Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parametric Controls on Vegetation Responses to Biogeochemical Forcing in the CLM5

Future projections of land carbon uptake in Earth System Models are affected by land surface model responses to both CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. The Community Land Model, Version 5 (CLM5), contains a suite of modifications to carbon and nitrogen cycle representation. Globally, the CLM5 has a larger CO2 response and smaller nitrogen response than its predecessors. To improve our understanding of the controls over the fertilization responses of the new model, we assess sensitivity to eight parameters pertinent to the cycling of carbon and nitrogen by vegetation, both under present‐day conditions and with CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. The impact of fertilization varies with both model parameters and with the balance of limiting factors (water, temperature, nutrients, and light) in the pre‐fertilization model state. The model parameters that impact the pre‐fertilization state are in general not the same as those that control fertilization responses, meaning that goodness of fit to present‐day conditions does not necessarily imply a constraint on future transient projections. Where pre‐fertilization state has low leaf area, fertilization‐induced increases in leaf production amplify the model response to the initial fertilization via further increases in photosynthesis. Model responses to CO2 and N fertilization are strongly impacted by how much plant communities can increase their rates of nitrogen fixation and also directly affected by costs of N extraction from soil and stoichiometric flexibility. Illustration of how parametric flexibility impacts model outputs should help inform the interpretation of carbon‐climate feedbacks estimated by in fully coupled Earth system model simulations.
Time-energy trade-off in unambiguous-state-discrimination positive operator-valued measures

Unambiguous non-orthogonal state discrimination has fundamental importance in quantum information and quantum cryptography. The discrimination is carried out by POVM generalized measurements. For this process, we find a tradeoff between the needed energy resources and the evolution time, and express it in terms of action-like cost inequality. We find the realization that minimizes this action-like cost and show that in this case the cost is determined by the maximal population transfer from the system to the ancilla needed for the POVM implementation.
The millimeter-wave spectrum and astronomical search of succinonitrile and its vibrational excited states ★.

Context Dinitriles with a saturated hydrocarbon skeleton and a -C≡N group at each end can have large electric dipole moments. Their formation can be related to highly reactive radicals such as CH2CN, C2N or CN. Thus, these saturated dinitriles are potential candidates to be observed in the ISM. Aims Our goal is the investigation of the rotational spectrum of one of the simplest dinitriles N≡C-CH2-CH2-C≡N, succinonitrile, whose actual rotational parameters are not precise enough to allow its detection in the ISM. In addition, the rotational spectra for its vibrational exicted states will be analyzed. Methods The rotational spectra of succinonitrile was measured in the frequency range 72-116.5 GHz using a new broadband millimeter-wave spectrometer based on radio astronomy receivers with Fast Fourier Transform backends. The identification of the vibrational excited states of succinonitrile was supported by high-level ab initio calculations on the harmonic and anharmonic force fields. Results A total of 459 rotational transitions with maximum values of J and Ka quantum numbers 70 and 14, respectively, were measured for the ground vibrational state of succinonitrile. The analysis allowed us to accurately determine the rotational, quartic and sextic centrifugal distortion constants. Up to eleven vibrational excited states, resulting from the four lowest frequency vibrational modes ν 13, ν 12, ν 24 and ν 23 were identified. In addition to the four fundamental modes, we observed overtones together with some combination states. The rotational parameters for the ground state were employed to unsuccessfully search for succinonitrile in the cold and warm molecular clouds Orion KL, Sgr B2(N), B1-b and TMC-1, using the spectral surveys captured by IRAM 30m at 3mm and the Yebes 40m at 1.3cm and 7mm. Conclusions
The approximate solution of nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations of fractional order

Fractional nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integro-diﬀerential equations are solved by using the Bessel polynomials. At ﬁrst, we introduced Bessel functions and the transfer matrix basis from Bessel functions to Taylor polynomials. Then, we obtain the operational matrix of fractional order integration and this matrix is utilized to reduce the fractional Fredholm-Volterra integro-diﬀerential equations to system of algebraic equations. The present study in comparison with other methods shows that when these methods are applied to nonlinear FVIDEs of fractional order is more accurate, eﬃciency and reliability.
Study of CP-properties of the Higgs sector of supersymmetric models

