Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How well can animals navigate? Estimating the circle of confusion from tracking data

State‐space models have recently been shown to effectively model animal movement. In this paper we illustrate how such models can be used to improve our knowledge of animal navigation ability, something which is poorly understood. This work is of great interest when modeling the behavior of animals that are migrating, often over tremendously large distances. We use the term circle of confusion, first proposed by Kendall ( 1974 ), to describe the general inability of an animal to know its location precisely. Our modeling strategy enables us to statistically describe the circle of confusion associated with any animal movements where departure and destination points are known. For illustration, we use ARGOS satellite telemetry of leatherback turtles migrating over a distance of approximately 4000 km in the Atlantic Ocean. Robust features of the model enable one to deal with outlying observations, highly characteristic of these types of data. Although specifically designed for data obtained using satellite telemetry, our approach is generalizable to other common kinds of movement data such as archival tag data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theory of goal-oriented communication

We put forward a general theory of goal-oriented communication, where communication is not an end in itself, but rather a means to achieving some goals of the communicating parties. Focusing on goals provides a framework for addressing the problem of potential "misunderstanding" during communication, where the misunderstanding arises from lack of initial agreement on what protocol and/or language is being used in communication. Despite the enormous diversity among the goals of communication, we propose a simple model that captures all goals.
Effect of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia on Fetal Hemodynamics and Neonatal Outcome

A prospective comparative study on 521 pregnant women (≥32weeks) with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) between July, 2019 and September, 2019 at Kasralainy hospital in Egypt, to evaluate adaptation of the fetus to withstand maternal IDA by Doppler parameters, to know the cut-offs of maternal hemoglobin at which complications exist, and to evaluate the effect of treatment (oral iron, parenteral iron or blood transfusion) on fetal hemodynamics and neonatal outcome by birth weight and APGAR score at delivery. Groups subjected to Doppler examination of umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery (MCA) and renal artery on admission, ten days after treatment by oral iron for mild anemia parenteral iron for moderate anemia, or blood transfusion for severe anemia, again at delivery. Results showed a significant difference regarding Doppler parameters of umbilical artery, renal artery and MCA on admission, ten days after treatment and at delivery explained by vasodilatation of the MCA (brain sparing effect) in moderate and severe anemia, a higher percentage of IUGR in group (C). Treatment corrected Doppler changes and decreased fetal and neonatal complications attributed to anemia especially in severe anemia.
Simulation of Plucked Strings Exhibiting Tension Modeling Driving Force

Recently, a nonlinear discrete-time model that simulates a vibrating string exhibiting tension modulation has been presented. This paper elaborates the previous model by taking into account two phenomena: 1) coupling of the tension modulation force to the instrument body and 2) feedback of the tension modulation force to the vibrating string. The two phenomena are investigated by analysis of plucked string instrument tones. Sound synthesis examples are available at www.acoustics. hut.fi/ ttolonen/icmc99/ including tones by the proposed model, and by a linear model and a previous nonlinear model. The examples show that tension modulation coupling phenomena are important for the quality of synthesized tones and that the tones by the presented model are more natural than with the previous models.
New Trends in Photodynamic Therapy Research

Photodynamic therapy is well established yet still rapidly developing treatment modality for cancer and other diseases. It is based on production of reactive species, especially singlet oxygen, by energy transfer from light-excited dye molecules in target tissue. In recent years, a whole bunch of strategies was proposed and examined to enhance eciency of photodynamic therapy. In this review paper, we provide a short survey of novel trends, approaches, and perspectives in photodynamic therapy research from the point of view of biophysics. Especially the emerging use of nanoparticles is addressed.
Functional disability and school activity limitations in 41,300 school-age children: relationship to medical impairments.

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to examine the contribution of medical impairments to functional disability and school activity limitations in 41,300 school-age children participating in the 1994-1995 National Health Interview Survey. METHODS The 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Survey and Disability Interview Supplement samples provide International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision medical impairment codes for children with functional limitations or school activity limitations in a nationally representative US sample. Functional limitations were distributed as follows: mobility 12.4/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.1-13.6), self-care 8.8/1000 (95% CI: 7.7-9.8), communication 52.9/1000 (95% CI: 50.2-55.5), and learning 104.6/1000 (95% CI: 100.7-108.4). Functional disability status was classified as 4.1% mild, 5.9% major, and 1.9% multiple. School activity limitations included 4.1% needing or receiving special education, 0.7% unable to attend, and 0.9% limited attendance. We categorized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision impairment codes reported in conjunction with medical usage as physical disorders (n = 1251; eg, leukemia, diabetes), asthma (n = 916), neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 802; eg, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental retardation, autism, blindness, deafness), and learning-behavior disorders (n = 806; eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, anxiety) for children with functional or school activity limitations. Of children with multiple functional disabilities, 29.9% had neurodevelopmental disorders, 27.1% had learning-behavior disorders, 18.1% had physical disorders, 4.2% had asthma, and 20.8% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year. Among children requiring special education, physical disorders accounted for 9.4%, neurodevelopmental disorders for 16.7%, learning and behavior disorders for 17%, asthma for 3.4%, and 53.4% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year. CONCLUSIONS Chronic health impairments, neurodevelopmental disorders, learning-behavior disorders, and functional limitations in essential activities are required to understand the complexity of disability in school-age children. A large number of children with functional disability or school activity limitations have not received ongoing medical services.
Characterizing white matter with magnetization transfer and T2

