Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mosquitos (Díptera: Culicidae) vectores potenciales de arbovirus en la región de Urabá, noroccidente de Colombia[

Introduction. Studies directed to investigate ecological parameters of sylvatic mosquitoes populations permit the establishment of risk levels in the transmission of arboviruses and provide the basis for recommendations to health authorities about prevention, surveillance and control. Objective. To establish the diversity and abundance of mosquitoes vectors of arbovirus in rural areas of Apartado and Turbo, Antioquia. Materials and methods. Quarterly sampling was done. For mosquito collections in forest fragments, CDC traps, Shannon traps and human landing methods were used. Diversity and abundance indices were calculated. Results. Five hundred eighty-three mosquitoes were collected and identified in 10 genera and 27 species. The most abundant species were as follows: Coquilletidia venezuelensis (14.6%), Aedes scapularis (14.1%), Psorophora ferox (10.8%) and Culex quinquefasciatus (10.3%). Species richness and ecological indexes were highest in Turbo municipality; where the forest fragment was considered highest in species richness and uniformity. The identification in the samples of Culex pedroi , Ae. scapularis , Aedes angustivittatus , Cq. venezuelensis , Culex nigripalpus , Cx. quinquefasciatus , Culex declarator , Mansonia titillans , Mansonia pseudotitillans , Ps. ferox and Trichoprosopon . Digitatum--all previously reported as arbovirus vectors--warns about the possibility of arbovirus transmission in the zone. Conclusions. Mosquito diversity and abundance in the study area was very high. The ecological analysis, plus previous reports about vector competence of several of the recorded species, permits the conclusion that arbovirus outbreaks can occur in the Uraba region.
Origins and early evolution of arthropods

Phylogenomics reconstructs an arthropod tree in which a monophyletic Arthropoda splits into Pycnogonida + Euchelicerata and Myriapoda + Pancrustacea. The same chelicerate–mandibulate groups are retrieved with morphological data sets, including those encompassing most taxa known from Palaeozoic Konservat‐Lagerstätten. With respect to the interrelationships of the three extant clades of Panarthropoda, a sister group relationship between Onychophora and Arthropoda is endorsed by transcriptomics and microRNAs, although this hypothesis forces homoplasy in characters of the segmental ganglia that are shared by tardigrades and arthropods. Cambrian lobopodians, dinocaridids, bivalved arthropods and fuxianhuiids document the successive appearance of characteristic arthropod features in the stem lineage of Euarthropoda (crown‐group arthropods). Molecular dating suggests that arthropods had their origin and initial diversification in the Ediacaran, but no convincing palaeontological evidence for Panarthropoda is available until the earliest Cambrian.
327 IDENTIFICATION OF OSTEOPONTIN IN WATER BUFFALO SEMEN

The competitiveness of buffalo breeding will depend on the utilization of reproductive biotechnologies that allows acceleration of genetic progress. A major factor hampering the efficiency of both artificial insemination and in vitro embryo production programs in this species is male hypofertility. Reports for several species suggest that seminal plasma contains factors that influence male fertility. Osteopontin is a glycoprotein found in several biological fluids including seminal plasma, and its presence is associated with spermatozoa concentration. In cattle, expression of osteopontin was highly correlated with bull fertility, and it was proposed to be a marker to predict male fertility (Cancel et al. 1999 Biol. Reprod. 60, 454–460). No data are available about the presence or activity of osteopontin in water buffalo. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine if osteopontin is present in buffalo semen and to evaluate whether freezing procedures cause the loss of osteopontin from spermatozoa. Semen was collected in authorized semen collection centers from 6 buffalo bulls by using an artificial vagina. A collection of bovine semen was used as a positive control. An aliquot from each sample was frozen using standard procedures for semen storage. Each ejaculate was centrifuged at 600g for 10 min at room temperature, and the supernatant was recovered and centrifuged at 10 000g for 1 h at 4°C. The total protein concentration in seminal plasma and spermatozoa was determined by the Bradford method, using ovoalbumin as the standard. Proteins (50 µg) were separated by electrophoresis and analyzed by western blotting (Cancel et al. 1999). Polyclonal antibodies against bovine milk osteopontin were prepared as previously described (Cancel et al. 1997 Biol. Reprod. 57, 1293–1301). The intensities of bands indicated by western blot were quantified by densitometer. Osteopontin was detected in all samples of buffalo semen. Most of the osteopontin detected was in the seminal plasma. Relative amounts of osteopontin detected in spermatozoa were 50% or less of that detected in seminal plasma; furthermore, the protein was not found in sperm from all bulls. These results suggest that most osteopontin is produced by the ampullae and seminal vesicles, similar to what was reported for cattle (Cancel et al. 1999). Semen frozen by standard procedures showed a reduction in amount of osteopontin by up to 50%. These studies suggest that the fertility-associated protein osteopontin may be useful as a sensitive tool to evaluate whether sperm storage procedures are detrimental and result in excess loss of osteopontin from sperm. In conclusion, the results have demonstrated that osteopontin is present in buffalo seminal plasma and sperm. Further studies will examine whether the expression of osteopontin is correlated with the fertility of buffalo bulls, as has been demonstrated in bovine bulls.
Asymmetric responses of adaxial and abaxial stomata to elevated CO2: impacts on the control of gas exchange by leaves.

