Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWN: Human menopausal gonadotropin versus recombinant follicle stimulation hormone for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive cycles.

BACKGROUND hMG and recombinant FSH, have both been used successfully for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of hMG with rFSH in ovarian stimulation protocols in IVF or ICSI treatment cycles. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register (searched 3rd Jan 2002), PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science (all searched 1985 to May 15 2002), and reference lists of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing hMG with rFSH for ovarian stimulation in IVF or ICSI treatment for treatment of infertility in normogonadotrophic women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The main outcome measure was ongoing pregnancy/live birth per woman.Secondary outcomes included total gonadotrophin dose used, cancellation, number of oocytes retrieved, implantation, clinical pregnancy per woman, multiple pregnancy, spontaneous abortion and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Peto odds ratios (OR) for hMG relative to rFSH were calculated after testing for homogeneity of treatment effect across all trials. Analyses were performed separately for the three different GnRHa protocols used: (1) without GnRHa down-regulation, (2) with GnRHa down-regulation using a short protocol and (3) with GnRHa down-regulation using a long protocol. MAIN RESULTS Eight trials that met the inclusion criteria could be identified. One trial did not use down-regulation, one trial used a short protocol and six trials used a long down-regulation protocol. In the one trial with non-down-regulated women and in the one trial that used a short down-regulation protocol there was no evidence of a difference between hMG and rFSH in any clinical outcome. Data of four truly randomised trials in women down-regulated using a long protocol could be pooled. There was no evidence of a difference between hMG and rFSH in ongoing pregnancy/live birth per woman (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.64). Furthermore there was no clear difference on any of the secondary outcomes, although the clinical pregnancy rate per woman was of borderline significance in favour of hMG (summary OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.64). The other secondary outcomes were comparable for both gonadotrophins. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For all three GnRHa protocols analysed there is insufficient evidence of a difference between hMG and rFSH on ongoing pregnancy or live birth. More large randomised trials are needed to estimate the difference between hMG and rFSH more precisely. Such trials should preferably (1) use a consistent long GnRHa protocol and (2) use a fixed dose of gonadotrophin such to prevent potentially subjective decisions of the clinician in dosing and (3) take live birth as primary endpoint. At this moment in time however, in prescribing gonadotrophins for ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF one should use the least expensive medication.
Student Attitudes Toward Their Role as Patient Advocate

The Role of the Nurse as Patient Advocate Student Attitudes Toward Their Role as Patient Advocate Jacquie Graven, School of Nursing, IWU, Charla Renner* Patient advocacy is a role which has been identified as an important one for nurses. Numerous definitions, models, opinions and philosophical justification of advocacy as a nursing role are described in the literature. The importance of this role is obvious when considering the philosophical dimensions of advocacy. It has been suggested that the concept of advocacy may be the fundamental or theoretical foundation of nursing (Donahue, 1985; Gadow, 1980). Although the role has been discussed for many years there are few established guidelines for implementation and little research exists regarding the advocacy role. The purpose of this descriptive study is to 1) identify opinions of students who are at different levels in their educational process toward their role as patient advocate, 2) compare these opinions with those of registered nurses previously surveyed (Renner, 1987). A convenience sample of generic Illinois Wesleyan University baccalaureate nursing students (n=77) who were at the sophomore, junior, and senior levels were surveyed; included in the sample were the 1990 graduates (n=25). Opinions toward advocacy were measured by the Nurse Advocate Opinion Scale (Renner, 1982). This instrument consists of 33 items about the advocacy role and were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Validity of the instrument has been well established with reliability indicated by Cronbach's alpha of . 75. Study participants were also asked to identify ways which would help improve their advocacy role development. The instrument was administered in a classroom setting to the sophomores, juniors, and seniors while the graduates were surveyed by mail. The mailed response rate was 81 % while the student participation rate was 99%. Data analysis using descriptive statistics identified opinions which were strongly agreed upon as well as opinions which varied widely in levels of agreement. Analysis of responses to the open ended question identified teaching­ learning methods for advocacy role development.
HIV‐1 drug resistance prevalence, drug susceptibility and variant characterization in the Jacobi Medical Center paediatric cohort, Bronx, NY, USA

With the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV‐infected children are surviving into adolescence and beyond. However, drug resistance mutations (DRMs) compromise viral control, affecting the long‐term effectiveness of ART. The aims of this study were to detect and identify DRMs in a HIV‐1 infected paediatric cohort.
Multiple hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfections in HIV‐positive men who have sex with men: no influence of HCV genotype switch or interleukin‐28B genotype on spontaneous clearance

The incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection is on the rise in HIV‐infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Data on natural history of acute hepatitis C and possible factors associated with spontaneous clearance are limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of HCV reinfections in HIV‐positive MSM.
New York Residents' Awareness of Invasive Species

This publication is one of a series of reports resulting from investigations dealing with public issues in environmental and natural resources management. The Human Dimensions Research Unit (HDRU) in the Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University studies the social and economic aspects of natural resources and the environment and the application of social and economic insights in management planning and policy. A list of HDRU publications may be obtained by accessing our website at: Invasive species have been proliferating in New York State for many years, despite the efforts of many organizations and state agencies. The general public, and also specific user groups, can help prevent the spread of invasive species. Understanding the level of awareness, knowledge, and concern about invasive species among the general public and the behaviors engaged in by specific stakeholder groups can guide educators and outreach coordinators as they develop programs to encourage people to behave in such a way as to prevent the spread of invasive species. This type of information has never been gathered before on a statewide basis and can serve as a baseline against which future outreach efforts can be measured. We expected many residents of New York to have little awareness of invasive species. Therefore, we conducted a three-part study with part one being an initial screening survey to identify those with some level of awareness of invasive species, and parts two and three being a more in-depth follow-up survey by web/mail and a set of detailed telephone interviews with those who had some level of awareness. The follow-up survey and interviews were designed to identify how New Yorkers' concern about invasive species compares to other concerns, and whether their behaviors influence the spread of invasive species. This report details the results of the initial screening survey, which was conducted by telephone in the fall of 2014. The specific objectives of this portion of the study were to: 1. Assess New Yorkers' awareness of invasive species statewide and by region; 2. Characterize stakeholder groups that are either particularly affected by invasive species or have the potential to affect the spread of invasive species themselves; and 3. Assess the primary news and information sources used by New York residents. We found that three-quarters (74%) of New Yorkers were aware of the term " invasive species " or the definition we provided. One-third (34%), by their own assessment, " know something about …
Detection of entero toxigenicity of staphylococcus aureus isolated from community and hospital food handlers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as a major health problem. Staphylococcus enterotoxins have been isolated in the community and hospitals environments. The present study detected the prevalence of S. aureus and SEs in food handlers of community- and hospital-located kitchens. About 400 adult food handlers, who working in community and hospitals kitchens were selected in the study. S. aureus was detected in 88 and 61 of food handlers in community and hospital-located kitchens respectively. Staphylococcus enterotoxins were shown in 47.7% in food handlers of community-located kitchens and in 55.8% in those of hospital-located kitchens. Staphylococcus enterotoxin type A was the most predominant. It was concluded that the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was higher in food handlers from community located-kitchens and there was no significant difference in the staphylococcal enterotoxigenicity between community- and hospital-located kitchens.
L'ipertensione polmonare e lo scompenso cardiaco destro nella malattia renale cronica: curiosità da cardionefrologo?

artero-venosa (FAV) presentino valori patologici di TAPSE (<15 mm), mentre i portatori di CVC tendono a non mostrare valori patologici al riguardo (2). Nei pazienti sottoposti a trattamento emodialitico cronico, la presenza di un cortocircuito artero-venoso come quello rappresentato dalla FAV, comporta un aumento del pre-carico a livello delle camere cardiache di destra con potenziali effetti deleteri, a lungo termine, sulla funzionalità delle stesse. Questa popolazione di pazienti presenta frequentemente volumi ventricolari ed atriali destri ai limiti superiori della norma, se non francamente superiori al normale. Gli stessi pazienti presentano una continua oscillazione degli stessi parametri, con la tendenza all’incremento nel periodo immediatamente precedente la seduta emodialitica e la riduzione degli stessi valori al termine del trattamento depurativo, in accordo con una riduzione del volume totale dei liquidi extracellulari. Tale riduzione si accompagna a quella dei volumi tele diastolici del ventricolo sinistro e ad un incremento della frazione di eiezione, a testimoniare l’effetto benefico, a livello di performance cardiaca, del trattamento emodialitico. Discorso a parte va fatto per i pazienti affetti da malattia renale cronica in fase conservativa e non ancora, quindi, sottoposti a trattamenti sostitutivi della funzione renale. In letteratura non vi sono dati esaustivi in merito. Nella nostra personale esperienza non è tuttaIntroduzione
Virological responses to lamivudine or emtricitabine when combined with tenofovir and a protease inhibitor in treatment‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected patients in the Dutch AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) cohort

Lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) are considered interchangeable in recommended tenofovir disoproxil‐fumarate (TDF)‐containing combination antiretroviral therapies (cARTs). This statement of equivalence has not been systematically studied. We compared the treatment responses to 3TC and FTC combined with TDF in boosted protease inhibitor (PI)‐based cART for HIV‐1‐infected patients.
Fundamentals of Amputation Care and Prosthetics

1. Introduction and history 2. Examination of the amputee 3. Levels of amputations-descriptions, definitions 4. Pre and post op amputee care, readiness for fitting 5. Rehabilitation with the temporary prosthesis 6. Permanent prosthesis fitting 7. Prosthetic componentry: Lower extremity 8. Prosthetic componentry: Upper extremity 9. Prosthetic prescriptions for partial foot amputations 10. Prosthetic prescriptions for Symes amputations 11. Prosthetic prescriptions for transtibial amputations 12. Prosthetic prescriptions for knee disarticulations 13. Prosthetic prescriptions for transfemoral amputations 14. Prosthetic prescriptions for hip disarticulations 15. Prosthetic prescriptions for digital amputations 16. Prosthetic prescriptions for long below-elbow amputations 17. Prosthetic prescriptions for short below-elbow amputations 18. Prosthetic prescriptions for transhumeral amputations 19. Prosthetic prescriptions for shoulder disarticulation amputations 20. Prosthetic prescriptions for forequarter amputations 21. Normal gait 22. Common prosthetic gait deviations 23. Medical management of amputees-residual limb concerns Resources
The impact of immunoglobulin in acute HIV infection on the HIV reservoir: a randomized controlled trial

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection (AHI) restricts the HIV reservoir, but additional interventions are necessary to induce a cure. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is not HIV‐specific but is safe and temporarily reduces the HIV reservoir in chronic HIV infection. We present a randomized controlled trial to investigate whether IVIG plus ART in AHI reduces the HIV reservoir and immune activation compared with ART alone.
Does overweight affect outcomes in patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer? A meta-analysis of 25 cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE Overweight was regarded as one of the risk factors for poor outcome after gastrectomy, but its influence on the surgical and postoperative outcomes of gastrectomy was unclear. METHODS Comprehensive searches were conducted to include cohort studies which evaluated the influence of overweight on the surgical and postoperative outcomes of gastrectomy. Data was analyzed by RevMan 5.0. RESULTS Twenty-five cohort studies (18 518 patients) were included. Overweight patients were associated with longer operation time (mean difference 20.88, 95% confidence interval 14.07, 27.69), more intraoperative blood loss (mean difference 35.45, 95% confidence interval 9.24, 61.67), and less retrieved lymph nodes (mean difference -2.17, 95% confidence interval -3.51, -0.83) than normal patients undergoing laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy. And overweight patients were associated with longer operation time (mean difference 26.31, 95% confidence interval 21.92, 30.70), more intraoperative blood loss (mean difference 130.02, 95% confidence interval 75.49, 184.55), less retrieved lymph nodes (mean difference -3.18, 95% confidence interval -4.74, -1.61), longer postoperative hospital stay (mean difference 2.37, 95% confidence interval 0.03, 4.70) and more postoperative complications (risk ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.29, 1.80) than normal patients in open gastrectomy. CONCLUSIONS Overweight might affect the clinical results of both laparoscopy-assisted and open gastrectomy, especially for open gastrectomy.
FAKTOR RISIKO POLA KONSUMSI NATRIUM KALIUM SERTA STATUS OBESITAS TERHADAP KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI DI PUSKESMAS LAILANGGA

Hypertension is one of the diseases that cause high morbidity. This is caused by a number of factors related to hypertension such as lifestyle, stress, lack of exercise, smoking, alcohol, diet, and obesity (overweight). This study aims to determine the risks of sodium and potassium intake patterns and obesity status (based on BMI) on the incidence of hypertension in outpatient Lailangga public health center Muna regency Southeast Sulawesi. Type of research is observational analytic by case control study design with the matching age variable. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling with 126 people consisting of 63 cases and 63 controls. The results showed that sodium consumption patterns have value as a statistically significant risk factor for hypertension (OR: 2.643, 95% CI: 1.287 to 5.429). Whereas potassium consumption patterns and obesity status was not statistically significant (p> 0,05). Conclusion: Big risk of incident hypertension in outpatient health center Lailangga Muna, Southeast Sulawesi with excess sodium consumption patterns is at 2,643 times compared to patients with lower sodium consumption patterns. To people with hypertension are advised to control blood pressure, consumption pattern specially reduce the consumption of food sources of sodium. Keyword: hypertension, sodium, potassium, obesity.
BFU‐E colony growth in response to hydroxyurea: Correlation between in vitro and in vivo fetal hemoglobin induction

Patients with sickle‐cell anemia treated with hydroxyurea may have significant reduction in frequency and severity of pain episodes. However, previous clinical trials show a variable response to hydroxyurea. Criteria which can be used to select patients who are likely to respond to hydroxyurea treatment would be useful. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated an inverse linear relationship between the total number of burst‐forming unit‐erythroid (BFU‐E) colonies and fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle‐cell patients treated with hydroxyurea. In the present report, an in vitro cell culture system was established to evaluate the effects of hydroxyurea on BFU‐E colony growth and induction of fetal hemoglobin production. Five Hb SS patients who were not previously treated with hydroxyurea and three Hb SS patients who failed to respond to hydroxyurea treatment were included in the study. The results show that the number of BFU‐E colonies is decreased from 153.7 to 7.2 per 3 × 105 mononuclear cells, whereas fetal hemoglobin levels were increased from 5.1 to 19.4% in the presence of hydroxyurea in vitro in cultured erythroid progenitors, which were derived from 5 patients before treatment. The number of BFU‐E colonies decreased from 153.7 to 2.0 per 3 × 105 mononuclear cells in the in vitro cultures obtained from serial peripheral blood samples over a 9‐ to 20‐week period of oral hydroxyurea therapy. A simultaneous rise in fetal hemoglobin level from 10.2 to 28.6% in the peripheral blood over the same period of hydroxyurea therapy was also observed. Our results demonstrate that the increase in fetal hemoglobin levels in cells treated with hydroxyurea in vitro is comparable to the rise of fetal hemoglobin production following hydroxyurea therapy in these patients. On the contrary, these findings were not observed in three previously non‐responsive sickle‐cell patients. These results suggest that the changes in number of BFU‐E colonies and fetal hemoglobin levels after in vitro exposure to hydroxyurea may be a useful approach to select sickle‐cell patients who will respond to hydroxyurea therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 56:252–258, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis.

BACKGROUND Antibiotics provide only modest benefit in treating sore throat, although effectiveness increases in participants with positive throat swabs for group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GABHS). It is unclear which antibiotic is the best choice if antibiotics are indicated. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence on the comparative efficacy of different antibiotics in: (a) alleviating symptoms (pain, fever); (b) shortening the duration of the illness; (c) preventing relapse; and (d) preventing complications (suppurative complications, acute rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis). To assess the evidence on the comparative incidence of adverse effects and the risk-benefit of antibiotic treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL 2012, Issue 10, MEDLINE (1966 to October week 2, 2012), EMBASE (1974 to October 2012) and Web of Science (2010 to October 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised, double-blind trials comparing different antibiotics and reporting at least one of the following: clinical cure, clinical relapse, complications, adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened trials for inclusion and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Seventeen trials (5352 participants) were included; 16 compared with penicillin (six with cephalosporins, six with macrolides, three with carbacephem and one with sulfonamides), one trial compared clindamycin and ampicillin. Randomisation reporting, allocation concealment and blinding were poor.There was no difference in symptom resolution between cephalosporins and penicillin (intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis; N = 5; n = 2018; odds ratio for absence of resolution of symptoms (OR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 1.12). Clinical relapse was lower with cephalosporins (N = 4; n = 1386; OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.99; overall number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) 50), but found only in adults (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.88; NNTB 33). There were no differences between macrolides and penicillin. Carbacephem showed better symptom resolution post-treatment (N = 3; n = 795; OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.99; NNTB 14), but only in children (N = 2; n = 233; OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.99; NNTB 8.3). Children experienced more adverse events with macrolides (N = 1, n = 489; OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.06 to 5.15). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence is insufficient to show clinically meaningful differences between antibiotics for GABHS tonsillopharyngitis. Limited evidence in adults suggests cephalosporins are more effective than penicillin for relapse, but the NNTB is high. Limited evidence in children suggests carbacephem is more effective for symptom resolution. Data on complications are too scarce to draw conclusions. Based on these results and considering the low cost and absence of resistance, penicillin can still be recommended as first choice.