Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A MODEL FOR EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF WORDS IN A LANGUAGE

Human language, over its evolutionary history, has emerged as one of the fun- damental defining characteristic of the modern man. However, this milestone evolutionary process through natural selection has not left any 'linguistic fossils' that may enable us to trace back the actual course of development of language and its establishment in human soci- eties. Lacking analytical tools to fathom the critical essentials of evolutionary mechanism of cultural transmission, we seek the recourse of simulation study as another useful method of enquiry into the evolutionary trajectory of language. In this paper we use a toy model to understand an interesting feature of language evolution, namely, the scenario in which words gets fixed in a population of language users. We obtain simulation for the replicator dynamics that characterise the time rate of change of various words in the given language, using genetic algorithm to simulate the dynamics. We infer that two of the prime determinants for the establishment of a word within a linguistic population are its consonance with the grammar and its communicative efficiency.
A critical assessment of simple recharge models: application to the UK Chalk

Quantification of the timing and magnitude of point-scale groundwater recharge is challenging, but possi- ble at specific sites given sufficient high spatial and temporal resolution field observations, and a suitable physically based model. Such models are generally too computationally in- tensive and have too many unknown parameters to be practi- cally applicable within distributed, larger-scale hydrological or groundwater models. This motivates the need for simpler recharge models, which are widely used within groundwa- ter models. However, it is important that these models are able to capture adequately the unsaturated zone flow pro- cesses. We perform an inter-comparison of recharge sim- ulated by a detailed physically based model and a simple recharge model, with both models applied to a field site in the fractured porous Chalk in the UK. Flow processes are simu- lated convincingly using a dual permeability, equivalent con- tinuum, vertically heterogeneous, Richards' equation model, applied to a 2-D hillslope transect. A simple conventional recharge model was then calibrated to reproduce the wa- ter table response simulated by the physically based model. The performance in reproducing the water table was surpris- ingly good, given the known discrepancies between the ac- tual processes and the model representation. However, com- parisons of recharge fluxes simulated by each model high- lighted problems with the process representations in the sim- ple model. Specifically, bypass flow events during the sum- mer were compensating for recharge that should have come from slow, continual drainage of the unsaturated zone. Such a model may still be useful for assessment of groundwater resources on a monthly basis, under non-extreme climatic conditions. However, under extreme wet or dry conditions, or under a changed climate the predictive capacity of such models is likely to be inadequate.
Yield of early white cabbage grown under mulch and non-mulch conditions with low populations of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)

The damage caused by Thrips tabaci to a susceptible hybrid of early white cabbage was studied in field experiments undertaken during 2004 and 2005. The three treatments tested were beds of cabbage mulched with: (1) barley straw, (2) hay, and (3) black polyethylene (PE) sheeting. Bare-soil (un-mulched) beds were used as the control treatment. One early and one late experiment were performed in both years. In the early experiments, the mulches were applied at the start of the experiment, whereas in the late experiments the soil was first covered with black polyethylene for approximately 1 month. In both years, the springs were cold and wet, and so the thrips appeared late and their numbers were low. The highest mean actual weight and trimmed weight were recorded for cabbage grown in 2005 under PE mulch (actual early: 995 g, actual late: 1184 g, trimmed early: 870 g, trimmed late: 1056 g). Year 2004 gave lower values (110g for both variables) under barley straw and hay mulch (165 g and 160 g, respectively). There was no evidence of an allelopathic effect of water extracts of either barley straw or hay.
Breeding for functional foods

A large number of oilseeds with genetically modified crop production traits have been developed in recent years. Examples include herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance and male sterility and restoration (Green and Salisbury 1998). Gene technology also provides substantially increased opportunities to alter the composition of grains to better match current and emerging food and industrial uses. In particular, there is a major focus on the development of oilseed products as natural health products and functional foods.
Diagnosis of Seasonal Rainfall Variability over East Africa: A Case Study of 2010-2011 Drought over Kenya

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the recent climate variability over the East African region; with focus on the 2010-2011 rainfall failure over Kenya. The seasonal rainfall over the region is bimodal, mainly influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The observed rainfall in October – December (OND) 2010 and March-May (MAM) 2011 was below normal with respect to the respective long term means (LTMs). The low level divergence was observed during 2010 OND, especially in the eastern and western parts of the country. Although the western parts of the country experienced low level convergence during MAM, the south easterlies that partly transport moisture from the Indian Ocean were generally observed to be very strong as compared to the seasonal climatology. The condition reduces the chances of low level convergence, leading to a reduction in rainfall. Relative humidity was noted to be below normal in the northeastern sector of the study area, as opposed to the western sector where it was above normal. This is associated with the observed positive anomaly of rainfall in the western sector. The combination of the observed phenomena led to the observed drought in 2010 - 2011 over most parts of the country. Similar phenomena should be keenly monitored in future especially during seasonal weather forecasting to detect the possible occurrence of drought for planning purposes.
The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms

Due to their effective mechanism of accumulation of heavy metals from soil, the macrofungi show high concentrations of metals in their fruiting body. According with this ability, the mushrooms can be used to evaluate and control the level of environmental pollution, but also represent danger for human ingestion. We analyzed some macrofungi species from a wooded area to establish the heavy metal concentrations and ability of bioaccumulation and translocation for Zn, Cu and Sn in fruiting body. The metallic content was established by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry method (ICP-AES). The minimal detection limits of method is 0.4 mg/kg for Zn and Cu and 0.6 mg/kg for Sn. Heavy metals concentrations in the fruiting body ranged between 6.98-20.10 mg/kg for Zn (the higher value was for Tapinella atrotomentosa); 16.13-144.94 mg/kg for Cu (the higher value was for Hypholoma fasciculare); and 24.36-150.85 mg/kg for Sn (the higher value was for Paxillus involutus). The bioaccumulation factor has important values (higher than 1) only for copper in all the analyzed species (between 1.30 and 8.86) and for tin in Paxillus involutus species (1.19). The translocation factor shows that zinc and tin were accumulated in higher concentrations in cap of mushrooms and the copper had higher concentrations in stipe.
Worker Responses to Occupational Risk of Cancer

Worker Responses to Occupational Risk of Cancer Author(s): James C. Robinson Source: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Aug., 1990), pp. 536-541 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109365 Accessed: 26-05-2016 22:31 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Review of Economics and Statistics This content downloaded from 169.229. 32.36 on Thu, 26 May 2016 22:31:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Hydrologic Interrelations of Water and Soils

Nearly forty years ago Ed Imbeaux, a distinguished French hydrologist, published in Zeitschrift fur Gewasserkunde (l), "Essai-programme d'Hydrologie," in which he outlined outstanding problems of hydrology and, by implication, the need for further research. He pointed to the problem of runoff as the keystone of the hydrologic cycle. Much has since been accomplished. The object of this paper is to outline surface runoff phenomena and thereby bring to light what seems to the author to be the most outstanding needs for research and extension of knowledge regarding the interrelations of water and soil. The relations between water and soil have been much studied. Previous studies, as reviewed, for example, in the excellent books by Maximov (g) and Keen (3), have mostly been predicated on the assumption that the water is already in the soil. How it got there has received altogether too little attention. The present paper'is devoted primarily to the relation of rainfall and soil, that is, to the ground surface phase of the hydrologic cycle. The behavior of water after it enters the soil, evaporation, transpiration by vegetation and the phenomena of ground-water storage and flow are considered only incidentally, since for the most part this discussion centers around the phenomena of infiltration. Infiltration capacity (f) may be defined as the rate at which a soil surface when in a given condition can absorb rainfall.
Regional growth in Portugal: assessing the contribution of earnings and education inequality

Regional economic growth in Portugal has mainly been studied from the perspective of convergence with data ending by the early 2000’s. The country as a whole has stopped converging to the output levels of the richest European countries by this period and has also become one of the most unequal EU member-states in terms of income distribution in the meantime. It is thus important to analyze the growth performance at the regional level in a more recent period, 1995-2007, emphasizing regional disparities in inequality as explanatory factors. This study examines the relationship between inequality and regional growth in Portugal at NUTS III level exploring the explanatory power of earnings and education inequality measures computed with data from the Quadros de Pessoal database. The results point to a positive relationship between initial inequality and regional growth, stronger for education than for earnings inequality, but with earnings inequality measures revealing a higher explanatory power. Moreover, there is evidence that it is inequality at the top of the distribution that is the relevant to explain regional growth, a result that reinforces the higher propensities to save of the richer and the incentives mechanisms of transmission from inequality to growth. Additionally, the evidence does not support the existence of convergence among Portuguese NUTS III regions during the period under analysis. These findings are robust to the introduction of most additional control variables and the consideration of alternative measures of earnings and education inequality.
On forecasting the Indian summer monsoon: The intriguing season of 2002

This year, the rainfall over India during the first half of the summer monsoon season was 30% below normal. This has naturally led to a lot of concern and speculation about the causes. We have shown that the deficit in rainfall is a part of the natural variability. Analysis of the past data suggests that there is a 78% chance that seasonal mean rainfall this year will be 10% or more below the long-term average value. We discuss briefly how forecasts for seasonal rainfall are generated, whether this event could have been foreseen, and share our perspective on the problems and prospects of forecasting the summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian region.
Using an effective Boltzmann machine to learn context dependencies of a sequence

