Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of the ras gene family in mice

We compared the expression of the ras gene family (H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras) in adult mouse tissues and during development. We found substantial variations in expression among different organs and in the amounts of the different transcripts originating from each gene, especially for the N-ras gene. The expression patterns were consistent with the reported preferential tissue activation of ras genes and suggested different cellular functions for each of the ras genes.
Pain Report and Pain-Related Evoked Potentials Operantly Conditioned

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to answer the question whether pain report can be increased and decreased by operant conditioning. We predicted that the conditioned pain effects would remain significant after correction for social desirability and fantasy proneness. Furthermore, we tried to show that the neurophysiologic basis of verbal pain report, defined by pain (event)-related potentials, was affected by the conditioning procedure. Specifically, it was expected that the central recording site N150-P260 pain (event)-related potentials peak-to-peak amplitude would show the largest effect. Methods: There were 4 groups: an up-conditioning group, a down-conditioning group, an at-random conditioning, and no-feedback control group. Healthy patients received 45 calibrated pain stimuli of equal physical intensity and were asked to rate the pain intensity they experienced. Up-conditioning was established by rewarding the subject if pain report increased compared with the previous trial. Down-conditioning of pain report was achieved by rewarding a decrease in the pain score. Results: Results of the subjective pain reports clearly indicated that both forms of conditioning succeeded. Up-conditioning resulted in the highest pain scores and down-conditioning in the lowest scores with the two control groups in between them. Controlling for level of social desirability and fantasy proneness did not negatively influence these results. The N150-P260 pain (event)-related potentials peak-to-peak central recording site component also showed the predicted effect and reached statistical significance. Discussion: We concluded that the subjective report of pain as well as a specific pain-related potentials component can be operantly conditioned.
EDTA enhances high‐throughput two‐dimensional bioprinting by inhibiting salt scaling and cell aggregation at the nozzle surface

Tissue‐engineering strategies may be employed in the development of in vitro breast tissue models for use in testing regimens of drug therapies and vaccines. The physical and chemical interactions that occur among cells and extracellular matrix components can also be elucidated with these models to gain an understanding of the progression of transformed epithelial cells into tumours and the ultimate metastases of tumour cells. The modified inkjet printer may be a useful tool for creating three‐dimensional (3D) in vitro models, because it offers an inexpensive and high‐throughput solution to microfabrication, and because the printer can be easily manipulated to produce varying tissue attributes. We hypothesized, however, that when ink is replaced with a biologically based fluid (i.e. a ‘bio‐ink’), specifically a serum‐free cell culture medium, printer nozzle failure can result from salt scale build‐up as fluid evaporates on the printhead surface. In this study, ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) was used as a culture medium additive to prevent salt scaling and cell aggregation during the bioprinting process. The results showed that EDTA, at a concentration typically found in commercially available trypsin solutions (0.53 mM), prevented nozzle failure when a serum‐free culture medium was printed from a nozzle at 1000 drops/s. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of EDTA appeared to mildly decrease aggregation of 4T07 cells. Cell viability studies were performed to demonstrate that addition of EDTA did not result in significant cell death. In conclusion, it is recommended that EDTA be incorporated into bio‐ink solutions containing salts that could lead to nozzle failure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Adaptive Traffic Signal Control in a Connected Vehicle Environment: A Systematic Review

In the last few years, traffic congestion has become a growing concern due to increasing vehicle ownerships in urban areas. Intersections are one of the major bottlenecks that contribute to urban traffic congestion. Traditional traffic signal control systems cannot adjust the timing pattern depending on road traffic demand. This results in excessive delays for road users. Adaptive traffic signal control in a connected vehicle environment has shown a powerful ability to effectively alleviate urban traffic congestions to achieve desirable objectives (e.g., delay minimization). Connected vehicle technology, as an emerging technology, is a mobile data platform that enables the real-time data exchange among vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. Although several reviews about traffic signal control or connected vehicles have been written, a systemic review of adaptive traffic signal control in a connected vehicle environment has not been made. Twenty-six eligible studies searched from six databases constitute the review. A quality evaluation was established based on previous research instruments and applied to the current review. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the existing methods of adaptive traffic signal control in a connected vehicle environment and to compare the advantages or disadvantages of those methods. Further, a systematic framework on connected vehicle based adaptive traffic signal control is summarized to support the future research. Future research is needed to develop more efficient and generic adaptive traffic signal control methods in a connected vehicle environment.
Perception and Production in Pitch Accent System of Korean Jungsun

