Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic congestive heart failure elicits adaptations of endurance exercise in diaphragmatic muscle.

BACKGROUND During rest and exercise, patients with heart failure hyperventilate; therefore, the diaphragm can be viewed as undergoing constant moderate-intensity exercise. Accordingly, we hypothesized that heart failure elicits adaptations in the diaphragm similar to those elicited by endurance exercise in the limb muscles of normal subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS Costal diaphragmatic biopsy samples were obtained from 7 normal subjects (age, 36 +/- 20 years) and 10 patients (age, 50 +/- 6 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 18 +/- 8%) at the time of transplant or left ventricular assist-device placement. We measured the distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms I, IIa, and IIb by SDS gel electrophoresis. We also measured the activities of the following enzymes: citrate synthase, a marker of oxidative metabolism; beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a marker of lipolytic metabolism; and lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of glycolytic metabolism. In normal subjects, the distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms I, IIa, and IIb was 43 +/- 2%, 40 +/- 2%, and 17 +/- 1%, respectively. In contrast, in heart failure subjects, the fiber distribution was 55 +/- 2%, 38 +/- 2%, and 7 +/- 2% for types I, IIa, and IIb, respectively. Therefore, in heart failure, myosin heavy chain I is increased (P < .0001) and myosin heavy chain IIb decreased from normal levels (P < .001). Additionally, citrate synthase activity (normal, 0.33 +/- 0.14; heart failure, 0.54 +/- 0.21 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1; P < .05) and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (normal, 0.27 +/- 0.04; heart failure, 0.38 +/- 0.02 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1; P < .05) were greater in heart failure patients than in normal subjects, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly less in heart failure patients than in normal subjects (normal, 11.6 +/- 4.6; heart failure,: 4.3 +/- 2.2 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In the diaphragm in heart failure, there is a shift from fast to slow myosin heavy chain isoforms with an increase in oxidative capacity and a decrease in glycolytic capacity. These diaphragmatic muscle changes are consistent with those elicited by endurance training of the limb muscles in normal subjects.
Swept-source OCT angiography imaging of the macular capillary network in glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the macular capillary network density of superficial and deep retinal layers (SRL/DRL) by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and to compare the results with those of normal subjects. Method In this prospective study, 24 eyes of 24 normal individuals and 24 eyes of 24 patients with mild to moderate POAG underwent fovea centred 6×6 mm cube macular OCTA imaging by a swept-source OCTA device (Triton, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Quantitative analysis of the retinal vasculature was performed by assessing vessel density (VD) as the ratio of the retinal area occupied by vessels at the SRL and DRL. Results The mean VD (ratio) at the SRL and DRL was statistically significantly lower in patients with POAG (SRL, p<0.001; DRL, p<0.001). In the SRL, the mean±SD VD ratio was 0.34±0.05 in patients with POAG and 0.40±0.02 in normal individuals (p<0.001). In the DRL, the mean (SD) ratio was 0.37±0.05 in patients with POAG and 0.43±0.02 in normal individuals (p<0.001). The mean VD at the SRL was significantly correlated with ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness (r=0.42, p=0.04) but not with visual field mean deviation (r=0.4, p=0.06) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (r=0.5, p=0.06). The mean VD at the DRL did not show significant correlation with any other glaucoma parameter (p>0.05). Conclusion The assessment of macular VD by swept-source OCTA may offer additional information for detection of glaucoma.
Evidence that Eutypa lata and other diatrypaceous species occur in New South Wales vineyards

Eutypa dieback, caused by the fungus Eutypa lata is a serious disease of grapevines that affects vineyard productivity and longevity. Grapevines displaying foliar symptoms typical of Eutypa dieback or evidence of dead spurs, cankers, or discoloured vascular tissue, were surveyed from 77 vineyards throughout New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Fungal cultures were tentatively identified based on cultural morphology, before further identification using sequence analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. E. lata and several other species from the Diatrypaceae including Cryptovalsa ampelina, and species of Eutypella and Diatrypella were isolated from diseased grapevines. Eutypa dieback was found to be more widespread in NSW than first thought, with confirmation that the disease is present both in the Central Ranges and southern NSW districts, regions recognised for their cooler climates and higher annual rainfall, both of which favour the growth of E. lata.
Determinants of the Timeliness of Quarterly Reporting: Evidence from Canadian Firms

This study examines the determinants of the timeliness of quarterly reporting in Canada. Based on prior research, we hypothesize that interim financial statements are released more promptly by companies with a high transparency of information environment than firms with a low transparency of information environment. We also hypothesize that firms with more agency problems are more likely to delay the disclosure of their interim financial statements than firms with less agency problems. We provide evidence that firms' information environment and agency problems are related to the timeliness of quarterly reporting. More interestingly, we find that firms that do not have their interim financial statements reviewed by their auditors are less timely in releasing their interim financial statements than firms having their interim financial statements reviewed, suggesting that firms may perceive the disclosure of no audit review as a negative signal to market participants and thus intentionally delay that disclosure.
Perceptions of Vertical Marketing Arrangement Performance: Cow/calf Producers versus Multiple Production Level Producers

