Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular Line Absorption in a Scattering Atmosphere. Part II: Application to Remote Sensing in the O2 A band

This paper explores the feasibility of using O 2 A-band reflectance spectra in the retrieval of cloud optical and physical properties. Analyses demonstrate that these reflection spectra are sensitive to optical properties of clouds such as optical depth t c and phase function, vertical profile information including cloud-top pressure, pressure thickness, and the surface albedo. An estimation method is developed to demonstrate how well this information might be retrieved from synthetic spectra calculated by a line-by-line spectral multiple scattering model assuming realistic instrument parameters (spectral resolution, calibration accuracy, and signal-to-noise properties). The quality of the retrievals is expressed in terms of two indices, one relating to total error and another that quantifies the extent of reliance of the retrieval on the measurement, or conversely on other a priori information. Sources of total error include instrument-related errors, forward model errors including phase function errors, and errors in a priori data. The retrievals presented show the following: (i) The optical depth, surface albedo, cloud-top pressure, and cloud layer pressure thickness can be retrieved with an accuracy of approximately 5% for most cases of low cloud except when these clouds are optically thin and over bright surfaces. The spectra also contain information about the pressure thickness of the low-level cloud and this information also can be retrieved with an expected accuracy of less than 10% and with little reliance on any a priori data. (ii) Significantly larger errors result for retrievals for high clouds when no attempt is made to constrain the uncertainties associated with the unknown character of the scattering phase function. (iii) Retrieval of a limited amount of information about the phase function is possible under certain circumstances. It is possible to retrieve the asymmetry parameter sufficiently well to improve the accuracy of the forward model. This results in a shrinking of the errors in t c to less than 10% for t c . 0.1. (iv) The pressure information about scattering layers inherent in the A-band spectra is shown to provide a limited amount of vertical profiling capability (four to five layers of information at the most) provided the measurements are obtained with a spectral resolution of about 0.5 cm21 and obtained with an accuracy of 2% or better. A specific example demonstrates the capability of not only detecting the presence of thin high cloud above lower brighter cloud but also the capability of estimating the optical depths of both clouds. (v) The advantage of additional information such as provided by active profilers (radar and lidar) is explored. The advantages of this additional profile information are quantitatively shown to improve not only the retrieval of vertical profiles of extinction but also the optical properties of individual cloud layers.
Från utsatthet till inkludering – civila samhället kan bidra

Ideburna organisationer ar en viktig del i det civila samhallet. Genom en fallstudie av ett projekt riktat till ensamkommande flyktingungdomar berattar artikeln om hur utsatthet kan forvandlas till inkludering. Hassela Skanes projekt Vandpunkten foljs upp med participatorisk forskningsansats. Analys av dokument och intervjuer av medlemmar, volontarer och ungdomar (n=20) utgor underlag for denna berattelse om hur projektet utvecklats till nytta for alla inblandade parter. Genom triangulering av olika intressenters perspektiv framkommer en ideorganisations mojlighet att bidra till en utveckling fran utsatthet till inkludering. Genom uppsokande verksamhet skapas kontakt. Inom verksamhetens olika aktiviteter har det funnits mojligheter till personlig utveckling och ansvarstagande. Projektet hade varde for saval ungdomarna som volontarerna. Genom projektet kunde deltagare utveckla organisationen Ensamkommandes forbund, dar verksamheten fortsatt.
The Art and Science of HDR Imaging

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Histopathological Characteristic Of Chronic Hbv Infection In Bulgaria

Introduction The course of HBV infection is influenced by many factors. Various guidelines have recommended liver biopsy in different groups of CHB patients. Aim The aim of our study was to evaluate the histomorphological findings in Bulgarian patients with chronic HBV infection. Materials and methods A total of 335 patients with chronic HBV infection were evaluated. Two hundred and thirty one patients had liver biopsies and the remaining 104 patients were with liver cirrhosis. The grades of activity and stages of fibrosis were scored according to METAVIR Results The proportion of the patients with mild activity grade (40.7%) was the highest. Regarding the fibrosis stages, the proportions of cases with mild and moderate stages of fibrosis were similar (32.5% and 31.6%, respectively) and higher compared to those of cases with advanced fibrosis stages (22.1% and DOI: 10.18044/Medinform.201954.962 Original Article MedInform I S S U E 1 , 2 0 1 9 963 MedInform 13.9 for F3 and F4 stages, respectively). There was a trend for an increase of the mean age of patients from the subgroups with mild to severe activity grades. The mean age of the patients with LC was significantly higher compared to that of the subgroups of patients with different activity grades, respectively (p= 0.001). There were significant differences between the mean ages of patients with F1, F2 or F3 stages and those of patients with F4 and LC (p=0.015-0.0001). No sex difference was found in the comparison of the mean ages of the patients with the individual grades of activity or stages of fibrosis. Conclusion About 30 percent of Bulgarian patients with CHB are cirrhotic before starting antiviral therapy and 10 years older compared to the non-LC CHB patients. Almost three quarters of all patients with CHB were males. Severe histomorphological activity was found in only 1/5 of the patients with CHB and advanced fibrosis in 1/3 of them. There was a trend for an increase of the mean age of patients with CHB from the subgroups with mild to severe activity grade and from F1 to F4 stage, respectively.
Enhancing Learning Through a Real-Life Assignment

