Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First operation with the JET International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor-like wall

To consolidate International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) design choices and prepare for its operation, Joint European Torus (JET) has implemented ITER's plasma facing materials, namely, Be for the main wall and W in the divertor. In addition, protection systems, diagnostics, and the vertical stability control were upgraded and the heating capability of the neutral beams was increased to over 30 MW. First results confirm the expected benefits and the limitations of all metal plasma facing components (PFCs) but also yield understanding of operational issues directly relating to ITER. H-retention is lower by at least a factor of 10 in all operational scenarios compared to that with C PFCs. The lower C content (≈ factor 10) has led to much lower radiation during the plasma burn-through phase eliminating breakdown failures. Similarly, the intrinsic radiation observed during disruptions is very low, leading to high power loads and to a slow current quench. Massive gas injection using a D2/Ar mixtu.
Influence of spring stiffness and anisotropy on stick‐slip atomic force microscopy imaging

of detection that is used and is most prominent with optical lever detection. Another aspect is the influence of the scanning configuration or system itself. The latter concerns cantilever geometry, cantilever mechanical properties, sample orientation, and detector orientation. As far as the detection side is concerned, especially the optical lever system can be shown to be more sensitive to a lateral movement of the probe than a vertical deflection. 5 Keeping this in mind, the interpretation of the detected signal can be rather misleading. The forces in the perpendicular direction are often associated with the long-axis signal component of the cantilever, while the short-axis component is taken for the friction signal. 6,7 At an atomic scale, one should be cautious in making this assumption: along both axes the scan signal can be shown to follow friction-based behavior, as will be explained later. Even when the origin of the cantilever movement is unambiguously frictional, it is still not straightforward to interpret the signal in terms of the interaction force between probe tip and substrate. In various publications, attention was focused on the strong stick-slip nature of the signal. 4,8‐15 Here, the movement of the tip relative to the scan path resembles a relaxation oscillation, 16 i.e., static ~stick! phases alternate fast-moving slip-phases. The driving frequency in this picture is the periodicity of the lattice in combination with the scanning speed. Recently, the concept of atomicperiodicity stick slip is made more explicit in a twodimensional description. 15,17,18 The tip follows the forced scan path of the cantilever base by a series of discrete jumps from lattice point to lattice point. The difference between the continuous cantilever base route and the zig-zag motion of the tip, thus is the predominant cause for the well known images showing atomic resolution, especially of layered compounds ~Fig. 1! In literature, this is clarified in various ways that, however, mainly differ in actual representations: l The perpendicular components of the tip displacement are usually associated with the ‘‘force’’ and ‘‘friction’’ signal. These signals were used to restore the original route of the tip. 18
Nonlinear lattice structures based on families of complex nondiffracting beams

We present a new concept for the generation of optical lattice waves. For all four families of nondiffracting beams, we are able to realize corresponding nondiffracting intensity patterns in a single setup. The potential of our approach is shown by demonstrating the optical induction of complex photonic discrete, Bessel, Mathieu and Weber lattices in a nonlinear photorefractive medium. However, our technique itself is very general and can be transferred to optical lattices in other fields such as atom optics or cold gases in order to add such complex optical potentials as a new concept to these areas as well.
Integrated measures of Indigenous land and sea management effectiveness: challenges and opportunities for improved conservation partnerships in Australia

As partnerships between Indigenous peoples and conservation practitioners mature, new methods are being sought to assess their effectiveness. The increasing diversity of income sources mobilised by Indigenous land and sea managers in Australia is intensifying the pressures on them to demonstrate their 'effectiveness' through a range of frameworks, tools and criteria. In this review, we use Indigenous land and sea management in Australia as a lens to explore the politics and practicalities of measuring the effectiveness of Indigenous conservation partnerships. We first outline current approaches to measuring effectiveness, followed by an explanation of some of the challenges. Available literature is then supplemented with the collective knowledge and experience of the authors to identify practical and achievable ways forward. We suggest four ways by which Indigenous groups and institutional investors can work together to establish meaningful criteria for ensuring effective conservation outcomes: i) develop new mutually-agreed definitions; ii) embrace the complexity of Indigenous-conservation alliances, iii) reflect regularly and collaboratively, and iv) negotiate which indicators of effectiveness can be aggregated across large scales. Well-executed evaluations of effectiveness can be powerful tools for enhancing conservation that conforms to local Indigenous values, facilitates adaptive management, and strengthens relationships between investors and Indigenous groups. By focusing on principles, process, flexibility and trust, generative 'good faith' approaches have the potential to support win-win outcomes for people and the environment and contribute significantly to global conservation and sustainability targets.
Global Digital Culture| The Lurker and the Politics of Knowledge in Data Culture

