Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of School Reform under NCLB Waivers: Evidence from Focus Schools in Kentucky

Under waivers to the No Child Left Behind Act, the federal government required states to identify schools where targeted subgroups of students have the lowest achievement and to implement reforms in these “Focus Schools. ” In this study, we examine the Focus School reforms in the state of Kentucky. The reforms in this state are uniquely interesting for several reasons. One is that the state developed unusually explicit guidance for Focus Schools centered on a comprehensive school-planning process. Second, the state identified Focus Schools using a “super subgroup” measure that combined traditionally low-performing subgroups into an umbrella group. This design feature may have catalyzed broader whole-school reforms and attenuated the incentives to target reform efforts narrowly. Using regression discontinuity designs, we find that these reforms led to substantial improvements in school performance, raising math proficiency rates by 17 percent and reading proficiency rates by 9 percent.
Water-Soluble Calix[4]arene Derivatives: Binding Stoichiometry and Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Host-Guest Recognition Mechanism

If hydrophobic molecules are inserted into an aqueous medium, the water molecules order around the hydrophobic ones to build a quasi crystalline surface. In this way, the hydrogen bonding of the water molecules around a hydrophobic surface is maximized. If two hydrophobic molecules meet they will associate with their hydrophobic surfaces towards each other. The water molecules, previously attached to these surfaces, will be distributed back into the bulk solvent resulting in favourable entropy. The entropic gain is responsible for almost all associations in the medium water and hence extremely important for life (e.g. formation of membranes, micelles, and for protein folding where folding starts often with tryptophan residues forming a hydrophobic core). The hydrophobic effect is shown below (Figure 1).
Dividends, Trust, and Firm Value

We present new evidence on the importance of trust in financial decision-making and asset valuation. We predict that less trusting individuals will have a preference for dividend-paying stocks, and that the trust level of the investor base will interact with dividend payments to affect asset valuations. In a cross-section of households, those who are less trusting tilt their portfolios towards dividend-paying stocks. Furthermore, the trust level of the investor base partially explains the valuation of dividend-payers relative to non-dividend-payers. Finally, we use a sample of fraud events as shocks to trust, and show that the dividend premium is higher after these shocks occur.
Into Insights of Contextual Governance Framework for Religious Non-Profit Organizations

Governance in business firms is a topic that has long been studied in the literature. Traditionally, governance in business firms has focused on the roles of boards of directors in representing and protecting the interests of shareholders. Governance has also been studied in the context of non-profit organizations because good governance is essential to increase the likelihood that they will comply with the regulatory requirements that best serve their multiple stakeholders. This paper provides insights on the need of governance framework for religious non-profit organizations (RNPOs) based on five underlying principles. This paper is important to help regulators to understand RNPOs’ governance framework. The regulators may use the framework suggested for the development of the RNPOs’ code of governance in the future. Keywords—Framework, governance, religious, RNPOs.
Further Results on Weak-Exogeneity in Vector Error Correction Models

This paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for weak exogeneity in vector error correction models. An interesting property is that the statistics involved in the sequential procedure for testing this condition are distributed as ? ariables and can therefore easily be calculated with usual statistical computer packages, which makes our approach fully operational empirically. Finally, the power and size distortions of this sequential test procedure are analysed with Monte-Carlo simulations
CLASSIFICATION OF CONFORMALLY INDECOMPOSABLE INTEGRAL FLOWS ON SIGNED GRAPHS

A conformally indecomposable flow f on a signed graph Σ is a nonzero integral flow that cannot be decomposed into f = f1 + f2, where f1, f2 are nonzero integral flows having the same sign (both ≥ 0 or both ≤ 0) at every edge. This paper is to classify at integer scale conformally indecomposable flows into characteristic vectors of Eulerian cycle-trees — a class of signed graphs having a kind of tree structure in which all cycles can be viewed as vertices of a tree. Moreover, each conformally indecomposable flow other than signed-graphic circuit flows can be further decomposed conformally at half-integer scale into a sum of certain signed-graphic circuit flows. The variety of conformally indecomposable flows of signed graphs is much richer than that of ordinary unsigned graphs.
Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency in Africa: a framework to evaluate employment generation and cost effectiveness

