Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management of Off-Flavors in Pond-Cultured Channel Catfish with Weekly Applications of Copper Sulfate

Abstract Eighteen 0.4-ha earthen ponds in northwest Mississippi were used in a 3-year study to evaluate the effect of weekly copper sulfate applications on the incidence and economic impact of environment-induced off-flavors in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Each spring, when water temperatures increased above 20°C, nine ponds were treated weekly with 0.12 mg Cu/L. Treatments were discontinued each fall when water temperatures fell below 20°C. Overall prevalence of off-flavor was reduced by 80% for ponds treated with copper sulfate compared with control ponds, and episodes of off-flavor were of shorter duration in treated ponds. Off-flavors never delayed fish harvest from treated ponds, whereas off-flavors delayed fish harvest on 10 occasions in control ponds. Average annual fish harvest was 5,900 kg/ha from ponds treated with copper sulfate and 5,349 kg/ha from control ponds. The 9% reduction in fish harvest from control ponds was due to infectious disease outbreaks in one or two ponds each year wh.
Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de bebida láctea e creme de leite UAT por ATP-Bioluminescência

Although traditional methods are used for the microbiological evaluation of UHT products, rapid methodologies based on ATP-Bioluminescence have been developed. The results of applying this technique in 54 samples of chocolate UHT milk drink and 12 of UHT milk cream were compared with the results of microbiological methods, using different culture media and incubation times for the referred samples. The ATP-Bioluminescence technique was applied through the MLS system and the results were expressed as relative light units (RLU). In all incubation times - 48, 72, and 168 hours - , the samples showed lower counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic microorganisms when analyzed using PCA, BHI, PetrifilmTMAC and ATP-Bioluminescence (<150RLU), demonstrating the technique's high specificity. Only one sample of UHT milk cream showed a mesophilic aerobic count above the standard established by Brazilian legislation (<100CFU/mL) when analyzed in PCA (260 CFU/mL) and PetrifilmTMAC (108CFU/mL) at 168 hours. This high count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was also detected by the ATP-Bioluminescence (416 RLU) technique. The results of the ATP-Bioluminescence technique were equal to the results in PCA, BHI and PetrifilmTMAC.
Environmental and Genetic Control of Reproduction in Danthonia caespitosa Populations

Seedlings and older plants of five populations of Danthonia caespitosa from south-eastern Australia were grown in controlled environments and in a transplant garden to determine the effect of day length, temperature, and vernalization of floral initiation and inflorescence development. The populations were selected from widely separated sites which spanned the latitudinal range (31-42°S.) for the species and extended from a hot, semiarid environment in the north to a relatively cool and moist temperature environment in the south. Examination of herbarium specimens indicated that seed set could occur as early as mid September at the northern limit for the species and not before mid January at the southern limit (Tasmania). In a uniform transplant garden located at Deniliquin (latitude 35° 23′S.) plants from the northern site reached anthesis 4 weeks earlier than plants from southern sites. Controlled environment experiments revealed that D. caespitosa is a long-day plant. Northern populations required a 9 . 5 hr day length or longer for floral induction compared with 11 hr or longer for southern populations. The number of days in inductive conditions (outside, day length 13.5 hr) required for floral initiation was 5-7 for the three most northern populations and 21-25 days for the two southern populations. Inflorescence development (initiation to flag leaf stage) was considerably slower in southern populations. All but the most northern population responded to vernalization. Flowering was earlier in temperatures that were optimal for plant growth. At high temperatures (36/31°C day/night) flowering was not significantly delayed for the three most northern populations, but was for the two southern populations, and florets contained caryopses in only the three northern populations. These results suggest that in cool and moist temperate habitats reproduction of this species is programmed by day length and temperature effects on floral initiation and development to coincide with a predictable growing season, whereas in hot semiarid habitats this control is relaxed, which permits opportunistic reproduction whenever soil moisture and temperature permit growth.
Synthesis and Properties of Hydroxy-Terminated Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s

This paper describes the biosynthesis and properties of bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHA) with predominantly hydroxyl end groups. Hydroxy termination is achieved by the addition of low molecular weight diols to the culture. It is found that low molecular weight diols of various structures can be easily incorporated as chain ends, when used during fermentation, by a variety of microorganisms. Incorporation of a chiral diol does not appear to be stereospecific; both (R)- and (S)-1,2-propanediols were incorporated into the polymer. Moreover, both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of 1,2-propanediol were found to have reacted. It was found that an increase in the hydroxy termination in P(3HB) leads to an increase in the thermal stability, most likely by prolonging the condensation reaction and delaying the degradation reaction.
Gustatory sense organs in the food canal of aphids

