Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of spatial scale of treatment with dimethoate on invertebrate population recovery in winter wheat

The influence of plot size in assessing the impact of pesticide treatment on invertebrate populations in cereals was investigated. Within-field experiments were performed in southern England in winter wheat using the broad-spectrum aphicide dimethoate. Post-treatment recovery was monitored using, in separate experimental designs, pitfall traps in the centre of treated plots of different size from 4 × 4 m up to 288 × 288 m, and pitfall traps in transects running from the edge to the centre of large treated plots. Invertebrate population recovery was shown to be dependent on the size of the plot treated. Two contrasting patterns of recovery were identified: (A) recovery progressing from the edge to the centre of treated areas; (B) recovery most rapid in the centre of the large treated areas
Preparation and Antioxidative Activity of 1, 5-Anhydrofructose

A simple enzymic method for the preparation of 1, 5-anhydrofructose (1, 5-AF) and its antioxidative activity were investigated. α-1, 4-glucan lyase (EC 4 .2.2.13, GLase) was extracted and purified from red seaweed, Gracilaria verrrucosa. One-hundred-and-fifty grams of 1, 5-AF was obtained from 360 g of waxy maize starch by digestion with the purified GLase and the following purification of the product by ion-exchange resins and gel filtration. The purity of the product was 98 . 6% by HPLC using an ionexchange resin (MC1 GEL CK08S). The product, 1, 5-AF, was identified by IH-13C COSY NMR, and the [α] D25 was -16.8°. The antioxidative activity of 1, 5-AF was examined by comparison with that of ascorbic acid (VC) for preventing the oxidation of linoleic acid . The antioxidative activity of 1, 5-AF was found to be approximately 1.8-fold that of VC by the methods using thiocyanate and 2-thiobarbituric acid.
NH4+-mediated Protein Phosphorylation in Rice Roots

NH4 + is an important N-source which regulates plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanism of NH4 + uptake and its-mediated signaling is poorly understood. Here, we performed phosphoproteomic studies using the titanium dioxide (TiO2)-mediated phosphopeptides collection method together with LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that phosphorylation levels of 23 and 43 peptides/proteins involved in diverse aspects, including metabolism, transport and signaling pathway, were decreased and increased respectively after NH4 + treatment in rice roots. Among 23 proteins detected, IDD10, a key transcription factor in ammonium signaling, was identified to reduce phosphorylation level of S313 residue. Further biochemical analysis using IDD10-GFP transgenic plants and immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that NH4 + supply reduces IDD10 phosphorylation level. Phosphorylation of ammonium transporter 1;1 (AMT1;1) was increased upon NH4 + treatment. Interestingly, phosphorylation of T446, a rice specific residue against Arabidopsis was identified. It was also established that phosphorylation of T452 is conserved with T460 of Arabidopsis AMT1;1. Yeast complementation assay with transformation of phosphomimic forms of AMT1;1 (T446/D and T452/D) into 31019b strain revealed that phosphorylation at T446 and T452 residues abolished AMT1;1 activity, while their plasma membrane localization was not changed. Our analyses show that many proteins were phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by NH4 + that may provide important evidence for studying ammonium uptake and its mediated signaling by which rice growth and development are regulated.
Tests of Two Hypotheses for the Origin of the Crotaline Rattle

We suggest that the capability to retain terminal scale (here renamed sclerophymal) exuviae that were mobile, i.e., origin of the protorattle, was contingent on prior evolution of longitudinal bilobing of the sclerophyma. Two hypotheses for initial functional advantage of such bilobing are tested: the luring effectiveness hypothesis based on putatively greater visual attractiveness during caudal luring, and one version of the dual contact hypothesis based on putatively greater sound intensity and/ or greater audiospectral equitability during tail vibration. Simulated caudal luring that included a bilobed sclerophyma was not more attractive to fence lizards than luring with a conical sclerophyma. Sound intensity produced from mechanically vibrated models of bilobed sclerophymae was lower than sound intensity from other types of sclerophymae, whereas broad-bandedness of the sound was similar to that of other types. In the absence of support for either hypothesis, we discuss possibilities for future research, particularly the need to determine the form of the relationship between sound intensity and the force exerted by the sclerophyma.
Effects of Roxazyme G® and Maxigrain® on Performance, Egg Quality, Cost-Benefit and Haematological Parameters of Laying Hens Fed Wheat Offal, Corn Bran and Brewery Dry Grain Diets