This study focuses on how a real-life assignment may enhance students ́ learning. Twenty-nine students completed an assignment to test a usability framework that small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nordic and Baltic countries can use to evaluate the usability of their website. The overall feedback from the students was that a real-life assignment like this was a positive experience with respect to enhanced motivation and understanding of typical issues in their educational field. This finding supports previous research, which shows that real-life assessments in higher education contribute to more satisfaction, which again can be the basis for future learning. Practical implications and suggestions for further research are given.
Model-Based Data Centre Costing Approach

Data centres form a key part of the infrastructure upon which a variety of information technology services are built. They provide the capabilities of centralized repository for storage, management, dissemination and networking of data and information organized around a particular body of knowledge or pertaining to a particular business. The increasing demand for data storage and compute resources has driven the growth of large data centres: the massive server farms that run many of our present day internet and e-commerce applications with its attendant significant investment capital outlay and ongoing operating costs. This makes a critical examination of costs associated with building, operating and upgrading data centres imperative. For this cost model to meet the requirements of stakeholders it must capture the multidimensional complexities in power delivery, cooling, and required levels of redundancies for a specific service level agreement. However, non factoring of major total cost of ownership (TCO) parameters like amortization and maintenance costs for power, cooling and information technology resources in the cost model for data centres have questioned the reliability of this cost model, hence necessitate a research of this nature. To attack the problems identified above, I adopted a more accurate data centre construction cost model developed at HP Labs and adopted by the Uptime Institute Inc., to serve as a business intelligence tool for measurement and prediction of TCO and return-on-investment analysis. Keywords: Data centres, cost model, service level agreement, TCO.
Analytical drain current model for nanoscale strained‐Si/SiGe MOSFETs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical drain current model for output characteristics of strained‐Si/SiGe bulk MOSFET.Design/methodology/approach – A physics‐based model for current output characteristics and transconductance of strained‐Si/SiGe bulk devices has been developed incorporating the impact of strain (in terms of equivalent Ge mole fraction), strained silicon thin film thickness, gate work function, channel length and other device parameters. The accuracy of the results obtained using this model is verified by comparing them with 2D device simulations.Findings – This model correctly predicts the output characteristics, IDS−VGS characteristics, transconductance and output conductance of the strained‐Si/SiGe MOSFET and demonstrates a significant enhancement in the drain current of the MOSFET with increasing strain in the strained‐Si thin film, i.e. with increasing equivalent Ge concentration in the SiGe bulk.Research limitations/implications – Can be implemented in a SPIC.
Enhancing HRM practice in SMEs using the concept of relationship marketing

Abstract The proficient human resource management of employees and their contribution to small business is commonly accepted as contributing to Australia’s future prosperity (Schaper 2000). Effective recruitment, selection and retention of employees are part of the employment relationship and can enhance work performance and contribute to business success (Crompton, Morrissey and Nankervis 2002). Effective recruitment and selection has regularly been associated with positive retention and performance outcomes. However, this centre of attention has rarely focused on family owned small businesses. This paper seeks to demonstrate an increased understanding of the importance of the creation of sustainable performances through the development of enhanced employee relationships that impact on small business outcomes in Australia. A pilot study led to the development of a comprehensive survey instrument. The data from the survey was analysed and ten constructs identified, all relating to the relationships of recruitment, selection and retention. The final phase of the study focused on the confirmation of four significant constructs which were firstly pilot tested and then validated by semi-structured interviews. A series of relationships similar to that found in “relationship marketing” were identified as contributing to enhanced sustainable small business outcomes. This in turn has laid the framework for entrepreneurial activities to be improved through ongoing relationship development. The study demonstrated an approach in which the use of the characteristics of relationship marketing when applied to the recruitment, selection and retention of employees in small entrepreneurial businesses can enhance sustainable performance.
Enhancing the Automation of GUI Testing

