Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between Static Radiographic Measurements and Intersegmental Angular Measurements During Gait Using a Multisegment Foot Model

Background: Radiographic examination is a widely used evaluation method in the orthopedic clinic. However, conventional radiography alone does not reflect the dynamic changes between foot and ankle segments during gait. Multiple 3-dimensional multisegment foot models (3D MFMs) have been introduced to evaluate intersegmental motion of the foot. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between static radiographic indices and intersegmental foot motion indices. Methods: One hundred twenty-five females were tested. Static radiographs of full-leg and anteroposterior (AP) and lateral foot views were performed. For hindfoot evaluation, we measured the AP tibiotalar angle (TiTA), talar tilt (TT), calcaneal pitch, lateral tibiocalcaneal angle, and lateral talcocalcaneal angle. For the midfoot segment, naviculocuboid overlap and talonavicular coverage angle were calculated. AP and lateral talo-first metatarsal angles and metatarsal stacking angle (MSA) were measured to assess the forefoot. Hallux valgus angle (HVA) and hallux interphalangeal angle were measured. In gait analysis by 3D MFM, intersegmental angle (ISA) measurements of each segment (hallux, forefoot, hindfoot, arch) were recorded. Results: ISAs at midstance phase were most highly correlated with radiography. Significant correlations were observed between ISA measurements using MFM and static radiographic measurements in the same segment. In the hindfoot, coronal plane ISA was correlated with AP TiTA (P < .001) and TT (P = .018). In the hallux, HVA was strongly correlated with transverse ISA of the hallux (P < .001). Conclusion: The segmental foot motion indices at midstance phase during gait measured by 3D MFM gait analysis were correlated with the conventional radiographic indices. Clinical Relevance: The observed correlation between MFM measurements at midstance phase during gait and static radiographic measurements supports the fundamental basis for the use of MFM in analysis of dynamic motion of foot segment during gait.
Work in progress: Analysis of the relationship between teaching contents and motivation in programming education

In this research the motivational levels of the students in a social welfare department while learning computer programming were analyzed relative to the contents that were taught in each lesson. The introductory programming course was game-based, and Java language was used with Eclipse as the Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The lessons were designed in such a way that as the students finished more and more assignments they were nearing completion of the Tetris game. The motivation levels were measured using a questionnaire based on the ARCS motivation model, which has four factors: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. As a result, it was found that the motivation of the students changes according to the lesson content.
Carotid flow and intermittent abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The authors studied combinations of pressure variations through intermittent abdominal compression (IAC) and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) to optimize hemodynamic parameters such as the carotid flow. Experiments on fifteen days were performed with different combinations of the relative duration of thoracic/abdominal compression and ventilation frequency, all at a mean resuscitation heart rate of 60 beats/min. The hemodynamic parameter were measured for IAC-CPR with and without an abdominal cuff for comparison purposes. Manual CPR was compared to IAC-CPR. Automated and manual synchronization between the IAC-CPR and the ventilation procedure were compared as well. The results clearly show that carotid flow is higher for the IAC-CPR, and optimal for a 40 to 50% duration of the systolic phase (thoracic compression), and you are enhanced by synchronization of ventilation with thoracic compression. <<ETX>>
A nontoxic pain killer designed by modeling of pathological receptor conformations

A pain killer without side effects Opioids are very strong and effective pain killers. However, they also have a range of well-known side effects and can cause addiction. Painful conditions such as inflammation or trauma are often associated with localized tissue acidification. Spahn et al. designed a novel opioid receptor agonist that, unlike clinically used opioids, best activates the receptors in such acidified tissues. In rat models of inflammatory pain, the new drug exerted strong pain relief essentially without the side effects of standard opioids. Science, this issue p. 966 A novel opioid selectively activates peripheral opioid receptors only in inflamed tissue. Indiscriminate activation of opioid receptors provides pain relief but also severe central and intestinal side effects. We hypothesized that exploiting pathological (rather than physiological) conformation dynamics of opioid receptor-ligand interactions might yield ligands without adverse actions. By computer simulations at low pH, a hallmark of injured tissue, we designed an agonist that, because of its low acid dissociation constant, selectively activates peripheral μ-opioid receptors at the source of pain generation. Unlike the conventional opioid fentanyl, this agonist showed pH-sensitive binding, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein) subunit dissociation by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate inhibition in vitro. It produced injury-restricted analgesia in rats with different types of inflammatory pain without exhibiting respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, or addiction potential.
Correlation of Postoperative Position of the Sesamoids After Chevron Osteotomy With Outcome

