Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Selected Process Parameters on Physical and Sensorial Properties of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Skin Gelatin

Four potential input variables, namely, acid concentration (0.01–0.1 mol/L), pretreatment time (1–3 h), extraction temperature (40–55C) and extraction time (1–6 h) were investigated to identify the key factors that affect gelatin yield and the physical (gel strength, viscosity and melting point) and sensorial (color, odor and overall liking) properties of gelatin produced from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) skins. For all processes employed, a preliminary two-step alkaline pretreatment was applied using a 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for 30 min for each step. Factorial analysis indicated that acid concentration, extraction temperature and time, as well as the interaction term extraction temperature × extraction time were significant for gelatin yield, while acid concentration and the interaction term acid concentration × extraction time were important for the physical properties of gelatin (P < 0.05). Sensorial properties were affected by acid concentration only (P < 0.05). Sum scores analysis revealed that the most suitable process for gelatin manufacture from yellowfin tuna skins comprises of the preliminary two-step alkaline pretreatment, followed by an acidic pretreatment using a 0.1 mol/L acetic acid solution for 1 h and subsequently extracting gelatin with water at 55C for 6 h. Practical Applications Processing of yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) in the north central coastal region of Greece generates large amounts of byproducts (e.g., skins, bones, heads, scales and viscera), which can account for up to 50% of the total fish weight. Despite the presence of several valuable components, such as protein and lipid, yellowfin tuna processing byproducts are usually being dumped into landfills or end up as low commercial value products (e.g., animal feed). Utilization of the aforementioned byproducts, especially of collagen-rich fish skins, for the production of gelatin, will not only increase their commercial value, but will also satisfy the needs of the fish processing industries that face waste disposal problems.
Structure of the [Nife] Hydrogenase Active Site: Evidence for Biologically Uncommon Fe Ligands

Crystallographic data on the [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas are presented that provide new information on the structure and mode of action of its dihydrogen activating metal center. Recently we found this center to contain, besides Ni, a second metal ion which was tentatively assigned to Fe (Volbeda, A.; Charon, M. H.; Piras, C.; Hatchikian, E. C.; Frey, M.; Fontecilla-Camps, J. C. Nature 1995, 373, 580−587). This assignment is now unambiguously confirmed by a crystallographic analysis using 3 A resolution X-ray data collected at wavelengths close to either side of the Fe absorption edge. Moreover, we report the structure of another crystal form of the as-purified D. gigas hydrogenase refined at 2.54 A resolution, showing that the active site Fe binds three diatomic ligands. The electron density map shows an additional small peak at a position bridging the two active site metal ions, which may be assigned to some form of oxygen. This bridging oxygen species is proposed to be the signature of .
13 Sport in der ganztägigen Bildung

1 Einleitung ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 307 2 Historische Entwicklungslinien zur ganztägigen Bildung mit Bewegung, Spiel und Sport ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 308 2.1 Gymnastik und Turnen . 308 2.2 Spiel, Sport und Jugendbildung . 309 2.3 Bildungsreform und Gesamtschulen . 311 3 Das Bildungserbe für die moderne Ganztagsschule ����������������������������������������������313 3.1 Allgemeinbildung – Handlungsfähigkeit – erziehender Schulsport . 313 3.2 Dialog zwischen Leib und Welt . 315 4 Der Bildungsbegriff im Kontext der Ganztagsschulentwicklung �����������������������317 5 Bildungskonzepte für Bewegung, Spiel und Sport im Ganztag ��������������������������321 5.1 Das additive Modell . 321 5.2 Das kooperative Modell . 325 5.3 Das integrative Modell . 327 6 Bildungsziele und Handlungsfelder der Sportangebote in Ganztagsschulen im Spiegel empirischer Untersuchungen ��������������������������� 330 7 Ausblick ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 332 Literatur ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 334
Dielectric spectroscopy of aqueous solutions of KCl and CsCl

Results of a dielectric relaxation study of the aqueous solutions of KCl and CsCl at 25 °C are reported using measurements with a vector network analyzer (0.2 ≤ ν/GHz ≤ 20) and with waveguide interferometers (27 ≤ ν/GHz ≤ 89). Similar to previously reported data for NaCl, the spectra of both salts are well fitted by a Cole−Cole equation, although a double-Debye model is competitive at intermediate CsCl concentrations. The impact of the solute on the water structure, reflected in a decrease in the bulk-water relaxation time with rising electrolyte concentration, decreases in the sequence NaCl > KCl > CsCl and appears to be proportional to the surface-charge density of the cation. The interactions of K+ and Cs+ with their hydration shells are too weak to cause irrotational bonding of H2O molecules. It is argued that CsCl exhibits weak ion pairing, although the data are not sufficiently accurate to determine the extent of association and the nature of the ion pair formed.
The origin of high efficiency in low-temperature solution-processable bilayer organometal halide hybrid solar cells

