Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of messenger RNAs encoding enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene‐related peptide in the midbrain periaqueductal grey in the rat

The midbrain periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) has numerous functional roles that include mediating nociceptive inhibition and integrating behavioural and physiological responses to potentially threatening or stressful stimuli. Underlying these behaviours is the diverse interconnectivity of this region, and it is possible that neurochemical subdivisions within the PAG reflect the functional properties of the different PAG regions. In this study, using in situ hybridization, we have investigated the distribution in the rat PAG of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding seven neuropeptides: enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SST), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). Each peptide mRNA had a distinct topographical distribution in the PAG. Preproenkephalin A (ENK) mRNA‐expressing cells were found at all levels of the PAG in three distinct longitudinal columns. Preprotachykinin A (SP)‐expressing cells were found at all levels of the PAG, principally in the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus and the lateral and dorsal PAG. There was a column of neurones producing mRNA‐encoding somatostatin that extended along the rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral PAG; there were also labelled cells in the dorsal and dorsolateral subdivisions at some levels of the PAG. Galanin mRNA‐producing neurones were limited to the dorsal raphe nucleus and to a second population in the ventral border of the aqueduct. VIP mRNA‐producing neurones were found in very localized regions of the PAG, including the cell‐sparse region immediately ventral to the aqueduct and the ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. NPY mRNA‐producing neurones were localized mainly in some cells of the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. CGRP mRNA‐expressing neurones were limited to the oculomotor and trochlear nucleus. The results showed a topographical distribution of neuropeptides over the rostrocaudal extent of the PAG that is compatible with the emerging theory that the anatomical and functional specificity of the PAG is expressed in the form of longitudinally arranged neuronal columns that extend for varying distances along the rostrocaudal axis of the midbrain PAG. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementing Design Patterns with Object-Oriented Rules

ANSWER-4ESS, an operation support system for maintaining and monitoring the 4ESS switches distributed in the AT&T network, recently became the first product to use the R++ language─an extension to C++ that adds support for objectoriented (OO) rules. This article shows how these rules not only implement the intelligent behavior of an expert system, but also facilitate inter-object communication and enable frequently occurring design patterns to be implemented in a way that leads to more understandable, maintainable, and reusable code. Most of AT&T’s long-distance traffic is controlled by the 140 4ESS switches distributed throughout the AT&T network. Automatic Network Surveillance with Expert Rules (ANSWER) is the operation support system responsible for monitoring and maintaining these switching systems. ANSWER’s main purpose is to perform alarm filtering: It takes as input alarms from the 4ESS switches and outputs an alert once it has identified a problem that requires human intervention. ANSWER’s intelligent decision making and diagnostic reasoning is controlled by its expert system— the first production software written in R++, an extension to the C++ language that adds object-oriented rules. Previous work has focused on how R++ was used to implement model-based reasoning in ANSWER, by allowing each 4ESS to be represented as a hierarchical collection of devices. 1-3
Development of next-generation road services by public and private joint research

Infrastructure-vehicle cooperative system called Smartway is currently promoted in Japan. National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) under Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) plays a vital role to prompt the project under cooperation of public and private sector. Through the past experiences of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection System) and VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System), it is recognized that joint research scheme is an effective way to implement infrastructure-vehicle cooperative system so that current research and development project is also forwarded under joint research scheme. This paper covers some of the past ITS projects in Japan and current research and development of the next-generation road services.
Syphilitic chancre of the mouth

A 24-year-old man presented with a three-week history of a 1-cm painless, ulcerative lesion on his lower lip ([Figure 1][1]) and a three-day history of symmetrically distributed nonpruritic macules on his trunk ([Figure 2][2]) and limbs. He was HIV-negative and was otherwise healthy. He had
Psychiatry in South-East Asia

For the purposes of this paper the South-East Asia region has been taken to include India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. The region thus demarcated is not merely an area of geographic contiguity but also comprised almost entirely of developing countries involved in a process of social change as a result, principally, of exposure to the West. The traditional economy of agricultural self-sufficiency in all these countries is coming to be replaced increasingly by an industrial economy which is essentially tied up with world trade. Most of the countries in the region have emerged from a colonial status into independent states with a renascent and sensitized nationalism. There is in these countries abundant enthusiasm for new goals set up after achieving independence; but this is dampened with a sense of self-doubt that prevails as much amidst the leaders as amidst the led. Thus in this region a generation of people appears to be trying to outlive its history and live on hopes for a new future.
Structure and Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste

Methods of studying the submicroscopic structure of Portland cement paste are described, and deductions about structure are presented. The main component, cement gel, is deposited in water-filled space within the visible boundaries of a body of paste. Space filled with gel contains gel pores; space not filled by gel or other solid material is capillary space. Hygroscopicity of cement gel, and capillary pores, accounts for various aspects of the properties and behavior of concrete. Data on gel and paste structure are used in discussing strength, permeability, volume stability, and action of frost.
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings in client-owned ferrets: 95 cases (1994-2009).

