Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of the Plankton

Hutchinson (1961) proposed that the large number of species in most plankton communities is remarkable in review of the competitive exclusion principle, which suggests that in homogeneous, well-mixed environments species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist. The principle of competitive exclusion would lead us to conclude that only a few species could coexist in such circumstances. Nevertheless, numerous competing species in most natural habitats are able to coexist, while generally only few resources (niches) limit these communities. It is coined “the paradox of plankton” by Hutchinson. We reviewed some literature of the proposed solutions and give a brief overview of the mechanisms proposed so far. The proposed mechanisms that we discuss mainly include spatial and temporal heterogeneity in physical and biological environment, externally imposed or self-generated spatial segregation, horizontal mesoscale turbulence of ocean characterized by coherent vortices, oscillation and chaos generated by several internal and external causes, stable coexistence and compensatory dynamic under fluctuating temperature in resource competition, and finally the role of toxin-producing phytoplankton in maintaining the coexistence and biodiversity of the overall plankton populations. Especially we sited Roy and Chattopadhyay ’s reviews and their toxin-producing hypothesis by phytoplankton. This review may be some information to study plankton communities and effect to put the solutions to the paradox that have been proposed over the years into perspective.
Ultrafast echotomographic system using optical processing of ultrasonic signals

Since a few years considerable progress have been done in the acoustical imaging techniques for biomedical applications. The superiority of strap a technique comes from its non invasive character, ease cf use and lack cl hazard, even for long and redundant insonification periods. The commercially available apparatuses have however resolution and the interpertation of the acoustic images is therefore difficult. Ultrafast systems are furthermore needed in the cardiologic field in order to get slow motion pictures of the very fast movments of the cardiac valves. An ultrafast apparatus of good resolution has been devised in our laboratory.
Adaptability of Epiblema strenuana to Temperature and Humidity Conditions

Epiblema strenuana is an important biocontrol agent imported to China in 1990 to control Ambrosia artemisiifolia.  In 1991 this insect was released in Hunan province, and now has been established there. In order to evaluate its potential distribution in China, its adaptability to the temperature and humidity was investigated under laboratory condition. The results showed that larval supercooling points ranged from -6.84℃ to -15.84℃, which changed with season. Supercooling points of diapaused larvae in winter were significantly lower than developing larvae in summer. Icing points of larvae had a similar changing profile with supercooling. The moisture content of diapaused larva was also significantly lower than developing larva. At 35℃, pupation rate was 27.3%, egg hatching rate 68.4%, emergence rate 50.0%, and mating rate 51.3%. It was showed that 35℃ was the upper threshold temperature for the development. Pupa was the most susceptible stage, followed by egg, larva and adult, to high temperature regimes. Fecundity was little influenced by humidity compared with other growing stage. When adhered to fresh leaf, egg could hatch under very dry condition. Pupation and emergence need relative humidity of over 80%.
Inhibition of Candida rugosa Lipase by Secondary Metabolites Extracts of Three Algerian Plants and their Antioxydant Activities

Lipase inhibitors have generated a great interest because they could help in the prevention or the therapy of lipase‐related diseases. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites extracts such as phenolic compounds and saponins of three Algerian medicinal plants: Achillea santolina, Inonotus hispidus and Zizyphus lotus, indeed their antiradicalaire activity using DPPH• (1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl). The phenolic extracts have shown a strong antiradicalaire activity than the saponin extracts with EC50 values ranged from 6 to 11 μg/ml and from 51 to 82 μg/ml, respectively. The enzymatic inhibition produced by these plant extracts is described here for the first time. The results have shown that the phenolic extracts are more potent than the saponin extracts with Ki values ranged from 0.011 mg/ml to 0.027 mg/ml for phenolic extracts, and ranged from 0.071 mg/ml to 0.69 mg/ml for saponin extracts. The nature, mechanism and possible physiological relevance of lipase inhibition by extract components
Changing trends in the abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria in the southern part of the Caspian Sea in 2009 (The stretch between Tonekabon and Amirabad)

Changes in abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria have been studied in the southern part of the Caspian Sea (the stretch between Tonekabon and Amirabad) in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in which samples were taken from five depths of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 meters in the stations of Tonekabon, Noushahr, Babolsar and Amirabad. Samples were fixed in formalin (2-2.5%) before transferring to the lab for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Ten species of cyanobacteria were identified with higher abundance and biomass in the euphotic layer compared to the aphotic layer. Temperature and nutrients have shown significant differences (p<0.05) in different seasons after normalizing the data through the Ttest. On the basis of T test on normalized dates differences were meaningful between population of Cyanobacteria in the optical and no optical layers. Statistical analyses have shown significant and positive correlations between abundance and biomass with parameters like temperature, ammonium and phosphate while it was significantly negative for nitrates.
Wildland fires and dwarf mistletoes: A literature review of ecology and prescribed burning

