deposition and longissimus muscle area. Lean.
Male reproductive senescence as a potential source of sexual conflict in a beetle

The link between senescence and reproductive success is a contentious yet crucial issue to our understanding of mate choice, sexual conflict, and the evolution of ageing. By imposing direct (i.e., male fertility) or indirect (i.e., zygote viability) reproductive costs to females, male senescence may lead to sexual conflict at different levels. For example, ageing may affect male ability to deliver sperm, thus setting the scene for sexual conflict over mating, and/or may affect the quality of individual sperm cells, generating the potential for sexual conflict over fertilizing strategies. We addressed these issues by studying the mating behavior, reproductive fitness, and fertilization patterns of females mated to young versus old males in a beetle (Tenebrio molitor). Our results show that male senescence imposes direct fertility costs on females and that females mated to old males produce offspring of lower quality (i.e., smaller) than those mated to young males. Compared with females mated to young males, females mated to old males were less receptive and decreased their allocation to spermatophore guarding (a crucial determinant of male reproductive success in this species), increasing the risk of sperm competition by other males. In contrast, old males increased their own investment in spermatophore guarding, which suggests the existence of antagonistic selection over sperm competition strategies. These findings lend support to the recent notion that ageing may act as an evolutionary source of sexual conflict. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Tooth use and the physical properties of food

For decades, natural historians and comparative anatomists have acknowledged the form/function relationship between an animal's dentition and its food. Historically, anthropologists have cited this relationship to explain adaptations observed in modern species as well as to infer the diets of extinct animals found in the fossil record. Anthropologists have described morphological differences between species that permit dietary niche partitioning which allows closely related primates to co‐exist within a single ecosystem. For example, Robinson1 postulated that the anatomical differences between Australopithecus and Paranthropus are the result of their adaptations to different diets. Jolly's2 seed‐eating hypothesis suggested that early hominids' morphological divergence from apes resulted from their specialized feeding on small and hard grass seeds. Early work by Kay3 suggested that Sivapithecus' thick molar enamel was an adaptation to habitually eating resistant food items such as hard nuts or seeds enclosed in tough pods.
CO1 phylogenies in diploblasts and the 'Barcoding of Life' — are we sequencing a suboptimal partition?

Partitions of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene, especially the 5′′′ ′ end, are frequently recruited to infer lower level phylogenies in animals. In diploblasts, mitochondrial genes were found to evolve in a slower rate than their bilaterian counterparts. Therefore, diploblast CO1 gene trees repeatedly remained unresolved, which also raises doubts on the suitability of CO1 for DNA barcoding in these animals. The complete mitochondrial genome sequences from Anthozoa and recently from Porifera allow us to compare the resolution power of the 5′′ partition, which has also been proposed as the standard marker for DNA barcoding, with a less frequently used partition further downstream. We report on the finding of significantly different substitution patterns of the downstream partition opposed to the 5′′ partition. We discuss the consequences and potential in the light of diploblast phylogenetic reconstruction and DNA barcoding.
Comparação florística de florestas inundáveis das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil

This study evaluated the variation of tree species composition of 35 wetland forest areas in Southeast and South Brazil. The analysis of the floristic composition was based on a floristic checklist containing 602 species of 23 alluvial forests (seasonally inundated) and 12 swamp forests (permanently waterlogged). The species were classified, using a c2 test, according to the habitat preference in: 1) swamp forest species, e.g. Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng. , Dendropanax cuneatus (DC.) Decne & Planch. and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. ; 2) alluvial forest species, e.g. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B. Sm. & Downs, Ocotea pulchella Mart. and Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. Burger et al. and 3) non preferential species, e.g. Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc. , Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman and Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Multivariate gradient analysis (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) showed higher clustering of swamp forest areas than aluvial forest areas, indicating close florist similarity in the first group. The results indicated that the environmental heterogeneity associated to different flood regimes is determinant in defining the phytogeographic patterns of wetland forest areas.
Overview of Potyvirus resistance in watermelon 1

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is a major cucurbit crop that accounted for 7.5 % of the world area devoted to vegetable production in 2003. Potyviruses are a major limiting factor in commercial watermelon production worldwide. The major viruses affecting watermelon are Papaya ringspot virus- watermelon strain (PRSV-W), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Sources of resistance to PRSV-W have been reported. These were PI (plant introduction) accessions from South Africa (PI 244017, PI 244018, PI 244019), from Zimbabwe (PI 482342, PI 482318, PI 482379), from Botswana (PI 485583), and from Nigeria (PI 595203). A single recessive gene controls resistance to PRSV-W, with the gene symbol prv. Resistance to WMV is a quantitative trait in watermelon, with approximately 3 major loci involved. PI 595203 is resistant to ZYMV, and is also moderately resistant to WMV. The USDA germplasm collection of 1613 PI accessions was screened for resistance to the Florida strain of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-FL). A high level of resistance to ZYMV-FL was found in several accessions: PI 386019, PI 490377, PI 596662, PI 485580, PI 560016, PI 494528, PI 386016, PI 482276, and PI 595201. The study also confirmed the resistance of PI 595203, PI 386025, PI 386026, and PI 494528 that was reported previously. Resistance of PI 595203 was confirmed to the three potyviruses PRSV-W, WMV, and ZYMV, so it will be useful in the development of multiple-virus resistant cultivars. Inheritance of resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus-China strain (ZYMV-CH) and ZYMV-FL in PI 595203 was reported to be controlled by a single recessive gene. Further research is needed to determine whether resistance genes for ZYMV-FL in PI 482261 and in PI 595203 are allelic.
Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetes in Southeastern Iranian Patients

Background: The impact of several environmental and genetic factors on diabetes is well documented. The present study was aimed to examine the 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in intron 8 and exon 9 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and Methods: In this clinical study, peripheral blood samples were obtained from 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls. DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to examine 2 SNP polymorphisms within the VDR gene. Results: Our results showed a significant difference in the Taq1 evaluated genotype of exon 9 in the VDR gene, but no significant differences were seen regarding other examined genotypes and alleles. Conclusion: Based on our results, it can be concluded that VDR and its functional polymorphism in exon 9 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Taxonomia e distribuição do gênero Caulerpa Lamouroux (Bryopsidales - Chlorophyta) na costa de Pernambuco e Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil

This paper analyzes the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Caulerpa on the coast of Pernambuco (07o30'S; 09o00'W) and in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (03o51'S; 32o25'W). Sampling was carried out on the coast of Pernambuco from April/2004 to November/2005, in the intertidal zone of 32 beaches. On Fernando de Noronha collections were made in June/2006 in the intertidal and infralittoral (10, 15 and 21m depth) regions of eight beaches. Exsiccata of Caulerpa from the Professor Vasconcelos Sobrinho Herbarium (PEUFR) were also examined. The results showed that the genus Caulerpa is represented on the coast of Pernambuco state by 19 infrageneric taxa. Some species had restricted distributions such as C. kempfii Joly & Pereira, C. lanuginosa J. Agardh and C. serrulata (Forssk.) J. Agardh. Three infrageneric taxa were registered for the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.