A sensory structure in the anterior region of the food canal of two species of aphid has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dorsal wall is innervated by a total of 60 neurones which terminate, in groups, at 14 porous papillae on the cuticle. Paired papillae have also been detected in the ventral wall of this region. The fine structure of individual neurones and their grouping around papillae indicates a chemosensory function.
Cadmium Resistance Mechanism in Acidophilic and Alkalophilic Bacterial Isolates and their Application in Bioremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil

Acidophilic and alkalophilic cadmium-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from the metal-contaminated soil of Panki thermal power plant, Kanpur, India, and two strains, namely SB21 (acidophilic) and SB20 (alkalophilic), were selected as representative strains on the basis of their high resistance to cadmium as compared to other strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the strains using 16s rDNA sequence revealed the strains to be Pseudomonas putida and Comamonas species strain, respectively. Furthermore, to determine the mechanism involved in cadmium resistance, a czc gene was amplified from the strains and sequenced. Homology of the sequences of the two strains, when compared with the available database using a BLASTn search, showed that the 650bp amplicons possess a partial czcA gene sequence. Moreover, the mechanism was confirmed by the results of atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies, which supported the efflux mechanism in the alkalophilic strain SB20, but the acidophilic strain SB21 showed intracellular and periplasmic accumulation of metal in the cells in spite of the presence of the czcA gene, indicating the presence of multiple mechanisms of metal resistance in strain SB21. Further, the strains were characterized functionally for their bioremediation potential in cadmium-contaminated soil under acidic and alkaline conditions by performing an in-situ greenhouse experiment using mungbean plants. A marked increase in agronomical parameters was observed under acidic conditions in the presence of strain SB21. Moreover, the concentration of metal decreased in both plants and soil in the presence of these bioinoculants; however, strain SB21 was found to be a better decontaminator than SB20 and thus can further be employed in bioremediation applications.
EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CV. KS MALE-STERILE, FEMALE-STERILE LINE OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)'

Light microscopic observations were made on 22 ovules from fertile plants and 108 ovules from sterile plants of the cv. KS synaptic mutant, a highly male-sterile, female-sterile line of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] (2n = 2x = 40). Ovules of fertile siblings contained normal embryo sacs and embryos. Ovules from sterile plants contained various irregularities. The most consistent abnormality was the failure of the embryo sac to attain normal size. Small megasporocytes of irregular shape were seen; only one megasporocyte of normal shape and size was noted. No linear tetrads were found. However, two ovules contained nonlinear triads. A range from zero to 28 cells and nuclei, of various sizes, were identifiable in small megagametophytes and embryo sacs. Degeneration of these nuclei and cells was noted as early as the four-nucleate gametophyte stage. Other ovules contained degenerated nucellar centers without embryo sacs. Two ovules appeared to be normal. Late postpollination stages were marked by shrunken nucellus and integuments. The presence of pollen tube traces, endosperm, and aborting embryos in ovules of hand-pollinated flowers from sterile plants suggested that no incompatibility was involved. Degeneration of the gametophyte and embryo sac contents at many developmental stages indicated a wide array of effects, possibly resulting from meiotic irregularities similar to those seen in microsporogenesis of this mutant.
A manual of forensic entomology

A Review of A Manual of Forensic Entomology-WC. Rodriguez 1988 Since the late 1800s the application of forensic entomology to the determination of "time since death" has been sporadically used in Europe, and to a greater degree in the United States, with ever increasing success. Most of the previously published texts on forensic medicine and death investigation have provided little if any practical information on the use and practice of forensic entomology, as much of the research and case studies concerning this subject have been primarily published in entomological journals. The publication of this book can be considered as a significant contribution to the forensic science community, as it is the first text in English to deal exclusively with the application of entomology to the forensic sciences.
Circle Hooks for Pacific Longliners: Not a Panacea for Marlin and Shark Bycatch, but Part of the Solution

Abstract Blue marlin Makaira nigricans, striped marlin Tetrapturus audax, and pelagic sharks (e.g., blue shark Prionace glauca) are commonly caught as bycatch by longline fisheries in the central North Pacific Ocean. Recently, concern has increased about depletion of these species. Modifications in longline gear may offer one solution. Here, we test the use of circle hooks, rather than the conventional tuna-style hooks, on longlines using an ecosystem model of the central North Pacific Ocean. The simulations considered span a range of reasonable circle hook catchability and survival rates for released fish. The results suggest that if circle hooks have higher catchability than the currently used tuna-style hooks, switching to circle hooks depletes marlin biomass by 25–40% and shark biomass by 15–35% over 30 years. However, these depletions do not occur if circle hook catchability is equal to or lower than that of tuna-style hooks. When the effects of catch-and-release requirements for marlins and sharks w.
Visitor assemblages at flowers in a tropical rainforest canopy

