Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ostracoderm Order Anaspida, with Description of Some Upper Silurian Material

The ostracoderms are the earliest known vertebrates, their known geologic range being from Upper Ordovician to Upper Devonian. We know little of the Ordovician group (1), as all the fossils known from that horizon are so fragmentary that we can not reconstruct their form. The second oldest horizon from which they have been recorded is Upper Silurian (2). Somewhere in rocks of these intervening ages there are probably fossils revealing stages of the development of the ostracoderms, for here in this second horizon, millions of years removed from the first and perhaps one fifth of the way around the earth, has been found a diversified group. As indicated in an earlier account (2), members of two sub-classes, three orders, and six families have been recorded from the one locality. All ostracoderms have bony exoskeletons. In some the exoskeleton is limited to portions of the head, in others it covers the entire body. In some cases the exoskeleton is entirely made up of separate scutes or scales, whereas in others it consists of a more or less solid encasement over the head or over the head and trunk. The Anaspida make up one order of the sub-class Cephalaspidomorphi. As constituted at present (3) they compromise seven known genera, Euphanerops Woodward (4), and Endiolepis Stensi6 (3) from the Upper Devonian of Scaumenac Bay, Province of Quebec, Canada; Birkenia and Lasanius Traquair (5) from the Downtonian (Lower Devonian) of Scotland; and Pterolepis, Pharyngolepis, and Rhyncholepis Kiaer (6) of Norwegian Downtonian. To these should probably be added Ctenopleuron Matthew from the Lower Devonian of New Brunswick (7). This placement of Ctenopleuron has been suggested by Woodward (8), Kiaer (6), Stromer (9), Stetson (10), and Stensi6 (3). Moy-Thomas (11) in his general account of Plaeozoic fishes groups these genera into two families. Kiaer (6), Stetson (10), Robertson (12), and Stensi6 (3) list them in single genus families. In 1937 (13) I called attention to the presence of fragmentary specimens of Anaspida in the Patten Collection from the Upper Silurian of the island of Oesel. I have found one additional fragment in a collection from this same area made by Raymond and Chevrill for the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard. The Anaspida thus far known are small, the longest known being about six inches in length. The head is covered with small bony plates showing a definite pattern. The body is covered with elongated scutes arranged in a series of longitudinal rows, except in Lasanius, where no body squamation has been discovered. There are peculiar spines located at the lower end of a diagonal row of branchial apertures. These may have been fin spines of pec-
OSCILLATORY FLOW OF AIR OVER MAGNETIC FLUID COATED ON OSCILLATING FLAT PLATE HYUNG

This study deals with an oscillatory flow of air over a uniform magnetic fluid coating on a flat plate oscillating in its own plane. The steady state solution of the oscillatory flow problem in air and magnetic fluid satisfying the boundary and the interface conditions are obtained using a complex shape function, from which the distributions of velocity and shear stress are determined. Special attention is paid to the behaviors of the velocity and the shear stress profiles and the time evolution of interface velocity, interface shear stress, and wall shear stress for varying oscillation frequency. The results for a particular set of density and viscosity ratios of 0.001 and 0.004 show that the flow decays exponentially in space with a rate proportional to the frequency parameter. The flow variables at the interface and the wall exhibit different behaviors with respect to the frequency parameter. KeywordsAir, Flat Plate, Frequency, Magnetic Fluid Coating, Steady State Oscillation.
Increased Self-Reported Discrimination and Concern for Physical Assault Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, and Filipino Americans

