Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internalizing the vegetal cell mass before and during amphibian gastrulation: vegetal rotation and related movements

The movement of the prospective mesoderm and endoderm to the interior of the amphibian embryo starts in the vegetal cell mass well before the onset of overt gastrulation. By an animally directed movement of cells, the vegetal mass constricts its outer part and expands its inner region including the blastocoel floor, in a process of pregastrulation emboly. Further internalization of the vegetal region has been studied in the Xenopus embryo. At the onset of gastrulation, vegetal rotation sets in at the periphery of the vegetal cell mass, first dorsally and then spreading laterally and ventrally. It consists of an intense inward surging of cells due to active cell rearrangements that can be observed in explants of the vegetal cell mass. In its course, the blastocoel floor expands further and becomes apposed to the blastocoel roof. The boundary between apposed floor and roof forms Brachet's cleft. Another effect of vegetal rotation is the downward and inward movement of the mesodermal marginal zone, constituting the first phase of involution. Together, the upward and outward movement of the peripheral vegetal mass and the downward and inward translocation of the marginal zone lead to an apparent rotation of the whole peripheral region of the gastrula. Vegetal rotation continues to contribute to endoderm internalization to near the end of gastrulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:301–306. doi: 10.1002/wdev.26
Insulin Finds Its Niche

Localized insulin signaling allows organ-specific rather than organism-level responses to the environmental conditions. Coordination of organ growth and metabolism in response to changing environmental conditions is essential for physiological homeostasis. A central metabolic control mechanism in multicellular organisms is insulin signaling. Under conditions of elevated blood sugar, insulin promotes the storage of glucose in tissues such as muscle, fat, and liver. Classically, the role of insulin signaling is systemic. In mammals, insulin is produced by pancreatic beta cells and released into the bloodstream in response to increased concentrations of blood glucose, inducing global changes in growth and metabolism. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that insulin signaling can also occur locally, over a short range. Why have local insulin signaling? Local signals allow organ-specific, rather than organismal responses to changing environmental conditions (see the figure). This allows the modulation of the growth and development of individual tissues to be separately controlled, and raises the question of whether this phenomenon could be exploited for therapeutic strategies. Many of these recent findings have arisen from research in invertebrates; however, there are striking parallels in mammals.
Charting the genotype–phenotype map: lessons from the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel

Understanding the genetic architecture (causal molecular variants, their effects, and frequencies) of quantitative traits is important for precision agriculture and medicine and predicting adaptive evolution, but is challenging in most species. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) is a collection of 205 inbred strains with whole genome sequences derived from a single wild population in Raleigh, NC, USA. The large amount of quantitative genetic variation, lack of population structure, and rapid local decay of linkage disequilibrium in the DGRP and outbred populations derived from DGRP lines present a favorable scenario for performing genome‐wide association (GWA) mapping analyses to identify candidate causal genes, polymorphisms, and pathways affecting quantitative traits. The many GWA studies utilizing the DGRP have revealed substantial natural genetic variation for all reported traits, little evidence for variants with large effects but enrichment for variants with low P‐values, and a tendency for lower frequency variants to have larger effects than more common variants. The variants detected in the GWA analyses rarely overlap those discovered using mutagenesis, and often are the first functional annotations of computationally predicted genes. Variants implicated in GWA analyses typically have sex‐specific and genetic background‐specific (epistatic) effects, as well as pleiotropic effects on other quantitative traits. Studies in the DGRP reveal substantial genetic control of environmental variation. Taking account of genetic architecture can greatly improve genomic prediction in the DGRP. These features of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits are likely to apply to other species, including humans. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e289. doi: 10.1002/wdev.289
Anisakidosis in Korea; Changes Over the Last Decade

Anisakidosis is caused by Anisakis simplex and other anisakids larvae parasitizing marine fish and cephalopods. A lot of case reports about anisakidosis have been published in Korea because of raw fish eating habits. Recently seafood consumption has continued to increase due to health concerns and thus, it increases the risk for infectious diseases including anisakidosis. The aim of this review is to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of anisakidosis during the last 10 years in Korea, based on the case reports published from 2000 to 2010. The incidence age was changed from 30s and 40s to 50s. The young generation was considered to consume seafood in various ways, including raw fish as well. The most noticeable change was the appearance of Anisakis allergy patients over the last decade. The patients showed abdominal pain, urticaria after eating sea food. It reaffirmed that anisakid infection induces not only gastric and intestinal anisakidosis but also cause allergic reaction. Anisakid should be considered as a possible causative food allergen provoking allergic responses after eating raw fish.
Enhanced Remote Earthquake Triggering at Fluid-Injection Sites in the Midwestern United States

