Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bladder antimuscarinics use in the veterans affairs community living centers: description of medication use and evaluation of risks and benefits

Urinary incontinence, one of the most prevalent conditions in elderly living in nursing homes (NH) was shown to significantly impact patient’s quality of life (QOL) and health outcomes. Bladder antimuscarinics (BAM), the main drug class to treat urinary incontinence, have limited effects in managing the condition; however, given their anticholinergic properties and the characteristics of those living in NH, BAM could potentially lead to serious health consequences in this population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a new-users design by linking existing Veterans Affairs (VA) data (inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy administrative files, and Minimum Data SetMDS) between fiscal years 2003 and 2009. Potential risks (i.e. fractures and negative impact on cognitive performance) and benefits (i.e. improvement in urinary incontinence, social engagement and overall QOL) associated with initiation of a BAM were assessed in elderly (65+) admitted for long-term care in the VA Community Living Centers. Descriptive statistics were used to compare BAM new-users and nonusers at baseline; in addition, logistic regression was used to identify important predictors of BAM initiation. Treatment selection bias was addressed by using the propensity score matching method. After balancing the groups on baseline characteristics, the risk of fractures (hip fracture, any fracture) in relationship with BAM initiation was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard analysis. BAM impact on the cognitive status measured by the MDS-Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) was evaluated through generalized estimated equations (GEE) method. Similarly, possible benefits measured through MDS were assessed via GEE. The final cohort included 1195 BAM new-users (with the majority being prescribed Oxybutynin immediate-release) and 22,987 non-users. Predictors of
WORKFLOW STANDARDS AND XML

The paper outlines the significance of the workflow paradigm in the context of engineering business processes. It reviews the standardisation efforts in the field and considers related XML technologies with respect to their relevance to messaging in workflow. The requirements of a range of stereotypical workflow situations are examined along with broad technological approaches to implementation. A case study is then used to illustrate the 'reality' of standards implementation in the commercial products of Independent Software Vendors. This is followed by suggestions for critical application of some all-purpose XML technologies under these circumstances. Broadly the findings are twofold. Firstly the workflow consortia standards are rooted in applied design but subsequent, more widely applicable standards are likely to 'outgun' them. Secondly the standards effort in workflow is driven by the large software vendors in the field at the behest of large customers while smaller, independent vendors see them as additional overheads and restrictive.
Examining the Link between Cigarette Experimentation and Continued Risk Practices among African American College Students

The purpose of the present study is to examine the link between cigarette experimentation and other risky behaviors in African American college students. Three hypotheses were proposed. The first hypothesis is individuals who have tried cigarettes are more likely to have tried marijuana. The second hypothesis is individuals who have tried cigarettes are more likely to initiate sexual contact at an earlier age and less likely to use a condom during their last sexual encounter. Lastly, it was hypothesized that individuals who have tried cigarettes were more likely to have tried other drugs. 411 African American college students between the ages of 18 and 57 participated in the study. Data was collected through a self-reported questionnaire. The findings revealed participants who had tried cigarettes were more likely to have tried marijuana. Smoking initiation was not significantly associated with condom use. The age of sexual initiationand first marijuana usage was lower in participants who had tried cigarettes. These findings indicate individuals who try cigarettes may be at a higher vulnerability for other risk practices. Central Perkins et al. (2015) Email: J Subst Abuse Alcohol 3(3): 1037 (2015) 2/3 alcohol use, risky driving, depression, and a lack of physical exercise [12]. Alcohol use may increase one’s cravings to smoke cigarettes [13]. In comparison to non-smokers, current smokers were 6.5 times more likely to use marijuana and five times more likely to binge drink. The purpose of the present study is to examine the link between cigarette experimentation and other risky behaviors in African American college students. Although there are studies that have examined the link between smoking and drug initiation [14,15], this relationship has not been extensively studied in African American college students.Three hypotheses were proposed: 1) Individuals who have tried cigarettes are more likely to have tried marijuana; 2) Individuals who have tried cigarettes are more likely to initiate sexual contact at an earlier age and less likely to use a condom during their last sexual encounter; and 3) Individuals who have tried cigarettes are more likely to have tried other drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Material embodiment and energy flows as efficiency indicators of soybean (Glycine max) production in Brazil

As the requirement for agriculture to be environmentally suitable there is a necessity to adopt indicators and methodologies approaching sustainability. In Brazil, biodiesel addition into diesel is mandatory and soybean oil is its main source. The material embodiment determines the convergence of inputs into the crop. Moreover, the material flows are necessary for any environmental analysis. This study evaluated distinct production scenarios, and also conventional versus GMO crops, through the material embodiment and energy analysis. GMO crops demanded less indirectly applied inputs. The energy balance showed linearity with yield, whereas for EROI, the increases in input and yield were not affected.
Effect of emotional intelligence and resilience on trauma coping among university students

background Exposure to natural or manmade disasters is associated with long-term health consequences, including those for mental health. Trauma can be considered as the severe mental health outcome of such kinds of disasters. University students as an academic population can also be exposed to different types of disasters in their life. However, most students tend to remain within the academic society due to their coping capacities. It is possible that some students who are suffering from a trauma may not have been identified and that some may even have healed due to individual resilience.
Le taux d’actualisation contre le principe de précaution?

