Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instabilités radiatives des jets et couches limites atmosphériques

L’atmosphere est le siege d’ecoulements complexes qui peuvent etre sources d’ondes internes de gravite. Nous nous interessons en particulier ici aux instabilites radiatives et de cisaillement (ou de Kelvin-Helmholtz). Les etudes de stabilite d’une couche cisaillee dans un fluide stratifie se sont souvent limitees aux cas ou la direction du cisaillement de l’ecoulement moyen etait la meme que celle de la stratification ; Miles (1961) et Howard (1961) ont ainsi trouve une condition necessaire de stabilite basee sur le nombre de Richardson : Ri > 1/4. Dans cette these, nous montrons que cette condition n’est plus necessaire des que le cisaillement et la stratification ne sont pas alignes : nous demontrons qu’un jet de Bickley plan peut etre destabilise pour tous les nombres de Richardson. Bien que le mode le plus instable reste 2D, nous montrons qu’il existe une famille infinie de modes instables 3D possedant une structure rayonnante. Une analyse WKBJ est formulee et fournie les principales caracteristiques de ces modes. Nous etudions egalement une couche limite stratifiee et non visqueuse sur une paroi inclinee en presence d’effets non-Boussinesq et compressible. Nous montrons que cet ecoulement est instable des la paroi n’est pas horizontale pour tous les nombres de Froude et que le comportement d’une perturbation 3D dans un fluide tres stratifie est le meme qu’une perturbation 2D dans un fluide compressible. Des applications des resultats au courant-jet et a une couche limite atmospherique sont proposees.
Rapid Electroencephalographic Activation by Small Doses of Natrium‐Evipan

Activations were performed by means of natrium‐evipan (Bayer). Small doses (0.10–0.20 g) of evipan were administered intravenously. The drug was injected slowly, concomitantly with continuous recording of the EEG. In all the cases solutions of 0.05 g evipan/ml normal saline or distilled water were injected. The rate of administration was, on the average, 1 ml solution every 10 sec. Evipan‐induced EEG activation was achieved following standard bipolar recordings with 3 min of hyperventilation. Eighty‐three patients and 4 normal controls underwent evipan EEG activation. The patients were studied in the following groups: 41 with epileptic seizures ascertained clinically; 14 with non‐epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (8 with seizures indefinite in clinical aspect, 3 with syncopal seizures, 1 with migrainous attacks and 2 with paroxysmal vertigo (Menière)); 21 neurotic cases; 7 focal cerebral lesions (2 tumors and 5 cerebrovascular accidents). The bioelectric changes produced by administration of small doses of evipan were not accompanied by disagreeable subjective sensations nor by sleep. The main duration of an activation is 20 min at the maximum. After this time interval the patient can leave the laboratory room without any risk whatsoever.
Board security enhancement using new locking SIB-based architectures

Circuit boards are especially vulnerable to security attacks. Many routes and pins can be probed directly. Other pins may be controlled and observed through the JTAG boundary scan port. The JTAG port may also provide access to each chip's internal scan chains. Furthermore, modern chips may include embedded instruments that can be accessed through the chip's JTAG port and an internal IEEE P1687 scan network. If accessed by an attacker, these instruments may allow data to be leaked from the chips themselves or allow the attacker to drive other chips on the board. Finally, FPGA firmware is often stored in on-board memories and must be protected to prevent IP theft. In this paper, we describe some of the security issues facing boards. We then describe new chip access protocols that harness the use of licensed software and locking segment insertion bits (LSIBs) for secure Chip ID extraction. These methods enable authorized access while helping to prevent unauthorized access and counterfeiting of chips and IP on the board.
Aquatic turning performance by the whirligig beetle: constraints on maneuverability by a rigid biological system

SUMMARY Turning performance is constrained by morphology, where the flexibility of the body and the mobility and position of the control surfaces determine the level of performance. The use of paddling appendages in conjunction with the rigid bodies of aquatic arthropods could potentially limit their turning performance. Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are rigid-bodied, but these aquatic insects can swim rapidly in circular patterns. Turning performance of swimming whirligig beetles (Dineutes horni) was assessed by videotaping beetles in a small (115 mm diameter) arena at 500 frames s–1 and 1000 frames s–1. Curved trajectories were executed as continuous powered turns. Asymmetrical paddling of the outboard legs was used to power the turn. Turns were produced also by abduction of the inboard elytra and vectored thrust generated from sculling of the wing at 47.14 Hz. The abducted elytra increased drag and acted as a pivot. Swimming speeds varied from 0.06 m s–1 to 0.55 m s–1 (4.7–44.5 L s–1). Relative minimum radius was 24%of body length. Maximum rate of turn was 4428 degrees s–1 with maximum centripetal acceleration of 2.86 g. Turning radius was weakly associated with swimming velocity, although minimum values of the radius showed no correlation with velocity. Turning rate was also related indirectly to radius and directly to centripetal acceleration. Compared to vertebrates with flexible bodies, the relative turning radius of whirligig beetles is constrained by a rigid body and use of drag-based propulsive mechanisms. However, these mechanisms permit continuous turning, and the size of the beetle permits higher turn rates with lower centripetal accelerations.
Filler treatment effects on the dielectric properties of a filled epoxy resin