1975. Wildland A literature Wildfires playa multiple role in the distribution of dwarf mistletoes they may either inhibit or encourage these parasites depending primarily on the size and intensity of the burn. Many reports suggest that fire exclusion policies of the past half century have resulted in increased dwarf mistletoe levels as, well as increased fire behavior potential. Prescribed burning as a supplemental method of dwarf mistletoe control has been little used, but seems to be applicable in some forest types and stand conditions both to eliminate infected residuals in cutover areas and to eliminate heavily infested unmerchantable stands. Suggested areas of research relating to fire ecology and prescribed burning are given.
Trabeculated myocardium in healthy adults : a first step in understanding the diagnosis of non-compaction cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance

Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a rare entity that is currently diagnosed for the most part by echocardiography in cases of an increased layer of trabeculated myocardium. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) became the gold standard imaging technique in the study of cardiac function and morphology due to its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, diagnostic NCC criteria developped for echocardiography have been directly applied to MRI in the abscence of a standard definition of trabeculated myocardium. This direct application of echocardiography criteria to MRI may have led to an increased incidence of new NCC cases. The aim of this present work is to clarify clinical practice by determining normality by MRI in terms of presence and distribution of trabeculated myocardium in healthy adults and determine if any association exist between the presence and extension of trabeculated myocardium and cardiac function.
Hydrologic model of a wetland forest

A workable schematic model of the hydrologic cycle in a wetland forest has been designed and con­ structed at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station in Charleston, South Carolina, as a teaching aid for visitors ( Figure 1 ) . We use the model to illustrate and discuss . ( 1) specific research problems being in­ vestigated, ( 2) the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle through a wet­ land forest, and ( 3) the impact of management practices on forest hy­ drology. The idea of constructing the model came from a magazine article by Green and Halpennv ( 1 ) . Details of its construction and a complete list of materials are presented in Forest Service Research Note SE-166 (2).
Growth and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Understanding the evolutionary basis for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in a species first requires determining the extent to which observed SSD is a result of sex differences in growth or in size at maturity, as opposed to being a consequence of factors such as differential survival or catchability of the sexes. We used data from a nine-year study to assess how these factors contribute to female-biased SSD in Nerodia sipedon in eastern Ontario. Females grew substantially faster and larger than males, although both sexes approached their asymptotic size at the same rate. Smaller individuals of both sexes grew faster, and snakes grew faster in years with higher mean air temperatures during the activity season. Variation in growth rate was unrelated to relative fat content of individuals in the spring. We found no evidence that either the sex or size of individuals affected their probability of capture. However, comparisons of estimated ages of males and females, and a null growth-based analysis, both indicated that large, old males were overrepresented in capture samples, probably as a result of differential survival of males and females. The overrepresentation of large males caused us to slightly underestimate SSD caused by sex differences in growth. A comparison of sex-specific growth patterns in our population of N. sipedon with those in two other N. sipedon populations suggests that intraspecific variation in SSD in this species may be primarily a consequence of differences between populations in selection pressures on males.
Spectral analysis for a random process on the circle

A random process on the circle is a family of random variables X(P,t) indexed by the position P on the unit circle and by the time t (t = 0, + 1, ···). For a homogeneous and stationary process, using its Fourier series expansion, we deduce a spectral representation of the covariance function. The purpose of the paper is to develop a spectral analysis when X(P,t) is observed at all the points on the circle at t = 0, 1, ···, T – 1. The asymptotic distribution of the family of finite Fourier transforms, of the family of periodograms and of the family of spectral densities estimates are obtained from results available for vector-valued time series. Also, a sample covariance function for X (P,t) is defined and its asymptotic distribution derived.
Inherited Antithrombin III Deficiency and Thrombo-Embolism

Thrombophilia due to inherited deficiency of blood antithrombin III (AT III, heparin cofactor, anticonvertin) in a Norwegian family was published 1965, Thromb. D. h. 13, 516 & 14, 473. Only a few families with this defect have since then been described in different countries. In another Norwegian family, two sisters, age 42 and 30, and a brother, 35, have had episodes of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism from the age of 24–29. Their father suffered from thrombosis and died at 67. The two sisters have blood AT III level about half of normal average, measured with a two-stage coagulation assay. Data from both families are compatible with an autosomal dominant inheritance of the plasma protein deficiency. Venous thrombosis in the families is remarkably often complicated with embolizations; this might also relate to an inadequate platelet function. Platelet aggregation time of PRP with added thrombin or ADP was found prolonged. In coumarin treatment of the patients, AT III assaying gave increased levels.
${\rm BP}\sb\ast({\rm BP})$ and typical formal groups

