Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Skin preparation with alcohol versus alcohol followed by any antiseptic for preventing bacteraemia or contamination of blood for transfusion.

BACKGROUND Blood for transfusion may become contaminated at any point between collection and transfusion and may result in bacteraemia (the presence of bacteria in the blood), severe illness or even death for the blood recipient. Donor arm skin is one potential source of blood contamination, so it is usual to cleanse the skin with an antiseptic before blood donation. One-step and two-step alcohol based antiseptic regimens are both commonly advocated but there is uncertainty as to which is most effective. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of cleansing the skin of blood donors with alcohol in a one-step compared with alcohol in a two-step procedure to prevent contamination of collected blood or bacteraemia in the recipient. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (March 10 2009); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 1; Ovid MEDLINE - (1950 to February Week 4 2009); Ovid EMBASE - (1980 to 2009 Week 9); and EBSCO CINAHL - (1982 to February Week 4 2009). We also searched the reference lists of key papers. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised trials (RCTs) comparing alcohol based donor skin cleansing in a one-step versus a two-step process that includes alcohol and any other antiseptic for pre-venepuncture skin cleansing were considered. Quasi randomised trials were to have been considered in the absence of RCTs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. MAIN RESULTS No studies (RCTs or quasi RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We did not identify any eligible studies for inclusion in this review. It is therefore unclear whether a two-step, alcohol followed by antiseptic skin cleansing process prior to blood donation confers any reduction in the risk of blood contamination or bacteraemia in blood recipients, or conversely whether a one-step process increases risk above that associated with a two-step process.
Caprine Toll‐like receptor 8 gene sequence characterization reveals close relationships among ruminant species

TLR8 mediates antiviral immunity by recognizing ssRNA viruses and triggers potent antiviral and antitumor immune responses. In this study, approximately 3.5 Kb nucleotide sequence data of caprine TLR8 gene were generated from one sample each of twelve different Indian goat breeds belonging to different geographical regions. Cloning and characterization of cDNA synthesized from RNA purified from goat spleen revealed TLR8 ORF to be of 3102 nucleotides long coding for 1033 amino acids similar to other ruminant species, that is sheep, buffalo and cattle. The sequence analysis at nucleotide level revealed goat TLR8 to be closer to buffalo sharing 99.6% homology, followed by cattle and sheep. Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) used for the structural analysis of goat TLR8 showed the presence of 16 leucine‐rich repeats (LRRs) along with single Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain. TIR domain when compared with other livestock species was found to be conserved in ruminant species goat, sheep, cattle and buffalo. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed grouping of all ruminant species together, goat being closer to buffalo followed by cattle and sheep. Total 4 polymorphic sites were observed in TLR8 gene of one specimen goat representing each of 12 different breeds studied, all of which were synonymous and present within the coding region. Of these 4 SNPs, two were in ectodomains, one in TIR domain and one was found to be present in transmembrane domain. PCR‐RFLP genotyping of two of the SNPs indicated variations in allele frequencies among different goat breeds. The expression profiling in 13 tissues of goat showed maximum expression of TLR8 gene in kidney followed by spleen, lung and lymph node. Overall, our results indicate conservation of TLR8 gene among the ruminant species and low variation within Indian goat breeds.
Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that impairments associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be partially explained by deficits of omega-3 fatty acids, and that supplementation of these essential fatty acids may lead to improvement of symptoms. OBJECTIVES To review the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for improving core features of ASD (for example, social interaction, communication, and stereotypies) and associated symptoms. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases on 2 June 2010: CENTRAL (2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1950 to May Week 3 2010), EMBASE (1980 to 2010 Week 21), PsycINFO (1806 to current), BIOSIS (1985 to current), CINAHL (1982 to current), Science Citation Index (1970 to current), Social Science Citation Index (1970 to current), metaRegister of Controlled Trials (20 November 2008) and ClinicalTrials.gov (10 December 2010). Dissertation Abstracts International was searched on 10 December 2008, but was no longer available to the authors or editorial base in 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation compared to placebo in individuals with ASD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors independently selected studies, assessed them for risk of bias and extracted relevant data. We conducted meta-analysis of the included studies for three primary outcomes (social interaction, communication, and stereotypy) and one secondary outcome (hyperactivity). MAIN RESULTS We included two trials with a total of 37 children diagnosed with ASD who were randomised into groups that received either omega-3 fatty acids supplementation or a placebo. We excluded six trials because they were either non-randomised controlled trials, did not contain a control group, or the control group did not receive a placebo. Overall, there was no evidence that omega-3 supplements had an effect on social interaction (mean difference (MD) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.84 to 4.48, I(2) = 0%), communication (MD 0.62, 95% CI -0.89 to 2.14, I(2) = 0%), stereotypy (MD 0.77, 95% CI -0.69 to 2.22, I(2) = 8%), or hyperactivity (MD 3.46, 95% CI -0.79 to 7.70, I(2) = 0%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS To date there is no high quality evidence that omega-3 fatty acids supplementation is effective for improving core and associated symptoms of ASD. Given the paucity of rigorous studies in this area, there is a need for large well-conducted randomised controlled trials that examine both high and low functioning individuals with ASD, and that have longer follow-up periods.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for First Visits of Patients with Crohns Disease

Crohn’s disease (CD) is the fundamental protagonist of so-called Infl ammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). This is a term by which several entities are known. Its origin is multifactorial. It is characterized by chronic and recurrent infl ammation with different degrees of involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, but also with potential commitment of other organs. In the last decade there has been a renewed interest in these entities due to a boom in innovative medicines. Despite these medications, CD and IBD remain incurable. The increasing incidence of CD in our country requires us both scientifi cally and morally to develop basic, practical guidelines with checklists adapted to our environment for the diagnosis and management of CD through the fi rst consultations of patients.
Staples versus sutures for closing leg wounds after vein graft harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) after saphenous vein graft harvesting is a complication occurring in up to 18% of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). It is not known whether the method of skin closure influences the infection rate. OBJECTIVES To compare the rates of SSI and wound dehiscence of staples and sutures for skin closure after saphenous vein graft harvesting for CABG. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the following electronic databases: The Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (searched 11/3/10); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) - The Cochrane Library 2010 Issue 1; Ovid MEDLINE - 1950 to March Week 1 2010; Ovid MEDLINE - In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (Searched 11/3/10); Ovid EMBASE - 1980 to 2010 Week 09 and EBSCO CINAHL - 1982 to March 11 2010. No date or language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials comparing staples and sutures for closing leg wounds after vein graft harvesting in patients undergoing CABG were eligible for inclusion in this review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the titles and abstracts of references identified by the search strategy against the selection criteria and extracted data from eligible trials. Included trials were assessed for the following risks of bias: generation of random allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting and freedom from other biases. For dichotomous variables, we calculated the relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included three prospective, randomised studies reporting on a total of 148 leg wounds closed with staples and 175 with sutures after vein graft harvesting in patients undergoing CABG. All trials were of sub-optimal methodological quality and all trials were at risk of bias. Leg wound infection rate was 10.8% (16/148) after leg wound closure with staples compared with 8% (14/174) with sutures (relative risk 1.20, 95% CI 0.60 to 2.39). Leg wound dehiscence occurred in 9.3% (10/108) of patients after leg wound closure with staples compared with 8.8% (12/137) with sutures (relative risk 1.05, 95%CI 0.43 to 2.53). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that there is no evidence of a difference in the risk of SSI and wound dehiscence when staples rather than sutures are used to close leg wounds after vein graft harvesting during CABG, however more research is needed.
Patient involvement in multidisciplinary team decision making in head and neck cancer : an ethnographic study

II LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES . X CHAPTER 1: HEAD AND NECK CANCER . 1 1.1 DEFINITION . 1 1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY. 1 1.3 RISK FACTORS . 2 1.4 PRESENTATION . 3 1.5 INVESTIGATION AND STAGING. 4 1.6 TREATMENT . 4 1.7 PATIENT INFORMATION ABOUT TREATMENT . 11 1.8 CURRENT PRACTICE . 14 1.9 VALUES AND PREFERENCES . 16 1.10 DECISION MAKING . 17 1.11 CONCLUSION . 18 CHAPTER 2: DECISION MAKING IN HEALTHCARE . 20 2.1 PATERNALISM . 20 2.2 EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE . 22 2.3 VARIATION IN CARE . 23 2.4 LEGISLATION . 25 2.5 PATIENT PREFERENCE . 26 2.6 VARIATIONS ON PATERNALISM. 29 2.7 INFORMED CHOICE . 30 2.8 SHARING DECISIONS . 31 2.9 SHARED DECISION MAKING . 31 2.10 CONCLUSION . 40
The Relationship between Gastrin Hormone Level and Microalbumin Urea in Patients with Diabetic Mellitus Type 2

This study dealing with diabetic type 2 patients to estimate the relationship of gastrin hormone level and micralbumin urea in diabetic patients, a total samples of this study consist of (n=67) of diabetic type 2 patients & 25 control . In this study the patients was divided in to three groups according the duration of diabetic,the percentage of patients who have duration of diabetes less than 10 years 34.4% (n=23) as 1st group, less than 20 years more than 10 years 32.8% (n=22) as 2nd group and equal or more than 20 years 32.8% (n=22) as 3rd group ,all samples test and control analysis the microalbumin urea levels by the microalbuminuria strips is MICRAL- TEST marker while the gastrin hormone level was analyses by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, This Enzyme immunosorbent assay kit is designed to detect a specific peptide and its related peptides based on the principle of “competitive” enzyme immunoassay. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 18. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages . The mean differences between gastrin mean of microalbuminurea for control and gastrin mean level of microalbuminurea for all duration groups of type 2 DM, there is significant differences between gastrin mean and microalbumin urea levels (t-test=5.199.p<0.001*).
Performance evaluation of the Abbott CELL‐DYN Emerald for use as a bench‐top analyzer in a research setting

The CELL‐DYN Emerald is a compact bench‐top hematology analyzer that can be used for a three‐part white cell differential analysis. To determine its utility for analysis of human and mouse samples, we evaluated this machine against the larger CELL‐DYN Sapphire and Sysmex XT2000iV hematology analyzers.
Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia is a relatively common complication of pregnancy. HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome is a severe manifestation of pre-eclampsia with significant morbidity and mortality for pregnant women and their children. Corticosteroids are commonly used in the treatment of HELLP syndrome in the belief that they improve outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of corticosteroids on women with HELLP syndrome and their children. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials comparing any corticosteroid with placebo, no treatment, or other drug; or comparing one corticosteroid with another corticosteroid or dosage in women with HELLP syndrome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials (550 women) compared corticosteroids with placebo or no treatment. There was no difference in the risk of maternal death (risk ratio (RR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 3.21), maternal death or severe maternal morbidity (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.12), or perinatal/infant death (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.97). The only clear effect of treatment on individual outcomes was improved platelet count (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.67, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.10). The effect on platelet count was strongest for women who commenced treatment antenatally (SMD 0.80, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.35). Two trials (76 women) compared dexamethasone with betamethasone. There was no clear evidence of a difference between groups in respect to perinatal/infant death (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.15 to 6.17) or severe perinatal/infant morbidity or death (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.48). Maternal death and severe maternal morbidity were not reported. In respect to platelet count, dexamethasone was superior to betamethasone (MD 6.02, 95% CI 1.71 to 10.33), both when treatment was commenced antenatally (MD 8.10, 95% CI 6.23 to 9.97) and postnatally (MD 3.70, 95% CI 0.96 to 6.44). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was no clear evidence of any effect of corticosteroids on substantive clinical outcomes. Those receiving steroids showed significantly greater improvement in platelet counts which was greater for those receiving dexamethasone than those receiving betamethasone. There is to date insufficient evidence of benefits in terms of substantive clinical outcomes to support the routine use of steroids for the management of HELLP. The use of corticosteroids may be justified in clinical situations in which increased rate of recovery in platelet count is considered clinically worthwhile.
Expression pattern of key microRNAs in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by reciprocal translocation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This translocation forms the BCR‐ABL1 oncogene, which alters several signaling pathways that control malignancy. CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. The microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are noncoding RNAs that downregulate their target gene by targeting 3′ UTR of mRNA or through translational inhibition. It has been shown that miRNAs regulate many biological processes, and dysregulation of these regulatory RNAs is involved in disease development, particularly in cancer. The important role of miRNAs as therapeutic agents and biomarkers has been demonstrated in CML patients at different phases of the disease.
Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders

From guidelines for diagnosis and classification of diabetes, to pharmacological therapy, this reference aims to guide health care providers and medical students through the treatment of specific problems important in the management of patients with diabetes. This practical resource with contributions from respected medical authorities includes chapters on topics such as genetic counselling, gestational diabetes, lactic acidosis, exercise, combinations therapy for hyper-glycaemia, insulin-pump therapy, geriatric patients, drug induced renal dysfunction, and many others.
An analysis of West Point graduates' attrition rates and their use in prediction models.

