Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Control Trial of Botulinum Toxin A Administration under Ultrasound Guidance against Manual Palpation in Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Background: Botulinum toxin A is established as an effective treatment to reduce spasticity in cerebral palsy (CP). But very little data are available regarding the techniques of administration. Hence, this study was conducted to compare administration of botulinum toxin with and without ultrasound. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized trial conducted for 2 years at a tertiary care hospital in children aged up to 6 years with CP. Children were assessed with range of ankle dorsiflexion, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Gross Motor Function Measure 66(GMFM 66) before and after administration. They were followed up for 6 months. Results: Of the 180 children screened, 30 who met the criteria were included. Those enrolled in the study were categorized into group I and group II, children who were given botulinum toxin with ultrasound (n = 14) and without ultrasound (n = 16), respectively. Results showed a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion in both groups (P ≤ 0.005) but no significant difference was reported between the groups (P = 0.4). A statistically significant increase in GMFM scores (P ≤ 0.005) during sequential assessment was observed in both groups, but no significant difference was observed in the GMFM scores between the groups (P = 0.45). Majority of children improved by a scale of 2 (MAS) from baseline in groups after 12 weeks, 50% in group I and 57.9% in group II. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed in the outcome with regard to technique of administration of botulinum toxin with ultrasound and without ultrasound into gastrocnemius muscle.
Role of fault ride‐through strategies for power grids with 100% power electronic‐interfaced distributed renewable energy resources

Electricity networks are evolving rapidly with the large‐scale integration of power electronic (PE)‐interfaced distributed renewable energy resources (DRERs). With this rapid deployment of PE‐interfaced renewables, requirements set for the PE‐interfaced DRERs have also evolved to maintain grid security and reliability. Fault ride‐through (FRT) is an essential requirement which should be adhered by DRERs, which will ensure security and reliability of the power system during grid faults. This paper critically reviews the existing FRT standards (grid‐code requirements) and FRT strategies implemented/ proposed for major DRERs, such as wind energy conversion systems (WECSs), solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and microgrids. According to the review, robust FRT strategies are implemented/proposed DRERs, however, the FRT grid codes are presently developed with the perspective of both synchronous and renewable generation operating in the power system. However, this current approach should be augmented considering 100% PE‐based renewable energy scenarios, and emerging issues, such as high penetration of PE‐interfaced small‐scale renewable generators (e.g., domestic solar‐PV systems) and recurring grid faults, to achieve a sustainable renewable energy future.
Triggers of Collaborative Innovation in Online User Communities

This study contributes to the understanding of collaborative innovation in online user communities. Aside from providing evidence for the existence of these communities, prior research focused on users’ motivations, backgrounds, and roles at the micro level but largely neglected to examine the effects of individual user activities on joint activities at the community level. By applying a netnographic research design, which is followed by a content analysis step and logistic regression analysis, we explore to what degree different user activities trigger collaborative innovation inside a community. We find two factors inherent to the initial post of a thread, problem complexity and collaboration intention, which explain the probability of collaborative innovation. The likelihood of joint activities is raised significantly if the contribution of a user ranks high on both dimensions. By quantifying collaborative user innovation, we hope to encourage the inclusion of user activities in future policy considerations. Moreover, understanding the effects of individual user activities at the community level may help companies to understand users of technologies better and to identify opportunities for collaboration.
TWO PHONOLOGIES OR ONE?: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE DYG FOR BIOLINGUISTICS: Phonological Architecture: A Biolinguistic Perspective , by Bridget D. Samuels, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, xii+252pp.

© 2014 by the English Linguistic Society of Japan * This article is based on the talk entitled “Turbid Representations for Opacity (3): A Radical Solution to Underapplication and Overapplication” delivered at the 9th annual meeting of Phonology Festa 2014 held on February 24, 2014, at KKR Hotel Atami and on the talk entitled “Why Phonology Is Different, Again: The DYG from A Biolinguistic Point of View” delivered at the annual meeting of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) “A Study on the Scope and Effect of the Obligatory Contour Principle” held on March 20, 2014, at Ibaraki University. I’d like to express my deepest gratitude to the audience there for valuable feedback and to the two EL reviewers for careful and useful suggestions. This study is part of a project in collaborative research of “Phonological Characteristics of the Japanese Lexicon” sponsored by the Department of Linguistic Theory and Structure at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, and is also part of a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) project, “A Study on the Scope and Effect of the Obligatory Contour Principle,” sponsored by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF STATE COMPANIES BY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Over 20 years of market economy in Romania showed that the State is unable to manage companies in which it is a stockholder (wholly or majority). This situation is proven by the large amount of arrears in the general consolidated budget as well as the acceptance of significant annual losses for those companies. The main reason is the poor quality of management practices resulting from the appointment of top managers and members of the boards of directors for these companies, not by a rigorous professional selection, but as sinecure granted by policymakers. This approach has been noticed by the Romanian opinion leaders as well as the IMF experts who perceived the damaging consequences of this attitude and conditioned the further assistance granted to Romania putting an end on this situation. The solution is to outsource the management for state companies so they can be managed by corporate governance rules the way private companies are.
The relation of body size of male humpback whales to their social roles on the Hawaiian winter grounds

