Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Macrolide and Lincosamide Antibiotics

During protein synthesis on the ribosome, the growing peptide is linked covalently to a transfer RNA. With a certain probability this peptidyl-tRNA dissociates from the ribosome, whereupon it becomes susceptible to hydrolysis catalyzed by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. When placed at nonpermissive temperatures, mutant (pthts) Escherichia coli that are temperature-sensitive for the hydrolase will accumulate peptidyl-tRNA, suffer inhibition of protein synthesis, and eventually die. Treating cells with chloramphenicol before raising the temperature prevents cell death but erythromycin, other macrolides, and lincosamide antibiotics all enhance cell death. Accumulation of peptidyl-tRNA by pthts cells at high temperatures is blocked by chloramphenicol but enhanced by macrolides and lincosamides. The data are most consistent with macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics having as their primary mechanism of inhibition the stimulation of peptidyl-tRNA dissociation from the ribosome. Rather than blocking peptide bond formation or peptidyl-tRNA translocation from the A- to the P-site of the ribosome, these antibiotics allow the synthesis of small peptides which dissociate as peptidyl-tRNAs before being completed. Low doses of erythromycin and lincomycin stimulate preferentially the dissociation of peptidyl-tRNAs that are erroneous. Errors in proteins can be assessed by the time necessary to inactivate beta-galactosidase at > 55 degrees C. Whether erroneous peptidyl-tRNAs are induced by treating E. coli with streptomycin or ethanol, or by starving for an amino acid, the shortened time to inactivate beta-galactosidase is counteracted if the cells are simultaneously treated with erythromycin or lincomycin. In contrast, errors in beta-galactosidase caused by synthesis in the presence of canavanine, an arginine analogue, cannot be counteracted by the simultaneous presence of erythromycin. This result rules out any effect of the drug on post-translational mechanisms of error correction.
14.3 A Push-Pull mm-Wave power amplifier with <0.8° AM-PM distortion in 40nm CMOS

Millimeter-Wave standards like IEEE 802.15. 3c and the new 802.11ad have classifications of their PHY to support single-carrier mode and more complex OFDM mode (high-speed interface) with high peak-to-average ratio (PAPR). To improve the efficiency of power amplifiers (PA), the trend is towards Class-AB and Class-B PAs that exhibit better energy efficiency compared to Class-A. However, Class-AB and -B biasing brings along large amplitude-to-phase-modulation (AM-PM) distortion which degrades EVM and ACPR. At the same time, PMOS transistors become attractive in nanometer CMOS as their fMAX exceeds 140GHz. This makes it possible to use both NMOS and PMOS transistors at mm-Wave frequencies. This paper presents a 60GHz complementary Push-Pull PA, using both NMOS and PMOS transistors. An inverter-like architecture which uses both PMOS and NMOS results in the cancellation of AM-PM distortion which is particularly important in high-fidelity amplification of OFDM systems and high-order modulation schemes like 16- and 64-QAM, which are very sensitive to phase distortion. Furthermore, the complementary nature allows deep Class-AB operation, giving a high power efficiency at power back-off comparable to state-of-the-art 60GHz PA structures based on NMOS only.
Carbachol and nitric oxide inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity in bovine ciliary processes.

PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) donors and cholinergic agents decrease intraocular pressure, in part because they induce a decrease in aqueous humor production. Because Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is involved in aqueous humor formation, this study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that NO and cholinomimetics regulate its activity in bovine ciliary processes. METHODS Bovine tissue slices were incubated with agonists and antagonists in a physiological buffer in vitro. Na,K-ATPase activity was determined by assaying hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in suspended permeabilized tissue slices. RESULTS Carbachol-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity correlated with increases in cGMP. This inhibition was abolished by the muscarinic blocker atropine, the NO inhibitor N(w)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME) and the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) mimicked the actions of carbachol. The SNP-induced decrease in Na,K-ATPase activity correlated with an increase in cGMP and was also abolished by ODQ. Both 8-bromo (Br)-cGMP and okadaic acid also inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity. CONCLUSIONS Carbachol-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity involves muscarinic receptor activation. That SNP mimics and L-NAME reverses carbachol's effect on Na,K-ATPase activity suggests that the actions of carbachol are mediated by NO. Carbachol's and SNP's effects on Na,K-ATPase activity involved soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP. Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity by 8-Br-cGMP and okadaic acid indicates that protein phosphorylation events may mediate SNP-induced inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity.
Angiotensin receptor gene expression in candesartan mediated neuroprotection

