Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the tricks alveolar epithelial cells play to make a good lung.

Building a good lung, capable of efficient gas exchange between air and blood, poses a number of conflicting problems for physiology and cell biology. One of these is the complex architecture that allows dynamic functional integration of the lung’s structural elements (1); another is the role of cells in making a very thin and yet robust air–blood barrier, the topic of this essay. From a physiological perspective, the air–blood barrier must not only be very thin, measuring no more than a few tenths of a micrometer, but also of very large expanse, over 100 m in the human lung (2, 3). However, it must be built of biologically active cells, capable of selfmaintenance and self-renewal, as well as serving several functions beyond being a passive diffusion barrier. This holds particularly for the alveolar epithelium that forms the external sheet of the barrier (4). In the age of molecular cell biology, fascinating discoveries have advanced our understanding of the biology of these cells, obtained in sophisticated studies partly in vivo, but for a large part in vitro (4–13). It is, however, important to also consider the exceptional conditions under which these cells develop and are sustained in the complex architecture of the integral functioning lung (1). In that view, the alveolar epithelium deserves particular attention, because it must form and secure the very large surface of the air spaces. The epithelial covering of the alveolar capillaries is so extraordinarily thin that it was long believed by many prominent histologists that the capillaries were “naked like a wound” (14, 15), as light microscopy could not reveal a continuous lining by epithelial cells. It was the pioneer in electron microscopy, Frank Low (1911–1998) who showed, in 1953, that the alveoli in mice and humans were lined by an uninterrupted epithelium made of two cell types: a “large” cuboidal cell with features of a secretory cell, and a “small” squamous cell that lined the surface of capillaries with very thin cytoplasmic leaflets (16). Low called the squamous cells the type I cells and the cuboidal cells the type II cells, designations still customary today. That settled the issue of a complete epithelial lining of alveoli, and it was soon accepted, even by the former proponents of a “naked” surface (17).
Is the New CEO 'Bath' Real?

Following a change in CEO, US firms manage earnings downward by adjusting real business activities and accruals. The magnitude of real earnings management is more than double that of accrual-based earnings management. These earnings “baths” are more pronounced after non-routine and external CEO successions. Because CEO turnover and restructuring are often concurrent, negative real earnings management measures can be confounded with legitimate restructuring. Our results suggest that the new CEO real earnings bath is real. A real earnings bath in the first year of CEO tenure reverses strongly, causing a temporary and significant improvement in earnings in the second year. This systematic reversal pattern is consistent with earnings management. In addition, real earnings management in the first year of CEO tenure is not associated with long-term performance improvements or positive abnormal stock returns, contrary to what would be expected in a successful restructuring. JEL classifications: C23, G30, M41
The histogenesis of eczema

From an immunological point of view allergic contact dertnatitis can he separated easily from endogenous patterns of eczema, since it involves the presentation of exogenous antigen to T lymphocytes by cutaneous Langerhans' cells (Silberberg, Baer & Rosenthal, 1976). Other forms of eczema can be classified in a number of ways (Table r), but none of these methods satisfy all our requirements. The morphology of individual lesions provides a primitive sort of classification, but since lesions at different ends of the spectrum may coexist in the same individual it is not a practical method of separating patients. A classification which relies on clinical patterns of eczema is the one most favoured by practising dermatologists, since no additional aids are required to establish the correct diagnosis. However, the existence of overlap situations, and the wide variety of clinical patterns associated with the atopie diathesis, emphasize the limitations of such an approach.
Depletion of Hepatic Macrophages Aggravates Liver Lesions Induced in Rats by Thioacetamide (TAA)

Hepatic macrophages play crucial roles in hepatotoxicity. We investigated immunophenotypes of macrophages in liver injury induced in rats by thioacetamide (TAA; 300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) after hepatic macrophage depletion; hepatic macrophages were depleted by liposomal clodronate (CLD; 10 ml/kg, i.v.) one day before TAA injection. Samples were obtained on post-TAA injection days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. TAA injection induced coagulation necrosis of hepatocytes on days 1 through 3 and subsequent reparative fibrosis on days 5 and 7 in the centrilobular area, accompanied by increased numbers of M1 macrophages (expressing cluster of differentiation [CD]68 and major histocompatibility complex class II) and M2 macrophages (expressing CD163 and CD204) mainly on days 1 through 3. TAA + CLD treatment markedly decreased the numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages mainly on days 1 through 3; CD163+ Kupffer cells were most sensitive to CLD depletion. In TAA + CLD–treated rats, interestingly, coagulation necrosis of hepatocytes was prolonged with more increased levels of hepatic enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) to TAA-treated rats; reparative fibrosis was incomplete and replaced by dystrophic calcification in the injured area, indicating the aggravated damage. Furthermore, in TAA + CLD–treated rats, inflammatory factors (monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10) and fibrosis-related factors (transforming growth factor-β1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) were decreased at messenger RNA levels, indicating abnormal macrophage functions. It was clearly demonstrated that hepatic macrophages have important roles in tissue damage and remodeling in hepatotoxicity.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Prominent Hobnail Features: A New Aggressive Variant of Moderately Differentiated Papillary Carcinoma. A Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Study of Eight Cases

Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common thyroid tumors that usually have a good prognosis. Recurrence, metastases, and cancer death may occur in a few patients and are more commonly associated with more aggressive tumors, such as tall cell, columnar cell, or diffuse sclerosing variants of the PTC. We present the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of a rare aggressive variant of the PTC showing prominent hobnail features. The patients included 6 females and 2 males. Ages ranged from 28 to 78 years (mean 57.6). Patients presented with a neck mass and cervical lymphadenopathy. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 cm to 4.0 cm (mean 2.5 cm). The tumors were usually multifocal with variably sized complex papillary structures lined by cells with increased nuclear/cytoplasmatic ratios and apically placed nuclei that produced a surface bulge (hobnail appearance). Thyroglobulin, TTF-1, HBME-1, and p53 were positive in all cases, and there was membrane staining for β-catenin and E-cadherin. The proliferative index with Ki67 ranged from 2% to 20% with a mean of 10%. BRAF mutation was present in 4/7 (57.1%) cases. Distant metastases to liver, lung, bone, brain, muscle, and pancreas developed in 5 patients. The average follow-up time was 77.2 months. Four patients died of disease after a mean of 42.8 months. Two patients are alive with disease after 4 and 87 months, respectively. Two patients are alive without disease after 120 and 236 months. PTC with a prominent hobnail pattern is a moderately differentiated PTC variant with aggressive clinical behavior and significant mortality.
Complications Faced By Women Executives in New Generation Private Sector Banks in Puducherry State - India

The phenomenal growth of banks has created massive employment opportunities for the educated unemployed youths of our nation. The women job-seekers find jobs in banks more attractive and more suitable to their nature. Banks also were not only not averse to taking them but even welcomed their entry because women have certain innate traits which fit in with the job requirements. Thus the humongous increase in job opportunities in banks and the abundant availability of qualified women who get selected in job tests paved the way for the large number of women occupying positions in all cadres today in not only public sector and private sector banks but even in new generation banks. Indian women is distinct from their western counter parts in that they do not shed their conventional roles as mothers and house wives inspire of their professional responsibilities. They are skilled at blending professional excellence and traditional love for home harmoniously. In the process of balancing work and home life, they encounter a plethora of problems. The study is purely exploratory in nature and seeks to identify the factors preventing women employees from aspiring for higher post and problems hindering the work performance of women executives in private sector banks in Puducherry state. Further this aims also at finding out the organizational support for women employees to achieve better work performance. The conclusion has been given.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Normal Human Skin: Expression of Endothelial‐type and Inducible‐type Nitric Oxide Synthase in Keratinocytes

Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical mediator of various biological functions. NO is generated from L‐arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which has three isoforms; endothelial‐type NOS (eNOS) and brain‐type NOS (bNOS) are constitutive enzymes, and inducible‐type NOS (iNOS) is expressed after stimulation. We investigated the expression of NOS in normal human skin by an immunohistochemical technique and western blotting analysis. In human skin, epidermal keratinocytes and the outer root sheath were labeled with not only eNOS antibody but also with iNOS antibody. Both eNOS and iNOS protein in epidermal keratinocytes were confirmed by western blotting. eNOS immunoreactivity was observed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, the arrector pili muscle, apocrine secretory gland, eccrine coiled duct, and eccrine secretory gland. bNOS immunoreactivity was observed in mast cells. No staining with anti‐bNOS antibody was observed in any other cell type. Our present findings suggest that epidermal keratinocytes in normal human skin contain both eNOS and iNOS.
Maximum Entropy Approximation of Small Sample Distributions Ximing Wu

In this paper, we propose a simple approach for approximating small sample distributions based on the method of Maximum Entropy (maxent) density. Unlike previous studies that use the maxent method as a curve-fitting tool, we focus on the “small sample asymptotics” of the approximation. We show that this method obtains the same asymptotic order of accuracy as that of the classical Edgeworth expansion and the exponential Edgeworth expansion by Field and Hampel (1982). In addition, the maxent approximation attains the minimum Kullback-Leibler distance among all approximations of the same exponential family. For symmetric fat-tailed distributions, we adopt the dampening approach in Wang (1992) to ensure the integrability of maxent densities and effectively extend the maxent method to accommodate all admissible skewness and kurtosis space. Our numerical experiments show that the proposed method compares competitively with and often outperforms the Edgeworth and exponential Edgeworth expansions, especially when the sample size is small.
Credit default swaps and financial stability

