Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The trap-orientated behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera

Abstract In field studies on Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in Zimbabwe, various traps baited with attractive odour were used to study the behaviour of flies in each of several stages of response to traps, from the stage of being several metres from the trap to the stage of being retained in a cage on the trap. The numbers of flies that were caught by electrocution, or were observed, as they moved forwards through the stages of trapping were compared with the numbers caught or observed moving in a reverse direction. A variety of stimuli and modifications were investigated for their effects on these movements, leading to provisional recommendations for improving the speed and efficiency of trapping. The most important recommendations were: the outside of trap should be white, with black near the basal entrances, the entrances should be provided with tunnels projecting into trap, and the inside of trap should be made white at base and black at top. The top of the trap should be an open-ended tube around the cone of netting that leads to the retaining cage. Data for Stomoxyinae, non-biting Muscidae and Tabanidae are also presented.
Effect of Selenium-enriched Bean Sprout and Other Selenium Sources on Productivity and Selenium Concentration in Eggs of Laying Hens

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Se-enriched bean sprout, Se-enriched yeast and sodium selenite on productivity, egg quality and egg Se concentrations in laying hens. Using a Completely Randomized Design, 144 Rohman laying hens at 71 weeks of age were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained nine hens. The dietary treatments were T1: control diet, T2: control diet plus 0.3 mg Se/kg from sodium selenite, T3: control diet plus 0.3 mg Se/kg from Se-enriched yeast, T4: control diet plus 0.3 mg Se/kg from Se-enriched bean sprout. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in feed intake, egg production and egg quality among treatments. Selenium supplementation from Se-enriched yeast and Se-enriched bean sprout markedly increased (p<0.05) egg Se concentration as compared to the control and sodium selenite groups. The results indicated that Se-enriched bean sprout could be used as an alternative Se source in diets of laying hens.
Initial size and the competitive responses of two grasses at two levels of soil nitrogen: a field experiment

I tested whether initial size influenced the ability of grasses to compete against established perennial vegetation in an old field, both in plots with little competition for light and in plots with intense light competition. Seedlings of Schizachyrium scoparium (a perennial) and Setaria viridis (an annual) were assigned to three classes of initial size; small seedlings had about half the initial mass of medium seedlings, which had about half the mass of large seedlings. Seedlings were transplanted into subplots with neighbours either present or absent, within 10 plots that received either NH4NO3 or no additional nitrogen. Transplant final mass (roots and shoots) was significantly lower in the presence of neighbours and increased significantly with initial size. There was no significant interaction between competition and initial size, however, indicating that competition suppressed seedlings of all sizes to about the same extent. Further, there was no significant three-way interaction, suggesting that si.
Effect of parameters altering with muscle fibre functional state on power spectra of spatially filtered extracellular potentials

We aimed to analyse the effect of parameters altered with muscle fibre functional state on power spectra (PS) and spectral characteristics of the signals detected from skeletal muscle fibres of finite length by bipolar or one-dimensional multi-electrodes oriented in parallel to the muscle fibres. The PS were calculated as the product of the power spectrum of the input signal (the first temporal derivative of the intracellular action potential (IAP)) and spatially filtered impulse response. A multi-electrode with an even number of poles, located above the end-plate or fibre end, reduces the effect of alterations in the propagation velocity and increases that of the IAP duration and afterpotentials. Detection of the signals far from the end-plate and fibre ends reduces the effect of the IAP spike duration and increases that of the propagation velocity. Increasing the number of poles reduces the effect of after-potentials. A proper multi-electrode arrangement and position could help to separate and assess the relative alteration of individual parameters.
Urceolaria mitra (von Seib) Epizoic on Polycelis tenuis (IJIMA) an SEM Study.

