Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Indigestible Neutral Detergent Fiber ( iNDF ) of Alfalfa

Fiber is a complex material whose digestibility varies due to forage species, forage variety, plant maturity and growing environment (Combs, 2013). The NDF fraction is a critical measure of fiber fraction, bulky, slow digestible component which can restrict intake, energy utilization, and feed quality (Raffrenato and Van Amburgh, 2010; Combs, 2013). The NDF is a non-uniform feed fraction and this is likely part of the reason for the many contradictions in the ration formulation about the effects of pdNDF on animal response. The NDF is not an ideal nutritive entity because it is not chemically identical and the proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin varies among forage types, is affected by species, maturity, storage method, rate and extent of lignification, and sources. Physical characteristics of foodstuffs such as particle size (PS) has considerable influence on ruminal digestive and metabolic processes. To include information on PS in dietary formulations, the concept of physically effective NDF is receiving increasing attention (Zebeli et al. 2012). Regardless of the source, all NDF occupies space in the digestive tract, requires / stimulates chewing activity, and digests slowly and incompletely (Van Soest, 1994). Some characteristics such as digestibility and indigestibility, fragility (Cotanch and Grant, 2008; Zali et al. 2015), stem brittleness (Zali et al. 2015), and Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) of ration for estimation of rumen degradability of fiber in sheep. In experiment 1, to determine feed iNDF, four ruminal fistulated Zel ewes were used. Three grams of alfalfa hay, corn silage, barley grain, wheat bran, ration 1 (including alfalfa hay and concentrate), and ration 2 (including corn silage and concentrate) in four replications were put in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen for 288 h. In experiment 2, the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), NDF, iNDF and potential digestible NDF (pdNDF) of alfalfa hay, corn silage, in both ration 1 and 2, were determined with in situ method using four ruminal fistulated Zel ewes. Rumen disappearance of DM at 0 and 2 hour incubation time and NDF at 96 hour incubation time in ration 2 were higher. The soluble, slowly degraded fractions, and rate of degradation in rations 1 and 2 were 28.93 and 25.93%; 50.40 and 46.26%; 2.36 and 3.19 %/h for DM; 11.81 and 11.74%; 61.37 and 46.32%, and 1.74 and 2.33 %/h for NDF, respectively. The iNDF content in alfalfa hay, corn silage, barley grain, wheat bran, ration 1 and 2 were 30.74 ± 3.02, 16.84 ± 2.14, 4.77 ± 1.48, 11.75 ± 2.29, 21.32 ± 0.77, and 11.42 ± 0.91% of DM, respectively. The results showed that despite the similarities in NDF content in both rations, difference in the iNDF content could affect on degradability in rumen.
Board 60: Lessons Learned from a NSF S-STEM Project in a Rural and Hispanic Serving Institution

For the last four years, the College of Engineering and Technology at Northern New Mexico College (NNMC) has implemented a NSF S-STEM Project named Pathways for Engineering: Access to Resources for Learning (PEARL). The program has benefited more than 50 different students with more than 150 scholarship awards assigned in this period. The institution is in a highly underserved rural community with 77% of the students receiving Pell Grants or some other type of financial aid. In addition, 60% of the students are first generation college students (when dual credit students are excluded). The student body demographics are 72% Hispanic, 9% Native American, 9% White, 2% African American, and 8% other. The objectives of the project include: 1) to enhance educational opportunities for under-represented minorities by focusing on the recruitment of full-time students from the region into one of two existing Engineering Baccalaureate programs offered at our institution; 2) to provide sufficient financial resources to enable students to focus on their education, complete their degrees, and prepare for a career and/or graduate studies; 3) to increase the retention rate and monitor each supported student’s progress to ensure their completion of degree requirements within a reasonable time frame; 4) to encourage students to graduate and continue their education in graduate school, or obtain employment in local industry, such as a nearby national laboratory; and 5) to engage scholarship recipients in college activities and encourage college service career options, such as teaching and research. The indicators measuring the effectiveness of the project are: 1) increasing the degree progress rate; this means that scholarship recipients will successfully complete a minimum of 12 credit hours towards the degree per semester; 2) increasing the overall GPA of student recipients; the target will be a 3.5 average for the cohort; 3) increasing the number of students involved in undergraduate research projects within the College of Engineering and Technology; and 4) increasing job opportunities for scholarship recipients. This paper describes partial results and lessons learned from this project. It also discusses some results in terms of goals and performance indicators, particularly, the high retention rate of the participants in comparison to students with comparable academic performance. Emphasis is given on ideas that could assist other similar projects.
Classification and Detection of Plant Leaf Disease

