Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards sustainable fuels and chemicals through the electrochemical reduction of CO2: lessons from water electrolysis

The storage of renewable energy through the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2RR) is an attractive strategy to transform the current linear utilisation of carbon fuels (extraction–combustion–CO2 release) into an increasingly cyclic one. An electrochemical alternative for energy storage is the production of H2 from water splitting, studied for decades and commercially available up to the megawatt range. By comparing the technological similarities between these two processes, it is possible to extract both a global perspective and research directions for the eCO2RR. Herein, the main limiting phenomena affecting CO2 electrolysers and their causes are outlined first. This is followed by the derivation, for several eCO2RR products, of targets in terms of durability, current efficiency, energy efficiency, faradaic efficiency, and overvoltage, which must be achieved for the eCO2RR to reach a similar energy storage capability as the electrochemical production of H2. By comparing these figures of merit with the eCO2RR literature, we conclude that the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and formic acid lead the race towards practical use, although both still exhibit major performance gaps. The present energy efficiencies are low, mainly due to high overvoltages, and durability is not yet a developed research area. Besides the development of more efficient electrocatalysts, research advances on the fronts of electrode and electrolyser design, coupled with the optimisation of methods for the preparation of electrodes, are expected to push forward the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on its way to viability.
Hydro-Servo-Aero-Elastic Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

A fully coupled hydro-servo-aero-elastic simulator for the analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) is presented. All physical aspects are addressed, and the corresponding equations are concurrently solved within the same computational framework, taking into account the wind and wave excitations, the aerodynamic response of the rotor, the hydrodynamic response of the floater, the structural dynamics of the turbine-floater-mooring lines assembly and finally the control system of the wind turbine. The components of the complex multi-physics system of a FOWT interact with each other in an implicitly coupled manner leading to a holistic type of modeling. Different modeling options, of varying fidelity and computational cost, are made available with respect to rotor aerodynamics, hydrodynamic loading of the floater and mooring system dynamics that allow for timely routine certification simulations, but also for computationally intense simulations of less conventional operating states. Structural dynamics is based on nonlinear multibody analysis that allows reproducing the large rigid body motions undergone by the FOWT, as well as large deflections and rotations of the highly flexible blades. The paper includes the description of the main physical models, of the interaction and solution strategy and representative results. Verification is carried out by comparing with other state-of-art tools that participated in the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4) IEA Annex, while the advanced simulation capabilities are demonstrated in the case of half-wake interaction of floating wind turbines by employing the free-wake aerodynamic method.
The atmospheric lifetime of methylchloroform (CH3CCl3)

The lifetime of atmospheric methyl chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 ) is estimated to be about 6 (±1.5) years based on extensive measurements taken over the past seven years at remote locations of the world, ranging from inside the Arctic Circle to the South Pole. The average level of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH) deduced from the lifetime of CH 3 CCl 3 is about 8 x 10 5 molecules/cm 3 , but this value is uncertain by up to ±75 %. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984. tb00252.x
Differentiable Optimal Adversaries for Learning Fair Representations

Fair representation learning is an important task in 1 many real-world domains, with the goal of ﬁnding a 2 performant model that obeys fairness requirements. 3 We present an adversarial representation learning 4 algorithm that learns an informative representation 5 while not exposing sensitive features. Our goal is 6 to train an embedding such that it has good perfor-7 mance on a target task while not exposing sensitive 8 information as measured by the performance of an 9 optimally trained adversary. Our approach directly 10 trains the embedding with these dual objectives in 11 mind by implicitly differentiating through the opti-12 mal adversary’s training procedure. To this end, we 13 derive implicit gradients of the optimal logistic re-14 gression parameters with respect to the input train-15 ing embeddings, and use the fully-trained logistic 16 regression as an adversary. As a result, we are able 17 to train a model without alternating min max op-18 timization, leading to better training stability and 19 improved performance. Given the ﬂexibility of our 20 module for differentiable programming, we evalu-21 ate the impact of using implicit gradients in two ad-22 versarial fairness-centric formulations. We present 23 quantitative results on the trade-offs of target and 24 fairness tasks in several real-world domains. 25
Thermal stability of oxygen evolution in photosystem II core complex in the presence of digalactosyl diacylglycerol

