Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
General and Theoretical Aspects of the Metal Enolates

1 General Aspects 2 Structure of the Metal Enolates 3 Spectroscopy of the Metal Enolates 4 Reactivity of the Metal Enolates 5 Acknowledgments Keywords: general and theoretical aspects of metal enolates; metal enolate structure; calcium and magnesium enolates; spectroscopy of metal enolates - NMR spectroscopy; UV spectroscopy; enolate, applied to anionic structure with two carbon atoms bound through double bond; IR spectroscopy; generalized gradient approximation (GGA-DFT) for adsorption modes of acetone
Surface and bulk study of strontium-rich chromium ferrite oxide as a robust solid oxide fuel cell cathode

A novel Co-free cathode, La0.3Sr0. 7Fe0.7Cr0. 3O3−δ (LSFCr-3), exhibiting the desired combination of high electrical conductivity, physical and chemical stability, and electrocatalytic activity, was systematically investigated for SOFC applications. Its excellent performance is attributed primarily to the presence of Cr, which was found to be predominant in the 3+ and 4+ oxidation states in the LSFCr-3 bulk, thus likely maintaining a 6-fold coordination with oxygen anions. This, in turn, causes disorder in the oxygen vacancy sub-lattice, stabilized by the Fe ion–oxygen tetrahedra. However, on the surface of the LSFCr-3 oxide, Cr is primarily in the 6+ state, together with some Cr3+/Cr4+, even at 700 °C. Cr6+ can only be tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen anions, resulting in a large concentration of oxygen vacancies on the LSFCr-3 surface, with a surface exchange coefficient and oxygen ionic conductivity of ca. 10−5 cm s−1 and ca. 10−2 S cm−1, respectively, at 700–800 °C. The use of LSFCr-3 as the cathode in a Ni–Ce0.8Sm0. 2O2−δ (SDC) anode-supported single solid oxide fuel cell in 3% H2O–H2/air gave a maximum power density of 0.81 W cm2 at 750 °C, which is superior to that of similar cells in which La0.6Sr0. 4Fe0.8Co0. 2O3−δ, a previously well studied material, was used as the cathode.
Thermal runaway due to symmetry breaking in parallel‐connected battery cells

A battery energy system consists of networks of cells. This paper considers the coupling among the cells that are connected in parallel. Cells are designed to react uniformly in response to charging and discharging. We study the possible occurrence of symmetry breaking when small perturbation leads to further deviation from uniform responses. By including coupling among the cells to the existing battery models, we formulate a dynamical system governing the rate of change of thermal and electrical quantities of the cells. Limited numerical solution using fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method was carried out, and stability criteria are obtained from algebraic analysis. The results show that a much more stringent effort in thermal management is required to prevent thermal runaway initiated by cells interacting with each other due to asymmetric perturbations. The increased heat transfer between the two cells serves to offset the undesirable effect of the parallel connection, but the stabilizing effect could be greatly compromised if the cell incorporates three parallel units as in some commercial Li‐ion battery cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acoustique - étude et utilisation de nouvelles sources et transducteurs aux longueurs d'onde nanométriques.

Ce manuscrit porte sur l'etude de transducteur acoustique couvrant la plage de frequence allant de 100 GHz a 1 THz. Un laser impulsionnel pico-seconde est a l'origine de ces hautes frequences. Les structures utilisees pour la generation sont un empilement bicouches GaAs/AlAs. La sensibilite de generation et de detection d'onde acoustique en fonction de la longueur d'onde est etudiee experimentalement. Afin d'ameliorer l'efficacite de transduction, une micro-cavite optique est utilisee pour augmenter l'interaction entre le rayonnement laser et le super-reseau. Ces transducteurs opto-acoustiques sont utilises pour mesurer les temps de vie des phonons subterahertz et terahertz. Une anomalie dans le comportement en frequence des temps de vie a ete mise en evidence dans l'arseniure de gallium. L'utilisation de courbes de dispersion issues de calculs ab initio associee a l'approche de Landau-Rumer pour les temps de vie ultra-sonores permet d'expliquer ce comportement inattendu.
As comunicações na Força Terrestre

