Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Price Commitments with Strategic Consumers: Why it Can Be Optimal to Discount More Frequently ... Than Optimal

In many markets consumers incur search costs, and firms choose a long-run pricing strategy that determines how they respond to market conditions. A pricing strategy may involve commitments to take actions that do not optimize short-term revenue given the information the firm learns about demand. For example, as already suggested in the literature, the firm could commit to a single price no matter whether demand is strong or weak. We introduce a new strategy-charge a "high" price only if demand is indeed "high," otherwise offer a discount. This strategy discounts more frequently than would maximize revenue conditional on demand. Nevertheless, the frequent discounts attract consumers. We show that i the discount-frequently strategy is optimal whether capacity is adjustable or not, ii discount-frequently is often much better than other pricing strategies, especially if no price commitment is made, and iii "overbuying" capacity e.g., inventory to attract consumers by signaling availability and the likelihood of discounts is a poor strategy. Contrary to some recommendations in the literature to limit markdowns and to purchase ample capacity, our results provide support for a strategy that embraces frequent discounts and moderate capacity.
Structural and Functional Aspects of the Small Hydrophobic (SH) Protein in the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

hRSV is the leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised populations worldwide (Falsey et al., 2005; Nair et al., 2010). Most individuals are infected at a young age, before 3 years old (Glezen et al., 1986). In fact, RSV infection is the most common cause of hospitalization in children 5 years old and below. When severe infection occurs, respiratory airways and pulmonary development are affected. However, the viral determinants of disease severity are not well defined, as little is known about its molecular mechanism of pathogenesis.
ngiogenesis , rteriogenesis , and Diabetes aradigm Reassessed ? *

ype II diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with protean linical manifestations characterized, at its core, by tissue esistance to insulin. This fundamental abnormality leads to ncreased circulating insulin levels and concomitant hyperlycemia that, in turn, are thought to be responsible for the umerous metabolic derangements seen in this syndrome. On the cardiovascular side, diabetes has long been assoiated with accelerated atherosclerosis (1). More recently, a umber of abnormalities associated with disregulation of eovascularization have also been recognized. These include bnormally enhanced angiogenesis, defined as capillary vesel growth (2), in the retina, leading to diabetic retinopathy 3) and in the vessel wall, potentially producing atheroscleotic plaque destabilization (4). At the same time, insuffiient angiogenesis has been implicated in abnormal wound ealing, leading to diabetic skin ulcers (5). Defective arte-
Age-Related Frequency of Viral Lesions and Their Association with Uterine Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Data collection forms of 50,165 routine smears were examined, and of these 47,577 were considered for this study. Viral cytological lesions (VL) were observed in 101 cases: of these, 19 were associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The total frequency of VL was 0.21%, with the peak in the teenager group (0.49%). The frequency of CIN among VL showed an overall frequency of 18.8 %: this was null under 21 years of age and highest (50 %) between 51 and 60 years of age. The frequency of VL in relation to clinical provenance of patients and the season of the year did not attain significance.
Minimum initial marking in timed marked graphs

This paper addresses the minimum initial marking (MIM) in timed marked graphs. In this problem both the net and the cycle time are fixed, so the problem consists in finding out a minimum initial marking M/sub 0/ such that the cycle time of the TMG will be less or equal to the required one. The main result of this work is the heuristic algorithm MIM Solver to solve the MIM problem. It computes a subset of p-semiflows and adds tokens to places in two steps. First it adds the minimum number of tokens needed to reduce the difference between the required cycle time /spl pi//sup d/ and the cycle time /spl pi//sub i/ of each p-semiflow belonging to the computed subset. The difference /spl pi//sup d/-/spl pi//sub i/>0 must be minimum. In this step a heuristic based on the places belonging to the maximum number of p-semiflows is used. Afterwards, the algorithm adds the largest number of tokens in p-semiflows to fulfil cycle time constraints. In this step a heuristic based on the places belonging to the shortest number of p-semiflows is used.
Conundrums of High-Frequency Oscillations (80–800 Hz) in the Epileptic Brain

Summary: Pathological high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) (80–800 Hz) are considered biomarkers of epileptogenic tissue, but the underlying complex neuronal events are not well understood. Here, we identify and discuss several outstanding issues or conundrums in regards to the recording, analysis, and interpretation of HFOs in the epileptic brain to critically highlight what is known and what is not about these enigmatic events. High-frequency oscillations reflect a range of neuronal processes contributing to overlapping frequencies from the lower 80 Hz to the very fast spectral frequency bands. Given their complex neuronal nature, HFOs are extremely sensitive to recording conditions and analytical approaches. We provide a list of recommendations that could help to obtain comparable HFO signals in clinical and basic epilepsy research. Adopting basic standards will facilitate data sharing and interpretation that collectively will aid in understanding the role of HFOs in health and disease for translational purpose.
The Hydrodynamic Radius of Particles in the Hybrid Lattice Boltzmann-Molecular Dynamics Method