The influence of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), one of the photosynthetic membrane lipids, on heat inactivation of the process of oxygen evolution has been studied in vitro in photosystem II (PS II) core complex. It was found that the temperature of semi-inactivation of oxygen evolution in the complex increased from 40.0 to about 43.0°C in the presence of DGDG with 5-min heat treatment in the dark. Furthermore, when PS II core complex was incubated for 5 min at 45.0°C, the oxygen evolution in the complex was completely lost, whilst the DGDG-complexed PS II core complex still retained a 16% of activity (100% for 25.0°C). In addition, a 1-h incubation at 38.0°C inactivated absolutely the oxygen evolution for the PS II core complex. By contrast, there remained about 20% of activity (zero time for 100%) for the complex in the presence of DGDG under the same condition. These results indicate a new role of DGDG in the protection of PS II core complex against the deleterious effects of temperature. It was most likely that DGDG-mediated stability toward thermal denaturation of oxygen evolution in PS II core complex is due to the protective effect of DGDG on the release of the 33 kD protein from PS II core complex.
PGMA-based starlike polycations with flanking phenylboronic acid groups for highly efficient multifunctional gene delivery systems

Phenylboronic acid (PBA) possesses good affinities to glycoproteins on cell surfaces, as well as stable fluorescence properties. Recently, it was found that ethanolamine (EA)-decorated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA), namely PGEA, exhibited promising applications as effective gene vectors. In this work, a strategy to prepare series of starlike PGEA vectors (s-PGEA-B) with flanking PBA groups was proposed for the development of highly efficient multifunctional gene delivery systems. Compared with the s-PGEA vectors without PBA groups, the corresponding s-PGEA-B counterparts showed a greater ability to bind pDNA. The sizes of the formed s-PGEA-B/pDNA nanoparticles were ∼100 nm at higher N/P ratios. The s-PGEA-B/pDNA complexes exhibited enhanced cellular internalization and transfection efficiencies, particularly in the cell lines with abundant cell surface glycoproteins. The cellular internalization mediated by s-PGEA-B with 30% of PBA content was about 85% in HepG2 cells, much higher than that of the corresponding s-PGEA (about 53%). In addition, the simultaneous fluorescence emitted from s-PGEA-B provided convenient observation for locating gene vectors during the transfection processes. This present work provides new useful information for the design of multifunctional gene delivery systems.
Non-Redundant Contour Directional Feature Vectors for Character Recognition

This paper presents a novel shape based feature for printed character recognition. The shape features are derived from the contour of the character which is unique to all characters. Preprocessing is performed to standardize the characters and handle all variations such as bold, italics and bold-italics font characteristics. The complete character set is clustered into different groups based on contour feature. A probe character is mapped into the corresponding cluster prior to recognition. This helps to reduce the computational overhead. Finally two recognition schemes have been proposed, based on angle feature extracted from the contour information and a longest common substring (LCS) based feature. Simulation has been carried out to validate the efﬁcacy of the proposed scheme on printed Odia characters. Performance accuracy has been compared with the existing schemes. In general, it is observed that the proposed scheme outperforms the competitive schemes.
Effectiveness Of Energy Sector Quality Management Systems In Response To Electrical Fire Disaster In Kisumu County, Kenya

Globally, utility power transmission and distribution systems are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to natural and man-made hazards. At national level, approximately 40% of the load in the Western region is supplied via 33/0.433 kV secondary distribution transformers. This contributes to transformer overload strain thus contributing to electrical fire disasters and outages. Kisumu substations are overloaded in the existing system under peak load conditions due to low thermal rating of conductors as a result of inadequate sizing. Several line sections feeding a large proportion of the load are of conductor type 25mm2 ASCR causing an effective bottleneck leading to power outages and electric fire disasters. Due to these, the study sought to assess the effectiveness of energy sectors quality management systems in response to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories guided the study. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Sample size of the study was selected using purposive, census and stratified random sampling from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses using thermalized and frequencies. Organizations have not ensured ISO certification requirements in their management systems. That organizations quality management systems were less effective in relation to electric disasters response. The paper recommends that all organization should implement ISOcertification requirements on their management systems. Effect their systems through assistance from other organizations with the same role for effective electric disaster management.
The Effect of Bacterial Enzyme-Based Feed Additives on the Productivity, Digestibility and Assimilation of Nutrients in Young Laying Hens