Canopy crane-based studies have been carried out to quantify the sets of arthropods that visit the flowers of a suite of common species of trees, palms and vines within the Cape Tribulation study area. Those Orders that increase significantly in abundance between the budding and flowering stages of inflorescences are identified, and multivariate and univariate comparisons have been made first, among coflowering plant species and second, at different seasons for the same plant species. The analysis has been repeated for both the profile of higher arthropod taxa in the samples and for the relative abundances of families of Coleoptera: one of the Orders most frequently suggested as critical in the pollination biology of Australian rainforests. In all cases significant differences are identified among species confirming that the visitor profile is a plant species-specific phenomenon. Profiles within plant species at different times also differed. At the ordinal level significant differences in visitor profiles associated with coflowering plants, were observed, variously, in Thysanoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Within the Coleoptera significant differences occurred in relative abundances of Scarabaeidae, Phalacridae, Latridiidae and Curculionidae. Seasonal differences in visitation to Syzygium gustavioides, Normanbya normanbyi and Calamus radicalis, reflected differences in Diptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera and Araneida. Within the Coleoptera, the Elateridae and Curculionidae varied significantly between occasions. The various forms of flower/arthropod interaction that may be represented in these results are discussed, as are the implications for pollination.
A new interpretation of floral morphology in Garrya (Garryaceae)

Previous descriptions of Garrya (Garryaceae) floral morphology are inconsistent. Anatomical studies have long confirmed that the pistillate flowers possess an inferior ovary. Descriptions of the staminate flowers sometimes describe a vestigial superior ovary; other authors report no such structure. New observations of staminate flowers confirm the presence of an intrastaminal structure. I hypothesize that the structure previously interpreted as a vestigial ovary is, in fact, a vestigial nectary disc. Thus the staminate flowers cannot be considered hypogynous and do not contradict the interpretation of the pistillate flowers as epigynous. This observation resolves the paradox of contrasting floral form in the pistillate and staminate flowers.
Valuation of agricultural impacts on rivers and streams using choice modelling: A New Zealand case study

Increasing substitution of dry land pastoral and arable farming for water-intensive practices is placing pressure on water resources in Canterbury. Although there is a large body of scientific data documenting environmental change, there is a general lack of information on the economic values of agricultural impacts on rivers and streams. This paper applies an economic non-market valuation method to help address this issue. Three impacts are considered: health risks of pathogens from animal waste; ecological effects of excess nutrients; and low-flow impacts of irrigation. This study provides a valuation of outcomes for public agri-environmental policy implemented in Canterbury such as The Dairy and Clean Streams Accord, Living Streams and The Restorative Programme for Lowland Streams. Modelling results indicate that the 5-year economic value for improvements to rivers and streams in Canterbury provided by agri-environmental policy is estimated to be about $186 million.
Evaluation of Onion Germplasm for Resistance to Iris Yellow Spot (Iris yellow spot virus) and Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci

Abstract. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most economically important monocot besides grasses. The crop suffers severe damage from onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, a cosmopolitan and polyphagous insect pest. In addition to causing direct feeding damage, onion thrips is the principal vector of the economically important Iris yellow spot virus (Tospovirus sp., family Bunyaviridae). Any attempt to manage this pathosystem will require a multifaceted approach based on integrated pest management. Host plant resistance is an important foundation to the success of such approaches. A multi-state, multi-disciplinary research project was established to identify, validate, and deliver resistance to this pathosystem for use by the onion industry. As part of the project, diverse onion plant introduction (PI) accessions from the USDA germplasm collection, advanced breeding lines, and commercial cultivars were evaluated from 2009 through 2011 in fields in Colorado. Sixteen, 15, and 10 better performing onion genotypes were selected in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Of these, PI 264320 (Grano), PI 546140 (San Joaquin), and PI 546192 (Yellow Sweet Spanish) were selected in both 2009 and 2010, and PI 258956 (Calderana 1028) and PI 546188 (Yellow Sweet Spanish Winegar) were selected in all 3 years. These genotypes should be useful to improve commercial cultivars to reduce losses by the two pests.
Immunoassays of Selected Mycotoxins in Hay, Silage and Mixed Feed

Immunoassays, including radioimmunoassay (RIA) and direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (dc-ELISAs) were used for the analysis of the mycotoxins, produced by Alterneria alternata , AAL TA toxin (AAL), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FmB1), PR toxin (PRT) and zearalenone (ZEA) in hay, silage and mixed feed. In the analysis, 10 g well-ground feed samples in 100 ml of 84% acetonitrile in water were shaken in an orbital shaker for 1 h. After filtration, the filtrates were diluted with buffer and directly subjected to dc-ELISA for AAL toxin, CPA, FmB1, PRT and ZEA. For total DON, including 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), the extracts were air-dried, acetylated, and subjected to both RIA and dc-ELISA using the Ridascreen DON enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. The average recoveries of toxins added to the hay at 0.3 and 1.0 ppm levels were found to be 77.5, 111, 95.8, 85.7, 95.5 and 138% for AAL toxin, DON, CPA, FmB1, PRT and ZEA,.
Responses of cypermethrin‐induced stress in haematological parameters of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)

