Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Treatments of Fictitious Volume Charges in Nonlinear Magnetostatic Analysis by BIE

The scalar potential formulation by the boundary integral equation approach is attractive for numerical analysis but has fatal drawbacks due to a multi-valued function in current excitation. We derive an all-purpose boundary integral equation with double layer charges as the state variable and apply it to nonlinear magnetostatic problems by regarding the nonlinear magnetization as fictitious volume charges. We investigate two approaches how to treat the fictitious charges. In discretization by the constant volume element, a surface loop current is introduced for the volume charge. By the linear volume element, the fictitious charges are evaluated on the condition that the divergence of the magnetic flux density is zero. We give a comparative study of these two approaches.
Colorectal metastases to the liver: selective chemoembolization.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of selective chemoembolization in patients with colorectal metastases to the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six patients underwent the regimen, which involved use of doxorubicin and ethiodized oil, with 75% selectively administered to different subsegments and 25% into the respective main hepatic artery. RESULTS In eight patients, the lesions disappeared and carcinoembryonic antigen levels returned to normal. Eleven patients showed no disease progression for 12 months; two others, for 24 months. Thirteen patients died; three were lost to follow-up in the 1st year. Six patients were followed up for 5 years, seven for 3 years, 16 for 2 years, and 30 for 1 year. Five of seven patients who survived 3 years or more exhibited homogeneous distribution of the chemoembolic agent throughout the metastatic tumor. CONCLUSION Selective chemoembolization is recommended for treatment of patients with colorectal metastases to the liver, a resectable primary tumor, and no evidence of other metastatic disease.
Particulate adjuvants can induce macrophage survival, DNA synthesis, and a synergistic proliferative response to GM‐CSF and CSF‐1

The mode of action of immunological adjuvants is not yet completely understood. Many are particulate. Certain antigen‐presenting (dendritic) cell populations belong to the monocyte/macrophage lineage and, like other members of the lineage, in some tissues appear to be short‐lived. We report that many poorly degradable, particulate adjuvants, for example, aluminum hydroxide, oil‐in‐water emulsions, calcium phosphate, and silica, enhance murine bone marrow‐derived macrophage survival; induction of DNA synthesis was even observed. No evidence could be found for a requirement for endogenous granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) or macrophage‐CSF (M‐CSF or CSF‐1). Synergy for the proliferative effects was noted in the presence of added GM‐CSF or CSF‐1. It is suggested from these in vitro findings that one function of certain particulate adjuvants may be to increase by enhanced survival or even proliferation the number of cells available for subsequent antigen presentation and cytokine production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67: 226–232; 2000.
Q-Batch : initial results with a novel update rule for Batch Reinforcement Learning

Batch Reinforcement Learning has established itself as a valuable alternative to develop learning and adaptive agents. Batch Reinforcement Learning algorithms are characterized by obtaining a policy from a set of collected data. Common methods apply adapted versions of RL update rules, such as QLearning, on the transitions of the batch, building a pattern set. The target values of the pattern represent a value function, which is latter “fitted” with a function approximator using batch supervised learning methods. This paper presents the first results with a novel update rule, Q-Batch. The proposed method is benchmarked against the batch version of Q-Learning and Watkins Q(λ) in the Neural Fitted Q Iteration framework. The proposed work is tested in the Predator-Prey simulated environment. Empirical results show that the proposed method is able to achieve comparable or better asymptotical performance while requiring fewer interactions with the environment.
Expression of a coronavirus ribosomal frameshift signal in Escherichia coli: influence of tRNA anticodon modification on frameshifting1

