Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Progress in Liver Transplant Tolerance and Tolerance-Inducing Cellular Therapies

Liver transplantation is currently the most effective method for treating end-stage liver disease. However, recipients still need long-term immunosuppressive drug treatment to control allogeneic immune rejection, which may cause various complications and affect the long-term survival of the recipient. Many liver transplant researchers constantly pursue the induction of immune tolerance in liver transplant recipients, immunosuppression withdrawal, and the maintenance of good and stable graft function. Although allogeneic liver transplantation is more tolerated than transplantation of other solid organs, and it shows a certain incidence of spontaneous tolerance, there is still great risk for general recipients. With the gradual progress in our understanding of immune regulatory mechanisms, a variety of immune regulatory cells have been discovered, and good results have been obtained in rodent and non-human primate transplant models. As immune cell therapies can induce long-term stable tolerance, they provide a good prospect for the induction of tolerance in clinical liver transplantation. At present, many transplant centers have carried out tolerance-inducing clinical trials in liver transplant recipients, and some have achieved gratifying results. This article will review the current status of liver transplant tolerance and the research progress of different cellular immunotherapies to induce this tolerance, which can provide more support for future clinical applications.
Cross-lingual Transfer-learning Approach to Negation Scope Resolution

Detecting instances of negation in text is crucially important for several applications, yet it is often neglected. Several decades of research in automated negation detection have not yet provided a reliable solution, especially in a multilingual context. Negation scope resolution poses particular challenges since identifying the scope of influence of a negation cue in a sentence requires a deeper level of natural language understanding. Little work has been done on negation scope resolution in languages other than English. Meanwhile, transfer learning is in wide use and large multilingual models are available to the public. This paper explores the feasibility of a cross-lingual transfer-learning approach to negation scope resolution. Preliminary experiments with the Multilingual BERT model and data in English, French, and Spanish show solid results with the highest F1-score 84.73 on zero-shot transfer between English and French.
Fossil Evidence for the Evolution of Biotic Pollination

The Cretaceous-Paleogene history of plants and insects reveals a discernible pattern in the evolution of floral character complexes and insects. Earliest Cretaceous flowers were small apetalous magnoliids with few parts. They co-occurred with a greater variety of anthophilous insects than has previously been supposed, and the idea that Coleoptera were the principal early insect pollinators is in need of review. By the mid-Cretaceous rosid flowers are known with well-developed corollas and the Rosidae are diverse by the late Cretaceous. The more derived asterid floral types are not firmly established until the Tertiary. Nectaries are present in many of the late Cretaceous rosids and may signal the beginning of the most significant evolutionary interaction between H ym enoptera and angiosperms. Advanced floral types in M aastrichtian and early Tertiary deposits are consistent with the appearance of meliponine Apideae (Stingless honeybees) in the late Cretaceous.
Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review

Proponents of optimal foraging theory attempt to predict the behavior of animals while they are foraging; this theory is based on a number of assump­ tions ( 133 , 155 , 2 10, 23 1 ) . First, an individual's contribution to the next generation (i.e. its "fitness") depends on its behavior while foraging. This contribution may be measured genetically or culturally as the proportion of an individual's genes or "ideas", respectively, in the next generation. In the former case, the theory is simply an extension of Darwin's theory of evolution. Second, it is assumed that there should be a heritable component of foraging behavior, i.e. an animal that forages in a particular manner should be likely to have offspring that tend to forage in the same manner. This heritable compo­ nent can be either the actual foraging responses made by an animal or the rules by which an animal learns to make such responses. In other words, optimal foraging theory may apply regardless of whether the foraging behavior is learned or innate. Given these first two assumptions, it follows that the proportion of individuals in a population foraging in ways that enhance their fitness will tend to increase over time. Unless countervailed by sufficiently strong group selection (see 287, 242), foraging behavior will therefore evolve, and the average foraging behavior will increasingly come to be characterized by those characteristics that enhance individual fitness. The third assumption is that the relationship between foraging behavior and fitness is known. This relationship is usually referred to as the currency of fitness (23 1 ) . In general, any such currency will include a time scale, although in some cases it may be assumed that fitness is a function of some rate.
To BERT or not to BERT - Comparing Contextual Embeddings in a Deep Learning Architecture for the Automatic Recognition of four Types of Speech, Thought and Writing Representation

