Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Suggestions from PK/PD Principles to Contain Resistance in the Clinical Setting—Focus on ICU Patients and Gram-Negative Strains

The containment of the phenomenon of resistance towards antimicrobials is a priority, especially in preserving molecules acting against Gram-negative pathogens, which represent the isolates more frequently found in the fragile population of patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. Antimicrobial therapy aims to prevent resistance through several actions, which are collectively known as “antimicrobial stewardship”, to be taken together, including the application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) principles. PK/PD application has been shown to prevent the emergence of resistance in numerous experimental studies, although a straight translation to the clinical setting is not possible. Individualized antibiotic dosing and duration should be pursued in all patients, and even more especially when treating intensive care unit (ICU) septic patients in whom optimal exposure is both difficult to achieve and necessary. In this review, we report on the available data that support the application of PK/PD parameters to contain the development of resistance and we give some practical suggestions that can help to translate the benefit of PK/PD application to the bedside.
Functional impact of a congenital stationary night blindness type 2 mutation depends on subunit composition of Cav1.4 Ca2+ channels

Voltage-gated Cav1 and Cav2 Ca2+ channels are comprised of a pore-forming α1 subunit (Cav1.1-1.4, Cav2.1-2.3) and auxiliary β (β1-4) and α2δ (α2δ−1−4) subunits. The properties of these channels vary with distinct combinations of Cav subunits and alternative splicing of the encoding transcripts. Therefore, the impact of disease-causing mutations affecting these channels may depend on the identities of Cav subunits and splice variants. Here, we analyzed the effects of a congenital stationary night blindness type 2 (CSNB2)-causing mutation, I745T (IT), in Cav1.4 channels typical of those in human retina: Cav1.4 splice variants with or without exon 47 (Cav1.4+ex47 and Cav1.4Δex47, respectively), and the auxiliary subunits, β2X13 and α2δ-4. We find that IT caused both Cav1.4 splice variants to activate at significantly more negative voltages and with slower deactivation kinetics than the corresponding WT channels. These effects of the IT mutation, along with unexpected alterations in ion selectivity, were generally larger in channels lacking exon 47. The weaker ion selectivity caused by IT led to hyperpolarizing shifts in the reversal potential and large outward currents that were evident in channels containing the auxiliary subunits β2X13 and α2δ-4 but not in those with β2A and α2δ-1. We conclude that the IT mutation stabilizes channel opening and alters ion selectivity of Cav1.4 in a manner that is strengthened by exclusion of exon 47 and inclusion of β2X13 and α2δ-4. Our results reveal complex actions of IT in modifying the properties of Cav1.4 channels, which may influence the pathological consequences of this mutation in retinal photoreceptors.
The Influence of Peptidases in Intestinal Brush Border Membranes on the Absorption of Oligopeptides from Whey Protein Hydrolysate: An Ex Vivo Study Using an Ussing Chamber

For many years, it was believed that only amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides could be absorbed and thus reach the bloodstream. Nowadays, the bioavailability of oligopeptides is also considered possible, leading to new research. This pilot study investigates the activity of brush border enzymes on undigested whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and on simulated intestinal digested (ID) whey hydrolysate and the subsequent absorption of resultant peptides through the proximal jejunum of a 7-week old piglet setup in an Ussing chamber model. Amongst all samples taken, 884 oligopeptides were identified. The brush border peptidase activity was intense in the first 10 min of the experiment, producing several new peptides in the apical compartment. With respect to the ID substrate, 286 peptides were detected in the basolateral compartment after 120 min of enzyme activity, originating from β-lactoglobulin (60%) and β-casein (20%). Nevertheless, only 0.6 to 3.35% of any specific peptide could pass through the epithelial barrier and thus reach the basolateral compartment. This study demonstrates transepithelial jejunum absorption of whey oligopeptides in an ex vivo model. It also confirmed the proteolytic activity of brush border enzymes on these oligopeptides, giving birth to a myriad of new bioactive peptides available for absorption.
T cell fate mapping and lineage tracing technologies probing clonal aspects underlying the generation of CD8 T cell subsets

