Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications of altitudinal migration for conservation strategies to protect tropical biodiversity: a case study of the Resplendent Quetzal Pharomacrus mocinno at Monteverde, Costa Rica

Summary We documented habitat use by the Resplendent Quetzal Pharomacrus mocinno, a large frugivorous bird that breeds in cloud-forests in the highlands of Central America, to assess the adequacy of protection afforded to regional biodiversity by the Monteverde reserve complex, a protected natural area that includes most of the highland forests of the Tilarán mountain range in western Costa Rica. Our results demonstrated that this relatively large (20,000 ha) protected natural area does not adequately protect the area's biodiversity. Through the use of radio-telemetry, we identified the areas on the Pacific slopes that are most critical to altirudinally migrating Quetzals. These forest patches are subject to deforestation and degradation and are rapidly becoming further isolated from other remaining forest. The possibility of the local extirpation of the Quetzal, through continued habitat loss on the Pacific slopes, presents an unusual dilemma for the region because the species is the major attraction for the Ideal tourist industry which now includes over 80 businesses and annually generates over US$5 million in local revenue. Therefore, its extirpation would seriously affect regional economic stability. In order to protect the Monteverde Quetzal population, we propose a regional conservation plan that depends on participation of local landowners to protect their remaining forest fragments and allows for the development of corridors to connect critical habitats as the focus of a regional conservation effort. While the ecological significance of the structure of corridors per se, versus other possible formats, is still being debated, we have selected the corridor format primarily because it is relatively easy for landowners to grasp the concept and the necessity for continuity of the corridor network. This recognition provides an important incentive for participation across property boundaries, promoting cooperation in a group effort rather than as isolated actions. Success of this cooperative plan will provide an example for grass-roots participation in buffer-zone management strategies elsewhere in the Neotropics.
Evaluation of tooth discoloration after treatment with mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium-enriched mixture, and Biodentine® in the presence and absence of blood

Background: Calcium silicate cements in treatments such as revascularization and apexogenesis are adjacent to blood and pulp tissues. This study evaluated tooth discoloration after treatment with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, and Biodentine® in the presence and absence of blood using spectrophotometric analysis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, A total of 68 extracted permanent anterior teeth were prepared and randomly divided into two groups as follows: the sponge embedded in access cavities was saturated with fresh blood or normal saline using insulin syringe, and then each group was subdivided into the following three cement subgroups: MTA-Angelus®, CEM cement, and Biodentine; these materials with a thickness of 3 mm were placed in the access cavity on the sponge. In the control group, the sponges were saturated in saline and blood in the absence of cements. Discoloration rate was measured by spectrophotometer within the following four intervals: after preparing the cavity and 1 day, 1 month, and 6 months after material placement. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to assess the effect of blood and materials and time on discoloration. (P < 0.05). Results: In general, discoloration rate is significantly higher in blood group than saline group (P < 0.05) and an increase in Δ E is observed over time for the materials in all groups. In this study, discoloration rate in the presence and absence of blood in Biodentine group was lower, and this difference was statistically significant compared to that of MTA group (P < 0.05) but not significant compared to that of the CEM group. Conclusion: This study indicated that Biodentine induces the lowest tooth discoloration in the presence and absence of blood, and its discoloration rate is significantly lower than that of MTA. Therefore, it can be suggested that Biodentine can be used more confidently for endodontic treatments with coronal blood contamination such as regeneration and cervical perforation repair in esthetic zone of teeth.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Probiotic, Green Tea, and Chlorhexidine- and Fluoride-containing Dentifrices on Oral Microbial Flora: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Oral cavity harbors wide variety of microorganisms; these are considered crucial for the dental caries initiation and progression. Plaque-induced caries is a local disease; therefore, dentifrices are the most ideal vehicle for the daily delivery of antibacterial agents. In recent years, alternatives to fluorides such as green tea, probiotic, and chlorhexidine (CHX) toothpastes have been proposed to possess antiplaque and anticariogenic properties. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of probiotic, green tea, and CHX- and fluoride-containing dentifrices on oral microbial flora. Materials and Methods: A double-blinded, parallel group, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among healthy adults. Fifty-two individuals were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 13): Group I – green tea dentifrice, Group II – fluoridated dentifrice, Group III – CHX dentifrice, and Group IV – probiotic dentifrice. Plaque and saliva samples were evaluated for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus at baseline and 15th and 30th days of follow-up. Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the mean differences of plaque and salivary S. mutans counts at two and three time periods. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare the mean Lactobacillus count in plaque and saliva samples at two and three time periods, respectively. Results: The mean S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts in plaque and saliva samples were significantly reduced by all the treatment groups at the 30th day of follow-up. However, Group III showed the highest reduction and was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: All the four groups exhibited antimicrobial activity by bringing about a significant reduction in the mean S. mutans and Lactobacillus colony counts at the 30th day of follow-up. Among all the preventive modalities, Group III (CHX dentifrice) showed better results compared to other groups.
The co-evolution of herbivore impact: field estimates of impact in older and newer gallmaker– Solidago interactions