A magnetization‐transfer (MT) CPMG hybrid experiment was performed to analyze T2 relaxation and MT characteristics in bovine optic nerve. Two exchanging liquid pools with their own, independent MT characteristics were necessary to model both the T2 relaxation and the MT data. The model agrees well with the experimental data and yields physically realistic parameters. The MT effect for myelin water is approximately nine time larger than that for intra/intercellular water, indicating that the MT characteristics observed for white matter are mainly related to myelin. The model can be used to probe parameters that would be difficult to achieve experimentally. The exchange process between the two tissue compartments does not drastically affect the amplitudes and relaxation rates of the T2 components, but is fast enough to significantly influence their MT characteristics. Although, both the MT and T2 experiments described in this paper are too time consuming to be applied in routine clinical work, presented results can be useful in interpreting clinical pulse sequences that are sensitive to myelin. Magn Reson Med 42:1128–1136, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ordonnancement d'Activité dans les Réseaux de Capteurs : l'Exemple de la Couverture de surface. (Activity Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks : the area coverage problem)

De par leur taille miniature, les capteurs sans fils sont fortement contraints en energie, imposant une gestion raisonnee du reseau qu'ils peuvent former grâce a leur capacite de communication sans fil. Cette derniere, limitee, impose des portees reduites contraignant les informations a etre relayees d'objet en objet avant d'atteindre leur destinataire. On parle alors de communications multi-sauts. Le deploiement de ces reseaux sur des zones sensibles ou distantes rend egalement impossible le rechargement ou le remplacement des batteries. Il est alors crucial d'ordonnancer l'activite des capteurs; Pendant qu'une partie des objets participe a l'application, les autres sont dans un mode passif, peu consommateur de ressources. Le critere retenu pour l'ordonnancement est celui de la couverture de surface: l'ensemble des capteurs actifs doit etre capable d'observer une zone aussi large que celle couverte par l'ensemble des capteurs deployes. Nous souhaitons egalement que cet ensemble soit connecte, c'est a dire que les communications multi-sauts soient possibles entre toute paire d'elements du reseau. Nous avons choisi d'etudier des approches localisees uniquement, ne reposant sur aucune infrastructure. L'objectif est d'obtenir un comportement global coherent a partir de decisions individuelles simples issues d'informations locales. Chaque noeud decide de sa propre activite en ne se basant que sur l'observation de ses propres voisins. Les changements de topologie du reseau (dus a la mobilite, aux pannes ou a des changements de statut) ne sont par consequent vecus par les noeuds que comme de simples modifications de leurs voisinages. Ceci permet d'obtenir des solutions robustes, adaptables et surtout passables a l'echelle, aspect extremement important dans des reseaux ou les densites evoquees peuvent etre d'une centaine de noeuds par zone de communication. Nos propositions se distinguent non seulement parce qu'elles considerent les problemes de connexite et de couverture de zone comme n'en etant qu'un seul, mais aussi de par leur faible cout en communication ainsi que par leur robustesse. Nous avons ensuite etudie diverses methodes d'extension a la couverture multiple ou tout point de la zone doit etre couvert par un nombre fixe de capteurs actifs. Enfin, nous avons evalue toutes ces approches a l'aide de modeles de communication realistes, montrant que nos solutions conservent toute leur coherence, en termes de couverture et de connexite. En revanche, aux protocoles classiques souffrant de pertes de performances, nous avons propose des mecanismes ameliorerant leur comportement dans des environnements realistes.
The functions and planning of visitor centres in regional tourism.

