Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tradeoffs of Inclusion: Development in Ancient Athens

Inclusive institutions play an important role in development. But how do inclusive institutions emerge? Inclusion is always the product of a tradeoff. The existing literature focuses on the tradeoffs that yield an extension of the franchise, which requires costly power-sharing agreements. This article uses evidence from ancient Athens to show that meaningful forms of welfare-enhancing inclusion need not await the historically infrequent and high-stakes conditions that compel dominant elites to share power. In the 4th century BCE, the Athenians extended access to economic, social, and legal institutions to selected categories of non-citizens. They did not, however, extend the franchise. The Athenian tradeoff between political and other forms of inclusion was a response to the conflicting demands of social order and growth. While falling short of full political inclusion, the tradeoff was nonetheless conducive to political and economic development.
Non-dialytic management of acute kidney injury in newborns

Treating acute kidney injury (AKI) in newborns is often challenging due to the functional immaturity of the neonatal kidney. Because of this physiological limitation, renal replacement therapy (RRT) in this particular patient population is difficult to execute and may lead to unwanted complications. Although fluid overload and electrolyte abnormalities, as seen in neonatal AKI, are indications for RRT initiation, there is limited evidence that RRT initiated in the first year of life improves long-term outcome. The underlying cause of AKI in a newborn patient should determine the treatment strategies to restore appropriate renal function. However, our understanding of this common clinical condition remains limited, as no standardized, evidence-based definition of neonatal AKI currently exists. Non-dialytic management of AKI in these patients may restore appropriate renal function to these patients without exposure to complications often encountered with RRT.
Structure of the Sec61 channel opened by a signal sequence

Seeing the signal sequence in action Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involves the interaction of a signal sequence with the protein translocation channel. Although much work has looked at the details of protein translocation, questions remain. Voorhees and Hegde present a single-particle cryoelectron microscopy study of the mammalian ER translocation apparatus at the point in which the signal sequence is engaging the translocation pore. Science, this issue p. 88 A cryo–electron microscopy structure reveals the secrets of the endoplasmic reticulum protein translocation channel. Secreted and integral membrane proteins compose up to one-third of the biological proteome. These proteins contain hydrophobic signals that direct their translocation across or insertion into the lipid bilayer by the Sec61 protein–conducting channel. The molecular basis of how hydrophobic signals within a nascent polypeptide trigger channel opening is not understood. Here, we used cryo–electron microscopy to determine the structure of an active Sec61 channel that has been opened by a signal sequence. The signal supplants helix 2 of Sec61α, which triggers a rotation that opens the central pore both axially across the membrane and laterally toward the lipid bilayer. Comparisons with structures of Sec61 in other states suggest a pathway for how hydrophobic signals engage the channel to gain access to the lipid bilayer.
THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN LIZARDS AND SNAKES

Life history theory suggests that the optimal evolved level of reproductive effort (RE) for an organism depends upon the degree to which additional current reproductive investment reduces future reproductive output. Future reproduction can be decreased in two ways, through (i) decreases in the organism's survival rate, and/or (ii) decreases in the organism's growth (and hence subsequent fecundity). The latter tradeoff–that is, the “potential fecundity cost”—should affect the evolution of RE only in species with relatively high survival rate, a relatively high rate of fecundity increase with body size, or a relatively high reproductive frequency per annum. Unless these conditions are met, the probable benefit in future fecundity obtained from decreasing present reproductive output is too low for natural selection to favor any reduction in RE below the maximum physiologically possible. Published data on survival rate, reproductive frequency and relative clutch mass (RCM) suggest that many lizard species fall well below the level at which natural selection can be expected to influence RE through such “potential fecundity” tradeoffs. Hence, the relative allocation of resources between growth and reproduction is unlikely to be directly optimized by natural selection in these animals. Instead, energy allocation should influence the evolution of RE only indirectly, via effects on an organism's probability of survival during reproduction. Survival costs of reproduction may be the most important evolutionary determinants of RE in many reptiles, and information on the nature and extent of such costs is needed before valid measures of reptilian RE can be constructed.
A disseminação do modelo da casa quadripartida na cidade industrial. O caso do Porto no primeiro terço do século XX

Esta dissertacao centra-se na analise da casa quadripartida enquanto modelo de habitacao economicapara a cidade industrializada. A sua genese esta directamente ligada a um novo conjunto de exigenciasinstigado pela Revolucao Industrial. As mudancas na organizacao social e nas dinâmicas economicas elaborais desde a segunda metade do seculo XVIII tiveram grandes efeitos nas cidades atraves da criacaode novos centros urbanos e sobretudo pelo seu crescimento sem precedentes. A crise da habitacaoque dai resultou resumiu-se numa elevada procura e a na consequente deterioracao das condicoes dehabitabilidade que afectou em grande escala o operariado. O movimento reformista do seculo XIXassentou sobretudo na emergencia do higienismo que, face a ameaca a saude publica que o ambientecitadino passou a constituir, introduziu na arquitectura da casa e na estrutura urbana importantestransformacoes que marcaram a democratizacao da casa digna e estabeleceram um precedente aquestoes mais tarde desenvolvidas pelo moderno. No âmbito da reforma, a casa quadripartida inseriuseno campo ideologico apologista da casa unifamiliar e a sua sistematizacao na cidade de Mulhouse,em Franca, foi objecto de uma ampla divulgacao. Indissociavel da logica industrial, a reprodutibilidadedo carre mulhousien como solucao de casa economica e higienica para as classes trabalhadoras foium fenomeno observavel em distintas geografias, incluindo a cidade do Porto. A sua importacao em1899, num determinado contexto urbano, seguiram-se varios outros casos da sua aplicacao durante oprimeiro terco do seculo XX, os quais confirmam a existencia de certas particularidades que enriquecema leitura da utilizacao de um modelo arquitectonico, bem como do cariz regulador subjacente a relacaopromotor/habitante. A utilizacao do desenho da casa quadripartida por Frank Lloyd Wright posiciona aaplicacao deste modelo fora do âmbito da casa operaria e como proposta de habitacao modernista, maisprecisamente durante a decada de 30 e inicios de 40 do seculo XX. Assim, este modelo de habitacao,inventado num contexto experimental e assente essencialmente numa formula geometrica simples,evoluiu e adaptou-se nos mais diversos niveis (programaticos, tecnicos, ideologicos, etc.), a uma escalainternacional e durante quase um seculo e meio.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Cysticapnos vesicaria, a zygomorphic-flowered Papaveraceae (Ranunculales, basal eudicots).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of evolutionary diversification in the basal eudicot family Papaveraceae, such as the transition from actinomorphy to zygomorphy, are hampered by the lack of comparative functional studies. So far, gene silencing methods are only available in the actinomorphic species Eschscholzia californica and Papaver somniferum. This study addresses the amenability of Cysticapnos vesicaria, a derived fumitory with zygomorphic flowers, to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and describes vegetative and reproductive traits in this species. METHODS VIGS-mediated downregulation of the C. vesicaria PHYTOENE DESATURASE gene (CvPDS) and of the FLORICAULA gene CvFLO was carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vectors. Wild-type and vector-treated plants were characterized using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and macroscopic and scanning electron microscopic imaging. KEY RESULTS Cysticapnos vesicaria germinates rapidly, can be grown at high density, has a short life cycle and is self-compatible. Inoculation of C. vesicaria with a CvPDS-VIGS vector resulted in strong photobleaching of green parts and reduction of endogenous CvPDS transcript levels. Gene silencing persisted during inflorescence development until fruit set. Inoculation of plants with CvFLO-VIGS affected floral phyllotaxis, symmetry and floral organ identities. CONCLUSIONS The high penetrance, severity and stability of pTRV-mediated silencing, including the induction of meristem-related phenotypes, make C. vesicaria a very promising new focus species for evolutionary-developmental (evo-devo) studies in the Papaveraceae. This now enables comparative studies of flower symmetry, inflorescence determinacy and other traits that diversified in the Papaveraceae.
Managing the New WorkforcePerspectives on the Millennial

© Eddy S. Ng, Sean T. Lyons and Linda Schweitzer 2012All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.Published byEdward Elgar Publishing LimitedThe Lypiatts15 Lansdown RoadCheltenhamGlos GL50 2JAUKEdward Elgar Publishing, Inc.William Pratt House9 Dewey CourtNorthamptonMassachusetts 01060USAA catalogue record for this bookis available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2012938063ISBN 978 0 85793 300 3 (cased)Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, CheshirePrinted and bound by MPG Books Group, UK
Forcing in intuitionistic systems without power-set

Abstract It is shown how to define forcing semantics within metatheories not containing the power-set construction, in particular, how to construct exponents assuming only (a slightly strengthened form of) exponents in the metatheory. Some straightforward applications (consistency and independence results, and derived rules) are obtained for such systems.
Stationary perturbations and infinitesimal rotations of static Einstein-Yang-Mills configurations with bosonic matter

Using the Kaluza-Klein structure of stationary spacetimes, a framework for analyzing stationary perturbations of static Einstein-Yang-Mills configurations with bosonic matter fields is presented. It is shown that the perturbations giving rise to non-vanishing ADM angular momentum are governed by a self-adjoint system of equations for a set of gauge invariant scalar amplitudes. The method is illustrated for SU(2) gauge fields, coupled to a Higgs doublet or a Higgs triplet. It is argued that slowly rotating black holes arise generically in self-gravitating non-Abelian gauge theories with bosonic matter, whereas, in general, soliton solutions do not have rotating counterparts.
Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells

Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration are attributed to satellite cells - muscle stem cells resident beneath the basal lamina that surrounds each myofibre. Quiescent satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax7 and when activated, coexpress Pax7 with MyoD. Most then proliferate, downregulate Pax7 and differentiate. By contrast, others maintain Pax7 but lose MyoD and return to a state resembling quiescence. Here we show that Pax7 is able to drive transcription in quiescent and activated satellite cells, and continues to do so in those cells that subsequently cease proliferation and withdraw from immediate differentiation. We found that constitutive expression of Pax7 in satellite-cell-derived myoblasts did not affect MyoD expression or proliferation. Although maintained expression of Pax7 delayed the onset of myogenin expression it did not prevent, and was compatible with, myogenic differentiation. Constitutive Pax7 expression in a Pax7-null C2C12 subclone increased the proportion of cells expressing MyoD, showing that Pax7 can act genetically upstream of MyoD. However these Pax7-null cells were unable to differentiate into normal myotubes in the presence of Pax7. Therefore Pax7 may be involved in maintaining proliferation and preventing precocious differentiation, but does not promote quiescence.
The BDNF Val66Met × 5‐HTTLPR × child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms: An attempt at replication

Kaufman et al. [ 2006 ] reported a higher order interaction effect between specific genetic and environmental factors in a model of depressive symptoms, requiring independent replication. BDNF Val66Met and 5‐HTTLPR genotypes were determined in female participants pertaining to a large ongoing twin study. Participants also filled in questionnaires on childhood adversity and depressive symptoms. Two‐ and three‐way interactions between genetic polymorphisms and early adversity were examined in models of depressive symptoms. BDNF Met allele(s) moderated the effect of early adversity on depressive symptoms (two‐way interaction), and this BDNF Met × childhood adversity interaction in turn was moderated by 5‐HTTLPR genotype (three‐way interaction). However, a main effect of BDNF Met on childhood adversity was also observed, possibly indicating confounding by gene–environment correlation. Higher order interaction effects involving BDNF Val66Met, 5‐HTTLPR and childhood adversity may contribute to the etiology of depressive illness. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fresh onion juice enhanced copulatory behavior in male rats with and without paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction

Onion (Allium cepa) is one of the most commonly cultivated species of the family Liliaceae, and has long been used in dietary and therapeutic applications. Treatment with fresh onion juice has been reported to promote testosterone production in male rats. Testosterone is the male sex hormone responsible for enhancing sexual libido and potency. This study aimed to investigate the effects of onion juice on copulatory behavior of sexually potent male rats and in male rats with paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction. Sexually experienced male rats were divided into seven groups: a control group, three onion juice-treated groups, a paroxetine-treated group, and two groups treated with paroxetine plus different doses of onion juice. At the end of the treatments, sexual behavior parameters and testosterone levels were measured and compared among the groups. Administration of onion juice significantly reduced mount frequency and latency and increased the copulatory efficacy of potent male rats. In addition, administration of onion juice attenuated the prolonged ejaculatory latency period induced by paroxetine and increased the percentage of ejaculating rats. Serum testosterone levels increased significantly by onion juice administration. However, a significant reduction in testosterone because of paroxetine therapy was observed. This reduction was restored to normal levels by administration of onion juice. This study conclusively demonstrates that fresh onion juice improves copulatory behavior in sexually potent male rats and in those with paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction by increasing serum testosterone levels.
Bilingualism influences perceptual inhibition more than stimulus-response inhibition

Bilingualism influences perceptual inhibition more than stimulus-response inhibition Henrike K. Blumenfeld San Diego State University Viorica Marian Northwestern University Abstract: Bilinguals outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information, with advantages likely deriving from cognitive mechanisms employed during bilingual processing. In this study, monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ inhibition performance was compared on two nonlinguistic inhibition tasks: a Stroop-like task (with perceptual conflict among stimulus features) and a Simon-like task (with stimulus-response conflict, given an arbitrary response rule). Bilinguals in their early twenties had an accuracy advantage over monolinguals on the Stroop task but not the Simon task. Bilinguals showed smaller Stroop than Simon effects in their performance accuracy, while monolinguals performed similarly on the two tasks. Findings suggest that bilingual experience may target Stroop-type inhibition more than Simon-type inhibition, likely due to the perceptual conflict component of Stroop tasks that is also present in bilingual processing. Findings have implications for identifying loci of influence of bilingual experience on the cognitive system, and suggest that Stroop-type cognitive mechanisms may be especially sensitive to bilingualism.
Hydrotherapy in advanced heart failure: the cardio-HKT pilot study.

