Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cold oceans enhance terrestrial new-particle formation in near-coastal forests

Abstract. The world's forests produce atmospheric aerosol by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOC) which, after being oxidized in the atmosphere, readily condense on the omnipresent nanometer-sized nuclei and grow them to climatically relevant sizes. The cooling effect of aerosols is the greatest uncertainty in current climate models and estimates of radiative forcing. Therefore, identifying the environmental factors influencing the biogenic formation of aerosols is crucial. In this paper, we connected biogenic aerosol formation events observed in a Eucalypt forest in South-East Australia during July 2005–December 2006 to air mass history using 96-h back trajectories. Formation of new particles was most frequent in the dry westerly and south-westerly air masses. According to NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements, photosynthesis was not significantly higher in this direction compared to the north-east direction. It is unlikely, therefore, that differences in photosynthesis-derived organic precursor emissions would have been significant enough to lead to the clear difference in NPF frequency between these two directions. Instead, the high evaporation rates above the Pacific Ocean resulted in humid winds from the north-east that effectively suppressed new-particle formation in the forest hundreds of kilometers inland. No other factor varied as significantly in tune with new-particle formation as humidity and we concluded that, in addition to local meteorological factors in the forest, the magnitude of evaporation from oceans hundreds of kilometers upwind can effectively suppress or enhance new-particle formation. Our findings indicate that, unlike warm waters, the cold polar oceans provide excellent clean and dry background air that enhances aerosol formation above near-coastal forests in Fennoscandia and South-East Australia.
Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos Sustentável: Uma Análise de uma Indústria Madeireira

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o papel que as operacoes da cadeia de suprimentos sustentavel desempenham nas respostas comerciais aos imperativos de sustentabilidade. Se trata de estudo caso unico, desenvolvido junto a uma industria madeireira, de medio porte, localizada no sul do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo com abordagem qualitativa cujo enfoque e descritivo. Foi constatado que o papel que as operacoes industriais desempenham no contexto das cadeias de suprimentos sustentaveis e essencial e relevante. Suas operacoes sao responsaveis pela geracao de poluentes e residuos sao tratadas de maneira que minimizem o passivo ambiental que a empresa gera, atraves da circulacao de todos os residuos dentro da cadeia produtiva, aproveitado por outros agentes. A organizacao apresentou um importante papel no pilar ambiental, via engajamento de multiplos stakeholders atraves de cumprimento de requisitos legais ambientais e a conscientizacao em prol da sustentabilidade ambiental. Nas diretrizes social relacionadas a normas e leis trabalhista dos direitos humanos, manuseios e treinamentos de operacoes de agentes toxicos e maquinas, ha engajamento tambem. Portanto, a organizacao age seguindo as diretrizes legais, impulsionadas nao somente por orgaos governamentais, mais principalmente instigada pelos clientes atuais e potenciais.
Ozone Processing for Food Preservation: An Overview on Fruit Juice Treatments

This paper reviews the efficacy of ozone an emerging non-thermal food preservation technique for fruit juices and highlights changes in key microbial, quality and nutritional parameters. Ozonation of fruit juices has been identified as a potential technology to meet the United States Food and Drug Administration's requirement of a 5 log reduction in pertinent microorganisms found in juices. This review suggests that it is important to identify the critical extrinsic and intrinsic control parameters governing both the efficacy and quality effects during ozonation of fruit juices.
The Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Chemistry of Photodissociation Regions

