Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multidirectional shoulder instability

We reviewed the results of a capsular shift procedure performed on 10 active-duty patients with an average of 28 months followup. improvement in pain, function, and stability occurred postoperatively in nearly all pa tients. Loss of total elevation and external rotation were minimal and an average of three spinal segments of internal rotation were lost. Only one patient required further surgery for recurrent instability and all patients except two reported over-all improvement. Dominant shoulders made greater improvements in pain, stability, and functional capacity than nondominant shoulders. Patients with generalized ligamentous laxity had less pain and more posterior instability than those without laxity. A history of an acute traumatic event was pre dictive of greater improvement in pain and stability. A previous instability repair was indicative of the most postoperative instability and least functional improve ment.
Pollen and sperm heteromorphism: convergence across kingdoms?

Sperm competition theory predicts that males should produce many, similar sperm. However, in some species of animals and plants, males exhibit a heteromorphism that results in the production of at least two different types of sperm or pollen grains. In animals, sperm heteromorphism typically corresponds to the production of one fertile morph and one (or more) sterile morph(s), whereas in plants two or more pollen morphs (one of which can be either sterile or fertile) are produced in all flowers but sometimes in different anthers. Heteromorphism has arisen independently several times across phyla and at different phylogenetic levels. Here, we compare and contrast sperm and pollen heteromorphism and discuss the evolutionary hypotheses suggested to explain heteromorphism in these taxa. These hypotheses include facilitation, nutritive contribution, blocking, cheap filler, sperm flushing or killing for animals; outcrossing and precise cross‐pollen transfer or bet‐hedging strategy for plants; cryptic female choice for both. We conclude that heteromorphism in the two phyla is most likely linked to a general evolutionary response to sexual selection, either to increase one male's sperm or pollen success in competition with other males, or mediate male/female interactions. Therefore, although sperm and pollen are not homologous, we suggest that heteromorphism represents an example of convergence across kingdoms.
The spread of the Leu‐Phe kdr mutation through Anopheles gambiae complex in Burkina Faso: genetic introgression and de novo phenomena

During extensive sampling in Burkina Faso and other African countries, the Leu‐Phe mutation producing the kdr pyrethroid resistance phenotype was reported in both Anopheles gambiae ss and A. arabiensis. This mutation was widely distributed at high frequency in the molecular S form of A. gambiae while it has been observed at a very low frequency in both the molecular M form and A. arabiensis in Burkina Faso. While the mutation in the M form is inherited through an introgression from the S form, its occurrence is a new and independent mutation event in A. arabiensis. Three nucleotides in the upstream intron of the kdr mutation differentiated A. arabiensis from A. gambiae ss and these specific nucleotides were associated with kdr mutation in A. arabiensis. Ecological divergences which facilitated the spread of the kdr mutation within the complex of A. gambiae ss in West Africa, are discussed.
NM23-H1 and NM23-H2 Repress Transcriptional Activities of Nuclease-hypersensitive Elements in the Platelet-derived Growth Factor-A Promoter*

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A promoter is regulated by a number of GC-rich regulatory elements that possess non-B-form DNA structures. Screening of a HeLa cDNA expression library with the C-rich strand of a PDGF-A silencer sequence (5′-S1 nuclease-hypersensitive site (SHS)) yielded three cDNA clones encoding NM23-H1, a protein implicated as a suppressor of metastasis in melanoma and breast carcinoma. Recombinant human NM23-H1 cleaved within the 3′-portions of both 5′-SHS strands in either single-stranded or duplex forms. In contrast, NM23-H2, known as a transcriptional activator with a DNA cleavage function, cleaved within the 5′-portions of both strands, revealing that NM23-H1 and NM23-H2 cleave at distinct sites of the 5′-SHS and by different mechanisms. NM23-H1 and NM23-H2 also cleaved within the PDGF-A basal promoter region, again exhibiting preferences for cleavage within the 5′- and 3′-portions of the element, respectively. Transient transfection analyses in HepG2 cells revealed that both NM23-H1 and -H2 repressed transcriptional activity driven by the PDGF-A basal promoter (−82 to +8). Activity of the negative regulatory region (−1853 to −883), which contains the 5′-SHS, was also inhibited modestly by NM23-H1 and NM23-H2. These studies demonstrate for the first time that NM23-H1 interacts both structurally and functionally with DNA. They also indicate a role for NM23 proteins in repressing transcription of a growth factor oncogene, providing a possible molecular mechanism to explain their metastasis-suppressing effects.
Spinal Anesthesia for Repair of Meningomyelocele in Neonates

