Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction: An Overview

Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) refers to an incompletely defined syndrome of inflammation, reduced absorptive capacity, and reduced barrier function in the small intestine. It is widespread among children and adults in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding of EED and its possible consequences for health is currently limited. Objective A narrative review of the current understanding of EED: epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapies, and relevance to child health. Methods Searches for key papers and ongoing trials were conducted using PUBMED 1966–June 2014; ClinicalTrials. gov; the WHO Clinical Trials Registry; the Cochrane Library; hand searches of the references of retrieved literature; discussions with experts; and personal experience from the field. Results EED is established during infancy and is associated with poor sanitation, certain gut infections, and micronutrient deficiencies. Helicobacter pylori infection, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), abnormal gut microbiota, undernutrition, and toxins may all play a role. EED is usually asymptomatic, but it is important due to its association with stunting. Diagnosis is frequently by the dual sugar absorption test, although other biomarkers are emerging. EED may partly explain the reduced efficacy of oral vaccines in low- and middle-income countries and the increased risk of serious infection seen in children with undernutrition. Conclusions Despite its potentially significant impacts, it is currently unclear exactly what causes EED and how it can be treated or prevented. Ongoing trials involve nutritional supplements, water and sanitation interventions, and immunomodulators. Further research is needed to better understand this condition, which is of likely crucial importance for child health and development in low- and middle-income settings.
The Measles Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Tail Domain Is Dispensable for Viral Polymerase Recruitment and Activity*

Background: The carboxyl-terminal tail domain of the paramyxovirus nucleoprotein is considered instrumental for polymerase recruitment to the template. Results: Truncated nucleoproteins reveal that the tail domain is dispensable for viral polymerase loading and activity. Conclusion: The viral polymerase complex is capable of productively docking directly to the nucleocapsid core. Significance: This finding alters the current paradigm of paramyxovirus polymerase recruitment. Paramyxovirus genomes are ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes consisting of nucleoprotein (N)-encapsidated viral RNA. Measles virus (MeV) N features an amino-terminal RNA-binding core and a 125-residue tail domain, of which only the last 75 residues are considered fully mobile on the nucleocapsid surface. A molecular recognition element (MoRE) domain mediates binding of the viral phosphoprotein (P). This P N-tail interaction is considered instrumental for recruiting the polymerase complex to the template. We have engineered MeV N variants with tail truncations progressively eliminating the MoRE domain and upstream tail sections. Confirming previous reports, RNPs with N truncations lacking the carboxyl-terminal 43-residues harboring the MoRE domain cannot serve as polymerase template. Remarkably, further removal of all tail residues predicted to be surface-exposed significantly restores RNP bioactivity. Insertion of structurally dominant tags into the central N-tail section reduces bioactivity, but the negative regulatory effect of exposed N-tail stems is sequence-independent. Bioactive nucleocapsids lacking exposed N-tail sections are unable to sustain virus replication, because of weakened interaction of the advancing polymerase complex with the template. Deletion of the N-MoRE-binding domain in P abrogates polymerase recruitment to standard nucleocapsids, but polymerase activity is partially restored when N-tail truncated RNPs serve as template. Revising central elements of the current replication model, these data reveal that MeV polymerase is capable of productively docking directly to the nucleocapsid core. Dispensable for polymerase recruitment, N-MoRE binding to P-tail stabilizes the advancing polymerase-RNP complex and may rearrange unstructured central tail sections to facilitate polymerase access to the template.
On the Scaling Property in Fluctuation Theory for Stable Lévy Processes

We find an expression for the joint Laplace transform of the law of $(T_{[x,+\infty[},X_{T_{[x,+\infty[}})$ for a Levy process X, where $T_{[x,+\infty[}$ is the first hitting time of $[x,+\infty[$ by X. When X is an $\alpha$-stable Levy process, with $1<\alpha<2$, we show how to recover from this formula the law of $X_{T_{[x,+\infty[}}$; this result was already obtained by D. Ray in the symmetric case and by N. Bingham in the case when X is nonspectrally negative. Then, we study the behavior of the time of first passage $T_{[x,+\infty[}$ conditioned to $\{X_{T_{[x,+\infty[}} -x \le h\}$ when h tends to 0. This study brings forward an asymptotic variable $T_{x}^{0}$, which seems to be related to the absolute continuity of the law of the supremum of X.
Abstract and Concrete Concepts According to Word Association

and Concrete Concepts According to Word Association Daniel Nedjadrasul The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Ken McRae The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Psychology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science © Daniel Nedjadrasul 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib. uwo.ca/etd Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Nedjadrasul, Daniel, "Abstract and Concrete Concepts According to Word Association" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4765. https://ir.lib. uwo.ca/etd/4765 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact wlswadmin@uwo.ca.
The Swiss innovation system: Past - present - future

