Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chlorophyll and protein content variability in Giloy [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers] under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India

A study of chlorophyll and protein content variability in giloy under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2008–2009. Survey was conducted and stem cuttings from base region of giloy were collected from twelve different altitudes of District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). The pot trial was carried out in the main campus of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur by vegetative propagation through stem cuttings of the surveyed collections in the month of May-2008 for first seasonal growth. Significant variation was observed in chlorophyll content but variation was non-significant for protein content. Chlorophyll content of the plant varied from 14.51 (collection-4) to 23.03 (collection-9) ? g/g. Protein content ranging from 9.97 (collection-4) to 14.04 (collection-11) per cent. Conclusively, based on overall performance collection-9, collection-11 and collection-8 emerged to be the best collections.
Palaeopathology

cracks by burning which was the traditional method of fortune telling originally developed in China and spread to Japan via the Korean peninsula by a huge number of migrants during the Yayoi period. Many artifacts including bone-made fish-hocks, fish-spears and harpoons have been discovered at the Aoyakamijichi ruins. One wooden board with drawings swimming sharks and another one with drawings of a fleet upon it were also discovered at the site. These artifacts showed that the people in the site were engaged in fishing and rice farming, and that long distance commerce even to the Korean peninsula was conducted primarily by primitive ships during the aneolithic period in Japan. Among those 4000 pieces of human skeletal remains including at least 53 individuals, about a hundred remains showed pathological changes. The most common pathological changes (about 80 percent) were cut marks or injuries by metallic weapons. Numbers of such injuries by iron or bronze weapons identified to date are; 3 skulls, 6 clavicle, 15 humerii, 3 radius, 4 ulnae, 1 scapula, 6 thoracic vertebrae, 28 ribs, 1 sternum, 3 ilium, 1 ischium, 5 femora, 9 tibiae, 2 fibulae, 1 talus and others. Through these discoveries, these skeletal remains are thought to be victims of a battle or massacre in the conflict between villages at the Aoyakamijichi site.
The Effects of Northward Dispersal on Growth Rate of Young, Size of Young at Birth, and Litter Size in Sigmodon hispidus

Northward dispersal in Sigmodon hispidus has not significantly affected early growth rate of young or size of young at birth. But there has been a significant increase in litter size in the northern population. Northern S. hispidus have the same size young, but more young per litter than the southern population. Maintenance of the size of young at birth in northern populations may be related, in part, to the development of thermoregulatory capabilities. In the northern population there was seasonal variation in litter size, growth rate (tail length), and size of young at birth (tail length and body weight). Litters of S. hispidus produced in cold weather months are significantly smaller than those produced in warm weather months. INTRODUCTION The northward dispersal of the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus spp.) has been well documented over most of its geographical range (Patton, 1941; Rinker, 1942; Cockrum, 1948; Anderson and Berg, 1959; Jones, 1960, 1964; Mohlhenrich, 1961; Genoways and Schlitter, 1966). With increasing latitude, populations of S. hispidus encounter increased seasonal climatic variability and longer cold periods. Populations of S. hispidus show both seasonal cycles and irregular long-term fluctuations in density. Irregular fluctuations in population, frequently to "plague" proportions, have been reported in both southern and northern populations (for a review of the literature see Goertz, 1964). Odum (1955) demonstrated three well-marked long-term "cycles" in a southern population of S. hispidus hispidus, although in all years the autumn density of cotton rats was markedly greater than the spring density. He considered the latter type of variation a "northern-type" seasonal cycle in these populations. Northern-type cycles in density have also been observed in other southern populations of S. hispidus (Erickson, 1949; Dunaway and Kaye, 1964). In northern populations of S. hispidus, seasonal cycles in population are better defined and more regular as a result of decreased temperature (and increased duration of low temperatures) associated with increased latitude (Goertz, 1964; unpublished data). Variation in S. hispidus populations appears to be regulated by temperature (Baumgartner, 1945; Sealander and Walker, 1955; Dunaway and Kaye, 1964; Goertz, 1964). Goertz (1964) found that a long period of below-freezing weather, snow cover, and frozen ground coincided with a population decline. Similar declines had four factors in common: (1) high summer and autumn population density; (2)
Effect of K-/S- segments on subcellular localization and dimerization of wheat dehydrin WZY1-2

