Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Oil Price Dynamics: A Tale of Heterogeneous Speculators?

Abstract While some of the recent surges in oil prices can be attributed to a robust global demand at a time of tight production capacities, commentators occasionally also blame the impact of speculators for part of the price pressure. We propose an empirical oil market model with heterogeneous speculators. Whereas trend-extrapolating chartists may tend to destabilize the market, fundamentalists exercise a stabilizing effect on the price dynamics. Using monthly data for West Texas Intermediate oil prices, our STR-GARCH estimates indicate that oil price cycles may indeed emerge due to the non-linear interplay between different trader types.
Ereigniskontrollierte Adjunkte im Deutschen

Abstract The present paper investigates small clause adjuncts displaying the phenomenon referred to as ‘event control’ in literature. Many languages, including German, employ non-finite clauses (besides finite clauses) as propositional adjuncts, for instance infinitival, participial and small clause adjuncts. The subject of these adjunct clauses is left unexpressed and must generally be interpreted co-referentially with the subject or object of the matrix clause (subject or object control), but the matrix event itself can also be interpreted as the controller. Adjuncts involving event control have, to my knowledge, never been examined jointly or particularly thoroughly. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide insight into German data involving event control in different kinds of non-finite propositional adjunct clauses, by examining common and diverging syntactic and semantic properties. The data comprises nominative DPs (Germ. Satzappositionen), adverbial infinitives headed by um (Engl. in order to), adverbial present and past participle constructions, and adverbial small clauses headed by the particle als. Furthermore, I discuss briefly how these data could be captured theoretically, by analyzing them as adjuncts in different syntactic-semantic domains and as obligatorily controlled (OC) adjuncts according to the OC-properties described by Landau (2013).
Discussion

The paper by Hainz addresses an important question. Empirical analysis suggests that some transition countries are ‘overbanked’. The number of banks and bank branches in transition countries appears to be extraordinarily high, although it has decreased somewhat in recent years. However, assertions of this type found in the empirical literature are not convincing, unless they can be based on a benchmark and theoretical analysis. That is, we need to understand the process of market entry and exit in the banking industry and analyze which externalities would lead to a situation where the number of banks is inefficiently large – or inefficiently small – as banks somehow ignore externalities in their private calculations that would appear in the calculus of a social planner. Furthermore, in order to address the specific situation of transition countries, we have to analyze this question in the context of specific institutional structures. Hainz’s paper tries to fill this gap and develop a model based on product differentiation models of banking and competition that allows for entry and exit, such that the number of banks is endogenous in her model. Next, she compares the number of banks in equilibrium, resulting from optimizing behavior of individual banks. Then she compares these results to the social planning solution. Her final result is surprising, as she concludes that transition countries are in fact underbanked, such that the number of banks in equilibrium is inefficiently low. The first step of her analysis starts with a situation where the number of banks is given. I will try to develop a simplified geometric representation of her results here. The analysis of Hainz’s paper uses a standard Salop model of a circular city. Figure 1 represents this model by looking at a line that represents a section of this circle and projects it into two-dimensional space. The reader has to imagine that the graph extends to the left and right by replicating the diagram once for each firm. The figure shows the profits each bank earns per customer, once for a situation where a is high, and once for the case where a is low. Recall that 1 a is the fraction of the value of assets lost in liquidation. Hence, a steeply sloped line in the diagram represents a situation where the value of collateral of firms located far away from the bank is low and decreases quickly in distance. The solid lines show a poor institutional structure, where losses from selling collateral are high.
Synthesis of nano zirconium oxide and its application in dentistry

Abstract Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is the general material in dental area, with natural color, high toughness and strength. Recent years, small blocks of ZrO2 such as micro/nano powders have been studied and developed widely. Nano scale ZrO2, which show simproved mechanical characteristics and superior biocompatibility, are usually incorporated into different applications used in dentistry and tissue engineering. This review provides an overview of nano-ZrO2 materials and its applications in dentistry. The synthesis of nano-ZrO2 powders were mainly prepared by coprecipitation, hydrothermal method and sol-gel method. Then different applications of nano-ZrO2 biomaterials in dental ceramics, implants, radio pacifying agents, basement and tissue engineering fields were briefly introduced.
Total synthesis of justicidin B, justicidin E, and taiwanin C: A general and flexible approach toward the synthesis of natural arylnaphthalene lactone lignans

