Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comments

will veer slightly from the format that has been adopted for the previous three issues. We recently received a commentary about the paradoxical nature of advertising from Pierre Berthon at Bentley College and Leyland Pitt at Simon Fraser University, which we felt could serve as an interesting focal point for discussion. Berthon and Pitt raise serious questions about the nature of advertising and the inherent conflict in the increasing advertising expenditure levels in markets that are highly competitive, raising the possibility that advertising does not make markets more efficient. As a result, I asked two renowned advertising scholars to react to Berthon and Pitt’s comments. Tim Ambler, Senior Fellow at the London Business School, and George Zinkhan, Coca-Cola Company Professor of Marketing at the University of Georgia, respond with a series of points that place advertising in a stronger and more positive light. We once again hope that you will find this type of discussion both thoughtprovoking and beneficial. Should you have comments that you would like to pass along, please feel free to contact me at ijacomments@warc.com. Comments
Precision of the Northeast Arctic cod age determination under variable environmental and information conditions

Abstract For 16 years (1992–2007) comparative age-reading studies for cod were carried out by the two national laboratories: Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO), Murmansk, Russia, and Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway. Pairs (6786) of Northeast Arctic cod otoliths were read and compared to assess the precision of age estimation between the two laboratories. Cod otoliths which provide basic information for stock assessment were re-analysed to determine if there were any discrepancies since additional information on fish length may or may not have been available. Two groups of otoliths which were sampled during 1992 and 1994 were analysed in parallel: 285 otoliths with known length data and 661 otoliths without length data available. Knowing the length of the cod appeared to increase the discrepancies between the two laboratories. Analysis of long-term discrepancies in cod age determinations between two laboratories showed that variability of ageing is influenced by environmental variability (temperature and food supply) observed when the otoliths were formed.
CD44-Positive Cells and Hyaluronan are a Hallmark of a Rat Model of Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy

Background: Aristolochic acid (AA) Nephropathy (AAN) is characterized by tubulointerstitial injury leading to fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Defective regeneration of tubular cells was hypothesized as a mechanism leading to Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell (PTEC) atrophy. Here, we examined the distribution of CD44, an adhesion molecule involved in differentiation, and its main ligand, Hyaluronan (HA), in an experimental AAN model. Methods: Wistar rats were injected daily with AA or vehicle during 35 days. Tubular enzymuria and tissue expression of CD44 and HA were evaluated at days 3, 7, 10, 21 and 35. Co-expressions of CD44 and PCNA (proliferation), vimentin (mesenchymal phenotype), a-SMA (myofibroblasts), and CD133 (progenitor cells) were investigated. Results: AA induced acute tubular damage followed by PTEC atrophy. In controls, CD44 was limited to the basolateral membrane of collecting ducts while HA expression was confined to the medullary interstitium. CD44 was overexpressed as soon as 3 days after AA exposure, spreading to the apical and basolateral membranes of dedifferentiated PTECs and appearing on numerous interstitial cells along with marked HA accumulation around necrotic tubules. Both CD44 and HA expressions increased steadily throughout the 1-month follow-up. A large amount of tubular and interstitial CD44+ cells were proliferative (PCNA+) and mesenchymal-like (vimentin+). Few CD44+ cells expressed a-SMA or CD133. Conclusions: Our results suggest CD44 is a strong marker of dedifferentiation, and thus of regeneration, in a rat model of AAN. Concomitant HA accumulation around necrotic tubules may create a sustained crosstalk between CD44+ cells and their interstitial ligand. PTEC atrophy is accompanied by overexpression, not deficiency, of the CD44-HA axis.
Real Estate Ownership and Stock Returns: An Empirical Perspective

Abstract Many publicly traded non-property corporations invest significantly in real estate. However, some of these companies have also claimed that there is significant “hidden” value in real estate that is not reflected in the companies’ share prices. One main reason is that properties that were purchased years ago are carried on balance sheets for a fraction of its market value. This paper uses a “three-index” real estate pricing model to assess whether real estate is a factor in corporate valuation of “property-intensive ” non-real estate companies. The empirical results demonstrate a significant association with stocks in the “property” sector for the property intensive firms. Hence corporate management should consider the real estate ownership factor in their overall corporate strategy.
Number of calves produced at specified age as a measure of reproductive performance in beef cattle under artificially-inseminated breeding scheme.

