Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Handling-Injection Stress with Noise Stress on Learning and Memory in the Early Life of Male Rats

Effects of stress on learning and memory in the early life have been one of the hot topics in neuroscience. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of handling-injection stress with noise stress in the passive avoidance task in rats. The performance of rats was evaluated in the retention test 24 h after a single acquisition trial. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals for 4 weeks: subcutaneous injection ofss sodium chloride 0.9% and handling stress (I+H), subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% and handling with noise exposure (I+N), noise exposure (N) and control (C). After 4 weeks, we studied passive avoidance conditioning test in a shuttle box. The step-through latency after training animals significantly increased in (I + H) group as compared with (I+N) and (N) groups (p<0.01). But using noise stress with handling-injection stress significantly attenuated learning and memory in the (I+N) group than other 3 groups (p<0.05). The data suggested that moderate stress (handling-injection) increased learning and memory in the early life of animals but using moderate stress with sound stress impaired them.
Reasonable Choices for Cytotoxic or Cytostatic Treatment in Elderly Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Copyright: © 2015 Zarogoulidis K . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Nowadays, expansion of the aging population, especially in developed countries, elderly lung cancer cases show an increasing trend. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program data show that patients ≥ 70 years and older account for 47% of all lung cancer [1]. According to National Institute on Aging (NIA) and NCI SEER Collaborative Study on Comorbidity and Cancer in the Elderly, in the USA in 2030, 1 in 5 Americans will be aged ≥ 65 years [1].
Are adenoviruses zoonotic? A systematic review of the evidence

ABSTRACT Adenoviruses (AdVs) are major contributors to clinical illnesses. Novel human and animal AdVs continue to be identified and characterized. Comparative analyses using bioinformatic methods and Omics-based technologies allow insights into how these human pathogens have emerged and their potential for host cross-species transmission. Systematic review of literature published across ProQuest, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases for evidence of adenoviral zoonotic potential identified 589 citations. After removing duplicates, 327 citations were screened for relevance; of which, 74 articles received full-text reviews. Among these, 24 were included here, of which 16 demonstrated evidence of zoonotic transmission of AdVs. These documented instances of AdV crossing host species barriers between humans and non-human primate, bat, feline, swine, canine, ovine, and caprine. Eight studies sought to but did not find evidence of zoonosis. The findings demonstrate substantial evidence suggesting AdVs have previously and will continue crossing host species barriers. These have human health consequences both in terms of novel pathogen emergence and epidemic outbreaks, and of appropriate and safe use of non-human adenoviruses for therapeutics. As routine human clinical diagnostics may miss a novel cross-species adenovirus infection in humans, next generation sequencing or panspecies molecular diagnostics may be necessary to detect such incursions.
Schistosomiasis was not associated with higher HIV-1 plasma or genital set point viral loads among HIV seroconverters from four cohort studies

Background Many regions of sub-Saharan Africa experience a high prevalence of both schistosomiasis and HIV-1, leading to frequent coinfection. Higher plasma HIV-1 viral loads are associated with faster disease progression and genital HIV-1 loads are a primary determinant of HIV-1 transmission risk. We hypothesized that schistosome infection would be associated with higher HIV-1 viral loads in plasma and genital samples. Methods/Principal findings We utilized data from individuals who HIV-1 seroconverted while enrolled in one of four prospective cohort studies. Plasma and genital viral loads collected 4–24 months after the estimated date of HIV-1 acquisition, but prior to antiretroviral therapy initiation, were included. Detection of circulating anodic antigen in archived blood samples, collected prior to HIV-1 seroconversion, identified participants with active schistosomiasis; immunoblots determined the schistosome species causing infection. Our analysis included 370 HIV-1 seroconverters with plasma viral load results, of whom 82 (22%) had schistosomiasis. We did not find a statistically significant association between schistosomiasis and higher HIV-1 set point plasma viral loads (-0.17 log10 copies/ml, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.03); S. mansoni infection was associated with a lower set point (-0.34 log10 copies/ml, 95% CI -0.58 to -0.09). We found no association between schistosomiasis and cervical (+0.07 log10 copies/swab, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.34) or vaginal (+0.11 log10 copies/swab, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.39) set point viral loads; S. haematobium infection was associated with lower cervical viral loads (-0.59 log10 copies/swab, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.06). Conclusions/Significance These results do not support the hypotheses that schistosome coinfection increases plasma or genital HIV-1 viral loads.
The profile of attentional modulation to visual features