Male Wistar rats were treated with an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116, 1 mg/kg/day) over a 4-week period. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by 14% after 1 week and remained stable for the next 3 weeks compared with controls. Up-regulation of AT2, but not AT1, receptor gene expression by 3.4-fold and 5.0-fold was observed 1 and 4 weeks after treatment. Middle cerebral artery occlusion caused significantly reduced infarct volumes in TCV-116-treated rats, by about 30% when compared with control rats. Neurological scores were also improved in treated rats. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of TCV-116 may be mediated through AT1 receptor antagonism and AT2 receptor up-regulation.
Association between changes in air pollution levels during the Beijing Olympics and biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis in healthy young adults.

CONTEXT Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To determine whether markers related to CVD pathophysiological pathways (biomarkers for systemic inflammation and thrombosis, heart rate, and blood pressure) are sensitive to changes in air pollution. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a quasi-experimental opportunity offered by greatly restricted air pollution emissions during the Beijing Olympics, we measured pollutants daily and the outcomes listed below in 125 healthy young adults before, during, and after the 2008 Olympics (June 2-October 30). We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the improvement in outcome levels during the Olympics and the anticipated reversal of outcome levels after pollution controls ended to determine whether changes in outcome levels were associated with changes in pollutant concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), soluble P-selectin (sCD62P) concentrations; white blood cell count (WBC); heart rate; and blood pressure. RESULTS Concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants decreased substantially (-13% to -60%) from the pre-Olympic period to the during-Olympic period. Using 2-sided tests conducted at the . 003 level, we observed statistically significant improvements in sCD62P levels by -34.0% (95% CI, -38.4% to -29.2%; P < .001) from a pre-Olympic mean of 6.29 ng/mL to a during-Olympic mean of 4.16 ng/mL and von Willebrand factor by -13.1% (95% CI, -18.6% to -7.5%; P < .001) from 106.4% to 92.6%. After adjustments for multiple comparisons, changes in the other outcomes were not statistically significant. In the post-Olympic period when pollutant concentrations increased, most outcomes approximated pre-Olympic levels, but only sCD62P and systolic blood pressure were significantly worsened from the during-Olympic period. The fraction of above-detection-limit values for CRP (percentage ≥ 0.3 mg/L) was reduced from 55% in the pre-Olympic period to 46% in the during-Olympic period and reduced further to 36% in the post-Olympic period. Interquartile range increases in pollutant concentrations were consistently associated with statistically significant increases in fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, heart rate, sCD62P, and sCD40L concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Changes in air pollution levels during the Beijing Olympics were associated with acute changes in biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis and measures of cardiovascular physiology in healthy young persons. These findings are of uncertain clinical significance.
Shedding Light on Living Cells

An overview of the optical methods available to modulate the cellular activity in cell cultures and biological tissues is presented, with a focus on the use of exogenous functional materials that absorb electromagnetic radiation and transduce it into a secondary stimulus for cell excitation, with high temporal and spatial resolution. Both organic and inorganic materials are critically evaluated, for in vitro and in vivo applications. Finally, as a direct practical application of optical‐stimulation techniques, the most recent results in the realization of artificial visual implants are discussed.
Mechanism of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Lung After Pulmonary Contusion

Blunt chest trauma resulting in pulmonary contusion is a common but poorly understood injury. We previously demonstrated that lung contusion activates localized and systemic innate immune mechanisms and recruits neutrophils to the injured lung. We hypothesized that the innate immune and inflammatory activation of neutrophils may figure prominently in the response to lung injury. To investigate this, we used a model of pulmonary contusion in the mouse that is similar to that observed clinically in humans and evaluated postinjury lung function and pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. Comparisons were made between injured mice with and without neutrophil depletion. We further examined the role of chemokines and adhesion receptors in neutrophil recruitment to the injured lung. We found that lung injury and resultant physiological dysfunction after contusion were dependent on the presence of neutrophils in the alveolar space. We show that CXCL1, CXCL2/3, and CXCR2 are involved in neutrophil recruitment to the lung after injury and that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is locally expressed and actively participates in this process. Injured gp91phox-deficient mice showed improved lung function, indicating that oxidant production by neutrophil NADPH oxidase mediates lung dysfunction after contusion. These data suggest that both neutrophil presence and function are required for lung injury after lung contusion.
The Role of Triggered Activity in Clinical Ventricular Arrhythmias

