Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of single piece and fir tree based spoke type rotor designs for low cost electric vehicle application

Permanent magnet motors with ferrite magnets may be applicable to demanding electric vehicle (EV) applications, provided that designs with high power density and efficiency, and high resistance to demagnetization are developed. One rotor topology that allows meeting those challenges is a spoke type design, which can consist of two sections that are connected via a so-called fir tree structure, or a single section that may accommodate flux barriers with a certain topology. In this paper, a magneto-structurally optimized single piece rotor design for a high speed-high power density EV application is disclosed and compared against an existing fir tree based rotor solution. It is shown that an optimally designed single piece rotor design can meet about 80% of the power density of a fir tree rotor design at the cost of ~3 percent lower efficiency. Furthermore, the single piece rotor design may have better demagnetization resistance during severe faults. The theoretical findings have been supported by the static torque and demagnetization testing of a custom built prototype with the disclosed single piece rotor topology.
Pyrosequencing of IDH1 and IDH2 Mutations in Brain Tumors and Non-neoplastic Conditions

The molecular profiling of brain tumors, including testing for MGMT promoter methylation and chromosome 1p/19q deletion, can provide both diagnostic and prognostic information that may guide treatment. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation testing is a recent addition to this armamentarium of molecular pathology tools that similarly provides both diagnostic (eg, glioma vs. gliosis) and prognostic information. Herein, we describe a pyrosequencing-based approach to IDH1 and IDH2 mutation testing and its application to 139 neoplastic and non-neoplastic central nervous system specimens. Several technical issues encountered in the development of the assay, particularly with regard to the optimization of the sequencing reaction, are described. Mutations in IDH1 codon 132 or IDH2 codon 172 were identified in 31.2% of all screened cases and 46.2% of screened World Health Organization grade I to IV gliomas (n=93), with mutations arising exclusively in grade II to IV oligodendroglial, astrocytic, or mixed oligoastrocytic neoplasms. Examination of the relationship between the mutation status and other pertinent variables demonstrated a significant male predominance among IDH1-mutated gliomas, most notably in grade III to IV astrocytic neoplasms. A significant association between IDH1/IDH2 mutation and 1p/19q deletion was also seen (Kendall &tgr; coefficient=0.26, P=0.018), although several cases with 1p/19q deletion were IDH1/IDH2 wild type.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics and distribution to tissue of AG1343, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease

AG1343, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (Ki = 2 nM), was designed by protein structure-based drug design techniques. AG1343 has potent antiviral activity (95% effective dose = 0.04 microgram/ml) against a number of HIV-1 strains in acute and chronic models of infection. As part of its preclinical development, the oral bioavailability of AG1343 in rats, dogs, monkeys, and marmosets was determined and its tissue distribution in rats was evaluated. There were no major interspecies differences in AG1343 pharmacokinetics. Following intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of AG1343 ranged from 1 to 1.4 hr. The total volume of distribution (2 to 7 liters/kg) exceeded the volume of total body water, indicating extensive tissue distribution. Systemic clearance of AG1343 (1 to 4 liters/kg) in the different species corresponded to hepatic blood flow, suggesting possible hepatic involvement in the elimination of AG1343. Following oral administration, peak levels in plasma ranged from 0.34 microgram/ml after treatment with 10 mg/kg of body weight in the dog to 1.7 micrograms/ml after dosing with 50 mg/kg in the rat. Because of the slow absorption of AG1343, plasma concentrations of AG1343 exceeding that required for 95% inhibition of HIV-1 replication were maintained for up to 7 h after a single oral dose in all species evaluated. Average oral bioavailability of AG1343 ranged from 17% in the marmoset to 47% in the dog. Studies of distribution to tissue in the rat after oral administration of 14C-AG1343 established extensive distribution with concentrations in most tissues exceeding that found in plasma. Of particular significance were high levels of AG1343 equivalent in mesenteric lymph nodes (32.05 micrograms/g) and spleen tissue (9.33 micrograms/g). The major excretory route for AG1343 was via feces, with 100% of the dose recovered by 48 h. Results from these studies demonstrate that AG1343 is orally bioavailable and that levels in plasma in the therapeutic range are achievable and are maintained for prolonged periods in the animal models tested. On the basis of these and other findings, AG1343 was developed for further testing in human subjects.
Suppression of calcium current by an endogenous neuropeptide in neurones of Aplysia californica.