We have investigated the effects of including polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the abundance of neutral atoms and molecules for two typical photodissociation regions (PDRs): a high-density case (the Orion complex) and a low-density case. PAHs provide a large surface area for chemistry between themselves and the gas phase and influence this chemistry directly through their charge state. The PAH charge is dominated by the balance of the photoelectric ejection of electrons and direct PAH-electron recombination. This means that the incident UV flux and gas density determine the PAH charge balance. We have investigated a wide parameter space for the incident far-ultraviolet flux (measured in units of G0 = 1.6 × 10-3 ergs s-1 cm-2) varying as 10 < G0 < 105 and gas density, nH, where 102 cm-3 < nH < 105 cm-3. Because PAHs are highly efficient charge exchange intermediaries, our results show that their presence in the PDR strongly influences the gas phase abundance of neutral atomic carbon, sulfur, silicon, and metals throughout the PDR by mutual neutralization. We have determined the effects of PAHs on the column density and line intensity of the chemical species in the PDR, and we present these results as functions of depth into the PDR, G0, and nH. We discuss the PDR model in detail for the Orion PDR. Typically, the presence of PAHs in a PDR increases the peak C I line intensities by a factor of 2. Our model for the Orion PDR produces a [C I] 610 μm line intensity of 1.3 × 10-5 ergs cm-2 s-1, which compares well with the observed peak intensity toward this source (10-5 ergs cm-2 s-1). We conclude that PAHs play a central role in the gas phase chemistry and that they are crucial to our understanding of the structure and evolution of star-forming regions.
Fast and Facile Preparation of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets

In this study, we report an inexpensive, massively scalable, fast, and facile method for preparation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets. The basic strategy involved the preparation of graphite oxide (GO) from graphite through reaction with benzoyl peroxide (BPO), complete exfoliation of GO into graphene oxide sheets, followed by their in situ reduction to reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets. The mechanism of graphene oxide producing is mainly the generation of oxygen-containing groups on graphene sheets. In addition, inserted BPO and expansion of CO2 evolved during reaction will expand the distance between graphite layers, which are also main factors for exfoliation. Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the successful preparation of GO. X-ray diffraction proved the mechanism of intercalation and exfoliation of graphite. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to demonstrate the structur.
Temperature and composition dependence of birefringence of lithium-tantalate crystals determined by holographic scattering

Iron-doped lithium-tantalate samples with different compositions ranging from the congruently melting to the stoichiometric one are analyzed by anisotropic holographic scattering. The temperature dependence of the birefringence yields information on the composition of the crystals. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Near‐Infrared cis‐Configured Squaraine Co‐Sensitizer for High‐Efficiency Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

A cis‐configured squaraine dye (HSQ1), synthesized by incorporation of a strongly electron‐withdrawing dicyanovinyl group into the central squaric acid moiety, is employed in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In solution, HSQ1 displays an intense absorption in the near‐infrared region with a maximum at 686 nm and when the dye is adsorbed on a TiO2 surface, the absorption spectrum broadens in both the blue and the near‐infrared regions, which is favorable for efficient light harvesting over a broad wavelength range. A solar cell sensitized with HSQ1 shows a broader incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum (from 400 to 800 nm) and a higher IPCE in the long‐wavelength region (71% at 700 nm) than a cell sensitized with squaraine dye SQ1. Furthermore, a solar cell co‐sensitized with HSQ1 and N3 dye shows remarkably improved short‐circuit current density and open‐circuit voltage compared to those of a DSC based on N3 alone and fabricated under the same conditions. The energy‐conversion efficiency of the co‐sensitized DSC is 8.14%, which is the highest reported efficiency for a squaraine dye–based co‐sensitized DSC without using Al2O3 layer.
Structural Electrochemistry from Freestanding Polypyrrole Films: Full Hydrogen Inhibition from Aqueous Solutions