The ongoing debate over the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) deployment often hinges on the current cost of incumbent fossil-fuel technologies versus the long-term benefit of clean energy alternatives. This debate is often focused on mature or ‘industrialized’ economies and externalities such as job creation. In many ways, however, the situation in developing economies is at least as or even more interesting due to the generally faster current rate of economic growth and of infrastructure deployment. On the one hand, RE and EE could help decarbonize economies in developing countries, but on the other hand, higher upfront costs of RE and EE could hamper short-term growth. The methodology developed in this paper confirms the existence of this trade-off for some scenarios, yet at the same time provides considerable evidence about the positive impact of EE and RE from a job creation and employment perspective. By extending and adopting a methodology for Africa designed to calculate employment from electricity generation in the U.S., this study finds that energy savings and the conversion of the electricity supply mix to renewable energy generates employment compared to a reference scenario. It also concludes that the costs per additional job created tend to decrease with increasing levels of both EE adoption and RE shares.
Dennell, Robin W. and Louys,

The finding of archaeological evidence predating 1 Ma and a small hominin species (Homo floresiensis) on Flores, Indonesia, has stimulated much research on its origins and ancestry. Here we take a different approach and examine two key questions – 1) how did the ancestors of H. floresiensis reach Flores and 2) what are the prospects and difficulties of estimating the likelihood of hominin persistence for over 1 million years on a small island? With regard to the first question, on the basis of the biogeography we conclude that the mammalian, avian, and reptilian fauna on Flores arrived from a number of sources including Java, Sulawesi and Sahul. Many of the terrestrial taxa were able to float or swim (e.g. stegodons, giant tortoises and the Komodo dragon), while the rodents and hominins probably accidentally rafted from Sulawesi, following the prevailing currents. The precise route by which hominins arrived on Flores cannot at present be determined, although a route from South Asia through Indochina, Sulawesi and hence Flores is tentatively supported on the basis of zoogeography. With regards to the second question, we find the archaeological record equivocal. A basic energetics model shows that a greater number of small-bodied hominins could persist on Flores than larger-bodied hominins (whether H. floresiensis is a dwarfed species or a descendent of an early small-bodied ancestor is immaterial here), which may in part explain their apparent long-term success. Yet the frequent tsunamis and volcanic eruptions in the region would certainly have affected all the taxa on the island, and at least one turnover event is recorded, when Stegodon sondaari became extinct. The question of the likelihood of persistence may be unanswerable until we know much more about the biology of H. floresiensis.
A Possible Involvement of ACR4, a Receptor Like Kinase, in Plant Defence Mechanism

Many developmentally important Receptor Like Kinases (RLKs), also known as receptor kinases have been shown to play independent roles in plant defence. In order to investigate the role of Arabidopsis CRINKLY4 ( ACR4 ) in plant defence mechanism, pathogen challenge experiments were carried out. It was found that ACR4 knockout leaves show reduced susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. It is therefore possible that the ACR4 receptor might interact with other proteins that regulate specific defence responses. Reduced susceptibility of ACR4 mutant to B. cinerea could also be due to the possible epidermal defect of acr4 leaves. A detailed study of the cuticular lipid composition of acr4 leaves may help ascertain whether epidermal defects in acr4 leaves are responsible for resistance against B. cinerea. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2. 12576 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15 (2): 127-130, 2012
Applicant Screening and Performance-Related Outcomes

A fundamental problem faced by employers is how to elicit effort from employees. Most economic models suggest that employers meet this challenge by monitoring employees carefully to prevent shirking. But there is another option that relies on heterogeneity across employees, and that is to screen job candidates to find workers with a stronger work ethic who require less monitoring. We might therefore expect employers who screen candidates more intensively to monitor them less. Using data from a national sample of US employers, we find that employers who screen applicants more intensively for factors that should predict work ethic also monitor employees less and also make greater use of systems such as teamwork where monitoring by supervisors is more difficult. This screening is also associated with higher wages, higher employee productivity, and lower involuntary turnover rates. Screening for other attributes, such as work experiences and academic performance, does not produce these results. JEL codes: M51, M54, J30.
ASYMPTOTICS FOR A 2 × 2 TABLE WITH FIXED MARGINS