ABSTRACT Dehydrins (DHNs) belong to group Ⅱ late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins which perform multiple functions in plants during stress conditions. Both K- and S-segments are conserved domains in the dehydrin protein family; however, there are only a few in vivo functional studies for these two conserved segments. In this study, the DHN gene wzy1-2 was isolated from Triticum aestivum and its K-/S-segment-truncated derivatives were generated. In order to explore the biological function of these two conserved fragments, subcellular localization and dimerization detection assays were performed for the K-/S-segment-truncated derivatives. Results of GFP fusion and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays indicated that WZY1-2 localized to nucleus as a homologous dimer. The S-segment partially regulated the nuclear localization of WZY1-2 but did not affect its dimerization, while the K-segment influenced neither the dimer formation nor the subcellular localization.
Warming‐induced global soil carbon loss attenuated by downward carbon movement

The fate of soil organic carbon (SOC) under warming is poorly understood, particularly across large extents and in the whole‐soil profile. Using a data‐model integration approach applied across the globe, we find that downward movement of SOC along the soil profile reduces SOC loss under warming. We predict that global SOC stocks (down to 2 m) will decline by 4% (~80 Pg) on average when SOC reaches the steady state under 2°C warming, assuming no changes in net primary productivity (NPP). To compensate such decline (i.e. maintain current SOC stocks), a 3% increase of NPP is required. Without the downward SOC movement, global SOC declines by 15%, while a 20% increase in NPP is needed to compensate that loss. This vital role of downward SOC movement in controlling whole‐soil profile SOC dynamics in response to warming is due to the protection afforded to downward‐moving SOC by depth, indicated by much longer residence times of SOC in deeper layers. Additionally, we find that this protection could not be counteracted by promoted decomposition due to the priming of downward‐moving new SOC from upper layers on native old SOC in deeper layers. This study provides the first estimation of whole‐soil SOC changes under warming and additional NPP required to compensate such changes across the globe, and reveals the vital role of downward movement of SOC in reducing SOC loss under global warming.
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTER GRADIENTS AND CLIMATIC ADAPTATION

STEFANSSON, V. 1955. Clothes made the Eskimo. Nat. Hist., 64 (1): 32-41. SWIFT, R. W. , AND C. E. FRENCH. 1954. Energy Metabolism and Nutrition. Scarecrow Press, Washington, D. C. WEBSTER, A. P. 1952. Caloric requirements of man in cold climates: theoretical consideration. J. Applied Physiol. , 5 (3) : 134-142. WEN,! C. 1934. The development of the upper eyelid of the Chinese with special reference to the Mongolic fold. Chinese Med. J., 48: 1216-1227. WEYER, E. M. 1932. The Eskimos. Yale University Press. YOSHIMURA, H. , AND T. IIDA. 1952. Studies on the reactivity of skin vessels to extreme cold. Part II. Factors governing the individual difference of the reactivity or the resistance against frost-bite. The Japanese Jour. of Physiol. , 2 (3) : 177-185.
Improved Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanostructures by Laser Surface Engineering

We herein present an alternative geometry of nanostructured carbon cathode capable of obtaining a low turn-on field, and both stable and high current densities. This cathode geometry consisted of a micro-hollow array on planar carbon nanostructures engineered by femtosecond laser. The micro-hollow geometry provides a larger edge area for achieving a lower turn-on field of 0.70 V/µm, a sustainable current of approximately 2 mA (about 112 mA/cm2) at an applied field of less than 2 V/µm. The electric field in the vicinity of the hollow array (rim edge) is enhanced due to the edge effect, that is key to improving field emission performance. The edge effect of the micro-hollow cathode is confirmed by numerical calculation. This new type of nanostructured carbon cathode geometry can be promisingly applied for high intensity and compact electron sources.
Optic flow parsing in the macaque monkey