The study examined effects of supplementing Roxazyme G® and Maxigrain® to wheat offal-, corn branand brewery dry grain-based diets on the performance, haematological parameters and economy of production in laying hens. Both enzymes were added to these 3 diets at 100 mg/kg, while control group was neither supplemented with Roxazyme G® nor Maxigrain®. The results showed that hens fed Roxazyme G® corn bran diets had the best feed conversion and maximum profit. Maxigrain® also significantly improved hen day production and egg weight of hens fed Brewery Dry Grain (BDG) than those fed Roxazyme G® BDG diet. Laying hens fed BDG diets had the lowest profits. Both enzymes failed to improve the performance and profits of hens fed Wheat Offal (WO) diet. Improvements in Red Blood Cells (RBC) for hens fed both enzyme supplemented diets were observed. Interactive effects of enzyme type and fibre source significantly (p<0.01) influence RBCs, PCV and white blood cells. The study revealed that Roxazyme G® and Maxigrain® should be added to respectively CBand BDGdiets for improved laying performance. However, these enzymes failed to improve the laying performance of hens fed WO diet.
Body size and the occurrence of avian species on land-bridge islands

In insular faunas, large-bodied species are thought to be extinction-prone due to small population sizes. We tested for biogeographic patterns of size-related avian occurrence on seven Neotropical land-bridge islands (Trinidad, Tobago, Margarita, Aruba, San Jose, Rey and Coiba). For each island, we classified breeding land-bird species into one of six non-overlapping size classes and compared size distributions to a source pool of adjacent mainland species. Both within and between avian families, there was a slight excess of large-bodied species on islands, compared to mainland source pools. Thus, there was no evidence that large-bodied species are extinction-prone and no evidence of size-related, ecological truncation at the family level. Neotropical land-bridge islands are separated from the mainland by relatively narrow water gaps, and there have probably been numerous opportunities for recolonization during the past 10,000 years of 'isolation'. Fifteen mainland species occurred on mesic land-bridge islands (Trinidad, Tobago, San Jose, Rey and Coiba) when- ever appropriate habitat was present. These persistent species were usually associated with second-growth, clear- ings, and residential areas. In contrast, thirty-two mainland species were never found on land-bridge islands in spite of the presence of appropriate habitat. These missing species were mostly associated with primary and second-growth forest. We believe that at least some of the species that never occur on land-bridge islands are extinction-prone. This list includes representatives from seventeen avian families and several diverse foraging guilds (e.g., insec- tivores, carnivores, and frugivores). The range of body masses spans almost three orders of magnitude (6-650 g). With respect to body size, we conclude that there are no simplified 'rules' for predicting the occurrence of most Neotropical bird species in insular communities. However, species that are often missing from land-bridge islands are primarily associated with primary or second-growth forest. These species may require additional autecological study to ensure their preservation in Neotropical parks.
A SIMPLE TEST FOR THE POSSIBLE SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF TWO AMINO ACID POSITIONS

Summary A taxonomic character for a group of organisms under study is said to be divergent or uniquely derived for that group if, during the evolution of that group, each character state arose only once. Homologous amino acid positions in homologous proteins can be thought of as taxonomic characters whose states are amino acids. In a similar way, DNA nucleotide positions can also be considered taxonomic characters. In the exposition below, we describe a simple test to determine when it is not possible for two amino acid (or nucleotide) positions to be divergent at the same time.
EXCHANGEABLE MODELS FROM POPULATION GENETICS