Movers and Shakers We tend to view earthquakes as unpredictable phenomena caused by naturally shifting stresses in Earth's crust. In reality, however, a range of human activity can also induce earthquakes. Ellsworth (p. 10.1126/science.1225942) reviews the current understanding of the causes and mechanics of earthquakes caused by human activity and the means to decrease their associated risk. Notable examples include injection of wastewater into deep formations and emerging technologies related to oil and gas recovery, including hydraulic fracturing. In addition to directly causing increased local seismic activity, activities such as deep fluid injection may have other ramifications related to earthquake occurrence. Van der Elst et al. (p. 164; see the news story by Kerr) demonstrate that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are also more prone to further earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from large, remote earthquakes. Improved seismic monitoring and injection data near deep disposal sites will help to identify regions prone to remote triggering and, more broadly, suggest times when activities should, at least temporarily, be put on hold. Wastewater injected deep underground can make some faults more susceptible to triggering by large remote earthquakes. A recent dramatic increase in seismicity in the midwestern United States may be related to increases in deep wastewater injection. Here, we demonstrate that areas with suspected anthropogenic earthquakes are also more susceptible to earthquake-triggering from natural transient stresses generated by the seismic waves of large remote earthquakes. Enhanced triggering susceptibility suggests the presence of critically loaded faults and potentially high fluid pressures. Sensitivity to remote triggering is most clearly seen in sites with a long delay between the start of injection and the onset of seismicity and in regions that went on to host moderate magnitude earthquakes within 6 to 20 months. Triggering in induced seismic zones could therefore be an indicator that fluid injection has brought the fault system to a critical state.
Unified approach to controller and MMSE estimator design with intermittent communications

In this work we consider systems where the measurements and control signals are transmitted over networks that are affected by independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) packet losses. In this setting, we study two separate problems. The first one is the design of an offline state estimator. The second one is the design of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR). Both designs take the statistics of the network and the system into account, and are optimal in the sense of minimizing given cost functions. It turns out that these two designs, of which each has an associated Riccati equation, are dual. We show that the convergence of the Riccati equation associated to this dual system formulation is a necessary and sufficient condition for stability of the estimator and controller. Finally, we compare the performance of the proposed offline estimator with those of other estimators available from the literature.
The etiology and molecular genetics of human pigmentation disorders

Pigmentation, defined as the placement of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes for coloration, is distinctive because the location, amount, and type of pigmentation provides a visual manifestation of genetic heterogeneity in pathways regulating the pigment‐producing cells, melanocytes. The scope of this genetic heterogeneity in humans ranges from normal to pathological pigmentation phenotypes. Clinically, normal human pigmentation encompasses a variety of skin and hair color as well as punctate pigmentation such as melanocytic nevi (moles) or ephelides (freckles), while abnormal human pigmentation exhibits markedly reduced or increased pigment levels, known as hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, respectively. Elucidation of the molecular genetics underlying pigmentation has revealed genes important for melanocyte development and function. Furthermore, many pigmentation disorders show additional defects in cells other than melanocytes, and identification of the genetic insults in these disorders has revealed pleiotropic genes, where a single gene is required for various functions in different cell types. Thus, unravelling the genetics of easily visualized pigmentation disorders has identified molecular similarities between melanocytes and less visible cell types/tissues, arising from a common developmental origin and/or shared genetic regulatory pathways. Herein we discuss notable human pigmentation disorders and their associated genetic alterations, focusing on the fact that the developmental genetics of pigmentation abnormalities are instructive for understanding normal pathways governing development and function of melanocytes. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:379–392. doi: 10.1002/wdev.72
Validation of the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type II and III

The relationships between the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMSE) and genotype and motor and respiratory outcomes were examined in patients with spinal muscular atrophy types II and III (n = 70). The correlation between the HFMSE and Gross Motor Function Measure was r = 0.98. Correlations between HFMSE and forced vital capacity (percentage of predicted normal) (n = 56) and a functional rating (n = 57) were r = 0.87 and r = 0.92, respectively. Correlations with strength were as follows: knee extension, r = 0.74 (n = 60); elbow flexion, r = 0.77 (n = 61); and knee flexion, r = 0.74 (n = 58). The HFMSE differentiated patients by SMN2 copy number (P = .0007); bi-level positive airway pressure use, <8 versus ≥8 hours/day (P < .0001); ambulatory status (P < .0001); and spinal muscular atrophy type (P < .0001). The HFMSE demonstrates significant associations with established measures of function, strength, and genotype, and discriminates patients based on function, diagnostic category, and bi-level positive airway pressure need. Time of administration averaged 12 minutes. The HFMSE is a valid, time-efficient outcome measure for clinical trials in spinal muscular atrophy types II and III.
Hell and High Water: Practice-Relevant Adaptation Science

