Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slavenka Kam-Hansen Migraine Attacks Altered Placebo and Drug Labeling Changes the Outcome of Episodic

components of medical care. treatment involves medication or placebo, the information provided to patients and the ritual of pill taking are important 50% of the drug effect. The benefits of placebo persisted even when the placebo was honestly described. Whether than that of no treatment. Relative to no treatment, the placebo, under each information condition, accounted for more progressively enhanced the effects of both placebo and Maxalt. The efficacy of open-label placebo was superior to attacks. Maxalt was superior to placebo for pain relief. Increasing information from negative to neutral to positive Maxalt). Each participant also reported on an initial no-treatment attack, yielding a total of 459 documented migraine placebo or Maxalt (10-mg rizatriptan) under three information conditions (told placebo, told Maxalt or placebo, told pain scores. In a randomized order over six consecutive attacks, 66 patients with episodic migraine received either patients, who received either active drug or placebo, modified their headache pain as measured by patient-reported provided to −− ranging from ''negative'' to ''neutral'' to ''positive'' −− investigated how information et al. Kam-Hansen Placebo and medication effects are intimately related in clinical practice and drug development. In new work, Placebo and Medication Effects in Episodic Migraine
MR-guided interventional procedures: a review

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a potential guidance tool for a variety of procedures. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using either open surgical or percutaneous access are performed. They span from simple lesion targeting and biopsy to complex applications requiring multiple tasks performed simultaneously or in rapid succession. These tasks include instrument guidance and therapy monitoring as well as procedural follow-up. The interventional use of MRI (IMRI) is increasing steadily. This article reviews the prerequisites, systems, and clinical interventional procedures of IMRI.
Serial Correlation in a Simple Dam Processs

This paper deals with a dam model similar to one due to P. A. P. Moran. It assumes that both the inflow and release of water are exponentially distributed random variables and studies the dam during its steady state. It derives the serial correlation in the sequence of water levels and compares it with previous results for a corresponding queuing system. Since knowledge of the serial correlation is essential in designing simulation experiments, the paper suggests that similar investigations be performed on other systems of standard type.
Review on network layer attacks detection and prevention techniques in mobile ad hoc networks

Security is an essential requirement in mobile ad hoc network (MANETs). In this paper, we proposed the survey of countermeasures of all security attacks of network layer in MANETs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that explaining all the existing countermeasures of network layer attacks in MANETs. The countermeasures are features or functions that reduce or eliminate security vulnerabilities and attacks.
Bayes Nonparametric Estimation of Time-dependent Failure Rate

This paper discusses Bayes nonparametric estimation of time-dependent failure rates. A point and an interval estimate of the quantiles of the failure process are given for both complete and censored samples. The prior degree-of-belief about the failure rate is expressed in the form of a hypothetical sample. A numerical example is discussed.
Estimation of Allocative Inefficiency and Productivity Growth with Dynamic Adjustment Costs

A substantial literature has been generated on the estimation of allocative and technical inefficiency using static production, cost, profit, and distance functions. We develop a dynamic shadow distance system that integrates dynamic adjustment costs into a long-run shadow cost-minimization problem, which allows us to distinguish static allocative distortions from short-run inefficiencies that arise due to period-to-period adjustment costs. The set of estimating equations is comprised of the first-order conditions from the short-run shadow cost-minimization problem for the variable shadow input quantities, a set of Euler equations derived from subsequent shadow cost minimization with respect to the quasi-fixed inputs, and the input distance function, expressed in terms of shadow quantities. This system nests within it the static model with zero adjustment costs. Using panel data on U.S. electric utilities, we contrast the results of static and dynamic shadow distance systems. First, the zero-adjustment-cost restriction is strongly rejected. Second, we find that adjustment costs represent about 0.42% of total cost, and about 1.26% of capital costs. Third, while both models reveal that labor is not utilized efficiently, the dynamic model indicates a longer period of over-use and less variance over time in the degree of inefficiency. With the dynamic model, productivity growth is larger but more stable.
Results of phase 2 safety and feasibility study of treatment with levetiracetam for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and tolerability of treatment with levetiracetam and determine the trough levels of levetiracetam in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are at high risk for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). DESIGN Open-label, nonrandomized phase 2 study with 2 arms comparing levetiracetam treatment vs observation. SETTING Two level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS A total of 422 participants 6 years or older with TBI who have a 20% risk for PTE were screened. Of these participants, 205 (48.6%) were eligible. A total of 126 participants were enrolled: 86 adults and 40 children. A total of 66 participants were in the treatment group (46 adults and 20 children), and a total of 60 participants were in the observation group (40 adults and 20 children). Participants presenting within 8 hours after TBI received treatment, and those presenting more than 8 to 24 hours after TBI did not. INTERVENTION Treatment with levetiracetam (55 mg/kg/d) for 30 days starting within 8 hours after injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of adverse events, mood score, number of infections, trough level of levetiracetam, and PTE. RESULTS Of the 66 participants treated with levetiracetam, 2 (3%) stopped treatment owing to toxicity (somnolence). The most common adverse events were fatigue, headache, and somnolence. Mood scores and number of infections did not differ between the treatment and observation groups. Mean trough levels of levetiracetam on days 2 to 30 ranged from 19.6 to 26.7 μg/mL. At 2 years, 13 of 86 adults (15.1%) and 1 of 40 children (2.5%) developed PTE. At 2 years, 5 of 46 treated adults (10.9%) and 8 of 40 untreated adults (20.0%) developed PTE (relative risk, 0.47; P=.18). CONCLUSION Treatment with 55 mg/kg/d of levetiracetam (a dose with an antiepileptogenic effect on animals) for patients with TBI at risk for PTE is safe and well tolerated, with plasma levels similar to those in animal studies. The findings support further evaluation of levetiracetam treatment for the prevention of PTE. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01463033.
Irradiated asymmetric Friedmann branes