Substitution processes are of two sorts: origination processes record the times at which nucleotide mutations that ultimately fix in the population first appear, and fixation processes record the times at which they actually fix. Substitution processes may be generated by combining models of population genetics-here the symmetrical-neutral, overdominance, underdominance, TIM, and SAS-CFF models-with the infinite-sites, no-recombination model of the gene. This paper is mainly concerned with a computer simulation study of these substitution processes. The rate of substitution is shown to be remarkably insensitive to the strength of selection for models with strong balancing selection caused by the genealogical drift of mutations through alleles held in the population by selection. The origination process is shown to be more regular than Poisson for the overdominance, TIM, and SAS-CFF models but more clustered for the underdominance model. A class of point processes called Sawyer processes is introduced to help explain these observations as well as the observation that the times between successive originations are nearly uncorrelated. Fixation pro- cesses are shown to be more complex than origination processes, with regularly spaced bursts of multiple fixations. An approximation to the fixation process is described. One important conclusion is that protein evolution is not easily reconciled with any of these models without adding pertur- bations that recur on a time scale that is commensurate with that of molecular evolution.
Morphogen-induced platelet activation and cell signalling

Morphogens are signalling molecules that act directly on cells to produce specific cellular responses. This term was originally put forward by Turing (1952) who also described its chemical basis. Most of these secreted proteins signal between the cells. Wolpert (1969) first reported a role of morphogen in cell signalling. The roles of several morphogens (e.g., Transforming Growth Factor- (TGF- ), Hedgehog/ Sonic Hedgehog, Wingless (Wnt) signalling, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Retinoic Acid (RA) in signal transduction have been studied by scientists in several cell lineages. Assoian et al. (1983) identified major storage sites of TGF- in human platelets. Xie et al. (2003) showed expression of TGF- regulated gene in a mouse mammary gland epithelial cell line. Iwasaki et al. (2000) reported that EGF stimulates growth of vascular smooth muscles that may be involved in genesis of human vascular disease. RA acts as a ligand and diffusible morphogen, the distribution and levels of which are well controlled in embryonic tissues by its regulated synthesis and breakdown. The occurrence of RA signalling in
Exploration and Inventory of Araceae Genera in Silui Mountain and Uluisimbone Forest, Kolaka Regency, South-East Sulawesi

The island of Sulawesi has been highlighted as a globally important conservation area, across a range of evaluation criteria. Collection rates on the Sulawesi Island are the lowest among in Indonesia area. Taxonomic study also has been limited, with most experts reporting large numbers of undescribed species. The research of Araceae diversity in Sulawesi is subject which in general has not been studiedcritically. The main purpose of this research is concerned to inventory the diversity of Araceae genera. The exploration was conducted in each location used exploring method. The Araceae genera in Silui Mountain and Uluisimbone forest consist of 30 numbers, 24 species and 14 genera, including into 3 sub families (Aroideae, Monsteroideae and Pothoideae). Mostly Araceae were found at humid location, the river flows. Schismatoglottis calyptrata Zoll. & Mor. and Aglaonema simplex Bl. are dominant species for terrestrial Araceae, where asScindapsus spp. and Pothoidium spp. are dominant species for climbing Araceae.Key words: Araceae, Silui, Uluisimbone, Sulawesi.
Involvement of CHD5 in genesis and development of hepatoma as a potent anti-oncogene

