Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computational Models of Scientific Discovery and Theory Formation

1 Computational Approaches to Scientific Discovery, by Jeff Shrager and Pat Langley 2 The Conceptual Structure of the Geological Revolution, by Paul Thagard and Greg Nowak 3 On Finding the Most Probable Model, by Peter Cheeseman 4 An Integrated Approach to Empirical Discovery, by Bernd Nordhausen and Pat Langley 5 Deriving Laws Through Analysis of Processes and Equations, by Jan M. Zytkow 6. A Unified Approach to Explanation and Theory Formation, by Brian Falkenhainer 7 Theory Formation by Abduction: A Case Study Based on the Chemical Revolution, by Paul O'Rorke, Steven Morris, and David Schulenberg 8 A Computational Approach to Theory Revision, by Shankar Rajamoney 9 Experimentation in Machine Discovery, by Deepak Kulkarni and Herbert A. Simon 10. Hypothesis Formation As Design, by Peter D. Karp 11. Diagnosing and Fixing Faults in Theories, by Lindley Darden Appendix A Dale Moberg and John Josephson 12 Designing Good Experiments To Test Bad Hypotheses, by David Klahr, Kevin Dunbar, and Anne L. Fay 13. Scientific Discovery in the Layperson, by Michael J. Pazzani and Margot Flowers 14 Commonsense Perception and the Psychology of Theory Formation, by Jeff Shrager 15 Five Questions for Computationalists, by Ryan D. Tweney
A verilog-based simulation methodology for estimating power and area

Accurate modeling and estimating of the power dissipation in the early stages of the design flow is becoming more important, as the aggressive scaling of transistors results in higher leakage currents. New and complex systems are being implemented using highly advanced Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools. As the complexity increases, the dissipation of power has emerged as one of the very significant design constraints. Low power designs are not only used in small size applications like cell phones and handheld devices but also in high-performance computing applications. Numerous tools have emerged in recent years to address this issue of power consumption and power optimization. With a vast number of these power measurement tools emerging, analyzing power consumed by digital circuits has not only become easier but also more effective methods are deployed to optimize digital circuits to dissipate less power. In this work, we present a Verilog-based technique to estimate an accurate power dissipation of a design considering the state-dependency of the leakage power and path dependency of dynamic power. We develop the verilog models of cells which trace the probability of the static levels of the signals in the course of a simulation. Then, these data are used to calculate the power dissipation in the overall design. The power dissipation of some benchmark circuits is estimated using the proposed approach.
Novas tecnologias em bibliotecas

O direito de acesso a informacao de usuarios e nao usuarios das Bibliotecas. O impacto das novas tecnologias na sociedade. Aspectos economicos das novas tecnologias. Repercussao das novas tecnologias na criacao de empregos. A influencia das mudancas sociologicas nas Bibliotecas. As novas tecnologias aplicadas em Bibliotecas: bases e bancos de dados, videotexto, disco compacto de leitura, disco otico analogico, videodisco e o armazenamento de imagens, telepedido ou busca e solicitacao de livros eletronicamente.
Menuing and Scrolling as Alternative Information Access Techniques

An experiment was conducted to evaluate menuing and scrolling as alternative information access techniques when a touch-sensitive input device was used to interact with the system. A hierarchical menu structure and three scrolling methods, line-by-line, half-screen, and full-screen, were tested. Level of goal word familiarity (familiar and unfamiliar) and window display size (12 or 24 lines displayed on the screen) were also examined. The task consisted of using a touch tablet to locate a target goal word with one of the four access methods. Members of a single set of 64 words, 32 familiar and 32 unfamiliar, served as goal words in all conditions. Performance data (total time to complete the task) were collected from 48 subjects. Access method and window size were between-subject variables. Each subject received both word familiarity levels. Results of an analysis of variance on mean total task time (MTIME) revealed a significant access method by word familiarity interaction. Separate analyses of variance were conducted on MTIME for familiar and unfamiliar goal word sets. When the goal word was familiar, menuing was fastest, followed by line-by-line, full-screen, and half-screen scrolling. For unfamiliar goal words, line-by-line scrolling was fastest, followed by full-screen, half-screen, and menuing. The effect of window size was not significant. The findings of this study suggest that the operator's familiarity with the information being searched is important when deciding upon an access method.
Testing Service Composition Using TGSE tool