An increasing number of synthetic pyrethroids are used as an environmental friendly substitute of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides. Pesticide pollution in the coastal ecosystem of Korea is considered to be a cause of slow growth and prevalence of diseases in commercial fishes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fast techniques to detect insecticide toxicities. In the present work the results of rapid and inexpensive laboratory experiments show the patho-physiological alteration of blood parameters to sublethal concentration of pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin) in the commercially important Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Cypermethrin-exposed fish showed erythropenia, low haematocrit and haemoglobin content and hyperglycemia, especially for long-term exposure at high concentrations. Cypermethrin caused increased levels of serum glutamic-acid-oxylacetic-acid-transaminase, glutamic-acid-pyruvic-acid-transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, concomitant with a decreased concentration of chloride ion and blood serum osmolality, indicating the disruptive activity of cypermethrin after 8 weeks exposure. Moreover, reduced level of serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and significantly higher level of glucose, bilirubin and malondialdehyde were measured and attributed to an increased demand for energy by fish under stress to cope with detrimental conditions imposed by chronic exposure to the toxicant.
The late-flowering phenotype of FRIGIDA and mutations in LUMINIDEPENDENS is suppressed in the Landsberg erecta strain of Arabidopsis

Late-flowering phenotype of mutations in the LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD) gene and the late flowering caused by the naturally occurring dominant gene FRIGIDA (FRI) are suppressed in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) strain of Arabidopsis thaliana. This suppression is dependent on a locus on chromosome 5 designated FLC. Of the ecotypes tested only the Ler strain contains the suppressor allele of FLC; ld mutations and FRI cause late flowering in the other genetic backgrounds. The allele at FLC also has a moderate effect on flowering time in the absence of FRI or ld mutations. The flowering time effects of FLC are gene dosage dependent.
Efficiency and Rate of Yolk Utilization by Developing Embryos and Larvae of the Pacific Sardine Sardinops caerulea (Girard)

The chemical composition of ripe Pacific sardine ovaries, composed primarily of yolk, is almost identical to that of yolk extracted from planktonic sardine embryos and larvae. Caloric measurements were made on ripe ovaries and the values obtained were used to estimate the caloric content of individual sardine embryos and larvae.Water content of sardine egg and larval yolk averages 91.2%. An egg with a yolk volume of 0.56-mm3 has a caloric reserve of 0.30 calorie when spawned. Caloric uptake from the embryonic and larval yolk was measured against time, and caloric utilization due to catabolic processes was analysed by indirect calorimetry (oxygen consumption) with changing embryological development and swimming activity. The caloric value of the remaining yolk 160 hours after spawning; (at 14 °C) is not sufficient to completely support the sardine larva's catabolic processes. This deficit is made up by resorption of tissue and is reflected in a loss of larval weight. Yolk is converted into tissue with an a.
Appearance of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase in different organs of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedling as affected by light, nitrate and ammonium

Appearance of nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1-3), nitrite reductase (NiR, Ec 1.7.7.1) and glutamine synthetase (GS. EC 6.3.1.2) under the control of nitrate, ammonium and light was studied in roots, hypocotyls and needles (cotyledonary whorl) of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling. It was found that appearance of NiR was mainly controlled by nitrate whereas appearance of FS was strongly controlled by light. In principle, the NR activity level showed the same dependency on nitrate and light as that of NiR
Size-Abundance Relations in Communities

It is suggested that size-abundance relations in communities (community profiles) are frequently polymodal. I examine bird census data to test this possibility. The censuses and their analysis are subject to a number of biases, which are partially corrected for. At least 60% of the bird community profiles are shown to be polymodal, with the modes separated by 1.6-1.8 times. Organisms of particular sizes are much more likely than others to form abundance peaks. Community profiles for insects and planktonic particles also show evidence of polymodality. Not only do the abundance peaks contain more species than the troughs, but the mean abundance per species is also higher in the peaks. Some of the polymodality in bird communities is associated with the vegetation structure and with bird guild structure. There is evidence of geographic changes in the incidence of polymodality in bird and planktonic particle profiles. Polymodality does not arise from inroads into a uniform resource base caused by predation or competition. Because body size is determined by an array of life history pressures, one expects size differences between groups of organisms with different life-styles. African bovids, for example, are shown to fall into a number of more or less distinct size classes. In addition, it is suggested that adaptive suites are often discretely, and not continuously, distributed; the dichotomy between few large toxic seeds and many small edible ones produced by tropical legumes (Janzen 1969) is an example. Species stacking, whereby the development of a size-abundance peak depends on the existence of an abundance peak of smaller organisms as a food source, is suggested as another, possibly major, contributor to polymodality.