Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controversies and challenges in fibromyalgia: a review and a proposal

Fibromyalgia (FM) is the most commonly encountered chronic widespread pain (CWP) condition in rheumatology. In comparison to inflammatory arthritis (IA), it can seem ill defined with no clear understanding of the pathology and therefore no specific targeted treatment. This inevitably raises controversies and challenges. However, this is an outdated view perpetuated by poor teaching of pain at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and the perennial problem of advances in relevant cross-speciality knowledge penetrating speciality silos. Research has provided a better understanding of the aetiopathology and FM is now regarded as a centralized pain state. Effective treatment is possible utilizing a multidisciplinary approach combining nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments rooted in a biopsychosocial model. This article will provide a review of the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of FM, focus on some ongoing contentious issues and propose a change to the diagnostic terminology.
Teaching software process: an experience in implementing RUP in a student project

The key to success in software development depends upon the used software processes. Developers should be early acquainted with the importance and software process models. While teaching software processes, student should be provided with the description of key practices, assessment approaches, the various life cycles and examples of industry proven methodologies. The underlying problem of exercising different methodologies in a student projects is limited software process course is time. The paper describes an experience in implementing Rational Unified Process (RUP) within particular student project and for the team of one. Paper discusses project time frame for student to efficiently understand and implement RUP. The process of RUP tailoring the development of a software product through all of the RUP phases is described.
Validation and evaluation of two observational pain assessment tools in a trauma and neurosurgical intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that patients in the intensive care unit experience high levels of pain. While many of these patients are nonverbal at some point during their stay, there are few valid tools available to assess pain in this group. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the validity and clinical utility of two pain assessment tools, the revised Adult Non-Verbal Pain Scale (NVPS-R) and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), in a trauma and neurosurgical patient population. METHODS Patients were assessed using the NVPS-R and CPOT by trained intensive care unit nurses (n=23) and research assistants before, during and after two procedures: turning of the patient (nociceptive procedure) and noninvasive blood pressure cuff inflation (non-nociceptive procedure). Communicative patients were also asked to report their level of pain during each assessment. RESULTS A total of 66 patients (34 communicative, 32 noncommunicative) were included in the study. CPOT and NVPS-R scores increased significantly when participants were exposed to turning, but not during noninvasive blood pressure measurement (repeated measures ANOVA: CPOT, F=5.81, P=0.019; NVPS-R, F=5.32, P=0.025) supporting discriminant validity. CPOT and NVPS-R scores were significantly higher during the turning procedure for patients who had indicated that they were in pain versus those who were not, indicating criterion validity. Inter-rater reliability was generally higher for the CPOT than NVPS-R. Nurses rated the feasibility of the two tools as comparable but provided higher ratings of acceptability for the CPOT. CONCLUSIONS While the present study supports the use of the CPOT and the NVPS-R with critically ill trauma and neurosurgical patients, further research should explore the role of vital signs in pain.
Why Aren't We Using 3D User Interfaces, and Will We Ever?

Despite decades of interest and research in 3D user interfaces, most of us continue to communicate with our computing technology via primarily 2D interfaces. Even the most sophisticated software that allow artists to create dazzling 3D special effects in movies, or designers to construct sublimely beautiful 3D physical artifacts, rely on 2D interfaces to generate the 3D output. Why? Is all our research into 3D interfaces simply crummy, and hence not worthy of adoption by the broader community? Perhaps the 3D interface research community has simply failed to persuade our industrial colleagues of the value of all this wonderful 3D interface technology? Or maybe 2D interfaces are simply better for most if not all tasks, and researchers are just wasting their time exploring 3D interfaces? Or are there simply technological hurdles, that once surmounted, will finally allow 3D interfaces to flourish? I suspect that the truth lies in a combination of these hypotheses, and in this talk will probe them via examples from the past, present, and near future.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the nervous system: Pathogenetic mechanisms

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection of the central nervous system is associated with characteristic virological, clinical, and neuropathological findings in adults and children. Productive infection in the brain and spinal cord occurs in blood‐derived macrophages, resident microglia, and multinucleated giant cells. Previous work implicated indirect mechanisms for neurotoxicity by HIV‐1 gene products or by factors secreted from HIV‐1‐infected macrophages. However, this cannot explain the paradox between the small numbers of infected cells and the widespread tissue pathology. Based on recent studies from our laboratories, we suggest that HIV‐1‐infected macrophages can initiate neurotoxicity, which is then amplified through cell‐to‐cell interactions with astrocytes. Macrophageastrocyte interactions produce cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1b̃ and arachidonic metabolites that cause astroglial proliferation and neuronal injury. Inevitably, the astrogliosis serves to amplify these cellular processes while brain infection maintains itself in macrophage and microglia and possibly in astrocytes (by restricted infection). These findings, taken together, provide fresh insights into how low numbers of productively infected cells could elicit progressive and devastating neurological impairment during HIV‐1 disease, and suggest therapeutic strategies to interrupt the pathological process.
Nitric oxide and lung disease.

