Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual effect of phytochrome A on hypocotyl growth under continuous red light

The role of phytochrome A in the control of hypocotyl growth under continuous red light (Rc) was investigated using phyA and phyB mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, which lack phytochrome A (phyA) or phytochrome B (phyB), respectively, and transgenic seedlings of Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing Avena phyA, compared to the corresponding wild type (WT). In WT seedlings of A. thaliana, hypocotyl growth inhibition showed a biphasic response to the fluence rate of Rc, with a brake at 10−2μmol m−2 s−1. At equal total fluence rate, hourly pulses of red light caused slightly more inhibition than Rc. The response to very low fluences of continuous or pulsed red light was absent in the phyA and phyA phyB mutants and present in the phyB mutant. The second part of the response was steeper in the phyA mutant than in the WT but was absent in the phyB mutant. In WT tobacco the response to Rc was biphasic. Overexpression of Avena phyA enhanced the response only at very low fluence rates of Rc (< 10−2μmol m−2 s−1). In both species, the effect of hourly pulses of far-red light was similar to the maximum inhibition observed in the first phase of the response to Rc. Using reciprocity failure (i.e. higher inhibition under continuous than pulsed light) as the operational criterion, a ‘true’ high-irradiance reaction occurred under continuous far-red light but not under Rc or red plus far-red light mixtures. Native and overexpressed phyA are proposed to mediate very low fluence responses under Rc. In WT A. thaliana, this effect is counteracted by a negative action of phyA on phyB-mediated low-fluence responses.
c-Src-dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of IKKβ Is Involved in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression*

The signaling pathway involved in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression was further studied in human A549 epithelial cells. TNF-α- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ICAM-1 promoter activity was inhibited by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (staurosporine), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and herbimycin A), or an Src-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP2). TNF-α- or TPA-induced IκB kinase (IKK) activation was also blocked by these inhibitors, which slightly reversed TNF-α-induced but completely reversed TPA-induced IκBα degradation. c-Src and Lyn, two members of the Src kinase family, were abundantly expressed in A549 cells, and their activation by TNF-α or TPA was inhibited by the same inhibitors. Furthermore, the dominant-negative c-Src (KM) mutant inhibited induction of ICAM-1 promoter activity by TNF-α or TPA. Overexpression of the constitutively active PKCα or wild-type c-Src plasmids induced ICAM-1 promoter activity, this effect being inhibited by the dominant-negative c-Src (KM) or IKKβ (KM) mutant but not by the nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) (KA) mutant. The c-Src (KM) mutant failed to block induction of ICAM-1 promoter activity caused by overexpression of wild-type NIK. In co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblot experiments, IKKβ was found to be associated with c-Src and to be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after TNF-α or TPA treatment. Two tyrosine residues, Tyr188 and Tyr199, near the activation loop of IKKβ, were identified as being important for NF-κB activation. Substitution of these residues with phenylalanines abolished ICAM-1 promoter activity and c-Src-dependent phosphorylation of IKKβ induced by TNF-α or TPA. These data suggest that, in addition to activating NIK, TNF-α also activates PKC-dependent c-Src. These two pathways converge at IKKβ and go on to activate NF-κB, via serine phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, and, finally, to initiate ICAM-1 expression.
Amyloid β up‐regulates brain‐derived neurotrophic factor production from astrocytes: Rescue from amyloid β‐related neuritic degeneration

Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glia in the brain, are considered to play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. In a cell culture study, we have previously shown that astroglial responses against amyloid β (Aβ) occur before obvious neuronal damage could be detected, suggesting the possibility that astrocytes might be an attractive therapeutic target for treating AD. In the present study, we investigated astroglial gene expression changes in response to Aβ to elucidate further the role of astrocytes in Aβ toxicity. By using real‐time PCR and ELISA analyses, we found that Aβ rapidly induced astrocytes to produce brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Aβ42 was more effective than Aβ40 in increasing astroglial BDNF production. Moreover, BDNF treatment rescued the neuronally differentiated human neuroblastoma cells from neuritic degeneration caused by Aβ toxicity. This is the first study to demonstrate that astrocytes are capable of increasing the production of a particular neurotrophic factor in response to Aβ. Our findings also identify BDNF as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing Aβ‐related neuritic degeneration. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TESTING SCENARIOS: WASP SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Abstract— A complex evolutionary model is tested with a cladistic approach. Cladograms constructed for all of the genera of social Vespidae are optimized for characters associated with social behavior. The character state assignments to the interior nodes are compared with the stages envisioned in the “polygynous family” hypothesis for the evolution of wasp social behavior (West‐Eberhard, 1978). Several of the transitions proposed in the model are consistent with the results: caste formation preceding long‐term monogyny, and long‐term polygyny developing from monogyny. Some transitions do not accord with these results: long‐term polygyny evidently did not evolve directly from a “rudimentary‐caste‐containing” stage, and a stage of tasteless nest sharing may not have occurred.
Interspecific competition between stream‐dwelling brown trout and Alpine bullhead

Density and composition of benthic invertebrates and the diet of brown trout Salmo trutta and Alpine bullhead Cottus poecilopus were studied at two sites in one Norwegian stream. The sites were separated by an impassable waterfall, and brown trout density was five to 10 times higher at the upper, allopatric site than downstream where it lived in sympatry with the Alpine bullhead. Benthic invertebrate communities did not differ between sites; however, the size distribution of chironomids and trichopterans were skewed towards lighter individuals at the sympatric site. Diet composition suggested that sympatric brown trout foraged more on invertebrate drift and from the surface than allopatric brown trout. Alpine bullhead diet did not differ significantly from brown trout diet, except that the Alpine bullhead fed on heavier individual prey within a few taxa and did not consume chironomid pupae or surface insects. The collected data support the hypothesis that brown trout living in sympatry with Alpine bullhead feed at locations with higher predation risk, which is a probable explanation for their lower population density.
Redescubrimiento de Eizia mexicana, una planta endémica de la familia Rubiaceae presumiblemente extinta

a familia Rubiaceae se caracteriza por la combinacion de hojas sim-ples opuestas o verticiladas, estipulas interpeciolares y ﬂ ores con ovario in-fero y corola gamopetala (Lorence y Taylor, 2012). Es la cuarta familia de plantas mas grande, con aproximada-mente 13,000 especies, clasiﬁ cadas en tres subfamilias, 40 tribus y cerca de 620 generos (Bremer y Eriksson, 2009). Una de las tribus que se carac-teriza por la distribucion restringida de sus especies al neotropico, principal-mente a Centroamerica, es Hamelieae (Bremer y Eriksson, 2009), que inclu-ye a los generos
Role of the Soluble Complement Regulator Factor H in Microbial Survival and Host Infection Susceptibility

10 TIIVISTELMÄ . 12 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 14 1.1 The complement system . 14 1.1.1 Recognition . 15 1.1.2 Activation. 16 1.1.3 Regulation . 21 1.1. 4 Complement receptors . 32 1.2 Microbes and complement resistance . 34 1.2. 1 Binding of host complement regulators . 35 1.3 Examples of complement evading microbes. 40 1.3.1 Loa loa . 40 1.3.2 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) . 45 2 AIMS OF THE STUDIES. 54 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 55 3.1 Materials . 55 3.1.1 Proteins and antibodies. 55 3.1.2 Recombinant proteins . 57 3.1.3 Microbes . 58 3.1. 4 Biological samples . 61 3.1. 5 Genotype data . 61 3.2 Methods . 62 3.2. 1 Immunological experiments . 62 3.2. 2 Microbiological experiments . 64 3.2. 3 Experiments with radiolabeled proteins . 64 3.3 Statistical data analysis . 66 4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS . 67 4.1 Microbial complement evasion by binding of complement regulators in vivo (I) . 67 4.2 Effect of mutation or polymorphism in domain seven of CFH on S. pyogenes immune evasion (II) . 68 4.3 Multiplication of S. pyogenes bacteria in blood ex vivo can be impaired by inhibiting CFH binding with CFH5-7 (III) . 73 4.4 Association of CFH Y402H polymorphism with S. pyogenes infections (III) . 74 5 DISCUSSION . 75 5.1 In vivo binding of complement regulators . 75 5.2 CFH binding within S. pyogenes strains . 76 5.3 CFH binding and S. pyogenes survival . 78 5.4 The interaction between CFH and M protein . 80 5.5 CFH Y402H polymorphism and susceptibility to streptococcal infections . 82 5.6 CFH5-7: a drug candidate against S. pyogenes infections? 84 6 SUMMARY . 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 88 REFERENCES . 91
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT LIGHTS IN TRAPS FOR CULICOIDES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Abstract The effectiveness of incandescent and cool white and black light fluorescent lamps was compared in traps used to sample biting midges, mainly Culicoides sanguisuga (Coq.), around Lac Serpent, Quebec, between 17 June and 31 July 1966. The ratio of the modified geometric mean nightly catches of the lamps was about 1:1:40, respectively. A New Jersey trap with a fluorescent black light is highly effective, and to some extent selective, for Culicoides spp.
Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution

The first time I observed a prokaryotic microorganism through the microscope was during my first semester as a biology student in Groningen, the Netherlands, in the end of 1969. During the introductory botany course a young faculty member named Wytze Stam showed me filaments of Anabaena with many heterocysts, hidden within the leaf cavities of the water fern Azolla (see Adams, Duggan and Jackson, 2012 for more information). Later Wytze Stam became a pioneer of molecular systematics studies of cyanobacteria (then called “blue–green algae”), being the first to apply the technique of DNA–DNA hybridization to elucidate taxonomic relationships between different species (Stam and Venema, 1977). I consider it a special privilege to have been invited to write the introductory chapter to Cyanobacteria – an Economic Perspective, considering the fact that I have never worked on economic and biotechnological
Ca RETENTION IN YOUNG PULLETS AND LAYING HENS FED A Ca47 LABELLED DIET OF DIFFERENT Ca LEVELS

Calcium is thought to be the first limiting factor in egg-shell formation. Numerous research work therefore has been carried out to investigate quantitatively the various processes involved in calcium metabolism of the laying hen. Only since radioactive calcium isotopes have become available has it been possible to follow the pathway of dietary or endogenous calcium as well as to describe the dynamics of calcium metabolism. It is not the scope of this paper to review all the well known publications dealing with retention and egg-shell incorporation of labelled calcium ; the results published in this field were discussed in detail elsewhere (B RONSCH et al., 19 67 ; L6RCHER und BRONSCH, zg67 ; SC HN EID R,rg6 7). The primary purpose of this report is to present further data on overall utilization of dietary calcium in pullets and laying hens.
Behavioural ecology of teleost fishes

Chapter 1 - Behavioural ecology of fishes: adaptations for survival and reproduction. Part 1: Use of Space. Chapter 2 - Fish migration: an evolutionary perspective. Chapter 3 - Habitat selection: patterns of spatial distribution from behavioural decisions. Chapter 4 - Territoriality. Part 4: Foraging. Chapter 5 - Foraging tactics. Chapter 6 - Diet selection. Part 3: Antipredation. Chapter 7 - Avoiding and deterring predators. Chapter 8 - Evading predators. Part 4: Reproduction. Chapter 9 - Mating systems and sex allocation. Chapter 10 - Sexual selection. Chapter 11 - Parental care. Part 5: Ecological Implications of Individual Behaviour. Chapter 12 - Flexibility in fish behaviour: consequences at the population and community levels
Ecological principles of species distribution models: the habitat matching rule