We consider a Friedmann brane moving in a bulk impregnated with radiation. The set-up is strongly asymmetric, with only one black hole in the bulk. The radiation emitted by this left bulk black hole can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted through the brane. Radiation pressure accelerates the brane, behaving as dark energy. Absorption however generates a competing effect: the brane becomes heavier and gravitational attraction increases. We analyse the model numerically, assuming a total absorption on the brane for k = 1. We conclude that due to the two competing effects, in this asymmetric scenario the Hawking radiation from the bulk black hole is not able to change the recollapsing fate of this brane-world universe. We show that for light branes and early times the radiation pressure is the dominant effect. In contrast, for heavy branes the self-gravity of the absorbed radiation is a much stronger effect. We find the critical value of the initial energy density for which these two effects roughly cancel each other.
In vivo accumulation of etoposide in peripheral leukemic cells in patients treated for acute myeloblastic leukemia; relation to plasma concentrations and protein binding.

Since etoposide interacts with the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II, the drug concentrations in the malignant cells during chemotherapy may have clinical correlates. Plasma protein binding of etoposide is extensive (94%) and alterations of the non-proteinbound fraction affect pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug. The pharmacokinetics of etoposide was therefore studied in plasma, total and non-proteinbound concentrations, and in leukemic cells isolated from peripheral blood samples from 22 patients after the first dose of the induction treatment for acute myelocytic leukemia. Fourteen patients received 100 mg/m2 and eight patients 200 mg/m2 as a 1 h infusion. The mean area under the concentration versus time curve AUC(0-infinity) in plasma was at the lower dose level 78.4 +/- 29.1 (mean +/- S.D.) micrograms/ml x h and 201.0 +/- 56.5 micrograms/ml x h at the higher dose level. The fraction of non-proteinbound etoposide in plasma was 5.2 +/- 3.4 and 5.4 +/- 2.1% in the two treatment groups. AUC(0-16h) in leukemic cells was 8.4 +/- 8.7 and 22.4 +/- 12.1 micrograms/ml x h at the two dose levels, respectively. The cellular etoposide concentration was 12.1 +/- 7.9 and 14.7 +/- 5.1% of the plasma concentration at the end of the infusion. The interpatient variability in cellular drug levels was considerable and exceeded the variability in plasma concentrations. Cellular accumulation of etoposide could be important for treatment outcome.
Incidence of Vertebral Fracture in Europe: Results From the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS)

Vertebral fracture is one of the major adverse clinical consequences of osteoporosis; however, there are few data concerning the incidence of vertebral fracture in population samples of men and women. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of vertebral fracture in European men and women. A total of 14,011 men and women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population‐based registers in 29 European centers and had an interviewer‐administered questionnaire and lateral spinal radiographs performed. The response rate for participation in the study was approximately 50%. Repeat spinal radiographs were performed a mean of 3.8 years following the baseline film. All films were evaluated morphometrically. The definition of a morphometric fracture was a vertebra in which there was evidence of a 20% (+4 mm) or more reduction in anterior, middle, or posterior vertebral height between films—plus the additional requirement that a vertebra satisfy criteria for a prevalent deformity (using the McCloskey‐Kanis method) in the follow‐up film. There were 3174 men, mean age 63.1 years, and 3614 women, mean age 62.2 years, with paired duplicate spinal radiographs (48% of those originally recruited to the baseline survey). The age standardized incidence of morphometric fracture was 10.7/1000 person years (pyr) in women and 5.7/1000 pyr in men. The age‐standardized incidence of vertebral fracture as assessed qualitatively by the radiologist was broadly similar—12.1/1000 pyr and 6.8/1000 pyr, respectively. The incidence increased markedly with age in both men and women. There was some evidence of geographic variation in fracture occurrence; rates were higher in Sweden than elsewhere in Europe. This is the first large population‐based study to ascertain the incidence of vertebral fracture in men and women over 50 years of age across Europe. The data confirm the frequent occurrence of the disorder in men as well as in women and the rise in incidence with age.
Cas9-Assisted Targeting of CHromosome segments (CATCH) for targeted nanopore sequencing and optical genome mapping

