Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrical, electronic and optical properties of MoS2 & WS2

ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC and OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MoS2 & WS2 by Weitao Tang Two dimensional materials such as graphene, boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) monolayers have arisen as a new class of materials with unique properties at monolayer thickness. Their electrical, electronic and optical properties are of great importance for a variety of applications in optoelectronics as light emitters, detectors, and photovoltaic devices. This work focuses on MoS2 and WS2, which are two important members of the TMDC class of materials. The properties of monolayer MoS2 and WS2 are investigated as well as the properties of bulk MoS2 and WS2 to provide an understanding of their significant difference. A detailed investigation of the electrical and electronic properties including temperature dependent resistivity, contact resistance, band structure and electronic excitation are discussed in this work. The temperature dependence of the energy gap for monolayer MoS2 and WS2 is also investigated. The optical properties of MoS2 and WS2, in the range of 1.5-3.0 eV, are modeled utilizing MATLAB simulations. Simulations of the optical properties of these materials on silicon, gold and fused silica substrates are presented. The optical band gap is simulated in order to compare with the electrical band gap. The future applications of both the materials are discussed. ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC and OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MoS2 & WS2
THE EFFECT OF RECTANGULAR SYNTHETIC JET TO THE FLAT PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER IN LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

The objective of this study is investigating the impact of synthetic jet on the boundary layer and optimising the slot yaw angle (�). A rectangular synthetic jet with yaw angle relative to freestream is applied for flat plate boundary layer control. Various slot yaw angles are applied to find optimized amount and their impacts on the boundary layer are measured using a boundary layer probe with 2-D traversing system. The slot yaw angles are varied from 0°~90°. The assessment carried out using non-dimensional velocity profiles and lateral relative velocity (u/U) contours.
Use of E-Learning to Market Islamic Service

The paper aims at finding out how to use modern tools of communication to market Islamic service via e-learning. The study reported in the present highlights E-Islam and focuses on electronically marketing Islamic services. Moreover, this study will help E-marketing managers provide the best Islamic service through a survey of some virtual factors that may affect Islamic services. This study adds a new element to the list of items with a marketing and psychological nature which is “charity” as a purely Islamic feature of services. Keywords: E-marketing, e-learning, Muslim consumer experience, Islamic Service
Hepatitis B virus_surface gene mutations and their clinical implications

Hepatitis B infection is a major public health problem caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). Factors associated with host immunity such as (HBV specific T- and/or B-cell) production and antigen presentation failure and viral determinants such as the HBV genotypes and their evolving variants, have largely contributed to and justified variations that occur in the HBV surface gene. Hepatitis B surface gene mutations may influence the accuracy of the results obtained with currently used serological diagnostic tests and may represent a great risk for the community, since neither hepatitis B vaccines nor hepatitis B immunoglobulin will prevent the infection by HBV. Out of 96 published papers from (1988 till 2016) downloaded from Google scholar and PubMed and evaluated according to the relevance of scientific data for the surface gene mutations of hepatitis B virus then52 papers of them were selected and included in this study, then we reviewed and evaluated the current published papers about the surface gene mutations worldwide in which G145R represents the most common hepatitis B surface gene mutation reported in the literature. Furthermore, we reviewed their clinical implications and their impact on hepatitis B vaccination and treatment.
The Tax Man Cometh? An Argument for the Taxation of Online Purchases

Electronic commerce, or e-commerce in today's common parlance,' has undergone substantial growth over the past few years as consumers have become more comfortable with the notion of purchasing products from their favorite stores without leaving the comfort of the home or office. 2 According to an August 2004 report released by the United States Department of Commerce, e-commerce now accounts for 1.7% of total retail sales in the United States. In the second quarter of 2004 alone, online sales amounted to almost $16 billion, a 23.1% increase over the second quarter in 2003. 4 The rapid migration to e-commerce is further illustrated by the fact that holiday shoppers increased their online spending by 42% in the period between Thanksgiving and Christmas in 2003. ' The popularity of e-commerce can be attributed to many factors, including
The Poorer You Are, the More You Trust? The Effect of Inequality and Income on Institutional Trust in East-Central Europe*

