Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink

We present a new observation‐based estimate of the global oceanic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink and its temporal variation on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2011 and at a spatial resolution of 1°×1°. This sink estimate rests upon a neural network‐based mapping of global surface ocean observations of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas database. The resulting pCO2 has small biases when evaluated against independent observations in the different ocean basins, but larger randomly distributed differences exist particularly in high latitudes. The seasonal climatology of our neural network‐based product agrees overall well with the Takahashi et al. (2009) climatology, although our product produces a stronger seasonal cycle at high latitudes. From our global pCO2 product, we compute a mean net global ocean (excluding the Arctic Ocean and coastal regions) CO2 uptake flux of −1.42 ± 0.53 Pg C yr−1, which is in good agreement with ocean inversion‐based estimates. Our data indicate a moderate level of interannual variability in the ocean carbon sink (±0.12 Pg C yr−1, 1σ) from 1998 through 2011, mostly originating from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Accounting for steady state riverine and Arctic Ocean carbon fluxes our estimate further implies a mean anthropogenic CO2 uptake of −1.99 ± 0.59 Pg C yr−1 over the analysis period. From this estimate plus the most recent estimates for fossil fuel emissions and atmospheric CO2 accumulation, we infer a mean global land sink of −2.82 ± 0.85 Pg C yr−1 over the 1998 through 2011 period with strong interannual variation.
Cognitive Radio Management Benefiting from Flexible Reconfiguration

Cognitive Radio (CR) has the ability to adapt its behavior to the changing environment. In order to achieve this goal in real practice, a CR equipment should be able to manage and reconfigure itself flexibly and efficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate management in the CR equipment. Benefiting from the dynamic full and partial reconfiguration, Zynq based devices provide more flexible features and become a preferable hardware platform for CR. In this paper, we briefly introduce the cognitive radio management on a Zynq based platform, and study the benefit and cost of offloading computations from software to hardware. The results show that it is possible to win both performance and power consumption by flexible
The impact of global purchasing and supplier integration on product innovation

Purpose – The interest in global purchasing has increased significantly in recent years, but the impact on product innovation is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the impact of global purchasing on product innovation sourced from suppliers, while taking into account how firms integrate their suppliers. Design/methodology/approach – The data used in this study are from the International Purchasing Survey, an international online survey on purchasing and supply management conducted in 2009. The data are analysed using factor and regression analyses. Findings – The paper shows that global purchasing has no direct impact on product innovation performance. However, supplier integration is more strongly associated with product innovation performance for firms purchasing globally compared to firms purchasing regionally. Practical implications – The implication is that when companies purchase globally, they must have a highly developed purchasing department in order to susta.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in Smart Antenna Array Systems

In wireless applications the antenna pattern is shaped so as to cancel interfering signals (placing nulls) and produce or steer a strong beam towards the wanted signal according to signal direction of arrival (DOA). Such antenna system is called smart antenna array. This chapter presents the efficiency of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) compared to Genetic algorithm (GA) in solving antenna array pattern synthesis problem. Also PSO is applied to determine optimal antenna elements feed that provide null (minimum power) in the directions of the interfering signals while to maximize of radiation in the direction of the useful signal. Application for PSO algorithm in Direct Data Domain Least Squares (D3LS) approach that is used to estimate incoming signal is illustrated. Due to environment changing the target goal is changing so modification in the algorithm is proposed to provide optimal solution for varying real time target (to track the desired users and reject interference sources). The problem is formulated and solved by means of the proposed algorithm. Examples are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness and the design flexibility of PSO in the framework of electromagnetic synthesis of linear arrays.
A Single Amino Acid Change in the Enhancer of Zeste Ortholog CURLY LEAF Results in Vernalization-Independent , Rapid Flowering in Arabidopsis 1 [ C ] [ W ] [ OA ]

Many strains of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) require exposure to prolonged cold for rapid flowering, a process known as vernalization. Vernalization in Arabidopsis results in the suppression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a repressor of flowering. In a screen for mutants that no longer require vernalization for rapid flowering, we identified a dominant allele of the Enhancer of Zeste E(z) ortholog CURLY LEAF (CLF), clf-59. CLF is a Polycomb Group gene, and the clf-59 mutant protein contains a proline-to-serine transition in a cysteine-rich region that precedes the SET domain. Mutant plants are early flowering and have reduced FLC expression, but, unlike clf loss-of-function mutants, clf-59 mutants do not display additional pleiotropic phenotypes. clf-59 mutants have elevated levels of trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) at FLC. Thus, clf-59 appears to be a gain-of-function allele, and this allele represses FLC without some of the components required for vernalization-mediated repression. In the course of this work, we also identified a marked difference in H3K27me3 levels at FLC between plants that contain and those that lack the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene. Furthermore, FRI appears to affect CLF occupancy at FLC; thus, our work provides insight into the molecular role that FRI plays in delaying the onset of flowering.
Neuroimagıng in Multıple Sclerosıs

Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is now dominated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI has played a central role in the clinical management and scientific investigation of MS. Findings on MRI studies of the brain and spinal cord are critical for diagnosing MS, monitorizing treatment response and predicting disease progression in individual patients. Conventional MRI techniques are used to assess overt lesions and atrophy in the central nervous system and include T2-weighted imaging, proton density-weighted imaging, pre and post gadolinium enhanced T1-weighted imaging, and Fluid-Attenuated Inversion-Recovery images (FLAIR). Nonconventional MRI techniques such as proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H-MRS), Magnetization Transfer Imaging (MTI), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI), Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) techniques have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS. In this review, we will focus on the role of MRI in the diagnosis and management of MS.
The effect of turmeric extracts on inflammatory mediator production

Major compounds of several commonly used botanicals, including turmeric, have been purported to have antiinflammatory actions. In order to test the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), we have established an in vitro test system. HL-60 cells were differentiated and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (1 mg/ml) in the presence or absence of botanical compounds for 24 h. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) using standard ELISA assays. Water-soluble extracts were not cytotoxic and did not exhibit biological activity. Organic extracts of turmeric were cytotoxic only at concentrations above 50 mg/ml. Crude organic extracts of turmeric were capable of inhibiting LPS-induced TNF-a (IC50 value 1⁄4 15.2 mg/ml) and PGE2 (IC50 value 1⁄4 0.92 mg/ml) production. Purified curcumin was more active than either demethoxyor bisdemethoxycurcumin. Fractions and subfractions of turmeric extracts collected via preparative HPLC had differing biological activity, ranging from no activity to IC50 values of o1 mg/ml. For some fractions, subfractionation resulted in a loss of activity, indicating interaction of the compounds within the fraction to produce an anti-inflammatory effect. A combination of several of the fractions that contain the turmeric oils was more effective than the curcuminoids at inhibiting PGE2. While curcumin inhibited COX-2 expression, turmeric oils had no effect on levels of COX-2 mRNA. r 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
a measure of biodiversity Background and interpretation of the ' Marine Trophic Index ' as

References s http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/360/1454/415.full. html#related-url Article cited in: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/360/1454/415.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 30 articles, 6 of which can be accessed free Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
Constructing a Proto-Lexicon: An Integrative View of Infant Language Development

Infants begin learning the phonological structure of their native language remarkably early and use this information to extract word-sized chunks from the speech signal. While acquiring the language-specific segmentation strategies appropriate for their native language, infants are simultaneously beginning to form word–object pairings and learning which sound contrasts are meaningful in the native language. They are also working out how to assign words to word classes, paying attention to the use and placement of function words, and learning how speakers of the language string words together to form sensible grammatical utterances. Amazingly, infants tackle all of these tasks simultaneously, with success in each of these domains dependent on success in the others. This review focuses on infants' discovery of word forms in speech, their construction of a proto-lexicon, and the development of linguistic knowledge during their first year and a half of life. By discussing the development of lexical knowledge .
Metabolic Characteristic of the Liver of Dairy Cows during Ketosis Based on Comparative Proteomics

