Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilization of periodic markings in enamel to obtain information on tooth growth.

Enamel retains two fundamental periodic markings: the prism cross-striations, marking a diurnal rhythm of prism elongation, and the striae of Retzius, a longer-term marker of formation of the enamel surface. It is argued that, while artefacts superficially resembling prism cross-striations can be observed, these should not mislead an experienced histologist and that true cross-striations are reliable markers of the daily incremental apposition of enamel. The incremental markings can be used to elucidate several aspects of tooth crown growth. (1) Rate of enamel apposition. In some teeth, e. g. , hominoid permanent teeth, the enamel apposition rate increases progressively between the inner and outer enamel, while in others the apposition rate appears to be uniform. (2) Crown formation time. This can be estimated on intact teeth, using counts of perikymata (surface traces of the striae), together with information on the time interval between successive striae. Much better estimates can be obtained from sections, using counts of cross-striations. (3) Pattern of crown formation. The rate at which new enamel formation extends over the presumptive enamel-dentine junction (extension rate) can be estimated from knowledge of the cross-striation interval together with angular measurements of prisms and striae. Multiple measurements of the extension rate within a tooth can be used to provide an estimate of crown formation time. The main application of extension rate measurements is to give quantitative information on the pattern of crown formation. In large primate teeth, the extension rate is high early in crown formation and slower later in crown formation. In smaller, more rapidly-formed teeth, a gradient in extension rate appears to be absent. Enamel thickness is negatively correlated with extension rate among primates. This seems to be a mechanism ensuring that there is sufficient time for enamel maturation to be completed before eruption takes place. Among primates it appears that variation in the prism pattern (i.e., the extent to which the outline of the pattern 3 prisms is closed or open) is correlated with the extension rate. It is postulated that the extension rate controls prism shape by influencing the morphology of the Tomes process pits during their initial formation.
Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies

Interorganizational networks generally have been discussed in the context of nonprofit agencies. Providing an alternative between the open market and the internalization of activity the network potentially may be even more important in business. This is especially true in international operations and in industrial and services marketing. Involving technology transfer, information exchange, accounting and finance as well as marketing, network management calls for a holistic approach. To serve as an engine of growth the network also requires strategic planning both at the overall level and in member firms.
Design and implementation of a context and role-based access control model for digital content

Due to the popularity of the Internet and the trend in digital information, large amounts of information can be transmitted quickly around the world. Because of this, intellectual property rights have become an issue. Some valuable or confidential information might be obtained by unauthorized users from the Internet and, consequently, providing an effective protection mechanism for digital content management has become an important issue. Therefore, the research adopted a context and role-based access control mechanism, and combined usage rules and protection mechanisms to propose a novel access control model for digital content. The proposed model not only takes into account the digital content provider's copyright but also considers users' flexibility. The proposed model was found to be effective and practical for digital content access control. In the study, a prototype was implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.
The Fundamental Principles of Seating and Positioning in Children and Young People with Physical Disabilities

James Leckey Design Limited (Northern Ireland) is a company specialising in equipment design, manufacture and provision for children with physical disabilities. As part of a 2 ½ year project, involving the University of Ulster (with Mrs Jackie Quigg and Dr Alison Porter Armstrong) to research the clinical effectiveness of one of their product ranges, the company commissioned three BSc (Hons) Occupational Therapy students (Laura Neville, Linda McNamara and Glenda Alexander) to conduct critical reviews of the literature in three designated areas: 1) Fundamental Principles of Seating and Positioning in Children and Young People with Physical Disabilities. 3) Early Intervention and the Effects of Adaptive Seating on Function. The critical reviews undertaken were completed between June and August 2005 and conducted as part of a steering group comprising of: Mr James Leckey (UU), with formal supervision provided on a weekly basis. This is the first of three critical reviews commissioned by James Leckey Design reviewing and critically appraising the literature regarding the fundamental principles of seating and positioning in children and young people with physical disabilities. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mrs Jackie Quigg and Dr Alison Porter Armstrong for their continued support, direction and guidance in regarding completion of this review. Thanks also to James, Noel and Clare for providing the opportunity to engage in this project and thank you to Linda and Glenda for your constant support and encouragement and making the completion of this review possible.
Comparison of Carbon Offset Standards for Climate Forestation Projects participating in the Voluntary Carbon Market

