Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Critical Steps to Developing a Unified Theory of Alcohol Use in Latin America

Alcohol use is often characterized by health researchers and practitioners as a serious, chronic, and still growing public health problem in Latin America. Citing unambiguously disastrous health consequences due to alcohol consumption and the growing consumptive pressures of globalization, well meaning coalitions of public health practitioners, macro-economists, and policy makers at the World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO) and international NGOs have urgently called for the implementation of supply side regulations to curb alcohol use in the developing world. This paper argues that there is a need to take a much more nuanced approach to alcohol interventions than those proposed by supply-side economists or policy makers in these institutions and that those interventions must be based on ethical, culturally centered research that aims to understand the mechanisms by which factors at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and community levels interact as fundamental drivers of behavior. To that end, this paper develops a hybrid, unified model of alcohol use that can be used to guide future research initiatives. In the process literature relevant to alcohol consumption patterns written from multiple academic disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and the study of economics are reviewed. To bridge these diverse perspectives and to link cognitive cultural perceptions with individual behavior, the conceptualization of cultural consonance in two domains, material lifestyle and social support, is introduced. Extending the model, the paper adds a new cultural domain of "indigenous identity" and two new constructs, consensus intensity and temporal stability, which imbue the framework with broader and stronger descriptive powers to better accommodate the rapidly shifting cultural domains likely to be found in the globalizing world. Implications of knowledge generated by the application of the new expanded model are discussed.
Antibody-Drug Conjugates of Calicheamicin Derivative: Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are an attractive approach for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which in most cases, are inherently sensitive to cytotoxic agents. CD33 and CD22 are specific markers of myeloid leukemias and B-cell malignancies, respectively. These endocytic receptors are ideal for an ADC strategy because they can effectively carry the cytotoxic payload into the cell. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO, Mylotarg) and inotuzumab ozogamicin consist of a derivative of calicheamicin (a potent DNA-binding cytotoxic antibiotic) linked to a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody directed against CD33 or CD22, respectively. Both of these ADCs have a target-mediated pharmacokinetic disposition. GO was the first drug to prove the ADC concept in the clinic, specifically in phase II studies that included substantial proportions of older patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. In contrast, in phase III studies, it has thus far failed to show clinical benefit in first-line treatment in combination with standard chemotherapy. Inotuzumab ozogamicin has shown remarkable clinical activity in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and it has started phase III evaluation. The safety profile of these ADCs includes reversible myelosuppression (especially neutropenia and thrombocytopenia), elevated hepatic transaminases, and hyperbilirubinemia. There have been postmarketing reports of hepatotoxicity, especially veno-occlusive disease, associated with GO. The incidence is ∼2%, but patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have an increased risk. As we steadily move toward the goal of personalized medicine, these kinds of agents will provide a unique opportunity to treat selected patient subpopulations based on the expression of their specific tumor targets. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6417–27. ©2011 AACR.
Performance measurement of a dairy supply chain: A balance scorecard perspective

This article presents a case of the Indian dairy supply chain and demonstrates how balance score card (BSC) may be used to measure its performance. There are few studies which use BSC in performance measurement of a food supply chain and no one has used it in the context of the dairy supply chain. In this study, four components of BSC have been adapted to measure various performance related issues pertinent to the dairy supply chain in a State in India. Dairy supply chain practitioners would find this approach useful for value generation across various stages of dairy supply chains.
Nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages of Mycobacterium bovis BCG‐infected or non‐infected mice: regulatory roles of T lymphocytes and cytokines

Infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) confers mice with strong abilities to produce nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines. Because the peritoneal macrophages taken from the mice immunized with live or heat‐killed BCG can produce NO without any accessory cells and stimulants, it is difficult to clarify the immune regulation on NO production by manipulating the macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the participation of immune T cells and cytokines in NO production by using in vitro co‐cultures of macrophages from non‐immune mice with T cells prepared from BCG‐infected mice in the presence or absence of a mycobacterial antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD). Although the non‐immune thioglycollate (TGB)‐elicited macrophages could not produce any detectable NO in the presence of PPD, supplementation of the macrophage cultures with CD4+ T cells prepared from BCG‐infected mice enabled the macrophages to produce NO. Immunocytostaining showed that the macrophages, but not the immune T cells, expressed inducible NO synthase (iNOS), indicating that they were NO producers. PPD could only induce NO production if there was cell‐cell contact of the CD4+ T cells in the immune cells and antigen‐presenting macrophages were required for the NO production in response to PPD; this interaction led to the production of soluble mediators that induced NO production by the TGB macrophages. NO production by the co‐cultured cells was abrogated by adding either anti‐interferon‐γ(IFN‐γ) or anti‐tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) antibody. Furthermore, the roles of immune T cells and PPD could be replaced by adding recombinant IFN‐γ together with TNF‐α to the macrophage cultures, but neither alone was sufficient to induce NO production by the macrophages. Our present data indicate that TNF‐α produced by PPD‐stimulated macrophages and IFN‐γ produced by cell‐cell interaction of BCG‐immune T cells and antigen‐engulfed macrophages together activate the macrophages to produce NO.
Left ventricular systolic dynamics in terms of its chamber mechanical properties.

To determine the mechanical properties of the left ventricle (LV) as a pump, a mathematical model of its systolic dynamics was developed. Initially the model consisted of three elements, i.e., elastance, resistance, and inertance. Results from three experiments, however, indicated that the inertial component was negligible compared with the other two components. The functional forms of elastance and resistance were determined by applying the flow-pulse response technique to an isovolumetrically beating, isolated canine heart. Results from three experiments indicated that the systolic elastance and resistance can be represented by a third-order polynomial in time and a linear function of instantaneous ventricular pressure (LVP), respectively. The simplified model was then tested by calculating the systolic elastance and resistance from LVP, volume, and flow data of an ejecting LV obtained over a single cardiac cycle. A total of 225 combinations (10 expts) of end-diastolic volume (EDV), ejection pressure (EP), heart rate (HR), and contractile state (CS) were evaluated. The results indicated that 1) the elastance function was insensitive to variations in EDV and EP but was a function of CS and HR; 2) the linear resistance-pressure relationship was insensitive to variations in EDV, EP, HR, and CS; and 3) the model could "prospectively" predict the LV isovolumetric pressure from the data of an ejecting beat. Thus a model of LV systolic dynamics has been established that can be used to calculate the intrinsic chamber mechanical properties, i.e., elastance and resistance, of an ejecting LV.
Factors influencing prognosis in node-negative breast carcinoma: analysis of 767 T1N0M0/T2N0M0 patients with long-term follow-up.

PURPOSE This study was undertaken to define prognostically favorable and unfavorable subgroups of node-negative breast carcinoma patients by employing conventional pathologic data. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven hundred sixty-seven women with T1N0M0/T2N0M0 breast carcinoma treated consecutively from 1964 through 1970 by modified or radical mastectomy without systemic adjuvant therapy were analyzed at a median follow-up duration of 18 years. RESULTS Size and histologic type of the carcinoma were crucial discriminants of prognosis. We defined a prognostically favorable group of 219 patients (29%) with infiltrating duct or lobular carcinoma < or = 1.0 cm in diameter or special tumor types < or = 3.0 cm. This group had a relapse-free survival rate of 91% at 10 years and 87% at 20 years. The less favorable group (548 patients, 71%) with infiltrating duct or lobular carcinoma greater than 1.0 cm and special tumor types greater than 3.0 cm had relapse-free survival rates of 73% and 68% at 10 and 20 years, respectively. The frequency of nonmammary malignant neoplasms (NMMN) was similar to that of contralateral carcinoma. Deaths due to NMMN were seven times more frequent than deaths due to contralateral carcinoma. CONCLUSION Nearly 30% of these node-negative patients, identified on the basis of tumor size and type, had an extremely favorable prognosis. There is insufficient evidence to warrant the routine use of adjuvant therapy in this group unless new forms of treatment prove to be less toxic and/or more effective in enhancing relapse-free survival. Early detection of NMMN should be an important part of the follow-up of node-negative breast carcinoma patients.
“Crocodile” – new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East

