Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Divergence of Democratic Policing: Reflection on Brazil and Argentina

This paper highlights the existing literature on the nature and problem of policing by investigating their obvious and not so obvious origins, their enabling culture, reforms, and the immense challenges encountered by those trying to shake up the status quo. By way of literature review, further investigates the intricacies and complexities of democratizing policing in Latin America: Brazil and Argentina, in light of the fact that their governance systems have transitioned from military rule to electoral democracy and have been in operation for over two decades. The paper also explores why the police reforms that were introduced and implemented are yet to yield the desired results. Police in democratic states have increasingly been questioned over their roles and responsibility in order to determine whether they are actually reducing crime or merely increasing the fear of crime. Throughout the articles reviewed, common themes of trust and improved collaboration with stakeholders emerge, giving directions to where possible solutions of the problems may lie.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES IN THE U.S. PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

The U.S. pulp and paper industry consumes over $7 billion worth of purchased fuels and electricity per year. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. pulp and paper industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This paper provides a brief overview of the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR(R) for Industry energy efficiency guidebook (a.k.a. the Energy Guide ) for pulp and paper manufacturers. The Energy Guide discusses a wide range of energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility, and organizational levels. Also provided is a discussion of the trends, structure, and energy consumption characteristics of the U.S. pulp and paper industry along with a description of the major process technologies used within the industry. Many energy efficiency measure descriptions include expected savings in energy and energy-related costs, based on case study data from real-world applications in pulp and paper mills and related industries worldwide. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers in the U.S. pulp and paper industry reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner while maintaining the quality of products manufactured. Further research on the economics of all measures? as well as on their applicability to different production practices? is needed to assess their cost effectiveness at individual plants.
Fast Road Vanishing Point Detection Based on Modified Adaptive Soft Voting

Detecting the vanishing point from a single image is a challenging task since the information contained in the input image which can be used to detect the location of vanishing point is very limited. In this paper, we propose a framework for vanishing point detection based on the Modified Adaptive Soft Voting (MASV) scheme. First of all, the input image is convolved with the generalized Laplacian of Gaussian (gLoG) filters, which are used to estimate the texture orientation map. Then, MASV scheme is used to get accurate voting map. Finally, peak identification is performed on the voting map to locate the vanishing point. In addition, a scaling method for voting map computation is proposed to further accelerate the vanishing point detection algorithm. Through experiments, we show that the proposed algorithm is about 10 times faster and outperforms by 4.64% on an average than the complete-map based gLoG, which is the state-of-the-art method. Keywords-vanishing point detection; gLoG; MASV; voting map.
Can Four Generations Create Harmony Within a Public-Sector Environment?

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between generational cohort and cohort perceptions of managerial effectiveness within the context of the federal public service. Data in this study were derived from the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, which included 421,748 full-time, part-time, and nonseasonal federal government employees geographically dispersed across the United States and overseas. The results of the study indicated that ratings of managerial effectiveness by all four generational cohorts for all three levels of managers studied were relatively high with correlation coefficients ranging from . 96 to . 99. However, the only cohort association that consistently had a statistically significant relationship with managerial effectiveness across all three levels was Generation Xers and Millennials. The p value for this relationship was p < . 05 for all three managerial levels studied. Based on the study’s data, there was little difference in perceptions regarding managerial effectiveness among the four cohorts. Recommendations for future research include adding perspectives from Generation Z employees who are now entering the federal workforce, and studying how supervisors rate their own supervisors, given their unique managerial experience and perspective within the context of their generational cohort, would add to the body of knowledge on managerial effectiveness among generational cohorts.
Interactive comment on “ Effects of wintertime polluted aerosol on cloud over the Yangtze River Delta : case study ” by Chen

The authors thank referee 1 for the prompt, thoughtful, and constructive comments (RC1). Firstly, we are sorry for our poorly written manuscript, we have asked for help from a native speaker for the revised manuscript. There is a response to RC1 review of our manuscript "Effects of wintertime polluted aerosol on cloud over the Yangtze River Delta: case study" (ACP-2016-968). According to the reviewer’s suggestions, we make revision to the manuscript in detail, all of revision have been marked in red in the new manuscript (see supplement). The following is a response to comments one by one.
Specific Primers For Identification and Detection of Three Major Desert Truffle Species in Iran with Special Reference to Terfezia claveryi