Even five years ago few could have realised that the simple gas nitric oxide (NO) would be involved in the regulation of so many physiological functions and pathophysiological processes. There has been an explosion of information about nitric oxide which appears to be involved in an extraordinary range of functions including vascular regulation, neurotransmission, host defence, and cytotoxicity.1 2 An increasing volume of literature has shown the importance of nitric oxide in the regulation of various pulmonary functions and suggested its involvement in several pulmonary diseases.34 The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the recent advances in this rapidly moving field. For over 20 years it has been recognised that the vasodilator responses to many agents are mediated by the release of a vasodilator substance from endothelial cells.5 The identity of endothelium derived relaxant factor (EDRF) remained elusive, largely because of its short half life, until 1987 when two groups independently suggested EDRF had the characteristics of nitric oxide.67 Many were surprised that such a simple molecule could account for all of the actions of EDRF, but extensive investigations in many species have now provided compelling supportive evidence. ' Parallel investigations established that nitric oxide was also important in macrophage mediated cytotoxicity.89
Wittgenstein's nightmare: why the RDoC grid needs a conceptual dimension

RDoC attempts to finesse an existential dilemma facing psychiatry: psychiatry is most persuasively a medical field if mental disorders are understood as brain disorders, but brain disorders seem to fall under neurology. The RDoC attempts to resolve this dilemma by distinguishing brain circuit malfunctions as the distinctive domain of psychiatry: “the RDoC framework conceptualizes mental illness as brain disorders; in contrast to neurological disorders with identifiable lesions, mental disorders can be addressed as disorders of brain circuits” (1). RDoC further locates brain circuit function within a grid of analytical and developmental levels and dimensions that together are supposed to replace DSM/ICD categories with more valid diagnoses.
Tunable FBARs: Intrinsic vs. extrinsic tunability

The methods used to make the Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBAR) tunable is reviewed. Intrinsically tunable FBARs make use ferroelectrics in ferroelectric and paraelectric (non-polar) phases have tunabilities up to 5% and more. Extrinsically tunable resonators are based on traditional piezoelectric FBARs and make use of external varactors and inductors. The low tunability (&#60;2%) and low Q-factor (Q&#60;100 due to tuning components) limits applications of these resonators.
NTRUEncrypt and Lattice Attacks

NTRUEncrypt is a relatively new cryptosystem, introduced in 1996. The best known attacks on the cryptosystem are due to lattice basis reduction. In this Master’s project we have implemented lattice attacks using dimension-reduced and zero-forced lattices. Furthermore, we have reduced a modified version of the zero-forced lattice. This “non-lossy” zero-forced lattice performed better than the original zero-forced lattice, which discards information of the private key. We have also made investigations to see whether the estimated breaking times, estimations made by NTRU Cryptosystems, are reasonable or not. The tests indicate that the security estimation for the Moderate security level, using polynomials of degree 167, might be reasonable. However, the results show that the estimated breaking time for the Standard security level, where the degree of the polynomials is 263, might be a bit too optimistic. NTRUEncrypt och gitterattacker
Child-to-Parent Synchronization in DNS

This document specifies how a child zone in the DNS can publish a record to indicate to a parental agent that the parental agent may copy and process certain records from the child zone. The existence of the record and any change in its value can be monitored by a parental agent and acted on depending on local policy.
Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an illness of considerable prevalence, often characterized by high morbidity, treatment resistance, and a chronic course. The core symptoms of PTSD include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and autonomic hyperarousal. We propose several neurobiologic mechanisms that may account for these primary symptoms of PTSD. Preclinical investigations of the effects of stress on learning and memory processes suggest that fear conditioning, behavioral sensitization, and a failure of extinction may be important in the persistence and reexperiencing of traumatic memories and stressor sensitivity. The pathophysiology of PTSD may involve dysfunction of several brain structures, particularly the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus, as well as noradrenergic, dopamine, opiate, and corticotropinreleasing factor neurochemical systems. Acutely, severe psychological trauma results in the parallel activation of these systems, producing an array of adaptive behavioral and physiologic responses necessary for survival. In PTSD, however,
A high loss budget 400-Gbps WDM-OFDM long-reach PON over 60 km transmission by 10G-class EAM and PIN without in-line or pre-amplifier

A 400-Gbps WDM-OFDM LR-PON over 60-km SMF is demonstrated with a 10G-class EAM and PIN. 25-dB loss budget is realized without in-line or pre-amplifier to economically support 128 ONUs with 3.1-Gbps/ONU capacity.
Discrimination of amplitude-modulation phase spectrum.