Free‐standing polypyrrole films, being the metal–polymer contact located several millimeters outside the electrolyte, give stationary closed coulovoltammetric (charge/potential) loop responses to consecutive potential sweeps from –2.50 V to 0.65 V in aqueous solutions. The continuous and closed charge evolution corroborates the presence of reversible film reactions (electroactivity), together high electronic and ionic conductivities in the full potential range. The closed charge loop demonstrates that the irreversible hydrogen evolution is fully inhibited from aqueous solutions of different salts up to –2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. The morphology of the closed charge loops shows abrupt slope changes corresponding to the four basic components of the structural electrochemistry for a 3D electroactive gel: reduction‐shrinking, reduction‐compaction, oxidation‐relaxation, and oxidation‐swelling. Freestanding films of conducting polymers behave as 3D gel electrodes (reactors) at the chain level, where reversible electrochemical reactions drive structural conformational and macroscopic (volume variation) changes. Very slow hydrogen evolution is revealed by coulovoltammetric responses at more cathodic potentials than –1.1 V from strong acid solutions, or in neutral salts self‐supported blend films of polypyrrole with large organic acids. Conducting polymers overcome graphite, mercury, lead, diamond, or carbon electrodes as hydrogen inhibitors, and can compete with them for some electro‐analytical and electrochemical applications in aqueous solutions.
First principles calculations of Al‐rich RE (RE = Ho, Er, Tm and Yb) intermetallic compounds

The electronic structure of nonmagnetic intermetallic AlRE (RE = Ho, Er, Tm and Yb) compounds, which crystallize in the CsCl‐type (B2) structure, is studied by means of the self‐consistent tight binding linear muffin tin orbital method at ambient as well as at high pressure. The total energies are computed as a function of volume and fitted to the Birch equation of state. The ground‐state properties such as the equilibrium lattice parameter, the bulk modulus and the cohesive properties of these compounds are calculated. Interestingly, in AlTm and AlYb, f‐like electrons may get delocalized and show fluctuations in the total density of states. Thermal properties like Debye temperature and Grüneisen constants are estimated within the Debye–Grüneisen model. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental values and other theoretical results. We find good agreement between theory and experiment. The variation of Debye temperature with pressure is also studied. We also present electronic charge density plots to reveal bonding properties in the intermetallics under investigation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Les moments de rotation et le magnétisme dans la mécanique ondulatoire

L'auteur calcule, d'apres les donnees de la mecanique ondulatoire, les moments de rotation pour le mouvement d'un corpuscule charge dans un champ de force central quelconque. Il retrouve les formules que Born, Heisenberg et Jordan avaient deduises de la mecanique des matrices, mais avec cette precision supplementaire, que les nombres de quanta l et m doivent necessairement etre entiers et non pas demi-entiers. Dans un champ magnetique, on obtient ainsi un effet Zeeman normal et une formule de paramagnetisme semblable a celle que fournit l'ancienne mecanique quantifiee : pour l'effet Zeeman anomal, il faudra introduire la notion de rotation de l'electron sur lui-meme. Les definitions de Gordon [Zts. f. Phy. , t. 40 (1926), p. 117] ne modifient rien aux conclusions de cette etude, mais permettent de retrouver tres correctement l'inertie de l'energie cinetique et la rotation de Larmor.
Applications of Charge Transfer Devices in Spectroscopy

Charge transfer device (CTD) detectors consist of two closely related silicon integrated circuits: the charge-coupled device (CCD), invented in 1970, and the charge injection device (CID), invented in 1973. Initially, several applications were proposed for these integrated circuits, including use as shift registers, logic and memory devices, electronic delay lines, and imaging detectors. The last application has so dominated the design and use of CTDs that they are among the most common electronic imaging detectors manufactured today.
Heat transfer analysis and optimization of two-beam microelectromechanical thermal actuators

This article investigates rectangular two-beam microelectromechanical thermal actuators and provides a method for their optimization. The thermal actuators investigated consisted of two asymmetric parallel arms,one thin and one wide. Under an electric current load, the thin arm heats and expands more than the wide arm, thereby bending the entire structure. Simplified models of the heat transfer mechanisms are used to determine the temperature profile. From the thermal expressions for expansion of the arms, equations are derived to predict the deflection as well as the buckling loads. Measurements of the actuator deflection as a function of voltage are presented. Design guidelines are introduced for optimization of a thermal actuator.
Degradation of Aqueous Pharmaceuticals by Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review