India is any agricultural country and most of people i.e.70% depends on agriculture. So detection of leaf disease plays a vital role. Commonly found diseases are bacteria, fungi, viral, etc. observation through naked eye of experts is the traditional approach adapted in practice for detection and identification of plant disease. To overcome the disadvantage of traditional approach automatic leaf detection of plants by different image processing technique can be useful. In this paper we review the need of simple plant leaf diseases detection system that would facilitate advancement in agriculture along with some hardware solution like providing useful fertilizers. It include several steps viz . image acquisition, image pre-processing, feature extraction, neural network classification. We are using ARM controller which is interfaced with LCD display, Relay Driver circuit, Ultrasonic Level Sensor. The Communication between the master and slave unit is done by using wireless sensor.
Main differences between interpretability and explanatory debugging frameworks Aspect Interpretability Explanatory Debugging

Current thrusts in explainable AI (XAI) have focused on using interpretability or explanatory debugging as frameworks for developing explanations. We argue that for some systems a different paradigm – persuasive engagement – needs to be adopted, in order to affect trust and user satisfaction. In this paper, we will briefly provide an overview of the current approaches to explain smart systems and their scope of application. We then introduce the theoretical basis for persuasive engagement, and show through a use case how explanations might be generated. We then discuss future work that might shed more light on how to best explain different kinds of smart systems.
The globalization of real estate markets-effects on efficiency and liquidity by an introduction of REITs in Sweden

During the last decades, the features of capital markets have changed significantly where an increased globalization has led the creation of a more integrated and global market. Likewise, property investment has changed significantly with an enlarged integration with other investment classes and a broader and more international market for investments. The introduction of real estate investment trusts (REITs) has both made property markets more competitive and comparable to other main investment classes. Consequently, as more countries introduce REIT-like structures, the pressure among other countries to initiate similar structures (to take advantages of the same benefits) increases. This study consequently illustrates some of the benefits of introducing REITs. In the study, we demonstrate that liquidity of REIT-like structures has grown significantly and is frequently superior in comparison to ordinary real estate companies with similar market capitalization. Further, both efficiency tests and an observed reduction in the traditional discount to net asset value, indicates that REITs markets are more efficient and transparent. Third, the inclusion of European REITs in a mixed asset portfolio results in an outward bend in the efficient frontier, indicating an enhanced risk/return relationship. Finally we argue for an introduction of REITs in Sweden.
FOR BACKGROUND MODELING AND FOREGROUND DETECTION

Video analysis often begins with background subtraction, which consists of creation of a background model that allows distinguishing foreground pixels. Recent evaluation of background subtraction techniques demonstrated that there are still considerable challenges facing these methods. Processing per-pixel basis from the background is not only time-consuming but also can dramatically affect foreground region detection, if region cohesion and contiguity is not considered in the model. We present a new method in which we regard the image sequence to be made up of the sum of a low-rank background matrix and a dynamic tree-structured sparse matrix, and solve the decomposition using our approximated Robust Principal Component Analysis method extended to handle camera motion. Furthermore, to reduce the curse of dimensionality and scale, we introduce a low-rank background modeling via Column Subset Selection that reduces the order of complexity, decreases computation time, and eliminates the huge storage need for large videos.
Concentration inequalities for leave-one-out cross validation

In this article we prove that estimator stability is enough to show that leave-one-out cross validation is a sound procedure, by providing concentration bounds in a general framework. In particular, we provide concentration bounds beyond Lipschitz continuity assumptions on the loss or on the estimator. We obtain our results by relying on random variables with distribution satisfying the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, providing us a relatively rich class of distributions. We illustrate our method by considering several interesting examples, including linear regression, kernel density estimation, and stabilized/truncated estimators such as stabilized kernel regression.
Prioritization : A Family of Empirical Studies

