Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to over-informativeness 1 Running head : Sensitivity to over-informativeness Development of children ' s sensitivity to over-informativeness in learning and teaching

Effective communication requires knowing the “right” amount of information to provide; what is necessary for a naïve learner to arrive at a target hypothesis may be superfluous and inefficient for a knowledgeable learner. The current study examines fourto seven-year-olds’ developing sensitivity to over-informative communication and their ability to decide how much information is appropriate depending on the learner’s prior knowledge. In Experiment 1 (N=184, Age: 4.09– 7.98), children preferred teachers who gave costly, exhaustive demonstrations to naïve learners and efficient, selective demonstrations to knowledgeable learners who already had common ground with the teachers. While older children preferred different teachers depending on the learner’s prior knowledge, four-year-olds did not show a clear preference. In Experiment 2 (N=80, Age: 4.05 – 6.99), we asked whether children flexibly modulated their own teaching based on learners’ knowledge. Five and six-year-olds, but not four-year-olds, were more likely to provide exhaustive demonstrations to naïve learners than to knowledgeable learners. These results suggest that by age five, children are sensitive to over-informativeness and understand the trade-off between informativeness and efficiency; they reason about what others know based on the presence or absence of common ground and flexibly decide how much information is appropriate both as learners and as teachers.
Sequencing a cosmid clone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIV reveals 12 new open reading frames (ORFs) and an ancient duplication of six ORFs

A sequence of 31431 bp located on the left arm of chromosome (chr.) XIV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analysed. A total of 18 open reading frames (ORFs) could be identified. Twelve ORFs are new, two of which are most likely ribosomal protein genes, leaving ten ORFs of unknown function. Nine of the 18 ORFs show either at least 20% overall amino acid identity or significant regional homology to other S. cerevisiae ORFs. Additionally, six of these nine ORFs have homologues of similar size and the same transcriptional orientation within a stretch of 50 kb on chromosome IX. The degree of homology ranges from 90% overall identity to 23% in 375 amino acids. The homologues on chromosome IX are grouped in two blocks that are separated by relatively long ORFs. This is the first example of a multi‐gene duplication in S. cerevisiae not linked to a centromere or subtelomere region. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X86470.
Draft Genome Sequences of Helicobacter pylori Strains 17874 and P79

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen that colonizes the human gastric mucosa, causing gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and gastric carcinoma. Here we announce the draft genomes of H. pylori strain 17874, commonly used for studying motility, and P79, a strain for which plasmid vectors have been developed.
Oxidative Damage in Fish Used as Biomarkers in Field and Laboratory Studies

Many toxic xenobiotics entering into the aquatic environment exert their effects through redox cycling. Oxidative stress, incorporating both antioxidant defences as well as oxidative damage, is a common effect in organisms exposed to xenobiotics in their environment. The studies included in this dissertation evaluate the effects of different types of environmental pollution on oxidative stress biomarkers in teleost fishes. Effects of aging, alone or in combination with oxidative stress, on protein carbonylation were also addressed. Antioxidant enzyme activities were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) caged in a river polluted by sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent as well as highly contaminated sediment, and in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) collected at heavy metal contaminated and PAH contaminated sites. Antioxidant enzymes showed very few changes in these fish. Glutathione levels were affected by STP effluent exposure in rainbow trout and by PAH exposure in corkwing wrasse. Protein carbonylation was elevated in plasma of the corkwing wrasse captured at the heavy metal site and in plasma of rainbow trout caged near the STP effluent. Lipid peroxidation was elevated in the livers of these rainbow trout. Oxidative damage biomarkers were also measured in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) captured in a polluted harbor, before, during and after a dredging campaign, as well as following an oil spill. Protein carbonyl levels in livers of eelpout were affected by exposure to pollution in the harbor, though this was measured both as increases and as decreases, indicating a complicated relationship between prooxidant exposure and protein carbonyl accumulation. Lipid peroxidation in eelpout was unaffected by pollutant exposure. Western blot analyses of protein carbonylation in corkwing wrasse exposed to heavy metals and in rainbow trout exposed to paraquat (PQ) suggest that albumin may be the plasma protein most likely to undergo carbonylation in these fish. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) were used in a laboratory study to investigate the effects of aging on oxidative stress parameters, i.e. protein carbonylation, 20S proteosome activity and glutathione levels. All parameters were affected by aging, as was the response to PQ exposure, where 1 year old fish were more sensitive than 0+ fish. To conclude, the results presented here indicate that antioxidant enzymes may not provide a good biomarker of exposure to xenobiotics in the field. However, oxidative damage products, i.e. protein carbonyls and lipid peroxidation, seem to be useful as biomarkers. Care should be taken to consider age of the exposed individuals. Oxidative stress is a complex phenomenon to measure in the field. Antioxidant enzyme activities may be altered after an acute exposure and then return to normal levels but damage products can persist even after the initial stress has stabilized.
Symmetrical bending of thin circular elastic plates on equally spaced point supports

