Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The (Un)Surprising Kindergarten Path

During sentence comprehension, listeners form expectations about likely structures before they have reached the end of a sentence. Children are more likely than adults to ignore latearriving evidence when it contradicts their initial parse. While this difference is often ascribed to developmental changes in executive function, this paper investigates whether statistical properties of child-directed speech could be responsible for children’s failure to revise temporarily ambiguous sentences. We examined well-studied garden-path sentences and calculated surprisal values derived from adult and childdirected corpora at each word. For adult corpora, surprisal was highest where the sentence structure was disambiguated. For child corpora, however, values at the disambiguating region were low relative to other words in the sentence. This suggests that for children, the disambiguating words may be statistically weak cues to ruling out their original parse, and that in principle, the statistics of child-directed speech could contribute to children’s difficulty with garden-path sentences.
Was lernen Schülerinnen und Schüler beim Experimentieren

Viele Biologen stellen in der Ausbildung von Studierenden fest, dass deren Fahigkeiten und Fertigkeiten des Experimentierens ausgesprochen gering sind, obwohl sie in ihrem naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht zahlreiche Experimente durchgefuhrt haben. Warum ist davon so wenig hangen geblieben? Was konnte man besser machen, um experimentell gut geschulten wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs auszubilden?
WFE Policy

As other cities in Africa, Kisumu is growing rapidly with 390, 164 people in 2009 to 461, 539 in 2015. Urban growth gives rise to problems of food and nutrition insecurity. Moreover, globalization and migration change the urban food plate. As a consequence, non-communicable diseases and obesity become more prevalent. At the same time, the agricultural potential of the region makes Kisumu a city highly suitable for providing food and nutrition security to its citizens. But are policymakers, business community and developers sufficiently aware of this potential?
Effect of anthropogenically developed areas on spatial distribution of island foxes

Abstract Virtually no information exists on the impacts of urban areas on island endemics. We examined the spatial distribution of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis clementae) associated with 3 small anthropogenically developed (i.e., “urban”) areas and nonurban areas on San Clemente Island, California. Annual home range size averaged 0.84 km2 (n = 25, SE = 0.07). Our top model indicated that foxes that spent a greater proportion of time in urban areas had significantly smaller home ranges (βPUrb = −0.009, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.0180–−0.0002). We found no effect of sex (βSex = 0.0135, 95% CI = −0.1430–0.1700), age (βAge = 0.0502, 95% CI = −0.2730–0.3734), or whether or not a fox was considered a “road” fox (βRoad = −0.0063, 95% CI = −0.2638–0.2513) on home range size. We noted considerable overlap of home ranges of foxes that used urban areas. Foxes used urban areas a greater proportion of time during the night than during the day (t24 = −6.13, P < 0.001); however, foxes did not spend a greater proportion of time in urban areas than expected overall (t24 = −0.59, P = 0.560). We observed 13 of 25 (52%) foxes that utilized urban areas feeding on anthropogenic food resources. Foxes that used urban areas were heavier (n = 35, X̄ = 1.98, SE = 0.05) than foxes that did not use urban areas (n = 26, X̄ = 1.81, SE = 0.04; t59 = −2.69, P = 0.009). Our study is the first to demonstrate the effects urban areas on islands may have on canid populations. Our findings were similar to those reported for urban canid populations on the mainland, suggesting that future conservation and management of carnivores on islands may benefit from strategies that have been successful with mainland species.
Probabilistic Swarm Guidance Subject to Graph Temporal Logic Specifications