Abstract Eukaryotic ribosomal frameshift signals generally contain two elements, a heptanucleotide slippery sequence (XXXYYYN) and an RNA secondary structure, often an RNA pseudoknot, located downstream. Frameshifting takes place at the slippery sequence by simultaneous slippage of two ribosome-bound tRNAs. All of the tRNAs that are predicted to decode frameshift sites in the ribosomal A-site (XXXY YYN ) possess a hypermodified base in the anticodon-loop and it is conceivable that these modifications play a role in the frameshift process. To test this, we expressed slippery sequence variants of the coronavirus IBV frameshift signal in strains of Escherichia coli unable to modify fully either tRNALys or tRNAAsn. At the slippery sequences UUUA AAC and UUUA AAU (underlined codon decoded by tRNAAsn, anticodon 5′ QUU 3′), frameshifting was very inefficient (2 to 3%) and in strains deficient in the biosynthesis of Q base, was increased (AAU) or decreased (AAC) only two-fold. In E. coli, therefore, hypomodification of tRNAAsn had little effect on frameshifting. The situation with the efficient slippery sequences UUUA AAA (15%) and UUUA AAG (40%) (underlined codon decoded by tRNALys, anticodon 5′ mnm5s2UUU 3′) was more complex, since the wobble base of tRNALys is modified at two positions. Of four available mutants, only trmE (s2UUU) had a marked influence on frameshifting, increasing the efficiency of the process at the slippery sequence UUUA AAA . No effect on frameshifting was seen in trmC1 (cmnm5s2UUU) or trmC2 (nm5s2UUU) strains and only a very small reduction (at UUUA AAG ) was observed in an asuE (mnm5UUU) strain. The slipperiness of tRNALys, therefore, cannot be ascribed to a single modification site on the base. However, the data support a role for the amino group of the mnm5 substitution in shaping the anticodon structure. Whether these conclusions can be extended to eukaryotic translation systems is uncertain. Although E. coli ribosomes changed frame at the IBV signal (UUUAAAG) with an efficiency similar to that measured in reticulocyte lysates (40%), there were important qualitative differences. Frameshifting of prokaryotic ribosomes was pseudoknot-independent (although secondary structure dependent) and appeared to require slippage of only a single tRNA.
Specificities of afferents reinnervating cat muscle spindles after nerve section.

1. We have made quantitative assessments of the sensory reinnervation and recovery of peroneus brevis muscle spindles following section and epineurial repair of the common peroneal nerve. After 6‐50 weeks recovery, single‐unit, dorsal‐root recordings were made of the responses to ramp‐and‐hold or sinusoidal stretch of the reinnervated spindles, which were subsequently examined in teased, silver preparations. 2. Assessments of recovery used data obtained from cross‐union experiments in which foreign afferents (including Ib) were given the opportunity of reinnervating spindles in the absence of their native (Ia, spindle II) afferents; and from an examination of tenuissimus spindles reinnervated by Ia and spindle II afferents in the absence of Ib afferents. These studies revealed: (i) that regenerating Ib afferents can terminate in sites originally occupied by the endings of Ia or spindle II afferents, and respond to stretch like normal Ia and spindle II afferents; (ii) that Ib and spindle II afferents reinnervating spindles are histologically identical apart from diameter range; and (iii) that some cutaneous afferents can reinnervate spindles and give highly abnormal, phasic stretch responses. 3. Recovery of afferents reinnervating spindles was marked by increases in conduction velocity and proportions firing tonically, but their firing rates at the three phases of ramp‐and‐hold stretch were considerably lower than normal and showed no tendency to increase. 4. Some relatively fast afferents that gave spindle II‐type responses were identified as Ib afferents reinnervating secondary‐ending sites; conversely, some relatively slow afferents that gave Ia‐type responses were identified as spindle II afferents reinnervating primary‐ending sites. 5. The estimated loss of spindle afferents from tenuissimus after nerve section (52% Ia, 49% spindle II) was considerably less than the estimated loss of these afferents from peroneus brevis after section of the common peroneal nerve (79% Ia, 86% spindle II). The proportion of spindles in tenuissimus reinnervated by free‐ending afferents was also much lower (22%) than in peroneus brevis (73%). These differences are partly attributed to the greater size and degree of afferent complexity of the common peroneal nerve. 6. Similar proportions of spindles in peroneus brevis were reinnervated by Ia and Ib afferents after both partial (27% Ia, 20% Ib) and complete (21% Ia, 20% Ib) section of the common peroneal nerve. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Classifier Combination Approach in Motion Imagery Signals Processing for Brain Computer Interface

