Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reviews

To what extent are mathematicians interested in the creative process that goes into their work? And to what extent do they want to talk about it? Of the 86 mathematicians quoted in this book, at least one (Joseph Doob, p. 32) expressed a kind of disinterest: “Creative process is for the birds. I am not a cosmic thinker. ” Others made comments tantamount to: “The mathematics itself is too captivating to be self-conscious about the creative process. ” Still others said things like “[Mathematicians] are more interested in doing mathematics than speaking about it. ” (Paul Malliavin, p. 87). However, most of this book’s mathematicians seem quite happy to talk about their creative processes, and it also seems they’d already given the matter some thought. Also, before publication of this book there was already a vast literature on topics related to mathematical creativity. Albers’ Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews might attest to this. We might also mention Fitzgerald’s The Mind of the Mathematician, Halmos’ I Want to Be a Mathematician, Krantz’s Mathematical Apocrypha, as well as Hadamard’s Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field [1]. This last mentioned is important because it was the main forerunner of our book in question. A secondary forerunner, as the Introduction describes, was a 1902 30question survey, published in “L’Enseignement Mathematique” [2], by two French psychologists, Claparede and Flournoy. This survey focused on reasons for becoming mathematicians, attitudes about everyday life, and hobbies. These authors followed up, in 1904, with the second half of their survey, focusing on mental images during mathematical work. But Hadamard (a mathematician appearing in the book) felt that their treatment wasn’t comprehensive enough, nor the subjects prominent enough. His essay [1] included answers by mathematicians to 33 questions—which appear on pages 151–154 of our book. Our editors focused on five of Hadamard’s questions, listed on pages xiii–xiv, such as “Would you say that your principal discoveries have been the result of deliberate endeavor in a definite direction, or have they arisen. spontaneously? ” This book makes interesting reading, and a very enjoyable complement to the several books mentioned above and to the works listed in its Bibliography. It’s nice to have in one place so many great quotes by mathematicians about their creative processes. Back to the question, to what extent are mathematicians interested in issues about creativity? In spring of 2014 a friend who was teaching number theory, knowing that I’m working on a number theory problem, invited me to be guest speaker in her class,
Why English? Confronting the hydra

perhaps produced in a hurry. In sum, this book provides a kaleidoscopic series of snapshots of Chinese diaspora communities from around the world. It is not without its weaknesses but researchers and postgraduate students working on the Chinese diaspora in general and the language issues which pertain to it in particular will nevertheless find at least some of the material in this volume of interest.
Physiological and Behavioral Reactions of Fishes to Temperature Change

Teleost fishes possess a central nervous system thermoregulatory mechanism remarkably similar to that of other vertebrates. Inputs from peripheral and anterior brainstem thermosensitive elements are integrated to effect appropriate thermoregulatory responses. The integrated output signal from the thermoregulatory center also appears to provide an input to the respiratory system. Short-term deviations from a given temperature alter respiratory requirements, produce acid–base imbalance, and cause disturbances in fluid–electrolyte regulation. Acclimation to a given temperature involves changes that counteract these disturbances. Key words: fish, temperature change, behavioral responses, physiological responses, temperature regulation
Reviews

The request from the editor to write a review included some guidelines: The reviewer is charged “to give readers a basis for judging whether or not they want to look at the book,” but primarily “to engage the readers’ attention. ” Well, Weighing the Odds is definitely worth a look! I hope this review will hold my readers’ interest, but it can hardly be more engaging than the book’s own seven-page preface and running commentary. In David Williams’s words: “This book has many unusual features, as you will see later and as you may already expect! ” These expectations are aroused by the very first sentence of his preface: “Probability and Statistics used to be married; then they separated; then they got divorced; now they hardly ever see each other. ” This is followed by a later exclamation that “this is crazy,” and reference to the “much-needed reconciliation” as a partial goal of the book. Feeling engaged? We shall return to this point. Williams identifies two quite different types of students as his potential audience, based on his teaching experiences at Bath and Cambridge Universities in the U.K. The Bath model involves students who have had an earlier gentle introduction to probability and statistics. At Cambridge the students are largely from mathematics and take courses like this for some exposure to real-world problems. The book is intended to be challenging—and fun! —for both types of students. It is also intended to “sell” probability and statistics to mathematics students and perhaps to make converts of some of them. Three different flavors of probability are offered in the mathematics department here at Oregon State University (OSU): a gentle course for students with minimal calculus background that emphasizes problem solving and examples; a senior/first-yeargraduate course for students who have taken courses in linear algebra and advanced calculus that mixes problem solving and practical examples with the development of a proper mathematical framework; and an advanced graduate core course devoted to the mathematical foundations. This book was used for the course at the second level, omitting the statistics. (OSU has a separate statistics department.) It is even better suited for courses that include coverage of both statistics and probability at the senior and beginning graduate levels. The mathematical prerequisites are not too heavy—essentially, some maturity at the level of linear algebra and advanced calculus—but this book is very serious in its treatment of both probability and statistics. The seriousness is conveyed in the formulation of the mathematical framework, the emphasis on numerical computation and simulation, the efforts to teach conceptual understanding, and the dissection of apparent
Testing the Context and Extent of Host-Parasite Coevolution