This research investigates dialectal variations of the pitch accent system in Korean. Specifically, this paper is focused on how speakers of a nonlexical pitch accent dialect are influenced by a lexical pitch accent dialect. Three experiments have participants from two dialectal regions produce pitch accent minimal pairs, and imitate and identify continua spanning pitch accent categories. Results show general correlation between productions and imitations and identifications in Kyungsang Korean speakers, and clear cases of divergence in Cholla speakers. Identification patterns suggest a variety of categorization schemes in these speakers, while their imitation results consistently indicate a lack of robust categorization.
Cognitive process modelling of controllers in en route air traffic control

In recent years, various efforts have been made in air traffic control (ATC) to maintain traffic safety and efficiency in the face of increasing air traffic demands. ATC is a complex process that depends to a large degree on human capabilities, and so understanding how controllers carry out their tasks is an important issue in the design and development of ATC systems. In particular, the human factor is considered to be a serious problem in ATC safety and has been identified as a causal factor in both major and minor incidents. There is, therefore, a need to analyse the mechanisms by which errors occur due to complex factors and to develop systems that can deal with these errors. From the cognitive process perspective, it is essential that system developers have an understanding of the more complex working processes that involve the cooperative work of multiple controllers. Distributed cognition is a methodological framework for analysing cognitive processes that span multiple actors mediated by technology. In this research, we attempt to analyse and model interactions that take place in en route ATC systems based on distributed cognition. We examine the functional problems in an ATC system from a human factors perspective, and conclude by identifying certain measures by which to address these problems. This research focuses on the analysis of air traffic controllers' tasks for en route ATC and modelling controllers' cognitive processes. Practitioner Summary: This research focuses on an experimental study to gain a better understanding of controllers' cognitive processes in air traffic control. We conducted ethnographic observations and then analysed the data to develop a model of controllers' cognitive process. This analysis revealed that strategic routines are applicable to decision making.
pp125FAK-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin creates a high-affinity binding site for Crk

Paxillin, a focal-adhesion-associated protein, becomes phosphorylated in response to a number of stimuli which also induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal-adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK. On the basis of their colocalization and coordinate phosphorylation, paxillin is a candidate for a substrate of pp125FAK. We describe here conditions under which the phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosine is pp125FAK dependent, supporting the hypothesis that paxillin phosphorylation is regulated by pp125FAK. pp125FAK must localize to focal adhesions and become autophosphorylated to induce paxillin phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosine creates binding sites for the SH2 domains of Crk, Csk, and Src. We identify two sites of phosphorylation as tyrosine residues 31 and 118, each of which conforms to the Crk SH2 domain binding motif, (P)YXXP. These observations suggest that paxillin serves as an adapter protein, similar to insulin receptor substrate 1, and that pp125FAK may regulate the formation of signaling complexes by directing the phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosine.
A case report of Klinefelter’s syndrome hiding behind pulmonary embolism

Klinefelter’s syndrome, characterized by a karyotype of XXY, is characterized by a series of clinical manifestation such as hypogonadism, small testes, gynecomastia and infertility. This condition promotes hypofribrinolysis due to hormonal imbalances and thrombophillic factors resulting in a hypercoagulability state. Rare complications include thromboembolic events and deep vein thrombosis. Here is a typical case of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with Klinefelter’s syndrome after being admitted and treated for pulmonary embolism.
Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary-artery stenosis.

BACKGROUND We assessed the relation between the severity of stenosis in a coronary artery and the degree of impairment of myocardial blood flow. Studies in laboratory animals have shown that as the degree of coronary-artery stenosis increases, the maximal coronary flow measured after maximal vasodilation progressively decreases, with a concomitant decrease in basal flow. However, this relation has not been carefully documented in humans through measurement of myocardial blood flow. METHODS We studied 35 patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease and normal left ventricular function and 21 age-matched controls. Regional myocardial blood flow in the area supplied by the stenosed artery was measured by positron-emission tomography with oxygen-15-labeled water while the subject was at rest (basal flow) and during hyperemia induced by the intravenous administration of the vasodilator adenosine (140 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per minute) or dipyridamole (0.56 mg per kilogram). RESULTS The mean (+/- SD) basal myocardial blood flow was 1.14 +/- 0.42 ml per minute per gram of tissue in the patients and 1.13 +/- 0.26 ml per minute per gram in the controls; during hyperemia, myocardial flow was 2.10 +/- 1.16 and 3.37 +/- 1.25 ml per minute per gram (P < 0.001), respectively. Basal flow was unchanged regardless of the severity of stenosis, expressed as a percentage of the diameter of the affected vessel (range of degrees of stenosis, 17 to 87 percent). In contrast, flow during hyperemia correlated inversely and significantly with the degree of stenosis and correlated directly with the minimal luminal diameter. The coronary vasodilator reserve (defined as the ratio of flow during hyperemia to flow at base line) began to decline when the degree of stenosis was about 40 percent and approached unity when stenosis was 80 percent or greater. CONCLUSIONS In humans, basal myocardial blood flow remains constant regardless of the severity of coronary-artery stenosis. However, during hyperemia, flow progressively decreases when the degree of stenosis is about 40 percent or more and does not differ significantly from basal flow when stenosis is 80 percent or greater.
Regulation of inflammation, autoimmunity, and infection immunity by HVEM‐BTLA signaling