Dense populations of Urceolaria mitra (Cilophora, Peritrichid) were observed on the surface of the planarian Polycelis tenuis (Platyhelminthes Turbellaria). Although the epizoite was primarily confined to the anterior dorsal surface of the planarian, heavily infested individuals had peritrichs attached to the posterior, lateral and ciliated ventral surfaces. Unique profiles of the skeletal ring (aboral disc) in relation to the host surface showed that some local erosion of planarian epithelium occurs. Outer and inner rows of cilia extended anti‐clockwise around the peristomal disc. The cilia ran for one and one‐eighth turns around the disc and overlapped in the form of a spiral when the protist was extended and feeding. The cilia appeared to beat in metachronal rhythm and exhibited a wavelength and amplitude of approximately 10μm. Regular striations having a periodicity of 1μm were observed in the periostimal membrane. A posterior or basal circlet of locomotor cilia was also observed and freeze fracture revealed an internal arrangement of microvilli, cilia and reticular membranes.
Inhibitory effect of Pruni Cortex extract and its component, octacosyl ferulate, on tumour promotion by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate in two‐stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin

The methanol extract of Pruni Cortex inhibited tumour promotion by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐initiated mice. The active component was isolated from the methanol extract of Pruni Cortex. The active compound was characterized as octacosyl ferulate by physical and chemical analysis. Octacosyl ferulate markedly inhibited the inflammatory activity induced by TPA in mice. The 50% inhibitory dose of octacosyl ferulate is 0.7 mg/ear on TPA‐induced inflammation. Furthermore, octacosyl ferulate suppressed markedly the tumour‐promoting effect of TPA on skin tumour formation following initiation with DMBA. Since protein kinase C (PK‐C) was shown to be an intracellular target of TPA, effects of octacosyl ferulate on the activity of this enzyme were investigated. Octacosyl ferulate also inhibited the phosphorylation of histon III‐S by PK‐C in a concentration dependent manner. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Properties of Extracts and Flavonoids Isolated from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera

In view of the pharmacological interest in flavonoids, the superoxide radical scavenging capacity of pet-ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts and flavonoids of Blumea balsamifera DC leaves on nonenzymatically (phenazine methosulfate/NADH) generated superoxide radicals were evaluated. The methanol extract (93.91 ± 1.37%) exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than the chloroform extract (84.58 ± 1.51%). The pet-ether extract was inactive toward nonenzymatically generated superoxide radicals. The superoxide radical scavenging capacity of flavonoids (100 µM) as determined was decreased in the order quercetin > luteolin > 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone > blumeatin > rhamnetin > tamarixetin > luteolin-7-methyl ether > dihydroquercetin-4′-methyl ether > dihydroquercetin-4′,7-dimethyl ether. It was concluded that flavonoids with a free hydroxyl group were more active than methylated compounds, and the flavonoid content of extracts contributed to their superoxide radical scavenging activity.
New Indian record of a rare fungus: Asterophora lycoperdoides

Abstract A brief introduction to the fungi is given. A new record of a rare fungus, Asterophora lycoperdoides, growing on Russula sp. from Madhya Pradesh in India is reported, described and illustrated. It is the first generic record from India of a largely understudied group of organisms. A discussion of all three species of Asterophora found worldwide is provided, along with a simple key to the identification of species and their comparison. Harvesting by local tribal people and potential loss of many undescribed species makes it imperative for further surveys and establishment of an ectomycorrhizal database.
The influence of acquired dysarthria on conversational turn-taking

To investigate the influence of acquired dysarthria on conversational turn-taking, contributions from five stroke and 19 non-brain damaged (NBD) elderly subjects were analysed. It was hypothesized that the dysarthric (DYS) group would be less active participants. In subject-researcher conversations the DYS subjects contributed a lower percentage of the total conversational parameter turns than did the control subjects. Number of turns did not differ in the groups, but for the DYS group fewer of these were major turns and their length was shorter. This less active participation was consistent with subjects' perceptions of post stroke change to interaction style. Intelligibility may influence conversational contribution: the pattern of the more intelligible speakers more closely approached that of the NBD group. DYS subjects also paused more than NBD before turns. Dysarthria assessment should include appropriate evaluation of conversation, to guide management decisions. Future research should involve larger subject groups. Analysis should encompass further aspects of the conversational process, such as topic, repair and non-verbal responses, with attention to both participants, and preferably with familiar conversational partners.
Evolutionary timing of the origins of mesophilic sulphate reduction and oxygenic photosynthesis: a phylogenomic dating approach