We present recognizers for four very different types of speech, thought and writing representation (STWR) for German texts. The implementation is based on deep learning with two different customized contextual embeddings, namely FLAIR embeddings and BERT embed-dings. This paper gives an evaluation of our recognizers with a particular focus on the differences in performance we observed between those two embed-dings. FLAIR performed best for direct STWR (F1=0.85), BERT for indirect (F1=0.76) and free indirect (F1=0.59) STWR. For reported STWR, the comparison was inconclusive, but BERT gave the best average results and best individual model (F1=0.60). Our best re-cognizers, our customized language embeddings and most of our test and training data are freely available and can be found via www.redewiedergabe. de or at github.com/redewiedergabe .
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPα Myeloid Oncoproteins Induce Bcl-2 via Interaction of Their Basic Regions with Nuclear Factor-κB p50

The CEBPA gene is mutated in 10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. We find that CEBPA and Bcl-2 RNA levels correlate highly in low-risk human AMLs, suggesting that inhibition of apoptosis via induction of bcl-2 by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) or its mutant variants contributes to transformation. C/EBPαp30, lacking a NH2-terminal transactivation domain, or C/EBPαLZ, carrying in-frame mutations in the leucine zipper that prevent DNA binding, induced bcl-2 in hematopoietic cell lines, and C/EBPα induced bcl-2 in normal murine myeloid progenitors and in the splenocytes of H2K-C/EBPα-Eμ transgenic mice. C/EBPα protected Ba/F3 cells from apoptosis on interleukin-3 withdrawal but not if bcl-2 was knocked down. Remarkably, C/EBPαLZ oncoproteins activated the bcl-2 P2 promoter despite lack of DNA binding, and C/EBPαp30 also activated the promoter. C/EBPα and the C/EBPα oncoproteins cooperated with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p50, but not p65, to induce bcl-2 transcription. Endogenous C/EBPα preferentially coimmunoprecipitated with p50 versus p65 in myeloid cell extracts. Mutation of residues 297 to 302 in the C/EBPα basic region prevented induction of endogenous bcl-2 or the bcl-2 promoter and interaction with p50 but not p65. These findings suggest that C/EBPα or its mutant variants tether to a subset of NF-κB target genes, including Bcl-2, via p50 to facilitate gene activation and offer an explanation for preferential in-frame rather than out-of-frame mutation of the leucine zipper with sparing of the basic region in C/EBPαLZ oncoproteins. Targeting interaction between C/EBPα basic region and NF-κB p50 may contribute to the therapy of AML and other malignancies expressing C/EBPs.
Ecological Studies on the Lactobacillus Flora Associated with the Crop Epithelium of the Fowl

Summary. The lactobacillus flora lining the crop of the chicken became established soon after hatching and adhered to the crop epithelium throughout the life of the bird: adhesion was unaffected by drastic changes in diet and was of widespread occurrence. Adhering lactobacilli were isolated from birds but not from mammals. Only these avion lactobacilli adhered to chicken crop epithelial cells. It is suggested that these lactobacilli have formed a symbiotic relationship with the chicken and help to regulate the composition of its intestinal microflora.
Conformational Change and Intermediates in the Unfolding of α1-Antichymotrypsin*

Serpins are the prototypical members of the conformational disease family, a group of proteins that undergoes a change in shape that subsequently leads to tissue deposition. One specific example is α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), which undergoes misfolding and aggregation that has been implicated in emphysema and Alzheimer's disease. In this study we have used guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)-induced denaturation to investigate the conformational changes involved in the folding and unfolding of ACT. When the reaction was followed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, one stable intermediate was observed in 1.5 mGdnHCl. The same experiment monitored by fluorescence revealed a second intermediate formed in 2.5 m GdnHCl. Both these intermediates bound the hydrophobic dye ANS. These data suggest a four-state model for ACT folding N ↔ I1 ↔ I2 ↔ U. I1 and I2 both have a similar loss of secondary structure (20%) compared with the native state. In I2, however, there is a significant loss of tertiary interactions as revealed by changes in fluorescence emission maximum and intensity. Kinetic analysis of the unfolding reaction indicated that the native state is unstable with a fast rate of unfolding in water of 0.4 s−1. The implications of these data for both ACT function and associated diseases are discussed.
Race, Ethnicity, and Clinical Features of Alcohol Use Disorder Among US Military Veterans: Results From the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent in US military veterans, though little is known about whether the psychiatric comorbidities and functional outcomes (ie, clinical features) of AUD differ across race/ethnic groups. We aimed to identify differences in the clinical features of veterans with AUD by race/ethnicity. METHODS In a sample of veterans with AUD (n = 1212) from the nationally representative National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, we compared the clinical features associated with AUD across racial/ethnic groups using analysis of covariance and logistic regression. RESULTS Black veterans (n = 60, 34.0%) were less likely to screen positive for lifetime AUD compared with white (n = 1099, 42.7%) and Hispanic (n = 53, 41.5%) veterans. Among those with lifetime AUD, Hispanic veterans were more likely than white veterans to have lifetime and current mood or anxiety disorders (adjusted odds ratio range [AORR] = 2.21-2.52, P < .05). Black veterans were more likely than white veterans to have current mood and anxiety disorders (AORR = 2.01-3.07, P < .05). Hispanic veterans reported poorer functioning and quality of life than white and black veterans (Cohen's d range = 0.12-0.37, P < .05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Black and Hispanic veterans with lifetime AUD may experience a higher disease burden relative to white veterans. Results underscore the importance of race/ethnicity-sensitive assessment, monitoring, and treatment of AUD for veterans. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first known study to examine differences by race/ethnicity in the clinical features of Veterans with AUD in a nationally representative sample. Findings suggest higher disease burden for racial/ethnic minority veterans. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).
Is realised connectivity among populations of aquatic fauna predictable from potential connectivity