The HVEM, or TNFRSF14, is a membrane‐bound receptor known to activate the NF‐κB pathway, leading to the induction of proinflammatory and cell survival‐promoting genes. HVEM binds several ligands that are capable of mediating costimulatory pathways, predominantly through its interaction with LIGHT (TNFSF14). However, it can also mediate coinhibitory effects, predominantly by interacting with IGSF members, BTLA or CD160. Therefore, it can function like a “molecular switch” for various activating or inhibitory functions. Furthermore, recent studies suggest the existence of bidirectional signaling with HVEM acting as a ligand for signaling through BTLA, which may act as a ligand in other contexts. Bidirectional signaling, together with new information indicating signaling in cis by cells that coexpress HVEM and its ligands, makes signaling within a HVEM‐mediated network complicated, although potentially rich in biology. Accumulating in vivo evidence has shown that HVEM‐mediated, coinhibitory signaling may be dominant over HVEM‐mediated costimulatory signaling. In several disease models the absence of HVEM‐BTLA signaling predominantly resulted in severe mucosal inflammation in the gut and lung, autoimmune‐like disease, and impaired immunity during bacterial infection. Here, we will summarize the current view about how HVEM‐BTLA signaling is involved in the regulation of mucosal inflammation, autoimmunity, and infection immunity.
The novel insertion sequences IS1417, IS1418, and IS1419 from Burkholderia glumae and their strain distribution.

Three insertion sequences, IS1417, IS1418, and IS1419, were isolated from Burkholderia glumae (formerly Pseudomonas glumae), a gram-negative rice pathogenic bacterium, on the basis of their abilities to activate the expression of the neo gene of the entrap vector pSHI1063. The 1335-bp IS1417 element with 17-bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats was found to be flanked by 5-bp direct repeats of the vector sequence. IS1418 is 865 bp in length and carries 15-bp inverted repeats with a target duplication of 3 bp. The 1215-bp IS1419 sequence is bounded by the 36-bp terminal inverted repeats of the element and 7-bp direct repeats of the vector sequence. IS1417 and IS1418 belong to the IS2 subgroup of the IS3 family and the IS427 subgroup of the IS5 family, respectively, whereas IS1419 does not appear to be a member of any known IS family. Southern blot analysis of DNAs from B. glumae field isolates indicated that those IS elements are widely distributed, but the host range of the three IS elements appears to be limited to B. glumae and some other related species such as B. plantarii. The polymorphisms exhibited in B. glumae isolates suggest that those elements are useful for molecular epidemiological studies of B. glumae infections.
Wireless Networks: Today and the Future

In recent years, the wireless LAN has evolved as an increasingly popular solution for providing wireless access to the Internet. The first part of the tutorial will discuss the basics of wireless LAN technology focusing on the physical layer, medium access control layer, and protocol stack of the wireless LAN. The integration of the wireless LAN with 3G cellular networks will be discussed next as a further development of the wireless LAN. Currently, several 3G standards have been developed and their air interfaces are based on either CDMA or TDMA technology. CDMA technology is one of the most widely adopted 3G air interfaces. WCDMA is one of the 3G standards and is standardized within 3GPP. WCDMA has two modes, FDD and TDD. The WCDMA systems and products based on Rel'99 have just started to appear to the market.
B-type natriuretic peptide predicts disease severity in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Background: In adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels correlate with dyspnoea class and other markers of disease severity. In children with HCM, symptoms are a poor guide to disease severity and no studies have evaluated the clinical utility of BNP testing. Objective: To assess the relation of BNP levels to symptoms and markers of disease severity in children with HCM. Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients with HCM (27 male, age ⩽17 years (median 13.6) underwent assessment of plasma BNP. Clinical evaluation of patients was carried out, including ECG, echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Results: BNP levels correlated with maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (rs = 0.631, p<0.001), resting LV outflow tract gradient (rs = 0.611, p<0.001), transmitral E/septal Ea (E/Eas) ratio (rs = 0.770, p<0.001) and percentage predicted maximum VO2 (rs = −0.390, p = 0.025); there was no relation between BNP and heart failure symptoms. BNP levels were higher in patients who had undergone implantation of an internal cardioverter-defibrillator than in those who had not (309 (interquartile range (IQR) 181–391) vs 50 (IQR 18–188) pg/ml, p = 0.001). BNP was independently associated with E/Eas (rs = 0.632, p<0.001) and maximal LV wall thickness (rs = 0.412, p = 0.008) on multivariate analysis. At a cut-off point of 50 pg/ml, BNP had a positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of 80% for predicting E/Eas >10 (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.875 (p<0.001)). Conclusions: BNP levels correlate with non-invasive parameters of disease severity in children with HCM, including measures of raised LV filling pressures. For patients in whom evaluation of symptoms is difficult, BNP may be a useful additional tool in the assessment of disease severity.
The heterotetrameric architecture of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a key element for the maintenance of sodium balance and the regulation of blood pressure. Three homologous ENaC subunits (α, β and γ) assemble to form a highly Na+‐selective channel. However, the subunit stoichiometry of ENaC has not yet been solved. Quantitative analysis of cell surface expression of ENaC α, β and γ subunits shows that they assemble according to a fixed stoichiometry, with α ENaC as the most abundant subunit. Functional assays based on differential sensitivities to channel blockers elicited by mutations tagging each α, β and γ subunit are consistent with a four subunit stoichiometry composed of two α, one β and one γ. Expression of concatameric cDNA constructs made of different combinations of ENaC subunits confirmed the four subunit channel stoichiometry and showed that the arrangement of the subunits around the channel pore consists of two α subunits separated by β and γ subunits.
Clinical inquiries. What is the best test to detect herpes in skin lesions?