Este manual de campanha (MC) apresenta concepcoes e conceitos doutrinarios das comunicacoes na Forca Terrestre (F Ter). Serve de base para a elaboracao das demais publicacoes doutrinarias da F Ter relacionadas as comunicacoes nos outros niveis do Sistema de Doutrina Militar Terrestre (SIDOMT), definindo os parâmetros necessarios para a confeccao destas.
I Am a Shaman: A Hmong Life Story with Ethnographic Commentary.

The life story of a Hmong shaman, Paja Thao, living in Chicago in 1984, is presented here in the form of an epic poem, translated into English. Conquergood provides an accompanying ethnographic commentary on the role of the shaman in Hmong society, concluding with the life story of a Hmong woman shaman, Zoua Yang. Excerpts from the commentary are presented in the April 1989 CURA Reporter.
Flavour quality of fresh and dried Indian thyme Thymus vulgaris (L.).

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is characterised by a phenol-rich aroma and finds extensive use in Indian culinary besides pharmaceutical preparations. The essential oil of thyme, obtained by hydrodistillation, was found to contain 26 flavour components, of which 17 were identified using GC and GC-MS. Thymol was a major constituent (60.1%) of the oil followed by γ-terpinene and p-cymene. Fresh thyme was subjected to different drying methods such as cross flow, through flow and freeze drying and also shade drying. Shade drying was a timeconsuming process (120 h) during which most of the monoterpenes were lost due to volatilization. Thymol was retained in all the dried samples. Considering the time of drying and the flavour quality of the dried herb, through flow drying (4O°C, 8.5h) was found to be a method of choice.
Effects of the agglomeration state on the Raman properties of Co3O4 nanoparticles

The features of the Raman spectra of Co3O4 30-nm nanoparticles depend strongly on their agglomeration state. When measured at low incident laser power, the spectrum of isolated nanoparticles corresponds to that found in bulk materials, whereas the agglomerated nanoparticles present a clear red-shift and broadening of the Raman bands. On the other hand, when measured at even lower power, both agglomerated and isolated nanoparticles show the same spectrum of microscopic particles. These effects have been studied by variations of the 532-nm laser power and the environmental temperature. The thermal dependence of Raman spectra of agglomerated nanoparticles is different to that of isolated nanoparticles but is comparable to the one of bulk material. The different behaviour of the nanoparticles at different agglomeration state is associated to the transmission of phonons among the particles. On the other hand, an increase of the laser power causes a larger number of acoustic phonons, producing a variation of the vibration anharmonicity of the nanoparticles. This increase is more pronounced in the agglomerated nanoparticles, due to the transmission of phonons, causing a much intense modification of the Raman spectrum produced by the laser power. These results clearly indicate that the agglomeration state of the nanoparticles affects their Raman properties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Majority carrier transport in single crystal rutile nanowire arrays

nanowires of the rutile phase (Rtl-NWs) grown by a scalable hydrothermal constitute a functional oxide nanomaterial with potential applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysts, field emitters and electro-chemical battery anodes. Carrier transport in Rtl-NWs is of fundamental importance but has hitherto been inferred indi-rectly via impedance and intensity-modulated spectroscopic techniques. We report an effective electron drift mobility of 1.95 × 10 –5 cm 2 V –1 s –1 in rutile nanowire arrays directly measured using the time-of-flight (TOF) and space charge limited current techniques. In addition, measure an equilibrium free electron concentration of ~10 14 cm –3 and a trap density of 3.5 × 10 16 cm –3 in rutile nanowires. These results point
The Impact of Boundary Layer Separation on Local Exhaust Design and Worker Exposure