Until recently, the deep‐branching relationships in the bacterial domain have been unresolved. A new phylogenetic approach (termed compartmentalization) was able to resolve these deep‐branching relationships successfully by using a large number of genes from whole genome sequences and by reducing long branch attraction artefacts. This new, well‐resolved phylogenetic tree reveals the evolutionary relationships between diverse bacterial groups that leave important traces in the geological record. It shows that mesophilic sulphate reducers originated before the Cyanobacteria, followed by the origination of sulphur‐ and pyrite‐oxidizing bacteria after oxygen became available in the biosphere. This evolutionary pattern mirrors a similar pattern in the Palaeoproterozoic geological record. Sulphur isotopic fractionation records indicate that large‐scale bacterial sulphate reduction began in marine environments around 2.45 billion years ago (Ga), followed by rapid oxygenation of the atmosphere about 2.3 or 2.2 Ga. Oxygenation was then followed by increasing oceanic sulphate concentrations (probably owing to pyrite oxidation and continental weathering), which then resulted in the disappearance of banded iron formations by 1.8 Ga. The similarity between the phylogenetic and geological records suggests that the geochemical changes observed on the Palaeoproterozoic Earth were caused by major origination events in the mesophilic bacteria, and that these geochemical changes then caused additional origination events, such as aerobic respiration. If so, then constraints on divergence dates can be established for many microbial groups, including the Cyanobacteria, mesophilic bacteria, mesophilic sulphate reducers, methanotrophs, several anoxygenic phototrophs, as well as for mitochondrial endosymbiosis. These dates may also help to explain a large number of other changes in the geological record of the Neoarchean and Palaeoproterozoic Earth. This hypothesis, however, does not agree with the finding of cyanobacterial and eukaryote lipids at 2.7 Ga, and suggests that further work needs to be done to elucidate the discrepancies in both these areas.
Introduction

There has been an increase in youth crime and its personal, community, and societal consequences, as well as a growing awareness of the magnitude of these and related problems among various high-risk groups (Butts and Harrell, 1998). Younger offenders are entering the juvenile system in increasing numbers, and bringing with them a number of serious, interrelated problems—including drug use, educational deficits, and emotional/psychological issues (including abuse and neglect) (Dembo et al., 1998; Snyder et al., 2003). Demographic projections indicate a substantial increase in the U.S. youth population in the next 10 to 20 years, which threatens to create an increasingly overburdened juvenile justice system. Second, drug testing results from national studies (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2002) of juvenile arrestees indicate continuing high levels of drug use. Third, evidence indicates an increased co-occurrence of mental health and drug use associated problems among juvenile offenders (Winters, 1998; Teplin et al., 2002).
Growth of Clostridium tyrobutyricum during fermentation and aerobic deterioration of grass silage

Grass experimentally infected with Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Hansenula anomala and Candida lambica was inoculated with lactic acid bacteria or formic acid, ensiled at 20°C, 28°C and 37°C and stored for 100 days. Chemical and microbial compositions were determined after 4, 11, 40 and 100 days of storage. According to the chemical and microbial criteria, all the silages were of good quality. The silage were exposed to air for 14 days after 40 and 100 days of anaerobic storage, which stimulated clostridial growth. High concentrations of spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and a high content of butyric acid were found in deteriorated parts of the silages, both on the surface and at 7-cm depth. Increased levels of ATP were registered in deteriorated parts. The deteriorated parts had high concentrations of the bacteria Bacillus polymyxa, B licheniformis and B sphaericus and of the mould Monascus ruber while yeast counts were low. High levels of the initially added Hansenula anomala and Candida lambica were only observed in formic acid treated silages after the air exposure.
Seedcoat Influences Dormancy of Loblolly Pine Seeds

