Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen: a review.

Few recent medical discoveries have aroused as much interest as that of Australia antigen (hepatitis-associat¬ ed antigen). Detected by chance in 1963, this serum antigen attracted wide attention in 1967 and 1968 when it was found to be associated with viral hepatitis. Its intensive study has since led to important observations that have widespread clinical, theore¬ tical, and even legal implications. The purpose of this review is to bring readers up to date on these observations and to put the recent discoveries into perspective. Empha¬ sis will be clinical with lesser attention paid to technical, immunologic, and virologic details. Several other recent review articles1"5 and editorials*"8 are also recommended to the interested reader.
An Optimal Object Representation For Aspect Classification

Ab s t r a c t - - Aspect c lassification is the t ask of approximating the precise pose of an unknown object by classifying the unknown as one of the aspects in the aspect graph. The precise pose of the unknown is then determined by using the aspect as a starting point and solving for linear change. Aspect classification is equivalent to the task of solving for aspect change. This task r equires intense searching of aspect graph and matching of sets of image features with the sets of model features. The process can be speedup by organizing and indexing the i nformation available in t he aspect graph in a lookup table. A data structure is designed based on which an indexing mechanism is realized. We introduce the concept of discriminators and aspect d iscrimination t rees (ADT) which makes a given set of aspects completely unambiguous. In general, more than one ADT exists for a given set of aspects and associating set of discriminators. We present an A*-based algorithm OED for constructing an optimal and complete ADT. A path f rom the root node to a leaf node in an ADT indicates a successful classification of the unknown. The constructed ADT with t he redundant and repetitive information eliminated is stored and retrieved at classification time. Finally, we analyze the s torage r equired to store a constructed ADT.
Study on the distributed data sharing mechanism with a mutual authentication and meta database technology

Various information which is owned by a person or by some organizations should be quickly shared by making use of network resources effectively according to user requests. In the conventional data sharing system using the current P2P technology, finding out malicious users, or making unnecessary data distribution to be ineffective arc quite difficult, as well. In this paper, a novel P2P mechanism by making use of mutual authentication, and a series of meta-data base sharing technology is clearly stated to realize both secure communication and traffic load optimization, taking NGN (next generation network) services into account.
Activation Receptor-Induced Tolerance of Mature NK Cells In Vivo Requires Signaling through the Receptor and Is Reversible

NK cell responses are determined by signals received through activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors. Ly49H is an NK cell-specific activating receptor that accounts for the genetic resistance to murine CMV (MCMV). The Ly49H receptor has been shown to interact with two adaptor proteins (DAP12 and DAP10). In the context of MCMV infection, interaction of m157 (the MCMV-encoded ligand for Ly49H) with Ly49H results in activation of Ly49H-expressing NK cells. Chronic exposure of Ly49H with m157, however, induces tolerance in these same cells. The mechanism of this tolerance remains poorly understood. Using a transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate that induction of tolerance in Ly49H+ NK cells by chronic exposure to m157, in vivo, requires signaling through the Ly49H adaptor protein DAP12, but not the DAP10 adaptor protein. Furthermore, mature Ly49H-expressing NK cells from wild-type mice can acquire a tolerant phenotype by 24 h posttransfer into a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse that expresses m157. The tolerant phenotype can be reversed, in vivo, if tolerant NK cells are transferred to mice that do not express the m157 protein. Thus, continuous activating receptor engagement can induce a transient tolerance in mature NK cells in vivo. These observations provide new insight into how activating receptor engagement shapes NK cell function and has important implications in how NK cells respond to tumors and during chronic viral infection.
Multi-agents for Energy Efficient Comfort - Agents for the Energy Infrastructure of the Built Environment: Flexergy

Synergy between end-user, building and the built environment is the ultimate in the intelligent comfort process control concept. This new comfort control technology is based on the use of agent technology and can further reduce energy consumption of buildings while at the same time improve individual comfort. The TU/e (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven) together with Kropman and ECN (Energy research Centre Netherlands) work together in the research for user based preference indoor climate control technology. Central in this approach is the whole building design process including the energy infrastructure which makes it possible to reduce energy consumption by tuning demand and supply of the energy needed to fulfil the comfort demand of the occupants of not just one building but a set of physical or virtual connected
Stationary phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Like other microorganisms, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to starvation by arresting growth and entering stationary phase. Because most microorganisms exist under conditions of nutrient limitation, the ability to tolerate starvation is critical for survival. Molecular analyses have identified changes in transcription, translation, and protein modification in stationary‐phase cells. At the level of translation, the pattern of newly synthesized proteins in stationary‐phase cells is surprisingly similar to the pattern of proteins synthesized during exponential growth. When limited for different nutrients, yeast strains may not enter stationary phase but opt for pathways such as pseudohyphal growth. If nutrient limitation continues, the end‐point is likely to be a stationary‐phase cell. Based on the results of recent studies, we propose a model for entry into stationary phase in which G0 arrest is separable from acquisition of the ability to survive long periods of time without added nutrients.
Formulation and Physiological and Biopharmaceutical Issues in the Development of Oral Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems

The rapidly increasing availability of drug receptor structural characteristics has permitted the receptor-guided synthesis of potential new drug molecules. This synthesis strategy frequently results in the creation of polycyclic and highly hydrophobic compounds, with attendant poor oral bioavailability resulting from low solubility and slow dissolution rate in the primarily aqueous contents of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In an attempt to improve the solubility-limited bioavailability associated with these compounds, formulators have turned to the use of lipid excipients in which the compounds can be solubilized prior to oral administration. This new class of excipients presents the pharmaceutical scientist with a number of new challenges at all stages of the formulation development process, beginning with the excipient selection and stability assessment of the prototype formulation, up to and including scale-up and mass production of the final market-image product. The interaction of lipid-based formulations with the gastrointestinal system and associated digestive processes presents additional challenges and opportunities that will be understood more fully as we begin to unravel the intricacies of the GI processing of lipid excipients. For example, an increasing body of evidence has shown that certain lipids are capable of inhibiting both presystemic drug metabolism and drug efflux by the gut wall mediated by p-glycoprotein (PGP). And, it is well known that lipids are capable of enhancing lymphatic transport of hydrophobic drugs, thereby reducing drug clearance resulting from hepatic first-pass metabolism. This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding oral lipid-based formulation development and scale-up issues and the physiological and biopharmaceutical aspects pertinent to the development of an orally bioavailable and efficacious dosage form.
The Respiratory Syncytial Virus M2-1 Protein Forms Tetramers and Interacts with RNA and P in a Competitive Manner

ABSTRACT The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) M2-1 protein is an essential cofactor of the viral RNA polymerase complex and functions as a transcriptional processivity and antitermination factor. M2-1, which exists in a phosphorylated or unphosphorylated form in infected cells, is an RNA-binding protein that also interacts with some of the other components of the viral polymerase complex. It contains a CCCH motif, a putative zinc-binding domain that is essential for M2-1 function, at the N terminus. To gain insight into its structural organization, M2-1 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and purified to >95% homogeneity by using a glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag. The GST-M2-1 fusion proteins were copurified with bacterial RNA, which could be eliminated by a high-salt wash. Circular dichroism analysis showed that M2-1 is largely α-helical. Chemical cross-linking, dynamic light scattering, sedimentation velocity, and electron microscopy analyses led to the conclusion that M2-1 forms a 5.4S tetramer of 89 kDa and ∼7.6 nm in diameter at micromolar concentrations. By using a series of deletion mutants, the oligomerization domain of M2-1 was mapped to a putative α-helix consisting of amino acid residues 32 to 63. When tested in an RSV minigenome replicon system using a luciferase gene as a reporter, an M2-1 deletion mutant lacking this region showed a significant reduction in RNA transcription compared to wild-type M2-1, indicating that M2-1 oligomerization is essential for the activity of the protein. We also show that the region encompassing amino acid residues 59 to 178 binds to P and RNA in a competitive manner that is independent of the phosphorylation status of M2-1.
Genomic and expression profiling identifies the B‐cell associated tyrosine kinase Syk as a possible therapeutic target in mantle cell lymphoma

Among B‐cell lymphomas mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has the worst prognosis. By using a combination of genomic and expression profiling (Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10k Xba131 and U133 set), we analysed 26 MCL samples to identify genes relevant to MCL pathogenesis and that could represent new therapeutic targets. Recurrent genomic deletions and gains were detected. Genes were identified as overexpressed in regions of DNA gain on 3q, 6p, 8q, 9q, 16p and 18q, including the cancer genes BCL2 and MYC. Among the transcripts with high correlation between DNA and RNA, we identified SYK, a tyrosine kinase involved in B‐cell receptor signalling. SYK was amplified at DNA level, as validated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis, and overexpressed at both RNA and protein levels in the JeKo‐1 cell line. Low‐level amplification, with protein overexpression of Syk was demonstrated by FISH in a small subset of clinical samples. After treatment with low doses of the Syk inhibitor piceatannol, cell proliferation arrest and apoptosis were induced in the cell line overexpressing Syk, while cells expressing low levels of Syk were much less sensitive. A combination of genomic and expression profiling suggested Syk inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to be explored in lymphomas.
Sexual Mimicry In Hyenas