This work reports a study into the origin of the high efficiency in solution-processable bilayer solar cells based on methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). Our cell has a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.2% under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm−2) and an internal quantum efficiency of close to 100%, which means that nearly all the absorbed photons are converted to electrons and are efficiently collected at the electrodes. This implies that the exciton diffusion, charge transfer and charge collection are highly efficient. The high exciton diffusion efficiency is enabled by the long diffusion length of CH3NH3PbI3 relative to its thickness. Furthermore, the low exciton binding energy of CH3NH3PbI3 implies that exciton splitting at the CH3NH3PbI3/PC61BM interface is very efficient. With further increase in CH3NH3PbI3 thickness, a higher PCE of 7.4% could be obtained. This is the highest efficiency attained for low temperature solution-processable bilayer solar cells to date.
Visual shape and position sensing algorithm for a continuum robot

Continuum robots represent an actively developing and fast-growing technology in robotics. To successfully implement control and path planning of continuum robots it is important to develop an accurate three-dimensional shape and position sensing algorithm. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the continuum robot shape. The algorithm is performed during several steps. Initially, images from two cameras are processed by applying pre-processing and segmentation techniques. Then, the gradient descent method is applied to compare two-dimensional skeleton points of both masks. Having compared these points, it finds a skeleton of the robot in a three-dimensional form. Additionally, the proposed algorithm is able to define key points using the distance from the robot base along the center line. The latter allows controlling the position of points of interest defined by a user. As a result, the developed algorithm achieved a relatively high level of accuracy and speed.
Nitrous oxide emission following Urea-N fertilization of Wetland rice

Abstract The emission of nitrous oxide from a flooded rice field subjected to different urea-N fertilization rates and metbods of application was measured duriog 1980 on Crowley silt loam soil (Typic Albaqualfs). Measurements were made regularly throughout the growing season using diffusion chambers. The application of urea-N led to an increase in nitrous oxide evolution; however, the emissions from the fertilized soil in 105 days were low, ranging from 90 to 171 g N ha-1. Nitrous oxide emission was found to be correlated with the exchangeable NH4 ++-N content of the soil and the NO2 -NO3 --N concentration of the floodwater. The corresponding emission from the unfertilized soil averaged 74 g N ha-1. The apparent fertilizer N recovery in the aboveground portion of the plant ranged from 43 to 71%; however, the fertilizer induced emissions of nitrous oxide represented only 0.01 to 0.05% of the urea-N applied. In general, plant recovery was lower when the fertilizer was applied in two top-dressings.
Products of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals with p-Xylene and 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene: Effect of NO2 Concentration

Products of the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with p-xylene and 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene have been measured by gas chromatography in the presence of varying concentrations of NO2. Our product analyses show that the ring-cleavage products 2,3-butanedione (from 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) and 3-hexene-2,5-dione (from p-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) exhibit a dependence of their formation yields on the NO2 concentration, with higher yields from the reactions of the OH−aromatic adducts with O2 than from their reactions with NO2. Furthermore, our data show that these ring-cleavage products are primary products of the OH−aromatic adduct reactions. Formation yields extrapolated to zero NO2 concentration should be applicable to ambient atmospheric conditions (provided that there is sufficient NO that peroxy radicals react dominantly with NO), and are from p-xylene, p-tolualdehyde, 0.0706 ± 0.0042 (independent of NO2 concentration), 2,5-dimethylphenol, 0.138 ± 0.016 (independent of NO2.
Photon stimulated desorption of hydrogen from diamond surfaces via core-level excitations: fundamental processes and applications to surface studies

In this paper we review a number of works on photon stimulated ion desorption (PSID) of hydrogen from various diamond surfaces. In particular, we elaborate on the bonding configuration of adsorbed hydrogen (deuterium) and its neighbouring atoms, and its thermal stability in surface and sub-surface regions. Usage of hydrogen PSID as a characterization method involves detailed description of the mechanism and dynamics of hydrogen ion desorption initiated by a synchrotron generated photon beam. Several complimentary analytical techniques (near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary electron emission measurements) were used to clarify the results of the PSID measurements. The studied systems include hydrogenated/deuterated single-crystal and polycrystalline diamonds, diamond films hydrogenated ex situ using microwave hydrogen plasma versus in situ hydrogenation by passing hydrogen gas through a hot tungsten filament, hydrogenated diamond films exposed to atomic and molecular oxygen gas, and ion beam damaged diamond films.
Porous Copper-Modified Graphite Pencil Electrode for the Amperometric Detection of 4-Nitrophenol