1. Actions of the neuropeptide FMRFamide (Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐NH2) and its derivative YGG‐FMRFamide (Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐Phe‐Met‐Arg‐Phe‐NH2) on Ca2+ current were examined in identified, voltage‐clamped neurones in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. 2. 'Puffed' application of either peptide at concentrations of 1‐50 microM was followed by a transient partial suppression of pharmacologically isolated inward Ca2+ current elicited by a depolarizing step. At 20 degrees C, suppression was maximal 10‐25 s following the brief puff of peptide, and lasted up to 90 s. Bath application of peptide had a steady suppressing effect, showing little if any desensitization. 3. Alternative sources of inward current suppression were ruled out, indicating that application of FMRFamide or YGG‐FMRFamide produces a true decrease in Ca2+ current, rather than enhancement of possible contaminating outward (K+, H+ or Cl‐) currents. 4. FMRFamide and YGG‐FMRFamide were equally effective in suppressing Ca2+ current (apparent dissociation constant, KD* approximately 10 microM). However, only 30‐50% of the total Ca2+ current elicited by voltage steps to above +10 mV appeared to be susceptible to suppression by even saturating concentrations of peptide. This, as well as a reduced effect of the peptides on Ca2+ current which was observed at potentials below +10 mV, may perhaps result from the presence of more than one class of Ca2+ channels, only one of which is sensitive to FMRFamide. 5. FMRFamide eliminated a constant fraction of Ca2+ current at all potentials above +10 mV, and had no direct effect on activation or inactivation of the remaining current. This behaviour is consistent with reduction in the number of functional Ca2+ channels by the peptide. 6. Suppression of Ca2+ current produced a concomitant depression of Ca2+‐dependent K+ current, which was shown previously to be insensitive to FMRFamide when activated by direct ionophoretic injection of Ca2+ into the cell. 7. The effect of FMRFamide on Ca2+ current was normal following interference with or activation of known second‐messenger systems, those involving adenosine 3',5'‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), cyclic GMP, Ca2+, inositol trisphosphate and protein kinase C. 8. Suppression of Ca2+ current by FMRFamide appeared to be mediated by the same receptor as enhancement by the peptide of K+ current resembling IK(S) (K+ current suppressed by serotonin), an effect seen in most of the same cells. Both effects of FMRFamide were mimicked by injection of guanosine 5'‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (GTP‐gamma‐S) into the cell, suggesting that the peptide may exert its effects by activating a guanosine 5'‐triphosphate (GTP)‐binding protein
Perithecial Formation in Gelasinospora reticulispora: IV. Action Spectra for the Photoinduction.

Action spectra for photoinduction of perithecia after different lengths of dark period were determined with apically growing mycelium of a sordariaceous fungus Gelasinospora reticulispora. When hyphae were exposed to monochromatic light in near ultraviolet and visible regions, reciprocity between intensity and exposure time was observed within the range of incident energy used. The resulting action spectrum determined after a dark period of 48 hours showed a peak at 460 nm with shoulders at 420 and 480 nm and another peak at 370 nm, indicating minima at 410, 430, and 470 nm. After 72 hours darkness the spectrum was very similar to the above, except that the major peak shifted to 450 nm and the near ultraviolet region was somewhat less effective. In both cases, wavelengths longer than 520 nm showed no effect.In addition, when irradiated with colored lamps, near ultraviolet light was relatively less effective after the 72-hour dark period than after the 48-hour dark period. The reason for this phenomenon is discussed.
Ciphertext Number Full Operations Based on Paillier Algorithm