Credit default swaps (CDSs), initially intended as instruments for hedging and managing credit risk, have been pinpointed during the recent crisis as being detrimental to ﬁ nancial stability. We argue that the impact of credit default swap markets on ﬁ nancial stability crucially depends on clearing mechanisms and capital and liquidity requirements for large protection sellers. In particular, the culprits are not so much speculative or “naked” credit default swaps but inadequate risk management and supervision of protection sellers. When protection sellers are inadequately capitalised, OTC (over-the-counter) CDS markets may act as channels for contagion and systemic risk. On the other hand, a CDS market where all major dealers participate in a central clearing facility with adequate reserves can actually contribute to mitigating systemic risk. In the latter case, a key element is the risk management of the central counterparties, for which we outline some recommendations.
The relationship between total quality management, knowledge management and organizational performance

Every organization is taking advantage of Knowledge Management (KM) in achieving their set organizational objectives in this era of knowledge economy. No doubt, realizing the organizational goals will lead to Organizational Performance (OP) and such performance has to do with the employee’s performance. To achieve maximum possible Organizational Performance within a knowledge economy, the Knowledge Management Processes must be effective so as to assist the knowledge workers. There have been series of arguments in this regard that Total Quality Management (TQM) alone is not enough to measure Organizational Performance that Knowledge Management needs to be involved. This paper is to explore the relationship between Total Quality Management, Knowledge Management and Organizational Performance.
Development of a Transport Module for Multi-topic Household Surveys

This paper is aimed at providing guidance on transport issues for those involved in designing multi-topic household surveys such as the Living Standards Measurement Studies (LSMS) surveys. The inclusion of a few key questions can provide critical information for better designing transport programs and policies aimed at improving access, affordability and quality services. Questions on transport access, quality, mode, distance, time, and cost can help to understand the constraints that the population may face in accessing jobs, markets, schools, health clinics and other social services. All of this can be broken down by subgroups such as income, geographic area, gender, employment, etc. further strengthening the relevance of the analysis and contribution to policy decisions. The paper covers background on transport and multi-topic household surveys, key transport policy concerns and data needs, approaches to analysis, issues of survey design, and prototype questions that could be included in existing surveys.
Insurance Company Failures: Why Do They Cost so Much?

Historical evidence shows insurer insolvencies are, on average, three-to-five times more expensive than those of other financial institutions. Using a unique dataset of insurer insolvencies from 1986 to 1999, we examine the cost of insolvency resolution and the factors driving these costs. We find firms in relatively better shape before being seized impose lower costs on the insolvency system. Further, we find evidence consistent with non-benevolent behavior by regulators, both before and after the firm fails, which adds significantly to the resulting costs of the insolvency.
Bronchial Artery Embolization

Abstract Hemoptysis represents a significant clinical entity with high morbidity and potential mortality. Most hemorrhages from a bronchial source arise in the setting of chronic inflammatory diseases. Medical management (in terms of resuscitation and bronchoscopic interventions) and surgery have severe limitations in these patient populations. Embolization procedures represent the first-line treatment for hemoptysis arising from a bronchial arterial source. This article discusses anatomical and technical considerations, as well as outcomes and complications, in the setting of bronchial arterial embolization in the treatment of hemoptysis.
Non-motor Factors Associated with the Attainment of Community Ambulation after Stroke

Objective Detect the main predictive non-motor factors related to independent community ambulation after stroke. Furthermore, we propose a scale to estimate the probability of a stroke patient achieving independent community ambulation after 6 months of rehabilitation. Design and Settings Prospective cohort. Subjects treated in a rehabilitation center in a large metropolitan area. Independent community ambulation was evaluated after rehabilitation according to the Hoffer classification. Functional ambulation was assessed at four levels: nonambulatory, nonfunctional ambulation, household ambulation, and community ambulation. Participants Patients (n=201) with a moderate disability after stroke. Results The average time of hospitalization was 19.3 days. However, only 32.8% of the patients started the rehabilitation program during the first 6 months after stroke. We found that 121 patients achieved community ambulation (60.2%), 40 achieved household ambulation (19.9%), 12 achieved therapeutic ambulation (5.9%), and 28 were non-ambulatory after 6 months of treatment. Based on our final model, a scoring scale was created in order to evaluate the probability of stroke patients achieving independent community ambulation after 6 months of rehabilitation. Higher scores were associated with better chances of community ambulation within 6 months. Conclusions The scale that evaluated these factors proved to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity to establish the prognosis of community ambulation after 6 months of rehabilitation.
The Optimal Taxation of Dividends in a Small Open Economy