According to the European Innovation Survey Switzerland is the innovation leader in Europe. The country thereby surpasses countries such as Germany, Finland or Sweden in most of the relevant indicator areas. In addition to that, Switzerland is also rated as one of the most competitive countries in the world according to the World Economic Forum and other sources. The paper addresses the question how Switzerland managed to become an innovation leader, what the current situation looks like and how these advantages can be sustained. Method wise it is the result of an analysis of secondary data from multiple sources combined with a series of interviews and a workshops with major stakeholders in the innovation field in Switzerland. The results are presented within an adapted national innovation system framework. The most interesting question focuses on the future of the system and how the advantages created can be kept compared to emerging countries such as China or India.
A technique to study molecular recognition in drug design: Preliminary application of free energy derivatives to inhibition of a malarial cysteine protease

We present molecular dynamics studies on model complexes of inhibitors of a malarial cysteine protease. The initial model for such complexes came from the model building of the protein using its homology with other cysteine proteases and calculations using DOCK to generate new lead compounds. Some of the initial model‐built structures were quite stable for 100 psec of dynamics; others moved significantly from their model‐built orientation. We also calculated the free energy derivatives at each atom in the inhibitor, both in water and in the binding site. The results of these calculations suggest directions for the design of new, more potent enzyme inhibitors and agree qualitatively with some of the experimental findings. Nonetheless, we stress that we have only used this methodology in an interpretive rather than a predictive manner.
Minimally invasive unicondylar arthroplasty: eight-year follow-up.

This retrospective study reports the senior author's (J.A.R.) results with minimally invasive unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA). A total of 136 UKAs were performed in 1992 for the treatment of unicondylar osteoarthrosis. The surgical technique involves a limited medial parapatellar incision that reduces perioperative morbidity and bone preparation techniques that emphasize preservation of bone for future arthroplasty procedures. At 8 years, 4% of Ahlback stage 2 and 3 patients had undergone revision. Minimally invasive UKA provides a low morbidity alternative treatment for symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis.
Caring for a child with Juvenile Huntington’s Disease: helpful and unhelpful support

There has been little research into the psychosocial impact of Juvenile Huntington’s Disease on the child and family. This study investigates the social and health care needs of those affected by Juvenile Huntington’s Disease. Ten semi-structured interviews with carers were analysed using the qualitative methodology interpretative phenomenological analysis. This article reports three themes on the social support that families received. The first theme describes how parents perceived the support that they received from family and friends. The second and third themes describe how parents perceived helpful and unhelpful experiences of professional support. This corresponds to the view that social support is a ‘double-edged sword’, which can both ameliorate the effects of, and be a source of, stress. This information should be useful to those supporting the family of a child with a chronic or terminal illness.
Surface proteins of Schistosoma mansoni and their expression during morphogenesis

Surface components of Schistosoma mansoni have been identified by lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed iodination. Cercariae have a simple labeling pattern in comparison to schis‐ tosomula. Transformation of cercariae to schistosomula results in the loss of a low molecular weight material which may be the glycocalyx, and the appearance of many more labeled proteins. Mechanical conversion of cercariae to schistosomula requires subsequent incubation at 37 °C for more than 1 h to give the full surface‐labeling pattern of schistosomula. The majority of proteins found on schistosomula appear to be present throughout the remaining part of the developmental cycle, although adult male worms had only low levels of these antigens, and female worms had virtually no detectable surface antigens. The low level of expression of schistosome antigen could be caused by adsorbed host antigen, although no evidence for adsorbed host protein was found, or by a reduced level of antigens present on the worm surface. The low level of schistosome antigen could have a role in the resistance of adult worms to the host's immune response.
Inactivation of CDK2 is synthetically lethal to MYCN over-expressing cancer cells