The response of adaxial and abaxial stomatal conductance in Rumex obtusifolius to growth at elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (250 μmol mol−1 above ambient) was investigated over two growing seasons. The conductance of both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces was found to be reduced by elevated concentrations of CO2. Elevated CO2 caused a much greater reduction in conductance for the adaxial surface than for the abaxial surface. The absence of effects upon stomatal density indicated that the reductions were probably the result of changes in stomatal aperture. Partitioning of gas exchange between the leaf surfaces revealed that increased concentrations of CO2 caused increased rates of photosynthesis only via the abaxial surface. Additionally, leaf thickness was found to increase during growth at elevated concentrations of CO2. The tendency for these amphistomatous leaves to develop a distribution of conductance approaching that of hypostomatous leaves clearly reduced their maximum photosynthetic potential. This conclusion was supported by measurements of stomatal limitation, which showed greater values for the adaxial surfaces, and greater values at elevated CO2. This reduction in photosynthesis may in part be caused by higher diffusive limitations imposed because of increased leaf thickness. In an uncoupled canopy, asymmetrical stomatal responses of the kind identified here may appreciably reduce transpiration. Species which show symmetrical responses are less likely to show reduced transpirational rates, and a redistribution of water loss between species may occur. The implications of asymmetrical stomatal responses for photosynthesis and canopy transpiration are discussed.
Genetic diversity and population structure in Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae) from South China as revealed by ISSR markers

Abstract We used inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to investigate genetic variation in eight natural populations of Elephantopus scaber from South China, including Guangdong, Hainan and Hong Kong. Eleven primers produced 247 bands across all 184 individuals, of which 243 (98.4%) were polymorphic. The average genetic diversity at the species and population levels was estimated to be 0.283 and 0.103, respectively, using mean expected heterozygosity. The average gene differentiation (F ST) among populations was 0.725. AMOVA analysis showed that the partition of molecular variation between and within populations was 72.5% and 27.5%, respectively. The effective number of migrants among populations based on the F ST was relatively low (N m = 0.095). Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance and the neighbour-joining method revealed the genetic relationships among the populations of E. scaber. The Mantel test indicated that there was no significant correlation between population genetic and geographic distances. The results obtained from the AMOVA analysis, the cluster analysis, and the Mantel test all suggested that fragmented local environments and human disturbance might play important roles in shaping the population structure of E. scaber.
Fixation of mucus on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) gills for light and electron microscopy

Fixation of mucus for the assessment of biofilms and surface associated pathogens often involves complex and expensive techniques. Rainbow trout killed by an overdose of MS 222 had their gills removed and immersion-fixed gently in buffered glutaraldehyde containing 2% Alcian blue. Control tissues consisted of gills fixed in Alcian blue-free fixative. Trout were also killed and directly immersed in liquid nitrogen and the gills freeze-dried then vapour fixed with osmium tetroxide at −50° C. Following fixation gill tissue was processed for light and electron microscopy. A continuous and intact mucous coat was not detected on tissue fixed by conventional methods but the addition of Alcian blue to the fixative preserved an extensive mucous coat trapped between the lamellae and overlying the epithelia. Electron microscopic examination revealed that mucus preservation with the conventional fixative was poor and intermittent whereas the addition of Alcian blue to the fixative greatly enhanced the preservation of the branchial mucous coat. Mucus appeared as interdispersed flocculant material between the epithelial microridges and formed extensive superficial sheets over the epithelium. Freeze-dried/vapour-fixed gill tissue also provides excellent preservation of the integrity of branchial mucous coats, the mucus appearing as a continuous sheet over the filament and secondary lamellae. However, freeze-dried tissue fails to preserve sufficient cellular integrity for this technique to be useful for light or transmission electron microscopy. The potential for use of glutaraldehyde-Alcian blue fixed-gill tissue diagnostically and in research are discussed.
PEPC‐mediated carbon fixation in transmitting tract cells reflects style–pollen tube interactions