Background: Novel associations of specialist insect herbivores with host plants are frequently assembled. If herbivore and host co-evolve following their first interactions, we would expect increases over evolutionary time in plant tolerance to attack, and usually decreases over time in insect virulence (because most insect herbivores depend for resources on continued survival of their hosts). The result should be a pattern of decreased herbivore impact through time. This is the ‘evolution-of-impact hypothesis’. Organism: Two specialist gallmakers of the goldenrods Solidago altissima L. and S. gigantea Ait. : Rhopalomyia solidaginis/capitata (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Site of experiments: Tallgrass prairie at two sites in Iowa, USA. Predictions: For both gallmakers, S. gigantea is the novel host and S. altissima the older one. We therefore predict a higher impact of both gallmakers on S. gigantea than S. altissima. However, we predict a similar impact on each species of mechanical damage, with which both hosts have long evolutionary experience. Methods: We measured the aboveground biomass of galled and ungalled ramets from the field to assess herbivore impact by each gallmaker on each species. We used stem width–biomass relationships for ungalled ramets, applied to stem widths of galled ramets, to estimate the potential biomass of galled ramets in the absence of attack. We calculated impact as potential minus actual biomass. We also re-analysed similar data for a third gallmaker of the same hosts, Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Heard and Kitts (2012). We assessed impacts of mechanical damage with field and greenhouse experiments of clipping and defoliation damage imposed on ramets of each species. Results: All three gallmakers had a higher impact on the novel host (S. gigantea) and, combined across all datasets, the pattern of higher impact on the novel host was highly significant. Impacts of mechanical damage did not differ between host species. Conclusions: Patterns in impacts of goldenrod gallmakers on their hosts are consistent with the evolution-of-impact hypothesis.
Tooth replacement in early sarcopterygians

Teeth were an important innovation in vertebrate evolution but basic aspects of early dental evolution remain poorly understood. Teeth differ from other odontode organs, like scales, in their organized, sequential pattern of replacement. However, tooth replacement patterns also vary between the major groups of jawed vertebrates. Although tooth replacement in stem-osteichthyans and extant species has been intensively studied it has been difficult to resolve scenarios for the evolution of osteichthyan tooth replacement because of a dearth of evidence from living and fossil sarcopterygian fishes. Here we provide new anatomical data informing patterns of tooth replacement in the Devonian sarcopterygian fishes Onychodus, Eusthenopteron and Tiktaalik and the living coelacanth Latimeria based on microfocus- and synchrotron radiation-based X-ray microtomography. Early sarcopterygians generated replacement teeth on the jaw surface in a pattern similar to stem-osteichthyans, with damaged teeth resorbed and replacement teeth developed on the surface of the bone. However, resorption grades and development of replacement teeth vary spatially and temporally within the jaw. Particularly in Onychodus, where teeth were also shed through anterior rotation and resorption of bone at the base of the parasymphyseal tooth whorl, with new teeth added posteriorly. As tooth whorls are also present in more stem-osteichthyans, and statodont tooth whorls are present among acanthodians (putative stem-chondrichthyans), rotational replacement of the anterior dentition may be a stem-osteichthyan character. Our results suggest a more complex evolutionary history of tooth replacement.
Effects of a male meiotic driver on male and female transcriptomes in the house mouse

Not all genetic loci follow Mendel's rules, and the evolutionary consequences of this are not yet fully known. Genomic conflict involving multiple loci is a likely outcome, as restoration of Mendelian inheritance patterns will be selected for, and sexual conflict may also arise when sexes are differentially affected. Here, we investigate effects of the t haplotype, an autosomal male meiotic driver in house mice, on genome-wide gene expression patterns in males and females. We analysed gonads, liver and brain in adult same-sex sibling pairs differing in genotype, allowing us to identify t-associated differences in gene regulation. In testes, only 40% of differentially expressed genes mapped to the approximately 708 annotated genes comprising the t haplotype. Thus, much of the activity of the t haplotype occurs in trans, and as upregulation. Sperm maturation functions were enriched among both cis and trans acting t haplotype genes. Within the t haplotype, we observed more downregulation and differential exon usage. In ovaries, liver and brain, the majority of expression differences mapped to the t haplotype, and were largely independent of the differences seen in the testis. Overall, we found widespread transcriptional effects of this male meiotic driver in the house mouse genome.
Optimization of phytase production by Aspergillus japonicus Saito URM 5633 using cassava bast as substrate in solid state fermentation

