Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Detecting Disordered Error Handling with Precise Function Pairing

Software programs may frequently encounter various errors such as allocation failures. Error handling aims to gracefully deal with the errors to avoid security and reliability issues, thus it is prevalent and vital. However, because of its complexity and corner cases, error handling itself is often erroneous, and prior research has primarily focused on finding bugs in the handling part, such as incorrect error-code returning or missing error propagation. In this paper, we propose and investigate a class of bugs in error-handling code from a different perspective. In particular, we find that programs often perform “cleanup” operations before the actual error handling, such as freeing memory or decreasing refcount. Critical bugs occur when these operations are performed (1) in an incorrect order, (2) redundantly, or (3) inadequately. We refer to such bugs as Disordered Error Handling (DiEH). Our investigation reveals that DiEH bugs are not only common but can also cause security problems such as privilege escalation, memory corruption, and denial-of-service. Based on the findings from the investigation, we then develop a system, HERO (Handling ERrors Orderly), to automatically detect DiEH. The core of HERO is a novel technique that precisely pairs both common and custom functions based on the unique error-handling structures, which allows us to infer expected cleanup functions. With HERO, we found 239 DiEH bugs in the Linux kernel, the FreeBSD kernel, and OpenSSL, which can cause security and reliability issues. The evaluation results show that DiEH is critical and widely exists in system software, and HERO is effective in detecting DiEH. We also believe that the precise function pairing is of independent interest in other research areas such as temporal-rule inference and race detection.
Electrolyte effects on the photophysical properties of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded molecules

Salt effects on the photophysics of the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded solute molecule 1-aminofluoren-9-one (1-AF) are examined in acetonitrile solution. Unlike previous studies on the related molecule 3-aminofluoren-9-one (3-AF), combined steady-state and time-resolved studies show that 1-AF forms ground-state complexes with dissolved cations. The association between 1-AF and the dissolved electrolytes is dependent on the size of the cation. So complexes are observed between 1-AF and the molecular cations Bu 4 S + and Me 4 S + . The differences between the photophysics of 1-AF and 3-AF in acetonitrile-salt solutions are discussed in terms of the molecular properties arising from the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the amino nitrogen and the carbonyl group present in 1-AF
Effect of food to microalgal biomass ratio on the assimilation of ammoniacal nitrogen from the secondary treated tannery effluent coupled with bio-energy generation using grown algal biomass

Microalgae are receiving great attention towards biofuel and potential option for the removal of nutrients from wastewater as an alternative biological treatment. In the current study, five different food to algal biomass ratios (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 1.75) experimented with Chlorella vulgaris and a ratio of 1.0 was found to be optimum. Further studies were carried out in a lab-scale tubular photobioreactor (PBR). The maximum removal efficiencies of ammoniacal nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total organic carbon were found to be 66.60%, 62.50%, and 69.09%, respectively. Grown microalgal biomass was subjected to biomethanation for recovery of bioenergy in the form of methane. The specific methane yield obtained was 233 mL/g VS (VS – volatile solids) added using a standard biomethane production test using automated methane potential test system II. The results of the study are promising, as it was observed that the coupling of both processes, that is, algal treatment integrated with anaerobic digestion of grown algal biomass will benefit wastewater treatment for nutrient removal as well as helps in energy production.
DETECTION OF GENE BADH2 IN CHARGE OF AROMATICS IN IRAQI

Two field experiments were carried out during two agricultural seasons 2016 and 2017 in the rice research station in Mashkhab (province of Najaf Al-Ashraf) related to the Agricultural Research office. The agricultural season of 2016 included the cultivation of three varieties of rice, which they were Anber -33, jasmine, and Mashkhab -2, for the purpose of selection basis on aromatic for plants characterized by high aromatic of the two aromatic varieties (Anber 33 and Jasmine), and the detection of the badh2 gene in charge of aromatics in the three varieties using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology and analysis of nucleotide sequences. While in the agricultural season 2017, and for the purpose of evaluating the performance of genotypes (selected and origin) by gene expression of badh-2 gene, and to know the role of chemical fertilization NPK by gene expression of badh-2 gene in Anbar 33 using Real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD was used with three replicates, included 8 treatments was (Mashkhab 2 under the fertilization level NPK0, Jasmine origin under the fertilization level NPK0, Anber 33 origin under the fertilization level NPK0, Jasmine selected based on aromatic under the fertilization level NPK0, Anber 33 selected based on aromatic under the fertilization level NPK0, Anber 33 origin under fertilization level NPK1(70, 23, 25 kg N, P2O5, K2O h -1), Anber 33 origin under fertilization level NPK2(140, 46, 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O h -1), Anber 33 origin under fertilization level NPK3(280, 92, 100 kg N, P2O5 and K2O h -1). The results of PCR reaction showed that there are bands with a molecular weight of 752bp in the three varieties representing the badh-2 gene, the nitrogenous base sequence identical revealed that the badh2 gene in two aromatic varieties Anber 33 and Jasmine was truncated and incomplete, while it was completely in the non aromatic variety. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the gene expression of badh2 gene decreased in the two aromatic varieties compared to the non aromatic variety, in addition, the chemical fertilization (NPK2 and NPK3) caused a significant increase in the gene expression of badh2 in Anber 33. Therefore can conclude that the presence of allele badh2 dominant biosynthesis of 2acetylpyrrolne (2AP) which is the main aromatic compound causing aromatic for rice, whereas the truncated recessive allelees of the badh2 stimulate the formation of 2AP, and the expression of the badh-2 gene increases with increasing levels of chemical fertilization therefore decreases the aromatic degree.
FirePlace: Placing Firecraker Virtual Machines with Hindsight Imitation