Objectives. To investigate self-reported discrimination and concern for physical assault due to the COVID-19 pandemic among disaggregated Asian subgroups in the US. Methods. We conducted a nationwide survey to assess self-reported discrimination and concern for physical assault due to COVID-19 across racial/ethnic groups, including diverse subgroups of Asians. Results. Chinese respondents experienced the largest change (15% increase) in proportion of respondents reporting discrimination from 2019 to 2020 (P<.01). Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other API showed up to 3.9 times increased odds of self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination due to COVID-19 and, with the addition of Filipino, experienced up to 5.4 times increased odds of concern for physical assault due to COVID-19 compared to Whites. Conclusions. Our study is the first to examine self-reported discrimination and concern for physical assault due to COVID-19 in subgroups of Asian Americans, finding that East (Chinese, Korean, Japanese) and Southeast (Vietnamese, Filipino) Asian Americans have been disproportionately affected. Future studies should disaggregate Asian subgroups to fully understand experiences of discrimination in diverse populations in the US.
Modeling Car-Following Behaviour of Turning Movements at Intersections with Consideration of Turning Radius

In order to deeply analyze and describe the characteristics of car-following behaviour of turning vehicles at intersections, the features and application conditions of classic car-following models were analyzed firstly. And then, through analysing the relationship between the maximum velocity of car-following vehicles and the turning radius of intersection, the differences in key variables between turning and straight car-following behaviour were identified. On the basis of Optimal Velocity (OV) model, a Turning Optimal Velocity (TOV) car-following model with consideration of turning radius and sideway force coefficient at intersections was developed. PreScan simulation was employed to build the scene of turning car-following process at an intersection. Based on linear stability analysis, the stability conditions of the TOV model were derived. And it was found that (1) the turning radius has a significant effect on the car-following behaviour of turning vehicles at intersections; (2) with the increase of the distance between vehicles, the driver’s response sensitivity coefficient increases and then decreases and reaches the maximum value when the distance reaches the minimum safe distance; (3) with the increase of turning radius, the stability of the car-following fleet tends to decrease, and it is more likely to become a stop-and-go traffic flow. In addition, the numerical simulation results indicate that the TOV model can describe the car-following behaviour of turning vehicles more accurately with consideration of turning radius. The findings of this study can be used in the development of microscopic traffic simulation software and for improving traffic safety at intersections.
Calculated And Measured Air-Kerma Response Of Ionization Chambers In Low- And Medium-Energy Photon Beams

Introduction . 69 Fano Theorem And Its Implication . 71 Materials And Methods. 72 Calculations Under Fano Conditions . 72 Measurements and Calculations of Response of Realistic Ionization Chambers. 73 Results And Discussion . 75 Study of Ion Chamber Response in Low-Energy Photon Beams Under Fano Conditions . 75 Study of Ion Chamber Response in Low-Energy Photon Beams for Realistic Ionization Chambers . 77 Conclusions . 82 Acknowledgments . 82 References. 82
Fire-related cues and the germination of eight Conostylis (Haemodoraceae) taxa, when freshly collected, after burial and after laboratory storage

Abstract The genus Conostylis (Haemodoraceae) is endemic to fire-prone south-western Australia. To gain an understanding of the effect of some fire-related germination cues, eight Conostylis taxa were tested in response to water, nitrate, smoke water and karrikinolide (KAR1) under light and dark conditions, when seeds were freshly collected and after a year of burial. The germination of all taxa tested was higher in response to smoke water and KAR1 than in water alone, whereas nitrate did not stimulate germination. Germination was higher in all taxa following 1 year of burial than in fresh seeds. Recently, glyceronitrile has been identified as another chemical in smoke water, apart from KAR1, that can stimulate the germination of certain species. The relative response of eight Conostylis taxa to KAR1, glyceronitrile and smoke water was examined in laboratory-stored seeds. Germination of these taxa was promoted by both smoke water and KAR1, except for C. neocymosa, which had high germination regardless of treatment. Four of the other seven taxa germinated to higher levels in at least one of the glyceronitrile concentrations tested (10, 50 or 100 μM) than in water alone. However, in only two of these taxa, C. aculeata subsp. septentrionora and C. juncea, was germination in glyceronitrile as high as that in smoke water. Thus, the response to glyceronitrile is not uniform across Conostylis taxa. Generally, germination was higher with KAR1 than glyceronitrile, suggesting that although some Conostylis taxa have the capacity to respond to glyceronitrile, KAR1 is the more important germination stimulant for this genus.
Improving soil moisture prediction of a high-resolution land surface model by parameterising pedotransfer functions through assimilation of SMAP satellite data