Objective To study the CHD5 expression in three different cell lines(SMMC7721,HepG2 and L02) and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) tissues,and to elucidate the relationship between CHD5 expression and clinic-pathological findings.Methods The expressions of CHD5 in 30 cases of HCC and para-cancerous normal liver tissues were examined by RT-PCR.Results CHD5 mRNA expression was deleted in SMMC7721 and in Abs of HepG2 and L02 the expression levels were 0.364±0.026 and 0.127±0.015,respectively(P0.05). The deletion rates of HCC and para-cancerous normal liver tissues were 53.3% and 13.3%(χ20.05). In HCC tissues,the deletion rate of CHD5 gene was significantly correlated with clinic-pathological findings as tumor differentiation and tumor size(χ20.05),yet not correlated with sex,portal vein invasion and extrahepatic metastasis.Conclusion The high deletion rate of CHD5 gene in HCC may play an important role in development of tumor.CHD5 could be a potent anti-oncogene that takes part in genesis and development of HCC.
Induction of Limb Regeneration in the Lizard, Lygosoma laterale, by Augmentation of the Nerve Supply.∗ †

Summary The spinal cord was deviated from the tail into the rear limb of the lizard, Lygosoma. In those cases where the deviated cord retained its integrity and augmented the nerve complement of the limb, a limited regenerative response occurred. Therefore, the tissues of the limb are still capable of responding to the inductive influences of nerves. Histological examination of the regenerates revealed that they fulfilled the requirements of true limb regeneration. Experimental control limbs which underwent the same treatment with the exception that the cord was not deviated into them, failed to show a regenerative response. This study strongly suggests that lack of an adequate supply of nerve tissue imposes one, if not the major, restriction on limb regeneration in this lizard. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Merle Mizell for encouragement and guidance during this study.
Dietary Oils and Phospholipids Containing n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress 2, 4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene-induced Contact Dermatitis in Mice

Dietary perilla oil, tuna oil and salmon roe phospholipids (fish roe PL) containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were compared with n-6 fatty acid-rich corn oil for their anti-inflammatory activities in the contact hypersensitivity reaction in the ears of mice sensitized with 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB). Suppression of ear swelling was most active with fish roe PL followed by tuna oil and Saibokuto, a traditional Chinese medicine, when compared with the corn oil diet group; perilla oil enriched with α-linolenic acid (n-3) tended to suppress the ear swelling, but the effect was not statistically significant. Infiltration of inflammatory CD4-positive T lymphocytes into the ears was suppressed by fish roe PL. Fish roe PL diet suppressed the expression of mRNAs for IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-1β in the ears. These results suggest that tuna oil and fish roe PL may be effective in suppressing delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Nutritional constraints on egg production in the blue tit : a supplementary feeding study

1. The influence of food supply on avian egg production has been investigated in many studies by the experimental provision of supplementary food. Most such studies, however, have considered food only in terms of energy supply. 2. In this paper we investigate the possibility that other nutrients may proximately constrain egg production. This was achieved through the experimental provisioning of breeding blue tits (Parus caeruleus L.) with two different qualities of supplementary food prior to and during the egg laying period. One group received a pure energy food (animal fat) and the other cooked eggs (on the assumption that this would contain all the necessary nutrients for egg formation). 3. Supplementary lipid and supplementary egg resulted in the same degree of laying enhancement compared with control birds. 4. The provision of supplementary egg resulted in a significant increase in egg volume ( 7%), whilst supplementary lipid had no significant effect on egg size. The eggs laid early in the laying sequence showed the greatest size increase, with eggs from the egg-fed treatment group being significantly larger than those in both the fat-fed and control groups. Clutch size declined through the season, but was unaffected by supplementary feeding. 5. We discuss the hypothesis that energy supply may influence the initiation of laying, whilst specific nutrients may proximately constrain egg production. The possible identity of these specific nutrients is considered.
Laundry detergent-stable lipase from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas: Effect of extraction media and biochemical characterization