Virtual machines (VM) form the foundation of modern cloud computing as they help logically abstract per-user compute from shared physical infrastructure. Users of these services require VMs of varying sizes and conﬁgurations, which the provider places on a set of physical machines (PMs). VMs on the same PM share memory and CPU resources so a bad placement directly impacts the quality of user experience. We consider the placement of Firecracker VMs (a form of Micro-VMs or µ VMs) - lightweight VMs that are typically used for short lived tasks. Our objective is to place each VM as it arrives, so that the peak to average ratio of resource usage across PMs is minimized. Placement is challenging as we need to consider resource use in multiple dimensions, such as CPU and memory, and because resource use changes over time. Past approaches to similar problems have suggested that one could forecast VM resource use for placement. We see that in our production trafﬁc, µ VM resource use is spiky and short lived, and that forecasting algorithms are not useful. We evaluate Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches for this problem, but ﬁnd that off-the-shelf RL algorithms are not always performant. We present a forecasting free algorithm, called FirePlace, that learns the placement decision using a variant of hindsight optimization, which we call hindsight imitation. We evaluate our approach using a production trafﬁc trace of µ VM usage from AWS Lambda. FirePlace improves upon baseline algorithms by 10% on a production data trace of 100K µ VMs.
A Review on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, India. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, kanjirappally, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Modern industry always develops and continuously looking for new investigations and findings in new technologies. Great example for that is aerospace industry, which will need about twenty million tonnes of raw material in next two decades. That is mostly because it uses materials like titanium, which has high BTF (buy-to-fly) ratio. That means it has low material utilisation because it is necessary to buy greater amounts of forgings or ingots to produce a low amount of finished parts, due to its poor machinability. One of the possible solutions are additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. The bases of AM system are motion system, feedstock and energy (heat) source. Their combination enables moving, heating and deposition of material. Mostly, AM technologies use polymer materials, while the use of metals is possible only in its powder form, so products are often porous and not fully functional. WAAM (Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing) is technology which can offer a solution for these problems. It has been investigated in investigated in last 30 years, although the first patent dates from 1925. WAAM uses metal welding wire as the feedstock and electric arc as the heat source, which makes it a combination of welding and AM technology. It uses ordinary welding equipment (power source, welding torch, wire and protective gas feeding systems), combining it with robotic systems or CNC machines which provide moving of the torch, and that is its first advantage – it can be considerably cheaper than conventional AM technologies, which use specific equipment and materials. Also, it can produce fully functional, near-net-shape products, almost unlimited by size
ENHANCEMENT OF XYLANASE ACTIVITY ON DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONDITIONS OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER IN SUBMERGED CULTURE

Enhancement of xylanase activity in Aspergillus niger was obtained by changing the growth parameters during present investigation. Previously isolated strain of A. niger was cultivated by optimizing the culture conditions in submerged culture for enhanced xylanase activity using low cost lignocellulosic waste like wheat bran, sugarcane baggase, wheat straw, corn cobs and rice straw. Highest activity of xylanase (25.49 U/ml) was observed when fungus was grown on media containing wheat bran as carbon source. The influence of temperature, pH, salt concentrations and incubation period on activity of xylanase was also observed. The maximum activity (36.06 ± 0.148 U/ml) was recorded on day 7th at 3 percent salt concentration and optimum temperature of 45oC and 5.5 pH. It has been found that A. niger could be the important fungus for conversion of lignocellulosic waste into useful products.
VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING AND MULTI-MODAL INTERFACES TO TEST THE CONTROL OF AN ORTHOSIS