This paper analyses the optimal taxation of dividends and other types of income from portfolio investment. We show that, in an open economy, it is not desirable to offer double taxation relief for dividends paid by domestic firms to domestic households. This result holds for fairly general utility functions. The reason is that the marginal shareholder in domestic firms is a foreign investor. This implies that the level of real investment is not affected by the taxation of domestic dividend income at the household level. A reduction of the tax burden on dividends is therefore merely an undesirable subsidy on domestic asset holdings. Our results also extend the literature on the optimal taxation of risky asset income in general.
Challenges for future research

In past times the main focus in orthopaedics has been on understanding and addressing the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. The main challenges that faced orthopaedic practice were clinical and mechanical problems that needed solutions. And, it is true, huge advances have been achieved over the last 50 or so years. However, the price for such progress is the uncovering of new and fertile territory for exploration and development.
ON THE MECHANISM OF TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION BY DISSOCIATED CELLS, III. FREE ENERGY RELATIONS AND THE REORGANIZATION OF FUSED, HETERONOMIC TISSUE FRAGMENTS.

considered important to the observed impairments. By contrast, many of the earlier cases studied had childhood neurological complications. Finally, it is entirely possible that a significant range of variability is normal in the development of callosal functions in different individuals, and that a corresponding spectrum is therefore to be expected in the syndrome of the corpus callosum. Even so, there remain some puzzling inconsistencies not satisfactorily resolved as yet. Testing is still in progress and more thorough detailed reports are contemplated.
Dissolution and immunochemical analysis of the sheath of the archaeobacterium Methanospirillum hungatei GP1

The sheath of Methanospirillum hungatei GP1 was degraded by three dissolution techniques, which produced a range of soluble products. By using 0.05 M L-arginine buffer (pH 12.6) at 90 degrees C for 10 min, 74% (dry weight) of the sheath was dissolved; however, the solubilized polypeptides were extensively degraded. Treatment with 2% beta-mercaptoethanol and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 90 degrees C in 0.05 M 2(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) buffer (pH 9.0) solubilized 42% (dry weight) of the sheath as a group of polypeptides of 30 to 40 kDa. At 100 degrees C for 2 h, 5% beta-mercaptoethanol, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 20 mM EDTA released 74% of the sheath's mass as a group of polypeptides of 10 to 40 kDa. All solubilized products were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a range of high- and low-molecular-weight polypeptides was identified. None were glycoproteins. Hoops, which comprise the sheath's structure, were seen by electron microscopy after all of the attempted dissolutions. Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the 10- to 40-kDa range of solubilized products and against the approximately 40-kDa polypeptides, and polyclonal antiserum was produced against an 18-kDa polypeptide. These immunological markers were used in Western immunoblotting and protein A-colloidal gold-antibody probing by electron microscopy to identify the structural location of the various polypeptides. Native sheath, which possesses 2.8-nm particles on its outer surface (M. Stewart, T.J. Beveridge, and G.D. Sprott, J. Mol. Biol. 183:509-515, 1985; P.J. Shaw, G.J. Hills, J.A. Henwood, J.E. Harris, and D.B. Archer, J. Bacteriol. 161:750-757, 1985), presented a gentle wave-form surface in platinum-shadowed specimens. In contrast, the inner face of the sheath was highlighted by ridges lying perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the sheath and likely corresponded to hoop boundaries. Both the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were specific for different faces; polyclonal antibodies labeled the inner face, whereas monoclonal antibodies labeled the outer face. Accordingly, the apparent asymmetry of structure between the two faces of the sheath can be correlated by our immunochemical probing with a distinct asymmetry in the distribution of exposed polypeptides between the faces. The possible implications of this asymmetry for growth and maturation of the sheath are explained.
Concealing Interests of Passive Users in Social Media

User profiling has existed in the social media since their inception and has supported most of their business model. Even if users do not actively share the information about themselves on the social media (so-called passive users), they can still be profiled based on their location and who they follow. In this paper, we present a system that leverages the linking of followed (popular) Twitter users to DBpedia, and the information therein contained, to help users concealing their digital footprint. Specifically, our approach helps a passive Twitter user to stay private by proposing a list of additional profiles to follow that would confuse the social media’s inference pipeline and prevent it from inferring useful information about that passive user and his interests.