The use of spinal anesthesia for meningomyelocele repair in neonates has received minimal attention.Spinal anesthesia may lessen the stress response to surgery and decrease postoperative respiratory complications. We therefore examined the efficacy of spinal anesthesia in 14 neonates requiring repair of lumbar or sacral meningomyelocele. All neonates were positioned prone with a small chest roll. Hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine with epinephrine was injected into the caudal end of the meningomyelocele sac. If necessary, supplemental tetracaine was administered directly into the intrathecal space by the surgeon during the operation. Blood pressure, heart rate, and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured throughout surgery. Neonates were monitored with transthoracic impedance apnea monitors, electrocardiogram (ECG), and pulse oximetry for 36 h after surgery. Spinal anesthesia was successful in all cases. Seven patients received one supplemental tetracaine injection; one patient received two supplemental injections. Arterial blood pressure decreased an average of 5 mm Hg with the largest decrease being 10 mm Hg. Two postoperative respiratory events occurred in the first 8 h after surgery. Both neonates had received intraoperative midazolam for sedation. Neurologic function was assessed pre- and postoperatively. Twelve patients had no change in neurologic function after surgery, while two infants demonstrated improved function. We conclude that spinal anesthesia can be safely used for meningomyelocele repair. (Anesth Analg 1995;81:492-5)
Enhancing Fault Tolerance and Rerouting Strategies in Mpls Networks

Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) has been used to provide traffic engineering and high speed networking. MPLS is an evolving network technology. MPLS is a framework which is introduced by IETF. It is a differentiated and scalable framework. MPLS delivers end-to-end IP services with the use of simple configuration and management. Fault tolerance is an important Quality Of Service factor. Fault tolerance needs to be considered to maintain network survivability. Fault tolerance is very important in every network system because it provides the facility to operate the network if any one or more parts of the system are damaged. The network devices are enabled by MPLS to specify path based on quality of service and bandwidth. The main use of MPLS technology is to speed up the network flow with the use of labels. Keyword:MPLS, FEC(forward equivalence class), LSP
Low Mode Search . An Efficient , Automated Computational Method for Conformational Analysis : Application to Cyclic and Acyclic Alkanes and Cyclic Peptides

The location of energy minima on the conformational energy surface of molecules by computational methods (conformational searching) continues to play a key role in computer-assisted molecular modeling. Although a number of conformational search procedures have been devised over the past several years, new more efficient methods are urgently needed if molecules with increased complexity are to be treated in a quantitative manner. In this paper we describe a method, termed low-mode search (LMOD), which is based on eigenvector following (or mode following), for the exhaustive exploration of the potential energy hypersurface of molecules. It is particularly efficient at searching the conformational space of both cyclic and acyclic molecules, and we describe its effectiveness for a number of conformational search problems including acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic hydrocarbons and cyclic pentapeptides. No special treatment of rings in cyclic molecules is necessary, nor is it necessary to define rotatable bonds. LMOD generates structures “automatically” with minimum input from the user. We demonstrate that LMOD is one of the most efficient procedures yet devised for conformational searching of smallto medium-sized molecules.
Quantifying and localizing state uncertainty in hidden Markov models using conditional entropy profiles

A family of graphical hidden Markov models that generalizes hidden Markov chain (HMC) and tree (HMT) models is introduced. It is shown that global uncertainty on the state process can be decomposed as a sum of conditional entropies that arte interpreted as local contributions to global uncertainty. An efficient algorithm is derived to compute conditional entropy profiles in the case of HMC and HMT models. The relevance of these profiles and their complementary with other state restoration algorithms for interpretation and diagnosis of hidden states is highlighted. It is also shown that classical smoothing profiles (posterior marginal probabilities of the states at each time, given the observations) cannot be related to global state uncertainty in the general case. (Resume d'auteur)
Sequential faults and aliasing

Aliasing is studied for delay and stuck-open faults. It is shown that, as the test sequence length is increased, the probability of aliasing for such faults tend to 2/sup -k/, where k is the number of binary memory elements in a linear compactor. The result is based on the assumption that the linear compactor has an irreducible characteristic polynomial. Some recent results on combinational faults are special cases of the results presented here. >
Gallium diffusion in human root dentin: quantitative measurements by pulsed Nd:YAG laser ablation combined with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to determine if gallium nitrate placed in human root canals would diffuse across root dentin and reach concentrations high enough to inhibit osteoclasts (approximately 10(-4) M). BACKGROUND DATA External root resorption by osteoclasts is a common sequela of dental trauma. If not detected and treated, it can lead to the loss of a tooth. Gallium has recently been reported to inhibit osteoclastic resorption in vitro. METHODS Roots were cleaned and shaped using standard endodontic procedures and the tips sealed with cyanoacrylate cement. The root canal space was filled with an aqueous solution of 1.0 M gallium nitrate chelated with 1.0 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 7.2). The roots were then sectioned longitudinally into two equal halves. Each half was fixed to a translation stage that moved at a constant rate beneath a frequency-quadrupled Nd-YAG laser (266 nm) laser that was used to sample the concentration of 43Ca, 69Ga, and 71Ga by laser ablation across the thickness of root dentin to the periodontal surface. The plume of ablated dentin was swept into an inductively heated plasma chamber by argon gas and hence into a mass spectrometer. RESULTS Quantitative analyses of the distribution of gallium showed it was highest adjacent to the root canal space and fell as more peripheral sites were sampled but then rose slightly at the external boundary of the root which is covered with a thin layer of atubular cementum. CONCLUSIONS Even the lowest concentrations of gallium found in peripheral root dentin exceeded the 10(-4) M concentration required to inhibit osteoclastic activity. This simple endodontic treatment should undergo clinical trials to determine its efficacy in vivo. The laser ablation, inductively coupled mass spectrometry method is a powerful analytic tool for measuring spatial distribution of materials in mineralized tissues.
Metrics for Characterizing the Quality of Service of Multicommodity Flows in Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Multi-Rate Wireless Mesh Networks