Test ulcers with culture or PCR Genital and oral lesions consistent with herpes simplex lesions are relatively common in my practice. Before PCR testing was available, ulcers could be tested via culture—which took too long to be immediately useful—or via Tzanck smear, which helped greatly if multinucleated giant cells were seen. However, both tests were relatively insensitive. As this Clinical Inquiry demonstrates, ulcers currently should be tested either with culture or with PCR. Herpes culture is most sensitive if vesicles are still intact for unroofing.
A Snort-based approach for the development and deployment of hybrid IDS

Apart from the modeling techniques, the development and deployment of anomaly-based intrusion detection systems still faces two main problems. The first one is related to the acquisition and handling of real traffic to be used for training purposes. The second one concerns the better performance of signature-based IDS for known attacks. In this paper the authors propose the use of a modified version of Snort which results in a hybrid detector/classifier. This version can be used both during the training phase of the anomaly-based system and as a deployed hybrid detector and traffic sniffer. Furthermore, it can be adjusted to work just as signature-based, anomaly-based or both (hybrid) detector. On the other hand, this version can be used to directly sniff, classify and split the network traffic according to its malicious nature, which eases the problems related to the acquisition and handling of training traffic.
Cough hypersensitivity syndrome: towards a new approach to chronic cough

Although cough is a highly frequent motive for visiting the doctor among both adults and children in primary care [1, 2], it usually resolves spontaneously within a few days or weeks. Conversely, chronic cough, broadly defined as cough persisting for more than 8 weeks, is often a more difficult clinical situation from both diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives [3]. In many patients, the anatomical diagnostic workup introduced almost 40 years ago [4] rapidly unmasks a likely underlying cause, the involvement of which is confirmed by the effectiveness of aetiological treatment. However, in some cases, the initial workup does not reveal any convincing aetiology and cough remains refractory to treatments; the proportion of patients with so-called idiopathic cough varies markedly between series (0–46%) [5], leading authors to question whether this condition exists or is only the consequence of insufficient diagnostic workup, which should include various therapeutic trials before concluding as to the idiopathic nature of cough [6]. Whatever the answer is, such situations may be worrying, as, in parallel, chronic cough is a significant cause of quality-of-life impairment [7]. It has been hypothesised that some, if not all, cases of chronic refractory/idiopathic cough may belong to a specific phenotype and share some common pathophysiological mechanism, namely hypersensitivity of the cough reflex [6]. As such hypersensitivity is not restricted to idiopathic cough, it has been proposed that, in general, chronic cough is the result of an interaction between intrinsic cough reflex abnormalities ( i.e. hypersensitivity) and aggravating factors such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), upper airway disorders, eosinophilic airway diseases and cigarette smoke/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [5]. The term “cough hypersensitivity syndrome” (CHS) was then proposed [8] to name the …
An Incremental Object-Oriented Migration Strategy for RPG Legacy Systems

We present a strategy for incrementally migrating legacy systems to object-oriented platforms. The migration process consists of six sequential phases and encompasses reverse engineering and reengineering activities. The aim of reverse engineering is to decompose programs into components implementing the user interface and components implementing application domain objects. The identification of objects is centred around persistent data stores and exploits object-oriented design metrics. Wrapping is the core of the reengineering activities. It makes new systems able to exploit existing resources, thus allowing an incremental and selective replacement of the identified objects. The migration strategy has been defined and experimented within the project ERCOLE (Encapsulation, Reengineering and Coexistence of Object with Legacy) on legacy systems developed in RPG for the IBM AS/400 environment.