Listeners were asked to discriminate between two amplitude-modulation functions imposed on white noise and consisting of the sum of two sinusoids. The frequency ratio of the sinusoids constituting each function was 2 or 3. In one function, the sinusoids had a constant relative phase. In the other function, their phase relation was continuously and cyclically changing, at a slow rate. For all listeners, the two functions with a frequency ratio of 2 were easily discriminated. However, discrimination was impossible when the frequency ratio was 3. Simulations were performed using an envelope-detector model and various decision statistics. The max/min statistic predicted discrimination above chance level when the frequency ratio was 3. It seems, therefore, that listeners are unable to use this statistic. In contrast, the crest factor and skewness of the envelope accounted well for the discrimination data.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Preview Children who fidget, chatter incessantly, interrupt, and hop from one activity to another may be very tiring to be around. Worse yet, their behavior limits their ability to learn and make friends and may have long-term consequences for themselves as well as their families. The authors review the features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and summarize pharmacologic, educational, and behavioral intervention.
How well does multiple OCR error correction generalize?

As the digitization of historical documents, such as newspapers, becomes more common, the need of the archive patron for accurate digital text from those documents increases. Building on our earlier work, the contributions of this paper are: 1. in demonstrating the applicability of novel methods for correcting optical character recognition (OCR) on disparate data sets, including a new synthetic training set, 2. enhancing the correction algorithm with novel features, and 3. assessing the data requirements of the correction learning method. First, we correct errors using conditional random fields (CRF) trained on synthetic training data sets in order to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology to unrelated test sets. Second, we show the strength of lexical features from the training sets on two unrelated test sets, yielding a relative reduction in word error rate on the test sets of 6.52%. New features capture the recurrence of hypothesis tokens and yield an additional relative reduction in WER of 2.30%. Further, we show that only 2.0% of the full training corpus of over 500,000 feature cases is needed to achieve correction results comparable to those using the entire training corpus, effectively reducing both the complexity of the training process and the learned correction model.
Deciphering the Cross Talk between hnRNP K and c-Src: the c-Src Activation Domain in hnRNP K Is Distinct from a Second Interaction Site

ABSTRACT The protein tyrosine kinase c-Src is regulated by two intramolecular interactions. The repressed state is achieved through the interaction of the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain with the phosphorylated C-terminal tail and the association of the SH3 domain with a polyproline type II helix formed by the linker region between SH2 and the kinase domain. hnRNP K, the founding member of the KH domain protein family, is involved in chromatin remodeling, regulation of transcription, and translation of specific mRNAs and is a target in different signal transduction pathways. In particular, it functions as a specific activator and a substrate of the tyrosine kinase c-Src. Here we address the question how hnRNP K interacts with and activates c-Src. We define the proline residues in hnRNP K in the proline-rich motifs P2 (amino acids [aa] 285 to 297) and P3 (aa 303 to 318), which are necessary and sufficient for the specific activation of c-Src, and we dissect the amino acid sequence (aa 216 to 226) of hnRNP K that mediates a second interaction with c-Src. Our findings indicate that the interaction with c-Src and the activation of the kinase are separable functions of hnRNP K. hnRNP K acts as a scaffold protein that integrates signaling cascades by facilitating the cross talk between kinases and factors that mediate nucleic acid-directed processes.
Differential expression of glycoside residues in the mammalian zona pellucida

The mammalian zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte, and is composed of three major glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. Previous studies have suggested that the sperm receptor activity of the zona pellucida resides in specific oligosaccharide chains on the ZP3 glycoprotein. However, the nature of the terminal monosaccharide(s) on these glycosidic chains to which sperm bind is a matter of active debate. Evidence has been presented to support a role for at least three distinct monosaccharides in sperm binding, α‐galactose, L‐fucose on Lewis X structures, and β‐N‐acetylglucosamine. Previous studies have shown that β‐N‐acetylglucosamine is uniformly distributed throughout the zona matrix. In this study, we have investigated the expression and distribution of α‐galactose and fucose moieties during the maturation of the zona pellucida in mouse, rat, and hamster. Interestingly, α‐galactose residues are expressed only during later stages of zona secretion and, consequently, are confined to the inner portions of the mature zona pellucida in mouse and rat. In hamster, α‐galactose residues are only detectable in the zona pellucida of ovulated eggs, and are not found in ovarian oocytes. Fucosyl residues linked to Lewis X glycosides are not detectable at any stage of zona maturation in these three species, whereas fucose linked to N‐linked core oligosaccharides are present throughout the zona. These studies indicate a previously unappreciated heterogeneity in the composition of zona glycosides. The specific localization of α‐galactose residues to the inner portions of the zona matrix suggest a role in the later stages of sperm penetration through the zona. Finally, due to their absence from the zona surface, α‐galactose and Lewis X fucosyl residues are not likely to be mediators of primary sperm binding. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 57:296–308, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Baroreflex‐induced sympathetic activation does not alter cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness in humans

