Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Protocol for the Atomic Capture of Multiple Molecules at Large Scale

With the rise of service-oriented computing, applications are more and more based on coordination of autonomous services. Envisioned over largely distributed and highly dynamic platforms, expressing this coordination calls for alternative programming models. The chemical programming paradigm, which models applications as chemical solutions where molecules representing digital entities involved in the computation, react together to produce a result, has been recently shown to provide the needed abstractions for autonomic coordination of services. However, the execution of such programs over large scale platforms raises several problems hindering this paradigm to be actually leveraged. Among them, the atomic capture of molecules participating in concur- rent reactions is one of the most significant. In this paper, we propose a protocol for the atomic capture of these molecules distributed and evolving over a large scale platform. As the density of possible reactions is crucial for the liveness and efficiency of such a capture, the protocol proposed is made up of two sub-protocols, each of them aimed at addressing different levels of densities of potential reactions in the solution. While the decision to choose one or the other is local to each node participating in a program's execution, a global coherent behaviour is obtained. Proof of liveness, as well as intensive simulation results showing the efficiency and limited overhead of the protocol are given.
Evaluation of methods accounting for population structure with pedigree data and continuous outcomes

Methods to account for population structure (PS) in genome‐wide association studies have been well developed in samples of unrelated individuals, but when a sample is composed of families, the task of finding and accounting for PS is not as straight forward. Family‐based tests that condition on parental genotypes or their sufficient statistics are immune to biases due to PS, but are known to have low power, particularly for unselected samples. Population‐based approaches that use all available data are an attractive alternative, but the methods have not been evaluated for continuous outcomes when a sample has both family and PS. Therefore, we compare through simulation the performance of population‐based regression models that account for family and PS with continuous outcomes using a range of family sizes and structures, including two and three generational families with admixed and discrete PS. We find that when computation time is a concern, the Dupuis et al. efficient score test performs very well. When computational time is not an issue, a linear mixed effects model adjusting for genetic principal components tends to have slightly better power than the score test and may be preferred. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:427–436, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isothermal and thermal cycling aging on IMC growth rate in lead-free and lead-based solder interface

The growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMC) between Pb-free and Pb-based solders with different surface finish (Cu and Ni/Au) metallization is a major concern for long-term solder joint reliability performance in electronic assemblies. The growth rate of the IMC layer can affect the solder joint reliability. Analysis of solid-state diffusion mechanism for the growth of IMC between solder-to-substrate interface for Pb-free and Pb-based solders subject to isothermal and thermal cycling aging were conducted. Experimental study of IMC layer growth between Sn3.8Ag0. 7Cu and Ni/Au surface finish by isothermal aging versus thermal cycling (TC) aging was investigated to develop a framework for correlating IMC layer growth behavior. An integrated model for IMC growth was derived to describe the Ni-Cu-Sn IMC growth behavior subject to TC aging. Comparison of modeling and test results showed that IMC layer growth rate under TC aging was accelerated. It is noted that IMC layer growth study from various references showed different experimental data and growth kinetic parameters for both liquid-state and solid-state reactions.
The Role of Fatigue in Susceptibility to Acute Muscle Strain Injury

We investigated the role of fatigue in muscle strain injuries using the extensor digitorum longus muscles of 48 rabbits. The muscles of the rabbits were fatigued by 25% or 50% then stretched to failure and compared with the contralateral controls. Three rates of stretch were used. The force to muscle failure was reduced in the fatigued leg in all groups (range, 93% to 97.4% compared with the controls). The change in muscle length in the fatigue groups was not different from the controls. The amount of energy absorbed in the fa tigued muscle was 69.7% to 92% that of the energy absorbed in the control muscle. The lowest energy absorption occurred in muscles that were more fa tigued. In eight additional rabbits, fatigued extensor digitorum longus muscles were compared with sub- maximally stimulated muscles with the equivalent con tractile properties, and no difference was seen. Mus cles subjected to strains are frequently injured under high-intensity eccentric loading conditions. Under these conditions, muscles absorb energy and provide control and regulation of limb movement. Our data showed that muscles are injured at the same length, regardless of the effects of fatigue. However, fatigued muscles are able to absorb less energy before reach ing the degree of stretch that causes injuries.
aspeed: Solver scheduling via answer set programming 1

