Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Goodness-of-Fit Tests on Manifolds

We develop a general theory for the goodness-of-fit test to non-linear models. In particular, we assume that the observations are noisy samples of a submanifold defined by a sufficiently smooth non-linear map. The observation noise is additive Gaussian. Our main result shows that the “residual” of the model fit, by solving a non-linear least-square problem, follows a (possibly noncentral) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> distribution. The parameters of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> distribution are related to the model order and dimension of the problem. We further present a method to select the model orders sequentially. We demonstrate the broad application of the general theory in machine learning and signal processing, including determining the rank of low-rank (possibly complex-valued) matrices and tensors from noisy, partial, or indirect observations, determining the number of sources in signal demixing, and potential applications in determining the number of hidden nodes in neural networks.
X-ray spectral analysis of the neutron star in SNR 1E 0102.2−7219

We re-analysed numerous archival Chandra X-ray observations of the bright supernova remnant (SNR) 1E 0102.2−7219 in the Small Magellanic Cloud, to validate the detection of a neutron star (NS) in the SNR by Vogt et al. Careful attention to the background is necessary in this spectral analysis. We find that a blackbody + power-law model is a decent fit, suggestive of a relatively strong B field and synchrotron radiation, as in a normal young pulsar, though the thermal luminosity would be unusually high for young pulsars. Among realistic NS atmosphere models, a carbon atmosphere with B = 1012 G best fits the observed X-ray spectra. Comparing its unusually high thermal luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{ bol}} = 1.1_{-0.5}^{+1.6}\times 10^{34}$ erg s−1) to other NSs, we find that its luminosity can be explained by decay of an initially strong magnetic field (as in magnetars or high B-field pulsars) or by slower cooling after the supernova explosion. The nature of the NS in this SNR (and of others in the Magellanic Clouds) could be nicely confirmed by an X-ray telescope with angular resolution like Chandra, but superior spectral resolution and effective area, such as the Lynx concept.
Definition Frames: Using Definitions for Hybrid Concept Representations

Concept representations is a particularly active area in NLP. Although recent advances in distributional semantics have shown tremendous improvements in performance, they still lack semantic interpretability. In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid representation called Definition Frames, which is extracted from definitions under the formulation of domain-transfer Relation Extraction. Definition Frames are easily reformulated to a matrix representation where each row is semantically meaningful. This results in a fluid representation, where we can prune dimension(s) according to the type of information we want to retain for any specific task. Our results show that Definition Frames (1) maintain the significant semantic information of the original definition (human evaluation) and (2) have competitive performance with other distributional semantic approaches on word similarity tasks. Furthermore, our experiments show substantial improvements over word-embeddings when fine-tuned to a task even using only a linear transform.
Utilidad de la ecografía cutánea en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones azules, hidrocistoma

Author(s): Perez-Lopez, Israel; Garrido-Colmenero, Cristina; Blasco-Morente, Gonzalo; Aneiros-Fernandez, Jose; Arias-Santiago, Salvador | Abstract: Numerosas enfermedades cutaneas pueden presentarse como lesiones azules, el diagnostico diferencial incluye entidades tan diferentes como las metastasis de melanoma, los angiomas, los lipomas, los quistes epidermoides, los pilomatrixoma, los nevus azules, los tumores glomicos o los hidrocistomas, como el que presentamos. La ecografia cutanea sera una tecnica diagnostica complementaria de gran valor para hacer un correcto diagnostico diferencia pues cada una de estas lesiones tienen hallazgos ecograficos diferentes que orientaran el diagnostico.
Suggestions on Test Suite Improvements with Automatic Infection and Propagation Analysis