Variations in the genetic code, from single point mutations to large structural or copy number alterations, influence susceptibility, onset, and progression of genetic diseases and tumor transformation. Next-generation sequencing analyses are unable to reliably capture aberrations larger than the typical sequencing read length of several hundred bases. Long-read, single-molecule sequencing methods such as SMRT and nanopore sequencing can address larger variations, but require costly whole genome analysis. Here we describe a method for isolation and enrichment of a large genomic region of interest for targeted analysis based on Cas9 excision of two sites flanking the target region and isolation of the excised DNA segment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The isolated target remains intact and is ideally suited for optical genome mapping and long-read sequencing at high coverage. In addition, analysis is performed directly on native genomic DNA that retains genetic and epigenetic composition without amplification bias. This method enables detection of mutations and structural variants as well as detailed analysis by generation of hybrid scaffolds composed of optical maps and sequencing data at a fraction of the cost of whole genome sequencing.
Regularized matched-mode processing for source localization.

This paper develops a new approach to matched-mode processing (MMP) for ocean acoustic source localization. MMP consists of decomposing far-field acoustic data measured at an array of sensors to obtain the excitations of the propagating modes, then matching these with modeled replica excitations computed for a grid of possible source locations. However, modal decomposition can be ill-posed and unstable if the sensor array does not provide an adequate spatial sampling of the acoustic field (i.e., the problem is underdetermined). For such cases, standard decomposition methods yield minimum-norm solutions that are biased towards zero. Although these methods provide a mathematical solution (i.e., a stable solution that fits the data), they may not represent the most physically meaningful solution. The new approach of regularized matched-mode processing (RMMP) carries out an independent modal decomposition prior to comparison with the replica excitations for each grid point, using the replica itself as the a priori estimate in a regularized inversion. For grid points at or near the source location, this should provide a more physically meaningful decomposition; at other points, the procedure provides a stable inversion. In this paper, RMMP is compared to standard MMP and matched-field processing for a series of realistic synthetic test cases, including a variety of noise levels and sensor array configurations, as well as the effects of environmental mismatch.
Maintaining Workspace Consistency in Filtered Editing of Dynamically Evolving Model-driven Software Product Lines

Model-driven software product line engineering is complicated: In addition to defining a variability model, developers must deal with a multi-variant domain model. To reduce complexity, filtered editing, inspired by version control, was recently transferred to software product line engineering. On check-out, a single-variant model is derived based on a configuration of its features. On commit, the representatively applied change is scoped with the features to which it is relevant. The here considered dynamic editing model involves different kinds of evolution: The variability model and the domain model are edited concurrently. Features, which define the workspace contents or the scope of the change, may be introduced or deleted. Furthermore, the scope of a change may be revised until commit. The dynamism of this filtered editing model raises consistency problems concerning the evolving relationships between the variability model, the specified configuration, and the scope of the change. This paper formalizes these constraints and presents consistency-preserving algorithms for the workspace operations check-out, commit, as well as a new operation, migrate. This way, the evolution of model-driven software product lines is managed automatically, non-disruptively, and consistently.
Neonates treated with ECMO: predictive value of early CT and US neuroimaging findings on short-term neurodevelopmental outcome.

