Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of 49–51 years of fertilization and crop rotation on growing season nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen uptake and corn yields

Drury, C. F. , Reynolds, W. D. , Tan, C. S. , McLaughlin, N. B. , Yang, X. M. , Calder, W. , Oloya, T. O. and Yang, J. Y. 2014. Impacts of 49-51 years of years of fertilization and crop rotation on growing season nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen uptake and corn yields. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 421-433. A field study was established in 1959 to evaluate the effects of fertilization and crop rotation on crop yields, soil and environmental quality on a Brookston clay loam. There were two fertilizer treatments (fertilized and not-fertilized) and six cropping treatments including continuous corn (CC), continuous Kentucky bluegrass sod and a 4-yr rotation of corn-oat-alfalfa-alfalfa with each phase present each year. We measured N2O emissions, inorganic N and plant N uptake over three growing seasons (2007-2009) in the corn phase. Nitrous oxide emissions varied over the 3 yr as a result of the seasonal variation in precipitation quantity, intensity and timing and differences in crop growth and N uptake. Fertilized CC lost, on average, 7.36 kg N ha-1 by N2O emissions, whereas the not-fertilized CC lost only 0.51 kg N ha-1. Fertilized rotation corn (RC) lost 6.46 kg N ha-1, which was 12% lower than fertilized CC. The not-fertilized RC, on the other hand, emitted about half as much N2O (2.95 kg N ha-1) as the fertilized RC. Fertilized RC had corn grain yields that averaged 10.0 t ha-1 over the 3 yr followed by fertilized CC at 5.48 t ha-1. Not-fertilized RC corn had yields that were 61% lower (3.93 t ha-1) than fertilized RC, whereas the not-fertilized CC had yields that were 75% lower (1.39 t ha-1) than fertilized CC. Nitrous oxide emissions were found to be dramatically affected by long-term management practices and crop rotation had lower emissions in the corn phase of the rotation even though the N input from fertilizer addition and legume N fixation was greater. These N2O emission and yield results were due to both factors that are traditionally used to describe these processes as well as long-term soil quality factors, which were created by the long-term management (i.e., soil organic carbon, soil physical parameters such as bulk density, and porosity, soil fauna and micro-flora) and that influenced crop growth, N uptake and soil water contents.
Improved Monte Carlo method for ion transport in ion-molecule asymmetric systems at high electric fields

An improved Monte Carlo method is developed for the simulation of the ion transport in classical drift tube in the case of ion-molecule asymmetric systems such as O−/O2 or N+/N2. The aim of this new method is to overcome the problem of incident ions which vanish at relative high electric field due to asymmetric charge transfer or electron detachment. These ion removal processes are compensated by a fictitious ion creation which improves the accuracy of the ion distribution function and swarm coefficient calculations. The classical ion-molecule collision processes occurring in weakly ionized gases at room temperature (elastic collisions including energy exchange and thermal motion of background gases and also inelastic collisions) are taken into account. This new method is then validated and the transport and reaction coefficients have been given for a large range of E/N (a part of them for the first time in the literature) in O−/O2 and N+/N2 systems.
Anaerobic digestion technology in livestock manure treatment for biogas production: A review

This article reviews the potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production from livestock manure wastes and compares the operating and performance data for various anaerobic process configurations. It examines different kinds of manure waste treatment techniques and the influence of several parameters on biogas and methane yield. The comparison indicates that a variety of different operational conditions, various reactor configurations such as batch reactors, continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow reactor (PFR), up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), temperature phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), and continuous one‐ and two‐stage systems, present a suitable technology for the AD of livestock manure waste. Main performance indicators are biogas and methane yield, degradation of volatile solids (VS), higher loading, and process stability with a short retention time.
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Etanol Daun Bawang Mekah (Eleutherine Americana Merr.) dengan Metode Dpph (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil)

Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat digunakan untukmengatasi kerusakan oksidatif akibat radikal bebas. Senyawa antioksidanmemiliki peranan yang penting dalam kesehatan. Satu diantara tanaman yangmemiliki aktivitas antioksidan adalah tanaman bawang mekah (Eleutherineamericana Merr.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidandari daun tanaman bawang mekah. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukandengan menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1 pikrilhidrazil) yang diawalidengan ekstraksi secara sokhletasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Fraksi etanoldiskrining fitokimia menggunakan metode uji tabung dan diuji pendahuluandengan metode DPPH menggunakan KLT silika gel 60 Fyang dielusi denganfase gerak kloroform p.a. Aktivitas antioksidan fraksi diukur menggunakanspektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan variasi konsentrasi 10; 20; 30; 40 ? g/mL danvitamin C dengan konsentrasi 2; 2,5; 3; 3,5 ? g/mL sebagai kontrol positif. Hasilskrining fitokimia menunjukkan fraksi mengandung flavonoid, saponin, dan fenol.Hasil uji pendahuluan fraksi diperoleh 1 bercak dengan hRf 46,25 yangdivisualisasi dengan sinar UV 366 nm. Bercak pada fraksi menunjukkan hasilpositif antioksidan yang ditandai dengan Perubahan warna kuning dengan latarbelakang ungu setelah disemprot dengan DPPH 0,2%,. Hasil pengukuran secaraspektrofotometri UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etanol memiliki aktivitasantioksidan dengan IC50254335,5468 ? g/mL dan vitamin C memiliki nilai IC0,62147 ? g/mL.
Examination of hygiene knowledge of personnel employed in hotel catering establishments

A rising tendency to eat out in different types of catering establishments has been observed for many years [Alterkuse et al., 1996]. Results of many research [Wall et al., 1995; Barrie, 1996; Yi-Mei & Ockeraman, 2005] point to a remarkable number of food poisoning cases after eating meals provided by a caterer, in restaurants, social catering and canteens and the like. According to Yi-Mei & Ockerman [2005], 36% of food poisoning occurrences is a result of eating in catering establishments, 25% in restaurants and 14% in hotel restaurants. Weingold et al.[1994] and Coleman & Griffith [1998] indicated improper technological process as the major reason of food-borne diseases after consumption of food in catering. One of the main aims of the quality policy in modern food processing establishments, including catering, is then to ensure health safety of the served meals. Properly trained staff is crucial to safe processing of food, which means that obligatory hygiene training should be provided for them. Another very important issue is the frequency of trainings, types and ways of topic presentation, as well as the control of how newly acquired knowledge is used in practice. The aim of the present research was to estimate the real state of personnel awareness of hygiene practices in hotel catering establishments. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials by ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics

We report the study of thermal decomposition of 1,3,5‐trinitrohexahydro‐s‐triazine (RDX) bonded with polyurethane (Estane) and of the bulk hydrazine by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations equipped with the reactive force field (ReaxFF). For the polymer binder explosive, the simulation results show that the thermal decomposition of RDX is affected by the presence of the polymer binder Estane. Generally, with addition of Estane the decomposition of RDX slows down. Final products including N2, H2O, CO, CO2 and intermediates NO2, NO and HONO have been identified from the thermal decomposition processes. For the bulk hydrazine, it is found that with the increase of temperature, its decomposition increases and more N2 and H2 are generated, but NH3 molecules are consumed much faster at higher temperatures. This simulation work provides us an approach to quickly test the response of various energetic materials to thermal conditions.
Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system

Using two-phase (water–toluene) reduction of AuCl4– by sodium borohydride in the presence of an alkanethiol, solutions of 1–3 nm gold particles bearing a surface coating of thiol have been prepared and characterised; this novel material can be handled as a simple chemical compound.
Application of silica nanoparticles for increased silica availability in maize

