Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Structure of the Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella K-type 72; Occurrence of 3,4-O-(1-Carboxyethylidene)-L-rhamnose

Methylation and partial hydrolysis studies on the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K72 show the structure to consist of a repeating unitThe anomeric linkages were determined in isolated oligosaccharides by p.m. r. spectroscopy which also showed the presence in the polysaccharide of one pyruvate ketal per four sugar residues.
PARASITOS INTESTINAIS DE Leopardus wiedii E Leopardus tigrinus (FELIDAE) DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE TRÊS BARRAS, SC

Os felí­deos apresentam diferenciados papéis ecológicos e enquanto predadores são importantes e benéficos para os ecossistemas, pois atuam no topo da cadeia alimentar. Quando infectados por algumas formas parasitárias pode ocorrer interferência na sua atividade alimentar atuando diretamente na estrutura e atribuindo um novo perfil a tal comunidade. Desta forma o objetivo deste estudo foi promover reconhecimento das parasitoses e o ní­vel de infestações nas espécies de Leopardus wiedii e Leopardus tigrinus acrescentando informações sobre a saúde destas espécies selvagens. O levantamento de amostras fecais foi realizado nos limites da Unidade de Conservação da Floresta Nacional de Três Barras (FLONA) no perí­odo de agosto a dezembro de 2013 e perfez 10 visitas ás trilhas e estradas existentes. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas à análise tricológica para confirmação das espécies de felí­deos e destinadas ao Laboratório de Parasitologia da PUC-PR para a realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. Os resultados indicaram que Leopardus wiedii apresentou dezessete formas parasitárias, sendo ovos de Spirometra sp. o mais frequente (85,7%), seguido de Capillaria sp. (71,4%) e larvas Aelurostrongylus sp. (38,10%). Em Leopardus tigrinus foram encontradas 12 formas parasitárias, sendo a mais frequente os ovos de Spirometra sp. em 100% das amostras, ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Trichuris sp. , Paragonimus sp. (28,57%) e larvas Aelurostrongylus sp. (35,72%). Os resultados indicam que a FLONA apresenta condições ambientais favoráveis á infecção dos felí­deos silvestres com diversas formas de parasitos destacando uma grande frequência de nematoides.
Ecosystem Structure and Function along Urban‐Rural Gradients: An Unexploited Opportunity for Ecology

Urbanization is a massive, unplanned experiment that already affects large acreages and is spreading in many areas of the United States (Alig and Healy 1987). Urban areas are conservatively defined as those with human populations denser than 620 individuals/km2 (United States Bureau of Census 1980, Bourne and Simmons 1982). In 1989, 74% of the United States population (203 million people) resided in urban areas and that number is expected to increase to >80% by the year 2025 (Fox 1987, Haub and Kent 1989). The increase in urban population throughout the country has resulted in the conversion of cropland, pastures, and forests into urban and suburban environments
Bird Populations in Shade and Sun Coffee Plantations in Central Guatemala

We studied the avifauna of sun and shade coffee plantations and associated mid‐elevation habitats during the dry season of 1995. The three plantation types (Inga, Gliricidia, and sun) showed high faunistic similarities with each other and were both distinct and depauperate compared to matorral and forest patch habitats. Of all the coffee plantation habitats, Inga shade had the highest diversity. Species associated with wooded vegetation were more common in shade plantations, particularly in Inga. A second census showed a decline in bird numbers that was more pronounced in sun and Gliricidia than in Inga plantations. Overall, differences between the plantation types were small and all coffee plantations were less diverse than traditional coffee farms previously studied in nearby Chiapas, México. The relatively low bird diversity was probably due to the low stature, low tree species diversity, and heavy pruning of the canopy. These features reflect management practices that are common throughout Latin America. The most common species of birds in all coffee plantation habitats were common second‐growth or edge species; more specialized forest species were almost completely absent from plantations. Furthermore, many common matorral species were rare or absent from coffee plantations, even sun plantations with which matorral shares a similar superficial structure. Coffee plantations probably will only be important for avian diversity if a tall, taxonomically and structurally diverse canopy is maintained. We suggest this is most likely to occur on farms that are managed for a variety of products rather than those designated entirely for the production of coffee.
Biocatalytic modification of polyethylene terephthalate fibres by esterases from actinomycete isolates

The modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres by extracellular enzymes produced by actinomycetes was investigated. Cultivation of isolates in media containing PET yarn and suberin, a plant polyester composed of aliphatic and aromatic moieties, induced the production of p-nitrophenyl butyrate hydrolyzing enzymes. Incubation of enzyme preparations from the isolates M5, M9 and Thermomonospora fusca KW3b with PET yarn resulted in an increase in the absorbance of the reaction mixtures at 240 nm indicating the release of terephthalic acid or its esters catalyzed by the enzymes. The results of dyeing of enzyme-treated PET fabrics with a reactive dye (CI Reactive Red 2) indicated an increase in hydroxyl groups at the fibre surfaces as a result of the enzyme treatment.
Experience and mate choice in sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna)

Selection on closely related species to avoid the fitness costs of hybrid mating can lead to reproductive character displacement (RCD). RCD is the pattern of increased divergence of mating traits, preferences, or both, between closely related species in areas of sympatry compared to allopatry. Increased mate discrimination against heterospecifics through experience could be a common mechanism leading to RCD. However, the extent to which learning and experience influence RCD of preferences is not clear. In areas of sympatry male sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna) act as sperm donors for the gynogentic sexual parasite, the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa). Sailfin mollies show RCD of male mate preferences with sympatric populations displaying stronger conspecific preferences compared to allopatric populations. We investigated whether previous adult experience with an Amazon molly influences male sailfin molly mating behavior towards Amazons in sympatric and allopatric populations. We found that recent previous experience with an Amazon resulted in increased mate discrimination against Amazons by males from the allopatric population but not by males from the sympatric population. Whether experience can account for the pattern of RCD in sailfin male preference or whether genetic mechanisms are involved has yet to be determined.
Interactive effects of growth‐limiting N supply and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth and carbon balance of Plantago major

To assess the interactions between concentration of atmospheric CO 2 and N supply, the response of Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma Pilger to a doubling of the ambient CO 2 concentration of 350 μl l -1 was investigated in a range of exponential rates of N addition. The relative growth rate (RGR) as a function of the internal plant nitrogen concentration (N i ), was increased by elevated CO 2 at optimal and intermediate N i . The rate of photosynthesis, expressed per unit leaf area and plotted versus N i , was increased by 20-30% at elevated CO 2 for N i above 30 mg N g -1 dry weight. However, the rate of photosynthesis, expressed on a leaf dry matter basis and plotted versus N i , was not affected by the CO 2 concentration. The allocation of dry matter between shoot and root was not affected by the CO 2 concentration at any of the N addition rates. This is in good agreement with theoretical models, based on a balance between the rate of photosynthesis of the shoot and the acquisition of N by the roots. The concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) was increased at elevated CO 2 and at N limitation, resulting in a shift in the partitioning of photosynthates from structural to nonstructural and, in terms of carbon balance, unproductive dry matter. The increase in concentration of TNC led to a decrease in both specific leaf area (SLA) and N i at all levels of nutrient supply, and was the cause of the increased rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area. Correction of the relationship between RGR and N i for the accumulation of TNC made the effect of elevated CO 2 on the relationship between RGR and N i disappear. We conclude that the shift in the relationship between RGR and N i was due to the accumulation of TNC and not due to differences in physiological variables such as photosynthesis and shoot and root respiration, changes in leaf morphology or allocation of dry matter.
On the nature, occurrence, and identity of the plasma cells of Hofbauer