—As the number of agents comprising a swarm increases, individual-agent-based control techniques for collective task completion become computationally intractable. We study a setting in which the agents move along the nodes of a graph, and the high-level task speciﬁcations for the swarm are expressed in a recently proposed language called graph temporal logic (GTL). By constraining the distribution of the swarm over the nodes of the graph, GTL speciﬁes a wide range of properties, including safety, progress, and response. In contrast to the individual-agent-based control techniques, we develop an algorithm to control, in a decentralized and probabilistic manner, a collective property of the swarm: its density distribution. The algorithm, agnostic to the number of agents in the swarm, synthesizes a time-varying Markov chain modeling the time evolution of the density distribution of a swarm subject to GTL. We ﬁrst formulate the synthesis of such a Markov chain as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Then, to address the intractability of MINLPs, we present an iterative scheme alternating between two relaxations of the MINLP: a linear program and a mixed-integer linear program. We evaluate the algorithm in several scenarios, including a rescue mission in a high-ﬁdelity ROS-Gazebo simulation 1 .
Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials

We have received a late correction to this research paper by Giovanni FM Strippoli and colleagues, published early in 2008 (BMJ 2008;336:645-51, doi:10.1136/bmj.39472.580984.AE). Although figures 3 and 4 (both forest plots) were correct at submission, when we redrew them we added the wrong labels to the x axis, and the errors were not picked up during the proof stage. To ensure correct representation of the data, we have redrawn these two figures and linked them to the article on bmj.com as “extra” material (see “Corrected figures”). The figures were also wrong in the print version of the article (where they appear as figure 1 and figure 2).
Analytical Validation of an HCV Replicon-based Phenotypic Assay for Evaluating Replication Capacity and Susceptibility of Genotype 1a/1b Patient viruses to Polymerase Inhibitors

Con1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Con1 S282T 13.48 0.41 0.77 0.40 0.64 0.68 0.33 Con1 C316Y 0.52 0.39 1.75 6.33 109.66 0.36 0.81 Con1 L392I 0.66 7.34 1.35 1.30 0.51 0.88 0.87 Con1 M423T ND ND >410 ND ND 1.16 ND Con1 Y448H 0.59 0.94 0.46 9.77 1.02 0.87 0.81 Con1 P495A 0.97 25.12 0.45 0.30 0.35 0.75 0.90 H77 0.72 0.48 1.38 4.69 0.99 0.92 0.82 H77 S282T 17.68 0.39 0.86 2.57 0.50 1.07 0.35 H77 P495L 0.71 >130.00 2.25 3.63 0.36 0.83 0.80
Effect of brassinolide on certain enzymes of sorghum grown in saline soils of Karaikal

The effect of brassinolide on the activities of certain enzymes like IAA oxidase, protease and ribonuclease of two sorghum varieties (‘CSH-5’ and ‘CSH-6’) grown in four saline experimental sites of Karaikal viz. Varchikudy, Pogalam, Kilavur and Mallavur, was studied. Brassinolide-treatment resulted in lowered IAA oxidase, protease and ribonuclease activities. The study revealed that brassinolide was more effective in lowering the enzyme activities in Mallavur than other saline sites (Pogalam, Kilavur and Varchikudy).
Phenotypic variance, plasticity and heritability estimates of critical thermal limits depend on methodological context

Summary 1 Biologists have long been concerned with measuring thermal performance curves and limits because of their significance to fitness. Basic experimental design may have a marked effect on the outcome of such measurements, and this is true especially of the experimental rates of temperature change used during assessments of critical thermal limits to activity. To date, the focus of work has almost exclusively been on the effects of rate variation on mean values of the critical limits. 2 If the rate of temperature change used in an experimental trial affects not only the trait mean but also its variance, estimates of heritable variation would also be profoundly affected. Moreover, if the outcomes of acclimation are likewise affected by methodological approach, assessment of beneficial acclimation and other hypotheses might also be compromised. 3 In this article, we determined whether this is the case for critical thermal limits using a population of the model species Drosophila melanogaster and the invasive ant species Linepithema humile. 4 We found that effects of the different rates of temperature change are variable among traits and species. However, in general, different rates of temperature change resulted in different phenotypic variances and different estimates of heritability, presuming that genetic variance remains constant. We also found that different rates resulted in different conclusions regarding the responses of the species to acclimation, especially in the case of L. humile. 5 Although it seems premature to dismiss past generalities concerning interspecific and acclimation-related variation in critical thermal limits, we recommend that conditions during trials be appropriately selected, carefully reported and rigorously controlled.
Trophic Niche of Invasive White Perch and Potential Interactions with Representative Reservoir Species

