Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Engaged urokinase receptors enhance tumor breast cell migration and invasion by upregulating αvβ5 vitronectin receptor cell surface expression

We have previously shown that urokinase receptor physically and functionally interacts with αvβ5 vitronectin receptor, leading to tumor breast cell migration and invasion. Here, the link between these 2 receptors was further investigated by analyzing the expression levels of urokinase receptor and αvβ5 integrin in 35 human breast carcinomas and 5 benign breast lesions. The occurrence of a positive correlation between urokinase receptor and αvβ5 protein levels in benign and malignant tumor specimens prompted us to investigate whether engaged urokinase receptors might modulate αvβ5 expression. Here, we report the receptor‐dependent ability of catalytically inactive urokinase to upregulate the αv and β5 chains in MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 breast carcinoma cell lines in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. This effect is dependent on protein kinase C activity and requires new protein synthesis. Accordingly, the availability of assembled αvβ5 receptors on the cell surface increases upon urokinase treatment, as shown by immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemical analyses. Exposure to urokinase leads to enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion, which is prevented by the “phosphorylation‐like” urokinase receptor antagonist His‐uPA138E/303E, the DNA‐binding drug mithramycin, the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C and anti‐αvβ5 antibodies. Finally, urokinase enables benign breast MCF‐10A cells to cross Matrigel in a αvβ5‐ and urokinase receptor‐dependent manner, indicating that urokinase controls a regulatory circuitry crucial to breast tumor progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The rapid isolation of photosynthetically active mesophyll cells from Asparagus cladophylls

Mesophyll cells were isolated rapidly from the cladophylls of Asparagus sprengeri Regel, by gentle grinding of the tissue by hand. About 60 to 65% of the leaf cells on a chlorophyll basis were released, of which 85 to 90% were cells with an intact plasmalemma. The isolated cells had photosynthetic rates of 50 to 80 μmol O2 per milligram chlorophyll per hour at pH 7.2 and 25 °C although rates of 90 to 105 μmol O2 per milligram chlorophyll per hour were recorded. The apparent Km of photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake at pH 7.2 was 176 μM in air and 104 μM under nitrogen, which corresponds to apparent Km's of CO2 fixation of 23 μM and 13.5 μM respectively. The isolated cells maintained high photosynthetic rates for 50 h when stored in the light at 4 °C and for over 160 h after storage in the dark at 4 °C.
Depth Distributions of Armored Catfish: Predator‐Induced Resource Avoidance?

Four species of armored catfish (Loricariidae) have size-specific depth distributions in a Panamanian stream, with larger fish in deeper water. Depth distributions do not change from the dry to the rainy season, despite a two- to three-fold increase in habitat area for larger loricariids. Throughout the year, standing crops of the loricariids' attached algal food are relatively high in shallow water, but decrease rapidly with depth. Over 21/2 yr, large Ancistrus spinosus, the most common pool- dwelling loricariid, showed significant seasonal changes in somatic growth rates, with maximum rates in the early rainy season and minimum rates in the late dry season. Significant seasonal changes in mortality rates, estimated from rates of disappearance of marked individuals, were not detected. These data are consistent with the following hypothesis: small loricariids are limited, perhaps by predation, at densities below those necessary to deplete algae in shallow water. Larger loricariids avoid shallow water where they are vulnerable to fishing birds, even in the dry season when food is in short supply in deeper areas.
Palmitoylation of Caveolin-1 Is Required for Cholesterol Binding, Chaperone Complex Formation, and Rapid Transport of Cholesterol to Caveolae*

We previously demonstrated that a caveolin-chaperone complex transports newly synthesized cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum through the cytoplasm to caveolae. Caveolin-1 has a 33-amino acid hydrophobic domain and three sites of palmitoylation in proximity to the hydrophobic domain. In the present study, we hypothesized that palmitoylation of caveolin-1 is necessary for binding of cholesterol, formation of a caveolin-chaperone transport complex, and rapid, direct transport of cholesterol to caveolae. To test this hypothesis, four caveolin-1 constructs were generated that substituted an alanine for a cysteine at position 133, 143, or 156 or all three sites (triple mutant). These mutated caveolins and wild type caveolin-1 were stably expressed in the lymphoid cell line, L1210-JF, which does not express caveolin-1, does not form a caveolin-chaperone complex, and does not transport newly synthesized cholesterol to caveolae. All of the caveolins were expressed and the proteins localized to plasma membrane caveolae. Wild type caveolin-1 and mutant 133 assembled into complete transport complexes and rapidly (10–20 min) transported cholesterol to caveolae. Caveolin mutants 143 and 156 did not assemble into complete transport complexes, weakly associated with cholesterol, and transported small amounts of cholesterol to caveolae. The triple mutant did not assemble into complete transport complexes and did not associate with cholesterol. We conclude that palmitoylation of caveolin-1 at positions 143 and 156 is required for cholesterol binding and transport complex formation.
Cercosaura ocellata Wagler, 1830 (Lacertilia, Gymnophthalmidae): distribution extension of Northeastern Brazil

The lizard, Cercosaura ocellata, with its type-locality suggested as being South America's Northeast, is widely distributed in the North and Midwest regions of Brazil, with scarcity of records for the states in the Northeast Region. This work aims to enlarge the geographical distribution of this species. An individual of C. ocellata was registered in a fragment of Atlantic Rain Forest, Mata de Tejipio (08° 05′ 45.59″ S, 34° 57′ 04.91″ W). This register expands its distribution 585 km north and 770 km south, respectively from its closest locations, Bahia and Ceara, filling a gap of disjunct distribution of approximately 900 km in the northeast region of the country.
Central and peripheral isosexual precocious puberty

The evaluation of the child with isosexual precocious puberty involves family history, clinical findings including bone age, specific medical imaging, and hormonal data. Assessments of all these data, as well as follow-up of pubertal development, are required to decide which patients should be proposed for therapy. Central isosexual precocity, a condition much more common in girls than in boys, is currently viewed as a spectrum of disorders from isolated premature thelarche to borderline early puberty. In some countries, there may be a trend toward earlier onset of puberty. Peripheral isosexual precocity has many different causes, some specific to either boys or girls and others involving both sexes. Treatment of central isosexual precocity is usually based on long-acting forms of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which may not be indicated in slowly progressive variants or borderline early puberty because they do not affect final height. In peripheral isosexual precocity, it is often possible to treat the underlying cause. In activating mutations of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors or Gs&agr;-protein, the aim of treatment is to block hormonal synthesis or action. However, the addition of GnRH agonists is required to treat disorders that are evolving toward central isosexual precocity. In isosexual precocity, preservation of height potential is particularly important in precocious puberty started at young ages.
Variable Fertilizer Application Based on Yield Goal, Soil Fertility, and Soil Map Unit

Soil fertility and soil productivity are variable within farm fields. Over or under application of a nutrient in parts of every field can result from conventional fertilizer application. This study was conducted to determine whether yield and net returns could be increased by considering field variability when applying fertilizer. The influence of soil fertility variation was considered with soil sampling on a grid pattern and with detailed soil maps made of each field. The fields, located in eastern North Dakota, were mainly a mixture of Haploborols, Calciaquolls, and Argialbolls. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown. In 1989, variable rate fertilization based on grid soil sampling did not result in a greater yield of barley (32.1 bu/acre) than the conventional method (30.0 bu/acre) [. ]
Prebiotic Cosmetics: An Alternative to Antibacterial Products

The concept of prebiotics is well known from food products, where several ingredients are used to stimulate the beneficial gut microflora. However, prebiotic substances can in principle be applied to balance almost any microbial community to achieve advantageous effects. Since many cosmetic products target skin bacteria as a cause for undesirable conditions like inflammation or body odour, prebiotic actives can help to cope with these problems in a very effective way. To ensure a focused and successful mode of action we demonstrated that it is essential to analyse the microflora and the interactions between different bacterial species carefully. These analyses were made using a molecular method, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), allowing a precise determination of a bacterial community without the drawbacks of classical culture methods. In a further step it was then possible to identify new actives that inhibit harmful or unwanted bacterial species while protecting the beneficial flora. Using a quick and reliable in vitro screening method we found several plant extracts (e.g. Ginseng or Black currant) which inhibit the inflammation-causing bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, but do not affect beneficial species like coagulase-negative staphylococci. In addition, it could also be demonstrated that a prebiotic product line for treatment of inflamed (or acne prone) skin showed the predicted effects on the microflora composition in a first in vivo trial, i.e. decrease of Propionibacterium acnes at a constant level of total bacteria. After 3 weeks, the microflora of 91% of the volunteers had been rebalanced in this way. Furthermore, these formulations have been shown to exhibit excellent skin compatibility compared to an antibacterial product. Thus, prebiotic substances have the potential to provide a gentle and sustainable alternative to undirected antibacterial ingredients which can cause irritation, and frequently only show short time effects. Paper presented at the IFSCC Conference 2005, Florence, Italy.
ICEBREAKER NOISE IN LANCASTER SOUND, N.W.T., CANADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARINE MAMMAL BEHAVIOR