Abstract. Pedotransfer functions are used to relate gridded databases of soil texture information to the soil hydraulic and thermal parameters of land surface models. The parameters within these pedotransfer functions are uncertain and calibrated through analyses of point soil samples. How these calibrations relate to the soil parameters at the spatial scale of modern land surface models is unclear because gridded databases of soil texture represent an area average. We present a novel approach for calibrating such pedotransfer functions to improve land surface model soil moisture prediction by using observations from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission within a data assimilation framework. Unlike traditional calibration procedures, data assimilation always takes into account the relative uncertainties given to both model and observed estimates to find a maximum likelihood estimate. After performing the calibration procedure, we find improved estimates of soil moisture and heat flux for the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (run at a 1 km resolution) when compared to estimates from a cosmic-ray soil moisture monitoring network (COSMOS-UK) and three flux tower sites. The spatial resolution of the COSMOS probes is much more representative of the 1 km model grid than traditional point-based soil moisture sensors. For 11 cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture probes located across the modelled domain, we find an average 22 % reduction in root mean squared error, a 16 % reduction in unbiased root mean squared error and a 16 % increase in correlation after using data assimilation techniques to retrieve new pedotransfer function parameters.
Proteomics Approaches to Study Host Pathogen Interaction

Proteomics is the branch of functional genomics which deals with the study of proteins along with analysis that have genetic read out i.e. mRNA analysis & genomic analysis. Genomic studies integrated with protein studies confirm the functionality of a particular gene. Advances in mass spectrometry, nucleotide sequencing information combined with computational algorithm, chip-based approaches and genetic approaches lead to the proteomics as an emerging field of functional genomics. Different approaches in proteomics include protein extraction and then separation of proteins either by Gel based method (2DE, DIGE) or non-Gel based method (ITAC, ITRAQ, SILAC, Mud PIT) and then quantification and identification using mass spectrometry and database comparison. Plant serves as a host for wide range of pathogen. On the basis of maintaining effective defence response towards pathogen there are two types of plant-pathogen interaction namely compatible and incompatible interaction. In both type of interaction several defence related and biotic stress response proteins are induced but their extent to provide defence is different. Proteomics help in studying plant–virus, plant-fungus, plant-bacteria and plant-nematode interaction in details to identify proteins produced in both compatible and incompatible interaction and to sort out the protein with differential expression.
A comparative biochemical study of ultrasound and interferential therapy for bone healing in rabbits

In present study 18 New Zealand White rabbit were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. For comparing the therapeutic efficacy we developed a rabbit model with 2mm bone defect in mid-shaft of right radius. The animals in the group A did not receive any physiotherapy and kept as control, whereas, groups B and C animals were treated with low intensity pulsed ultrasound (0.5 watt/cm2) and bipolar interferential therapy (100 KHz), respectively, for 10 min on alternate days up to 2 weeks. In all the animals initially there was decrease in serum calcium level up to 7th to 15th day followed by an increase. However, Group B animals exhibited significantly low calcium at 15 days as compared to other groups of animal. In animals of groups B and C, phosphorus level significantly increased from 15th day to last of the observation period, whereas, in group A animals showed these significant increased level on 30th and 60th day. In group B, also exhibited significant higher alkaline phosphatase levels and low lipid per oxidation level as compared to interferential and control group animal. In group B animals cortisol level did not vary considerably at different time intervals. However in group c animal’s significantly higher cortisol level was observed. Thus ultrasound therapy resulted in faster bone healing and early resolution of physiological stress due to creation of bone defect in comparison to interferential therapy.
Streaky Structures in Transition

There is an increasing amount of evidence that streaky streamwise-oriented structures confined in the laminar boundary layer are the embryo for so called "bypass" transition in many flows of engineering interest. This paper mainly focuses on boundary layer development under the influence of moderate levels of free stream turbulence. Experiments show that free stream turbulence gives rise to very long streamwise structures, which grow in amplitude as they move downstream. These structures may lead to rms disturbance levels as high as 10% inside the boundary layer before turbulence is observed. Flow visualisation suggests that turbulent spots originate from an instability of a "strong" streak, probably due to a secondary instability of (spanwise) inflectional type. Artificial introduction oftemporal disturbances drastically enhances breakdown in the disturbed boundary layer.
The genus Albia Thon from Australia, with the description of two new species (Acari: Hydrachidia: Aturidae)

Two new Albia species are described from Australia, A. ironicus n. sp. and A. yorkensis n. sp. Albia brokenensis Smit is synon-ymized with A. australica Cook. The female of A. longipalpis Wiles is described for the first time. Many new records are given of the genus Albia from Australia.Key words: Hydrachnidia, Aturidae, Albia, new species, new records, Australia
Chapter 6:Phenotypic and In Vivo Screening: Lead Discovery and Drug Repurposing

The changes in screening philosophy over a 40 year period from in vivo phenotypic screening to a reductionist mechanism-based in vitro search for a single selective compound against a single target are described. Examples are given of the shortcomings of the reductionist paradigm and the advantages of the phenotypic and multi-target screening approaches towards drug discovery and repurposing. Non-mechanism biased phenotypic screening offers the advantages of enhanced target opportunity space and is a good match for screening of ligands covering narrow chemistry space, e.g. natural products. Retrospective analysis suggests that phenotypic screening is better than mechanistic screening in finding first in class compounds, particularly for the more complex disease targets.
Learning Dashboard: Bringing Student Background and Performance Online

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) generate large quantities of rich data, providing abundant opportunities for educational research. Data attributes of student background and courseware interaction logs provide information that can be predictive of a struggling or succeeding student but these signals are often lost in the data heap and never get surfaced to instructors. In this paper we build on prior work and showcase an instructor analytics module that puts the user in charge of data inquiry. Our module is open-source and compatible with moocRP, an open source open learning analytics platform. Using data from an edX course, we investigate learner performance correspondence with attributes such as; age, gender, and country of origin. This paper proposes an interactive visualization ﬁltering, which enables studying likely impacts of one indicator to the other. Demographics, most notably age and country, point to potential diﬀerences in students’ motivations for participating MOOCs. Thus, this tool can inform educators and course moderators about these diﬀerences for further design improvements.
Cluster Observations of the Postmidnight Plasma Sheet at 18 Re during Substorms

On August 15, 2001 the Cluster spacecraft passed through the plasma sheet at 0100 LT at a distance of 18 Re downtail. During the passage, three substorms were observed. Each substorm was characterized by an increase in Bz or dipolarization. The first and last substorms were also accompanied by strong earthward flows. We utilize a variety of ground and spacecraft observations to establish the circumstances of these correlated changes. For the entire interval, the IMF By was strongly positive. For the first two substorms, the IMF Bz was significantly negative prior to the onset, but the third substorm occurred during very weak southward field. The Cluster field data indicate that IMF By significantly affected the magnetic field at 18 Re causing it to pass through the current sheet at an angle to the Z-axis. A principal axis system that best organizes the magnetic field is rotated in the opposite direction expected for IMF By effects in the tail. In two substorms, the arrival of flows at Cluster was associated with an intensification of an ongoing substorm expansion. The first substorm provides a clear example of a steep front of thickening of the plasma sheet passing over the spacecraft followed by several oscillations in vertical thickness. The third substorm took place as the spacecraft were approaching the expected position of the neutral sheet. It began with a very sharp negative perturbation in Bz followed by a brief burst of tailward flow. The usual signatures of dipolarization followed. This dipolarization occurs in a step-wise manner with each field increment accompanied by a burst of earthward flow. We utilize the magnetic field and plasma flow to calcula te the rate of transport of magnetic flux past each spacecraft. With the help of radar measurements of the polar cap potential from the SuperDARN network we show that a channel of width 7.8 Re can account for all of the magnetic flux entering the magnetotail during the interval of plasma flow.
Antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Dombeya burgessiae leaf extracts on enzymes linked to diabetes mellitus