The determination of bending moments, tWlstmg moments, and shearing forces in a thin circular elastic plate subjected to symmetrical bending is a problem which is often encountered in the design and analysis of structural elements or systems. This study deals. ,with the solution of this problem for a thin circular elastic plate supported at points equally spaced along a concentric support c ircle and subjected to a transverse load which is symmetrically distributed over a concentric circular area. These structures may be typified as end closures, bulkheads, and diaphragms. UsualJy the analysis of such a structure is simplified by the introduction of engineering approximations which pertain to the particular structural system under examination. However, this paper presents a special application of a more general solution developed by Bassali [1]' which more closely represents the cond itions realized in practical structures and obviates the necessity for some of the approximations. This specialized treatment of Bassali's theory provides the equations necessary to calculate moments, shearing forces, and associated stresses anywhere within the plate. It also shows that the expressions for maximum bending stresses at the center are independent of the angular orientation and the number of supports. Further reduction of these expressions result in the Grashof [2] equations. A comparison between a limited amount of experimental results and the theoretical predictions of tangential strains along the concentric support circle show good agreement. This good agreement for strains along with that for deflections [3] tend to substantiate the theory.
Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Changes in vascular permeability are well-known and important consequences of cerebral ischemia. The development of edema and of petechial hemorrhage is connected to altered vascular integrity. A major part in microvascular integrity is played by the basal lamina. METHODS The fates of the basal lamina components laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen during middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 hours, n = 3) and occlusion (3 hours) with reperfusion (1 hour, n = 3; 4 hours, n = 3; and 24 hours, n = 4) were evaluated in the nonhuman primate. Specific monoclonal antibodies against these components were used. The number and size distribution of the microvessels in each specimen were determined by video-imaging microscopy, and the relative fluorescence intensity of laminin was semiquantified by laser confocal microscopy. Basal lamina antigen presentations were compared by double-stain immunofluorescence histochemistry. RESULTS The number of microvascular structures defined by the presence of each basal lamina antigen decreased significantly up to 24 hours of reperfusion (P < .0001). The ratio of laminin-containing vessels between the ischemic and nonischemic territories decreased significantly from control (0.98 +/- 0.04) to 2 hours of ischemia (0.83 +/- 0.09) and 1 hour (0.79 +/- 0.08), 4 hours (0.77 +/- 0.06), and 24 hours of reperfusion (0.55 +/- 0.07). The ratio of fibronectin (cellular) and of collagen (IV)-containing vessels decreased from 0.98 +/- 0.04 to 0.75 +/- 0.1 and from 1.02 +/- 0.03 to 0.57 +/- 0.1, respectively. Mean laminin fluorescence intensity decreased from 76.1 +/- 6.0 U (controls) to 52.0 +/- 14.6 U (24 hours of reperfusion; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The significant parallel losses of three basal lamina components, both in number and intensity, contribute to loss of microvascular integrity. These phenomena may be important for understanding cell extravasation and the hemorrhagic consequences of acute stroke.
Development of a Cell-Based Hepatitis C Virus Infection Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer Assay for High-Throughput Antiviral Compound Screening

ABSTRACT A major obstacle in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been the lack of effective, well-tolerated therapeutics. Notably, the recent development of the HCV cell culture infection system now allows not only for the study of the entire viral life cycle, but also for the screening of inhibitors against all aspects of HCV infection. However, in order to screen libraries of potential antiviral compounds, it is necessary to develop a highly reproducible, accurate assay for HCV infection adaptable for high-throughput screening (HTS) automation. Using an internally quenched 5-FAM/QXL 520 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate containing the HCV NS3 peptide cleavage sequence, we report the development of a simple, mix-and-measure, homogenous, cell-based HCV infection assay amendable for HTS. This assay makes use of synchronized, nondividing human hepatoma-derived Huh7 cells, which support more-reproducible long-term HCV infection and can be readily scaled down to a 96-well-plate format. We demonstrate that this stable cell culture method eliminates common problems associated with standard cell-based HTS, such as cell culture variability, poor reproducibility, and low signal intensity. Importantly, this HCV FRET assay not only can identify inhibitors that act throughout the viral life cycle as effectively as more-standard HCV assays, such as real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, but also exhibits a high degree of accuracy with limited signal variation (i.e., Z′ ≥ 0.6), providing the basis for a robust HTS campaign for screening compound libraries and identifying novel HCV antivirals.
A Truly Concurrent Process Calculus over Recyclable Resources

