Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human prenatal craniofacial development related to brain development under normal and pathologic conditions

A survey is given of current knowledge of the interrelationship between facial, cranial and brain development in humans. First, normal facial, cranial (mandible, maxilla, palatine bone, cranial base, theca cranii, dentition), and brain development are described separately. Then, developmental interrelationships are illustrated under normal and pathologic conditions (cleft lip and palate, holoprosencephaly, anencephaly, amniotic band sequence). New observations are described in detail, and references are given to previously published articles. A close interconnection exists between the development of the face, the craniofacial skeleton, and the brain. This is illustrated by new observations in cleft palate fetuses and new theories about the etiology of holoprosencephaly and tooth agenesis. The survey focuses, moreover, on the importance of the face and the cranial base in endocrine development. Borderlines between face regions and cranial regions with different developmental origin are set up for future elucidation of the etiology behind syndromes involving the craniofacial regions.
Steht die Hygiene vor einem Paradigmenwechsel?

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 0120472 002; 127: 38–41 © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York Ü b e r s i c h t e n Reinlichkeit, Sauberkeit und Körperpflege waren im 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert die wichtigsten Maßnahmen der von Pettenkofer vertretenen Seuchenhygiene. Nach der Entdeckung von Bakterien, Parasiten und Viren als Infektionserreger sowie von Antibiotika und Chemotherapeutika fokussierten sich die Hygiene und die aus ihr hervorgegangenen Fächer der medizinischen Mikrobiologie, Mykologie, Parasitologie und Virologie in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf die kompromisslose Bekämpfung und nach Möglicheit sogar die Ausrottung von Infektionserregern.
Different Action of Beta‐blockers on Daytime and Nighttime Heart Rate Variability

Background: Beta‐blockers in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in those with dilated cardiomyopathy have proven to be of beneficial effect, particularly for the sudden cardiac death rate. They are also used to control various forms of arrhythmias because of the strong correlation between cardiac arrhythmias and adrenergic reaction. Heart rate variability (HRV) variables provide valuable information related to the autonornic nervous system function. The present prospective study was undertaken to investigate the effects of beta‐blockers on 24‐hour HRV.
Personality Traits Predict the Developmental Course of Externalizing: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Study Spanning Age 17 to Age 29.

The objective of the present study was to determine whether and how personality predicts the developmental course of externalizing problems, including antisocial behavior and substance dependence. In a large, population-based longitudinal study (N = 1,252), the 11 personality traits assessed by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire were measured at age 17, and DSM diagnoses of adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence were obtained at ages 17, 20, 24, and 29. We fit a quadratic multiple indicator latent growth model where the three diagnoses loaded onto an externalizing factor. This model fit the data well, and externalizing increased until it started to decline at age 24. High aggression and low control were the most significant predictors of the development of externalizing, with aggression playing a significant role in the development of externalizing across the 12-year time span, and control predicting the development from age 17 to 24. The findings highlight the importance of considering the developmental course of externalizing in the context of personality and suggest that the specific personality traits of aggression and control might be targeted in externalizing prevention and intervention programs.
Interview with a Quality Leader Brent James on Reducing Harm to Patients and Improving Quality

&NA; Brent James, MD, is executive director of the Intermountain Healthcare Institute for Health Care Delivery Research, Salt Lake City, UT, a position he has held since 1990. Intermountain Healthcare is a nonprofit healthcare organization that serves the health needs of Utah and Idaho residents. He received a BS in computer science, a master's degree in statistics, and an MD from the University of Utah, with training in general surgery. James is also an adjunct professor of family and preventive medicine at the University of Utah School of Medicine. He also holds a visiting lectureship in the department of health policy and management at the Harvard School of Public Health and adjunct faculty appointments at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans, and the University of Sydney in Australia. He is a national leader in applying quality management principles to reduce costs by improving healthcare delivery. He has published numerous scientific articles and monographs on quality theory and clinical research and represents Intermountain Healthcare on several national task forces and committees that examine healthcare quality and cost control. In 2005, James received an award from the National Committee for Quality Assurance recognizing his vision for improving the U.S. healthcare system. He also received the American Hospital Association Hospital Research and Education Trust 2005 TRUST Award. In 2006 the Joint Commission recognized James for his leadership in using performance measures to improve healthcare quality and safety by naming him the recipient of the 10th Annual Ernest Amory Codman Award for individuals.
Behavioral and structural effects of unilateral intrastriatal injections of botulinum neurotoxin a in the rat model of Parkinson's disease

