Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nest Site Characteristics and Breeding Success of the Red-Backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) in Agricultural Landscape in Eastern Poland: Advantage of Nesting Close to Buildings

Abstract One of the most important factors influencing breeding success in many bird species is predation. Nest site choice is one way of lowering the probability of such losses. In an agricultural landscape of eastern Poland, we examined the relationship between red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) nest site characteristics, i.e., height above ground, concealment, and occurrence of thorns, and the risk of nest predation. We also considered the relationship with distance to potential predators, i.e., corvid nests, and the distance to buildings. Our results showed that only 1 environmental factor significantly influenced breeding success. Birds nesting closer to buildings achieved higher breeding success than those more distant from buildings. A positive correlation between date of first egg laying and distance from the nest to the buildings was also found. These results indicate that areas with human activities and buildings can created habitats that improve breeding success for some species. On the other hand, the growth of such habitats also contributes to decreasing availability of semi-natural areas for breeding and foraging for these species.
Special considerations

ABSTRACT Nutrition plays a vital role in the treatment of eating disorders. Careful consideration of the risks involved and strategies to successfully facilitate nutritional change is required. The first two papers of this series cover the importance of healthy nutrition, effects of inadequate nutrition, assessment and concepts of refeeding and rehydration in eating disorders. This paper discusses special considerations for nutrition change in eating disorders, including the mode of feeding, children and adolescents, chronic illness, pregnancy, nutrition education, prevention and promotion, and working as a team.
Effects of canopy openings on tree seed germination in a Malaysian dipterocarp forest

ABSTRACT The germination of 43 tree species native to the lowland forests of Malaysia was monitored on forest soil in trays placed in closed-canopy forest, an artificial forest gap, and a large clearing. Germination varied significantly among habitats, with only seven species germinating well in all three sites. Seed germination of most species demonstrated clear patterns of shade tolerance or intolerance identical to those long recognized for tree seedlings. Favoured locations for germination were similar to known distributional patterns of adult individuals in mature and secondary forests. Most forest canopy species germinated in the gap, but germination in the large clearing was dramatically reduced or nil; the regeneration of these species in large clearings will be severely retarded even when seeds are present. Canopy-induced inhibition of germination was apparent in several pioneer species; seeds moved from the forest into the gap or clearing germinated rapidly. Results indicate that natural treefall gaps do not inhibit the germination of most species, but do allow pioneer species to germinate, and therefore regenerate. Although germination occurred in all three locations, the level of germination for particular species varied greatly among habitats. We conclude that germination requirements play a very important role in controlling the species composition of regeneration in forest understorey, gap, and large clearing habitats.
Introduction

© 2006 The Author Journal compilation © 2006 Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK EPAT ducational Philosophy and Theory 0013-1857 © 2006 Phi osophy of Education Society of Australasia February 2006 38 1 rigin l Article Intr duction Mitja Sardoc Introduction M  S  4 Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Modern dinoflagellate cysts and evolution of the Peridiniales

The resting cysts (spores) of over 30 species of modern marine and fresh water dinoflagellates belonging to the genera Gonyaulax, Proteceratium, Peridinium, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Diplopeltopsis, and Scrippsiella are described morphologically and their systematic relationships with fossil dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres are discussed. These modern cysts were studied in vivo in North Atlantic phytoplankton at Woods Hole and in a series of over seven hundred single-cell incubation experiments. Fossil or subfossil cysts were also examined from Caribbean, Mediterranean, and western Arabian Sea sediments. It is concluded that modern resting cysts of thecate dinoflagellates are homologous with some fossil dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres and systematic morphological fluctuations follow patterns already known; and relations reflect evolution of the Peridiniales.
A nuanced critical realist approach to educational policy and practice development: Redefining the nature of practitioners’ agency

Abstract In an age of nationalisation of international educational (leadership) policy, or vice versa, the politics and conflicts behind such policies often take centre stage to the detriment of (research-based) professional expertise. In response, this article develops a nuanced critical realism to propose a practice-based development and implementation of educational (leadership) policy reforms. Based on empirical reports of head teachers’ subversive practice, the article concludes by highlighting that professional expertise is a central component, dubbed ‘formless capability’ (potency), that all stakeholders use to turn policy intentions into policy actions (Actuality). Actuality consists of the three traditional domains of critical realism – the real, the actual and the empirical – whose importance is derived from whether it is a means to (incomplete action) or an end in itself (complete action). It is argued here that empirical experiences of leading schools are the stage of actuality that is directly linked to the complete action of students’ learning and, therefore, stands the most chance of being faithfully and successfully embedded and implemented. Policy mechanisms, therefore, need to reflect such research-based knowledge.
Antifungal Activity of Monoterpenoids against Postharvest Pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola

Abstract Twenty two naturally occurring monoterpenoid compounds were selected for antifungal evaluation against two of the most common postharvest pathogens on temperate fruits, Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola. Experiments were carried out in order to examine the separate effects of these compounds on spore germination and mycelial growth. The growth inhibition test was conducted by incorporating the compounds into the medium, or by exposing the fungi to the vapor of the monoterpenoids. The results showed that carvacrol and thymol, the only two phenolic monoterpenoids, were the most potent inhibitors to the two pathogens in the germination and growth inhibition tests. Both of the compounds completely prevented the spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea and M. fructicola at 100 μg/mL. Even at 10 μg/mL medium (0.25 mg/petri dish) in the volatility test, carvacrol and thymol had 85% and 82% inhibition at 48 h against B. cinerea, and 38% and 57% against M. fructicola, respectively. Other monoterpenoids such as eugenol, citronellol, geraniol, citral, (—)-perillaldehyde, citronellal, (—)-perillyl alcohol and (—)-menthol were good growth inhibitors (by contact) although their activities toward the two pathogens were slightly different, with higher inhibition found against the M. fructicola.
Feed Requirements for Egg Production

Abstract Data for individual feed intake, liveweight, and egg production were recorded for five genetically different groups of 40 pullets each during 10 test periods of 28-days each. Average ambient temperature at cage level varied from 6.7 C during January to 21.1 C during June. A 2890 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) diet with 16% crude protein (CP) was fed ad lib. Average egg production for the Small Leghorns (SL) was about 60%, for white-egg hybrids (WL) about 75%, for brown-egg hybrids (BL) about 72%, for female line broiler breeders (BB) about 48%, and for broiler-cross pullets (B) about 51%. Average grams liveweight and grams feed intake per hen day were: SL, 1426 and 83.7; WL, 1809 and 104.9; BL, 2610 and 122.9: BB, 4197 and 156.2; and B, 4158 and 167.7. Partition equations which describe the data for SL, WL, BL, and BB, assuming 70% efficiency of use of feed ME for maintenance, tissue formation, and egg formation were: F = (.534 − .004T)W . 653 + 2. 76ΔW + . 80EM and F = (.259 −.00259T)W.75 + 2. 76ΔW + . 80EM. Similar equations for B, assuming 65% efficiency use of ME, are: F = (.589 − .0044T)W.653 + 2. 9ΔW + . 85EM and F = (.275 − .00275T)W.75 + 2. 9ΔW + . 85EM. The terms are: F = grams feed/hen day; T = ambient temperature in °C; W = grams liveweight; ΔW = grams daily change in liveweight; EM = grams egg mass per hen day. Equations which assume 70% efficiency of use of ME are shown to predict feed intake of a diet containing 2890 kcal of apparent ME per kilogram for white and brown-egg layers and broiler-breeder pullets varying in individual body weights from about 1 to 5 kg. Equations, assuming 65% energetic efficiency, describe feed intake for a group of broiler-cross pullets.
Phenyl β-d-Glucopyranoside Derivatives from the Fruits of Idesia polycarpa

Integrated spectroscopic analysis has led to the characterization of a novel 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl β-d-glucopyranoside derivative from the fruits of Idesia polycarpa. This compound, which has been given the trivial name idescarpin, was identified as 6-hydroxy-2-[[[(1-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]oxy]methyl]phenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (1). Three other compounds were identified as salirepin (2), 2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfate [idesin hydrogen sulfate (3)], and idesin (4). Both 1 and 3 are new compounds.
Tea Catechin Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation Accompanied by Down-regulation of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 Cells

Obesity is a serious health problem, and its prevention is promoted through life style including diet and exercise. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of tea catechin on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. (−)-Catechin 3-gallate (CG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin 3-gallate, and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate at 5 μM suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation. The suppressive effects of CG and EGC were stronger than the others, and CG and EGC also suppressed the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a differentiation marker. These catechins inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, both of which act as key transcription factors at an early stage of differentiation, followed by the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 at a later stage. In addition, the catechins did not affect the phosphorylation status of the insulin signal pathway. Thus, catechin suppressed adipocyte differentiation accompanied by the down-regulation of PPARγ2, C/EBPα, and GLUT4. These results suggest that tea catechin prevents obesity through the suppression of adipocyte differentiation.
The Echmepteryx Hageni Complex (Psocoptera: Lepidopsocidae) in Florida

The Echmepteryx hageni complex in Florida includes 3 species. Two are described as new and a full description of E. hageni (Packard) is presented. In Florida, E. youngi n. sp. seems to be the only bisexual member of the complex. Males of E. intermedia n. sp. are unknown, and those of E. hageni are extremely rare. In southern Florida E. youngi occurs in most plant communities dominated by trees or shrubs but where its range overlaps that of E. hageni, it is restricted almost entirely to the sand scrub communities and occurs primarily on 2 species of pine.
Oceanic and continental transform faults

