Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative effects of three species of parasites on a population of Three‐spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus

The effects of Schistocephalus solidus, Diplostomum gasterostei and Echinorhynchus clavula on a population of Three-spined sticklebacks from a pond in Somerset were studied. Schistocephalus was present at the highest level of infection and had the greatest effects on the sticklebacks. It caused the fish to weigh less than uninfected ones of the same length, as shown by the lower condition factor, and to grow more slowly; and it delayed the sexual maturation of fish of both sexes and prevented many from breeding. Diplostomum also had a significant effect on the condition of the sticklebacks and all three parasite species probably caused death or predation of heavily infected fish. The quantitative effects of the parasites on the condition, length and weight of the fish were calculated; seasonal changes in the condition factor could then be seen, and the growth rates for both length and weight calculated.
Workplace diversity and job satisfaction

This article estimates the empirical relationship between workplace diversity in terms of nationality and individual worker job satisfaction in the context of a multicultural country. It also examines the role of the level of communication between coworkers in moderating this relationship. ,Using merged survey and administrative data, the paper estimates OLS and ordered Probit regression estimates of the correlations between two measures of workplace diversity and self-reported job satisfaction. ,The relationship between nationality diversity and job satisfaction is negative. While there is some evidence of a nonlinear relationship, it depends on the specification and measure of diversity used. Contrary to expectations, the level of interaction between colleagues does not moderate this relationship. ,The research highlights the need for employers to actively manage the diversity within their firms. ,The paper adds to the diversity and job satisfaction literature by focusing on the nationalities of coworkers. It also is the first to measure the impact of the levels of interactions with coworkers on the diversity-satisfaction relationship.
Glyphosate effects on microbial biomass in a coniferous forest soil

The herbicide glyphosate (Roundup) was applied aerially to a conifer forest that had previously been clear-cut and reforested. Glyphosate was tested for effects on microbial biomass, numbers of selected microorganisms, and soil respiration over a period of 8 months by comparing treated and untreated zones of the clay loam forest soil (FS) and the overlying litter (FL), both pH 3.8. With microbial biomass, glyphosate generally had a stimulatory effect in FL, but usually no significant effect in FS. Glyphosate had no significant effect on numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in either FL or FS. The herbicide generally stimulated respiration in both FL and FS. In laboratory bioassays using FL, FS, and three agricultural soils, glyphosate had no significant effect on respiration when used at concentrations up to 100 times higher than recommended field application rates. Respiration rates in FL, as measured with Warburg respirometry, were unaffected by glyphosate. Respiration rates in FS were stimulated by glyphosate concentrations 10 and 100 times higher than recommended field rates. Glyphosate should have no deleterious effects on microbial biomass and respiration in forest soils when used under recommended conditions. © 1992 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Motivos para comprometerse, desvincularse y revincularse con los estudios superiores.

La realidad de las aulas universitarias, a dia de hoy, continua ofreciendo incognitas acerca de su impacto en el desarrollo de los procesos de implicacion de los estudiantes. Por eso, el estudio desarrollado tuvo como objetivo describir los motivos que los estudiantes universitarios construyen para comprometerse con sus estudios superiores, desvincularse o revincularse con los procesos de aprendizaje. Se estudia una muestra de 150 alumnos, seleccionados de manera no aleatoria, matriculados en la Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Se recolectan datos con un cuestionario y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran que las construcciones son individuales pero compartidas. Resaltando la importancia de recrear los contextos educativos, expandir el aula, crear lazos con la comunidad, brindar apoyos a los estudiantes frente a las dificultades que atraviesan durante el cursado y apostar a la formulacion de metas desde la agencia personal que permitan trazar el recorrido academico con compromiso. Lo encontrado posibilita generar pautas para futuras experiencias educativas para involucrar a los estudiantes con el proceso educativo.
Performance of Jamaica Hope Cattle in Commercial Dairy Herds in Jamaica

Abstract Performance of Jamaica Hope cattle, developed in Jamaica from a crossbred foundation containing about 80% Jersey, 15% Sahiwal, and 5% Holstein breeding, was evaluated. There were 8,819 lactation records for 1969 to 1975 of Jamaica Hope and other cows from 28 herds for estimates of environmental effects. Herd, year, season, and age affected milk yield. Milk yield declined from 3890kg in 1969 to 2658kg in 1975. Effects of season and age of calving were small (5 and 13%). Progeny of Jamaica Hope sires were below other cows in milk yield (2732 versus 3013kg). Phenotypic correlations among milk yield, lactation length, and body weight were positive but were negative for milk yield and days dry. Lactation length accounted for about 35% of the variation in milk yield where-as days dry and body weight contributed less than 10%. Total variance for milk was small, 749,283kg 2 . Percentages of total variance in milk yield attributed to herd, sire, cow, and error were 29, 9, 46, and 16. For milk yield, heritability was . 35 and repeatability . 77. Sire values for 62 Jamaica Hope sires with at least 5 daughters were +243 to −300kg. Factors that affect performance of Jamaica Hope do not appear greatly different from those influencing other breeds in tropical areas.
SLAVERY AND FREE LABOR IN THE PUERTO RICAN SUGAR ECONOMY: 1815–1873