Acknowledgements Special thanks to all people who contributed to this work with their comments, advice, and expert knowledge. Thank you to the University of Canterbury for the support and provision of their facilities. We also would like to thank Climate, Community, & Biodiversity Alliance, CarbonFix, the Plan Vivo Foundation, and the Voluntary Carbon Standard for the use of their documents and their feedback.Executive Summary This report compares different standards of Climate Forestation Projects. These are projects that convert non-forest land into forest land in order mitigate climate change and contribute to sustainable development. The report concentrates on parameters of the standard which are of special interest for carbon buyers in the Voluntary Carbon Market. The need for such a report has arisen due to the variety of standards that have recently been developed. The report concentrates on the comparison and evaluation of the four standards currently regarded as the main international standards in the field of Climate Forestation Projects. The following table summarises essential outcomes of this report. The table is shaped according to the composition of the chapters in the paper.
Aligning quality categories for the market

Introduction As Grower Services Manager for Southcorp Wines in New South Wales my job is to align winegrapes from various districts and growers with the requirements of our winemakers, and to feed those requirements along the supply chain from the winemakers to growers. I also need to keep growers informed about how well they are performing and what Southcorp’s expectations are as a grape purchaser. The title of this paper reflects the reality for most grapegrowers and winemakers—that quality categories are set by the market. The function of marketers, winemakers and grapegrowers is to understand the requirements of those categories and to satisfy them. This paper will briefly outline quality, discuss the market, and then show a wine product and grape-grading system used by Southcorp that relates to quality, and allows for efficient communication and planning without getting caught up in the magnitude and complexity of the global wine market. For the consumer, wine quality is about meeting expectations, and these expectations include: price, value for money, freedom from faults, flavour, image, consistency, availability and exclusivity. For wine companies winegrape quality can be defined with roughly the same criteria, but with some more objectivity. The quality should include: correct ripeness (sugar, acid and pH), high flavour, good colour (especially reds), clean, sound fruit, correct temperature, freedom from residues, little or no matter other than grape, reliability and consistency of supply and price.
The Frequency Regulation Scheme of Interconnected Grids With VSC-HVDC Links

Nowadays interconnections of non-synchronous AC grids with VSC-HVDC links become attractive in preventing cascading outages. To share the spinning reserves, the VSC-HVDC link is expected to balance the frequencies of the interconnected grids under tolerable disturbances. Based on the synchronous generator emulation control (SGEC) strategy, this paper presents a communication-free scheme for the frequency regulation of interconnected grids with a VSC-HVDC link. Under a tolerable disturbance, the scheduled powers of the rectifier and the inverter are changed to their actual powers, respectively. As a result, the grid frequencies could be balanced and the adjacent grid will provide frequency support to the disturbed grid. If the disturbance becomes larger, the scheduled powers of the two converters are changed until the maximum or minimum limits and the frequency support to the disturbed grid is limited. Thus, the large disturbance results in a deeper frequency drop in the disturbed grid, which could be arrested by its under-frequency load shedding. As a result, the disturbance propagating to the adjacent grid is suppressed, which does not jeopardize security. The frequency regulation scheme coordinates well with the automatic generation control (AGC) of the grids. Time-domain simulation studies are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.
A revenue management perspective of management accounting practice in small businesses

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for the systematic examination of management accounting practices in small businesses using a revenue management perspective. This highlights the multi-faceted nature of size as a contextual factor and emphasises the role of management accounting in supporting profit-oriented decision-making, rather than its traditional role of co-ordination, control, and accountability. Design/methodology/approach - – The framework is theoretically derived from the management accounting, revenue management, and small business literature. An illustrative case study of a small fast-food business is presented to demonstrate the applicability of this framework to practice. Findings - – The paper identifies that various dimensions of business size have different and sometimes opposing effects on management accounting practices. Given heterogeneity is a common feature of small businesses, the framework considers alternative specifications of the size contingency variable. Research limitations/implications - – The synthesis of small business characteristics and revenue management perspective offers a more incisive understanding of what has traditionally been considered a simple practice. The case study illustrates some of the influences of small business characteristics identified in the framework. Given its narrow scope, the findings are used for theorisation rather than offering generalisable results. Further cross-sectional comparisons of small businesses are needed to confirm size influences. Practical implications - – The framework can assist practitioners to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of their management accounting practices and can help assess the value of adopting more sophisticated management accounting practices, given their particular business environment. A synthesis of these small business attributes can help practitioners identify key barriers to implementation. Originality/value - – The revenue management perspective and the inclusion of key characteristics of small businesses provide a new approach to evaluating management accounting practices in small businesses.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF WOOD PRODUCTS - PRELIMINARY STUDY ABOUT THE UK MARKET