Although it is well established that feature-based attention (FBA) can enhance an attended feature, how it modulates unattended features remains less clear. Previous studies have generally supported either a graded profile as predicted by the feature-similarity gain model or a nonmonotonic profile predicted by the surround suppression model. To reconcile these different views, we systematically measured the attentional profile in three basic feature dimensions—orientation, motion direction, and spatial frequency. In three experiments, we instructed participants to detect a coherent feature signal against noise under attentional or neutral condition. Our results support a nonmonotonic hybrid model of attentional modulation consisting of feature-similarity gain and surround suppression for orientation and motion direction. For spatial frequency, we also found a similar nonmonotonic profile for higher frequencies than the attended frequency, but a lack of attentional modulation for lower frequencies than the attended frequency. The current findings can reconcile the discrepancies in the literature and suggest the hybrid model as a new framework for attentional modulation in feature space. In addition, a computational model incorporating known properties of spatial frequency channels and attentional modulations at the neural level reproduced the asymmetric attentional modulation, thus revealing a connection between surround suppression and the basic neural architecture of an early visual system.
Linear time encoding of cycle GF(2p) codes through graph analysis

In this letter, we present a linear-complexity encoding algorithm for any cycle GF(2/sup P/) code C/sub E/(G,H). We just need to investigate the case where G is a nontrivial connected graph. If G is a tree, the only codeword is the all-zero word. If G is not a tree, first, we show that through graph analysis H can be transformed into an equivalent block-diagonal upper-triangular form simply by permuting the rows and columns of H; then, we show that whether H is full row-rank or not, the code can be encoded in linear time.
Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Untreated, EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC.

BACKGROUND Osimertinib is a third-generation, irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKI) that selectively inhibits both EGFR-TKI-sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations. A phase 3 trial compared first-line osimertinib with other EGFR-TKIs in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The trial showed longer progression-free survival with osimertinib than with the comparator EGFR-TKIs (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.46). Data from the final analysis of overall survival have not been reported. METHODS In this trial, we randomly assigned 556 patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with an EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion or L858R allele) in a 1:1 ratio to receive either osimertinib (80 mg once daily) or one of two other EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg once daily or erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg once daily, with patients receiving these drugs combined in a single comparator group). Overall survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS The median overall survival was 38.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.5 to 41.8) in the osimertinib group and 31.8 months (95% CI, 26.6 to 36.0) in the comparator group (hazard ratio for death, 0.80; 95.05% CI, 0.64 to 1.00; P = 0.046). At 3 years, 79 of 279 patients (28%) in the osimertinib group and 26 of 277 (9%) in the comparator group were continuing to receive a trial regimen; the median exposure was 20.7 months and 11.5 months, respectively. Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were reported in 42% of the patients in the osimertinib group and in 47% of those in the comparator group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with an EGFR mutation, those who received osimertinib had longer overall survival than those who received a comparator EGFR-TKI. The safety profile for osimertinib was similar to that of the comparator EGFR-TKIs, despite a longer duration of exposure in the osimertinib group. (Funded by AstraZeneca; FLAURA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02296125.).
Optimal Timing of Repeat Multiplex Molecular Testing for Respiratory Viruses

Determining whether and when multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for respiratory viruses should be repeated is difficult. We analyzed 5 years of results for a multiplex NAAT targeting 14 respiratory viruses, to determine how often repeat tests were ordered and the time period in which results were likely to change. Results for NAATs performed on nasopharyngeal specimens and repeated within 90 days after initial testing were analyzed. ABSTRACT Determining whether and when multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for respiratory viruses should be repeated is difficult. We analyzed 5 years of results for a multiplex NAAT targeting 14 respiratory viruses, to determine how often repeat tests were ordered and the time period in which results were likely to change. Results for NAATs performed on nasopharyngeal specimens and repeated within 90 days after initial testing were analyzed. Logistic regression models were used to compare time periods between tests with respect to the odds of a change in the sample result. During the study period, 21,819 nasopharyngeal specimens from 16,779 individuals were submitted. Of these, 8,807 samples (40%) were positive for at least one viral pathogen. Among this cohort, 2,583 specimens (12%) collected from 1,473 patients (9%) were repeat tests performed within 90 days after an initial test. If repeated within 90 days, 71% of tests (1,833 tests) did not have a change in result. Initially negative tests typically remained negative, whereas initially positive tests mostly remained positive until 11 to 15 days. The odds of result change plateaued after 20 days. The odds of result change for tests repeated within 20 days were only 0.52 times the odds (95% confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.62) for those repeated at 21 to 90 days (P < 0.001). Multiplex tests for respiratory viruses that are repeated within short periods lead to redundant results at additional costs. Repeat testing of nasopharyngeal specimens before 20 days demonstrates little change. These results provide a vital component for use in laboratory stewardship to curtail unnecessary respiratory viral testing.
Injury Incidence Rates and Profiles in Elite Taekwondo during Competition and Training