We want to pay attention of clinical toxicologists to new dangerous designer drug, described as the “ crocodile ” or “ Russian heroin, ” which spreads and arouses concern in Europe. 1,2 Because of there is lack of current scientifi c papers dealing with this problem, our aim is also to sum up information available mainly on the internet. “ Crocodile ” is a street name of drug containing mainly desomorphine (Dihydrodesoxymorphine-D), produced in home conditions by simple synthesis from codeine, most often on the basis of codeine-containing medicines, in Russia available overthe-counter so far. 1,3 Desomorphine presents sedative and analgesic effects; it is 8 – 15 times more potent than morphine, and has weaker toxic, convulsant, emetic and respiratory depression action. 4 The drug is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It has very fast onset of action (2 – 3 min) and a short duration of action (2 h). First symptoms of addiction usually appear after 5 – 10 days. From intake of the fi rst dose, death comes maximally after 2 – 3 years, but even single dose may be lethal for predisposed person. High toxicity is caused by the presence of impurities. Skin in the places of injections becomes grey and green, scabrous, fl akes off, so it resembles the skin of crocodile. Postproduction impurities (residues of acids and alkalis, petroleum derivatives, industrial oils, organic solvents, red phosphorus, iodine, heavy metals) act irritant on vessels which become damaged and afterwards obliterated. It causes peripheral limb ischemia with following necrosis, often secondarily infected, which require surgical intervention and even limb amputations. So this drug “ bites ” the limbs, as a real crocodile. Addicted people may be recognized by the smell of iodine, used during drug production. “ Crocodile ” generally is similar to so-called “ Polish heroin ” ( “ compote ” ) — drug produced also in home conditions from poppy straw, popular in Poland till the late 1990s. 5
Chronic eye disease diagnosis using ensemble-based classifier

In this paper, we address the problem of diagnosis of a chronic eye disease which is the Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) disease. It is called the “sneak thief” of sight since the slowly and undetected damage of the optic nerve in the early stages of the disease. The research tends to achieve an early and accurate diagnosis of glaucoma based on an ensemble classifier by integrating the principal component analysis (PCA) with rotation forest tree (ROT). The evaluation performance has been accomplished with three well known classifiers namely Neural Network (NN), Decision Tree (DT) and Fuzzy Logic classifiers. The data is collected using an empirical data collected of Egypt Air hospital. It was observed that ROT achieved the highest classification accuracy in most tested cases. The experiments show that the overall accuracy offered by the employed technique is high compared to other machine learning techniques used in the research. It is believed that the ensemble classifier ROT could perform high accuracy in classification process.
Impact of clear, loud, and slow speech on scaled intelligibility and speech severity in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE The perceptual consequences of rate reduction, increased vocal intensity, and clear speech were studied in speakers with multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and healthy controls. METHOD Seventy-eight speakers read sentences in habitual, clear, loud, and slow conditions. Sentences were equated for peak amplitude and mixed with multitalker babble for presentation to listeners. Using a computerized visual analog scale, listeners judged intelligibility or speech severity as operationally defined in Sussman and Tjaden (2012). RESULTS Loud and clear but not slow conditions improved intelligibility relative to the habitual condition. With the exception of the loud condition for the PD group, speech severity did not improve above habitual and was reduced relative to habitual in some instances. Intelligibility and speech severity were strongly related, but relationships for disordered speakers were weaker in clear and slow conditions versus habitual. CONCLUSIONS Both clear and loud speech show promise for improving intelligibility and maintaining or improving speech severity in multitalker babble for speakers with mild dysarthria secondary to MS or PD, at least as these perceptual constructs were defined and measured in this study. Although scaled intelligibility and speech severity overlap, the metrics further appear to have some separate value in documenting treatment-related speech changes.
AODV-based technique for quick and secure local recovery from link failures in MANETs