In this study we focus on improvement performance of a cue based Motor Imagery Brain Computer Interface (BCI). For this purpose, data fusion approach is used on results of different classifiers to make the best decision. At first step Distinction Sensitive Learning Vector Quantization method is used as a feature selection method to determine most informative frequencies in recorded signals and its performance is evaluated by frequency search method. Then informative features are extracted by packet wavelet transform. In next step 5 different types of classification methods are applied. The methodologies are tested on BCI Competition II dataset III, the best obtained accuracy is 85% and the best kappa value is 0.8. At final step ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method is used to provide a proper aggregation classifiers outputs. Using OWA enhanced system accuracy to 95% and kappa value to 0.9. Applying OWA just uses 50 milliseconds for performing calculation. Keywords—BCI, EEG, Classifier, Fuzzy operator, OWA.
Symbol and Symptom in Childhood *

Symbolic behaviour in the young child is closely related to the symbolic thought of this age. This thought is based on the early types of mental representation or imagery, with its particular characteristics. Dysfunctional types of this behaviour, despite their symbolism, should not be taken as indications of neurotic illness. Such an illness should be diagnosed on the basis of developmental as well as clinical findings. It is proposed that the establishment of conceptual thinking (secondary process) may be a necessary precondition for the development of the neurotic symptom, which is a highly composite and structured behaviour.
The Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Constant Region Affects Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Antibody Variable Region Interactions with Antigen*

A central dogma in immunology is that antibody specificity is a function of the variable (V) region. However serological analysis of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b switch variants of murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3E5 IgG3 with identical V domains revealed apparent specificity differences for Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). Kinetic and thermodynamic binding properties of mAbs 3E5 to a 12-mer peptide mimetic of GXM revealed differences in the affinity of these mAbs for a monovalent ligand, a result that implied that the constant (C) region affects the secondary structure of the antigen binding site, thus accounting for variations in specificity. Structural models of mAbs 3E5 suggested that isotype-related differences in binding resulted from amino acid sequence polymorphisms in the C region. This study implies that isotype switching is another mechanism for generating diversity in antigen binding and that isotype restriction of certain antibody responses may reflect structural constraints imposed by C region on V region binding. Furthermore, isotype affected the polyreactivity of V region identical antibodies, implying a role for C region in determining self-reactivity.
[Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP450 1A1, CYP450 2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 in Korean].

OBJECTIVE This is an investigation on the polymorphism distribution of genes related with metabolism, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), CYP2E1, glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), GSTT1 and GSTP1 among the Korean public. METHODS The techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism were adopted. The authors analyzed the polymorphisms for 3-flanking region of CYP1A1 gene by the restriction endonuclease MspI, for 5-flanking region of the gene of CYP2E1 by PstI, for GSTP1 by BsmAI, and for the presence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype to evaluate the gene types and calculate their frequencies in 300 healthy university students. RESULTS The CYP1A1 genotype frequencies for types of m1/m1, m1/m2, and m2/m2 are 39.7%, 49.7%, and 10.7% respectively, with the allele frequencies 0.645 for m1 and 0.355 for m2. The CYP2E1 genotype frequencies are 66.7% for type of c1/c1, 30% for type of c1/c2, 3.3% for type of c2/c2 with the allele frequencies 0.818 for C1 and 0.182 for C2. The null type frequency is 53.3% for gene GSTM1 and 54.7% for gene GSTT1. The genotype frequencies of GSTP1 is 62% for the type of Ile/Ile, 34.3% for the type of Ile/Val, 3.7% for the type of Val/Val, and the allele frequencies are 0.792 for IIe and 0.208 for Val. All of the gene distribution matched the equilibrium law of Hardy-Weinberg. CONCLUSION The genetic distribution of the genes in Korean is similar to the distribution of those in Chinese; more than half of the Korean in the study sample lack GSTM1 and GSTT1; the frequency for GSTM1 and GSTT1 null type of Korean is 3 times that of Indian.
Implementation of Trust and Reputation Management for Free-Roaming Mobile Agent Security