Abstract Although Boolean Constraint Technology has made tremendous progress over the last decade, the efficacy of state-of-the-art solvers is known to vary considerably across different types of problem instances, and is known to depend strongly on algorithm parameters. This problem was addressed by means of a simple, yet effective approach using handmade, uniform, and unordered schedules of multiple solvers in ppfolio, which showed very impressive performance in the 2011 Satisfiability Testing (SAT) Competition. Inspired by this, we take advantage of the modeling and solving capacities of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to automatically determine more refined, that is, nonuniform and ordered solver schedules from the existing benchmarking data. We begin by formulating the determination of such schedules as multi-criteria optimization problems and provide corresponding ASP encodings. The resulting encodings are easily customizable for different settings, and the computation of optimum schedules can mostly be done in the blink of an eye, even when dealing with large runtime data sets stemming from many solvers on hundreds to thousands of instances. Also, the fact that our approach can be customized easily enabled us to swiftly adapt it to generate parallel schedules for multi-processor machines.
Visual Feature Binding in Early Infancy

How does the developing brain of the human infant solve the feature-binding problem when visual stimuli consisting of multiple colored objects are presented? A habituation–dishabituation procedure revealed that 1-month-old infants have the ability to discriminate changes in the conjunction of a familiar shape and color in two objects. However, this good earlier performance was followed by poorer performance at 2 months of age. The performance improved again at 3 months of age. Detailed analysis of the oculomotor behaviors revealed that the age of 2 months was a period of drastic transition when the tendency to stay with the fixated objects disappeared and repetitive saccades between the two objects emerged. Our findings suggest that the ability to perceive conjunctions of features is available to infants very early, that the perceptual/neural basis at 1 and at 3 months of age may be fundamentally different, and that feature integration by vigorous eye movements or selective attention may be the key functional difference between the age groups.
Hypotension, subarachnoid block and the elderly patient

This article reviews the current literature on the management of hypotension during subarachnoid block in the elderly. Hypotension results from blockade of the sympathetic nervous system, which causes decreases in both systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output. Abolition of normal cardiovascular reflexes is also important and may explain unexpected cardiac arrests during subarachnoid block. Untreated block in the elderly results in decreases in systolic arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure. Cardiac output appears not to decrease as has been previously reported and heart rate is affected by several different factors. Preload to the heart should be maintained during block by giving adequate intravenous fluids and 8 ml. kg−1 is satisfactory in most cases. Adequate preloading prevents decreases in cardiac output and unexpected cardiac arrests. In this respect, mild head down tilt is also beneficial. Ideally, intravenous fluid should be given as the block is developing. Excessive fluid administration serves no useful purpose and can cause fluid overload and urinary retention. If systolic arterial pressure decreases by more than 25%, or to below 90 mmHg, treatment with a vasopressor is indicated. The efficacy of ephedrine has recently been questioned, as it is a poor vasoconstrictor and inotrope in the elderly. The α‐adrenoceptor agonists may prove a more logical choice, because they increase both peripheral resistance and preload. Metaraminol by infusion (< 10 ml.h−1 of 10 mg in 20ml) has been used successfully, though hypertension can occur.
Error tolerance of two-basis quantum key-distribution protocols using qudits and two-way classical communication

We investigate the error tolerance of quantum cryptographic protocols using d-level systems. In particular, we focus on prepare-and-measure schemes that use two mutually unbiased bases and a key-distillation procedure with two-way classical communication. For arbitrary quantum channels, we obtain a sufficient condition for secret-key distillation which, in the case of isotropic quantum channels, yields an analytic expression for the maximally tolerable error rate of the cryptographic protocols under consideration. The difference between the tolerable error rate and its theoretical upper bound tends slowly to zero for sufficiently large dimensions of the information carriers.
Thermal deformations and stresses of flip-chip BGA packages with low- and high-T/sub g/ underfills

The purpose of this paper is to experimentally, numerically, and theoretically investigate the thermomechanical behaviors of flip-chip ball grid array (BGA) packages with low- and high-T/sub g/ underfills under thermal loads, after 85/spl deg/C/85%RH conditions, and after solder reflow. The low- and high-T/sub g/ underfills all cured at 150/spl deg/C are with glass transition temperatures (T/sub g/) at 84/spl deg/C and 142/spl deg/C, respectively. The emphasis of the study is placed on the deformations and die stresses of the packages under these loading conditions. This paper has presented that Suhir's solution of a trimaterial assembly and finite-element method (FEM) can effectively predict the thermomechanical behaviors of both flip-chip BGA packages. It is also found from Twyman-Green experiments that the stress-free temperature is at underfill-curing temperature (T/sub c/) for both packages before solder reflow, but not after solder reflow. Furthermore, the relation between curvature and temperature is nearly linear for packages with high-T/sub g/ underfills, while bilinear (with turning point near T/sub g/) for those with low-T/sub g/ underfills. It is also discovered that the packages with low-T/sub g/ underfills during cooling processes suffer stress relaxation, and, thus, their deformations depend on cooling rate, but not for those with high-T/sub g/ underfills. The die stresses can be directly determined by Suhir's die stress solution associated with the curvature data from the experiments. The coplanarity of the packages with and without fillets has also been addressed by the FEM analyses combined with experiments. It is found that the fillet effect on the warpage is negligible for this flip-chip BGA and the 2-D axis-symmetrical model can be approximately used for addressing the global warpage. Regarding 85/spl deg/C/85%RH environmental effect, it is shown that the packages with high-T/sub g/ underfills are insensitive to this environmental effect, while those with low-T/sub g/ underfills are minor sensitive (about 10% decrease). It is also found that solder reflow process does affect the curvature of the packages by increasing 18% and 15% of the average curvature for those with high- and low-T/sub g/ underfills, respectively.
Inward-Rectifying K+ Channels in Root Hairs of Wheat (A Mechanism for Aluminum-Sensitive Low-Affinity K+ Uptake and Membrane Potential Control)