This study seeks to understand whether beef operators who specialize in cow-calf production exhibit different motives for alliance participation and different levels of satisfaction with these vertical marketing arrangements than their counterparts in cow-calf production who also operate upstream or downstream beef enterprises. Survey results indicate that there are differences among producer groups, particularly with respect to information access and interpretation and pooling cattle.
Modeling the Offshoring of White-Collar Services: From Comparative Advantage to the New Theories of Trade and FDI

Trade theory consists of a portfolio of models. What elements might be useful in modeling the offshoring of white-collar services, or do these issues call for an entirely fresh approach? I try to identifying some of the important aspects of this phenomenon and then argue that modeling could focus on (a) vertical fragmentation of production, (b) expansion of trade at the extensive margin, (c) fragments that differ in factor intensities and countries that differ in endowments, and (d) knowledge or capital stocks of countries or firms that are complementary to skilled labour, and create missing inputs for countries otherwise well suited to skill-intensive fragments. I argue that we can make good progress by selecting a number of 'modules' from existing theory. I use these to formulate a series of simple 'template' models which capture many of the characteristics of offshoring, and then use those models to identify the effects of technological or institutional changes which allow offshoring of white-collar services to occur.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER AND SANITATION PRACTICES IN PROJECT AND NON-PROJECT VILLAGES OF RAJASTHAN STATE , INDIA

Water & Sanitation scenario in Rajasthan state of India is quite alarming. This state can be improved with joint efforts of community and Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs). An international NGO named “Save the Children” is working on this subject since 2009 to educate local villagers about water borne diseases and hygiene practices along with providing them with pure drinking water and construction of public toilets. The present study was conducted in collaboration with Save the Children, with the aim to comparatively analyse water and hygiene practices in these villages and their implication on prevention of water borne diseases. The study was based on interviews and questionnaires, target area being Project villages (Shyopura, Sadasukh, Gulpura, Lesssadi, Lambore Chipyan , Lambore Choti) which were within the project area and a Non-Project villages (Bas-Kanjan, Malwas & Dhyawat) which were outside the project area (with no intervention). During the study, an intensive door to door visit, face to face interaction and Focussed Group Discussions(FGDs) were carried out at House hold level. The aforementioned activities were carried out to analyse water and sanitation practices. During the field visit, utmost care was taken to collect the facts and figures with data from the beneficiaries concerned. As per the results obtained from the study, we were able to find significant difference between the Project village and Non-Project village in terms of awareness about waterborne diseases, hygiene practices, hand washing practices, toilet usage and water treatment.
Retail development and urban regeneration: a case study of Castle Vale

Explores the role of retail development in urban regeneration. Focuses on Castle Vale in Birmingham and considers the benefits arising from new retail development, the challenges for retailers and lessons for the future marketing of deprived areas. Castle Vale is one of the best examples of public sector regeneration. Managed by a Housing Action Trust, the regeneration scheme sought to improve housing, improve the quality of life for residents and work with the community to achieve positive change. A key retail element focused on the redevelopment of a run‐down shopping centre and the attraction of new tenants. The Castle Vale story demonstrates how obstacles can be overcome through the application of effective organisation, consultation, partnerships and marketing principles, and the importance of creating (or re‐creating) a positive image for an area (and its community) to attract retail investment. Draws on in‐depth interviews with key managers and stakeholders associated with the Castle Vale project.
Stability and Bioavailability of Antioxidants in Garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.)

The stability and bioavailability of the major antioxidants in garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.), chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4- succinyl-3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, were investigated together with caffeic acid. These compounds were stable in artificial digestive juice, but more than 90% of them disappeared from plasma within 30 min after intravenous injection into rats. When they were orally administered, only caffeic acid could be detected.
for the pathogenesis of anthrax infection three sites of entry: implications Bacillus anthracis' ATR/TEM8 is highly expressed in epithelial cells lining