Abstract The trophic dynamics of invasive species can yield insights into the mechanisms of invasion success and aid in the prediction of potential impacts on established species. Additionally, the predicted effects of an invader may differ depending on how it integrates into the resident food web and whether its resource use changes throughout the invasion process. We investigated the trophic dynamics of populations of invasive White Perch Morone americana in three large North Carolina reservoirs and evaluated the potential for impacts on members of the resident fish community. Specifically, we used stable isotope and diet analyses to evaluate their trophic niche relative to three representative species in each reservoir chosen for their widespread range, potential overlaps with White Perch, recreational value, and representation of ecological guilds based on habitat and prey sources. The species were a native littoral generalist invertivore (Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus), native littoral piscivore (Larg.
Feynman-Kac Neural Network Architectures for Stochastic Control Using Second-Order FBSDE Theory

We present a deep recurrent neural network architecture to solve a class of stochastic optimal control problems described by fully nonlinear Hamilton Jacobi Bellman partial differential equations. Such PDEs arise when considering stochastic dynamics characterized by uncertainties that are additive, state dependent, and control multiplicative. Stochastic models with these characteristics are important in computational neuroscience, biology, ﬁnance, and aerospace systems and provide a more accurate representation of actuation than models with only additive uncertainty. Previous literature has established the inadequacy of the linear HJB theory for such problems, so instead, methods relying on the generalized version of the Feynman-Kac lemma have been proposed resulting in a system of second-order Forward-Backward SDEs. However, so far, these methods suffer from compounding errors resulting in lack of scalability. In this paper, we propose a deep learning based algorithm that leverages the second-order FBSDE representation and LSTM-based recurrent neural networks to not only solve such stochastic optimal control problems but also overcome the problems faced by traditional approaches, including scalability. The resulting control algorithm is tested on a high-dimensional linear system and three nonlinear systems from robotics and biomechanics in simulation to demonstrate feasibility and out-performance against previous methods.
Higher-Order Diﬀerentials of Word-Oriented SPN Schemes with Low-Degree S-Boxes

Higher-order diﬀerential attacks are among the most powerful attacks against iterated ciphers and hash functions over binary extension ﬁelds. Predicting the evolution of the algebraic degree (as a function of the number of iterations) is the main obstacle in assessing the feasibility of these attacks. For ciphers with round functions of algebraic degree δ , it is a common belief that the degree of the cipher grows almost exponentially with δ . However, for an iterated Even–Mansour cipher whose round function can be described as an invertible low-degree polynomial it has recently been shown that the algebraic degree grows linearly with the number of rounds, and not exponentially. In this paper we generalize these results to SPN schemes and show that the growth of the algebraic degree is often linear for schemes with low-degree S-Boxes as well. Most notably, our analysis applies to SPN ciphers designed to be competitive for recent applications like MPC, FHE, SNARKs, and STARKs, e.g. HadesMiMC. Our ﬁndings have been practically veriﬁed on small-scale ciphers.
Phylogeny of Orchidantha (Lowiaceae) and the Zingiberales Based on Six DNA Regions

