Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inventory of World Fibres and Involvement of FAO in Fibre Research

Abstract Linen and hemp fabrics are among the oldest in the world; their history goes back to ca 8000 BC. In Central Europe, among the most notable discoveries of Polish archaeologists were linen textiles and fibres dating from 4000 BC, i.e. from the period known in archaeology as the Neolithic Age[1]. The fibres were used not only for textile applications but also as a reinforcement of ceramics as early as ca 6500 BC. Most of plants growing on earth are typical biotechnology products made of lignocellulosic natural polymer. They could be classified into three groups: annual, biannual and perennial plants. The lignocellulosic material of perennial plant origin is wood. In addition to wood, other lignocellulosic materials accompanied mankind for centuries, being used for constructing houses, making means of transport, furnishing, textiles. Nowadays, we apply not only natural fibres, but from the twentieth century man-made fibres as well. The world inventory of natural and man-made fibres in the aspect of their classification, potential and statistical data are presented. The involvement of the FAO Network in fibre research as well as the FAO programs are described.
Post-Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation by applying ozonation, combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's processes for decolorization and residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of biologically pretreated pulp and paper industry effluents. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, O3, H2O2, and Fe2+ dosages. H2O2 addition reduced the reaction times for the same ozone dosages; however combinations of ozone/hydrogen peroxide were only faintly more effective than ozone alone for COD and color removals. In the Fenton‘s oxidation studies, the removal efficiencies of COD, color and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) for biologically treated pulp and paper industry effluents were found to be about 83, 95, and 89%, respectively. Experimental studies indicated that Fenton oxidation was a more effective process for the reduction of COD, color, and UV254when compared to ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide combination. Fenton oxidation was found to have less operating cost for color removal from wastewater per cubic meter than the cost for ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide applications.
Evaluation of environmental impact and gaseous emissions of biodiesel fuels and blends of selected feed-stocks

Thermal and gaseous emissions of biodiesel feed-stocks: sandbox tree, fluted pumpkin, black date and wild melon whose potentials as biodiesel fuels have been established in the earlier works of Igbum et al. (2012) were evaluated in order to ascertain and establish their environmental and emission impacts on the local and global environment. Effects of blending ratios on the thermal/gaseous emissions of the biodiesel fuels from the seed oils were also investigated. The study involved the extraction of oils from the seeds using petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus, transesterification of the oils with methanol at the ratio of 6:1 and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, reaction temperatures of 30°C and 55°C and at a reaction time of five minutes. Thereafter, the methyl esters were blended with automotive gas oil (AGO) at
Optics of a Bifacial Leaf: 2. Light Regime as Affected by the Leaf Structure and the Light Source

Abstract— This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the light regime in a bifacial leaf performed on the basis of optical parameters estimated from the measurements of internal light fluxes with optical microprobes. Pathlength distributions, absorptances and gradients of absorption rates are calculated as affected by different aspects of leaf optics and morphology: scattering of tissue layers, overall scattering, surface reflection, thickness and absorption to attenuation ratio in single tissue layers. The in vivo measured transmission spectrum of a leaf is correlated with the in vitro chlorophyll spectrum by accounting for two main disturbing factors: multiple scattering (pathlength statistics) and distributional error (absorption statistics).
Heat capacities and enthalpy of fusion of heavy oxygen water

The heat capacities of 18 O-enriched water under its saturated vapor pressure have been measured in the temperature range 9-300 K by means of adiabatic calorimetry. The triple point temperature and the enthalpy of fusion of pure H 2 18 O have been determined to be 273.46±0.01 K and 6.029±0.004 kJ mol -1 , respectively. The heat capacity difference between H 2 18 O and H 2 16 O, C p (H 2 18 O)-C p (H 2 16 O), rises steeply in the temperature range 9-100 K and makes a shoulder peak of 0.70 J K -1 mol -1 at 100 K
Generation of an electromotive force by hydrogen‐to‐water oxidation with Pt‐coated oxidized titanium foils