ABSTRACT Extraction and biochemical properties of a new lipase from the hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp were studied. Recovery of the hepatopancreas powder with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0 containing 0.2% (v/v) Brij35 gave a higher recovery of lipase activity than other extractants tested (p < 0.05). The optimal pH and temperature for lipase activity were 8.5 and 60°C, respectively, when p-nitrophenyl palmitate was used as a substrate. The enzyme was stable to heat treatment up to 40°C and over a pH range of 7.0–10.0 for 30–120 min. Lipase activities continuously decreased as the sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) concentration increased, but activities increased as NaCl concentration increased up to 3.0 M. Hydrolytic activity was enhanced by NaN3, but strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, Al3+, and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. The lipase was evaluated as highly stable against surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-100, and gum arabic). However, the enzyme was unstable against sodium dodecyl sulphate. Stability of the lipase with commercial liquid and solid detergents (Attack®, Bres®, Omo®, and Pao®) was also investigated. The lipase exhibited substantial stability and compatibility with tested commercial liquid and solid laundry detergents for 30–60 min. The overall properties of the lipase from Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas, thus leading us to propose that it is an excellent candidate for use as biocatalysts for better detergent formulation.
Microfluidics Based DNA Hybridization: Mathematical Modeling issues and Future Challenges

In this paper, various mathematical modeling strategies associated with the analysis of the kinetics and the transport processes pertinent to microfluidics-based DNA hybridization methodologies are critically reviewed. In particular, the coupling of specific/non- specific hybridization kinetics with the fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer equations is described in detail. Methodologies for obtaining faster DNA hybridization rates are also discussed and the corresponding mathematical modeling issues are identified to define the scope of ongoing and future research endeavours.
The responses of leaf osmoregulation substance and protective enzyme activity of different peanut cultivars to non-sufficient irrigation

Used a pool culture under rainproof,the effect of non-sufficient irrigation in different growth stages on leaf membrane lipid peroxidation,osmoregulation substances content and the protective enzyme activity of different peanut varieties were studied.The aim was to reveal the response mechanism of different peanut varieties to non-sufficient irrigation in different growth stages.The result showed that leaf protective enzyme activities,osmoregulation substances and malondialdehyde content reduced in different degrees after irrigation in seedling and flowering-pegging stages.Their activities increased with the growth of peanut and the reduction of soil moisture,but the increasing ranges were different because of peanut varieties,and kinds of protective enzymes or osmoregulation substances.The increasing range of leaf SOD,CAT,the content of soluble sugars,soluble proteins,free amino acids and proline of two varieties were larger in flowering-pegging stage,which is the most sensitive stage to water stress,than other stages.And the increasing range of leaf SOD,CAT,soluble proteins,and free amino acids content of Huayu 27 were larger than those of Huayu20.The protective enzymes activity and osmoregulation substances content were not reduced after irrigation in pod setting stage.The activity of protective enzymes and the osmoregulation substances content and MDA had no significantly difference between two varieties with irrigation in the whole growth stage and seedling stage.The activity of protective enzymes and the osmoregulation substances content and MDA in water stress under whole growth stage were increased significantly compared with irrigation treatment.The changing ranges of Huayu 27 were larger than those of Huayu22.The activity of POD was weakly affected by irrigation stage.SOD and CAT were the mostly protective enzymes of peanut to adapt to soil water stress.
Textural properties of cultured and wild fish meat.

Cultured red sea bream and yellowtail did not differ in protein-N content but were higher in lipid content in their dorsal muscle, than wild red sea bream and yellowtail. In the case of wild and cultured flounder, however, no difference was seen in the lipid content. In all of the species, the color of the dorsal muscle differed very much between cultured and wild fish. The skin color of wild red sea bream was more reddish than the cultured one. Sensory panel members preferred the wild fish to cultured ones because the texture of wild fish was more preferable than the cultured ones. The difference in the physical properties between cultured and wild fish meat of each species could be shown quantitatively in terms of the difference of the distribution in the Sample Value ob tained by discriminant analysis of six or seven measured items of physical properties as we reported previously. The discriminant ratio was a useful tool to show the degree of the difference, that is, how the physical properties of cultured and wild fish varied. In case of raw fish meat the difference of the physical properties was the most in yellowtail, followed by red sea bream, and finally, flounder. But when we cooked the fish meat, yellowtail and red sea bream were the species in which the difference in physical properties became smaller and flounder was the species in which the difference became larger.