Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling debris flows down general channels

Abstract. This paper is an extension of the single-phase cohesionless dry granular avalanche model over curved and twisted channels proposed by Pudasaini and Hutter (2003). It is a generalisation of the Savage and Hutter (1989, 1991) equations based on simple channel topography to a two-phase fluid-solid mixture of debris material. Important terms emerging from the correct treatment of the kinematic and dynamic boundary condition, and the variable basal topography are systematically taken into account. For vanishing fluid contribution and torsion-free channel topography our new model equations exactly degenerate to the previous Savage-Hutter model equations while such a degeneration was not possible by the Iverson and Denlinger (2001) model, which, in fact, also aimed to extend the Savage and Hutter model. The model equations of this paper have been rigorously derived; they include the effects of the curvature and torsion of the topography, generally for arbitrarily curved and twisted channels of variable channel width. The equations are put into a standard conservative form of partial differential equations. From these one can easily infer the importance and influence of the pore-fluid-pressure distribution in debris flow dynamics. The solid-phase is modelled by applying a Coulomb dry friction law whereas the fluid phase is assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Input parameters of the equations are the internal and bed friction angles of the solid particles, the viscosity and volume fraction of the fluid, the total mixture density and the pore pressure distribution of the fluid at the bed. Given the bed topography and initial geometry and the initial velocity profile of the debris mixture, the model equations are able to describe the dynamics of the depth profile and bed parallel depth-averaged velocity distribution from the initial position to the final deposit. A shock capturing, total variation diminishing numerical scheme is implemented to solve the highly non-linear equations. Simulation results present the combined effects of curvature, torsion and pore pressure on the dynamics of the flow over a general basal topography. These simulation results reveal new physical insight of debris flows over such non-trivial topography. Model equations are applied to laboratory avalanche and debris-flow-flume tests. Very good agreement between the theory and experiments is established.
Crowd Simulation via Texture Synthesis

This paper presents a crowd simulation as a novel application of texture synthesis. The motion of autonomous agents is simulated using arbitrarily complex behavior, and captured to a 3D (i.e. animated) texture. The simulation is then expanded to a much larger number of agents using texture synthesis techniques. We make use of corner cubes for the synthesis, which are an extension to 3D of corner tiles as described by [Lagae and Dutré 2006], and are similar to Wang cubes. Corner cubes have an advantage over Wang cubes in that they enforce continuity with all 26 of their neighbors in 3D space; Wang cubes are only continuous with their neighbors in the six cardinal directions, and are as a result subject to the “corner problem”. However, both corner cubes and Wang cubes offer a fast, effective method of aperiodically tiling 3D space.
Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan

A new species of Asteraceae from Taiwan, Senecio kuanshanensis C. -I Peng & S.W. Chung, a distinct member of sect. Crociseris (Reichenb.) Hall. & Wohlf. ser. Nemorenses Gagnidze, is described and illustrated. Senecio kuanshanensis is apparently rare, presently known only from mountain ridges of Kuanshan, at (2,500-)3,000-3,300 m elevation in the southern part of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan. In habit the new species somewhat resembles S. morrisonensis Hayata, an endemic congener from Taiwan, but it is clearly distinct in having longer peduncles (3-7 cm vs. 0.5-2[-3] cm), longer involucres (8-10 mm vs. 4.5-6 mm), longer corolla tube in the disc florets (4-5 mm vs. 3-3.5 mm), longer rays (9-14 mm vs. 5.5-7.2 mm) in the ray florets, and median cauline leaves that are deeply bipinnatipartite to tripinnatipartite (vs. serrate to coarsely dentate or deeply pinnately lobed).
The intronic angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene polymorphism 1675 G / A modulates receptor protein expression but not mRNA splicing

Christina Warnecke, Peter Mugrauer, Daniel Sürder, Jeanette Erdmann, Carola Schubert, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek Cardiovascular Disease in Women, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, and German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany; Medical Clinic IV/Renal Research Laboratories, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Clinic for Internal Medicine 2, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
Advances in high-field insulating polymeric materials over the past 50 years