We examined the relation of body length of male humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to the social roles they adopted on the Hawaiian winter grounds: principal escort in a competitive group, secondary escort, lone es- cort to a mother-calf pair, male partner in a dyad, and singer. Using underwater videogrammetry, we measured body lengths of 17 principal escorts, 68 secondary escorts, 40 single escorts, 17 male partners, and 8 singers. Results re- vealed that (i) principal escorts were, on average, significantly larger than males in each of the remaining social roles except singer, (ii) singers were significantly larger than male partners, (iii) there were no significant size differences among secondary escorts, single escorts, or male partners. Further, principal escorts tended to be the largest or second- largest male within their individual competitive group. All principal escorts were of sizes that indicated a 0.81 proba- bility or better of sexual maturity, based on whaling data. In comparison, more than half of the male partners, almost one-third of the secondary escorts, and one-fifth of the single escorts were of sizes that indicated a 0.5 probability or less of sexual maturity. Seven of the eight singers had a 0.9 probability or better of sexual maturity and the eighth singer a 0.5 probability. However, the data for singers are too few to allow firm conclusions to be reached about the relation of body size to singing. Overall, our findings suggest that body size confers an advantage in physical competi- tion between male humpback whales, and that a large proportion of males adopting the role of secondary escort, single escort, and partner are likely to be sexually immature. Additionally, the competitive group appears to be a major repro- ductive unit in terms of bringing together a receptive female and potential mates.
Observations on the locomotion of two British terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)

The locomotion of Microplana terrestris and of M. britannicus is described. Forward locomotion is normally by means of cilia which are confined to the ventral surface of the animals. M. terrestris may however involve stationary peristaltic waves in locomotion. In this case neither muscular nor ciliary forces can alone account for the locomotion and it is necessary that the two mechanisms are combined. Such stationary waves should be distinguished from retrograde and direct locomotory waves. Reversal in both species is by retrograde muscular waves.
Resource Capture by Localized Root Proliferation: Why Do Plants Bother?

Abstract Using data from a well-known, published experiment [Drew (1975) The New Phytologist 75 : 479–490], the potential exploitation of locally available nutrients by barley roots is calculated. Local proliferation of lateral roots does not necessarily achieve significantly greater exploitation of mobile soil resources like nitrate, but it does for less mobile ones such as phosphate. Despite this, the magnitude of the proliferative response is as great to locally available nitrate as it is to phosphate. This implies an ‘over-production’ of roots in response to localized nitrate availability, prompting a re-evaluation of the nature and implications of the response mechanism(s) of roots to soil heterogeneity.
Pike (Esox lucius) from Four Northern Canadian Lakes

Scale samples and length and weight measurements of 281 pike from Great Bear lake, Great Slave lake, lake Athabaska and Lesser Slave lake have been used to calculate the rate of growth. A comparison with the growth rate of pike from Waskesiu lake, Saskatchewan, and lakes in Wisconsin shows that, in general, the rate varies with north latitude. The northern fish live five years longer but never attain as large a size. It is shown that the relationship between length and weight is independent of the rate of growth. Males and females grow at the same rate but females appear to live longer than males.
POLYPHASIC STUDY OF ANTARCTIC CYANOBACTERIAL STRAINS 1

We isolated 59 strains of cyanobacteria from the benthic microbial mats of 23 Antarctic lakes, from five locations in two regions, in order to characterize their morphological and genotypic diversity. On the basis of their morphology, the cyanobacteria were assigned to 12 species that included four Antarctic endemic taxa. Sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene were determined for 56 strains. In general, the strains closely related at the 16S rRNA gene level belonged to the same morphospecies. Nevertheless, divergences were observed concerning the diversity in terms of species richness, novelty, and geographical distribution. For the 56 strains, 21 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, defined as groups of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences with more than 97.5% similarity) were found, including nine novel and three exclusively Antarctic OTUs. Sequences of Petalonema cf. involvens and Chondrocystis sp. were determined for the first time. The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes was sequenced for 33 strains, and similar groupings were observed with the 16S rRNA gene and the ITS, even when the strains were derived from different lakes and regions. In addition, 48 strains were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and 17 strains were bioactive against the gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus, or the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The bioactivities were not in coincidence with the phylogenetic relationships, but rather were specific to certain strains.
Investigation of the Effects upon Keratometry by Second Generation Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses

Aim: Detection of keratometric differences induced by daily wear of second generation silicone hydrogel (SiH) contact lens (CL) with hydraclear. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methodology: The researchers investigated the difference between the keratometric values at equivalent spherical and cylindrical diopters of daily wearers of second generation SiH CL and those in an age -matched control group who wear only spectacles because of SiH CLs stiffer moduli.The study also examined the effect of second generation SiH CLs on the corneal topography.Seventy asymptomatic, biomicroscopically normal eyes of SiH CL wearers and 70 eyes of non -lens wearer control subjects have been included in this s tudy. The SiH CL wearers have been wearing lenses in the range of less than 6 months to 3 years. General Linear Models (GLM) with type III sum of squares was used (SPSS 15.0 for Windows). Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference betw een two groups regarding keratometric values (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Results suggest that daily wear of second generation SiH CL with hydraclear, which havemoderate modulus and higher oxygen permeability, does not affect the central keratometric readings. Research Article
Recalibrating the Sunspot Number (SSN): The SSN Workshops

The sunspot number (SSN) is the primary time series in solar and solarterrestrial physics. Currently there are two widely-used sunspot numbers, the International SSN and the Group SSN, which differ significantly before ∼1885. Thus the SSN is potentially a free-parameter in models of climate change or solar dynamo behavior. To reconcile the International and Group SSNs, we have organized a series of workshops. The end goal of this effort is a community-vetted time series of sunspot numbers for use in long-term studies. We are about half way through the process, with the International and Group SSN time series reconciled back to 1826. We hope to have the reconciliation completed back to the beginning of the SSN time series (1610) by mid-2014. We have learned or relearned some interesting things along the way: (1) the International or Wolf SSN time series is not based solely on sunspots; (2) the simple formula from Wolf for the SSN that is found in all solar physics textbooks is not used in practice (all sunspots are not equal); and (3) the Group SSN appears to be too low before 1885. When completed, the reconciled ∼400-yr SSN time series will serve as a bridge to the millennia-scale record of solar variability from cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in tree rings and ice cores.
Evaluating the Relation between Bone Marrow Lesions and Synovitis with Pain and Structural Damage in Hand Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent arthritis worldwide and is a condition affecting the whole joint. Changes in subchondral bone, cartilage integrity and synovitis are recognised during OA progression. Although advances have been made in our understanding of OA pathophysiology, there are no current treatments that delay or halt the progression of the disease. Treatments are largely based upon physical therapies to improve function, anti-inflammatory agents for pain symptoms and joint replacement surgery for late stage disease in large weight bearing joints. There is an urgent need to better understand the pathophysiology of OA that could translate into improved treatments for this condition. In recent years, more advanced imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have led to an improved understanding of changes at the bone-cartilage interface in OA, with recognition that loss of integrity at the cartilage-bone junction and development of bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in the subchondral bone are associated with OA pain in large epidemiological studies. In this book chapter, we review the evidence for the role of BMLs and synovitis, particularly in the pathophysiology of hand OA. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we have identified 15 articles reported on BMLs and synovitis in hand OA, which will be discussed in this chapter.
Intervención educativa sobre factores de riesgo del cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres en edad fértil