Reproductive abilities in beef cattle herds are receiving increased attention due to recent rises in production costs. To achieve more efficient management, a measure ot fertility, namely the number ot calves produced at K yr of age (NCP k ), was developed and its genetic parameters were estimated from Japanese Black cows by restricted maximum likelihood procedures. The k examined were distributed from 2 to 10 yr of age and NCP 2 averaged 1.077 calves over 43,536 cows. The averages increased by approximately 0.9 calf with each additional 1 yr increment in k. Heritabilities of NCP k were estimated to be low ranging from 0.083 to 0.162, which seemingly suggested a difficulty of genetic improvement. However, large genetic variation and high accuracy were observed in predicted breeding values of NCP k . For example, the breeding values of NCP 7 were predicted between -0.303 and +0.213 with average accuracy of 0.607 for cows with observations. Genetic correlations among different k were generally high and positive (0.474 to 0.995). The analyses showed that at least NCP 4 was required to maintain the genetic correlations of 0.8 or higher with subsequent NCP k . Also NCP 5 maintained the genetic correlations of 0.9 or higher with subsequent NCP k . The results suggested some possibilities for NCP k to be a selection criterion considering its genetic variation, high accuracy and consistency with subsequent performance.
Extinction debt: origins, developments, and applications of a biogeographical trope

The concept of the extinction debt has two components: a direct timelag between an environmental perturbation and the consequent extinction of a species and the idea that among species going extinct the strong competitors/weak colonizers go extinct first. Although the term was first used in 1994 in the context of metapopulation models, its roots go back to general systems theory and the theory of island biogeography. It has been qualified and elaborated since 1994, mostly in terms of the effects of spatial pattern on the outcomes. The strongest critiques of the concept emphasize that the direct trade-off between competition and colonization abilities is not simple. The original application was to remnant habitat patches, but it could be applied to spatially heterogeneous habitats that are subject to climate change or invasive species. As a guide to conservation practice, extinction debt remains a general cautionary principle rather than a specific prescription, but the raising of awareness is nevertheless significant.
Paranomenclature and the rules of zoological nomenclature; with examples from fossil polychaete jaws (scolecodonts)

Names of zoological taxa are governed by a set of laws, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or ICZN. In contrast to taxonomy, where decisions are based on interpretations, the laws of nomenclature are explicit and must be obeyed. One of the consequences, as discussed herein, is that paranomenclature, that reflects parataxonomic classifications based on parts of organisms independently of other parts, is not recognized under the ICZN and thus cannot be applied to formally diagnosed taxa. In the case of jawed polychaete annelids, parataxonomic treatments of the jaw elements as well as ICZN-governed naming of the reconstructed apparatus has divided their fossil record into separate but biologically overlapping groups of element-based and apparatus-based taxa. The independent treatment of groups created in this way has the potential for much confusion, if their names are used in formal systematics. Other recommendations of ICZN for effective diagnosis and illustration should also be considered in proposing names within groups such as this, where paranomenclature has been customary in the past.
Speciation of exchangeable and crystalline Fe oxide bound Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn ions from calcareous soils during sequential fractionation

