Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liquid-Based Cytology in Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsies of the Thyroid Gland

Objectives: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is regarded as the most important diagnostic tool for thyroid lesions because of its simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, its pivotal role in the correct characterization of the majority of nodules is impaired by the difficulties in discriminating benign from malignant follicular-patterned lesions. Study Design: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a semiautomated device that has recently become widely available and has gained popularity as a method of collecting and processing both gynecologic and nongynecologic cytologic specimens. It achieves a diagnostic sensitivity as accurate as conventional preparations, especially for its excellent cell preservation and lack of background which decrease the amount of inadequate diagnoses. Results: In many cases the cytologic features are similar in both methods, but the colloid film and the lymphocytic component are more easily evaluated on direct smears whereas nuclear details and colloid globules are better evaluated in LBC slides. The material stored in the preservative solution could be effectively used for the application of immunocytochemical and molecular techniques. Conclusions: LBC-processed biopsies represent a valid alternative to conventional cytology. The possibility of applying additional techniques enhances the efficacy of the cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions.
Knowledge of Colon Cancer Screening in a National Probability Sample in the United States

This study examined colon cancer screening knowledge and potential covariates (demographic, health, health care, and cancer information seeking) among adults of at least 45 years of age. Data were analyzed from the 2003 National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2003), a U.S. random-digit dial study. Our sample consisted of 3,131 adults (53.6% female, 77.9% White). The colon cancer screening knowledge questions assessed whether participants had heard of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT; 73.7%), knew the recommended start age (26.1%), knew the frequency of FOBT (39.5%), had heard of flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy (84.3%), knew the start age (39.6%), and knew the frequency with which to test (12.8%). Factors associated with lower knowledge (all equal to p < .05 in a multivariate analysis) included being younger (45 to 49 years old) or older (70 years old or more), African American or non-Hispanic other, unmarried; had lower educational attainment; had not visited a health care provider in the past year; had not previously undergone FOBT; and had never looked for cancer information. This study documents low rates of colon cancer screening knowledge in the general population, and identifies subgroups where health communication interventions are most warranted.
Bias spectroscopy and simultaneous single-electron transistor charge state detection of Si:P double dots

We report a detailed study of low-temperature (mK) transport properties of a silicon double-dot system fabricated by phosphorous ion implantation. The device under study consists of two phosphorous nanoscale islands doped to above the metal–insulator transition, separated from each other and the source and drain reservoirs by nominally undoped (intrinsic) silicon tunnel barriers. Metallic control gates, together with an Al–AlOx single-electron transistor (SET), were positioned on the substrate surface, capacitively coupled to the buried dots. The individual double-dot charge states were probed using source–drain bias spectroscopy combined with non-invasive SET charge sensing. The system was measured in linear (source–drain DC bias VSD = 0) and non-linear (VSD ≠ 0) regimes, allowing calculations of the relevant capacitances. Simultaneous detection using both SET sensing and source–drain current measurements was demonstrated, providing a valuable combination for the analysis of the system. Evolution of the triple points with applied bias was observed using both charge and current sensing. Coulomb diamonds, showing the interplay between the Coulomb charging effects of the two dots, were measured using simultaneous detection and compared with numerical simulations.
The effect of metabolic inhibitors and hydroxylamine on the immune response in mice to mycobacterial ribonucleic acid vaccines.