Visitor centres are distinctive purpose/built tourist facilities and their multiple funcions are important in fostering sustainable regional tourism. The key attributes which define a visitor centre are specified. The analysis the proceeds by articulating a "Four Plus" model of visitor centre functioning, and suggests ways to enhance visitor centre functioning among and within centres. The possibilitites for research addressing community participation and acceptance, as well as longitudinal studies on visitor centre effectiveness including responses to refurbishment are identified.
Target Predictions using LINCS Data

Identifying the binding targets of small molecules is an essential process in drug discovery and development. The two conventional approaches include high throughput screening (HTS) and computational structural docking. HTS suffers from its expensive cost and time-consuming procedure, while the computational methods reply on simplifying assumptions that often leads to less accurate results. In this project, we developed machine learning based approaches to efficiently predict drug targets using the massive LINCS data. We extracted meaningful features from the LINCS data and integrated them with information from other genomic data, and build a random forest based classifier that achieves remarkable prediction accuracy. Our strategy provide an fast and efficient way of predicting drug targets, and can naturally serve as a pre-pruning step for the computationally expensive structural based approaches.
Genetics and Pathophysiology of Primary Dystonia with Special Emphasis on DYT1 and DYT5

Abstract DYT1 and DYT5 are early-onset dominant inherited dystonias. DYT1 is caused by mutations of the TOR1A gene, located on 9q34, which causes dysfunction of the D1 direct pathway or the indirect pathway. Dysfunction of the former causes postural-type and segmental dystonia; the latter causes action-type dystonia. In families with action-type dystonia, there are cases with focal and segmental dystonia. Ages of onset of postural-type dystonia are around 6 years, and 8 to 10 years in cases of action-type dystonia. Focal and segmental dystonia develops in the teens. Mental and psychological functions are preserved. DYT5 is caused by heterozygous mutations of the GCH1 gene, located on 14q22.1-q22.2. Again, mental and psychological functions are preserved. Clinically, there are two types: postural and action. Postural-type dystonia occurs around 6 years of age, with postural dystonia of one leg, and all extremities and trunk muscles are involved by the late teens. Action-type dystonia shows dystonic movements from around 8 to 10 years of age. In both types, all symptoms show diurnal fluctuations that diminish with age and are no longer apparent in the late teens. L-dopa produces dramatic effects, which continue throughout the course of the illness. In both postural and action types, each family or sporadic case has a particular mutation. It remains unclear why specific mutations cause certain age- and gender-specific symptoms.
Interaction of the auditory and visual sensory modalities.

The general observation that dual sensory input enhances signal detectability is of considerable interest from the information‐processing standpoint. Previous experiments on the effects of intersensory interaction have been concerned primarily with an observer's performance on a vigilance task. These studies have not produced results that are sufficiently precise to define the extent and manner of sensory interaction. This study is concerned with obtaining precise measurements of interaction occurring between auditory and visual sensory‐information‐processing networks. Separate auditory and visual threshold functions are determined and analyzed in terms of signal‐detection theory. A bisensory threshold function is also determined, using equated stimuli levels derived from the individual sensory functions. The results of the bisensory test are compared to a theoretically derived curve based on the hypothesis of probabilistic adding and are found to have good correspondence.
Algorithmic geometry

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Capacity degradation and crack pattern development in a multi-storey unreinforced masonry building

A seismic assessment of a typical unreinforced masonry residential building without tie beams is presented in the paper. The numerical analysis was conducted according to the finite-element method using experimental data on the quality of the masonry constitutive elements and reinforced concrete. The computation was made using the nonlinear static pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time history analysis. The crack development pattern was compared for the procedures, as well as parts of the hysteresis curves.
Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. II. Patterns of tissue movement

In the column of hydra, tissues continually move away from a region located just underthe whorl of tentacles. Above this subtentacular region, tissues proceed into the hypostome and tentacles; below it tissues pass into the buds or continue down the stalk. These movements represent a steady state pattern of tissue renewal in which column growth is balanced by tissue loss at the body extremities. But the existence of a subtentacular zone in which tissue appears stationary does not necessarily indicate that growth is restrictedto this region, as is commonly stated.
Cotargeting Cyclin D 1 Starts a New Chapter in Lung Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Lung cancer has limited effective therapy and no effective prevention. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has not improved when combined with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib (standard lung cancer therapy) or with the rexinoid bexarotene. Combining erlotinib and bexarotene, however, to cotarget cyclin D1 via the retinoid X receptor and EGFR was active preclinically in KRAS-driven lung cancer cells derived from transgenic mice and in two clinical studies in lung cancer (including wild-type EGFR tumors, with or without KRAS mutations), as reported in this issue of the journal by Dragnev and colleagues (beginning on page 818). These results, along with closely related clinical results of the BATTLE program, support the promise of this cotargeting approach for lung cancer prevention and therapy and of cyclin D1 as a predictive, personalizing marker for it. Cancer Prev Res; 4(6); 779–82. 2011 AACR.
Regulation of even‐skipped stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo.

