Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Separating color from color contrast.

Visual objects can be described by their color and by their color contrast. For example, a red disk in front of a white background appears "red with high color contrast," whereas a red disk in front of a slightly less-saturated red background will appear "red with low color contrast. " This paper examines the visual response to color contrast in a cone-based color space. The stimulus consists of two disks whose chromaticity and/or luminance modulate in time along a line in a DKL color space; the chromaticity and luminance levels of the two disks are always identical. One disk is surrounded by a static ring whose color is at one end of the color line, and the other disk is surrounded by a static ring whose color is at the opposite end of the color line. The disks appear to modulate in antiphase (following the contrast information), yet they can also appear to be approximately the same color (following the chromatic/luminance information). The observers' task was to adjust the color angle of modulating disks until the antiphase appearance was eliminated-creating a contrast null. Observers set contrast nulls at a color angle approximately 90 deg away from the line connecting the colors of the surround rings; this result occurred in both chromoluminant and equiluminant color planes, although two observers showed a flattening near equiluminance in the chromoluminance planes. To account for the data, I present a model that contains one pathway for color and another pathway for color contrast. I show that (1) the model correctly predicts orthogonal directions in color space for the contrast nulling task; (2) the response of the contrast pathway appears to be faster than the response of the color pathway; (3) the response of the contrast pathway may mediate detection thresholds under some conditions (a finding that can account for some of the effects of surround luminance on temporal sensitivity); (4) the asynchronous modulation can be seen even when the stimulus is blurred; and (5) the asynchrony does not require a disk-ring configuration.
Carbohydrate Sensing Through the Transcription Factor ChREBP

Carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a carbohydrate-signaling transcription factor that in the past years has emerged as a central metabolic regulator. ChREBP expression is mostly abundant in active sites of de novo lipogenesis including liver and white and brown adipose tissues. ChREBP is also expressed in pancreatic islets, small intestine and to a lesser extent in the kidney and the brain. In response to glucose, ChREBP undergoes several post-translational modifications (PTMs) (phosphorylation, acetylation and/or O-GlcNAcylation) that will either modulate its cellular location, stability and/or its transcriptional activity. ChREBPβ is a shorter isoform of ChREBP that was first described in adipose tissue and later found to be expressed in other sites including liver and pancreatic β cells. ChREBPβ lacks an important regulatory inhibitory domain, known as LID (low glucose inhibitory domain), in its N-terminal domain and is therefore reported as a highly active isoform. In this review, we recapitulate a recent progress concerning the mechanisms governing the activity of the ChREBP isoforms, including PTMs, partners/cofactors as well as novel metabolic pathways regulated by ChREBP in key metabolic tissues, by discussing phenotypes associated with tissue-specific deletion of ChREBP in knockout mice.
High-Resolution in vivo Imaging of Xylem-Transported CO2 in Leaves Based on Real-Time 11C-Tracing

Plant studies using the short-lived isotope 11C have greatly advanced our knowledge about the allocation of recent photosynthate from leaves to sinks, but delivery of respired CO2 within the transpiration stream has been recognised as a second pathway of carbon supply to leaves. Here, we use in vivo tracing of xylem-transported 11CO2 to increase our knowledge on whole plant carbon cycling. We developed a new method for in vivo tracing of xylem-transported CO2 in excised poplar leaves using 11C in combination with positron emission tomography (PET) and autoradiography. We administered the tracer via the cut petiole and manipulated the transport by excluding light or preventing transpiration to show the applicability of both techniques in visualising and quantifying CO2 transport dynamics. Irrespective of manipulation, some tracer was found in main and secondary veins, little of it was fixed in minor veins or mesophyll, while most of it diffused out the leaf. Transpiration, phloem loading and CO2 recycling were identified as mechanisms that could be responsible for the transport pathways of internal CO2. Both 11C-PET and autoradiography can be successfully applied to study xylem-transported CO2, towards better understanding of leaf and plant carbon cycling, and its importance in different growing conditions.
At the Intersection of Biomaterials and Gene Therapy: Progress in Non-viral Delivery of Nucleic Acids