We address the problem of the consistency of different measures of the hydrodynamic radius of solid point and composite solute particles incorporated into the hybrid lattice Boltzmann--molecular dynamics (LBMD) multiscale method. The coupling between the fluid and the particle phase is naturally implemented through a Stokesian type of frictional force proportional to the local velocity difference between the two. Using deterministic flow tests such as measuring the Stokes drag, hydrodynamic torques, and forces we first demonstrate that in this case the hydrodynamic size of the particles is ill-defined in the existing LBMD schemes. We then show how it is possible to effectively achieve the no-slip limit in a discrete simulation with a finite coefficient of the frictional force by demanding consistency of all these measures, but this requires a somewhat modified LB algorithm for numerical stability. Having fulfilled the criteria, we further show that in our consistent coupling scheme particles also obey the.
Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.

Results of nearly 400 controlled evalua- tions of psychotherapy and counseling were coded and integrated statistically. The findings provide convincing evidence of the efficacy of psychotherapy. On the average, the typical therapy client is better off than 75% of untreated individuals. Few important differ- ences in effectiveness could be established among many quite different types of psychotherapy . More generally, virtually no difference in effectiveness was observed be- tween the class of all behavioral therapies (systematic desensitization, behavior modification) and the nonbe- havioral therapies (Rogerian, psychodynamic, rational- emotive, transactional analysis, etc.).
Data-logging and Monitoring of Production Auto-lines Based on Visual-tracking Tech

Visual tracking is currently one of the most active research topics in computer vision. It has a broad range of applications and many visual-tracking technologies are applied to the production auto-lines. In fact, the problem of visual tracking usually is regarded as the problem of combining control with computer vision. According to the result of image processing, production auto-lines can be monitored and operated automatically. The intelligent visual tracking system used on production auto-lines can take the place of inspector and decrease the amount of human labour needed. In this paper, we review the developments of visual tracking and present some methods of image processing and servo control related to visual tracking
Hyperemesis gravidarum and first trimester sagittal sinus thrombosis

A 26-year-old, previously healthy primigravida presented to a tertiary care hospital at 11 weeks with a history of vomiting, headaches and tonic clonic seizures. On examination, she was drowsy with a left homonymous hemianopia and brisk tendon reflexes in the left upper and lower limbs. A CT brain scan with contrast demonstrated an ‘empty delta’ sign with evidence of haemorrhage in the right parietal lobe (Figure 1). The presence of an extensive thrombus within the superior sagittal sinus with
Reactions to invisible disability: the experiences of young women survivors of hemorrhagic stroke.

PURPOSE To discuss how young, female and invisibly disabled, long-term survivors of hemorrhagic stroke experience the reactions of others as they negotiate the social environment. METHOD Open-ended and in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 women to learn about their post-stroke experiences, and the interviews were analyzed for common issues and themes. RESULTS Participants expressed concerns about the reactions of others in the context of discussing popular understandings about who is affected by stroke, and the significance of having invisible disabilities. Participants' experiences were mediated by the cultural belief that stroke is a disease of old age, and by the belief that disabilities worth taking seriously are readily visible. The existence of these beliefs about stroke and disability made it difficult for participants to deal with the reactions of others. CONCLUSIONS Participants must negotiate their everyday lives within a social context that they are ill-prepared to deal with. Rehabilitation practices need to take this into account and counsel stroke survivors about what to expect and what they need to do for a good QOL in the community.
Low temperature specific heat of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Low temperature heat capacity measurements give evidence for 1-D quantum confinement of SWNT vibrational modes [1]. We extended the data on the same sample down to 0.1 K. A good fit is obtained up to 4 K with CP=Cnuc−2+0.043T0.62+0.035T3 mJ/gK, where the C−2 term is from nuclear hyperfine interactions in ferromagnetic impurities and the T3 term originates from intertube coupling in agreement with [1]. The origin of the T0.62 term is unknown. Comparison with the vibrational density of states from inelastic neutron scattering [2] is made.
An Improved Single Image Super-Resolution Algorithm Based on Finite Rate of Innovation Theory

The recently proposed single image super-resolution method which makes use of the theory of sampling signals with finite rate of innovation (FRI) can obtain the state-of-the-art performance. However, the FRI-based method might bring in artifacts in border areas because some values of edge pixels might be overcorrected, leading to extremely sharp edges. To address such issues, we propose an improved FRI-based single image super-resolution method. Specifically, our method can detect the artifacts, and correct the fake value by taking advantage of the correlation of the surrounding pixels. The method would prevent the edges of image from becoming extremely sharp and preserve the true edge texture. The obtained simulation results reveal that the improved FRI-based method can achieve a better performance than the original FRI-method.
RECOMBINATION-DEFICIENT DELETIONS IN BACTERIOPHAGE h AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH CHI MUTATIONS