It is shown that BP*(BP) represents the functor which assigns to a commutative Zζpγ algebra R the set of isomorphisms between typical formal groups over R. The structure maps of the Hopf algebra BP*(BP) all arise naturally from this point of view, and one can easily derive the formulas of Adams [2, Theorem 16.1] for them. 1) Research supported in part by an N.S. F. grant.
The Effect of Mulberry Fruits Consumption on Lipid Profiles in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Mulberry (Morus alba) fruit is abundant nutrients and phytochemicals, especially anthocyanins. Mulberries have anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects both in vitro and animal models. However, the effect of mulberry fruits on lipid profiles in human is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mulberry fruit consumption on lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This study is an experimental study, with a randomized controlled trial. Fifty-eight hypercholesterolemic subjects (aged 30-60 years) were recruited. The intervention group received freeze-dried mulberry 45 g (325 mg anthocyanins) per day for six weeks. The control group had their usual dietary intake for the same period of time. After six weeks, mulberry consumption significantly decreased the level of total cholesterol (TC) (- 3.73 % vs. 3.33 %, p < 0.001) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (- 6.53 % vs. 0.15 %, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. No change in triacylglycerol (TAG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Mulberry consumption ameliorates TC and LDL-C concentrations. The mulberry fruits may be an alternative therapy for hypercholesterolemia patients and a cardiovascular disease protective for people in general.
The fine structure of merozoites of Babesia bovis in the gut epithelium of Boophilus microplus.

: Electron microscopic studies on merozoites of Babesia bovis in epithelial cells of the gut of Boophilus microplus revealed that the pellicle apparently consists of 3 membranes, and an osmiophilic layer intimately associated with microtubules. Micropores in the pellicle were often associated with micronemes. An unidentified tubular structure extended from the anterior polar ring to the nuclear region where it appeared to be associated with the nuclear envelope. A Golgi complex, typical protozoan mitochondria, food vacuoles and rhoptries could not be identified.
A theoretical framework for the description of estuaries

A theoretical framework for the description of an estuarine system is outlined, with particular reference to the Baltic. This description, in terms of continuous functions of salinity and time, may be considered as an improvement of existing “box models”, which are inherently incapable of making efficient use of hydrographic data. Relations between deep water supply and internal mixing properties, as well as the equations controlling diffusion of substances in general, are derived and their applicability discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977. tb00716.x
Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids

The aim of this article is to promote a better understanding of hearing impairment as a communicative handicap, primarily in noisy environments, and to explain by means of a quantitative model the essentially limited applicability of hearing aids. After data on the prevalence of hearing impairment and of auditory handicap have been reviewed, it is explained that every hearing loss for speech can be interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in speech‐to‐noise ratio. On the average, the hearing loss of class D (hearing loss in noise) appears to be about one‐third (in decibels) of the total hearing loss (A+D, hearing loss in quiet). A hearing aid can compensate for class‐A hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in quiet, but not for class‐D hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in noise. The latter class represents the first stage of auditory handicap, beginning at an average hearing loss of about 24 dB.
The impact of PBRM1 mutations on overall survival in greater than 2,100 patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).

666 Background: PBRM1 is the second most commonly mutated gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We have previously shown favorable outcomes in PBRM1-mutated ccRCC tumors treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. Recent data suggested PBRM1 mutations may sensitize ccRCC and non RCC malignancies to ICB therapy. We queried the impact of PBRM1 loss on overall survival (OS) across 2,152 patients treated with ICB. Methods: PBRM1 mutations were assessed in metastatic ccRCC patients who received first line (n = 82) or second line (n = 61) ICB or ICB/VEGF combinations. Additionally, 41 cohorts of non-RCC malignancies treated with ICB and combination (n = 2,009) were analyzed. Mutations were assessed by next generation targeted sequencing using archival tissue. Association of mutation status and overall survival (OS) was tested by multivariate Cox regression analysis (MVA) and adjusted for tumor mutation burden (TMB), copy number alterations (CNA), loss of function(LOF) mutations (non RCC cohort) and IMDC risk (for ccRCC patients). Results: PBRM1 mutations were not associated with improved OS in ICB the entire ccRCC cohort (HR 1.37; CI 0.79-2.4; p = 0.265), the first line (p = 0.624) or second line setting (p = 0.39) or as combination with VEGF inhibitors (p = 0.2). Several RCC subgroups were investigated (see Table at bottom). In the non-RCC cohorts (n = 2,009) PBRM1 mutations were not significantly associated with OS on univariate analysis (HR = 0.73, p = 0.22 for LOF and HR = 0.84,p = 0.34 for non LOF), and remained insignificant after adjusting for TMB, total CNA, and drug class (CTLA4, PD-1/PDL-1 and combinations) (HR = 1.07, p = 0.78 for LOF and HR = 1.08,p = 0.67 for non LOF). Conclusions: Neither in ccRCC nor in the pan-cancer cohort did PBRM1 mutations appear to be associated with improved overall survival with ICB therapy. [Table: see text]
Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants.

