Hydrogen as an energy carrier : technologies, systems, economy

Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier - A Guide. - A: Significance and Use of Hydrogen. - 1. Energy Supply Structures and the Importance of Gaseous Energy Carriers. - 1.1 Energy Demand Structures. - 1.2 The World Energy Consumption. - 1.3 The Energy User Structure and its Influence on Energy Usage. - 1.4 Energy Resources and their Range. - 1.5 Requirements on Future Energy Systems. - 2. Technologies for the Energetic Use of Hydrogen. - 2.1 Combustion of Hydrogen. - 2.2 Fuel Cells. - 2.3 Stationary Systems for Hydrogen. - 2.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel. - 3. Hydrogen as Raw Material. - 3.1 Present Situation and Future Development. - 3.2 Non-energetic Use in the Chemical Industry. - 3.3 Indirect-energetic Use of Hydrogen. - 3.4 Non-fossil Hydrogen as a Raw Material. - 4. Safety Aspects of Hydrogen Energy. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Safety Specific Properties and Characteristics. - 4.3 Behaviour in the Case of Deflagration and Detonation. - 4.4 Summary. - B: Production of Hydrogen from Nonfossil Primary Energy. - 5. Photovoltaic Electricity Generation. - 5.1 Physical Mechanism. - 5.2 Technology of Solar Cell Production. - 5.3 Solar Cell Moduls and Generators. - 5.4 Present Status of Photovoltaic Technology. - 5.5 Goals and Future Developments. - 6. Thermo-mechanical Electricity Generation. - 6.1 Thermodynamics of Solarthermal Energy Conversion. - 6.2 Production of High Temperature Heat by Means of Solar Energy. - 6.3 Production of Heat by Means of Nuclear Energy. - 6.4 Thermodynamic Cycles for Electricity Generation. - 6.5 Mechanical Energy Conversion for Electricity Generation. - 6.6 Indirect Possibilities of Solar Energy Utilization. - 6.7 Possibilities for Hydrogen Production. - 7. Water Splitting Methods. - 7.1 Survey. - 7.2 Thermodynamics of Water Splitting. - 7.3 Energy Balance of Chemo-technical Processes. - 7.4 Conventional Processes of Water Splitting with Hydrocarbons or Coal as Primary Energy Source. - 7.5 Water Splitting by Electrolysis. - 7.6 Water Splitting by Thermochemical Cycles. - 7.7 Economic Comparison of Different Water Splitting Methods. - 7.8 Further Methods of Water Splitting. - 8. Selected Hydrogen Production Systems. - 8.1 Survey and Selection of Systems. - 8.2 Technology and Electrolyser Plants. - 8.3 Electrolysis and Hydropower. - 8.4 Electrolysis and Nuclear Power. - 8.5 Electrolysis and Solar Thermal Power. - 8.6 Electrolysis and Wind Power. - 8.7 Electrolysis and Photovoltaic Power. - 9. Storage, Transport and Distribution of Hydrogen. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Storage Types and Storage Methods. - 9.3 Large Hydrogen Storage. - 9.4 Long-distance Hydrogen Transport. - 9.5 Short-distance Transport and Distribution. - 9.6 End-user Hydrogen Storage. - C: Design of a Future Hydrogen Energy Economy. - 10. Potential and Chances of Hydrogen. - 10.1 Future Contribution of Hydrogen. - 10.2 Sites for Hydrogen Production from Unlimited Energy Sources. - 11. Hydrogen in a Future Energy Economy. - 11.1 Hydrogen Production with Large Solar- and Wind-Stations. - 11.2 Development Strategy and Expenditures for the Production of Large Amounts of Hydrogen. - 11.3 Long-distance Transport Systems. - 11.4 Nuclear Energy and the Production of Large Amounts of Hydrogen. - 11.5 Characteristics of an Energy System with a Large Hydrogen Share. - 12. Concepts for the Introduction of Nonfossil Hydrogen. - 12.1 Introduction into Industrialized Countries. - 12.2 Decentralized Use of Hydrogen in Southern Countries. - 13. Energy-economic Conditions and the Cooperation with Hydrogen Producing Countries. - 13.1 Capital Requirements. - 13.2 Funding Possibilities. - 13.3 Cooperation with Hydrogen Producing Countries. - 13.4 Steps to Solar Hydrogen.