Silica nanoparticles were extracted from rice husk and characterised comprehensively. The synthesised silica powders were amorphous in size with 99.7% purity (20-40 nm). Nanosilica was amended with red soil at 15 kg ha−1 along with micron silica. The influence of nanoscale on silica uptake, accumulation and nutritional variations in maize roots were evaluated through the studies such as root sectioning, elemental analysis and physiological parameters (root length and silica content) and compared with micron silica and control. Nanosilica treated soil reveals enhanced silica uptake and elongated roots which make the plant to resist in stress conditions like drought.
Histological, Biophysical, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Different Ostrich Muscles

Some characteristics generally related to meat quality were evaluated in several muscles from the leg of the ostrich. Ostrich meat is characterised by a relatively high pH f and low intramuscular fat content. Although standard slaughtering procedures of ostriches at present comprise the removal of legs within 30 min post mortem from the carcass, relatively long sarcomere lengths and the absence of a linear relationship (P > 0.05) between sarcomere length and Warner-Bratzler shear measurements (WBS) show that no cold shortening occurs in the different muscles. The means obtained for the Iliotibialis lateralis are representative of the mean of all the individual muscles combined regarding the characteristics muscle fibre diameter, WBS and pigment content. The overall mean for sarcomere length, pH f and collagen content of all the individual muscles combined can be deduced from determination of these characteristics in the Femorotibialis medius.
Construction of a recombinant immunotoxin

In recent years a number of therapeutically useful immunotoxins have been produced using recombinant gene technology. In general, this involves fusion of a toxin gene with sequence encoding a variety of clinically relevant proteins or peptides. Using these techniques a recombinant immunotoxin has been engineered by fusing the genes encoding an antibody fragment with the sequence of a small cytolytic peptide, melittin. The antibody fragment consists of the antigen binding site derived from a murine monoclonal antibody K-1-21, which binds to human free kappa light chains and recognises a specific epitope (KMA) expressed on the surface of human myeloma and lymphoma cells. The toxic portion of the molecule is melittin, a 26 amino acid, membrane lytic peptide which is a major component of bee venom. Using PCR a single chain Fv (scFv) was constructed by linking VH and VL genes with an oligonucleotide encoding a flexible, hydrophilic peptide. The melittin gene was synthesised as an oligonucleotide and extended by PCR. Nucleotide sequence encoding a linker peptide was added to the 5' end and a primer encoding a FLAG peptide was used to extend the 3' end. This gene construct was then ligated into the recombinant expression vector, pPOW scFv, to create the fusion gene encoding the recombinant immunotoxin. The gene construct was expressed in the periplasm of E.coli (TOPP2) using the secretion signal pelB. Expression of the foreign protein was monitored by western blot using a monoclonal antibody which recognises the FLAG peptide encoded at the carboxy terminal region of the gene construct. Expression of the recombinant immunotoxin was optimised and the resulting protein was purified using anti-FLAG M2 affinity chromatography. Antigen binding activity was assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry using a human myeloma cell line, HMy2, which expresses the KMA antigen.Binding of the immunotoxin to a control human cell line, K562, which does not express KMA on the cell surface was also assessed. The results indicated that the recombinant immunotoxin retained antigen binding specificity and it was cytotoxic towards the target cell line (HMy2).
Metals in the indoor environment

Abstract There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined. The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources. Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both.
Adsorption Studies of the Effect of Thiosemicarbazides on the Corrosion of Steel in Phosphoric Acid

The corrosion inhibition of steel in phosphoric acid by thiosemicarbazide derivatives has been studied using different chemical and electrochemical techniques. The observed order of increasing inhibition efficiency was correlated with changes in the molecular structures of the inhibitors. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate that the compounds are mixed-type inhibitors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used successfully to evaluate the performance of the inhibitors. AC measurements showed that the dissolution process was activation-controlled. The kinetic–thermodynamic model and the Flory–Huggins adsorption isotherm described the experimental findings well. The number of active sites, binding constant and change in free energy were computed for all the inhibitors studied. It was found that the inhibitor molecule was adsorbed through more than one active centre and occupied more than one active site on the steel surface.
THE ACTIONS OF γ-AMINOBTJTYRIC ACID AND RELATED AMINO ACIDS ON MAMMALIAN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA

An electrophysiologic study was made of the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and related amino acids on autonomic ganglia of the cat and rabbit. In the superior cervical ganglion of the cat the i.a. administration of GABA evoked a negative ganglionic surface potential and depressed nicotinic and muscarinic ganglionic transmission as well as the ganglionic responses to injected muscarinic stimulating agents. GABA exhibited similar depressant actions in other autonomic ganglia. These effects were antagonized by picrotoxin but were unaffected by strychnine, cholinergic blocking agents or chronic preganglionic denervation. Other amino acids including γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid and β-alanine mimicked many of the ganglionic effects of GABA; however, glycine, a potent depressant of spinal neurons, was inactive. The results indicate that amino acids react with receptor sites on ganglion cells to elicit a reduction in resting membrane potential and a depression of membrane excitability. The antagonism between picrotoxin and GABA in ganglia represents the first demonstration of this interaction in the mammalian nervous system and raises the possibility that a similar pharmacologic antagonism may yet be discovered at sites in the mammalian central nervous system.
1H‐NMR spectroscopy of bovine lens β‐crystallin

1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of bovine eye lens β-crystallin aggregates (dimer, trimer and octomer) are presented. The NMR spectra for all three β-crystallin aggregates are dominated by resonances from the βB2 subunit, particularly from the N- and C-terminal extensions of this subunit. Resonances from other β subunits, which all have terminal extensions, are, in general, absent from spectra of the β-crystallin aggregates. Therefore, the βB2 subunit and, in particular its terminal extensions, has enhanced flexibility compared to the other β-crystallin subunits. Furthermore, resonances arising from the C-terminal extension of βB2-crystallin are not present in the spectrum of the octomer, which is consistent with the C-terminal extension binding in this aggregate and hence being involved in large aggregate formation. A possible interaction between the C-terminal extension of βB2 and the hydrophobic βB1 subunit, which is only found in the octomer, is discussed. At higher temperatures (45°C) in the octomer, partial exposure of the C-terminal extension of βB2 occurs indicating that the octomer may be starting to break up into smaller aggregates.
Monitoring of state of charge in MOS capacitors by pulsed photocurrent

Pulsed illumination of a biased MOS capacitor through windowed gates induces a photocurrent which can be used to monitor shifts of bias voltage, in response to a gaseous chemical stimulus. If collimation requirements are relaxed, to allow the use of comparatively simple LED light sources, increased window area must be adopted to compensate for the reduced light intensity. Experimental and modelled responses demonstrate that useful information may still be obtained, limited by the convolution of response with a finite beam diameter and constrained by window size. Resumen Iluminación pulsada sobre un capacitor MOS polarizado, a través de una compuerta con ventana induce una fotocorriente, que puede usarse para monitorear los corrimientos en polarización, en respuesta a un estímulo químico gaseoso. Si los requerimientos de colimación se relajan, para permitir el uso de fuentes de luz comparativamente simples, deben adoptarse ventanas de mayor área para compensar la reducción de la intensidad del haz. Tanto las respuestas experimentales como modeladas demuestran que puede aun obtenerse información útil, limitada por la convolución de la respuesta con el haz de diámetro finito y por el tamaño de la ventana. Introduction The photocurrent induced by pulsed illumination of a MOS structure, through biased light transmitting gates, has been shown [1] to be a sensitive probe of capacitor charge state, capable of detecting bias shifts in response to a chemical stimulus, and subsequent investigations [2] have demonstrated that discontinuous gates, unimpaired by electrode light absorption, provide even higher sensitivity. With the use of windowed gates, light intensity requirements are reduced to the point that simple LED sources can substitute for the highly collimated laser beams employed in SPLT (Scanned Pulsed Laser Technique), if the lower fluxes are compensated by the The Journal of the Argentine Chemical Society Vol. 93 No 1/3, 13-19 (2005) J. Argent. Chem. Soc. 2005, 93 (1-3), 13 19 14 Lombardi, R. et al. increased window area. This study surveys the limits of application of macroscopic beams on windowed gate MOS devices. Experimental 100 nm thick palladium gates, with 2.5 mm circular windows, were magnetron sputtered through shadow masks, onto p-type (100) silicon wafers, thermally oxidised to 130 nm. Light from a current controlled, low divergence (+/3°), 630 nm wavelength, light emitting diodes, TTL pulsed at fixed frequency (1, 10 and 100 kHz) was piped into the window centre, through a 1.75 mm core optic fiber and the photocurrent monitored, after I/V conversion (10 V/A), with a Signal Recovery DSP 7265 lock-in amplifier, as a function of DC bias voltage. Model equivalent circuit and response The equivalent circuit (Fig. 1) for a MOS capacitor under pulsed illumination [1] of intensity Φ0 allocates dc induced minority carrier photocurrent ig, to bulk (ibr) and surface (isr) recombination processes, in addition to the displacement current (id), converted to a measurable voltage (u) by the load resistor (RL), which can be described by:
Optical recognition of CO and H2 by use of gas-sensitiveAu–Co3O4 composite films

