Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cyber security: testing the effects of attack strategy, similarity, and experience on cyber attack detection

Cyber attacks, the disruption of normal functioning of computers in a network due to malicious events (threats), are becoming widespread and the role of security analysts is becoming important in protecting networks by accurately and timely detecting cyber attacks. In this paper, we investigate the role of two internal factors, similarity and experience, and an external factor, strategy of an attacker, to influence a simulated analyst’s detection of cyber attacks. We use an existing cognitive model, based upon instance-based learning theory, which represents the decision-making process of a security analyst. We manipulate the attack strategy, experience, and similarity assumptions and evaluate their effects on model’s accurate and timely detection of cyber attacks. Results revealed that although experience and strategy played a significant role in cyber attack detection; the role of similarity was much smaller. We highlight the implications of our findings for training human security analysts in their job.
Coreference Resolution in Biomedical Texts: a Machine Learning Approach

Motivation: Coreference resolution, the process of identifying different mentions of an entity, is a very important component in a text-mining system. Compared with the work in news articles, the existing study of coreference resolution in biomedical texts is quite preliminary by only focusing on specific types of anaphors like pronouns or definite noun phrases, using heuristic methods, and running on small data sets. Therefore, there is a need for an in-depth exploration of this task in the biomedical domain. Results: In this article, we presented a learning-based approach to coreference resolution in the biomedical domain. We made three contributions in our study. Firstly, we annotated a large scale coreference corpus, MedCo, which consists of 1,999 medline abstracts in the GENIA data set. Secondly, we proposed a detailed framework for the coreference resolution task, in which we augmented the traditional learning model by incorporating non-anaphors into training. Lastly, we explored various sources of knowledge for coreference resolution, particularly, those that can deal with the complexity of biomedical texts. The evaluation on the MedCo corpus showed promising results. Our coreference resolution system achieved a high precision of 85.2% with a reasonable recall of 65.3%, obtaining an F-measure of 73.9%. The results also suggested that our augmented learning model significantly boosted precision (up to 24.0%) without much loss in recall (less than 5%), and brought a gain of over 8% in F-measure.
Grounded Theory Method: The Researcher as Blank Slate and Other Myths

The use of grounded theory method (GTM) as a research method in information systems has gradually increased over the years as qualitative research in general has become more prevalent in information systems. GTM offers a systematic way to generate theory from data, but is rarely used to its full potential in information systems. We believe that GTM is not used to its full potential in information systems because of a number of myths about its use that do not conform to the reality of the method. These myths – the Researcher as Blank Slate, GTM is Inflexible, GTM Produces Low Level Theories that don't do much, and GTM is Positivist/Interpretivist – are discussed in this paper. Each myth is examined and some implications drawn for the potential use of grounded theory in information systems.
Ideas for Collaborative Ontology Development on the Upcoming Web 3 . 0 Era

Ontologies continuously become larger and more complex, and therefore more and more difficult to maintain, to edit and to develop by one single person or a small group of experts. The basic principle of Web 2.0, on the other hand, is to use the willingness and knowledge of a huge community of users to create rich user-generated content. The obvious idea that comes to mind is to combine the technologies of the Semantic Web with the trend of the Web 2.0. In this paper we present UbisEditor, an easy-to-use web tool for the creation and manipulation of structured collective knowledge represented as ontologies. This web ontology editor is realized as part of the UbisWorld project (http://www.ubisworld.org) and already supports ontology editing techniques like adding new concepts, renaming and deleting, but also the creation of personalized ontology views.
Intelligent Recognizing and Classifying of Tubular-shaped Objects: A Case Study of Mystical Tibetan Dzis

Human recognition of patterns is one underlying key to knowledge development. Yet pattern recognition as the basis for generating knowledge is only recently emphasized in the literature. It is through classification of objects (eg. butterflies) and establishing taxonomy that fields of knowledge are established. Also intelligence emerges through human beings cognizant of types within a typology. The empirical meaning of artificial intelligence (AI) in this cognitive sense is explored here: recognizing and then classifying objects through identifying patterns. Here we document our attempts to model expertise to construct a typology of Tibeatan dzis. We simulate expertise that required visual, cognitive and memory accessing capabilities. Whilst there is adequate literature on pattern recognition of twodimensional objects (eg. Chinese characters), there are relatively fewer studies on the construction of artificially intelligent systems of 3D objects. Yet in the real world, objects that are classified are more often three-dimensional than of the two dimensions.
Automatic Building Facade Detection in Mobile Laser Scanner point Clouds

Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) has been increasingly used in the modeling of building facade geometry as a means of fast capturing of point data in built-up areas. The processing of such data to extract building facade features automatically is a crucial step in the modeling schemes. This paper presents a segmentation strategy that can be used to segment the facade features in massive point clouds, obtained in MLS. First, object points are isolated from ground points based on the local height histogram analysis. Consequently, initial classification based on the surface roughness is carried out within the dominant facade clusters, obtained by the analysis of linearity of points in 2D space, to classify building points roughly. Each element of the facades such as window, door & wall, are then extracted as planar faces by adopting an Advanced Segmentation step. The planarity of segments is defined by using the RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) plane fitting. The approach has been tested with MLS data sets, acquired by different systems and the results demonstrate that the method is functional for generating reliable building facade models.
Oxidative stress, nutrition and health. Experimental strategies for optimization of nutritional antioxidant intake in humans.

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are formed in the human body. Endogenous antioxidant defences are inadequate to scavenge them completely, so that ongoing oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins and other molecules can be demonstrated and may contribute to the development of cancer, cardiovascular disease and possibly neurodegenerative disease. Hence diet-derived antioxidants may be particularly important in protecting against these diseases. Some antioxidants (e.g. ascorbate, certain flavonoids) can exert pro-oxidant actions in vitro, often by interaction with transition metal ions. The physiological relevance of these effects is uncertain, as is the optimal intake of most diet-derived antioxidants. In principle, these questions could be addressed by examining the effects of dietary composition and/or antioxidant supplementation upon parameters of oxidative damage in vivo. The methods available for measuring steady-state damage (i.e. the balance between damage and repair or replacement of damaged molecules) and the actual rate of damage to DNA, proteins and lipids are reviewed, highlighting areas in which further methodological development is urgently required.
Interaction of Gram-Negative Bacteria with the Lysosomal Fraction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes I. Role of Cell Wall Composition of Salmonella typhimurium

Wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and cell wall mutants with sequential deficiencies in their cell wall polysaccharide were examined for sensitivity to the bactericidal action of the lysosomal fraction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The complete lipopolysaccharide basal core was essential for resistance to the bactericidal action. O-specific side chains of the wild type did not enhance the resistance. Absence of N-acetyl glucosamine considerably enhanced sensitivity, whereas absence of other core sugars did not; additional increase in sensitivity was obtained when the heptose phosphate was absent. Under conditions where appropriate supplementation of the medium permitted complete cell wall synthesis, the uridine diphosphate-gal-4-epimeraseless mutant regained resistance that was essentially equal to that of the wild type. Cells coated with specific antiserum and nongrowing cells were more resistant than normal growing cells.
The crystal structure of archaeal serine hydroxymethyltransferase reveals idiosyncratic features likely required to withstand high temperatures

Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMTs) play an essential role in one‐carbon unit metabolism and are used in biomimetic reactions. We determined the crystal structure of free (apo) and pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate‐bound (holo) SHMT from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, the first from a hyperthermophile, from the archaea domain of life and that uses H4MPT as a cofactor, at 2.83 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively. Idiosyncratic features were observed that are likely to contribute to structure stabilization. At the dimer interface, the C‐terminal region folds in a unique fashion with respect to SHMTs from eubacteria and eukarya. At the active site, the conserved tyrosine does not make a cation‐π interaction with an arginine like that observed in all other SHMT structures, but establishes an amide‐aromatic interaction with Asn257, at a different sequence position. This asparagine residue is conserved and occurs almost exclusively in (hyper)thermophile SHMTs. This led us to formulate the hypothesis that removal of frustrated interactions (such as the Arg‐Tyr cation‐π interaction occurring in mesophile SHMTs) is an additional strategy of adaptation to high temperature. Both peculiar features may be tested by designing enzyme variants potentially endowed with improved stability for applications in biomimetic processes. Proteins 2014; 82:3437–3449. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outside the coding genome, mammalian microRNAs confer structural and functional complexity

MicroRNAs add functional complexity to mammalian genomes. Protein-coding genes are regulated posttranscriptionally by microRNAs (miRNAs). These small noncoding RNAs add substantial complexity to the molecular networks that underlie development, physiology, and disease. Many miRNAs exhibit unique gene structures, frequent functional redundancy, and complex biogenesis regulation, which contribute to their diversity and versatility. In this review, which contains 5 figures, 2 tables, and 159 references, we discuss how these unique features of miRNAs provide insights into the functional complexity of mammalian genomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of small, regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with pivotal roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Since their initial discovery in 1993, numerous miRNAs have been identified in mammalian genomes, many of which play important roles in diverse cellular processes in development and disease. These small ncRNAs regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes posttranscriptionally, thus adding a substantial complexity to the molecular networks underlying physiological development and disease. In part, this complexity arises from the distinct gene structures, the extensive genomic redundancy, and the complex regulation of the expression and biogenesis of miRNAs. These characteristics contribute to the functional robustness and versatility of miRNAs and provide important clues to the functional significance of these small ncRNAs. The unique structure and function of miRNAs will continue to inspire many to explore the vast noncoding genome and to elucidate the molecular basis for the functional complexity of mammalian genomes.
Ameliorative effect of vitamin E on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice.

AIM To evaluate the ameliorative effect of vitamin E on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis. METHODS Adult male albino mice were orally administered 25 or 50 microg of aflatoxin in 0.2 mL olive oil per d for 45 d. The testis was isolated, blotted free of blood and processed for biochemical analysis. RESULTS There was a dose-dependent significantly higher lipid peroxidation in the testis of aflatoxin treated mice than in the controls. The levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, total and reduced ascorbic acid, as well as the activities of enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were significantly lower in the testis of aflatoxin treated mice. Vitamin E (2 mg/d per animal; orally) pretreatment significantly ameliorates the aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation which could be due to higher enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the testis of mice as compared with those given aflatoxin alone. CONCLUSION Vitamin E pretreatment significantly ameliorates aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice.
Daclizumab: a novel therapeutic option in severe bullous pemphigoid.

A 52-year-old woman with a body weight of 102 kg presented with widespread multiple blisters and bullae on the whole body before hospitalization. Clinical features and conventional histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of BP; immunohistology and immunoserological tests were performed and were compatible with a diagnosis of BP. The patient was subsequently treated with prednisolone 100 mg/day in combination with azathioprine 100 mg/day, cyclosporin A 200 mg and mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/day. However, disease control was not achieved and the blister formation progressed. During steroid therapy the patient gained 35 kg of body weight and developed diabetes mellitus with glucose levels around 180 mg/dl. Therefore, the dosage of prednisolone was reduced slowly to 5 mg/day, azathioprine was maintained and a bolus intravenous infusion of 100 mg (approximately 1 mg/kg body weight) daclizumab (ZenapaxH) was given fortnightly. Azathioprine treatment with 50 mg/day was continued and steroids were subsequently reduced. In total, the patient received six infusions during hospitalization and as a patient in the day-care centre. The therapy with 5 mg prednisolone, daclizumab and azathioprine was well tolerated and no side effects were observed during or after treatment. Pathological glucose levels normalized and the patient slowly lost body weight. An improvement of the condition of the skin was observed within 2 weeks of treatment with daclizumab. The skin blisters completely resolved and a postinflammatory hyperpigmentation remained as a residual effect. Clinical resolution persisted for approximately 3 months, before new blisters occurred despite the continued treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone. A second series of three daclizumab infusions (100 mg/day) was administered every 3–4 weeks. The patient responded rapidly and has remained free of skin lesions and blisters for more than 10 months so far.
Aurora A is differentially expressed in gliomas, is associated with patient survival in glioblastoma and is a potential chemotherapeutic target in gliomas

Aurora A is critical for mitosis and is overexpressed in several neoplasms. Its overexpression transforms cultured cells, and both its overexpression and knockdown cause genomic instability. In transgenic mice, Aurora A haploinsufficiency, not overexpression, leads to increased malignant tumor formation. Aurora A thus appears to have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressor functions. Here, we report that Aurora A protein, measured by quantitative protein gel blotting, is differentially expressed in major glioma types in lineage-specific patterns. Aurora A protein levels in WHO grade II oligodendrogliomas (n = 16) and grade III anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (n = 16) are generally low, similar to control epilepsy cerebral tissue (n = 11). In contrast, pilocytic astrocytomas (n = 6) and ependymomas (n = 12) express high Aurora A levels. Among grade II to grade III astrocytomas (n = 7, n = 14, respectively) and grade IV glioblastomas (n = 31), Aurora A protein increases with increasing tumor grade. We also found that Aurora A expression is induced by hypoxia in cultured glioblastoma cells and is overexpressed in hypoxic regions of glioblastoma tumors. Retrospective Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that both lower Aurora A protein measured by quantitative protein gel blot (n = 31) and Aurora A mRNA levels measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (n = 58) are significantly associated with poorer patient survival in glioblastoma. Furthermore, we report that the selective Aurora A inhibitor MLN8237 is potently cytotoxic to glioblastoma cells, and that MLN8237 cytotoxicty is potentiated by ionizing radiation. MLN8237 also appeared to induce senescence and differentiation of glioblastoma cells. Thus, in addition to being significantly associated with survival in glioblastoma, Aurora A is a potential new drug target for the treatment of glioblastoma and possibly other glial neoplasms.
Integrated models of signal and background with application to speaker identification in noise