ABSTRACT- Desert truffles are hypogeous ascomyceteous ectomycorrhizal fungi, occurring in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. A PCR-based method was developed for the identification of 3 major desert truffles of Iran: Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi and Tirmania nivea based on internal transcribed spacers of rDNA. Two specific PCR primers were designed for T. claveryi, 4 for T. pinoyi, and 2 for T. nivea. All primers were specific to their homologous species and neither set amplified purified DNA from other truffle species or soil-borne micromycetes. In conventional PCR, the limits of detection were 10-500 pg DNA. ITS-Tfc1 primers detected the species in host tissues using a nested-PCR method by ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers as external set.
Assessment of Selected Heavy metals and Enzymes in Soil within the Range of Impact of Illegal Dumping Sites

The paper demonstrates the result of changes in the physicochemical and biological properties in soil as a result of the operation of illegal dumping sites. Soil was sampled from the research points located on the outskirts of the city of Bydgoszcz (Poland) from the site not affected by illegal dumping sites (control C), within the dumping sites, having removed the waste layer (W), and 10 m away from the dumping sites (W 10). In the soil the content of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur, total content of copper, zinc, lead and nickel as well as the activity of enzymes were assayed. The content of Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni in the soil samples qualifies the soils as representing the soil category with natural content. The greatest activity of all the enzymes analysed was identified in the soil sampled from the control point affected by waste, whereas the highest content of macroelements was reported in the soil from the dumping sites (W 10). A high variation in the enzymes under study in soils confirms a high value of the coefficient of variation (CV >36%). The analysis of correlation confirmed the relationship between the content of organic carbon compounds and the content of zinc, lead, nickel. The soils show a slight value of the coefficient of contamination for heavy metals (CF<1). The contamination degree (Cdeg) ranged from 1.993 to 5.116, which points to a low level of soil contamination with Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni.
Optimization and evaluation of wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical CO 2

Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of supercritical CO 2 extraction (SFE) of wheat germ oil. The quality of the oil and residual meal obtained by SFE and solvent extraction (SE) were evaluated from proximate analysis, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity. A maximum oil yield of 10.46% was achieved under the optimal conditions of wheat germ particle size 60-80 mesh; water content 4.37%; pressure 30MPa; temperature 40°C extraction time 1.7h. The oil obtained by SFE showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability than SE oil at the same concentration. The fatty acid composition of SFE oil was similar to SE oil. Higher contents of protein (34.3%) and lysine (2.47g/100g) were found in the residual meal obtained by SFE. The results show that oil and defatted meal obtained by SFE can be promising nutritional sources for food.
Valuing the Potential of Non-timber Forest Products in Financial Valuation of Savannah Formation in Sudanian Region

This study assesses the financial value of one hectare of savannah vegetation in Sudanian region of West Africa based on the potential extraction of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Our methodology provides multiple estimations of NTFPs production from each species for two years and also takes into account variation in NTFPs prices. Given the regeneration capacity of harvested species for some NTFPs such as bark or root, we presented the annual financial value of revenue from NTFPs in contrary to some studies which determined their net present value. Results showed that the Net Annual Value of NTFPs collection is US$368 ha -1 and would justify the interest of sustainable use of these resources. The most valuable products of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve savannah were species leaves (US$164 ha -1 ) followed by fruits (US$89 ha -1 ) and roots (US$78 ha -1 ). However, the Net Annual Value determined here is the potential value of the Sudanian savannah in NTFPs. The NTFPs financial valuation made in this study provided a useful details for comparing alternative land use practices. In view of the sustainable use of natural resources, a NTFP focused management system could be considered economically viable management option. However, they cannot be sustainability harvested in absence of careful species selection, yield studies, monitoring of regeneration and harvesting adjustments. Therefore, there is a need to know more about useful species availability, biology and reaction to harvesting impact, especially for those exploited for their roots, flowers or fruits.
Systematics and bioacoustics of the Poecilimon sanctipauli-group (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae)

In this paper a combination of characters by which Poecilimon species (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae) can be recognised as members of the P. sanctipauli group are described. Most important are the wide fastigium, short ovipositor and song characters. The morphological characters are figured and described (Table 1), and the song patterns illustrated by oscillograms. The proposed phylogenetic relationships of the members of this group are written as (P. mytilenensis (P. pulcher, P. lodosi, P. sanc- tipauli)). All species of the group are known from southwest Turkey and some east Aegean islands. The three species P. pulcher, P. lodosi and P. sanctipauli are morphologically and bioacoustically quite similar. P. sanctipauli and P. pulcher are distinct species, P. lodosi, however, possesses a combination of the key characters of the other two species. It may be a relict species or, in our opinion more probably, a species of hybrid origin.
A methodology to promote business development from research outcomes in food science and technology