The development of electrical insulation is closely associated with the development of electrical apparatus. Up to about 1925 only naturally occurring products such as asphalt, rubber, mica, cotton thread or fabric were generally used. Mineral oil-impregnated paper was used in transformers, capacitors, and underground cables at voltages up to 69 kV [1]. Then the first synthetic insulating materials, namely phenolic (Bakelite®) and alkyd (saturated polyester) resins, were used in insulating varnishes. Polyvinylchloride was introduced in 1936 to replace natural rubber in underground cable and house wiring, but in spite of tremendous advances in compounding polyvinylchloride to improve its properties, the electrical losses could not be reduced sufficiently. It was restricted to LV applications up to a few kilovolts. A variety of synthetic elastomers was used to replace natural rubber for HV applications, e.g., butyl rubber in the 1940s and ethylene-propylene rubber later on. Epoxy and polyester resins became available around 1945 and were first used for molding and encapsulation of electronic components, then mostly in laminated form as electrical insulation for LV applications [2]. Increased knowledge of the chemistry of insulating materials, and improved processing, then led to the availability of a large number of plastic materials such as polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, suitable in thin film form for capacitor applications. These thin films could work at high electrical stresses or, put more practically, at minimal dielectric thickness appropriate to the capacitor working voltage. Thin films (<;10 μm) of these materials have intrinsic electric strengths in the range 500 to 1,100 V/μm at room temperature, probably 2 to 10 times higher than the average breakdown strength of plastic-film capacitors at the time [3]. Polyethylene-insulated of electrical energy, a statement that is still valid today and certainly will remain valid in the future. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the research carried out over the last 50 years that has contributed to the development of high-field polymer dielectric materials in a broad sense. During this time thermoplastic polymers have been used in a large variety of electrical systems, e.g., cables, capacitors, transformers, bushings, electrical machines, and accessories operating in a large variety of environments (space, nuclear, thermal, etc.). Progress has been highly nonlinear in time, entangled with progress in material sciences, our understanding of the electrical properties of insulating polymers, and advances in material processing. We emphasize what are, in our view, the main features.
Investigating the impact of uneven magnetic flux density distribution on core loss estimation

There are several approaches for loss estimation in magnetic cores, and all these approaches highly rely on accurate information about flux density distribution in the cores. It is often assumed that the magnetic flux density evenly distributes throughout the core and the overall core loss is calculated according to an effective flux density value and the macroscopic dimensions of the cores. However, the flux distribution in the core can alter by core shapes and/or operating conditions due to nonlinear material properties. This paper studies the element-wise estimation of the loss in magnetic cores. FEM has been used to investigate the flux density distribution in the core and the loss has been estimated considering this distribution. Finally, comparative results are shown between the classical macroscopic core loss estimation using effective dimensions and the element-wise loss estimation. The presented work in this paper has been carried out for two common excitation waveforms in power electronics applications, sinusoid and square-wave and for two different core shapes, toroid and E-cores. Results show that ±10% discrepancy should be expected in loss estimation of the core using effective dimensions under both excitation waveforms.
Designing a Centrifugal Pump System for High Altitude Water Crises

Glacial melting in the Andes Mountains is creating a need for a reliable local water source, therefore necessitating the development of a water treatment and pump system. A double-ring shrouded impeller was utilized in the design to maximize efficiency. A parametric mathematical model presented a variety of specifications for an upscaled pump system that could be used to ensure the pumping of water up to a height of one kilometer. Location-specific renewable energy sources, preferably solar chimneys, would be used to minimize long-term cost. In application, viable treatment and filtration methods would use local materials like limestone to ensure high water quality. With further development, said treatment methods could be implemented alongside an upscaled impeller and pipe system.
XBP-1 Is Essential for Tumor Angiogenesis in MEF Cells and in Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 Cells

PURPOSE: Tumors encounter endoplasmic reticulum stress during tumor growth and activate an adaptive pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Because this pathway is induced by the tumor microenvironment, it is a promising target for cancer therapy. We have previously demonstrated that X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), a key regulator of the UPR, was required for survival under hypoxia and critical for tumor growth in tumor xenografts. In this study, we investigated the role of XBP-1 in regulating tumor angiogenesis. METHODS: We used an intradermal angiogenesis model to quantify the effect of XBP-1 on angiogenesis. We also used a human tumor xenograft model to assay for tumor growth delay. We determined vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. Finally, we stained human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens for XBP-1 expression and correlated the expression pattern of XBP-1 with CD31 (endothelial cell marker) expression. RESULTS: We demonstrated that XBP-1 is essential for angiogenesis during early tumor growth. Inhibiting XBP-1 expression by short-hairpin RNA sequence specific for XBP-1 reduced blood vessel formation in tumors from mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and human fibrosarcoma tumor cells (HT1080). Expressing a dominantnegative form of IRE1α also reduced blood vessel formation in tumors. Moreover, expression of spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) restored angiogenesis in IRE1α dominant-negative expressing cells. We further demonstrated that XBP1–mediated angiogenesis does not depend on VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the IRE1α–XBP-1 branch of the UPR modulates a complex proangiogenic, VEGF-independent response that depends on signals received from the tumor microenvironment. Translational Oncology (2009) 2, 31–38 Address all correspondence to: Albert C. Koong, 269 Campus Dr West, CCSR-1245C, Stanford, CA 94305-5152. E-mail: akoong@stanford.edu This work was supported by PO1 CA67166 (Q.T.L. and A.C.K.). This article refers to supplementary materials, which are designated by Figures W1 to W3 and are available online at www.neoplasia. com. Received 11 November 2008; Revised 31 December 2008; Accepted 6 January 2009 Copyright © 2009 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved 1944-7124/09/$25.00 DOI 10.1593/tlo.0821
The impact of climate change and other factors on zoonotic diseases