In 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations independently observed a new Higgslike particle with a mass Mh ∼ 125 GeV and properties similar to that predicted by the Standard Model (SM) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). So far, although the measurements indicate that this Higgs-like boson is compatible with the SM hypothesis, however due to large uncertainties in some of the Higgs detection channels, one still has the possibility of testing this new particle as being a candidate for some beyond the SM (BSM) physics scenarios, for example, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), in the CP-conserving version (CPC-MSSM). We evaluate the modifications of the CPC-MSSM results when CP-violating (CPV) phases are turned on explicitly, leading to the CP-violating MSSM (CPV-MSSM). We investigate the role of the CPV phases in (some of) the soft Supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking terms on both the mass of the lightest Higgs boson h1, and the rates for some of the gluon gluon fusion (GGF) processes like, gg → h1 → γγ, gg → h1 → ZZ∗ → 4l, gg → h1 → W+W− → lνlν, and the vector boson fusion (VBF) processes like, qq → h1 → bb̄ and qq → h1 → τ+τ−, at the LHC, considering the impact of stringent flavor constraints as well as the constraints coming from electric dipole moment (EDM) measurements. We find that it is possible to have a Higgs mass of about 125 GeV with relatively small tan β, large At and a light stop, which is consistent with the current SUSY particle searches at the LHC. We obtain that the imaginary part of the top and bottom Yukawa couplings can take very small but non-zero values even after satisfying all the recent updates from both the ATLAS and CMS collaborations within 1-2σ uncertainties which might be an interesting signature to look for at the future runs of the LHC. Our study shows that the CPV-MSSM provides a potential solution to the recent LHC Higgs data, in fact offering very little in the way of distinction between these two SUSY models (CPC-MSSM and CPV-MSSM) at the 7 and 8 xiii TH-1939_126121014
3D modelling of the synthesis of copper nanoparticles by means of a DC transferred arc twin torch plasma system

An atmospheric pressure DC transferred arc twin torch thermal plasma system has been characterized by 3D simulation in order to assess its potential for the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles from solid precursors. The numerical model also takes into account the non-negligible effect on process temperature of radiative losses, transport and thermodynamic properties of Cu vapour. In the frame of design-oriented simulation and optimization of the synthesis process, mean diameter and yield of the synthetized nanoparticles have been investigated for different current levels, gas flow rates, precursor feed rates and nanoparticles model. Results show that evaporation efficiency is considerably high even at precursor feed rates up to 25 kg d−1, while the presence of vortices inside the chambers causes a significative loss of nanoparticles to the reactor walls, with a detrimental effect to the yield.
Numerical visualization via heatlines for natural convection in porous bodies of rhombic shapes subjected to thermal aspect ratio-based heating of walls

Abstract Visualization of heat flow and trajectories has been employed during buoyancy induced (natural) convection within porous rhombic 2D cavities of different base angles involving various intensities of the thermal state of the bottom wall via tuning thermal aspect ratios (Ar). The thermal mixing effect at the core, heat transport rates at side walls and heat supply rate by the bottom wall have been elucidated at various limits of Pr and Ar for low and high Darcy number regimes. The heatline tool has been found to be indispensable to analyze the convection heat transport at various locations and trajectories of heat propagation from the hot zone to cooler zone of walls involving various scenarios.
Empirical Validation of Evaluation Model for Deaf People on Mobile Applications

Usability evaluation is a process that accesses any system or application functions and user experience on it. Many usability evaluation models available to conduct the usability evaluation with the users. Deaf user is usually isolated when concerning on mobile application since they are disabled. However, many mobile applications are available to cater this community which is left unused due to bad user experience towards the applications. The usability evaluation model for the deaf people mobile application is developed to address the needs of deaf people requirement for better user experience in any application. This paper presents empirical findings of validating the model developed through usability evaluation conducted on a selected mobile application for the deaf. The result shows that the developed model is useful to evaluate and reliable for data collection.
Thermodynamic bounds on current fluctuations

For fluctuating thermodynamic currents in non-equilibrium steady states, the thermodynamic uncertainty relation expresses a fundamental trade-off between precision, i.e. small fluctuations, and dissipation. Using large deviation theory, we show that this relation follows from a universal bound on current fluctuations that is valid beyond the Gaussian regime and in which only the total rate of entropy production enters. Applied to molecular motors and heat engines, the bound on current fluctuations imposes constraints on the efficiency and power. Variants and refinements of the thermodynamic uncertainy relation hold on finite time scales and for cyclically driven systems.
TASI Lectures on WIMPs and Supersymmetry

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are an appealing and well studied candidate for dark matter (DM) that arise in many extensions of the standard model. I will discuss where a WIMP sits in the catalogue of DM candidates, its origin as a thermal relic, and the various approaches available to discover it. The prototypical example of a WIMP is the neutralino of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). I will give an introduction to the formalism and phenomenology of supersymmetry and the MSSM, with emphasis on DM. These notes are the combination of lectures given at TASI 2018 and a Joint ICTP-Trieste/ICTP-SAIFR School.
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II: Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming

Model projections of tropical cyclone (TC) activity response to anthropogenic warming in climate models are assessed. Observations, theory, and models, with increasing robustness, indicate rising global TC risk for some metrics that are projected to impact multiple regions. A 2°C anthropogenic global warming is projected to impact TC activity as follows. 1) The most confident TC-related projection is that sea level rise accompanying the warming will lead to higher storm inundation levels, assuming all other factors are unchanged. 2) For TC precipitation rates, there is at least medium-to-high confidence in an increase globally, with a median projected increase of 14%, or close to the rate of tropical water vapor increase with warming, at constant relative humidity. 3) For TC intensity, 10 of 11 authors had at least medium-to-high confidence that the global average will increase. The median projected increase in lifetime maximum surface wind speeds is about 5% (range: 1%–10%) in available higher-resolution studies. 4) For the global proportion (as opposed to frequency) of TCs that reach very intense (category 4–5) levels, there is at least medium-to-high confidence in an increase, with a median projected change of +13%. Author opinion was more mixed and confidence levels lower for the following projections: 5) a further poleward expansion of the latitude of maximum TC intensity in the western North Pacific; 6) a decrease of global TC frequency, as projected in most studies; 7) an increase in global very intense TC frequency (category 4–5), seen most prominently in higher-resolution models; and 8) a slowdown in TC translation speed.
Fully dispersive models for moving loads on ice sheets

The response of a floating elastic plate to the motion of a moving load is studied using a fully dispersive weakly nonlinear system of equations. The system allows for an accurate description of waves across the whole spectrum of wavelengths and also incorporates nonlinearity, forcing and damping. The flexural–gravity waves described by the system are time-dependent responses to a forcing with a described weight distribution, moving at a time-dependent velocity. The model is versatile enough to allow the study of a wide range of situations including the motion of a combination of point loads and loads of arbitrary shape. Numerical solutions of the system are compared to data from a number of field campaigns on ice-covered lakes, and good agreement between the deflectometer records and the numerical simulations is observed in most cases. Consideration is also given to waves generated by a decelerating load, and it is shown that a decelerating load may trigger a wave response with a far greater amplitude than a load moving at constant celerity.
A best-response approach for equilibrium selection in two-player generalized Nash equilibrium problems

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a best-response approach to select an equilibrium in a two-player generalized Nash equilibrium problem. In our model we solve, at each of a finite number of time steps, two independent optimization problems. We prove that convergence of our Jacobi-type method, for the number of time steps going to infinity, implies the selection of the same equilibrium as in a recently introduced continuous equilibrium selection theory. Thus the presented approach is a different motivation for the existing equilibrium selection theory, and it can also be seen as a numerical method. We show convergence of our numerical scheme for some special cases of generalized Nash equilibrium problems with linear constraints and linear or quadratic cost functions.
Optimal Allocation of Phasor Measurement Units Considering Various Contingencies and Measurement Redundancy

This article presents an efficient and comprehensive method to find out the minimum number of and the corresponding locations of phasor measurement units (PMUs) guaranteeing full numerical observability of a power system as well as maximize the measurement redundancy in conjunction with preexisting conventional measurements. Furthermore, the effect of number of available channels of PMUs on their optimal placement can be taken into account. The proposed optimal PMU placement (OPP) formulation is extended to consider the case of two types of contingencies, single PMU loss and single branch outage. The objective of the OPP method is the numerical observability, unlike the majority of earlier works which are based on topological observability and do not always ensure numerical observability required for the successful execution of state estimation (SE). The problem is formulated as a binary semidefinite programming (BSDP) model with binary decision variables, minimizing a linear objective function subject to linear matrix inequality (LMI) observability constraints. The BSDP problem is solved using an outer approximation scheme based on binary integer linear programming. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on different IEEE test systems.
A Model of Perception of Privacy, Trust, and Self-Disclosure on Online Social Networks

Online Social Networks are used widely, raising new issues in terms of privacy, trust, and self-disclosure. For a better understanding of these issues for Facebook users, a model was built that includes privacy value, privacy risk, trust, privacy control, privacy concerns, and self-disclosure. A total of 602 respondents participated in an online survey, and structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the model. The findings indicate significant relationships between the constructs in this study. The model from our study contributes new knowledge to privacy issues, trust and self-disclosure on Online Social Networks for other researchers or developers of online social networks.
G R ] 3 O ct 2 01 8 Quasi-isometric rigidity of a class of right-angled Coxeter groups Jordan Bounds

We establish quasi-isometric rigidity for a class of right-angled Coxeter groups. Let Γ1, Γ2 be joins of finite generalized thick m-gons with m ≥ 3. We show that the corresponding right-angled Coxeter groups are quasi-isometric if and only if Γ1, Γ2 are isomorphic. We also give a construction of commensurable right-angled Coxeter groups.
Improved FTO/NiOx Interfaces for Inverted Planar Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Front electrodes of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films and hole-transporting layers of nickel oxide thin films have been combined to fabricate 1.063 cm2 inverted planar solar cells with cesium-containing triple-cation perovskites as absorber layers. Using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, FTO layers were obtained with low sheet resistance, decreased root-mean-square roughness, increased transmission, and reduced optical haze values compared with a widely used commercial FTO substrate. Cell performance outperformed the equivalent cells fabricated using the commercial FTO. With full illumination under maximum power point tracking, a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 13.78% was obtained for the champion device.
On Formality of Some Homogeneous Spaces