 This paper proposes important performance metrics for characterizing the quality of service of multicommodity ows in multi-channel, multi-radio, multi-rate (MC-MR) wireless mesh networks. The term multicommodity implies different types of applications like audio, video, text etc. being serviced simultaneously by the network. Traditionally, the capacity of the links in a mesh network is assumed to be deterministic. However, this is practically not the case as links are often subject to environmental variations and failures. In such cases, data communication can occur at variable rates and as a result providing proper QoS to applications becomes a challenge. For a particular multicommodity ow demand, we analytically model and evaluate the following three metrics. 1. The expected multicommodity ow achieved by the network 2. The expected multicommodity ow that is achieved by the network under given cost constraints and 3. The quantitative value of the importance of each link in the network with respect to the multicommodity ow demand. In addition, we also state the lower bounds for the rst two metrics. A multicommodity ow demand is represented by a rate (capacity) vector of k applications being simultaneously served by the network. Our methodologies for metric evaluation are based on concepts from the theory of probabilistic network ows and run in polynomial time. We corroborate our theory with simulations. Our metrics will be of great signi cance to network designers and application service providers who could use them to judge the suitability of applications for a given network and/or spend time and effort in maintaining certain high importance links for better QoS support. To the best of our knowledge, this is the rst work to address the performance of multicommodity ows in MC-MR wireless meshes.
Design and Implementation of Remote Device Access Facility to Support Device Migration

Wireless connections between computers and devices introduce a new problem called device migration, which is the dynamic switching of a connection between a computer and a device. This paper describes a new system called the Network Extended Device Management System (NextD), which enables users to continue using a device even if device migration occurs. NextD's functions are device tracking, remote device access, seamless switching, and providing services over network boundaries. The system supports many device types, including a human interface device (HID) and audio and voice devices over both wireless and wired connections. We have implemented NextD on Linux. Experimental results showed that NextD is capable of supporting HIDs, and audio and voice devices, and that its processing time for a device migration is sufficient enough for actual use.
Computer games are an efficient tool for event game theory

The game theory includes the static and dynamic one. In the dynamic game theory, the continuous game means the game variables (decisions) of game model are continuous. The differential game theory is very useful and important to the continuous game and has made significant theoretic and application results. For the discrete game variables of dynamic games, the game is defined as event game by Prof. XU Xinhe in reference [1] since the systems belong to discrete event dynamic system (DEDS). The basic model frame is also given in the reference for the perfect information event game system. Because of the huge game tree model, the analytic solution cannot be deducted and the various search solution could be used. Therefore the computer game theory and algorithms becomes an efficient tool for event game theory. This paper give the model of event game theory first, then analyzes problems and difficulties to the model solution. The fundamentals and methodologies of computer game are summarized and efficient tool to the event game could be detected. How to develop the event theory and tools, some application problems are also introduced last.
Determinants of Participation in a Catastrophe Insurance Programme: Empirical Evidence from a Developing Country

The paper presents empirical evidence of the determinants of catastrophe insurance participation in one of the poorest and most disaster prone countries in the world. In a large-scale household survey carried out in 2006 we ask 3,000 residents in six different districts in Bangladesh facing various environmental risk exposure levels about their willingness to participate in a catastrophe insurance programme. Combining factors put forward in risk theory and economics, we estimate a model of insurance participation. We show that the household decision to participate in the insurance programme differs depending on both exogenous and endogenous risk exposure levels. As predicted by micro-economic theory, ability to pay, measured in terms of household income and access to credit, significantly affects insurance participation. Furthermore, among the sociodemographic factors investigated in this case study, respondent education and occupation are found to significantly influence household decision making. Our study suggests that low participation rates for catastrophe insurance in a developing country can be explained by high rates of illiteracy and limited access to credit.
Family planning and Islam.