Homomorphic encryption algorithms provide a way for outsourcing computations to the cloud computing while protecting the privacy of the data. Taking into account the fact that there is no practically usable fully homomorphic encrypt-ion algorithm at present, a ciphertext number full operations scheme based on Paillier algorithm is proposed to meet the requirements of operating on the ciphertext numbers in cloud computing. The ciphertext number full operations include the ciphertext number addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and power operations. With this scheme, only a partially homomorphic encryption algorithm is employed to implement the full operations of ciphertext number. The proposed scheme can meet the requirements of performing various forms of computations in the cloud computing. The proposed scheme is a feasible and transitional scheme for cloud computing under the current circumstance that there is no practically usable fully homomorphic encryption algorithm.
Force Frequency Relationship of the Human Ventricle Increases During Early Postnatal Development

Understanding developmental changes in contractility is critical to improving therapies for young cardiac patients. Isometric developed force was measured in human ventricular muscle strips from two age groups: newborns (<2 wk) and infants (3–14 mo) undergoing repair for congenital heart defects. Muscle strips were paced at several cycle lengths (CLs) to determine the force frequency response (FFR). Changes in Na/Ca exchanger (NCX), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA), and phospholamban (PLB) were characterized. At CL 2000 ms, developed force was similar in the two groups. Decreasing CL increased developed force in the infant group to 131 ± 8% (CL 1000 ms) and 157 ± 18% (CL 500 ms) demonstrating a positive FFR. The FFR in the newborn group was flat. NCX mRNA and protein levels were significantly larger in the newborn than infant group whereas SERCA levels were unchanged. PLB mRNA levels and PLB/SERCA ratio increased with age. Immunostaining for NCX in isolated newborn cells showed peripheral staining. In infant cells, NCX was also found in T-tubules. SERCA staining was regular and striated in both groups. This study shows for the first time that the newborn human ventricle has a flat FFR, which increases with age and may be caused by developmental changes in calcium handling.
Acute Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics of Two Small-Sided Training Regimes in Youth Soccer Players

Hill-Haas, SV, Rowsell, GJ, Dawson, BT, and Coutts, AJ. Acute physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of two small-sided training regimes in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 23(1): 111-115, 2009-The purpose of this study was to examine the acute physiological responses and time-motion characteristics associated with continuous and intermittent small-sided games (SSGs). The continuous (SSGC) regime involved 24 minutes' playing duration (no planned rest intervals), whereas the intermittent regime (SSGI) involved 4 × 6-minute bouts with 1.5 minutes of passive planned rest (work:rest ratio 4:1). Both training regimes were implemented across 3 SSG formats, which included games with 2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4, and 6 vs. 6 players. Sixteen men's soccer players (mean ± SE: age = 16.2 ± 0.2 years, height = 173.7 ± 2.1 cm, body mass = 65.0 ± 2.5 kg, estimated &OV0312;o2max = 54.8 ± 0.7 ml·kg−1·min−1) participated in the study. Heart rate (HR) was measured every 5 seconds during all SSGs. Global ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were recorded immediately after the SSGs using the Borg scale (RPEs, 6-20). Capillary blood samples were drawn at rest and within 5 minutes after the end of each SSG. Time-motion characteristics were measured using portable global positioning system units. There were no significant differences between SSGC and SSGI for total distance covered or for distance traveled while walking, jogging, or running at moderate speed. However, players covered a significantly greater distance at 13.0-17.9 km·h−1, a greater total distance at higher running speed, and a greater total number of sprints (>18 km·h−1) with SSGI compared with SSGC. In contrast, global RPE and %HRmax were significantly higher in SSGC than in SSGI. Both intermittent and continuous SSG training regimes could be used during the season for match-specific aerobic conditioning. However, both training regimes used in this study seem unlikely to provide a sufficient stimulus overload for fully developing &OV0312;o2max.
Spiking in primary somatosensory cortex during natural whisking in awake head-restrained rats is cell-type specific