We show that chemically induced current densities up to 20 mA cm−2 and an electromotive force (EMF) up to 465 mV are generated during the hydrogen‐to‐water‐oxidation over Pt/TiO2/Ti devices. We prepare the samples by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of titanium foils and deposition of Pt contact paste. This process yields porous structures and, depending on the anodization voltage, Schottky diode‐type current–voltage curves of various ideality parameters. Our experiments demonstrate that Pt coated anodized titanium can also be utilized as hydrogen sensor; the system offers a number of advantages such as a wide temperature range of operation from −40 to 80 °C, quick response and decay times of signals, and good electrical stability.
Guia metodológica para la selección de técnicas de depuración de datos

Los problemas de calidad de los datos han capturado la atencion de los investigadores, llevando al desarrollo de multiples tecnicas para detectar y corregir los problemas en los datos, pero no es trivial decidir cuales tecnicas deben aplicarse a un conjunto de datos particular de la vida real. Para lograr buenos resultados en procesos de limpieza de datos, la eleccion de la tecnica es fundamental, pero no se conoce de alguna metodologia que detalle la forma de realizar dicha seleccion de tecnicas. Es por esto que esta tesis de maestria construye una guia metodologica que oriente al analista de los datos hacia una seleccion, con mayor rigor cientifico, de las tecnicas adecuadas para aplicar a un conjunto de datos particular de un dominio especifico. La guia metodologica construida en este trabajo, orienta la seleccion de tecnicas para tres de los posibles problemas que pueden presentar los datos: deteccion de duplicados, valores atipicos incorrectos y valores faltantes. Analistas de datos que requieran hacer tareas de depuracion de datos para los tres problemas mencionados, encontraran una guia metodologica expresada mediante diagramas de flujo, la cual recomienda una o varias tecnicas –de entre algunas estudiadas- para su situacion particular. / Abstract. Data quality problems have captured the attention of researchers, leading to the development of multiple techniques to detect and correct problems in the data, but it is not trivial to decide which techniques should be applied to a particular data set of real life. To achieve good results in data cleaning processes, the choice of technique is essential, but of the best of our knowledgement not known any methodology that details how to perform the selection of techniques. This work builds a methodological guide that orients the analyst of the data to a selection, with greater scientific rigor, appropriate techniques to apply to a particular data set from a specific domain. The guide direct the selection of techniques for three of the possible problems that may present the data: record linkage, outliers and missing values. Data analysts do tasks requiring data cleansing for the three problems mentioned above, find a methodological guide expressed by flowcharts, which recommends one or more techniques for their particular situation
Enzymatic determination of the indigestible residue (dietary fibre) content of human food

A simple in vitro method using pepsin and pancreatin is proposed for the determination of the indigestible residue (dietary fibre) content of human food. Results of analyses of some groups of foods are given, e.g. legumes, cereal products, potatoes, some fruits and vegetables, and onions. The discrepancies between crude fibre and values for indigestible residue are great in leguminous seeds and whole cereal products. As far as vegetables are concerned, the discrepancy is greatest in potatoes, endive, curled kale and cassava leaves, and small in white cabbage, carrots and onions.
Pulsed laser deposition of lanthanum monosulfide thin films on silicon substratesa)

Thin films of lanthanum monosulfide (LaS) have been successfully deposited on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The values of deposition parameters (chamber pressure, substrate temperature, substrate-to-target separation, laser energy, repetition rate, and spot size on the target) leading to a successful growth of films in their cubic rocksalt structure are identified. The films are golden yellow in appearance with a mirror-like surface morphology and possess a sheet resistance around 0. 1Ω∕square. X-ray diffraction analysis of thick films (several microns) leads to a lattice constant of 5.863(7)A, which is close to the bulk LaS value. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals the films to be comprised of nanocrystalline regions separated by amorphous ones. The root-mean-square variation of film surface roughness measured over a 1μm×1μm area is found to be 1.74nm by atomic force microscopy. These films have potential for semiconductor, vacuum microelectronics, and optoelectronics app.
SURFACE PHOTOGRAFTING POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE ON LDPE FILM