Two genes have a synthetically lethal relationship when the silencing or inhibiting of 1 gene is only lethal in the context of a mutation or activation of the second gene. This situation offers an attractive therapeutic strategy, as inhibition of such a gene will only trigger cell death in tumor cells with an activated second oncogene but spare normal cells without activation of the second oncogene. Here we present evidence that CDK2 is synthetically lethal to neuroblastoma cells with MYCN amplification and over-expression. Neuroblastomas are childhood tumors with an often lethal outcome. Twenty percent of the tumors have MYCN amplification, and these tumors are ultimately refractory to any therapy. Targeted silencing of CDK2 by 3 RNA interference techniques induced apoptosis in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines, but not in MYCN single copy cells. Silencing of MYCN abrogated this apoptotic response in MYCN-amplified cells. Inversely, silencing of CDK2 in MYCN single copy cells did not trigger apoptosis, unless a MYCN transgene was activated. The MYCN induced apoptosis after CDK2 silencing was accompanied by nuclear stabilization of P53, and mRNA profiling showed up-regulation of P53 target genes. Silencing of P53 rescued the cells from MYCN-driven apoptosis. The synthetic lethality of CDK2 silencing in MYCN activated neuroblastoma cells can also be triggered by inhibition of CDK2 with a small molecule drug. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, at clinically achievable concentrations induced MYCN-dependent apoptosis. The synthetically lethal relationship between CDK2 and MYCN indicates CDK2 inhibitors as potential MYCN-selective cancer therapeutics.
Mobil Uygulamalarin Kalite Ozelliklerinin Olcumu

Since it is difficult to measure the (external) quality attributes of a software product directly, an evaluation is made by using some software metrics that represent the value of related internal quality attributes. The objective of this work is to answer the research question – which has not been studied much in the literature yet – of whether the quality attributes of an application will be similar in its desktop and mobile versions. Four open-source applications having both desktop and mobile versions have been studied: AdBlock, KeePass, Telegram and Zulip. First, the source code of these applications was evaluated using Chidamber & Kemerer (CK) object-oriented metric set/suite. DIT, PLOC, WMC, CBO, NOC and RFC metrics from the CK metric set were collected for both versions using the “Understand” static code analysis tool. Then the measurement results for both applications have been reviewed by a comparative analysis to find an answer for our research question.
A specific point mutant at position 1 of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide displays a hemifusion phenotype.

We showed previously that substitution of the first residue of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) fusion peptide Gly1 with Glu abolishes fusion activity. In the present study we asked whether this striking phenotype was due to the charge or side-chain volume of the substituted Glu. To do this we generated and characterized six mutants with substitutions at position 1: Gly1 to Ala, Ser, Val, Glu, Gln, or Lys. We found the following. All mutants were expressed at the cell surface, could be cleaved from the precursor (HA0) to the fusion permissive form (HA1-S-S-HA2), bound antibodies against the major antigenic site, bound red blood cells, and changed conformation at low pH. Only Gly, Ala, and Ser supported lipid mixing during fusion with red blood cells. Only Gly and Ala supported content mixing. Ser HA, therefore, displayed a hemifusion phenotype. The hemifusion phenotype of Ser HA was confirmed by electrophysiological studies. Our findings indicate that the first residue of the HA fusion peptide must be small (e.g., Gly, Ala, or Ser) to promote lipid mixing and must be small and apolar (e.g., Gly or Ala) to support both lipid and content mixing. The finding that Val HA displays no fusion activity underscores the idea that hydrophobicity is not the sole factor dictating fusion peptide function. The surprising finding that Ser HA displays hemifusion suggests that the HA ectodomain functions not only in the first stage of fusion, lipid mixing, but also, either directly or indirectly, in the second stage of fusion, content mixing.
Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the excretory system of two pelagic opisthobranch species (Gastropoda: Gymnosomata and Thecosomata).

The microanatomy and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Pneumoderma sp. (Gymnosomata) and Creseis virgula Rang, 1828 (Thecosomata) have been investigated by means of semithin serial sections, reconstructions and transmission electron microscopy. The studies revealed a functional metanephridial system consisting of a heart with a single ventricle and auricle in a pericardial cavity and a single kidney in both species. Podocytes in the atrial wall of the pericardial epithelium are the site of ultrafiltration, whereas the flat epithelium of the kidney with numerous basal infoldings and a dense microvillous border on the luminal surface suggests modification of the ultrafiltrate. In Pneumoderma sp. , additional loci of ultrafiltration with identical fine structure (meandering slits with diaphragms covered by extracellular matrix) occur in the solitary rhogocytes (pore cells). The presence of podocytes situated on the atrial wall in representatives of two higher opisthobranch taxa contradicts former ideas on the loss of the primary site of ultrafiltration in the ancestors of the Opisthobranchia.
Resolution Improvement of All-Optical Analog-to-Digital Conversion Employing Self-frequency Shift and Self-Phase-Modulation-Induced Spectral Compression