Brooks, D. R. (Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556) 1979. Testing the context and extent of host-parasite coevolution. Syst. Zool. 28:299307. -Coevolution is defined as a combination of two processes: co-accommodation between host and parasite with no implication of host or parasite speciation and co-speciation, indicating concomitant host and parasite speciation. Parasite speciation in general is viewed as primarily the result of allopatric speciation processes regardless of host speciation or changes in host type. The observation that co-speciation of hosts and parasites forms a predominant pattern relates to a more general principle of biotic allopatric speciation explicit in the vicariance biogeography model, more than to an assumption that host speciation somehow causes parasite speciation. The close ecological relationship between hosts and parasites, which may be depicted using a variation of the MacArthur-Wilson island biogeography model, explains their spatial proximity at any time during which an isolating event occurs and thus may be necessary in some cases, but is not sufficient to explain parasite speciation, coevolution, or parasite phylogeny. [Parasitology; coevolution; allopatric speciation; island biogeography; vicariance biogeography; speciation. ] No science can free itself from its traditions; it is a difficult matter suddenly and entirely to give up doctrines which for generations have been regarded almost as axioms, even when the erroneous character of the doctrines in question can no longer be doubted. (Arthur Looss, 1911:185.) Given the name of a parasite species, a parasitologist can tell, with a great deal of consistency, the type of host and geographical locality in which the parasite occurred. Virtually any biologist, given a species of plant or animal with which he is familiar, can also predict accurately the geographical distribution and general habitat of that species, but this has assumed greater significance with parasites because their "general habitat" is another living organism. Parasitologists have assumed that, whereas free-living organisms might be free to move from one locality or habitat to another, parasites are so dependent upon their hosts that evolutionarily they have no life of their own. Historically, parasites have often been studied in an attempt to elucidate aspects of host paleobiology (phylogeny or biogeography). Only in a few cases have hosts been utilized to examine aspects of parasite phylogeny and biogeography, but the general conclusions have been the same whether one takes the host's view or the parasite's view, namely that host and parasite phylogenies and geographical distributions are highly correlated. Those conclusions led to the formulation of several "Rules" (see Inglis, 1971) concerning host-parasite coevolu-
Retraction for Grand et al., Mutations in the G-quadruplex silencer element and their relationship to c-MYC overexpression, NM23 repression, and therapeutic rescue, PNAS 2004 101:6140-6145

MEDICAL SCIENCES. For the article “Mutations in the G-quadruplex silencer element and their relationship to c-MYC overexpression, NM23 repression, and therapeutic rescue,” by Cory L. Grand, Tiffanie J. Powell, Raymond B. Nagle, David J. Bearss, Denise Tye, Mary Gleason-Guzman, and Laurence H. Hurley, …
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAL ROOT SYSTEMS: I. SPREAD OF INFECTION AND GROWTH‐PROMOTING EFFECTS WITH FOUR SPECIES OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR ENDOPHYTE

SUMMARY Four vesicular-arbuscular endophytes were inoculated into onions cultured in soil in a growth chamber. Dry weight, root length, infected root length, phosphorus content and quantity of external mycelium were measured at intervals. Three endophytes produced similar hyphal inflows, growth increments and external mycelium. One endophyte produced no growth increase in the host, and had little external mycelium and slow increase in percentage infection.
An airflow olfactometer for measuring olfactory responses of hymenopterous parasitoids and other small insects

ABSTRACT. A new type of airflow olfactometer is described, and results given of experiments using it to measure behavioural olfactory responses of hymenopterous parasitoids. Compared with Y‐tube olfactometers it shows several advantages. In its exposure chamber four separate abutting odour fields are presented so that the test insect can readily enter and re‐enter them. More than one odour (or different concentrations of one odour) can be tested at the same time, thereby providing complex preference test situations. The various behavioural measures that can be assessed in the apparatus are examined and discussed.
EFFECT of MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON GLUTATHIONE and ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT of ASPARAGUS SPEARS