Most species distribution models (SDMs) assume that habitats are closed, stable and without competition. In that environmental context, it is ecologically correct to assume that members of a species will be distributed in direct relation to the suitability of the habitat, that is, according to the so‐called habitat matching rule. This paper examines whether it is possible to maintain the assumption of the habitat matching rule in the following circumstances: (1) when habitats are connected and organisms can move between them, (2) when there are disturbances and seasonal cycles that generate instability, and (3) when there is inter‐specific and intra‐specific competition. Here I argue that it is possible as long as the following aspects are taken into account. In open habitats at equilibrium, in which habitat selection and competition operate, the habitat matching rule can be applied in some conditions, while competition tends to homogenize the species distribution in other environmental contexts. In the latter case, two methods can be used to incorporate these effects into SDMs: new parameters can be incorporated into the response functions, or the occurrence of proportions of categories of individuals (adult/young, male/female, or dominant/subordinate species in guilds) can be used instead of the occurrence of organisms. The habitat matching rule is not fulfilled in non‐equilibrium environments. The solution to this problem lies in the design of SDMs with two strategies that depend on scale. Locally, the disequilibrium can be encapsulated using average environmental conditions, with sufficiently large cells (in the case of metapopulations) and/or long enough sampling periods (in the case of seasonal cycles). At coarse scales, the use of presence‐only models can in some cases avoid the destabilizing effect of catastrophic historical processes. The matching law is a strong assumption of SDMs because it is based on population ecology theory and the principle of evolution by natural selection.
Effects of alginate edible coating on quality and antioxidant properties in sweet cherry during postharvest storage

Two sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) cultivars (“Big Lory” and “Grace Star”), were treated with 1%, 3% and 5% sodium alginate as an edible coating before storage. Analytical determinations were made after 7, 14 and 21 days of storage at 4°C. Cherries were analyzed for the following quality parameters: firmness, weight loss, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, external color, anthocyanin content, phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. Alginate treatment at 3% delayed changes in most of the ripening parameters, weight and acidity losses, softening and color changes. However, the soluble solids content was not affected by the alginate fruit coating. In terms of the antioxidant properties, no significant results were obtained with the use of the alginate coating. The results of this study suggest that alginate treatments at 1% and 3% could be used as natural postharvest treatments in cherry cultivars with the aim of delaying the postharvest ripening process and maintaining fruit quality.
The Impact of Investment on Climate Change: The Case Study of Cambodia

Climate change has been mentioned as priority issues which government try to handle it with carefulness and suitability with growth and FDIs. The mainstreaming climate change might be converted into sub-national planning scale extremely identified. This include of the Strategic Framework for both centralization and decentralisation under the National Program for Sub National Democratic Development, So the development of a guideline for mainstreaming climate change into sub-national planning being improved via the capacity building process. Importantly, policymakers have access to initial information on the costs of climate change. Currently programs based approaches and community level interventions are conducted through multiple funds and supports but it’s still limited. In this paper will take seriously observation in qualitative methods which renews the ideals and conclusions to be norm for other relates in Cambodia. In early 2016, in Cambodia, the climate change has been serious step by step via weather changed and drought in some places as in rural areas and some animals, buildings, forests or infrastructures and natural resources were smashed seriously while investment boosted remarkably. The government might try to find some ironical tools to bear with and due to Stern, 2009: key policy instruments shaping incentives include taxes, trading based on the allocations of property rights, and regulation, where aggregate emissions targets are used . These environmental Cambodia policies should foster to expend with climate change projects especially NAPA and disaster project management and to make up more public investments on green infrastructures in some critical areas in order to help the green agriculture system and health with harmonization zone by elimination of climate change impacts to their areas. Boosting this National Programme for Sub National Democratic Development will be helpful to Climate Change Technical Team (CCTT) to his framework and conducted better in sub-National democratic development norm with single information window to people or vulnerable areas of Cambodia.
Phytochemical and nutritional profile of Murraya Koenigii (Linn) Spreng leaf