Two coins A and B are tossed N1 and N2 times, respectively. Denote by M1 (M2) the total number of heads (tails) and X the number of heads from coin A. It is well known that conditional on the Mi and Ni, X has a noncentral hypergeometric distribution which depends only on the odds ratio θ between the success probabilities of the two coins. This model is commonly used in the analysis of a single 2 × 2 table, in which approximating X and estimating θ are of major concerns. Based on a connection between the probability generating function of X and the classical Jacobi polynomials, we show that X is equal in distribution to a sum of independent, though not identically distributed, Bernoulli random variables. It is then established that the central limit theorem (X − EX)/[Var (X)] →L N(0, 1) holds if and only if M1M2N1N2/N 3 → ∞, where N = N1+N2. In addition, this minimum condition is shown to be sufficient for (1) the maximum likelihood estimator of θ and the empirical odds ratio to be consistent and asymptotically normal, (2) some classical estimators for the asymptotic variance of the empirical odds ratio, such as those suggested in Cornfield (1956) and Woolf (1955), as well as a new variance estimator to be consistent. A Berry-Esseen-type bound is found, and a necessary and sufficient condition for X to be approximated by the Poisson distribution is established as well.
Can tumor location predict effectiveness of bevacizumab conduc-ted in the ﬁ rst-line setting for metastatic colorectal cancer

double-blind study of ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in the treatment of metastatic gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and gastric adenocarcinoma following disease progression on ﬁ rst-line platinum- and ﬂ uoropyrimidine-containing combination therapy rainbow IMCL
BIOLOGICS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2012

The term biologics have been used as a collective term for biological therapies. Therapeutic agents with biologic properties, including monoclonal antibodies and soluble cytokine receptors have been in use against rheumatic diseases for some time now. Treatment of rheumatic diseases has undergone a remarkable change over the last 10 years. This can be credited to an increased understanding of the immune system and the mechanisms and causes of rheumatic diseases which has enabled us to treat the underlying cause aggressively and early. The use of biologics has become essential along with DMARDs in treatment of autoimmune diseases.
GENERALIZED CONVOLUTION CONCEPT BASED ON DCT

A generalized approach to the so-called product filtering of digital signals valid for a wide class of linear invertible transformations is presented in this paper. Product type of digital filtering consists in multiplication of the transformed signal with some selectivity function in the transform domain and is in this paper interpreted as a generalized convolution process in the primary domain. Our considerations are based on the observation that the block-wise product filtering of digital signals can be performed by means of multiplication of a block of samples of the transformed signal with some function in a domain of any invertible transformation just in the same way as it is usually done in the frequency domain after the Fourier transformation. The only (sufficient) condition for a suitable forward transformation is the existence of the inverse transformation. The presented idea of the generalized product filtering and the generalized convolution has been confronted with a family of the DCT transformations and the Karhunen-Loeve transformation. For the DCT-III the convolution formula has been derived.
Title : A transcriptome atlas of Physcomitrella patens provides insights into the evolution and development of land plants Running Title : Physcomitrella Transcriptome Atlas

Identifying the genetic mechanisms that underpin the evolution of new organ and tissue systems is an aim of evolutionary developmental biology. Comparative functional genetic studies between angiosperms and bryophytes can define those genetic changes that were responsible for developmental innovations. Here, we report the generation of a transcriptome atlas covering most phases in the life cycle of the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens, including detailed sporophyte developmental progression. We identified a comprehensive set of sporophyte specific transcription factors, and found that many of these genes have homologs in angiosperms that function in developmental processes such as flowering and shoot branching. Deletion of the PpTCP5 transcription factor results in development of supernumerary sporangia attached to a single seta, suggesting that it negatively regulates branching in the moss sporophyte. Given that TCP genes repress branching in angiosperms, we suggest that this activity is ancient. Finally, comparison of P. patens and Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptomes led us to the identification of a conserved core of transcription factors expressed in tip growing cells. We identified modifications in the expression patterns of these genes that could account for developmental differences between P. patens tip growing cells and A. thaliana pollen tubes and root hairs.
Preoperative Conformal Radiotherapy Concurrently with Paclitaxel/Carboplatin in Gastric Cancer

