Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ingredient Functionality During Foam-Type Cake Making: A Review.

Foam-type cakes are complex food systems. Their main ingredients are wheat flour, hen eggs, sugar, leavening agent, and, in some cases, oil and/or surfactants. In contrast to the vast amount of research outcomes on the contribution of ingredients to the quality of batter-type cake systems, information on the functionality and importance of the ingredients and their constituents in foam-type cake systems is lacking. This review defines foam-type cakes, describes how they are made, summarizes the current knowledge of factors determining their quality, and identifies the current knowledge gaps.
An Interpretable Performance Metric for Auditory Attention Decoding Algorithms in a Context of Neuro-Steered Gain Control

In a multi-speaker scenario, a hearing aid lacks information on which speaker the user intends to attend, and therefore it often mistakenly treats the latter as noise while enhancing an interfering speaker. Recently, it has been shown that it is possible to decode the attended speaker from the brain activity, e.g., recorded by electroencephalography sensors. While numerous of these auditory attention decoding (AAD) algorithms appeared in the literature, their performance is generally evaluated in a non-uniform manner. Furthermore, AAD algorithms typically introduce a trade-off between the AAD accuracy and the time needed to make an AAD decision, which hampers an objective benchmarking as it remains unclear which point in each algorithm’s trade-off space is the optimal one in a context of neuro-steered gain control. To this end, we present an interpretable performance metric to evaluate AAD algorithms, based on an adaptive gain control system, steered by AAD decisions. Such a system can be modeled as a Markov chain, from which the minimal expected switch duration (MESD) can be calculated and interpreted as the expected time required to switch the operation of the hearing aid after an attention switch of the user, thereby resolving the trade-off between AAD accuracy and decision time. Furthermore, we show that the MESD calculation provides an automatic and theoretically founded procedure to optimize the number of gain levels and decision time in an AAD-based adaptive gain control system.
A forward-backward random process for the spectrum of 1D Anderson operators

We give a new expression for the law of the eigenvalues of the discrete Anderson model on the finite interval $[0,N]$, in terms of two random processes starting at both ends of the interval. Using this formula, we deduce that the tail of the eigenvectors behaves approximatelylike $\exp(\sigma B\_{|n-k|}-\gamma\frac{|n-k|}{4})$ where $B\_{s}$ is the Brownian motion and $k$ is uniformly chosen in $[0,N]$ independentlyof $B\_{s}$. A similar result has recently been shown by B. Rifkind and B. Virag in the critical case, that is, when the random potential is multiplied by a factor $\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}$
NUMERICAL SEISMIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF RC BRIDGES WITH HOLLOW PIERS

The seismic damages of reinforced concrete bridges in recent events show that many of them have an inadequate behavior and safety. Therefore, is important to accurately define bridge safety assessment and hence evaluate the accuracy of the analytical methodologies for seismic response of bridges. The main objective of this paper is to present several options for structural simulation with different complexities in order to assess the seismic response of bridges and then use the results for the safety assessment with probabilistic approaches. The numerical simulations are carried out using three different methodologies: (i) plastic hinge model, (ii) fiber model and (iii) damage model. Seismic response of bridges is based on a simplified plane model, with easy practical application and involving reduced calculation efforts while maintaining adequate accuracy. The evaluation of seismic vulnerability is carried out through the failure probability quantification involving a non-linear transformation of the seismic action in its structural effects. The applicability of the proposed methodologies is then illustrated in the seismic analysis of two reinforced concrete bridges, involving a series of experimental tests and numerical analysis, providing an excellent set of results for comparison and global calibration.
Transcriptome Profiles of Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Fruit Interacting With Botrytis cinerea at Different Ripening Stages

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of economic losses in strawberry fruit production, limiting fruit shelf life and commercialization. When the fungus infects Fragaria × ananassa strawberry at flowering or unripe fruit stages, symptoms develop after an extended latent phase on ripe fruits before or after harvesting. To elucidate the growth kinetics of B. cinerea on flower/fruit and the molecular responses associated with low susceptibility of unripe fruit stages, woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca flowers and fruits, at unripe white and ripe red stages, were inoculated with B. cinerea. Quantification of fungal genomic DNA within 72 h postinoculation (hpi) showed limited fungal growth on open flower and white fruit, while on red fruit, the growth was exponential starting from 24 hpi and sporulation was observed within 48 hpi. RNA sequencing applied to white and red fruit at 24 hpi showed that a total of 2,141 genes (12.5% of the total expressed genes) were differentially expressed due to B. cinerea infection. A broad transcriptional reprogramming was observed in both unripe and ripe fruits, involving in particular receptor and signaling, secondary metabolites, and defense response pathways. Membrane-localized receptor-like kinases and nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat genes were predominant in the surveillance system of the fruits, most of them being downregulated in white fruits and upregulated in red fruits. In general, unripe fruits exhibited a stronger defense response than red fruits. Genes encoding for pathogenesis-related proteins and flavonoid polyphenols as well as genes involved in cell-wall strengthening were upregulated, while cell-softening genes appeared to be switched off. As a result, B. cinerea remained quiescent in white fruits, while it was able to colonize ripe red fruits.
DETECTING VARIABILITY IN MASSIVE ASTRONOMICAL TIME-SERIES DATA. II. VARIABLE CANDIDATES IN THE NORTHERN SKY VARIABILITY SURVEY

We present variability analysis of data from the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS). Using the clustering method, which defines variable candidates as outliers from large clusters, we cluster 16,189,040 light curves having data points at more than 15 epochs as variable and non-variable candidates in 638 NSVS fields. Variable candidates are selected depending on how strongly they are separated from the largest cluster and how rarely they are grouped together in eight-dimensional space spanned by variability indices. All NSVS light curves are also cross-correlated with IRAS, AKARI, Two Micron All Sky Survey, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and GALEX objects, as well as known objects in the SIMBAD database. The variability analysis and cross-correlation results are provided in a public online database, which can be used to select interesting objects for further investigation. Adopting conservative selection criteria for variable candidates, we find about 1.8 million light curves as possible variable candidates in the NSVS data, corresponding to about 10% of our entire NSVS sample. Multi-wavelength colors help us find specific types of variability among the variable candidates. Moreover, we also use morphological classification from other surveys such as SDSS to suppress spurious cases caused by blending objects or extended sources due to the low angular resolution of the NSVS.
Strong Edge Cover of the Graph

The degree of a vertex v (denoted by deg(v)) is equal to the number of vertices that are adjacent to v. If there is a vertex v ∈ V(G) such that deg(v) = 0 then v is called an isolated vertex. If deg(v) = 1 then v is called a pendent vertex. An edge e = uv is an isolated edge of G if deg(u) = 1 and deg(v) = 1 in G also e = uv is a pendent edge of G if the degree of exactly one of u and v is 1 in G. The minimum degree (respectively, the maximum degree) of the graph G is denoted by δ(G) (respectively, ∆(G) ).
Cultural neuroscience of consciousness: From visual perception to self-awareness

Philosophical inquiries into the nature of consciousness have long been intrinsically tied to questions regarding the nature of the self. Although philosophers of mind seldom make reference to the role of cultural context in shaping consciousness, since antiquity culture has played a notable role in philosophical conceptions of the self. Western philosophers, from Plato to Locke, have emphasized an individualistic view of the self that is autonomous and consistent across situations, while Eastern philosophers, such as Lao Tzu and Confucius, have argued for a collectivistic view of the self, one that is interconnected to others and embedded within specific social contexts and situations. Here we argue that a comprehensive theory of consciousness needs to account for the role of cultural context and its bidirectional interaction with neural and genetic mechanisms in shaping a variety of conscious phenomena, from visual perception to self-awareness. We review recent evidence of cultural variation in neurobiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena and discuss the implications of these cultural neuroscience findings for the study of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15, No. 10–11, 2008, pp. 58–69 Correspondence: 1 Department of Psychology, Northwestern University 2 Northwestern Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience Email: jchiao@northwestern.edu Copyright (c) Imprint Academic 2010 For personal use only -not for reproduction
Does Linear Canopy Openings in a Lowland Atlantic Tropical Forest Cause Edge Effects on Seedling Communities

Edge effects and linear canopy openings may change ecological patterns and processes on forests. Here we investigate if these openings in a lowland Brazilian Atlantic forest cause edge effects on seedlings. We sampled seedling communities at forest edges near to two linear canopy openings (gas pipeline and power line) and in interiors far from edges. Comparisons between the seedling communities were performed to access edge effects. Density and basal area patterns were compared using, hierarchical two-way ANOVAs and the number of newly germinated seedlings, mortality and resprouts were compared by one-way ANOVAs. The results showed that edge effects of linear canopy openings affect seedling communities leading to low densities on edges that showed less favorable conditions for arrival, establishment and initial survival. The basal area patterns were not affected by edge effects apparently by the resistance of the seedlings that have more than 4 mm diameter. Therefore, linear canopy openings caused edge effects, which determine low seedling densities on edges. However this pattern is not due to increase mortality on these edges, but probably caused by the reduction on germination and establishment.
Consumer purchasing behavior for Korla Bergamot Pear in China: based on a consumer perception perspective

This research analyses consumer’s purchasing behavior for Korla bergamot pear by using 585 questionnaires of consumers in Beijing, Shanghai and Zhengzhou of China to examine the factors determining the purchasing behavior through Heckman two-stage decision-making model. The results show that factors determining the possibility of purchase include consumer’s education level, age, income level, vocational status, requirements for quality, safety, freshness and appearance, emphasis on the place of origin, product brand, price level and the degree of recognition for recommendation from relatives or friends; and factors determining the quantity of purchase include consumer’s gender, age, income level, requirement for quality and safety, emphasis on the place of origin and price level. Significant differences are also found among the purchasing behavior in different cities.
FT-NIR Determination of the Content of Cotton in Blends with Viscose

University of Bielsko-Biala, Faculty of Materials and Environment Science, Institute of Textile Engineering and Polymer Materials, ul. Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland E-mail: wbinias@ath.bielsko. pl Abstract A spectroscopic method of determining cellulose content in cotton blends has been described. It is part of a wider project to develop spectroscopic methods of analysing textile blends. The method does not require using hazardous high-quality chemicals or time-consuming preparatory work and it reduces the time needed to determine the content to barely a few minutes.
Residual Stress Measurement of NiCr, Molybdenum, Tungsten, and Silver Thermally Sprayed Coatings using X-ray Methodology.

Stony Brook University Libraries. SBU Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering. Lawrence Martin (Dean of Graduate School), Dr. Sanjay Sampath, Advisor Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dr. Andrew Gouldstone Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dr. Richard Gambino Department of Materials Science and Engineering.
Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Foliar Spray of Micronutrients on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Production of Rosmarinus officinalis l. Plant.

The present study was carried out at Mansoura Horticulture Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, Hort. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agric. , during the two successive seasons (2011/2012) and (2012/2013) to study the effects of irrigation intervals and micronutrients on growth, herb yield, leaves yield, essential oil production and its components of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plant. The results showed that: irrigation interval every 7 days resulted in significant increase in vegetative growth characters as well as essential oil content per plant, but irrigation interval every 21 days increased essential oil percentage in the two cuts during the both seasons. Foliar spray with micro elements Fe, Zn, Mn individually and mixture between them recorded significant increase in vegetative growth, as well as the highest essential oil content per plant in the first and second cuts of the two seasons compared to the control. In addition, the previous values of characters were increased by using (Mn) to reach their maximum values by using the mixture of (Fe+Zn+Mn) at 150 ppm in both cuts of the two seasons. The interaction between irrigation interval every 7 days with foliar spray of a mixture, followed by Mn at 150 ppm gave significant increase in vegetative growth, as well as the highest essential oil content per plant in the first and second cut of the two seasons. In addition, the irrigation intervals every 21 days with same spraying treatments gave the highest essential oil percentage compared to other ones or the control plants. The irrigation interval every 21days gave the highest main components of essential oil (camphor, 1.8-cineole and α-pinene) which recorded (50.04 %), while the interaction between irrigation interval every 21days with foliar spray (Mn) at 150 ppm gave the highest main components (65.53 %) followed the mixture of the microelements (60.85 %) of the rosemary essential oil.
Degradation of Corn Oil Wastes by Fenton Reaction and Under Mildly Basic Media in the Presence of Oxidants Assisted with Sun Light

The degradation of water soluble corn oil wastes was carried out by Fenton reaction and also under mildly basic media in the presence of oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and persulfate, assisted with solar light. The degradation efficiency was obtained by analysis of chemical oxygen demand, carbon dioxide and gas chromatography. Over 90% of both chemical oxygen demand abatement and carbon dioxide recovery was accomplished by Fenton reaction. The presence of oxidants during the photodegradation resulted in high chemical oxygen demand abatement of the oil waste with the disappearance of the majority of the initial fatty acids present in the oil waste before treatment.
Monitoring Web 2.0 - User Generated Content in the Hospitality Industry

Increased importance of user generated content (UGC) forces hotel managers to place greater emphasis on monitoring their online reputation. The study at hand investigates the hospitality industry's attitude towards UGC as well as if and how the industry monitors online reviews of tourists. Data collected from an online survey conducted in German-speaking countries in Europe (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) are analyzed. The analysis of 693 completed questionnaires revealed that managers in all three countries assess evaluating UGC as highly important. This is also reflected in a high percentage of managers monitoring their hotels' reputation themselves and by not delegating the task to employees. Further, managers have a rather positive attitude towards negative reviews. However, only a minority uses social media for advertising purposes. Further results are proposed and implications are discussed.
Matches and Mismatches Between Seabird Distributions Estimated From At-Sea Surveys and Concurrent Individual-Level Tracking

Mapping the distribution of seabirds at sea is fundamental to understanding their ecology and making informed decisions on their conservation. Until recently, estimates of at-sea distributions were generally derived from boat-based visual surveys. Increasingly however, seabird tracking is seen as an alternative but each has potential biases. To compare distributions from the two methods, we carried out simultaneous boat-based surveys and GPS tracking in the Minch, western Scotland, in June 2015. Over eight days, boat transect surveys covered 950 km, within a study area of approximately 6700 km2 centred on the Shiant Islands, one of the main breeding centres of razorbills and guillemots in the UK. Simultaneously, we GPS-tracked chick-rearing guillemots (n = 17) and razorbills (n = 31) from the Shiants. We modelled counts per unit area from boat surveys as smooth functions of latitude and longitude, mapping estimated densities. We then used kernel density estimation to map the utilisation distributions of the GPS tracked birds. These two distribution estimates corresponded well for razorbills but were lower for guillemots. Both methods revealed areas of high use around the focal colony, but over the wider region, differences emerged that were likely attributable to the influences of neighbouring colonies and the presence of non-breeding birds. The magnitude of differences was linked to the relative sizes of these populations, being larger in guillemots. Whilst boat surveys were necessarily restricted to the hours of daylight, GPS data were obtained equally during day and night. For guillemots, there was little effect of calculating separate night and day distributions from GPS records, but for razorbills the daytime distribution matched boat-based distributions better. When GPS-based distribution estimates were restricted to the exact times when boat surveys were carried out, similarity with boat survey distributions decreased, probably due to reduced sample sizes. Our results support the use of tracking data for defining seabird distributions around tracked birds’ home colonies, but only when nearby colonies are neither large nor numerous. Distributions of animals around isolated colonies can be determined using GPS loggers but that of animals around aggregated colonies is best suited to at-sea surveys or multi-colony tracking.
ISOLATION OF FLAVONOID 3’5’HYDROXILASE GENE FROM SNAKEWEED ( Stachytarpheta indica auct. non. (L.) Vahl)

Stachytarpheta is one of Indonesian medicinal plants which have a wide species diversity. The bioactive component in snakeweed herb including naringenin, flavonol, and flavon are mainly derivate from phenyl propanoid (flavonoid). The gene encodes F3’5’Hydroxilation ( F3’5H ) involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid product, by means of catalysis hydroxylation on the C atom #3 and #5 of benzene ring. Recently, has not yet meet publication about F3’5’H from snakeweed herb. The aim of this study was to isolate F3’5H gene from Stachytarpheta indica , using primers which were designed from conserve region of Petunia hybrida F3’5’H gene; HF1 and HF2 alleles. Forward primer is 5'-TGATGCTGCTAAAGCATTCT-3' and reverse primer is 5’GTGCACGCAGGTGACATATG-3’. The amplified fragments were un-specific non-consensus sequences, suggested that two homolog gene locus were isolated. Sequence analysis showed that both share two different domains; conserve-upstream and homolog-downstream domains. It is suggested that Stachytarpheta indica may possesses different alleles for F3’5’H , i.e. HF1 and HF2 , as of Petunia hybrida. Keywords: F3’5’H gene, Stachytarpheta indica , snakeweed
A rare case of idiopathic focal dystonia

Our report is the case of a 43-year-old patient who has had several episodes of involuntary abnormal muscle contractions in the left upper limb. The medical history includes: asthma, non-neurological dysphonia, chronic laryngotracheitis and inconclusive family history. Paraclinical investigations performed do not show any relevant changes. In this context, we considered that the involuntary movements of the left arm represent idiopathic focal dystonia with a late onset.
Exogenously Applied Trinexapac-ethyl Improves Photosynthetic Pigments, Water Relations, Osmoregulation and Antioxidants Defense Mechanism in Wheat under Salt Stress

The impact of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on salinity subjected wheat plants was evaluated via pot based experiment. The treatments applied to wheat seedlings included (Ck) control (no NaCl nor TE spray), foliar spray of TE (1.95 ml L−1), only NaCl (50 mM) and NaCl+ TE (50 mM + 1.95 ml L−1). Foliar application of TE was done seven days after imposition of salinity. Growth parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight) and photosynthetic pigments content (chlorophyll a, b, a + b and a/b), water relation (water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential and relative water contents) as well as catalase (CAT) activity exhibited marked reduction in comparison to control. In addition, an increment was noted in organic solutes content (proline, soluble protein and soluble sugar) and enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in stressed seedlings over control seedlings. The foliar applied TE mostly enhanced growth of salt stressed seedlings, accompanied by reinforcement in photosynthetic pigments, organic solutes, and enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, POD, and APX) in comparison to stressed seedlings. It is worthy to mention that, TE has potential to enhance salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. Thus, our findings suggest that seedling treated with TE is an effective strategy that can be used to enhance salt tolerance of wheat crop.
The carrying capacity for species richness

During the last few decades, a large effort has been invested into deciphering the causes of large‐scale diversity patterns, such as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) (Pontarp et al., 2019). Empirically, it has been shown that species richness is positively related to climate (namely temperature, water availability and the resulting ecosystem productivity; Currie, 1991; Hawkins et al., 2003), area of a region (Rosenzweig, 1995), environmental stability (Jetz & Fine, 2012) and topographical heterogeneity (Davies et al., 2007). The theories put forward to explain these patterns can be distinguished into three major classes (Pontarp et al., 2019). One class comprises Received: 30 April 2019 | Revised: 25 June 2019 | Accepted: 3 July 2019 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12987