Production of phytase by Aspergillus japonicus URM 5633 was investigated by solid state fermentation (SSF) using cassava bast as substrate. The effects of temperature, pH and initial moisture on phytase production were studied using a full factorial design 23. The maximum phytase activity was 174 U/g dry substrate. The optimum conditions for phytase production were pH 6.5 and 40% initial moisture at 26°C with 96 h of fermentation. A factorial design 22 was created to optimise phytase production, where the initial moisture and temperature were the variables studied. The parameters for phytase production were fixed at 30% initial moisture, 30°C and pH 5.5, and the maximum activity obtained was 183.1 U/g dry substrate. The effects of glucose concentration, nitrogen source type and nitrogen source concentration in phytase production was studied using the 23 factorial design. Nitrogen source concentration was significant for phytase activity and had a negative effect, indicating that smaller values increased enzyme activity. The optimum activity for phytase occurred at pH 3.6 and at an apparent optimum temperature of 60°C. Phytase was stable in the pH range of 2.4-3.0 at 30-70°C. The enzymatic activity increased significantly in the presence of FeSO4. Key words: Filamentous fungus, residue, enzyme, production, characterization.
The Predictive Approaches to Treatment effect Heterogeneity (PATH) Statement

Heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) refers to the nonrandom variation in the magnitude or direction of a treatment effect across levels of a covariate, as measured on a selected scale, against a clinical outcome. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), HTE is typically examined through a subgroup analysis that contrasts effects in groups of patients defined "1 variable at a time" (for example, male vs. female or old vs. young). The authors of this statement present guidance on an alternative approach to HTE analysis, "predictive HTE analysis. " The goal of predictive HTE analysis is to provide patient-centered estimates of outcome risks with versus without the intervention, taking into account all relevant patient attributes simultaneously. The PATH (Predictive Approaches to Treatment effect Heterogeneity) Statement was developed using a multidisciplinary technical expert panel, targeted literature reviews, simulations to characterize potential problems with predictive approaches, and a deliberative process engaging the expert panel. The authors distinguish 2 categories of predictive HTE approaches: a "risk-modeling" approach, wherein a multivariable model predicts the risk for an outcome and is applied to disaggregate patients within RCTs to define risk-based variation in benefit, and an "effect-modeling" approach, wherein a model is developed on RCT data by incorporating a term for treatment assignment and interactions between treatment and baseline covariates. Both approaches can be used to predict differential absolute treatment effects, the most relevant scale for clinical decision making. The authors developed 4 sets of guidance: criteria to determine when risk-modeling approaches are likely to identify clinically important HTE, methodological aspects of risk-modeling methods, considerations for translation to clinical practice, and considerations and caveats in the use of effect-modeling approaches. The PATH Statement, together with its explanation and elaboration document, may guide future analyses and reporting of RCTs.
Ectoparasites of American Kestrels: should Fleas be Considered?

PAULA M. OROZCO-VALOR Instituto de las Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Mendoza 109, (6300) Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina and Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avenida Uruguay 151, (6300) Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
Physicochemical characterization and fatty acid content of ‘venadillo’ ( Swietenia humilis Zucc.) seed oil

Physicochemical properties of Swietenia humilis Zucc seed oils were determined along with its fatty acid composition, by using gas-liquid chromatography. The oil content found in the germ portion of the seeds was 45.38%. From physicochemical oil evaluations, an oil density of 0.9099 mg∙ml -1 at 28°C; a refraction index of 1.4740 at 20°C; a saponification index of 159.55 mg KOH∙g -1 ; a peroxide index of 0.739 meq O 2 ∙kg -1 , and 0.367% free fatty acid content were shown. From chromatographic oil evaluations, eight fatty acids were identified showing palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1 cis-9), linoleic (C18:2 cis-9,12), and linolenic (C18:3 cis-9,12,15) as the most predominant. The percentage of saturated, monounsatured and polyunsatured fatty acids were at 18.45, 29.27 and 47.50%, respectively. These results show that ‘venadillo’ oil has a high content of essential fatty acids, mainly linoleic and linolenic. Therefore, this oil shows promissory uses as nutritional component to reduce the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood, mostly from patients with higher cardiovascular disease risks. Key words: Oil, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oilseeds, Swietenia humilis.
THE TIME OF THE SELF