Sensation involves active movement of sensory organs, but it remains unknown how position or movement of sensory organs is encoded in cortex. In the rat whisker system, each whisker is represented by an individual cortical (barrel) column. Here, we quantified in awake, head-fixed rats the impact of natural whisker movements on action potential frequencies of single (identified) neurons located in different layers of somatosensory (barrel) cortex. In all layers, we found only weak correlations between spiking and whisker position or velocity. Conversely, whisking significantly increased spiking rate in a subset of neurons located preferentially in layer 5A. This finding suggests that whisker movement could be encoded by population responses of neurons within all layers and by single slender-tufted pyramids in layer 5A.
Clinical and molecular characterization of duplications encompassing the human SHOX gene reveal a variable effect on stature

Deletions of the SHOX gene are well documented and cause disproportionate short stature and variable skeletal abnormalities. In contrast interstitial SHOX duplications limited to PAR1 appear to be very rare and the clinical significance of the only case report in the literature is unclear. Mapping of this duplication has now shown that it includes the entire SHOX gene but little flanking sequence and so will not encompass any of the long‐range enhancers required for SHOX transcription. We now describe the clinical and molecular characterization of three additional cases. The duplications all included the SHOX coding sequence but varied in the amount of flanking sequence involved. The probands were ascertained for a variety of reasons: hypotonia and features of Asperger syndrome, Leri–Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), and a family history of cleft palate. However, the presence of a duplication did not correlate with any of these features or with evidence of skeletal abnormality. Remarkably, the proband with LWD had inherited both a SHOX deletion and a duplication. The effect of the duplications on stature was variable: height appeared to be elevated in some carriers, particularly in those with the largest duplications, but was still within the normal range. SHOX duplications are likely to be under ascertained and more cases need to be identified and characterized in detail in order to accurately determine their phenotypic consequences. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fraud diamond risk indicator: An assessment of its importance and usage

Recent fraud surveys published by large accounting professional firms in Malaysia (e.g. KPMG 2009, PriceWaterHouseCooper 2009) indicated that preceding actual financial fraud cases, red flags or indicators have always been detected by auditors. Nevertheless such red flags are often ignored or “pushed under the carpet” by companies who are victims of such frauds. The reasons for ignoring the indicators vary from “an effort towards face-saving” to “the amount is too small to affect the company's performance”. Using the fraud diamond model, the current study is undertaken to identify what fraud risk indicators are considered as important and whether they are ultimately used by companies to prevent or to detect financial fraud. The study uses a questionnaire survey on three groups of accounting professionals: external auditors, internal auditors and government auditors who are often involved in financial fraud detection and investigation. A total of 135 professionals responded. The results provide basic understanding as to why fraud indicators are often ignored and not taken seriously. Moving forward, the study provides important “what to do list” for accounting professionals in their effort to mitigate financial fraud cases in the future.
Adoption of the 2006 Field Triage Decision Scheme for Injured Patients

Background: When emergency medical services (EMS) providers respond to the scene of an injury, they must decide where to transport the injured patients for further evaluation and treatment. This is done through a process known as “field triage”, whereby a patient’s injuries are matched to the most appropriate hospital. In 2005–2006 the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, revised the 1999 American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma Field Triage Decision Scheme. This revision, the 2006 Field Triage Decision Scheme, was published in 2006. Methods: State Public Health departments’ and EMS’ external websites were evaluated to ascertain the current status of implementation of the 2006 Field Triage Decision Scheme. Results: Information regarding field triage was located for 41 states. In nine states no information regarding field triage was available on their websites. Of the 41 states where information was located, seven were classified as “full adopters” of the 2006 Field Triage Decision Scheme; nine were considered “partial adopters”; 17 states were found to be using a full version or modification of the 1999 Field Triage Decision Scheme; and eight states were considered to be using a different protocol or scheme for field triage. Conclusion: Many states have adopted the 2006 Decision Scheme (full or partial). Further investigation is needed to determine the reasons why some states do not adopt the guidelines.
Histopathology of severe childhood asthma: a case series.