The test of wearable robots with users can be dangerous, especially initially, when the control algorithms and the controller are tested. The use of virtual prototypes, as opposed to creating real ones, whilst not eliminating the need to manufacture an ultimate prototype for the final tests, eliminates intermediate tests which could potentially be dangerous for a user. Multi-modal interaction and virtual prototyping are used to test and evaluate the controllers. The Ikerlan research centre has designed a 2 DoF arm orthosis to research the issue of the interaction of such devices with the environment. This orthosis was not physically constructed, but a virtual prototype was created for testing the performance of the different control algorithms implemented. The multi-modal interfaces considered are composed of traditional devices, one haptic device ( Phantom ) and a video-based motion capture and mark recognition system. As a result, two test platforms have been developed, where the orthosis is tested in Real-Time simulation based on the real movements of the user. Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and video-based optical motion capture techniques are used in order to evaluate a prototype.
Modeling storm surges in the Belgian coastal area: preliminary work

This document aims to present preliminary work carried on in the framework of the development of a storm surge model for the Belgian coastal area. The PUG Matlab toolbox for preand post-processing of unstructured grids is first presented along with an open source strategy to design triangular, unstructured grids. Then, the ongoing development in the Beluga branch of the TELEMAC source code is briefly discussed. It aims to read spaceand time-varying wind velocity and air pressure fields in the open NetCDF format.
THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN ALLEVIATING THE VULNERABILITY OF FARMERS TO POVERTY IN MALAYSIA: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Institutional support such as social and financial assistance play vital role in helping the poor deal with poverty. Nevertheless, institutions are often criticised for its delayed delivery and weak monitoring of programs. This study attempts to investigate the role of institutions in helping farmers deal with their vulnerabilities to poverty. A structured socio-economic questionnaire from a three-round panel survey undertaken at 6-month interval targeting the farmers in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia is employed. The institution support is investigated in various areas that include effects on amount of production sold, head-count of cows, head-count of sheep and goats, head-count of hens and ducks, food storage and valuable things, savings and finally on farmers vulnerabilities. Results of the study indicate that institutions are inactive in providing assistance and support to farmers. Often, assistance is provided after an occurrence of a shock. Incidentally, the assistance provided does not reach all farmers, partly due to asymmetric information on the availability of the assistance or that farmers are not selected for the assistance. In most occasions, assistance is just not available to the farmers.
When Speech Goes Wrong: Evidence from Aphasia

The sounds of speech are our primary means of communicating with the surrounding world. Speech sounds are critical for communication because they serve as the necessary link to the words, sentences, and meanings of the language system. And yet, speech sounds in both perception and production are vulnerable to errors. Whether fatigued, distracted, or just getting older, we all have experienced times when we have misperceived what was said, as in “let’s look for the cape” misheard as “let’s look for the cake” (Garnes and Bond, 1980, p. 232), or we have misspoke an intended message, as in “speech production” produced as “preach seduction” (Fromkin, 1980, p. 6). As annoying as these “slips of the ear” and “slips of the tongue” might be, they occur relatively rarely.
THE PARTIAL AND TOTAL REPLACEMENT OF DATES INSTEAD OF THE WHEAT ON SOME PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF BROILERS

A total of 240, one day, 40 g weight broiler Ross 308 strain were used, randomly distributed to four treatments with 60 chicks for each treatment, three replicates for each treatment (20 chicks per replicate). The treatments were control without adding (T1). T2, T3 and T4 replacement of dates instead of the wheat By 4, 8 and 12% in the basal diet.The results of the study showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) on some productive characteristics (body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion coefficient, production index)for the powder of dates compared to control treatment,T3 and T4 showed a significant superiority (P<0.05) which were replaced by 8% and 12% respectively in these traits compared to the first treatment (control) and the second treatment (substituting 4% of the dates), while no significant differences were observed between all the treatments in the mortality.
Power Saving In Ad Hoc Network In Case Of Link Failure

The Ad hoc networks are the wireless networks where the communication takes place through the different nodes. For example, in mobile Ad hoc network, the data is transmitted and received through the different mobile nodes. The work being presented in the paper introduce a technique which has a directional property for route discovery which creates a cluster of only those nodes that are useful for repairing of broken link in link failure. This technique first creates a cluster of nodes which is useful for link repairing, and then it repairs a broken link and repairs a broken route instead of discovering a new route. Because of this method only involves those nodes which are useful for repairing failure link and not involve other nodes of network like ERS scheme, this method saves the power of other nodes of network and increase the lifetime of network. Simulation results obtained are compared with the ERS based AODV protocol. This comparison shows the improvement in the power saving of Ad hoc network
Historic forest composition and structure across an old-growth landscape in New Hampshire, USA1

