Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partially premixed combustion multi-cylinder engine cycle-to-cycle-oriented temperature estimation and control

Advanced combustion concepts like partially premixed combustion (PPC) are sensitive to inlet gas conditions especially inlet temperature. To estimate the combustion parameters like ignition delay on a cycle-to-cycle basis, both complementary filter and extended Kalman filter were designed to estimate the inlet temperature, and the ignition delay was calculated with properly estimated temperature. A two valve fast thermal management system was used to control the inlet temperature, and a PI controller with the lambda tuning method was used. The estimation and control algorithm were verified on a six-cylinder heavy duty engine.
UNBOUNDED NORMAL OPERATORS IN HILBERT SPACE 489

The theory of abstract unbounded operators and their extensions developed along two main lines. The first is the theory of extensions of symmetric operators (Achiezer and Glasman [3]). In this case the problem is to extend a symmetric operator to a self-adjoint one. This theory includes necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such extensions, as well as complete characterization of the nature of these extensions, especially the nature of the spectrum of various extensions pertaining to the same operator. This theory imposes severe conditions and can be applied only in particular cases. In order to deal with abstract problems arising in the theory of partial differential equations and integral equations a relaxation is needed. The notions of "generalized solution," "weak solution," etc. (for example in Lax [1]) and the theory of distributions lead to the following problem of extension of general abstract operators. (For the sake of simplicity the illustration below will be confined to operators acting in Hubert space.) The operator (differential, integral, etc.) 9~ is embedded in a certain space E. In this space a "natural" domain D0 is considered. Denote ^"acting on D0 by f0. f0 is in general bounded below on750 so it may be closed to an operator T0 => T0 acting on D0 zd D0. By this process the "generalized solutions" are obtained. In most cases the range of T0 is not the whole space so an extension is needed. Among all possible extensions only the "weak solutions" are considered. They are obtained by looking at a natural "formal adjoint" &"* defined on the closure of the set730. Denote this operator by T* and denote (Tf)* by Tx. Any function in the domain of Ty is called a "weak solution. " In general the range of Ty is the whole space but there are "too many" weak solutions because there are null solutions. So the problem is to find an intermediate T0cTcT, having a bounded inverse defined on the whole space. Somewhat different versions are in G. C. Rota [4] and Gohberg and Krein [5]. These general theories have only weak results, because of the generality of the operators considered.
Mercury methylation versus demethylation: main processes involved

It is well known that mercury presents high toxicity, causing a great damage to the environment and living organisms; however, its properties depend on the mercury species present. Organomercury compounds, where methylmercury is included, cause more concern. Since 60-70’s, several methylation mechanisms are known. Generally, methylmercury can be formed naturally in the aquatic environment by two general pathways: chemical methylation (abiotic) and microbial (biotic) processes. At the same time, methylmercury can be also decomposed abiotically or by the action of several demethylating microbes, or demethylators, ranging from anaerobes to aerobes. Regarding the biotic methylmercury demethylation, two distinct vias oxidative and reductive might be used by those microorganisms, differing in the final products obtained. In relation to the reductive processes, two pathways might occur. The first one involves the mercury resistance operon (mer) whereas the second one involves sulfide ions; however, the former is considered to be the most common pathway. Regarding the mer operon, some bacteria only carry on a narrow-spectrum operon (merA), being only able to reduce inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) to elemental mercury (Hg). On the other hand, others beyond this operon also carry on a broad-spectrum operon (merB). These microorganisms are able to decompose methylmercury to Hg. Taking into account all of these processes, in the present work the most referred methylation and demethylation mechanisms found in aquatic environments are discussed, as well as the environmental factors that influence them. Factors related with the inorganic mercury/methylmercury availability and those that affect directly the activity of methylators and demethylators are also referred. Generally, the relationships encountered are complex and sometimes significant shifts on the microbial communities may be Susana Río Segade, Teresa Dias and Elsa Ramalhosa 2 observed. These changes can alter the processes involving the mercury species, as well as the final products obtained. In conclusion, the abiotic factors and the type of microorganisms that are present in the environment, including their genetic patrimony, influence significantly the presence and the type of the mercury species. Furthermore, there are environmental factors, such as redox conditions, sulfides and organic matter that also affect the mercury dynamic and the equilibrium existents.
Fault Diagnosis for Engine Based on Single-Stage Extreme Learning Machine

Single-Stage Extreme Learning Machine (SS-ELM) is presented to dispose of the mechanical fault diagnosis in this paper. Based on it, the traditional mapping type of extreme learning machine (ELM) has been changed and the eigenvectors extracted from signal processing methods are directly regarded as outputs of the network’s hidden layer. Then the uncertainty that training data transformed from the input space to the ELM feature space with the ELM mapping and problem of the selection of the hidden nodes are avoided effectively. The experiment results of diesel engine fault diagnosis show good performance of the SS-ELM algorithm.
CENTIMETER-LEVEL, ROBUST GNSS-AIDED INERTIAL POST-PROCESSING FOR MOBILE MAPPING WITHOUT LOCAL REFERENCE STATIONS

Abstract. For almost two decades mobile mapping systems have done their georeferencing using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to measure position and inertial sensors to measure orientation. In order to achieve cm level position accuracy, a technique referred to as post-processed carrier phase differential GNSS (DGNSS) is used. For this technique to be effective the maximum distance to a single Reference Station should be no more than 20 km, and when using a network of Reference Stations the distance to the nearest station should no more than about 70 km. This need to set up local Reference Stations limits productivity and increases costs, especially when mapping large areas or long linear features such as roads or pipelines. An alternative technique to DGNSS for high-accuracy positioning from GNSS is the so-called Precise Point Positioning or PPP method. In this case instead of differencing the rover observables with the Reference Station observables to cancel out common errors, an advanced model for every aspect of the GNSS error chain is developed and parameterized to within an accuracy of a few cm. The Trimble Centerpoint RTX positioning solution combines the methodology of PPP with advanced ambiguity resolution technology to produce cm level accuracies without the need for local reference stations. It achieves this through a global deployment of highly redundant monitoring stations that are connected through the internet and are used to determine the precise satellite data with maximum accuracy, robustness, continuity and reliability, along with advance algorithms and receiver and antenna calibrations. This paper presents a new post-processed realization of the Trimble Centerpoint RTX technology integrated into the Applanix POSPac MMS GNSS-Aided Inertial software for mobile mapping. Real-world results from over 100 airborne flights evaluated against a DGNSS network reference are presented which show that the post-processed Centerpoint RTX solution agrees with the DGNSS solution to better than 2.9 cm RMSE Horizontal and 5.5 cm RMSE Vertical. Such accuracies are sufficient to meet the requirements for a majority of airborne mapping applications.
Intelligent Frame work for Increasing Life Time of Peer to Peer networks

In a peer-to-peer network each computer acts as both a server and a client—supplying and receiving files—with bandwidth and processing distributed among all members of the network. Such a decentralized network uses resources more efficiently than a traditional network and is less vulnerable to systemic failure. Peer to Peer networks are used by Bluetooth electronics and Internet based communication services, but development has largely been driven by online file sharing. The existence of high degree of malicious peers is a serious threat to the P2P network life time. This paper we propose an intelligent framework which deals with the issue of identifying free riders and other kind of peers who reduces the networks life time. Additionally, this paper also proposes a basic data warehouse structure for a peer to peer system and analyzes peer behavior using data mining functionalities. Results prove that the free riders and malicious peers get automatically eliminated from the system thereby increasing the networks life time.
Reliability of Axial-Thoracolumbar Spine Rotation Range
 Measurements

Trunk rotation movement includes the coordinated upper and lower segment motion of the thoracolumbar spine.1 Rocket sports activities, such as tennis and golf, and daily activities require whole-thoracolumbar rotation.2,3 The thoracolumbar spine has a rotational motion approximately 40-74 degrees in the horizontal plane.4-6 To measure the thoracolumbar rotation, previous studies have used a three-dimensional motion analysis system, goniometry, and inclinometer.5,7-9 Except for the goniometry measurement, the other measurements showed excellentgood reliability and a low level of measurement error.9,10 However, a three-dimensional motion analysis system is expensive and requires considerable space.7 Therefore, clinicians need an easy and accurate measurement tool to measure thoracolumbar rotation. Previous studies of measuring axial-thoracolumbar rotation have been performed in the open kinetic chain, such as the sitting or standing posture of the thoracolumbar spine without pelvis fixation.6,11,12 These methods may be difficult to measure the exact axial-thoracolumbar rotation without compensatory movement of the pelvis. To measure axialthoracolumbar rotation in the closed kinetic chain, Kim et al. (2017) measured thoraco-lumbar-pelvic rotation in the supine position with upper thorax fixation. However, there have been no studies to measure axial-thoracolumbar rotation in the closed kinetic chain. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the reliability of a new method for measuring axial-thoracolumbar rotation in the closed Reliability of Axial-Thoracolumbar Spine Rotation Range Measurements
Gemini/GNIRS infrared spectroscopy of the Wolf–Rayet stellar wind in Cygnus X-3

The microquasar Cygnus X-3 was observed several times with the Gemini North Infrared Spectrograph while the source was in the hard X-ray state. We describe the observed 1.0-2.4 $\mu$m spectra as arising from the stellar wind of the companion star and suggest its classification as a WN 4-6 Wolf-Rayet star. We attribute the orbital variations of the emission line profiles to the variations in the ionization structure of the stellar wind caused by the intense X-ray emission from the compact object. The strong variability observed in the line profiles will affect the mass function determination. We are unable to reproduce earlier results, from which the mass function for the Wolf-Rayet star was derived. Instead, we suggest that the system parameters are difficult to obtain from the infrared spectra. We find that the near-infrared continuum and the line spectra can be represented with non-LTE Wolf-Rayet atmosphere models if taking into account the effects arising from the peculiar ionization structure of the stellar wind in an approximative manner. From the representative models, we infer the properties of the Wolf-Rayet star and discuss possible mass ranges for the binary components.
Hydrothermal activity and magma genesis along a propagating back-arc basin: Valu Fa Ridge (southern Lau Basin)

Valu Fa Ridge is an intraoceanic back-arc spreading center located at the southern prolongation of the Lau basin. Bathymetric observations as well as detailed sampling have been carried out along the spreading axis in order to trace hydrothermal and volcanic activity and to study magma generation processes. The survey shows that widespread lava flows from recent volcanic eruptions covered most of the Vai Lili hydrothermal vent field; only diffuse low-temperature discharge and the formation of thin layers of siliceous precipitates have been observed. Evidence of present-day hydrothermal activity at the Hine Hina site is indicated by a thermal anomaly in the overlying water column. Our studies did not reveal any signs of hydrothermal activity either above the seismically imaged magma chamber at 22°25′S or across the southern rift fault zone (22°51′S). Lavas recovered along the Valu Fa Ridge range from basaltic andesites to rhyolites with SiO2 contents higher than reported from any other intraoceanic back-arc basin. On the basis of the highly variable degrees of crystal fractionation along axis, the development of small disconnected magma bodies is suggested. In addition, the geochemical character of the volcanic rocks shows that the transition zone from oceanic spreading to propagating rifting is located south of the Hine Hina vent field in the vicinity of 22°35′S.
Selectivity of growth regulators and neonicotinoids for adults of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual and sublethal effects of the insecticides acetamiprid (0.05 g a.i./L), lufenuron (0.04 g a.i./L), imidacloprid (0.14 g a.i./L), novaluron (0.02 g a.i./L), triflumuron (0.14 g a.i./L), and pyriproxifen (0.1 g a.i./L) on adults from the maternal generation of Trichogramma pretiosum, as well as their subsequent effects on the F1 and F2 generations. Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella were glued to paper cards, UV-killed, and dip-treated in insecticide solutions. Next, the eggs were exposed for parasitism 1, 24, and 48 h after treatment, maintained that way for 24 h under controlled conditions (24 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, 12-h photophase), until the emergence of the parasitoids. The insecticide toxicity was calculated based on the longevity and parasitism capacity of the maternal generation, as well as on the emergence rate, sex ratio, longevity, and parasitism capacity of the F1 and F2 generations. The insecticides were toxicologically classified according to IOBC. Pyriproxifen was slightly harmful (class 2) for the parasitism capacity of T. pretiosum maternal and F generation females. Novaluron was slightly harmful for the emergence rate of the F1 generation. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, lufenuron, and triflumuron were harmless (class 1) to T. pretiosum.
Nonrigid registration of multimodal medical images based on hybrid model

Background and Objectives: Multimodal image registration is a crucial step in prostate cancer radiation therapy scheme. However, it can be challenging due to the obvious appearance difference between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and unavoidable organ motion. Accordingly, a nonrigid registration framework for precisely registering multimodal prostate images is proposed in this paper. Materials and Methods: In this work, multimodal prostate image registration between CT and MRI is achieved using a hybrid model that integrates multiresolution strategy and Demons algorithm. Furthermore, to precisely describe the deformation of prostate, B-spline-based registration is utilized to refine the initial registration result of multiresolution Demons algorithm. Results: To evaluate our method, experiments on clinical prostate data sets of nine participants and comparison with the conventional Demons algorithm are conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed registration method outperforms the Demons algorithm by a large margin in terms of mutual information and correlation coefficient. Conclusions: These results show that our method outperforms the Demons algorithm and can achieve excellent performance on multimodal prostate images even the appearances of prostate change significantly. In addition, the results demonstrate that the proposed method can help to localize the prostate accurately, which is feasible in clinical.
Examining the Link between Teacher Wages and Student Outcomes: The Importance of Alternative Labor Market Opportunities and Non-Pecuniary Variation

Researchers using cross-sectional data have failed to produce systematic evidence that teacher salaries affect student outcomes. These studies generally do not account for non-pecuniary job attributes and alternative wage opportunities, which affect the opportunity cost of choosing to teach. When we employ the methodology used in previous studies, we replicate their results. However, once we adjust for labor market factors, we estimate that raising teacher wages by 10 reduces high school dropout rates by 3 to 4. Our findings suggest that previous studies have failed to produce robust estimates because they lack adequate controls for non-wage aspects of teaching and market differences in alternative occupational opportunities.
Does the Expansion of Public Long-Term Care Funding Affect Savings Behaviour?

We study the effect of further public caregiving subsidies (and insurance expansions to cover long-term care) on savings and saving behaviour. Specifically, weexamine the unique progressive introduction of a universal public long-term care subsidy (Sistema para la Autonomia y Atencion a la Dependencia, SAAD) in Spain. We draw on a difference-in-difference strategy (DID) to show a contraction of savings after the policy intervention, but only among younguer elders who receive primarily cash benefits (unconditional caregiving allowance) as opposed to home help (ranging between 13% and 38% of the subsidy ammount). Saving reductions of individuals in the second and third quintile of income distribution, those without children and those residing in regions that implemented the reform earlier, drive the effect.
Mechanisms behind the Temporary Shutdown of Deep Convection in the Labrador Sea: Lessons from the Great Salinity Anomaly Years 1968–71

AbstractFrom 1969 to 1971 convection in the Labrador Sea shut down, thus interrupting the formation of the intermediate/dense water masses. The shutdown has been attributed to the surface freshening induced by the Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA), a freshwater anomaly in the subpolar North Atlantic. The abrupt resumption of convection in 1972, in contrast, is attributed to the extreme atmospheric forcing of that winter. Here oceanic and atmospheric data collected in the Labrador Sea at Ocean Weather Station Bravo and a one-dimensional mixed layer model are used to examine the causes of the shutdown and resumption of convection in detail. These results highlight the tight coupling of the ocean and atmosphere in convection regions and the need to resolve both components to correctly represent convective processes in the ocean. They are also relevant to present-day conditions given the increased ice melt in the Arctic Ocean and from the Greenland Ice Sheet. The analysis herein shows that the shutdown was initiat.
Culture-Specific Characteristics of Alcohol Related Disorders and Culture-Sensitive Approach in Ethiopian Immigrants and Ethnic Arabic Groups inIsrael

Israel, being a multi-cultural society, faces different unhealthy alcohol intake patterns among various ethnic groups, which in turn need to be addressed in a culture sensitive manner. This article focuses, as an example to the complexity of the issue, on two diverse ethnical groups- the new Jewish immigrants of Ethiopian origin and the Arab population in Israel. The great heterogeneity within these two populations themselves is presented. The Arab speaking population is diverse- most of which are Muslims of different sects, including Bedouins, whose religion prohibits alcohol intake; Christians of different denominations, Druze, Samaritans and others. The Ethiopian “Beta Yisrael” (House of Israel) Jewish tribe, whose members have been immigrating to Israel since 1977, but what seemingly seems to be a homogeneous community, is in fact quite heterogenic culturally, when it comes to developing proper prevention and treatment programs. This heterogeneity finds its expression in varying alcohol intake patterns and epidemiology. Thus, cultural beliefs and behaviors relating to alcohol abuse and abstinence that are relevant to effective culture sensitive interventions are presented too. But how can one plan effective preventive and treatment interventions to suit this heterogeneity? The Integrative Culture Sensitive Assessment and Treatment Model presented, delineates the major stages and the basic steps one must take to implement a culture sensitive preventive or treatment intervention, be it in an individual medical setting or a group or community based public health intervention. Finally, some insights as to culture sensitive interventions in treating alcohol related disorders are presented. “Wine is not for kings… not for kings to drink, nor any strong drink for princes, lest they drink and forget what has been ordained and infringe on the rights of the poor. Give strong drink to the hapless and wine to the embittered. Let them drink and forget their poverty and put their troubles out of mind. ” (Proverbs 31, 4-7). “Even if your illness [alcoholism] doesn’t kill you, it’ll still destroy your home. ” (Ethiopian proverb).
Bacterial Biofilm in Water Bodies of Cherrapunjee: The Rainiest Place on Planet Earth

Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunjee has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to characterize bacteria involved in biofilm formation on different substrata in water bodies of Cherrapunjee, the highest rainfall receiving place on planet earth and to assess if the continuous rainfall has an effect on nature and colonization of biofilm bacteria. We developed the biofilm bacteria on stainless steel and glass surfaces immersed in water bodies of the study sites. Isolation of biofilm bacteria were performed on different culture media followed by estimation of protein and carbohydrate content of bacterial exopolysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified for molecular characterization. The results showed that the biofilm bacterial diversity in water bodies of Cherrapunjee was influenced by substratum and was observed more in stainless steel than glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that biofilm microstructure may represent a key determinant of biofilm growth and physiology of associated bacteria. The overall protein content of the extracted EPS of all the isolates were relatively higher than the carbohydrate content. Diverse bacteria proliferated on the substrata regardless of each other's presence, with more diverse bacteria colonizing the substrata on 7th day compared to 15th day of incubation. The biofilm bacteria compositions in the highest rainfall receiving habitat were not distinctly different from reports available, hence not unique from other water bodies.