BACKGROUND To date, little has been published describing the pathology of severe childhood asthma. The currently accepted model of asthma holds that persistent airway inflammation leads to various symptoms of asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling that ultimately results in permanent loss of lung function. METHODS Evaluation of six children referred to the National Jewish Medical and Research Center with difficult-to-control asthma, despite aggressive anti-inflammatory therapy, who underwent bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy to better characterize their disease. RESULTS In every case, endobronchial biopsies revealed changes consistent with airway remodeling characterized by thickening of the basement membrane, smooth-muscle hypertrophy, with varying degrees of goblet-cell and submucous gland hyperplasia. The degree of subbasement membrane thickening did not appear to correlate with baseline FEV(1), ultimate FEV(1) following aggressive therapy, or lability in lung function. In five of six cases, there was minimal to no histologic evidence for airway inflammation with mild and patchy submucosal lymphocytic infiltration noted; eosinophils and neutrophils were not present. Further, the majority of the patients achieved normal FEV(1) values despite significant subbasement membrane thickening, counter to the current beliefs regarding airway remodeling and irreversible loss of lung function. CONCLUSIONS This case report highlights some of the shortcomings of the current inflammatory paradigm for severe asthma. Despite little evidence of ongoing airway inflammation, many of the subjects displayed significant lung function lability. The lack of inflammation argues against steroid resistance at a cellular level, although it could be argued that inflammation may have been distal to the site sampled. Additionally, normal to nearly normal lung function was achieved despite the presence of significant remodeling. These findings suggest the need to look beyond inflammation to fully treat severe asthma and ultimately alter its progression.
Infection Models for Salmonella typhimurium DT110 in Day-Old and 14-Day-Old Broiler Chickens Kept in Isolators

Abstract SUMMARY. A series of experiments was undertaken to investigate the infection dynamics of various doses of S. typhimurium in day-old and 14-day-old broiler chickens kept in isolators. The infections were followed quantitatively in ceca and ileum by enumerating the colony forming units (cfu) of the challenge strain. It was found that the inoculation of 107 cfu of S. typhimurium to day-old chickens established stable cecal infection in all the animals for 35 days. For 14-day-old chickens, stable and lasting infections were seen with inoculation of 109 cfu. Lower doses yielded more variable results, and the bacteria were rapidly eliminated from most birds, especially in 14-day-old inoculated chickens. Salmonella was found in spleen and liver 2–3 days postinoculation. Salmonella was cleared from both organs or reduced to very low numbers within 3 weeks.
Challenges and Obstacles in the Production of Cross-Border Territorial Strategies: The Example of the Greater Region

Cross-border strategies have been flourishing over the last few decades in Europe, mostly in a favourable context where European funding is available and legal instruments are well-developed. However, one may wonder which objectives are really targeted within this very broad and imprecise notion of cross-border strategy. The purpose of this paper is, first, to provide a theoretical framework in order to better understand the different meanings of the notion of cross-border integration and to provide a more critical perspective on its effects. Secondly, it analyses the policy content of the cross-border territorial strategy developed within the Greater Region before, in the final section, pointing out the difficulties faced by policy-makers during its elaboration. This final section is based on the insights brought both by the regional stakeholders interviewed and by our expertise as moderators and scientific advisors within the working group in charge of the realisation of the cross-border territorial strategy. The main finding of our analysis is that the consensus that has been reached by all the stakeholders is the “smallest common denominator”; that is to say, the least constraining.
Mucosal immunology: from bench to the bedside and beyond

This paper, written by the President of the Society for Mucosal Immunology , marks the 9th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology, in Sydney: Mucosal Solutions. Current molecular, cellular and animal work in mucosal immunity has great potential when applied to issues of human and animal health. However, practical and technical problems in the transfer of theoretical concepts into clinically based research must not be underestimated. Ideally, studies in disease need to be designed and run jointly by clinicians and scientists, as illustrated by examples drawn from Crohn's disease. Ethical aspects of research in mucosal physiology and disease are challenging, but not insurmountable.