The objective of the present study was to identify differences in the expression levels of liver proteins between healthy and ketotic cows, establish a liver metabolic interrelationship of ketosis and elucidate the metabolic characteristics of the liver during ketosis. Liver samples from 8 healthy multiparous Hostein cows and 8 ketotic cows were pooled by health status and the proteins were separated by two-dimensional-electrophoresis (2D-E). Statistical analysis of gels was performed using PDQuest software 8.0. The differences in the expression levels of liver proteins (p<0.05) between ketotic and healthy cows were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. Five enzymes/proteins were identified as being differentially expressed in the livers of ketotic cows: expression of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HCDH), acetylcoenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) were down-regulated, whereas that of alpha-enolase and creatine kinase were up-regulated. On the basis of this evidence, it could be presumed that the decreased expression of HCDH, which is caused by high concentrations of acetyl-CoA in hepatic cells, in the livers of ketotic cows, implies reduced fatty acid β-oxidation. The resultant high concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl CoA would depress the level of ACAT and generate more β-hydroxybutyric acid; high concentrations of acetyl-CoA would also accelerate the Krebs Cycle and produce more ATP, which is stored as phosphocreatine, as a consequence of increased expression of creatine kinase. The low expression level of elongation factor Tu in the livers of ketotic cows indicates decreased levels of protein synthesis due to the limited availability of amino acids, because the most glucogenic amino acids sustain the glyconeogenesis pathway; thus increasing the level of alpha-enolase. Decreased protein synthesis also promotes the conversion of amino acids to oxaloacetate, which drives the Krebs Cycle under conditions of high levels of acetyl-CoA. It is concluded that the livers of ketotic cows possess high concentrations of acetyl-CoA, which through negative feedback inhibited fatty acid oxidation; show decreased fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and protein synthesis; and increased gluconeogenesis and energy production.
Policy Progress Score for Automatic Task Selection in Curriculum Learning

This paper introduces policy progress scores as a principled means of selecting intermediate tasks that enable effective transfer learning. For some complex tasks, rewards can be sparse, delayed, noisy and/or uninformative, making it difficult to find good policies. For such tasks, a sequence of related tasks, i.e. curriculum, can be designed to enable and speed up learning by transferring knowledge between successive tasks in the curriculum. However, how to develop an effective curriculum, particularly without in depth domain knowledge, is a challenging problem. In this paper, we present an automatic curriculum generation process that scores tasks on the anticipated change in policy parameters. This ”policy progress” score is defined as the weighted sum of absolute expected change in a policy parameters. We apply the automated curriculum generation process using progress score to both single agent and multiagent Grid World domains. Our results on a complex multiagent Grid World domain show policy progress scores create similar curricula as the current state-of-the-art with reduced computation.
Design of Virtual Chemical Experiment Platform Based on Unity3D

The problem we are trying to solve in this paper is how to determine whether the operation sequence is correct and how to achieve undo and redo when we design the virtual chemistry experiment platform in Unity3d. The approach we adopt to solve the problem is we mainly use the design idea of directed acyclic graph to solve the problem of judging operation sequence. We use command pattern and stack data structure to achieve the methods of undo and redo. By solving the above problems, we have successfully implemented the sequence of judgment and the methods of undo and redo in Unity3d. The methods implemented in this paper are not only applicable to the virtual chemistry experiment platform, but also play a role in other systems need them.
TOTO Seminar on Crowdfunding : Past Research , Future Directions

1. defining, conceptualising and bounding crowdfunding phenomena, 2. identifying key phenomenological, methodological and theoretical gaps in the crowdfunding literature, 3. articulating an agenda for future crowdfunding research (What kinds of crowdfunding should the IS community be researching? What kinds of questions should we be asking? What theoretical lenses should we be using? What methods? Etc.), 4. sharing experiences of doing crowdfunding research, funding/publication strategies, etc.
Survival patterns of some common pathogens in human plasma following exposure to a sub-inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone sodium

The survival of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human plasma was investigated following their exposure to a sub-inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone sodium. The aim was to determine the possible effect of human immune agents present in the plasma on microorganisms that may have been previously exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Microbial survival was assessed by viable cell counts conducted at hourly intervals over a period of 5 hours. Subsequently, surviving organisms were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics. The results showed that the rate of replication of P. aeruginosa in plasma was significantly reduced after exposure to a subinhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone sodium. On the contrary, there was an increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic after K. pneumoniae or E. coli were exposed to the sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentration. This implies that, while some organisms were weakened by sub-lethal doses of ceftriaxone sodium to the extent of susceptibility to human immune agents, others gained resistance to both the antibiotic and the immune system. Keywords: Minimum inhibitory concentration, ceftriaxone sodium, susceptibility, viable cell count, survival pattern.
Population structure and historical demography of eastern North Atlantic harbour porpoises inferred through mtDNA sequences

The harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena experiences high rates of incidental mortal- ity in commercial fisheries, and in some areas these rates are sufficiently high to justify concern over population sustainability. Given this high mortality, conservation efforts may be facilitated by an understanding of how present-day population structure has been shaped by historical demographic changes. To investigate the demographic history of porpoises in the eastern North Atlantic, variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 115 porpoises was compared among 4 sampling locations (North Sea, France, Portugal, and West Africa). Genetic variation was investigated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). To put the present study in context within the eastern Atlantic, previously published sequence data from Norway (n = 87) and the Black Sea (n = 9) were included. All areas showed substantial geographic structure as indicated by AMOVA and SAMOVA, and there was significant isolation by distance among sampling areas. The haplotype network, mismatch distribution and Fu's FS test of population equilibrium suggest there has been a relatively recent range expansion into the northernmost area (Norway), probably as a result of re-colonisation into regions previously iced over during Quaternary glaciation events. In all, these results suggest that harbour porpoises within the eastern North Atlantic show geographic structuring as a consequence of limited gene flow along the coast, and their historical biogeography can be interpreted in light of demographic changes that have influenced the evolutionary patterns observed in the mtDNA sequences.
Magnetocaloric response of Fe75Nb10B15 powders partially amorphized by ball milling

The magnetocaloric response of mechanically alloyed Fe75Nb10B15 powders was studied for samples with different amorphous and nanocrystal volume fractions. Thermomagnetic properties scale following a Ω3 law for different milling processes, where Ω is the milling frequency. Curie temperature of the amorphous phase increases as the amorphous fraction increases due to its progressive enrichment in B. The peak magnetic entropy change, |ΔSMpk|, as well as the refrigerant capacity increase with increasing amorphous fraction. The field dependence of |ΔSMpk| can be explained by the multiphase character of the studied samples.
Influence of the initiator system on the spatial inhomogeneity in acrylamide-based hydrogels

The effect of the initiator system used in the gel preparation on the spatial inhomogeneity in poly(acryl- amide) (PAAm) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogels was investigated by static light scattering and elasticity measurements. The hydrogels were prepared by free-radical crosslinking copolymerization of the monomers acrylamide (AAm) or N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) with N,N 0 -methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. Two differ- ent redox-initiator systems, ammonium persulfate (APS)- N,N,N 0 ,N 0 -tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and APS- sodium metabisulfite (SPS), were used to initiate the gela- tion reactions. Compared to the APS-TEMED redox pair, no significant scattered light intensity rise was observed during the crosslinking polymerization reactions initiated by the APS-SPS system. It was found that both PAAm and PDMA gels are much more homogeneous when the APS-SPS redox pair was used as the initiator. The results are explained by the formation of shorter primary chains as well as the delay of the gel point in APS-SPS initiated gel formation reac-
Sources of uncertainty in modeled land carbon storage within and across three MIPs: diagnosis with three new techniques.

AbstractTerrestrial carbon cycle models have incorporated increasingly more processes as a means to achieve more-realistic representations of ecosystem carbon cycling. Despite this, there are large across-model variations in the simulation and projection of carbon cycling. Several model intercomparison projects (MIPs), for example, the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) (historical simulations), Trends in Net Land–Atmosphere Carbon Exchange (TRENDY), and Multiscale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP), have sought to understand intermodel differences. In this study, the authors developed a suite of new techniques to conduct post-MIP analysis to gain insights into uncertainty sources across 25 models in the three MIPs. First, terrestrial carbon storage dynamics were characterized by a three-dimensional (3D) model output space with coordinates of carbon residence time, net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon storage potential. The latter represent.
Diagnosis as Computing Causal Chains from Event Traces

In this paper, we build on previous work on diagnosis in dynamic discrete event systems by proposing to utilize a formal model of causal analysis in the situation calculus to further process reconstructed traces of events. By using the situation calculus, we adopt a language that is well suited for the task of integrated treatment of planning, plan execution and monitoring, plan repair, etc. Also, given a system, our definition enables us to model unwanted inter-component interactions, not just faulty components. We show that our definition has useful properties and is modular.
Functional Broadside Test Generation for Fault Analysis

When the clock frequency of the integrated circuits increases, timing related defects may occur and it is necessary to find them. The timing defects are modeled by delay faults. Transition faults are used as the delay fault model. The effect of a transition fault at a point in a circuit is that, the transition that occur at that point will not reach the flip flop or a primary output within the desired clock period of the circuit. Existing methods for testing includes Enhanced scan, Skewed load and Broadside tests. They may cause over testing. The Functional broadside test, which is a two pattern test, avoids this over testing by using only reachable states. It is a broadside test that creates in its functional clock cycles, the same state transitions that may occur during functional operation. Earlier procedures generate test sets offline for application from an external tester. Here, the circuit is used to obtain reachable states during test. Pairs of consecutive time units of the primary input sequences can be used to produce two pattern tests. They are called functional, since they use reachable states which are also possible during the functional operation.