Background and objectives: Surgery is the primary therapy for localized gastric cancer, but even with the best results only 40% 5-year survival can be achieved with the use of postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Preoperative therapy might help increase the R0 resection rate, which is an independent predictor of 5-year OS. Our study hypothesized that the concurrent combination of carboplatin-paclitaxel with radiation therapy would result in a pathological CR rate, which will be in turn associated with OAS and DFS benefits. Patients and methods: prospective phase II study included 32 patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma including gastroesophageal junction who received a combination of neoadjuvant conformal radiotherapy concurrently with carboplatin-paclitaxel followed by surgery. Results: Pathological CR and R0 resection rates were 18.8% and 75% respectively. With a median follow up of 24 months, 2 years disease-free survival was 28.1% and overall survival was 51.3%. The regimen was tolerated with neither grade 4 toxicities nor deaths. Conclusion: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy concomitant with carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy is a well-tolerated approach for patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma resulting in significant pathological CR and R0 resection margins as reflected by the good DFS and OS.
Fasciola hepatica: histological demonstration of apoptosis in the reproductive organs of flukes of triclabendazole-sensitive and triclabendazole-resistant isolates, and in field-derived flukes from triclabendazole-treated hosts, using in situ hybridization to visualise endonuclease-generated DNA str

Hanna, R. E. B. , Forster, F. I. , Brennan, G. P., & Fairweather, I. (2013). Fasciola hepatica: Histological demonstration of apoptosis in the reproductive organs of flukes of triclabendazole-sensitive and triclabendazoleresistant isolates, and in field-derived flukes from triclabendazole-treated hosts, using in situ hybridisation to visualise endonuclease-generated DNA strand breaks. Veterinary Parasitology, 191(3-4), 240-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar. 2012.09. 014
Examining the Relationship of Optimism and Emotion Regulation Strategies with General Health among Students of University of Sistan and Baluchestan

Background and Objective: Individuals apply various emotion regulation strategies, some of which are adaptive and others are maladaptive affecting people’s general health. Moreover, individual life-orientation including favorable expectancies about future (optimism) is associated with health-related behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of optimism and emotion regulation strategies with general health of university students. Materials and Methods: This was a correlational study. In this regard, 182 students of University of Sistan and Baluchestan (70 males and 112 females) were chosen. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all undergraduate students of the university of Sistan and Baluchestan in the second semester of the 2009-2010 academic year. Considering the nature of the current study, the correlational method was applied. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample of 200 subjects was selected from students majored at different fields including human sciences, basic sciences and technical-engineering through applying multi-stage random sampling method. Eighteen incomplete questionnaire forms were excluded. Finally, data obtained from 182 subjects (112 females, 70 males) were analyzed. The mean age was 21.1 year-old and standard deviation of the sample was 2.06. Samplings were assessed using the Revised Life-Orientation Test (LOT-R), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and General Health-28 Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: Findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between optimism and general health (r = 0.22, p < 0.01). Among all research variables, i.e. optimism and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), only optimism was able to predict 0.06 percent of variance of general health (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Optimists have higher general health and consistent with other findings, optimism is associated with higher levels of applying coping strategies and lower levels of avoidance.
A remarkable record of the genus Pseudolucia from Bolivia ( Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae )

The occurrence of a taxon morphologically close to Pseudolucia jujuyensis Bálint, Eisele & Johnson, 2000 is recorded in dry habitats of Torotoro Dinosaurs National Park, Potosí, Bolivia. This record remarkably extends the range of Pseudolucia by almost 800 km northwards in austral South America. Five specimens were available for examinations, hence wing-pattern, genitalia and mitochondrial DNA were analysed. However, the taxonomy of the specimens could not be satisfactorily resolved in relation to P. jujuyensis, for which only the holotype exists. The females use Cuscuta for ovipositing, what is supposedly the larval host – a remarkable character of the chilensis species group of Pseudolucia, which includes P. jujuyensis. On the basis of molecular markers it was revealed that the Torotoro population is the sister to the rest of the chilensis species group, which together are the clade sister to the rest of the genus.
Situated Entrepreneurial Cognition

This paper reviews and integrates research from both within and outside the entrepreneurship field under the label of ‘situated cognition’. Situated cognition is the notion that cognitive activity inherently involves perception and action in the context of a human body situated in a real‐world environment. The review concentrates on three areas of the situated cognition literature that have significant implications for research in entrepreneurial cognition: embedded, grounded and distributed cognition. While these three aspects of cognition differ in terms of foci and core theses, they share the common emphasis of viewing and investigating cognitive processes by going beyond the individual mind and paying attention to the human body, (material) objects and other people. Using the theoretical lens of situated cognition provides new insights into current entrepreneurship phenomena such as co‐creation and interaction in a shared economy based on new technologies.