Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Videometric applications in wind tunnels

Videometric measurements in wind tunnels can be very challenging due to the limited optical access, model dynamics, optical path variability during testing, large range of temperature and pressure, hostile environment, and the requirements for high productivity and large amounts of data on a daily basis. Other complications for wind tunnel testing include the model support mechanism and stringent surface finish requirements for the models in order to maintain aerodynamic fidelity. For these reasons nontraditional photogrammetric techniques and procedures sometimes must be employed. In this paper several such applications are discussed for wind tunnels which include test conditions with Mach numbers from low speed to hypersonic, pressures from less than an atmosphere to nearly seven atmospheres, and temperatures from cryogenic to above room temperature. Several of the wind tunnel facilities are continuous flow while one is a short duration blow-down facility. Videometric techniques and calibration procedures developed to measure angle of attack, the change in wing twist and bending induced by aerodynamic load, and the effects of varying model injection rates are described. Some advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are given and comparisons are made with non-optical and more traditional video photogrammetric techniques.
Persistence and Epidemic Propagation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 235 Clone Harboring an IS26 Composite Transposon Carrying the blaIMP-1 Integron in Hiroshima, Japan, 2005 to 2012

ABSTRACT A 9-year surveillance for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Hiroshima region showed that the number of isolates harboring the metallo-β-lactamase gene blaIMP-1 abruptly increased after 2004, recorded the highest peak in 2006, and showed a tendency to decline afterwards, indicating a history of an epidemic. PCR mapping of the variable regions of the integrons showed that this epidemic was caused by the clonal persistence and propagation of an MDR P. aeruginosa strain harboring the blaIMP-1 gene and an aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase gene, aac(6′)-Iae in a class I integron (In113), whose integrase gene intl1 was disrupted by an IS26 insertion. Sequence analysis of the representative strain PA058447 resistance element containing the In113-derived gene cassette array showed that the element forms an IS26 transposon embedded in the chromosome. It has a Tn21 backbone and is composed of two segments sandwiched by three IS26s. In Japan, clonal nationwide expansion of an MDR P. aeruginosa NCGM2.S1 harboring chromosomally encoded In113 with intact intl1 is reported. Multilocus sequence typing and genomic comparison strongly suggest that PA058447 and NCGM2.S1 belong to the same clonal lineage. Moreover, the structures of the resistance element in the two strains are very similar, but the sites of insertion into the chromosome are different. Based on tagging information of the IS26 present in both resistance elements, we suggest that the MDR P. aeruginosa clone causing the epidemic in Hiroshima for the past 9 years originated from a common ancestor genome of PA058447 and NCGM2.S1 through an IS26 insertion into intl1 of In113 and through IS26-mediated genomic rearrangements.
Treatment Options to Intensify Hemodialysis

At present, three methods are practiced to intensify hemodialysis (HD): 3 times weekly, 8-hour HD, short daily HD and slow daily nocturnal HD. Three times weekly 8-hour dialysis increase both the dialysis dose and time. The longest experiences are in Tassin. Five-year survival in Tassin was better in all age groups compared with the major registries – Japan, EDTA and US Medicare and more obvious for older age groups. The data of Tassin show that increasing the dialysis time provides better blood pressure control, need for no or less antihypertensive drugs, less intradialytic complications, better middle molecule and phosphate clearance, better nutritional status, less requirement for erythropoietin and increased survival. These data of Tassin could be mainly confirmed in our dialysis center. The main difference to Tassin was that in our center most of the patients still need few antihypertensive drugs. The reasons for the difference are that in Tassin the patients are on very low sodium diet (<5 g/day) and in Tassin extracellular volume (ECV) is reduced as far as possible independent of residual renal function. The concept of our center was to preserve residual renal function and accept slightly higher ECV and few antihypertensive drugs. Another concept to intensify HD is short daily HD (6 times/week for 90–180 min). This form of dialysis is offered as in-center and home HD with and without dialysis partner. All studies demonstrated significant improvement of nutritional status, quality of life, control of blood pressure, phosphate and anemia. Survival of AV fistula even with daily double punctures was excellent. The most extensive form of dialysis is slow daily nocturnal dialysis (6 times/week for 8–10 h). This form of dialysis provides excellent urea, phosphate clearance and fourfold increase of β2-microglobulin clearance. Patients discontinue phosphate binders and several patients need phosphate addition to dialysis. Blood pressure control is excellent, all patients are off antihypertensive drugs. Improvement of nutrition, anemia, blood pressure and quality of life is even more pronounced compared to short daily HD or 3 times weekly 8-hour HD. Nocturnal dialysis was able to improve sleep apnea. Nocturnal dialysis is offered only as home HD with and without dialysis partner. Any patient who could be trained for home HD was eligible. Presence of co-morbidities was not a contraindication.
Are All the Subproblems Equally Important? Resource Allocation in Decomposition-Based Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms

Decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) decompose a multiobjective optimization problem into a set of scalar objective subproblems and solve them in a collaborative way. A naïve way to distribute computational effort is to treat all the subproblems equally and assign the same computational resource to each subproblem. This paper proposes a generalized resource allocation (GRA) strategy for decomposition-based MOEAs by using a probability of improvement vector. Each subproblem is chosen to invest according to this vector. An offline measurement and an online measurement of the subproblem hardness are used to maintain and update this vector. Utility functions are proposed and studied for implementing a reasonable and stable online resource allocation strategy. Extensive experimental studies on the proposed GRA strategy have been conducted.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and B-Vitamin Deficiencies in Infants and Children

Abstract Measurement of total homocysteine (tHcy) in healthy and diseased children has documented the utility of this marker in pediatric research and diagnostics. This article focuses on novel data obtained in infants, children and adolescents, with emphasis on cobalamin status in infants. In children, determinants of plasma tHcy are similar to those established in adults, and include age, gender, nutrition, B-vitamin status, and some drugs interfering with B-vitamin function. In infants (age <1 year), tHcy is moderately elevated and related to serum cobalamin, whereas in older children and throughout childhood, plasma tHcy is low (about 60% of adult levels), and folate status becomes a strong tHcy determinant. As in adults, hyperhomocysteinemia in childhood is a risk factor for stroke, and folate-responsive hyperhomocysteinemia has been detected in children with renal failure. tHcy seems to be a sensitive indicator of folate deficiency in children on a poor diet, in HIV-infected children, and in children treated with anti-folate drugs. In children at increased risk of cobalamin deficiency, which includes children born to vegetarian mothers or children in developing countries on a poor diet, tHcy and methylmalonic acid are responsive indicators of a deficiency state. In newborns and infants born to mothers with an adequate nutrition, there are consistent observations of low cobalamin, elevated tHcy and methylmalonic acid, and reduction of both metabolites by cobalamin supplementation. These data have raised the question whether cobalamin deficiency may be widespread and undetected in babies born to non-vegetarian women on a Westernized diet.
Functional Connectivity in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Dynamic Concept

Commentary Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (m-TLE) is a network disease. Its manifestations extend beyond seizures that arise from a well-restricted and limited focus within the hippocampus to include a wide array of cognitive and psychiatric challenges. In patients with unilateral m-TLE, the most obvious explanation for such extensive disease implications relates to widespread structural cortical and subcortical abnormalities described within both temporal lobes and strategic extratemporal brain regions. Cortical atrophy is seen in the frontocentral, lateral temporal (mainly superior and middle temporal gyri), dorsal parietal, and mesiotemporal cortices bilaterally. Similarly, volume loss occurs in the ipsilateral mesial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate, and thalamus in patients with drug-resistant unilateral TLE (1, 2). Many of these atrophied structures represent key components of the default mode network (DMN) (3) and the limbic network, together responsible for maintaining baseline brain activities related to cognition, self-awareness, episodic memory, and emotions. As such, it is not surprising that structural damage affecting critical components of these networks may disturb mood and cognitive function. “Space” is then a critical concept: With high-resolution structural brain imaging demonstrating, as detailed above, the extension of atrophy beyond the space of the hippocampus, we have expanded our appreciation of the space of the epilepsy to a network rather than an individual structure. Recent highresolution functional neuroimaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (f-MRI) or EEG-triggered f-MRI— including work by Pittau et al. chosen for this commentary— Patterns of Altered Functional Connectivity in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: Results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model

The potential role of solar variations in modulating recent climate has been debated for many decades and recent papers suggest that solar forcing may be less than previously believed. Because solar variability before the satellite period must be scaled from proxy data, large uncertainty exists about phase and magnitude of the forcing. We used a coupled climate system model to determine whether proxy-based irradiance series are capable of inducing climatic variations that resemble variations found in climate reconstructions, and if part of the previously estimated large range of past solar irradiance changes could be excluded. Transient simulations, covering the published range of solar irradiance estimates, were integrated from 850 AD to the present. Solar forcing as well as volcanic and anthropogenic forcing are detectable in the model results despite internal variability. The resulting climates are generally consistent with temperature reconstructions. Smaller, rather than larger, long-term trends in solar irradiance appear more plausible and produced modeled climates in better agreement with the range of Northern Hemisphere temperature proxy records both with respect to phase and magnitude. Despite the direct response of the model to solar forcing, even large solar irradiance change combined with realistic volcanic forcing over past centuries could not explain the late 20th century warming without inclusion of greenhouse gas forcing. Although solar and volcanic effects appear to dominate most of the slow climate variations within the past thousand years, the impacts of greenhouse gases have dominated since the second half of the last century.
Growth and maturation of adolescent female gymnasts, swimmers, and tennis players.