T cells responding to acute infections generally provide two key functions to protect the host: (1) active contribution to pathogen elimination and (2) providing long‐lived cells that are poised to rapidly respond to renewed infection, thus ensuring long‐lasting protection against the particular pathogen. Extensive work has established an astonishing amount of additional diversity among T cells actively contributing to pathogen elimination, as well as among resting, long‐lived antigen‐experienced T cells. This led to the description of a variety of functionally distinct T cell ‘subsets’. Understanding how this heterogeneity develops among T cells responding to the same antigen is currently an active area of research, since knowledge of such mechanisms may have implications for the development of vaccines and immunotherapy. The number of naïve T cells specific to a given antigen span a great range. Considering this, one mechanistic angle focusses on how individual naïve T cells contribute to the development of the distinct T cell subsets. In this review, we highlight the current technologies that enable one to address the contributions of individual naïve T cells to different T cell subsets, with a focus on CD8 T cell subsets generated in the context of acute infections. Moreover, we discuss the requirements of new technologies to further our understanding of the mechanisms that help generate long‐lasting immunity.
Community Structure and Seasonal Variations of Crustacean Zooplankton( Cladocera,Copepoda) in Fuyang Section of the Shaying River

Crustacean zooplankton( Cladocera,Copepoda) were investigated seasonally at three sampling sites in Fuyang Section of the Shaying River from April 2011 to January 2012. A total of 20 species were recorded including 11 Cladocera species and 9 Copepoda species. Daphnia pulex,Daphnia magna,Cyclops vicinus,Mesocyclops leuckarti were the most dominant species during the all seasons. The density of crustacean zooplankton showed seasonal differences with the highest value in spring and the lowest value in winter. The Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 1. 30-2. 13 and indicated that the water quality of this section was at the level of light to moderate pollution.
Engineering the Composition and Fate of Wild Populations with Gene Drive.

Insects play important roles as predators, prey, pollinators, recyclers, hosts, parasitoids, and sources of economically important products. They can also destroy crops; wound animals; and serve as vectors for plant, animal, and human diseases. Gene drive-a process by which genes, gene complexes, or chromosomes encoding specific traits are made to spread through wild populations, even if these traits result in a fitness cost to carriers-provides new opportunities for altering populations to benefit humanity and the environment in ways that are species specific and sustainable. Gene drive can be used to alter the genetic composition of an existing population, referred to as population modification or replacement, or to bring about population suppression or elimination. We describe technologies under consideration, progress that has been made, and remaining technological hurdles, particularly with respect to evolutionary stability and our ability to control the spread and ultimate fate of genes introduced into populations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 66 is January 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Emergence of mcr-3 carrying Escherichia coli in Diseased Pigs in South Korea

We examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of mcr-3 carrying colistin-resistant Escherichia coli among cattle, pig, and chicken isolates in South Korea. Among a total of 185 colistin-resistant E. coli isolates determined in this study (47 from cattle, 90 from pigs, and 48 from chicken), PCR amplification detected mcr-3 genes in 17 isolates predominantly from diseased pigs. The mcr-3 genes were characterized as mcr-3.1 in 15 isolates and mcr-3.5 in 2 isolates. The mcr-3 gene was transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain from more than 50% of the mcr-3-carrying isolates. The mcr-3.1 and mcr-3.5 genes were identified predominantly in IncHI2 and IncP plasmids, respectively. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed eight previously reported sequence types (ST), including ST1, ST10, and ST42. We identified isolates with similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from diseased pigs in three farms. Besides, the isolates carried various virulence factors and demonstrated resistance to multiple antimicrobials, including β-lactams and quinolones. Further, the mcr-3.5 encodes three amino acid substitutions compared with mcr-3.1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pathogenic E. coli carrying mcr-3.5 in South Korea, which implies that mcr-3 variants may have already been widely spread in the pig industry.
Dilatometric and Microstructural Study of Martensite Tempering in 4% Mn Steel