OBJECTIVE To characterize echocardiographic and ECG findings in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) evaluated at a clinical practice. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 95 client-owned ferrets. PROCEDURES Medical records of all ferrets that had a cardiac evaluation (echocardiogram with or without ECG) performed between January 1994 and November 2009 were reviewed. Data analyzed included signalment; primary clinical sign or physical examination finding that prompted cardiac evaluation; echocardiographic diagnosis; ECG diagnosis; radiographic diagnosis (if radiographs were obtained within 1 month before or after the echocardiogram); presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) defined as pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, or ascites determined to be of cardiac origin; and any available follow-up echocardiographic or ECG diagnoses. RESULTS Valvular regurgitation (VR) was the most common abnormal echocardiographic finding and was diagnosed in 49 of 95 ferrets, of which 44 had aortic VR, 24 had mitral VR, and 23 had > 1 valve affected. Congestive heart failure was diagnosed in 17 of 95 ferrets, which included all 4 ferrets that had dilated cardiomyopathy. Of the 65 ferrets with ECG results, 26 had atrioventricular block, of which 7 had third-degree atrioventricular block and 6 had CHF, syncope, or weakness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The most frequent echocardiographic abnormality found in ferrets was VR, most commonly affecting the aortic and mitral valves. Dilated cardiomyopathy was infrequently diagnosed but was generally associated with CHF. The most frequent ECG abnormality was atrioventricular block, and third-degree atrioventricular block was often associated with CHF, weakness, or syncope.
Detecting of the Cu2+ Ion in kiwifruit using QCM sensor based on phase measurement principle

QCM(Quartz crystal microbalance) sensor can convert the mechanical vibration signal into electrical signal due to the piezoelectric effect. It is often acts as an ultra-sensitivity mass sensing device to detect the tiny mass change. The shift of the resonant frequency is the measurable parameter currently used for a rapid evaluation of this change in typical QCM applications. The linear expression between mass change and frequency shift of QCM is given by Sauerbrey, which reveals that frequency decrease is proportional to the mass that was added to the surface of the QCM. In this paper, another characterization of QCM is revealed, the phase-mass relation of QCM sensor in air-phase application is derived based on wave equation. Taking Cu2+ in kiwifruit detection as an example, changes in frequency and phase of the QCM sensor was measured respectively. By applying the Sauerbrey's equation and the newly derived phase-mass equation, the quantity of the Cu2+ in kiwifruit were calculated and compared. Experimental result shows that the phase-mass relation is agree well with that of the classical Sauerbrey's equation. The study reveals that the method based on phase measurement principle of the QCM sensor is also useful.
Non‐heart‐beating donor porcine livers: The adverse effect of cooling

Normothermic preservation has been shown to be advantageous in an experimental model of preservation of non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) livers, which have undergone significant warm ischemic injury. The logistics of clinical organ retrieval might dictate a period of cold preservation prior to warm perfusion. We have investigated the effects of a brief period of cold preservation on NHBD livers prior to normothermic preservation. Porcine livers were subjected to 60 minutes of warm ischaemia and then assigned to following groups: Group W (n = 5), normothermic preservation for 24 hours; and Group C (n = 6), cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution for 1 hour followed by normothermic preservation for 23 hours (total preservation time, 24 hours). Synthetic function (bile production and factor V production) and cellular damage were compared on the ex vivo circuit during preservation. There was no significant difference in the synthetic function of the livers (bile production and factor V production). Markers of hepatocellular damage (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase release), sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction (hyaluronic acid), and Kupffer cell injury (β‐galactosidase) were significantly higher in Group C. The histology of the livers at the end of perfusion was similar. In conclusion, a brief‐period cold preservation prior to normothermic perfusion maintains the synthetic function and metabolic activity but results in significant hepatocellular damage, sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction, and Kupffer cell injury. Transplant studies are required to establish whether livers treated in this way are viable for transplantation. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:35–38.)
Florivory as an Opportunity Benefit of Aposematism