Asparagus (Asparagus Officinalis L.) spears were packaged in ordinary and microperforated oriented polypropylene (OPP) films and were stored at 15C and 75% RH for up to 10 days. CO 2 concentrations ranged from 15.5 to 23% at 10 days of storage. Weight loss was less than 1.2% in microperforated film packages compared with 15% in air storage under similar conditions. Ascorbic acid content was found to be adversely affected at all the O 2 levels (1-6%) prevailing in microperforated film packages, but it was retained to the extent of 45-55% of its original concentration in ordinary OPP film packaged asparagus. The O 2 concentrations in microperforated film packages were also associated with higher glutathione concentrations in packed asparagus spears. Results of the study indicated that to preserve ascorbic acid and glutathione simultaneously in stored asparagus through MAP under high CO 2 and low O 2 conditions, O 2 concentration levels must be selected between 1 and 6% in such a way so as to get acceptable retention levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione.
Equações de predição das exigências protéicas para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine prediction equations for crude protein (CP) requirements for males and females broilers using the factorial method. In order to determine the crude protein for the maintenance was used the nitrogen balance technique. The crude protein requirements for weight gain were determined based on body nitrogen content and nitrogen utilization efficiency for the diet. Considering the requirements for maintenance and weight gain were elaborated prediction equations for CP requirements (g/bird/day) for males broilers (7 to 21 days - PB = 1.323xW0.75 + 0.256xG, 22 to 42 days - PB = 1.323xW0.75 + 0.277xG, and 43 to 56 days - PB = 1.323xW0.75 + 0.283xG) and females (7 to 21 days - PB = 1.748xW0.75 + 0.258xG, 22 to 42 days - PB = 1.748xW0.75 + 0.274xG, and 43 a 56 days - PB = 1.748xW0.75 + 0.300xG) where W = body weight (kg) and G = daily weight gain (g/day). The prediction equations utilization is recommended to determine the minimal nitrogen or crude protein requirements considering the amino acid requirements.
Sex and Gender Dynamics in Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema Triphyllum (Araceae)

Eleven populations of Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (jack-in-the-pulpit) were stud- ied in 1978-1979. There was a range of population gender ratios, from strongly female biased to strongly male biased; gender dimorphism with respect to body size and phenology was found. The proportion of a plant's biomass found in reproductive and ancillary reproductive organs was determined for plants of each gender. The mean total dry mass of carpellate individuals was 3.5 times greater than that of staminate plants. Reproductive effort was 12% of dry mass for flowering carpellate plants, 17% for staminate plants, and 44% for mature fruiting carpellate plants. Approximately 10% of the reproductive plants in all populations were monoecious. In 1978 and 1979 several environmental factors were measured at four of the sites, and these were related to population gender ratios at each site. Carpellate individuals were predominant in less- shaded sites where both pH and soil nutrient levels were higher. Staminate individuals were concen- trated in darker microsites and in areas of lower pH. A reciprocal replant/transplant experiment was initiated in 1978, using 267 ramets of Arisaema triphyllum, from two sites with contrasting population gender ratios. Staminate, carpellate, and mon- oecious plants, reciprocally, were either replanted at the "home" site, or transplanted to the "alien" site. The gender of ramets was monitored in 1979 and 1980. The sequence of gender change in plants was nondirectional. Plants transplanted to an alien site did not maintain the gender ratio characteristic of the home site. Highly significant effects on gender change could be attributed to the environment in which plants were grown. We support the conclusion that sex change is adaptive where female reproductive costs are greater than male costs. A simple model of gender change for reproductive plants at each site was constructed, based on the results of the transplant experiment. The differential survivorship and patterns of gender flux provide possible explanations of contrasting gender ratios.
Beta-lactamase targeted enzyme activatable photosensitizers for antimicrobial PDT

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a treatment modality for infectious disease has shown promise. However, most of the antimicrobial photosensitizers (PS) non-preferentially accumulate in both bacteria and host tissues, causing host tissue phototoxicity during treatment. We have developed a new antimicrobial PDT strategy which exploits beta-lactam resistance mechanism, one of the major drug-resistance bacteria evolved, to achieve enhanced target specificity with limited host damage. Our strategy comprises a prodrug construct with a PS and a quencher linked by beta-lactam ring, resulting in a diminished phototoxicity. This construct, beta-lactamase enzyme-activated-photosensitizer (beta-LEAP), can only be activated in the presence of both light and bacteria, and remains inactive elsewhere such as mammalian tissue. Beta-LEAP construct had shown specific cleavage by purified beta-lactamase and by beta-lactamase over-expressing methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Specific photodynamic toxicity was observed towards MRSA, while dark and light toxicity were equivalent to reference strains. The prodrug design, synthesis and photophysical properties will be discussed.
Applying the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) remote sensing model to estimate spatial variations in evapotranspiration in Southern Zimbabwe