For years, as the focus of studies on New World slavery gradually shifted from legal and institutional questions to the broader issues of economic organization and class relations, historians adhered to the view that even at the height of its plantation cycle in the nineteenth century, Puerto Rico experienced a mild, humane slave regime devoid of economic significance. Since the publication in 1953 of Diaz Soler’s ground-breaking study, the prevalent thesis has been that Puerto Rico was a unique case in the Caribbean in that, as Eric Williams has put it, “not only did the white population outnumber the people of color, but the slaves constituted an infinitesimal part of the total population and free labor predominated during the regime of slavery. ”l According to traditional scholarship, Puerto Rico’s late development as a plantation colony precluded the formation of economic structures based on slave labor as it fostered the utilization of its large peasant population in the production of tropical staples. Unable to obtain a sufficient supply of Africans, Puerto Kcan hacendados turned to various forms of compulsion to extract labor from freemen during the period of slavery, and thus prepared the way for a smooth transition to postemancipation conditions. Consequently, the island has been portrayed as a hybrid form of plantation economy in which free workers and slaves concurrently participated in the production process, to the benefit of the latter in terms of treatment and opportunities of escape from servitude. This essay examines the question of the relative utilization of slaves and free workers in Puerto Rico’s principal export establishment during the nineteenth century: the sugar agro-industry. It attempts to show that previous studies on this subject seriously underestimated the role of African slavery in the sugar economy and overestimated the participation of salaried workers and squatters. The available evidence, a part of which is of recent discovery, suggests that slaves comprised the overwhelming majority of sugar workers, at least up to the cessation of the slave trade around 1845. After that date, with the ensuing decline of the slave population, the sugar plantations increasingly relied on freemen for field tasks but continued to depend on bondsmen in the industrial phase of production. Despite a sustained effort by planters and colonial authorities to coerce the free population into the plantation work force, many sugar haciendas still possessed large numbers of active slaves at the time of abolition in 1873. This was especially the case of estates along the island’s south coast, scene of the fastest expansion of sugar culture in the early decades of the century; there, probably one-half of sugar production as late as the 1860s involved slave labor, which predominated in the larger and more efficient estates. At the very least, these findings imply that historians should reexamine the postulate that the slave class, by reason of its scant numerical strength, played a minor
THE SEGMENTATION OF LEECHES

CONTENTS Introduction . C. 0. Whitman’s view . W. E. Castle’s argument . The evidence of J. P. Moore The evidence from embryology . The Stanford University School of Comparative Morphology The nervous system of the head of Huemopis sanguisuga . The elaboration of the neurosomic theory . summary . References . PAGE . I . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . I 4 . 1 5 . I 0
A Career Eulogy Reflective Exercise: A View into Early Professional Identity Formation

Beginning medical students have a very early idea of what their physician identity will be. Providing a brief structured opportunity to reflect on the end of their career can be an important first step in identity formation. A reflective exercise was used in the summer prior to beginning medical school as each class of students at a regional rural medical school began a summer prematriculation program from 2015-2019. Students wrote what they wished to be said about them at the end of their career using a “Career Eulogy. ” Identifiers were removed and narratives were coded into recurring text clusters by the authors. The students, on an anonymous evaluation, strongly agreed that the exercise facilitated the accomplishment of the program goals. Reflections from forty-two entering medical students indicated a preference to be remembered for compassion, passion, quality, and patient relationships. Men more frequently mentioned family and enjoying life, and women more frequently mentioned patient relationships. Rural students included quality and being a teacher of medical students more frequently, and those with a physician parent included passion and community more frequently. Those who later chose family medicine as a specialty more often included references to enjoying life and family. This reflective exercise provided useful insight into early professional identity formation among these medical students and served to encourage group discussion. It could be used with larger, more diverse groups to determine its value and clarify true differences among the demographic and specialty choice patterns. This exercise could also be used annually for each student, providing a longitudinal view of identity formation.
Variability of nutrients in Parkia biglobosa kernels from three geographical regions in Burkina Faso

