Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Nonflowering Land Plant Phylogeny Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of Seven Chloroplast, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes

Nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast (atpB and rbcL, SSU and LSU rDNAs), mitochondrial (atp1, LSU rDNA), and nuclear (18S rDNA) genes from 192 land plants and their algal relatives were analyzed using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, monilophytes (ferns), seed plants, and angiosperms all represent strongly supported monophyletic groups. Three bryophyte lineages form a paraphyletic group to vascular plants, with liverworts representing the sister to all other land plants and hornworts being sister to vascular plants. Lycophytes are sister to all other vascular plants, which are divided into two clades, one being monilophytes, which include Equisetum, Psilotaceae‐Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, and leptosporangiate ferns, and the other being seed plants. Relationships among the monilophyte lineages remain unresolved. Within seed plants, extant gymnosperms form a moderately supported clade in which Gnetales are related to conifers. This clade is sister to angiosperms. Most of the relationships among all major lineages of nonflowering land plants are supported by bootstrap values of 75% or higher, except those among basal monilophyte lineages and among some gymnosperm lineages, probably because of extinctions. The closest algal relative of land plants is Characeae, and this relationship is well supported. Several methodological issues on reconstructing large, deep phylogenies are also discussed.
The cricket fauna of Chiapanecan caves (Mexico): systematics, phylogeny and the evolution of troglobitic life (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae, Luzarinae)

The present study deals with the cavernicolous Grylloidea of Chiapas. It details the composition of this fauna, which belongs exclusively to the Phalangopsid group Amphiacustae, and considers its troglobitic evolution in the methodological framework of Comparative Biology. This method consists in analysing the evolution of biological features in reference to phylogeny, using character state optimization. The material studied comes mostly from Italian biospeological expeditions, but also from the author's work in Mexico, from North American biospeological expeditions achieved in Central America and the West Indies, and from the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle de Paris and the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. I first present a systematic and phylogenetic analysis of Amphiacustae. Six new genera are defined and the genus Amphiacusta Saussure, 1874 is crearly delimited; twenty-three of the twenty six species considered in the paper are new and described. A key for genera and species groups is given. Phylogenetic relationships among genera are established using cladistics (implicit enumeration of Hennig 86 program). The evolution of troglobitic Amphiacustae is then analyzed. Available data on the biology of Amphiacust genera are presented and compared with what is known on other Phalangopsidae. Three biological attributes are moreover defined (troglobitic versus non troglobitic; cavicolous versus non cavico! ous; leaf litter foraging versus leaf litter not foraging). The mapping of the attributes upon our cladogram shown that Amphiacustae evolved twice toward cave life and that their ancestral habitat could be characterized by cavicolous habits and leaf litter foraging. The results are discussed in reference to theories on troglobitic taxa evolution, and to the exaptation concept of Gould & Vrba (1982). This leads to three main conclusions: II Amphiacust adaptation to caves could be the result of a tentative to exploit karstic resources in Central America; 2/ An epigean dispersion by cave living species Min be hypothesized; 3/ For Grylloidea, having cavicolous habits at ground level appears to be exaptative to troglobitic life.
Cell proliferation in the mammary gland during late pregnancy and lactation

Nulliparous, CFW mice were injected with 25 m̈c of tritiated thymidine on day 19 of pregnancy, and days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 of lactation. The animals were killed one hour after injection. The inguinal mammary glands were removed and processed for paraffin sectioning. Radioautographs were prepared, using the dipping technique.
Factors influencing pasture productivity in Atlantic Canada

Most pastures in Atlantic Canada are classified as permanent and contain primarily native species. Well-managed native swards have the potential of supporting profitable animal output. Productive cultivars of cool-season perennial grass species such as timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and legumes such as white clover can increase pasture productivity in the region and ameliorate seasonal fluctuations in dry matter yield associated with native swards. Improved swards gradually revert to native species, partly because forage cultivars and mixtures are not assessed for persistence under grazing.Soil acidity and deficiencies in soil nutrients were shown to reduce herbage yield, legume content of the grazed swards and mineral content of the herbage, all of which may adversely affect livestock performance. High concentrations of K, observed in swards heavily fertilized with N, are likely to c.
A revision of the endemic south-western African dung beetle subgenus Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay, including notes on other flightless Scarabaeini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

