Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outcome measurement in Australian rehabilitation environments.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and pattern of methods of outcome assessment used in Australian physical rehabilitation environments. DESIGN Postal survey. METHODS A questionnaire on service type, staffing, numbers of adults treated and outcome measures used for 7 conditions related to injury and road trauma as well as stroke and neuromuscular disorders was sent to 973 services providing adult physical rehabilitation treatment. RESULTS Questionnaires were completed by 440 service providers for a response rate of 45%, similar to that reported in a recent European survey reported in this journal. A small number of measures were reported as in use by most respondents, while a large number of measures were used by a few respondents. Measures of physical changes were used more frequently than those of generic well-being or quality of life. Ease of use and reporting to other professionals were cited as the most important reasons in selection of outcome measures. CONCLUSION This Australian-wide survey detected considerable heterogeneity in outcome measurement procedures used in rehabilitation environments. While the goal of measurement may vary between providers and differ between conditions, the results highlight opportunities for harmonization, bench-marking and measurement of health-related quality of life.
Training Conditions and Strategic Aspects of Skill Transfer in a Simulated Process Control Task

In carrying out tasks, operators are at liberty to adopt a variety of strategies both at an operational level and at a more private psychological level, according to the affordances provided in the operational situation. Skill transfer between tasks is likely to be affected not only by common task elements but also by domain-specific strategic knowledge. The implication for training design thus would be to examine training methods that encourage learners to develop strategic knowledge to maximize transfer. Our focus has been on teaching knowledge of goal interactions and side effects as a means of enhancing domain-specific strategies. We describe an experiment to test predictions made through an operational classification of plans and to examine the extent to which transfer is facilitated by strategic knowledge. Participants were required to learn how to carry out the first stage in starting up a simulated distillation column, following instruction that varied in terms of degree of explicit procedural guidance and knowledge of goal interactions. The transfer task involved contin uing the start-up process to achieve the final product targets. The results indicated that, although common task elements accounted for the majority of transfer effects, strategic knowledge also played a significant role in transfer.
Non-growing Rhodopseudomonas palustris Increases the Hydrogen Gas Yield from Acetate by Shifting from the Glyoxylate Shunt to the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle*

Background: The metabolism of non-growing microbes is poorly understood. Results: In a nitrogen-starved and non-growing photoheterotrophic bacterium, metabolic flow was diverted to mobilize electrons for H2 production. Conclusion: During starvation bacteria decouple their metabolism from biosynthesis. Significance: An understanding of metabolic activities of non-growing cells can be used to engineer improved biocatalysts. When starved for nitrogen, non-growing cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris continue to metabolize acetate and produce H2, an important industrial chemical and potential biofuel. The enzyme nitrogenase catalyzes H2 formation. The highest H2 yields are obtained when cells are deprived of N2 and thus use available electrons to synthesize H2 as the exclusive product of nitrogenase. To understand how R. palustris responds metabolically to increase H2 yields when it is starved for N2, and thus not growing, we tracked changes in biomass composition and global transcript levels. In addition to a 3.5-fold higher H2 yield by non-growing cells we also observed an accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate to over 30% of the dry cell weight. The transcriptome of R. palustris showed down-regulation of biosynthetic processes and up-regulation of nitrogen scavenging mechanisms in response to N2 starvation but gene expression changes did not point to metabolic activities that could generate the reductant necessary to explain the high H2 yield. We therefore tracked 13C-labeled acetate through central metabolic pathways. We found that non-growing cells shifted their metabolism to use the tricarboxylic acid cycle to metabolize acetate in contrast to growing cells, which used the glyoxylate cycle exclusively. This shift enabled cells to more fully oxidize acetate, providing the necessary reducing power to explain the high H2 yield.
Doing Cosmology with Bulk Flow Magnitudes : Observational Effects

In this thesis we investigate the viability of comparing bulk flow magnitudes to predictions from linear theory, in order to test ΛCDM cosmology. This investigation is motivated by a current disagreement with ΛCDM by some bulk flow measurements in the literature, claiming observations of bulk flows larger than predicted in ΛCDM. We focus on observational effects that might bias our measurements of bulk flows, such as the effects of survey geometry, and the asymmetry of the bulk flow magnitude distribution. We find that all techniques to measure a value for the bulk flow overestimate its magnitude, and this is made worse both by sparse sampling and by incomplete sky coverage. Further work is needed before these effects are fully understood, and until that work has been carried out we conclude that the standard χ2 analysis of the bulk flow vector components is still the most viable method to compare bulk flow measurements with theory. Finally, future work should perform the same analysis but calculate cosmological parameters rather than bulk flow velocity, and see if the same biases exist. Since our study shows observational effects will cause false detections of large bulk flows, it is critical to confirm that the same observational effects do not bias cosmological parameters.
Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV

Background:Cross-sectional studies suggest an association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and HIV-1 infection. However, an assessment of a temporal effect was not possible. Objectives:To determine the association of BV and other disturbances of vaginal flora with HIV seroconversion among pregnant and postnatal women in Malawi, Africa. Design:Longitudinal follow-up of pregnant and postpartum women. Methods:Women attending their first antenatal care visit were screened for HIV after counselling and obtaining informed consent. HIV-seronegative women were enrolled and followed during pregnancy and after delivery. These women were again tested for HIV at delivery and at 6-monthly visits postnatally. Clinical examinations and collection of laboratory specimens (for BV and sexually transmitted diseases) were conducted at screening and at the postnatal 6-monthly visits. The diagnosis of BV was based on clinical criteria. Associations of BV and other risk factors with HIV seroconversion, were examined using contingency tables and multiple logistic regression analyses on antenatal data, and Kaplan–Meier proportional hazards analyses on postnatal data. Results:Among 1196 HIV-seronegative women who were followed antenatally for a median of 3.4 months, 27 women seroconverted by time of delivery. Postnatally, 97 seroconversions occurred among 1169 seronegative women who were followed for a median of 2.5 years. Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with antenatal HIV seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio = 3.7) and postnatal HIV seroconversion (adjusted rate ratio = 2.3). There was a significant trend of increased risk of HIV seroconversion with increasing severity of vaginal disturbance among both antenatal and postnatal women. The approximate attributable risk of BV alone was 23% for antenatal HIV seroconversions and 14% for postnatal seroconversions. Conclusions:This prospective study suggests that progressively greater disturbances of vaginal flora, increase HIV acquisition during pregnancy and postnatally. The screening and treating of women with BV could restore normal flora and reduce their susceptibility to HIV.
Inhibition by neonatal hypothalamic estrogen implantation of carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rats.

The effect of estrogen treatment of neonatal female rats on mammary tumors induced by 712-dimethybenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was investigated. 5-day-old animals were given intrahypothalamic micropellet implants containing . 4 mcg estradiol-paraffin mixture or paraffin vehicle alone (sham-operated controls). Nonoperated animals served as intact controls. DMBA was administered intragastrically at 45 days of age. The animals were sacrificed 3 weeks after the appearance of the 1st mammary tumor or 16 weeks after administration of DMBA. Implantation of the estradiol-pariffin micropellets in the anterior to middle part of the hypothalamus produced persistent vaginal estrus while animals implanted in the middle to posterior part of the hypothalamus showed regular cyclic changes. The appearance of mammary tumors was delayed in rats implanted in the anterior to middle part of the hypothalamus in comparison with sham-operated and intact controls. Since the age of vaginal opening and the mammary rating of all 3 groups was the same it is concluded that the hypothalamus of estradiol-paraffin implanted rats is altered by the estrogen while the mammary glands showed little effect. This would indicate that the delay or suppression of mammary tumorigenesis in rats treated with DMBA by estradiol is primarily the result of irreversible changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Technical Innovation is the Headspring of White Goods Enterprises' Life-force

China is a big but not strong country in the production of white goods.Samsung Group has been quickly de- velopod in a relatively short time.The success of Samsung tells us that we must increase the invest of technical inno- vation;reinforce to cultivate the talents of innovation.The enterprise should innovate sustainedly so that it can keep the vital power.
Visualizing metabolically labeled glycoconjugates of living cells by copper-free and fast huisgen cycloadditions.

Azides, which are extremely rare in biological systems, are emerging as attractive chemical handles for bioconjugation. [1–5] In particular, the CuI catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cyclization of azides with terminal alkynes to give stable triazoles[6, 7] has been employed for the tagging of a variety of biomolecules,[8–12] activity-based protein profiling,[13] and the chemical synthesis of microarrays and small molecule libraries. [14]
Evaluation of DNA Damage Using 3 Comet Assay Parameters in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Lead

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between DNA damage and blood lead levels in individuals occupationally exposed to lead. To evaluate this association, 61 workers exposed to lead were monitored in terms of DNA damage in blood lymphocytes. The levels of DNA damage were measured according to 3 comet assay parameters, including tail intensity (TI), tail moment (TM), and DNA tail (DNAt). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the lead levels and TI, TM, and DNAt (p <.01). Smoking had independent effects on DNA damage. A statistically significant difference was observed between smokers and nonsmokers in regards to DNA damage parameters (p <.05). In addition, the lead and DNA damage levels in smokers were found to be significantly higher than the levels observed in nonsmoking workers (p <.05). Our results show that exposure to lead induces genotoxic effects in peripheral lymphocytes, as measured by comet assays.
Scenario Reduction for Futures Market Trading in Electricity Markets

