Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance, digestion, and mastication efficiency of Holstein steers fed whole or processed corn in limit- or full-fed growing-finishing systems.

We conducted two trials to examine the effects of restricted vs full feeding and of grain processing method on feedlot performance, digestion, and mastication efficiency by Holstein steers in different growing-finishing systems. In Trial 1, 272 Holstein steers (177 +/- 9.98 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to growing phase diets based on corn silage (SIL), steam-flaked corn that was either limit-fed (SFLF) or full-fed (SFFF), or whole corn that was limit-fed (WCLF) or full-fed (WCFF). Limit-fed steers were fed at levels predicted to allow daily gain of 1 kg/d. On d 112, all steers were switched to WCFF or SFFF diets until the mean BW of each treatment group was 545 kg. Overall, steers fed WCLF and SFLF during the growing phase and finished on SF were 8.1 and 6.6% more efficient at converting dietary ME to gain (P = .02 and .04, respectively) than steers in the SFFF group. In Trial 2, three ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers were fed whole (WC) and rolled corn (RC) diets at FF and LF intake in an incomplete replicated 2 x 2 switchback design. Ad libitum access to feed resulted in higher (P = .02) ruminal starch digestibility than did limit-feeding, and calves had higher total tract DM (P = .05) and starch (P = .03) digestion at the heavier BW. Limit-feeding whole corn resulted in increased particle size of masticate (P = .06) compared with full-feeding whole corn. Because of apparent differences in mastication efficiency between limit-fed and full-fed calves, grain processing method during periods of restriction and compensatory growth may be important considerations for managing growth in systems that incorporate limit-feeding.
El paralelismo de la investigación estratégica en España con el modelo internacional

El objetivo del trabajo es conocer si la investigacion espanola se encuentra en consonancia con los parametros que marcan la investigacion en el ambito internacional. Con ese proposito revisamos el contenido de la investigacion que se ofrece en distintos medios de difusion tanto para el ambito espanol como para el contexto internacional. De los resultados extraidos de esa revision concluimos que la investigacion estrategica que se entrega en las publicaciones espanolas se aproxima con ciertas garantias a las pautas que marca el mundo anglosajon. Es quizas, el rigor de los medios de difusion y su escasa especializacion el punto mas debil del estado de la direccion estrategica en nuestro pais.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY DISEASE STATE CLINICAL REVIEW: THE INCREASING INCIDENCE OF THYROID CANCER.

OBJECTIVE (1) Describe current epidemiology of thyroid cancer in the United States; (2) evaluate hypothesized causes of the increased incidence of thyroid cancer; and (3) suggest next steps in research and clinical action. METHODS Analysis of data from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results System and the National Center for Vital Statistics. Literature review of published English-language articles through December 31, 2013. RESULTS The incidence of thyroid cancer has tripled over the past 30 years, whereas mortality is stable. The increase is mainly comprised of smaller tumors. These facts together suggest the major reason for the increased incidence is detection of subclinical, nonlethal disease. This has likely occurred through: health care system access, incidental detection on imaging, more frequent biopsy, greater volumes of and extent of surgery, and changes in pathology practices. Because larger-size tumors have increased in incidence also, it is possible that there is a concomitant true rise in thyroid cancer incidence. The only clearly identifiable contributor is radiation exposure, which has likely resulted in a few additional cases annually. The contribution of the following causes to the increasing incidence is unclear: iodine excess or insufficiency, diabetes and obesity, and molecular disruptions. The following mechanisms do not currently have strong evidence to support a link with the development of thyroid cancer: estrogen, dietary nitrate, and autoimmune thyroid disease. CONCLUSION Research should focus on illuminating which thyroid cancers need treatment. Patients should be advised of the benefits as well as harms that can occur with treatment of incidentally identified, small, asymptomatic thyroid cancers.
Glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone and 4-hydroxybiphenyl and in vitro induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B12-mRNA in precision-cut rat liver slices.

Fresh rat liver slices were used to demonstrate the glucuronidation of the model substrates 4-methylumbelliferone (MU) and 4-hydroxybiphenyl (HB). Both glucuronidation reactions proved to be more stable than cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenations. After an incubation time of 48 h there was no decrease in MU glucuronidation rate, whereas HB glucuronidation was stable until 24 h, and then decreased by about 50% until 48 h. The technique of quantitative competitive RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B12-mRNA (UGT2B12-mRNA) in precision-cut rat liver slices. Constitutive levels of UGT2B12-mRNA were measurable. Following 24 h culture of rat liver slices in the presence of phenobarbital, the level of UGT2B12-mRNA increased about twofold, which corresponds to the inducibility in vivo. The addition of beta-naphthoflavone had no influence. The results show that precision-cut liver slices are not only suitable for the detection of an in vitro induction of cytochrome P450-mRNAs, which is characterized by high induction factors, but also of poor induction effects, e.g. on UGT2B12-mRNA, provided that the respective mRNA is exactly quantified.
Acute changes to biomarkers as a consequence of prolonged strenuous running

