Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Cortical Oscillations Entrain to Subthreshold Rhythmic Auditory Stimuli

Many environmental stimuli contain temporal regularities, a feature that can help predict forthcoming input. Phase locking (entrainment) of ongoing low-frequency neuronal oscillations to rhythmic stimuli is proposed as a potential mechanism for enhancing neuronal responses and perceptual sensitivity, by aligning high-excitability phases to events within a stimulus stream. Previous experiments show that rhythmic structure has a behavioral benefit even when the rhythm itself is below perceptual detection thresholds (ten Oever et al., 2014). It is not known whether this “inaudible” rhythmic sound stream also induces entrainment. Here we tested this hypothesis using magnetoencephalography and electrocorticography in humans to record changes in neuronal activity as subthreshold rhythmic stimuli gradually became audible. We found that significant phase locking to the rhythmic sounds preceded participants' detection of them. Moreover, no significant auditory-evoked responses accompanied this prethreshold entrainment. These auditory-evoked responses, distinguished by robust, broad-band increases in intertrial coherence, only appeared after sounds were reported as audible. Taken together with the reduced perceptual thresholds observed for rhythmic sequences, these findings support the proposition that entrainment of low-frequency oscillations serves a mechanistic role in enhancing perceptual sensitivity for temporally predictive sounds. This framework has broad implications for understanding the neural mechanisms involved in generating temporal predictions and their relevance for perception, attention, and awareness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The environment is full of rhythmically structured signals that the nervous system can exploit for information processing. Thus, it is important to understand how the brain processes such temporally structured, regular features of external stimuli. Here we report the alignment of slowly fluctuating oscillatory brain activity to external rhythmic structure before its behavioral detection. These results indicate that phase alignment is a general mechanism of the brain to process rhythmic structure and can occur without the perceptual detection of this temporal structure.
Isoflurane Attenuates Early Neutrophil‐independent Hypoxia‐Reoxygenation Injuries in the Reperfused Liver in Fasted Rats

Background Ischemia‐hypoxia followed by reperfusion and reoxygenation injures cells and organs. Previous studies have indicated that isoflurane may protect organs from ischemia‐reperfusion or hypoxia‐reoxygenation. This study investigated the ability of isoflurane to protect the liver from hypoxia‐reoxygenation injury and the mechanisms of this phenomenon. Methods The isolated liver was perfused at a constant pressure of 12 cm H2 O with a modified Krebs‐Ringer‐bicarbonate solution saturated with a 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide gas mixture. Hypoxic perfusion produced by decreasing the oxygen concentration in the gas mixture to 10% was followed by perfusion at 95% oxygen for 60 min. Viability of the liver was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release from the liver. Isoflurane at 0.5, 1, and 2 minimum alveolar concentration was administered to assess the effect of isoflurane on hypoxia‐reperfusion injury. To determine the effect of isoflurane on extracellular generation of superoxide in the liver, the reduction of ferricytochrome c with or without superoxide dismutase was measured. Results Lactate dehydrogenase release was transiently but dramatically increased by reoxygenation and significantly attenuated by 1 and 2 minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane. Suppression of Kupffer cells with gadolinium chloride also attenuated the lactate dehydrogenase release. Isoflurane significantly reduced the superoxide generation on reperfusion. Conclusions The results show that isoflurane protected the liver from an early reoxygenation injury presumably mediated by Kupffer cells. The mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of isoflurane on the injury may involve suppression of extracellular superoxide generation during reoxygenation.
Allergic Proctitis and Gastroenteritis in Children: Clinical and Mucosal Biopsy Features in 53 Cases

We have reviewed 53 cases of allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children, including 15 with principal effects in the rectum (allergic proctitis) and 38 with dominant involvement of the upper and mid portions of the gut (allergic gastroenteritis). Most cases of allergic proctitis had their onset at less than 6 months of age, and all were under 2 years old when they presented with rectal bleeding alone or in combination with diarrhea. Rectal mucosal biopsy revealed in most cases a diffuse increase of eosinophils in the lamina propria together with a focal infiltration of the epithelium by eosinophils. Cases of allergic gastroenteritis affected all age groups and had a lower frequency of overt rectal bleeding. More common were other symptoms (vomiting, pain, and weight loss), an allergic history, anemia, blood eosinophilia, and increased serum IgE. Mucosal biopsy abnormalities were present in the gastric antrum in all cases sampled, the small intestine in 79%, the esophagus in 60%, and the gastric corpus in 52%. The lesions were usually diffuse and marked in the antrum and esophagus; in contrast, they tended to be focal and mild in the small intestine and gastric corpus. All cases of proctitis responded to a dietary change by cessation of symptoms without recurrences, whereas most of those with gastroenteritis had multiple relapses and required corticosteroid therapy.
A GPP algorithm for hippocampal interneuron characterization