This summarizes briefly teachings on family planning according to the consensus, or Ijma, of Muslim jurists. "Limitation of numbers" or family planning is permitted for preserving the good life, for ensuring economic security, for preserving the health of the wife, and, by implication, when the consent of the wife is given. Azl (coitus interruptus) is definitely permitted with the consent of the wife. New methods may be adopted subject to the principle of moral behavior. The wife can adopt any method with the consent of her husband in order to save her life. She can adopt it without his consent if she is in poor health. The use of qualified medical advice is emphasized. The view that contraception is killing children is extreme; the admonition in the Holy Koran not to recourse to infanticide is to discourage the killing of children, and is not directed at healthy methods of birth control. Islam stands for a positive life and does not give credence to the fatalism and pessimism of Malthusian calculus. It also does not uphold family planning as a negative factor in economics and society.
A wideband CMOS divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider

An injection locked frequency divider with odd division factor is presented. The divider works based on two-stage differential ring oscillator in which two quadrature injection signals are applied to the circuit. The divider can divide input RF signals by the factor of 3. The circuit has been designed in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1.8V. Simulation results in divide-by-3 mode, show that typical locking range of the divider is from 2 GHz to 10 GHz for -0.5 dBm injection signal level while its total power dissipation for 10 GHz input injection signal is 374 μW at the supply voltage of 1.8V.
Antiviral Therapy for Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Infection at 2 Thai Medical Centers: Survey Findings and Implications for Pandemic Preparedness

In a survey of 150 physicians from an area where avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection is endemic, practice location (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.45 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.02–26.4]) and the belief that rapid tests reliably predicted H5N1 infection (aOR, 5.6 [95% CI, 1.14–33.6]) were associated with not prescribing antiviral therapy; the belief that antiviral therapy reduced mortality was associated with prescribing an antiviral agent (aOR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.14–0.95]). 00
Computerized texture analysis of persistent part-solid ground-glass nodules: differentiation of preinvasive lesions from invasive pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

PURPOSE To retrospectively investigate the value of computerized three-dimensional texture analysis for differentiation of preinvasive lesions from invasive pulmonary adenocarcinomas (IPAs) that manifest as part-solid ground-glass nodules (GGNs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board approved this retrospective study with a waiver of patients' informed consent. The study consisted of 86 patients with 86 pathologic analysis-confirmed part-solid GGNs (mean size, 16 mm ± 5.4 [standard deviation]) who had undergone computed tomographic (CT) imaging between January 2005 and October 2011. Each part-solid GGN was manually segmented and its computerized texture features were quantitatively extracted by using an in-house software program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the differentiating factors of preinvasive lesions from IPAs. Three-layered artificial neural networks (ANNs) with a back-propagation algorithm and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to build a discriminating model with texture features and to evaluate its discriminating performance. RESULTS Pathologic analysis confirmed 58 IPAs (seven minimally invasive adenocarcinomas and 51 invasive adenocarcinomas) and 28 preinvasive lesions (four atypical adenomatous hyperplasias and 24 adenocarcinomas in situ). IPAs and preinvasive lesions exhibited significant differences in various histograms and volumetric parameters (P < .05). Multivariate analysis revealed that smaller mass (adjusted odds ratio, 0.092) and higher kurtosis (adjusted odds ratio, 3.319) are significant differentiators of preinvasive lesions from IPAs (P < .05). With mean attenuation, standard deviation of attenuation, mass, kurtosis, and entropy, the ANNs model showed excellent accuracy in differentiation of preinvasive lesions from IPAs (area under the curve, 0.981). CONCLUSION In part-solid GGNs, higher kurtosis and smaller mass are significant differentiators of preinvasive lesions from IPAs, and preinvasive lesions can be accurately differentiated from IPAs by using computerized texture analysis. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
The Individualistic Dynamics of Entangled DNA in Solution

We present the direct visualizations of single, entangled DNA polymers in three flow experiments: relaxation following a rapid shear deformation, steady shear, and startup shear. To evaluate molecular theories, “test” chains were stained against a background of unstained but otherwise identical chains. To provide a direct link to bulk viscoelasticity, identical preparations were also extensively characterized via mechanical rheometry. The four concentrations studied displayed similar rheological features to synthetic polymers at comparable concentrations and were accordingly classified from semidilute to well-entangled. In entangled solutions, we uncovered two distinct relaxation time scales, with the fast, chain retraction characteristic time, τfast ≈ 10-fold longer than the rotational Rouse time assumed by theoretical models. We also found a high degree of molecular individualism and broad conformational distributions in all experiments at shear rates γ > . This new evidence restricts the applicabilit.