In this paper we present a truly concurrent semantics for deterministic concurrent recursive processes accessing quantified recyclable resources. The process semantics is built upon the new coherently complete and prime algebraic domain of continued multi-pomsets, which is a quantitative version of the domain of complex resource pomsets. The CSP-like process language that we study contains several deterministic quantitative process operators, namely hiding, restriction, sequential, serial and parallel, as well as an observable recursion. A deterministic structural operational machine is displayed that allows extracting a linear and a continued operational semantics. The denotational semantics is naturally defined on continued multi-pomsets for all finitary operators and lifted to a functional domain over environments modelling recursion. The robustness of the present semantical work is demonstrated by proving that the denotational semantics is fully abstract with respect to the linear and the continued operational semantics and by relating it via observation to bisimilarity.
Ambulatory Monitoring Using Passive Computational RFID Sensors

Rapidly emerging batteryless sensors are creating tremendous opportunities for truly wearable sensors for activity recognition. However, data streams from such sensors are characterized by sparsity and noise, which make activity recognition a challenging task. In this paper, we study the feasibility of passive computational RFID sensors for ambulatory monitoring. In particular, we focus on recognizing transfers out of beds or chairs and walking. Ideally, all these activities need to be monitored by movement sensor alarm systems to alert caregivers to provide supervision during the ambulation of older people in hospitals and nursing homes to prevent a fall. Our novel approach to partition continuous sensor data on natural activity boundaries and to identify transfers out of beds or chairs and walking as transitions between sequences of movements overcomes issues posed by the sparsity and the noise. We demonstrate through in-depth experiments the high performance (F-score > 93%) and the responsiveness of our approach.
Protecting flash memory areas against memory faults in tiny embedded systems

This paper shows novel combinations of software-based, fault-tolerant techniques for NOR flash memories in tiny embedded systems. The main aim of proposed techniques is to protect from transient and permanent memory faults only those parts of an embedded flash memory which can suffer from the biggest wear. The evaluation of presented approaches was based on test data obtained from real 64KB NOR flash memories.
Fault modeling and testing of 1T1R memristor memories

Memristor memory has attracted more attentions to act as one of future non-volatile memories. One access transistor and one memristor (1T1R) cell structure can be used to eliminate the issue of sneak path current of memristor memories with crossbar structure. In this paper, we propose several fault models for 1T1R memristor memories based on electrical defects, such as resistive bridge between two nodes, transistor stuck-on and stuck-open faults. In comparison with existing faults, two new faults, write disturbance fault (WDF) and dynamic write disturbance fault (dWDF), are found. In addition, a March test is proposed to cover the defined faults. The March test requires (1+2a+2b)N write operations and 5N read operations for an N-bit memristor memory, where a and b are the number of consecutive Write-1 and Write-0 operations for activating a dWDF.
The role of the endocannabinoid system in islet biology

Purpose of reviewThe endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized on demand in situ by catabolism of phospholipid precursors in the cell membrane. Here we discuss the emerging role of the endocannabinoids in the function of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans in particular on the secretion of insulin from the islet beta cell. Recent findingsIt is now established that there is a functional endocannabinoid system in the pancreatic islet of Langerhans and that endocannabinoids are released concurrently with glucose-induced insulin secretion. The majority of the published papers show evidence of negative effects of the endocannabinoids on insulin secretion with antagonism of the cannabinoid 1 receptor improving beta cell function. This indicates that there is a tonic inhibition of insulin secretion by endocannabinoids. Here we examine these reports and recent papers showing that endocannabinoids increase insulin secretion and discuss the discrepancies in these observations. SummaryConclusions on the exact nature of the effects of endocannabinoids on insulin secretion require rigorous study examining both acute and long-term effects at physiologically relevant doses employing both whole animal and clinically relevant models such as human islets in vitro and explanted in vivo, in rodent models of diabetes.
A model for testing the mutagenicity of excimer laser radiation in ophthalmology

Abstract Because excimer laser radiation is applied more and more in therapeutic and refractive corneal surgery, the possibility of mutagenic side effects of this treatment should be considered. A mutagenicity model is presented approximating closely the ophthalmological conditions when mutagenic effects are studied: Heparinized human blood is filled into the anterior chamber of an enucleated cow eye. After irradiation of the cornea with the excimer laser, the blood is removed and whole blood cultures are set up. Lymphocytes are stimulated, fixed during metaphase, and scored for chromatid and chromosome aberrations. First results obtained with this model after 248 nm laser irradiation (500 J, 277 mJ/cm2, 10 or 20 Hz) revealed no mutagenic effects. However, when the blood was exposed under the same physical conditions in a quartz chamber (positive control), statistically highly significant increases of the yields of chromatid aberrations were observed.
A novel phenotype of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

