Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symmetric and Antisymmetric Pulses in Parallel Coupled Nerve Fibres

Travelling wave solutions for equations that model two parallel coupled nerve fibres are found. The travelling wave here represents the action potential. It is shown that the introduction of weak coupling between the fibres induces either symmetry or antisymmetry of the action potentials. A symmetric pulse is a solution where both fibres fire simultaneously and the action potentials propagate locked in phase at the same wave speed along the length of each fibre; an antisymmetric pulse is a solution where one fibre fires, resulting in an action potential propagating along it, while the other remains at rest. Geometric singular perturbation theory and the exchange lemma are used to prove the existence of solutions. In addition, a technique which involves the use of differential forms for detecting transversalities of small order is introduced.
Value Congruence Among Transformative Leaders in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Values have been defined as a generalized enduring organization of beliefs about the personal and social desirability of modes of conduct or “end-states of existence” (Klende, 2005). The congruence of personal values and organizational values represent an important opportunity for positive business results and outcomes (Klende, 2005). Based on the results of this qualitative study among transformative African American women leaders in the pharmaceutical industry, it is possible that value congruence may be a factor in the success experienced by these study participants. Three value themes are reported to describe the leadership values of these study participants. They are: “people,” “think,” and “company. ” These value themes are supportive of tenets that comprise the transformative leadership model. Introduction Leaders have the ability to communicate vision as well as model openness, risk taking, and reflection. They recognize that colleagues will inevitably be challenged by risk aversion, excessive demands, and slower-than-desirable rates of change (Herbert, 2015). Leaders provide support and advocacy for others. They inspire followers to embrace a common vision while concomitantly appreciating diversity of opinions. Within an organization, leaders possess certain shared core values: social responsibility, equity, and commitment to change (Herbert, 2015). Values and Value Congruence Values serve as a foundational influence of behavior, action, and decision-making (MillerStevens, et al 2015). Organizational values are viewed as the standard by which decisions can be prioritized and opportunities evaluated. Values have been defined as a generalized, enduring organization of beliefs about the personal and social desirability of modes of conduct or “end-states” of “existence” (Klenke, 2005). This includes both recognition and an understanding of how values impact day-to-day decisions (Klende, 2005). Individual behavior related to decision-making can be influenced by a desire for value congruence. Individuals may seek decisions that illustrate and are reflective of their own values and beliefs. Similar approaches to achieve and support value congruence can be found between individuals and organizations (Hosack & Paradice, 2014).
Striatal dopamine receptors and transporters in monkeys with neonatal temporal limbic damage

Developmental cortical damage has been implicated in the basic neurobiology of schizophrenia. Adult rhesus monkeys with neonatal temporal limbic damage show a stimulus‐dependent disinhibition of subcortical dopamine (DA) release. We measured dopamine D2 receptors and transporters in vivo in rhesus monkeys with neonatal and adult mesial temporal limbic lesions and control monkeys to explore further the effects of this developmental lesion on striatal DA function. All monkeys were studied with [I‐123]IBZM SPECT to assess the availability of striatal dopamine D2 receptors and with [I‐123]β‐CIT SPECT to measure the availability of dopamine transporters in the striatum. IBZM binding was significantly reduced in monkeys with neonatal limbic lesions. No group difference in β‐CIT binding was found. The reduction in IBZM binding was significantly correlated with subcortical dopamine release after monoaminergic prefrontal stimulation as determinated with in vivo microdialysis. Our findings imply specific interactions between age at lesion and the availability of DA transporter and receptors in non‐human primates, and suggest that stimulus‐dependent DA activity affects the expression of DA receptors. Synapse 31:71–79, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Value of fluoroscopic assistance during transpyloric intubation

Blind insertion of a weighted nasoenteric tube (NET) has a low chance of immediate duodenal intubation and may cause serious complications. This study used fluoroscopic assistance to facilitate the passage of an NET to the duodenum. The success rate and complications were compared to those for NET insertion without fluoroscopy. Blind passage of a weighted feeding tube was associated with a 15% success rate in 13 patients; by contrast, fluoroscopic assistance allowed 95% of 20 patients to be intubated successfully in an average of 14 ±12 min. Although blind insertion caused intrabron-chial intubation in two patients, there were no complications associated with fluoroscopy.
Government-led Ecotourism and Resident-led Ecotourism Time Series Analysing Stakeholder Subjectivity in Maha Ecotourism Site in Pyeongchang, Korea