The application of standard cost-benefit analysis to evaluate long-term policies has been heavily criticized, in particular because of discounting, which is accused of putting too little weight on the future, thus contradicting the precautionary principle. Based on the example of climate mitigation policies, we show why discounting, rigorously applied, is necessary to clarify the issues at stake in the decision. In particular, we demonstrate that, within a sequential decision-making framework with increasing information, the value of pure time discounting matters less than the assumptions we make about future growth, productivity of capital, preferences and beliefs about climate change impacts. We conclude that intergenerational equity issues go beyond the value of pure time preference. We must also pay attention to the nature of our bequest to future generations, in terms of stocks of physical capital and of knowledge in particular, because it shapes their ability to adapt to new information. L’utilisation du calcul economique sur le tres long terme fait l’objet de critiques qui peuvent aller jusqu’a un rejet pur et simple, en particulier en raison de la technique de l’actualisation qui, en ecrasant le poids du long terme, viendrait en contradiction avec le principe de precaution. Nous expliquons ici, sur la base de l’experience des debats autour du changement climatique, en quoi, appliquee en toute rigueur, l’actualisation est au contraire un point de passage oblige pour clarifier les enjeux de la decision. Nous montrons en particulier que, dans un cadre de decision sequentielle avec acquisition d’information, le choix, qui restera toujours controverse, du coefficient de preference pure pour le present, importe moins que les hypotheses sur la croissance, sur la productivite du capital, sur les preferences des agents et sur leurs « croyances » vis-a-vis des dommages climatiques. Nous concluons sur le fait que le taux de preference pure pour le present ne saurait resumer a lui seul les questions de solidarite avec les generations futures. Il convient aussi d’examiner la nature de ce que nous leguons aux generations futures, en particulier les stocks de capital physique et de connaissance qui determinent leurs capacites d’adaptation a de futures informations.
Polychotomous Responses and the Test Score.

Traditionally, the test score represented by the number of items answered correctly was taken as an indicator of the examinee's ability level. Researchers still tend to think that the number-correct score is a way of ordering individuals with respect to the latent trait. The objective of this study is to depict the benefits of using ability estimates obtained directly from individuals' response patterns instead of their test scores, especially when responses are graded polychotomously. The importance of substantive model validation is also discussed. Mathematical models are presented to show that the use of the test score instead of the response pattern itself in ability or attitude estimation will, in general, reduce the accuracy of estimation. The loss of accuracy can be especially important when items are scored polychotomously. It is suggested that ability or attitude estimation be made from the response pattern using basic functions developed by F. Samejima in conjunction with the graded response model. In doing so, substantive model validation is essential. (Contains 2 figures, 1 table, and 13 references.) (SLD)
L’acquisition L2 des compléments infinitifs français par des apprenants anglophones

L’acquisition L2 des complements infinitifs francais (CI ; p. ex. chercher a + infinitif, empecher de + infinitif, aller O + infinitif) implique d’apprendre que le choix de la preposition (a, de ou element nul) qui precede l’infinitif est arbitraire et qu’il doit etre determine cas par cas. L’anglais (la L1 des participants de cette etude) utilise uniquement la preposition to ‘a’ a cette fin. Cette etude vise a repondre aux questions suivantes : (1) Quels types d’erreurs les apprenants anglophones font-ils relativement aux constructions verbales a CI ? ; (2) Y a-t-il une utilisation generalisee d’une des prepositions ? Nous avons suppose que (1) tous les apprenants utiliseraient a, de et l’element nul dans des contextes inappropries, (2a) que a serait surgeneralise par les apprenants moins competents a cause de l’influence translinguistique, (2b) tandis que de serait surgeneralise par les apprenants plus competents en raison de sa frequence elevee dans l’input. Nous avons examine la production et la comprehension des CI chez onze apprenants L2 (six moins competents, cinq plus competents) a l’aide d’un test a trous et d’une tâche de jugement de grammaticalite ; et nous avons trouve (i) des erreurs relatives au choix de la preposition, (ii) ainsi qu’une surgeneralisation de la variante de que nous avons interpretee comme une consequence de sa frequence importante dans l’input.
Performance Analysis of Control Systems under Limited Data Rates

We consider the problem of control over networks and find a tradeoff between control performance and the data rate required for the communication of state information. In particular, following the approach of Nair and Evans(2004), we derive an upper bound on the mean-square norm of the states of the system to be stabilized. A numerical example is provided to verify the obtained bound as well as the performance tradeoff.
Essentials of science – Development, evaluation and transfer into school practice of a competence oriented science course.