The dielectric properties of an epoxy resin have been investigated over a wide range of frequencies (1 mHz-1 MHz), as a function of the temperature (30/spl deg/C-100/spl deg/C) and under various hygroscopic conditions. The matrix was either filler-free or filled with silica, (60% by weight). Samples with silica fillers, baked at high temperature, were also investigated. This treatment is thought to inhibit water ingress at the filler/matrix interfaces. An increase of both /spl epsiv/' and /spl epsiv/" has been observed above T/sub g/ at low frequencies. The influence of water content on interfacial polarisation has been studied. High temperature treatment of the filler is shown to decrease interfacial polarisation.
Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel

The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) [1000 mg/(kg body weight·d)]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased (P<0.05) by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.
Coarse-grained models to study dynamics of nanoscale biomolecules and their applications to the ribosome

Biopolymers are of dynamic nature and undergo functional motions spanning a large spectrum of timescales. To study the internal dynamics of nano-sized molecular complexes that exceed hundred thousands of atoms with atomic detail is computationally inefficient. Therefore, to achieve both the spatial and temporal scales of biological interest coarse-grained models of macromolecules are often used. By uniting groups of atoms into single interacting centers one decreases the resolution of the system and gets rid of the irrelevant degrees of freedom. This simplification, even though it requires parameterization, makes the studies of biomolecular dynamics computationally tractable and allows us to reach beyond the microsecond time frame. Here, I review the coarse-grained models of macromolecules composed of proteins and nucleic acids. I give examples of one-bead models that were developed to investigate the internal dynamics and focus on their applications to the ribosome—the nanoscale protein synthesis machine.
Commentary: Flawed Science Delays Smelter Cleanup and Worsens Health

For 6,000 years, humans have known about smelter hazards. Yet these metals threats continue. Why? This commentary provides one preliminary answer. It (1) summarizes the history of smelter pollution and (2) suggests that at least 3 problems—especially flawed smelter-polluter science—allow continuing health threats. It (3) illustrates this flawed science by using one of the most dangerous of U.S. former smelters, in DePue, Illinois. There polluters are avoiding violating the law yet trying to minimize smelter-caused health threats, thus clean-up costs, by using two questionable scientific claims. The causality-denial claim denies that smelter metals cause neurodegenerative diseases. The biomagnification-denial claim denies that food-chain biomagnification of smelter metals can put citizens at risk. The commentary shows both claims err, and (4) suggests ways to address flawed smelter science and resulting health harms.
Étude des défauts de type vides pour la maîtrise du procédé RTM

Les differentes etudes presentees dans ce travail concernent le procede rtm (resin transfer moulding) d'injection des materiaux composites a matrice organique. Le premier objectif fixe est la realisation par rtm de panneaux sandwich. La mise en uvre de plusieurs pieces permet de demontrer la faisabilite de cette methode. Des tests mecaniques appliques a l'interface entre les peaux stratifiees et l'ame prouvent la fiabilite des sandwiches realises. Cependant, la presence de defauts de type vides est observee de facon recurrente sur les pieces, sans qu'aucune explication ne puisse etre mise en evidence. De ce fait, les defauts de type vides sont choisis pour etre un axe de recherche orientant la suite des travaux de ce memoire. Tout d'abord un modele analytique est etabli, qui prend en compte la loi de darcy et des lois empiriques issues de la litterature pour determiner le taux de vides contenu dans des pieces injectees. Nous montrons que les resultats obtenus avec cet outil efficace de prediction sont valides par l'experience. L'etude permet de mettre en evidence l'existence d'une fenetre de processabilite : domaine des parametres d'injection permettant l'obtention de pieces sans defaut. La necessite de determiner les coefficients, utilises dans les lois empiriques citees precedemment, fixe le dernier objectif de ce travail : la mise au point d'un capteur capable de mesurer, en dynamique, la saturation en air contenue dans la solution injectee. Le capteur presente utilise les variations de la conductivite electrique de la solution injectee et permet cette mesure. L'analyse des signaux de tension obtenus permet de les correler avec les phenomenes de creation des vides observes dans l'ecoulement. Un protocole est etabli, permettant de deduire de ces courbes les variations du profil de saturation en fonction de la position dans le moule.
An empirical investigation into path divergences for concolic execution using CREST