How should one go about understanding the relation between time and self? In the following I will compare and contrast two philosophical conceptions of self that both stress the close connection between selfhood and temporality. Despite this shared conviction they happen to emphasize quite diff erent aspects of self, however, partly because they operate with quite diff erent notions of time. In the fi rst case, the focus is on narrated time and on the link between selfhood and narration, in the second case, it is on the temporal structure of the stream of consciousness.
Added value of gooddesign

The objectives of this paper are to review current research about the social and economic benefits associated with a welldesigned built environment, to put the case for newmethods that enable these sorts of benefits to be adequately captured, to speculate about what these new methods might look like, and, finally, to put forward an agenda outlining where new research is needed. Many reviews, primarily from the UK and US literature, are examined to illustrate the nature and diversity of recent, largely descriptive, research into the impact of good design on social and economic outcomes. It is argued that the likelihood of the research being taken up is limited because of the difficulty in capturing the value intangible benefits. The results from three workshops identified the types of value delivered by the built environment, the stakeholders to whom value accrues, the possibilities for new valuation methods and their implementation, and what new research is needed. Five groups of stakeholders emerged between whom value is exchanged; and six main types of value that the built environment delivers were identified: social value, cultural value, image value, economic value, use value and environmental value. Value maps, matrices and probability curves are put forward as possible approaches for exploring and capturing these varied sorts of value, while developments in brand valuation and environmental economics are identified as having potential application in the built environment. Although knowledge of the tangible and intangible benefits that arise from good design is growing, better information together with improved valuation methods and a new attitude towards evidence-based design are all needed if the built environment is to reflect the emerging understanding.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY AND KARYOTYPES OF TWO CENTRAL EUROPEAN ZODARIID SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ZODARIIDAE)

Abstract A comparison of the biology and karyotypes of Zodarion germanicum and Zodarion rubidum (Araneae, Zodariidae) which occur in central Europe was carried out. Surprisingly, these species were found to differ in a number of characters such as pattern of activity, reproduction and karyotypes. Zodarion germanicum was observed to be diurnal, whereas Z. rubidum is nocturnal. Courtship and mating were markedly longer and more complex in Z. germanicum than in Z. rubidum. Females of Z. germanicum produced only one or two successive egg sacs including 17 eggs on average which they would guard, while females of Z. rubidum produced up to 5 egg sacs each having 4 eggs that they abandoned. The two species differ from each other also in number of chromosomes and the sex chromosome system. Results suggest these species belong to distant evolutionary lineages within the genus Zodarion.
Global spinal deformity from the upper cervical perspective. What is “Abnormal” in the upper cervical spine?

Hypothesis: Reciprocal changes in the upper cervical spine correlate with adult TL deformity modifiers. Design: This was a retrospective review. Introduction: The upper cervical spine has remarkable adaptability to wide ranges of thoracolumbar (TL) deformity. Methods: Patients >18 years with adult spinal deformity (ASD) and complete radiographic data at baseline (BL) and 1 year were identified. Patients were grouped into component types of the Roussouly classification system (Type 1: Pelvic incidence [PI] <45° and lumbar lordosis [LL] apex below L4; Type 2: PI <45° and LL apex above L4; Type 3:45°
The Effects of Self-Compassion Education on the Self-Efficacy of the Clinical Performance of Nursing Students

Background: The objective of the present research was to assess the influence of self-compassion training on the self-efficacy of clinical performance in nursing students, owing to the significance of proposing novel approaches to ameliorating efficiency in nursing students, underscoring the growth of positive psychologic aspects, such as self-compassion. Materials and Methods: The present study is a field research conducted in 2016 where 52 internship nurses were chosen via simple random sampling and were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control); these two groups were compared in two phases: Prior to and following the intervention. Self-efficacy of clinical performance, as a standard questionnaire, was collected from the samples. Data were analyzed through the use of paired t-test, independent t-test, Chi-square, Mann--Whitney tests. Results: Independent t-test indicated that, compared with the control group, the efficaciousness of students' self-efficacy of clinical performance in the intervention group noticeably increased (t54= 6, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In nursing students, self-compassion training enhances their effective clinical performance.