Scientific literacy is regarded as important for the individual and for society (Graber & Nentwig, 2002; OECD, 2010). To improve competences in scientific literacy we developed, tested and evaluated a competence oriented science course for grade 11, with emphasis on self-regulation in experimentation at an experimental school in Germany. The transfer into school practice at German general High Schools was begun and accompanied by research on the effectiveness of the course concept, and monitoring of the transfer process. The success of transfer depended on several factors, including characteristics of the innovation, of teachers and of the environment and supporting activities (Grasel, 2010). One aim of this paper is to present the main characteristics of the course concept and its didactical approach to teaching. Another focus is identifying important preconditions in the procedure of transfer that effect its successful implementation into general school education. The course concept contains basic concepts of science (e.g. Harlen, 2010). Each of these basic concepts is combined with an experiment carried out by students. The teaching approach emphasizes experimentation as a problem solving process (Klahr, 2000) and is thereby meant to foster scientific inquiry. The course aims to increase the degree of self-regulation in a step-wise manner during the experimental work. The positive results of the evaluation of the course suggest that the concept will be accepted by teachers and may be implemented. The results from monitoring the transfer show that it may be impossible to implement the whole course concept in other schools, and that it may be necessary to focus on subsets of the material.
Numerical Simulation of Sprinkler Suppression of Rack Storage Fires

Fire suppression tests with ceiling sprinkler protection in a rack storage fuel configuration are simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool. The fuel is arranged in a double-row, six pallet-load wide and three-tier high (2×6×3) rack storage array. Each pallet load consists of three nested double-wall corrugated cardboard boxes surrounding a metal liner. Two types of ceiling sprinklers are used in this study: a pendent quick response sprinkler designated as K14, and an upright standard response sprinkler designated as K11.2. The tests are simulated using FireFOAM, which couples necessary sub-models for fire growth, sprinkler response, and fire suppression. Numerical results are compared with experiments for both free burn tests under a 20-MW calorimeter and sprinkler suppression tests under a 7.6 m high ceiling. For the free burn case, the model results show good quantitative agreement of heat release rates in all three phases, from ignition to fire growth and steady burning. For the suppression cases, the model reproduces the suppression effectiveness of the two sprinkler protection designs: K14 sprinklers suppress the fire rapidly with only one sprinkler activation, while with K11.2 sprinklers, both in the tests and simulation, the fire spreads to the pallets on the end of the fuel array with multiple sprinkler activations. The modeled sprinkler activation times are within the estimated experimental uncertainty following three repeat tests. Quantitative results characterizing sprinkler suppression performance obtained from the simulations, such as the actual delivered density (ADD) and water evaporation rate, are also reported.
Rescuing Fe0 remediation research from its systemic flaws

The well-accepted assumption of metallic iron (Fe0) acting as electron donor for environmental remediation has created an unstable domain of knowledge for the past 23 years. This assumption is discouraging some outstanding and prospective scientists from correctly interpreting their experimental results. Such a situation is a recipe for long-term decline. The critical situation cannot be solved with simplistic approaches. It is now imperative to develop an understanding to defend the difficulties of this assumption and re-orient Fe0 mediated remediation research as a whole. Correspondence to: Chicgoua Noubactep, Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany, E-mail: cnoubac@gwdg.de
VISUALIZING BACKCHANNEL FOR LARGE-SCALE EVENTS

The concept of a Visual Backchannel as a novel way of following and exploring online conversations about large-scale events. Micro blogging communities, such as Twitter, are increasingly used as digital backchannels for timely exchange of brief comments and impressions during political speeches, sport competitions, natural disasters, and other large events. Currently, shared updates are typically displayed in the form of a simple list, making it difficult to get a summary of the fast-paced discussions as it happens in the moment and how it evolves over time. In distinction, proposed Visual Backchannel design provides an evolving, interactive, and multi-faceted visual overview of large-scale ongoing conversations on Twitter. To visualize a continuously updating information stream, visual saliency for what is happening now and what has just happened, set in the context of the evolving conversation is included. As part of a fully web-based coordinated-view system Topic Streams, a temporally adjustable stacked graph visualizing topics over time, a People Spiral representing participants and their activity, and an Image Cloud encoding the popularity of event photos by size are included. Together with a post listing, discuss our design considerations, in particular with respect to evolving visualizations of dynamically changing data.
ON 2-HOLONOMY