ABSTRACT Styrene (St) was photografted onto LDPE substrates with different methods including a one-step method, pre-irradiation method, and pre-grafting method. Percent conversion (CP) and grafting efficiency (GE) of LDPE/St polymerization systems were measured by the gravimetric method. The results show that the one-step method is not very effective, no matter which photoinitiator (BP, BPO, Irgacure 651 and ITX) is used. The pre-irradiation technology, by which the dormant groups are introduced onto the substrates in advance, is favorable relatively. If the pre-grafting method is employed, AA is the most preferred one among the monomers examined (AA, MA and MAH). In addition, it is found that in the absence of photoinitiators and at lower temperatures (lower than 50°C), no grafted polymer is produced; but at a high temperature (e.g., 80°C), a remarkable amount of grafted polymer of St is formed (GE=44.9%). The phenomena indicate that St is prone to be grafted onto LDPE film by auto-initiation.
Emissions from a Dairy Wastewater Storage Pond, Manure Processing Area, and Composting Yard in south-central Idaho

This study evaluated the concentrations and emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from a wastewater storage pond, manure processing area, and composting area from a 5,000 cow freestall scrape dairy located in south-central Idaho over a 6-month period. Pollutant concentrations were measured using an Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorbance Spectrometer and emission rates were calculated using backward Lagrangian modeling via the WindTrax model. Measurements were collected continuously at a final 15-minute integration time. Significant seasonal variability in both concentrations and emission rates of all pollutants were observed between warm (5/31/05 – 9/14/06) and cold (9/15/06 – 12/7/06) periods. Average summertime concentrations adjacent to a 9.8 hectare wastewater storage pond were found to be 556.3 ppb for NH3 and 33.4 ppb for H2S, with emission rates averaging 28.5 µg/m2/s and 4.3 µg/m2/s, respectively. During the cold period, concentrations were found to average 366.3 ppb for NH3 and 310 ppb for H2S, with emission rates averaging 18.4 µg/m2/s and 41.5 µg/m2/s, respectively. These emission rates are similar to those found from dairy lagoons in Ohio, Texas, and Washington. Average concentrations downwind of a 13.3 hectare composting area during the warm period were found to be 472.2 ppb for NH3 and 83.1 ppb for H2S, with average emission rates of 33.4 µg/m2/s and 15.9 µg/m2/s, respectively. During the cold season, average downwind concentrations were 270.7 ppb for NH3 and 461.7 ppb for H2S, and emission rates averaged 17.3 µg/m2/s and 81.6 µg/m2/s, respectively. These emission rates for ammonia were similar to those observed in Texas and Washington.
Photoyellowing of Thermomechanical Pulps: Looking Beyond α-Carbonyl and Ethylenic Groups as the Initiating Structures

Abstract Photoyellowed and control unbleached, borohydride bleached, and bleached and diimide-reduced spruce thermomechanical pulps (TMPs) were studied using near-IR excited FT Raman, DRIFT, and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis. spectroscopies. In addition, extracts of yellowed pulps were analyzed spectroscopically. FT Raman spectroscopy was used for the first time in the study of the photoyellowing phenomenon. Post color number data of the yellowed TMP handsheets suggested that α-carbonyl and ring-conjugated ethylenic groups did not play a significant role in the yellowing process. This suggestion was further supported by not only the similarity of the FT Raman and DRIFT spectra of the three yellowed pulps but by the similarity between the spectra of the pulps' yellow extracts. Raman spectra of the TMPs provided evidence for the following: (1) diimide-reduced TMP was indeed free of aromatic ring-conjugated ethylenic bonds; (2) photoexposure of unbleached TMP caused degradation of coniferaldehyde and coniferyl .
Quantitative measurement of chromium's ability to promote adhesion