Background A single bout of strenuous running exercise results in perturbations to numerous biomarkers. An understanding of these is important when analysing samples from individuals who have recently performed such exercise. Methods A literature search was undertaken using the search terms, exercise, marathon and delayed onset of muscle soreness. The search was then refined using the terms for key biomarkers known to be altered by exercise. Results The magnitude of changes to biomarkers is proportional to the severity of the running bout. Familiar, moderate intensity running exercise produces brief transient changes in common biomarkers such as lactate, whereas more severe bouts of running exercise, such as marathons and ultra-marathon events can produce changes to biomarkers that are normally associated with pathology of the muscles, liver and heart. Examples being changes to concentrations and/or activity of myoglobin, leucocytes, creatine kinase, bilirubin, cardiac troponins, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. While persisting for longer, these changes are also transient and full recovery occurs within days, without any apparent long-term adverse consequences. Additionally, unfamiliar exercise involving forceful eccentric muscle contractions, such as running downhill, can cause increases in creatine kinase and delayed onset of muscle soreness that peaks 36–72 h after the exercise bout. Conclusions Strenuous running exercise can produce changes to biomarkers that are normally associated with disease and injury, but these do not necessarily reflect chronic pathology.
Teriparatide for acceleration of fracture repair in humans: A prospective, randomized, double‐blind study of 102 postmenopausal women with distal radial fractures

Animal experiments show a dramatic improvement in skeletal repair by teriparatide. We tested the hypothesis that recombinant teriparatide, at the 20 µg dose normally used for osteoporosis treatment or higher, would accelerate fracture repair in humans. Postmenopausal women (45 to 85 years of age) who had sustained a dorsally angulated distal radial fracture in need of closed reduction but no surgery were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of once‐daily injections of placebo (n = 34) or teriparatide 20 µg (n = 34) or teriparatide 40 µg (n = 34) within 10 days of fracture. Hypotheses were tested sequentially, beginning with the teriparatide 40 µg versus placebo comparison, using a gatekeeping strategy. The estimated median time from fracture to first radiographic evidence of complete cortical bridging in three of four cortices was 9.1, 7.4, and 8.8 weeks for placebo and teriparatide 20 µg and 40 µg, respectively (overall p = .015). There was no significant difference between the teriparatide 40 µg versus placebo groups (p = .523). In post hoc analyses, there was no significant difference between teriparatide 40 µg versus 20 µg (p = .053); however, the time to healing was shorter in teriparatide 20 µg than placebo (p = .006). The primary hypothesis that teriparatide 40 µg would shorten the time to cortical bridging was not supported. The shortened time to healing for teriparatide 20 µg compared with placebo still may suggest that fracture repair can be accelerated by teriparatide, but this result should be interpreted with caution and warrants further study. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Dignity and patient-centred care for people with palliative care needs in the acute hospital setting: A systematic review

Background: A core concept behind patient-centred approaches is the need to treat people with, and preserve, dignity in care settings. People receiving palliative care are one group who may have particularly sensitive needs in terms of their condition, symptoms and life expectancy. Dignity is more likely to be violated in hospital settings. Given the high percentage of people with palliative care needs who are admitted to hospital during their last year of life, the provision of dignity enhancing and preserving care in that setting is of vital importance. Aim: To examine international evidence relating to dignity and person-centred care for people with palliative care needs in the acute hospital setting. Design: A systematic literature review was conducted, incorporating data extraction, analysis and quality appraisal of included papers. Data sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ASSIA, EMBASE, Cochrane Database and Web of Science. Inclusion dates: 1 January 2000–1 April 2014. Eligibility criteria: Adult palliative care, acute care setting, dignity or person-centred care. Results: In all, 33 papers met the inclusion criteria for the review. Papers highlighted the many and varied potential threats to dignity for people with palliative care needs in acute settings, including symptom control and existential distress, approaches and models in care provision and healthcare settings and design. Conclusion: Acute hospital staff require adequate training, including symptom control, and the correct environment in which to deliver dignified and person-centred end-of-life care. Specific models/approaches to care can be beneficial, if adequate training regarding implementation is given. The needs of family members also require consideration, particularly following bereavement.
Conformational preferences and supramolecular aggregation in 2-nitrophenylthiolates: disulfides and thiosulfonates.