PURPOSE To determine if neuroimaging findings in infants who undergo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are predictive of developmental outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS At 1-2 years of age, 183 ECMO survivors (69 female, 114 male) underwent developmental examination. Neuroimaging studies obtained at time of ECMO were assigned a neuroimaging score. Neuroimaging findings were correlated with developmental outcome. RESULTS Eighty-five infants had neuroimaging abnormalities. Development was normal in 105 infants, suspect in 37, and delayed in 41. Mean neuroimaging scores were significantly worse in survivors with delayed development (P < or = .0001). The sensitivity and specificity of normal neuroimaging findings in prediction of normal outcome were 65% and 63%, respectively. Survivors with nonhemorrhagic abnormalities had a higher risk of delayed development than did those with isolated hemorrhagic abnormalities (39% vs 21%). CONCLUSION Although they cannot be used alone to predict outcome, early neuroimaging scores can be used to assign risk categories for developmental outcome.
Experimental reorganization of the cerebellar cortex. VII. Effects of late X‐irradiation schedules that interfere with cell acquisition after stellate cells are formed

In Long‐Evans rats the area of the cerebellum was irradiated with multiple doses of low‐level X‐ray beginning on day 12 after the bulk of stellate cells were acquired. The treatment spared basket, stellate and early‐forming granule cells but led to a substantial reduction in the total granule cell population and a correlated miniaturization of the cerebellar cortex. Nevertheless most Purkinje cells had normally shaped planar dendritic arbors, with an upward directed stem dendrite, several smooth branches and a multitude of spiny branchlets. The frequent piling up of spiny branchlets near the surface was attributed to the truncation of the bed of parallel fibers by this radiation schedule.
The prevalence problem in the era of human papillomavirus screening

Screening slides for low prevalence abnormalities is a challenging task because the low expectation of finding abnormal cells increases the likelihood that those cells will be missed. High miss errors in low prevalence visual search is known as the prevalence effect in cognitive science circles, and is a robust finding in many basic and applied studies of visual perception, including cytology. What seems to happen in low prevalence visual search is that observers adopt a reporting bias that favours target-absent responses. Cytologists would call this a threshold problem; setting a diagnostic threshold that is too high increases the risk of false negatives, which are anathema in screening tests. Quite naturally then, cervical cytology screeners are trained to adopt low thresholds to maximise sensitivity, even though we know that this will increase false positive rates. In the NHS Cervical Screening Programme, estimates of false positive rates can be gleaned from indices such as the positive predictive value, which are currently in the vicinity of 76.0%-92.5% (ie, as many as 24% of women referred to colposcopy as a result of a high-grade cervical cytology report are not found to have high-grade disease). We accept the relatively high false positive rate as an inevitable outcome of an imperfect screening programme. A useful index of diagnostic threshold, one that is commonly used in cognitive science but rarely reported in the cytology literature, is criterion. Criterion is calculated from the z scores of the true positive and false positive rates using the formula below, and is an objective measure of observer response bias. Criterion 1⁄4 zðtrue positive rateÞ þ zðfalse positive rateÞ= 2
Follicular helper T cells: new insights into mechanisms of autoimmune diseases.

BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, etc) are characterized by the production of autoantibodies against one's own cell components, resulting in the dysfunction of normal organs. At present, therapies for autoimmune diseases involve a variety of nonspecific antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive agents with significant side effects. Current studies have suggested that the germinal center (GC) may be the pathogenic hot spot for the production of autoantibodies in autoimmune disease. Events occurring in the GC-such as the selection of high-affinity B cells, proliferation of B cells, and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells-all depend on T cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are a recently identified T-cell subset, named for their location in GCs. Tfh cells are characterized by their signature transcription factor (B-cell lymphoma 6), surface molecules (CD40 ligand, chemokine [C-X-C] receptor 5, inducible T-cell costimulator, programmed cell death protein-1, etc), and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-21, IL-6, IL-10, etc). Through these signals, Tfh cells help B cells form GCs and drive B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies. However, uncontrolled generation of Tfh cells in the GCs or peripherals could lead to autoimmunity. Recent studies from our group and others have shown that Tfh cells are expanded in the peripheral blood of patients and in the lymphoid tissues of mice with lupus or rheumatoid arthritis and play an important role in promoting pathogenic autoantibody production. METHODS In this review, we summarize the latest immunologic findings regarding the characteristics and development of Tfh cells, their relation to other CD4(+) T-cell subsets, and the function of Tfh cells in normal immune response and autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION A clear understanding of the mechanisms of Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology may lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
Envelope detection based on online ICA algorithm and its application to motor imagery classification

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a promising tool for brain-computer interface (BCI). But most of ICA-based BCI researches only used batch ICA algorithm as the offline preprocessing step for EEG artifact removal and pattern enhancement. This paper explored a new approach of applying online ICA based on sliding window Infomax algorithm for BCI implementation. In addition to having good performance of blind source separation as traditional ICA, the proposed method has the characteristics that can synchronously realize the online envelope detection of multi-channel signals, which is that other methods do not have, such as Hilbert transform. Then the online ICA is applied to the envelope detection of mu rhythm evoked by motor imagery and good classification results of imagining left and right hand movement are achieved on real-life data.