This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of the kernels of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa, collected in three populations (Louda, Nobere and Peni) representative of different environmental conditions, from more arid in the northern population (Louda) to wetter in the most southern population (Peni). Biochemical analyses were carried out using standard methods. Results expressed on a dry basis showed that glutamic acid was the amino acid with highest values in kernels (2.72 - 6.44%). Methionine was the amino acid with lowest values (0.11 - 0.33%). The kernels had an interesting amount of minerals, Fe (4.15 - 18.48 mg), K (662.55 - 2801.69 mg), Mg (178.19 -1624.83 mg), Zn (2.58 - 4.86 mg) and Ca (316.13 - 1731.41 mg). Moisture content varied from 4.49 to 7.56%, carbohydrates from 10.85 to 19.81%, proteins from 30.32 to 43.91%, ashes and lipids respectively from 4.19 to 5.80% and from 21.64 to 30.77%. Samples from Louda contained the highest mean values for proximate composition. Samples from Nobere contained higher amounts of mineral and amino acids compared to the other two populations. The most important variation between samples of the same location was observed in the mineral composition (CV%> 20% except Zn); Louda was the location with highest dispersion of values. Samples from Peni in the South-Soudanian zone showed overall lower nutritional value. The nutritional composition of P. biglobosa kernels varied significantly according to the location where seeds were collected. Key words: Parkia biglobosa, kernels, nutrients, variability, Burkina Faso.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INTELLIGENT OPTIMIZATION FEATURE SELECTION

Hyperspectral image classification has always been a hot topic. The problem of "dimension disaster" is caused by the high dimension of pixel points and the lack of labeled training sample points. In order to reduce the data dimension, an intelligent optimization algorithm was proposed for feature selection. The new method introduces the principle of mutual information and symmetric uncertainty, constructs the fitness function, selects the candidate feature set with the intelligent optimization algorithm, and obtains the optimal feature set. The SVM classifier was trained in the optimized feature set. In real hyperspectral data set, the new method was compared with various feature selection methods, and the experimental results showed that the optimal feature set has a high classification accuracy.
Larger Drought and Flood Hazards and Adverse Impacts on Population and Economic Productivity Under 2.0 than 1.5°C Warming

Climate change may have major influences on surface runoff, which would consequently result in important implications for terrestrial ecosystems and human well‐being. At global scale there is limited understanding of these issues with respect to the warming targets stipulated in the Paris Agreement. Here we use a well‐established hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity [VIC]) forced with a representative ensemble of latest climate projections from four global circulation models (GCMs) to estimate potential future changes in runoff and Terrestrial Ecosystem Water Retention (TEWR), as well as changes in extreme runoff and their impacts on population, and overall gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide. Results suggest that annual runoff generally would have larger increases, while annual TEWR generally would have larger decreases under the 2.0°C warming scenario as opposed to 1.5°C warming scenario. Global mean warming of 2°C versus 1.5°C would lead to more distinct spatial patterns in runoff change, with a general shift of the runoff distribution towards more extreme low runoff in Mexico, western United States, Western Europe, southeastern China, West Siberian Plain and more extreme high runoff in Alaska, northern Canada, and large parts of Asia. More people and GDP would be exposed to extreme low runoff decrease, extreme high runoff increase, extreme low runoff decrease as well as extreme high runoff increase under a higher warming scenario. This study differentiates hydrological impacts between the two warming scenarios and illustrates higher runoff, lower TEWR, larger potential drought and flood hazards and adverse impacts on population and GDP under 2°C than 1.5°C.
The Tetraconata concept: hexapod-crustacean relationships and the phylogeny of Crustacea

A growing body of evidence indicates that Crustacea and Hexapoda are sister groups, rather than Hexapoda and Myriapoda. Some recent molecular data even suggest that Mandibulata is not monophyletic, with Myriapoda and Chelicerata instead being sister groups. Here, arguments for homology of the mandible throughout mandibulate arthropods and for a monophyletic Mandibulata will be presented, as well as arguments supporting the taxon Tetraconata (i.e. Crustacea + Hexapoda). The latter include molecular data (nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and protein coding genes), and morphological characters such as ommatidial structure, the presence of neuroblasts and a very similar axonogenesis of pioneer neurons. However, crustaceans are insufficiently sampled for the molecular data, and studies of neurogenesis are lacking for many crustacean taxa. Remipedia, Cephalocarida and Maxillopoda are particularly problematic. This is important for the entire problem, because monophyly of the Crustacea has not yet been proven beyond doubt and several molecular analyses suggest a paraphyletic Crustacea. Here, arguments for the monophyly of the Crustacea are reviewed and two alternatives for the relationships between the five higher taxa Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca are discussed: the Entomostraca concept sensu Walossek with Malacostraca as sister group to Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda and Branchiopoda, and the Thoracopoda concept sensu Hessler with Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca forming a monophylum.
Bruising in beef cattle slaughtered at an abattoir in southern Queensland