The subgenus Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay, 1821, is revised. All 13 species of the subgenus are endemic to the west coast of southern Africa. A key to all S. (Pachysoma) species is provided, and their distributions are mapped. Two new species Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) endroedyi and Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) glentoni from the south-western Cape are described. The subspecies S. (P.) denticollis penrithae (Zunino) is synonymized with S. (P.) denticollis denticollis (Péringuey). The synonymy of S. (P.) hessei (Ferreira) with S. (P.) hippocrates (MacLeay) is confirmed. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) valeflorae (Ferreira), previously considered a synonym of S. (P.) schinzi (Fairmaire), is reinstated as a valid species. The missing type series of Pachysoma hessei Ferreira is traced. A lectotype is designated for Scarabaeus aesculapius Olivier, three paralectotypes are designated for Pachysoma marginatus Péringuey and one paralectotype for Pachysoma denticolle Péringuey. Notes on the type series, distribution records, morphological variation and known biology, are provided for all flightless Scarabaeini. A checklist of all valid species and their synonyms of Pachysoma, Neopachysoma, Mnematium and Neomnematium is included.
Prey Preference, Foraging Behavior, and Metabolic Characteristics of Frogs

Metabolic correlates of prey preference were evaluated in four species of tropical frogs. Predation on ants and termites is correlated with high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity, and high resting metabolism. In contrast, dependence on larger, more mobile prey such as orthopterans and coleopterans is associated with low aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity, and low resting metabolism. These correlations presumably stem from the metabolic demands of different foraging behaviors. Characteristics of both the predator and the prey interact to create these demands, thereby producing a spectrum of foraging modes. Locomotion, agonistic behavior, and reproductive characteristics also can be intimately associated with metabolic capacities. The exercise physiology of predators reflects the complexity of this situation.
Use of chlorophyll a fluorescence to elucidate the toxicity target of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine on photosynthetic system of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria)

Abstract: In order to investigate the toxicity targets of the secondary metabolite from aquatic plants, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii photosynthetic system II (PSII), we determined chlorophyll a (Chl a), specific growth rate (μ−d), photosynthetic rapid light curves and polyphasic Chl a fluorescence transients following exposure to N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. The results showed significant decreases in Chl a following 48 h at high concentration (0.50 mg l−1) exposure to N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. The PSII electron transfer rate and Chl a fluorescence transients appeared to be affected after the cells were exposed to concentrations of 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg l−1. Exposure to higher concentration of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (> 0.50 mg l−1) mainly depressed the density of reaction centers (RC/CS0) and quantum energy flux ratios (ϕP0 and ϕE0) but increased the absorption flux per RC (ABS/RC), dissipated energy flux per RC (DI0/RC) and the average redox state of QA−/QA in the time span from 0 to tFmax (Sm/tFmax). However, exposure to low concentration (≤ 0.5 mg l−1) mainly inhibited the trapping energy fluxes per reaction center (TR0/RC), electron transport energy fluxes per reaction center (ET0/RC) and energy flux ratio (ψ0). This suggested that the donor and the acceptor sides of PSII were targets of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine in C. raciborskii. Additionally, our results indicated that the toxicity target at low concentrations of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine was at each step of electron transport between QA− and the Cyt b6/f complex; whereas, the reduction of QA was the potential target at high concentrations. We suggest that N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine may be a potential allelochemical to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms.
A Molecular Gut Reaction

Intraepithelial lymphocytes are a type of T cell that is found nestled among epithelial cells of the gut mucosa. In a Perspective, Lambolez and Rocha explain how IELs protect the gut against invasion by pathogens while also promoting its turnover ( Leishman et al .). The secret is the interaction between an unusual class I MHC molecule called TL expressed by gut epithelial cells and an equally unusual CD8 molecule with two a chains expressed by IELs.
Analisis Pendapatan Pedagang Bunga Hias di Kelurahan Kakaskasen Kota Tomohon

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to determine the income and the efficiency of Ornamental Flower Merchants in the Village of Kakaskasen, Tomohon City. This research is conducted in Kakaskasen Village, Tomohon City for 2 (two) months in November to December 2012. The data used is primary data obtained through direct observation and interviews with Ornamental Flower mercahants based on a questionnaire in the form of questionnaires, and secondary data obtained from the relevant agencies Agriculture Department, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Tomohon and Kakaskasen Village Office. The data were analyzed descriptively and presented in tabular form. The results showed that the income of Ornamental Flower Merchants in the Village of Kakaskasen Tomohon City in one production process is Rp 6,694,673.61 /merchant and Rp 18,093,712.46/hectare. The efficiency of the Ornamental Flower Businesses from the R : C Analysis show value greater than one that is 4.29. This indicates that the Ornamental Flower Businesses in Kakaskasen Village Tomohon City is profitable, so it deserves to remain manageable even more developed. Key Word : the income of ornamental flower merchants, the R : C Analysis
Diversity and genetic structure in natural populations of Geonoma schottiana Mart (arecaceae): implications for conservation