It has been recognised that current artificial neural network (ANN) systems that employ windowing techniques to learn context dependencies in sequences have many deficiencies. One variant of this type of system that attempts to overcome many of these deficiencies is the effective Boltzmann machine (EBM). The EBM which is based on the Boltzmann machine (BM) has the ability to perform completion and to provide an energy measure for the solution. In this paper, the authors extend the EBM and show that the system has many desirable properties. This paper reports two major improvements to the EBM. First, where as in the past, a BM is used to learn the local contexts of a sequence, yhe authors show that the EBM itself is an architecture suitable for learning local contexts. The authors' initial experiments show that it outperforms a window based BM. Second, the authors demonstrate that, with this new training scheme, a multilayer EBM can be constructed to extend the effective window size. This means that learning contextual dependencies is not limited by the window size. This is done by utilising the state information of the first EBM hidden layer to train that of the second EBM layer. The effect of this long range effective window is demonstrated by experiments.
A propos de Samolus Valerandi L. et de quelques autres espèces apparues aux grandes Isles d'Aigle

Avant les travaux, le terrain était occupé par un champ de maïs, situé environ 3 mètres au-dessus du niveau du canal, et séparé de ce dernier par un chemin revêtu et par un talus herbeux eutrophe, fauché deux fois par année. Après décapage de la terre végétale, le terrain fut excavé et modelé de manière à creuser un nouveau lit parallèle au lit principal. Sur la bande de sédiments séparant les deux lits, un chemin non revêtu fut recréé pour permettre le trafic agricole et l'entretien du canal. Le tracé du bras latéral fut modelé de façon à créer des microhabitats variés, avec
maging from atomic structure to electronic structure

This paper discusses the possibility of retrieving the electron distribution (with highlighted valence electron distribution information) of materials from recorded HREM images. This process can be achieved by solving two inverse problems: reconstruction of the exit wave and reconstruction of the electron distribution from exit waves. The first inverse problem can be solved using a focal series reconstruction eywords: lectron distribution REM xit waves ynamical scattering igen functions method. We show that the second inverse problem can be solved by combining a series of exit waves recorded at different thickness conditions. This process is designed based on an improved understanding of the dynamical scattering process. It also explains the fundamental difficulty of obtaining the valence electron distribution information and the basis of our solution. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Testing the Use of Crowdsourced Information: Case Study of Bike-Share Infrastructure Planning in Cincinnati, Ohio

Considering the power of web-based tools for crowdsourcing, planning organizations are increasingly using these technologies to gather ideas and preferences from the public. These technologies often generate substantial, unstructured data about public needs. However, our understanding of the use of crowdsourced information in planning is still limited. Focusing on the City of Cincinnati Bike-share planning as a case study, this article explores the challenges and considerations of using crowdsourced information. Employing mixed analysis methods, the article analyzes participant suggestions and examines whether and how those suggestions were incorporated into the bike-share plan. Interpretive analysis of interviews provided insights about suggestions that were used in the final plan. The results highlight organizational opportunities and limitations. A variety of organizational factors affected the utility of crowdsourced information in Cincinnati bike-share plan. These include the capability of the planning organizations to analyze data and facilitate participation, and the perception of planners about the value of crowdsourced information and local knowledge.
Liquid Sorption by Nonwovens Containing Superabsorbent Fibres

Working in tight protective clothing made from coated fabrics, which are not permeable to water vapour, causes considerable discomfort, among other reasons because it is impossible to expel high quantities of intensively secreted sweat from the garment [1]. The sweat accumulates on the skin and on the internal surface of tight clothing, and so fails to play its physiological role, as it cannot evaporate because the undergarment microclimate is saturated with humidity. The high humidity content of the undergarment microclimate leads to sensations of stuffiness and sultriness, increasing the user’s discomfort associated with the presence of liquid sweat on the skin and clothing layers. A similar situation takes place when wearing tight shoes and gloves.
Pengelolaan Irigasi di DAS Cimanuk Suatu Tinjauan Ekologis dan Sosial Ekonomis