Abstract The phenomenon of boundary layer separation is an important factor in determining a worker's breathing zone concentration. This article presents the results of flow visualization and tracer gas studies, conducted in a wind tunnel with a mannequin, designed to examine this phenomenon. A simple conceptual model, based on mass transport by vortex shedding, provides a reasonable estimate of the mannequin's breathing zone concentration. An empirical model is developed which relates the measured concentration to the distance from the source to the breathing zone for the situation when the contaminant is released downstream in a uniform flow. Applications of the results are discussed.
Mycotoxins-Induced Oxidative Stress and Disease

Mycotoxins are pharmacologically active mold metabolites produced in a strain-specific way that elicit some complicated toxicological activities [1]. More than 300 secondary metabolites have been identified while only around 30 have true toxic properties [2]. The chemical structures of mycotoxins vary significantly, but they are low molecular mass organic compounds [3]. Mycotoxins are small and quite stable molecules which are extremely difficult to remove and enter the food and feed chain while keeping their toxic properties [4]. So, the occurrence of mycotoxins is regulated by legal limits in all developed countries [5]. Mycotoxin contamination of the feed and food is a global problem because more than 25% of world grain production is contaminated by mycotoxins [6]. The synthesis of mycotoxins by moulds is genetically determined and closely related to primary metabolic pathways, such as amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. However, the actual toxin production is modulated by environmental factors such as substrate composition and quality, humidity and temperature. The occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feed exhibits a geographic pattern, for example Aspergillus species meet optimal conditions only in tropical and subtropical regions, whereas Fusarium and Penicillium species are adapted to the moderate climate. Worldwide trade with food and feed commodities results in a wide distribution of contaminated material [7].
Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs

The stability of biochar in soils is the cornerstone of the burgeoning worldwide interest in the potential of the pyrolysis/biochar platform for carbon (C) sequestration. While biochar is more recalcitrant in soil than the original organic feedstock, an increasing number of studies report greater C‐mineralization in soils amended with biochar than in unamended soils. Soil organisms are believed to play a central role in this process. In this review, the variety of interactions that occur between soil micro‐, meso‐ and macroorganisms and biochar stability are assessed. In addition, different factors reported to influence biochar stability, such as biochar physico‐chemical characteristics, soil type, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and agricultural management practices are evaluated. A meta‐analysis of data in the literature revealed that biochar‐C mineralization rates decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar‐C content and time. Enhanced release of CO2 after biochar addition to soil may result from (i) priming of native SOC pools, (ii) biodegradation of biochar components from direct or indirect stimulation of soil organisms by biochar or (iii) abiotic release of biochar‐C (from carbonates or chemi‐sorbed CO2). Observed biphasic mineralization rates suggest rapid mineralization of labile biochar compounds by microorganisms, with stable aromatic components decomposed at a slower rate. Comparatively little information is available on the impact of soil fauna on biochar stability in soil, although they may decrease biochar particle size and enhance its dispersion in the soil. Elucidating the impacts of soil fauna directly and indirectly on biochar stability is a top research priority.
The Empirical Study of Perception, Expectation and Satisfaction Level of Consumers regarding Paint Industry in Al-Kharj Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

To make an in-depth analysis of consumer satisfaction, marketers are using various appropriate methodologies to gauge the level of customer satisfaction not by just mere figures and diagrams but a comparative systematic analysis of all competitors in a given environment. Marketers have to be agile and responsive to the needs of the consumers. This research paper makes an analysis of paint brands competing in Al Kharj region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In order to improve consumer satisfaction level marketers need to have a thorough understanding of perception and expectation of consumers. This research project present an analysis of how Paint Industries with reference to marketing and sales is performing with finding out the expectation, perception, and satisfaction level of consumer and makes a comparison with various paint players performance in Al Kharj region. The study suggested some strategies for various paint companies so that they can achieve brand leadership and strengthen their core competence.
Heavy alkali metal-intercalated fullerenes under high pressure and high temperature conditions

Dans cette these nous explorons le diagramme de phase des fullerenes intercalees avec des metaux alcalins lourds, Rb6C60 et Cs6C60, a tres haute pression (<50 GPa) et a tres haute temperature (de l’ambiante a 1500 K). Ce travail inclue des experiences d’absorption de rayons X, de diffraction de rayons X, de spectroscopie Raman, ainsi que des calculs DFT ab initio a haute pression. Le couplage entre experiences et calculs permet d’observer que la presence de la forte interaction ionique entre chaque molecule et les ions alcalins, empeche la polymerisation des fullerenes sous pression. Dans le cas de Cs6C60, ceci a permis d’etendre le domaine de stabilite en pression des molecules de C60 d’au moins un facteur deux par rapport aux cristaux de C60 non-intercales. Dans le cas de Rb6C60 une transition reversible est observee a 35 GPa. Nous avons mis en evidence la deformation progressive de la molecule de fullerene sous pression dans les systemes etudies. La compressibilite des deux cristaux a ete mesuree et calculee
Control and implementation issues with paralleling soft-switched drive systems

A mathematical model developed for a generalized drive system, including common mode passive and active elements, is used to explore the issues of paralleling soft switched resonant DC link drive systems. Differences between the modulation pattern for each drive system may cause common voltage disturbances, which lead to significant circulating currents between the drive systems. Control methods for actively compensating for common mode circulating currents or reducing the common mode voltage disturbances are investigated. Practical modifications to the drive system controls are implemented to reduce the circulating currents.
Does short‐term odour memory increase with expertise? An experimental study with perfumers, flavourists, trained panellists and novices

We have examined short-term memory performance for odour recognition as a function of expertise. Experts (perfumers and flavourists), trained panellists, and novices studied three sets of common and uncommon (perfumery and flavour raw materials) odours with intentional encoding instructions. The three sets included three, six and 12 odours, respectively. As expected, recognition performance indicated an expertise effect: hit rates increased with expertise, whereas false alarm rates decreased. This effect, however, is mediated by the type and number of odours. For common odours, the effect of expertise is significant only for the larger odour set. For uncommon odours, the effect of expertise is significant for all three odour sets. Finally, an order effect was found on hit rate for novices and to a lesser extent for trained panellists, but not for perfumers and flavourists. Taken together these results indicate that, as expected, through training, experts develop a better olfactory short-term memory than novices. This increase in short-term memory performance might be sustained by a better ability to verbalize the odours. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoswitchable Magnetic Films: Prussian Blue Intercalated in Langmuir−Blodgett Films Consisting of an Amphiphilic Azobenzene and a Clay Mineral

A novel photocontrollable magnetic thin film consisting of amphiphilic azobenzene cations, a smectite clay, and Prussian Blue has been designed and prepared by using the Langmuir−Blodgett method and an ion-exchange reaction. This magnetic thin film possesses a well-organized nanoscale layered structure. Reversible photoisomerization of the azobenzene chromophore realized photoswitching of the magnetization. The changes in the magnetization values were estimated to be ca. 11%. This figure was much larger than our previous system, which contained azobenzene multi-bilayered vesicles in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3745). These larger changes in the magnetization values are due to the highly ordered structure of the hybrid multilayered films.
Growth processes of lithium titanate thin films deposited by using pulsed laser deposition

We have investigated the pulsed laser deposition(PLD)growth processes of spinel lithiumtitanates based on the preparation of Li4Ti5O12 and LiTi2O4 from a Li4Ti5O12 target. The Li/Ti atomic ratio of the species arriving at substrate during the deposition was only ∼0.5. The LiTi2O4epitaxialthin films fabricated on MgAl2O4 (111) substrate exhibited high conductivity at room temperature (∼3.0 × 103 Ω−1 cm−1) and a superconducting transition temperature of ∼12 K. These values are the highest reported for epitaxialthin films. Our results demonstrate the importance of the target composition, providing further insights into the Li-containing metal oxide deposition processes using PLD.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Phonological representations of consonant sequences : the case of affricates vs . ‘ true ’ clusters

In this paper we investigate the behavior of Greek affricates as opposed to all other Greek cluster types. The phonotactics of the language as well as the data of an off-line experimental task support a preference for the preservation of affricates over stop+/s/ over /s/+stop clusters and all other clusters. A strong tendency of the participants in the experiment was to break up clusters by inserting a vowel while they retained almost all affricates intact. This linguistic behavior is attributed, first, to the identity of place of articulation of the consonants being members of the clusters and, second, to the (degree of) satisfaction of the scale of consonantal strength. Affricates tend to exhibit a limited degree of decomposition; stop+/s/ clusters exhibit a relative degree of decomposition, /s/+stop clusters undergo and even higher degree of decomposition while other cluster types are decomposed massively. Our assumption is that different degrees of decomposition are the result of (a) different phonological representations, (b) the co-occurrence of clusters with other clusters in the word and (c) their position in the word.
Optimization and characterization of sugar-cane bagasse liquefaction process

Sugar-cane bagasse was liquefied in ethylene glycol/phthalic anhydride mixture catalyzed by sulphuric acid at temperatures 160-220°C, liquefaction times 60-240 minutes, and ethylene glycol amounts 5-20 ml for each three grams of sugar-cane bagasse. The residue obtained was characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The percentages of residue, average molecular weight, hydroxyl and acid numbers were determined as an estimate of polyol value of the liquid products. Optimal conditions for liquefaction were established: reaction temperature 160°C, reaction time 180 minutes, and ethylene glycol amount 20 ml/three grams sugar-cane bagasse.
Theory of the charge recombination reactionrate in dye sensitised solar cells

In this thesis we present a theoretical approach to the study of the charge recombination reaction in dye sensitised solar cells. An expression for the charge transfer rate at the semiconductor-molecule interface has been derived in chapter 2, within the theoretical framework of the non-adiabatic electron transfer. Computational procedures are presented in chapters 3 and 4 for realistic systems and the comparison with experimental data is reported. In chapter 5 we explore some strategies to impede the charge recombination reaction and we assess the impact of lattice defects on these strategies. In chapters 6 and 7 we present two innovative approaches to minimise the charge recombination rate, based on the partitioning scheme applied in chapter 2. We then suggest alternative designs for the molecular sensitiser and test the rationale of the strategies proposed with calculations of realistic systems at the Density Functional level of theory. A phenomenological model of the electron at the semiconductor-solvent interface is presented in chapter 8 to test one of the assumptions underpinning the theoretical scheme.
In Situ Dechlorination of Solvents in Saturated Soils

Abstract : Use of chlorinated solvents has led to extensive soil and groundwater contamination. Current aerobic treatment methods, such as pump-and-treat with carbon sorption or air stripping, are limited and often cost-prohibitive. Researchers have isolated microbial cultures capable of reductively dechlorinating tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ethene (ETH). Field studies have shown reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents to be stimulated by the addition of electron donors. Based on these results, this project utilizes indigenous bacteria and added electron donors for degradation of PCE in the field. The approach is designed to achieve a rigorous mass balance on electron donors, electron acceptors, and microbial carbon/energy sources. The effort is aimed at validating reductive dechlorination in a realistic field situation.
Untersuchungen über die Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen von OSB aus Kiefernholz (Pinus sylvestris L.)

An oriented strand board (OSB) made of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was tested for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions 24 h after the hot-pressing process over a period of 2 months. The predominant emissions from the OSB were monoterpenes and aldehydes. Terpene emissions decreased continuously, whereas aldehyde concentrations initially increased and subsequently decayed. Aldehydes are formed by the autoxidative splitting of unsaturated fatty acids contained in the wood. Due to the delayed release of aldehydes, a comparison of different emission test results is only possible if age and storage conditions are clearly specified. For a reduction in VOC emissions from wood-based materials, wood properties, manufacturing process, and storage conditions have to be considered.
The zinc suspension electrode

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