During self-motion, an independently moving object generates retinal motion that is the vector sum of its world-relative motion and the optic flow caused by the observer's self-motion. A hypothesized mechanism for the computation of an object's world-relative motion is flow parsing, in which the optic flow field due to self-motion is globally subtracted from the retinal flow field. This subtraction generates a bias in perceived object direction (in retinal coordinates) away from the optic flow vector at the object's location. Despite psychophysical evidence for flow parsing in humans, the neural mechanisms underlying the process are unknown. To build the framework for investigation of the neural basis of flow parsing, we trained macaque monkeys to discriminate the direction of a moving object in the presence of optic flow simulating self-motion. Like humans, monkeys showed biases in object direction perception consistent with subtraction of background optic flow attributable to self-motion. The size of perceptual biases generally depended on the magnitude of the expected optic flow vector at the location of the object, which was contingent on object position and self-motion velocity. There was a modest effect of an object's depth on flow-parsing biases, which reached significance in only one of two subjects. Adding vestibular self-motion signals to optic flow facilitated flow parsing, increasing biases in direction perception. Our findings indicate that monkeys exhibit perceptual hallmarks of flow parsing, setting the stage for the examination of the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
Intracranial and subcortical volumes in adolescents with early‐onset psychosis: A multisite mega‐analysis from the ENIGMA consortium

Early‐onset psychosis disorders are serious mental disorders arising before the age of 18 years. Here, we investigate the largest neuroimaging dataset, to date, of patients with early‐onset psychosis and healthy controls for differences in intracranial and subcortical brain volumes. The sample included 263 patients with early‐onset psychosis (mean age: 16.4 ± 1.4 years, mean illness duration: 1.5 ± 1.4 years, 39.2% female) and 359 healthy controls (mean age: 15.9 ± 1.7 years, 45.4% female) with magnetic resonance imaging data, pooled from 11 clinical cohorts. Patients were diagnosed with early‐onset schizophrenia (n = 183), affective psychosis (n = 39), or other psychotic disorders (n = 41). We used linear mixed‐effects models to investigate differences in intracranial and subcortical volumes across the patient sample, diagnostic subgroup and antipsychotic medication, relative to controls. We observed significantly lower intracranial (Cohen's d = −0.39) and hippocampal (d = −0.25) volumes, and higher caudate (d = 0.25) and pallidum (d = 0.24) volumes in patients relative to controls. Intracranial volume was lower in both early‐onset schizophrenia (d = −0.34) and affective psychosis (d = −0.42), and early‐onset schizophrenia showed lower hippocampal (d = −0.24) and higher pallidum (d = 0.29) volumes. Patients who were currently treated with antipsychotic medication (n = 193) had significantly lower intracranial volume (d = −0.42). The findings demonstrate a similar pattern of brain alterations in early‐onset psychosis as previously reported in adult psychosis, but with notably low intracranial volume. The low intracranial volume suggests disrupted neurodevelopment in adolescent early‐onset psychosis.
Metabolic Responses of a Fossorial Rodent (Spalax ehrenbergi) to Simulated Burrow Conditions

Mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi) are rodents morphologically adapted to fossorial life. Their subterranean galleries are common in heavy and wet soils where hypoxia and hypercapnia are likely to prevail. Nevertheless, animals have often been observed to be intensively active under these conditions. In chronic experimental exposure to increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia, mole rats kept their initial body mass down to PO₂ = 42 torr and PCO₂ = 100 torr. White rats began losing weight at PO₂ = 96 torr and PCO₂ = 50 torr, the final weight loss being 73% of the initial body mass. Resting M of mole rats in acute exposure to a simultaneous decrease of O₂ and increase of CO₂ remained constant down to PO₂ = 33 torr. The white rats, however, failed to maintain their Mrest at a PO₂ lower than 42 torr. Mole rats, electrically stimulated to activity, maintained their augmented M (at a level three times the resting value) down to PO₂ = 75 torr. The white rats' similarly augmented M started to be PO₂ dependent at PO₂ = 130 torr. The active mole rats consume O₂ at a rate above that of resting level down to 27 torr, which is below their Pc = 33 at rest. When exposed to low temperature (Ta = 10 C and 20 C), white rats failed to respond to Ta = 20 C at PO₂ = 65 torr and to Ta = 10 C at PO₂ = 41 torr. Mole rats exposed to cold at PO₂ = 65 torr consumed O₂ at the same rate as in air. Critical PO₂s for the mole rats were found to be lower than for any other rodent studied so far. An equation which enables prediction of the metrbolic rate at different combinations of hypoxia and Ta is suggested. The metabolism of mole rats was found to be relatively unaffected by hypoxic-hypercapnic conditions, thus showing functional adaptations to fossorial life. In this ability to withstand hypoxic conditions, they exceed even mammals of the highest altitude studied so far.
Study of biomorphic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite fibres derived from a natural Harakeke (Phormium tenax) leaf fibre template

The complex structure of natural bio-organic matter has inspired scientists to utilise these as templates to design ‘biomorphic materials’, which retain the intricate architecture of the materials while acting as a useful bioactive material. Biomorphic hydroxyapatite-based fibres were synthesised using Harakeke leaf fibre as a template, which constitutes a powerful method for manufacturing bioactive ceramic fibres. Furthermore, in creating the hydroxyapatite-based fibres, a natural source of calcium and phosphate ions (from bovine bone) was utilised to create the digest solution in which the leaf fibres were immersed prior to their calcination to form the inorganic fibres. Chemical, thermogravimetric and microscopic characterisation confirmed that the final product was able to successfully replicate the shape of the fibres and furthermore be transformed into calcium deficient, bone-like hydroxyapatite.
Mental health guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida

Spina bifida’s (SB) impact on cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functioning places individuals at risk for mental health concerns. This article discusses the SB Mental Health Guidelines from the 2018 Spina Bifida Association’s Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida and reviews evidence-based directions with the intention of helping individuals with SB achieve optimal mental health throughout the lifespan. Guidelines address clinical questions pertaining to the psychosocial impact of SB on mental health and adaptation, domains of mental health that are affected in individuals with SB, areas of resilience, common maladaptive behaviors that may impact people with SB, and resources or practices that are helpful in mitigating mental health issues in this population. Gaps in the research and future directions are discussed.
Sustainability and Versatility of the ABCDE Protocol for Stress Echocardiography

For the past 40 years, the methodology for stress echocardiography (SE) has remained basically unchanged. It is based on two-dimensional, black and white imaging, and is used to detect regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). In the last five years much has changed and RWMA is not enough on its own to stratify patient risk and dictate therapy. Patients arriving at SE labs often have comorbidities and are undergoing full anti-ischemic therapy. The SE positivity rate based on RWMA fell from 70% in the eighties to 10% in the last decade. The understanding of CAD pathophysiology has shifted from a regional hydraulic disease to a systemic biologic disease. The conventional view of CAD encouraged the use of coronary anatomic imaging for diagnosis and the oculo-stenotic reflex for the deployment of therapy. This has led to a clinical oversimplification that ignores the lessons of pathophysiology and epidemiology, and in fact, CAD is not synonymous with ischemic heart disease. Patients with CAD may also have other vulnerabilities such as coronary plaque (step A of ABCDE-SE), alveolar-capillary membrane and pulmonary congestion (step B), preload and contractile reserve (step C), coronary microcirculation (step D) and cardiac autonomic balance (step E). The SE methodology based on two-dimensional echocardiography is now integrated with lung ultrasound (step B for B-lines), volumetric echocardiography (step C), color- and pulsed-wave Doppler (step D) and non-imaging electrocardiogram-based heart rate assessment (step E). In addition, qualitative assessment based on the naked eye has now become more quantitative, has been improved by contrast and based on cardiac strain and artificial intelligence. ABCDE-SE is now ready for large scale multicenter testing in the SE2030 study.
Birth Weight and Diabetic Retinopathy: Results From the Population-Based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)

ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigates the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and birth weight (BW) in diabetic subjects sampled from the general population. Methods The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, observational cohort study in participants aged from 35 to 74 years. Criteria for diabetes diagnosis were HbA1c ≥6.5% at study entry, a doctor-diagnosis of diabetes, or diabetes medication. The presence of DR was determined by evaluating fundus photographs. BW was assessed by self-reports. GHS participants were divided into three different BW groups (low: <2500 g; normal: 2500–4000 g; high:>4000 g). Logistic regression analysis was conducted as uni- and multivariable analysis with adjustment for age and sex. Effect mediators were separately investigated. Results A total of 1,124 GHS participants (7.5% of the cohort) had diabetes at study entry. Of these, 402 subjects (35.8%) had gradable fundus photographs, reported BW data and were included into this study. Overall, 91/402 subjects (23%) had DR. With regard to BW groups, DR was descriptively more frequent in subjects with low (28.1% [95%-CI: 14.4–47.0%; n = 32]) and high BW (30.8% [95%-CI: 19.1–45.3%; n = 52]) compared to normal BW (20.8% [95%-CI: 16.5–25.7%; n = 318]). Both high and low BW were associated with DR in multivariable analysis (high: OR = 1.68, p = .037; low: OR = 1.81, p = .05). The BW effect was mediated by duration of diabetes in both BW groups and by arterial hypertension in the low BW group. Conclusion Low and high BW in persons with diabetes is related to higher risk of diabetic retinopathy. Longer duration of diabetes and higher prevalence of arterial hypertension are factors in these subjects explaining the elevated risk.
Steroids further improve ganglion impar blocks for coccyx pain (tailbone pain)

We praise your journal and authors, Sencan et al. [1], on the excellent research publication titled, “Are steroids required in the treatment of ganglion impar blockade in chronic coccydynia? A prospective double-blinded clinical trial. ” At our University-based Coccyx Pain Center, we have authored many publications on ganglion impar injections for coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain) [2-5]. Therefore, we speak from experience when we very gratefully compliment Sencan et al. on having published one of the most rigorously scientific approaches to this topic, as they did a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Their article correctly notes that for ganglion impar blocks, “Local anesthetics or a corticosteroid in addition to local anesthetics are used for the purpose of the blockade” [1]. The study compared blocks done only with local anesthetic versus those with steroids plus local anesthetic. Our one point of constructive input is that the article’s title and the concluding sentence in the abstract may mislead those who do not read the full article. Specifically, the abstract states, “Conclusions: Ganglion impar blockade decreases pain in the treatment of chronic coccydynia and improves depression. Addition of steroids in a ganglion impar blockade is required for treatment response that should accumulate over a long period of time. ” However, when we look at the actual data presented in Table 3, we can see that even in the group that received only local anesthetic (without steroids), patients improved in every single parameter measured (after injection, patients had improved pain scores when measured after one hour, after one month, and after three months, and they had improved depression scores after one month and three months) with all improvements showing P values of < 0.05. Thus, the steroids are not “required” or necessary for these injections to give significant improvements in pain and depression. This is clinically helpful to know, since there are occasionally coccydynia patients for whom steroids are contraindicated (e.g., in poorly controlled diabetics), and for whom it thus makes sense to provide a local anesthetic block without steroids. Admittedly, the magnitude of the improvements were even better in those who received steroids in addition to