Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Text Classification Based on a Novel Cost-Sensitive Ensemble Multi-Label Learning Method

Text classification is one of the most important tasks in the Natural Language Processing research field. In most cases, text classification is usually a multi-label learning task where, three attributes (i.e., information gain, document frequency and chi-square test values) are widely used to describe documents and the degree of importance of each attribute varies depending on different applications. Hence, it is valuable to improve the prediction performance of text classification by assembling the above attributes. Furthermore, there exists a widespread problem of class imbalance in multi-label learning algorithm. Thus, in this study, a novel cost-sensitive ensemble multi-label learning method CS-EnMLKNN is proposed to assemble the attributes in text classification and deal with the class imbalance problem and a comprehensive framework for solving text classification problems is also proposed accordingly. Finally, experiments on two classic datasets show that our CS-EnMLKNN algorithm outperforms most state-of-the-art multi-label learning algorithms in terms of several learning evaluation criteria.
Avoid Packet Replication Attack Based on Intrusion Detection and Defense Mechanism over MANET

In the MANET, much more vulnerable attack is possible than a wired network. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for MANETs is designed to detect anomalous behavior and abuse. Swarm intelligence is a relatively novel field. It shows the desirable properties of being adaptive, scalable, and robust. The goal of this system framework is to detect and perform defense mechanism for packet replication attack. The Packet Replication Attack is an internal attack which the attacker belongs to the same network and attacks the resources inside the network. A Packet replication issue reduced by the NS2 simulator. The number of replication times is identified by the number of route entries for the destination, each and every data packet is individually identified with the tree-id provided by NS2 and the inordinate packets are discarded in the IP layer at the receiver. The Performance of the IDS is confirmed using the parameters like Throughput, Average Packet- Received Ratio, Average Packet-Delivery Ratio and Average End-to-End Latency.
Verbeter moedereienskappe met 'n lamhokstelsel : veselbedryf

Skaapboere is dikwels bekommerd dat die gebruik van lamhokke die ontwikkeling van swak moedereienskappe tot gevolg sal he. Indien seleksie binne so 'n stelsel egter korrek toegepas word, kan dit moedereienskappe verbeter, se skaapvoeding- en bestuurspesialiskonsultant, dr Jasper Coetzee.
Implantation/placentation in ART pregnancies

Objective: To assess the correlation between ultrasonography and biochemical markers, during the first trimester, in singleton and twin pregnancies following assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Methods: We prospectively evaluated 50 singleton and 47 twin pregnancies that eventually ended in live births. Patients were recruited from a single ART center with standard treatment protocols. We measured serum β-hCG at 13 days after embryo transfer as well as β-hCG and estradiol at 8-9 weeks + 6 days. Obstetric ultrasound was performed at 8-9 weeks + 6 days and evaluated intervillous flow, uteroplacental circulation and uterine artery pulsatility (PI) and resistance index (RI) using two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound examination. With three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound and 3D power Doppler angiography, placental volume and the 3D power Doppler indices: VI, FI and VFI, from the intervillous and uteroplacental circulation were calculated. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to study the association/correlation between the ultrasonographic parameters and the biochemical markers described above, birth weight and gestational age at birth. Results: No significant differences existed between singletons and twins in respect to demographic and cycle characteristics. Several correlations were found in singletons and twins between ultrasonographic parameters. Estradiol and placental volume were positively correlated in singletons and twins. Conclusion: Data confirms a positive correlation between placental volume and estradiol pointing to the promising role of the higher serum levels of estradiol, produced by a higher placental mass, in twins, in respect to miscarriage rate in the first trimester. This finding could explain the influence in vascular resistance, immune tolerance and other possible unknown mechanisms, contributing alone or together to a more successful outcome in ART twin pregnancies.
Fiscal Decentralization as an Instrument for Economic Development of Local Government in Albania

A decentralized governance refers to the restructuring or reorganization of authority in order to have a system of co-responsibility between central government institutions, where regional and local level are in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. This process aims to increase the overall quality and effectiveness of the system governance, enhancing the authority and capacities of the subnational level. One of the most critical approaches to adapt decentralization from theory into practice is its clear understanding of the concept, so be able to better predict what decentralization means, how well it can be planned and implemented, which are its implications and how the challenges can be over-comed. On the other side fiscal decentralization as a core element of financial instruments is related to the creation of opportunities for the financing of supported functions or so-called subsidized. It requires not only transferring financial resources and fiscal authority to local units, but they must be predictable in order to make planning possible enough to fulfill the tasks with transparence and autonomously. The aim of this paper is to briefly study how this process is implemented in Albania, if its principles are applied and how it has affected local government development. As it will be further described and explained, reforms made in this order have emphasized political decentralization, while the focus shifted to administrative , but not considerably into fiscal aspect.
System Dynamic Model for Simulating Demand-Supply Interaction of Railway Express Freight System