Approximately 60% of emerging human pathogens are zoonoses. The complex nature of the human-animal interface is constantly influenced by the effects of climate change, anthropogenic and natural factors. Geoclimatic change most markedly affects zoonotic diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors. Travel, tourism and trade are the major human factors impacting the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. The re-emergence of zoonotic diseases is also driven by pathogen adaptation and animal migration. All these factors converge to make zoonotic diseases such as West Nile fever and Lyme disease of great public health concern in the developed world. However, the effects of climate change are predicted to be worse for the developing world where challenging socioeconomic and political environments are exacerbated by a lack of epidemiological studies on zoonotic diseases.
Achieving locally minimal burst blocking in OBS networks with delayed scheduling

This paper deals with the burst scheduling problem in bufferless, burst-switched WDM networks. We present a control architecture and an optimal online scheduling algorithm that achieve theoretically minimal burst blocking in OBS core nodes. Using simulation, we evaluate the blocking benefit of optimal delayed scheduling over simple first-come-first serve scheduling. We find that the reduction in blocking that can be realized from minimal-loss scheduling depends strongly on the variability of input burst lengths, ranging from no benefit for constant burst length to a reduction of an order of magnitude for highly variable burst lengths
1 Mucosal Expression of Claudins in Celiac Disease

Dorottya Nagy-Szakál1, Hajnalka Győrffy2, Katalin Eszter Müller1, Kriszta Molnár1, Ádám Vannay1,3, Erna Sziksz1,3, Beáta Szebeni1,3, Mária Papp4, András Arató1 and Gábor Veres1 1First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 2Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 3Research Group for Pediatrics and Nephrology, Semmelweis University and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 4Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Integration of Transcriptomic Profiling , Genome-wide Association , and Network Biology Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Blood Pressure Regulation

Tianxiao Huan, Qingying Meng, Mohamed A. Saleh, Allison E. Norlander, Roby Joehanes, Jun Zhu, Brian H. Chen, Bin Zhang, Andrew D. Johnson, Saixia Ying, Paul Courchesne, Nalini Raghavachari, Richard Wang, Poching Liu, The International Consortium for Blood Pressure GWAS (ICBP), Christopher J. O'Donnell, Ramachandran Vasan, Peter J. Munson, Meena S. Madhur, David G. Harrison, Xia Yang, and Daniel Levy
THE FUNCTIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF NASOALVEOLAR CLIVUS LENGTH IN ANTHROPOID PRIMATES

The nasoalveolar clivus or subnasal clivus is the sagittally-located portion of the cranium that extends from the site of the anterior attachment of the nasal septum to the margin of the premaxillae at the osteometric point alveolar. In humans, the structure is the vertically-oriented area superior to the upper incisors and inferior to the nasal aperture, underlying the philtrum of the soft tissue. In the majority of primates the structure is formed by the premaxilla, which contain the roots of the upper incisors. Diversity in the relative length of the nasoalveolar clivus is evident among extant primates, with some taxa having a deep clivus and others a relatively short clivus. There is currently no comparative account of nasoalveolar clivus variation among primates. Reviewing the literature reveals that the feature is seldom referred to and little prior research has considered clivus depth as an informative variable in the phylogenetic analysis of the primate cranium. The aim of the present research is to investigate whether clivus depth is significantly different among anthropoid primates and to explore the possible structural and functional factors that influence clivus size. This research shows that the relationship between clivus size and body mass among anthropoid primates does not scale isometrically and that variations in clivus size relative to other traits appear to represent divergent specializations among anthropoids. Analyzing clivus depth measurements from 400 specimens representing 20 anthropoid taxa, the study examines clivus depth in relation to body mass and anterior tooth size, showing that functional constraints from masticatory stresses in the midface appear to influence clivus size. Further, the effects of allometric growth in clivus development and the influence of dietary adaptations are considered with regard to possible specializations in clivus size among Platyrrhini, Cercopithecidae, and Hominoidea. A better understanding of the relationship between these structural-functional variables will potentially have implications for interpreting
Review on cyber vulnerabilities of communication protocols in industrial control systems