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic vesicles through its proteinase activity cleaving the SNARE complex. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with locally increased cholinergic activity in the striatum. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of unilateral intrastriatal BoNT‐A injection in naïve rats on striatal morphology; i.e., the total number of Nissl‐stained neurons and the volume of caudate‐putamen (CPu) were estimated. Furthermore, stainings for markers of gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and microglia (Iba1) were performed. In addition, the potential beneficial effects of a unilateral intrastriatal injection of BoNT‐A on motor activity in the rat model of hemi‐PD were evaluated. Hemi‐PD was induced by unilateral injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle. Six weeks later, rats received an ipsilateral intrastriatal injection of BoNT‐A. Behaviorally, motor performance was tested. The total number of CPu neurons and the striatal volume were not significantly different between the BoNT‐A‐injected right and the intact left hemispheres of naïve rats. In hemi‐PD rats, intrastriatal BoNT‐A abolished apomorphine‐induced rotations, increased amphetamine‐induced rotations, and tended to improve left forelimb usage. Forced motor function in the accelerod test was not significantly changed by BoNT‐A, and open field activity was also unaltered compared with sham treatment. Thus, intrastriatal BoNT‐A affects spontaneous motor activity of hemi‐PD rats to a minor degree compared with drug‐induced motor function. In the future, tests assessing the cognitive and emotional performance should be performed to ascertain finally the potential therapeutic usefulness of intrastriatal BoNT‐A for PD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unifying Concepts in Parents' Experiences with Health Care Providers

A historical overview of the research related to parent and nurse interaction in the context of an acutely ill hospitalized child provides the pediatric nurse with information about parent needs, stressors, and activities that can guide both practice and future research. Most of the research is descriptive, with little integration across studies. Because it focuses on the inpatient setting, this research has decreasing usefulness; care of chronically ill children now occurs more often in outpatient or home settings. A new research base addresses health care relationships between professionals and parents of these children. Sixteen studies were identified that focused on the formation of relationships between parents of chronically ill children and health care providers. Although these studies addressed a variety of research questions and were based on different conceptual frameworks, the common themes of trust, information gathering, participation in care, and decision making emerged.
Redesigning a Telehealth Diabetes Management Program for a Digital Divide Seniors Population

Recent advances in health information technologies promise to significantly improve the quality of care and quality of life for individuals who are chronically ill. However, significant challenges exist in targeting Digital Divide populations who are likely to be older, less educated, and novice computer users. This article presents a framework for understanding and reducing barriers for older adults to effectively use health information systems designed for disease management. The research is illustrated in the context of the IDEATel project, a large-scale telemedicine diabetes management and education program. The framework has three interdependent foci: hardware and software systems, tasks supported by the system, and user profiles. These foci are addressed in the context of usability and training studies. The studies document the challenges faced in facilitating patients’ access to Web resources supporting disease management. The article discusses system design changes that are intended to increase participants’ productive use of system resources.
Think Positive? Examining the Impact of Optimism on Academic Achievement in Early Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE Although optimism's beneficial role for various life areas is well documented, previous findings regarding its significance for students' achievement at school are inconclusive. This study examined the relation between optimism and academic achievement in early adolescents. It investigated the functional form of this relation, addressed whether the initial achievement level moderates this association, and compared this with effects on self-esteem. METHOD We used a large German sample (N = 6,010; 53.2% females; baseline Mage = 14.1) with two measurement points over a period of 5 months (middle and end of 7th grade). Estimating LOESS curves and latent change-regression models revealed three main findings. RESULTS (a) Optimism showed a nonlinear association with subsequent changes in academic achievement: Optimism promoted academic achievement, but this positive association reached a plateau in above-average optimism ranges and a minimum value in below-average ranges of optimism. (b) The achievement level at t1 moderated this relation so that high optimism exerted a more positive effect for high-achieving adolescents. (c) By contrast, optimism had an overall positive effect on self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS The results therefore broaden the evidence on benefits of optimism by linking optimism to academic success in early adolescents but indicate only small and nonlinear associations.
HEMOLYTIC SHOCK FOLLOWING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

To the Editor:— The subject of hemolytic shock following blood transfusion is again arousing interest, owing partly to the publication of studies by Professor Hesse and his associates in Leningrad, whose work was reviewed editorially inThe Journal, June 27. The clinical syndrome accompanying and following hemolysis in vivo in man is fairly well known. During or soon after transfusion the recipient becomes acutely ill with severe pains in the lumbar region, dyspnea and cyanosis, chills, fever and collapse. The blood serum contains free hemoglobin and the van den Bergh test gives an atypical biphasic reaction within two hours. If hemolysis is extensive, hemoglobin appears in the urine. Jaundice may be noted as early as eight hours after the transfusion. The acute phase of the reaction lasts only a couple of hours. Then the patient may recover promptly or signs of grave renal insufficiency may appear. In the latter case,
Initial Clinical Cases of the Use of a NF-κB Decoy at the Site of Coronary Stenting for the Prevention of Restenosis