The level of bruising and its distribution on the carcass was assessed for 35 085 cattle at an abattoir in southern Queensland. Using the Australian Carcase Bruise Scoring System, the average bruise score was 8.4 points (equivalent to 1.1 kg bruise trim) per carcass, with 61%of bruising on the hindquarters. Forty-two carcasses (0.12%) were condemned because of bruising. There were significant ( P hornless group), class of animal (mixed sex and cow > steer > bull groups), breed (Zebu crossbred > British breed groups), mode of travel (road plus rail > road > road plus walk), and individual saleyard. There were no differences due to method of sale (direct to abattoir v. via saleyard), road transport operators, road distance travelled ( 500 km), or due to unloading cattle from trucks to dip for ticks. The results indicate that animal factors, such as horn status and class of animal, may be more important sources of bruising than transportation (at least by major transport operators) and method of sale. Future efforts to reduce the level of bruising depend on all meat processors paying lower prices for bruised carcasses and publicly proclaiming these differential prices.
Effects of app pricing structures on product evaluations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the marketing literature and practice by examining the effect of product pricing on consumer behaviours with regard to the assertiveness and the sentiments expressed in their product reviews. In addition, the paper uses new data collection and machine learning tools that can also be extended for other research of online consumer reviewing behaviours. Design/methodology/approach Using web crawling techniques, a large data set was extracted from the Google Play Store. Following this, the authors created machine learning algorithms to identify topics from product reviews and to quantify assertiveness and sentiments from the review texts. Findings The results indicate that product pricing models affect consumer review sentiment, assertiveness and topics. Removing upfront payment obligations positively impacts the overall and pricing specific consumer sentiment and reduces assertiveness. Research limitations/implications The results reveal new effects of pricing models on the nature of consumer reviews of products and form a basis for future research. The study was conducted in the gaming category of the Google Play Store and the generalisability of the findings for other app segments or marketplaces should be further tested. Originality/value The findings can help companies that create digital products in choosing a pricing strategy for their apps. The paper is the first to investigate how pricing modes affect the nature of online reviews written by consumers.
Financial and Social Well-being Performance after Privatisation of the Port of Brisbane: A Case Study

Available literature has failed to provided a satisfactory expalination to the contradiction between ‘the theory of the firm’ and ‘stakeholder theory’ predictions related to financial and socialwellbeing performance of public versus private firms. Limited literature has evaluated the financial and social-wellbeing performance of privatised ports in Australia. This study investigates the potential impact of the privatisation of the Port of Brisbane Corporation (PBC) to the Port of Brisbane Proprietary Limited (PBPL) on its financial and social-wellbeing performance. Mixed methods research is employed following the theory of the firm, investigating the relationship between the change of ownership and financial and social-wellbeing performance of PBPL, under pre-and post-privatisation conditions. Firstly, quantitative methods are used to analyse secondary data from annual financial reports, comparing ratios between 2005 and 2017. Privatisation occurred during 2011 and this year was eliminated from the study as both ownership types existed. MANOVA will be used 'before and after privatisation' to test the null hypothesis, and subsequentially to design open-ended questions for interviews of PBPL employees. MANOVA results did not support the null hypothesis, consequently, ANOVA and Tukey's posthoc tests were conducted, provideding significant differences, with improved performance under privatisation. Findings from interviews provided explainations related to improvments the financial and social-wellbeing performance during private (2012-2017) compared to State ownership (2005-2010). This study revealed private ownership, as posited by the theory of the firm, maximised profits, and following stakeholder theory predictions managed social well-being.
Genetic Variability, Associations, and Path Analysis among Most Economic Traits in Red Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Nature and amount of genetic variability, associations, and path coefficients were studied in the six traits of 45 genotypes of red sorrel. All the traits showed high heritability except medium for branches/plant (73.94), calyx yield (67.54 %), and low for seed yield (i.e., 41.85%), the highest being for days to flowers 50% (98.12 %) and lowest for seed yield/plot (41.85%). Seed yield/plot was significantly and positively correlated with plant height but negatively correlated with days to flower 50%. Fresh calyx yield is positively correlated with days to flower 50% followed by plant height, and branches/plant exhibited same trends at both genotypic and phenotypic level. However, only plant height and fresh calyx yield made the highest amount of direct and indirect contribution to seed yield/plot. Therefore, plant height and β-carotene serve as better selection criteria to improve red sorrel crop.