In an effort to determine how crude gradients of transcriptional activators and repressors specify sharp stripes of gene expression in the early embryo, we have conducted a detailed study of even‐skipped (eve) stripe 2. A combination of promoter fusions and P‐transformation assays were used to show that a 480 bp region of the eve promoter is both necessary and sufficient to direct a stripe of LacZ expression within the limits of the endogenous eve stripe 2. The maternal morphogen bicoid (bcd) and the gap proteins hunchback (hb), Kruppel (Kr) and giant (gt) all bind with high affinity to closely linked sites within this small promoter element. Activation appears to depend on cooperative interactions among bcd and hb proteins, since disrupting single binding sites cause catastrophic reductions in expression. gt is directly involved in the formation of the anterior border, although additional repressors may participate in this process. Forming the posterior border of the stripe involves a delicate balance between limiting amounts of the bcd activator and the Kr repressor. We propose that the clustering of activator and repressor binding sites in the stripe 2 element is required to bring these weakly interacting regulatory factors into close apposition so that they can function both cooperatively and synergistically to control transcription.
A 600-W Switched-Capacitor AC–AC Converter for 220 V/110 V and 110 V/220 V Applications

This letter proposes an ac-ac converter based on the switched-capacitor principle. The new topology is described, analyzed, designed, and tested in the laboratory. The converter characteristics at the frequency of the input voltage and at the switching frequency are described herein. The absence of magnetic elements and the stress voltages in all components equal to half the input voltage are the main advantages of the proposed ac-ac converter. In order to demonstrate the performance of this converter a design example and experimental results for a prototype of 600 W, 220 Vrms high-side voltage, 110 Vrms low-side voltage, and switching frequency of 50 kHz are reported herein. The maximum and nominal efficiencies obtained were 95.6% and 90.6%, respectively.
Extended Transthoracic Resection Compared With Limited Transhiatal Resection for Adenocarcinoma of the Mid/Distal Esophagus: Five-Year Survival of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective:To determine whether extended transthoracic esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus improves long-term survival. Background:A randomized trial was performed to compare surgical techniques. Complete 5-year survival data are now available. Methods:A total of 220 patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus (type I) or gastric cardia involving the distal esophagus (type II) were randomly assigned to limited transhiatal esophagectomy or to extended transthoracic esophagectomy with en bloc lymphadenectomy. Patients with peroperatively irresectable/incurable cancer were excluded from this analysis (n = 15). A total of 95 patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy and 110 patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy. Results:After transhiatal and transthoracic resection, 5-year survival was 34% and 36%, respectively (P = 0.71, per protocol analysis). In a subgroup analysis, based on the location of the primary tumor according to the resection specimen, no overall survival benefit for either surgical approach was seen in 115 patients with a type II tumor (P = 0.81). In 90 patients with a type I tumor, a survival benefit of 14% was seen with the transthoracic approach (51% vs. 37%, P = 0.33). There was evidence that the treatment effect differed depending on the number of positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen (test for interaction P = 0.06). In patients (n = 55) without positive nodes locoregional disease-free survival after transhiatal esophagectomy was comparable to that after transthoracic esophagectomy (86% and 89%, respectively). The same was true for patients (n = 46) with more than 8 positive nodes (0% in both groups). Patients (n = 104) with 1 to 8 positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen showed a 5-year locoregional disease-free survival advantage if operated via the transthoracic route (23% vs. 64%, P = 0.02). Conclusion:There is no significant overall survival benefit for either approach. However, compared with limited transhiatal resection extended transthoracic esophagectomy for type I esophageal adenocarcinoma shows an ongoing trend towards better 5-year survival. Moreover, patients with a limited number of positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen seem to benefit from an extended transthoracic esophagectomy.
Impact of Abiotic Elicitors on In vitro Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Review

Plants are the complex organisms, it forms an important part of our everyday diet and their constituents and nutritional value have been intensively studied for decades. In addition to essential primary metabolites like carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, higher plants are also able to synthesize a number of low molecular weight compounds called the secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites are the diverse group of organic compounds that are produced by plants to facilitate interaction with the biotic and abiotic environment to establish the defense mechanism [1]. Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources of pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors and industrially important biochemicals [2]. Plants will continuously produce the novel products as well as chemical models for new drugs in the coming centuries, because the chemistry of the majority of plant species is yet to be characterized. The advent of chemical analyses and the characterization of molecular structures have helped in precisely identifying these plants and correlating them with their activity under controlled experimentation. Despite advancements in synthetic chemistry, we still depend upon biological sources for a number of secondary metabolites including pharmaceuticals.