Background Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a pivotal role in restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the aim of the present clinical trials was to evaluate the effectiveness of a NF-κB decoy for preventing restenosis. Methods and Results The initial case was a patient suffering from effort angina who had stenoses in the proximal and middle portions of the right coronary artery. The patient received 2 stents; the NF-κB decoy was delivered to the distal site, but not the proximal site. Six months after the PCI, the NF-κB decoy had suppressed restenosis in comparison with the no-decoy transfection site. The second case was a patient who underwent single-stent insertion and decoy transfection at the same site, and minimal intimal thickening was observed at 6 month after PCI. No systemic adverse effects were observed in either case. Conclusion These results indicate the clinical usefulness and safety of NF-κB decoy transfection after PCI, but further evaluations are necessary to confirm its clinical effectiveness. (Circ J 2004; 68: 270 - 271)
The multidimensional physiological responses to postconditioning.

Reperfusion is the definitive treatment to reduce infarct size and other manifestations of postischemic injury. However, reperfusion contributes to postischemic injury, and, therefore, reperfusion therapies do not achieve the optimal salvage of myocardium. Other tissues as well undergo injury after reperfusion, notably, the coronary vascular endothelium. Postconditioning has been shown to have salubrious effects on different tissue types within the heart (cardiomyocytes, endothelium) and to protect against various pathologic processes, including necrosis, apoptosis, contractile dysfunction, arrhythmias, and microvascular injury or "no-reflow. " The mechanisms by which postconditioning alters the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury is exceedingly complex and involves physiological mechanisms (e.g., delaying re-alkalinization of tissue pH, triggering release of autacoids, and opening and closing of various channels) and molecular mechanisms (activation of kinases) that affect cellular and subcellular targets or effectors. The physiologic responses to postconditioning are not isolated or mutually exclusive, but are interactive, with one response affecting another in an integrated manner. This integrated response on multiple targets differs from the monotherapy approach by drugs that have failed to reduce reperfusion injury on a consistent basis and may underlie the efficacy of this therapeutic approach across species and in human trials.
The use of dexmedetomidine in paediatric cardiac surgery: P-79

during the levosimendan infusion from 2.0 0.67 litre min 1 m 2 to 3.1 0.68 (P 0.001), with the peak at the arrival in ICU. The increase was significant until the 12th hour in ICU (mean 2.89 0.8; P 0.001), with a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) from 1831.71 897.73 to 881.87 294.98 dyn s cm 5 (P 0.0001) at six hours. The pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) also decreased from 227.54 to 129.0 58.36 dyn s cm 5 (P 0.003). In all cases adrenaline and/or noradrenaline were also infused, but in a dose less than 0.15 g kg 1 min 1 and for no longer than a mean of 12 hours. Dobutamine infusion was avoided. Two patients died after dismissal from ICU, one from mesenteric ischaemia and one due to severe restrictive diastolic heart failure. Discussion: In our experience, the noticeable rise of systemic flow and the decrease of SVR and PVR are a major advantage for patients with severe heart failure, enabling them to overcome the very acute period and to be introduced to chronic therapy. This haemodynamic behaviour occurred in the first 48 hours in all patients, including those who later developed fatal complications. The use of other inotropic drugs was not avoided, but considerably reduced in quantity and duration. Reference: 1 Follath F, Cleland JG, Just H, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 196–202.
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: Cellular mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches

The myelin sheath that coats axons allows rapid propagation of electrical impulses across the nervous system. Oligodendrocytes (ODs) are myelin‐producing cells of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for wrapping the axons of neurons. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the CNS identifiable by white and gray matter lesions. These lesions consist of axons that have lost their myelin through an autoimmune response to myelin and ODs. Current treatments for MS target the autoimmune aspect of the disease. However, these immunomodulators do not directly enhance the process of remyelination. The ability to remyelinate lesions can be enhanced by neural progenitor cells that can differentiate into ODs and replace lost myelin, although successful remyelination is complex and dependent on multiple factors. The restoration of lost myelin might protect the axon from degeneration and restore optimal conduction of impulses in MS patients, requiring further research on proremyelinating therapies. The combination of immunomodulators and remyelinating enhancers might be the best course of treatment for many MS patients. This Review discusses demyelination in MS, the mechanisms of remyelination, and current therapies designed to promote remyelination in MS patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en la ciudad de Pasto, Nariño Colombia