BACKGROUND In-water exercise, hydrotherapy, may offer an attractive alternative to conventional training in markedly compromised patients with advanced HF. This Pilot Study evaluates the safety and efficacy of Cardio-Hydrokinesitherapy (Cardio-HKT) in patients with advanced HF on optimal medical therapy. Cardio-HKT is a novel rehabilitation program that includes training sessions in warm water (31 degrees C), integrated by educational and psycho-behavioural sessions to promote healthy life style modifications. METHODS We studied 18 adult patients with advanced HF, LVEF < 35%, NYHA functional class > II and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) < 18 ml/kg/min. Cardio-HKT consisted of a 3 weeks daily in-water training, combined to educational and psycho-behavioural sessions. Patients underwent a six-minute-walking-test (6mWT), a cardiopulmonary exercise test at baseline and after 3 weeks of Cardio-HKT. Quality of life was assessed with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF). RESULTS All patients completed the Cardio-HKT rehabilitation program without complications. The 6mWT improved from 453 +/- 172 m to 571 +/- 120 m (p < 0.01), peak VO2 from 13.0 +/- 3.1 to 14.5 +/- 2.9 ml/kg/min (p = 0.03), whereas VE/ CO2 slope declined from 37 +/- 10 to 33 +/- 9 (p = 0.01). MLHF markedly improved from 56 (68-27) to 18 (40-7) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the safety and efficacy of the innovative Cardio-HKT rehabilitation program in patients with advanced HF.
Multifaceted intervention to improve medication adherence and secondary prevention measures after acute coronary syndrome hospital discharge: a randomized clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE Adherence to cardioprotective medication regimens in the year after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is poor. OBJECTIVE To test a multifaceted intervention to improve adherence to cardiac medications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this randomized clinical trial, 253 patients from 4 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers located in Denver (Colorado), Seattle (Washington); Durham (North Carolina), and Little Rock (Arkansas) admitted with ACS were randomized to the multifaceted intervention (INT) or usual care (UC) prior to discharge. INTERVENTIONS The INT lasted for 1 year following discharge and comprised (1) pharmacist-led medication reconciliation and tailoring; (2) patient education; (3) collaborative care between pharmacist and a patient's primary care clinician and/or cardiologist; and (4) 2 types of voice messaging (educational and medication refill reminder calls). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome of interest was proportion of patients adherent to medication regimens based on a mean proportion of days covered (PDC) greater than 0.80 in the year after hospital discharge using pharmacy refill data for 4 cardioprotective medications (clopidogrel, β-blockers, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors [statins], and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers [ACEI/ARB]). Secondary outcomes included achievement of blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level targets. RESULTS Of 253 patients, 241 (95.3%) completed the study (122 in INT and 119 in UC). In the INT group, 89.3% of patients were adherent compared with 73.9% in the UC group (P = .003). Mean PDC was higher in the INT group (0.94 vs 0.87; P< .001). A greater proportion of intervention patients were adherent to clopidogrel (86.8% vs 70.7%; P = .03), statins (93.2% vs 71.3%; P < .001), and ACEI/ARB (93.1% vs 81.7%; P = .03) but not β-blockers (88.1% vs 84.8%; P = .59). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients who achieved BP and LDL-C level goals. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A multifaceted intervention comprising pharmacist-led medication reconciliation and tailoring, patient education, collaborative care between pharmacist and patients' primary care clinician and/or cardiologist, and voice messaging increased adherence to medication regimens in the year after ACS hospital discharge without improving BP and LDL-C levels. Understanding the impact of such improvement in adherence on clinical outcomes is needed prior to broader dissemination of the program. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00903032.
A quantum chemical method for rapid optimization of protein structures

A quantum chemical method for rapid optimization of protein structures is proposed. In this method, a protein structure is treated as an assembly of amino acid units, and the geometry optimization of each unit is performed with taking the effect of its surrounding environment into account. The optimized geometry of a whole protein is obtained by repeated application of such a local optimization procedure over the entire part of the protein. Here, we implemented this method in the MOPAC program and performed geometry optimization for three different sizes of proteins. Consequently, these results demonstrate that the total energies of the proteins are much efficiently minimized compared with the use of conventional optimization methods, including the MOZYME algorithm (a representative linear‐scaling method) with the BFGS routine. The proposed method is superior to the conventional methods in both CPU time and memory requirements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 160–168, 2005
Relationship between grade, sex, race, and motor performance in young children.

Abstract Black and white children (N = 553) in kindergarten, grade one, and grade two, as part of a total test battery were tested on items of agility, speed, power, flexibility, and endurance. An ANOVA design was employed for both equal and unequal cell frequencies to determine the effects of grade, sex, and race on gross motor performance. Significant (p < .01) improvements were found at each grade for speed, power, and endurance items; males had significantly better performances (p < .01) than females on all items with the exception of flexibility; black children had significantly (p < .01) lower values than white children in the speed item at each grade level.