Metabolic inhibitors were used in an attempt to determine the manner by which mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (myc. RNA) immunizes against tuberculosis. Inhibitors of protein synthesis (streptomycin sulfate, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide) and inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (rifampin) had no effect on the immune response of mice vaccinated with myc. RNA. All of these compounds except streptomycin sulfate, however, inhibited antibody formation under the same conditions. In contrast, inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis significantly reduced the immune response. Five-fluoro-deoxyuridine (FUDR), which inhibits thymidine synthetase, when injected just before vaccination, reduced the immune response but had no effect if injected 18 hr after vaccination. These results indicated that early synthesis of DNA was important, and that DNA once formed was not affected by FUDR. Ethidium bromide, proflavine and chloroquine were each mixed with myc. RNA and injected into mice. Under these circumstances the immune response was significantly lowered. In addition, chloroquine was injected at various times and significant reduction in the immune response occurred only if it were injected 1 hr or later after vaccination. This compound binds with DNA, and shows again the necessity for the presence of DNA in the immune process. Actinomycin D injected at the time of vaccination or 1 hr after vaccination had no effect on the immune response. However, if actinomycin D was injected 18 hr after vaccination or injected daily for 4 days after vaccination, a marked reduction in the immune response occurred. These results indicated that actinomycin D, which inhibits RNA transcription may have inhibited the replication of myc. RNA. A mutogenic agent, hydroxylamine, also reduced significantly the immunogenic activity of myc. RNA. These results closely paralleled those obtained by other investigators in studies aimed at eliciting the mode of replication of oncogenic viruses. The replication of these RNA tumor viruses is unique in that DNA synthesis is required for viral RNA replication early after infection, and there is a requirement for RNA transcription. The similarity between the manner by which myc. RNA immunizes and RNA tumor viruses replicate is discussed, and a comparison also is made of the two diseases, tuberculosis and tumors formed by oncogenic viruses. These results strongly suggest that myc. RNA may immunize against tuberculosis by forming a DNA template in the host cell which then transcribes specific information for the replication of myc. RNA, and thereby transforms a normal cell into a specific immune cell. If correct, this would provide a new concept of the nature of cellular immunity of tuberculous infection.
Intra‐bone Marrow‐Bone Marrow Transplantation: A New Strategy for Treatment of Stem Cell Disorders

Abstract: We have established new bone marrow transplantation (BMT) methods for the treatment of stem cell disorders such as autoimmune diseases. The methods include the perfusion method (PM) and intra‐bone marrow (IBM)‐BMT. PM, in comparison with the conventional aspiration method, can minimize the contamination of bone marrow cells (BMCs) with T cells from the peripheral blood. Therefore, without removing T cells, no graft‐versus‐host disease develops in the case of PM. Because BMCs collected using the PM contain not only hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but also mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the injection of both cells directly into the bone marrow cavity (IBM‐BMT) facilitates the engraftment of donor hemopoietic cells. With IBM‐BMT, no graft failure therefore occurs even if the radiation dose is reduced. IBM‐BMT is applicable to regeneration therapy and various age‐associated diseases such as osteoporosis, because it can efficiently recruit donor‐derived normal MSCs into the bone marrow. We believe that this strategy heralds a revolution in the field of transplantation and regenerative therapy.
Government Policy Effects on Urban and Rural Income Inequality

Government Policy Effects on Urban and Rural Income Inequality Ximing Wu,* Jeffrey M. Perloff,** and Amos Golan*** February 2004 Department of Economics, University of Guelph; xiwu@uoguelph.ca Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, member of the Giannini Foundation; perloff@are.berkeley. edu Department of Economics, American University; agolan@american.edu We are very grateful to the University of California Institute of Industrial Relations and the Giannini Foundation for financial support.
Detecting relevant tweets in very large tweet collections: The London Riots case study

In this paper we propose to approach the subject of detecting relevant tweets when in the presence of very large tweet collections containing a large number of different trending topics. We use a large database of tweets collected during the 2011 London Riots as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed techniques. In order to extract relevant content, we extend, formalize and apply a recent technique, called Twitter Topic Fuzzy Fingerprints, which, in the scope of social media, outperforms other well known text based classification methods, while being less computationally demanding, an essential feature when processing large volumes of streaming data. Using this technique we were able to detect 45% additional relevant tweets within the database.
Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ-2) gene is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in an Iranian population