Objetivo : implementar una estrategia de intervencion educativa en el Consultorio Medico de Familia 66 del Policlinico “Hermanos Cruz” para mejorar el conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo principales para el cancer de cuello uterino en mujeres en edad fertil. Metodo : se realizo un estudio de intervencion educativa, cuasiexperimental, prospectivo y longitudinal. Se analizaron los datos demograficos por metodo porcentual y para determinar la eficacia del programa de intervencion se computaron las respuestas para cada pregunta del cuestionario, con la prueba parametrica de comparacion de proporciones para dos poblaciones pareadas y se analizaron e interpretaron los resultados segun la prueba estadistica de Mc Nemar. Resultados : la muestra fue de 94 pacientes, predomino la edad de 30-39 anos, nivel de escolaridad universitaria, presencia de factores de riesgo con 59 pacientes y los mejores resultados se obtuvieron para el conocimiento de factores de riesgo relacionados con la aparicion del cancer cervicouterino con 86 pacientes. Conclusiones : se demostro la efectividad de la intervencion educativa.Palabras clave: cancer cervicouterino; Virus del papiloma humano; citologia; NIC; factores de riesgo. Objective : to implement an educative intervention strategy in the Family Doctor Office 66 in “Hermanos Cruz” polyclinic to rather the knowledge on main risk factors for the cervical uterine cancer in fertility age women. Method : a study of educative intervention, coast experimental, prospective and longitudinal was carried out. The demography data were analized by percentage method and to determine the efficacy of the intervention program the responses for each questionaire were computed, with the parametric test of proportion comparison for two pair population the results were interpretated and analized by Mc Nemar statistical test. Results : the sample of 94 patients, predominated 30-39 years, high school level, presence of risk factor with 59 patients and the best results were reached to the knowledge of risk factors associated with the apparition of cervical uterine cancer with 86 patients. Conclusions : the effectiveness of the educative intervention is demonstrated. Keywords : cervical uterine cancer, human Papilloma virus, cytology, NIC, risk factors.
Relevance of serum and salivary sialic acid in oral cancer diagnostics

To review the relevance of sialic acid as a tumour marker in oral cancer. Tumour marker are useful in the screening for early malignancy. Sialic acids are important in determining the surface properties of cells and has been implicated in cellular invasiveness, adhesiveness, and immunogenicity. Sialic acids are commonly found at the outermost end of glycan chains of all cell types. Increase in the levels of sialic acid in oral cancer indicates its importance as a tumour marker.Both serum and salivary sialic acid levels can be used as a screening tool and a diagnostic aid for oral cancer. Salivary sialic acid can be used as a non-invasive, cost effective and reliable diagnostic methods for screening and monitoring of oral cancer. In patients with oral cancer, glycoprotein metabolism is altered. Increase in the levels of sialic acid in oral cancer indicate its importance as a tumour marker. Changes in the serum is reflected in saliva. Salivary sialic acid can be used as non-invasive, cost effective and reliable diagnostic methods for screening and monitoring of oral cancer. Early the diagnosis, better the prognosis.
Accelerometer-based facilitated walking program in addition to usual care for the management of patients with low back pain at medium or high risk of chronicity: a randomised controlled trial protocol

Background: The lifetime prevalence of low back pain (LBP) has been reported to be as high as 84% worldwide. Around 23% of the population has chronic non-specific LBP. Despite the potential health benefits of walking, few studies have investigated its effectiveness in people with non-specific LBP. The primary objective is to examine the efficacy of a Fitbit facilitated walking intervention in people with LBP with medium or high risk of chronicity in reducing disability and pain. The secondary objective is to investigate the efficacy of a Fitbit facilitated walking intervention in increasing physical activity levels in people with LBP.Methods: This prospective, randomised controlled trial will involve 68 participants. This study will recruit participants who are aged 18 years or over, have been diagnosed with non-specific LBP with medium or high risk of chronicity and classified as physically inactive. Participants will be randomised into two groups: usual physiotherapy care (n=34) and usual physiotherapy care plus Fitbit facilitated walking intervention program (n=34). The treatment duration will be 8 weeks. Primary outcomes for this study are disability and pain. Secondary outcomes include physical activity level and walking steps, depression, fear of movement and pain catastrophising. The outcomes will be assessed at baseline, post-intervention and 26 weeks post-randomisation follow-up.Conclusions: The results of this study will provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of a Fitbit facilitated walking intervention program, when added to usual care, in a clinical setting for improving disability and pain, and other clinical outcomes in people with LBP.Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand clinical trials registry (Number ACTRN12617001404314).
The Roles of Early Response and Sudden Gains on Depression Outcomes: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Behavioral Activation in Goa, India

The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a brief, lay-counselor-delivered, behavioral activation psychological treatment, was found to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms among primary care attendees in India. We now examine whether early response predicts depression (PHQ-9) outcomes at the primary endpoint of 3 months and sustained recovery at 12 months after enrollment and the extent to which this effect is influenced by sudden gains in the context of the larger randomized controlled trial. HAP participants (N = 245) who exhibited an early response (150 of 245 or 61.2%), as defined by a 50% reduction in depressive symptoms from baseline to Session 3, had lower depressive symptom scores than those who did not at 3 months (5.29 vs. 10.75, F = 33.21, p < .001) and at 12 months (6.56 vs. 11.02, F = 21.84, p < .001). Further exploratory analyses suggested that this advantage was largely confined to the subset of early responders who also showed sudden gains (87 of 150).