Correctly identifying neuronal subsets is critical to multiple downstream methods in several areas of neuroscience research. The hippocampal interneuron characterization technology has achieved rapid development in recent years. However, capturing true neuronal features for accurate interneuron characterization and segmentation has remained elusive. In the current study, a novel global preserving estimate algorithm is used to capture the non-linearity in the features of hippocampal interneurons after factor Algorithm. Our results provide evidence for the effective integration of the original linear and nonlinear neuronal features and achieves better characterization performance on multiple hippocampal interneuron databases through array matching.
Fast on-chip tuning circuit for active RC filters using the SAR scheme

This paper presents a fast tuning scheme for active-RC filters of monolithic implementation. Due to the significant variations of passive resistor and capacitor values, it should be necessary for the filter to be equipped with the on-chip tuning circuitry. In this paper, the successive approximation register (SAR) scheme is incorporated for a prompt compensation of RC variations. The tuning time can be proportional to the number of bits in the tuning resolution scheme. The propose tuning scheme is included in implementation of the 5th-order Chebyshev-II lowpass filter, where 5-bit is used to achieve less than 2.5% cutoff frequency error with respect to RC time constant variations of plusmn40%
Genetic diversity and Wolbachia infection of the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina clavipes in western Europe

Wolbachia are maternally transmitted bacteria that alter their arthropod hosts’ reproduction in various ways, including parthenogenesis induction (PI). Wolbachia‐induced parthenogenesis can have drastic effects on the genetic structure of its host because it potentially reduces populations to clones without genetic exchange. However, Wolbachia‐induced parthenogenesis does not inevitably result in a reduction of genetic variation of infected populations vs. uninfected populations, because the parthenogenetic populations are initially derived from uninfected populations and can thus show similar genetic variation. Here we investigate these issues in infected and uninfected populations of the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina clavipes in western Europe. Wasps from 19 sites in the Netherlands, France and northern Spain were screened for Wolbachia and analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. All the populations from the Netherlands and mid‐France were infected with the same two strains of Wolbachia, whereas populations from the Pyrenees were not infected. The infected and uninfected populations show identical levels of genetic variation, but have clearly diverged genetically, indicating the presence of a barrier that prevents gene flow. Within the infected wasps two distinct genotypes were found at multiple localities, indicating the coexistence of multiple clones. The conditions promoting clonal coexistence in L. clavipes are discussed.
Fine-grained Complexity Meets IP = PSPACE

In this paper we study the fine-grained complexity of finding exact and approximate solutions to problems in P. Our main contribution is showing reductions from exact to approximate solution for a host of such problems. As one (notable) example, we show that the Closest-LCS-Pair problem (Given two sets of strings $A$ and $B$, compute exactly the maximum $\textsf{LCS}(a, b)$ with $(a, b) \in A \times B$) is equivalent to its approximation version (under near-linear time reductions, and with a constant approximation factor). More generally, we identify a class of problems, which we call BP-Pair-Class, comprising both exact and approximate solutions, and show that they are all equivalent under near-linear time reductions. Exploring this class and its properties, we also show: $\bullet$ Under the NC-SETH assumption (a significantly more relaxed assumption than SETH), solving any of the problems in this class requires essentially quadratic time. $\bullet$ Modest improvements on the running time of known algorithms (shaving log factors) would imply that NEXP is not in non-uniform $\textsf{NC}^1$. $\bullet$ Finally, we leverage our techniques to show new barriers for deterministic approximation algorithms for LCS. At the heart of these new results is a deep connection between interactive proof systems for bounded-space computations and the fine-grained complexity of exact and approximate solutions to problems in P. In particular, our results build on the proof techniques from the classical IP = PSPACE result.
The Calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) is Involved in Strontium Ranelate-induced Osteoblast Differentiation and Mineralization

Strontium ranelate is known to reduce fracture risk in osteoporotic patients by stimulating bone formation and suppressing bone resorption. However, the mechanism by which strontium exerts this beneficial effect on bone is unclear. We examined whether or not the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), which is activated by divalent cations including Sr (2+), is involved in this mechanism. Both strontium ranelate and strontium chloride dose-dependently stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells transiently transfected with the human CaR. Strontium ranelate also dose- and time-dependently stimulated phosphorylation of ERK in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells expressing the CaR endogenously. Strontium ranelate increased mRNA expression of osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in MC3T3-E1 cells as well as mineralization and proliferation of the cells. Pretreatments of NPS2390, a CaR inhibitor, almost totally antagonized strontium ranelate-induced mineralization and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These findings indicate that strontium ranelate induces not only osteoblast proliferation but also its differentiation and mineralization by activating the CaR, and confirm that the therapeutic efficacy of strontium ranelate for osteoporosis may be partly mediated by the CaR.
Predicting User Knowledge Gain in Informational Search Sessions