Biomaterials play a critical role in technologies intended to deliver therapeutic agents in clinical settings. Recent explosion of our understanding of how cells utilize nucleic acids has garnered excitement to develop a range of older (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, plasmid DNA and transposons) and emerging (e.g., short interfering RNA, messenger RNA and non-coding RNAs) nucleic acid agents for therapy of a wide range of diseases. This review will summarize biomaterials-centered advances to undertake effective utilization of nucleic acids for therapeutic purposes. We first review various types of nucleic acids and their unique abilities to deliver a range of clinical outcomes. Using recent advances in T-cell based therapy as a case in point, we summarize various possibilities for utilizing biomaterials to make an impact in this exciting therapeutic intervention technology, with the belief that this modality will serve as a therapeutic paradigm for other types of cellular therapies in the near future. We subsequently focus on contributions of biomaterials in emerging nucleic acid technologies, specifically focusing on the design of intelligent nanoparticles, deployment of mRNA as an alternative to plasmid DNA, long-acting (integrating) expression systems, and in vitro/in vivo expansion of engineered T-cells. We articulate the role of biomaterials in these emerging nucleic acid technologies in order to enhance the clinical impact of nucleic acids in the near future.
Detecting genetic interactions using parallel evolution in experimental populations

Eukaryotic genomes contain thousands of genes organized into complex and interconnected genetic interaction networks. Most of our understanding of how genetic variation affects these networks comes from quantitative-trait loci mapping and from the systematic analysis of double-deletion (or knockdown) mutants, primarily in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evolve and re-sequence experiments are an alternative approach for identifying novel functional variants and genetic interactions, particularly between non-loss-of-function mutations. These experiments leverage natural selection to obtain genotypes with functionally important variants and positive genetic interactions. However, no systematic methods for detecting genetic interactions in these data are yet available. Here, we introduce a computational method based on the idea that variants in genes that interact will co-occur in evolved genotypes more often than expected by chance. We apply this method to a previously published yeast experimental evolution dataset. We find that genetic targets of selection are distributed non-uniformly among evolved genotypes, indicating that genetic interactions had a significant effect on evolutionary trajectories. We identify individual gene pairs with a statistically significant genetic interaction score. The strongest interaction is between genes TRK1 and PHO84, genes that have not been reported to interact in previous systematic studies. Our work demonstrates that leveraging parallelism in experimental evolution is useful for identifying genetic interactions that have escaped detection by other methods. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions’.
AMDIS Case Conference

Summary Electronic health record adoption has failed to achieve critical mass in small private practices in no small part due to lack of leadership; the challenge of cultural change; and the difficulty of adapting to new automated workflows. We present one small practice that successfully navigated these obstacles, and examine its accomplishments through the lens of organizational psychology.
Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice

The role of ethical motives in consumers' choice of organic food was investigated. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted on a representative sample of 1283 Norwegian adults. The relations between ethical food choice motives, attitudes and intention to consume organic food was studied by estimating a structural equation model. Environmental and animal rights issues had a strong influence on attitudes towards organic food, suggesting that the more people are concerned about these issues, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food, and the more likely it is that they will consume organic food. Also, political motives had some positive influence on attitudes, while religion was not important as a food choice criterion. Implications of our findings for marketers are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and Atherothrombosis

Clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease result principally from the progressive development of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent thrombus formation. The role of fibrin deposition in the acute thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries that leads to myocardial infarction has been clearly established (1). Progressive incorporation of fibrin into the vessel wall could also play a role in the development of the atherosclerotic lesion (2-6). Fibrin is a consistent component of human atherosclerotic plaques (6-9) and may contribute to plaque growth by stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation (10) and by binding and accumulating with low density lipoprotein, especially lipoprotein (a) (11,12). Hypofibrinolysis leading to decreased removal of fibrin deposits (13) would be a prime candidate for a role in the development of atherothrombosis. Reduced plasma fibrinolytic capacity accompanying atherothrombosis has been attributed to increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-I ) , the primary physiological inhibitor of t -PA and urokinase . Recen t exper imenta l d a t a have shown tha t increased plasma PAI-1 levels do indeed have a prothrombotic effect. Increased PAI-1 decreases endogenous and exogenous fibrinolysis and increases the extension of thrombosis (14-16), whereas quenching of PAI-1 activity with a specific antibody induces an opposite effect (17). Transgenic mice with overexpression of the human PAI-1 gene develop thrombosis in their extremities (18). Moreover, human PAI-1 deficiency was recently reported as a cause of abnormal bleeding (19). Clinical studies suggest that increased PAI-1 expression is of pathogenic significance and when present in plasma map be considered as a biological risk factor for coronary heart disease; locally, in the atherosclerotic lesion, it could favor a thrombotic phenomenon. This review will evaluate the epidemiological and experimental evidence for a causal role of systemic or local increase in PAI-1 levels in atherothrombosis.
Context-Specific Adjustment of Cognitive Control: Transfer of Adaptive Control Sets