UNLABELLED Intensive training at a young age may adversely affect the growth and sexual maturation of female athletes, resulting in compromised adult stature. PURPOSE To compare the somatic growth, sexual maturation, and final adult height of elite adolescent female athletes. METHODS Serial measures of height, sitting height, and breast and pubic hair development were taken on 81 gymnasts, 60 swimmers, and 81 tennis players between 8 and 19 yr of age. Menarcheal age, parental heights, maternal menarcheal age, and number of training hours were also recorded. Final adult heights were obtained from a subsample of the athletes (N = 110). RESULTS Gymnasts were significantly shorter than tennis players and swimmers at all chronological ages during adolescence, and they attained menarche at an older age (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in adult heights. During adolescence, no difference were found in standing height to sitting height ratios, leg length to standing height ratios, or sitting height to leg length ratios between sports (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest that regular training did not affect final adult stature and that, when aligned by biological age, the tempo of sexual maturation was similar in these young athletes.
The Price Elasticity of Charitable Giving: Toward a Reconciliation of Disparate Literatures

There are independent literatures in economics considering tax-price and match-price incentives for giving. The match-price literature has produced well-identified small price elasticities, but scholars have widely questioned whether these estimates can inform tax policy. The tax-price literature in contrast has produced a large range of estimates. Here, we explore and compare these different incentives. First, we consider tax incentives for giving by focusing on a statelevel tax credit that creates a convex kink. We use traditional, as well as more novel, kink methods to estimate the tax-price elasticity of giving. Second, a subgroup of donors in our data were temporarily offered a match for their gifts, creating an opportunity to compare taxprice and match-price effects for the same group of donors giving to the same organization at the same time. We find the tax-price elasticity is about -. 2. The match-price elasticity is essentially the same. Our results thus suggest a small tax-price elasticity, close to the matchprice elasticity, and close to match-price elasticity estimates in the experimental match-price literature. The implication is that in the giving environment we investigate the match-price elasticity is informative for tax policy. JEL codes: H31, D12, D64 The authors thank audiences at the ASSA Meetings, the Advances in Field Experiments Conference, the Science of Philanthropy Initiative, and the Federal Reserve Cleveland Branch for comments. A special thanks to Jeff Rainey at the Indiana Department of Revenue. This research was supported by IU School of Philanthropy Research Grant 23-921-15 (Ottoni-Wilhelm) and the John Templeton Foundation (Hungerman). The authors declare that they have no relevant or material interests that relate to the research described in this paper. Contact information: dhungerm@nd.edu (Hungerman) and mowilhel@iupui.edu (Ottoni-Wilhelm).
Campylobacter fetus Surface Layer Proteins Are Transported by a Type I Secretion System

ABSTRACT The virulence of Campylobacter fetus, a bacterial pathogen of ungulates and humans, is mediated in part by the presence of a paracrystalline surface layer (S-layer) that confers serum resistance. The subunits of the S-layer are S-layer proteins (SLPs) that are secreted in the absence of an N-terminal signal sequence and attach to either type A or B C. fetus lipopolysaccharide in a serospecific manner. Antigenic variation of multiple SLPs (encoded bysapA homologs) of type A strain 23D occurs by inversion of a promoter-containing DNA element flanked by two sapAhomologs. Cloning and sequencing of the entire 6.2-kb invertible region from C. fetus 23D revealed a probable 5.6-kb operon of four overlapping genes (sapCDEF, with sizes of 1,035, 1,752, 1,284, and 1,302 bp, respectively) transcribed in the opposite direction from sapA. The four genes also were present in the invertible region of type B strain 84-107 and were virtually identical to their counterparts in the type A strain. Although SapC had no database homologies, SapD, SapE, and SapF had predicted amino acid homologies with type I protein secretion systems (typified byEscherichia coli HlyBD/TolC or Erwinia chrysanthemi PrtDEF) that utilize C-terminal secretion signals to mediate the secretion of hemolysins, leukotoxins, or proteases from other bacterial species. Analysis of the C termini of four C. fetus SLPs revealed conserved structures that are potential secretion signals. A C. fetus sapD mutant neither produced nor secreted SLPs. E. coli expressing C. fetus sapA and sapCDEF secreted SapA, indicating that thesapCDEF genes are sufficient for SLP secretion. C. fetus SLPs therefore are transported to the cell surface by a type I secretion system.
Three-phase voltage sag compensator for smart grid and infrastructure