An extreme transformation removes the body of a method that is reached by one test case at least. If the test suite passes on the original program and still passes after the extreme transformation, the transformation is said to be undetected, and the test suite needs to be improved. In this work we propose a technique to automatically determine which of the following three reasons prevent the detection of the extreme transformation is : the test inputs are not sufficient to infect the state of the program; the infection does not propagate to the test cases; the test cases have a weak oracle that does not observe the infection. We have developed Reneri, a tool that observes the program under test and the test suite in order to determine runtime differences between test runs on the original and the transformed method. The observations gathered during the analysis are processed by Reneri to suggest possible improvements to the developers. We evaluate Reneri on 15 projects and a total of 312 undetected extreme transformations. The tool is able to generate a suggestion for each each undetected transformation. For 63% of the cases, the existing test cases can infect the program state, meaning that undetected transformations are mostly due to observability and weak oracle issues. Interviews with developers confirm the relevance of the suggested improvements and experiments with state of the art automatic test generation tools indicate that no tool can improve the existing test suites to fix all undetected transformations.
Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: the 4 - Digit Diagnostic Code

A drain fitting for pre-formed or pre-assembled showers, etc. requiring drainage, having a flanged and internally threaded base connector for the reception of 3 or 4 inch solvent welded drain pipes and which is adapted to have a threaded or bolted connection with a depending strainer barrel having a peripheral flange for engagement with the shower, etc. receptor, the two units clamping a receptor membrane or washers on each edge surface of the receptor opening, and there being recessed channels or slots formed in the strainer barrel threads or clamping ring flange to drain off any leakage or seepage.
Effects of treatment with three types of varnish remineralizing agents on the microhardness of demineralized enamel surface

Background Remineralization of incipient caries is one of the goals in dental health care ,especially in pediatric dentistry. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of MI varnish (3M (United states)) , Nano paste( FGM(Brezil) ), 5% sodium fluoride varnish) DuraphatColgate (united states) ) on remineralization of enamel lesions. Material and Methods In this in-vitrostudy, 60 intact human pre-molars, were randomly allocated to four groups of 15. Baseline surface microhardness in three points in the center of the polished area was measured. After two days of immersion in demineralizing solution, microhardness of all samples was measured. Afterward, groups 1-3 under-went treatment with MI varnish, nano paste, 5% sodium fluoride varnish and then again microhardness was measured. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonfreni table was used. Results Duraphat varnish in comparison with control group, significantly increased surface microhardness and in comparison with Nano and MI paste varnish groups significant differences was shown between groups. (P< 0.05). MI paste varnish and Nano paste similary showed more increases in surface microhardness in comparison with Duraphat varnish and control groups (P≈1). Conclusions According to the results of this study, all three varnishes, Duraphat , MI paste and Nano paste increase the enamel surface microhardness and remineralization of incipient caries. MI paste and Nano paste compared to Duraphat Varnish, significantly showed more increases in enamel surface microhardness but Nano paste and MI paste were almost the same. Key words:CPP-ACP, Nano varnish, fluoride varnish, microhardness, demineralization, remineralization.
The efficacy of photodynamic therapy in rat tongue dysplasia

Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has previously shown promising results in cancerous cell destruction. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment option on oral epithelial dysplasia in Wistar rats. Furthermore, microscopic effects of systemic versus topical administration of ALA before laser illumination was assessed. Material and Methods Thirty male Wistar rats (200- 250 grams) were used in the present study. Tongue dysplasia was induced by a daily delivery of a 20 ppm solution of 4-nitroquinoline -1- oxide (4NQO) for 3 months. Then, rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 including, group 1 that was received systemic ALA-based PDT (30 mg/kg ALA), group 2 that was received topical ALA-based PDT (20% ALA solution) and group 3 (control) which was left untreated. Tongue specimens were fixed for histopathological evaluation and dysplasia was graded at microscopic level. Data was compared between various treatment groups using Mann Whitney test (p<0.05). Results The rate of atypical dysplastic cells was decreased significantly in both topical (p= 0.006) and systemic (p= 0.001) treatment groups compared to control group. Furthermore, systemic use of ALA resulted in a remarkable destruction of dysplastic cells compared to its topical application (p=0.045). Nevertheless, some evidence of muscle destruction was documented in systemic ALA group. Conclusions It seems that ALA mediated PDT is an effective treatment option for the destruction of dysplastic cells. However, the extent of this effect depends on the mode of ALA administration before light illumination. Key words:Photodynamic therapy, 5-aminolevulinic acid, Dysplasia, Potentially malignant disorders.
Effects of a natural polyphenol on nicotine-induced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation

INTRODUCTION Resveratrol (trans-3, 4’, 5-trihydroxystilbene), a phytoalexin derived from the skin of grapes and other fruits, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Its anti-carcinogenic effects are closely associated with its antioxidant activity; thus, the use of resveratrol as a possible cancer chemo-preventive is considered to be an important area of investigation. In this study we have examined the inhibitory effects of resveratrol in nicotine induced proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Cultured AR42J cells were incubated with 100 μM nicotine for 3 min and with 100 μM resveratrol for 30 min, either alone or in combination. Proliferation assays were conducted for a period of 0 to 96 h in serum media, incubated with nicotine and resveratrol, and evaluated by MTT assay. Protein was measured in lysed cells and activation of MAPK signals was measured by western blot using purified p-ERK antibody. Co-localization of activated ERK signals was confirmed by FITC conjugated ERK antibody using immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy. Biomarker of lipid peroxidation was determined in cell lysates by malondialdehyde (MDA) bioassay. RESULTS Resveratrol significantly suppressed the nicotine-induced proliferation of acinar cells compared to untreated controls (p<0.05). Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) analysis revealed up-regulation of p-ERK expression by nicotine (p<0.05) that was suppressed significantly by resveratrol (p<0.05). Co-localization of activated ERK signals was confirmed by FITC conjugated ERK antibody, and this response was reduced significantly by resveratrol. Nicotine-induced malondialdehyde formation was also suppressed by resveratrol (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that resveratrol suppressed nicotine-induced AR42J cell proliferation. The proliferation of AR42J cells by nicotine is associated with activation of MAPK signals and induction of protein oxidation. Resveratrol suppressed lipid peroxidation and P-ERK activated signals induced by nicotine. We conclude that resveratrol acts as an effective antioxidant in reversing the nicotine induced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation.
Treatment of Class III malocclusion using Hybrid Hyrax, Face Mask and Alt-RAMEC Protocol: A Case Report in a Latin-American patient

The management of Class III malocclusion is one of the greatest challenges of orthodontics. Current treatments offer the possibility of using direct skeletal anchorage to improve clinical outcomes. This case shows the results of using a Hyrax hybrid palatal anchorage, Alt-RAMEC (Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Contraction protocol) and a facemask to treat a maxillary hypoplasia Class III malocclusion in a Latin-American patient. The appliance design and the protocol used are widely described. Clinical and cephalometric results suggest that it is a good treatment option for this Latino patient, with moderate malocclusion and limitations in the dental anchorage. Key words:ALT-RAMEC, Angle Class III, malocclusion, maxillary expansion, mini-screws, orthodontic anchorage, TADs.
Ontogeny, Anatomy, Metabolism and Physiology of the Thyroid

This chapter presents an analysis and a summarized synthesis of our present knowledge of the biology of the thyroid gland, phylogeny ,ontogeny ,anatomy ,structure ,general metabolism ,regulatory factors and hormones , signalling cascades and their regulations , ( eg TSH ), functions including iodine metabolism and thyroid hormones synthesis , control of gene expression ,differentiation and growth and cell proliferation . Emphasis is ,when possible , put on the human thyroid. The original primary literature,as well as reviews , over the last 50 years are comprehensively and critically analyzed with:600 references . Controversies are presented . For complete coverage of this and related topics, please visit www.endotext. org.Copyright © 2000-2015, MDText.com, Inc.SectionsABSTRACTPHYLOGENYONTOGENYGROSS ANATOMYTHE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE THYROID CELLSGENERAL METABOLISM OF THE FOLLICULAR THYROID CELLTHYROID REGULATORY FACTORSREGULATORY CASCADESSPECIFIC CONTROL BY IODIDETHE THYROTROPIN RECEPTORCONTROL OF THYROID FUNCTIONCONTROL OF THYROID-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSIONCONTROL OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATIONReferences
Fractalkine Modulates Microglia Metabolism in Brain Ischemia