Recent studios in the experimental laboratory have shown that sustained rhythmic activity can be initiated by oscillatory afterdepotarizations reaching threshold. ' " Therefore, the question arises of the possible role of such a mechanism in clinical human arrhythmias. '^ Arrhythmias based upon delayed afterdepolarizations can, like arrhythmias based upon re-entry, be initiated and terminated by pacing techniques. Arrhythmias based upon delayed afterdepolarizations have therefore been called "triggered activity. " Direct recording of cellular events is not possible at the present time in the in situ human heart. The question of the possible role of triggered activity in clinical human arrhythmias can, therefore, only be indirectly approached.
Decrease in memory (CDw29‐high) cerebrospinal fluid cells from acute MS patients

ABSTRACT The CD45R (2H4) and CDw29 (4B4) molecules are probably involved in the regulation of immunological memory: CD45R functionally defines naive or virgin cells (prior to activation by exposure to antigen), while CDw29 characterizes previously activated (memory) cells. By means of two‐colour fluorescence analysis, we studied CD4 and CD8, CD45R and CD4 and CD8 CDw29 cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 27 acute (MSa), and 10 stable (MSs) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We also compared 17 patients affected with various non‐inflammatory (OND) diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The most striking finding was the increased percentage of CD4 + CD29 ‐, CD4 + CD45R ‐ and CD8 + CD45R ‐ cells and the decreased percentage of CD4 ‐ CDw29 + and CD8 ‐ CDw29 + subsets in MSa patients compared to OND and MSs populations. These data suggest a decrease in memory cells (CDw29 +) during the acute phase of MS. The modulation of CDw29 receptor could play a role in the genesis of acute MS attacks.
ATTITUDES DE DICTO AND DE SE

Critique de la definition psychologique des attitudes propositionnelles et de la croyance dans la tete. En reference au calcul epsilon de Slater, et a la theorie des propositions de Frege et Perry, l'A. montre que la croyance de re subsume la croyance de dicto, et refute l'idee d'attitude de se.
The significance of nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) score in predicting meningioma recurrence

Background. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) has been demonstrated in recent studies of human brain tumors, including meningiomas. The authors used this technique in meningiomas to analyze whether the mean numbers of AgNOR per nucleus (AgNOR score) are related to the recurrence rate or the proliferative potential of meningiomas.
Model of Blood–Brain Transfer of Oxygen Explains Nonlinear Flow-Metabolism Coupling During Stimulation of Visual Cortex

The coupling between cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and blood flow (CBF) in response to visual stimulation was evaluated by means of a model of oxygen delivery. The model predicted a nonlinear relationship between stimulus-evoked changes of oxygen consumption and blood flow. The magnitude of the CMRO2/CBF ratio index (IO2) was used to indicate the degree of flow-metabolism coupling prevailing in specific areas of the brain during physiological stimulation. Therefore, the index provided a measure of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance contrast. To evaluate the changes of IO2 in response to visual stimulation, the model was applied to the effect of a changing flicker rate of a visual stimulus on the magnitudes of CBF, CMRO2, and oxygen diffusion capacity, in the human brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure the CBF and the CMRO2 in 12 healthy volunteers who viewed a cross-hair (baseline) or a yellow-blue annular checkerboard reversing at frequencies of 1, 4, or 8 Hz. The magnitude of CBF in the primary visual cortex increased as a function of the checkerboard reversal rate and reached a maximum at the frequency of 8 Hz (z = 16.0), while the magnitude of CMRO2 reached a maximum at 4 Hz (z = 4.0). Therefore, the calculated IO2 was lower at 8 Hz than at 1 and 4 Hz, in contrast to the oxidative metabolic rate that reached its maximum at 4 Hz. The model explained the increase of oxygen consumption as the combined effect of increased blood flow and increased oxygen diffusion capacity in the region of visual activation.
Hybridization of single- and double-layer behavior in a double-quantum-well structure.