Styles nurture and guide pollen tubes to the ovules. The styles of Nicotiana tabacum, a C3 plant, contain a concentric strand of transmitting tract cells replete with well-developed chloroplasts. It is shown that the chloroplasts have normal ultrastructure and electron transport ability. However, they were found to be devoid of Rubisco, the key enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in C3 plants. Nevertheless, non-invasive fluorescence techniques showed a light-driven photosynthetic flux. Carbon fixation via phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) into malate was demonstrated, the latter accumulating during stylar development. Characterization of stylar PEPC in vitro and in vivo revealed apparent K,,, values consistent with bicarbonate as a rate limiting factor for photosynthetic flux. Presumably, in the closed confines of the intact style, respired COP is the source of carbonate. Enhanced photosynthetic flux was detected following pollination, suggesting utilization of the additional respired bicarbonate and underlining metabolic interactions between the style and the elongating pollen tube.
Funções de covariância para produção de leite no dia do controle em bovinos Gir leiteiro

The objective of this work was to estimate covariance functions for test-day milk yield (TDMY). Twenty-seven thousand TDMY records of 3,362 first lactations of Gir cows calving between 1990 and 2007 were analyzed. The TDMY data were grouped in 20 biweekly classes, analyzed by random regression models, whose random, additive-genetic and permanent environment effects were fitted by Wilmink's (W) or Ali & Schaeffer's (AS) functions. The residual variance (VR) modelling was fitted by 1, 4, 6, or 10 classes. The heritability estimates for TDMY varied from 0.12 to 0.32 for the AS function, and from 0.09 to 0.33 for W function, and were larger in the begining of the lactation period. The genetic correlations decreased from near unity, among adjacent TDMY values, to negative values between the first and the two last quarters of lactation. The model using the AS function with four VR classes, is a parsimonious option for the TDMY fitting of Gir cows in Brazil.
MULTIPLE PATERNITY AND SELF‐FERTILIZATION IN RELATION TO FLORAL AGE IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

To gain some understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the intermediate levels of both multiple paternity and selfing observed previously in the common monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus, we performed a field experiment to assess the role of 1) multiple paternity through sequential pollinator visits and 2) selfing through corolla abscission. In M. guttatus, flowers remain open for several days; then, in the process of corolla abscission anthers drag past the stigma. We predicted that multiple visitation by pollinators over this period should increase the degree of multiple paternity of sibling arrays, and that corolla dragging may be the primary cause of the observed selfing. In three northern California populations corollas were removed after being open for 1 day (preventing further mating), and the type of matings resulting was compared to matings from adjacent flowers with undisturbed corollas. On average, seed set was twice as great in flowers with unmanipulated corollas, indicating that about half of all matings in the lifespan of a M. guttatus flower occur after 1 day. Pollen supplementation revealed that pollen was limiting in one population. Electrophoretic assay ofprogeny showed multiple paternity was greater in unmanipulated flowers in the two populations that were not pollen limited, suggesting that sequential pollination may be an important source of multiple paternity. However, no difference was detected in the selfing rate between the two treatments, suggesting that corolla dragging was not a source of selfing even under pollen-limited conditions.
A review of cardiac performance in the teleost heart: intrinsic and humoral regulation

Specific sections describe the intrinsic properties of the heart, myocardial oxygen uptake, and the effects on cardiac performance of circulating catecholamines, acidosis, hypoxia, and temperature. Stroke volume (SVH) is primarily regulated by preload of the heart and heart rate (fH) (Frank–Starling effect). Routine variations in cardiac performance are probably accommodated by the intrinsic ability to increase cardiac output in response to preload and to maintain constant over a range of "afterloads" (homeometric regulation). The sinoatrial pacemaker governs fH and its frequency is altered primarily by temperature and vagal inhibition, secondarily by circulating catecholamines or adrenergic innervation, and probably not at all by preload or afterload in teleosts. Venous blood provides an ample myocardial O2 supply in benthic fishes. In more active fish, a coronary circulation and myocardial myoglobin are also important in O2 delivery. It is suggested that circulating catecholamines protect and maintain c.
The Role of Psychological and Contextual Factors to Entrepreneurial Intentions

The study aimed to investigate the psychological and contextual factors towards entrepreneurial intention of Chinese universities undergraduate and master students. The empirical quantitative research proposed a conceptual model on the basis of previous literature. The data were collected through survey base method of four universities form China and we received 244 complete questionnaires. The result proved that psychological factors, innovativeness and risk taking positively related with entrepreneurial intentions. One psychological variable locus of control showed insignificant association with entrepreneurial intentions of the students. Furthermore, contextual factor, educational support and structural support positively correlated with entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of this research show that students posses higher in relation of entrepreneurial intentions. This study will give imminent to future strategy makers and planners to consider about this young generation to use their capability and potential. They can plan a policy which gives them a platform to maximize their creative and innovative ideas.
Host-range studies, genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of ACLSV isolates from ornamental, wild and cultivated Rosaceous species