Gold–cobalt oxide (Au–Co 3 O 4 ) composite films have been prepared by the sputter-deposition of gold onto a glass plate substrate followed by pyrolysis of spin-coated cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate. The films comprise small Au particles and Co 3 O 4 nanocrystals, and exhibit different and independent optical responses to CO and H 2 in air. Carbon monoxide caused only a decrease in absorbance, while H 2 caused both a decrease and an increase in absorbance at different wavelengths. Among solid-state gas sensor materials, this Au–Co 3 O 4 composite film is probably the first example of an inorganic material which can be used for the recognition of CO and H 2 molecules through optical absorbance changes.
Effects of a finite spectral bandwidth light source in time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy

We discuss the spectral distortions occurring when time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy is performed illuminating with a spectrally wide source. We show that the spectral region within the source bandwidth that exhibits the lowest absorption will dominate the resulting time-resolved curve, leading to significant distortions on the retrieved absorption spectrum (including shifts in peak positions). Due to the nonlinear behavior of the light attenuation due to absorption, this effect becomes more pronounced when including longer and longer photon path lengths. First, a theoretical treatment of the problem is given and then the distortion is described by timeresolved reflectance simulations and experimental measurements of lipid and water samples. Finally, a spectrally constrained data analysis is proposed to overcome the distortion and improve the accuracy of the estimation of chromophore concentrations from absorption spectra. Measurements on a lipid sample show a reduction of the error from 30% to 6%.
Optical tweezer for probing erythrocyte membrane deformability

We report that the average rotation speed of optically trapped crenated erythrocytes is direct signature of their membrane deformability. When placed in hypertonic buffer, discocytic erythrocytes are subjected to crenation. The deformation of cells brings in chirality and asymmetry in shape that makes them rotate under the scattering force of a linearly polarized optical trap. A change in the deformability of the erythrocytes, due to any internal or environmental factor, affects the rotation speed of the trapped crenated cells. Here we show how the increment in erythrocyte membrane rigidity with adsorption of Ca++ ions can be exhibited through this approach.
pH Dependence of the 15N and 17O nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of glycylglycine

The pH chemical shift titration curves of the glycylglycine amide and ammonium nitrogens and the amide and carboxylate oxygens, measured by 15N and 17O Fourier transform n.m. r. spectroscopy, indicated that on going from the cationic to zwitterionic state the amide C–N double bond character increases and is accompanied by a transfer of electron density from the amide nitrogen to oxygen.