GUI testing is one of the most important and significant testing approaches among all different software testing techniques. Most software errors are captured and detected through the software GUI layer. Manual testing for GUIs has its problems. It lacks in capturing all different cases and takes a huge time from the software tester to plan, design and re-design the testing suites in case of UI change. Old techniques in the area of test-case generation are not fully-automated or dependent on human inputs. This paper presents a test-case generation model to build a testing suite for webpages using its HTML file. The proposed model has two branches. The first one focuses on generating test cases for each web-element individually based on its type. The other branch focuses on generating test cases based on different paths between web-elements in the same webpage. It is also concerned with eliminating redundant test-cases using a supervised learning, feed-forward, dynamic artificial neural network that changes number of inputs according to generated cases per web page. The proposed system has been evaluated using several datasets. Results show a significant enhancement in the test-case generation procedure.
Are 401(k) investment menus set solely for plan participants

Mutual fund companies play a critical part in the nation’s retirement saving system. They manage about 56 percent of the $4.7 trillion in assets held by 401(k)s and other defined contribution plans. At the same time, these fund companies often help sponsors manage the plans and set the menu of investment options. This dual role creates conflicting incentives. On the one hand, fund companies are hired by plan sponsors – and required by law – to create menus that serve the interests of plan participants. On the other hand, they also have an incentive to include their own proprietary funds on the menu, even when more suit­able options are available from other fund families. This brief, based on a study forthcoming in The Jour­nal of Finance, investigates the extent of this conflict between the interests of mutual fund companies and plan participants. The brief proceeds as follows. The first section describes the study design and the data. The second section investigates whether mutual fund companies tend to influence 401(k) menus in ways that favor their own funds, especially their poor-quality funds. The third section explores whether participants shift their savings to offset any bias found in menu decisions, especially decisions that favor the fund company’s sub-par performers. The fourth section considers whether these sub-par funds continue to produce sub-par returns. The final section concludes that mutual fund company involvement in 401(k) menu decisions appears to favor the company’s own funds, with potential adverse effects on the retirement savings of plan participants.
Is tagging with visual implant elastomer a reliable technique for marking earthworms

Visual implant elastomer (VIE) has recently been employed to investigate different aspects of earthworm ecology. However, a number of fundamental questions relating to the detection and positioning of the tag, its persistence and potential effects on earthworms remain unknown. Seven earthworm species belonging to three ecological groupings, with different pigmentation and burrowing behaviour, were tagged using different coloured VIE. External inspection after two days, one week and 1, 10 and 27 months were followed by preservation, dissection and internal inspection. Tags could be seen in living specimens to 27 months, and dissection revealed that in most cases they were lodged in the coelomic cavity, held in place by septa. However, over longer time periods (more than two years), the chlorogogenous tissue tended to bind to the tags and made external observation increasingly diffi cult. Migration of the VIE material towards the posterior of the earthworm and potential loss of the tag were only observed on rare occasions, and a recovery rate in excess of 98% was recorded. By introducing a reasonable amount of VIE into segments, just after the clitellum, this technique can become a valuable tool in earthworm ecology and life history studies, particularly in short-medium term laboratory and fi eld experiments.
Has lead‐in lost its punch? An analysis of primetime inheritance effects: Comparing 1992 with 2002

Abstract Recognizing the recent dramatic increase in the number of channels available to the typical American household coinciding with an equally dramatic decrease in audience ratings for the major broadcast networks, there was reason to hypothesize that, in recent years, lead‐in or inheritance effects have diminished. However, an analysis of prime time ratings comparing 1992 with 2002 for ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox showed no support for this notion, suggesting that, despite the recent upheavals in the television industry, lead‐in has not lost its punch.
Numerical Analysis of GTAW Arc Behaviors in External Axial Magnetic Field