Mobile agent (MA) technology plays an important role in today's e-world. MA is a program that consists of code and data that move from one host to another host and performs a task on behalf of the user. MA protection becomes essential when it migrates to the remote hosts in a network. Here, trust and reputation management (TRM) is implemented to provide a secure path for free-roaming MA data protection. TRM utilizes a trust-based routing table that is constructed with a trust and reputation value. Various types of attacks, particularly colluded truncation attacks, are avoided by secure routing. Cryptographic algorithms are used to ensure properties such as confidentiality, integrity, etc. Thus, the free-roaming MA retrieves information from various remote hosts in a secure and efficient manner.
Epigenetic alterations in sporadic and familial cancers

10 INTRODUCTION 12 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 13 1 Epigenetics overview 13 1.1 DNA methylation 14 1.2 Post-translational histone modifications and chromatin remodeling 16 1.3 Noncoding RNAs and RNA interference 17 1.4 Interplay between different epigenetic factors 18 1.5 Epigenetic inheritance 19 2 Basic characteristics of cancer 20 3 Cancer genetics 23 3.1 Tumor suppressor genes 23 3.2 Oncogenes 25 3.3 Genomic instability 26 3.3.1 Chromosomal instability and loss of heterozygosity 27 3.3.2 Microsatellite instability 28 3.3.2.1 Mismatch repair (MMR) pathway 29 3.4 Colorectal cancer 30 3.4.1 Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) 33 3.4.2 Lynch syndrome (LS) 34 3.4.3 Familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCX) 35 3.5 Endometrial cancer 36 3.5. 1 Lynch syndrome associated endometrial cancer 37 3.5. 2 Familial site-specific endometrial cancer (FSSEC) 38 3.6 Gastric cancer 38 4 Cancer epigenetics 39 4.1 DNA hypermethylation in cancer 39 4.2 DNA hypomethylation in cancer 40 4.3 Other epigenetic events in cancer 41 AIMS OF THE STUDY 43 MATERIALS & METHODS 44 1 Patients and samples 44 2 Genomic mutation, microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity analyses 46 3 DNA methylation analyses 47 4 Protein expression analyses 50 5 Statistical analyses 50 RESULTS 51 1 DNA hypermethylation in cancer (I, II) 51 1.1 Shared and tissue-specific tumor suppressor gene methylation patterns 52 1.2 DNA methylation patterns in separate patient categories – dependence of methylation patterns on the MSI status and the familial background of cancer 54 1.3 CpG island methylator phenotype as a driver of tumorigenesis? 55 2 Global genomic hypomethylation in cancer (III) 55 3 Changes in methyltransferase activity in cancer (IV) 57 3.1 Aberrant DNA methylation – aberrant methyltransferase patterns? 57 3.2 Looking for underlying causes for methyltransferase protein overexpression 59 DISCUSSION 60 1 DNA methylation in colorectal, endometrial and gastric cancers 60 1.1 DNA methylation patterns as tumor classifiers 60 1.2 Methodological aspects 62 2 Elucidating the background of methylation changes 63 3 Overall conclusions of the findings 65 CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE PROSPECTS 68 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 72
Multi-core Design and Memory Feature Selection Survey

Due to increasing transistor density and the high complexity of core design, processor design has reached a point where multi-core architectures are nearly mandatory to push performance. Large single core designs entail problems such as clock skew and power leakage, while smaller fine tuned cores can run at a higher clock rates. Energy efficiency provides a strong drive for heterogeneous designs. A single all-purpose core running a computationally intensive application will have many components sitting idle and thus not provide good power to performance metrics. Similarly, any application that does not stress all aspects of the general purpose processor will not achieve good utilization of the available resources and thus waste power. In either homogeneous or heterogeneous core designs a common problem still remains: the CPU to memory gap. While our processors are capable of executing many instructions from many threads simultaneously, our memory systems are having a difficult time keeping up instruction and data fetch. With multi-core architectures dominating the market, further strain is placed on the memory system due to communicating threads and shared data. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 will review some existing core designs. Section 3 will review recent work in both homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-core design. Section 4 will address some of the relevant work done in memory design pertaining to multi-core architectures. Section 5 will cover the merger between memory and processing in chip layout design called Processing In Memory. Section 6 will cover a few of the difficulties in simulating any proposed multi-core or multi-threaded design. Finally, Section 8 will summarize the current trends in design and propose an area of study.
IFN-α Priming Results in a Gain of Proinflammatory Function by IL-10: Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis1

Interleukin-10 is a predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits macrophage and dendritic cell function, but can acquire proinflammatory activity during immune responses. We investigated whether type I IFNs, which are elevated during infections and in autoimmune diseases, modulate the activity of IL-10. Priming of primary human macrophages with low concentrations of IFN-α diminished the ability of IL-10 to suppress TNF-α production. IFN-α conferred a proinflammatory gain of function on IL-10, leading to IL-10 activation of expression of IFN-γ-inducible, STAT1-dependent genes such as IFN regulatory factor 1, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (CXCL10), and monokine induced by IFN-γ (CXCL9). IFN-α priming resulted in greatly enhanced STAT1 activation in response to IL-10, and STAT1 was required for IL-10 activation of IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 and monokine induced by IFN-γ expression in IFN-α-primed cells. In control, unprimed cells, IL-10 activation of STAT1 was suppressed by constitutive activity of protein kinase C and Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1. These results demonstrate that type I IFNs regulate the balance between IL-10 anti- and proinflammatory activity, and provide insight into molecular mechanisms that regulate IL-10 function. Gain of IL-10 proinflammatory functions may contribute to its pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases characterized by elevated type I IFN levels, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Centro de Informações sobre Medicamentos – Avaliação das Informações Passivas em Hospital Universitário no Sul do Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as atividades passivas realizadas por um Centro de Informacoes sobre Medicamentos (CIM) de hospital universitario no sul do Brasil. De 2002 a 2008, o total de solicitacoes recebidas foi de 8035, das quais 30,3% foram realizadas por enfermeiros, 24,3% por farmaceuticos e 15% por tecnicos de enfermagem. O tempo gasto para a resposta foi em 56,8% em ate 10 minutos. Os temas mais solicitados foram administracao de medicamentos (25,6%), identificacao do produto (16,4%), posologia (10,6%) e estabilidade (9,6%). O CIM e uma estrategia na busca pelo uso seguro e racional de medicamentos nos hospitais.
Why do depressed individuals have difficulties in their parenting role?

Although existing research has shown that depression in parents has a negative effect on parent–child interactions, the mechanisms underpinning impaired parenting are still unknown. In this editorial, we review core difficulties that have been noted in depressed individuals including reduced positive and increased negative affect, poor emotion regulation, executive function deficits, reduced motivation and rumination, and discuss how each of these can alter parenting. We suggest that these causal processes are inter-related and can interact with one another in affecting parenting. We conclude that an improved understanding of these processes will have implications for the development of more specific and potentially more effective treatments that have the potential to break the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.
Morphological and mechanical imaging of Bacillus cereus spore formation at the nanoscale

Bacteria from the genus Bacillus are able to transform into metabolically dormant states called (endo) spores in response to nutrient deprivation and other harsh conditions. These morphologically distinct spores are fascinating constructs, amongst the most durable cells in nature, and have attracted attention owing to their relevance in food‐related illnesses and bioterrorism. Observing the course of bacterial spore formation (sporulation) spatially, temporally and mechanically, from the vegetative cell to a mature spore, is critical for a better understanding of this process. Here, we present a fast and versatile strategy for monitoring both the morphological and mechanical changes of Bacillus cereus bacteria at the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy. Through a strategy of imaging and nanomechanical mapping, we show the morphogenesis of the endospore and released mature endospore. Finally, we investigate individual spores to characterize their surface mechanically. The progression in elasticity coupled with a similarity of characteristic distributions between the incipient endospores and the formed spores show these distinct stages. Taken together, our data demonstrates the power of atomic force microscopy applied in microbiology for probing this important biological process at the single cell scale.