Express freight transportation is a rich seam of profit for China railway, and railway express freight system is a complex system with multiple variables and nonlinear feedback loops. This paper presents a System Dynamic Model for simulating the interaction between demand and supply of railway express freight system in China. The model consists of three submodels including economic environment, demand, supply, and investment, and its validity is verified by running in Vensim DDS software using historical data. In the simulation of period 2000–2025, the three variables are taken as control variables including growth rate of the national economy, railway express freight rate, and investment in fixed railway assets. Three scenarios for each control variable are simulated, and their effects are analyzed to provide beneficial reference for regulating the demand-supply gap of railway express freight. The simulation demonstrated that raising freight rate, adding investment in fixed railway assets, and decelerating economic growth rate are all effective ways to shrink the demand-supply gap of railway express freight. The model can be used to forecast the transport demand of railway express freight and test the outcomes of demand-supply regulating measures.
On the Hausdorff dimension of certain self-affine sets

A subset E of R is called self-affine with respect to a collection{φ1, . , φt} of affinities if E is the union of the sets φ1(E), . , φt(E). For S ⊂ R let Φ(S) = ⋃ 1≤j≤t φj(S). If Φ(S) ⊂ S let EΦ(S) denote ⋂ k≥0 Φ (S). For given Φ consisting of contracting “pseudo-dilations” (affinities which preserve the directions of the coordinate axes) and subject to further mild technical restrictions we show that there exist self-affine sets EΦ(S) of each Hausdorff dimension between zero and a positive number depending on Φ. We also investigate in detail the special class of cases in R2, where the images of a fixed square under some maps φ1, . , φt are some vertical and some horizontal rectangles of sides 1 and 2. This investigation is made possible by an extension of the method of calculating Hausdorff dimension developed by P. Billingsley.
Education as a correlate of life satisfaction among formal sector retirees in Lagos State, Nigeria

The effect of education on life satisfaction among formal sector retirees in Lagos State was assessed to determine its impact on life adjustment in retirement. The study also examined the effects of education on self-rated health and well-being of formal sector retirees. Life course perspective, dependency theory, Modernization theory of ageing and wealth flow theory were adopted for the theoretical framework. Using a multi-staged systematic sampling method, retirees from the public sector and organized private sector were covered through questionnaire and structured interviews. Questionnaires were administered on 1321 retirees while 20 in-depth interviews were conducted for executive members of pensioners’ unions and pension managers. Older retirees with at least secondary education had better living conditions and reported higher life satisfaction than their counterparts with lower educational qualifications. The paper concludes with a policy implication, stressing the importance of income security and life skills to retirement planning and life satisfaction in retirement.
Organisational Characteristics and Accountability in Protecting Risk Exposures in Non-Profit Organisations

Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) must rely on a variety of activities and resource providers to support their activities in achieving their goals. Thus, NPOs are accountable to various stakeholders that provide the funds and other resources. However, as NPOs are generally subjected to less stringent regulatory requirements, some NPOs are not acknowledging issues of accountability. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the effect of organisational characteristics on the extent of accountability in NPOs. The organisational characteristics and the extent of accountability are obtained from the content analysis of annual reports of 224 societies registered with Registrar of Societies (ROS) for the financial period 2010. The level of accountability examined is based on two main components, transparency and compliance. Organisational characteristics used in this study consist of types of income received by NPOs, presence of auditor and size of NPOs. The overall results show that the level of accountability for NPOs in Malaysia is at a low level. Results show that only total income from generated funds and size of organisation has an effect on the level of accountability. Meanwhile, total income from charitable activities, total income from other income and the presence of auditor is insignificant to the level of accountability. This infers that lack of regulatory requirements or best practices with regards to accountability increases various risk exposures to NPOs including fraud risk. This is corroborated by the insignificant relationship between the presence of auditors and accountability, where auditors are generally more focused on compliance with mandatory requirements. Keywords: Non-Profit Organisations, Accountability, Transparency, Compliance, Organisational Characteristics, Risk
Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel Data Analysis