To overcome the well-known carbon electrodes surface fouling of phenols, we report on a simple and rapid method for the preparation of a disposable porous Cu-modified graphite pencil electrode (Cu-GPE) for sensing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The bare- and Cu-modified graphite pencil electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and SEM. The two electrodes displayed dis- tinct electrocatalytic activities in response to the electro- chemical redox reaction of 4-NP. A difference of three orders of magnitude is obtained on the amperometric de- tection limits of 1.9 mM on porous Cu-modified vs. 1.0 mM on bare-graphite pencil electrode at 3s. The Cu- GPEs are fabricated utilizing a simple single method, and at an extremely low cost with high stability, selectivity and sensitivity, offering a promising tool for sensing 4-NP.
Salt-Induced Damage to Rice Plants and Alleviation Effect of Silicate

Rice plants were grown hydroponicaIly in the presence of either NaCI, sea water, or polyethylene glycol (PEG: average molecular weights of 7,800–9,000) at an osmotic potential of up to 186 mOsmol/kg, equivalent to 100 mM NaCI or 20% sea water, and the growth and mineral composition of the plants were compared. NaCI was the most detrimental agent, followed by sea water and PEG. Mineral contents, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were not significantly affected by the treatments. Removal of silicate from the culture solution brought about a more severe growth reduction in rice plants subjected to 100 mM NaCI stress. In the plants which received silicate, the contents of sodium in the shoots were nearly half of those in the shoots of plants which did not receive silicate.
Covalent modification of vapour-grown carbon nanofibers via direct Friedel–Crafts acylation in polyphosphoric acid

Electrophilic functionalization of vapour-grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) was accomplished via Friedel–Crafts acylation with 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxybenzoic acid in polyphosphoric acid using the improved conditions that we previously described. The progress of the reaction was conveniently monitored with FT-IR spectroscopy following the growth of the keto-carbonyl band at 1664 cm−1 associated with the product. In addition to scanning electron microscopic and UV-vis spectroscopic data, the combined results from the elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis further suggested that there were 3 arylcarbonyl groups covalently attached to the nanotube structure for every 100 carbon sites. Because of the presence of significant hydrogen content in the starting VGCNF, the covalent attachment of the arylcarbonyl groups most probably occurred at the sp2C–H sites.
GREET 1.5 - transportation fuel-cycle model - Vol. 1 : methodology, development, use, and results.

This report documents the development and use of the most recent version (Version 1.5) of the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model. The model, developed in a spreadsheet format, estimates the full fuel-cycle emissions and energy associated with various transportation fuels and advanced vehicle technologies for light-duty vehicles. The model calculates fuel-cycle emissions of five criteria pollutants (volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less, and sulfur oxides) and three greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). The model also calculates total energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and petroleum consumption when various transportation fuels are used. The GREET model includes the following cycles: petroleum to conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, conventional diesel, reformulated diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity via residual oil; natural gas to compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, dimethyl ether, hydrogen, and electricity; coal to electricity; uranium to electricity; renewable energy (hydropower, solar energy, and wind) to electricity; corn, woody biomass, and herbaceous biomass to ethanol; soybeans to biodiesel; flared gas to methanol, dimethyl ether, and Fischer-Tropsch diesel; and landfill gases to methanol. This report also presents themore » results of the analysis of fuel-cycle energy use and emissions associated with alternative transportation fuels and advanced vehicle technologies to be applied to passenger cars and light-duty trucks. « less
Drop/drop and drop/interface coalescence in primary liquid/liquid dispersion separators

A detailed literature review to predict drop/drop and drop/interface rest-times is presented. The difficulties encountered in usefully employing these data in design is demonstrated and a new method of approach where the relative contributions of the two coalescence modes are utilized, is described. The validity of this approach is illustrated by considering coalescence occurring in a laboratory single-stage settler unit.
A fibre‐based crystal mounting technique for protein cryocrystallography

The CryoFibre, a crystal mounting tool, has been developed for protein cryocrystallography. The technique attaches single crystals to the tips of polyester fibres, allowing removal of excess liquid around each crystal. Single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing using a Cu Kα X-ray source (Cu SAD) was applied to crystals from five proteins without any derivatization, demonstrating a clear improvement in the success rate of Cu SAD compared with the conventional loop technique. In addition, a xylanase crystal on the surface of a synthetic zeolite as a hetero-epitaxic nucleant was directly mounted on the CryoFibre without separation treatment of the crystal from the zeolite. The crystal had a lower mosaicity than that observed using the conventional technique, indicating that the fibre technique is suitable for high-quality data collection from zeolite-mediated crystals.
The Accumulation of Heavy Metals Pb, Cu and Cd at Roadside Forest Soil