Discusses the problem of robust parametric model estimation and classification in noisy acoustic environments. Characterization and modeling of the external noise sources in these environments is in itself an important issue in noise compensation. The techniques described provide a mechanism for integrating parametric models of the acoustic background with the signal model so that noise compensation is tightly coupled with signal model training and classification. Prior information about the acoustic background process is provided using a maximum likelihood parameter estimation procedure that integrates an a priori model of the acoustic background with the signal model. An experimental study is presented on the application of this approach to text-independent speaker identification in noisy acoustic environments. Considerable improvement in speaker classification performance was obtained for classifying unlabeled sections of conversational speech utterances from a 16-speaker population under cross-environment training and testing conditions. >
Improving Decision Making in Ocean Race Sailing using Sensor Data

While in some sports, experiences have been gained using traditional information and decision support systems, using large sensor datasets for sports analytics is a recent phenomenon. Using sensor data to arrive at effective decision support for sports encompasses various challenges: (1) Sensor data needs to be understood, processed, cleaned and efficiently stored and (2) appropriate data analytics and visualization techniques need to be selected and evaluated with the sports professionals. Few elaborate case studies are available that report on development of decision support systems for professional sports teams. No comprehensive set of generically applicable design principles has been devised to develop analytics support for sports teams based on sensor data. We deploy a design science methodology to arrive at a sailing analytics architecture and race evaluation dashboard in close collaboration with a professional sailing team participating in an ocean race around the world.
[Oxymatrine could promote mesenchymal stem cell therapy in hepatic fibrosis rats: an experimental research].

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether oxymatrine (OM) could promote mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis (HF) in rats and to initially explore its mechanisms. METHODS Totally 50 male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,i.e., the normal control group, the model group, the MSC therapy group, the OM therapy group, and the MSC combined OM therapy group, 10 in each group. Except the normal control group, the HF model was duplicated by CCl4 induction. After successful modeling, rats in the MSC therapy group received 5 x10(6) MSCs by intravenous injection via caudal vein, once a week. Rats in the OM therapy group received 50 mg/kg OM by intramuscular injection, three times a week. Rats in MSC combined OM therapy group received 5 x 10(6) MSCs by intravenous injection via caudal vein, once a week and 50 mg/kg OM by intramuscular injection three times a week. Equal volume of normal saline was given to those in the normal control group and the model group. All medication lasted for 8 weeks. Serum levels of ALT and AST were detected 8 weeks later. The hepatic histopathological injury and extracellular matrix deposit were assessed using HE and Masson staining. Expressions of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS (1) Compared with the normal control group, serum levels of ALT and AST significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, serum levels of ALT and AST significantly decreased in the OM therapy group, the MSC therapy group, and the MSC combined OM therapy group at the end of 8 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). But serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly lower in the MSC combined OM therapy group than in the OM therapy group and the MSC therapy group (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the model group, the hepatic injury was significantly lessened and the area of extracellular matrix deposit was significantly reduced in the OM therapy group, the MSC therapy group, and the MSC combined OM therapy group (P < 0.05). Besides, they wer more significant in the MSC combined OM therapy group (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the model group, the serum IL-4 level was significantly higher in the MSC therapy group and the MSC combined MO group (P < 0.05). It was higher in the MSC combined MO group (P < 0.05). Although the serum IL-4 level also increased in the OM therapy group, but with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). (4) The serum IL-10 level significantly increased in the OM therapy group, the MSC therapy group, and the MSC combined OM therapy group (P < 0.05), and it was the highest in the MSC combined OM therapy group among the three groups (P < 0.05). (5) Two-photon fluorescence imaging showed no signals of MSCs in liver with or without OM injection. CONCLUSION OM could promote mesenchymal stem cell therapy in hepatic fibrosis rats, which might be involved in increasing serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10.