To reduce the cost of regression testing, software testers may prioritize their test cases so that those which are more important, by some measure, are run earlier in the regression testing process. One potential goal of such prioritization is to increase a test suite’s rate of fault detection. Previous work reported results of studies that showed that prioritization techniques can significantly improve rate of fault detection. Those studies, however, raised several additional questions: 1) Can prioritization techniques be effective when targeted at specific modified versions; 2) what trade-offs exist between fine granularity and coarse granularity prioritization techniques; 3) can the incorporation of measures of fault proneness into prioritization techniques improve their effectiveness? To address these questions, we have performed several new studies in which we empirically compared prioritization techniques using both controlled experiments and case studies. The results of these studies show that each of the prioritization techniques considered can improve the rate of fault detection of test suites overall. Fine-granularity techniques typically outperformed coarse-granularity techniques, but only by a relatively small margin overall; in other words, the relative imprecision in coarsegranularity analysis did not dramatically reduce coarse-granularity techniques’ ability to improve rate of fault detection. Incorporation of fault-proneness techniques produced relatively small improvements over other techniques in terms of rate of fault detection, a result which ran contrary to our expectations. Our studies also show that the relative effectiveness of various techniques can vary significantly across target programs. Furthermore, our analysis shows that whether the effectiveness differences observed will result in savings in practice varies substantially with the cost factors associated with particular testing processes. Further work to understand the sources of this variance and to incorporate such understanding into prioritization techniques and the choice of techniques would be
A Metallic Patch Antenna Using a Simple Short Probe for Improving Impedance Match Bandwidth

─ A metallic patch antenna using double-tuned impedance matching is presented in this paper. The antenna mainly consists of a rectangular ground plane, a radiation patch with U-slot and two short metal cylinders, with a size of 200mm×200mm×25.5mm. The two metal cylinders are used to connect the patch and the ground. With the common effects of the U-slot and the two metal cylinders, the impedance match has become better than before. Moreover, high harmonics and cross polarization are suppressed after loading two short pins. Measured results show that the antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth from 830 MHz to 970 MHz (16%) for voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 1.5, and a high gain level about 9.3dBi in a wide band. A good agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results. Therefore, the proposed metal antenna is a good choice for UHF RFID applications. Index Terms ─ Cross polarization, high harmonics, short probe, UHF RFID applications, wideband.
Union dissolution and housing trajectories in Britain Júlia

BACKGROUND A growing body of literature shows that divorce and separation have negative consequences for individuals’ residential mobility and housing conditions. Yet, no study to date has examined housing trajectories of separated individuals. OBJECTIVE We investigate housing trajectories of separated men and women using longitudinal data from Britain. METHODS We apply sequence analysis to data from 18 waves of the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008). We use time since separation as the ‘clock’ in our analysis and examine the sensitivity of the results to attrition, the length of the observation window, and the choice of classification criteria. RESULTS We identify five types of housing trajectories among separated individuals: ‘owner stayers,’ ‘owner movers,’ ‘social rent stayers,’ ‘social rent movers,’ and ‘private renters. ’ Men are more likely to stay in homeownership, whereas women are more likely to stay in social housing. There is an expected educational gradient: Highly educated individuals are likely to remain homeowners, whereas people with low educational level have a high propensity to stay in or to move to social housing. Overall, this study shows that some individuals can afford homeownership after separation, and that social housing offers a safety net for the most vulnerable population subgroups (low-educated women with children). However, a significant group of separated individuals is unable to afford homeownership in a country where homeownership is still the norm. 1 University of St. Andrews, UK. Email: julia.mikolai@st-andrews.ac. uk. 2 University of St. Andrews, UK. Mikolai & Kulu: Union dissolution and housing trajectories in Britain 162 http://www.demographic-research.org CONTRIBUTION This study shows that separation has long-term consequences for individuals’ housing conditions and that post-separation housing trajectories are significantly shaped by individuals’ socioeconomic characteristics.
Ubiquitous formation of type-I and type-II bulk Dirac cones and topological surface states from a single orbital manifold in transition-metal dichalcogenides

M. S. Bahramy1,2,⇤,†, O. J. Clark3,⇤, B. -J. Yang4,5,6, J. Feng3, L. Bawden3, J. M. Riley3,7, I. Marković3,8, F. Mazzola3, V. Sunko3,8, D. Biswas3, S. P. Cooil9, M. Jorge9, J. W. Wells9, M. Leandersson10, T. Balasubramanian10, J. Fujii11, I. Vobornik11, J. Rault12, T. K. Kim7, M. Hoesch7, K. Okawa13, M. Asakawa13, T. Sasagawa13, T. Eknapakul14, W. Meevasana14,15, P. D. C. King3,‡ 1 Quantum-Phase Electronics Center and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan 2 RIKEN center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan 3 SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 5 Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea 6 Center for Theoretical Physics (CTP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 7 Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom 8 Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany 9 Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 10 MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P. O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden 11 Istituto O cina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S. 14, Km 163.5, IW34149 Trieste, Italy 12 Synchrotron SOLEIL, CNRS-CEA, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 13 Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan 14 School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand 15 NANOTEC-SUT Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Nanomaterials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
The Choice of the Type of Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy (Review)