This article explores the practice of lurking, developing the figure of the lurker as a conceptual persona. The lurker is a sage of the digital era, constructing a form of “private” knowledge. Not involved but performative, constative but only in a manner of probability, the lurker produces frameworks for private truth production through continuous self-adjustment. A mode of knowing and a method of being, lurking is about the poiesis of the embedded self and the power to establish conditionality in digital networks. A lurker maps out a plane that is occupied today by big data analytics. It is data algorithms that lurk, operating with sagacious data wisdoms rather than technical knowledge and constructing partial and probabilistic propositions. The article concludes by inquiring into the consequences of the current digital technical condition in which the conceptual persona of the lurker is fulfilled by algorithms, and its mode of knowing becomes a new mode of governance.
Numerical Investigation of Dynamic Stall over a Wind Turbine Pitching Airfoil by Using OpenFOAM

— Computations for two-dimensional flow past a stationary and harmonically pitching wind turbine airfoil at a moderate value of Reynolds number (400000) are carried out by progressively increasing the angle of attack for stationary airfoil and at fixed pitching frequencies for rotary one. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with Unsteady Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations for turbulence modeling are solved by OpenFOAM package to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena occurred at stationary and pitching conditions on a NACA 6-series wind turbine airfoil. The aim of this study is to enhance the accuracy of numerical simulation in predicting the aerodynamic behavior of an oscillating airfoil in OpenFOAM. Hence, for turbulence modelling, k- ω -SST with low-Reynolds correction is employed to capture the unsteady phenomena occurred in stationary and oscillating motion of the airfoil. Using aerodynamic and pressure coefficients along with flow patterns, the unsteady aerodynamics at pre-, near-, and post-static stall regions are analyzed in harmonically pitching airfoil, and the results are validated with the corresponding experimental data possessed by the authors. The results indicate that implementing the mentioned turbulence model leads to accurate prediction of the angle of static stall for stationary airfoil and flow separation, dynamic stall phenomenon, and reattachment of the flow on the surface of airfoil for pitching one. Due to the geometry of the studied 6-series airfoil, the vortex on the upper surface of the airfoil during upstrokes is formed at the trailing edge. Therefore, the pattern flow obtained by our numerical simulations represents the formation and change of the trailing-edge vortex at near- and post-stall regions where this process determines the dynamic stall phenomenon.
Some Modest Proposals for Challenging Established Dress Code Jurisprudence

Historically, most courts have sustained employer-imposed, gender-based dress codes. Two well-established exceptions to the rule exist for dress codes that either (1) objectify or sexualize women or (2) allow for flexibility of standards for male employees' appearance but require stricter rules for women. A third, still-evolving exception has recently developed regarding challenges to dress codes by transgender litigants. Despite this recent progress, however, the classical gender-based dress code -- requiring women to conform to feminine stereotypes and men to conform to masculine stereotypes -- has, up to the present, been sustained by a majority of the courts time and again. The Author discusses two cases that offer insights as to why dress codes generally survive challenges, while also portending strategies for reversing this longstanding trend.
Influence of the composition of hybrid perovskites on their performance in solar cells

During the last 5 years, power conversion efficiencies of hybrid (organic–inorganic) halide perovskite solar cells have shown impressive advances. This success has been partly due to the advances in thin film deposition techniques, but also due to the understanding of the chemical and structural characteristics of the hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites that make it possible to modulate their optoelectronic properties. Moreover, engineering the chemical composition of these materials still remains a powerful tool for further improvement of the photovoltaic activity of these materials. The preparation of efficient lead-free hybrid perovskites exhibiting reduced toxicity is one of the main targets. Besides environmental issues, the control of the composition of hybrid perovskites should be used to achieve a decrease in the bandgap energy, trying to extend the photoresponse of the materials into the NIR region. A third target is the long-term stability of devices, a property closely related to the negative influence of humidity and phase transition. This review focuses on showing how the modification of the composition of each of the three components (organic cation, metal and inorganic anion) of the parent hybrid halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) influences the optoelectronic properties, photovoltaic efficiency and stability of these striking materials.
Gluten-Free Bread: A Better Dietary Option?