Recently, concolic execution has become a hotspot in the domain of software testing and program analysis. However, a practical challenge, called path divergence, impairs the soundness and completeness of concolic execution. A path divergence indicates the tested program runs an unpredicted path. In this work, we carry out a comprehensive empirical study on path divergences using an open-source concolic execution tool, named CREST. To make the investigation representative, we select 120 test units randomly from 21 different open-source programs. The results are interesting, and will provide insight to solve the challenging path-divergence problem. First, about one-half of test units suffer from path divergences, indicating path divergences are so prevalent that the issue is worthy of great attention. Second, quite a number of generated test inputs drive test units to take divergent paths. This means testers need considerable effort to eliminate the misleading test inputs before aggregating them to a test suite. Third, we dig out ten divergent patterns through manual analysis of each path divergence. Among them, the three most prevalent ones, which are exceptions, external calls, and type casts, lead to almost 82% of path divergences. Finally, we discuss several countermeasures to overcome path divergences. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion of Vhlh in chondrocytes reduces cell proliferation and increases matrix deposition during growth plate development

The von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) is a component of a ubiquitin ligase that promotes proteolysis of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible-factor 1α (HIF1α), the key molecule in the hypoxic response. We have used conditional inactivation of murine VHL (Vhlh) in all cartilaginous elements to investigate its role in endochondral bone development. Mice lacking Vhlh in cartilage are viable, but grow slower than control littermates and develop a severe dwarfism. Morphologically, Vhlh null growth plates display a significantly reduced chondrocyte proliferation rate, increased extracellular matrix, and presence of atypical large cells within the resting zone. Furthermore, stabilization of the transcription factor HIF1α leads to increased expression levels of HIF1α target genes in Vhlh null growth plates. Lastly, newborns lacking both Vhlh and Hif1a genes in growth plate chondrocytes display essentially the same phenotype as Hif1a null single mutant mice suggesting that the Vhlh null phenotype could result, at least in part, from increased activity of accumulated HIF1α. This is the first study reporting the novel and intriguing findings that pVHL has a crucial role in endochondral bone development and is necessary for normal chondrocyte proliferation in vivo.
A study of thymic lymphosarcoma developing in magnesium-deficient rats.

A study of the incidence and fine structure of thymic tumors developing in magnesium-deficient rats has been done in 9 different experiments performed during the past three and a half years. Random-bred Sprague-Dawley and Wistar male rats, 6–7 weeks old, were used. Nineteen tumors were found among 92 rats sacrificed after an average of 65.2 days of deficiency. All the tumors can be classified as malignant lymphoma or lymphosarcoma and developed initially in the thymus. They produced metastases and lymphatic leukemia in some cases. A study of the ultrastructure of the normal thymus, the tumor, and the zone of invasion of the normal-appearing tissue by the tumor produced evidence of changes in both lymphocytes and reticular cells. Along the zone of invasion the lymphocytes contained large nucleoli, and the tumor cells showed a distinct lack of adhesion to one another. An increased number of free ribosomes and occasional colonies of intravesicular, virus-like circular particles were seen in the large lymphocytes of the tumor. These and other complex inclusions in the developing tumor are compared with circular or rod like intravesicular inclusions of the normal thymic reticular cell.
Visual expectations and visual imagination

eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
Delta Analysis of Posttransplantation Tubulointerstitial Damage

Background: Chronic interstitial fibrosis (CIF) is an adverse prognostic feature of chronic allograft nephropathy. Methods: We evaluated the evolution, onset, potential causes, and outcomes of tubulointerstitial damage using 959 protocol kidney biopsy specimens obtained regularly until 10 years after transplantation. Specimens were scored by the Banff schema and analyzed for time-specific change or “delta damage” from sequential biopsy-pairs (n=839). Results: Substantial CIF occurred within 1 year after transplantation, comprising 67.6% of the total burden accumulated during the study period. The maximal intensity of CIF formation occurred within the first 3 months, as a result of acute tubular necrosis and acute and subclinical rejection (all P<0.05), where fibrosis rates exceeded loss from tubular atrophy. By 1 year, diminished CIF formation was accompanied by declining low-level subclinical inflammation (P<0.001) and increasingly prevalent calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity (P<0.01). Banff CIF correlated with tubular atrophy (r=0.82, P<0.001), with tubulointerstitial damage showing a cumulative and irreversible pattern. Mononuclear cell infiltration within areas of tubulointerstitial damage correlated with CIF (r=0.49, P<0.001), tubular atrophy (r=0.43, P<0.001), and Banff i scores (r=0.34, P<0.001) and, most importantly, heralded histologic progression (P<0.001). CIF formation preceded and correlated with glomerulosclerosis (r=0.40, P<0.001), although isotopic glomerular filtration rates underestimated the severity of tubular damage. Cyclosporine (vs. tacrolimus, P<0.001) increased delta CIF, and mycophenolate was protective (vs. azathioprine, P<0.001), independent of their immunosuppressive and nephrotoxic properties when assessed by multivariate analysis of biopsy-pairs (n=849). Conclusion: CIF was a result of early ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute, subacute or persistent interstitial inflammation occurring in a time-dependent manner and was considerably modified by immunosuppressive therapy.
A systematic review of postgraduate teaching in evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal

The knowledge and skills needed for critical literature appraisal and evidence-based practice have not been covered in undergraduate education until recently. These educational needs are, therefore, often met through postgraduate education via courses, workshops and journal clubs. Previous reviews have generally considered postgraduates and undergraduates together. However, there is evidence that the effectiveness of educational interventions varies between postgraduates and undergraduates. In this study the authors therefore examine the effectiveness of evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal teaching at postgraduate level. A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, CCTR, CDSR, DARE, HTA, Best Evidence and SCI. Seventeen studies were identified: two randomized trials, six controlled trials without randomization and nine before-andafter studies. The studies showed a significant improvement in knowledge, but not in attitude, skills or behaviour. However, to draw robust conclusions, well-designed trials are needed that focus on curriculum content and delivery as well as how outcomes are assessed.
Experimental determination of field factors (ΩQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr ?>) for small radiotherapy beams using the daisy chain correction method

Recently, Alfonso et al proposed a new formalism for the dosimetry of small and non-standard fields. The proposed new formalism is strongly based on the calculation of detector-specific beam correction factors by Monte Carlo simulation methods, which accounts for the difference in the response of the detector between the small and the machine specific reference field. The correct calculation of the detector-specific beam correction factors demands an accurate knowledge of the linear accelerator, detector geometry and composition materials. The present work shows that the field factors in water may be determined experimentally using the daisy chain correction method down to a field size of 1 cm × 1 cm for a specific set of detectors. The detectors studied were: three mini-ionization chambers (PTW-31014, PTW-31006, IBA-CC01), three silicon-based diodes (PTW-60018, IBA-SFD and IBA-PFD) and one synthetic diamond detector (PTW-60019). Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements were performed for a 6 MV photon beam at 10 cm depth in water with a source-to-axis distance of 100 cm. The results show that the differences between the experimental and Monte Carlo calculated field factors are less than 0.5%—with the exception of the IBA-PFD—for field sizes between 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm and 5 cm × 5 cm. For the 1 cm × 1 cm field size, the differences are within 2%. By using the daisy chain correction method, it is possible to determine measured field factors in water. The results suggest that the daisy chain correction method is not suitable for measurements performed with the IBA-PFD detector. The latter is due to the presence of tungsten powder in the detector encapsulation material. The use of Monte Carlo calculated kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr ? > is encouraged for field sizes less than or equal to 1 cm × 1 cm for the dosimeters used in this work.
EptC of Campylobacter jejuni Mediates Phenotypes Involved in Host Interactions and Virulence

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a natural commensal of the avian intestinal tract. However, the bacterium is also the leading cause of acute bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is implicated in development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Like many bacterial pathogens, C. jejuni assembles complex surface structures that interface with the surrounding environment and are involved in pathogenesis. Recent work in C. jejuni identified a gene encoding a novel phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) transferase, EptC (Cj0256), that plays a promiscuous role in modifying the flagellar rod protein, FlgG; the lipid A domain of lipooligosaccharide (LOS); and several N-linked glycans. In this work, we report that EptC catalyzes the addition of pEtN to the first heptose sugar of the inner core oligosaccharide of LOS, a fourth enzymatic target. We also examine the role pEtN modification plays in circumventing detection and/or killing by host defenses. Specifically, we show that modification of C. jejuni lipid A with pEtN results in increased recognition by the human Toll-like receptor 4–myeloid differentiation factor 2 (hTLR4-MD2) complex, along with providing resistance to relevant mammalian and avian antimicrobial peptides (i.e., defensins). We also confirm the inability of aberrant forms of LOS to activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Most exciting, we demonstrate that strains lacking eptC show decreased commensal colonization of chick ceca and reduced colonization of BALB/cByJ mice compared to wild-type strains. Our results indicate that modification of surface structures with pEtN by EptC is key to its ability to promote commensalism in an avian host and to survive in the mammalian gastrointestinal environment.