Abstract This study aimed to investigate exposure adjusted injury incidence rates and profiles associated with training and competition in an elite taekwondo athlete population. 82 athletes were investigated for injuries over a period of 5 years. Individual fight time exposure for training and competition was recorded. The type and location of the injuries were classified and exposure-adjusted injury incidence rates (IIR) were calculated per 1000 h for training and competition. 66 athletes with a mean age of 19.3±4.2 years and 172 injuries were included in the final data assessment. The exposure adjusted IIR was significantly higher during competition (p<0.001) with a rate ratio of 6.33 (95% CI 4.58–8.69). Ankle and foot region as well as hand and wrist were most affected with significant higher IIR in competition (p<0.001). Joint injuries, fractures, and bruising occurred the most. Fractures occurred mainly to the hand and wrist region. Future investigations should focus on exposure adjusted injury data including analyses of the detailed mechanism leading to especially severe injuries to improve specific injury prevention in competition and promote evolution of protective gear.
The effect of vehicle countermeasures and age on human volunteer kinematics during evasive swerving events

Abstract Objective: Emergency maneuvers such as evasive swerving often precede a crash. These events are typically low-acceleration, time-extended events where the inertial forces have the potential to cause changes to the occupant’s initial state (initial posture, position, muscle tension). The objective of this study was to systematically quantify the kinematics of pediatric and adult human volunteers during simulated pre-crash evasive swerving maneuvers and evaluate the effect of age and two vehicle-based countermeasures. Methods: A novel laboratory device was designed to expose subjects to non-injurious loading conditions that mimic real-world evasive swerving events. A four-cycle oscillatory lateral pulse with a maximum acceleration of 0.72 g (0.53 g for the first lateral movement in the first cycle) was applied. Forty seat belt restrained subjects across four age groups – 9-11 years (n = 10), 12-14 years (n = 10), 15-17 years (n = 10) and 18-40 years (n = 10) – were exposed to a series of test conditions (baseline, pre-pretensioned seat belt, sculpted vehicle seat with and without inflated torso bolsters) while their kinematics were captured using 3 D motion capture and muscle activity was recorded. Reaction loads were collected from the shoulder belt and footrest. Data are presented for the first cycle only. Results: Pre-pretensioning the shoulder belt before the onset of acceleration had the greatest restraining effect on the head and trunk for all age groups. In the pre-pretensioning trials, compared to baseline, subjects exhibited 34% and 33% less head excursion, into and out of the shoulder belt respectively. Similar reductions were observed with pre-pretensioning for trunk excursion (45% and 53% reductions, in and out of the belt respectively). Inflating seat torso bolsters reduced lateral kinematics relative to baseline but to a lesser extent than the pre-pretensioner (Head Out of belt: 11%; Head Into Belt: 32% and Trunk Out of Belt: 15%; Trunk Into Belt: 27%). Although there was no overall effect of age on the magnitude of lateral displacement, different age groups employed various neuromuscular strategies to control their kinematics. Conclusion: A pre-pretensioner was an effective vehicle countermeasure during evasive swerving maneuvers as it substantially reduced lateral head and trunk displacement for all age groups. Providing lateral restraint via a sculpted vehicle seat was less effective as the geometry of the torso bolsters when inflated did not provide substantial lateral support.
Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function