This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of different extracts of Dombeya burgessiae leaf. Different concentrations (3.13–100 µg/ml) of aqueous, ethanol and hydro-ethanol extracts of D. burgessiae were subjected to standard in vitro antioxidant tests, namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging abilities as well as iron chelating potential. The antidiabetic study was done by assessing the inhibitory effects of these extracts on the activities of diabetes-related enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, maltase and sucrase). Ethanol extract of D. burgessiae exhibited the best DPPH radical (EC50: 68.45 µg/ml) scavenging ability while hydro-ethanol extract displayed the most potent hydroxyl (EC50: 30.71 µg/ml) and superoxide (EC50: 27.09 µg/ml) radical scavenging, as well as iron chelating (EC50: 38.09 µg/ml) ability. Hydro-ethanol extract also exhibited the best inhibition of α-amylase (IC50: 43.99), α-glucosidase (IC50: 10.94 µg/ml) and sucrase (IC50: 16.21 µg/ml) activities while maltase was most inhibited by aqueous extract (IC50: 28.76 µg/ml) of D. burgessiae. A Lineweaver–Burk plot revealed that hydro-ethanol extract inhibited α-glucosidase and maltase in non-competitive and uncompetitive manners, respectively while both α-amylase and sucrase were inhibited mixed non-competitively. Hydro-ethanol extract of D. burgessiae possessed antioxidant as well as antidiabetic potential, and one of its mechanisms of antidiabetic action is the inhibition of diabetes-related enzymes.
Decomposing of Urban Poor / Non-Poor Differential in Childhood Malnutrition and Mortality in India, 2015-16

Background The high level of childhood malnutrition due to mortality in India is a major hurdle impeding the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals–3 (SDG–3). The present study aims to quantify the contribution of factors that explain the poor/non-poor gap in malnutrition and mortality status of children 0-5 years in urban India using data from 2015-16 of fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). Methods For understand the gap in child health between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariate were used the descriptive statistics. Furthermore Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition and non-liner Fairlie decomposition technique both were used to explain the factors contributing to the average gap in under nutrition between poor and non-poor children in urban India. Result The result suggested that explained the gap urban poor/non-poor in nutritional indicator stunting and underweight were 40 and 46 percentage and childhood infant and under-five mortality were 40 and 48 percentage respectively. The maternal factor mainly for lower education contributed much more changed in child health status those are living in urban poverty. Conclusion The overall finding indicate that children living poor household higher level malnutrition and mortality due to poor health status and poor education of mother, lower health care service and less exposed to mass media. This finding help to policy maker reducing the gap of child undernutrition between urban poor and the non-poor and low coverage of health services among the urban poor.
Outsourcing of Services and the Productivity Recovery in U.S. Manufacturing in the 1980s and 1990s

Manufacturing productivity growth recovered during the 1980s and 1990s, while other sectors, particularly services, did not. In the same period U.S. manufacturing has engaged in the ”outsourcing” or ”contracting-out” of service functions. Has the recovery of manufacturing been accomplished by industrial reorganization sloughing o¤ sluggish services rather than technical progress? We analyze this question by reducing service inputs to their consituent elements of material inputs. Service productivity growth is thus imputed to the goods sectors, reducing the recovery of manufacturing productivity growth in the 1980s by one . fth. The recovery lasted through the 1990s, when high productivity performers in manufacturing have been relatively successful at outsourcing sluggish services. J.E. L. eld: 047 Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity.