Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Style and Sociolinguistic Variation.

Introduction John R. Rickford and Penelope Eckert Part I. Anthropological Approaches: 1. 'Style' as distinctiveness: the culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation Judith T. Irvine 2. Variety, style-shifting, and ideology Susan Ervin-Tripp 3. The ethnography of genre in a Mexican market: form, function, variation Richard Bauman 4. The question of genre Ronald Macaulay Part II. Attention Paid to Speech: 5. The anatomy of style shifting William Labov 6. A dissection of style shifting John Baugh 7. Style and social meaning Penelope Eckert 8. Zeroing in on multifunctionality and style Elizabeth Closs Traugott Part III. Audience Design and Self-Identification: 9. Back in style: reworking audience design Allan Bell 10. Primitives of a system for 'style' and 'register' Malcah Yaegar-Dror 11. Language, situation and the relational self: theorising dialect-style in sociolinguistics Nikolas Coupland 12. Couplandia and beyond Howard Giles 13. Style and stylizing from the perspective of a non-autonomous sociolinguistics John R. Rickford Part IV. Functionally Motivated Situational Variation: 14. Register variation and social dialect variation: re-examining the connection Edward Finegan and Douglas Biber 15. Conversation, spoken language and social identity Lesley Milroy 16. Style and the psycholinguistics of sociolinguistics: the logical problem of language variation Dennis R. Preston.
Increased hGH Production Rate after Low-Dose Estrogen Therapy in Prepubertal Girls with Turner's Syndrome

ABSTRACT: Low-dose estrogen therapy significantly increases radioimmunoassayable serum hGH concentrations in the prepubertal hypogonadal female. In this study, we have examined the effects of short- and long-term low-dose ethinyl estradiol therapy on the endogenous production rates and metabolic clearance rates of hGH. We used deconvolution mathematical modeling to provide quantitative estimates of individual secretory parameters and to calculate subject-specific hGH metabolic clearance rates, by using all serum hGH concentrations and their variances considered simultaneously. Nine girls with Turner's syndrome (mean age 7.7 ± 0.5 y) were studied on three separate nights by drawing blood every 20 min from 2200 to 0800 h before (I), after 1 wk (II), and 5 wk (III) of 100 ng/kg/d ethinyl estradiol therapy orally. We found that the endogenous hGH production rate more than doubled in all patients studied after 5 wk of ethinyl estradiol therapy (194 ± 22 (I), 290 ± 43 (II), and 412 ± 66 (III) µg/L/12 h; p < 0.05 for I and III). The half-life of endogenous hGH was not altered in the estrogen treatment paradigm with a mean of 19 ± 1.6 min in study I and 18 ± 1.2 min in both studies II and III. Our results suggest that even prepubertal concentrations of gonadal steroids in the hypogonadal female may be physiologically relevant to the maintenance of normal somatotrope secretory function.
Epidemiology, pathology and treatment of non-follicular indolent lymphomas

Non-follicular indolent subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and marginal zone lymphomas (MZL), are a diverse group of disorders with different presenting features, behaviour patterns and treatment outcomes. Current knowledge of these subtypes is largely based on retrospective analyses. A precise diagnosis can be difficult to achieve, and specific diagnostic criteria are needed to more precisely define some of the rarer indolent tumors, such as nodal and splenic MZLs. Although some subtypes of NHL have a prolonged indolent course, with a good prognosis (e.g. SLL), others (e.g. nodal and splenic MZLs) can rapidly evolve into more aggressive subtypes. In asymptomatic patients, treatment may be deferred until the disease progresses and the patient becomes symptomatic. Universally accepted therapeutic guidelines do not exist, however, and carefully designed, prospective clinical studies are needed to further assess optimal therapeutic approaches for these indolent NHLs.
Real-time optimal power flow under wind energy penetration-Part II: Implementation

In this paper (Part II) we implement the prediction-updating approach developed in Part I to address fast changes in wind power generation when solving a complex realtime optimal power flow (RT-OPF) problem. The approach considers essential scenarios around forecasted wind power values in a moving prediction horizon (120 seconds). The individual optimal power flow problems corresponding to these scenarios are solved in parallel using a multi-processor server. Then the operation strategy is updated in a short sampling time (every 20 seconds) considering real wind power values. The RT-OPF problem is formulated considering both technical and economic aspects simultaneously. The RT-OPF is implemented on a 41-bus medium-voltage distribution network with two wind stations. The results show the benefits of the proposed approach and highlight further challenges of RT-OPF.
Single‐fiber electromyography is a sensitive indicator of axonal degeneration in diabetes

Axonal degeneration with reinnervation was assessed in diabetic subjects with single-fiber electromyography (SF-EMG). SF-EMG was performed on 18 control subjects, 20 diabetic control subjects without clinical or electromyographic evidence of polyneuropathy, and 30 diabetic subjects with clinical and electromyographic features of polyneuropathy. In the diabetic controls and diabetic neuropathy subjects, fiber density and jitter were increased indicating axonal degeneration with reinnervation. These findings confirm that axonal degeneration is a principal pathologic mechanism in diabetic polyneuropathy and that axonal degeneration commonly occurs in asymptomatic diabetic subjects. SF-EMG is thus a sensitive method for assessing axonal degeneration in diabetic subjects.
Effect of position sensor error on the performance of PMSM drives for low torque ripple applications

Accurate measurement of motor shaft position is crucial in the motor drive application where smooth torque performance and better controllability are needed. The error in position along with the non-linearities in the measured currents cause error in the measured q-axis and d-axis currents and applied voltage, thereby introduces ripple in the developed torque. This paper analyzes the effect of various factors including magnetic and mechanical on the accuracy of the position measurement. A detailed mitigation method is provided to correct the position sensor non-linearities to improve the drive performance. It also analyzes the effect of the erroneous position on the developed torque of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Analytical formulations along with a closed loop current controlled PMSM drive model are developed to study the effect of the various sensor errors. Experimental tests are done to support the theoretical analysis and quantify torque ripple contributed from sensor non-linearities.
Structure-Function Analyses of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human N-Acetyltransferase 1

Human N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) alleles are characterized by one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with rapid and slow acetylation phenotypes. NAT1 both activates and deactivates arylamine drugs and carcinogens, and NAT1 polymorphisms are associated with increased frequencies of many cancers and birth defects. The recently resolved human NAT1 crystal structure was used to evaluate SNPs resulting in the protein substitutions R64W, V149I, R187Q, M205V, S214A, D251V, E261K, and I263V. The analysis enhances knowledge of NAT1 structure-function relationships, important for understanding associations of NAT1 SNPs with genetic predisposition to cancer, birth defects, and other diseases.
Can Localised Brain Impairment Be Simulated on Neuropsychological Test Profiles?

We asked 28 registered nurses with varying degrees of experience in working with neurological and neurosurgical patients to fake results on 10 neuropsychological tests in such a way as to be congruent with a history of trauma to the left fronto-temporal cortex. We compared these data to those obtained from 21 patients who had been referred with verified cerebral injury and who had a diagnosis of left fronto-temporal dysfunction. The overall hit rate of classification for the two groups was 85.7% and 89.8%, depending on the way in which test scores were combined. Results showed that a knowledgeable group of informed fakers had great difficulty reproducing the test performance of individuals with left fronto-temporal impairment.
The effect of flaxseed supplementation on the initiation and promotional stages of mammary tumorigenesis.

The cancer protective effects of flaxseed suggested by our previous short-term study were tested in a long-term tumorigenesis experiment. Feeding rats 5% flaxseed flour supplemented in a high-fat diet at the promotional stage of tumorigenesis, i.e., after 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene administration, significantly reduced by 66.7% the size of the tumours that occurred. Although flaxseed feeding at the initiation stage also tended to reduce the number of tumors per tumor-bearing animal, significant differences were seen only between the group fed flaxseed throughout the experiment and the promotional group. Therefore the effect of flaxseed on mammary tumorigenesis is not consistent. Although it was speculated that the effect may be related to the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol produced in such large quantities on the ingestion of flaxseed, further studies are required to clarify the role of lignans and other flaxseed constituents in mammary tumorigenesis.
Zeitvariante Klassifikatoren zur Steuerung von Brain Machine Interfaces und Neuroprothesen (Time-variant Classifiers to Control Brain Machine Interfaces and Neuroprostheses)