Abstract The use of 1 M neutral NH4OAc has been criticized for extraction of exchangeable ions in calcareous soils as it dissolves free CaCO3 from soils. As a result the metal ions (i) occluded on CaCO3 and (ii) by their additional exchange from solid phases owing to an increased concentration of free Ca2+ ions in solution, are released during extraction. In order to develop a suitable substitute of 1 M neutral NH4OAc, it was hypothesized that the extraction of soils with Pb(NO3)2 at a concentration <0.05 M for a finite time, prior to their extraction with frequently used 0.05 M Pb(NO3)2 (pH 6.0) for extraction of specifically adsorbed cations, should be able to extract the exchangeable metals from soils. Of the various concentrations (0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 M) of Pb(NO3)2 and shaking intervals (15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) tested, the extraction of soils with 0.005 M Pb(NO3)2 (pH 6.8) for 15 min was adjudged to be satisfactory for estimation of exchangeable Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. The efficacy in the extractability by 0.005 M Pb(NO3)2 (pH 6.8) was compared with that of 1M neutral NH4OAc. Compared to 0.005 M Pb(NO3)2 (pH 6.8), a significant increase in the extraction of exchangeable Zn (16.2%), Cu (70.9%), Fe (62.4%) and Mn (76.1%) with 1 M neutral NH4OAc was observed. However in subsequent steps, the extraction of Zn (47.5%), Cu (49.1%) and Mn (22.9%) associated with free CaCO3 of soils decreased significantly when exchangeable metals were extracted with 1 M neutral NH4OAc. Thus, a considerable part of these metals associated with free CaCO 3 in soils may be considered in exchangeable form estimated with 1 M neutral NH4OAc. These findings were further substantiated by the detection of a significantly higher mean concentration of 130 me HCO3- and 32.2 me Ca2 + + Mg2 + ions L- 1 in 1M neutral NH4OAc extracts compared to 1.66 me HCO3- and 16.2 me Ca2 + + Mg2 + ions L-1 in 0.005 M Pb(NO3)2 (pH 6.8) extracts. The use of 0.1 M ascorbic acid as a reducing agent was tested with 0.25M NH2OH.HCl + 0.25M HCl to extract Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn associated with crystalline Fe oxides.
ÉTUDE PRÉLIMAIRE DES FACTEURS FAVORISANT LA CRÉATION DES SOCIÉTÉS POLYGYNES D'APIS MELLIFICA VAR. LIGUSTICA

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. ÉTUDE PRÉLIMAIRE DES FACTEURS FAVORISANT LA CRÉATION DES SOCIÉTÉS POLYGYNES D’APIS MELLIFICA VAR. LIGUSTICA J. Lensky, R. Darchen
Accumulation and release of plant nutrients in decomposing Scots pine needle litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest II

Plant nutrient dynamics in decomposing needle litter were measured during a 5-year period in a Scots pine forest in central Sweden. As seen over the whole 5-year period, the nutrients were retained (to a litter weight loss of about 75%) in the order Mn < Ca < K < Mg < S < N < P. During the first 1.5 years there was a net increase of N and P whereafter a net release took place. A similar but less pronounced development could be seen for S, whereas Ca, K, Mn, and Mg were released from the start of the incubation. It is suggested that P was the most limiting element for microbial activity during this first phase. There appeared to be only little initial leaching from the litter and the different behaviours of the elements could largely be explained by their concentration in litter in relation to the needs of microorganisms and to their solubility. K and Mg were the elements that were released at rates most similar to organic matter weight loss.
Learning Graphs from Noisy Epidemic Cascades

Epidemic models accurately represent (among other processes) the spread of diseases, information (rumors, viral videos, news stories, etc.), the spread of malevolent agents in a network (computer viruses, malicious apps, etc.), or even biological processes (pathways in cell signaling networks, chains of activation in the gene regulatory network, etc.). We focus on epidemics that spread on an underlying graph [5].
List of the Birds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