Let G / H be a homogeneous space of a compact simple classical Lie group G. Assume that the maximal torus T H of H is conjugate to a torus T β whose Lie algebra t β is the kernel of the maximal root β of the root system of the complexified Lie algebra g c . We prove that such homogeneous space is formal. As an application, we give a short direct proof of the formality property of compact homogeneous 3-Sasakian spaces of classical type. This is a complement to the work of Fernández, Muñoz, and Sanchez which contains a full analysis of the formality property of S O ( 3 ) -bundles over the Wolf spaces and the proof of the formality property of homogeneous 3-Sasakian manifolds as a corollary.
Sharp estimates for linear and nonlinear wave equations via the Penrose transform

espanolAplicamos la transformada de Penrose, una herramienta b asica de la f sica relativista, a unas estimaciones optimas para ecuaciones de ondas lineales y no lineales. Invalidamos una conjetura de Foschi, sobre extremizadores para la estimaci on de Strichartz con datos en el espacio de Sobolev 9H 1{2 9H 1{2pRdq, para d ¥ 2 par. Por otro lado, vamos a dar indicios en favor de su conjetura en dimension impar, as como una versi on re nada de su desigualdad optima en R13, a~nadiendo un t ermino proporcional a la distancia de los datos iniciales del conjunto de puntos extremales. Utilizando este resultado, conseguimos una f ormula asint otica para la norma de Strichartz de soluciones peque~nas de la ecuaci on de ondas c ubica en el espacio-tiempo de Minkowski. El coe ciente principal coincide con la constante optima de Foschi. Calculamos expl citamente el coe ciente del otro t ermino, cuyo m odulo y signo cambian dependiendo de si estamos en el caso focusing o defocusing. EnglishWe apply the Penrose transform, which is a basic tool of relativistic physics, to the study of sharp estimates for linear and nonlinear wave equations. We disprove a conjecture of Foschi, regarding extremizers for the Strichartz inequality with data in the Sobolev space 9H 1{2 9H 1{2pRdq, for even d ¥ 2. On the other hand, we provide evidence to support the conjecture in odd dimensions and re ne his sharp inequality in R1��3, adding a term proportional to the distance of the initial data from the set of extremizers. Using this, we provide an asymptotic formula for the Strichartz norm of small solutions to the cubic wave equation in Minkowski space. The leading coe cient is given by Foschi's sharp constant. We calculate the constant in the second term, whose absolute value and sign changes depending on whether the equation is focusing or defocusing.
Motion of Newtonian drops deposited on liquid-impregnated surfaces induced by vertical vibrations

We have studied the motion of drops on inclined liquid-impregnated surfaces (LISs) subject to vertical vibrations. The liquid drops comprise distilled water and different aqueous solutions of glycerol of increasing viscosity. The use of weak pinning LISs strongly affects the dynamical phase diagram. First of all, there is no trace of the dominant static region at low oscillating amplitudes reported for oscillating solid surfaces characterized by contact angle hysteresis. On the contrary, at sufficiently low oscillating amplitudes, the drops always move downwards with a velocity that depends only on the drop viscosity. Further increasing the oscillating amplitude may drive the drop upwards against gravity, as reported for dry surfaces. The use of more viscous drops widens this climbing region. Arguably, the main novelty of this work concerns the observation of two distinct descending regimes where the downhill speed differs by a factor of five or more. Fast-rate videos show that the evolution of the drop profile is diverse in the two regimes, likely because the vertical oscillations reduce the effect of the oil meniscus surrounding the drop at high accelerations.
LES turbulence models. Relation with stabilized numerical methods

Understanding of turbulence, its quantification, prediction, simulation and control has turned into one of the most complex and important problems in science and engineering. It is accepted that Navier-Stokes equations, used to describe the behaviour of viscous incompressible fluids, describe properly turbulent phenomena. Consequently, considering the enormous capacity of actual computers, it is possible to consider that high precision numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations can solve the problem of turbulence. Unfortunately, at current rhythm of growing of computing power, the attempts of direct numerical simulation of Navier-Stokes equations have been limited to low Reynolds numbers, Re . This type of direct simulations are usually known by its English acronym DNS. The reason for this limited success of the DNS is explained by means of the heuristic estimator of Kolmogorov, ( ) 4 Re O , of the necessary degrees of freedom to simulate a