Abstract Background: The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ-2) gene has been variably associated with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes in several populations. However, this association has not been studied in Iranian subjects and we hypothesized that this variation might be associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic traits in this population. Methods: The Pro12Ala genotypes were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 696 unrelated subjects including 412 non-diabetic controls and 284 type 2 diabetic patients. Results: The frequency of the Ala allele was 9.4% and 5.9% in controls and type 2 diabetic subjects, respectively [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.457, p=0.005]. The Ala allele did not show a significant effect on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in the type 2 diabetic group, whereas in non-diabetic subjects, carriers of the Ala allele had significantly lower fasting insulin (p=0.007) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.009) levels compared to Pro/Pro subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Pro12Ala polymorphism was an independent determinant of type 2 diabetes in this population. Conclusions: Our results for a sample of Iranian type 2 diabetes cases and controls provide evidence that the Pro/Ala genotype of the PPARγ-2 gene is associated with insulin sensitivity and may also have protective role against type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:477–82.
Intestinal Infections and Environmental Enteropathy: Working Group Report of the Second World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition

ResearchDetermine criteria to establish the pathogenicity of candidate diarrheagenic agents and document any evidence of synergistic effects between pathogens.Determine the benefits of a specific diagnosis for disease etiology to patients and their communities, and determine the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the diagnostic methods used.Determine the etiology and pathogenesis of mucosal damage in environmental enteropathy, and determine the extent to which growth falters because of this disorder. InterventionDetermine the most effective strategies to prevent enteric infections, including vaccination.Determine the most effective strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance and to achieve global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance to enteric pathogens.Determine if certain interventions can prevent or reduce environmental enteropathy and promote growth, especially during weaning. EducationDetermine the best clinical management regimens and algorithms used in different regions of the world for acute watery diarrhea, dysentery and persistent diarrhea.Determine the most effective educational approaches to improving hygiene behavior, especially for poor families.Training in basic research in environmental enteropathy.
Three Modifications in the D and T Arms of tRNA Influence Translation in Escherichia coli and Expression of Virulence Genes in Shigella flexneri

ABSTRACT The modified nucleosides 2′-O-methylguanosine, present at position 18 (Gm18), 5-methyluridine, present at position 54 (m5U54), and pseudouridine, present at position 55 (Ψ55), are located in the D and T arms of tRNAs and are close in space in the three-dimensional (3D) structure of this molecule in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The formation of these modified nucleosides is catalyzed by the products of genes trmH (Gm18), trmA (m5U54), and truB (Ψ55). The combination of trmH, trmA, and truB mutations resulting in lack of these three modifications reduced the growth rate, especially at high temperature. Moreover, the lack of three modified nucleotides in tRNA induced defects in the translation of certain codons, sensitivity to amino acid analog 3,4-dehydro-dl-proline, and an altered oxidation of some carbon compounds. The results are consistent with the suggestion that these modified nucleosides, two of which directly interact in the 3D structure of tRNA by forming a hydrogen bond between Ψ55 and Gm18, stabilize the structure of the tRNA. Moreover, lack of Ψ55 in tRNA of human pathogen Shigella flexneri leads to a reduced expression of several virulence-associated genes.
DIVERSIFICAÇÃO DE FORNECEDORES E DESEMPENHO FINANCEIRO: UM ESTUDO EMPÍRICO COM INDÚSTRIAS BRASILEIRAS