Genital masculinization in female spotted hyenas has been widely explained as an incidental consequence of high androgen levels. High androgen levels, in turn, were supposed to be favored because they led to adaptive aggressive behavior. Incidental androgenization is no longer a tenable hypothesis, however, because genital masculinization has been shown to proceed in the absence of androgenic steroids. Thus, an alternative hypothesis is required. The genitals of spotted hyena females are not simply masculinized, but exhibit a detailed physical resemblance to the male genitalia. In the absence of satisfactory alternative explanations, we propose that selection may have favored sexual mimicry in females because they are more likely than males to be targets of aggression from other females. Male‐like camouflage could theoretically be protective in three contexts: neonate sibling aggression, infanticide by conspecific females, and interclan territoriality. Current data suggest that if sexual mimicry is important, its effects are strongest among infants.
Design of high efficiency RF power amplifier based on the Doherty technique

The design of a 10 W symmetrical Doherty power amplifier in the 900 MHz band is being presented. A short analysis of the Doherty's technique is discussed and the design procedure is described. In order to achieve proper load modulation for maximum efficiency during the 6-dB back-off region an uneven Wilkinson power divider was implemented. The designed Doherty power amplifier was then simulated and realized to validate the expected performance and functionality.
Microvascular permeability and blood flow in atrial homografts in the hamster cheek pouch.

Atrial heart tissue grafts from newborn golden hamsters were transplanted into cheek pouches and were studied using intravital microscopic techniques. The smallest microvessels in the homografts showed a mean diameter of 13.3 +/- 1.1 micron (mean +/- S.E.M.) thus being in the dimensional range of terminal arterioles of the fourth branching order (A4, 14.0 +/- 2.1 micron) in normal cheek pouch tissue. Arteriolar red cell velocity was measured using a modified dual slit method. Volumetric blood flow was calculated and seen to be similar in terminal cheek pouch arterioles (116 +/- 34 pl/s) and in the graft vessels (119 +/- 26 pl/s). The responsiveness to topically applied norepinephrine of the graft vessels was found to be significantly lower than in cheek pouch arterioles. Microvascular permeability studied with FITC-dextrans (intravenous application) revealed significantly higher intensity values in the homografts as compared with the surrounding cheek pouch tissue. The difference was most pronounced for the largest tracer molecules used (Mw 150 000). This phenomenon is most probably due to an increased macromolecular permeability of the microvessels in the graft. The present findings point towards functional differences between the transplant vessels and cheek pouch capillaries.
Feasibility of Risk Assessment for Type 2 Diabetes in Community Pharmacies Using Two Different Approaches: A Pilot Study in Thailand

: Aims: To evaluate the application of non-invasive diabetes risk assessment tool in community pharmacy setting. Methods: Thai diabetes risk score was applied to assess individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Interactive computer-based risk screening (IT) and paper-based risk screening (PT) tools were applied. Participants aged over 25 years with no known diabetes were recruited in six participating pharmacies. Results: A total of 187 clients, mean aged (+SD) was 48.6 (+10.9) years. 35% were at high risk. The mean value of willingness-to-pay for the service fee in IT group was significantly higher than PT group (p=0.013). No significant difference observed for the satisfaction between groups. Conclusions: Non-invasive risk assessment tool, whether paper-based or computerized-based can be applied in community pharmacy to support the enhancing role of pharmacists in chronic disease management. Long term follow up is needed to determine the impact of its application in clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes. a 4029
Applications of E-graphs in network design

In this paper, we introduce a construction that produces graphs, called E-graphs, by replacing the edges in a core graph with a copy of a given graph. These graphs are generalizations of several graphs that have recently been presented as models for network designs, including the G-network and its extensions. We discuss several invariant properties of these graphs with emphasis on those of interest in network design, such as number of edges, diameter, and domination number. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic analysis as a tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying seed development in maize.

BACKGROUND In angiosperms the seed is the outcome of double fertilization, a process leading to the formation of the embryo and the endosperm. The development of the two seed compartments goes through three main phases: polarization, differentiation of the main tissues and organs and maturation. SCOPE This review focuses on the maize kernel as a model system for developmental and genetic studies of seed development in angiosperms. An overview of what is known about the genetic and molecular aspects underlying embryo and endosperm formation and maturation is presented. The role played by embryonic meristems in laying down the plant architecture is discussed. The acquisition of the different endosperm domains are presented together with the use of molecular markers available for the detection of these domains. Finally the role of programmed cell death in embryo and endosperm development is considered. CONCLUSIONS The sequence of events occurring in the developing maize seed appears to be strictly regulated. Proper seed development requires the co-ordinated expression of embryo and endosperm genes and relies on the interaction between the two seed components and between the seed and the maternal tissues. Mutant analysis is instrumental in unravelling the genetic control underlying the formation of each compartment as well as the molecular signals interplaying between the two compartments.
Transcendental consciousness wakes up in dreaming and deep sleep

Researchers present evidence in support of a model of consciousness that includes lucid dreaming, witnessing/transcendental consciousness during dreaming and witnessing/transcendental consciousness during deep sleep. Due to the potential for confusion between subjective reports of lucid dreaming and witnessing dreaming or witnessing sleep the authors suggest researchers screen for them all. The authors review electrophysiological findings in the night sleep of subjects reporting a peaceful inner awareness- witnessing/transcendental consciousness during dreaming and deep sleep and the implications for lucid dreaming research. Findings included EEG tracings of theta alpha (7-9 Hz) simultaneously with delta during deep sleep stages 3 and 4, decreased chin EMG, and highly significant increased theta2 and alpha1 relative power during stage 3 and 4 sleep as compared to controls. The authors discuss alpha synchrony during witnessing deep sleep and gamma during lucid dreaming.
Impact of an Educational Intervention on Residents' Knowledge of Pediatric Disaster Medicine

Background: Globally, natural and created events have underscored the vulnerability of children in disasters. There is an unmet need for a standardized pediatric disaster medicine (PDM) curriculum. Objective: To create and implement a PDM course, measure course efficacy, and assess residents' attitudes toward and experience in disaster medicine. Design/Methods: An educational intervention was conducted for pediatric and emergency medicine residents at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Participants completed a precourse survey of PDM attitudes and experience. Paired t tests were used to compare pretest, immediate posttest, and delayed posttest scores. Test performance was assessed by resident type and postgraduate year. A postcourse survey gauged reaction to the course and interest in further PDM training. Results: Among the participants, 11 residents (9.4%) have treated disaster victims, and 5 (4.3%) had formal disaster medicine education. Most (83%) felt PDM is an important part of their training. Seventy-five eligible residents (64.6%) completed the intervention. Pairwise comparison of scores showed a mean improvement in scores of 24.5% immediately after taking the course (95% confidence interval, 22.9%-30.1%; P < 0.001). Two months later, residents scored a mean of 69.0% for the delayed posttest, with a retained improvement in scores (18.3%; 95% confidence interval, 14.3%-22.3%; P < 0.001). Residents preferred future PDM exercises to additional didactic training (72.0% vs. 32.7%; P < 0.001%). Conclusions: Residents who complete this curriculum increase their knowledge of PDM with moderate retention of information. Most residents lack PDM training, believe it is important, and request disaster-training exercises.
Technology-mediated support for self-regulated learning in open responsive learning environments

This paper presents technology-mediated strategies and a technical infrastructure design for supporting self-regulated learning in open responsive learning environments which are individually compiled by the learners themselves. A self-regulated learning process model has been defined to connect the self-regulated learning approach with concrete learning activities performed to create and use own learning environments. Technology-mediated strategies have been elaborated to support all the activities and phases of the self-regulated learning process model. Guidance and personalization is supported through recommendation of cognitive and meta-cognitive learning activities and associated resources. Furthermore, automatic monitoring of learners' behavior and its feedback is used to stimulate and guide self-reflection.
Studies on helminth parasites of the small field mouse ( Apodemus microps ) and the common vole ( Microtus arvalis ) from a pine forest in Hungary

The helminth fauna of the small field mouse (Apodemus microps Kratochvil and Rosicky, 1952) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1778) was studied in a pine forest at Babat (County Pest). A total of 9 parasitic helminths were recovered from the small field mouse, which is reported for the first time as a new host of Anoplocephaloides dentata, Hymenolepis fraterna, Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis muris-sylvatici. Only well-known helminths were found in common voles, but Heligmosomum costellatum was lacking. The prevalence of parasitic helminths in the two micromammalian species remained beyond what would have been expected. A remarkable seasonal difference was observed in parasite composition by sex of the host species.
TAXONOMIC REVISIONS IN THE GENUS ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (ERICACEAE)

ABSTRACT Changes are made in the nomenclature of species and subspecies in the genus Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae). In this study, the focus is on species found in the coast ranges of California. Changes are made in A. nortensis from the area around the Oregon border with California, in the A. nevadensis complex in the North Coast Ranges, in the A. nummularia complex of the north to central coast, in the A. tomentosa complex of the central coast to the Channel Islands, and in the A. hookeri and A. pilosula complex of the central coast. Also discussed are other changes presented elsewhere that will affect the Arctostaphylos treatment in the next edition of the Jepson Manual.
Ungulate migration, plant phenology, and large carnivores: the times they are a-changin'.

Those of us living in a strongly seasonal environment at northern latitudes know how to appreciate longer days and a warming sun after months of winter cold. We can only barely grasp how an ungulate must feel when the spring flush of new green, protein-rich grass emerges after months of starvation and misery. It is no wonder that many ungulates wish to prolong this period of access to fresh spring vegetation by migrating. How will migratory animals cope with changes in plant dynamics due to climate change? What are the consequences of expanding large-carnivore populations in these systems? Why do some individuals remain stationary in nearly all populations of migratory animals? The study by Middleton et al. (2013) shed light on all these issues, without giving a definite answer to the relative role of each process.