Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THEMIS observations of double-onset substorms and their association with IMF variations

Abstract. On 16 July 2008, two pairs of consecutive bursts of Pi2 pulsations were recorded simultaneously across the THEMIS ground-based observatory system. Wavelet transformation reveals that for each high-latitude pair, the dominant frequency of the first burst is higher than that of the second. But at low latitudes, the dominant frequency does not change. It is suggested that both pairs result from fast magnetospheric cavity waves with the second burst also containing shear Alfven waves. INTERMAGNET magnetograms at auroral latitudes showed magnetic variations affected by two recurrent electrojets for each pair. The ground-based magnetometers and those at geostationary orbit sensed magnetic perturbations consistent with the formation of the substorm current wedge. Four consecutive enhancements of energetic electron and ion fluxes detected by the THEMIS probes in the dayside magnetosphere appeared in the later afternoon and then in the early afternoon. The horizontal magnetic variation vectors had vortex patterns similar to those induced by the upward and downward field-aligned currents during substorm times. The hodogram at mid- L stations had a polarization pattern similar to the one induced by the substorm current wedge for each Pi2 burst. The mapping of ground Pi2 onset timing to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) observations shows that they appear under two cycles of north-to-south and then north variation. CLUSTER 4 in the south lobe observed wave-like magnetic fluctuations, probably driven by near-Earth reconnection, similar to those on the ground. These two observations are consistent with the link of double-onset substorms to magnetotail reconnection externally triggered by IMF variations.
Stimulation of Nonselective Amino Acid Export by Glutamine Dumper Proteins1[C][W][OA]

Phloem and xylem transport of amino acids involves two steps: export from one cell type to the apoplasm, and subsequent import into adjacent cells. High-affinity import is mediated by proton/amino acid cotransporters, while the mechanism of export remains unclear. Enhanced expression of the plant-specific type I membrane protein Glutamine Dumper1 (GDU1) has previously been shown to induce the secretion of glutamine from hydathodes and increased amino acid content in leaf apoplasm and xylem sap. In this work, tolerance to low concentrations of amino acids and transport analyses using radiolabeled amino acids demonstrate that net amino acid uptake is reduced in the glutamine-secreting GDU1 overexpressor gdu1-1D. The net uptake rate of phenylalanine decreased over time, and amino acid net efflux was increased in gdu1-1D compared with the wild type, indicating increased amino acid export from cells. Independence of the export from proton gradients and ATP suggests that overexpression of GDU1 affects a passive export system. Each of the seven Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GDU genes led to similar phenotypes, including increased efflux of a wide spectrum of amino acids. Differences in expression profiles and functional properties suggested that the GDU genes fulfill different roles in roots, vasculature, and reproductive organs. Taken together, the GDUs appear to stimulate amino acid export by activating nonselective amino acid facilitators.
Management of complications of mesh surgery

Purpose of review Transvaginal placements of synthetic mid-urethral slings and vaginal meshes have largely superseded traditional tissue repairs in the current era because of presumed efficacy and ease of implant with device ‘kits’. The use of synthetic material has generated novel complications including mesh extrusion, pelvic and vaginal pain and mesh contraction. In this review, our aim is to discuss the management, surgical techniques and outcomes associated with mesh removal. Recent findings Recent publications have seen an increase in presentation of these mesh-related complications, and reports from multiple tertiary centers have suggested that not all patients benefit from surgical intervention. Summary Although the true incidence of mesh complications is unknown, recent publications can serve to guide physicians and inform patients of the surgical outcomes from mesh-related complications. In addition, the literature highlights the growing need for a registry to account for a more accurate reporting of these events and to counsel patients on the risk and benefits before proceeding with mesh surgeries.
Cardiac X syndrome: the overview of the literature and the local experience in Southern Switzerland.

Summary In recent years, a particular emphasis from the European authorities was put on women’s health. Different publications emerged in international journals dedicated to this topic. Several studies described the difficulties and the differences in diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases in women emphasising how even common cardiac conditions are often undertreated and misdiagnosed. The Swiss Society of Cardiology annual congress this year was also dedicated to the topic “Women and the Heart”, underlying the nationwide relevance of the problem. These data demonstrate the need for more specific attention and research on female aspects of cardiovascular care. Besides the typical manifestations of heart disease, such as acute coronary syndromes, angina or hypertension which have a similar prevalence in both genders, there is a syndrome mostly affecting perimenopausal women. It is defined as Cardiac syndrome X (CSX), and is a clinical condition usually characterised by anginal pain, positive exercise stress testing and negative coronary angiography. Although the prognosis according to previous studies was thought to be good, it is now appreciated that these women face significantly greater morbidity than once believed, with an uncertain treatment course and a substantial cost burden to the health care system. Thus, this particular syndrome deserves special attention from health care professionals. Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the nature of this syndrome. In this article we will review the literature data on CSX with a special focus on symptoms, pathophysiologic mechanisms, difficulties in management and prognosis in this particular group of patients, sharing the authors’ experience in this field as well.
Griseofulvin levels in stratum corneum. Study after oral administration in man.