A large-scale survey was carried out to study the host range and genetic diversity of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) in various Rosaceae species, with a special emphasis on ornamentals and wild shrubs. Samples were tested by DAS-ELISA using two different antisera, and RT-PCR amplification of part of the CP gene. There was generally a poor correlation between the results obtained with the two sets of serological reagents and between serological and molecular detection assays. Using a nested RT-PCR assay developed here, ACLSV was found to be widespread among cultivated, ornamental and wild species of the Rosaceae. The virus was detected for the first time in plum, wild cherry, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and Prunus cerasifera in Greece. Sequences of a part of the CP encoding gene and the 3′ untranslated region from ACLSV isolates originating from various wild species and ornamentals were compared to those of isolates from cultivated hosts, showing similar divergence levels. Further phylogenetic analysis using the sequenced region indicated that the isolates from wild or ornamental hosts were not more closely related to each other than to isolates from cultivated hosts. The possible role of different factors in the spread of ACLSV on cultivated, ornamental and wild species is discussed.
Nitric oxide generation during the interaction with Phytophthora capsici of two Capsicum annuum varieties showing different degrees of sensitivity

The response to the pathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora capsici, in plants of two varieties of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Serrano Criollo de Morelos (SCM) and Americano (AM), was studied. Both varieties developed a hypersensitive reaction and generated nitric oxide (NO) as a defence, but only SCM was able to overcome the infection by inhibiting the pathogen's growth, while AM succumbed to the disease. Bio-imaging of NO in vivo was carried out using diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA) in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy. NO-induced fluorescence was always higher in SCM than in AM tissues, and was also detected at trace level in decapitated non-infected control plants as a result of wounding. In var. SCM, the highest intensity was detected 3 days after infection in the first four sections following the necrosis zone, which corresponded to the mould invasion zone. In AM, extensive necrosis was followed by general invasion of the hyphae, accompanied by minimal NO production. These findings suggest that NO is involved in the resistance reaction against this water mould and that it is induced by the isoenzyme, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whose activity is qualitatively greater in the tissues of SCM. This is the first time that the involvement of NO and NOS has been reported in the defensive signalling reaction between pepper plants and P. capsici.
Lipids, Fatty Acids and Sterols of Cystoseira abies - marina

Lipid content, fatty acids and sterol composition of Cystoseira abies-marina and total fatty acids of C. humilis from Gran Canada were studied. A high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids 16 : 3 and 16 : 4 was found. Their content in monogalactosyldiacylglycerols is over 90%. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids contain mainly arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Reasons for the differences in the composition of fatty acids and sterols of various species of Cystoseira are discussed. Some technological approaches are recommended.
Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56bright subset

During the innate immune response to infection, monocyte-derived cytokines (monokines), stimulate natural killer (NK) cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines that are important to the host's early defense. Human NK cell subsets can be distinguished by CD56 surface density expression (ie, CD56bright and CD56dim). In this report, it is shown that CD56bright NK cells produce significantly greater levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-β, granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, IL-10, and IL-13 protein in response to monokine stimulation than do CD56dim NK cells, which produce negligible amounts of these cytokines. Further, qualitative differences in CD56bright NK-derived cytokines are shown to be dependent on the specific monokines present. For example, the monokine IL-15 appears to be required for type 2 cytokine production by CD56bright NK cells. It is proposed that human CD56bright NK cells have a unique functional role in the innate immune response as the primary source of NK cell–derived immunoregulatory cytokines, regulated in part by differential monokine production.
Lipids and phenols in table olives

The olive fruit is essentially constituted by the epicarp, or skin, mesocarp, or pulp, and the endocarp, or stone, and the latter includes the seed. Table olives (also called eating olives) are prepared from healthy, specifically cultivated, olive varieties picked at the right maturation stage and whose quality, after appropriate processing, corresponds to that of an edible well preserved product. The most important industrial preparations of table olives are the Spanish (or Sevillian) for green olives, the Californian for oxidised black olives, and the Greek for naturally black olives. In the Spanish and Californian procedures, olives are treated with a diluted aqueous NaOH solution, that brings about several changes in the susceptible classes of compounds in the fruit. Note, however, that the composition of the triglycerides remain unaffected by these procedures. After the treatment the olives are rinsed to remove the alkali, and the fruit is then left to ferment in brine for several months. The production of naturally black olives in brine, according to the Greek traditional method, is a simple, natural process which does not use chemicals. The main phenols in the olive are oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol (β(3-4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol), tyrosol (β(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) and verbascoside; the major polycyclic triterpenes are the oleanolic and maslinic acids. The NaOH treatment hydrolysed oleuropein into β(3-4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol, oleoside 11-methylester and oleoside. These last glucosides and the oleuropein itself, in acidic medium, yielded glucose and a number of compounds called, collectively, oleuropein aglycones. During the fermentation process phenols diffuse from the pulp into the brine. Also, even during the alkaline treatment, there is the rapid diffusion of the pentacyclic oleanolic and maslinic acids salts into the brine.