Adaptation requires science that analyzes decisions, identifies vulnerabilities, improves foresight, and develops options. Informing the extensive preparations needed to manage climate risks, avoid damages, and realize emerging opportunities is a grand challenge for climate change science. U.S. President Obama underscored the need for this research when he made climate preparedness a pillar of his climate policy. Adaptation improves preparedness and is one of two broad and increasingly important strategies (along with mitigation) for climate risk management. Adaptation is required in virtually all sectors of the economy and regions of the globe, for both built and natural systems (1).
Managing Forests and Fire in Changing Climates

Policy focused on fire suppression only delays the inevitable. With projected climate change, we expect to face much more forest fire in the coming decades. Policy-makers are challenged not to categorize all fires as destructive to ecosystems simply because they have long flame lengths and kill most of the trees within the fire boundary. Ecological context matters: In some ecosystems, high-severity regimes are appropriate, but climate change may modify these fire regimes and ecosystems as well. Some undesirable impacts may be avoided or reduced through global strategies, as well as distinct strategies based on a forest's historical fire regime.
Dynamic optimization of semantic annotation relevance

The introduction of semantics in the next generation of the Web, the semantic Web, is strongly based on conceptual description of resources by means of semantic annotations. Effective technologies are therefore required lo correctly map the available syntactic information onto a set of relevant conceptual entities able to model the knowledge domain to which a resource belongs. In attempting to address such issue, we propose an evolutionary optimization of semantic annotation relevance which can improve text-to-concept mapping using information from both the syntactic and the semantic domains. The proposed algorithm leverages relevance information on resource contents, with respect to a subset of a given ontology, and performs several ontology navigation steps for extracting the set of most relevant annotations, in terms of semantic expressiveness. The fitness function of the algorithm is strongly time dependent since the set of annotation to be refined may vary according to user requests, to changes in the domain ontology and is related to the granularity of the annotation set.
NICOTINIC ACID DEFICIENCY ENCEPHALOPATHY

We are reporting 150 cases of an "encephalopathic syndrome," a condition heretofore almost always fatal, which we believe is caused by nicotinic acid deficiency. This syndrome may occur as the only clinical manifestation of a deficiency disease or it may occur in association with pellagra, polyneuritis due to vitamin B1deficiency, the oculomotor disturbances of a "central neuritis" or scurvy. The clinical picture of this encephalopathic syndrome is more or less well defined and is characterized by clouding of consciousness, cogwheel rigidities of the extremities and uncontrollable grasping and sucking reflexes. Bender and Schilder,1who have described its clinical picture, included this syndrome as one of a group of five which they called collectively "encephalopathia alcoholica. " Their classification of the types of encephalopathia alcoholica was related to the most prominent manifestations: (1) clouding of consciousness and changing rigidities, (2) cerebellar symptoms, (3) catatonia, (4) alcoholic delirium and (5)
Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Adult Latino Women: A 5-Year Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND Latinas have the highest incidence rates of cervical cancer in the United States, and Latinas in the United States are less likely to utilize cervical cancer screening. METHOD We used secondary data analysis of a non-clinical convenience sample (n=316 women at baseline; n=285 at five-year follow-up) to examine correlates of cervical cancer screening among adult Latina women. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models using Generalized Estimated Equations (GEE) algorithm were utilized to assess the influence of the independent variables. RESULTS Women who reported their main healthcare source as community health clinics, women who were sexually active, and women who reported that a healthcare provider discussed HIV prevention with them were more likely to report having a cervical cancer screening (aOR=2.06; CI=1.20, 3.52). CONCLUSION The results suggest a need for continued efforts to ensure that medically underserved women (e.g., Latina women) receive counseling and education about the importance of preventive cancer screening.
ERF115 Controls Root Quiescent Center Cell Division and Stem Cell Replenishment

The Root of the Problem The quiescent center (QC) within the root meristem plays a key role as a stem cell organizer to sustain the root stem cell niche. The QC cells execute a dual role: prevention of the differentiation of neighboring stem cells, and maintenance of the root structure by undergoing only occasional cell division. The mechanisms that account for the low QC proliferation are unclear, although the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligase is known to suppress QC cell division. Through a systematic functional analysis of APC/C-copurifying proteins, Heyman et al. (p. 860) characterized a transcription factor ERF115 as a rate-limiting factor for QC cell division. ERF115 needs to be destroyed to retain QC cells in a resting state. ERF115 operates in a brassinosteroid-dependent manner and controls QC cell division through transcriptional activation of phytosulfokine signaling. Restrained growth of a key root tip region involves an interplay between hormonal activation and transcription factor levels. The quiescent center (QC) plays an essential role during root development by creating a microenvironment that preserves the stem cell fate of its surrounding cells. Despite being surrounded by highly mitotic active cells, QC cells self-renew at a low proliferation rate. Here, we identified the ERF115 transcription factor as a rate-limiting factor of QC cell division, acting as a transcriptional activator of the phytosulfokine PSK5 peptide hormone. ERF115 marks QC cell division but is restrained through proteolysis by the APC/CCCS52A2 ubiquitin ligase, whereas QC proliferation is driven by brassinosteroid-dependent ERF115 expression. Together, these two antagonistic mechanisms delimit ERF115 activity, which is called upon when surrounding stem cells are damaged, revealing a cell cycle regulatory mechanism accounting for stem cell niche longevity.
The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women

Data from 81 countries was used to estimate global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Violence against women is a phenomenon that persists in all countries (1). Since the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the international community has acknowledged that violence against women is an important public health, social policy, and human rights concern. However, documenting the magnitude of violence against women and producing reliable comparative data to guide policy and monitor progress has been difficult.
Implementing constant-bandwidth servers upon multiprocessor platforms

In constant-bandwidth server (CBS) systems, several different applications are executed upon a shared computing platform in such a manner that each application seems to be executing on a slower dedicated processor. CBS systems have thus far only been implemented upon uniprocessors; here, a multiprocessor extension, which can be implemented upon computing platforms comprised of several identical preemptable processors, is proposed and proven correct.
Antibodies in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Therapy

Despite 30 years of study, there is no HIV-1 vaccine and, until recently, there was little hope for a protective immunization. Renewed optimism in this area of research comes in part from the results of a recent vaccine trial and the use of single-cell antibody-cloning techniques that uncovered naturally arising, broad and potent HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These antibodies can protect against infection and suppress established HIV-1 infection in animal models. The finding that these antibodies develop in a fraction of infected individuals supports the idea that new approaches to vaccination might be developed by adapting the natural immune strategies or by structure-based immunogen design. Moreover, the success of passive immunotherapy in small-animal models suggests that bNAbs may become a valuable addition to the armamentarium of drugs that work against HIV-1.
Co-evolutionary Algorithm For Hierarchical Fuzzy Control Of The Inverted Pendulum

In this paper we design a hierarchical fuzzy controller for the inverted pendulum problem. A co-evolutionary algorithm is used to learn a complete set of fuzzy rules in the hierarchical structure and also to learn key parameters of the input and output membership sets in each layer in order to achieve a more ‘ damped’ convergence of the state variables and smoother controller function. We compare our results with previous research which examined the problems of hierarchical decomposition associated with determining the number of layers and which input variables are associated with each layer. This research had assumed a uniform distribution of fuzzy membership sets for input and output variables.
Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide

Toward Titanium Carbide Batteries Many batteries and capacitors make use of lithium intercalation as a means of storing and transporting charge. Lithium is commonly used because it offers the best energy density, but also because there are difficulties in storing larger cations without disrupting the crystal structure of the host. Lukatskaya et al. (p. 1500) developed a series of MX compounds, where M represents a transition metal and X is carbon or nitrogen.The compound Ti3C2 forms a two dimensional layered structure, which is capable of accommodating a wide range of cations, including multivalent ones, either spontaneously or electrochemically The layered material Ti3C2 can intercalate much larger cations than Li+, allowing for energy storage applications. The intercalation of ions into layered compounds has long been exploited in energy storage devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors. However, few host materials are known for ions much larger than lithium. We demonstrate the spontaneous intercalation of cations from aqueous salt solutions between two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 MXene layers. MXenes combine 2D conductive carbide layers with a hydrophilic, primarily hydroxyl-terminated surface. A variety of cations, including Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, and Al3+, can also be intercalated electrochemically, offering capacitance in excess of 300 farads per cubic centimeter (much higher than that of porous carbons). This study provides a basis for exploring a large family of 2D carbides and carbonitrides in electrochemical energy storage applications using single- and multivalent ions.