Compared to Western Europe, the new democracies of East-Central Europe (ECE) demonstrate substantially lower levels of institutional trust. Because trust in state institutions is an indicator of the public approval and legitimacy of a political system, low trust levels are a cause for concern. The paper addresses a particular aspect of this broad issue by focusing on how country-level wealth and inequality and individual-level economic situation and sociotropic evaluations affect institutional trust in ECE in comparison with Western Europe. A multi-level analysis performed on the 2010 European Social Survey dataset reveals that substantial differences exist between the two sides of the continent. While sociotropic measures show a uniformly strong, positive association with institutional trust, the marginal effect of relative income is positive in Western but negative in East-Central Europe. Moreover, although social inequality is inversely related to institutional trust, four ECE countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia), where relatively low inequality is accompanied by low levels of institutional trust, deviate from the general trend. The paper suggests that the causes of these differences may be attributed to the interplay between specific characteristics of ECE political economies and the strongly egalitarian attitudes of East-Central European citizens.
Interactive comment on “ Regional differences in modelled net production and shallow remineralization in the North Atlantic subtropical Gyre ” by B . Fernández-Castro et al

General comments The manuscript by Fernandez-Castro compares surface net production and shallow remineralization rates between BATS and ESTOC, representing subtropical ocean time series stations in the western and eastern North Atlantic, respectively. Based on a dataset collected between 1996-2001 the authors assess similarities and differences between the two stations by comparing the output of a 1D model that targets a mass balance. For the BATS site a similar approach was presented by Ono et al. 2011, however, the current authors are the first to compare time series stations from a similar trophic region in the North Atlantic.
Effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron methyl on growth and reproduction of five wetland and terrestrial plant species

Two wetland plant species (Mimulus ringens L. [monkey‐flower] and Bidens cernua L. [bur‐marigold]), two terrestrial species (Sinapis arvensis L. [wild mustard] and Phaseolus vulgaris L. [beans‐variety, Kentucky blue]), and one species found in both wet and dry habitats (Echinochloa crusgalli [L.] Beauv. [barnyardgrass]) were exposed to 1% (0.045 g a.i./ha) and 10% (0.45 g a.i./ha) of recommended label rate of metsulfuron methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide used in western Canada. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of metsulfuron methyl on these plant species and to determine the most sensitive phenological stage. Chemical analyses of herbicide residues showed that there was good correspondence between the quantity measured in the tank mix compared with that detected on glass fiber papers, the latter representing the dose reaching the test plants during the spray event. All species exhibited marked effects on the vegetative growth and reproductive performance when sprayed at 10% label rate. Less pronounced but significant effects were shown at 1% label rate. Seed weight was reduced for B. cernua and S. arvensis. The seedling stage was the most sensitive period for all species tested, although surviving plants sprayed at later stages showed considerable effects on the reproductive parts. All species tested would be at risk from small doses of metsulfuron methyl drifting away from the sprayed areas. This study highlights the shortcomings of the current testing schemes required prior to pesticide registration.
Phenols, essential oils and carotenoids of Rosa canina from Tunisia and their antioxidant activities

The antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of Rosa canina from diverse localities of Tunisia were evaluated by ABTS and DPPH methods, whereas in those of essential oils and carotenoids extracts such activity was determined only by the ABTS method. Total phenols determined by the Folin method revealed that at Aindraham, samples showed a great variability of phenol content in contrast to those from Feija. After chemical analysis of the essential oils by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectra (GC-MS), revealed that the oils of Feija were predominantly composed of palmitic acid, vitispirane, linoleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid and phytol acetate, while in those samples from Aindraham predominated vitispirane, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and phytol acetate. Higher concentrations of b-carotene and lycopene were found in the samples from Aindraham after determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All samples possess antioxidant activity, nevertheless much more significant in phenol extracts in contrast to the carotenoid extracts, which possess the lowest activity.
Discrimination of Artificial and Actual Expression on Face Using sEMG

In this study, artificial and actual face expressions have been analysed using RMS and MF features on surface EMG. For this, Surface EMG for 9 young healthy volunteers has been recorded using multichannel. Total face region has been grouped as lower including 3,4,5,7 channels and upper face regions including 9,10,11,12 channels. EMG has been windowed depending on contraction time in expression and obtained partial EMG. Average MF and Average RMS values have been obtained and compared on both of the face regions for happiness and fear expressions. As a result, we found that MF and RMS values have different selectivity characteristic depending on face regions (upper region-lower region) and face expressions (artificial face expressions-actual face expressions).
The relationship between supplier networks and industrial clusters: an analysis based on the cluster mapping method

Michael Porter’s concept of competitive advantages emphasizes the importance of regional cooperation of various actors in order to gain competitiveness on globalized markets. Foreign investors may play an important role in forming such cooperation networks. Their local suppliers tend to concentrate regionally. They can form, together with local institutions of education, research, financial and other services, development agencies, the nucleus of cooperative clusters. This paper deals with the relationship between supplier networks and clusters. Two main issues are discussed in more detail: the interest of multinational companies in entering regional clusters and the spillover effects that may stem from their participation. After the discussion on the theoretical background, the paper introduces a relatively new analytical method: “cluster mapping” - a method that can spot regional hot spots of specific economic activities with cluster building potential. Experience with the method was gathered in the US and in the European Union. After the discussion on the existing empirical evidence, the authors introduce their own cluster mapping results, which they obtained by using a refined version of the original methodology.
Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Emotion Regulation and Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability

Author Address 1. MA of Family Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran; 2. Faculty Member of Counseling, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran; 3. MA of Family Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran; 4. MA of General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; 5. MA of Family Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding Author Address: Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. *Tel: 09135594157; *E-mail: soltani1011@yahoo.com
Analyze the Metabolites in Rats Small Bowel by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS after Oral Administration of Icaritin

Icaritin (IT) was the main product of intestinal metabolism of main ﬂavonoid compounds in Epimedium. Our previous study of the intestinal metabolites of IT was mainly focused on detecting the metabolites in rat faeces, which did not directly reacted and premeditate the complex environment of small bowel. Therefore, in this paper, the contents of small bowel were collected and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/ MS), and then the main metabolites and metabolic pathways of IT in rats small bowel were explained clearly. Finally, six major metabolites were found in rats small bowel after oral administration of IT, which were m/z 367.1187, 383.1125, 545.1678, 559.1448, 561.1610, and 721.1979, respectively. These six metabolites and their chemical structures were firstly discovered and identified by us. The metabolites m/z 559.1448 and 545.1678 were the combinations of m/z 383.1125 and 369.1308 (IT) linked with one glucuronic acid, respectively. In the intestinal contents, the IT prototype had the highest peak areas, which indicated that IT mainly existed in the form of prototype. Meanwhile, our results further confirmed that the bioavailability of IT might be low, and subsequent research would likely focus on improving the biopharmaceutical properties and enhancing the bioavailability of IT. This study was useful and complementary to our previous findings.
The Effects of Duration on Human Processing of Reduced Speech

Word recognition of spontaneous speech is influenced by many cues in the signal. The present study investigates the effects of duration on human processing of spontaneous speech. Participants were presented with visual and audio representations of sentences that had one to four words taken out and replaced with a silent gap. Silent gaps were either kept the same as the original duration or manipulated to be 0.5 times shorter or 2 times longer than the original length of the words that had been replaced. Participants were asked to respond using a keyboard to type which word or words they believed fit in the gap. Subsequent responses were classified as either correct or incorrect. The results demonstrate that having access to any contextual auditory information increases correct response rates. This indicates that there are likely cues in the auditory context that allow the listener to resolve the target items that are not present when the trials are presented visually. We also find a trend in the data which seems to indicate that shortened gap targets are harder to predict than the other two conditions (original length and lengthened gap), and that the lengthened gap targets are consistently easier to predict. We interpret this result as indicating that when listeners have additional processing time it allows them to more accurately identify the missing words. Further, we believe that there are durational constraints in the mental lexicon during word selection processes which suggest a mechanism of activation and competition that has been used in various models of spoken word recognition.
Foreign Aid and Recipient Countries’ Exports: Does Aid Promote Bilateral Trade?

This paper uses the gravity model of trade to investigate the link between foreign aid and exports in recipient countries. Most of the theoretical work emphasizes the negative impact of aid on recipient countries’ exports primarily due to exchange rate appreciation, disregarding possible positive effects of aid in promoting bilateral trade relations. The empirical findings, in contrast, indicate that the net impact of aid on recipient countries’ exports is positive -even though the macroeconomic impact of aid is rather small- and that the average return for recipients’ exports is about 1.50 US$ for every aid dollar spent. We argue that “bilateral aid” seems to promote good bilateral trade relations, mutual trust and familiarity and that those factors reinforce bilateral trade, including recipient country exports. The paper also estimates the effect of different types of aid (bilateral aid versus multilateral aid flowing to a specific recipient) and studies aid’s contribution to an expansion of exports in different regions of the world. It is found that aid is strongly export-enhancing in Asia and Latin America, but not in Africa.
Mai 2010 Merging of Opinions under Uncertainty

We consider long-run behavior of agents assessing risk in terms of dynamic convex risk measures or, equivalently, utility in terms of dynamic variational preferences in an uncertain setting. By virtue of a robust representation, we show that all uncertainty is revealed in the limit and agents behave as expected utility maximizer under the true underlying distribution regardless of their initial risk anticipation. In particular, risk assessments of distinct agents converge. This result is a generalization of the fundamental Blackwell-Dubins Theorem, cp. [Blackwell & Dubins, 62], to convex risk. We furthermore show the result to hold in a non-time-consistent environment.
COUNTING VENTRAL SCALES IN ASIAN ANILIOID SNAKES