Government-led ecotourism has advantages including a clear vision and quick outcome; nevertheless, it has stimulated conflicts between government and residents, owing to environmental degradation, stringent regulations, and operating deficits. Consequently, resident-led ecotourism, based on residents’ opinions, has emerged as an alternative to construct ecotourism sites; however, this has stimulated chaos owing to the presence of numerous stakeholders. It is thus necessary to develop a collaborative management plan between two systems. This study analyses the subjectivities of the stakeholders of Maha Ecotourism Site, Pyeongchang, where the operating rights have been transferred to residents owing to the recent conflict between the government and residents. The findings reveal the issue of facility development in government-led ecotourism and the absence of an actual goal and consequently chaotic management in resident-led ecotourism. Furthermore, both the systems face the issue of consensus with regard to the management of regulation, space, safety, land price, and industrial structure.
Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers in Retrospective and Perspective

We introduce blockchains and distributed ledgers and describe their potential applications to money and banking. The analysis compares public and private ledgers and outlines the suitability of various types of ledgers for different purposes. Furthermore, a few historical prototypes of blockchains and distributed ledgers are presented, and results of their hard forking are illustrated. Next, some potential applications of distributed ledgers to trading, clearing and settlement, payments, trade finance, etc. are outlined. Monetary circuits are argued to be natural applications for blockchains. Finally, the role of digital currencies in modern society is articulated and various forms of digital cash, such as central bank issued electronic cash, bank money, bitcoin and P2P money, are compared and contrasted. Keywords: blockchains, distributed ledgers, digital currencies, modern monetary circuit; credit creation banking; interconnected banking network.
Confirmation of Bacillus anthracis from Flesh-eating Flies Collected during a West Texas Anthrax Season

This case study confirms the interaction between necrophilic flies and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, during an anthrax outbreak in West Texas (summer 2005). Bacillus anthracis was identified by culture and PCR from one of eight pooled fly collections from deer carcasses on a deer ranch with a well-documented history of anthrax. These results provide the first known isolation of B. anthracis from flesh-eating flies associated with a wildlife anthrax outbreak in North America and are discussed in the context of wildlife ecology and anthrax epizootics.
Currency risk in corporate bond spreads in the eurozone

Corporate bond yields generally follow yields on sovereign debt when debt is denominated in foreign currency (FC), but have historically behaved rather differently when debt is denominated in domestic currency (DC), with noticeable spikes in big recessions that are not matched by spikes in yields on sovereign debt. This difference reflects a currency risk on FC debt that is common to sovereign and corporate bonds but which is absent from DC debt. Euro-denominated corporate bonds issued in the Eurozone are DC debt, yet it is shown here that outside Germany their yields are strongly influenced by yields on sovereign debt, like FC debt, after controlling carefully for other factors. We argue that this can be attributed to currency risk associated with a possible split in the Eurozone.
Injury site‐specific targeting of complement inhibitors for treating stroke

Cumulative evidence indicates a role for the complement system in both pathology and recovery after ischemic stroke. Here, we review the current understanding of the dual role of complement in poststroke injury and recovery, and discuss the challenges of anti‐complement therapies. Most complement directed therapeutics currently under investigation or development systemically inhibit the complement system, but since complement is important for immune surveillance and is involved in various homeostatic activities, there are potential risks associated with systemic inhibition. Depending on the target within the complement pathway, other concerns are high concentrations of inhibitor required, low efficacy and poor bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, approaches to target complement inhibitors to specific sites have been investigated. Here, we discuss targeting strategies, with a focus on strategies developed in our lab, to specifically localize complement inhibition to sites of tissue injury and complement activation, and in particular to the postischemic brain. We discuss various injury site‐specific targeted complement inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke treatment, as well as their use as investigative tools for probing complement‐dependent pathophysiological processes.
Iodine values of adipose tissue varied among breeds of pigs and were correlated with pork quality

ABSTRACT Our objectives were to investigate fatty acid composition variation amongst adipose tissue sites, breed effects on fat quality, and the relationship of pork fat quality to fresh pork quality. Barrows and gilts (n = 347) of five purebred and one commercial crossbred line were fed commercial swine diets with DDGS inclusion at 30% (as fed) from 31.8 kg body weight until 30-d prior to harvest at 111.4 kg. Immediately after harvest, hot carcass weight was determined, adipose tissue was collected from the back, belly, and jowl, and meat samples were taken from the longissimus muscle for evaluation of pork quality. Iodine values (IV) varied between anatomical site and breed. Jowl fat IV were correlated to back and belly fat IV. Minor but significant correlations were observed between IV and meat quality characteristics. These results support our hypotheses that minor relationships exist between fat and fresh pork quality and that IV vary by anatomical location.
Evaluation and treatment of seizures.

ONE of every 11 Americans who live to be 80 years old will have had at least one seizure. About 3 percent of the population has recurrent, unprovoked seizures (epilepsy). 1 In the United States, the estimated prevalence of active epilepsy is 6.42 cases per 1000 population. On the basis of 1980 census figures, this means that at least 1.5 million people in this country have active epilepsy.2 Thus, seizures present common management problems in medical practice. The goals of treatment include minimizing both the risk of recurrence of seizures and the deleterious side effects sometimes associated with antiepileptic drug therapy, .
A Patient with Classical Polyarteritis Nodosa Evolving into End Stage Renal Failure

Classical polyarteritis nodosa (c-PAN) is a form of systemic necrotizing vasculitis mainly affecting medium-size arteries, is not associated with renal glomerular disease and acute renal failure. Perirenal hematoma can be seen in up to fifty percent of c-PAN patients and minority of them develop mild renal impairment. Herein, we describe a 34-year-old male with c-PAN who presented with rapidly progressive renal failure and evolved into end stage renal disease.
Needle Exchange: Social Value for Outreach Workers

This thesis explores the public health practice of a needle exchange program from the perspective of outreach workers in a Southern U.S. city. I explore how outreach workers understand the harm reduction ideology that underlies needle exchange practices as well as intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for participating in the work. I also consider how the needle exchange impacts outreach workers’ lives and its social importance as a therapeutic community. I argue that the needle exchange represents an important social space that functions as a therapeutic community for outreach workers where the harm reduction ideology is applied to both clients and outreach workers alike. INDEX WORDS: Needle exchange, Harm reduction, Outreach workers NEEDLE EXCHANGE: SOCIAL VALUE FOR OUTREACH WORKERS
Amifostine Antioxidant Effect on Serum of Rats Treated with Cyclophosphodamide

Amifostine is one of the cytoprotective drugs used during anticancer therapy. Amifostine as a thiol compound possesses antioxidant properties and protects only healthy cells against damage, mainly by scavenging reactivity oxygen species, competing with oxygen to prevent oxygen radical interactions with DNA, and promoting cell repair through hydrogen donation to reactive oxygen species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate antioxidative ability of amifostine in blood serum of rats exposed to cyclophosphamide during two weeks after drug administration. We show that amifostine only to a small degree prevents disorganisation of antioxidant systems of blood serum of rats caused by cyclophosphamide action. It is probably connected with low concentrations of amifostine active metabolites in the serum.
Crowdfunding of Small Entrepreneurial Ventures

An inherent problem that entrepreneurs face at the very beginning of their entrepreneurial initiative is to attract outside capital, given the lack of collateral and sufficient cash flows and the presence of significant information asymmetry with investors. Recently, some entrepreneurs have started to rely on the Internet to directly seek financial help from the general public (the “crowd”) instead of approaching financial investors such as business angels, banks or venture capital funds. This technique, called “crowdfunding”, has made possible to seek capital for project-specific investments as well as for starting up new ventures. In this book chapter (forthcoming in the Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance at Oxford University Press), we discuss crowdfunding as an alternative way of financing projects, with a focus on small, entrepreneurial ventures. We provide a description of crowdfunding and discusses existing research on the topic, putting crowdfunding into perspective of entrepreneurial finance and thereby describing factors affecting entrepreneurial preferences for crowdfunding as source of finance. We elaborate different business models used to raise money from the crowd, in particular with respect to the structure of the crowdfunding process. Building on this discussion, we present and discuss extensively a case study, namely Media No Mad (a French startup). Finally we conclude with recommendations for entrepreneurs seeking to make use of crowdfunding and with suggestions for researchers about yet unexplored avenues of research.
An Extratropical Air–Sea Interaction over the North Pacific in Association with a Preceding El Niño Episode in Early Summer

Abstract Using data for the month of June from 1951 through 2000, this study examined the air–sea interactions over the North Pacific after El Nino matured during the preceding fall season. The principal findings of this work are the following: 1) a coherent region near the international date line (IDL) in the extratropical North Pacific revealed an area of significant negative correlations (SNCs) between the preceding November sea surface temperature (SST) in the Nino-3 region and the June SST in the North Pacific. Also, two indexes of the June Okhotsk high show a significant positive correlation with the November SST in the Nino-3 region during the 1963–2000 period. 2) The strong southeastward wave flux from the upstream area of the Okhotsk Sea over much of the North Pacific in the midlatitudes is associated with a strong preceding El Nino event, the development of the Okhotsk high, and a negative 500-hPa geopotential height/SST anomaly around the coherent region. The stationary wave propagation plays a.
Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and LDL oxidation status