Environmental questions have long been linked to forestry and forest industry products. These cover a wide variety of aspects from sustainable forest management and environmental impacts of industrial processes to health issues and even social responsibility. Environmental quality contributes to the total product quality perceived by customers of the forest industry. This paper explores whether environmental product attributes create one or several dimensions in the case of wood products, how important these are, and how environmental quality relates to other product quality dimensions from the customer perspective. The empirical data reflect the perceptions of 40 UK-based companies trading wood and other building materials. The results show that in addition to the sustainability of forestry and other ecological issues, the companies find health impacts clearly important. Environmental quality is considered as multidimensional itself, and as a closely information-related matter. For wood product manufacturers, the results emphasise the importance of facilitating the products with detailed environmental information, particularly if environmental product quality is intended to differentiate the product in the market place.
Peripheral modifications to the central drive for sweating.

Three subjects performed from 15 to 20 bouts of 10-min bicycle ergometer exercise in a 26 C ambient. The procedure imposed a consistent pattern of internal (esophageal) temperature increase in the presence of a constant mean skin temperature. Body weight loss was continuously recorded and rate of evaporative loss due to sweating was calculated during each minute of exercise. It was confirmed that both local and total sweating are functions of internal temperature at a fixed constant mean skin temperature. In the presence of a constant central drive for sweating, the sweating response could be modified at the periphery according to the area-specific characteristics and/or by local temperature.
Surface Energy Balance Affects Gas Exchange and Growth of Two Irrigated Landscape Tree Species in an Arid Climate

Research was conducted to investigate how energy balance of bark mulch and turf surfaces influence gas exchange and growth of recently transplanted trees. On several occasions over a 3-year period, stomatal conductance and leaf temperature were measured throughout the day on 'Emerald Queen' Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and 'Greenspire' littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees growing over each surface. Tree water loss was estimated using a general transport flux equation applied to the tree crown apportioned between sunlit and shade layers. Microclimate variables were measured over each surface with a permanent weather station. Tree growth data were collected at the end of each growing season. Soil heat flux data revealed that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below mulch than below turf. Due to this insulating effect, and consequent lack of evaporative cooling, mulch surface temperature was greater, and emitted more longwave radiation, than turf. Leaves over mulch intercepted more longwave radiation, had greater leaf temperature, and greater leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference than leaves over turf. As a result, leaves over mulch had greater stomatal closure than leaves over turf. Estimated tree water loss varied between surface treatments and with climatic conditions. Trees over turf had greater shoot elongation and leaf area than trees over mulch. These data suggest that gas exchange and growth of recently transplanted trees in an arid climate may be reduced if planted over nonvegetative, urban surfaces.
Bipartite Permutation Graphs are reconstructible

The graph reconstruction conjecture is a long-standing open problem in graph theory. The conjecture has been verified for all graphs with at most 11 vertices. Further, the conjecture has been verified for regular graphs, trees, disconnected graphs, unit interval graphs, separable graphs with no pendant vertex, outer-planar graphs, and unicyclic graphs. We extend the list of graph classes for which the conjecture holds. We give a proof that bipartite permutation graphs are reconstructible.
Concrete mathematics - a foundation for computer science

From the Publisher: This book introduces the mathematics that supports advanced computer programming and the analysis of algorithms. The primary aim of its well-known authors is to provide a solid and relevant base of mathematical skills - the skills needed to solve complex problems, to evaluate horrendous sums, and to discover subtle patterns in data. It is an indispensable text and reference not only for computer scientists - the authors themselves rely heavily on it! - but for serious users of mathematics in virtually every discipline. Concrete Mathematics is a blending of CONtinuous and disCRETE mathematics. "More concretely," the authors explain, "it is the controlled manipulation of mathematical formulas, using a collection of techniques for solving problems. " The subject matter is primarily an expansion of the Mathematical Preliminaries section in Knuth's classic Art of Computer Programming, but the style of presentation is more leisurely, and individual topics are covered more deeply. Several new topics have been added, and the most significant ideas have been traced to their historical roots. The book includes more than 500 exercises, divided into six categories. Complete answers are provided for all exercises, except research problems, making the book particularly valuable for self-study. Major topics include: Sums Recurrences Integer functions Elementary number theory Binomial coefficients Generating functions Discrete probability Asymptotic methods This second edition includes important new material about mechanical summation. In response to the widespread use ofthe first edition as a reference book, the bibliography and index have also been expanded, and additional nontrivial improvements can be found on almost every page. Readers will appreciate the informal style of Concrete Mathematics. Particularly enjoyable are the marginal graffiti contributed by students who have taken courses based on this material. The authors want to convey not only the importance of the techniques presented, but some of the fun in learning and using them.
Assessment of Red Cell Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia of Warm Type by a Radioactive Anti‐IgG Test 1