We investigated the effect of baroreflex‐induced sympathetic activation, produced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at −40 mmHg, on cerebrovascular responsiveness to hyper‐ and hypocapnia in healthy humans. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure blood flow velocity (CFV) in the middle cerebral artery during variations in end‐tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PET,CO2) of +10, +5, 0, −5, and −10 mmHg relative to eupnoea. The slopes of the linear relationships between PET,CO2 and CFV were computed separately for hyper‐ and hypocapnia during the LBNP and no‐LBNP conditions. LBNP decreased pulse pressure, but did not change mean arterial pressure. LBNP evoked an increase in ventilation that resulted in a 9 ± 2 mmHg decrease in PET,CO2, which was corrected by CO2 supplementation of the inspired air. LBNP did not affect cerebrovascular CO2 response slopes during steady‐state hypercapnia (3.14 ± 0.24 vs. 2.96 ± 0.26 cm s−1 mmHg−1) or hypocapnia (1.31 ± 0.18 vs. 1.32 ± 0.19 cm s−1 mmHg−1), or the CFV responses to voluntary apnoea (+51 ± 19 vs.+50 ± 18 %). Thus, cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness was not altered by baroreflex‐induced sympathetic activation. Our data challenge the concept that sympathetic activation restrains cerebrovascular responses to alterations in CO2 pressure.
Optimal PM Design of PMA-SynRM for Wide Constant-Power Operation and Torque Ripple Reduction

This paper presents the design process of permanent magnets to enable a wide range of constant-power operation and reduce the torque ripple by using analytical and numerical methods in PMA-SynRM. For a wide range of constant-power operation, the minimum d-axis flux-linkage of the permanent magnet is designed to be close to zero. Moreover, the unbalanced flux density in each segment is adjusted by changing the size of each permanent magnet to reduce the torque ripple. Finally, control simulations and experiments will be conducted to prove the validity of the suggested process.
Proposition of Generic Validation criteria using Stereo-Vision for on-Road obstacle Detection

Real-time obstacle detection is an essential function for the future of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), but its applications to the driving safety require a very high reliability: the detection rate must be high, while the false detection rate must remain extremely low. Such features seem antinomic for obstacle detection systems, especially when using a single sensor. Multi-sensor fusion is often considered as a mean to reduce this limitation. In this paper, we propose to use stereo-vision as a post-process to improve the reliability of any obstacle detection system, by reducing the number of false positives. Our algorithm, which is both generic and real-time confirms detections by locally using the stereoscopic data. We evaluated and validated our approach with an initial detection based on a vision system and a laser scanner. The evaluation dataset is real on-road data and contains more than 20000 images.
Preference by Association: How Memory Mechanisms in the Hippocampus Bias Decisions

The Right Choice? So-called irrational decisions made by humans are popular fodder for “believe it or not” stories. But what's actually happening when we make choices that do not seem to be justifiable on purely economic or logical grounds? Presumably, we are not simply making errors; instead, our choices may reflect an internal bias that we are not aware of. Wimmer and Shohamy (p. 270) show how the hippocampus can instill an unconscious bias in valuations, whereby an object that is not highly valued on its own, increases in value when it becomes implicitly associated with a truly high-value object. As a consequence, we then end up preferring the associated object over a neutral object of equal objective value while not really knowing why. Remembered links between objects can result in the unintentional linking of their values and can affect choices. Every day people make new choices between alternatives that they have never directly experienced. Yet, such decisions are often made rapidly and confidently. Here, we show that the hippocampus, traditionally known for its role in building long-term declarative memories, enables the spread of value across memories, thereby guiding decisions between new choice options. Using functional brain imaging in humans, we discovered that giving people monetary rewards led to activation of a preestablished network of memories, spreading the positive value of reward to nonrewarded items stored in memory. Later, people were biased to choose these nonrewarded items. This decision bias was predicted by activity in the hippocampus, reactivation of associated memories, and connectivity between memory and reward regions in the brain. These findings explain how choices among new alternatives emerge automatically from the associative mechanisms by which the brain builds memories. Further, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for the hippocampus in value-based decisions.