In the CNS, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is expressed on neurons while its specific receptor CX3CR1 is expressed on microglia and macrophages. Microglia play an important role in health and disease through CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling, and in many neurodegenerative disorders, microglia dysregulation has been associated with neuro-inflammation. We have previously shown that CX3CL1 has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia injury. Here, we investigated the involvement of CX3CL1 in the modulation of microglia phenotype and the underlying neuroprotective effect on ischemia injury. The expression profiles of anti- and pro-inflammatory genes showed that CX3CL1 markedly inhibited microglial activation both in vitro and in vivo after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), accompanied by an increase in the expression of anti-inflammatory genes. Moreover, CX3CL1 induces a metabolic switch in microglial cells with an increase in the expression of genes related to the oxidative pathway and a reduction in those related to the glycolytic pathway, which is the metabolic state associated to the pro-inflammatory phenotype for energy production. The data reported in this paper suggest that CX3CL1 protects against cerebral ischemia modulating the activation state of microglia and its metabolism in order to restrain inflammation and organize a neuroprotective response against the ischemic insult.
Epidemiological Studies of Small Intestinal Tumours

We studied risk of second malignancies and causes of death in 1829 cases of adenocarcinoma and 3055 cases of carcinoid tumours in the small bowel reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1960 through to 2000. Data on causes of death were analysed as from 1966 whereas data on second tumours was available during the whole registry-period. Follow-up was available until 2001. Standard mortality ratio (SMR) and standard incidence ratio (SIR) were calculated. Female patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of acquiring cancer in the female genital organs (SIR 3.2; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.9–5.0) and breasts (SIR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1–5.4). Both sexes combined had increased risk of second tumours in the gastrointestinal tract (SIR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1–2.1) and skin (SIR 4.6; 95% CI 1.2–12). Men with carcinoid tumour had increased risk of prostate cancer (SIR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6–4.6). Increased risk was seen for both sexes with carcinoid for malignant melanoma (SIR 6.3; 95% CI 2.7–12), malignant skin tumours (SIR 3.6; 95% CI 1.7–6.7) and malignancies of endocrine organs (SIR 2.3 95% CI 1.3–3.8). Patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of dying from malignant diseases other than the primary cancer (SMR 9.5; 95% CI 8.6–10) and gastrointestinal disease (SMR 2.6 95% CI 1.6–4.2). The cohort with carcinoid had higher than expected risk of dying from malignant disease (SMR 4.3; 95% CI 4.0–4.6), gastrointestinal disease (SMR 2.8; 95% CI 2.1–3.6) and cardiovascular disease (SMR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.3). The increased risk of second malignant tumours is an indication of common aetiology, or possibly, a general vulnerability to malignant disease for these patients. A detailed analysis of causes of death in a population-based cohort of small intestinal malignancies has not been presented before in the literature.
Effect of twelve Tibetan herbal medicine on safety concentrations and growth of chicken embryo fibroblast.

The effects of 12 Tibetan herbal medicines,Tibetan acorus calamus,Integripetal rhodiola herb,cassia seed,gyrophora pileus,gyrophora stipe,gentian,cochinchinese asparagus root,lignum acronylchiae,libanotus,renqingmangjue,ershiwuwei zhenzhu wan and ershiwuwei songshi wan,on the safety concentrations and growth of chick embryo fibroblast(CEF) were assayed by MTT method.The results showed that their maximal safety concentrations were integripetal rhodiola herb at 31.25 mg/L;cochinchinese asparagus root,lignum acronylchiae,cassia seed and ershiwuwei songshi wan at 62.5 mg/L;libanotus at 125 mg/L;ershiwuwei zhenzhu wan at 250 mg/L;Tibetan acorus calamus and gyrophora stipe at 1 000 mg/L;gentian and renqingmangjue at 2 500 mg/L,gyrophora pileus at 5 000 mg/L respectively.Tibetan acorus calamus at 1.954-500 mg/L,cochinchinese asparagus root at 1.954-15.625 mg/L,cassia seed at 1.954-3.907 mg/L,gyrophora stipe at 1.954-7.813 mg/L,renqingmangjue at 19.54-1250 mg/L and gentian at 312.5-625 mg/L promoted the cell growth significantly.
Salmonella osteomyelitis