In each of the asymmetrically substituted disulfides 2-nitro-4'-methyldiphenyl disulfide, C(13)H(11)NO(2)S(2) (1), 2-nitro-4'-chlorodiphenyl disulfide, C(12)H(8)ClNO(2)S(2) (2), 2, 4-dinitro-4'-methyldiphenyl disulfide, C(13)H(10)N(2)O(4)S(2) (3), and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2'-methoxycarbonylmethyl disulfide, C(9)H(8)N(2)O(6)S(2) (4), and in both of the symmetrically substituted disulfides bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide, C(12)H(8)N(2)O(4)S(2) (5), and bis(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl) disulfide, C(14)H(6)F(6)N(2)O(4)S(2) (6), the 2-nitro groups are essentially coplanar with the adjacent aryl ring and the S atom remote from the nitrated aryl ring is also essentially coplanar and transoid to the nitro group. In S-(2-nitrophenyl) 2-nitrobenzene thiosulfonate, C(12)H(8)N(2)O(6)S(2) (7), which contains three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, all six of the independent nitro groups are twisted out of the plane of the adjacent aryl rings. The crystal structures of (1)-(3) contain isolated molecules, that of (4) contains centrosymmetric dimers held together by C-H.O hydrogen bonds, while in the structures of (5)-(7), respectively, the C-H.O hydrogen bonds generate one-, two- and three-dimensional arrays. The interplay between molecular conformation and supramolecular aggregation is discussed.
Relationship between Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life: A Study of Stroke Patients Compared to Chronic Low Back Pain and Myocardial Ischemia Patients

The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression is assessed as between 20 and 50% following stroke. Depressive persons tend to give their overall life situation a worse rating than their relatives or physicians because of negative cognitions. Nevertheless, research concerning Quality of Life (QoL) after stroke hardly ever takes into account the methodological bias of assessing QoL only by self-rating. The aim of this study was to point out the important relationship between depression, anxiety and the autoassessment of QoL. QoL was markedly affected in the poststroke patients and in the chronic low back pain and myocardial ischemia patients, and it was rated worst by the most seriously depressed subjects. Clinical studies focusing on the ever more significant evaluation criterion ‘health-related QoL’ after stroke should take into account the high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and their major influence on the patients’ self-evaluated QoL.
Role of Platelets, Thrombin, Integrin llb-llla, Fibronectin and Von Willebrand Factor on Tumor Adhesion in Vitro and Metastasis in Vivo

The role of platelets and thrombin was examined in tumor cell adhesion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Adhesion of tumor cells to platelets was inhibited by agents inhibiting platelet integrin IIb-IIIa receptor occupancy (MoAb 10E5 and tetrapeptide RGDS) as well as IIb-IIIa ligands (polyclonal antibodies against fibronectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF)). In vivo murine experimental pulmonary metastasis (tail vein injection) could be inhibited by antibody-induced induction of thrombocytopenia and reconstituted by simultaneous injection of human platelets. Preincubation of human platelets with MoAb 10E5 (vs IIb-IIIa) inhibited reconstitution of metastasis. Thrombin activates tumor cell adhesion to platelets by activating platelets as well as tumor cells. Thrombin-activated tumor cells also enhance their adhesion to endothelial cells as well as adhesive ligands fibronectin and vWF. Experimental pulmonary metastasis is enhanced 4-400 fold by preinfusion of thrombin into mice or 10-160 fold by prior treatment of tumor cells with thrombin. The in vitro and in vivo effects of thrombin were mimicked by thrombin receptor activation peptides SFLLRNPNDKYEPF and SFLLRN. Nine of nine tumor cell lines have the seven transmembrane spanning thrombin receptor detected by the polymerase chain reaction. Thus, both platelets and thrombin contribute to experimental tumor metastasis by fostering and enhancing IIb-IIIa integrin platelet interaction with tumor cells. Since many tumor cells generate thrombin, it is proposed that tumor cells may autoactivate a metastatic phenotype.
Antagonistic effects of TGFbeta1 and BMP-6 on skin keratinocyte differentiation.