Double-layer electron systems ~DLES’s ! comprising two, high-quality, two-dimensional electron layers in close proximity are the natural extension to the single two-dimensional electron system ~2DES! and a further step towards fully three dimensionally engineered quantum structures. They are formed in either a double-quantum-well structure where a large band-gap barrier separates the two electron sheets, 1 or a wide quantum well where the electron sheets are held apart by electrostatic repulsion. 2 DLES’s have revealed a variety of new physical phenomena. For example, prominent singleparticle integer quantum Hall states can be destroyed and replaced by many-body ground states, 1‐3 and a new fractional quantum Hall state has been observed at filling factor n5 1 ~forbidden in single-layer systems! 4 Investigations of electron tunneling, electronic drag, and 2DES compressibility in DLES’s have been equally fruitful. 5 We identify a hybridization of single- and double-layer behavior in a narrow-barrier double quantum well by means of magnetoresistivity measurements and Hartree calculations. Although individual magnetoresistivity traces display manifestly double-layer behavior demonstrating that two electron subbands are occupied, the positions of the diagonal resistivity maxima originating from the two subbands oscillate together in magnetic field as the electron density is changed to give the overall appearance of a single-layer system. Our DLES comprises two 150-A-wide GaAs quantum wells separated by a 25-A Al 0.33Ga0. 67As barrier. A silicondoped Al0.33Ga0. 67As layer is situated on either side of the double quantum well, offset by undoped Al0.33Ga0. 67As spacer layers. The DLES was processed into a Hall bar with a Schottky front gate and electrical contacts which connect both wells. The sample was mounted in a dilution refrigera
Dynamic Phasor Analysis of SSR Mitigation Schemes Based on Passive Phase Imbalance

This paper presents the application of dynamic phasor analysis to understand the effect of passive phase imbalance schemes on the torsional modes of a turbine-generator system. These schemes have been proposed in the previous literature as subsynchronous resonance (SSR) countermeasures. Dynamic phasor analysis of the unbalanced system yields a linearized and time-invariant model which facilitates eigen-analysis. It is seen that large levels of phase imbalance can cause a significant movement in the subsynchronous network modal frequencies. Therefore, in specific cases, SSR can be avoided due to detuning of the torsional and network modes. However, the analysis also shows that damping torque in a series compensated network is negative at subsynchronous frequencies even with phase imbalance. Therefore, phase imbalance cannot be a general countermeasure to the problem of SSR.
T Cell‐dependent B‐Cell proliferation and activation induced by administration of the drug diphenylhydantoin to mice

We have postulated that binding of the hydrophobic anticonvulsant drug diphenylhydantoin (DPH) to lymphoid cells might induce graft‐versus‐host (GVH)—like cell reactions by T lymphocytes and thus trigger autoimmunization and lymphoma development observed in patients treated with DPH. This hypothesis was studied in mice by means of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay. DPH, injected s.c. into the footpads of mice, induced a significant T cell‐dependent PLN enlargement. The B cell‐derived population comprised the majority of cells in the enlarged PLN. A T cell‐dependent activation of Ig‐secreting cells in the PLN was induced by DPH. Thymectomy of young adult mice significantly amplified the PLN reaction to DPH and facilitated the activation of Ig‐secreting cells. Since injection of the hydantoin rings only completely failed to induce PLN reactions, it is assumed that the observed PLN reactions are caused by the phenyl groups and/or the highly reactive intermediates of DPH. In conclusion, DPH can induce a T cell‐dependent proliferation and functional activation of B cells. Conceivably, if such a process persists, it might lead to the GVH‐like lymphomagenesis and autoimmunization observed in patients treated with this drug.
Aspect and lexical semantic representations in Haitian Creole