Web search is frequently used by people to acquire new knowledge and to satisfy learning-related objectives. In this context, informational search missions with an intention to obtain knowledge pertaining to a topic are prominent. The importance of learning as an outcome of web search has been recognized. Yet, there is a lack of understanding of the impact of web search on a user's knowledge state. Predicting the knowledge gain of users can be an important step forward if web search engines that are currently optimized for relevance can be molded to serve learning outcomes. In this paper, we introduce a supervised model to predict a user's knowledge state and knowledge gain from features captured during the search sessions. To measure and predict the knowledge gain of users in informational search sessions, we recruited 468 distinct users using crowdsourcing and orchestrated real-world search sessions spanning 11 different topics and information needs. By using scientifically formulated knowledge tests, we calibrated the knowledge of users before and after their search sessions, quantifying their knowledge gain. Our supervised models utilise and derive a comprehensive set of features from the current state of the art and compare performance of a range of feature sets and feature selection strategies. Through our results, we demonstrate the ability to predict and classify the knowledge state and gain using features obtained during search sessions, exhibiting superior performance to an existing baseline in the knowledge state prediction task.
Injury and Illness Rates During Ultratrail Running

Abstract This study aimed to describe injury/illness rates in ultratrail runners competing in a 65-km race to build a foundation for injury prevention and help race organizers to plan medical provision for these events. Prospectively transcribed medical records were analysed for 77 athletes at the end of the race. Number of injuries/illnesses per 1 000 runners and per 1 000-h run, overall injury/illness rate and 90% confidence intervals and rates for major and minor illnesses, musculoskeletal injuries, and skin disorders were analysed. A total of 132 injuries/illnesses were encountered during the race. The overall injuries/illnesses were 1.9 per runner and 187.9 per 1000-h run. Medical illnesses were the most prominent medical diagnoses encountered (50.3%), followed by musculoskeletal injuries (32.8%), and skin-related disorders (16.9%). Despite the ultra-long nature of the race, the majority of injuries/illnesses were minor in nature. Medical staff and runners should prepare to treat all types of injuries and illnesses, especially the fatigue arising throughout the course of an ultratrail run and injuries to the lower limbs. Future studies should attempt to systematically identify injury locations and mechanisms in order to better direct injury prevention strategies and plan more accurate medical care.
Characterization of Three New Insect-Specific Flaviviruses: Their Relationship to the Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Pathogens

Abstract. Three novel insect-specific flaviviruses, isolated from mosquitoes collected in Peru, Malaysia (Sarawak), and the United States, are characterized. The new viruses, designated La Tina, Kampung Karu, and Long Pine Key, respectively, are antigenically and phylogenetically more similar to the mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens, than to the classical insect-specific viruses like cell fusing agent and Culex flavivirus. The potential implications of this relationship and the possible uses of these and other arbovirus-related insect-specific flaviviruses are reviewed.
Calcium uptake by isolated rat intestinal cells

Intestinal cells were isolated by a combination of mechanical and enzymatic means, and their calcium uptake was assayed by a rapid filtration procedure. Calcium uptake was a time‐ and concentration‐dependent process that was markedly elevated at 25 and 37°C, as compared to 0°C. Cells isolated from rat duodenum exhibited higher uptakes than cells from jejunum, which in turn took up more calcium than cells from the ileurn. Duodenal cells from vitamin D‐deficient animals took up less calcium than cells from vitamin D‐replete cells. In vivo vitamin D repletion with 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 raised calcium uptake by duodenal cells from treated animals toward that of cells from replete rats. Furthermore, calcium uptake by duodenal cells from vitamin D‐deficient animals approximated that of ileal cells from replete rats. These findings with isolated cells parallel prior findings of tissue calcium transport and suggest that cellular calcium uptake may be related to the saturable component of intestinal calcium absorption. Isolated intestinal cells may therefore constitute one experimental model for the study of transcellular calcium transport.
Haemophilus somnus immunoglobulin binding proteins and surface fibrils

The high-molecular-weight (HMW) immunoglobulin binding proteins (IgBPs) of Haemophilus somnus and a 76-kDa surface protein (p76) are found in serum-resistant virulent strains but not in several serum-sensitive strains from asymptomatic carriers. For the first time, p76 was shown to be an IgBP also. This was done by competitive inhibition studies with affinity-purified antidinitrophenol (anti-DNP) and DNP to ensure that binding was not antigen specific. The HMW IgBPs, but not the p76 IgBP, were partially purified from concentrated culture supernatant in detergent by fluid-phase liquid chromatography with a gel filtration column. Membrane extraction studies showed that p76 predominated in the Sarkosyl-soluble fraction of the bacterial cell pellet. Since integral outer membrane (OM) proteins are Sarkosyl insoluble, this is consistent with our previous finding that implicated p76 as a peripheral OM protein. The HMW IgBPs were found predominantly in the Sarkosyl-soluble fraction of the culture supernatant. This suggests that they were not integral membrane proteins and that their presence in the supernatant was not due to OM blebbing. We then showed that two IgBP-positive serum-resistant virulent strains have a surface fibrillar network but that two IgBP-negative serum-sensitive H. somnus strains from asymptomatic preputial carriers do not. Fibrils on the surfaces of IgBP+ strains bound gold-labelled bovine immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) anti-DNP, indicating that these fibrils have IgG2 binding activity. Therefore, this study shows that H. somnus has two IgBPs, including a peripheral membrane protein and a fibrillar surface network.
Out of the Picture? How Incompatible Knowledge and Distant Visual Stimuli May Foster Idea Generation

Visual stimuli such as pictures, sketches or prototypes play a major role in idea generation. Companies today often promote the use of these non&#8208;verbal tools during creativity sessions, at the early stages of design. However, recent studies tend to show that these tools do not systematically enhance idea generation. Our research project therefore aims to better understand the contribution of visual stimuli during creativity sessions, and especially the contribution of distant stimuli which present knowledge that appears to be incompatible with the design topic. This study is based on an exploration led at the automotive company Renault by a team working on new services for charging electric vehicles. During idea generation sessions, a set of pictures was used by a meeting facilitator to inspire the team with new ideas. We show that the effects produced by the different pictures are varied: they do not always promote radical expansion, and when they do, expansion is not always of the same nature. Moreover, represented knowledge appears to have a major influence on idea generation, as the most original ideas came from pictures that not only expanded initial knowledge, but also helped to reorder the team's knowledge base and introduce new design rules.
Homosynaptic LTD and depotentiation: Do they differ in name only?

Long‐term depression (LTD) now occupies a major place in theories of the cellular basis of learning and memory and other nervous system phenomena involving persistent changes in synaptic responsiveness. LTD can be induced using a variety of stimulation paradigms. Homosynaptic LTD in this review refers to a depression of basal responses that is restricted to the pathway that has been stimulated by a low‐frequency (1 Hz) stimulus train. Despite the intensive interest in LTD, there has been controversy about the ease with which LTD can be induced and reports range from no success to routine success. There has been much less controversy about a related form of response depression now called “depotentiation” which shares many similarities with LTD. Depotentiation is the response reduction that affects, not the basal responses affected by LTD, but responses that have been increased by the process of long‐term potentiation (LTP). LTD and depotentiation can be induced by similar stimulation and have many biochemical properties in common, but it has not been clear whether or not they represent the same phenomenon, in part because it often occurs that the same preparation that does not undergo LTD readily expresses depotentiation. We review work that indicates that the major differences between LTD and depotentiation involve age‐dependence, the need for priming stimulation and sensitivity to GABA receptor antagonists. We present a hypothetical model that can reconcile the apparent disparities between LTD and de‐potentiation. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crowdsourcing as a Public Engagement Tool in Rulemaking Activities of Kazakhstan

This article aims to review and evaluate the process of publics participation in the discussion of regulatory legal act (RLA) draft s through the crowdsourcing platform "Open RLA", which is one of the components of Open Government.The results of the expert interview, the content analysis of documents and portal "Open RLA" showed that the portal does not provide the proper level of public participation in the public discussion of RLA drafts due to several factors. First, there is a technical barrier in the form of a mandatory electronic digital signature for commenting. Second, there is a formal attitude and low interest of the state bodies-developers of RLA drafts in receiving comments in the framework of public discussion. Third, the implementation of such requirements such as the indication of the structural element, rationale for the proposal or comment submitted, requires special knowledge which means not every citizen is able to understand. Fourth, motivation of the public to engage in the process of public discussion is low. Fifth, there is no continuity of the process of public discussion from the moment of initiation to its adoption. Sixth, there is insufficient promotion of the portal "Open RLA" and informing citizens about the possibility of participation in public discussion. Seventh, the texts of the RLA drafts posted on the portal "Open RLA" are presented in professional language using specific terminology. Eighth, updating of the portal "Open RLA" is slow and do does not follow the rules.