Several members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily are expressed in the developing murine epidermis. Among these are TGFbeta1, which is found in the basal layer, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6, located in the suprabasal layers. Although the role of TGFbeta in cell growth has been studied extensively, little is known about the effects of these factors on keratinocyte differentiation. This study demonstrates that BMP-6 acts to positively regulate the differentiation of primary skin keratinocytes grown in culture. In contrast, TGFbeta1 antagonizes keratinocyte differentiation blocking the upregulation of keratin markers by BMP-6. We show that the effects of BMP-6 on expression of keratin 1 (K1), a marker of differentiation, requires signaling through the Smad pathway. In addition, regulation of K1 levels by BMP-6 is modulated by the SEK signaling pathway. This suggests that regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by BMP-6 involves multiple signaling systems.
Clinical features and outcome of chronic dialysis patients admitted to an intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND Information about chronic dialysis (CD) patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) is scant. This study sought to determine the epidemiology and outcome of CD patients in an ICU setting and to test the performance of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) to predict hospital mortality in this population. METHODS All consecutive CD patients admitted to an adult, 10 bed medical/surgical ICU at a university hospital between January 1996 and December 1999 were included in this prospective observational study. Demographics, characteristics of the underlying renal disease, admission diagnosis, the number of organ system failures (OSFs) excluding renal failure and SAPS II, both calculated 24 h after admission, the duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU survival and survival status at hospital discharge and 6 months after discharge were recorded. RESULTS A total of 92 CD patients, 16 on peritoneal dialysis and 76 on haemodialysis, were included. The main reason for ICU admission was sepsis and the mean ICU length of stay 6.2+/-9.9 days. ICU mortality was 26/92 (28.3%) and was associated in multivariate analysis with SAPS II (P<0.001), duration of mechanical ventilation (P<0.01) and abnormal values of serum phosphorus (high or low; P<0.05). Hospital mortality was 35/92 (38.0%) and was accurately predicted by SAPS II [receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.86+/-0.04; goodness-of-fit test: C = 6.86, 5 degrees of freedom (df), P = 0.23 and H = 4.78, 5 df, P = 0.44]. The 6 month survival rate was 48/92 (52.2%). CONCLUSIONS CD patients admitted to the ICU are a subgroup of patients with high mortality and SAPS II can be used to assess their probability of hospital mortality. The severity of the acute illness responsible for ICU admission and an abnormal value of serum phosphorus are determinants for ICU mortality.
Defining Nutrient Density: Development and Validation of the Nutrient Rich Foods Index

The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid made a clear distinction between foods that were energy dense and those that were nutrient rich. Consumers were advised to seek out nutrient-rich foods (NRF) in preference to discretionary calories. However, the concept of nutrient density was not formally defined. The Nutrient Rich Foods (NRF) index is a formal metric of nutrient density that has been extensively compared with other methods and validated with respect to a healthy diet. The NRF index is based on 9 nutrients to encourage (protein; fiber; vitamins A, C, and E; calcium; iron; potassium; and magnesium) and 3 nutrients to limit (saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium). The NRF9.3 algorithm is the unweighted sum of percentage daily values (DVs) for 9 nutrients to encourage, minus the sum of percentage maximum recommended values (MRVs) for 3 nutrients to limit, calculated per reference amount and capped at 100% DV. The NRF index successfully ranks foods based on their nutritional value and can be applied to individual foods, meals, menus, and even the daily diet. Development of the NRF index followed scientific guidelines for nutrient profiling and was accompanied by extensive testing and validation.
Study of the structure of replicative intermediates of HSV-1 DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

DNA from HSV-1-infected cells was separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis into two virus-specific bands: one that migrated as the linear monomer genome (152 kb) and another that remained at the origin of the gel. The latter band contained the replicating HSV-1 DNA, as determined by pulse-labeling with [3H]thymidine. To investigate the structure of this "gel origin" DNA, we constructed a HSV-1 KOS mutant bearing a unique PacI restriction site (HSV-1 PAC1DTK). Partial digestion of gel origin PAC1DTK DNA at late times postinfection (24-48 hr) demonstrated the presence of linear concatemers on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Within each concatemer, the long (L) regions of adjacent monomer genomes were found in the two possible orientations. In addition, shorter-than-unit-size fragments that corresponded in size to the left end fragments of the viral genome were detected with the UL region in the two possible orientations. At early times postinfection (8-12 hr), digestion with PacI released only a trace of linear fragments, and most of the gel origin DNA did not migrate on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Multiple cuts with EcoRI (a restriction enzyme that cuts the HSV-1 KOS genome 12 times) were necessary to release linear fragments that migrated from the origin of the gel. These results indicate that replicative intermediates of HSV-1 DNA are linked in a large network that needs to be unraveled before packaging takes place. This network may be composed of linear molecules linked together by frequent recombination events or of products of a mode of replication other than simple rolling circle (e.g., theta replication).
Enhanced brain levels of 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI differentiate AD from frontotemporal dementia

Objective: To quantify the isoprostane 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI in brain tissues obtained from patients with AD, patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and controls. Background: Enhanced brain oxidative stress with secondary damage to cellular macromolecules may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD and FTD. The isoprostane 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI is a specific and sensitive marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation and is increased in AD. Methods: Levels of this isoprostane were determined by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Results: Levels of 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI were markedly elevated in both frontal and temporal cortex of AD brains compared to the corresponding areas of FTD and controls. No significant difference in brain 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI levels for any regions considered was observed between FTD and controls. Conclusions: Lipid peroxidation is a feature of AD, but not FTD. The generation of 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI in the brain is not a general or final common pathway of neurodegeneration, but may be relatively specific for disease processes in AD and not FTD.