Inconspicuous prey pay a cost of reduced feeding opportunities. Flowers are highly nutritious but are positioned where prey would be apparent to predators and often contain toxins to reduce consumption. However, many herbivores are specialized to subvert these defenses by retaining toxins for their own use. Here, we present a model of the growth and life history of a small herbivore that can feed on leaves or flowers during its development and can change its primary defense against visual predators between crypsis and warning coloration. When herbivores can retain plant toxins, their fitness is greatly increased when they are aposematic and can consume flowers. Thus, toxin sequestration leading to aposematism may enable a significant opportunity benefit for florivory. Florivory by cryptic herbivores is predicted when toxins are very potent but are at high concentration only in flowers and not in leaves. Herbivores should usually switch to eating flowers only when large and in most conditions should switch simultaneously from crypsis to aposematism. Our results suggest that florivory should be widespread in later instars of small aposematic herbivores and should be associated with ontogenic color change. Florivory is likely to play an underappreciated role in herbivorous insect life histories and host plant reproductive success.
Transaction-Oriented Simulation In Ad Hoc Grids

This paper analyses the possibilities of performing parallel transaction-oriented simulations with a special focus on the space-parallel approach and discrete event simulation synchronisation algorithms that are suitable for transaction-oriented simulation and the target environment of Ad Hoc Grids. To demonstrate the findings a Java-based parallel transaction-oriented simulator for the simulation language GPSS/H is implemented on the basis of the promising Shock Resistant Time Warp synchronisation algorithm and using the Grid framework ProActive. The validation of this parallel simulator shows that the Shock Resistant Time Warp algorithm can successfully reduce the number of rolled back Transaction moves but it also reveals circumstances in which the Shock Resistant Time Warp algorithm can be outperformed by the normal Time Warp algorithm. The conclusion of this paper suggests possible improvements to the Shock Resistant Time Warp algorithm to avoid such problems.
Contact Mechanics of Normal Tarsometatarsal Joints

Background: The current treatment of tarsometatarsal joint injuries is associated with suboptimal long-term results. The objective of the present study was to measure the contact mechanics of the tarsometatarsal joints in normal adult cadaveric feet in order to develop a foundation for more effective treatment. Methods: Six fresh cadaveric lower legs and feet were subjected to four different axial compressive loads (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times body weight) at each of five different positions. For each position, load, and tarsometatarsal joint, the contact pressures and areas were measured with use of pressure-sensitive film. Contact forces were calculated from the ratio of pressure to area. Contact pressure, area, and force were analyzed as a function of load, the specific tarsometatarsal joint, and foot position. Results: The forces across these joints ranged from 2 to 541 N, but pressures ranged only from 0.5 to 5.7 MPa. In general, changes in load and foot position, in both the sagittal and the frontal plane, were associated with changes (p < 0.05) in tarsometatarsal joint contact areas and forces. In contrast, the contact pressures across these joints varied minimally with changes in load and foot position. Conclusions: These data suggest that the tarsometatarsal joints are designed to regulate pressure in each joint by means of two mechanisms: (1) at small loads, an intrajoint mechanism regulates tarsometatarsal joint pressure by increasing contact area within the joint in response to increasing force, and (2) at larger loads, an interjoint mechanism engages to regulate tarsometatarsal joint pressure by redirecting force to other tarsometatarsal joints. Clinical Relevance: The data provide both absolute (normal contact forces, areas, and pressures) and relative (intrajoint and interjoint regulating mechanisms) performance (functional) criteria for the development of new treatments for diseased or traumatized tarsometatarsal joints.
COPD Exacerbations and Respiratory Viral Infections : A Perspective

Respiratory viruses are a major cause of concern for human population worldwide. Respiratory viral infections make it worse for patients suffering with lung diseases, such as, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Viral infections are one of the major inducers of COPD exacerbation. COPD exacerbations are associated with increased inflammation of the lung airways. Infection of upper respiratory tract contributes to disease progression leading to more severe exacerbation, longer duration for recovery from the disease symptoms and increased rate of hospitalization. As COPD is suspected to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, this review discusses the role of respiratory viral infections in exacerbations of COPD and its immunology and genetics. Our current review presents information from articles electronically searched for keywords, such as, COPD, exacerbations, viral infections. Inclusion of articles was restricted to role of viral infections in COPD exacerbations to fulfill the relevance of the present article.
Experimental behavior of single-chip IGBT and COOLMOS devices under repetitive short-circuit conditions

This work presents the behavior of single-chip insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) devices under repetitive short-circuit operations. The 600 and 1200 V nonpunch through IGBTs as well as 600 V COOLMOS (trademark of Infineon Technologies) have been tested. The repetition of these severe working conditions is responsible for devices ageing, and results unavoidably in the components failure. A series of experimental tests were made in order to determine the number of short-circuit operations the devices can support before failure for different dissipated energies. The temperature influence has been also investigated. Results show two distinct failure modes depending on the dissipated energy during the tests. A critical value of short-circuit energy has been pointed out which separates these failure modes. Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out in order to analyze these failure modes. A detailed analysis of the physical mechanisms occurring during the short-circuit failures for dissipated energies equal or lightly higher than the critical value is presented.
Spyware: Menace, nuisance, or both?