Data on attrition rates of West Point graduates is collected and analyzed. The departure intervals during which attrition occurs are classified as wartime or peacetime for the various class groups. When such departure intervals for successive class groups are given the same classification, attrition rates remain stationary over short time periods. In situations when the departure intervals are given dissimilar classifications, ratios of peacetime-wartime attrition rates are calculated. An analysis of such attrition rates leads to the formulation of a model to estimate attrition. Use of the model and areas for further study are outlined. LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOD MOMTEEEY, CALIF. 939401 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine

PART 1 BACKGROUND and STRATEGIES: Traditional Herbal Therapeutic Systems. Principles of Herbal Pharmacology. Principles of Herbal Treatment. Herbal Diagnosis. Validating Herbal Therapeutics. Optimising Safety PART 2 PRACTICAL CLINICAL GUIDES: Dosage Issues. Herbal Approaches to Pathological States. Herbal Approaches to System Dysfunctions. A Systematic Approach to Herbal Prescribing PART 3 a MATERIA MEDICA: Herb Monographs Bibliography. Actions Index. Symtoms and Conditions Index
Hormone replacement therapy for women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND There is conflicting information about the impact of the menopause on glycaemic control amongst women with type 1 diabetes. Some menopausal women with type 1 diabetes are treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) but the effects of this treatment have, to date, not been established. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of HRT for women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH METHODS We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO from their inception to June 2012. The last search was run for all databases on 18 June 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials or controlled clinical trials that involved peri- or postmenopausal women with type 1 diabetes undergoing HRT as an intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two researchers independently applied the inclusion criteria to the identified studies and assessed risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or by intervention by a third party. Descriptive analysis was conducted for the review. MAIN RESULTS Ninety-two publications were screened. No studies met the inclusion criteria exclusively but one study that included both type 1 and type 2 diabetes participants was considered. This randomised clinical trial (RCT) compared HRT (N = 27) with placebo (N = 29) over 12 months. The outcome measures were cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid profile, glycaemic control, blood pressure and body weight. No significant differences between placebo and HTR were detected. Patient-important outcomes like all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetic complications or health-related quality of life were not investigated. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of evidence around the use of HRT in women with type 1 diabetes. The one study that has been undertaken in this area is underpowered. More RCTs are required in the area to examine the impact of HRT on glycaemic control and cardiovascular outcomes.
Life-space mobility and social support in elderly adults with orthopaedic disorders.

The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to explore relationships between life-space mobility and the related factors in elderly Japanese people who attend orthopaedic clinics. The study measures included surveys of life-space mobility (Life-space Assessment (LSA) score), social support (social network diversity and social ties), physical ability (instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activity, social role), orthopaedic factors (diseases and symptoms) and demographic information. The questionnaire was distributed to 156 subjects; 152 persons responded, yielding 140 valid responses. Mean age of the sample was 76.0 ± 6.4 (range, 65-96 years), with 57.9% women (n = 81). In a multiple regression analysis, the six factors were significantly associated with LSA. Standardized partial regression coefficients (β) were gender (0.342), instrumental self-maintenance (0.297), social network diversity (0.217), age (-0.170), difficulty of motion (-0.156) and intellectual activity (0.150), with an adjusted R(2) = 0.488. These results suggest that outpatient health-care providers need to intervene in not only addressing orthopaedic factors but also promoting social support among elderly Japanese.
Stavudine or zidovudine in three-drug combination therapy for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals.

BACKGROUND The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) as treatment for HIV infection has greatly improved mortality and morbidity for adults and children living with HIV around the world. Two common medications given in first-line antiretroviral therapy are the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) stavudine (d4T) or zidovudine (AZT). OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of d4T compared to AZT in combination with one NRTI and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), two additional NNRTIs, or one NRTI and one protease inhibitor (PI), as part of first-line ART for HIV-infected people in low-resource settings. SEARCH STRATEGY Standard Cochrane methods were used to search electronic databases and conference proceedings with relevant search terms without limits to language. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of HIV-infected patients 5 years of age and older were included. Primary outcomes of interest included mortality, severe adverse events, virologic response to ART, and adherence/tolerance/retention. Secondary outcomes included immunologic response to ART, development of ART drug resistance, and prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors assessed each reference for inclusion and exclusion criteria established a priori. Data were abstracted independently using a standardised abstraction form. MAIN RESULTS Nine randomised controlled trials were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. The nine trials enrolled 2,159 participants but looked at a multiplicity of drug combinations. Despite this, a reasonably robust literature suggests no statistically significant difference between the two drug combinations, including severe adverse events and adherence/tolerance/retention. The quality of the literature was found overall to be low to very low for all key outcomes. Only one study reported on drug resistance, and no studies reported on sexual transmission of HIV. The length of follow-up time and study settings varied greatly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS While ideally future research would focus on direct comparison of standard therapeutic combinations of d4T+3TC+an NNRTI and AZT+3TC+an NNRTI to compare these regimens more directly, it is unlikely that additional trials will be mounted. Observational studies should focus on understanding outcomes, including toxicity and tolerability, in low- and middle-income countries.