This paper presents the results of martensite tempering resistance in 4% Mn steel. The material was quenched and tempered at 350 °C for 15, 30, and 60 min. The analysis of the quenching and tempering was carried out using dilatometric and microstructural approaches. The phase composition was assessed using X-ray diffraction. The Ms temperature and tempering progress were simulated using JMatPro software. The dilatometric analysis revealed a small decrease in the relative change in length (RCL) during tempering. This decrease was connected to the precipitation kinetics of cementite within the martensite laths. The microstructure investigation using a scanning electron microscope showed a very small amount of carbides, even for the longest tempering time. This showed the high tempering resistance of the martensite in medium-Mn steels. The hardness results showed an insignificant decrease in the hardness depending on the tempering time, which confirmed the high tempering resistance of martensite.
Interrelationships of Fiber-Associated Anaerobic Fungi and Bacterial Communities in the Rumen of Bloated Cattle Grazing Alfalfa

Frothy bloat is major digestive disorder of cattle grazing alfalfa pastures. Among the many factors identified to contribute to the development of frothy bloat, the disruption of rumen microbiota appears to be of central importance. Anaerobic rumen fungi (ARF) play an important role in sequential breakdown and fermentation of plant polysaccharides and promote the physical disruption of plant cell walls. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of ARF during the development of alfalfa-induced frothy bloat and in response to bloat preventive treatments. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of metagenomic DNA from the solid fraction of rumen contents, we were able to identify eight distinct genera of ARF, including Neocallimastix, Caecomyces, Orpinomyces, Piromyces, Cyllamyces, Anaeromyces, Buwchfawromyces, and unclassified Neocallimastigaceae. Overall, transition of steers from a baseline hay diet to alfalfa pastures was associated with drastic changes in the composition of the fungal community, but the overall composition of ARF did not differ (p > 0.05) among bloated and non-bloated steers. A correlation network analysis of the proportion of ARF and ruminal bacterial communities identified hub fungal species that were negatively correlated with several bacterial species, suggesting the presence of inter-kingdom competition among these rumen microorganisms. Interestingly, the number of negative correlations among ARF and bacteria decreased with frothy bloat, indicating a potential disruption of normal microbial profiles within a bloated rumen ecosystem. A better understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions that differ among bloated and non-bloated rumen ecosystem could advance our understanding of the etiology of frothy bloat.
Environmental stress of mobile phone EM radiation on locomotor activity and melatonin circadian rhythms of rats

Abstract Biological clocks are innate timing mechanisms that regulate many behavioral and physiological parameters in most organisms. In our modern life, heavy use of mobile phones (MPs) exerts a massive stress on organisms because their electromagnetic radiation usually results in varying degrees of damage to their biological systems including the biological rhythms. In the present study, the possible effects of exposure to radiofrequency–electromagnetic radiation (RF–EMR) from MPs on two characteristic circadian rhythms, locomotor activity and melatonin hormone rhythms, were investigated. Rats were exposed to RF–EMR from MPs at 900 MHz frequency (2-h/day for 2 weeks) during nighttime (20:00–22:00 h) followed by another two weeks without exposure for recovery. Locomotor activity rhythms of the control and treated groups (n = 5/group) were daily recorded using running wheels along the experimental period. For evaluating melatonin hormone rhythm, blood samples of control and treated groups (n = 12/group), were collected at the end of exposure and recovery periods, at 6-h time intervals per day (at 4:00, 10:00, 16:00, and 22:00 h). Rats exposed to RF–EMR exhibited phase shifting as well as a significant increased acrophase level in locomotor activity. Meanwhile, a significant decrease in serum melatonin levels with retaining lower amplitude rhythmicity was observed. Ceasing exposure for two weeks did not restore melatonin levels and circadian locomotor activity rhythms. It could be concluded that, under the current conditions, exposure to RF–EMR revealed disturbances in locomotor activity and melatonin level, although they maintained rhythmicity.
Dynamic Modeling of the Effectiveness of Third Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Antidepressants Drugs on Major Depressive Disorder.