This article provides an overview of the existing literature on panel data models with error cross-sectional dependence (CSD). We distinguish between weak and strong CSD and link these concepts to the spatial and factor structure approaches. We consider estimation under strong and weak exogeneity of the regressors for both T fixed and T large cases. Available tests for CSD and methods for determining the number of factors are discussed in detail. The finite-sample properties of some estimators and statistics are investigated using Monte Carlo experiments.
Some bio-optical characteristics of phytoplankton in the NW Indian Ocean

Light absorption by phytoplankton and the parameters of the photosynthesis-light curve were measured in the NW Indian Ocean in January to February 1993. The light absorption characteristics of phytoplankton show some regional differences, probably reflecting changes in the phytoplankton population. cyanobacteria (Synecl~ococcus spp.) were present in all 3 regions and dominated the phytoplankton biomass in the Somali Current area, prochlorophytes were mainly confined to samples from the Somali Current area; and larger algal species, including diatoms, were found in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden The initial slope aH and the assimilation number PLof the photosynthesis-light curve had dynamic ranges of 3.7 and 3.9, respect~vely, and appeared to be correlated with environmental CO-vanables such as nutrient concentrations and ambient light levels as well as phytoplankton absorption in the blue and red parts of the spectrum. Even though the sampling was confined to the mixed layer, thert. was some evidence of photoadaptation, suggesting that the rate of vertical mixing in the mixed layer was rather slow, compared with photoadaptation rates. The quantum yield of photosynthesis varied over a factor of 6 , and was correlated with relative changes in absorption in the blue and red parts of the spectrum. The implications of these results for computation of primary production using photosynthesis-light models are discussed, with special reference to applications of remotely sensed data on ocean colour.
Cystic Fibrosis Impact on Cellular Function

The following literature review provides an account in support of the premise that the cystic fibrosis (CF) disease affects widespread areas of the body primarily due to the defective CFTR protein. Mutations in the CFTR gene lead to defects in CFTR protein that causes the disease. Lack of protein function or lack of functional protein cause variability in severity of the phenotype. The defective CFTR protein changes ion influx and efflux across the body’s cell membranes, which ultimately changes the internal environment of these cells. This change contributes to each cell’s production of proteins through transcription and translation. The simple changes in ion movement in and out of these cells have detrimental effects on the overall function of the cells. The cells create a system for maintenance of the body’s health, and if the cells do not function appropriately, the body fails to manage viral and bacterial infections. In this review, I will discuss how the defective CFTR channel works in the cells of the bodies of CF patients, and explain why the normal CFTR channel is essential for proper health and maintenance of the human body. In addition to the CFTR channel, other factors affect the severity of the disease. Genome-wide association studies explore other factors attributed to CF, including environmental factors, modifier genes, transcriptional regulation factors, and post-translational modifications. Potentiators and correctors target the CFTR channel in order to increase CFTR function, working alongside therapies in order to combat the effects of defective channels in CF patients. Introduction Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein (1, 2). It is most common in individuals of Caucasian descent, and diagnosed most in childhood (3). Screening for CF occurs in infants and in the U.S, 1 in 3,500 neonates is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis (3). In order to manifest this CF phenotype, an individual must be homozygous for a defective CFTR gene, inheriting one mutated copy, or allele, of the gene from each parent (3). The disease causes a widespread effect in the body among organs such as the skin, lungs, pancreas, liver, and gastrointestinal tracts, and could cause multisystem organ failure in the body (1). In people with CF, the CFTR gene is defective due to mutations, which occur on chromosome 7, and this gene then affects the protein called CFTR (1). The defective CFTR protein results in the manifestation of CF (1). Dehydration of airway surface liquid causes persistent inflammation of the airways in the lungs (2). Dehydration leads to a depletion of the periciliary layer and production of highly viscoelastic mucus, making the mucociliary clearance system ineffective (2). The CFTR protein, which normally shuttles sodium and chloride ions across the membranes of cells, is defective, acting as a
Going Green: A Study on Consumer Perception and Willingness to Pay towards Green Attributes of Hotels

Going green has become a new trend for Indian consumers. The perception towards green environment gave birth to the new insight of consumers. This study is guided by four research questions: (1) Identifying perception of Indian consumers about green attributes of hotels, (2) Identifying willingness to pay (WTP) of Indian consumers for green attributes of hotels, (3) Identifying the difference between the family income and willingness to pay of Indian consumers towards green attributes of hotels, and (4) and identifying the relationship between the perception and willingness to pay of Indian consumers towards green attributes of hotels. The current study concluded that Indian consumers have a positive perception towards green products and services but positive perception of consumers does not have positive willingness to pay. Some Indian consumers are willing to pay for green products and services but many of them are not ready to pay an extra amount for the same. So it’s a big challenge for the hoteliers to come out with those green services which can attract consumers. Also, they should make aware about the usage of green services and its importance so that consumers can easily buy without any hesitation.
Validation of the first objective evaluation system for beef carcasses