Cognitive control protects processing of relevant information from interference by irrelevant information. The level of this processing selectivity can be flexibly adjusted to different control demands (e.g., frequency of conflict) associated with a certain context, leading to the formation of specific context–control associations. In the present study we investigated the robustness and transferability of the acquired context–control demands to new situations. In three experiments, we used a version of the context-specific proportion congruence (CSPC) paradigm, in which each context (e.g., location) is associated with a specific conflict frequency, determining high and low control demands. In a learning phase, associations between context and control demands were established. In a subsequent transfer block, stimulus–response mappings, whole task sets, or context–control demands changed. Results showed an impressive robustness of context–control associations, as context-specific adjustments of control from the learning phase were virtually unaffected by new stimuli and tasks in the transfer block. Only a change of the context–control demand eliminated the context-specific adjustment of control. These findings suggest that context–control associations that have proven to be adaptive in the past are continuously applied despite major changes in the task structure as long as the context–control associations remain the same.
Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Selection Signatures in Endangered Trypanotolerant West African Muturu Cattle

Like most West African Bos taurus, the shorthorn Muturu is under threat of replacement or crossbreeding with zebu. Their populations are now reduced to a few hundred breeding individuals and they are considered endangered. So far, the genetic variation and genetic basis of the trypanotolerant Muturu environmental adaptation have not been assessed. Here, we present genome-wide candidate positive selection signatures in Muturu following within-population iHS and between population Rsb signatures of selection analysis. We compared the results in Muturu with the ones obtained in N’Dama, a West African longhorn trypanotolerant taurine, and in two European taurine (Holstein and Jersey). The results reveal candidate signatures of selection regions in Muturu including genes linked to the innate (e.g., TRIM10, TRIM15, TRIM40, and TRIM26) and the adaptive (e.g., JSP.1, BOLA-DQA2, BOLA-DQA5, BOLA-DRB3, and BLA-DQB) immune responses. The most significant regions are identified on BTA 23 at the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (iHS analysis) and on BTA 12 at genes including a heat tolerance gene (INTS6) (Rsb analysis). Other candidate selected regions include genes related to growth traits/stature (e.g., GHR and GHRHR), coat color (e.g., MITF and KIT), feed efficiency (e.g., ZRANB3 and MAP3K5) and reproduction (e.g., RFX2, SRY, LAP3, and GPX5). Genes under common signatures of selection regions with N’Dama, including for adaptive immunity and heat tolerance, suggest shared mechanisms of adaptation to environmental challenges for these two West African taurine cattle. Interestingly, out of the 242,910 SNPs identified within the candidate selected regions in Muturu, 917 are missense SNPs (0.4%), with an unequal distribution across 273 genes. Fifteen genes including RBBP8, NID1, TEX15, LAMA3, TRIM40, and OR12D3 comprise 220 missense variants, each between 11 and 32. Our results, while providing insights into the candidate genes under selection in Muturu, are paving the way to the identification of genes and their polymorphisms linked to the unique tropical adaptive traits of the West Africa taurine, including trypanotolerance.
Predictors, demographics and frequency of sustained remission and low disease activity in anti-tumour necrosis factor–treated rheumatoid arthritis patients