Studying major depressive disorders and related factors is necessary to understand the nature of this disorder and to formulate more effective therapeutic strategies. Approximate duration of one episode of major depressive disorder is averagely between 3 to 12 months; however, in chronic types, the ratio would be prolonged to 24 months. The aime of this research which performed through second-order dynamic model was to investigate the effectiveness of antidepressants and third wave cognitive-behavioral therapies on the duration of any episode of major depressive disorder. Through MATLAB programming and changing the model parameters, we investigate the effectiveness of treatments on duration of episode in major depressive disorder. The average age of any participants were considered 64 years old. Outcomes before and after 14 weeks treatment with antidepressants drugs (as imipramine or its equivalent of therapeutic services) and psychotherapies (included mindfulness-based acceptance and commitment therapty [ACT] and dialectical behavior therapy [DBT]) were obtained. According to the findings, for most of people suffering from major depressive disorder, relapses are prevalent phenomena. Depression relapse time durations have been 144, 71, 68, and 59 months respectively under following conditions: receiving no treatment; receiving untidepressants; receiving dialectical behavior therapy; and, receiving a combination of antidepressants and dialectical behavior therapy. The results from dynamic modeling showed that combined method of ACT, DBT, and using antidepressant (or its equivalant) drugs provides better outcomes in treatment for depression and relapse prevention. This combined method reduced the duration of recovery from depression by 10 months. D ow nl oa de d fr om s ys te m . k hu . a c. ir at 5 :2 1 IR D T o n M on da y M ay 4 th 2 02 0
PHOSPHATASES OF MARINE ALGAE

1. Phosphate-repressible alkaline phosphatases were found in axenic cultures of marine algae, especially Chrysophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Enzyme synthesis started when the algae became phosphorus-deficient and stoped if phosphate was restored to the medium.2. Maximal enzyme activity was usually above pH 9, but significant activity was also present at ordinary sea water pH, approximately pH 8.3. The phosphatases enabled algae to split glucose-6-phosphate; the phosphate was quickly assimilated but the glucose moiety remained in the medium. Algae took phosphorus from adenosine monophosphate and α-glycerophosphate at the same rate as from glucose-6-phosphate.4. The phosphatases appear to be firmly bound near the cell surface. They may enable deficient algae to regenerate phosphate from soluble organic phosphorus compounds present in natural sea water.
Bleaching and brightness stabilization of high-yield pulps by sulfur-containing compounds

Etude de la stabilisation contre la decoloration photochimique des pâtes a haut rendement chimicomecaniques non blanchies et blanchies au peroxyde. Divers composes organiques soufres blanchissent initialement les pâtes et retardent ensuite le jaunissement. L'action stabilisante est fortement influencee par la structure moleculaire. Certains thiols permettent a la fois le blanchiment et la stabilisation. les thioethers ont seulement une action stabilisante. Les disulfures, sulfoxydes et sulfones sont inefficaces
CRYOPRECIPITATE COMPOSITION AS A FUNCTION OF PLASMA SOFTENING RATE

Plasma for fractionation is commonly stored at <−30°. Some warming is necessary to soften the frozen plasma in order that it may be crushed prior to thawing to 0° for cryo-precipitation. In an investigation of softening conditions, small-scale experiments were performed using frozen plasma warmed to various temperatures (−15° to −2.5°) and held for varying lengths of time (0-40h). Cryoprecipitate was prepared and recoveries of fVIII:C, fibrinogen and fibronectin assessed. Yields of fVIII:C and fibronectin were independent of softening conditions, but the yield of fibrinogen was directly related to the temperature profile of the plasma. If held for periods >1h at >−10°, the weight of fibrinogen in the cryoprecipitate increased. In the conditions used in these experiments (which were chosen to reflect those which might be possible on a large scale), fibrinogen recovery ranged from 600-1700 mg/kg plasma. These findings have important implications for the preparation of fVIII concentrate from cryoprecipitate where subsequent purification may be significantly easier and final yields improved if the initial burden of fibrinogen is reduced.
Study of Seasonal Incidence of Chicken Coccidiosis in Gangapur and Vaijapur Tehsil of Aurangabad District in Maharashtra