To make informed decisions in futures markets of electric energy, stochastic programming models are commonly used. Such models treat stochastic processes via a set of scenarios, which are plausible realizations throughout the decision-making horizon of the stochastic processes. The number of scenarios needed to accurately represent the uncertainty involved is generally large, which may render the associated stochastic programming problem intractable. Hence, scenario reduction techniques are needed to trim down the number of scenarios while keeping most of the stochastic information embedded in such scenarios. This paper proposes a novel scenario reduction procedure that advantageously compares with existing ones for electricity-market problems tackled via two-stage stochastic programming.
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IV Is Expressed in Spermatids and Targeted to Chromatin and the Nuclear Matrix*

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV and calspermin are two proteins encoded by theCamk4 gene. Both are highly expressed in the testis, wherein situ hybridization studies in rat testes have demonstrated that CaMKIV mRNA is localized to pachytene spermatocytes, while calspermin mRNA is restricted to spermatids. We have examined the expression patterns of both CaMKIV and calspermin in mouse testis and unexpectedly find that CaMKIV is expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids but excluded from spermatocytes, while calspermin is found only in spermatids. CaMKIV and calspermin expression in the testis are stage-dependent and appear to be coordinately regulated. In germ cells, we find that CaMKIV is associated with the chromatin. We further demonstrate that a fraction of CaMKIV in spermatids is hyperphosphorylated and specifically localized to the nuclear matrix. These novel findings may implicate CaMKIV in chromatin remodeling during nuclear condensation of spermatids.
Activation of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl– cotransporter by the WNK-regulated kinases SPAK and OSR1

Mutations increasing WNK1 kinase expression in humans cause the pseudohypoaldosteronism type II hypertension syndrome. This condition is treated effectively by thiazide diuretics, which exert their effects by inhibiting the Na+-Cl– cotransporter (NCC), suggesting a link between WNK1 and NCC. Here, we demonstrate that the SPAK and OSR1 kinases that are activated by WNK1 phosphorylate human NCC at three conserved residues (Thr46, Thr55 and Thr60). Activation of the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 signalling pathway by treatment of HEK293 or mpkDCT kidney distal-convoluted-tubule-derived cells with hypotonic low-chloride conditions induced phosphorylation of NCC at residues phosphorylated by SPAK/OSR1. Efficient phosphorylation of NCC was dependent upon a docking interaction between an RFXI motif in NCC and SPAK/OSR1. Mutation of Thr60 to Ala in NCC markedly inhibited phosphorylation of Thr46 and Thr55 as well as NCC activation induced by hypotonic low-chloride treatment of HEK293 cells. Our results establish that the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 signalling pathway plays a key role in controlling the phosphorylation and activity of NCC. They also suggest a mechanism by which increased WNK1 overexpression could lead to hypertension and that inhibitors of SPAK/OSR1 might be of use in reducing blood pressure by suppressing phosphorylation and hence activity of NCC.
Swimming upstream: input-output linkages and the direction of product adoption

Multiproduct firms dominate production, and their product turnover contributes substantially to aggregate growth. Firms continually adapt their product mix, but what determines which products firms expand into? Theories of the firm propose that mulitproduct firms choose to make products which need the same know-how or inputs that can't be bought ‘off the shelf’. We empirically examine this rationale by testing for firm-level capabilities that are shared across products and manifested through input-output (IO) linkages. We show that a firm's idiosyncratic horizontal and vertical similarity to a product's IO structure predicts product adoption. Using product-specific policy changes for a firm's inputs and outputs, we show that input linkages are the most important, suggesting that firms' product capabilities depend more on economies of scope rather than product market complementarities.
Vaccines: Can Transparency Increase Confidence and Reduce Hesitancy?