We have isolated a new class of deletion mutants of phage lambda that extend from the prophage attachment site, att, into the gam and clII genes. In this respect they are similar to certain of the Xpbio transducing phage, but they differ in having a low burst size and in forming minute plaques. Lytically grown stocks of the deletions contain a variable proportion of phage that produce large plaques. These have been shown to carry an additional point mutation. Similar mutations, called chi, have been described by LAM et al. (1974), who showed that they result in a hot-spot for recombination produced by the host recombination system (Rec). We show that chi mutations can occur at several sites in the lambda genome and produce a Rec-dependent increase in the burst size of the one deletion tested.In addition to reducing burst size, the one deletion tested reduces synthesis of DNA and endolysin but increases production of serum blocking protein. A chi mutation partially restores DNA synthesis and endolysin production and reduces serum blocking protein to normal levels. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis put forward by LAM et al., that chi enhances the frequency of Rec-promoted recombination, which provides the only pathway for production of maturable DNA in a redgam' infection. The mechanism of the differential effect on protein production is, however, u n c l e a r . 4 h i mutations are found to occur in DNA other than that of A. We show that, as has been suggested elsewhere (MCMILIN, STAHL and STAHL 1974), the Xpbio transducing phages carry a chi mutation within the E. coli DNA substitution. A chi mutation also arose in a new substitution of unknown origin isolated in the course of this work. HERE are now numerous viable deletion and substitution mutants of phage T lambda which affect the central region of the genome. Their existence implies that the proteins or RNA's coded by this DNA are non-essential for lytic growth in wild-type strains of E. coli, either because the bacteria supply a similar function or because the phage function is truly dispensable, at least under laboratory conditions. While the functions of many of the proteins produced by the region left of the prophage attachment site, att, remain to be determined, most of the coding capacity of the DNA between att and cZZZ is accounted for (HENDRIX 1971). As shown in Figure 1. this region contains the genes involved in prophage integral Present address: Division af Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. Address reprint requests to D.H. at this address. Genetics 79: 143-174 February, 1975. 144 D. HENDERSON A N D J. WEIL
Immunodeficiency of alymphoplasia mice (aly/aly) in vivo: structural defect of secondary lymphoid organs and functional B cell defect

Alymphoplasia mice (aly/aly) have been shown to be deficient for a nuclear factor‐κB‐inducing kinase involved in signal transduction of lymphotoxin β receptor (LT‐βR) and of CD40, resulting in structural defects of secondary lymphoid organs and highly increased susceptibility to viral infections. We analyzed the anti‐viral immune response of bone marrow chimeras (BMC) between aly/aly mice and (C57BL/6 × DBA2)F1 mice (B6D2F1) to evaluate in vivo whether the structural defects of secondary lymphoid organs or intrinsic B or T cell defects led to immunodeficiency in aly/aly mice. Transfer of aly/aly bone marrow into B6D2F1 mice (aly/aly→B6D2F1) led to excellent T but poor B cell reconstitution of recipients. Antiviral cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses of aly/aly→B6D2F1 BMC were clearly improved compared to aly/aly mice whereas virus‐neutralizing IgG reponses were virtually absent. Therefore, the inefficient CTL response was predominantly caused by the structural defect of secondary lymphoid organs and not by an intrinsic T cell defect. In contrast, B cells of aly/aly origin were unable to undergo isotype switch after viral infections, indicating an intrinsic B cell defect in vivo. Overall, aly/aly mice show the combined immunodeficient phenotype of mice deficient for LT‐βR with B cells functionally deficient for CD40.
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Small Mammals in New York State

Abstract Intensive small mammal trapping was conducted in 12 counties in New York state during 1998–2000 to investigate the prevalence and site specificity of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi in, and presence of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say on, the wild mice Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque and Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner and other small mammal species. Previously captured mice (1992–1997) from throughout New York state also were recruited into the study, providing a total of 3,664 Peromyscus from 107 sites in 31 counties. Infection with B. burgdorferi was determined by polymerase chain reaction testing of ear tissue, and rates were determined by species, counties, and regions of the state. B. burgdorferi was detected in 10 small mammal species captured during 1998–2000. Peromyscus captured from Dutchess County in the lower Hudson Valley had the highest infection rate of 21%. The next highest infection rates were in counties within the Capital District: Albany (18%), Rensselaer (17%), and Columbia (13%). From 4,792 small animals examined, we recovered 2,073 ticks representing six species from 414 individuals of 12 mammal species, including 1,839 I. scapularis collected from 315 Peromyscus trapped in five counties. I. scapularis were most often collected from animals trapped in Albany, Rensselear, and Dutchess counties. We used protein electrophoresis of salivary amylase to distinguish between P. leucopus and P. maniculatus species. I. scapularis burdens were 5.7 ticks per P. leucopus and 14.3 ticks per P. maniculatus.
Nuclear engineering A modified Auto Associative Kernel Regression method for robust signal reconstruction in Nuclear Power Plant components