Using atomic force spectroscopy, we investigated the adhesion-promoting ability of chromium. An intermediate layer of chromium can overcome the low adhesion between metal films and silicon dioxide. For the first time, we quantitatively studied this experimentally well known fact. We compared the adhesion between chromium and different substrates such as gold, silver, mica, and silicon dioxide and, beyond that, the adhesion between silicon dioxide and the same substrates. To avoid additional effects due to water, we chose ethanol as a nonpolar solvent. Taking the interfacial energies of the surfaces with the liquid into account eliminates the direct influence of the fluid medium on the adhesion of the solid material. The results we obtained corroborate the experimental fact of higher adhesion of chromium with the chosen substrates, as well as substantiate the value of chromium as an adhesion promoter. The adhesion of chromium-coated probes on gold, silicon dioxide, and mica is higher than the adhesion of silicon dioxide probes on the same substrates.
Mechanism of Carrier Mobility Degradation Induced by Crystallization of HfO2 Gate Dielectrics

We have experimentally shown that crystallization of HfO2 and the subsequent formation of fixed charges localized at the HfO2/SiO2 interface bring about a degradation of electron mobility. Systematic analyses of valence-band photoemission and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the oxygen transfer from the HfO2 layer to the Si substrate is promoted upon the crystallization of HfO2 and the fixed charges are generated during the process. These findings highlight the importance of controlling the crystallinity of HfO2 for realizing high performance metal gate high-κ field-effect transistors.
Possible mechanism for the spontaneous rupture of thin, free liquid films

The stability of a free, thin liquid film against small, spontaneous thickness fluctuations is explored. The film is unstable with respect to fluctuations with wavelengths larger than a critical wavelength Λc=[–2π2γ/(d2V/dh2)]½, where γ is the interfacial tension and V(h) the free energy of interaction as a function of the film thickness h. V(h) may include van der Waals attraction and double-layer repulsion. The kinetics of the growing fluctuations is obtained by assuming a laminar liquid flow between rigid film surfaces at a constant viscosity. There are stable fluctuation-modes, which grow exponentially with time, each with a characteristic time constant τ, and modes with certain wavelengths grow faster than all others (τ=τm). If the van der Waals forces predominate Λc and τm are given by eqn. (4.2) and (4.3) respectively. For A= 10–14-10–12erg, γ= 30 dyne/cm and h= 100–1000 A, Λc ranges from 0.6–600 µ and τm from a fraction of a second to several hours. The life-time and critical thickness hc of an unstable film are also calculated; they depend on the time constant τm and on the time of draining. The critical thickness is calculated for microscopic, circular films and compared with measurements of Scheludko and Exerowa. For water and aniline films, the calculated hc are 410 and 750 A respectively, whereas the experimental values are 270 and 410 A.
Weak intermolecular interactions in sulfonamide salts: structure of 1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-benzyl imidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide

The crystal structure of a 1,2,3-trisubstituted imidazolium salt of the bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)]amide ion is presented; this salt is a prototype for similar, room temperature liquid, imidazolium salts; the structure shows that the anion and cation interact weakly, with little if any hydrogen bonding present.
Advanced Model for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Electrodes in Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes

Recent studies show that the SEI on lithium and on anodes in liquid nonaqueous solutions consists of many different materials including , LiF, LiCl, , alkoxides, and nonconducting polymers. The equivalent circuit for such a mosaic‐type SEI electrode is extremely complex. It is shown that near room temperature the grain‐boundary resistance (Rgb) for polyparticle solid electrolytes is larger than the bulk ionic resistance. Up to now, all models of SEI electrodes ignored the contribution of Rgb to the overall SEI resistance. We show here that this neglect has no justification. On the basis of recent results, we propose here for SEI electrodes equivalent circuits which take into account the contribution of grain‐boundary and other interfacial impedance terms. This model accounts for a variety of different types of Nyquist plots reported for lithium and electrodes in liquid nonaqueous and polymer electrolytes.
A New Field-Compatible Methodology for the Collection and Analysis of Fungal Fragments