Abstract: Systems that objectively assess beef carcasses are becoming more common in slaughterhouses. The objectives of this study were to investigate differences in the EUROP classification of beef carcasses between independent national senior assessors and abattoir assessors, and to investigate the results of calibration and validation tests for the German VBS 2000 system in Poland. All the procedures involving calibration sample analysis and the certification test were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1249/2008. The results show that evaluations provided by abattoir assessors significantly differ to those given by national assessors (P < 0.01), and that fat class is the best predictor of differences in EUROP evaluations. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the median of evaluations from five assessors and evaluations from the VBS 2000 system were high for both conformation and fat classes: 0.905 and 0.907, respectively. A strong linear correlation between evaluations of conformation and fat obtained from assessors and the VBS 2000 system was found. Remuneration for livestock producers depends on the assessment of carcasses, and therefore, the evaluation process should be improved with an increase in the precision of carcass classification, and automated technologies give such possibility.
Participatory Plant Breeding Methods for Organic Cereals

Formal breeding methods were not always suitable to address the very large diversity of both environmental conditions and end-user needs. Both were frequently encountered either in marginal areas of developing countries or in organic farms of EEC. Participatory plant breeding (PPB) methods represent alternatives aimed to improve local adaptation breeding, to promote genetic diversity, to empower farmers and rural communities. The term PPB refers to a set of breeding methods usually distinguished by the objectives (functional or process approach), institutional context (farmer-led or formal-led), forms of interaction between farmers and breeders (consultative, collaborative or collegial), location of breeding (centralized or decentralized), stage of farmers participation in the breeding scheme (participatory varietal selection or participatory plant breeding)… Among all these methods, the best strategies for organic breeding and their impacts on breeding techniques are discussed. A PPB program actually conducted at INRA – Montpellier (F), involves the whole organic durum wheat interprofessional organization, from farmers to consumers. It is used to assess the interest of a multidisciplinary approach and to discuss the role of each participant in such program. Must participation be seen as a means towards an end or an end in itself?
Robust VIF Regression

The sophisticated and automated means of data collection used by an increasing number of institutions and companies leads to extremely large datasets. Subset selection in regression is essential when a huge number of covariates can potentially explain a response variable of interest. The recent statistical literature has seen an emergence of new selection methods that provide some type of compromise between implementation (computational speed) and statistical optimality (e.g. prediction error minimization). Global methods such as Mallows’ Cp have been supplanted by sequential methods such as stepwise regression. More recently, streamwise regression, faster than the former, has emerged. A recently proposed streamwise regression approach based on the variance inflation factor (VIF) is promising but its least-squares based implementation makes it susceptible to the outliers inevitable in such large data sets. This lack of robustness can lead to poor and suboptimal feature selection. This article proposes a robust VIF regression, based on fast robust estimators, that inherits all the good properties of classical VIF in the absence of outliers, but also continues to perform well in their presence where the classical approach fails. The analysis of two real data sets shows the necessity of a robust approach for policy makers.
Measuring customer loyalty using an extended RFM and clustering technique

Article history: Received December 28, 2013 Accepted 24 March 2014 Available online March 28 2014 Today, the ability to identify the profitable customers, creating a long-term loyalty in them and expanding the existing relationships are considered as the key and competitive factors for a customer-oriented organization. The prerequisite for having such competitive factors is the presence of a very powerful customer relationship management (CRM). The accurate evaluation of customers’ profitability is considered as one of the fundamental reasons that lead to a successful customer relationship management. RFM is a method that scrutinizes three properties, namely recency, frequency and monetary for each customer and scores customers based on these properties. In this paper, a method is introduced that obtains the behavioral traits of customers using the extended RFM approach and having the information related to the customers of an organization; it then classifies the customers using the K-means algorithm and finally scores the customers in terms of their loyalty in each cluster. In the suggested approach, first the customers’ records will be clustered and then the RFM model items will be specified through selecting the effective properties on the customers’ loyalty rate using the multipurpose genetic algorithm. Next, they will be scored in each cluster based on the effect that they have on the loyalty rate. The influence rate each property has on loyalty is calculated using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.