Abstract. Old-growth forests often represent an important natural benchmark for evaluating the effects of management and changing environmental conditions on forest and ecological dynamics. In regions with a history of extensive land use, such as New England, there is limited opportunity to develop such information, given that only a few old-growth forests remain scattered across a finite portion of the landscape. This study takes advantage of a unique historic data set collected across 250 ha of old-growth forest, within a larger area (2,000 ha), in southern New Hampshire in 1929–30, to characterize natural forest composition, live-tree size distributions, recruitment history, and aboveground biomass conditions across six common regional forest types. Forest composition ranged from areas dominated by Pinus strobus L. and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière to mixed hardwood forests composed of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. , Betula lenta L. , and Betula papyrifera Marshall, and Acer saccharum Marshall. Across forest types, smaller diameter classes were composed primarily of shade-tolerant species, namely T. canadensis and F. grandifolia, whereas larger size classes consisted of P. strobus and T. canadensis, with the largest size class composed of P. strobus exclusively. Age data collected from these forests reflected largely multicohort conditions, with the largest peaks in recruitment documented between the mid-1600s and mid-1700s. Biomass values were positively correlated with stem density, and stratified forests containing high densities of smaller diameter T. canadensis in both the understory and midstory as well as P. strobus in the overstory tended to have the highest basal area and a greater number of trees within the largest diameter classes (≥ 89 cm). Forests with high basal area densities of large P. strobus (≥ 51 cm) had the greatest biomass values. In these sites, understory T. canadensis stem density was relatively high, likely suggesting that the stratification of both species accounted for the high biomass values; however, the presence of large-diameter P. strobus was most important to generating those high biomass totals. The wide range of composition and structure observed across this landscape likely reflects the historic importance of variability in disturbance processes and site conditions in maintaining a mosaic of forest compositional and structural conditions and may serve as a reference for restoration and conservation activities in areas heavily affected by past land use. Moreover, the disproportionate influence of P. strobus on aboveground biomass conditions in areas in which it historically predominated highlights the unique potential of this species for use in regional mitigation strategies.
Capital structure and profitability: the case of Nigerian deposit money banks

This paper aimed to empirically examine the extent to which capital structure impacts the profitability of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks considering the profitability of eight Nigerian Deposit Money Banks from 2003 to 2018 (16 years). A descriptive research design was adopted for this study, and data were analyzed using regression. The study used secondary data obtained from published annual reports of selected Nigerian Deposit Money Banks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for four years (2003–2018). The study concluded that the indicators used to measure capital structure (debt-equity ratio and leverage ratio) and profitability (returns on equity) had a negative relationship. This means that the use of debts mixed with equity (debt-equity ratio and leverage ratio) in improper proportion as financing methods can negatively affect profitability. Hence, there is a need to identify the optimal mix of capital structure (debts mixed with equity) that maximizes profitability, as well as firm and shareholder value with minimum agency costs as suggested by the trade-off theory and agency theory, respectively. The alternative is to give preference to retained earnings (internal source of finance) as funding source. AcknowledgmentAll researchers and non-researchers that contributed to this paper are highly appreciated.
THIN FILM CHARACTERIZATION BY PICOSECOND ULTRASONICS ON HIGH CURVATURE SURFACES

Historically, acoustic waves were first generated with piezoelectric materials [1]. To increase the spatial resolution of these waves, it is necessary to increase their frequency. Whereas the frequency of the acoustic waves generated by piezoelectric transducers is still limited to a few hundreds of MHz [2], this frequency can extend up to several hundreds of GHz for acoustic waves generated by femtosecond lasers [3]. The classical pump-probe experimental setup was based on a single laser and a delay line to generate and to detect the acoustic waves. To overcome the slowness of the delay line, a new patented setup aimed to generate and detect the acoustic waves with two lasers whose repetition rate is enslaved and slightly different [4]. Technology embedded in JAX is based on this principle.
Moldable Requirements

—Separate tools are employed to carry out individual requirements engineering (RE) activities. The lack of integration among these tools scatters the domain knowledge, making collaboration between technical and non-technical stakeholders difﬁcult, and management of requirements a tedious task. In this Ph.D. research proposal, we argue that an integrated development environment (IDE) should support various RE activities. For that, distinct stakeholders must be able to effortlessly create and manage requirements as ﬁrst-class citizens within an IDE. With “moldable requirements,” developers create custom hierarchies of requirements and build tailored interfaces that enable other stakeholders to create requirements and navigate between them. Similarly, they create custom representations of requirements and involved domain objects to reﬂect various levels of detail. Such custom and domain-speciﬁc representations assist non-technical stakeholders in accomplishing their distinguished RE related tasks. The custom interfaces make the IDE usable for non-technical stakeholders and help to preserve requirements in one place, closer to the implementation.