Abstract Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) and their autoantibodies (OLAB) are involved in the development of atherosclerosis in animal models, but their role in humans is still not clear. For this reason we studied 54 patients with β-thalassemia major (TM), as a model of chronically low circulating LDLs with a high level of oxidation; 44 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, as model of chronically high circulating LDLs; 24 type 2 diabetic mellitus patients (T2DM) before and after 3 months of atorvastatin treatment (20 mg/day), as a model of acute changes in circulating LDLs; and 41 normolipidemic subjects as a control group. ox-LDLs were measured by the determination of baseline diene concentration in the plasma LDL lipidic fraction after 12 hours fasting and were expressed as the amount of conjugated dienes/liter (BDC/l) or BDC/LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), which indicate respectively LDL oxidation degree and status. OLABwere determined using an enzyme immunoassay and related to LDL oxidation degree (BDC/l). In TM, BDC/l was lower, while BDC/LDL-C was significantly higher, compared to both hypercholesterolemia and normolipidemic subjects. Patients with hypercholesterolemia had higher BDC/l, but lower BDC/LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-l, than normolipidemic subjects. In T2DM patients at diet, BDC/LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-l were lower than in normolipidemic subjects. After 3 months of atorvastatin treatment, BDC/LDL-C and OLAB/BDC-l ratios increased. When all patients were evaluated together, a significant inverse correlation was evident between OLABand either LDL or BDC/l. Our findings suggest that a relationship between OLABtiter and oxidation indices (BDC/l and BDC/LDL-C) does exist and we may speculate that an increase in OLAB/BDC-l ratio might be protective against the risk of atherosclerosis.
Concentration–Effect Relations, Prediction Probabilities (Pk), and Signal-to-noise Ratios of Different Electroencephalographic Parameters during Administration of Desflurane, Isoflurane, and Sevoflurane in Rats

Background:The authors investigated the suitability of different electroencephalographic parameters to quantify the anesthetic effect of desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in rats. Methods:Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized in a randomized crossover design with maximum values of 11% desflurane, 2.1% isoflurane, and 3.5% sevoflurane. The electroencephalogram was recorded with implanted electrodes and a wireless telemetry system. Concentration–effect relations and signal-to-noise ratios were determined for the approximate entropy and for the median frequency and the spectral edge frequency, which were modified to account for spikes and burst suppression. The prediction probability Pk with respect to the response to a painful stimulus was determined. Results:All drugs produced deep anesthesia with burst suppression and no response at the highest concentrations. The occurrence of spikes and burst suppression made a modification of median frequency and spectral edge frequency necessary to obtain Pk values greater than 0.5 and monotonic sigmoid concentration–effect relations. The Pk values were between 0.89 and 0.98, with significantly higher values for modified median frequency and spectral edge frequency during desflurane and sevoflurane. The signal-to-noise ratios were between 3.0 and 6.4 dB, with significantly better values for modified spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy during sevoflurane. Conclusions:If modified for spikes and burst suppression, median frequency and spectral edge frequency as well as the unmodified approximate entropy were able to assess the anesthetic effect of desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in rats. For sevoflurane, the modified spectral edge frequency was best with regard to signal-to-noise ratio and prediction probability.
SERS and Density Functional Theory Study of o-Dinitrobenzene on Cu Nanoparticles

Cu colloidal suspensions were prepared by wet chemistry methods: chemical reduction using trisodium citrate. Steadiness varied under conditions such as stirring rate, rate of addition of reducing agent, and temperature control. Sizes of nanoparticles prepared ranged from 2 to 20 nm. Morphology and sizes were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Enhanced Raman spectra of o -dinitrobenzene on prepared nanoparticles suspensions of Cu colloids were obtained with visible excitation at 488 and 514.5 nm. It was found that enhanced Raman signal intensities resulted from the interaction of the analytes with the metallic surface resonance plasmon of Cu nanoparticles excited at the laser frequency. The adsorption behavior of the analytes on the Cu nanoparticles was modeled with Gaussian 03 density functional theory software package. The simplified models used work reasonably well in describing some enhancement results for the Raman experiments on the noble metal colloidal suspensions.
Using Spatial Relationships to Estimate Demand in Business Simulations

This paper presents an additional, approach to modeling and simulation that combines the economic factors with a set of physical, product characteristics factors to determine the allocation of demand to the competing firms. The product characteristics are modeled using a growth flow model,. A market segment is defined which desires an ideal, or best product based on the characteristics of the product. Although all products are purchased, the amount demanded is a function of the difference between each actual product and the ideal, product. This paper then expands the concept from a single market, multi- firm-single product model, to a multiple market segment modeâ€™ in which each firm has the capability to produce several, different products.
Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change

Based on observed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and an inverse method, we estimate that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO2. We attribute this weakening to the observed increase in Southern Ocean winds resulting from human activities, which is projected to continue in the future. Consequences include a reduction of the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 in the short term (about 25 years) and possibly a higher level of stabilization of atmospheric CO2 on a multicentury time scale.