The anteroventral scalation patterns of 48 specimens (24 species) of Asian anilioid snakes (Anomochilidae, Cylindrophiidae, Uropeltidae) were examined. Scales were pinned and X-rayed to allow the position of the neck joint to be determined. Asian anilioids have a pattern of anteroventral scalation that prevents application of the standard Dowling system for identifying the first (anteriormost) ventral scale. No repeated pattern is found between anteroventral scalation and the position of the neck joint. Between four and eight post-mentum midventral scales lie anterior to the neck joint, with intraspecific variation occurring by up to two scales. Variation in the position of the neck joint is probably caused by variation in scalation and preservation, and perhaps ontogeny, with fewer midventral scales anterior to the neck joint in larger specimens. We recommend that counts of Asian anilioid ventral scales for taxonomic purposes include all midventral scales between the mental and anal scales. For precise comparisons of precloacal vertebral numbers among Asian anilioids and other snakes, dissections or X-rays are required.
The Impact of Organic Cotton Farming on the Livelihoods of Smallholders. Evidence from the Maikaal bioRe poject in central India

This research report analyses the impact of conversion to organic cotton farming on the livelihoods of smallholders in the Maikaal bioRe organic cotton project in Madhya Pradesh, central India. For that purpose, it compares farm profile data, material and financial input/output and soil parameters of organic and conventional farms over two cropping periods (2003 – 2005). The results show that organic farms achieve cotton yields that are on a par with those in conventional farms, though nutrient inputs are considerably lower. With less production costs and a 20% organic price premium, gross margins from cotton are thus substantially higher than in the conventional system. Even if the crops grown in rotation with cotton are sold without organic price premium, profits in organic farms are higher. In the perception of most organic farmers, soil fertility significantly improved after conversion. However, the analysis of soil fertility parameters in soil samples from organic and conventional cotton fields has shown only minor differences in organic matter content and water retention. The research indicates that organic cotton farming can be a viable option to improve incomes and reduce vulnerability of smallholders in the tropics. To use this potential it is important to find suitable approaches to enable marginalised farmers managing the hurdles of conversion to the organic farming system.
Limited impact of adolescent meningococcal ACWY vaccination on group

31 Background. In the UK rising disease levels due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W 32 clonal complex ST-11 (MenW:cc11) strains led to introduction of conjugate MenACWY 33 vaccination for teenagers. We investigated the impact of immunization on carriage of 34 targeted meningococci by whole genome sequencing of isolates recovered from a cohort of 35 vaccinated university students. 36 Methods. Strain designation data were extracted from whole genome sequence data. 37 Genomes from carried and invasive MenW:cc11 were compared using a gene-by-gene 38 approach. Serogrouping identified isolates expressing capsule antigens targeted by the 39 vaccine. 40 Results. Isolates with a W: P1.5,2: F1-1: ST-11 (cc11) designation, and belonging to the 41 emerging ‘2013-strain’ of the South American-UK MenW:cc11 sub-lineage, were 42 responsible for an increase in carried group W. A multifocal expansion was evident with 43 close transmission networks extending beyond individual dormitories. Carried group Y 44 isolates were predominantly from clonal complex 23, but showed significant heterogeneity 45 and individual strain designations were only sporadically recovered. No shifts towards 46 acapsulate phenotypes were detected in targeted meningococcal populations. 47
ACOUSTIC EMISSION ACTIVITY OF SPRUCE SAPWOOD BECOMES WEAKER AFTER EACH DEHYDRATION-REWETTING CYCLE

Acoustic emission (AE) during dehydration at ambient temperature was compared between fully saturated fresh Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) sapwood and sapwood exposed to two dehydration-rewetting cycles in order to get information about the differences in dehydration stress. AE testing was performed within a frequency range of 35-100 kHz (R6) and 100-1000 kHz (WD) at ambient conditions. AE activity became lower and AE energies weaker after each dehydration-rewetting cycle. During the first dehydration run, highest mean AE energies were detected at the beginning of dehydration. In rewetted wood, highest mean AE energies were detected towards the end of dehydration. AE of rewetted wood was also characterized by a higher percent of AE with frequencies >70 kHz and 100-175 kHz, as detected by R6 and WD transducers, respectively. It is concluded that fresh never-dried sapwood is more prone to dehydration stresses than pre-dried sapwood. Differences in AE number and AE features appear to be due to micro-mechanical failure that decreased after each dehydration-rewetting run. Dehydration stress seems also to decrease because the membranes of bordered pits, which act as a valve to avoid the breakage of the water columns inside the conduits, become weakened after each dehydrationrewetting run.