Der Beitrag analysiert Ursachen für zeitvariante Klassifikationsprobleme am Beispiel von Brain Machine Interfaces, die zur Steuerung technischer Systeme mit Hirnsignalen dienen. Ausgehend von einer systematischen Kategorisierung der Integration zeitvarianter Informationen in Klassifikatoren werden unterschiedliche Konzepte vorgeschlagen und anhand dreier Benchmarkdatensätze der Brain Computer Interface Competition III (2005) erfolgreich erprobt. This paper analyzes reasons for time-variant classification problems considering brain machine interfaces (i. e., interfaces to control devices by brain signals) as an example. Starting from a categorization for integrating time-variant information in classifiers, different concepts of time-variant classifiers are proposed and successfully applied using three benchmark datasets from the Brain Computer Interface Competition III (2005).
Role of serum high density lipoprotein levels and functions in calcific aortic valve stenosis progression.

BACKGROUND Clinical and epidemiological data well defines the role of atherosclerotic risk factors in pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. Especially dyslipidemia with elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels exerts certain histopathological changes on calcified valve tissue. Exact role of HDL in this process is not known. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the lipid profiles of patients with mild aortic valve stenosis with special focus on HDL; HDL subspecies, serum apoA1 levels, HDL related PON1 and PAF-AH enzyme activities and to correlate this with disease progression rates. METHOD 42 patients (26 female; 16 male), with calcific aortic valve stenosis were enrolled in the study. Serum fasting lipid parameters, HDL subspecies (HDL2, HDL3), serum apoA1 levels and HDL related PON1 and PAF-AH enzyme activities were determined. All participants underwent detailed follow-up transthoracic echocardiography examination. RESULTS Among 42 study participants mean serum total cholesterol level was 195 ± 27.3 mg/dl, LDL-c level was 123 ± 19.1 mg/dl, HDL-c level was 44 ± 10.3 mg/dl and total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio was 4.64 ± 1.13. Basal peak aortic jet velocity (Vmax2) was 2.67 ± 0.39 m/sec, mean pressure gradient (Pmean2) was 15.6 ± 5.5 mmhg. Annual progression rate in peak aortic jet velocity (Vmax) was 0.23 ± 0.17 m/sec, in mean pressure gradient (Pmean) was 3 ± 2.1 mmhg. Annual progression rate in Pmean was most strongly correlated with serum HDL-c level and total/HDL-c ratio (r=-0.528 and 0.505; <0.001 and 0.001 respectively). Progression in Vmax values was positively correlated with serum LDL-c level and total/HDL-c ratio while negatively correlated with serum HDL-c levels (r=0.328, 0.499 and -0.464; P=0.034, 0.001 and 0.002 respectively). Among HDL subspecies HDL2 was the predominant type. HDL2 levels were found to be positively correlated with progression rates. There was no significant correlation between apolipoprotein A1 level and annual progression rate. Serum PON1 activity level was determined to be negatively correlated to doppler echocardiographic progression parameters while HDL related PAF-AH activity was independent of disease progression. CONCLUSION Present study demonstrated a positive correlation between disease progression and serum total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio. Serum HDL-c level was inversely correlated with hemodynamic progression. The majority of HDL was HDL2 subtype. Among HDL related enzymes PON1 enzyme activity exhibited an inverse correlation with disease progression.
Modeling the human oxytocin receptor for drug discovery efforts

The oxytocin receptor belongs to class A receptors within the great family of G protein-coupled receptors. The endogenous ligand oxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone that induces the uterine contractions at parturition and is used to induce the labor. The peptide oxytocin and, even more, its non-peptide antagonist, could be valuable tools in tocolysis. The knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the oxytocin receptor and the determination of the main interaction points between the receptor and the ligands may help to develop selective oxytocin agonists and antagonist. This review summarizes the knowledge about the mapping of the binding domain of the oxytocin receptor and the efforts in the field of molecular modeling studies related to oxytocin receptor–ligand interactions.
Characterization of In0 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pVS1, an ancestor of integrons of multiresistance plasmids and transposons of gram-negative bacteria