38. Barrois, Embryologie de quelques sponges de la Marnche. Annales des Sci. Nat., Ser. vi, Tome III (1876). 39. Carter, J. Development of the marine sponges. Ann. Mag. Nat. History, I874. 40. Keller. Studien uiber Organisation und Entwickelung der Chalineen. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. , XXXIII, 317. 41. Hyatt, Aipheus. A Revision of the North American Porifera, with remarks upon foreign species. Mem. Boston S. N. H. , I875 and I877. 42. Sponges considered as a distinct subhkingdom of animals. Proc. Boston S. N. H. , XIX, P. I2. 43. Lieberkithn. Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Spongillen, MUller's Archiv. I856. Cf. the same Archiv. for I857, 1859, I863, i865, I867 for papers on the anatomy of sponges. 44. Metschnikoff, E. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte d r Kalkschwamme. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. , XXIV (1874), P. I; also XXVII, 275. 45. -. Spongiologische Studien. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. , XXXI, 349. 46. Schmidt, Oscar. Das Larvenstadium von Ascetta primordialis nod Ascetta clathrus. Arch. micros. Anat. , XIV (1877), 403. 47. Zur Orientirung ilber die Entwickelung der Spongien. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. XXV, SUPpL., P. I27. 48. Schulze, F. E. Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Spongien. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. I. Sycandra, XXV, p. 247. (Suppl. band) Cf. XXVII, 486. II. Halisarca, xxviii, p. I. III. Chondrosiden, XXIX, p. 87. iv. Aphysinidze, xxx, p. 379. v. Die metamorphose von Sycandra raphanus, XXXI, P. 262. vi. Spongelia, xxxii. p. 117. vii. SpongidXIe, I, p. 593. viii. Hircinia und Oligoceras, n. g. , XXXIII, p. I.
Student movement: Pathways, fields and links to work

Abstract There is a lack of coherence between education, training and work in Australia indicated by low proportions of VET graduates who work in occupations related to their qualification and mismatches between qualifications, skills and work. This paper discusses how student flows through tertiary education can further illustrate this lack of coherence. Changing levels of qualifications in the workforce and the extent of student movement within and between VET and higher education, and within and between fields of education, are examined. The findings for several fields are related to labour market changes in relevant occupations. It is argued that links within tertiary education are generally quite weak and have not improved in recent years, although this varies markedly by field. It is further argued that the long-standing policy focus on improving tertiary pathways has not proved adequate and that better ways to link education, training and work need to be found.
Time and Energy Budgets of Territorial Hummingbirds

From laboratory data of flying and resting metabolism and field data on time budgets of territorial male Eulampis jugularis hummingbirds we were able to estimate caloric energy budgets associated with territorial behavior. The relative time and energy expenditures for territorial defense, foraging, and sitting varied in territories with different species of flowers. For example, territories centered around banana flowers had lower foraging costs than those centered around Myrtaceae or Inga—Hibiscus. The costs for flycatching, hovering,and perch changes accounted for relatively little of the time and energy budgets at any of the territorial defense and foraging were expended in sitting on perches within the territory. Territorial defense was of relatively low cost in time and energy because of the inactive defense utilized by Eulampis. Selection will optimize time and/or energy budgets, but the type of budget optimized will depend in large part on the exploitation technique of the species. For birds that do not fly to forage, but exploit food items that require a long search time per calorie, time that can be released for other activities may be more important than major shifts in energy budgeting. For hummingbirds, however, optimizing energy may be more important to insure a positive energy budget.
Resistance potential of Culex quinquefasciatus against the insect growth regulators methoprene and diflubenzuron

Bioassay procedures for the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron (a chitin synthetase inhibitor) and methoprene (a juvenile hormone mimic) were evaluated on the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say to determine the most sensitive larval stages and the effects of varying exposure periods. Sensitivity to diflubenzuron decreased gradually during instars I and II; instars III and IV were relatively insusceptible. Sensitivity to methoprene increased with larval age. Standard test procedures were devised for diflubenzuron involving continuous exposure from the early third instar and for methoprene as 6 h exposure during instar IV. Selection for ten generations of strains from Dar‐es‐Salaam which were multiresistant to insecticides increased the LC50 to diflubenzuron by 2.8‐fold and increased the LC50 to methoprene by 3.9‐fold. When compared to a standard susceptible strain from Colombo the resistance ratios of Dar‐es‐Salaam strains rose from 2.4 × to 6.6 × for diflubenzuron and from 6.1 × to 21.3 × for methoprene, with no significant effects detected on the pattern of cross‐resistance. These results are discussed in relation to standardization of IGR testing and the need for integrated control programmes against Cx quinquefasciatus.
Breeding density of Dippers Cinclus cinclus‘ Grey Wagtails Motacilla cinerea and Common Sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos in relation to the acidity of streams in south-west Scotland