The article summarizes the international experience of using different types of anesthesia for the surgical treatment of carotid artery lesions. The anesthesiology support of surgery on the carotid basin includes general and combined anesthesia of various types. The regional anesthesia is a separate field in the carotid surgery. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of each anesthetic technique. The recent publications show the superiority of regional anesthesia in terms of its cost-effectiveness, less frequent use of temporary intraluminal shunt, the possibility to constant monitoring of patient’s neurological status throughout the operation, and lower incidence of neurologic and cardiac complications. Complications of the regional anesthesia and the methods of their correction are described in detail. There is still no consensus about the choice of the optimal type of anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy, hence further large-scale randomized trials are needed.
Optimization of a Rapid Propagation System for Mass Production of High-Quality Plantlets of Trichosanthes kirilowii cv. ‘Yuelou-2’ via Organogenesis

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim is a perennial plant possessing great medicinal and edible value. In this study, an efficient rapid propagation system was developed for in vitro production of high-quality plantlets of T. kirilowii cv. ‘Yuelou-2’ via organogenesis. Shoots were established from the nodal stems of this plant by cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) according to a L9 (34) orthogonal array design. MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 6-BA alone conferred significant enhancement of shoot induction and development by variance and statistical analysis of shoot induction frequency, shoot length, as well as lateral shoot number and total node number per explant. Rooting percentage, root morphological characteristics, plantlet survival rate, as well as plantlet growth performance in vitro and ex vitro were comprehensively assessed, and results showed that the addition of 1.0 mg l-1 NAA to 1/2 MS medium was the most responsive for root induction and production of high-quality plantlets from the regenerated shoots. The in vitro propagation system described here has the potential for large-scale and rapid production of in vitro plantlets of seed variety of T. kirilowii in a sustainable manner. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********
Fatigue damage analysis of aluminized glass fiber composites

Aluminized glass fiber composite with epoxy and polyester matrix were used in this work in order to study fatigue properties and its comparison to conventional glass fiber composites. Until now aluminized glass fiber materials have been only used as decoy flares in military applications. The innovative advantages of these composites, using modified fibers, are potentially the improvement of thermal and electrical conduction. The main objective of this work was to study the fatigue damage of coated fiber materials using stiffness loss and potential drop t th were also t ©
Connected k-Center and k-Diameter Clustering

Motivated by an application from geodesy, we introduce a novel clustering problem which is a $k$-center (or k-diameter) problem with a side constraint. For the side constraint, we are given an undirected connectivity graph $G$ on the input points, and a clustering is now only feasible if every cluster induces a connected subgraph in $G$. We call the resulting problems the connected $k$-center problem and the connected $k$-diameter problem. We prove several results on the complexity and approximability of these problems. Our main result is an $O(\log^2{k})$-approximation algorithm for the connected $k$-center and the connected $k$-diameter problem. For Euclidean metrics and metrics with constant doubling dimension, the approximation factor of this algorithm improves to $O(1)$. We also consider the special cases that the connectivity graph is a line or a tree. For the line we give optimal polynomial-time algorithms and for the case that the connectivity graph is a tree, we either give an optimal polynomial-time algorithm or a $2$-approximation algorithm for all variants of our model. We complement our upper bounds by several lower bounds.
THE IMPACT OF CRUDE OIL PRICKS ON PETROLEUM PUMP PRICES IN KENYA

This study attempts to identify the key factors that determine petroleum pump prices in Nairobi which accounts for half of Kenya's total consumption. The study examines the time series data of crude oil prices both domestic and international and a number of other covariates, including exchange rate, lagged price of crude oil and gross domestic product. Based on the possibility of existence of co integration between pump and international crude oil prices, both domestic pump and international crude oil prices were modeled in first difference with an error correction term added to reflect the long-term relationship. The study concludes that the two sets of prices follow long term trends.