Griseofulvin concentration in stratum corneum is determined by using a gasliquid, chromatographic procedure and electron capture detector. A scraping technique is used for obtaining three distinct levels from stratum corneum, and histological evidence shows these levels. Concentration of griseofulvin is found to be 16.4 ng/mg of palmar skin in level 1, 9.7 ng/mg in level 2, and 4.5 ng/mg in level 3. There is a more rapid buildup of drug after oral administration than thought previously. The drug can be detected in stratum corneum in eight hours. After discontinuing use of griseofulvin, concentration falls off more rapidly in skin than in blood. However, buildup is somewhat dependent on climate, the concentration being higher in warm weather than in cool. These findings emphasize that stratum corneum can act as a compartment for drugs such as griseofulvin.
The Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping for Athletes with Medial Elbow Epicondylar Tendinopathy

Abstract Kinesio taping has also been used for athletes with Medial Elbow Epicondylar Tendinopathy (MET) as an additional treatment method. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of Kinesio tape on maximal grip strength and absolute and related force sense in athletes with MET when applied to the medial forearm. 27 male athletes who voluntarily participated in this study were divided into a healthy group (n=17) and a MET group (n=10). All subjects were assessed for the maximal grip strength and grip force sense (absolute and related force sense) under 3 taping conditions: 1) without taping; 2) with placebo Kinesio taping; and 3) with Kinesio taping. No significant interaction was found between groups and taping condition in maximal grip force and related force sense error, except for absolute force sense error (p=0.04). Both groups with absolute force sense measurements had significantly decreased errors in the placebo Kinesio taping and Kinesio taping conditions. Both taping may enhance discrimination of magnitude of grip force control (absolute force sense) in both groups when applied to the forearm. However, Kinesio taping did not change maximal grip strength in either group. The effects of Kinesio taping on other muscle functions remain to be studied.
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Reduces Proteinuria Independently of Blood Pressure in Children Already Treated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Background/Aims: Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has higher antiproteinuric effects than single blockade in adults. In children, little is known on dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. The study investigates whether adding an ARB to proteinuric children already on ACEI reduces proteinuria. Methods: A total of 10 children (median age 13.3 years) with chronic kidney disease and persistent proteinuria despite maximal dose of ACEI were included. Losartan was given at an initial dose 0.8 mg/kg/day. Proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function (glomerular filtration rate) were measured. Results: Mean proteinuria decreased from 484 ± 290 mg/mmol creatinine to 223 ± 197 after 1–3 months of losartan treatment and remained stable at 234 ± 153, 224 ± 177 and 195 ± 133 after 3–6, 6–12 months and at the last follow-up check (median 1.9 years, p < 0.05 for all visits vs. before treatment). The median percentage decrease in proteinuria was 66, 56, 44 and 66% during the study periods. No significant change in BP, glomerular filtration rate or serum potassium was observed. One child complained of rash, which led to discontinuation of losartan. Conclusion: Adding an ARB to current ACEI treatment can further reduce proteinuria in children with chronic kidney disease without affecting BP.
Ontology of areas of endemism

Areas of endemism have been recognized as important units in historical biogeography, and much attention has been given to methods of identifying these units operationally. Interestingly, little has been written about the philosophical nature of areas of endemism. The purpose of this essay is to make an ontological argument for areas of endemism as individuals and to discuss the consequences of such a conclusion. The recognition of species as individuals is crucial to the argument. Several criteria are identified for entities to be considered individuals, all of which are shown for areas of endemism. An ontological concept of an area of endemism is presented. Two of the consequences of regarding areas of endemism as individuals are that areas of endemism should be the preferred units of biogeography over the units used in event‐based methods and that parsimony analysis of endemism and similar methods may be operational tools for the discovery of areas of endemism.
Biomarkers of Acute Brain Injury in the Emergency Department