The distribution of breeding pairs of Dippers Cinclus cinclus, Grey Wagtails Motacilla cinerea and Common Sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos was assessed along 18 streams in south-west Scotland during summer 1987, and the lengths of territories, occupied by 5 5 breeding pairs of Dippers, were measured. In each stream the water chemistry, physical structure (e.g. gradient, altitude, nature of bankside vegetation) and density of aquatic invertebrates was determined. The density of breeding pairs of dippers was significantly lower along streams of low pH (high acidity) and steep gradients, and territories were significantly longer at these sites compared with those of higher pH. Many of the invertebrate families that are important prey for Dippers were scarce at sites of low pH, particularly caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera) and mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera). The low numbers and large territories of breeding pairs of Dippers on acidic streams may be due to reduced density and diversity of macroinvertebrate prey. Stream pH was not an important correlate of the distribution or density of Grey Wagtails or Common Sandpipers. It is suggested that the lack of any similar effect of pH on these other two species compared with Dippers is attributable to differences in their feeding ecology.
Influence of different bed support surface covers on skin temperature

Abstract Pressure ulcers represent an ongoing challenge, particularly in immobile patients, that must be met by all health professionals. Extrinsic influential factors involved in the development of pressure ulcers include local shear forces, skin friction, moisture, and temperature for a patient in bed. Objectives: Based on the relationship between pressure ulcers and skin temperature, we sought to study the influence of different bed support surface covers on skin temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of support surface materials and their effects on skin temperature at high risk areas of the body known to develop pressure ulcers. A quasi-experimental study with a non-probability sampling was used. A total of 31 subjects (14 males and 17 females) between 19 and 29 years old participated in this study. Methods: The same standard foam bed cushion was used and three different types of surface protectors (also known as ticking) were chosen for comparison: no cover, cotton, or plastic. Skin temperature measurements were obtained from areas of high risk for developing pressure ulcers: sacrum, right and left scapula, right and left elbow, and right and left calcaneus. Results: Upon analysis of the protective effect of different support surface coverings on the local skin temperature, we observed that temperatures were lower in all risk areas that had no support surface protector and were greater when the surfaces were in contact with protector material, with increases up to 2.13°C. Conclusions: The type of support surface protector material greatly influences skin temperature depending on the specific area of the body in contact with the surface. The protective plastic that is currently used in hospitals may increase the risk of skin lesions. Simple changes in practices could help minimize the negative impact that plastic protectors contribute to the skin. Regardless, the surface area should be covered with protective covers that do not produce an increase in local temperature and hygienically maintain their integrity.
Ecological variables governing habitat suitability and the distribution of the endangered Juliana’s golden mole

Juliana’s golden mole (Neamblysomus julianae) occurs in three isolated populations in the northeastern parts of South Africa. This cryptic species is not evenly distributed throughout its restricted range and appears to have very specific habitat requirements. Its endangered status reflects the necessity for a conservation management programme, which to date has not been comprehensive. A primary hindrance to such initiatives has been the lack of informationpertaining to its habitat requirements. We assessed various soil and vegetation parameters, at each population site, in areas where the animals were found to be present or absent. A multiple logistic regression model highlighted the importance of soil hardness (governed by soil particle size distribution), in combination with the cover provided by trees, as the two ecological factors that best explained habitat suitability for Juliana’s golden mole at the three localities. An IndVal analysis failed to identify any plant species that could reliably act as an indicator of habitat suitability for this fossorial mammal. These results have important implications for the conservation of the species.