The application of the Auto Associative Kernel Regression (AAKR) method to the reconstruction of correlated plant signals is not satisfactory from the point of view of the robustness, i.e. the capability of reconstructing abnormal signals to the values expected in normal conditions. To overtake this limitation, we propose to modify the traditional AAKR method by defining a novel measure of the similarity between the current measurement and the historical patterns. An application of the proposed modified AAKR method to the condition monitoring of a pressurizer of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) shows benefits with respect to the traditional AAKR method, in terms of earlier detection of abnormal conditions and correct identification of the signals responsible for triggering the detection. (Baraldi et al. 2010, Baraldi et al. 2013b). The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the fault detection problem is introduced. In Section 3, the AAKR method is briefly recalled. Section 4 shows the limitation of the traditional AAKR approach to condition monitoring and states the objectives of the present work. In Section 5, the proposed modification of the traditional AAKR is described and discussed. In Section 6, the application of the proposed method to a case study concerning the monitoring of 6 signals in the pressurizer of a Nuclear Power Plant is presented. Finally, in Section 7 some conclusions are drawn.
Visual function and quality of life in pseudophakic patients before and after capsulotomy

Purpose. To assess the correlation between visual acuity, visual function, and health-related quality of life before and after neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Methods. A total of 150 patients with posterior capsule opacification (PCO) were examined before and after capsulotomy. Ocular examination, visual acuity, patient reports of satisfaction with vision, and disease-specific (VF-14 Index of Visual Functions) and generic (EuroQol: EQ-5D) outcomes were measured at baseline and 3 weeks after treatment. Results. After capsulotomy, patients showed significant improvements in binocular visual acuity, VF-14 index, satisfaction with vision, and EQ-5D measures. The average gains in visual function and quality of life were apparent in groups with good visual outcome and poor visual outcome. The VF-14 score improvement was moderately correlated with the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale score improvement, showing stronger correlations with changes in self-reported satisfaction with vision than did gains in binocular visual acuity. Conclusions. Measuring of the outcomes of capsulotomy by clinical indicators alone may underestimate the overall benefits of treatment. Visual acuity in conjunction with visual function and health-related quality of life questionnaires will likely prove to be better indicators of the need for and outcome of capsulotomy.
Development and review of the voluntary phase of a national BVD eradication programme in Ireland

The voluntary phase of an industry-led national Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme began in Ireland on January 1, 2012 with the goal of progressing to a compulsory programme in 2013. The development and implementation of the programme in 2012 was informed by a review of current and prior eradication programmes elsewhere in Europe and extensive stakeholder consultation. The programme was based on tissue tag testing of newborn calves in participating herds, with the status of the mothers of calves with positive or inconclusive results requiring clarification. Participating herd owners were required to comply with a series of guidelines, including not selling cattle suspected of being persistently infected. For herds compliant with the guidelines, the results from 2012 counted as one of three years of tag testing anticipated in the compulsory phase of the programme. Testing was carried out in laboratories designated for this purpose by the cross-industry BVD Implementation Group that oversees the programme. Results were reported to a central database managed by the Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, and the majority of results were reported to farmers’ mobile telephones by SMS message. A detailed review of the programme was conducted, encompassing the period between January 1, 2012 and July 15, 2012, based on results from approximately 500,000 calves. This paper describes the establishment and structure of the programme, and the outcomes of the review, including findings at herd and animal level.
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in rodent retina, ontogeny and molecular identity.

PURPOSE To assess the appearance of the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) during retinal development and establish its molecular identity. METHODS Photoreceptors were isolated by horizontal sectioning of rat retina with a vibratome series 1000. Intact retina and isolated photoreceptors were analyzed for the developmental appearance of ENaC using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Immunofluorescence was conducted with the aid of an antibody raised against the 14 amino acids peptide QGLGKGDKREEQGL, corresponding to the N-terminal region (44-58 aa) of alpha ENaC. RESULTS ENaC message was present in rat retina photoreceptors, isolated just one day after birth. The bipolar and ganglion cell layers, separated from whole retina by vibratome, also contained the ENaC message. The partial sequence of the photoreceptor ENaC (496 base) exhibited one hundred percent homology with the channel from rat known sources. Immunochemistry revealed that only the outer nuclear layer was positive for the ENaC in one-day-old rat; the inner segment became immunopositive at the age of 9 days. CONCLUSION The ENaC is present in the retina and visible soon after birth. These observations suggest that ENaC may prove to have physiological importance in the retina but until now its function is unknown.