Valorization of knowledge produced in research units has been a major challenge for research universities in contemporary societies. The prevailing forces have led these institutions to develop a \third mission", the facilitation of technology transfer and activity in an entrepreneurial paradigm. Eective management of challenges encountered in the development of academic entrepreneurship and the associated valorization of knowledge produced by universities are major factors to bridge the gap between research and innovation in Europe. The need to improve the existing institutional knowledge valorization processes, concerning entrepreneurship and business development and the processes required were discussed. A case study was designed to describe the institutional knowledge valorization process in a food science and technology research unit and a related incubator, during a ve year evaluation period that ended in 2012. The knowledge valorization processes beneted from the adoption of a structured framework methodology that led to ideas and teams from a business model generation to client development, in parallel, when possible, with an agile product/service development. Although academic entrepreneurship engagement could be improved, this case study demonstrated that stronger skills development was needed to enable the researcher to be more aware of business development fundamentals and therefore contribute to research decisions and the valorisation of individual and institutional knowledge assets. It was noted that the timing for involvement of companies in the research projects or programs varied with the nature of the research.
Who Cares About Relative Deprivation?

Theories of relative deprivation predict negative welfare effects when friends and neighbors become better-off. Other theories point to likely positive benefits. The authors encompass both views within a single model, which motivates their tests using a survey for Malawi that collected data on satisfaction with life, own economic welfare, and the perceived welfare of friends and neighbors. Their methods help address likely biases in past tests found in the literature. In marked contrast to research for industrial countries, the authors find that relative deprivation is generally not a concern for most of their sample, although it does appear to matter to the comparatively well off. Their results provide a welfarist explanation for the priority given to absolute poverty in poor countries. The pattern of externalities also suggests that there will be too much poverty and inequality in this economy, even judged solely from the point of view of aggregate efficiency.
Sustainable Use of Tepetate Composite in Earthen Structure

One of the best indicators for construction sustainability is the use of earthy local materials which are completely recyclables and savers of energy during their life cycle. Tepetate is an underestimated earth-natural material, vast and economic, used only in a compacted form in backfills for layers of low resistance in pavements and platforms of buildings. This volcanic soil, named in different ways in several countries, is found in the central region of Mexico. Its resistance as compacted material is very low, of the order of 0.08 MPa. In this work, an improved sustainable-tepetate composite, using CaOH, is presented. This research includes the determination of mechanical properties as well as the physicochemical characterization of the sustainable-tepetate composite behavior. It can be concluded that the strength of the proposed composite increases significantly, immediately after treatment and with time. X-Ray Diffraction shows that all the mineralogical phases prevail in the natural tepetate and only a new phase appeared (calcite), which increases with time. This and the reaction of CaOH with clay content are very likely associated with the continuous strength increase of the composite.
A Rare Presentation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

A 55-year-old man presented with coma induced by spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). In magnetic resonance imaging, sagging and restricted diffusion in the splenium of the corpus callosum, diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, and bilateral subdural hematomas were observed. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was detected in the thoracic region and the patient was treated with a targeted epidural blood patch. After the treatment, the lesion in the corpus callosum disappeared without any residual abnormality and the patient fully recovered. SIH can be life-threatening and result in various clinical manifestations from mild orthostatic headache to deep coma. Targeted epidural blood patch treatment seems effective and lifesaving. SIH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of transient corpus callosum splenium lesion.
Temporally uncorrelated photon-pair generation by dual-pump four-wave mixing

We study the preparation of heralded single-photon states using dual-pump spontaneous four-wave mixing. The dual-pump conﬁguration, which in our case employs cross-polarized pumps, allows for a gradual variation of the nonlinear interaction strength enabled by a birefringence-induced walk-off between the pump pulses. The scheme enables the preparation of highly pure heralded single-photon states, and proves to be extremely robust against the effect of nonlinear phase modulation at the required photon-pair production rates.
A Low Power Delay Buffer Using Gated Driver Tree