A field-compatible collection system was developed and tested for the collection and analysis of fungal fragments. The new collection system consists of two types of Sharp-Cut cyclone samplers (PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 ) and an after-filter. Fungal particles are collected into three size fractions: (1) spores ( > 2.5 μ m); (2) a fragment-spore mixture (1.0–2.5 μ m); and (3) submicrometer-sized fragments ( < 1.0 μ m). The system was laboratory-tested using polystyrene latex (PSL) particles and particulate matter aerosolized from sporulating Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum cultures. In addition to the particle count measured with direct-reading instruments, the (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan content in each size fraction was determined with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. Experiments conducted with PSL particles showed that the 50% cut-off values of the two cyclone samplers under the test conditions were 2.25 μ m and 1.05 μ m, respectively. No particle bounce onto the after-filter was observed when the total particle number entering the collection system was kept below 1.6 × 10 8 . The (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan assay of samples aerosolized from both fungal species suggested that surface area is an important factor for determining the (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan content in the entire size-range of particles. In conclusion, the new methodology is a promising tool for separating and analyzing fungal fragment samples.
Controlling Bilayer Composition and Surface Wettability of Sequentially Adsorbed Multilayers of Weak Polyelectrolytes

Variations in the linear charge density of a weak polyacid brought about by controlling solution pH in a layer-by-layer sequential adsorption process were used to systematically control the layer thickness, level of layer interpenetration, and surface wettability of sequentially adsorbed layers of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine) (PAH). The thickness contributed by an individual polyion layer was found to depend primarily on the pH of the polymer's dipping solution and, within the pH range examined, was not influenced by the thickness or level of interpenetration of the previously adsorbed layer. Contact angle and methylene blue adsorption measurements revealed that the deposited layers are typically highly interpenetrated and that the deposition process is a surface charge dominated adsorption process. Using this simple molecular-level blending approach, it is possible to create surfaces with advancing water contact angles that vary from essentially zero (completely wettable surfaces) to as .
Review of Dense Phase CO2 Technology: Microbial and Enzyme Inactivation, and Effects on Food Quality

tional, and physical properties after DPCD treatment. This article is a review of mechanisms of microbial tional, and physical properties after DPCD treatment. This article is a review of mechanisms of microbial tional, and physical properties after DPCD treatment. This article is a review of mechanisms of microbial tional, and physical properties after DPCD treatment. This article is a review of mechanisms of microbial reduction, enzyme inactivation, DPCD treatment systems, both experimental and commercial, and examples of reduction, enzyme inactivation, DPCD treatment systems, both experimental and commercial, and examples of reduction, enzyme inactivation, DPCD treatment systems, both experimental and commercial, and examples of reduction, enzyme inactivation, DPCD treatment systems, both experimental and commercial, and examples of reduction, enzyme inactivation, DPCD treatment systems, both experimental and commercial, and examples of applications with effects on quality attributes. applications with effects on quality attributes. applications with effects on quality attributes. applications with effects on quality attributes. applications with effects on quality attributes.
Controlled fabrication of rare earth fluoride superstructures via a simple template-free route

A new and simple route to fabricate rare earth metal fluoride superstructures has been investigated. Typically, doughnut- and shuttle-shaped EuF3 superstructures were controllably synthesized by using sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4) as a fluorine source to react with metal nitrate in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that different superstructures can be obtained by changing the concentration of the reactants. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the as-synthesized EuF3 measured with an excitation source wavelength of 380 nm showed that the emission intensity at different wavelengths can be adjusted by changing the morphology of EuF3. Moreover, our experiments indicated that the fabrication of the rare earth metal fluoride superstructures could be readily scaled up to grams.