Wireless links in MANET may be broken frequently due to nodal mobility and power failures. Such problems make routing protocols, like AODV, inefficient and unreliable. Presently, these problems are solved using local repairing mechanisms at an intermediate node by creating an alternative route to the destination. But it increases routing overhead and unnecessarily consumes MANET resources. Further, if there are no checks on the selection of nodes while creating an alternative route, there is every possibility that a malicious node may take its place in the path. In this paper, we propose a technique which does a quick local recovery from the link failures and also avoids misbehaving nodes to creep in the path. The combined technique improves performances and also consumes less energy of nodes in MANET. Performance analysis and simulation results show that our proposed technique achieves significant performance improvement over existing AODV-based techniques.
Comparative evaluation of two-dimensional radiography and three dimensional computed tomography based dose-volume parameters for high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy of cervical cancer: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND Dosimetric comparison of two dimensional (2D) radiography and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) based dose distributions with high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitry radiotherapy (ICRT) for carcinoma cervix, in terms of target coverage and doses to bladder and rectum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty four sessions of HDR ICRT were performed in 22 patients. External beam radiotherapy to pelvis at a dose of 50 Gray in 27 fractions followed by HDR ICRT, 21 Grays to point A in 3 sessions, one week apart was planned . All patients underwent 2D-orthogonal and 3D-CT simulation for each session. Treatment plans were generated using 2D-orthogonal images and dose prescription was made at point A. 3D plans were generated using 3D-CT images after delineating target volume and organs at risk. Comparative evaluation of 2D and 3D treatment planning was made for each session in terms of target coverage (dose received by 90%, 95% and 100% of the target volume: D90, D95 and D100 respectively) and doses to bladder and rectum: ICRU-38 bladder and rectum point dose in 2D planning and dose to 0.1cc, 1cc, 2cc, 5cc, and 10cc of bladder and rectum in 3D planning. RESULTS Mean doses received by 100% and 90% of the target volume were 4.24 ± 0.63 and 4.9 ± 0.56 Gy respectively. Doses received by 0.1cc, 1cc and 2cc volume of bladder were 2.88 ± 0.72, 2.5 ± 0.65 and 2.2 ± 0.57 times more than the ICRU bladder reference point. Similarly, doses received by 0.1cc, 1cc and 2cc of rectum were 1.80 ± 0.5, 1.48 ± 0.41 and 1.35 ± 0.37 times higher than ICRU rectal reference point. CONCLUSIONS Dosimetric comparative evaluation of 2D and 3D CT based treatment planning for the same brachytherapy session demonstrates underestimation of OAR doses and overestimation of target coverage in 2D treatment planning.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of alisol A-24-monoacetate and its related compounds in rats.

The rhizoma of Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. var. orientate Samuels used as a component of various preparations of Chinese medicine has long been accepted to have a diuretic effect. The availability of this plant as a pulver in the preparations is a good contrast concerning the presence of practically water insoluble triterpenes to many of the raw plants usually used as a decoctum. Several years ago the extract of this plant with organic solvents was demonstrated to exert a lipotropic effect, which was somewhat different in mode of action from those of other lipotropic agents (1), Further chemical studies on this extract succeeded to isolate the active triterpenes including alisol A-24-monoacetate (ALMA) and its related compounds (2, 3). The present paper describes mainly the hypocholesterolemic activity in the rats maintained on an atherogenic diet.
Serious game based therapeutic: Towards therapeutic game design model for adolescence

Serious games are considered as powerful tools in learning and instructional purpose. Besides that, serious game also gains its own popularity among children and adolescence. Given the wide popularity of serious game, therapists realize the advantages of using games as the assistive tool in psychotherapy so called therapeutic game. However, the lack of available comprehensive guideline for design and development of therapeutic game is still a barrier to the game developers to produce a high quality therapeutic game. Henceforward, this research aims to propose a design model by integrating core elements of selected therapeutic approach that is cognitive behavior therapy. The main issue in psychotherapy is engagement of adolescents into psychotherapy. To address this problem, the proposed model also integrates player experience as the essential element, which is highly related with engagement. The proposed model is derived from a comparative study of ten game design models.
Vitamin D represses rhinovirus replication in cystic fibrosis cells by inducing LL-37