Background: Postoperative incomplete reduction of the sesamoids has been identified as a potential risk factor for hallux valgus recurrence after proximal osteotomy. However, it is not known whether the postoperative sesamoid position is a risk factor in hallux valgus correction via distal chevron osteotomy with or without dorsal webspace release (DWSR). Methods: In this retrospective study, 169 patients who underwent distal chevron osteotomy with or without DWSR were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative (6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months) weightbearing radiographs were evaluated. Functional hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and the position of the tibial sesamoid were graded using the center of head method. Seventy-six radiographs were available for review at the 12-month follow-up. Of these, 41 patients underwent DWSR procedure and 35 did not. Results: In both groups, correction of all 3 parameters (HVA, IMA, tibial sesamoid position) were significant at the 12-month follow-up. Comparison of the postoperative results of the 2 groups showed no statistically significant differences. Four feet demonstrated displaced sesamoid position at the 12-month follow-up, with radiographic evidence of recurrence in just one. No significant relationship was found between postoperative sesamoid position and hallux valgus recurrence that occurred in 4 feet. Conclusion: Combining DWSR with a distal chevron osteotomy did not delay healing or increase risk of avascular necrosis, but it did not significantly improve angular measurements or sesamoid position. The concept that postoperative sesamoid position can be used to predict hallux valgus recurrence was not supported by our results when looking at distal chevron correction. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Scaling carbon nanotube complementary transistors to 5-nm gate lengths

Moving transistors downscale One option for extending the performance of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices based on silicon technology is to use semiconducting carbon nanotubes as the gates. Qiu et al. fabricated top-gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with a gate length of 5 nm. Thin graphene contacts helped maintain electrostatic control. A scaling trend study revealed that, compared with silicon CMOS devices, the nanotube-based devices operated much faster and at much lower supply voltage, and they approached the limit of one electron per switching operation. Science, this issue p. 271 Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors approach the quantum limit of one electron per switching operation. High-performance top-gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) with a gate length of 5 nanometers can be fabricated that perform better than silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) FETs at the same scale. A scaling trend study revealed that the scaled CNT-based devices, which use graphene contacts, can operate much faster and at much lower supply voltage (0.4 versus 0.7 volts) and with much smaller subthreshold slope (typically 73 millivolts per decade). The 5-nanometer CNT FETs approached the quantum limit of FETs by using only one electron per switching operation. In addition, the contact length of the CNT CMOS devices was also scaled down to 25 nanometers, and a CMOS inverter with a total pitch size of 240 nanometers was also demonstrated.
Sleep disturbance in female chronic pain patients

Abstract Aim: Chronic pain patients frequently complain of sleep problems. The purpose of this study is to search for the complaint of insomnia among chronic pain patients and, if present, to compare the sleep items within two different scales: one, observer-rated, and the other self-rated. Method: The study was based on outpatients of a psychiatry clinic in a general hospital. The sample comprised 90 female patients, attending for the complaint of chronic pain. All patients were given a sociodemographic form to complete. Information was obtained on several aspects of the patients' pain, including site, severity, quality and duration. All patients were also questioned regarding their sleeping habits, such as, initial or late sleep disturbance, morning fatigue, daytime naps, total sleep in a 24 h period, and disturbance in different areas of functioning. The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) were used to assess the severity of the patients' insomnia.
Aggregation of the Whi3 protein, not loss of heterochromatin, causes sterility in old yeast cells

Protein aggregation–mediated aging in yeast Old age in yeast cells results in insensitivity to mating pheromone. Reduced activity of the histone deactylase Sir2 and consequent alteration of chromatin at mating loci have been implicated in the decreased sensitivity of old cells. However, Schlissel et al. found a different mechanism in the yeast strains that they studied (see the Perspective by Gitler and Jarosz). Proper response to mating pheromone requires arrest of the cell cycle mediated by an RNA-binding protein, Whi3. If aggregation of Whi3 in old cells was inhibited by deletion of a glutamine-rich region that promotes aggregation, loss of sensitivity to mating pheromone was partially prevented, and replicative life span was slightly increased. Science, this issue p. 1184; see also p. 1126 Sterility of old yeast cells is caused by protein aggregation. In yeast, heterochromatin silencing is reported to decline in aging mother cells, causing sterility in old cells. This process is thought to reflect a decrease in the activity of the NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)–dependent deacetylase Sir2. We tested whether Sir2 becomes nonfunctional gradually or precipitously during aging. Unexpectedly, silencing of the heterochromatic HML and HMR loci was not lost during aging. Old cells could initiate a mating response; however, they were less sensitive to mating pheromone than were young cells because of age-dependent aggregation of Whi3, an RNA-binding protein controlling S-phase entry. Removing the polyglutamine domain of Whi3 restored the pheromone sensitivity of old cells. We propose that aging phenotypes previously attributed to loss of heterochromatin silencing are instead caused by aggregation of the Whi3 cell cycle regulator.
Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance

Resistance on a background of tolerance Bacteria survive antibiotic exposure either because they are quiescent when antibiotics are around in the highest concentrations (i.e., tolerance) or because they acquire active biochemical resistance mechanisms (i.e., resistance). Both tolerance and resistance involve the acquisition of mutations from the wild type. Levin-Reisman et al. used in vitro evolution experiments to show that populations of bacteria that become genetically resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin most quickly do so on a background of tolerance mutations (see the Perspective by Lewis and Shan). Because the probability of a tolerant organism surviving is higher, it has a greater chance of subsequently acquiring resistance mutations. Tolerance is often overlooked in the clinic but should in future be screened for and targeted more precisely to reduce the rates of acquired resistance. Science, this issue p. 826; see also p. 796 Tolerance to antibiotics is often overlooked in the clinic, but tolerance drives the rapid evolution of resistance. Controlled experimental evolution during antibiotic treatment can help to explain the processes leading to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Recently, intermittent antibiotic exposures have been shown to lead rapidly to the evolution of tolerance—that is, the ability to survive under treatment without developing resistance. However, whether tolerance delays or promotes the eventual emergence of resistance is unclear. Here we used in vitro evolution experiments to explore this question. We found that in all cases, tolerance preceded resistance. A mathematical population-genetics model showed how tolerance boosts the chances for resistance mutations to spread in the population. Thus, tolerance mutations pave the way for the rapid subsequent evolution of resistance. Preventing the evolution of tolerance may offer a new strategy for delaying the emergence of resistance.
Vectorial representation of spatial goals in the hippocampus of bats

How to get to place B We constantly navigate around our environment. This means moving from our current location, place A, to a new goal, place B. We have recently learned much about spatial maps in the brain in which place cells indicate current location. However, it is unclear how navigational goals are represented in the brain. Sarel et al. describe a group of neurons in the brains of bats that are tuned to goal direction and distance relative to the bat's current position as it flies toward its goal. The finding elucidates the computations involved in spatial navigation. Science, this issue p. 176 A subpopulation of neurons in the bat hippocampus indicate distance and direction to the location of a goal. To navigate, animals need to represent not only their own position and orientation, but also the location of their goal. Neural representations of an animal’s own position and orientation have been extensively studied. However, it is unknown how navigational goals are encoded in the brain. We recorded from hippocampal CA1 neurons of bats flying in complex trajectories toward a spatial goal. We discovered a subpopulation of neurons with angular tuning to the goal direction. Many of these neurons were tuned to an occluded goal, suggesting that goal-direction representation is memory-based. We also found cells that encoded the distance to the goal, often in conjunction with goal direction. The goal-direction and goal-distance signals make up a vectorial representation of spatial goals, suggesting a previously unrecognized neuronal mechanism for goal-directed navigation.
Molecular and neural basis of contagious itch behavior in mice

To scratch or not to scratch Observing someone else scratching themselves can make you want to do so. This contagious itching has been observed in monkeys and humans, but what about rodents? Yu et al. found that mice do imitate scratching when they observe it in other mice. The authors identified a brain area called the suprachiasmatic nucleus as a key circuit for mediating contagious itch. Gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor in the suprachiasmatic nucleus were necessary and sufficient to transmit this contagious behavior. Science, this issue p. 1072 Suprachiasmatic neural circuits control contagious itching. Socially contagious itch is ubiquitous in human society, but whether it exists in rodents is unclear. Using a behavioral paradigm that does not entail prior training or reward, we found that mice scratched after observing a conspecific scratching. Molecular mapping showed increased neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus of mice that displayed contagious scratching. Ablation of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) or GRPR neurons in the SCN abolished contagious scratching behavior, which was recapitulated by chemogenetic inhibition of SCN GRP neurons. Activation of SCN GRP/GRPR neurons evoked scratching behavior. These data demonstrate that GRP-GRPR signaling is necessary and sufficient for transmitting contagious itch information in the SCN. The findings may have implications for our understanding of neural circuits that control socially contagious behaviors.
“Ab initio” synthesis of zeolites for preestablished catalytic reactions