Las decisiones sobre como gestionar la fuentes de suministro en empresas industriales tienen un papel fundamental para el nivel de desempeno fianciero de las msimas, puesto que gran parte de los recursos se aplica en la adquisicon de insumos y servicios. Una decision importante es optar por la utilizacion de varias fuentes de suministro o trabajar con uno o pocos proveedores. En la literatura no se encuentra una conclusion a respecto del camino que se debe seguir. El objetivo de este articulo es el de averiguar la existencia de asociaciones entre la estrategia de la diversificacion de los proveedores (HFORN) y el desempeno financiero de las industrias brasilenas. El estudio consiste en un analisis de corte tranversal multiple ( cross section ) de 1999 hasta 2001. Se analizaron datos referentes a 168 empresas de capital abierto de 14 segmentos industriales, cuyas acciones se negocian en la Bolsa de Valores de Sao Paulo. Las variables dependientes fueron el costo de la mercancia vendida (CMV) y tambien el Earning Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA - Beneficios antes de intereses, impuestos, depreciacion y amortizacion). Los resultados no demostraron asociaciones significativas entre estrategia de diversificacion de proveedores y el desempeno fianciero obtenido por las empresas. Ademas, no se verifico un patron de relacion entre las variables a lo largo de periodo analizado.
Air Quality Management in Agua Santa , Puebla Manejo de la calidad el aire en Agua Santa , Puebla

The main objective of this research is to investigate the phenomenon of climate change in the southern region of the Metropolitan Puebla Valley in Mexico, providing information and generating knowledge that supports the development of effective strategies. The state of Puebla is the fourth largest in Mexico, and the Puebla Valley is an important industrial zone with a population over 5 million of people. Using a raw dataset from Agua Santa, one of the most populated and polluted areas of the Puebla Valley (years 2000-2009) located in the southern area, we built a Relational Object Oriented Design [2] framework able to perform a multidimensional information process with OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) [3] using ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Load) to manage the relational data stores. Recibido: enero, 2013. Aprobado: mayo, 2013 Revista Latinoamericana el Ambiente y las Ciencias 4(7):1-12 2013 2 Palabras clave. Manejo de Calidad de Aire, Cambio Climático, Bases de Datos Relacionales
Cognitive-behavioral management of drug-resistant major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND The application of cognitive-behavioral treatment to drug-resistant major depression has received little research attention. METHOD Nineteen patients who failed to respond to at least two trials of antidepressant drugs of adequate dosages and duration were treated by cognitive-behavioral methods in an open trial. RESULTS Three patients dropped out of treatment. The remaining 16 patients displayed a significant (p < .001) decrease in scores on the Clinical Interview for Depression after therapy. Twelve patients were judged to be in remission at the end of the trial; only 1 of these patients was found to have relapsed at a 2-year follow-up. Antidepressant drugs were discontinued in 8 of the 12 patients who responded to cognitive-behavioral treatment. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy by an experienced therapist should be performed before labeling an episode of major depression as "refractory" or "treatment resistant. " These latter terms should apply only when a psychotherapeutic effort has been made. Until then, it seems more appropriate to define depression as "drug refractory" or "drug treatment resistant. "
Effect of thawing procedures on fertility of bovine spermatozoa frozen in .25-ml straws.

The influence of thawing procedures on fertility of semen in . 25-ml Continental 3 straws was investigated in a series of eight trials utilizing 1,634 cows. The following pregnancy rates were obtained: Trial 1, 38.6 vs 23.0% (P<.05) for semen thawed in 75 C water/7 sec vs "in the cow"; Trial 2, 29.7 vs 22.2% (P>.10) for semen thawed in 75 C water/7 sec vs "in the cow"; Trial 3, 82.8 vs 61.6% (P<.01) for semen thawed in 75 C water/7 sec vs "in the pocket"; Trial 4, 49.1 vs 45.9 (P>.10) for semen thawed in 75 C water/7 sec vs 3 C water/2 min; and Trial 5, 55.3 vs 56.0% (P>.10) for semen thawed in 75 C water/7 sec vs 35 C water/12 sec, respectively. Three of the eight trials were conducted to compare the fertility of semen used immediately after thawing or after incubation in iced water (3 C) for 10 minutes. All semen was thawed in water at 35 C/12 sec (Trial 6) or 75 C/7 sec (Trials 7 and 8). The pregnancy rates were as follows: Trial 6, 62.7 vs 47.6% (P<.05); Trial 7, 65.5 vs 59.7% (P>.10) and Trial 8, 70.8 vs 70.0% (P>.10), for semen used immediately or after 10 min of holding, respectively. It was concluded that thawing "in the cow" or "in the pocket" was unaccept-
Relationship between numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate neurons in the rhesus monkey