A vast number of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface water and drinking water around the world, which indicates their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment technologies. Concerns have been raised over the potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on public health and aquatic environment. Among the different treatment options, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes are likely promising for efficient degradation of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater. Recent progress of advanced oxidation of aqueous pharmaceuticals is reviewed in this paper. The pharmaceuticals and non-therapeutic medical agent of interest include antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antipyretics, beta-blockers, cytostatic drugs, H2 antagonists, estrogenic hormone and contraceptives, blood lipid regulators, and X-ray contrast media.
The effect of power balance on the heating mode transition in micro-dielectric barrier helium glow discharges

A particle-in-cell simulation has been adapted to analyze the helium discharge characteristics of a planar micro-dielectric barrier discharge with a gap distance less than 100 µm for variation of driving frequency from 10 to 500 MHz. Two scaling laws for the breakdown voltage were obtained with the change in heating mechanism from the γ- to the α-mode with increasing frequency. The optimal condition for the efficient generation of high-density plasmas with minimized power is obtained when the ratio of ion transit time to the RF period is about 1/4, so that the secondary electrons emitted by ion bombardment on the dielectric-gap boundary are accelerated in phase with the sheath potential. Under this condition, the plasma density as well as the ion current is maximum, the displacement current and the electron current are almost the same, and the ratio of the power delivered to the plasma is 50% of the total power. At high frequencies, the collisional electron heating increases by the induced bulk electric field, enhancing excitation and elastic collisions, and thus ionization efficiency decreases while excitation efficiency increases.
A comparison of different 15N application techniques to study the N net rhizodeposition in the plant-soil system

The suitability of three 15N application methods (15NH3 fumigation, split-root technique, 15N pre-cultivation) for the estimation of N net rhizodeposition (NRD) of wheat plants into soil has been tested and compared under similar conditions and at the same developmental stage. The results were as follows: 1. The use of the 15N tracer technique allows the detection of the net N release by roots under soil conditions. NRD was considerable and can be estimated to be at least 15 kg N ha−1 a−1. 2. All three methods applied are practicable under non-sterile experimental conditions. The distribution of applied 15N in the system and NRD can be balanced totally only by using the 15NH3 fumigation and the 15N pre-cultivation methods. The split-root technique leads to an overestimation of NRD. 3. The split-root technique allows a qualitative separation of the NRD under nearly undisturbed conditions. With the 15N precultivation, a higher 15N-labelling can be achieved for long-term balance studies. 4. Despite the required high 15N abundance, the 15NH3 fumigation method works best to evaluate the influence of microbes on NRD and to quantify the gaseous 15N release. Ein Vergleich verschiedener 15N-Applikationsmethoden zur Untersuchung der N-Netto-Rhizodeposition bei Pflanzenanzucht im Boden Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, am Beispiel von Weizenpflanzen die Eignung von drei 15N-Applikationsmethoden (15NH3-Begasung, Split-root-Technik, 15N-Vorkultivierung,) unter ahnlichen Versuchsbedingungen und bei gleichem Vegetationsstadium (Bestockung bis Schossen) fur die Ermittlung der N-Netto-Rhizodeposition (NRD) im Boden zu prufen. Es wurden folgende Resultate erzielt: 1. Mit Hilfe der 15N-Markierung ist der Nachweis der Netto-N-Freisetzung durch Wurzeln unter Bodenbedingungen prinzipiell moglich. Es wurde eine signifikante NRD nachgewiesen, die sich nach vorsichtiger Schatzung auf mindestens 15 kg N ha −1a −1 beziffern lasst. 2. Unter nicht sterilen Bedingungen lassen sich alle drei Methoden einsetzen. Eine vollstandige Bilanzierung des Verbleibs des eingesetzten 15N und Quantifizierung der NRD war jedoch nur mit der 15NH3-Begasung und der 15N-Vorkultivierung moglich. Die Split-root-Technik erlaubte keine vollstandige 15N-Bilanzierung und fuhrte zu einer Uberschatzung der NRD. 3. Wahrend bei der Split-root-Technik eine qualitative Trennung der NRD unter weitgehend ungestorten Bedingungen moglich ist, lasst sich mittels der 15N-Vorkultivierung eine hohere 15N-Markierung fur langerfristige Bilanzuntersuchungen erreichen. 4. Fur eine Untersuchung des Mikrobeneinflusses auf die NRD sowie die Quantifizierung moglicher gasformiger 15N-Verluste ist die 15NH3-Begasung trotz der notwendigen hohen 15N-Abundanz am besten geeignet.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization on well defined silica nanoparticles leading to hybrid core–shell particles