In welding process, it is widely accepted that grain refinement is an effective way to improve the properties of welding joints. When fine equiaxed grain was formed in the microstructure of welding joints, the tendency of welding crack would be decreased, and mechanical properties would be improved [1] . In seeing this, both metallurgical methods, by adding alloying elements in the welding pool, and mechanical methods, by mechanically stirring or vibrating the welding pool, have been broadly investigated to refine grains. In practice, a lot of methods, such as mechanical vibration [2-3] , ultrasonic vibration [4-5] , pulse current [6-7] , electromagnetic stirring, has been implemented to stir or vibrate the welding pool and thus refine the grains. During all of such mechanical methods, electromagnetic stirring distinguished itself by its lower investment and applicability. Generally, research on electromagnetic stirring welding concentrates on three aspects listed as arc behaviors, analysis of microstructure & properties, and model of welding arc & pool. In all of three concerns mentioned above, arc behaviors are so general and basic for understanding the mechanism of electromagnetic stirring, because arc behaviors are responsible for the heat transfer, heat distribution, penetration and vibration of weld pool. So, research on arc behaviors should be stressed and given a priority. Many researchers have done a lot of work about welding arc and acquired many great achievements [8-14] , even though it is a very long and hard journey. In present paper, MHD equations are built in order to describe the GTAW arc behavior at external constant axial magnetic field. With the help of CFD software FLUENT, the GTAW arc behaviors are studied and discussed. The arc pressure is measured and the results are used to validate the model. 2. Experimental system Fig.1 shows the experimental system used in this work. We made an exciting coil, and a DC power provides the exciting current, and then the coil generates the axial magnetic field. The arc pressure is investigated by the data collecting card and the pressure sensor which is connected with the hole in the center of the water-cooled copper.
Notes on the brain and encephalization quotient of two sperm whales with a synthesis of the literature and indications of a new method of extraction

The sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus , Linnaeus 1758) possesses the largest brain that ever existed. Relatively few authors have dealt with it and the available descriptions are heterogeneous, with only few data about brain weight or gross anatomy. In fact the central nervous system of large cetaceans is quite difficult to obtain, given the huge body size and the low frequency of strandings of recently dead individuals. Furthermore, since the skull of the sperm whale underwent an extreme transformation for the accommodation of the spermaceti organ, the cranial cavity is surrounded by thick layers of bone and thus difficult to reach under field conditions. We recently had the chance to extract the brain from two stranded sperm whales whose bodies were in good condition. In the present note we describe the main macroscopic characteristics of the sperm whale brain, including its weight and Encephalization Quotient, review the available literature, and describe a possible new approach to the removal and preservation of the organ under field conditions.
Application of holistic and analytical models for the management of tilapia fisheries in reservoirs

Reservoir fisheries are widely disseminated around the world. Their scarcely regulated exploitation justifies the use of models to achieve a precautory management. As an example of the utility of holistic and analytic models to analyse reservoir fisheries, it is presented the specific case of the tilapia fishery in the Infiernillo reservoir in Mexico. Schaefer and Fox models permitted an understanding of the history of fishery, while the current state of the stock was examined by applying Beverton & Holt, Cohort Analysis of Jones and Thompson & Bell models. Recommendations for the management of the fishery were based on simulation processes. Applying those models, it was found that the tilapia fishery surpassed its sustainable yield in 1988. In 1993 the fishery reached a new state of equilibrium. At present the fishery is in a deteriorated state. The fishing impact is on organisms in the reproductive stage. The current maximum sustainable yield is 8,698 tons. Simulation processes show that an increase in the mesh of the gill nets up to 10 cm and a decrease in the fishery effort down to 20,000 gill nets and 3,100 fishermen could help the fishery to recuperate. Holistic and analytical models are useful to evaluate reservoir fisheries.
Development of Two Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for the Rapid Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Patients

Background: Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in China. Objectives: To develop a rapid and sensitive real time PCR method capable of detecting several viruses associated with gastroenteritis in pediatric patients simultaneously. Methods: Two multiplex real-time PCR assays, the first targeting the RNA viruses: rotavirus, norovirus and parachovirus and the second the DNA viruses: human adenovirus and human bocavirus 2, were designed and assessed for their specificity and sensitivity. The multiplex assays were evaluated using clinical samples and compared to conventional RT-PCR/PCR. Results The multiplex assays developed in the study were successful in detecting the five target viruses. No cross-reactions with a panel of other human viruses were presented. The assays were sensitive enough to detect as little as one copy of in vitro transcribed target RNA or plasmid DNA in a single reaction. Compared to conventional RT-PCR or PCR, the multiplex assays showed acceptable sensitivity from 86.2% to 95.7% together with high specificity (97.2% to 99.5%) in detecting rotavirus, norovirus and adenovirus. Conclusion: The development of these two multiplex assays should result in significant improvement in the screening of viral pathogens associated with pediatric gastroenteritis in China.