Many multiresistance plasmids and transposons of gram-negative bacteria carry related DNA elements that appear to have evolved from a common ancestor by site-specific integration of discrete cassettes containing antibiotic resistance genes or sequences of unknown function. The site of integration is flanked by conserved segments coding for an integraselike protein and for sulfonamide resistance, respectively. These segments, together with the antibiotic resistance genes between them, have been termed integrons (H. W. Stokes and R. M. Hall, Mol. Microbiol. 3:1669-1683, 1989). We report here the characterization of an integron, In0, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pVS1, which has an unoccupied integration site and hence may be an ancestor of more complex integrons. Codon usage of the integrase (int) and sulfonamide resistance (sul1) genes carried by this integron suggests a common origin. This contrasts with the codon usage of other antibiotic resistance genes that were presumably integrated later as cassettes during the evolution and spread of these DNA elements. We propose evolutionary schemes for (i) the genesis of the integrons by the site-specific integration of antibiotic resistance genes and (ii) the evolution of the integrons of multiresistance plasmids and transposons, in relation to the evolution of transposons related to Tn21.
Osmotic Flow: Osmotic Computing + IoT Workflow

The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) devices (e.g., sensors and gateways) and the almost ubiquitous connectivity (e.g., 4G, Wi-Fi, RFID/NFC, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4) are forcing us to radically rethink how to effectively deal with massive volume, velocity, and variety of big data produced by such IoT devices. There are currently 6.4 billion IoT devices in use around the world and their number, capabilities, as well as the scope of their use, keeps growing rapidly.
Design of an all-dielectric band-stop frequency selective surface

Design of an all-dielectric band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) is proposed for X-band application. The unit particle of the FSS consists of a thick upper hexagonal prism part and a thin lower hexagonal prism part for monolithic construction. The proposed FSS has planar array of hexagonal ceramic prisms having a honey comb-shaped structure. The proposed FSS has three resonant dips. Those are combined to establish a broad stop-band of 24.4 % (center frequency of 10 GHz) −10-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW). To demonstrate resonant characteristic modes, the cylindrical cavity mode analysis based on the cylindrical wave functions is used.
60S pre‐ribosome formation viewed from assembly in the nucleolus until export to the cytoplasm

60S ribosomes undergo initial assembly in the nucleolus before export to the cytoplasm and recent analyses have identified several nucleolar pre‐60S particles. To unravel the steps in the pathway of ribosome formation, we have purified the pre‐60S ribosomes associated with proteins predicted to act at different stages as the pre‐ribosomes transit from the nucleolus through the nucleoplasm and are then exported to the cytoplasm for final maturation. About 50 non‐ribosomal proteins are associated with the early nucleolar pre‐60S ribosomes. During subsequent maturation and transport to the nucleoplasm, many of these factors are removed, while others remain attached and additional factors transiently associate. When the 60S precursor particles are close to exit from the nucleus they associate with at least two export factors, Nmd3 and Mtr2. As the 60S pre‐ribosome reaches the cytoplasm, almost all of the factors are dissociated. These data provide an initial biochemical map of 60S ribosomal subunit formation on its path from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm.
Leptin affects pancreatic endocrine functions through the sympathetic nervous system.

The effects of leptin on the secretion of insulin and glucagon were examined. In an experiment involving insulin response to an i.v. glucose load in vagotomized rats, the plasma concentrations of insulin were significantly lower in the leptin (20 nmol/kg BW)-treated group than in a control group. However, in intact rats and rats that had undergone both vagotomy and chemical sympathectomy, this suppressive effect of leptin on insulin secretion was not detected. In an experiment involving a hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion test in intact rats, an i.v. injection of leptin (20 nmol/kg BW) augmented the plasma glucagon response to hypoglycemia. In the case of sympathectomized rats, however, this stimulative effect of leptin on glucagon secretion was not detected. In an experiment with perfused rat pancreas, the addition of leptin (20 nM) to the perfusate slightly suppressed insulin secretion, but had no effect on basal or glucopenia-induced glucagon secretion. In intact rats infused with leptin (0.31 micromol/day), the expression of uncoupling protein-1 messenger RNA in interscapular brown adipose tissue was increased, whereas no such effect of leptin on the uncoupling protein-1 messenger RNA expression was observed in brown adipose tissue in chemically sympathectomized rats. These findings suggest that leptin might indirectly affect pancreatic endocrine functions, probably through its stimulative effects on the sympathetic nervous system.
Amiloride Enhances Postischemic Ventricular Recovery During Cardioplegic Arrest