The diagnosis of acute brain injury in the acute care setting is based on neurological examina‐ tion and neuroimaging tools such as computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there are limitations to both CT and MRI scanning. The lack of objective, noninvasive and readily accessible clinical tools to detect injury has left clinicians with uncertainty about how to best identify and treat these conditions. It is also very difficult for patients and their families who struggle to better understand the deficits they deal with on a daily basis. There have been many studies exploring many promising biomarkers during the last decade. Despite the large number of published studies there is still a lack of any Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved biomarkers for brain injury in adults and children. Given all of these researches, there is now an important need to validate and introduce them into the clinical setting. This chapter reviews commonly studied biomarkers for acute brain injury in humans, with an emphasis on traumatic brain injury and stroke.
The evolution of cursorial carnivores in the Tertiary: implications of elbow-joint morphology

The evolution of cursorial adaptations in Tertiary (65–1.65 Myr ago) carnivores has been a contentious issue. Most such studies have focused on the relationship between hind limb proportions and running speed. Here, we show morphometrically that in extant carnivores, the elbow joint has evolved in two distinct directions with mutually exclusive implications for locomotor ability and prey procurement. Some carnivores retain supinatory ability, allowing them to manipulate prey and other items with the forepaws. Such carnivores can become very large. Other carnivores lose the ability to supinate and become cursors. This allows for only moderate size increase. Modern carnivores above ca . 20 kg body mass are committed to one or other of these strategies. This threshold coincides with a postulated threshold in carnivore physiology. The biaxial pattern mostly follows phylogenetic lines, but a strong selective regime can override this signal, as shown by the extant cheetah. Oligocene (33.7–23.8 Myr ago) and early-middle Miocene (23.8–11.2 Myr ago) carnivores follow the same pattern, though in the Miocene the pattern is shifted towards larger body mass, which may be owing to the extraordinary richness of browsing ungulates at this time.
The Treatment of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever With High-dose Methylprednisolone, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Fresh Frozen Plasma

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute tick-borne disease caused by Nairovirus, and it is sometimes characterized by reactive hemophagocytic histiocytosis (HLH). The reasons for reactive HLH are macrophage-activating syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation due to cytokine storm, liver dysfunction, and endothelial damage by the virus. In this study, the effectiveness of high-dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) (5 to 30 mg/kg/d), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was investigated in patients with CCHF associated with reactive HLH. Twelve patients with CCHF in association with reactive HLH were included in the study. The patients were successfully treated with HDMP to suppress the macrophage activation, FFP to treat disseminated intravascular coagulation, and IVIG to treat severe thrombocytopenia. No patients received ribavirin. Fever reduced in 1.6±0.8 days, WBC count increased above 4.500/µL in 4.0±2.4 days, platelet count increased above 150.000/µL in 8.5±2.5 days, and D-dimer level decreased under 1 mcg/dL in 5.8±3.6 days. Consequently, HDMP, FFP, and IVIG may be effective in patients with CCHF associated with reactive HLH during hemorrhagic period of the disease.
Comparison of echolocation behaviour between coastal and riverine porpoises

Echolocation behaviour of a harbor porpoise and six finless porpoises was recorded in open-water systems using acoustic data loggers (A-tag). In total 1359 click trains were recorded during 4.6 h for the harbor porpoise and 46,240 click trains were recorded during 82.3 h for the finless porpoises. The harbor and finless porpoises produced sonar click trains every 12.3 and 6.4 s on average, respectively. During the inter-click-train interval, the porpoises were silent or produced clicks below 148 dB re. 1 mPa, the detection threshold of the tag. Ninety percent of the inter-click-train intervals were 20 s or less in both species. This means that porpoises frequently produce intense click trains. Click-train intervals lasting over 50 s constituted 1% of the total intervals in finless porpoises and 4% in the harbor porpoise. Both species swam without intense clicks for less than 10 m in most cases, but occasionally remained silent or used undetected low-intensity clicks for more than 1 min. During these periods, the porpoises would be susceptible to entanglement in fishing nets.
Isolation and Characterization of Brewer's Yeast Variants with Improved Fermentation Performance under High-Gravity Conditions