The work aimed to study the effect of feed additives based on proteinase and phytase on the productivity, digestibility of nutrients and the development of laying hens up to 18 weeks of age. A total of 360 1-day-old Hisex Brown chickens were assigned to a completely randomized design composed of 3 diets with 4 replicates of 30 birds each. Dietary treatments were: (1) Control group: Basic diet with nutritional parameters consistent with recommended feeding standards, without enzymes additives, (2) experimental group A: Basic diet with the addition of proteinase at a concentration of 10 U/kg, (3) experimental group B: Basic diet with the addition of phytase at a concentration of 1000 FTU/kg. It has been shown that by adding microbial enzyme is increased digestibility of organic matter of diet of laying hens (p<0.05): The use of proteinases and phytase had a favourable influence on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The addition of enzymes in the feed resulted in an increased in body weight and weight gain in absolute hens with a decrease in the total amount of feed consumed by birds (p<0.05). The inclusion of proteinase and phytase in the diet of laying hens increases the digestibility of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, leads to a decrease in the amount of feed consumed and also does not adversely affect histomorphological and biochemical blood parameters.
COVID-19 AND STIGMATISATION OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

The aim: this study presents a Coronavirus Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers that indicates the social stigmatisation rate and severity toward healthcare providers to a certain extent. This paper aims at raising awareness on the stigmatisation of healthcare providers who sacrifice their own lives for patients diagnosed or are at risk of being infected with COVID-19. Methods: the study uses a 12-item 5-point Likert-type Coronavirus Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers, which was constructed based on the previously shortened and modified HIV Stigma Scale. The scale was distributed online to healthcare providers, and all the results obtained were then saved to an Excel file. Correlations were determined by using ANOVA and the independent t-test. Percentages, averages, figures and rates were calculated with SPSS. Results: the population of the study comprised 136 participants in total; 40 male and 96 female. Reliability and validity studies were conducted using Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis. The stigmatisation rate toward healthcare providers was found to be significantly high, and the stigmatisation level was found to increase significantly with increasing age (p<0.05). Conclusions: the mistreatment of stigmatised healthcare providers during a pandemic where the need for them is elevated results in adverse outcomes; therefore, anti-stigma programmes need to be developed. It would be wise to find solutions such as acknowledging the stigma and introducing anti-stigma programmes.
Fabrication of hierarchical flower-like super-structures consisting of porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets and their electrochemical and magnetic properties

In the present work, we demonstrate a facile and cost-effective strategy for synthesizing hierarchical flower-like super-structures consisting of porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets. The morphologies and surface areas of NiCo2O4 samples can be tailored by changing the reaction time. The synthesized NiCo2O4 samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and by using an accelerated surface area and porosimetry analyzer (ASAP 2020M). The NiCo2O4 samples exhibit high activity and superior cycling stabilities in ORR. In addition, the magnetic properties of NiCo2O4 samples are also studied in detail.
EFFICACY OF OSMOPRIMING ON EMERGENCE POTENTIAL AND SEEDLING VIGOUR OF RANGELAND GRASSES IN PAKISTAN

Rangelands of Pakistan have poor vegetation cover mainly due to very less emergence rate and poor growth behaviour of rangeland grasses. In this study Osmopriming techniques for improving emergence, growth behavior and biomass production of highly nutritive and palatable rangeland grasses were tested. For this, two rangeland grasses i.e., Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicumantidotale were selected and osmoprimed for 24 h with PEG-8000 solutions of varying osmotic potentials (-0.2, -0.6, -1.2 and -2.4 MPa). It was observed that Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum antidotale seeds emergence was improved when primed at -0.6 and -1.2 osmotic potential PEG-8000 solutions. Maximum shoot length of C. ciliaris was found in osmoprimed seeds (-1.2 MPa) while root length was observed when the seeds were subjected with PEG-8000 (-2.4 MPa) solution while maximum root length of P. antidotale was recorded when seeds were primed with PEG-8000 (-1.2 MPa) solution. C. ciliaris and P. antidotale plants exhibited maximum dry weight when primed with PEG-8000 solutions (1.2 and -0.6 MPa, respectively). It can be safely concluded from findings that the rate of emergence, final emergence percentage and biomass production of these two rangeland grasses can be improved by subjecting their seeds with PEG8000 solutions at low osmotic potential ranging between -0.6 and -1.2. The findings of this study will help in improving the vegetation cover of rangelands in Pakistan.
IDENTIFICATION OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN BEER AND THEIR DIRECT MEASUREMENT WITH A DUAL ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTOR

A sensitive and reliable method was developed for the measurement of simple flavanols in beer by direct-injection High Performance Liquid Chromatography using dual-electrode electrochemical detection. When operated in the amperometric mode the detector was extremely sensitive for readily-oxidized substances such as polyphenols, so that sample preparation was minimal. The dimeric flavanols in a commercial beer were positively identified as procyanidin B3 and prodelphinidin B3. Tentative identifications for three trimeric proanthocyanidins were made also. Collectively, monomeric, dimeric and trimeric flavanols accounted for only about 4% of the colorimetrically determined total polyphenol content, and about 35% of the total flavanol content of a non-haze stabilized beer. The improved chromatographic method was applied to measuring the decreases in simple flavanols caused by treatment of beer with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone.
Role of Cover Crops in Improving Soil and Row Crop Productivity

Abstract Cover crops play an important role in improving productivity of subsequent row crops by improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. The objective of this article is to review recent advances in cover crops practice, in the context of potential benefits and drawbacks for annual crop production and sustained soil quality. Desirable attributes of a cover crop are the ability to establish rapidly under less than ideal conditions, provide sufficient dry matter or soil cover, fix atmospheric nitrogen (N), establish a deep root system to facilitate nutrient uptake from lower soil depths, produce organic matter with low‐residue carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and absence of phytoxic or allelopathic effects on subsequent crops. Cover crops can be leguminous or nonleguminous. Leguminous cover crops provide a substantial amount of biologically fixed N to the primary crop, as well as ease of decomposition due to their low C/N ratio. Legume cover crops also possess a strong ability to absorb low available nutrients in the soil profile and can help in increasing concentration of plant nutrients in the surface layers of soil. Some nonleguminous cover crops having high N scavenger capacity compared with leguminous crops and sometimes, the growth of these scavenging grass cover crops is limited by N deficiency, growing grass/legume mixtures appears to be the best strategy in obtaining maximum benefits from cover crops.
ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN Y DESORCIÓN DE AGUA EN LECHE DESCREMADA EN POLVO

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las isotermas de adsorcion y desorcion de leche descremada en polvo a diferentes temperaturas. Se realizaron las experiencias a 15oC, 25oC y 40oC, en un amplio rango de humedades y actividades de agua propias de las condiciones habituales en que se desarrollan los procesos de secado, envasado y almacenamiento de la leche descremada en polvo. Los datos experimentales fueron correlacionados con dos modelos de ecuaciones referenciales: Modelo de GAB y Modelo de BET. Tanto para la adsorcion como para la desorcion se observo un mejor ajuste con el modelo de GAB. En particular, para la desorcion, se pudo apreciar una buena correlacion en las actividades de agua menores que 0,5 con el modelo de BET. Se observo un entrecruzamiento de las isotermas de adsorcion a distintas temperaturas, lo cual influye en la relacion entre el calor isosterico de adsorcion en funcion del contenido de humedad.
M2 and M4 Receptor Knockout Mice: Muscarinic Receptor Function in Cardiac and Smooth Muscle In Vitro

Peripheral muscarinic receptors play key roles in the control of heart rate and smooth muscle activity. In this study, bradycardic and smooth muscle contractile responses to the muscarinic agonist carbamylcholine were compared in isolated tissues from M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. Carbamylcholine (1 × 10−8-3 × 10−5 M) produced similar concentration-dependent bradycardia in spontaneously beating atria from M4 receptor knockout and wild-type control mice. In contrast, carbamylcholine did not produce bradycardia in atria derived from M2 receptor knockout mice, whereas such atria were responsive to adenosine-induced bradycardia. Carbamylcholine-induced contractile responses were similar in stomach fundus, urinary bladder, and tracheal preparations from M4 receptor knockout mice and their wild-type littermates for each tissue (−logEC50 values ranging from 6.20 ± 0.10 to 6.76 ± 0.08), suggesting that M4 receptors do not participate in smooth muscle contraction in these tissues. In contrast, ∼2-fold higher carbamylcholine concentration was required for contraction of stomach fundus, urinary bladder, and trachea from M2 receptor knockout mice (−logEC50 = 6.39 ± 0.05, 6.07 ± 0.06, and 6.27 ± 0.12, respectively) than from wild-type littermates (−logEC50 = 6.68 ± 0.07, 6.27 ± 0.07, and 6.56 ± 0.06, respectively). Furthermore, the affinity of the M2 “selective” receptor antagonist AF-DX116 in inhibiting carbamylcholine-induced smooth muscle contraction was significantly reduced in M2 receptor knockout mice compared with tissues from wild-type littermates. Collectively, these results provide direct and unambiguous evidence that M2 receptors mediate muscarinic receptor-induced bradycardia and play a role in smooth muscle contractility, whereas M4 receptors are not involved in stomach fundus, urinary bladder, or tracheal contractility.