The coccidia are the cause of coccidiosis, a disease of considerable importance in domestic animals. The discovery of several species causing extensive pathological damage and mortality in poultry, cattle, sheep, goat, pigs and several other animals have increased their importance. Coccidiosis causes a great economic loss in the poultry industry due to high rate of morbidity and mortality, sub optimal growth and conversion efficiency and loss of egg production. The present study showed that the broiler chicken in Gangapur and Vaijapur Tehsil of Aurangabad District in Maharashtra shows great occurrence of Eimeria in poultry. The Gangapur and Vaijapur talukas are come under low rain fall zone and poverty. So business point of view people are turn towards poultry, so to encouraging them we try to show overall scenario of coccidiosis in this region.The species occurring in broiler chicken in this region are as follows: - Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti , Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria nikamae, Eimeria tarabaie and Eimeria shivpuri During the period of 8 months (Monsoon and Winter Season) i.e. from, June, 2013 – January 2014, total 704 faecal samples from Gangapur and 699samples from Vaijapur were examined for coccidial infections, out of which 254 samples from Gangapur and 251 samples from Vaijapur were positive respectively. The percentage of prevalence being 36.07% and 35.90% respectively. Comparative study shows minor differences in prevalence.
Anti-senescence effect of Cynomorium Songaricum polysaccharide on D-galactose-induced aging mice

OBJECTIVE The effect of Cynomorium Songaricum polysaccharide(CSP) on immune function was studied on the aged mice for CSP's applying for the clinical uses.METHODS Kunming mice were intraperitoneal injected with D-galactose to make the aging models,and different dosages of CSP were given by gavage for 56 days.Spleen coefficient and thymus coefficient were determined.MTT method was used to detect the proliferated number of the bone marrow cells.Lymphocyte transformation rate and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic rate in vivo were tested.The activity of telomerase in the testicles of the mile mice were detected by Elisa method.RESULTS Low,middle and high dosages of CSP could cause a significant increase of the proliferated number of the bone marrow cells in the aged mice (P0.01). High dosages of CSP could significantly increase the lymphocyte transformation rate(P0.01) and the peritoneal macrophage phagocytic rate(P0.05). High and middle dosages of CSP could significantly increase the activity of telomerase.CONCLUSION CSP can exert the anti-aging effect on the aging mice.
Improved mask R-CNN-based cloud masking method for remote sensing images

ABSTRACT Clouds lead to missing or distorted land-related information in impacted areas in optical remote sensing images. Cloud masking, which labels cloud-contaminated pixels, forms the basis for subsequent image utilization, such as excluding the distorted pixel or filling in the missing area. However, due to the diverse spectral, textural, and shape characteristics of different clouds and complicated combinations with the underlying land surfaces, cloud masking has become a challenge in remote sensing image processing. In recent years, the Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) method, which performs instance segmentation from a complex background and generates a pixelwise mask for the object of interest, has been used widely in object segmentation tasks. When the Mask R-CNN method is used for cloud masking, the mask result has certain problems, such as failing to extract uncommon clouds and outputting inaccurate mask boundaries for large clouds. To address these problems, we introduce two strategies, group training and boundary optimization, to improve the Mask R-CNN. For group training, samples are divided into several groups. The samples in the first group are used for the initial training, and the samples in the next group are used for evaluation. Only samples with missing or falsely detected clouds are used for tuning the classifier; then, these processes are repeated until all groups have been used or the detection precision becomes stable. For boundary optimization, a block-by-block mask strategy is adopted to guarantee that clouds with diverse sizes have similar performances. Finally, two open data sets and one data set labelled by ourselves are selected to test the proposed method, and the results demonstrate that our method can produce cloud masks for different cloud types and diverse underlying land surfaces and can achieve high accuracies, thereby providing an effective alternative for cloud masking. Compared with the original Mask R-CNN method, our method improves the average recall, average precision, and intersection over union by 5.88%, 2.4%, and 0.071 in pixel level, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of our improvement.