ABSTRACT To save energy, space, and time, today's breweries make use of high-gravity brewing in which concentrated medium (wort) is fermented, resulting in a product with higher ethanol content. After fermentation, the product is diluted to obtain beer with the desired alcohol content. While economically desirable, the use of wort with an even higher sugar concentration is limited by the inability of brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces pastorianus) to efficiently ferment such concentrated medium. Here, we describe a successful strategy to obtain yeast variants with significantly improved fermentation capacity under high-gravity conditions. We isolated better-performing variants of the industrial lager strain CMBS33 by subjecting a pool of UV-induced variants to consecutive rounds of fermentation in very-high-gravity wort (>22° Plato). Two variants (GT336 and GT344) showing faster fermentation rates and/or more-complete attenuation as well as improved viability under high ethanol conditions were identified. The variants displayed the same advantages in a pilot-scale stirred fermenter under high-gravity conditions at 11°C. Microarray analysis identified several genes whose altered expression may be responsible for the superior performance of the variants. The role of some of these candidate genes was confirmed by genetic transformation. Our study shows that proper selection conditions allow the isolation of variants of commercial brewer's yeast with superior fermentation characteristics. Moreover, it is the first study to identify genes that affect fermentation performance under high-gravity conditions. The results are of interest to the beer and bioethanol industries, where the use of more-concentrated medium is economically advantageous.
Telomerase regulation at the crossroads of cell fate

Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are crucial for genome stability, cell growth control and carcinogenesis. Normally, they protect chromosomes from end to end fusion, degradation and recombination. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein essential for maintenance of telomeres and it is active in germ cells, stem cells and ∼90% of cancers but not in most normal somatic cells. Human telomerase catalytic protein subunit hTERT is crucial for telomerase activity. Although hTERT expression is sufficient to immortalize normal human cells in culture, spontaneous immortalization is extremely rare which suggests that its expression is under strong negative control. Characterization of the hTERT promoter has allowed for the analysis of potential mechanisms of hTERT expression and regulation. The hTERT promoter is very complex and contains a great number of canonical and non-canonical sequences that bind or potentially bind a variety of transcription factors. In this review we focus on the positive and negative regulators of hTERT transcription and their role in normal cell growth and immortalization.
Evaluating the effectiveness of the SECS' surrogate-assisted sex therapy model.

Perhaps no therapeutic modaUty is as controversial as the use of surrogateassisted sex therapy. Few rigorous studies have been conducted on either its use or its efficacy, and much of the debate surrounding this area is influenced by prevaiUng legal and moral questions. The American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT) takes no official stand on the issue, except to say that if AASECT-certified sex therapists use surro? gates, they should do so in an "ethical manner" (AASECT, 1980). One major critical examination of the use of sex surrogates was pubiished by Apfelbaum (1977) who based his critique specifically on Masters and Johnson's (1970) original model and suggested that several problems inherent in that model ensure its failure. Abernethy and Daniel (1982), however, have written about the essential role of a partner in treating male sexual dysfunc? tion. They pointed out, without directly discussing or considering surrogates, that a caring and cooperative partner is of great value in the treatment of male sexual dysfunctions. This is a clear statement as to why a sexual surrogate therapist may be helpful to men who have no other partner available. My purpose here is to describe the use of surrogate-assisted sex therapy (SST) in an eclectic program for treatment of heterosexual male sexual dysfunction that differs from that of Masters and Johnson (1970) and to a lesser extent, from the programs of Williams (1978) and Apfelbaum (1980, 1984). An assessment of the use of female surrogates in our eclectic sex therapy at the Sexual Enrichment CounseUng Services (SECS) in Chicago was conducted covering the years 1970-1980. There were 501 case studies from that period, and the entire sample was evaluated. Although the eclectic SST model was developed over 10 years prior to Apfelbaum's (1977) critique, in developing it we appear to have anticipated many of the problems of Masters and Johnson's treatment which he addresses. Surrogate-assisted sex therapy was used at our clinic in tandem with tradi? tional psychotherapy. CUent-centered, behavioral, insight, and cognitive therapies were used eclectically by both the surrogate and the supervising psychologist as indicated by the characteristics of the cUent and the presenting problem (Dauw, 1979, 1980). In terms of the surrogates' treatment, cUent-centered components included self-disclosure by the surrogate through her introduction and description of herself, encouragement of the cUent to discuss his own concerns, provision of unconditional acceptance, empathic statements, and active listening. Insight
Balancing informational and social goals in active learning

Our actions shape what we learn. Because of this dependency, learners are proficient at choosing their actions to maximize their information gain. But learning often unfolds in social contexts where learners have both informational goals (e.g., to learn how something works) but also social goals (e.g., to appear competent and impress others). How do these different factors shape learners’ decisions? Here, we present a computational model that integrates the value of social and informational goals to predict the decisions that people will make in a simple active causal learning task. We show that an emphasis on performance or self-presentation goals leads to reduced chances of learning (Exp. 1) and that social context can push learners to pursue performance-oriented actions even when the learning goal is highlighted (Exp. 2). Our formal model of social-active learning successfully captures the empirical results. These findings are first steps towards understanding the role of social reasoning in active learning contexts.