288:1402-1410, 2005. First published Feb 2, 2005; Am J Physiol Cell Physiol Brojatsch and Michael P. Lisanti Hotchkiss, Bruce I. Terman, Brent Rollman, Abdelkrim Alileche, Jürgen Cecilia J. de Almeida, Herbert B. Tanowitz, Philipp E. Scherer, Kylie A. Gloria Bonuccelli, Federica Sotgia, Philippe G. Frank, Terence M. Williams, for the pathogenesis of anthrax infection three sites of entry: implications Bacillus anthracis’ ATR/TEM8 is highly expressed in epithelial cells lining
Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND Cognitive decline complicates early recovery after coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) and may be evident in as many as three quarters of patients at the time of discharge from the hospital and a third of patients after six months. We sought to determine the course of cognitive change during the five years after CABG and the effect of perioperative decline on long-term cognitive function. METHODS In 261 patients who underwent CABG, neurocognitive tests were performed preoperatively (at base line), before discharge, and six weeks, six months, and five years after CABG surgery. Decline in postoperative function was defined as a drop of 1 SD or more in the scores on tests of any one of four domains of cognitive function. (A reduction of 1 SD represents a decline in function of approximately 20 percent.) Overall neurocognitive status was assessed with a composite cognitive index score representing the sum of the scores for the individual domains. Factors predicting long-term cognitive decline were determined by multivariable logistic and linear regression. RESULTS Among the patients studied, the incidence of cognitive decline was 53 percent at discharge, 36 percent at six weeks, 24 percent at six months, and 42 percent at five years. We investigated predictors of cognitive decline at five years and found that cognitive function at discharge was a significant predictor of long-term function (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the relatively high prevalence and persistence of cognitive decline after CABG and suggest a pattern of early improvement followed by a later decline that is predicted by the presence of early postoperative cognitive decline. Interventions to prevent or reduce short- and long-term cognitive decline after cardiac surgery are warranted.
GLOBAL ENERGETICS OF THIRTY-EIGHT LARGE SOLAR ERUPTIVE EVENTS

We have evaluated the energetics of 38 solar eruptive events observed by a variety of spacecraft instruments between 2002 February and 2006 December, as accurately as the observations allow. The measured energetic components include: (1) the radiated energy in the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 1–8 Å band, (2) the total energy radiated from the soft X-ray (SXR) emitting plasma, (3) the peak energy in the SXR-emitting plasma, (4) the bolometric radiated energy over the full duration of the event, (5) the energy in flare-accelerated electrons above 20 keV and in flare-accelerated ions above 1 MeV, (6) the kinetic and potential energies of the coronal mass ejection (CME), (7) the energy in solar energetic particles (SEPs) observed in interplanetary space, and (8) the amount of free (non-potential) magnetic energy estimated to be available in the pertinent active region. Major conclusions include: (1) the energy radiated by the SXR-emitting plasma exceeds, by about half an order of magnitude, the peak energy content of the thermal plasma that produces this radiation; (2) the energy content in flare-accelerated electrons and ions is sufficient to supply the bolometric energy radiated across all wavelengths throughout the event; (3) the energy contents of flare-accelerated electrons and ions are comparable; (4) the energy in SEPs is typically a few percent of the CME kinetic energy (measured in the rest frame of the solar wind); and (5) the available magnetic energy is sufficient to power the CME, the flare-accelerated particles, and the hot thermal plasma.
Does educational level matter in adopting online education? A Malaysian perspective

Having applied Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to predict intention and future usage behavior, the moderating effect of educational level was added to the model in moderating the relationship between variables. Also, despite past studies, Effort Expectancy had a higher beta than Performance Expectancy, while Social Influence stood for half of variation in Intention.
Merger & Acquisition in Indian Banking Industry: An Event Study Approach

In today's globalised economy, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are being increasingly used the world over, for improving competitiveness of companies through gaining greater market share, broadening the portfolio to reduce business risk, for entering new markets and geographies, and capitalizing on economies of scale etc. In this paper we have done the research in the field of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) in the Indian banking sector. Using a sample of 20 M&As deals in the Indian banking industry during the post-liberalization period 1993-2010, We analyze the impact of M&As on the shareholders return (Average Abnormal Return) of the acquiring banks. For the purpose of my study We used the Event study and checked the significance level. The study has been done for Public & Private Banks, only Private banks, only Public Sector banks (PSBs). We used the Simple T-Test, Paired Sample T-Test, Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test. The findings of the project states that M&A as an event does generate Average Abnormal Return (AAR) for acquirers (nearly 6.5%) for both the private and public banks. It created 3.56% and 10.45% of CAARs for public and private banks individually. As per the Simple T-Test there is some abnormal return to all investors and more to private sector bank investors, whereas the Paired Sample T-Test and Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test suggests there is abnormal return for all bank holders and private bank holders but not to the public bank holders.
Cycle to cycle variability in a repetitive upper extremity task

