Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Double Dividend of Low-carbon Growth in Mexico: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Assessment

This paper simulates the medium- and long-term impact of proposed and expected energy policy on the environment and on the Mexican economy. The analysis has been conducted with a Multi-sector Macroeconomic Model for the Evaluation of Environmental and Energy policy (Three-ME). This model is well suited for policy assessment purposes in the context of developing economies as it indicates the transit ional effects of policy intervention. Three-ME estimates the carbon tax required to meet emissions reduction targets within the Mexican “Climate Change Law”, and assesses alternative policy scenarios, ach reflecting a different strategy for the recycling of tax revenues. With no compensation, the taxation policy if successful will succeed in reducing CO2 e missions by more than 75% by 2050 with respect to Business as Usual (BAU), but at high eco nomic costs. Under full redistribution of carbon tax revenues, a double dividend arises and t he policy is beneficial both in terms of GDP and CO2 emissions reduction
Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in 1,640 patients: method for control of serum concentrations

The pharmacokinetics and dosage requirements of gentamicin were studied in 1,640 patients receiving treatment for gram-negative infections. A wide interpatient variation in the kinetic parameters of the drug occurred in all patients and in patients who had normal serum creatinine or normal creatinine clearance. The half-life ranged from 0.4 to 32.7 h in 331 patients who had normal creatinine clearance. The factors related to the elimination rate constant were creatinine clearance, age, distribution volume, weight, gender, and hematocrit. The daily dose necessary to obtain therapeutic serum concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 25.8 mg/kg in patients with normal serum creatinine and from 0.7 to 25.8 mg/kg in patients with normal creatinine clearance. In 13 patients (0.9%), a significant change in base-line serum creatinine (greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/dl) occurred during or after treatment, which may have been gentamicin-associated toxicity. Overt cochlear or vestibular toxicity did not occur in these patients. The method of individualizing dosage regimens provided a clinically useful means of rapidly attaining therapeutic peak and trough serum concentrations.
Intergroup Relations: The Role of Racial Socialization, Racial Identity, and Racial Stereotypes on Intergroup Contact between Asian Americans and African Americans

Intergroup Relations: The Role of Racial Socialization, Racial Identity, and Racial Stereotypes on Intergroup Contact between Asian Americans and African Americans Maggie Chen, M.A. Anderson J. Franklin, Dissertation Chair Previous research on intergroup relations between racial groups primarily focused on relations between Whites and various ethnic minority groups, studies on relations between ethnic minorities have been neglected and underexamined (Bikmen, 2011). Allport’s (1954) intergroup contact theory suggested that when the groups in contact are perceived to have similar status, contact could lead to reduced prejudice and improved intergroup relations. Asian Americans and African Americans occupy different status positions on the U.S. racial hierarchy. Although their relative status positions are important factors to consider in understanding their evaluations and interactions with each other, the influence of racial psychological factors are also important to consider because they may influence how status is perceived. Thus, the current study investigated how racial socialization, racial identity, and racial stereotypes influence contact between Asian Americans and African Americans. U.S.-born Asian American (N = 190) and African American (N = 304) adults completed an online survey containing a demographic information sheet, the Racial Socialization Influences Scale (Harrell, 1997), the People of Color Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (Helms, 1995), the Negative Attitude Toward Asians Scale (Ho & Jackson, 2001), the Anti-Black Scale (Katz & Hass, 1988), the Intergroup Contact Measure (Stathi & Crisp, 2010), and the Behavioral Intentions Scale (Esses & Dovidio, 2002). Results from multivariate multiple regression analyses suggested that racial socialization, particularly exposure to racially diverse environments, was positively related to the frequency and quality of contact, as well as willingness to engage in future contact for both Asian Americans and African Americans; whereas race-related discussions was associated with African Americans’ endorsement of Asian stereotypes. In addition, the study showed that racial identity schemas partially mediated the relationship between racial socialization and intergroup contact, and the relationship between racial socialization and racial stereotypes. Finally, findings revealed that African Americans reported more willingness to engage in future contact with Asian Americans than Asian Americans reported with African Americans. Discussions included methodological limitations, and implications for research and practice.
Assessing the Business Outlook Survey Indicator Using Real-Time Data