Geonoma schottiana is an underbrush palm which is found in high densities in tropical forests. This species is known for having an asynchronous fruit producing pattern, over all seasons of the year, thus being an important food source for frugivores. This work aims to determine the diversity and spatial genetic structure of two natural populations, referred to as MC I and MC II, of which 60 individuals were sampled, in Poco Bonito Biological Reserve, Lavras, Minas Gerais state. Results of 10 polymorphic isozyme loci indicated a high genetic diversity for the species (Ĥ e = 0.428 and Ĥ o = 0.570), with an mean number of alleles per locus of 2.0. Estimates of Cockerham's coancestry coeffi cients indicated an absence of intrapopulation ( f = -0.343) and interpopulation inbreeding (F ˆ = -0.161), suggesting that on average populations are not endogamous. A high genetic divergence was found between populations ( p θˆ = 13.5%), in comparison to most tropical species (<5%). Consequently, the estimated historical gene fl ow was low ( m N ˆ = 0.40). The analysis of spatial distribution of G. schottiana genotypes in MCI revealed a random distribution of genotypes. The high genetic diversity indices found suggest that the populations in question favor in situ genetic conservation, consequently favoring the conservation of riparian environments.
Fusarium rot in cucumber greenhouses of Jiroft region

The present work was done to identify Fusarium species that cause Fusarium rot in greenhouse cucumber crop in Jiroft region (Kerman, Iran), in 2006–2007. During these years, a vast sampling was done from several greenhouses of Jiroft. The plants with rot symptoms as well as the soil samples of greenhouse were transferred to lab. The isolates of plants and soil samples were detached by direct isolation of the infected tissue and soil suspension methods, respectively. Totally 120 isolates were obtained, which were classified into the following six species according to their morphological and physiological characteristics: Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium monoliforme, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium subglutinans. It is the first time that three of these taxons, i.e. F. culmorum, F. monoliforme and F. subglutinan are reported in cucumber of Iran. Pathogenesis studies of the isolates were done by mycelium placement and spore suspension injection methods in sterile soil under greenhouse conditions. Then the disease symptoms were investigated.
Flight Delay Prediction for Mitigation of Airport Commercial Revenue Losses Using Machine Learning on Imbalanced Dataset

Flight delay is one of the factors that affect the decline in customer satisfaction and airport revenue. In addition to influencing customer perceptions of airport services, flight delay also has an impact on decreasing airport revenue and operation. This study models a flight delay prediction, and the process is carried out using Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosted Tree, and XGBoost Tree algorithms. This study has also used and merged the weather characteristic data as secondary data to the airport operational flight data. To anticipate the imbalanced class, several sampling techniques were applied. Synthetic Minority Over Sampling Technique (SMOTE), Random Over-Sampling (ROS), Random Under-Sampling (RUS), and combining ROS with RUS are being used. The result of processing the analysis is in the form of a model to predict the category of flight delay. The model has been evaluated by using the Confusion Matrix and Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) value. The result of this study shows the Random Forest classifier with the combination of ROS + RUS technique and data split ratio of 90:10 gave the highest accuracy, error rate, and AUC value as shown as 82.58%, 17.42%, and 81.1% respectively on data testing. The result of the flight delay prediction model is expected to be a strategic recommendation for determining airport policies in the future. By implementing the best strategy related to the airport operation, it could carry out commercial planning in order to optimize airport commercial revenue.
Efecto de Bursera grandiflora sobre el peso corporal y lipemia en ratones obesos

El sobrepeso y la obesidad estan claramente vinculados con la ingesta calorica que lleva a la instalacion cronica de inflamacion sistemica de bajo grado. La terapia farmacologica es altamente recomendable para este padecimiento. Dentro de la familia Burseraceae existen especies utilizadas para el tratamiento de la obesidad, de las cuales, Bursera grandiflora es referida tambien por su efecto anti-inflamatorio. Evaluar el efecto de B. grandiflora en un modelo de obesidad, su potencial toxicologico, e identificacion del compuesto mayoritario. Se utilizaron ratones C57Bl/6 alimentados durante 8 semanas con dieta hipercalorica. Posteriormente, durante 7 semanas se administro diariamente un extracto hidroalcoholico de B. grandiflora o agua (control). Al final se cuantificaron colesterol y trigliceridos. Ademas, se realizaron pruebas de toxicidad en ratones administrando el extracto de B. grandiflora en forma aguda y subcronica. Finalmente, se identifico el compuesto mayoritario. Los animales tratados con B. grandiflora registraron el mayor consumo de alimento y, paradojicamente, sin mostrar un crecimiento ponderal y con una disminucion de los trigliceridos. Las evaluaciones de toxicologia revelaron que la administracion del extracto no produjo muertes en los animales de experimentacion, ni cambios organicos o de comportamiento. El compuesto mayoritario identificado en el extracto activo fue escopoletina.
Orta Anadolu Bölgesi yabancı ot florası.