This project presents circuit design of a low-power delay buffer. The proposed delay buffer uses several new techniques to reduce its power consumption. Since delay buffers are accessed sequentially, it adopts a ring-counter addressing scheme. In the ring counter, double-edge-triggered (DET) flip-flops are utilized to reduce the operating frequency by half and the C-element gated-clock strategy is proposed. A novel gated- clock-driver tree is then applied to further reduce the activity along the clock distribution network. Moreover, the gated-driver-tree idea is also employed in the input and output ports of the memory block to decrease their loading, thus saving even more power. The simplest way to implement a delay buffer is to use shift registers. If the buffer length N is and the word-length is b , then a total of Nb DFFs are required, and it can be quite large if a standard cell for DFF is used. In addition, this approach can consume huge amount of power since on the average Nb/2 binary signals make transitions in every clock cycle. As a result, this implementation is usually used in short delay buffers, where area and power are of less concern. Although some power is indeed saved by gating the clock signal in inactive blocks, the extra R-S flip- flops still serve as loading of the clock signal and demand more than necessary clock power. We propose to replace the R-S flip-flop by a C-element and to use tree-structured clock drivers with gating so as to greatly reduce the loading on active clock drivers. Additionally, DET flip-flops are used to reduce the clock rate to half and thus also reduce the power consumption on the clock signal. The proposed ring counter with hierarchical clock gating and the control. Each block contains one C-element to control the delivery of the local clock signal "CLK" to the DET flip-flops, and only the "CKE signals along the path passing the global clock source to the local clock signal are active. The "gate" signal (CKE) can also be derived from the output of the DET flip-flops in the ring counter.
Eco-feedback performance exploration for Eco-feedback design

Motivation for an ecologically friendly use has frequently focused on feedback between the product to the user. Yet, product use issues are more complex since the former involve human cognition and subjectivity. The study of this in relation to the ecologically driven use is usually so extensive, it is di cult to understand how it can be used to define a technical solution. In this work, an exploratory experimentation as well as theoretical reviews have been done to understand these challenges. A framework (EcoFF) to caracterise the eco-feedback and a method (EcoDeM) to aid in its design are proposed. The first considers 3 eco-feedback aspects (Shape, Quality, Quantity), and five analysis categories (1-user relationship to the product, 2- product type, 3-context of product use, 4-type and level of ecological impact of product use, 5-feasability of follow-up). The EcoDeM uses the EcoFF and contributes to the simplification of ecofeedback design.
The puzzling merging cluster Abell 1914: new insights from the kinematics of member galaxies

We analyze the dynamical state of Abell 1914, a merging cluster hosting a radio halo, quite unusual for its structure. Our study considers spectroscopic data for 119 galaxies obtained with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We select 89 cluster members from spatial and velocity distributions. We also use photometry CanadaFrance-Hawaii Telescope archives. We compute the mean cluster redshift, hzi= 0.168, and the velocity dispersion which shows a high value, σV = 1210 +125110 km s −1 . From the 2D analysis we find that Abell 1914 has a NE-SW elongated structure with two galaxy clumps, that mostly merge in the plane of the sky. Our best, but very uncertain estimate of the velocity dispersion of the main system is σV,main ∼ 1000 km s −1 . We estimate a virial mass Msys = 1.4–2.6 ×10 15 h −1 70 M⊙ for the whole system. We study the merger through a simple two-body model and find that data are consistent with a bound, outgoing substructure observed just after the core crossing. By studying the 2D distribution of the red galaxies, photometrically selected, we show that Abell 1914 is contained in a rich large scale structure, with two close companion galaxy systems, known to be at z ∼ 0.17. The system at SW supports the idea that the cluster is accreting groups from a filament aligned in the NE-SW direction, while that at NW suggests a second direction of the accretion (NW-SE). We conclude that Abell 1914 well fits among typical clusters with radio halos. We argue that the unusual radio emission is connected to the complex cluster accretion and suggest that Abell 1914 resembles the well-known nearby merging cluster Abell 754 for its particular observed phenomenology.
Forecasting the Stock Exchange of Thailand uses Day of the Week Effect and Markov Regime Switching GARCH

Problem statement: We forecast return and volatility of the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) Index. Approach: In this study, we modeled the SET Index returns using mean equation with day of the week effect and autoregressive moving-average. Next we forecast the volatility of the SET Index by using the GARCH-type model and the Markov Regime Switching GARCH (MRS-GARCH) model. Results: When we model the SET Index by the ARMA (3, 3) process, we find that Friday is the day of the effect of the SET Index. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the MRS-GARCH models outperform all GARCH-type models in forecasting volatility at long term horizons (two weeks and a month). Conclusion: The ARMA (3, 3) and the Friday is the day of the effect of the SET Index return. The MRS-GARCH models outperform at long term horizons.