Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attosecond science

Abstract Scientists have been developing sources of light with ever-shorter pulse durations, in order to study motion in systems ranging from a golfer’s swing to the motion of atoms within molecules. The shortest pulses produced to date are under 60 attoseconds, i.e. s. One attosecond is to one second as one second is to the age of the universe. For comparison, the classical orbital period of an electron in a hydrogen atom is 150 attoseconds. Attosecond pulses were first produced in 2001. This article describes how attosecond pulses are generated and how they are measured. Some applications of attosecond pulses are described, such as measuring the delay in photoionisation, or observing molecular dissociation dynamics.
Studies on Documented Historical Cases of Civil and War Heroism: A Mini-Review

This mini-review identifies and briefly describes a total of 12 published studies investigating aspects of war and civil heroism by analyzing larger data sets on documented historical cases of such behavior. Eleven of these studies focus on either Carnegie Medal or Medal of Honor recipients. These two most prominent data sources are briefly characterized and directions for future research are pointed out.
When can nonGaussian density fields produce a Gaussian Sachs-Wolfe effect?

The Sachs-Wolfe temperature fluctuations produced by primordial density perturbations are proportional to the potential field \phi, which is a weighted integral over the density field \delta. Because of the central limit theorem, \phi can be approximately Gaussian even when \delta is non-Gaussian. Using the Wold representation for non-Gaussian density fields, \delta(\rvec) = \int f(|\rvec - \rvec^\prime|) \Delta(\rvec^\prime) d^3 \rvec^\prime, we find conditions on \Delta and f for which \phi must have a Gaussian one-point distribution, while \delta can be non-Gaussian. Sufficient (but not necessary) conditions are that the density field have a power spectrum (which determines f) of P(k) \propto k^n, with -2 < n \le +1, and that \Delta(\rvec) be non-Gaussian with no long-range correlations. Thus, there is an infinite set of non-Gaussian density fields which produce a nearly Gaussian one-point distribution for the Sachs-Wolfe effect.
State of the Art of Sports Data Visualization

In this report, we organize and reflect on recent advances and challenges in the field of sports data visualization. The exponentially‐growing body of visualization research based on sports data is a prime indication of the importance and timeliness of this report. Sports data visualization research encompasses the breadth of visualization tasks and goals: exploring the design of new visualization techniques; adapting existing visualizations to a novel domain; and conducting design studies and evaluations in close collaboration with experts, including practitioners, enthusiasts, and journalists. Frequently this research has impact beyond sports in both academia and in industry because it is i) grounded in realistic, highly heterogeneous data, ii) applied to real‐world problems, and iii) designed in close collaboration with domain experts. In this report, we analyze current research contributions through the lens of three categories of sports data: box score data (data containing statistical summaries of a sport event such as a game), tracking data (data about in‐game actions and trajectories), and meta‐data (data about the sport and its participants but not necessarily a given game). We conclude this report with a high‐level discussion of sports visualization research informed by our analysis—identifying critical research gaps and valuable opportunities for the visualization community. More information is available at the STAR's website: https://sportsdataviz.github. io/.
A Novel Event Rule Derivation for Processing Uncertain Data Events using Genetic Network Programming

Continuously growing size and number of databases in a variety of domains has boosted development of numerous data mining methods during the last decade. There is an increasing requirement to discover associations and relations among large and uncertain databases, which may be tackled by association rule mining. Two main challenges exist when designing a solution for event derivation under uncertainty. First, event derivation should scale under heavy loads of incoming events. Second, the associated probabilities must be correctly captured and represented. Current work proposes a solution to both problems by introducing a novel generic and formal mechanism and framework for managing event derivation under uncertainty. To solve this problem, the proposed system uses Genetic Network Programming (GNP) for event rule derivation. A method for association rule mining from large, heterogeneous and uncertain databases is proposed using an evolutionary method named Genetic Network Programming (GNP). Some other association rule mining methods cannot handle uncertain data directly, they are inapplicable or computational inefficient under such a model. GNP utilizes direct graph structure and is able to extract rules without generating frequent item sets to improve mining efficiency. Keywords— Complex event processing, rule-based reasoning with uncertain information, Genetic Network Programming
TREE SPECIES CLASSIfICATIOn USInG WORLdvIEW-2 SATELLITE IMAGES And LASER SCAnnInG dATA In A nATURAL