Le creole haitien comporte trois classes d'expressions verbales : verbes dynamiques, verbes resultatifs et verbes d'etats (ou sans-proces). Les proprietes semantiques caracterisant ces classes peuvent etre vues dans les variations systematiques qu'elles provoquent dans les interpretations aspectuelles et temporelles des phrases ou elles apparaissent. L'analyse propose de deriver les interpretations temporelles des phrases haitiennes depuis l'interaction du temps et des valeurs aspectuelles avec des representations semantiques explicites
The Fragment 1 Region of Prothrombin Facilitates the Favored Binding of Fragment 12 to Zymogen and Enforces Zymogen-like Character in the Proteinase*

Thrombin is produced from the C-terminal half of prothrombin following its proteolytic activation. The N-terminal half, released as the propiece Fragment 12 (F12), is composed of an N-terminal γ-carboxyglutamate domain (Gla) followed by two kringles (K1 and K2). The propiece plays essential roles in regulating prothrombin activation and proteinase function. The latter results from the ability of F12 to reversibly bind to the (pro)catalytic domain through K2 with high affinity and highly favorable thermodynamic constants when it is a zymogen in comparison to proteinase. Such discrimination is lost for K2 binding after proteolytic removal of the N-terminal Gla-K1 region of F12. The Ca2+-stabilized structure of the Gla domain is not required for F12 to bind the zymogen form more favorably. Enhanced binding to zymogen versus proteinase correlates with the ability of the propiece to enforce zymogen-like character in the proteinase. This is evident in variants of meizothrombin, an intermediate of prothrombin activation that contains the propiece covalently attached. This phenomenon is also independent of the Gla domain. Thus, the presence of K1 in covalent linkage with K2 in the propiece governs the ability of K2 to bind the (pro)catalytic domain in favor of zymogen, thereby enforcing zymogen-like character in the proteinase.
Auxin-Regulated Genes Encoding Cell Wall-Modifying Proteins Are Expressed during Early Tomato Fruit Growth

An expansin gene, LeExp2, was isolated from auxin-treated, etiolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv T5) hypocotyls. LeExp2 mRNA expression was restricted to the growing regions of the tomato hypocotyl and was up-regulated during incubation of hypocotyl segments with auxin. The pattern of expression of LeExp2 was also studied during tomato fruit growth, a developmental process involving rapid cell enlargement. The expression of genes encoding a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (LeEXT1) and an endo-1,4-bglucanase (Cel7), which, like LeExp2, are auxin-regulated in etiolated hypocotyls (C. Catalá, J.K.C. Rose, A.B. Bennett [1997] Plant J 12: 417–426), was also studied to examine the potential for synergistic action with expansins. LeExp2 and LeEXT1 genes were coordinately regulated, with their mRNA accumulation peaking during the stages of highest growth, while Cel7 mRNA abundance increased and remained constant during later stages of fruit growth. The expression of LeExp2, LeEXT1, and Cel7 was undetectable or negligible at the onset of and during fruit ripening, which is consistent with a specific role of these genes in regulating cell wall loosening during fruit growth, not in ripening-associated cell wall disassembly.
Human Bioavailability of Vitamins

CONTENTS I N T R O D U C T I O N . VITAMIN A A N D CAROTENOIDS . FOOD SOURCES , ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT . CONVERSION O F CAROTENOIDS T O RETINOL . C O N C L U S I O N S . V I T A M I N D . FOOD SOURCES . ABSORPTION . PHYSIOLOGICAL C O N D I T I O N . C O N C L U S I O N S . V I T A M I N E . FOOD SOURCES . ABSORPTION, T R A N S P O R T A N D METABOLISM . FACTORS I N F L U E N C I N G BIOAVAILABILITY . CONCLUSION . V I T A M I N K . FOOD SOURCES A N D HUMAN REQUIREMENTS .
Cidade de Deus, Teologia da História, Teonomia e Comunidade Espiritual: um diálogo entre Agostinho e Tillich

As articulacoes entre autores de grande importância sempre fizeram parte do horizonte tanto da pesquisa filosofica quanto da teologica. Seguindo esta tradicao, as Ciencias da Religiao tambem podem ter avancos significativos caso explorem este campo. E dentro desta logica, que este artigo visa estudar as relacoes entre os conceitos de Cidade de Deus e Teologia da Historia em Agostinho de Hipona, relacionando-os com as concepcoes de Teonomia e Comunidade Espiritual presentes em Paul Tillich. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para as discussoes que ja existem no dialogo entre estes autores.