© 2016 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | Published by Wolters Kluwer Medknow Dear Sir, The salmonellosis of bone or “Salmonella Osteomyelitis” is very interesting. McAnearney and McCall noted that “it is therefore important to consider uncommon pathogens in the differential diagnosis of travelers with prolonged fever and insidious symptoms. ”[1] Indeed, salmonellosis is an important problem in several tropical countries and it is usually a difficult‐ to‐diagnose problem in the returning travelers. Sometimes, a mixed infection can be seen as well. [2] Since there is a trend of chronic infection and there can be serious complications such as that seen in the present report, an early diagnosis is required. Focusing on Salmonella Osteomyelitis, there might be a history of acute enteritis and the case can be the result of chronic carriership. [3] The prompt diagnosis of Salmonella infection in any returning traveler seems to be very important. A routine stool examination and serological tests for tropical gastrointestinal infections (including to salmonellosis) should be done in all cases. Some experts might prefer no antibiotic use for management of diarrhea in returning travelers as it can be the cause of chronic carriership,[3] whereas the others suggest for early use of antibiotics for the control of the disease. [4]
Acute presentation of metastatic testicular seminoma as chronic subdural hematoma with extra-axial brain lesion with severe mass effect: A case report and brief review of literature

We present an unusual case of a 33-year-old male, who has been diagnosed with seminoma testes with retroperitoneal lymph nodes involvement 1 year back, the patient had undergone four cycles of the chemotherapy and had undergone left orchidectomy for the same. Past 1 year was uneventful and the patient was living a normal healthy life, with no evidence of any diseases and no symptoms. For the last 1 month, the patient complained of headache with no other symptoms, and on 1 day, the patient had sudden loss of consciousness. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) head was done, which revealed a large chronic subdural collection with an extra-axial mass attached with the dura on the right parasagittal region. The patient at the time of presentation had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 5/15 with irregular respiration, and the right pupil was fixed nonreacting to the light. Urgent surgery was done, and the patient recovered fully with no deficit and was discharged. The patient will be considered for chemotherapy.
Laparoscopic management of gastric neuroendocrine tumor with massive hematemesis

IntroductIon Gastric neuroendocrine tumor (GNET) are rare lesions representing <10% of neuroendocrine tumors and <1% of all stomach neoplasms. [1] Majority of GNETs present with nonspecific symptoms and are mostly amenable to endoscopic resection. Gastrointestinal bleeding is an uncommon manifestation in GNETs and only few cases have been reported. [2-5] Large GNET, GNET involving beyond submucosa, GNET with lymph node involvement and GNET associated with complications require surgical resection. Very little literature is available for laparoscopic management of GNET. Here, we report a 55-year-old male presenting with massive hematemesis who was diagnosed with large GNET and underwent laparoscopic resection.
Single-Phase Frequency-Locked Loops: A Comprehensive Review

Synchronization techniques can be classified into open-loop and closed-loop methods. In power and energy applications, which are the focus here, the latter type is more popular. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) and frequency-locked loops (FLLs) are two broad categories of closed-loop synchronization techniques. The aim of this paper is providing a review of recent advances in designing single-phase FLLs, which can be very useful for both researchers and engineers. The historical development of a standard single-phase FLL, its modeling and tuning aspects, its relationship with adaptive notch filters, its advanced versions for the synchronization purposes under adverse grid conditions, its modification for different industrial applications, its connection with single-phase PLLs, and its discretization aspects are the main parts of this review.