We demonstrate and investigate resolution improvement of optical quantization using soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) and optical coding using optical interconnection for an all-optical analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). Incorporating spectral compression into the optical quantization allows us to improve the resolution bit according to the spectral compression ratio with keeping its throughput. The proposed scheme consists of optical quantization using SSFS and self-phase modulation (SPM) induced spectral compression and optical coding using optical interconnection based on a binary conversion table. In optical quantization, the powers of input signals are discriminated by referring to the center wavelengths after the SSFS. The compression of the spectral width allows us to emphasize the differences of their center wavelengths, and improve the number of resolution bits. Optical interconnection generates a bit-parallel binary code by appropriate allocation of a level identification signal, which is provided as a result of optical quantization. Experimental results show the eight periods transfer function, that means, the four read-out bit operation of the proposed scheme in binary code. Simulation results indicate that the proposed optical quantization has the potential of 100 GS/s and 4-b resolution, which could surpass the electrical bandwidth limitations.
Implicación de la memoria de trabajo en la heterogeneidad clínica y el rendimiento neurocognitivo del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad

El bajo rendimiento neuropsicologico en algunas de las dimensiones de la memoria de trabajo que presentan los sujetos con Trastorno por Deficit de Atencion con Hiperactividad (TDAH), especialmente las relativas a las areas fonologica y visoespacial, ha sido considerado uno de deficits en las funciones ejecutivas implicadas en el TDAH. En este sentido, se ha sugerido que este patron de rendimiento deficitario en la memoria de trabajo podria caracterizar un posible endofenotipo del TDAH. Sin embargo, todavia permanecen dudas respecto al grado de implicacion de las principales areas de la memoria de trabajo (fonologica versus visuoespacial), y la extension de dichos deficits. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la relacion entre la heterogeneidad clinica y el rendimiento neurocognitivo, a partir de una bateria de tareas neuropsicologicas que miden diferentes modalidades de la memoria de trabajo, en base al marco teorico propuesto por Baddeley y Hitch. Se selecciono un grupo clinico ( n = 75, 78,6% varones) y otro control ( n = 75, 75,2% varones), constituidos por sujetos de ambos generos y dentro de un rango de edad de 8 a 14 anos. Se llevaron a cabo seis tareas, unas a traves de nuevas tecnologias y otras de lapiz y papel. El diagnostico previo de TDAH fue confirmado a traves de la escala ADHD-RS-IV actualizada a criterios DSM-V para corroborar la presencia de criterios diagnosticos del DSM en el momento del estudio. En el estudio, se discuten los resultados obtenidos, asi como las posibles implicaciones a nivel clinico y experimental que puedan derivarse de los mismos.
THE HUNGARIAN TRANSYLVANIA: SYMBOLIC RECONSTRUCTION OF LOST TERRITORIES

This study is about how Transylvania, the multiethnic region that was once part of the Hungarian Kingdom and later the Habsburg Empire and the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy and which since 1920 has been part of Romania, was rediscovered by Hungarians over the past twenty years. More precisely, it examines what the Transylvania that citizens of Hungary discovered and created was like in Hobsbawm’s sense of the invention of traditions. The theoretical focus of my analysis is the symbolic construction of places through discourses and performative acts of identification and occupation. My primary claim is that the restoration of a territorial approach to the nation, a national re-territorialization, is taking place in rediscovered Transylvania, accompanied by a new discourse of national authenticity.
Application of wireless electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure stress in ducks

Animal welfare and public perception of animal welfare is guiding animal agriculture, practices and policies. Producers are faced with the challenge of improving production efficiency and meeting environmental and animal welfare restrictions. Many of the current measures of assessment of animal welfare are qualitative rather than quantitative. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate quantitative measures to directly measure stress through evaluation of brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). Two experiments were performed to develop and validate EEG as a tool for assessing poultry welfare. In Experiments 1 and 2, White Pekin ducks were treated with known stressors including auditory, mild electric stimuli, and changes in the microenvironment (i.e. exposure to ammonia). In Experiment 1, 16 (5-10 wk) White Pekin ducks were implanted with EEG transmitters and sensing electrodes positioned on the surface of the telencephalon. Each bird was individually placed in a controlled chamber and treated with one of the above stressors while being monitored during a 15 minute (900 s) trial. In Experiment 2, 8 (5-10 wk) White Pekin ducks were treated the same as in Experiment 1 but with an extended observation time of 45 minutes (2700 s). After treatment with one of the three stressors, auditory, mild electrical stimuli, or ammonia, EEG files were analyzed both on a raw and frequency domain basis for identifiable signs. EEG analysis for Experiment 1 showed no differences between time periods for all frequencies. Experiment 2 ECG results showed no differences between time periods for all treatments. Experiment 2 corticosterone results showed differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment; however, there were no differences between treatments and no differences between treatments and control.