Vitamin D has immunomodulatory properties in the defence against pathogens. Its insufficiency is a widespread feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, which are repeatedly suffering from rhinovirus (RV)-induced pulmonary exacerbations. To investigate whether vitamin D has antiviral activity, primary bronchial epithelial cells from CF children were pre-treated with vitamin D and infected with RV16. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of vitamin D was assessed. RV and LL-37 levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of CF children infected with RV. Vitamin D reduced RV16 load in a dose-dependent manner in CF cells (10−7 M, p<0.01). The antiviral response mediated by interferons remained unchanged by vitamin D in CF cells. Vitamin D did not exert anti-inflammatory properties in RV-infected CF cells. Vitamin D increased the expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 up to 17.4-fold (p<0.05). Addition of exogenous LL-37 decreased viral replication by 4.4-fold in CF cells (p<0.05). An inverse correlation between viral load and LL-37 levels in CF BAL (r=−0.48, p<0.05) was observed. RV replication in primary CF bronchial cells was reduced by vitamin D through the induction of LL-37. Clinical studies are needed to determine the importance of an adequate control of vitamin D for prevention of virus-induced pulmonary CF exacerbations. Rhinovirus replication is decreased in CF cells by vitamin D through the induction of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 http://ow.ly/Snsyo
The Layering of History in Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch

Abstract After being ambushed in Starbuck, Texas, the men of the Wild Bunch flee to Mexico where they become involved in the Mexican Revolution. At first they help the federal troops, but later they change sides and try to help the revolutionaries. In addition to the Mexican Revolution, two other wars are layered into the narrative: the First World War and the Vietnam War. This layering of historical events adds depth to the movie by justifying its depiction of violence, especially in the apocalyptic ending, and by establishing an analogy between the Wild Bunch in Mexico and American intervention in Vietnam. In terms of this analogy, the failure of the Wild Bunch to help the peasants in Mexico parallels the failure of America to help the peasants in Vietnam.
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer of the Cervix in Africa-I

1. Treatment of CIN 2. Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix 1. Clinical presentation 2. Staging 3. Histology 4. Management 1. Stage 1A 2. Stage IB – 2A 3. Stage 2B – 4A 4. Stage 4B 5. Complications 1. Radical Hysterectomy 2. Radiotherapy 6. Minimal Access Surgery 1. Laparoscopic Vaginal Radical Hysterectomy (LVRH) 7. Fertility Sparing Surgery 8. Special Situations 1. Recurrent Cervical Cancer 2. Invasive Cervical Carcinoma found incidentally after simple Hysterectomy Page 1 of 9 Prevention and Treatment of Cancer of the Cervix in Africa I
Cholesterol — What ’ s ( Love of ) Cheese Got to Do With It ?

Among many mammals, lactating females may have extended periods of time in between nursing bouts. This is often the case for females who “cache” or “park” their young in nests, dens, or burrows while they depart to forage more efficiently unencumbered by the presence of the young (parents, you know what I am talking about). The egg-laying echidna is an excellent, if totally weird, example. After hatching from the egg inside the mother’s pouch, the young— known as a puggle—consumes milk secreted from a patch on the mother’s tummy. Once the puggle is too large for the pouch, lactating echidnas dig nursery burrows. Here the young waits to nurse 3–6 days between mother’s visits (1). Maternal foraging trips and inter-nursing intervals have also been well-studied in other species, particularly in seals (2) and rabbits (3). These inter-nursing intervals are generally characterized by energetically dense milk (4, 5). A comparison among prosimian primates showed that indeed the species that “parked” their young had higher fat concentrations than did closely related species that carried young while foraging (6).