1 Dr. Tisa, Cesta v prod 84, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: andrej.verlic@gozdis.si 2 Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: primoz.simoncic@gozdis.si 3 Slovenian Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies SPACE-SI, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: natasa.dzuric@space.si 4 Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: zkokalj@zrc-sazu.si, ales.marsetic@zrc-sazu.si, kristof@zrc-sazu.si * The author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: andrej.verlic@gozdis.si; tel. : +386 1 200 78 31; Fax: +386 1 257 35 89.
Xu, Xiaoou and Shuen, Wai Ho and Chen, Chen and Goudevenou, Katerina and Jones, Peter and Sablitzky, Fred (2014) Swap70b is required for convergent and extension cell movement during zebrafish gastrulation

Swap70 functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac and RhoA regulating F-actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and playing a crucial role in mammalian cell activation, migration, adhesion and invasion. Here we show that the zebrafish orthologue, Swap70b, is required for convergent and extension cell movement during gastrulation. Swap70b morphants exhibited broader and shorter body axis but cell fate specification appeared normal. While ectopic Swap70b expression robustly rescued Wnt11 morphants, RhoA overexpression was sufficient to rescue Swap70b morphants, establishing Swap70b as a novel member of the non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway downstream of Wnt11 and upstream of RhoA. This is distinct from the related Def6a protein that acts downstream of Wnt5b. Def6a/ Swap70b morphants resemble Ppt/Slb double mutant embryos suggesting that Swap70b and Def6a delineate Wnt11 and Wnt5b signalling pathways. & 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Breaking the Stereotype: Age and Public Opinion Towards Refugees in Germany

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5 INTRODUCTION . 6 COLLECTIVE GUILT . 9 LITERATURE REVIEW . 11 GENDER . 11 EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CLASS . 12 INDIVIDUAL FACTORS . 13 AGE . 14 RESEARCH DESIGN . 16 HYPOTHESES . 19 DATA . 19 RESULTS . 25 COUNTRY TRENDS . 25 NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY COMPARISON . 28 Aggregate Perception Score (APS) . 28 Homogeneity Scores . 31 DISCUSSION . ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. CONCLUSION . 36 REFERENCES . 40 APPENDIX A . 43 APPENDIX B . 45
Rural finance policies for food security of the poor

The objective of IFPRI's multicountry research program on rural financial policies for food security of the poor is to identify policies and institutional arrangements that help the poor integrate themselves into sustainable savings and credit systems such that they have an increased capacity to invest, bear risk, and smooth consumption. The focus of the research on policy and program design and their effects on household investment and consumption requires field data collection at the institutional and household level. This paper presents the underlying conceptual framework and various methodological approaches that have been reviewed and tested by the team at IFPRI and at collaborating institutions. Methodologies are presented for analysis at the institutional level, mainly focusing on the determinants of the formation of financial institutions and the analysis of effects of program design on institutional conduct and performance, and at the household level, thereby addressing determinants of access to and participation in financial markets and related effects on household welfare.
Application of struvite process for nutrient recovery from anaerobic digesters of livestock wastewater

Process of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation is a promising method for phosphorus recycling. The use of cheap magnesium ore for precipitation struvite as phosphate recovery has been examined. The optimal conditions for precipitation are pH 9.0 and Mg: 4 NH  : 4 PO  molar ratio 1.1:30.7:1. Linear correlation of experimental data is in qualitative agreement with modelling calculation. Surface characterization analysis demonstrates that struvite is the dominant component of precipitate. Fertility value tests show that struvite precipitate could be available as slow-release fertilizer.
Global situation and trends of HIV, influenza and marburg viruses: an epidemiological perspective.

Viruses whose genome is RNA are capable of quickly adapting to different conditions because their polymerases have a higher error rate during replication. Most emerging and reemerging viruses such as HIV, Influenza and Marburg belong to this group of viruses. Different factors contribute to emergence of disease: The factors, coupled with the rapidly increasing human population have led to the emergence and reemergence of viral diseases in human populations over the years. This review discusses the global trends and epidemiology of some RNA viruses over the years to try and trace the epidemics of these diseases down the years and if there can be predictive capabilities.
Reading the Recent Monetary History of the United States, 1959-2007