for its own operations, but there will be a distribution network they can share with others. There are lots of ways you can transport securely. You can use VPNs, for example, or you can use Secure Shell. They’re all available to transporting over XML. ” Should the PCIS architecture become the de facto method of communicating between ISACs, it could also help serve as the bridge between the private sector and the DHS. Eventually, the strategy envisions incorporating ISACs’ observations into the government’s Computer Warning and Information Network (CWIN), which will provide secure out-of-band private and secure communications, including voice conferencing and data collaboration. The 2003 federal budget calls for completion of CWIN to key government cybersecurity-related network operation centers; the possible linking of these centers to ISACs is also mentioned.
Contact allergy to styrene and related chemicals

One patient, sensitive to styrene, cross‐reacted at patch testing to 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐vinyltoluene (2‐, 3‐ and 4‐methylstyrene) and to the metabolites styrene epoxide and 4‐vinylphenol (4‐hydroxy‐styrene). It is assumed that styrene is a prohapten metabolized in the skin by aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) to styrene epoxide acting as the true hapten. Styrene occurs in nature and as a synthetic product. Vinyltoluenes (methylstyrenes) occur as synthetic products in plastics. 4‐vinylphenol (4‐hydroxystyrene) occurs frequently in different ciders, wines, foods and berries, e.g. cloudberry.
Hölder estimates and large time behavior for a nonlocal doubly nonlinear evolution

The nonlinear and nonlocal PDE vertical bar nu(t)vertical bar(p-2) nu(t) + (-Delta p)(s)nu = 0, where (-Delta(p))(s) v(x,t) = 2 P.V. integral(Rn) vertical bar nu(x,t) - nu(x+y,t)vertical bar(p-2)nu .
Time‐dependent effects of fatty acids on skeletal muscle metabolism

Increased plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) occur in states of insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. These high levels of plasma FFA seem to play an important role for the development of insulin resistance but the mechanisms involved are not known. We demonstrated that acute exposure to FFA (1 h) in rat incubated skeletal muscle leads to an increase in the insulin‐stimulated glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. In conditions of prolonged exposure to FFA, however, the insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and metabolism is impaired in skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss the differences between the effects of acute and prolonged exposure to FFA on skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and the possible mechanisms involved in the FFA‐induced insulin resistance. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 7–15, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Idiopathic Hypoglycaemia and Children of Low Birth‐Weight

Of 500 infants with a birth‐weight of 4½ lb. (2,040 g.) or less, born between September 1958 and May 1965, 480 survived the first 2 days and 9 were diagnosed by their medical attendants as having idiopathic neonatal hypoglycaemia. Of these 9, 4 were ‘dysmature’–i.e., below the 10th percentile in weight for their gestational age–and a fifth had a birth‐weight only just above that percentile.
Re: Efficacy and safety of mirodenafil for patients with erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of three multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials

We read with great interest the meta-analysis by Du et al. [1] that assessed the efficacy and safety of a new oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is), mirodenafil, for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). The meta-analysis identified three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [2–4] including 374 participants and concluded that mirodenafil is effective and well-tolerated therapy for ED. However, the main issue needed to be addressed is that whether it is reasonable to simply integrate data from the three RCTs. Participants in one trial [3] are ED patients who are taking antihypertensive medications at the same time, which is quite different from another two trials [2,4]. When we tried to find out whether the trial by Paick et al. [3] met the inclusion criteria of this meta-analysis, we found that the inclusion criteria cared more about the patients. However, inclusion criteria for meta-analysis should be focused more on study, which means studies that meet the inclusion criteria and are included in the meta-analysis but not the patients [5]. ED has a multifactorial etiology and PDE5-Is are widely used to treat the disease. However, certain types of antihypertensive agents are likely to affect the efficacy of PDE5-Is in ED patients and even antihypertensive drug itself can impact some aspects of sexual function [6–8]. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and alphablockers are less likely to cause ED while thiazide diuretics and some less selective beta-blockers (atenolol and carvedilol) may be detrimental to ED [9]. Antihypertensive medications used in Paick’s trial included almost all types and near half of subjects in the trial took more than two types of antihypertensive drug to control their blood pressure. Hence, conclusion from the trial can only be for the ED patients taking antihypertensive medication. Meanwhile, integrating data from the three trials in this meta-analysis seems to be unreasonable and might overestimate the efficacy of mirodenafil for ED patients.