Murraya koenigii (Linn) Spreng has been used for flavouring and spicing of food since ancient time. Its medicinal value has also been identified. This work investigated the phytochemical screening, proximate composition, vitamin and mineral contents of the plant leaves using standard procedures. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of the bioactive constituents comprising flavonoid 7.43 ± 0.03%, phenols 4. 25 ± 0.04%, saponins 2.50 ± 0.01%, alkaloids 1.90 ± 0.01%, tannins 0.86 ± 0.02% and glycosides 0.11 ± 0.01%. The proximate composition was found to be as follows; carbohydrate 39.44 ± 0.04%, moisture content 23.42 ± 0.10%, crude fibre 6.30 ± 0.05%, ash content15.60 ± 0.21%, fats 6.48 ± 0.22% and protein 8.38 ± 0.02%. The analysis of the vitamin content showed the presence of vitamin A (β-carotene) 6.04 ± 0.02 mg/100g, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 0.04 ± 0.002 mg/100g, thiamin 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/100g, riboflavin 0.09 ± 0.001mg/100g, niacin 2.73 ± 0.02 mg/100g and vitamin E 0.03mg/100g. The plant leaf was found to contain some important minerals; Calcium 19.75 mg/100g, magnesium 49.06 ± 0.02 mg/100g, sodium 16.50 ± 0.21 mg/100g, potassium and zinc 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/100g each. Curry plant leaves contain some substantial amount of important phytochemicals which possess anti-oxidant properties and some nutritive vitamins and minerals thus supporting its use as medicinal plant and as food flavoring and spicing condiment.
Structure of the Primary Shoot of Ephedra viridis Cov.

The internodal vasculature in Ephedra viridis Cov. consists of eight vascular bundles: four leaf traces and four axial bundles. In the nodal plexus, the four leaf traces diverge into the leaves, two per leaf. As they continue upward, the axial bundles on either side of the stem fuse for a short distance and then separate. Above this level, but still in the nodal region, the four axial bundles divide, giving rise to four small branch traces, which diverge into the branches, two per branch. Above the node, each of the four axial bundles divides again, reestablishing eight vascular bundles in the internode. The chlorophyllous leaf intergrades from an isobilateral to a weakly bifacial appearance, tip to base. The two collateral veins of the leaf consist entirely of primary phloem and primary xylem and are bordered by poorly defined bundle sheaths, which are interrupted by transfusion tracheids and gelatinous fibers. Notable features of the node are the presence of the nodal plexus, relatively short cell lengths, numerous transfusion tracheids, and collenchymatously thickened parenchyma cells. The latter occur in the pith and interfascicular regions. In the internode, four to five layers of cortical chlorenchyma are radially arranged around the vascular cylinder. The internodal bundles are composed of primary phloem and primary xylem separated by the precursors of the fascicular cambium. Transfusion tracheids, parenchyma cells, and fibers make up the interfascicular regions. The interfascicular cambium originates in cells bordering already established fascicular cambia and spreads laterally. The transition to secondary growth begins in the node and spreads basipetally. The cambial activity of the first year produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem in the bundles, but only secondary xylem in the interfascicular regions. The secondary vascular tissue of the first year lacks rays.
The Ethanol Precipitate of Ulva rigida Protects HeLa Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Apoptosis

Ulva rigida exhibits antioxidant activity that protects against oxidative stress. In the present investigation, we conducted experiments in HeLa cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and found that the U. rigida ethanolic precipitate inhibited H2O2 apoptosis. This precipitate prevented the H2O2 stress-induced decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). P21 Bax expression was decreased in H2O2-treated cells compared with untreated cells. Conversely, p21 Bax was consistently detected in cells that were co-treated with H2O2 and the U. rigida ethanolic precipitate. Bcl-xL expression increased in cells co-treated with H2O2 and the U. rigida ethanolic precipitate compared with H2O2-treated cells. Based on the obtained results, H2O2-induced apoptosis was inhibited by the U. rigida ethanol precipitate early in the apoptotic process through the upregulation of Bcl-xL, the prevention of full-length Bax cleavage molecule and the subsequent inhibition of MMP loss, which is a crucial step in the apoptotic cascade. Practical Applications Increasing evidence from both experimental and clinical studies has suggested that oxidative stress plays a major role in aging and pathogenesis. Currently, the search for safe and efficacious medicinal plants that possess antioxidant activity has attracted particular interest. In this context, this is the first report on the antioxidant activity of Ulva rigida in a cell line: U. rigida protected the cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The U. rigida ethanol precipitate inhibited apoptosis via the upregulation of Bcl-xL, the prevention of full-length Bax cleavage to its short and potent form, and the subsequent inhibition of the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Herein, we report the mechanism by which U. rigida protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. This may provide knowledge to enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies using U. rigida compounds to treat diseases that are attributed to oxidative disorders.