The purpose of this study was to examine the variability in muscle activity at rest and work during a repetitive task. A total of 20 participants performed a bimanual push task using three frequencies (4, 8, 16 pushes/min), three loads (1 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg) and two grip conditions (no grip, 30% maximum). The coefficient of variation (CoV) of muscle activity was determined for the anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum superficialis. Faster push frequencies and heavier loads had lower work–rest ratio CoV and higher mean muscle activity (p < 0.01). Sixteen pushes per minute produced the lowest CoV for the anterior deltoid (p < 0.01), while the 1- kg load produced the lowest CoV for the extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum superficialis (p < 0.01). Changes were driven by the rest phase rather than by the work phase, except for grip decreasing forearm muscle CoV. These findings underscore the importance of variability at rest and indicate that low variability of muscle activity is associated with ergonomic risk factors. Practitioner Summary: Decreased motor variability has been associated with pain and injury. A cyclical push task, evaluated in terms of work and rest phases, found that greater workloads increased variability primarily due to changes in the rest phase. Muscle variability, especially for the rest phase, may provide insight into injury risk.
Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector

This review highlights three main findings. First, school feeding programs in low-income countries exhibit large variation in cost, with concomitant opportunities for cost containment. Second, as countries get richer, school feeding costs become a much smaller proportion of the investment in education. For example, in Zambia the cost of school feeding is about 50 percent of annual per capita costs for primary education; in Ireland it is only 10 percent. Further analysis is required to define these relationships, but supporting countries to maintain an investment in school feeding through this transition may emerge as a key role for development partners. Third, the main preconditions for the transition to sustainable national programs are mainstreaming school feeding in national policies and plans, especially education sector plans; identifying national sources of financing; and expanding national implementation capacity. Mainstreaming a development policy for school feeding into national education sector plans offers the added advantage of aligning support for school feeding with the processes already established to harmonize development partner support for the education for all-fast track initiative.
Firm's Obstacles and Survival: the Study of Firm's Life Cycle and Obstacles in Indonesia

Research regarding firms life cycle have been carried out for years with varying models and different emphasis. The purpose of this study is to test differences of obstacles in each different stages of firm's life cycle and differences in perceiveing the level obstacles from top managers' different individual background by using Olawale & Garwe (2010) obstacles indicators and Timmons (2007) model of firm's life cycle. Data was taken from 831 firms covering small, medium, and large firms in Indonesia which experienced all thirteen obstacles. Findings show significant differences on obstacles among firms that are in different stages of life cycle,which firms in maturity and stability stage tend to experience greater level of obstacles compare to firms in earlier stages. Findings also found significant differences on top manager's education in perceiving firms obstacles, with manager from higher education background shows higher score in perceiving obstacles, while gender and length of managerial experience shows no significant differences in perceiving obstacles.
In the Quest of Drugs for Bad Bugs: Are Newer Fluoroquinolones Any Better?

Sir, The consumption of antimicrobials and the development of bacterial resistance go hand in hand. This is evident from the fact that soon after the discovery of the first antimicrobial compound, penicillin, reports of bacteria developing resistance to it started appearing. [1] Fluoroquinolones are definitely the most widely used and misused antimicrobial agents in most of the developing and developed nations. Since the serendipitous discovery of the first member of the quinolone class of drugs (nalidixic acid, which truly is a naphthyridine derivative) as a by-product during synthesis of antimalarial compound, chloroquine, in 1962,[2] a whole spectrum of newer quinolone compounds have been discovered which are in clinical use nowa-days; some of those having been claimed to be effective against multi drug resistant (MDR) organisms. The definition of various classes of drug resistance also varies among scientific community. One group proposes the carrying out surveillance of organisms on the basis of degree of MDR, and define pan drug resistance (PDR) and extreme drug resistance (XDR) in gramnegative bacilli (GNB) in the following manner. [3]
The Entrepreneur-Environment Nexus: Uncertainty, Innovation, and Allocation

We build upon a recent stream of research that has proposed entrepreneurship as a solution to, rather than a cause of, environmental degradation. Our proposition is that under certain conditions entrepreneurs are likely to supplement, or surpass, the efforts of governments, NGOs and existing firms to achieve environmental sustainability. Entrepreneurs can contribute to solving environmental problems through helping extant institutions in achieving their goals and by creating new,more environmentally sustainable products, services and institutions. Our model illustrates how entrepreneurs 1) address environmental uncertainty, 2) provide innovation and 3) engage in resource allocation to address environmental degradation.
Architecture Exception Governance

— The article presents the whole model of IS/IT architecture exception governance. As first, the assumptions of presented model are set. As next, there is defined a generic governance model that serves as a basis for the architecture exception governance. The architecture exception definition and its attributes follow. The model respects well known approaches to the area that are described in the text, but it adopts higher granularity in description and expands the process view with all the next necessary governance components as roles, principles and policies, tools to enable the implementation of the model into organizations. The architecture exception process is decomposed into a set of processes related to the architecture exception lifecycle consisting of set of phases and architecture exception states. Finally, there is information about my future research related to this area.