This paper proposes an approach to test (actively and passively) a Web service composition described in BPEL using the TGSE (Test Generation, Simulation and Emulation), that is a tool to generate the test cases based on the Communicating System (CS) and implementing of a generic algorithm of generation. For the first step, the BPEL specification is transformed into Timed Extended Finite State Machines (TEFSM) model which enable modeling of BPEL behaviour, timing constraints, its data variables and clocks. On the active testing approach, test case generation is based on simulation where the exploration is guided by test purpose that is a part of CS (i.e. it is also modeled by a TEFSM). Otherwise, the passive testing approach, the TGSE tool will verify a trace that is either correct or incorrect with specification. This tool also works with the timing constraints on clocks (local and global). It covers test cases not only with transitions but also with values of data variables. Our method is illustrated by an example.
Aproximación a la entonación de A fala

A Fala is the name of an Ibero-Romance language of the Galician-Portuguese branch located in Sierra de Gata (Caceres, Extremadura). It has three dialects: Valverdeiru, Lagarteiru and Manegu. There are not many descriptive studies of the language. Our goal is to determine the intonation of A Fala and its varieties, specifically the most frequent nuclear contours in declaratives, yes-no questions and wh-questions. We recorded 12 speakers in semi-spontaneous and read speech, and analyzed the main intonational contours using Autosegmental-Metrical Theory. The results show a preference for specific nuclear contours in the three sentence types, (L+)H* L%. There are differences between semi-spontaneous and read speech related to the latter’s formal character. In read speech, speakers present nuclear contours similar to those found in Central Spanish, their language of education. Pending a detailed comparison with Spanish, Galician and Portuguese, it appears that there are two intonation groups among the Fala dialects: the Valverdeiru variety displays nuclear contours that are closer to those of Central Spanish, while those found in Lagarteiru and Manegu are more similar to the Galician-Portuguese type.
A historia da legisla»c~ao dos cursos de Licenciatura em F¶‡sica no Brasil: do colonial presencial ao digital a dist^ancia (The history of the legislation that regulates Physics teachers' training courses in Brazil: from colonial person-to-person to distant electronic education)

Recebido em 17/10/2009; Aceito em 14/2/2010; Publicado em 25/2/2011O presente estudo descreve, por meio de uma pesquisa documental, a evolu»c~ao hist¶orica dos cursos de Licen-ciatura em F¶‡sica no Brasil tendo seus aspectos legais como recorte. Essa revis~ao inicia-se no per¶‡odo colonial doBrasil, quando o ensino superior ¶e quase inexistente e n~ao havia legisla»c~ao referente a forma»c~ao de professores, eavan»ca at¶e os dias atuais, caracterizado por um vasto conjunto de legisla»c~oes que regulam e normatizam os cursosde gradua»c~ao em Licenciatura Plena em F¶‡sica. Ao ﬂnal, ¶e apresentado um quadro com uma s¶‡ntese integrativadesde o Decreto n
Optical flow for dynamic facial expression recognition.