Recently, a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol (MMB) has been used as an injectable general anesthetic agent for laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to establish data to encourage practical usage of MMB, and to clarify the effects of MMB on the respiratory function in rats. To compare the anesthetic efficacy between the injection routes, the anesthetic effects of MMB by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection were evaluated in rats. To assess the respiratory function, the blood gas parameters and electrolytes were assessed in serial venous blood samples collected from before s.c. injection of MMB to 270 min after the injection. Recovery from anesthesia and the respiratory changes after atipamezole injection at 30 min after MMB injection was also examined. Subcutaneous injection of MMB was associated with more rapid induction and a longer duration of anesthesia as compared to i.p. injection. The blood gas analysis findings showed MMB had effects on respiratory function, that is, elevations of the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and reduction of the blood pH. Atipamezole injection resulted in recovery from the MMB-induced anesthetic effect as well as respiratory depression. In conclusion, MMB provides more effective anesthesia administered by s.c. injection compared to i.p. injection and induces respiratory change. These changes were counteracted by atipamezole. Therefore, we recommend MMB administered by s.c. injection for anesthesia, followed by injection of atipamezole after the operative procedure to allow recovery.
Pattern Separation and Source Memory Engage Distinct Hippocampal and Neocortical Regions during Retrieval

Detailed representations of past events rely on the ability to form associations between items and their contextual features (i.e., source memory), as well as the ability to distinctly represent a new event from a similar one stored in memory (i.e., pattern separation). These processes are both known to engage the hippocampus, although whether they share similar mechanisms remains unclear. It is also unknown if, and in which region(s), activity related to these processes overlaps and/or interacts. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to examine the contributions of hippocampal subfields and neocortical areas to pattern separation and source memory with an experimental paradigm that concurrently tested both. During encoding, male and female human subjects incidentally studied items in one of four quadrants on the screen. During test, they viewed repeated items (targets), similar items (lures), and new items (foils) and were asked to indicate whether each item was old, similar, or new. Following each item judgment, subjects were asked to indicate the quadrant in which the original stimulus was presented. Thus, each lure trial had a lure discrimination component (taxing pattern separation) and a location judgment (source memory). We found two main response profiles: (1) pattern separation-related signals in DG/CA3 and perirhinal cortex and (2) source memory signals in posterior CA1, parahippocampal cortex, and angular gyrus. Whole-brain voxelwise analysis revealed that activity related to lure discrimination and source memory was largely nonoverlapping. These findings suggest that distinct processes underlie the retrieval of pattern separated item representations and recollection of source information. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recalling past events with detail and accuracy depends on the ability to remember the contextual features of an event (i.e., source memory) as well as the ability to distinguish among similar events in memory (i.e., pattern separation). Previous work has shown that these processes are behaviorally dissociable (e.g., people can have clear memory for context but misidentify people or items). However, both processes engage the hippocampus, and it is unclear whether they rely on shared or distinct neural mechanisms. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to concurrently assess hippocampal and neocortical activity related to source memory and pattern separation. We found that activity related to these processes was largely nonoverlapping, shedding light on two complementary but distinct mechanisms supporting episodic memory.
The Global Eradication of Smallpox. Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication

persuaded of the merits of this somewhat abused diagnostic technique. That the authors have been able to accomplish this mammoth task including a useful bibliography inside 300 pages is a remarkable compliment to their selective judgement as well as to the admirable brevity and readability of their literary style. This further edition of an authoritative, compact and readable book will prove even more successful than its predecessors and well merits its obligatory place in every general medical as well as neurological and psychiatric library. G. STERN University College Hospital, London WC1
Leader-employee emotional “interpersonal tuning”.An EEG coherence study

ABSTRACT Empirical management research has focused more on the investigation of important interpersonal factors that could be beneficial for a company’s well-being, including emotional and empathic engagement between managers and employees. The capacity to understand and mirror others’ feelings could result in a mutual adaptation that generates interpersonal tuning (IT). In the present study, we measured IT by applying a hyperscanning approach with simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from two participants interacting together. Eleven leaders and 11 employees were recruited and asked to role-play an employee performance review with a rating (R) or no rating (NR) condition. In the NR condition leaders describe by words the employee’s proficiency, while in R they provided a quantitative rating. The NR condition emerged as a more engaging situation in terms of empathic responses and mirroring. This difference was detectable from the localization of neurophysiological effects over the frontopolar and frontal brain areas, and the higher synchronization of EEG delta frequency coherence. Behavioral results also revealed an increase of self-perceived emotional tuning, agreement on content, and interpersonal cooperation in the NR condition compared to R condition. These effects were present in both leaders and employees and have several implications for social and company well-being.