With the progress of the energy system integration, industrial control system (ICS) plays a more significant role in monitoring and controlling critical infrastructures. The main function of ICS is to gather real-time data, realize device automation, and supervise the system. To achieve this goal, a number of communication protocols have been designed. However, deficiencies of protocol implementation can bring in unintentional risks. In this paper, communication protocols used in ICS are reviewed and analyzed such as DNP3, Modbus, IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 61850, IEC 61400-25 as well as IEEE C37.118. Then, we present a taxonomy on cyber vulnerabilities of the protocols, along with several typical attacks and countermeasures.
Terrestrial lightwave systems

Lightwave is one of the three foundation technologies of AT&T's vision of universal information services. The growth in the telecommunications use of glass fibers could not be predicted just six years ago when AT&T deployed the FT3 system, its first lightwave transmission product. Today, fiber carries digitally encoded voice, data, and video services in the terrestrial loop and trunk, as well as undersea applications. This paper focuses on terrestrial applications of lightwave systems for metropolitan and long-haul trunking. After a brief review of the progress in the last six years, we will examine the forces that drive the need for lightwave systems today and the systems we offer to meet it. We will then try to predict the future of terrestrial lightwave systems in the second half of the 1980s — the Lightwave Decade.
A service quality management approach based on QFD

Services make up the bulk of China's economy. In the article we introduce the theories of service quality briefly, such as Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (PZB) conceptual model of service quality and the quality function deployment (QFD). We also analyze some existing researches in recent years in China. Furthermore, a service quality management approach to improve the service quality is introduced. According to the approach, the data can be analyzed based on QFD. Then, the method is applied to an insurance company to improve its service qualities. In the quality table, the entire characteristics of service quality can be seen. Deploying the service qualities, people can define the service quality specifications more seriously than before. The service qualities of the insurance company have been improved.
Finite Capacity Production Planning with Random Demand and Limited Information

Production planning has a fundamental role in any manufacturing operation. The problem is to decide what type of, and how much, product should be produced in future time periods. The decisions should be based on many factors, including period machine capacity, pro ̄t margins, holding costs, etc. Of primary importance is the estimate of demand for manufacturer's products in upcoming periods. Our focus is to address the production planning problem by including in our models the randomness that exists in our estimates for future demands. We solve the problem with two variants of Monte Carlo sampling based optimization techniques, to which we refer as \simulation based optimization" methods. The ̄rst variant assumes that we know the actual demand distribution (assumed to be continuous) with which we approximate the true optimal solution by averaging sample estimates of the corresponding expected value function. The second approach is useful when we have limited information about the demand distribution. We illustrate the robustness of the approach by comparing a three mass-point approximation of the continuous distribution to the results obtained using the continuous distribution. This second approach is particularly appealing as it results in a solution that is close to optimal while being much faster than the continuous distribution approach.
Relativistic corrections to the Ekert test for eavesdropping

A degree of violation of the Bell inequality depends on momenta of massive particles with respect to a laboratory if spin plays a role of a `yes-no' observable. For ultra- relativistic particles a standard Ekert test has to take into account this velocity dependent suppression of the degree of violation of the inequality. Otherwise Alice and Bob may `discover' a nonexisting eavesdropper.
Development of Vision Based Navigation for Micro Aerial Vehicles in Harsh Environment

Safe navigation and planning capabilities are of great importance to Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) applications in different environments. MAVs are allowed to quickly access to the open sky or open area where far away from ground obstacles based on the onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Except for these areas, MAVs become more demanding for missions in complex harsh environment, such as autonomous exploration, inspection and rescue tasks in disaster areas due to their maneuverability and low cost. To complete these missions, visual navigation for MAVs has been extensively studied because of the abundant 3D information and lightweight property. In this article, a complete navigation system with a multi-heterogeneous sensor setup for visual sensing in harsh environment is proposed. Measurements of multiple RGBD visual sensors are utilized for localization in unknown harsh environment. After this, the measurement from visual sensors is fused with MAV onboard Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information through a preintegration approach to achieve autonomously takeoff, navigate and landing in unknown harsh environment. Extensive experiments have been conducted in both indoor and outdoor environments to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. Moreover, a preliminary fast navigation in challenge long corridor environment is also conducted to verify the robustness of the system.