Intracellular Ca2+ is of primary importance in the pathogenesis of ischemia and reperfusion injury in the myocardium. 'p2 Although the exact mechanism of intracellular Ca2+accumulation has not been described, several mechanisms have been proposed, including the Ca2+ transmembrane inflow through the slow channels2 and through the permeable membrane caused by myocardial i~chemia. ~Recent studies suggested that massive Ca2+ influx may occur as a consequence of the Na+-Ca2+ exchange during reperfusion, which in turn may be caused by accumulation of Na+ during i~chemia. ~ It is known that acidosis induced by anaerobic metabolism leads to enhanced exchange of intracellular H+ for Na+. In addition, inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by energy depletion also is known to cause to the accumulation of intracellular Na+. This study proposes to determine if inhibition of H+-Na+ exchange by amiloride can lead to myocardial preservation during cardioplegic arrest as seen during openheart surgery. We used an animal model simulating coronary artery bypass for acute myocardial infarction. The results suggest that amiloride reduces myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.
Analysis of the critical sites for protein thermostabilization by proline substitution in oligo-1,6-glucosidase from Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050 and the evolutionary consideration of proline residues

To identify the critical sites for protein thermostabilization by proline substitution, the gene for oligo-1,6- glucosidase from a thermophilic Bacillus coagulans strain, ATCC 7050, was cloned as a 2.4-kb DNA fragment and sequenced. In spite of a big difference in their thermostabilities, B. coagulans oligo-1,6-glucosidase had a large number of points in its primary structure identical to respective points in the same enzymes from a mesophilic Bacillus cereus strain, ATCC 7064 (57%), and an obligately thermophilic Bacillus thermoglucosidasius strain, KP1006 (59%). The number of prolines (19 for B. cereus oligo-1,6-glucosidase, 24 for B. coagulans enzyme, and 32 for B. thermoglucosidasius enzyme) was observed to increase with the rise in thermostabilities of the oligo-1,6-glucosidases. Classification of proline residues in light of the amino acid sequence alignment and the protein structure revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis also supported this tendency. Judging from proline residues occurring in B. coagulans oligo-1,6-glucosidase and the structural requirement for proline substitution (second site of the beta turn and first turn of the alpha helix) (K. Watanabe, T. Masuda, H. Ohashi, H. Mihara, and Y. Suzuki, Eur. J. Biochem. 226:277-283, 1994), the critical sites for thermostabilization were found to be Lys-121, Glu-290, Lys-457, and Glu-487 in B. cereus oligo-1,6-glucosidase. With regard to protein evolution, the oligo-1,6-glucosidases very likely follow the neutral theory. The adaptive mutations of the oligo-1,6-glucosidases that appear to increase thermostability are consistent with the substitution of proline residues for neutrally occurring residues. It is concluded that proline substitution is an important factor for the selection of thermostability in oligo-1,6-glucosidases.
Heat Shock Protein 72 Does Not Modulate Ionizing Radiation-Induced Apoptosis in U1810 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells

Heat shock proteins (HSP) have been shown to interfere with apoptosis signaling, suggesting that there might be a role for these proteins as mediators of resistance to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis. Protein expression of the stress inducible heat shock proteins, HSP72 and HSP27, was analyzed in a panel of lung carcinoma cell lines displaying various degrees of radiosensitivity. Expression of HSP72 was high in all cell lines investigated while HSP27 was present in all non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and 6/9 small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines. Heat shock, but not IR, induced or further increased the expression of HSP27 and HSP72. Moreover, elevation of heat shock protein level prior to irradiation did not attenuate IR-induced apoptotic signaling or the induction of apoptosis. Protein level of HSP72 was downregulated in a radioresistant NSCLC cell line by RNA interference. However, this did not sensitize cells to treatment with DNA-damaging agents such as IR, cisplatin or VP16. Thus, the results from this first study on the relationship between stress-inducible HSP expression and IR-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells do not support a role for HSPs in the radioresistance of NSCLC lung cancer cells.