Gluten in the diet, however, is not an option for some. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately 1 in 100 people in the UK [2]. If celiac patients consume gluten-containing products in the diet, they experience an intestinal mucosal inflammation. This is because the immune system recognizes the gluten products in the intestine as foreign bodies causing it to also attack the healthy tissues which cause the inflammation. The inflammation and damage to the intestinal walls can lead to the inability to absorb the required levels of calcium, iron, folic acid and fat soluble vitamins.
For “Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessment of magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions: A case study of mutant magnetotactic bacteria” and “Chains, clumps, and strings: Magnetofossil taphonomy with ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy” I carried out the mutagenesis described 

Magnetotactic bacteria produce intracellular crystals of magnetite or greigite, the properties of which have been shaped by evolution to maximize the magnetic moment per atom of iron. Intracellular bacterial magnetite therefore possesses traits amenable to detection by physical techniques: typically, narrow size and shape distributions, single-domain size and arrangement in linear chains, and often crystal elongation. Past strategies for searching for bacterial magnetofossils using physical techniques have focused on identifying samples containing significant amounts of single domain magnetite or with narrow coercivity distributions. Searching for additional of traits would, however, increase the likelihood that candidate magnetofossils are truly of biological origin. Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) is in theory capable of detecting the distinctive magnetic anisotropy produced by chain arrangement and crystal elongation. Here we present analyses of intact and lysed magnetotactic bacteria, dilutions of synthetic magnetite, and sedimentary samples of modern carbonates from the Great Bahama Bank, Oligocene– Miocene deep-sea muds from the South Atlantic, and Pleistocene lacustrine deposits from Mono Basin, California. We demonstrate that FMR can distinguish between intact bacterial magnetite chains, collapsed chains, and linear strings of magnetite formed by physical processes. We also show that sediments in which the magnetization is likely carried by bacterial magnetite have FMR spectra resembling those of intact or altered bacterial magnetite chains. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness and life‐history characteristics of Daphnia with respect to susceptibility to a bacterial pathogen

Costs of resistance, i.e. trade‐offs between resistance to parasites or pathogens and other fitness components, may prevent the fixation of resistant genotypes and therefore explain the maintenance of genetic polymorphism for resistance in the wild. Using two approaches, the cost of resistance to a sterilizing bacterial pathogen were tested for in the crustacean Daphnia magna. First, groups of susceptible and resistant hosts from each of four natural populations were compared in terms of their life‐history characteristics. Secondly, we examined the competitiveness of nine clones from one population for which more detailed information on genetic variation for resistance was known. In no case did the results show that competitiveness or life history characteristics of resistant Daphnia systematically differed from susceptible ones. These results suggest that costs of resistance are unlikely to explain the maintenance of genetic variation in D. magna populations. We discuss methods for measuring fitness and speculate on which genetic models of host‐parasite co‐evolution may apply to the Daphnia‐microparasite system.
The Stata Journal

In the past decade, many statistical methods have been proposed for the analysis of case–control genetic data with an emphasis on haplotype-based disease association studies. Most of the methodology has concentrated on the estimation of genetic (haplotype) main effects. Most methods accounted for environmental and gene–environment interaction effects by using prospective-type analyses that may lead to biased estimates when used with case–control data. Several recent publications addressed the issue of retrospective sampling in the analysis of case– control genetic data in the presence of environmental factors by developing efficient semiparametric statistical methods. This article describes the new Stata command haplologit, which implements efficient profile-likelihood semiparametric methods for fitting gene–environment models in the very important special cases of a rare disease, a single candidate gene in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and independence of genetic and environmental factors.
Engineering Epitaxial Graphene for Quantum Metrology