Abstract Studies of the numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons in primates suggest that the numbers of both types of neurons may vary over a two-fold range from one individual to another. This raises the question of whether the numbers of ganglion cells and LGN neurons are related or vary independently from individual to individual. We used stereological procedures to obtain unbiased estimates of the numbers of both cell types in seven rhesus monkeys. We found no significant correlation (rs. = −0.21) between the numbers of retinal and LGN cells in the same animals. In agreement with previous studies, the average ratio of the number of retinal ganglion cells that project to the LGN and the number of LGN cells was approximately 1:1. However, this ratio varied over a two-fold range, from 0.78:1 to 1.64:1, in individual animals. These results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of retino-geniculate development and for understanding the connectional wiring between the retina and LGN.
Modeling, estimation, and control challenges for lithium-ion batteries

Increasing demand for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV) has forced battery manufacturers to consider energy storage systems that are better than contemporary lead-acid batteries. Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are believed to be the most promising battery system for HEV, PHEV and EV applications. However, designing a battery management system for Li-ion batteries that can guarantee safe and reliable operation is a challenge, since aging and other performance degrading mechanisms are not sufficiently well understood. As a first step to address these problems, we analyze an existing electrochemical model from the literature. Our aim is to present this model from a systems & controls perspective, and to bring forth the research challenges involved in modeling, estimation and control of Li-ion batteries. Additionally, we present a novel compact form of this model that can be used to study the Li-ion battery. We use this reformulated model to derive a simple approximated model, commonly known as the single particle model, and also identify the limitations of this approximation.
Tunneling field effect transistors: Device and circuit considerations for energy efficient logic opportunities

Any significant improvement in the energy efficiency of logic will require significantly lower supply voltages (VDD) while keeping leakage current low. The Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor (TFET) is a leading future transistor option because its potential for steep subthreshold swing (SS) enables more efficient low VDD operation. In contrast to the MOSFET, the TFET is not fundamentally limited to 60 mV/dec SS, so for a range of operating voltages TFET circuits can have lower leakage or higher performance [1]. The physics of TFET operation is different than the MOSFET (Fig. 1a) because it uses electric field control of the quantum tunneling effect through a barrier [2] for the transport. Steep SS is possible by filtering of high-energy carriers in the Fermi-tail of the conduction (or valence) band of the N-TFET (or P-TFET) [3]. The TFET physical structure can be like the MOSFET (e.g. planar, fin, nanowire), but requires opposite type doping in source and drain (Fig. 1a). With this structure, an asymmetric ID-VDS exists with low conduction at negative VDS (or VSD) for an N-TFET (or P-TFET) (Fig. 2) [4].
Drug-induced hypokalemia.

Although hypokalemia (defined as a low serum potassium concentration) usually reflects total body intracellular potassium depletion, it can exist in the absence of external losses, due either to abrupt shifts in extracellular pH or glucose concentration. Conversely, since only 2% of total body potassium content is extracellular, normal serum values may be seen with significant intracellular depletion. The principal clinical manifestations of potassium depletion are profound skeletal muscle weakness with loss of deep tendon reflexes, smooth muscle weakness resulting in paralytic ileus, mental confusion, and, in the presence of marked metabolic alkalosis, increased peripheral vascular resistance and a heightened susceptibility to cardiac arrythmias. 1 Cardiac glycosides aggravate this arrythmic tendency and may be lethal in the presence of hypokalemia. A vasopressin-resistant polyuria and urinary acidification and concentration defects are the principal renal manifestations. Profound potassium depletion may also cause muscle vacuolation and rhabdomyolysis, and renal tubular vacuolation.1 The pathophysiologic events