The grafting and catalytic activity of a metathesis catalyst on well defined silica nanoparticles is described. The aim of this was to test the catalysis properties of a ligand-linked catalyst in ring-opening metathesis polymerization and also the possibility to obtain controlled hybrid materials. This was carried out by reaction of a synthesized hydroxy functionalized phosphine Cy2P(CH2)10OH with Cl2Ru(PPh3)2(CH–Ph), leading to a metathesis catalyst bearing a hydroxy group at the end of a ligand. This group was reacted with well defined silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 200 nm, that had acyl chloride functions at their surface. The grafting density was calculated from thermogravimetry experiments and found to be around 7 µmol m−2. The activity of the catalyst was tested for the ring-opening polymerization of norbornene. This showed that a fraction as high as 30% of the catalyst could initiate the polymerization and that the polymerization proceeded until completion. TEM characterization revealed that in diluted solutions, core–shell morphologies could be obtained. The efficiency of the polymerization may therefore lead to control of the thickness of the polymer coating.
Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Seeds of the Spiny Gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.)

ABSTRACT Both 337- and 405-nm excitations of steady-state fluorescence of seeds of the spiny gourd or teasle gourd show bands in blue, green, and red regions in raw and ripe stages. Fluorescence intensity ratios F670/F630 and F630/F460 calculated for the two stages show marked variation—a clear indication of the process of ripening of the fruit. Time-resolved measurements, in the 405-nm excitation, for the peaks at the blue-green and red regions of raw and ripe seeds reveal variations in decay times for the blue-green region, while those in the red region show no difference.
Application of HPLC, Gel Electrophoresis and Size Exclusion Chromatography for Separation and Characterization of Storage Proteins of Soybean and Peanut

Summary Certain practical aspects in the separation of large biomolecules have been discussed with the chosen examples of storage proteins from two important crops, viz, soybean and peanut. Importance of seeds and storage proteins along with classification and nomenclature of plant proteins is briefly mentioned. The present paper describes an updated knowledge and status on structural features of glycinin (major storage protein of soybean) and arachin (major storage protein of peanut) with respect to their molecular species, subunit structure, and their association-dissociation behavior by using techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) which supplemented each other.
A Simulation Model of Combined Biogas, Bioethanol and Protein Fodder Co-Production in Organic Farming

In order to evaluate new strategies for the production of renewable energy within sustainable organic agriculture, a process-simulation model for a 100 ha organic farm was developed. Data used for the model was obtained from laboratory trials, literature data, consultancy with experts, and results from the BioConcens project (http://www.bioconcens.elr.dk). Different design approaches were evaluated in order to establish the most suitable configuration. Rye grains, clover grass silage, maize silage, whey and cattle manure were selected as raw materials for co-production of fuels, feed and fertilizer at the organic farm, based on the fact that crops grown in organic agriculture act as key carbon sources whereas manure and whey were applied primarily as the nutrient and water supply for the fermentations within the process (anaerobic digestion and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, respectively). Results from batch and lab-scale fermentation trials provided basic input for the model. To cover the direct energy requirements on the farm, it was calculated that it requires approximately 16.2 ha of rye and 14 milking cows or 5.7 ha of clover grass, 2.5 ha of maize and 13 cows to supply a 100 ha organic farm with ethanol or biogas, respectively. This calculation was based on the assumption that the electrical efficiency of CHP (combined heat and power) unit was 38%. A variety of different scenarios can be simulated to mirror the farmer's needs.