Facial expressions are critical in human face-to-face communication because they reflect emotion and often show a person’s mental state. Usually the most distinctive emotions are conveyed through facial expressions. In fact, they are a form of nonverbal communication, which helps to tell the story, while describing the character. The face of a human has the foremost relevant visual characteristics of personality and emotion. Current existing methods fail to recognize facial expressions in an automatic way, because they require the manual detection of points in neutral face. In this master thesis project we have developed and analyzed a fully automatic facial expression classification system that uses sequences of frames describing the dynamics of the expressions. This includes face detection, face registration using landmark points of the face, feature extraction using optical flow and finally classification between six basic expressions. We present our fully integrated system which performs these operations accurately and in real time and represents a major step forward in our aim for achieving automatic human-to-human interaction recognition. After detecting the face using Viola-Jones, an off-the-shelve face tracking library is used to get the landmark points of the face. The face is aligned in a stable window using an affine transformation technique. Finally, dense optical flow methods are used to get a motion representation of which magnitude and angle parameters are derived. Classification is implemented using a multi-class technique that extends the binary SVM classifier. Captured video streams of posed facial expressions of several subjects are used to train the pipeline and test its performance. Extensive experiments on the Cohn-Kanade database illustrate that this approach is effective for facial expression analysis. Furthermore, comparative recognition results indicate the advantage of our system over existing recognition systems. The contributions of this paper are twofold: (1) to have a fully automated way to measure spontaneous facial expression and (2) to incorporate optical flow to cope with temporal information to enhance the overall recognition results. The results of the classification indicate that the correct alignment has a significant effect on the accuracy of the system. Furthermore, we investigate the possibility of combining information of both subjects to learn a structured SVM classifier for an interaction set, whose output is their interaction labels. On the other hand, still remains a challenge to recognize transitions between consecutive expressions. The techniques treated in this paper are useful for anyone working with facial feature extraction or facial recognition, as well as related fields that desire a way of model training. The study provides insights into the potential and limitations of automated measurement of facial motion.
Specification of Assessment-test Criteria through ASP Specifications

T;2 EXAM )B)(2& ") % 5#&8.2(2 #+C."+2 2D%& (%E"+F 8#4(%.G T2%5;24) %+0 )(/02+() %42 %))")(20 "+ (;2 H;#.2 84#52)) #9 %))2))&2+( (2)( '/".0"+F, 2D%& (%E"+F, %+0 (2)( 5#4425("#+G O+2 #9 (;2 &#)( "+(242)("+F 92%(/42) #9 (;2 8#4(%. ") (;2 8#))"'". "(B (# %/(#&%("5%.B F2+24%(2 %))2))&2+( (2)() '%)20 #+ /)24 02+20 5#+)(4%"+()G A (2%5;24 ") &%02 %'. 2 (# '/".0 /8 %+ %))2))&2+( (2)( (2&8.%(2 /)"+F % )"&8.2 H2'C'%)20 "+(249%52, %+0 (;2+ ;24 8429242+52) %42 (4%+). %(20 "+(# % .#F"5 2D25/(%'.2 )825"5%("#+G I+ (;") 8%824, H2 02)54"'2 (;2 %))2))&2+( (2)( F2+24%("#+ 2+F"+2 #9 (;2 EXAM 8#4(%., (;2+ H2 .##E %( (;2 "+(24+%. %+0 9#4&%. )825"5%("#+ #9 (;2 84#'.2&G A '4"29 )B)(2& #$24$"2H ") F"$2+ %+0, 2$2+(/%.B, H2 0")5/)) %'#/( 42.%(20 H#4E)GJ
Automatic Recognition of Class Blueprint Patterns

In reverse engineering, class blueprint patterns are an efficient way to determine the purpose and abilities of a class. Finding those patterns is not trivial because the graphical representation of a large software system is too complex to be grasped by a software reengineer or a group of reengineers to find all the similarities and patterns in it. This thesis presents a technique to discover known and unknown class patterns automatically in a software system. Our approach is based on the theory of graph pattern recognition, mainly graph edit distance and maximal common subgraph (MCS) algorithms. Using MCS and hierarchical clustering we automatically detect known and unknown patterns.
Design and Implementation of TinyIP: A Limited UDP/IP Stack for Education