Abstract Objectives To investigate the frequency and predictors of sustained 28-joint DAS (DAS28) remission and low disease activity (LDA) in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy and changes in responses over a 12 year period. Methods Data from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Registry for Rheumatoid Arthritis were used. Sustained remission and LDA were defined according to DAS28-ESR thresholds sustained for 6 months. The dataset was dichotomized into sequential chronological subgroups (2001–2010 and 2010–2013). Predictive variables were identified from a previous systematic review and modelled using multivariable logistic regression. Results Overall, 2144 (14.9%) and 3802 (26.3%) patients achieved sustained remission or LDA, respectively. Positive predictors of sustained remission/LDA included adalimumab (vs etanercept), greater patient global assessment, never- and ex-smoker status (vs current smoking), greater swollen joint count, more recent commencement of anti-TNF and MTX co-prescription (except in the 2010–2013 subgroup). Negative predictors of sustained remission and LDA included poor baseline functional status (HAQ), female gender, older age at starting anti-TNF, infliximab use (vs etanercept), increasing BMI and greater baseline ESR. Increasing tender joint count was negatively associated with sustained LDA only. The overall proportion of patients achieving sustained remission and LDA has increased significantly over time. Conclusion Sustained remission/LDA on anti-TNF treatment remains uncommon. Adalimumab use, greater patient global assessment, never- and ex-smoker status, greater swollen joint count, more recent commencement of anti-TNF and MTX co-prescription are associated with achievement of sustained remission/LDA. However, co-prescription of MTX was not associated with an increased likelihood of achieving sustained remission or LDA in the analysis of more recent anti-TNF responses.
Allelopathic effect of different concentration of water extract of Argemone mexicana L. on seed germination and seedling growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the water extract of Argemone mexicana L. on the seed germination, plumule length, radicle length, fresh and dry weight in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench). The allelopathic potentialities of leaf extracts of A.mexicana decreased the seed germination of Sorghum bicolor with raise of extracts concentration. The extracts also inhibited in plumule and radicle length of Sorghum bicolor seedlings with heighten of A.mexicana extracts concentration. The conclusion revealed that the inhibitory and stimulatory determine might be due to the presence of these allelochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids etc., in the aqueous leaf extracts of A.mexicana from the present study. Hence, it could be concluded that the leaf aqueous extract contain water- soluble allelochemicals. Which could inhibit seed germination; reduce plumule and radicle length of Sorghum. It is recommended that Sorghum should not be planted near to Argemone mexicana due antagonistic effects on its development.
Male‐to‐female gender dysphoria: Gender‐specific differences in resting‐state networks

Recent research found gender‐related differences in resting‐state functional connectivity (rs‐FC) measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies examining the differences in rs‐FC between men, women, and individuals who report a discrepancy between their anatomical sex and their gender identity, i.e. gender dysphoria (GD).
Therapeutic Targets in the Treatment of Allograft Fibrosis

The dramatic improvements in short‐term graft survival and acute rejection rates could only have been dreamed of 20 years ago. Late graft loss following kidney transplantation is now the critical issue of this decade. Frequently, graft loss is associated with the development of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis within the kidney (i.e. chronic allograft nephropathy; CAN). Major treatment strategies in this disorder are non‐specific and the focus of intervention has been on limiting injurious events. Following graft injury is a fibrogenesis phase featuring both proliferative and infiltrative responses mediated by chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. In particular, TGFβ has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic injury and epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT) may be part of this process. The cascade of events results in matrix accumulation, due to either increased production and/or reduced degradation of matrix. Recent investigations into the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis have suggested a number of new strategies to ameliorate matrix synthesis. While the majority of therapies have focused on TGFβ, this may not be an ideal maneuver in transplant settings and alternative targets identified in other fibrotic diseases will be discussed. Attacking graft fibrosis should be a new focus in organ transplantation.
The challenge of patients' unmet palliative care needs in the final stages of chronic illness

Background : There is consensus in the literature that the end of life care for patients with chronic illness is suboptimal, but research on the specific needs of this population is limited. Aim : This study aimed to use a mixed methodology and case study approach to explore the palliative care needs of patients with a non-cancer diagnosis from the perspectives of the patient, their significant other and the clinical team responsible for their care. Patients (n = 18) had a diagnosis of either end-stage heart failure, renal failure or respiratory disease. Methods : The Short Form 36 and Hospital and Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire were completed by all patients. Unstructured interviews were (n = 35) were conducted separately with each patient and then their significant other. These were followed by a focus group discussion (n = 18) with the multiprofessional clinical team. Quantitative data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and simple descriptive statistics. All qualitative data were taped, transcribed and analysed using Colaizzi's approach to qualitative analysis. Findings : Deteriorating health status was the central theme derived from this analysis. It led to decreased independence, social isolation and family burden. These problems were mitigated by the limited resources at the individual's disposal and the availability of support from hospital and community services. Generally resources and support were perceived as lacking. All participants in this study expressed concerns regarding the patients' future and some patients described feelings of depression or acceptance of the inevitability of imminent death. Conclusion : Patients dying from chronic illness in this study had many concerns and unmet clinical needs. Care teams were frustrated by the lack of resources available to them and admitted they were ill-equipped to provide for the individual's holistic needs. Some clinicians described difficulty in talking openly with the patient and family regarding the palliative nature of their treatment. An earlier and more effective implementation of the palliative care approach is necessary if the needs of patients in the final stages of chronic illness are to be adequately addressed. Palliative Medicine 2007; 21 : 313—322