Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations on a diatom bloom in Loch Leven, Scotland

A study was made on a freshwater planktonic population of centric diatoms, mainly Stephanodiscus rotula (Kutz.) Hendey, in Loch Leven, Kinross, Scotland. The observations were analyzed in relation to changes in water temperature and chemistry, parasitism by a chytridiaceous fungus, grazing by a recently described protozoan and competition from another alga (Synechococcux sp.). Each of these factors is thought to have affected the recorded rise and fall in diatom population density, in particular, silica limitation, fungal parasitism and protozoan grazing. The protozoan involved (Asterocaelum algophilum Canter) forms digestion cysts, the predominantly diatomaceous contents of which suggested very selective feeding but laboratory experiments with dual cultures did not confirm this. They indicated that both the size and quality of algae affected their suitability as food. Feeding activities of Asterocaelum seemed to be more or less confined to a solid surface; grazing rates in cultures shaken to maintain the animals and algae in suspension were low relative to those observed in unshaken cultures. This suggests that much of the grazing occurred on diatoms that had sunk onto the sediments.
Three new species of anthericolous smut fungi on Caryophyllaceae

Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological studies , t hree new cryptic species of Microbotryum, M. silenes-dioicae on Silene dioica, M. shykoffianum on Dianthus sylvestris, and M. carthusianorum on Dianthus carthusianorum, are described and illustrated . For Ustilago superba on Dianthus superbus, a new combination in Microbotryum, M. superbum, is proposed.
A new species of water scavenger beetle, Coelostoma (s. str.) tina (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae), from Kenya, eastern Africa

A new species of African water scavenger beetle, Coelostoma tina Spangler and Steiner, is described. The specimens were collected in an eastern African section of the Rift Valley from lagoons in Lake Magadi, Kenya, and pools adjacent to the lake. The water in these habitats is hypersaline and highly alkaline and shores are salt encrusted. The adults are described and illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Habitat notes and photographs of the biotope are given.
Sensible heat loss: the broiler's paradox

Recent decades have seen significant progress in the genetic selection of fast-growing meat-type broiler chickens. However, fast growth has coincided with inferior development of the visceral systems, especially the cardiovascular organs, contributing to difficulties in coping with heat stress. Global mean surface temperatures are expected to rise during the coming years and climate control systems are expensive. This situation, where growth rate and heat production increases on a yearly basis and the future foresees increasing temperatures, demands an efficient means to economically improve the acquisition of thermotolerance by broiler chickens in hot climates. In homeotherms, three direct responses participate in thermotolerance acquisition: rapid thermal shock response, acclimation and epigenetic adaptation. Together with physiological understanding, it is important to understand the physical aspects of broiler excess heat dissipation. This paper focuses on air velocity as a principal parameter which dramatically affects sensible heat loss and its contribution to the ability of acclimated or epigenetic adapted broilers to efficiently maintain a favourable energy balance under hot conditions. Heat transfer equations and models for different body parts are presented which were used to determine energy balance components at different air speeds based on thermal imaging. The studies reviewed demonstrate that: (a). air velocity plays a major role in energy balance at high ambient temperatures; (b). the optimal air velocity for achieving maximal growth performance differs at different ambient temperature and has a point of inflection at ambient temperature below 30°C, where chilling affects the broiler;(c). high air velocity at high ambient temperatures affects the ability of broilers to maintain total body water, most probably as a result of cutaneous water loss; (d). thermal conditioning at an early age increases the capacity of broilers to efficiently lose heat by radiation and convection; (e). genetic selection for growth performance has been to some extent at the expense of the broiler's ability to maintain favourable energy and water balances.
Invasive mysids (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Mysida) in Hungary: distributions and dispersal mechanisms

By now three invasive Ponto-Caspian mysid species have established self-sustaining populations in Hungary: Limnomysis benedeni, Hemimysis anomala, and Katamysis warpachowskyi. At present, L. benedeni has the widest distribution of the three species in the country; it occurs in all of the three major rivers (Danube, Tisa, Drava) as well as in the Lake Balaton and other rather isolated waters, while H. anomala and K. warpachowskyi currently occur only in the water system of the Danube (sensu stricto). The occurrences in the recently revised samples date back the arrival of H. anomala to 1997, almost seven years earlier than the first previously known occurrence. Based on their habitat preferences, it is probable that the two recently appeared species have not exploited their potential; their distribution is limited by geographical and hydrological barriers. On the other hand, it is probable that H. anomala and K. warpachowskyi will never have a distribution as wide as L. benedeni already has in this area. Our records of L. benedeni in numerous isolated recreational fishing ponds (reservoirs and gravel-pit lakes) imply the functioning of an effective dispersal mechanism independent of navigation, which in our opinion could only be fish stocking. We can assume that this dispersal vector is available for the two recently appeared species as well, enabling them to colonize otherwise inaccessible parts of the drainage basin. As a preventive measure, we recommend the filtering of the water pumped into fish transporting tanks.
Metabolism and biomass vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Bransfield Strait during the austral summer of 2000

The vertical distribution (0–550 m) of zooplankton biomass, and indices of respiration (electron transfer system [ETS]) and structural growth (aminoacyltRNA synthetases activity [AARS]), were studied in waters off the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer of 2000. The dominant species were the copepod Metridia gerlachei and the euphausiid Euphausia superba. We observed a vertical krill/copepod substitution in the water column. The zooplankton biomass in the layer at a depth of 200–500 m was of the same magnitude as the biomass in the layer at a depth of 0–200 m, indicating that biomass in the mesopelagic zone is an important fraction of the total zooplankton in Antarctic waters. The metabolic rates of the zooplankton community were sustained by less than 0.5% of the primary production in the area, suggesting that microplankton or small copepods are the main food source. Neither food availability nor predation seemed to control mesozooplankton biomass. The wide time lag between the abundance peak of the dominant copepod (M. gerlachei) and the phytoplankton bloom is suggested to be the main explanation for the low summer zooplankton biomass observed in these waters.
Alkaline Growth pH-Dependent Increase of Respiratory and NADH-Oxidation Activities of the Facultatively Alkaliphilic Strain Bacillus lentus C-125

Respiration of a facultative alkaliphile, Bacillus lentus C-125, was increased around alkaline pH near the upper pH-limit for growth of the organism. O2-Uptake rates of the cells grown in a complex medium at pH 7–9 and 9.5–10 were 0.98–1.4 and 2.4 μmol O atom/min/mg cell protein, respectively. Membrane vesicles from the cells grown at pH 7–9 and 9.9 incorporated O2 at rates of 1.1–1.4 and 2.5 μmol O atom/min/mg envelope protein, respectively, using exogenous NADH as an electron donor. In the presence of menadione as an exogenous electron acceptor, the membrane vesicles from the cells grown at pH 7–8.5 and 9.9 oxidized NADH at rates of 1.4–1.7 and 6.3 μmol NADH/min/mg envelope protein, respectively. Levels of respiratory and NADH-oxidation activities of the organism are dependent on the growth pH, and higher than those reported previously in alkaliphilic Bacillus spp.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF MOTOR AND UNPAIRED MEDIAN NEURONES INNERVATING THE LOCUST OVIDUCT

The different classes of neurones supplying the locust oviduct were individually identified by intracellular recording and staining. We could thus show that different regions of the oviduct are innervated by different sets of neurones. Three motor neurones (oviductal neurones 1–3, OVN1-3) supply the oviduct via nerve N2B of the seventh abdominal ganglion. Whereas all three motor neurones innervate the junctional area of the lateral and the common oviduct (OVN1, 2 and 3), the lateral oviduct is innervated by only one motor neurone (OVN2) and the common oviduct by two motor neurones (OVN1 and 2). The cell bodies of all three motor neurones lie ventrally, near the origin of the sternal root, and their neuropilar branches are confined to the seventh abdominal ganglion. The neuropilar branches of OVN1 and 2 extend mainly in the ipsilateral half of the ganglion; those of OVN3 reside exclusively in the contralateral half. The oviductal motor neurones, produce a phasic motor pattern, the oviductal rhythm, which causes neurogenic contractions of the junctional area and the common oviduct. These contractions serve to retain eggs in the lateral oviduct. The oviduct is also supplied by a large number (16–20) of median neurones with bilateral axons. All of these appear to innervate the lateral oviduct, but only two project to the junctional area and the common oviduct. The cell bodies of the median neurones are situated in the seventh abdominal ganglion and are arranged in two groups: a posterior group made up of 10–12 cells and an anterior group with 6–8 cells. Their primary neurites run towards the centre of the ganglion in the dorsal plane, where they bifurcate, sending a secondary neurite through each oviductal nerve. Their neuropilar branches are confined to the seventh abdominal ganglion, but some also possess thin axon collaterals projecting to the terminal abdominal ganglion. The anterior and posterior median neurones show considerable differences in their branching pattern within the ganglion. The posterior cells are all likely to be neurones of the well-known DUM cell group, but the anterior median cells probably represent a different class of neurone. Posterior median neurones support overshooting soma action potentials of 60–80 mV amplitude, with a characteristic undershoot of 6–15 mV. Orthodromic stimulation of these neurones results in a reduction of the amplitude and frequency of the oviductal contractions, suggesting that they have a modulatory role. Note: To whom reprint requests should be sent.
Suicide on Facebook-the tales of unnoticed departure in Bangladesh

Abstract Facebook has transformed social communication and offers the opportunity to share personal thoughts to people including suicide ideas, plans and attempts. Suicide after Facebook posts has been reported in different parts of the world and it has become a potential area of research for suicide prevention. The analysis of Facebook posts prior to suicide or Facebook live streaming may help in understanding the etiological factors, patterns of communication and possible prevention approaches for a particular community. However, there is a dearth of evidence about suicide incidents after Facebook posts and Facebook live streaming in low and middle-income countries. This study aims to explore the trends and phenomena of suicide after Facebook posts and live streaming in Bangladesh. We conducted an online search using the Google, Facebook and five daily online newspaper archives from 15th August to 15th September 2019. Two research assistants independently conducted the initial searching to find out people who committed suicide after Facebook posts or live streamed suicide in Bangladesh and documented 21 cases. After further evaluation of each of the 21 cases we confirmed 19 cases that met the selection criteria. All of them were under 35-years of age. We observed sucide after Facebook posts were more common in male(78%) e and students. Hanging was the most frequently used method of suicide followed by poisoning. Their Facebook posts and livestream videos indicated relationship problems, academic stress and mental disorders were the common stressors for their suicide. This study lays the foundation for the future researchers to work on suicidal posts on Facebook in Bangladesh and develop culture-specific, real-time suicide preventive systems using a social media platform.
How stupid not to have thought of that: post-copulatory sexual selection

Science progresses through ideas or hypotheses; novel ways of viewing the world. If those ideas survive testing, then they are considered ‘the truth’, or more crucially, truth-for-now, for the essence of science is that if a new idea provides a better explanation of the way the world is, the truth changes. Darwin’s idea of evolution by natural selection, published as the Origin in 1859, replaced the earlier truth of physico- or natural-theology introduced by John Ray in 1691. Despite resistance by the church, Darwin’s truth gained widespread acceptance, in part due to the efforts of T. H. Huxley, who on reading the Origin said ‘How extremely stupid not to have thought of that! ’ Despite natural selection’s enormous explanatory power, there were certain phenomena it apparently could not explain, including female promiscuity. It was only in the 1960s when natural selection was viewed as operating explicitly on individuals (rather than populations or groups), that this changed. Rather than being a cooperative venture between the sexes, sexual reproduction was now viewed in terms of conflicts of interests, and in so doing provided an explanation for female promiscuity (albeit in a male-biased sort of way). Until this point, sexual selection had been concerned exclusively with mate acquisition. With an evolutionary perspective focussing on individuals, it was recognized that sexual selection might continue after insemination, and that rather than competing for partners, males compete for fertilizations. Later it was acknowledged that females, through cryptic processes can also influence the outcome of sperm competition. Today, post-copulatory sexual selection provides explanations for many previously bewildering reproductive traits, including the extraordinary diversity in male and female genitalia, the design of spermatozoa and ova, of seminal fluid and of copulation behaviour itself
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICE TO NATIVE PROTOPLASMIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Functional separation of the two signals involved in stimulating immunological responses was achieved through the judicious use of two natural bacterial antigens. Native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP) extracted from Escherichia coli was immunochemically identical to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the same organism. However, NPP was not endotoxic, not mitogenic, did not fix complement, and was immunologically independent of T cells. The NPP, which appeared to contain only the antigenic signal, could induce a primary antibody response in mice and could sensitize mice for a secondary response. However, the antigenic signal contained in NPP was insufficient to trigger a secondary response in mice primed with either NPP or LPS. LPS, containing both the antigenic and second signals, was required to trigger a secondary response in primed mice.
The trade-off of reproduction and survival in slow-breeding seabirds

A trade-off between reproduction and survival is one of the most consistent empirical aspects of life-history diversification. One explanation for this interspecific pattern is evolved differences in the balance of allocation to reproduction versus individual maintenance and survival. The same pattern is expected, however, simply as a result of differences among species in body size. We tested these alternatives using original data from 44 species of albatrosses and petrels, long-lived seabirds that breed very slowly. After application of regression techniques to remove the effects of body size and phylogeny, annual reproduction and survival exhibited a significant trade-off. Our measures of reproductive effort also exhibited significant trade-offs with age at maturity, the latter strongly associated with survival. Feeding rate of chicks, success at fledging chicks, and annual chick production were also significantly associated. In conclusion, after removing the effects of body size, we found a significan.
How effective is the use of glycemic variability in the follow-up of type 1 diabetes under intensive care?

Background: Glycemic variability (GV) has been identified as an important tool in the monitoring of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), due to its ability to identify patients at greater risk of severe hypoglycemia and to constitute an independent risk factor for chronic complications of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the GV pattern between individuals with T1D under different types of intensive treatment and the correlations of this GV with different clinical and biochemical variables. Methods: Volunteers with T1D (n=90) under different types of intensive treatment (NPH insulin, n=54; insulin glargine, n=19; and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) system, n=17) were analyzed in relation to glycemic control and GV. The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated average glucose (eAG) were used to estimate glycemic control. The daily average glucose (DAG) and its standard deviation (SDDAG) and coefficient of variability (CVDAG), as well the change in the levels of glycated hemoglobin (ΔHbA1c) were used to estimate GV. Results: Patients under CSII presented lower values of HbA1c, eAG, DAG, SDDAG and CVDAG than the other groups. DAG (median=189 mg/dL and IQR=157232) and SDDAG (median=89.8 mg/dL and IQR=72-111) correlated positively with HbA1c, with correlations coefficients of 0.67 and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: The glycemic variability in patients with type 1 diabetes, even under intensive treatment, has a great amplitude, and has direct correlations with the classic parameters of disease control. DAG and SDDAG can be used in the short term as predictors of the glycated hemoglobin levels in order to allow directions and earlier adaptations in clinical management. *Correspondence to: Ricardo Rodrigues, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil, E-mail: ricardo.rodrigues@ufu.br
Soil Organism and Plant Introductions in Restoration of Species‐Rich Grassland Communities

Soil organisms can strongly affect competitive interactions and successional replacements of grassland plant species. However, introduction of whole soil communities as management strategy in grassland restoration has received little experimental testing. In a 5‐year field experiment at a topsoil‐removed ex‐arable site (receptor site), we tested effects of (1) spreading hay and soil, independently or combined, and (2) transplanting intact turfs on plant and soil nematode community development. Material for the treatments was obtained from later successional, species‐rich grassland (donor site). Spreading hay affected plant community composition, whereas spreading soil did not have additional effects. Plant species composition of transplanted turfs became less similar to that in the donor site. Moreover, most plants did not expand into the receiving plots. Soil spreading and turf transplantation did not affect soil nematode community composition. Unfavorable soil conditions (e.g., low organic matter content and seasonal fluctuations in water level) at the receptor site may have limited plant and nematode survival in the turfs and may have precluded successful establishment outside the turfs. We conclude that introduction of later successional soil organisms into a topsoil‐removed soil did not facilitate the establishment of later successional plants, probably because of the “mismatch” in abiotic soil conditions between the donor and the receptor site. Further research should focus on the required conditions for establishment of soil organisms at restoration sites in order to make use of their contribution to grassland restoration. We propose that introduction of organisms from “intermediate” stages will be more effective as management strategy than introduction of organisms from “target” stages.
Fitting non-linear models for tree volume estimation in strict nature reserve, South-West, Nigeria

This study tested the efficacy of nonlinear models for tree volume estimation in a complex tropical natural ecosystem. Data were collected from the four permanent sample plots located in Strict Nature Reserve in Akure forest reserve, each plot covering an area of 0.25 ha. All living trees within a diameter range (>10 cm) were measured within all the permanent sample plots. The data were pooled together and sorted according to family: Annonaceae, Meliceae, Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae. Six non-linear models were fitted using curve expert for the volume models and ranked according to their best of fit using the Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC), standard error and significance at 5% level of probability. A total of 266 trees were sampled in the four plots but the study made use of 171 trees comprising of 17 species distributed among 4 families. Sterculiaceae had the highest number of species (6 species.) while the most abundant species was Mansonia altissima, followed by Celtis zenkeri. These species have 45 and 42 individual trees, respectively. The assessment criteria using AIC and standard error showed that the entire models are suitable for volume estimation in the study area. The non-linear models showed a reasonable variation depending on family. The result showed that Weibull, Gompertz Relation and Logistic Power models were the most consistent model that gave the best predicted volume when compared with the observed volume for each family in the study area but the Ratkowsky model ranked best of the six models generated when data from each family were combined. The student t-test showed that there were no significant differences between the observed and predicted volume. All the models are very good for tree volume estimation in the study area. Therefore, they are recommended for further use in this ecosystem and similar ones.
Assessing Stress and Predicting Mortality in Economically Significant Crustaceans

Reducing animal stress and mortality associated with bycatch and discard in fishing, aquaculture, and live-market trade depends upon improvements in fishing gear and the practices employed in capture, holding, handling, and transport. Several approaches have been used to evaluate the likely mortality of commercially important crustaceans: (1) assess external injuries assuming a direct relationship to mortality, (2) extrapolate from direct observations of mortality under specific environmental conditions and handling practices, (3) evaluate the physiological condition of test animals to predict the associated mortality, and (4) assess behavioral indicators of vitality. Intrinsic variables, such as animal size, gender, and shell condition, and external variables, such as season, fishing and environmental conditions, and type of injury (physiological and mechanical), all have large effects on the complex interactions between stressors and mortality. This review shows that physiological parameters provide insight into the mechanisms of stress and stress responses, but they are often unrelated to mortality outcomes, and the methods are difficult and expensive to carry out in routine field or factory applications. In contrast, behavioral indicators, particularly those utilizing observations on multiple reflex actions, can provide excellent tools where predicting mortality is the primary goal.