Abstract We construct a cycle in higher Hochschild homology associated to the two-dimensional torus which represents 2-holonomy of a nonabelian gerbe in the same way as the ordinary holonomy of a principal G-bundle gives rise to a cycle in ordinary Hochschild homology. This is done using the connection 1-form of Baez–Schreiber. A crucial ingredient in our work is the possibility to arrange that in the structure crossed module $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}:\mathfrak{h}\rightarrow \mathfrak{g}$ of the principal 2-bundle, the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{h}$ is abelian, up to equivalence of crossed modules.
A Review of “A Semantic Web Primer”

In the twenty years since its launch by Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web has gone through a number of surprising evolutions. From simple textbased documents to sharing our daily lives through fully interactive Web 2.0 technologies, the Web has brought us ways of communicating not imaginable to those who laid its basic frameworks. Despite this evolution, however, content itself on the Web remains largely inaccessible to the machines that make it possible. As Antoniou (Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Greece) and van Harmelen (Artificial Intelligence, Vrije-Universiteit, Amsterdam) note in the second edition of their excellent introductory textbook, A Semantic Web Primer, the promise of the future Semantic Web is a network of information understandable to both humans and computers. This book serves as an excellent textbook for both teaching and self-study about the concepts, technologies, and applications of the Semantic Web. Beginning with a chapter introducing the concept and hypothetical applications of the Semantic Web, the authors examine the mark up languages that serve as its foundations: XML, RDF, and OWL. Building on this base are chapters dealing with logic and inference, specific practical applications, and the construction of ontologies. This new edition concludes with an entirely rewritten chapter looking at the ongoing discussion and future research challenges for those working on the Semantic Web. Antoniou and van Harmelen are deeply involved in the scholarship in this area, and along with progressively more difficult practical exercises, the suggested reading at the end of each chapter cites current research along with lists of important Web resources and Internet standards. This work is rightly called a primer. While someone with a knowledge of the principles of HTML could teach themselves with this text, the extensive suggested readings at the end of each chapter, and some patience, the
Economic cycles in the United States and in the euro area: determinants, scale and linkages

This article analyses the business cycles observed in the euro area and in the United States on the basis of the estimated results of a general equilibrium model. In the first place it is shown that the cyclical movements in both economies show strong similarities : there are no significant divergences in the behavioural parameters of either the private sector or the monetary authorities, while also the various exogenous shocks, being the driving force behind the business cycles in this model, prove to be comparable in terms of scale and persistence. On the basis of the estimated models, the observed cyclical movements may be ascribed to various types of exogenous shocks, such as innovations in productivity, the labour supply, consumer preferences or economic policy. In the short term, the business cycles appear mainly to have been generated by demand shocks (preference and investment shocks, exogenous demand shocks and monetary shocks). During recession periods simultaneous demand shocks in consumption and investment spending appear to play an important part. In the long term, shocks affecting the labour supply and productivity are the driving forces. As to the inflation developments, especially temporary mark-up shocks prevail in the short term, although in the long term inflation is primarily a monetary phenomenon and is being guided by the inflation target of the central bank. The limited effect of monetary shocks on the real economy does not imply that monetary policy is insignificant. The systematic behaviour of the central bank is important in order to understand how the other shocks affect the economy. It is here that monetary policy can contribute to a more stable and efficient economic growth. In addition to the causes of the cyclical movements, the downward trend in the volatility of the economic aggregates is being discussed. The reduction of the volatility in real growth of both the euro area and the United States, especially since the mid 1980s, is mainly related to the fact that the size of the exogenous shocks has been smaller. Changes in the economic structure or dynamics and a more efficient monetary policy in themselves do not account for the sharp reduction of real volatility. The same findings may also help to explain the synchronisation of the business cycles between the two economic blocks. Despite the globalisation of the economy, there is no clear trend towards more correlation in economic growth. The relatively small scale of the simultaneous – predominantly demand-related – shocks having occurred recently, may provide some explanation. In the absence of severe synchronised shocks, country- or sector-specific shocks remained relatively important to the pattern of economic activity. As to the future, this implies that it would be wrong to be too optimistic about the dynamic stability of the economy or the efficiency of stabilisation policies.