* Abbreviations: Hib — : Haemophilus influenzae type b IOM — : Institute of Medicine MMR — : measles, mumps, and rubella Vaccines are one of the most successful public health achievements of the 20th century1–3 and have contributed to improved health and longevity for millions of people in the United States.2–4 Between 1900 and 2000 the average life expectancy in the United States increased by >30 years, from 43.7 to 76.8 years, and infant mortality through 12 months of age decreased from 100 per 1000 population to <7 per 1000 population.2,5 The decrease or elimination of vaccine-preventable infections played a critical role in these population outcomes that have positively influenced the health, growth, and economy of our nation. An evaluation of the US vaccine program from 1900 to 1998 demonstrated reduction or elimination of many infectious diseases that had resulted in substantial childhood morbidity and mortality, including smallpox, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). 2 Newer vaccines, including those that target pneumococci, human papilloma virus, influenza, rotavirus, and varicella, are also reducing morbidity and mortality. Modeling of vaccine impact demonstrates that routine childhood immunizations in the 2009 US birth cohort would prevent ∼42 000 deaths and 20 million cases of disease and save $13.5 billion in direct health care costs and $68.8 billion in societal costs.3 The Vaccines for Children program, operating since 1994 to provide vaccines at no cost to low-income children, has eliminated racial … Address correspondence to Carrie L. Byington, MD, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 26 2000 East, HSEB Suite 5515, Salt Lake City, UT. E-mail: carrie.byington{at}hsc.utah. edu
ACE inhibitors in renal disease

Recent experimental studies suggest that the resistance state of the preglomerular and postglomerular capillary arterioles may determine if a particular class of antihypertensive agents will protect the kidney from hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury. This review discusses (1) the effects of angiotensin II on the renal microcirculation, (2) the pathophysiology of essential hypertensive renal disease, (3) the renal pharmacology of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and (4) the hypothesis that renal protection is dependent on control of systemic and glomerular hypertension.
Pneumococcal vaccination

Purpose of review Pneumococcal diseases (invasive diseases, pneumonia, otitis media, and sinusitis) are among the most frequent preventable infectious diseases carrying a very high morbidity and case fatality rate worldwide. Pneumococcal vaccination is a key element to reduce the global burden of the disease in children and adult population. Our aim is to discuss current knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal vaccines. Recent findings After the introduction of conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13), rates of pneumococcal diseases because of vaccine serotypes have decreased considerably among children in the vaccine target and among nonvaccinated children and adults. Results of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults demonstrated 45.6% efficacy of PCV13 against the first episode of pneumonia, 45% against first-episode nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, and 75% against the first episode of invasive pneumococcal diseases in adults older than 65 years. Recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination have changed recently in both the United States and Europe. Summary The changing epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases should be closely investigated to assess the effectiveness and the usefulness of the current vaccination policies, and to identify future directions for preventing pneumococcal infections.
Overcoming the Challenges Now Limiting Islet Transplantation

Abstract: Steady improvements in islet cell processing technology and immunosuppressive protocols have made pancreatic islet transplantation a clinical reality for the treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recent trials are showing that improved glycemic metabolic control, prevention of severe hypoglycemia, and better quality of life can be reproducibly achieved after transplantation of allogeneic islets in patients with unstable T1DM. Despite these encouraging results, challenges ahead comprise obtaining adequate islet cells for transplant, enhancing islets engraftment, sustaining β cell mass and function over time, and defining effective immune interventions, among others. In order to overcome the current hurdles to the widespread application of islet transplantation there is a need for implementation of integrated, sequential therapeutic approaches.
Translating cognitive and everyday activity deficits into cognitive interventions in mild dementia and mild cognitive impairment

Mild dementia is marked by deficits in cognition and everyday activities. However, few studies have translated findings from both areas of functioning into effective cognitive rehabilitation. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the existing literature on the type and success of interventions and on their extent of use of cognitive theory. Given the limited evidence base in this population, further insights were obtained from studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which involves fewer cognitive and everyday functioning problems than dementia.
Aluminum Evaporation Conditions for SAW Interdigital Transducers

Minimum l w f u l AI film thickness for SAW interdigital transducers (IDT’s) is described. From the standpoints both of realizing high-performance SAW devices and of achieving precise design, i t is Manuscript received December 11, 1979;revised February 12, 1980. J. Temmyo is with Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratory, sashino-Shi, Tokyo 180, Japan. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, Midoricho, Mutory, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. He is now with the Electrical and Electronics Systems Engineering Course, The Technological University of Nagaoka, Kamitomiokacho, Nagaoka-Shi, Niigata 949-54, Japan. S Yoshikawa was with Musashino Electrical Communication Labora0018-9537/80/0400-0219$00.75 O 1980 IEEE 2 2 0 IEEK TRANSACTIONS O N SONICS AND ULTRASONICS, VOL. SU-27, NO. 4, JULY 1980 preferable to use thinner Al for IDT's in GHz band SAW devices. The experimental relation between Al film resistivity and film thickness for various substrate temperature parameters during evaporation is shown, indicating optimum evaporation conditions