In this paper the authors report the results of the estimation of a rich dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of the U.S. economy with both stochastic volatility and parameter drifting in the Taylor rule. They use the results of this estimation to examine the recent monetary history of the United States and to interpret, through this lens, the sources of the rise and fall of the Great Inflation from the late 1960s to the early 1980s and of the Great Moderation of business cycle fluctuations between 1984 and 2007. Their main findings are that, while there is strong evidence of changes in monetary policy during Chairman Paul Volcker's tenure at the Federal Reserve, those changes contributed little to the Great Moderation. Instead, changes in the volatility of structural shocks account for most of it. Also, although the authors find that monetary policy was different under Volcker, they do not find much evidence of a big difference in monetary policy among the tenures of Chairmen Arthur Burns, G. William Miller, and Alan Greenspan. The difference in aggregate outcomes across these periods is attributed to the time-varying volatility of shocks. The history for inflation is more nuanced, as a more vigorous stand against it would have reduced inflation in the 1970s, but not completely eliminated it. In addition, they find that volatile shocks (especially those related to aggregate demand) were important contributors to the Great Inflation.
Customer Channel Migration

The authors develop a model of customer channel migration and apply it to a retailer that markets over the Web and through catalogs. The model identifies the key phenomena required to analyze customer migration, shows how these phenomena can be modeled, and develops an approach for estimating the model. The methodology is unique in its ability to accommodate heterogeneous customer responses to a large number of distinct marketing communications in a dynamic context. The results indicate that (1) Web purchasing is associated with lower subsequent purchase volumes than when buying from other outlets; (2) marketing efforts are associated with channel usage and purchase incidence, offsetting negative Web experience effects; and (3) negative interactions occur between like communications (catalog × catalog or e-mail × e-mail) and between different types of communications (catalog × e-mail). The authors find that over the four-year period of their data, a Web-oriented “migration” segment emerged, and this group had higher sales volume. Their post hoc analysis suggests that marketing efforts and exogenous customer-level trends played key roles in forming these segments. The authors rule out alternative explanations, such as that the Web attracted customers who were already heavy users or that the Web developed these customers into heavier users. They conclude with a discussion of implications for both academics and practitioners.
Towards automatic configuration of big data processing systems

The goal of this research is to develop a generic framework for automatic configuration optimization of big data processing systems. The framework will allow users to specify their performance goals as well as their own metrics. We plan on utilizing system developer provided hints for searching suitable configurations for big data application deployments. Introduction Big data processing systems have dozens of available configuration parameters and system performance crucially depends on tuning several of these parameters. Moreover, the suitable configurations vary depending upon the available resources, workloads and applications for which the system is being used. Today, optimization of these configurations is done manually, possibly requiring several hours of investigation and testing by performance engineers. Performance engineers also need to have detailed knowledge about the big data system under consideration. This makes configuration optimization a tedious and time consuming task. Most of existing works present solutions specific to MapReduce jobs [2,3]. However, to the best of our knowledge the broader research challenge remains open. Preliminary Analysis To understand the variation in performance due to system configurations, we conducted preliminary tests on a multi-node Apache Storm cluster. The setup includes 3 nodes, with the capability to run 96 threads simultaneously. We use the Rolling word count topology of the Intel Storm benchmark [1], with count window size set to 10s and count emit frequency set to 1s. Configuration Possible values Number of workers and acker threads 3-12 (each) Spout, Split Bolt and Count bolt threads 3-64 (each) Table 1 Selected configurations and their values. Following an Experimental Design approach, we use a space filling algorithm to cover the configuration space. Table 1 shows the space of possible configurations considered for each experiment. We have fixed the total number of threads in the topology to 96. We vary the number of threads assigned to each of the topology component while keeping the total number of threads constant. We used the WSP space filling algorithm [4] to generate 77 configurations for our experiments. Figure 1 shows the variation of different performance metrics across different configurations. The per-tuple latency varies between 3ms to 108ms at the median and from 3ms to 577ms at the 99th percentile. In addition, there is a substantial variation in throughput from 10k tuples/s to 117k tuples/s. Thus we observed a variation as high as 2 orders of magnitude in latency and 1 order of magnitude in throughput, given a fixed resource budget. The interplay between parallelism of different Storm components has lead to this drastic variance in performance. The amount of work done by each component of the topology and its processing latency, the number of executor for each bolt/spout and their placement, all play a part in the resulting overall performance. Figure 1: Performance results for selected configurations.
Knowledge and assertion in “Gettier” cases