In this paper, a 10kW three-phase voltage sag compensator and control algorithms are proposed. Three-phase voltage sag compensator is able to compensate for input voltage sag or interruption and provides a secured electric power to the critical loads such as computers, automation equipment, and communications equipment. The compensator detects a voltage sag or interruption within 2-msec and provides the rated voltage from supercapacitor bank to load. To provide clean sinusoidal voltage even in the nonlinear load, selective harmonic elimination method for voltage control is proposed and added to the synchronous reference frame PI control. By using the method, THD less than 5% is achieved in the linear and nonlinear load. The feasibility of the proposed methods is verified through simulation and experiments with a 10kW prototype of three-phase voltage sag compensator.
Tau Protein Modifications and Interactions: Their Role in Function and Dysfunction

Tau protein is abundant in the central nervous system and involved in microtubule assembly and stabilization. It is predominantly associated with axonal microtubules and present at lower level in dendrites where it is engaged in signaling functions. Post-translational modifications of tau and its interaction with several proteins play an important regulatory role in the physiology of tau. As a consequence of abnormal modifications and expression, tau is redistributed from neuronal processes to the soma and forms toxic oligomers or aggregated deposits. The accumulation of tau protein is increasingly recognized as the neuropathological hallmark of a number of dementia disorders known as tauopathies. Dysfunction of tau protein may contribute to collapse of cytoskeleton, thereby causing improper anterograde and retrograde movement of motor proteins and their cargos on microtubules. These disturbances in intraneuronal signaling may compromise synaptic transmission as well as trophic support mechanisms in neurons.
Adaptive weighted fair scheduling method for channel allocation

Different applications, such as voice over IP and video-on-demand, need different quality of service parameters (e.g., guaranteed bandwidth, delay, and latency) from the networks. The customers with different needs pay different prices to the service provider, who must share resources in a plausible way. In a router, packets are queued using a multi-queue system, where each queue can correspond to one service class. This paper presents an adaptive weighted fair queue based algorithm for channel allocation. The weights in gradient type algorithms are adapted by using revenue as a target function.
The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa.

The partial cranium from Lake Ndutu, near Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, has generally been viewed as Homo erectus, although points of similarity to H. sapiens have also been recognized. Bones of the vault are in fact quite thick, and the cranium is small. Length and breadth dimensions are comparable to those of earlier H. erectus from Koobi Fora and Ileret, and the Ndutu individual is more similar in size to O.H. 12 than to O.H. 9. Unfortunately, the facial skeleton and frontal bone are very incomplete, and little useful information can be obtained from these parts of the existing reconstruction. The parietals are also damaged, but the left temporal is more satisfactorily preserved, and the occiput is nearly complete. Occipital morphology, mastoid shape, and characteristics of the glenoid cavity and tympanic plate probably provide the best available guide to affinities of the Ndutu hominid. In many of these features the cranium resembles Broken Hill, Elandsfontein, and other African fossils referred to archaic H. sapiens. There are some similarities to modern humans also, but no ties to the Neanderthals of Europe. Allocation of Ndutu to an African subspecies of H. sapiens seems most appropriate, even if the pattern of relationships between such archaic populations and recent humans is still unclear.
Fear of falling in stroke patients: relationship with previous falls and functional characteristics

The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between fear of falling and functional characteristics of patients after stroke as well as to determine what characterizes fallers who score high fall-related self-efficacy, and nonfallers who score low fall-related self-efficacy. Patients (n=140) treated in a stroke unit during a 12-month period were included. On follow-up, fallers were identified and patients answered the questions in the Falls Efficacy Scale, Swedish version (FES-S). Assessments of motor capacity, functional mobility and balance were also made. In univariate analysis, low fall-related self-efficacy was significantly associated with increased age, female sex, earlier falls, visual and cognitive impairment, low mood and impaired physical function. In multivariate analysis, only earlier falls and physical function remained significant. Twenty percent of the patients scored low fall-related self-efficacy without having experienced a fall, and 11% who experienced a fall scored high fall-related self-efficacy. Impaired physical function was significantly associated with scoring low fall-related self-efficacy, for both fallers and nonfallers. Fear of falling is significantly associated with poor physical function and earlier falls. Falls Efficacy Scale, Swedish version could add useful information to a fall risk analysis. Patients scoring low fall-related self-efficacy should be offered fall prevention measures whether they have fallen or not.