K+ is the most abundant cation in cells of higher plants, and it plays vital roles in plant growth and development. Extensive studies on the kinetics of K+ uptake in roots have shown that K+ uptake is mediated by at least two transport mechanisms, one with a high and one with a low affinity for K+. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of K+ uptake from soils into root epidermal cells remain unknown. In the present study we have pursued the biophysical identification and characterization of mechanisms of K+ uptake into single root hairs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), since root hairs constitute an important site of nutrient uptake from the soil. These patch-clamp studies showed activation of a large inward current carried by K+ ions into root hairs at membrane potentials more negative than -75 mV. This K+ influx current was mediated by hyperpolarization-activated K+-selective ion channels, with a selectivity sequence for monovalent cations of K+ < Rb+ [almost equal to] NH4+ << Na+ [almost equal to] Li+ < Cs+. Kinetic analysis of K+ channel currents yielded an apparent K+ equilibrium dissociation constant (Km) of [almost equal to]8.8 mM, which closely correlates to the major component of low-affinity K+ uptake. These channels did not inactivate during prolonged stimulation and would thus enable long-term K+ uptake driven by the plasma membrane proton-extruding pump. Aluminum, which is known to inhibit cation uptake at the root epidermis, blocked these inward-rectifying K+ channels with half-maximal current inhibition at [almost equal to]8 [mu]M free Al3+. Aluminum block of K+ channels at these Al3+ concentrations correlates closely to Al3+ phytotoxicity. It is concluded that inward-rectifying K+ channels in root hairs can function as both a physiologically important mechanism for low-affinity K+ uptake and as regulators of membrane potential. The identification of this mechanism is a major step toward a detailed molecular characterization of the multiple components involved in K+ uptake, transport, and membrane potential control in root epidermal cells.
Investigate and analysis on the occupation harm of dust

Based on the investigation and analysis on typical hazards events of dust in China, the primary forms of the hazards are obtained as pneumoconiosis and lung cancer. The pneumoconiosis, mainly with anthracosis and silicosis, has an obvious characteristic that diseases come on collectivity, and peasant workers are the chief group of victims. This result will have direction meaning for dust prevention and cure and management in main industry.
Perceptions of stigma among people affected by early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease

The aim of this research was to explore perceptions of stigma among people with early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and those who support them, using questionnaires (n = 44) and semi-structured interviews (n = 14). Perceived stigma reporting was low in the questionnaires, whereas interviews revealed higher levels of perceived stigma in the form of unpredictable reactions to diagnosis, feeling stupid and ignorance of the condition among the public. Perceived stigma was managed in similar ways across age groups, focusing on ‘being the lucky ones’. Results support the need to further tackle stigma and challenge expectations, particularly given the drive to diagnose people and thereby expose them to stigma.
Impacts of Cu Contamination on Device Reliabilities in 3-D IC Integration

The impacts of Cu contamination from a backside surface of a thinned wafer and Cu via on device reliabilities in 3-D IC integration are electrically evaluated. Intrinsic gettering (IG) layer, which was formed by high density oxygen precipitate, shows excellent Cu retardation characteristics from the backside surface of the thinned wafer. Extrinsic gettering (EG) layer, which was formed by postgrinded dry polish (DP) treatment shows good Cu retardation characteristics compared with other postgrinded treatments. The minimal 30-nm-thick Ta barrier layer in Cu via shows good barrier property to Cu diffusion from Cu via after annealing up to 60 min at 300 °C. However, it is not enough at 400 °C annealing, because the generation lifetime shows significant degradation after the initial annealing for 5 min. The DRAM cell characteristics show severe shortening retention time after an intentional Cu diffusion from the backside of the thinned DRAM chip at relatively low temperature of 300 °C.
Distinct Subunits in Heteromeric Kainate Receptors Mediate Ionotropic and Metabotropic Function at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses

Heteromeric kainate receptors (KARs) containing both glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) and KA2 subunits are involved in KAR-mediated EPSCs at mossy fiber synapses in CA3 pyramidal cells. We report that endogenous glutamate, by activating KARs, reversibly inhibits the slow Ca2+-activated K+ current IsAHP and increases neuronal excitability through a G-protein-coupled mechanism. Using KAR knockout mice, we show that KA2 is essential for the inhibition of IsAHP in CA3 pyramidal cells by low nanomolar concentrations of kainate, in addition to GluR6. In GluR6–/– mice, both ionotropic synaptic transmission and inhibition of IsAHP by endogenous glutamate released from mossy fibers was lost. In contrast, inhibition of IsAHP was absent in KA2–/– mice despite the preservation of KAR-mediated EPSCs. These data indicate that the metabotropic action of KARs did not rely on the activation of a KAR-mediated inward current. Biochemical analysis of knock-out mice revealed that KA2 was required for the interaction of KARs with Gαq/11-proteins known to be involved in IsAHP modulation. Finally, the ionotropic and metabotropic actions of KARs at mossy fiber synapses were differentially sensitive to the competitive glutamate receptor ligands kainate (5 nm) and kynurenate (1 mm). We propose a model in which KARs could operate in two modes at mossy fiber synapses: through a direct ionotropic action of GluR6, and through an indirect G-protein-coupled mechanism requiring the binding of glutamate to KA2.
CARESS Working Paper 00-14 Knowing Your Odds : Home Burglary and the Odds Ratio September 2000

This paper analyzes the utility maximization of a burglar who anticipates the revenue generated by his action along with the associated costs. The benefits are the value of the loot. Costs include the location of the home, the physical appearance, the demographic characteristics, and the security precautions present. When combined, they will either attract or detract criminal activity. A survey relating characteristics of Greenwich, Connecticut homes to burglary rates is used. The Logit model and the odds ratio integrate the above home characteristics to determine the likelihood of the home being victimized. The odds ratio calculates the probabilities of the home being victimized as a function of its characteristics. The results suggest the relative importance of each factor in contributing to the home becoming a target of burglary. The model can be used to predict the chances of homes being burgled depending on it specific attributes. * Please send all correspondence to, Professor Yochanan Shachmurove, Department of Economics, The University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6297. Telephone numbers: 215-8981090 (O), 610-645-9235 (H). Fax number: 215-573-2057. E-mail address: yochanan@econ.sas. upenn.edu
An Essay on Self-explanatory Computational Intelligence: A Linguistic Model of Data Processing Systems

Computational processes are increasingly more powerful and complex but also more dif-ﬁcult to understand by humans. Considering that Natural Language is a suitable tool for describing human perceptions, building self-explanatory computational systems ready to communicate with humans in Natural Language becomes a hot challenge. Based on ideas taken from Cognitive Science, we pro-pose a novel model to facilitate achieving this goal. We consider the computer as a metaphor of the mind and we use references from Phi-losophy, Neurology, Linguistics, Anthropology and Sociology to provide a structure of different components that allow coping with the complexity of generating linguistic descriptions about computational processes. We illustrate the use of this model with several examples.
Individual differences in child English second language acquisition Comparing child-internal and child-external factors

This study investigated how various child-internal and child-external factors predict English L2 children’s acquisition outcomes for vocabulary size and accuracy with verb morphology. The children who participated (N=169) were between 4;10 and 7;0 years old (mean = 5;10), had between 3 to 62 months of exposure to English (mean = 20 months), and were from newcomer families to Canada. Results showed that factors such as language aptitude (phonological short term memory and analytic reasoning), age, L1 typology, length of exposure to English, and richness of the child’s English environment were significant predictors of variation in children’s L2 outcomes. However, on balance, child-internal factors explained more of the variance in outcomes than child-external factors. Relevance of these findings for Usage-Based theory of language acquisition is discussed.
Influence of Pipette Geometry on the Displacement Profile of Isotropic Materials used for Vocal Fold Modeling

Due to limited access to human vocal folds, synthetic vocal folds are used to study periodic phonation. With respect to a realistic replica, the properties of the synthetic material should be to those of as real tissue. Silicone rubber is a commonly used material for vocal fold models. A suitable method to analyze the material parameters of both artificial and real vocal folds is the pipette aspiration technique. In the present study, the displacement profiles of an isotropic silicone specimen were measured with three different pipette geometries. The experimental results were compared to finite element simulations of the setup based on frequency dependent material parameters extracted from a previous study. The results demonstrate the potential of the pipette aspiration technique for material characterization and validate the determination of material parameters by means of an Inverse Method. Furthermore, a possible parameter for the classification of anisotropic materials is proposed and the suitability of the different pipette geometries for material characterization is discussed.