Abstract Assertion is fundamental to our lives as social and cognitive beings. By asserting, we share knowledge, coordinate behavior, and advance collective inquiry. Accordingly, assertion is of considerable interest to cognitive scientists, social scientists, and philosophers. This paper advances our understanding of the norm of assertion. Prior evidence suggests that knowledge is the norm of assertion, a view known as “the knowledge account. ” In its strongest form, the knowledge account says that knowledge is both necessary and sufficient for assertability: you should make an assertion if and only if you know that it is true. The knowledge account has been rejected on the grounds that it conflicts with our ordinary practice of evaluating assertions. This paper reports four experiments that address an important objection of this sort, which focuses on a class of examples known as “Gettier cases. ” The results undermine the objection and, in the process, provide further evidence for the knowledge account. The findings also teach some important general lessons about intuitional methodology and the curation of genres of thought experiment.
Optical Waveguide Theory and Numerical Modelling

Efficient coupling into and out of photonic crystal (PhC) circuits is one of the main challenges to achieve reliable micro-scale photonic integrated circuits based on the PhC technology. Therefore, the knowledge of analytic expressions for the transmission and reflection at an interface between an external medium and a PhC circuit can be very useful when testing novel designs and studying the influence of different parameters on the coupling efficiency. Previously, closed-form expressions were derived for an interface between a dielectric waveguide and a semi-infinite PhC waveguide [1]. In this paper, transmission and reflection matrices are obtained for the (reverse) interface between a semi-infinite PhC waveguide and a dielectric waveguide (see Figure 1(a)). Different from the previous work, in this case both forward and backward propagating Bloch modes inside the PhC waveguide need to be considered. The reflection as a function of different parameters is analyzed and we show the differences from the reflection that occurs at the interface between a dielectric and PhC waveguide. Furthermore, the transmission efficiency as a function of the dielectric waveguide width is also analyzed and maximized by choosing the optimum interface among the different cuts that can be chosen within the basic period of the photonic crystal. To optimize the totally transmitted power, the width of the dielectric waveguide is chosen much broader than that of the PhC waveguide. As a consequence several dielectric waveguide modes get excited. A specially designed coupler then converts this excitation with a high efficiency into a single-mode excitation of the dielectric waveguide. Therefore, a transmission efficiency of 98% from the input to the output dielectric waveguide is achieved.
Advancing E‐Government at the Grassroots: Tortoise or Hare?

American grassroots governments have rushed to join the e-government revolution. Although there is a growing body of e-government literature, little of it is empirical. Using data from two nationwide surveys, we conduct a longitudinal examination of local government adoption of e-government, Web site sophistication, the perceived impacts of e-government, and barriers to the adoption and sophistication of e-government. We also discuss correlates of e-government adoption and sophistication with selected institutional factors. We find that e-government adoption at the grassroots is progressing rapidly (if measured solely by deployment of Web sites). However, the movement toward integrated and transactional e-government is progressing much more slowly. Continuing research, particularly longitudinal study, is needed to monitor the evolution of e-government among U.S. local governments, especially to keep pace with the practice and to ascertain the actual impacts of e-government.
Advances in Breast Thermography

Thermography‐based breast cancer screening has several advantages as it is non‐contact, non‐invasive and safe. Many clinical trials have shown its effectiveness to detect cancer ear ‐ lier than any other modality. Historically, thermography has only been used as an adjunct modality due to the high expertise required for manual interpretation of the thermal images and high false‐positive rates otherwise found in general use. Recent developments in thermal sensors, image capture protocols and computer‐aided software diagnostics are showing great promise in making this modality a mainstream cancer screening method. This chapter describes some of these advances in breast thermography and computer‐ aided diagnostics that are poised to improve the quality of cancer care.
Quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation

The nontrivial transformation of the phase space path integral measure under certain discretized analogs of canonical transformations is computed. This Jacobian is used to derive a quantum analog of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the generating function of a canonical transformation that maps any quantum system to a system with a vanishing Hamiltonian. A perturbative solution of the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation is given. This solution gives a new way to compute quantum corrections for any soliton equation for which action-angle variables are known.
FRACTIONAL ORDER FAULT TOLERANT CONTROLLER FOR AUV

Here a innovative approach of Auto tuned fractional order control is proposed for fault tolerant control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). From fault detection and reconfiguration, fractional order controller is designed. Reconfiguration is designed using Eigen structure assignment technique. The proposed approach is tested on REMUS-100 AUV model. Variable step input is used as a reference input. Keywords— Fractional order, AUV, fault tolerant control
ECA Model Based QoS AODV Routing for MANETs

Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA model and AODV for establishing QoS route. The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.