To evaluate the applicability of a radioactive 125I‐anti‐IgG test (RIAT) for the detection of small amounts of IgG antibodies on red blood cells (RBC) of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia of warm type (AIHA), RBC of 125 patients were studied (AIHA, n=53; Coombs'‐negative AIHA, n=6; chronic cold agglutinin disease, n=7; non‐immune anemias, n=59). It was found that the RBC of all cases (33/33) with a positive direct IgG antiglobulin test (DAT‐IgG), but also 13 out of 20 patients with a negative DAT‐IgG, but detectable complement (C3/C4), and 4 out of 6 cases with Coombs'‐negative AIHA gave positive results in the direct RIAT. RBC‐associated IgG was higher in the DAT‐IgG positive group (n=33; x̄=8.1%) than in the DAT‐IgG negative group (n=26; x̄3.4%). There was no correlation between hypergammaglobulinemia and RBC‐associated IgG. The sensitivity of the indirect RIAT was not remarkably better as compared to the indirect antiglobulin test. The RIAT is valuable in the serology of borderline cases of AIHA.
Exploring the role of farmers’ attitudes in influencing animal health best practice

Animal health is one of the key factors affecting the economic efficiency of the dairy industry and has important implications within an increasingly competitive marketplace. Despite the fact that the economic gains of ‘best practice’ with regard to animal health have been well documented, many farmers are still not adopting optimal herd management techniques. This paper utilises Irish nationally representative farm-level data from 2013 to identify drivers and barriers to the adoption of ‘best practice’ with regard to mastitis management. Exploratory factor analysis and econometric techniques (logistic regression methods) were employed here to empirically assess the influence of farmers’ attitudes towards animal health and mastitis on the adoption of particular mastitis hygiene and herd management practices by farmers. A number of interesting issues arise in identifying barriers to the uptake of ‘best practice,’ these include the possibility of routine inertia, i.e., farmers do not deviate from the routine developed around mastitis prevention until there is an indication of infection, as well as time and cost constraints. Farmer behavior with respect to mastitis management can thus be considered ‘reactionary’ as opposed to ‘precautionary. ’ This research highlights the valuable role of the extension agent in influencing the uptake of animal health ‘best practice’ but concludes that engagement around knowledge transfer and ‘best practice’ technology adoption is particularly complex.
Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States among men and women.1 It is also a major cause of physical disability, particularly in the rapidly growing population of elderly persons.2,3 In 1997, acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 1.1 million Americans, and 800,000 patients underwent coronary revascularization.1 The prevention of subsequent coronary events and the maintenance of physical functioning in such patients are major challenges in preventive care. Cardiac-rehabilitation programs were first developed in the 1960s,4–6 once the benefits of ambulation during prolonged hospitalization for coronary events had been recognized.7 After discharge from .
Fraudulent Financial Reporting: The Nigerian Experience

This paper seeks to investigate the likely incidence of fraudulent financial reporting among Nigerian quoted companies. The population consists of a total of 212 companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange as 2007. The sample size consists of a total 70 companies with headquarters in Lagos since the majority of the company’s headquarters are located here. The sample is selected in such a way as to show a representative from each of the industrial classification on the Nigerian stock exchange. The study utilizes data from primary sources. The data was obtained from the responses from the seventy (70) companies that made up the sample. The survey instrument was administered on seventy (70) selected companies through random sampling representing sixteen (16) of the major sectors of the Nigerian economy. The responses from the survey were analyzed to ascertain the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting among Nigerian publicly quoted companies. The technique for the analysis of the data is statistical analysis using percentages, chi-square, and correlation. The software used for the analysis is SPSS. The result of the study revealed that there exist the likely incidences of fraudulent financial reporting in Nigerian quoted companies. The study using statistical tools to evaluate the responses from Nigerian quoted companies revealed that there is a relationship between financial reporting fraud and company size, weak audit committees, internal control, and auditor’s independence. The study established a positive relationship between these variables.