Accurate, reliable and continuous understanding of water utilisation by different land cover types in arid environments is critical for water loss accounting to ensure sustainable water management in the face of the changing climate. Remote sensing provides a lucrative alternative for mapping and estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of water loss across the catchment. The results of this study have shown that evapotranspiration (ET) can be accurately estimated in arid environments from remotely sensed data, such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, based on the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) algorithm. This study observed significant spatial and temporal variations in ET across the south western part of Zimbabwe. The findings from this study, therefore, underscore the importance of using cheap and readily available remotely sensed data for estimating and mapping the variations in ET in arid-environment areas found mainly in developing countries.
Development of neuraminidase inhibitors as anti‐influenza virus drugs

Structure‐based design and synthesis of potent influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors are now being evaluated in human trials as anti‐influenza virus drugs. The first drug of this class, Relenza™ (Zanamivir/GG167), is now awaiting pharmaceutical evaluation and registration in Australia, Europe, and North America for both treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. The target for the drug is the active site of neuraminidase, which is a pocket that has been totally conserved in both Type A and B influenza in all known subtypes of influenza (animal and human). Mutations in residues that surround this conserved pocket allow the virus to escape binding to circulating antibodies that recognise the molecular surface around the active site of the wild‐type virus. High‐affinity neuraminidase inhibitors have been designed that interact only with the conserved active site residues. The design of these sialic acid analogues was based on the crystal structure of influenza virus neuraminidase and its complex with N‐acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid) and 2‐deoxy‐2,3‐dehydro‐N‐acetyl neuraminic acid. These novel inhibitors are highly specific for influenza neuraminidase, and have been shown to inhibit influenza virus replication in both cell culture and animal models. The development of drugs against a rapidly mutating organism like influenza has to address to the possibility of emerging drug resistance. This is examined in the light of drug resistant mutants selected after in vitro passaging of virus in the presence of neuraminidase inhibitors. Drug Dev. Res. 46:176–196, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifying variation in the nutritional value of corn based on chemical kernel characteristics

The metabolisable energy of corn can vary by more than 400 kcal/kg in poultry. Chemical, rather than physical kernel characteristics may be more accurate for predicting nutrient and energy availability. Factors that affect variability include genetics, agronomic conditions, proximate composition, pre- and post-harvest processing variables, and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Variation in the nutritional value of corn may be better identified when the relationship between protein and starch are considered rather than by total content or predicted digestibility values alone. Recently, the use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy has made rapid valuation of corn based on chemical kernel characteristics a possibility. Prediction equations may be useful for formulating diets to more closely approximate actual metabolisable energy content for poultry.
Creating ephemeral resources: how long do the beneficial effects of grass cutting last for birds?

CapsuleBeneficial effects of cutting grass are relatively short-lived for a range of bird species. AimsTo investigate how cutting affects a range of birds occurring on farmland, how long these effects last, and whether there is any effect of the timing of cutting operations. MethodsWe surveyed birds on 33 grass fields on three farms in northern England, both before and after agricultural cutting operations. The data were then modelled using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Results Species relying on below-ground invertebrates (e.g. corvid species) prefer cut swards, while some species make greater use of longer grass swards (e.g. pheasant). Use of fields after cutting declined by 50 % by day 11 for corvids, by day 8 for aerial feeders (e.g. hirundines), by day 6 for gulls, and by day 4 for kestrels. ConclusionsWe recorded mainly common, generalist species that make use of agricultural grassland. The foraging behaviour of these species is similar to other, rarer or declining species, and so our findings can be extrapolated to a range of farmland birds. However, it is important to note that some studies indicate direct negative effects of cutting on some species not found in our surveys.
Bast fiber of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): Biological foundations of its ancient and modern uses

Flax has attracted human attention since at least the New Stone Age (the Neolithic), as one of a few crops from which highly valued products can be extracted from both seeds and straw. In addition to its continued production for linen textiles, flax fiber is finding new uses in industrial materials, which, along with reported health benefits of flax seed consumption, have created new interest in the biology of bast fiber development in this species. Bast fibers are long and scientifically intriguing cells that undergo intrusive growth and a special process of secondary cell wall assembly. Biochemical and genetic studies are revealing new information about the development of bast fibers, and providing a foundation for further manipulation of these unusual cells through biotechnology.