PCT No. PCT/NO89/00123 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 11, 1990 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 11, 1990 PCT Filed Nov. 28, 1989 PCT Pub. No. WO90/06472 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 14, 1990.A method and a system are disclosed for the transportation and separation of gas from liquid and solid media in one or several stages in a manner so that the pressure in the gaseous phase from an early separator stage (1) or from another gas deposit is utilized for the transportation of the fluids produced in subsequent separator stages (2, 3, 4). Gas which is separated at high pressure in an early separator stage (1) or gas from another gas deposit is fed into a separator (3) which has effected separation at a lower pressure and the high pressure gas forces out the separated fluid which is present in the separator receiving the high pressure gas. The separator stage at which high pressure gas is received from a preceding stage or another gas source, is made up of several identical separators (2, 3, 4) which alternate in carrying out the separation phase (2), output (3) and decompression (4) so that there is at all times one separator carrying out functions within one phase.
The Aging Voice: an Acoustic, Electroglottographic and Perceptive Analysis of Male and Female Voices

This study examines the differences between young and old adult voices. Acoustic cues in voices that enable listeners to recognize a speaker’s vocal age are specified as well as acoustic cues that straightly indicate the speaker’s chronological age. Electroglottographic data were used to directly examine glottal behaviour in aging voices. We found a strong spectral attenuation of high frequencies in aging male voices assumed to result from rather sinusoidal glottal excitation. Increasing amplitude perturbation is an indicator of increasing age even on the basis of spontaneous speech. Reading rate decreases with increasing age, whereas there is no significant change in articulation rate of spontaneous speech in women’s voices. Based on sustained vowels of female voices, the frequency tremor intensity index indicates age more accurately than F0 and amplitude perturbations. We also found evidence for the relevance of the vowel onset to recognize age more accurately.
Bidirectional Transfer: Consequences of Translation Ambiguity for Bilingual Word Meaning

Could a second language (L2) influence how bilinguals process their native language (L1)? The work described in this dissertation examined this issue focusing on the way bilinguals interpret the meanings of words. Capitalizing on the prevalence of words that can be translated in more than one way across languages (i.e., translation ambiguity, e.g., ‘watch' and ‘clock' are both translated into Spanish as ‘reloj'), the current work examined if and how bilinguals are affected by the indirect mapping between translations. Performance of two groups of bilinguals who differed in the order in which they learned English and Spanish (English-Spanish and Spanish-English bilinguals) was compared to that of monolingual English controls. In Experiment 1 participants' eye movements were recorded as they read English sentences, in which target words were replaced with English words that either share a translation with the target in Spanish (e.g., ‘clock' to replace ‘watch', both corresponding to ‘reloj' in Spanish) or a control. Participants' sensitivity to the degree of anomaly created by these replacements was compared. The results indicate bidirectional patterns of transfer (L1 influence on L2 and the reverse), in that both bilingual groups processed shared-translation replacements differentially than controls. Experiment 2 further asked if translation ambiguity impacts intra-word senses. Participants were presented with pairs of phrases instantiating different senses of ambiguous English words (e.g., dinner date - expiration date) and were asked to decide if the two senses were related in meaning. Critically, for some pairs of phrases a single Spanish word encompassed both meanings of the ambiguous word (‘joint-translation') and for others each sense corresponded to a different Spanish translation (‘split-translation'). The proportion of ‘yes' responses and latency data again suggest differences between bilinguals and monolinguals as a function of translation status in Spanish. These results demonstrate that language experience continues to shape semantic representations, and highlight the dynamic and interconnected nature of the bilingual lexicon. L2 learning can thus impact the meaning interpretation of words, and may lead to subtle differences in semantic processing between monolingual and bilingual speakers.
Efficient Visualization of Large Text Corpora