The rate and percent of dark germination were low in untreated Pinustaeda L. seeds. Both increased with seedcoat clipping or removal, but not to the level of stratified seeds. Coats did not reduce the rate of initial water inhibition but did limit total uptake prior to germination, probably by restricting swelling of the megagametophyte and embryo. Respiration followed the pattern of water absorption in decoated seeds. However, it was at a common low level in stratified, clipped, and unstratified seeds until germination began, and there seemed to be no causal relation between respiration and coat permeability. Dormancy is likely to be the result of mechanical constraint by the seedcoat.
A global platelet test of thrombosis and thrombolysis detects a prothrombotic state in some patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and in some patients with stroke

Platelet aggregation and spontaneous thrombolytic activity were assessed in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and stroke using a shear-induced and agonist-induced platelet aggregation test. The Thrombotic Status Analyser (TSA), induces platelet-rich thrombus formation solely by shear forces, while whole blood platelet aggregometry measures platelet reactivity to different agonists. These tests were employed in the present study because in earlier studies they both demonstrated that platelet aggregability in healthy volunteers was unchanged with age. On the other hand, it is known that thrombolytic activity decreases with age in males, but not in females. In diabetic patients shear-induced platelet aggregability varied according to the stage of nephropathy but platelet aggregation to collagen was suppressed at all stages. Platelet reaction to shear stress was enhanced in stroke patients with haemorrhagic episodes but not in patients with lacunar infarction. In contrast, platelet reactivity to collagen was suppressed and changes in ADP-induced platelet aggregability were inconsistent. Suppressed thrombolysis was observed only in diabetes with minor renal defect. Fibrinogen was increased in diabetes with stage III and IV nephropathy. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and D-dimer were increased in stroke. Thus, the observed increase in fibrinogen, FPA and D-dimer is inconsistent with changes in platelet aggregability. Our present findings suggest that a shear-induced platelet aggregation test is superior to other tests such as agonist-induced platelet aggregation and thrombotic markers such as fibrinogen, FPA and D-dimer in detecting a prothrombotic state. It is concluded that elderly males may have a prothrombotic state not because of platelet hyper-aggregability but because of suppressed thrombolytic activity. On the other hand, a prothrombotic state in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and after stroke may be due to changes in age-independent platelet aggregability.
Systemic Cell Death Is Elicited by the Interaction of a Single Gene in Nicotiana clevelandii and Gene VI of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) strains D4 and W260 can be distinguished by the type of symptoms they induce in Nicotiana clevelandii and N. edwardsonii. W260 induces systemic cell death in addition to a mosaic symptom in N. clevelandii and a hypersensitive response (HR) in N. edwardsonii, whereas D4 induces a systemic mosaic in both hosts. To determine which W260 genes are responsible for systemic cell death, chimeric viruses were constructed between the D4 and W260 strains. It was found that W260 gene VI was responsible for the elicitation of systemic cell death; previous studies had shown that this same gene elicited HR in N. edwardsonii. An immunological analysis of plants infected with W260 or D4 indicated that the systemic cell death symptom was not associated with enhanced levels of either W260 virions or the W260 gene VI product. To investigate the inheritance of systemic cell death, crosses were made between N. clevelandii and N. bigelovii, a host that reacts with a systemic mosaic symptom upon i.
Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns

Abstract There is a need in the marine research and management communities for a clear operational definition of the term, eutrophication. I propose the following: This definition is consistent with historical usage and emphasizes that eutrophication is a process, not a trophic state. A simple trophic classification for marine systems is also proposed: Various factors may increase the supply of organic matter to coastal systems, but the most common is clearly nutrient enrichment. The major causes of nutrient enrichment in coastal areas are associated directly or indirecdy with meeting the requirements and desires of human nutrition and diet. The deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion is also an important anthropogenic factor. The intensity of nitrogen emission from fertilizer, livestock waste, and fossil fuel combustion varies widely among the countries of the world. It is strongest in Europe, the northeastern United States, India/Pakistan, Jap.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE OF A NEW CHYTRID WITH AERIAL SPORANGIA

A B S T R A C T An investigation of the life cycle of (Caulochytrium gloeosporii Voos and Olive, a parasite of Gloeosporium, has confirmed the existence of an alternation of generations. Zoospores from sessile sporangia may develop vegetatively into similar sporangia or they may function as isogametes, fusing in pairs to produce cysts (zygotes) that give rise to slender-stalked aerial sporangia. Meiosis is believed to occur in the aerial sporaiigitum, which at germination liberates eight asexual zoospores. The species is homothallic.
Experimental Assessment of the Effects of Environmental Factors and Longitudinal Position on Alpha and Beta Diversities of Aquatic Insects in a Neotropical Stream

We evaluated the effect of environmental factors on the abundance and genera richness of aquatic insects colonizing artificial substrates. We also assessed the relative effects of environmental factors on assemblage variation (beta diversity), and contrasted its magnitude with the variation associated with the spatial position of reaches in a Neotropical stream. Homogeneous and heterogeneous bricks were installed in seven stream reaches and removed after 60d. Substrate type and organic matter showed significant effects on abundance. For observed richness, substrate type was the only important variable. For rarefied richness, no explanatory variable was important. A NMDS ordination of bricks revealed the effect of spatial position and substrate type. A partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA) indicated that the environmental matrix explained 12.44% of the total variation, while reach position explained 7.41%. We conclude that at local scale (reaches 430–920 m apart), environmental factors, especially substrate heterogeneity, were important in determining the alpha and beta diversities of the insect assemblage in the stream (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of cytogenetic damage in cultured cells from cobalt-60 gamma-radiation and the Auger emitter zinc-65

Purpose : To assess the ability of the Auger-emitting nuclide, zinc-65 (65 Zn), relative to γ-irradiation, to cause chromosomal aberrations in cultured rat prostate cells. Materials and methods : Rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells in culture were exposed to doses of 1, 2, 3 or 5 Gy of external gamma-irradiation for 24h or incubated with 0.7, 1.5, 1.8 or 2.8MBq of 65 Zn for 24h. The uptake by and clearance from cells of 65Zn was measured. Metaphase spreads prepared from washed cells were scored for chromatid- and chromosome-type aberrations. Results : Following exposure to 65 Zn or γ-irradiation, chromatidtype damage was more commonly observed than chromosometype aberrations. The relationship between induced chromatid damage and gamma dose (to 3 Gy) was best fitted by a secondorder polynomial function, while the activity-response relationship for chromatid damage caused by 65 Zn appeared to be best fitted by a straight line. Measurements of the uptake of 65 Zn by cells showed that average concentrations within cells were about 100 times the concentration in the culture medium. Assuming uniform distribution of 65 Zn within cells, with 36% in the nucleus, the dose was estimated as 0.70 Gy per MBq added 65 Zn, with Auger electrons contributing most (93%) of the dose. Assuming that 20% of cellular zinc was localized in the nucleus, based on previous measurements, the dose to the nucleus was calculated as 0.44Gy per MBq added 65 Zn. RBE values for chromatid damage induced by 65 Zn compared to gamma-radiation range from about 1 to 3 based on a uniform dose throughout the cell and from about 2 to 5 based on 20% of 65 Zn in the cell nucleus. Conclusion : The observed radiotoxicity of 65 Zn is consistent with its behaviour as an Auger-emitting radionuclide that is localized to some extent in the nucleus.
Synthesis of Thioglycosides from Propargyl Glycosides Exploiting Alkynophilic Gold Catalyst

Various thioglycosides were synthesized from stable propargyl glycosides using catalytic quantity of AuBr3 and various thiol aglycons. The current protocol enables preparation of thioglycosides from propargyl glycosides in an efficient and simple manner. The reaction is fast, catalytic, and mild. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry to view the free supplemental file.