Lignans are widely present in traditional medicinal plants. Many natural arylnaphthalene lactone lignans (NALLs) isolated from the genera Justicia, Haplophyllum, and Phyllanthus possess interesting biological activities. Herein, we report a general strategy for the total synthesis of this kind of lignans. Features of this new approach are an aryl–alkyl Suzuki cross-coupling to introduce the dioxinone unit, a cation-induced cyclization to construct the aryl dihydronaphthalene, and base-mediated oxidative aromatization to furnish the arylnaphthalene core. By incorporating these key transformations, the total syntheses of justicidins B and E and taiwanin C covered type I and type II NALLs were accomplished.
The evolution of language by sexual selection

Most accounts of the evolution of language assume that language and greater intelligence are beneficial adaptations, leading to increases in survival fitness. These accounts emphasise natural selection, with language as an adaptation to the habitat, placing less emphasis on sexual selection and reproductive fitness. An account of language evolution by natural selection alone faces problems in accounting for the prodigious power and expressivity of human language. Modern language (and its recent antecedents) would appear to offer only small incremental benefits over simpler language, which would require a smaller brain with smaller metabolic costs. Accounts by natural selection also face problems in accounting for the uniqueness of human language and intelligence. I therefore consider a hybrid account, in which both natural selection and sexual selection played a role in the evolution of language and intelligence, probably at different times. Specifically, in this account, early language was driven by natural selection to collaborate. Then later humans became subject to sexual selection for superior intelligence, with language acting as the main display mechanism for intelligence. It is hard to determine the relative roles of natural and sexual selection over the time course of the evolution of language. In the later stages, sexual selection to display intelligence drove a runaway selection process towards powerful modern language. This hybrid account retains the benefits of accounts by natural selection, while also accounting for the prodigious power of human language and intelligence, and for its uniqueness compared to other primates. Sexual selection often leads to traits which are unique to a species, and are exaggerated beyond natural needs. On this account, the capability for language may have evolved in the order: (1) pragmatics and a theory of mind; (2) using single words and constructions; (3) learning and using syntax. In this model, relevance-based pragmatics evolved before language; then, single words and constructions came into use; and later, syntax condensed out of pragmatics, as a codification of some pragmatic rules of inference. This order requires only incremental extensions of primate cognition, and agrees with the order in which children learn language.
The nature of z ∼ 2.3 Lyman-α emitters ,

We study the multi-wavelength properties of a set of 171 Lyα emitting candidates at redshift z = 2.25 found in the COSMOS field, with the aim of understanding the underlying stellar populations in the galaxies. We especially seek to understand what the dust contents, ages and stellar masses of the galaxies are, and how they relate to similar properties of Lyα emitters at other redshifts. The candidates here are shown to have different properties from those of Lyα emitters found at higher redshift, by fitting the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using a Monte-Carlo Markov-Chain technique and including nebular emission in the spectra. The stellar masses, and possibly the dust contents, are higher, with stellar masses in the range log M * = 8.5-11.0 M ⊙ and A V = 0.0-2.5 mag. Young population ages are well constrained, but the ages of older populations are typically unconstrained. In 15% of the galaxies only a single, young population of stars is observed. We show that the Lyα fluxes of the best fit galaxies are correlated with their dust properties, with higher dust extinction in Lyα faint galaxies. Testing for whether results derived from a light-weighted stack of objects correlate to those found when fitting individual objects we see that stellar masses are robust to stacking, but ages and especially dust extinctions are derived incorrectly from stacks. We conclude that the stellar properties of Lyα emitters at z = 2.25 are different from those at higher redshift and that they are diverse. Lyα selection appears to be tracing systematically different galaxies at different redshifts.
Students' fieldwork experiences of using community entry skills within community development

Background: Community development has been identified as an approach that occupational therapists can use to make a unique contribution to the health of communities. There is however limited research that addresses the practical application that occupational therapists need to use when engaged in community development. This includes community development’s most important phase of community entry which is defined as a prelude to any action that will take place in true partnership with the community. Purpose: This paper explores the experiences of final year occupational therapy students using community entry skills during community fieldwork practice. Methods: An auto-ethnographic approach was used to explore students’ experiences of the use of community entry skills within community development. Data collected included the use of the students’ reflective fieldwork journals, a narrative and a focus group. All data collected was critically analysed through a process of thematic analysis in order to explore the students’ experiences of the use of community entry skills during community fieldwork practice. Findings: The findings of this study highlight that the process of community entry is a subjective experience that requires mindfulness and awareness in becoming a part of the community. This allows professionals to interact with the community and its members and it gives rise to the understanding that one receives when working in a community. Implications: Recommendations are made regarding the support of and preparation of Occupational Therapists in the field of community development.
Continuous idea contribution in open innovation communities: The role of verbal persuasion from peers

Motivating continuous idea contributions from members is especially challenging for open innovation communities (OIC). Scholars have thus explored a range of incentives, among which peer feedback has received much attention. However, existing research on peer feedback tends to focus on the structural features, ignoring the richness of the text. To fill this research gap, this study investigates the influence of feedback language use from peers, including emotional support and constructive feedback, on individuals’ continuous idea contributions, based on the creative self-efficacy theory. The results show that emotional support, especially emotional approval, positively affects members’ continuous contributions, and that the effect is stronger when the provider is of a higher status. However, individualized consideration does not seem to work. In addition, in terms of the effect of constructive feedback, we also find support from cognitive stimulation, while intellectual stimulation exerts an effect only when the provider’s status is high. Overall, these findings extend the current research on peer feedback and offer practical guidelines to the open innovation community.
Applying machine learning technologies to explore students’ learning features and performance prediction

To understand students’ learning behaviors, this study uses machine learning technologies to analyze the data of interactive learning environments, and then predicts students’ learning outcomes. This study adopted a variety of machine learning classification methods, quizzes, and programming system logs, found that students’ learning characteristics were correlated with their learning performance when they encountered similar programming practice. In this study, we used random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and neural network (NN) algorithms to predict whether students would submit on time for the course. Among them, the NN algorithm showed the best prediction results. Education-related data can be predicted by machine learning techniques, and different machine learning models with different hyperparameters can be used to obtain better results.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MDCT POST-CONTRASTOGRAPHIC PATT ERN AND MICROVASCULAR DENSITY (MVD) IN PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS: CORRELATION WITH THE NEOPLASMS NATURE

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Evaluation of blood pressure and NT-proBNP in pugs with and without clinical signs of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) is a pathologic condition of the upper airways, frequently occurring in dogs of brachycephalic breeds including pugs. It has been suspected that BOAS may be associated with cardiovascular changes and an increased risk for hypertension. The cardiac biomarker NT-proBNP can help to differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac respiratory distress. A possible influence of BOAS on NT-proBNP values has not been investigated, however. The aim of the current study was to examine blood pressure and NT-proBNP levels in pugs with and without clinical signs of BOAS and compare them to values of mesocephalic dogs. For this purpose, NT-proBNP values of 42 pugs and six mesocephalic dogs and blood pressure measurements of 34 pugs and four mesocephalic dogs were explored in the present study. Pugs were examined for clinical signs of BOAS at rest and after a submaximal fitness test, and a functional BOAS grading was applied. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at the beginning and end of the study day and NT-proBNP values were obtained before and after exercise. Measured values of pugs with different degrees of clinical impairment due to BOAS were compared among each other as well as to the CG. In terms of systolic, mean, diastolic BP, and NT-pro BNP, there were no relevant differences between pugs and the CG and no obvious connection between the severity of BOAS symptoms and measured values. BP values of all groups were lower at the second measurement at the end of the study day. NT-proBNP measurements were higher after exercise. BP and NT-proBNP values in all groups were in agreement with commonly used reference ranges. In conclusion, the study adds evidence, that BP and NT-proBNP values did not differ between mesocephalic dogs and pugs with different levels of severity of BOAS but between the measurement times. Thus, in the present study, excitement and exercise seemed to have a greater influence on BP and NT-proBNP values than presence of BOAS symptoms or breed. Discovered values show that the commonly used reference ranges for BP and NT-proBNP are applicable in pugs. This indicates that NT-proBNP can be used to differentiate between cardiac and non-cardiac respiratory distress even in pugs with clinical symptoms of BOAS.
S-ResNet: An improved ResNet neural model capable of the identification of small insects