Abstract Very little is known about the small, tropical, monogeneric monocotyledon family Lowiaceae within the order Zingiberales. The phylogenetic position of Lowiaceae within Zingiberales is unclear, as are relationships within its single genus Orchidantha, which includes at least 16 species. This paper presents a phylogenetic analysis of Zingiberales based on 613 parsimony informative characters of the plastid matK gene, the trnL-trnF region, the rps16 intron, and a conservative part of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region (part of the 18S, 5.8S, and 26S rDNA). The resulting single most parsimonious tree indicates that Lowiaceae is sister to all the remaining families of Zingiberales. An analysis of the family (14 species) based on a data set consisting of six plastid and nuclear DNA regions, includes the first use of a cam intron for estimating phylogeny. The results suggest that the nuclear calmodulin (cam) intron may be useful for other lower taxonomic level phylogenetic analyses. In the resulting tree all Bornean species of Orchidantha form a strongly supported monophyletic group. An equally strongly supported clade within the Bornean group contains the species distributed in Sabah (Malaysia) and Brunei. The species from mainland Asia form a poorly supported group because of the unclear position of Orchidantha chinensis. However, the four Malay Peninsula species with flowers possessing a white labellum form a strongly supported monophyletic group.
Effect of silver coated gear train in space vehicle under ultra-high vacuum of 10-7 Torr

Space tribology Dry friction Solid lubrication Pin-on-disk Spur gear Energy dissipation Gear train systems used in the lunar environment should be able to endure limiting conditions such as ultra-high vacuum with minimal energy dissipation. From this point of view, we have obtained the optimum thickness of a silver coating that can influence friction mechanisms of the gear and pinion. To clarify the sliding friction between the gear and pinion, a pin-on-disk tribometer that could be implemented in space tribological applications was constructed according to the specifications of ASTM G9995a using a solid lubricant at a vacuum pressure of approximately 10-7 Torr. The friction characteristics were compared for atmospheric and vacuum environments. Through these results, an improved understanding of the friction mechanisms between the gears coated with silver is obtained. Moreover, an analysis of energy dissipation due to differences in the gear backlash was conducted.
Prehospital Trauma Care: A Simulation Scenario for Rural-Based Healthcare Providers

Trauma is a major cause of premature death and disability worldwide, with a disproportionate number of deaths occurring in rural and remote areas. Prehospital care is a key link in the chain of trauma survival and its role may be currently underestimated. Therefore, addressing deficiencies in prehospital trauma care may help to improve outcomes. Several potential solutions have been proposed to address the disparities that exist in rural prehospital trauma care, some of which focus on educational endeavors. Simulation-based medical education (SBME) is one cost-effective strategy to train healthcare providers in high-acuity, low-opportunity (HALO) scenarios, such as those encountered during major trauma. The aim of this technical report is to present a mass casualty simulation scenario that is intended for healthcare providers in rural and remote locations to refine their skills and comfort level with such cases. It emphasizes prehospital trauma management and effective communication skills among healthcare teams, which are two key elements in improving trauma outcomes.
The number and size of seeds in common versus restricted woodland herbaceous species in central Iowa, USA

Few plants have widespread distributions and occur wherever there is suitable habitat. Most species are absent from seemingly suitable sites because of limited colonizing ability. At a landscape scale colonization is limited by lack of seeds or suitable microsites, and this limit is likely to be exacerbated by current human alteration of the landscape. To test the hypothesis that species with restricted distributions have a more limited capacity for dispersal compared to common species, I compared seed number in a group of seven common woodland herbaceous species compared to seven species in the same genus or family with more restricted distributions. Restricted species had nearly an order of magnitude fewer seeds compared to closely related common species. They also produced over an order of magnitude larger seeds. These results support dispersal limitation. The ability to detect these differences was reduced when taxonomic information was not included. The data suggest that these species can not maximize both seed size and seed number. The results are interpreted in light of the human disturbance history that has had an overriding influence on the Iowa landscape and has likely favored species with an output advantage of abundant seeds over species with far many fewer seeds.
Calculation of Ground State Energy of Helium using Hylleraas Trial Function Expansion

Energy calculation of helium ground state has been done using the variational method. In this study the trial wave function of helium has been proposed which has included non linear parameters α and β. This wave function is a modification of the Hylleraas trial function. The trial wave function of helium is used to calculate helium ground state energy by varying the m n l   series so that the number of terms is 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 48 terms.By using the Powell method to perform functional minimization of the expectation value equation, the minimum energy obtained is the helium ground state energy whcih is -2.901501710650829 a.u. The value of variational parameters from the results of optimization is also obtained, which is non linear parameters α and β.
Peynir Muhafazasında Kullanılan Doğal bir Antimikrobiyal: Natamisin

Natamisin, antimikrobiyal ozelligi nedeniyle peynirlerde oldukca fazla kullanilan bir polienmakrolit antibiyotigidir. Bu urunlerde kullanimina izin verilen dozu 40 ppm'dir. Bu konsantrasyonda, natamisin bir cok mikroorganizmaya ozellikle maya ve kuflere karsi etkili olarak kullanilmaktadir.
The cellular pathway of photosynthate transfer in the developing wheat grain. III. A structural analysis and physiological studies of the pathway from the endosperm cavity to the starchy endosperm

The cellular pathway of sucrose transfer from the endosperm cavity to the starchy endosperm of developing grains of wheat (Triticum turgidum) has been elucidated. The modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells exhibit a dense cytoplasm enriched in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Significantly, the sub-aleurone cells are characterized by secondary wall ingrowths. Numerous plasmodesmata interconnect all cells between the modified aleurone and starchy endosperm. The protonophore carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) slowed [ 14 C]sucrose uptake by grain tissue slices enriched in modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells but had no effect on uptake by the starchy endosperm. The fluorescent weak acid sulphorhodamine G (SRG) was preferentially accumulated by the modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells, and this uptake was sensitive to CCCP. The combined plasma membrane surface areas of the modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells appeared to be sufficient to support the in vivo rates of sucrose transfer to the starcby endosperm. Plasmolysis of intact excised grain inhibited [ 14 C]sucrose transfer from the endosperm cavity to the starchy endosperm. The sulphydryl group modifier p-chloromercuribenzene-sulphonic acid (PCMBS) decreased [ 14 C]sucrose uptake by the modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells but had little effect on uptake by the starchy endosperm. In contrast, when PCMBS and [ 14 C]sucrose were supplied to the endosperm cavity of intact excised grain, PCMBS slowed accumulation by all tissues equally. Estimates of potential sucrose fluxes through the interconnecting plasmodesmata were found to be within the published range. It is concluded that the bulk of sucrose is accumulated from the endosperm cavity by the modified aleurone and sub-aleurone cells and subsequently transferred through the symplast to the starchy endosperm
ENDOD IS LETHAL TO ZEBRA MUSSELS AND INHIBITS THEIR ATTACHMENT

The invasion of zebra mussels into the Laurentian Great Lakes has resulted in biofouling of water intakes of public utilities. Both static bioassays and assays using a recirculating-flow system with solutions of the African soap berry Phytolacca dodecandra, or Endod. were used to develop the experimental basis for mitigation and control methods. The molluscicides, Lemmatoxins, in Endod were lethal to zebra mussels at concentrations higher than 20 mg/L while lower concentrations inhibited attachment of adult mussels. Our results on the lethal effects of Endod. its inhibition of attachment, and its apparent biodegradability show Endod to be a candidate for controlling zebra mussel populations in restricted localities such as water intake pipes of water works.
COVID-19: The View from Historical Crises

The COVID-19 pandemic is frequently described as unprecedented. In a sense, this is true—taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. This fact alone makes it difficult to extrapolate from recent experience—but more to the point, data and timescale limitations mean that even relevant recent experience can do little help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19’s potential long-run impact on individuals and the wider economy. History, however, can offer a solution. Not only do historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID19 in each of its key dimensions—as a global pandemic, as a global recession—but they also offer the runway necessary to study the lifecourse and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We then consider the role of tradeoffs between population health and economic activity, with reference to air pollution. We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19—helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now. JEL Codes: I1, I3, J1, J6, N1, N3