Start with the transition state Zeolites catalyze a wide range of industrial reactions, but identifying the reactions that they catalyze well tends to be done by trial and error. Gallego et al. propose a way to rationalize the process by using structure-directing agents that act as scaffolds for creating the zeolite pores and channels (see the Perspective by Millini). They picked molecules that mimic the transition states for reactions such as the isomerization of ethylbenzene into xylene, and they successfully identified catalysts with improved reactant conversion and product selectivity. Science, this issue p. 1051; see also p. 1028 Organic molecules for directing structure formation in zeolites mimic the transition states of a desired catalytic reaction. Unlike homogeneous catalysts that are often designed for particular reactions, zeolites are heterogeneous catalysts that are explored and optimized in a heuristic fashion. We present a methodology for synthesizing active and selective zeolites by using organic structure-directing agents that mimic the transition state (TS) of preestablished reactions to be catalyzed. In these zeolites, the pores and cavities could be generated approaching a molecular-recognition pattern. For disproportionation of toluene and isomerization of ethylbenzene into xylenes, the TSs are larger than the reaction products. Zeolite ITQ-27 showed high disproportionation activity, and ITQ-64 showed high selectivity for the desired para and ortho isomers. For the case of a product and TS of similar size, we synthesized a catalyst, MIT-1, for the isomerization of endo-dicyclopentane into adamantane.
Diagnóstico de leucemias bifenotípicas por citometría de flujo

Biphenotypic leukemias are rare in children and represent less than 5% of all histological subtypes of leukemias. Diagnosis requires careful assessment by cell morphology, genetics, and flow cytometry. The treatment goal is to eliminate the predominant clone, although there is no conclusive data about complete remission. Chemotherapy has shown better results than bone marrow transplant. Survival is influenced by therapy response and other factors inherent to the disease and the patient.Two patients diagnosed in 2009 are presented. The first patient was an 8 year-old girl who consulted for skin pallor, anemia, leukopenia, and presence of blasts in the white blood count. The second patient was a 10 year-old boy who complained of abdominal pain as result of peritonitis secondary to an acute appendicitis. The presence of blasts in peripheral blood was documented 48 hours after surgery. Cell morphology and flow cytometry confirmed the first case as acute lymphocytic leukemia, and the second as bilinear biphenotypic leukemia.
Learning analytics for the prediction of the educational objectives achievement

Prediction of students' performance is one of the most explored issues in educational data mining. To predict if students will achieve the outcomes of the subject based on the previous results enables teachers to adapt the learning design of the subject to the teaching-learning process. However, this adaptation is even more relevant if we could predict the fulfillment of the educational objectives of a subject, since teachers should focus the adaptation on the learning resources and activities related to those educational objectives. In this paper, we present an experiment where a support vector machine is applied as a classifier that predicts if the different educational objectives of a subject are achieved or not. The inputs of the problem are the marks obtained by the students in the questionnaires related to the learning activities that students must undertake during the course. The results are very good, since the classifiers predict the achievement of the educational objectives with precision over 80%.
In Turkey womens fertility is linked to education employment and freedom to choose a husband.

This report describes demographic and marriage patterns and examined the effect of womens status on fertility in Turkey. Data were obtained from the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey among 6519 ever-married women aged 15-49 years. The analysis controlled for demographic characteristics and indicators of womens social and cultural status. Women had a mean of 4.4 years of schooling. 27% had no schooling. 51% had studied 5-7 years. The least educated had almost 4 more children than the most educated (5.9 vs. 2.1). 33% of women worked outside the home. 80% of nonworking women lived in economically depressed areas. 21% of women earning a salary worked before marriage. 12% had no prior work experience. 55% of all ever married women had not worked either before or after marriage. 79% of working women did not have social security benefits. 89% had civil and religious marriages. 29% of married couples paid a brideprice. 54% of the least educated married couples paid a brideprice compared to only 2% among the most educated women. 26% of marriages were arranged by the spouses themselves. 54% were arranged by parents with the couples consent. 14% did not have the couples consent. 6% involved abductions. 50% believed that women should not argue with their spouses. Working women and women in nonarranged marriages had slightly fewer children. The number of children ever born increased among those with 0 or 1-4 years of education compared to women with 11 or more years of education. Residence in the underdeveloped East raised cumulative fertility by 1 child.
Optimal Design for Delta–Sigma Modulators With Root Loci Inside Unit Circle

Single-stage high-order delta-sigma modulators (DSMs) designed by methods with root loci inside the unit circle (RLiUC) can operate stably with full-scale input. The previously published RLiUC method uses a conservative approach to design the loop filter's transfer function H(z) of a DSM, thus resulting in a modest SNR. In this brief, the pole-zero locations of H(z) are optimized to maximize the stable input range while minimizing SNR reduction. Accordingly, optimal third- and fourth-order RLiUC DSMs are designed, and a systematic method for orders higher than 4 is developed. The considerations for the optimal design are the in-band noise attenuation and out-of-band gain of RLiUC DSMs. With an oversampling ratio of 32 and a quantizer bit number of 6, the optimized fourth-order RLiUC DSM achieves a peak SNR of 109 dB. Compared with the previously published result, the SNR is improved by 20 dB. To demonstrate the advantage of RLiUC DSMs, an application example for a class-D amplifier is used. With the RLiUC DSM, the achieved low-distortion output power of class-D amplifiers can be maximized.