: All patients on an infants' ward manifesting intercurrent fevers were studied for viral and bacterial etiology during a community outbreak of influenza A. During a one-month period, of 29 infants admitted to the ward, 17 were hospitalized for seven or more days. Intercurrent fever complicated the course of 13 (76%) of these 17 infants. Nosocomially acquired influenza A infection was found in 13 infants. Two of these also contracted a dual infection with influenza B. The fever lasted an average of 2.7 days with a peak of 38.2 to 39.8 C. Initial white blood cell counts tended to by high and shifted to the left. These infants appeared to be at high risk for developing lower respiratory tract disease. Seven of the 12 had infiltrates on chest X-ray, and five subsequently developed a secondary bacterial pneumonia. These infants tended to be young, five were under 6 months, and all but one had underlying cardiorespiratory disease. They also appeared to have prolonge shedding of influenza virus from their nasal secretions. Six of seven shed the virus for 7 or 21 days.
Algebraic Graph Theory: COLOURING PROBLEMS

1. Introduction to algebraic graph theory Part I. Linear Algebra in Graphic Thoery: 2. The spectrum of a graph 3. Regular graphs and line graphs 4. Cycles and cuts 5. Spanning trees and associated structures 6. The tree-number 7. Determinant expansions 8. Vertex-partitions and the spectrum Part II. Colouring Problems: 9. The chromatic polynomial 10. Subgraph expansions 11. The multiplicative expansion 12. The induced subgraph expansion 13. The Tutte polynomial 14. Chromatic polynomials and spanning trees Part III. Symmetry and Regularity: 15. Automorphisms of graphs 16. Vertex-transitive graphs 17. Symmetric graphs 18. Symmetric graphs of degree three 19. The covering graph construction 20. Distance-transitive graphs 21. Feasibility of intersection arrays 22. Imprimitivity 23. Minimal regular graphs with given girth References Index.
Effect of Exogenous Inositol on Salt Tolerance of Maize

In order to explore the resistance of maize,taking maize hybrid Longzuo 2as material,using physiological index detection methods,the effect of exogenous inositol on salt tolerance of maize seedling was studied by comparison of the content of chlorophyll,MDA and proline.The results showed that the chlorophyll content of T3(NaCl and inositol)under the salt stress for 24and 48hrose 10.32%and 29.29%respectively compared with T2(NaCl),and the difference was significant(P0.05). The MDA content of T3under the salt stress for 48and 72hreduced 21.21% and 38.84% respectively compared with T2,and the difference was significant(P0.05). The proline content of T3under the salt stress for 24,48and 72hreduced 25.00%,47.46% and 35.10%respectively compared with T2,and the difference was significant(P0.05). The results indicated that exogenous inositol could increase the content of chlorophyll and decrease content of MDA and proline,so it could strengthen salt tolerance of maize seedling and alleviate salt stress.
Expressão histoimunológica de proteínas relacionadas à hipóxia tecidual em juvenis de Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes, Carangidae) em função do aquecimento gradual de temperatura

Temperature is an important abiotic factor that influences directly the behavior and survival of organisms, including fish. Fishes are ectothermic, and respond directly to temperature variation. They have cellular mechanisms of thermostability that were adjusted during evolution to environmental conditions. The present work aims to study the effects of the gradual increase in temperature (2°C / h) from the winter temperature (22°C) to 26, 30, 32, 34 and 36°C and critical survival temperature (TCS) in fish pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. We analyzed the behavior out of vídeos; the expression of proteins related to tissue hypoxia HIF-1α and VEGF in muscle and liver through the technique of immunohistochemistry; and determined the number and the área of cellular mitochondria. The results showed that the behavior of pampano changes with increasing temperature, in a gradual scale pattern. The protein expressions were higher at elevated temperatures, at 34°C in the case of VEGF and at 36°C in the case of HIF-1α. An increase in the number of mitochondria, and a decrease in their area were observed with increasing temperature. Therefore, temperature had measurable effects at all levels of organization studied, i.e., cellular, tissular and organismic. Key-words: temperature, behavior, HIF-1α, VEGF, mitochondria, fish.