Indonesian Studi mengenai pengelolaan irigasi secara luas tidak saja mencakup persoalan teknis, tetapi juga mencakup persoalan ekologis dan sosial ekonomis. Hasil penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa ciri-ciri sistem irigasi dan pengelolaannya berbeda antara daerah bagian hulu dan hilir daerah aliran sungai (DAS). Perbedaan ciri tersebut menyangkut masalah penyediaan dan pembagian air irigasi, partisipasi petani dan masalah kelembagaan pengelolaan irigasi ditingkat petani. Dibandingkan dengan irigasi dibagian hulu DAS, penyediaan air irigasi dan pembagiaannya dibagian hilir DAS lebih sulit. Perbedaan kemampuan dalam penyediaan dan pembagian air antara irigasi di daerah hulu dan hilir ini, merupakan cermin dari akibat kerusakan ekologis dibagian hulu DAS. Beberapa masalah sosial ekonomi yang perlu mendapat perhatian pada sistem irigasi berskala besar dibagian hilir DAS Cimanuk (Sistem Irigasi Rentang) adalah masalah kepatuhan dalam mengikuti jadwal giliran air, masalah partisipasi petani dalam iuran dan pemeliharaan jaringan iriagsi, dan masalah kelembagaan pengelolaan irigasi. Berfungsinya kelembagaan irigasi baru sperti P3A (Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air) dipengaruhi oleh penampilan kelembagaan tradisional yang sebelumnya telah ada (seperti: Raksabumi) dan tergantung pula dari kesulitan yang dihadapi petani dalam pengelolaan irigasi.
Portosystemic collateral pathways and interventions in portal hypertension

Pathologic increase in portal pressure can be caused by increased resistance to blood flow at the level of the portal vein (pre-hepatic), hepatic sinusoids (hepatic) or hepatovenous outflow (post-hepatic). This results in recruitment and dilatation of tiny portosystemic collateral pathways, diverting portal venous blood flow to low pressure systemic veins. Based on the location of the causative factor of portal venous resistance, different collateral pathways and shunts may develop, resulting in unique syndromes of portal hypertension and in-turn requiring unique treatment options. Knowledge of the common and less-common portosystemic collateral pathways have important implication for clinicians and interventionalists. The objective of this pictorial review is to illustrate the various collateral pathways using diagrammatic and conventional non-invasive and invasive radiologic examples. Additionally, we will briefly address minimally invasive interventional techniques used to treat the sequelae of portal hypertension. Copyright © 2018, Society of Gastrointestinal Intervention. All rights reserved.
Sclera-Specific and non-sclera-specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with non-infectious anterior scleritis

OBJETIVOS: estudar a frequencia e especificidade de auto-anticorpos contra antigenos especificos e nao especificos da esclera no soro de pacientes com esclerite anterior nao infecciosa. METODOS: foi realizado estudo prospectivo envolvendo 25 pacientes examinados no Setor de Cornea e Doencas Externas do Departamento de Oftalmologia da Unifesp-EPM e no Laboratorio de Imuno-Reumatologia da Unifesp-EPM, durante um ano. Os criterios de esclerite foram estabelecidos conforme a classificacao de Watson e Hayreh (1976). Os criterios de exclusao foram as esclerites infecciosas. Todos os pacientes tiveram avaliacoes clinica e oftalmologica completas, incluindo exames laboratoriais para afastar doencas infecciosas como a sifilis e a tuberculose. Os seguintes auto-anticorpos foram testados: fator reumatoide, anticorpos antinucleares, anticorpos anticardiolipina, ANCA (anticorpos anticitoplasmaticos de neutrofilos), anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, anti-Sm, anti-DNA e anti-APF (anticorpos antifator perinuclear). Para a pesquisa de auto-anticorpos contra antigenos especificos da esclera, o soro dos pacientes foi submetido a tecnica de imunofluorescencia indireta e Western-blot utilizando esclera humana obtida em banco de olhos, como substrato. Os soros de 25 pacientes higidos foram utilizados como grupo controle nos testes imunologicos. RESULTADOS: auto-anticorpos contra antigenos nao especificos da esclera foram detectados: um paciente com fator reumatoide positivo, dois pacientes com fator antinucleo positivos, dois pacientes com anticorpos anticardiolipina positivos e dois pacientes com anti-APF. Auto-anticorpos contra antigenos especificos da esclera pela tecnica de imunofluorescencia indireta e Western-blot foram detectados no soro de dois pacientes com esclerite. Os dois pacientes com auto-anticorpos contra antigenos especificos da esclera nao apresentavam auto-anticorpos contra antigenos nao especificos da esclera nem tinham doenca reumatica auto-imune. Os controles normais foram negativos para todos os auto-anticorpos testados. CONCLUSOES: Auto-anticorpos contra antigenos especificos da esclera foram detectados unica e isoladamente no soro de pacientes com esclerite anterior nao infecciosa. A presenca de auto-anticorpos contra antigenos nao especificos da esclera foi observada em pacientes com doenca reumatica auto-imune e em pacientes com esclerite isolada.