During the study, 3206 plant specimens which belong to 695 weed species, 303 genera and 56 families have been collected from Central Anatolia between 1995-2000. Two of the species were Pteridophyta, the others were Spermatophyta. Among the Spermatophyta, 96 species were Monocotyledons and the 597 were Dicotyledons. The number of endemics were 51. Phytogeographical elements of the area were as follows: Irano-Turanian 163, Mediterranean 40, Euro-Siberian 42 and undetermined or cosmopolitans were 448. The richest families were as follows: Compositae, Gramineae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Labiatae, Boraginaceae, Umbelliferae, Scrophulariaceae, and Ranunculaceae.
Homology Modeling of Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Binding Domains

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are in the front-line during the initiation of an innate immune response against invading pathogens. TLRs are type I transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of immune system cells. They are evolutionarily conserved between insects and vertebrates. To date, 13 groups of mammalian TLRs have been identified, ten in humans and 13 in mice. They share a modular structure that consists of a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) ectodomain, a single transmembrane helix and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Most TLRs have been shown to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from a wide range of invading agents and initiate intracellular signal transduction pathways to trigger expression of genes, the products of which can control innate immune responses. The TLR signaling pathways, however, must be under tight negative regulation to maintain immune balance because over-activation of immune responses in the body can cause autoimmune diseases. The TLR ectodomains are highly variable and are directly involved in ligand recognition. So far, crystal structures are missing for most TLR ectodomains because structure determination by X-ray diffraction or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments remains time-consuming, and sometimes the crystallization of a protein can be very difficult. Computational modeling enables initial predictions of three-dimensional structures for the investigation of receptor-ligand interaction mechanisms. Computational methods are also helpful to develop new TLR agonists and antagonists that have therapeutic significance for diseases. In this dissertation, an LRR template assembly approach for homology modeling of TLR ligand-binding domains is discussed. To facilitate the modeling work, two databases, TollML and LRRML, have been established. With this LRR template assembly approach, the ligand-binding domains of human TLR5-10 and mouse TLR11-13 were modeled. Based on the models of human TLR7, 8 and 9, we predicted potential ligand-binding residues and possible configurations of the receptor-ligand complex using a combined procedure. In addition, we modeled the cytoplasmic TIR domains of TLR4 and 7, the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88) and the TLR inhibitor SIGIRR (Single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor-related molecule) to investigate the structural mechanism of TLR negative regulation.
Overview of some recent research developments in fusarium head blight of wheat

Abstract This article reviews the recent progress of research on fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. It addresses the broad areas of strategies for disease management, biological control, the pathogen (Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae)), mycotoxins, the effects of dwarfing genes on FHB severity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and new perspectives. Where there are recent reviews on this subject, we have deliberately examined the subsequent literature to provide an update on research. With few resistant cultivars available even now, the main tools to manage the disease remain rotation, varietal selection, disease forecasting and fungicides. A few biocontrol organisms are being considered for commercial application. The pathogen's sexual life cycle has been investigated in depth, and with its complete genome sequence known, the pathways and genes controlling the sexual development and ascospore release of F. graminearum are being explored. The 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype of F. graminearum has increased in prevalence in Canada with attendant risks of higher DON levels in cereal grain. Stringent limits on allowable levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in the food/feed chain have been enacted in Europe and the USA, but regulations for Canada are only at the discussion stage with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Efforts to develop FHB-resistant lines proceed apace, as these can be selected in most wheat populations despite the adverse effects of dwarfing genes on FHB severity. While more quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for disease resistance continue to be identified and mapped, new resistant cultivars remain disappointingly few. We present some encouraging early results from an alternative approach based on epigenetics.
Use of RAPD PCR to Distinguish the B Biotype from Other Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The use of RAPD PCR to identify the B biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and distinguish it from other biotypes and species of whitefly is described. the technique enables the use of alcohol preserved material instead of live or frozen material as required by allozyme electrophoresis and demonstrates that eggs, juvenile stages and males or females can all be used.