Every quarter, the Bank of Canada conducts quarterly consultations with businesses across Canada, referred to as the Business Outlook Survey (BOS). A principal-component analysis conducted by Pichette and Rennison (2011) led to the development of the BOS indicator, which summarizes survey results and is used by the Bank as a gauge of overall business sentiment. In this paper, we examine whether data vintages matter when assessing the predictive content of the BOS indicator and individual BOS questions and whether the BOS is a better indicator of revised or unrevised macroeconomic data. As an indicator of business sentiment in the context of monetary policy, the reliability of the BOS is essential, and it is crucial to understand whether the signals it sends are best interpreted for early-released or revised data. For this purpose, we use different methods of forecasting that take into account the real-time perspective of the data. Results from the different methods show that the BOS content is informative regardless of data revisions. However, in real time, the BOS indicator and individual BOS questions are found to produce better nowcasts of first-released data or partially revised data than of latest-available data. This is particularly important in the case of growth in real business investment. In fact, because revisions to real business investment are more volatile than revisions to real gross domestic product (GDP), the choice of data vintages when assessing the ability of the BOS to forecast growth appears to be more important for real business investment than for real GDP.
Service innovation as a political process

ABSTRACT Service innovation processes are driven by stakeholders in interaction and are understood and sketched as a value negotiation process that consists of an iterative process of securing potential value in service. While previous research has focused on service innovation as a harmonious closed system, our study explores service innovation as a political process in which stakeholders negotiate to create and secure future value. Data are collected through interviews and participant observations in four different case studies. Our study contributes to the field by illuminating service innovation as a political process and explaining how this is operationalized. The findings also contribute to an understanding of how stakeholder resources impact a chosen strategy; the resulting strategy’s impact on the service concept vis-à-vis its potential value; and how several involved stakeholders formulate, negotiate, and secure future potential value, which are the activities that drive a service innovation process.
N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results of a prospective, randomized, multi-center trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liquid N-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) use for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brain has become part of medical practice. However, no study has led to the Food and Drug Administration's approval of n-BCA for intravascular use. The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness and safety of an n-BCA/Tantalum Powder/Ethiodized Oil mixture, compared with conventional treatment (Trufill polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]) for preoperative embolization of cerebral AVM. METHODS Between October 15, 1996, and March 24, 1999, 104 patients at 13 centers were prospectively randomized to undergo embolization using an n-BCA/Tantalum Powder/Ethiodol mixture or Trufill PVA. The pre-embolization therapy goals were determined in terms of the number of pedicles to be embolized and the percent of nidus reduction expected. Embolization results were evaluated by a central laboratory. Subsequent surgical resection data were recorded. Safety evaluation data included recording device complications, procedure complications, and intracranial events/overall neurologic outcomes, which could be either device-related, procedure-related, or both. RESULTS The reduction of AVM dimensions (79.4% in the n-BCA group and 86.9% in the PVA group) and the mean number of vessels embolized (2.2 in the n-BCA group and 2.1 in the PVA group) was similar in the two groups. Coils were used more commonly with PVA embolization (P<.0001). No differences were detected in surgical resection time, number of patients who required transfusion, volume and number of transfusion units, or type and volume of fluid replacement. Glasgow Outcome Scale scores were not significantly different between the two groups before treatment, after embolization, or after resection. Two of 42 patients who underwent resection and had been treated with n-BCA experienced post-resection hematoma, compared with eight of 45 patients who underwent resection and had been treated with PVA (P<.05). CONCLUSION This prospective, randomized trial showed that n-BCA is equivalent to PVA as a preoperative embolic agent for treatment of cerebral AVM as determined by percent of nidus reduction and number of feeding pedicles embolized.
ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION FUNCTION PARAMETERS

This paper is concerned with the estimation of Cobb-Douglas production function parameters by the analysis of covariance, using combined timeseries and cross-section data. Some theoretical development is followed by empirical results for a sample of farm firms over a period of years. Estimated marginal returns per dollar of expenditure are obtained for inputs of the "average" firm; returns to labor are below one dollar, and returns to other inputs are above one dollar. Firm constants and time constants are obtained and interpreted. There is a drop in the sum of elasticities as one moves from the usual least squares estimates to analysis of covariance estimates. Alternative explanations for this decrease are considered. 1. THEORETICAL REMARKS THIS PAPER discusses the use of combined time-series and cross-section data in the estimation of production function parameters. Some theoretical development appears in this section, while succeeding sections report on empirical results obtained through the application of the theoretical discussion to a set of firms in agriculture. The theoretical development involves three stages: (a) construction of an equation set-or economic model-that describes the behaviour of the competitive firm; (b) derivation of a statistical model from the economic model by the introduction of disturbance terms and by the specification of characteristics of those disturbances; (c) further development of the statistical model, calling for the use of combined time-series and cross-section data. The Economic Model. In the estimation of production function parameters, the Cobb-Douglas form of the production function is often employed. That tradition is adhered to in this paper. The investigator constructs an economic model; the initial step is the assumption of a production function of the form:
Neonatal injections of cyclosporin enhance autoimmune diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice

Since the modulation of the immune system at birth may influence the course of insulin‐dependent (type 1) diabetes, we investigated whether neonatal injections of cyclosporin (CsA) to newborn non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice influence diabetes during later life. Two groups of 90 mice (45 female, 45 male) were injected intraperitoneally for the first 6 days of life with CsA (l0mg/kg per day) or with vehicle. In female NOD mice, the onset of diabetes was earlier and cumulative incidence was higher after neonatal treatment with CsA (P < 0·01). The incidence of diabetes was also dramatically enhanced in male NOD mice (P < 0·01), which normally display a very low disease incidence. Concomitantly, the severity of lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets was higher in female NOD mice neonatally treated by CsA (P < 0·02), and to a lesser extent in males, than in control mice. After administration of CsA to newborn NOD mice, there was a reduction (P < 0·01) of both CD4+CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, whereas the number of double positive CD4+CD8+ thymocytes was increased. Concomitantly, Thy 1–2+ cells in spleen were decreased (P < 0·01), and spleen cells expressing either CD3 molecule or αβ TCR complex were diminished (P < 0·01). Both CD4+ and CD8+ spleen T cells were depleted. By contrast, the low percentage of γδ TCR‐expressing splenocytes was not modified. Numbers of MHC class 1+ or MHC class 2+ spleen cells were also depressed (P < 0·01). After neonatal injections of CsA, spleen cells showed a reduced response to concanavalin A (Con A) (P < 0·01). On the contrary, stimulation indices of splenocytes incubated with xenogeneic insulin‐producing cell extracts were enhanced (P < 0·03). Proliferation indices of splenocytes to self class 2 antigens, generating suppressor cell activity, during syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) were significantly reduced (P < 0·01). Irradiated NOD mice were used as recipients for spleen cells from CsA ‐neonatally treated NOD mice. They displayed enhanced insulitis 2 weeks after transfer, and diabetes was successfully produced by 1 month after transfer in 50% of the recipients. By contrast, NOD mice which received control syngeneic spleen cells remained normoglycaemic, with only moderate islet infiltration which would be expected of NOD mice of this age. Thus, neonatal injections of CsA markedly enhance diabetes in both female and male NOD mice. The mechanisms behind the clinical effect are at least related to arrest of thymocytopoiesis at the double positive stage and to attenuation of suppressor cell activity during the completion of immune selftolerance, leading to enhancement of autoreactive T lymphocytes directed against insulin‐secreting cells. This could be a useful tool for gaining insight into both the mechanisms underlying the thymic generation of autoreactive T lymphocytes against islet cells and the peripheral immunoregulatory device that controls expansion of the disease already initiated.
A Novel Algorithm for Multipath Fingerprinting in Indoor WLAN Environments

Positioning in indoor wireless environments is growing rapidly in importance and gains commercial interests in context-awareness applications. The essential challenge in localization is the severe fluctuation of receive signal strength (RSS) for the mobile client even at a fixed location. This work explores the major noisy source resulted from the multipath in an indoor wireless environment and presents an advanced positioning architecture to reduce the disturbance. Our contribution is to propose a novel approach to extract the robust signal feature from measured RSS which is provided by IEEE 802.11 MAC software so that the multipath effect can be mitigated efficiently. The dynamic multipath behavior, which can be modeled by a convolution operation in the time domain, can be transformed into an additive random variable in the logarithmic spectrum domain. That is, the convolution process becomes a linear and separable operation in the logarithmic spectrum domain and then can be effectively removed. To our best knowledge, this work is the first to enhance the robustness to a multipath fading condition, which is common in the environments of an indoor wireless LAN (WLAN) location fingerprinting system. Our approach is conceptually simple and easy to be implemented for practical applications. Neither a new hardware nor an extra sensor network installation is required. Both analytical simulation and experiments in a real WLAN environment demonstrate the usefulness of our approach to significant performance improvements. The numerical results show that the mean and the standard deviation of estimated error are reduced by 42% and 29%, respectively, as compared to the traditional maximum likelihood based approach. Moreover, the experimental results also show that fewer training samples are required to build the positioning models. This result can be attributed to that the location related information is effectively extracted by our algorithm.
The effect of a Helicobacter pylori treatment strategy on health care expenditures in patients with peptic ulcer disease and dyspepsia

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) for patients with dyspepsia or a history of peptic ulcer decreases hospital expenditures.METHODS:Patients receiving acid suppressive medications were interviewed. Those with a documented ulcer, a self-reported ulcer, or dyspepsia were tested for H. pylori and treated with antibiotics if seropositive. Acid suppressive medications were stopped on completion of H. pylori therapy unless there was a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or Barrett's esophagus, and were started again at the discretion of primary care providers. Total hospital costs and GI medication costs in the 12 months before H. pylori treatment were compared to costs 12 months after H. pylori treatment.RESULTS:A total of 432 consecutive patients were treated for H. pylori. Of the patients, 125 (29%) had dyspepsia, 45 (10%) documented peptic ulcer, and 262 (61%) self-reported peptic ulcer. Total costs (mean $327 ± 349 vs $291 ± 362, p = 0.06) and medication costs (mean $207 ± 237 vs $224 ± 277, p = 0.38) were not significantly different after treatment versus before treatment. A significant decrease in expenditures was limited to patients chronically on acid suppressive medications who had documented peptic ulcers and no history of GERD or Barrett's esophagus (mean $482 ± 274 vs $282 ± 218, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION:Treatment of H. pylori for patients with chronic dyspepsia or self-reported peptic ulcer does not reduce expenditures over 1 yr of follow up. H. pylori treatment for patients chronically receiving acid suppressive treatment with a prior documented ulcer significantly reduces expenditures if GERD and Barrett's esophagus are absent.
Comparison of Surgically Repaired Achilles Tendon Tears Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrices

Background Platelet-rich fibrin matrices release a natural mixture of growth factors that play central roles in the complex processes of tendon healing. Hypothesis Application of autologous platelet-rich matrices during Achilles tendon surgery may promote healing and functional recovery. Study Design Case-control study and descriptive laboratory study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Twelve athletes underwent open suture repair after complete Achilles tendon tear. Open suture repair in conjunction with a preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) was performed in 6 athletes and retrospectively compared with a matched group that followed conventional surgical procedure. The outcomes were evaluated on the basis of range of motion, functional recovery, and complications. Achilles tendons were examined by ultrasound at 50 ± 11 months in retrospective controls and 32 ± 10 months in the PRGF group. In the laboratory portion of the study, PRGF treatment was characterized by the number of platelets and concentration of insulin (IGF-I), transformed (TGF-β1), platelet-derived (PDGF-AB), vascular endothelial (VEGF), hepatocyte (HGF), and epidermal (EGF) growth factors in patients affected by musculoskeletal traumatic injuries. Results Athletes receiving PRGF recovered their range of motion earlier (7 ± 2 weeks vs 11 ± 3 weeks, P = .025), showed no wound complication, and took less time to take up gentle running (11 ± 1 weeks vs 18 ± 3 weeks, P = .042) and to resume training activities (14 ± 0.8 weeks vs 21 ± 3 weeks, P = .004). The cross-sectional area of the PRGF-treated tendons increased less (t = 3.44, P = .009). TGF-β1 (74.99 ± 32.84 ng/mL), PDGF-AB (35.62 ± 14.57 ng/mL), VEGF (383.9 ± 374.9 pg/mL), EGF (481.5 ± 187.5 pg/mL), and HGF (593.87 ± 155.76 pg/mL) significantly correlated with the number of platelets (677 ± 217 platelets/μL, P < .05). Conclusion The operative management of tendons combined with the application of autologous PRGF may present new possibilities for enhanced healing and functional recovery. This needs to be evaluated in a randomized clinical trial.
Diffusion in the presence of a local attracting factor: Theory and interdisciplinary applications.

In many complex diffusion processes the drift of random walkers is not caused by an external force, as in the case of Brownian motion, but by local variations of fitness perceived by the random walkers. In this paper, a simple but general framework is presented that describes such a type of random motion and may be of relevance in different problems, such as opinion dynamics, cultural spreading, and animal movement. To this aim, we study the problem of a random walker in d dimensions moving in the presence of a local heterogeneous attracting factor expressed in terms of an assigned position-dependent "attractiveness function. " At variance with standard Brownian motion, the attractiveness function introduced here regulates both the advection and diffusion of the random walker, thus providing testable predictions for a specific form of fluctuation-relations. We discuss the relation between the drift-diffusion equation based on the attractiveness function and that describing standard Brownian motion, and we provide some explicit examples illustrating its relevance in different fields, such as animal movement, chemotactic diffusion, and social dynamics.