Visualization is one of the important ways on how to deal with large amounts of textual data. Most frequent application of text visualization techniques is particular in cases when one needs to understand or to explain the structure and nature of large quantity of typically unlabeled and poorly structured textual data in the form of documents. The usual approach when dealing with text for visualization is first to transform the text data into some form of high dimensional data and in the second step to carry out some kind of dimensionality reduction down to two or three dimensions that allows to graphically visualize the data. There are several (but not too many) approaches and techniques offering different insights into the text data like: showing similarity structure of documents in the corpora (e.g. WebSOM, ThemeScape), showing time line or topic development through time in the corpora (e.g. ThemeRiver), showing frequent words and phrases relationships between them (Pajek), etc. One of the most important issues when dealing with visualization techniques is scalability of the approach to enable processing of very large amounts of the data. In this paper, our contributions are two procedures for text visualization working in linear time and space complexity. The first procedure is a combination of the K-Means clustering procedure and a technique for nice graph drawing. The idea is first to build certain number of document clusters (with K-Means procedure), which are in the second step transformed into the graph structure where more similar clusters are connected and bound more tightly. The third step performs one sort of multidimensional scaling procedure by aesthetically drawing of the graph. Each node in the graph represents the set of similar documents represented by the most relevant and distinguishing keywords denoting the topic of the documents. The second procedure performs hierarchical K-Means clustering procedure producing a hierarchy of document clusters. In the next step the hierarchy is drawn into the twodimensional area split accordingly to the hierarchy splits. Like in the first approach, each cluster (group of documents) in the hierarchy is represented by the set of the most relevant keywords. Both approaches will be demonstrated on the number of examples visualizing e.g. Reuters text corpora (over 800k documents) and various web-sites.
A comparison of three prompt-fading methods in computer software training

Computers have become a significant part of many people's daily life. Accompanying this trend, more resources have been devoted to software training. American businesses alone spend over $1 billion dollars on training people to use computer software each year. Part of this cost might be reduced by devising more effective training. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate whether training effectiveness could be improved by manipulating one critical feature of training, the kind of prompting strategy used. Nine college students were trained to use a spreadsheet program with a complete-prompting method, which involves telling subjects what keys to press as they work through a spreadsheet task; ten students were trained with a fading method that progressively delays the prompt over trials (prompt delay); and nine students were trained with a fading method that progressively adds keypress choices to a command menu over trials (addition-of-choices). The results showed that subjects who were trained with complete prompting made twice as many errors on a post test as subjects who were trained with prompt delay or addition-of-choices. The traditional complete prompting should be replaced by prompt-fading and that could save millions of dollars each year.
Waarom waant Nederland zich Europees kampioen discriminatie

Discriminatie houdt Nederland al tijden in zijn greep. Bijna alle politieke partijen maken zich hard om het grondwettelijke recht op gelijke behandeling te handhaven. Hoe denken kiezers over dit vraagstuk: volgens Europese cijfers denken Nederlandse burgers dat discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt wijdverspreid is en de vermeende discriminatie ligt op een veel hoger niveau dan in andere EU-landen. De afgelopen vier jaren heeft een grote ommezwaai plaatsgevonden. Traditionele verklaringen voor discriminatie kunnen deze uitzonderingspositie niet verklaren volgens Harry van Dalen. De gevoelde discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt is niet in overeenstemming met bestaand bewijs. Een algeheel pessimisme voert de boventoon.
Policy-making to Promote Personalised Learning

Ruano-Borbalan traces the history of ideas and knowledge about learning to discuss the issue of "personalization" with particular reference to France. An original characteristic of recent centuries, he argues, has been the development of massive systems to codify and reproduce society and a marked feature of such systems has been the form of their schools, classes and lessons. This is "efficient" when it comes to social reproduction and socialisation into society’s values but not in terms of knowledge acquisition, learning capacity, and autonomy. Because every human story is different, learning reflexes cannot be dictated, in any case not by policy makers. But we can make a variety of activities and knowledge available to learners, in a range of educational situations and then let them decide "on their own", according to their preferences and personalities, how to progress and learn.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol-SMTP

A rigid rear axle for a vehicle is located relative to the vehicle by a trailing V-frame pivotedly attached at the apex of the V to the vehicle body. The arms of the V-frame are cranked at their ends and suspension elements, such as air springs, are disposed between the vehicle and the cranked ends. The axle is secured to the V-frame at a point intermediate the apex and the cranked ends.