Transform faults are important structures fundamental to the mechanism of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics, and yet, since they were first defined and explained by J. T. Wilson in 1965, they have been the subject of relatively little study in comparison with the other 2 major plate boundaries: mid-oceanic ridges and subduction zones. To my knowledge there has never been an international symposium concerned exclusively with transform faults, and for this reason the one-day meeting at the Geological Society was organized, with the aim of bringing together in a comprehensive manner the diverse aspects of trans- forms; this thematic set of papers results from the meeting. Transforms are faults along which 2 plates move past each other by simple shear with no creation or destruction of lithosphere. They were first recognized in the NE Pacific (Mendocino, Murray and Pioneer fracture zones, e.g. Vacquier 1965), but recent study has been concentrated on the N Atlantic, e.g. on the Famous (c. 37°N), Kurchatov (40.5°N), and Charlie- Gibbs (52°N) fracture zones (Searle 1979), and the Oceanographer zone (35°N). Attention has often been focussed on 2 aspects: (a) the composition of the igneous rocks, ranging from basalts to gabbros, and serpentinized peridotites and breccias dredged from the fracture mne walls (Bonatti et al. 1974); and (b) the morphology and structure of the zones using bathymetric data (Searle 1979). These data provide unique constraints on the tectonic character and evolution of these oceanic boundaries. In an important link paper, DeLong et al. (1979) present
Discussion on the Southern Uplands as an accretionary prism: the importance of analogues in reconstructing palaeogeography

John Milsom, M. Husen and Helen Kallagher write: A note on the Sumatran-fore-arc. The validity of the use of modern fore-arcs as analogues for the Palaeozoic Southern Uplands of Scotland has recently been discussed by Leggett (1987). His paper made only passing reference to the Sumatran fore-arc but a subsequent discussion by Rock (1987) was concerned almost exclusively with that area. The geological picture accepted as the basis for his discussion differs from that described in published papers and from our own field observations. We would like here to try to limit the dissemination of some common myths. Contrary to the statements made by Rock, the two largest islands in the fore-arc chain have not been mapped either ‘exclusively’ (Siberut) or ‘dominantly’ (Nias) as polymict melange. The only readily accessible studies of Siberut, quoted in van Bemmelen’s (1970) compilation of the geology of Indonesia, describe a number of Tertiary formations and agree that the pre-Tertiary is absent. The oldest rocks are apparently both folded and intensively faulted, but there is no suggestion that the term ‘melange’ would be in any way appropriate. The island was further mapped in 1983 by a team from the Indonesian Geological Research and Development Centre. They worked mainly in the south-eastern quarter, where they found only a single small outcrop of melange. All the remaining exposures were of muddy lithic sandstone, siltstone and mudstone, much of which was tuffaceous. These are commonly disturbed by small-scale faults and thrusts, and in places a cleavage developed in
The pigmentary effector system. I.—Reaction of frog's melanophores to pituitary extracts

The ability of certain organisms, including notably the Mollusca and lower Vertebrata, to respond to their surroundings by appropriate pigmentary changes has long been familiar to biologists; it has been recognised for more than half a century that a special type of effector organs (chromatophores, melanophores, etc.) are actively instrumental in producing such changes, and that, in Vertebrates at least, pigmentary response is partially controlled through the nerves by stimuli received from the organs of vision. During the past two decades it has been shown that the reactions of the pigment cells to stimuli simulate those of other effector organs, especially as regards their responses to certain internal secretions. That a fuller understanding of their properties might prove of service to practical aspects of physiology, as well as the key to a knowledge of “colour adaptation,” was realised by Lister, who concludes his paper on the cutaneous pigmentary system of the Frog (1858) with the following comment: “The pigmentary system also promises to render good service in toxicological enquiry. Hitherto in experiments performed on animals with that object attention has been directed chiefly, if not exclusively, to the effects produced upon the actions of the nervous centres, the nerves, and muscles. In the pigment cells we have a form of tissue with entirely new functions, which, though apparently allied to the most recondite processes, yet produce very obvious effects… Such experiments are so readily performed, and the effects produced are so obviously indicated by the changes in colour of the integument, that I venture to recommend this method of investigation to those who are occupied in studying the action of poisons. …” A considerable literature, which has been reviewed too thoroughly and recently to merit an extensive epitome here, bears witness to the intricacy of the mechanism which underlies pigmental response in Fishes, Amphibia, and Reptiles; and very little work has been done on Molluscs in this connection. It can be safely asserted that as many distinct types of chromatophores are already known as there are different sorts of other effector organs whose properties have been studied. Hence it is obvious that, apart from the intrinsic interest presented by the phenomenon of colour change, a study of the properties of this series of effectors invites consideration in relation to a fuller understanding of the role played respectively by the character of tissue and the nature of its nerve supply in the local action of drugs. The research, of which this preliminary communication contains an initial account, of the response of Amphibian melanophores to pituitary extracts, has been approached with both these objectives in view. For present purposes it will suffice to recapitulate briefly what has already been achieved in relation to the endocrine factors in pigmental response.
A regulatory viewpoint on transporter-based drug interactions

1. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions can lead to serious adverse events and the evaluation of a new molecular entity's (NME) drug–drug interaction potential is an integral part of drug development and regulatory review before its market approval. Clinically relevant interactions mediated by transporters are of increasing interest in clinical development and research in this emerging area and it has been revealed that drug transporters can play an important role in modulating drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. 2. Acting alone or in concert with drug-metabolizing enzymes transporters can affect the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of a drug. The newly released drug interaction guidance by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) includes new information addressing drug transporter interactions with a primary focus on P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1). 3. This paper provides a regulatory viewpoint on transporters and their potential role in drug–drug interactions. It first outlines information that might be needed during drug development and ultimately included in new drug application (NDA) submissions to address potential transporter-mediated drug interactions. Next, it explains criteria that may warrant conduct of in vivo P-gp-mediated drug interaction studies based on in vitro assessment. In addition, it includes a review case that describes the evaluation of data suggesting a P-gp-based induction interaction.
Fertilization Potential and Calcium Transients in Mammalian Eggs

The early physiological events at fertilization of eggs involve a change in membrane potential called the fertilization (or activation) potential and a dramatic, transient increase in the intracellular free-calcium ion concentration ([Ca”Ii) (9). These phenomena have been analysed extensively in the sea urchin, and it is known that the fertilization potential is important for fast electrical block of polyspenny and that the increase in [Ca2+Ii causes cortical vesicle exocytosis, which leads to formation of the fertilization membrane and to establishment of permanent block of polyspermy. The increase in [Ca2+Ji, which takes the form of a “Ca wave” due to propagation of release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, has also been shown to cause increase in 0 2 consumption and activation of NAD kinase in the sea urchin egg, and is thought to be indirectly related to the metabolic activation of inseminated eggs through a still unknown mechanism (9). Reports of studies on these phenomena in mammalian eggs, mainly those of the golden hamster, have appeared only since 1981. In these eggs, the underlying events at fertilization are basically similar to those in the sea urchin, but the patterns of change in membrane potential and increase in [Ca2+Ii are quite different. Here, I review studies on these phenomena, mainly in hamster eggs, and discuss the possible mechanism of signal transduction of sperm-egg interaction causing increases in [ca2+Ii (Ca2+ transients).
Activity-dependent recruitment of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic compartment by facilitated diffusion in the plasma membrane

The brain operates by continually transmitting and processing vast amounts of data through complex networks of neurones. This information is transmitted via the release and detection of neurotransmitters at synapses. In the mammalian brain the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter is glutamate that acts at several types of glutamate receptors located at, or near, the postsynaptic density on specialised dendritic protrusions called spines. The ability of neurones to modulate the efficacy of synaptic transmission in response to previous activity at that synapse, termed synaptic plasticity, is fundamental to cognitive processes such as memory and learning. AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are a subclass of glutamate receptor, which mediate nearly all fast excitatory neurotransmission. Synaptic plasticity largely depends on the activity-dependent trafficking of AMPARs into and out of spines. Thus, a major challenge in neuroscience is to better understand how neurotransmitter receptors get to the right synapse at the right time and how their numbers within spines and at the postsynaptic density are maintained and regulated. We recently reported results that offer a mechanistic explanation of how AMPARs can be recruited to spines by synaptic activity. In this addendum we address technical aspects of this work and further discuss the context and implications of our data.
On Provable Copyright Protection for Generative Models

There is a growing concern that learned conditional generative models may output samples that are substantially similar to some copyrighted data $C$ that was in their training set. We give a formal definition of $\textit{near access-freeness (NAF)}$ and prove bounds on the probability that a model satisfying this definition outputs a sample similar to $C$, even if $C$ is included in its training set. Roughly speaking, a generative model $p$ is $\textit{$k$-NAF}$ if for every potentially copyrighted data $C$, the output of $p$ diverges by at most $k$-bits from the output of a model $q$ that $\textit{did not access $C$ at all}$. We also give generative model learning algorithms, which efficiently modify the original generative model learning algorithm in a black box manner, that output generative models with strong bounds on the probability of sampling protected content. Furthermore, we provide promising experiments for both language (transformers) and image (diffusion) generative models, showing minimal degradation in output quality while ensuring strong protections against sampling protected content.