Se realizo un estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal, en la poblacion adulta, mayor de 20 anos, hombres y mujeres, habitantes de la zona urbana de la ciudad de Pasto, localizada en la zona suroccidental de Colombia, sus caracteristicas son similares en alimentacion y habitos culturales al mayor porcentaje de los habitantes de Colombia de las zonas montanosas andinas, con una altura sobre el nivel del mar de 2.650 metros y una temperatura promedio de 11 grados centigrados. De una poblacion adulta mayor de 20 anos se selecciono una muestra aleatoria sistematica de 1.430 personas. Aceptaron participar en forma voluntaria, aprovechando la estratificacion de salud que tiene este municipio, distribuidos en seis sectores, sin una delimitacion clara de clases sociales. Se realizo una encuesta domiciliaria sobre antecedentes familiares de diabetes y obesidad. Ademas se evaluaron otras variables como peso, talla, indice de masa corporal, escolaridad, para posteriormente citarlos y realizar una prueba de tolerancia a los carbohidratos, con una carga estandar de 75 gramos de glucosa, en 720 personas. Se determino la glicemia mediante tecnica de glucosa oxidasa en un equipo semiautomatico cuantificando la pre y postcarga. Se emplearon para la evaluacion los criterios de la OMS y National Diabetes Data Group. Al 6,0% de la poblacion se le detecto diabetes mellitus, distribuidos en el 3,6% para mujeres y el 2,4% para los varones, siendo mayor la proporcion de diabeticos entre la cuarta y quinta decada. El 54,6% de los diabeticos tenian un IMC superior a 25, mientras que el 6,8% tenian problemas de obesidad con IMC superior a 30. Hubo intolerancia a los carbohidratos en el 5,3% de la poblacion cuando se evaluo este factor aceptando la recomendacion mundial de valores de glicemia entre 7,8 mmol y 11,1 mmol de glucosa en sangre venosa. El 22,5% de los sujetos diabeticos tenia antecedente materno de diabetes y paterno del 9,8%, siendo estadisticamente significativas estas cifras (p 0.05). En los abuelos, el 11.1% de las abuelas maternas tenia diabetes mellitus. El antecedente familiar de obesidad mas frecuente fue en la madre y en la abuela materna en el 26%; en el 17% para el padre e igual para el abuelo materno. El 44, 7% de los diabeticos detectados se conocian diabeticos y el 31,3% estaba recibiendo medicacion para su problema metabolico.
Assessing the impact of pilot school snack programs on milk and alternatives intake in 2 remote First Nation communities in northern Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND Canadian Aboriginal youth have poorer diet quality and higher rates of overweight and obesity than the general population. This research aimed to assess the impact of simple food provision programs on the intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in Kashechewan and Attawapiskat First Nations (FNs), Ontario, Canada. METHODS A pilot school snack program was initiated in Kashechewan in May 2009 including coordinator training and grant writing support. A supplementary milk and alternatives program was initiated in Attawapiskat in February 2010. Changes in dietary intake were assessed using Web-based 24-hour dietary recalls in grade 6 to 8 students, pre- and 1-week post-program, with a 1-year follow-up in Kashechewan. Student impressions were collected after 1 week using open-ended questions in the Web survey. Teacher and administrator impressions were collected via focus groups after 1 year in Kashechewan. RESULTS After 1 week, calcium intake increased in Kashechewan (805.9 ± 552.0 to 1027.6 ± 603.7 mg, p = .044); however, improvements were not sustained at 1 year; milk and alternatives (1.7 ± 1.7 servings to 2.1 ± 1.4 servings, p = .034) and vitamin D (2.5 ± 2.6 to 3.5 ± 3.4 µg, p = .022) intakes increased in Attawapiskat. Impressions of the programs were positive, though limited resources, staff, facilities, and funding were barriers to sustaining the consistent snack provision of the 1-week pilot phase. CONCLUSION These illustrations show the potential of snack programs to address the low intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in remote FNs. Community-level constraints must be addressed for sustained program benefits.
Glucose replaces glutamate as energy substrate to fuel glutamate uptake in glutamate dehydrogenase‐deficient astrocytes

Cultured astrocytes treated with siRNA to knock down glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were used to investigate whether this enzyme is important for the utilization of glutamate as an energy substrate. By incubation of these cells in media containing different concentrations of glutamate (range 100–500 µM) in the presence or in the absence of glucose, the metabolism of these substrates was studied by using tritiated glutamate or 2‐deoxyglucose as tracers. In addition, the cellular contents of glutamate and ATP were determined. The astrocytes were able to maintain physiological levels of ATP regardless of the expression level of GDH and the incubation condition, indicating a high degree of flexibility with regard to regulatory mechanisms involved in maintaining an adequate energy level in the cells. Glutamate uptake was found to be increased in these cells when exposed to increasing levels of extracellular glutamate independently of the GDH expression level. Moreover, increased intracellular glutamate content was observed in the GDH‐deficient cells after a 2‐hr incubation in the presence of 100 µM glutamate. It is significant that GDH‐deficient cells exhibited an increased utilization of glucose in the presence of 250 and 500 µM glutamate, monitored as an increase in the accumulation of tritiated 2‐deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate. These findings underscore the importance of the expression level of GDH for the ability to utilize glutamate as an energy source fueling its own energy‐requiring uptake. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.