Quantum resistance metrology deals both with the precise and accurate measurement of electrical resistance, by utilizing the quantum hall effect (QHE) in two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) such as those based on gallium arsenide (GaAs). Due to the unique properties of graphene, and specifically epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide (SiC/G), quantum Hall resistance (QHR) standards based on graphene perform better in a wider parameter space (temperature, current and magnetic field) than conventional semiconducting materials. To date, this is possibly the only electronic application of graphene that surpasses previous technologies. However, due to the nature of SiC/G there are still certain issues than remain unsolved, which stand in the way for widespread use of graphene QHR devices. This work aims to discuss, and suggest solutions to, one of the major problems: charge carrier density control. Control over the charge carrier density is crucial in order to observe the QHE at sufficiently low magnetic fields. Since SiC/G is intrinsically n-doped due to interactions with the SiC substrate, external doping methods must be used in order to bring graphene closer to charge neutrality. Previous techniques such as photochemical gating, corona discharge of ions or simply electrostatic gating lack either potency, stability or tuneability. This thesis presents a new air-stable chemical gating method using the acceptor molecule 2,3,5,6-Tetrauoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) mixed with a poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer. This dopant blend can be applied to SiC/G using simple spin coating, forgoing the need for ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems. It provides potent and homogeneous doping, with the ability to bring SiC/G close to charge neutrality, with measured mobilities reaching 70,000 cm2/Vs. Furthermore, the method is compatible with macroscopic devices with the doping being significantly homogeneous even on the millimeter scale. Interestingly, chemical analysis reveal that the doping effect is a consequence of F4TCNQ molecules diffusing through the PMMA matrix and preferentially assembling near the graphene surface. Charge transfer and doping is attributed to the formation of a charge-transfer complex between F4TCNQ and graphene. The low carrier densities and high carrier mobilities for chemically doped samples is the result of low charge disorder (± 9 meV), thus far only attainable in state-of-the-art exfoliated graphene flakes encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) or suspended graphene. Initial measurements performed at metrological institutes, comparing SiC/G to GaAs, suggest that the chemical dopant is compatible with precision measurements of quantized resistance with part-per-billion accuracy.
Physical activity levels in male and female diabetic patients at the Pretoria academic hospital, South Africa

Introduction: A comprehensive literature review indicated the existence of a gap in the studying of gender difference and physical activity in people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in South Africa. Objectives: The aims of this study was to determine the level of physical activity (LPA) of diabetes patients of the Diabetes clinic of the Pretoria Academic Hospital (DCPAH), to compare the LPA between male and female diabetes patients and to explore the reasons for possible differences. Design: A descriptive and comparative quantitative study. Setting: Diabetes Clinic of the Pretoria Academic Hospital. Subjects: The convenience sample consisted of 65 subjects (29 males and 36 females) between the ages of 18 and 83 years Results: The average physical activity of male subjects was 5164.05 METs compared to 4843.83 METs in female subjects. A p-value of 0.3660 was calculated. Of the subjects, 46,15% achieved a high LPA, 27,69% achieved a moderateLPA and 26.15% achieved a low LPA according to the IPAQ scoring system. The seven main barriers found was health, diabetes, time, laziness, socio-economic circumstances, perceptual adequate exercise and other. Conclusion: The overall LPA of diabetes patients is high according to the IPAQ Categorical scoring. The difference between LPA of males and females is not significant as indicated by the p-value (p>0.05). It was however found that males have higher levels of work related activities than females and that females have higher home and garden related activities than males. The two most frequently mentioned barriers for male and female subjects were time and health related conditions.
Vertical Profiles and Chemical Properties of Aerosol Particles upon Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands)

Size-segregated particle samples were collected in the Arctic (Ny-Alesund, Svalbard) in April 2011 both at ground level and in the free atmosphere exploiting a tethered balloon equipped also with an optical particle counter (OPC) and meteorological sensors. Individual particle properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive microanalysis (SEM-EDS). Results of the SEM-EDS were integrated with particle size and optical measurements of the aerosols properties at ground level and along the vertical profiles. Detailed analysis of two case studies reveals significant differences in composition despite the similar structure (layering) and the comparable texture (grain size distribution) of particles in the air column. Differences in the mineral chemistry of samples point at both local (plutonic/metamorphic complexes in Svalbard) and remote (basic/ultrabasic magmatic complexes in Greenland and/or Iceland) geological source regions for dust. Differences in the particle size and shape are put into relationship with the mechanism of particle formation, that is, primary (well sorted, small) or secondary (idiomorphic, fine to coarse grained) origin for chloride and sulfate crystals and transport/settling for soil (silicate, carbonate and metal oxide) particles. The influence of size, shape, and mixing state of particles on ice nucleation and radiative properties is also discussed.