Summary 1. Effective management of aquatic fauna requires knowledge of the ways in which populations in different catchments and sub-catchments are connected. A powerful way to estimate this is using genetic markers, which provide information on the average amount of genetic connectivity among populations over generations. Although many studies of genetic connectivity have appeared in the literature, there are innumerable species that have not been studied. 2. This study explores whether it is possible to make broad generalisations about population connectivity, based on readily available information in the form of species life history and architecture of the aquatic habitat. 3. A number of models have been proposed to explain the pattern of connectivity shown by aquatic species with different life-history characteristics, for example, the stream hierarchy model, Isolation by Distance, the Death Valley Model, the headwater model and panmixia. 4. In this study, we propose a dichotomous key to assign species to different models of potential connectivity. The key is based on a few very simple questions about the life history of the species and the geographical arrangement of study sites. We then assessed the performance of the key with 109 data sets of Australian fish and macroinvertebrates, using genetic data to provide an estimate of realised connectivity. 5. The realised connectivity fitted the proposed potential connectivity model in over 70% of cases, and we suggest this might be a useful initial approach for managers where empirical data are lacking.
Are electrophysiological and oligodendrocyte alterations an element in the development of multiple sclerosis at the same time as or before the immune response?

Abstract Efficient communication between the glial cells and neurons is a bi-directional process that is essential for conserving normal functioning in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons dynamically regulate other brain cells in the healthy brain, yet little is known about the first pathways involving oligodendrocytes and neurons. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS that are needed for the propagation of action potentials along axons and additionally serve to support neurons by neurotrophic factors (NFTs). In demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocytes are thought to be the victims. Axonal damage begins early and remains silent for years, and neurological disability develops when a threshold of axonal loss is reached, and the compensatory mechanisms are depleted. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain axonal damage: 1) the damage is caused by an inflammatory process; 2) there is an excessive accumulation of intra-axonal calcium levels; and, 3) demyelinated axons evolve to a degenerative process resulting from the lack of trophic support provided by myelin or myelin-forming cells. Although MS was traditionally considered to be a white matter disease, the demyelination process also occurs in the cerebral cortex. Recent data supports the notion that initial response is triggered by CNS injury. Thus, the understanding of the role of neuron-glial neurophysiology would help provide us with further explanations. We should take in account the suggestion that MS is in part an autoimmune disease that involves genetic and environmental factors, and the pathological response leads to demyelination, axonal loss and inflammatory infiltrates.
World Cleft Coalition International Treatment Program Standards

Objective: To present preliminary efforts to establish an internationally agreed set of minimum core practice and best practice guidelines, along with overarching principles to promote safe and comprehensive cleft care globally. Design: Representatives from 6 national and international organizations collaborated to form a World Cleft Coalition. Representatives met monthly/bimonthly to compile standards for safe, comprehensive, and sustainable cleft care. Outcomes were circulated within each organization and to a small subset of external constituents for feedback. Results: A series of overarching principles were established for those involved in International Cleft Treatment Programs, based on the experience of participating organizations. The overarching principles are followed by a structured and detailed Recommended Practice for Ensuring Safe, Comprehensive and Sustainable Cleft Care, which includes minimum core and best practice for the following areas: surgical safety, quality control, patient education, patient selection, patient follow-up, comprehensive care, partnership with the host nations and professionals, training and exchanges for sustainability, and local capacity building. Conclusions: Outcomes aimed to provide a working document to define core principles for safe comprehensive cleft care, while balancing various levels of resources, geographic locations, appropriately trained health care professional specialists, and training limitations. The study highlights the process and benefits to a collaborative international working group not only to establish best practice but also to solicit and engage others in discussion of their experiences with building and supporting safe, high-quality, comprehensive, sustainable, worldwide cleft care.
AN AVIAN EGG FROM THE CAMPANIAN OF BAYN DZAK, MONGOLIA