Introduction Precise identification of crop insects is a crucial aspect of intelligent plant protection. Recently, with the development of deep learning methods, the efficiency of insect recognition has been significantly improved. However, the recognition rate of existing models for small insect targets is still insufficient for insect early warning or precise variable pesticide application. Small insects occupy less pixel information on the image, making it more difficult for the model to extract feature information. Methods To improve the identification accuracy of small insect targets, in this paper, we proposed S-ResNet, a model improved from the ResNet, by varying its convolution kernel. The branch of the residual structure was added and the Feature Multiplexing Module (FMM) was illustrated. Therefore, the feature expression capacity of the model was improved using feature information of different scales. Meanwhile, the Adjacent Elimination Module (AEM) was furtherly employed to eliminate the useless information in the extracted features of the model. Results The training and validation results showed that the improved residual structure improved the feature extraction ability of small insect targets compared to the original model. With compare of 18, 30, or 50 layers, the S-ResNet enhanced the identification accuracy of small insect targets by 7% than that on the ResNet model with same layer depth.
A GENERAL APPROACH FOR ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL MANIPULATOR WITH JOINT CLEARANCE

Parallel structures are multibody systems composed of links interconnected by joints with at least one loop on its kinematic chain. For the joint work properly an adequate clearance must be used. But this clearance can affect the accuracy of the system. Then, in this paper we have presented a proposed methodology to consider the effects of joint clearance in the displacement behavior of parallel structures. The dynamics of the structure enable to define the displacements of links due to the joint clearance, which is defined by the direction of reaction forces at joints. Results and numerical simulations have been presented to show the feasibility of the proposed approach, applied to a simmetric four-bar linkage as a case of study.
Imaging of prosthetic joints

Plain films are usually sufficient to assess the state of a prosthesis.The main complications following joint replacement are infection and loosening.It is important to differentiate between infection and aseptic loosening, as the management differs considerably.The wider and more extensive the periprosthetic lucency, the higher the chance of loosening. Progressive changes are more significant.Techniques to reduce artefacts in CT and MRI have led to the increased use of these modalities in the investigation of prosthetic joints.Ultrasound is useful in assessing soft-tissue collections and for guiding joint aspiration and capsular biopsy.Scintigraphy is a sensitive but non-specific technique for diagnosing loosening. An increasing percentage of our population is having joint replacements, and therefore it is important for the radiologist to have sufficient knowledge of the types of joint replacements and their complications in order to make an accurate radiological assessment of prosthetic joints. Plain fi.
Targeting cancer-specific metabolic pathways for developing novel cancer therapeutics

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by various genetic and phenotypic aberrations. Cancer cells undergo genetic modifications that promote their proliferation, survival, and dissemination as the disease progresses. The unabated proliferation of cancer cells incurs an enormous energy demand that is supplied by metabolic reprogramming. Cancer cells undergo metabolic alterations to provide for increased energy and metabolite requirement; these alterations also help drive the tumor progression. Dysregulation in glucose uptake and increased lactate production via “aerobic glycolysis” were described more than 100 years ago, and since then, the metabolic signature of various cancers has been extensively studied. However, the extensive research in this field has failed to translate into significant therapeutic intervention, except for treating childhood-ALL with amino acid metabolism inhibitor L-asparaginase. Despite the growing understanding of novel metabolic alterations in tumors, the therapeutic targeting of these tumor-specific dysregulations has largely been ineffective in clinical trials. This chapter discusses the major pathways involved in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and lipids and highlights the inter-twined nature of metabolic aberrations that promote tumorigenesis in different types of cancer. Finally, we summarise the therapeutic interventions which can be used as a combinational therapy to target metabolic dysregulations that are unique or common in blood, breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer.