Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mental Health Study - Romania 2007. Prevalence, Severity, and Treatment of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders

In the last years, all over the world, important changes have occurred in the philosophy and practice of mental health treatment. Due to the lack of nationally epidemiological studies in Romania, very little is known about the general population prevalence or severity of DSM-IV mental disorders. The research objective of the present study was to estimate 12-month prevalence, severity, and treatment patterns of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders in Mental Health Study Romania 2007. A percent of 8.2% of the adult population in Romania meets criteria for any 12-month DSM mental disorder. The most prevalent 12 months disorder was anxiety, 4.9%, followed by mood disorders, 2.3%. Of 12-months cases, 28.1% were classified as severe. From 12 months disorders almost three fourths (71.7%) carried only a single diagnosis. As number of disorders is increasing, the percent of severity among the cases having certain degree of comorbidity, tend to be higher. Most likely many people with mental disorders in Romania remain either untreated or insufficiently treated, monitored. A better diagnosis and interventions meant to increase awareness about the significance of certain symptoms and signs, to improve addressability and access as well could enhance not only treatment initiation but the treatment quality too. Keywords: Prevalence of 12 months, severity and treatment of mental disorders
Families and Family Therapy

Foreword Arlene Vetere 1. Structural Family Therapy 2. A Family in Formation 3. A Family Model 4. A Kibbutz Family 5. Therapeutic Implications of a Structural Approach 6. The Family in Therapy 7. Forming the Therapeutic System 8. Restructuring the Family 9. A "Yes, But" Technique 10. A "Yes, And" Technique 11. The Initial Interview 12. A Longitudinal View Epilog
Psychological distress as a key component of psychosocial functioning in community-dwelling older people

Objectives: To explore the key components representative of measures of psychosocial functioning with a focus on identifying the constituents of psychological distress in an Irish sample of community-dwelling older adults and to examine the relationship between these components and health outcomes such as frailty. Method: Cross-sectional observational study at the Technology Research for Independent Living (TRIL) Clinic, a comprehensive geriatric assessment facility in St. James's Hospital, Dublin. In this study, 579 participants were given eight primary assessments (Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Depression, Geriatric Adverse Life Events Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, De Jong-Gierveld Scale, Practitioner Assessment of Network Type, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale) and a broad range of health and demographic secondary assessments. Principal factor analysis identified the core components relating to psychosocial functioning. Following this, the regression factors of these components were correlated with health outcomes. Results: The first of three components identified accounted for 9.08% of the variance and related to a core internal component of psychological distress. The two other components related to external and physiological functioning, specifically social support networks and sleep. Spearman's Rho correlations indicated significant associations of walking speed, age, Berg Balance Scale and living alone with all three components. Additionally, the core component of psychological distress significantly correlated with the Fried Frailty Index, illness co-morbidity, ADL, IADL and nutrition. Conclusion: These results characterise the variation in psychosocial functioning in older adults and identifies psychological distress as a core facet of psychosocial functioning which has associations with frailty.
Ménage À Trois—Two Endemic Species of Deceptive Orchids and One Pollinator Species

In the sexually deceptive orchid genus Ophrys, reproductive isolation is based on the specific attraction of males of a single pollinator species by mimicking the female species-specific sex pheromone. Changes in the odor composition can lead to hybridization and speciation by the attraction of a new pollinator that acts as an isolation barrier toward other sympatrically occurring Ophrys species. On Sardinia, we investigated the evolutionary origin of two sympatrically occurring endemic species, Ophrys chestermanii and O. normanii, which are both pollinated by males of the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus vestalis. Chemical and electrophysiological analyses of floral scent and genetic analyses with amplified fragment length polymorphisms and plastid-markers clearly showed that O. normanii is neither a hybrid nor a hybrid species. The two species evolved from different ancestors, viz. O. normanii from O. tenthredinifera and O. chestermanii from O. annae, and converged to the same pollinator attracted by the same bouquet of polar compounds. In spite of sympatry, pollinator sharing and overlapping blooming periods, no evidence has been obtained for gene flow between O. chestermanii and O. normanii indicating an unusual case among sexually deceptive orchids in which postmating rather than premating reproductive isolation mechanisms strongly prevent interspecific gene flow.
Experimental Analysis of Multivariate Female Choice in Gray Treefrogs (Hyla versicolor): Evidence for Directional and Stabilizing Selection

Even simple biological signals vary in several measurable dimensions. Understanding their evolution requires, therefore, a multivariate understanding of selection, including how different properties interact to determine the effectiveness of the signal. We combined experimental manipulation with multivariate selection analysis to assess female mate choice on the simple trilled calls of male gray treefrogs. We independently and randomly varied five behaviorally relevant acoustic properties in 154 synthetic calls. We compared response times of each of 154 females to one of these calls with its response to a standard call that had mean values of the five properties. We found directional and quadratic selection on two properties indicative of the amount of signaling, pulse number, and call rate. Canonical rotation of the fitness surface showed that these properties, along with pulse rate, contributed heavily to a major axis of stabilizing selection, a result consistent with univariate studies showing diminishing effects of increasing pulse number well beyond the mean. Spectral properties contributed to a second major axis of stabilizing selection. The single major axis of disruptive selection suggested that a combination of two temporal and two spectral properties with values differing from the mean should be especially attractive.
GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN RESISTANCE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN IN A BIRD SPECIES

Evolutionary theories propose that aging is the result of a trade‐off between self‐maintenance and reproduction, and oxidative stress may play a crucial role in such a trade‐off. Phenotypic manipulations have revealed that a high investment in reproduction leads to a decline in the organism's resistance to oxidative stress, which could in turn accelerate aging. Here, by using quantitative genetic analyses as a tool to disentangle genetic effects from phenotypic variances, the relationship between resistance to oxidative stress at sexual maturity and two key reproductive life‐history traits (i.e., number of breeding events during life and age at last reproduction) was analyzed in cross‐fostered zebra finches. The age of last reproduction had high narrow‐sense heritability, whereas the number of breeding events and oxidative stress resistance showed medium and low heritabilities, respectively. We detected positive genetic correlations between early resistance to oxidative stress and both life‐history traits, suggesting that the efficiency of the antioxidant machinery at maturity may be related to individual reproductive investment throughout lifetime, possibly by influencing the pattern of cellular senescence. Genes encoding for resistance to oxidative stress would have pleiotropic effects on reproductive capacity and aging. Further work is required to confirm this assert.
What do network members know? Network members as reporters of depression among Caucasian-American and African-American older women

Objective: To determine whether family members and friends can be accurate reporters of depression in older women and whether their reports predict diagnostic depression concurrently and across a one-year time interval. Method: African-American and Caucasian older women (N = 153; mean age = 75) previously screened for depression nominated network members (NMs) who could be contacted as informants. NMs completed an informant version of the CES-D, described their closeness to the participant, the extent of the participant's support from family and friends, and their assessment of the participant's typical coping strategies. These reports were then used to predict participant CES-D, Hamilton depression scores, and Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) depression diagnoses concurrently and at six-month and one-year intervals. Results: NMs’ estimates of participants CES-D status were highly correlated with participants own CES-D scores, and also predicted Hamilton depression scores and SCID diagnoses concurrently and at six months and one year later. NMs’ ratings of participants’ use of positive coping also predicted depression at six months and one year. Conclusion: NMs knew when elderly women were depressed and their reports were accurate predictors of depression even one year later, which implies that elderly depression does not abate spontaneously. Future research should test the possibility that family and friends might be recruited as allies in encouraging earlier treatment and in providing support to older adults through difficult life transitions.
Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis: an update

Purpose of review Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a popular, noninvasive and practical method for assessment of body composition. The last decade has seen the development of impedance analyzers designed to assess the composition of body segments as well as the whole body. This review outlines the theoretical basis for segmental impedance analysis, validity and use in practice. Recent findings Segmental impedance analysis tends to underestimate fat-free mass and overestimate fat mass when compared to reference techniques, although the magnitude of these differences can be small. Performance is improved with population-specific prediction equations; algorithms in-built into instrument firmware should not be relied upon. Prediction of whole-body composition from the sum of the individual segments, although theoretically preferable, shows little advantage over whole body wrist to ankle impedance approaches. Prediction of appendicular skeletal muscle mass, although promising, requires further research. The use of measured impedance data directly as indices of composition, rather than for prediction, has not found extensive application in nutritional research despite its success in other fields. Summary Segmental bioimpedance techniques have advanced substantially in recent years due to availability of simple-to-use analyzers and simplified measurement protocols. The method has been well validated and increasingly adopted in nutritional and clinical practice. Segmental impedance, like conventional whole body impedance approaches, provides indirect prediction of body composition whose accuracy is yet to achieve that of reference techniques such as magnetic reference imaging. This lack of accuracy, however, is outweighed by the method's practicality of use in many settings.
Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Presumed Lacunar Infarcts

To determine the clinical usefulness of gadolinium-DPTA-enhanced MRI in identifying recent small, deep infarcts we prospectively studied 91 patients with first-ever stroke and presenting with a lacunar syndrome. In 78 patients (85.7%), plain MRI revealed possibly appropriate infarcts, classified as deep (n = 69), internal borderzone (n = 1), and cortical (n = 8 patients). Enhancement was seen in 38 (80.9%) of 47 patients with only one possibly relevant deep lesion on plain MRI, and in 14 (63.6%) out of 22 patients with multiple lesions. MRI with gadolinium-DPTA facilitates identification of the relevant lesion in patients with presumed lacunar infarcts.
A NEW MODEL FOR EXTINCTION AND RECOLONIZATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS: QUANTIFYING PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

Classical models of gene flow fail in three ways: they cannot explain large‐scale patterns; they predict much more genetic diversity than is observed; and they assume that loosely linked genetic loci evolve independently. We propose a new model that deals with these problems. Extinction events kill some fraction of individuals in a region. These are replaced by offspring from a small number of parents, drawn from the preexisting population. This model of evolution forwards in time corresponds to a backwards model, in which ancestral lineages jump to a new location if they are hit by an event, and may coalesce with other lineages that are hit by the same event. We derive an expression for the identity in allelic state, and show that, over scales much larger than the largest event, this converges to the classical value derived by Wright and Malécot. However, rare events that cover large areas cause low genetic diversity, large‐scale patterns, and correlations in ancestry between unlinked loci.
FISHER'S MODEL AND THE GENOMICS OF ADAPTATION: RESTRICTED PLEIOTROPY, HETEROGENOUS MUTATION, AND PARALLEL EVOLUTION

Genetic theories of adaptation generally overlook the genes in which beneficial substitutions occur, and the likely variation in their mutational effects. We investigate the consequences of heterogeneous mutational effects among loci on the genetics of adaptation. We use a generalization of Fisher's geometrical model, which assumes multivariate Gaussian stabilizing selection on multiple characters. In our model, mutation has a distinct variance–covariance matrix of phenotypic effects for each locus. Consequently, the distribution of selection coefficients s varies across loci. We assume each locus can only affect a limited number of independent linear combinations of phenotypic traits (restricted pleiotropy), which differ among loci, an effect we term “orientation heterogeneity. ” Restricted pleiotropy can sharply reduce the overall proportion of beneficial mutations. Orientation heterogeneity has little impact on the shape of the genomic distribution, but can substantially increase the probability of parallel evolution (the repeated fixation of beneficial mutations at the same gene in independent populations), which is highest with low pleiotropy. We also consider variation in the degree of pleiotropy and in the mean s across loci. The latter impacts the genomic distribution of s, but has a much milder effect on parallel evolution. We discuss these results in the light of evolution experiments.
Kicking the tyres of a heart failure trial: physician response to the approval of sacubitril/valsartan in the USA

Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibition has been shown to be superior to target doses of an ACE inhibitor in reducing the risk of cardiovascular death and clinical disease progression in patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced EF. Nevertheless, although sacubitril/valsartan has been available in the USA for a year, uptake of the drug by practitioners has been slow, in part because of misconceptions about the pivotal trial that demonstrated its efficacy in heart failure (PARADIGM‐HF). This review addresses questions that have been raised in the USA about the design of the trial as well as the patients who were studied, the replicability and applicability of the results, and the safety of neprilysin inhibition. The totality of evidence indicates that the PARADIGM‐HF trial used an appropriate comparator; enrolled patients typical of those seen in the community with mild to moderate symptoms; yielded highly persuasive and replicable results; and demonstrated benefits that are applicable to patients taking subtarget doses of ACE inhibitors and ARBs. Regulatory review in the USA concluded that the established advantages of sacubitril/valsartan on cardiovascular death and disease progression outweighed hypothetical uncertainties about the long‐term effects of neprilysin inhibition in patients who might not have survived without the drug. Accordingly, both the new US and European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines recommend sacubitril/valsartan as the preferred approach to inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system in patients with chronic heart failure who are currently receiving an ACE inhibitor or ARB.
Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a Vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection

Purpose of reviewThis review focuses upon the biology and metabolism of a trace component in foods called nicotinamide riboside. Nicotinamide riboside is a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and is a source of Vitamin B3. Evidence indicates that nicotinamide riboside has unique properties as a Vitamin B3. We review knowledge of the metabolism of this substance, as well as recent work suggesting novel health benefits that might be associated with nicotinamide riboside taken in larger quantities than is found naturally in foods. Recent findingsRecent work investigating the effects of nicotinamide riboside in yeast and mammals established that it is metabolized by at least two types of metabolic pathways. The first of these is degradative and produces nicotinamide. The second pathway involves kinases called nicotinamide riboside kinases (Nrk1 and Nrk2, in humans). The likely involvement of the kinase pathway is implicated in the unique effects of nicotinamide riboside in raising tissue NAD+ concentrations in rodents and for potent effects in eliciting insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis, and enhancement of sirtuin functions. Additional studies with nicotinamide riboside in models of Alzheimer's disease indicate bioavailability to brain and protective effects, likely by stimulation of brain NAD+ synthesis. SummaryInitial studies have clarified the potential for a lesser-known Vitamin B3 called nicotinamide riboside that is available in selected foods, and possibly available to humans by supplements. It has properties that are insulin sensitizing, enhancing to exercise, resisting to negative effects of high-fat diet, and neuroprotecting.
Lipid droplet metabolism

Purpose of reviewWith the realization that lipid droplets are not merely inert fat storage organelles, but highly dynamic and actively involved in cellular lipid homeostasis, there has been an increased interest in lipid droplet biology. Recent studies have begun to unravel the roles that lipid dropletss play in cellular physiology and provide insights into the mechanisms by which lipid droplets contribute to cellular homeostasis. This review provides a summary of these recent publications on lipid droplet metabolism. Recent findingsPerilipins have different preferences for associating with triacylglycerol (TAG) or cholesteryl esters, different tissue distributions, and each contributes to lipid metabolism in its unique way. Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector proteins are not only involved in lipid droplet expansion, but also in the cellular response to stress and lipid secretion. Lipid droplets undergo an active cycle of lipolysis and re-esterification to form microlipid droplets. TAG synthesis for lipid droplet formation and expansion occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and on lipid droplets, and TAG transfers between lipid droplets during lipid droplet fusion. Lipid droplets interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to facilitate lipid transfer, lipid droplet expansion, and metabolism. SummaryLipid droplets are dynamically active, responding to changes in cellular physiology, as well as interacting with cytosolic proteins and other organelles to control lipid homeostasis.
QUANTIFYING THE LIFE‐HISTORY RESPONSE TO INCREASED MALE EXPOSURE IN FEMALE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Precise estimates of costs and benefits, the fitness economics, of mating are of key importance in understanding how selection shapes the coevolution of male and female mating traits. However, fitness is difficult to define and quantify. Here, we used a novel application of an established analytical technique to calculate individual‐ and population‐based estimates of fitness—including those sensitive to the timing of reproduction—to measure the effects on females of increased exposure to males. Drosophila melanogaster females were exposed to high and low frequencies of contact with males, and life‐history traits for each individual female were recorded. We then compared different fitness estimates to determine which of them best described the changes in life histories. We predicted that rate‐sensitive estimates would be more accurate, as mating influences the rate of offspring production in this species. The results supported this prediction. Increased exposure to males led to significantly decreased fitness within declining but not stable or increasing populations. There was a net benefit of increased male exposure in expanding populations, despite a significant decrease in lifespan. The study shows how a more accurate description of fitness, and new insights can be achieved by considering individual life‐history strategies within the context of population growth.
MIGRATION‐INDUCED PHENOTYPIC DIVERGENCE: THE MIGRATION–SELECTION BALANCE OF CORRELATED TRAITS

Genetically correlated traits are known to respond to indirect selection pressures caused by directional selection on other traits. It is however unclear how local adaptation in populations diverging along some phenotypic traits but not others is affected by the joint action of gene flow and genetic correlations among traits. This simulation study shows that although gene flow is a potent constraining mechanism of population adaptive divergence, it may induce phenotypic divergence in traits under homogeneous selection among habitats if they are genetically correlated with traits under divergent selection. This correlated phenotypic divergence is a nonmonotonous function of migration and increases with mutational correlation among traits. It also increases with the number of divergently selected traits provided their genetic autonomy relative to the uniformly selected trait is reduced by specific patterns of genetic covariances: populations with lower effective trait dimensionality are more likely to generate very large correlated divergence. The correlated divergence is likely to be picked up by QST−FST analysis of population genetic differentiation and be erroneously ascribed to adaptive divergence under divergent selection. This study emphasizes the necessity to understand the interaction between selection and the genetic basis of adaptation in a multivariate rather than univariate context.