: In 1986, we recorded the MV Arctic, CCGS des Groseilliers and MV Lady Franklin during routine icebreaking operations and travel to and from the mine at Nanisivik, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. We found that the Arctic generated more high frequency noise than did the other vessels we recorded. Monitoring of vessel noise levels indicated that belugas and, probably, narwhals should be able to detect the high frequency components of Arctic noise at least as far as 25 to 30 km from the source. The ability of whales to detect the MV Arctic at long distances may explain why belugas and narwhals in Lancaster Sound seem to react to ships at longer distances than do other stocks of arctic whales.
Host-Induced Oviposition Preferences and Oviposition Markers in the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus

The bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. , chemically marks its host seeds with each oviposition event. Females reared on azuki beans laid a greater percentage of their eggs on that host than did females reared on pigeon peas, when both hosts were provided as oviposition substrates. However, the apparent Hopkins effect of host selection resulted entirely from the action of the oviposition marker, coupled with an oviposition preference for azuki beans. Observed differences in oviposition preference were due to variation in fecundity of females reared on these hosts with females reared on azuki beans less fecund. These results suggest that species that mark their hosts may show variation in host range due to local shortages of preferred species.
Reviving the Living

Yair Neuman takes a semiotic view of biological processes and argues that meaning, which is inevitably contextual, emerges in evolution and development (especially of the immune system) by something that is rather like a conversation. He criticizes reductionist approaches to biology on the grounds that the action goes on at more than one level in a hierarchy. He also grapples with such problems as whether an organism in a state of cryptobiosis is dead or alive. The argument might be strengthened and simplified by recognizing that life is largely structured as whole-part hierarchies, in which the participants are (concrete) ontological individuals, rather than sets or (abstract) classes. The entities ranked at such levels engage in different processes. There is need for a better understanding of dispositional properties.
Integrated behaviour in the feeding phase of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda)

Caenorhabditis elegans spends most of its life feeding. When feeding, it moves only short distances but intestinal contents are moved to and fro and thus mixed. The nematodes also defaecate and lay eggs during the feeding phase in bacterial culture. Defaecation is one of a series of events which causes the forward and backward movement of intestinal contents. These rhythmic movements, once initiated, appear to be controlled by a pacemaker and are unrelated to feeding rates. Oviposition is associated with movements of the genital tract and it can occur at any posture and does not influence the rate of other activities. After food-deprivation, C. elegans shows no measureable hunger response on being returned to bacteria. Experiments with excised parts of worms showed that isolated anterior ends will feed both in and out of bacteria and move forward and backward. Isolated posterior halves without a pharynx or circumpharyngeal commissure will lay eggs and defaecate.
In human salivary gland cells, overexpression of E2F1 overcomes an Interferon‐γ‐ and tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced growth arrest but does not result in complete mitosis

Increased levels of cytokines in the salivary glands have been associated with the loss of secretory cells and reduced salivary function. It has been demonstrated that interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) treatment of a human submandibular gland (HSG) cell line causes growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, followed by apoptosis. To stimulate DNA synthesis and reverse this growth arrest, we used an adenovirus vector to overexpress the transcription factor E2F1 in HSG cells. Initially, cells were synchronized by a double thymidine block and then infected with recombinant adenovirus (AdE2F1) expressing E2F1. Cells were harvested at intervals and analyzed by flow cytometry. Greater than 50% of synchronized cells infected with AdE2F1 were in S phase by 18 hours postinfection (hpi) compared to 12% of uninfected cells. Similarly, AdE2F1 infection of HSG cells arrested by IFN‐γ and TNF‐α treatment caused a fivefold increase in S‐phase cells by 48 hpi. However, by 72 hpi, AdE2F1‐infected cells showed increases in the subdiploid cell population. Forty‐one percent of AdE2F1‐infected cells labeled positive by TUNEL, compared to fewer than 6% for controls. Additionally, AdE2F1‐infected cells (84 hpi) had low forward‐angle and high side scatter light characteristics, similar to apoptotic lymphocytes. These results suggest that E2F1 accumulation in growth‐arrested salivary gland cells can stimulate DNA synthesis and overcome a G0/G1 block in the cell cycle. However, E2F1 overexpression did not lead to complete mitosis in HSG cells but, rather, diverted cells into an apoptotic pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 172:343–350, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus

Crocodiles use two distinct hind limb step cycles: an erect pattern seen in the high walk and a more sprawling lizard-like pattern. These differ in the amount of abduction of the femur and rotation of the limb elements that occurs. The sprawling step cycle of crocodiles differs from the primitive reptilian pattern in that abduction of the femur is not accompanied by a lateral rotation of the crus. The erect step cycle of crocodiles differs from that of mammals in the position of the arc described by femoral retraction and in that greater amount of rotation of the limb elements occurs. The joint between the astragalus and calcaneum in the crocodile tarsus functions as the ankle joint during locomotion. A functional mesotarsal joint is also present. This joint permits the assumption of postures seen in resting animals. Rotation of the metatarsus is a result of plan-tarflexion of each metatarsal relative to the more medial metatarsal. The lateral position of the calcaneal tuber is associated with the lateral.
SURVIVAL OF HELICOVERPA PUNCTIGERA (WALLENGREN) AND H. ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) PUPAE SUBMERGED IN WATER

The effect of varying periods of submersion in water on survival of non‐diapausing pupae of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) was investigated. At 25°C the submersion time to kill 50% of pupae was 49 h for H. punctigera and 35 h for H. armigera. Since pupae survive relatively long periods under water, drowning may not be an important mortality factor in the field except when prolonged waterlogging occurs.
Opposing microtubule motors control motility, morphology and cargo segregation during ER-to-Golgi transport

ABSTRACT We recently demonstrated that dynein and kinesin motors drive multiple aspects of endosomal function in mammalian cells. These functions include driving motility, maintaining morphology (notably through providing longitudinal tension to support vesicle fission), and driving cargo sorting. Microtubule motors drive bidirectional motility during traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Here, we have examined the role of microtubule motors in transport carrier motility, morphology, and domain organization during ER-to-Golgi transport. We show that, consistent with our findings for endosomal dynamics, microtubule motor function during ER-to-Golgi transport of secretory cargo is required for motility, morphology, and cargo sorting within vesicular tubular carriers en route to the Golgi. Our data are consistent with previous findings that defined roles for dynein-1, kinesin-1 (KIF5B) and kinesin-2 in this trafficking step. Our high resolution tracking data identify some intriguing aspects. Depletion of kinesin-1 reduces the number of motile structures seen, which is in line with other findings relating to the role of kinesin-1 in ER export. However, those transport carriers that were produced had a much greater run length suggesting that this motor can act as a brake on anterograde motility. Kinesin-2 depletion did not significantly reduce the number of motile transport carriers but did cause a similar increase in run length. These data suggest that kinesins act as negative regulators of ER-to-Golgi transport. Depletion of dynein not only reduced the number of motile carriers formed but also caused tubulation of carriers similar to that seen for sorting nexin-coated early endosomes. Our data indicated that the previously observed anterograde–retrograde polarity of transport carriers in transit to the Golgi from the ER is maintained by microtubule motor function.
Shallow raceways as a compact, resource‐maximizing farming procedure for marine fish species

To develop a compact farming system, a shallow raceway has been tested on five flatfish, three bottom-dwelling species and three open-water species. The main effort has been on turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. , Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. and spotted wolffish Anarhichas minor (Olafsen). The system is almost a standard raceway, but with a very low water level (7 mm for fish at about 100 mg; 25 cm for fish above 2 kg). The system is a package with some crucial preconditions. These include high fish density (often 100–500 kg m− 3), no countercurrent in the levelled raceways (no jet currents), adjustment of water intake with the most remote fish in mind and feeding with floating pellets. Self-cleaning is easily obtained in the system. The system has been tested for a wide size range of raceways (0.07–80 m2) and fish sizes (2 mg to 10 kg), normally with growth and survival rates as good as with traditional rearing systems. There seems to be a ‘learning window’; the earlier the fish are introduced to shallow raceways, the better they perform. The results indicate that a variety of fish species can be produced in shallow raceways; these can be stacked in racks, which facilitate re-use of water from level to level. A very compact and cost-effective farming system will be the outcome.
SOME HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VIRUS‐INFECTED THEOBROMA CACAO L.

Although the five cacao viruses studied produce different external symptoms in infected plants, they affect internal anatomy similarly. Symptoms on leaves occur only if these are still developing when they become infected, and the viruses seem to produce their effects usually by preventing differentiation of the cells. The tissues of chlorotic areas of infected leaves are undifferentiated and similar in structure to young unexpanded leaves. In stem and root swellings xylem and phloem are both increased, but they occur in the same proportions as in normal secondary thickening. The anatomical effects of infection seem insufficient alone to account for the death of cacao trees, but they may well be complementary to the serious necrosis of the root system which results from virus infections.