Although their presence is predicted by phylogenetic analyses, the discovery of advanced birds in Upper Cretaceous rocks has been long in coming (Norell and Clarke, 2001). Here we offer evidence of presence of Mezosoic birds from an unconventional source, the eggshell ultrastructure of an egg found in Mesozoic rocks of Mongolia. Because of difficulties in establishing true association between egg laying parents and eggs, eggshells have previously been classified as descriptive types in a parataxonomic scheme parallel to phylogenetic taxonomies (e.g., Mikhailov, 1997). The discovery of fossil embryos in eggs (Norell et al., 1994; Mateus et al., 1997; Chiappe et al., 1998) and tight associations of adults and fossil nests (Dong and Currie, 1996; Varrichio et al., 1997; Clark et al., 1999) now enable us to identify the parentage of some eggs. These discoveries combined with our knowledge of eggs from extant taxa allows us to apply the distribution of eggshell characters to place ovotaxa in a phylogenetic context using cladistic analysis method (Grellet-Tinner, 2000). In addition to this approach, we would like to avoid the use of taxonomic terminology for descriptive purposes. We therefore propose that the terms prismatic and aprismatic (both character states) replace the morphotypes described by Mikhailov (1997) as "ornithoid basic type with a prismatic morphotype" and "ornithoid basic type with a ratite morphotype. " Typical aprismatic eggshells are observed in eggshells of oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae (Norell et al., 1994, 2001; Clark et al., 2001), the dromaeosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus (Makovicky and Grellet-Tinner, 2000), and those of paleognath birds (Grellet-Tinner, 2000). The prismatic state is observed in eggs of the extinct Troodon formosus (Varricchio et al., 1999) and those of neognath birds (Kohring, 1997, 1999; Grellet-Tinner, 2000). In contrast to aprismatic eggshells whereas the horizontal crystallization of the outer layers prevails against the vertical aspect of the shell units, the differentiation of eggshell layers for prismatic eggshells is often difficult due to the lack of crisp demarcation among these layers. This difficulty exists in eggs belonging to extant taxa (pers. obs.; Zelenitsky, pers. comm.). For instance it is relatively harder to differentiate the three layers of an extant Anser anser eggshell (prismatic) than those of a Rhea americana (aprismatic). Morevoer, the thinner the layers, the harder it is to detect them in fossil eggs. To date non-avian theropod taxa with embryos in ovo display both prismatic and aprismatic eggshells that are composed of two layers (Mikhailov, 1992; Norell et al., 1994; Varrichio et al., 1997; Chiappe and Grellet-Tinner, 1999; Grellet-Tinner, 2000). Here these are referred to as layers 1 (mammillary) and layer 2 (squamatic). Eggshells of modern birds are composed of at least three shell layers (Kohring, 1997, 1999; Grellet-Tinner, 2000), and these are numbered sequentially 1, 2, 3, and 4 (if present). Here we report the first discovery of a three-layered eggshell of essentially modern aspect from Mesozoic rocks of Mon-
Methylobacter tundripaludum sp. nov., a methane-oxidizing bacterium from Arctic wetland soil on the Svalbard islands, Norway (78° N)

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming bacterium (SV96T) was isolated from wetland soil near Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain SV96T was shown to belong to the Gammaproteobacteria, related to Methylobacter psychrophilus Z-0021T (99·1 %), Methylobacter luteus ATCC 49878T (97·3 %), Methylobacter marinus A45T (97·0 %) and Methylobacter whittenburyi ATCC 51738T (95·8 %); the closest related species within the genus Methylomicrobium with a validly published name was Methylomicrobium album ATCC 33003T (95·0 %). Chemotaxonomic data (including the major fatty acids: 16 : 1ω8, 16 : 1ω7 and 16 : 1ω5t) supported the affiliation of strain SV96T to the genus Methylobacter. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain SV96T from the four Methylobacter species mentioned above. Strain SV96T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Methylobacter tundripaludum sp. nov. is proposed (type strain SV96T=DSM 17260T=ATCC BAA-1195T).
Effects of large-scale gold mining on migratory behavior of a large herbivore

Loss of migratory corridors has been identified as an important ecological issue among species that exhibit long-distance migration worldwide. Increased mineral exploration and development has raised the level of concern over the protection of terrestrial migration routes for ungulates. Mineral exploration and other types of development may adversely affect migratory corridors for large herbivores, but little is known about functional effects on migratory behavior and resource selection. To address these important questions we examined movement patterns and resource selection to understand the effects of an operating gold mine on migratory pathways of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). We captured and applied radio collars to female mule deer (n = 43) on the migratory pathway and in the proximity of an active mine in the Ruby Mountains of eastern Nevada. We used Brownian Bridge Movement Models to delineate stopover sites for each individual during both the autumn and spring migrations. We calculated linear .