The accumulation of heavy metals at the roadside has been studied by the analysis of topsoil samples. Concentrations of the elements Pb, Cu and Cd were measured on 81 topsoil samples collected from three similar sites located near the Vilnius-Klaipėda highway. The soluble and total content of heavy metals was determined in fractions >2mm by atomic absorption spectrophotometer employing an air–acetylene flame. Different chemical extractants AAAc-EDTA and DTPA were used for determination of extractable elements. The comparison of the results indicates that AAAc-EDTA extraction solution is the most efficient and well suited for determination of Pb, Cu and Cd. The highest heavy metals concentration was found at a distance of 5 meters from the road and it exceeded the local background in the forest soils for all metals. Contents of metals tended to decrease with increasing distance from the highway. The results showed that the soil near the highway had significant enrichment, particularly in Pb, whose easily mobile amount exceeded maximal limited concentrations at a distance of 5-40 meters, and to a lesser extent with Cd and Cu.
Measurement of grain growth in the recrystallization of rapidly frozen solutions of antifreeze glycoproteins

A quantitative estimate of the activation energy for grain growth has been obtained by analyzing ice recrystallization experiments from water and from solutions with small amounts (< 1.0 μg/mL) of antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP). Rates of grain growth are measured as changes of grain diameter in time, with the supercooled holding temperature aVid glycoprotein concentration as parameters. Arrhenius plots of these rates vs (1/T) yielded slopes proportional to the activation energies for the particular species. The values of activation energy are almost independent of solution concentration or the species of AFGP. Averaged activation energy value for the AFGP‐4 species is Qg = (6.61 ± 1.02) × 105 J/mole. The “less active” AFGP‐8 yielded an average Qg = (5.71 ± 2.39) × 105 J/mole, quite similar to the AFGP‐4 species. The activation energy for recrystallization in a pure ice‐water system was estimated from two temperature points, T = −5.4 and −7.5°C. The best value is 2.39 × 105 J/mole, nearly twice that obtained by M. N. Martino and N. E. Zaritsky [(1989) Cryobiology, Vol. 26, p. 138] in a recrystallization experiment using salt solution, but much smaller than the values derived from the AFGP solutions. Results further show that activation entropy is at least a factor of 2 larger for the AFGP species than that of pure ice‐water system under the same growth conditions. These results suggest significant roles, both energetically and entropically, for AFGP molecules in their ability to inhibit grain growth of ice. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Comparison of GA and PSO methods for Solving Travelling Salesman Problem

— For solving hard and complex problems, nature has been main source of inspiration for many years. Nature Inspired heuristic algorithms is getting more popular among the researcher for solving real world NP hard problems like Travelling Salesman Problem(TSP) , Graph Colouring, Vehicle Routing etc. One such classical optimization problem is Travelling Salesman Problem, which is NP hard problem that cannot be solved conventionally particularly when no. of cities increase. It will take years to find optimal solution ,If one tries to solve TSP using conventional approach by considering all possible tours. So, Meta-Heuristic algorithm is the feasible solution to such problem. In this paper we consider three widely used nature inspired heuristic approaches Ant Colony Optimization, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization to solve TSP. We also compare results of GA and PSO for Instance taken from TSPLIB.
Structure and antioxidant activity of diarylheptanoids extracted from bark of grey alder (Alnus incana) and potential of biorefinery-based bark processing of European trees

Abstract The bark of trees has a big potential as a source of green chemicals. The aim of the present work was to valorise the potential of deciduous tree species with this regard. Three widely spread trees in Europe (grey alder, ash tree, aspen) were in focus as a source of polyphenols, and the yields of polyphenolic compound in the extracts were considered as evaluation criteria. The highest yields of hydrophilic extractives were found in barks of grey alder and aspen (36.8 and 22.9%, respectively). In the former, the highest antioxidant activity was found towards free radicals (DPPH• and ABTS•+) and superoxide anion radical. Open chain diarylheptanoids, mainly oregonin, were identified as the major constituents of the grey alder hydrophilic extract. In addition to oregonin, the presence of 2 linear diarylheptanoids [platyphylloside and 1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside] was confirmed. For the first time, the compounds 1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyheptane-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside and 1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-3-one-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were detected in grey alder bark. The results of experiments in vitro and in vivo have shown the high potential for diarylheptanoids-containing extracts in prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases due to the metabolic disorders and ageing. The biological activity of grey alder extract was confirmed in in vitro experiments by incubation of human blood samples. In vivo experiments with rats also showed positive results. The conclusion is that grey alder extracts have a high potential for prevention of ageing related pathologies. Besides diarylheptanoids, the bark contains condensed tannins in commercially available quantity (12.5%). Eco-friendly wood adhesives were obtained on a tannins basis. The bark left after polyphenols isolation can be used in soil melioration and as a sorbent for the removal of oil products from water surface. The investigation of the phenolic pool of grey alder could contribute to cluster technologies within the biorefinery-based bark processing.