An atypical case of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is described in a 78-year-old woman homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of the prion protein (PrP) gene. The neuropathological signature was the presence of PrP immunoreactive plaque-like deposits in the cerebral cortex, striatum and thalamus. Western blot analysis showed a profile of the pathological form of PrP (PrPSc) previously unrecognised in sporadic CJD, marked by the absence of diglycosylated protease resistant species. These features define a novel neuropathological and molecular CJD phenotype.
The Use of Intravenous Fat Emulsions in Preterm Infants

The first intravenous fat (IVF) preparation used to any great extent in the United States was made from cottonseed oil and marketed under the tradename of Lipomul®. A great deal of experience was gained with the use of this emulsion and, in fact, an entire symposium was published reviewing the data regarding this agent (Metabolism, 6:591-831, 1957). Lipomul® was withdrawn from the market in 1965 because of numerous reports of toxicity, including "the fat-overloading syndrome", hemorrhagic tendencies, and liver damage. The toxic accumulation of fat observed with Lipomul® was attributed to its large particle size (1 n in diameter), and possibly the emulsifying agent, pluronic F-68 (46,76). In 1961 Schuberth and Wretlind described the use of a parenteral fat emulsion made from soybean oil (65), and in 1981 Wretlind reported that in Sweden over 1.6 million units of this emulsion, Intralipid®, were infused with only 8 cases of suspected untoward reaction. In only one case was a causal relationship probable (79). After Intralipid® had been used extensively in Europe and Canada, it was finally approved by the FDA for use in the United States in 1975. In 1979 Liposyn® became available in the United States, and, more recently, a third fat preparation, Travamulsion®, has also been released for use. Intralipid® and Travamulsion® contain soybean oil as a base, while Liposyn® is made from safflower oil. Each product uses purified egg phospholipid as an emulsifier, each contains glycerin to make the solutions isotonic, and, when metabolized appropriately, each will yield 1.1 cal. /ml. Table 1 lists the make-up and notes the differences in each of the products. The particle size of Intralipid® is 0.5 n while those of Liposyn® and Travamulsion® are 0.4 n. Both Intralipid® and Travamulsion® contain linolenic acid in significant amounts—8% and 6% respectively; less than 0.5% of this fatty acid is found in Liposyn®. Until recently, linolenic acid deficiency had been recognized only in trout (80) and rats (41), but a 6-year-old child who had received a linolenic-free diet for 5 months developed neurological symptomatology including numbness, weakness, leg pain, and blurring of vision (37). Her symptoms disappeared when she was given linolenic acid via an infusion
The role of allopurinol in human liver ischemia/reperfusion injury: a prospective randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the effect of pretreatment with allopurinol on oxidative stress during reperfusion and the role in liver tissue protection in partial liver resections for colorectal cancer metastases confined to the liver. METHODOLOGY Prospective, randomized, clinical trial, single center, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS Curative partial liver resection of colorectal metastases in 16 patients with or without allopurinol pretreatment, between June 1992 and February 1994. INTERVENTIONS Partial liver resections with Pringle maneuver, intravenous allopurinol versus no allopurinol. OUTCOME MEASURES The effect of allopurinol on liver cell damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion studied by measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, vitamin C, liver enzymes and blood clotting factors in blood samples. Morbidity and mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS Pretreatment with allopurinol had no significant effect on any of our study parameters. CONCLUSIONS Because ischemia/reperfusion damage is little in our study, pretreatment with allopurinol is of no value.
Hansel and Gretel.

Hard by a great forest dwelt a poor wood-cutter with his wife and his two children. The boy was called Hansel and the girl Gretel. He had little to bite and to break, and once when great dearth fell on the land, he could no longer procure even daily bread. Now when he thought over this by night in his bed, and tossed about in his anxiety, he groaned and said to his wife: 'What is to become of us? How are we to feed our poor children, when we no longer have anything even for ourselves? ' 'I'll tell you what, husband,' answered the woman, 'early tomorrow morning we will take the children out into the forest to where it is the thickest; there we will light a fire for them, and give each of them one more piece of bread, and then we will go to our work and leave them alone. They will not find the way home again, and we shall be rid of them. ' 'No, wife,' said the man, 'I will not do that; how can I bear to leave my children alone in the forest? —the wild animals would soon come and tear them to pieces. ' 'O, you fool! ' said she, 'then we must all four die of hunger, you may as well plane the planks for our coffins,' and she left him no peace until he consented. 'But I feel very sorry for the poor children, all the same,' said the man.