El autor ha descubierto que la cdula de Hofbauer es idirntica a la cklula emigrante mencionada en investigaciones anteriores sobre la vesicula del corion. El ex8men de una extensa serie de estas vesiculas, especialmente las humanas procedentes de abortos, ha revelado el hecho de que la c6lula plasmoidea de Hofbauer estA asociada especialmente con cambios en la membrana del corion y en el estroma de sus vellosidades en 10s ejemplares que presentan degeneracih hidatidica. Parece ser el resultado de cambios degenerativos en el estroma y procede de cBlulas del mesenquima. Se pueden hallar todas las formas de transici6n entre las cBlulas mesenquimatosas bien fijadas y las c6lulas de Hofbauer tfpicas. hsi mismo, es posible eneontrar estas dltimas en todos 10s estados de desintegraeibn, incluso en estado de vestigios. Tambien ha visto el autor cBlulas gigantes multinucleadas formadas por la fusi6n de cklulas de Hofbauer, asi como fases de degeneracih en cklulas diferentes de las del mesenquima, las cuales simulan las cBlulas de Hofbauer con gran exactitud. En las vesiculas cori6nicas j6venes de 1 em. de dihmetro, normales en apariencia, y tambien en otras m8s avanzadas bien fijadas, no ha podido encontrar cBlulas de Hofbauer.
Onset, intensification, and decline of phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean

The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean (SO) is characterized by a period of rapid accumulation, known as bloom, that is typical of high-latitude regions. Recent studies have illustrated how spatial and temporal dynamics of blooms in the SO are more complex than in other oceans. This complexity is likely related to differences in vertical mixing and the iron availability. In this work, we examine the sensitivity of bloom dynamics to changes in vertical mixing and iron availability using a biogeochemical model. Under idealized physical forcing, we produce seasonal cycles of phytoplankton for an ensemble of SO scenarios and we describe the bloom dynamics in terms of the net biomass accumulation rate. Based on this metric, we define three crucial bloom phases: the onset, the climax, and the apex. For the ensemble of modelled blooms, onsets always occur in winter and can be either bottom-up (increase in productivity) or top-down (decrease in grazing) controlled. Climaxes are mostly found in spring and their magnitudes are bottom-up controlled. Apexes are always found in late spring and strongly top-down controlled. Our results show that while a “strict” onset definition is consistent with a winter onset, the surface spring bloom is associated with the climax of the integrated bloom. Furthermore, we demonstrate that onset phase can be distinguished from climax phase using appropriate bloom detection methods based on surface satellite-based products. The ensemble of these results suggests that Sverdrup's blooming conditions are not indicative of the bloom onset but of the climax. We conclude that the recent bloom onset debate may partly be due to a confusion between what is defined here as the bloom onset and the climax, and that the SO observed complexity is due to the factors that control the climax.
Niche construction by growth forms is as strong a predictor of species diversity as environmental gradients

We present a conceptual framework that describes how species belonging to a growth form collectively can be niche constructors (i.e. modify niches) and affect species diversity in plant communities. We use an empirical assessment of tundra plant communities to illustrate the framework's utility. In doing so, we make a first investigation of collective niche construction in ecological communities. In tundra plant communities, growth forms differently affect ecosystem process rates and cause environmental modifications; thus, growth forms are strong candidates for being niche constructors. To assess the impact of growth form niche construction on plant species diversity, we excluded the species of the growth form applied as niche constructor when estimating the community species diversity. We assessed niche construction in 70 tundra meadow communities and 1450 randomly selected tundra plant communities that are distributed along ecological gradients in temperature, resource availability, competitive interference and herbivory. These gradients allowed us to concomitantly assess to what extent the niche construction is independent of environmental conditions. Growth forms varied from strong positive to neutral predictors of both species richness and Simpson index in the order of forbs, grasses, sedges, deciduous shrubs and evergreen shrubs, suggesting that growth forms have important roles as niche constructors in tundra plant communities. Also, the environmental conditions were strong predictors of species diversity, but they did not interact with or confound the effects of growth forms. Forbs and grasses were the least abundant growth forms, yet they were the strongest positive predictors of species diversity. Therefore, our results suggest a particular niche‐constructing role of these growth forms for enhancing species diversity in tundra plant communities. Synthesis. In this study, we provide conceptual and empirical evidence for collective niche construction as a powerful ecological process that affects species diversity and that can act independently of environmental conditions. Species sharing a single trait or species belonging to a growth form can act as collective niche constructors, and as exemplified for growth forms in this study, be important predictors of species diversity in ecological communities.
The Expression and Prognostic Value of the Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor in Hermatological Malignancies

textabstractNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma’s (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies with a large variation in clinical presentation, morphological appearance and prognosis. The NHLs make up the largest group (40-50%) of all hematological malignancies. In 2007, 17.700 people in the Netherlands had a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Of these cases, 1.2/1000 was male and 1.2/1000 was female. The number of newly diagnosed NHL was 2800. In the same year, 1061 succumbed to the disease (585 male, 476 female)1. NHLs almost always arise from cells of the immune system resulting, in either B-cell or T-cell lymphomas. Most (approximately 85%) NHLs arise from their normal B-cell counterparts whereas a minority (approximately 15%) is derived from T-cells. Of the NHLs, approximately 65% arise in lymph nodes (nodal type), whereas the remaining 35% can arise in any organ (extra-nodal type). The most recent WHO classifi cation contains about 50 different (clinico-pathological) entities. Each entity is considered to have a normal physiological counterpart refl ecting the various differentiation stages in the lymphoid organs or bone marrow.
Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in swine tissues

The effects of dietary 18 :3n-3 on the fatty acid composition of total lipids and lipid classes of pig tissues were investigated. Pigs (n = 25) were fed diets containing 18 :3n-3 at 0% (control), 1.5% (LNA1), 2.5% (LNA2), and 3.6% (LNA3). The total lipid content of the tissues was not affected by dietary treatment. Feeding LNA1, LNA2, and LNA3 diets increased (P < 0.05) the 18 :3n-3 and 20 :5n-3 content in the total lipids, triglyceride, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine of all tissues except brain. The enrichment of 18 :3n-3 was mainly in the triglycerides. Long-chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were incorporated in the phosphatidylethanolamine. Arachidonic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids were reduced in the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of all tissues except for brain by dietary 18 :3n-3. The 22 :6n-3 content of brain was not altered by dietary 18 :3n-3, indicating a resistance of brain tissue to dietary manipulation.
Removal of phosphorous in logs when harvesting Eucalyptus delegatensis and Pinus radiata forests on short and long rotations

Summary The quantity of phosphorus (P) accumulated in the wood and bark of tree stems, and which is removed from the forest by harvesting, has been estimated for native Eucalyptus delegatensis stands and Pinus radiata plantations on the southern tablelands of New South Wales. The rates at which P is accumulated and removed in logs are compared for the two species grown on either short (20 yr) or longer (40 yr for P. radiata, 60 yr for E. delegatensis) rotations. The comparison showed that in stands which are older than about 7 years, 3–5 times more P is removed from the forest when harvesting a unit weight of P. radiata log (wood and bark) because this species contains more sapwood (which persists for 17–25 years before being transformed to heartwood) than E. delegatensis (7 years of sapwood), and the concentration of P is much greater in sapwood than in heartwood. The concentration of P is more than three (and can be ten) times greater in the heartwood of P. radiata than it is in E. delegatensis. Shorten.
Changements climatiques dans la péninsule arabique durant le Pléistocène supérieur et l'Holocène.

Si l'evolution paleoclimatique de la peninsule arabique est encore mal connue, deux periodes humides situees respectivement entre 30 000 et 20 000 ans BP et entre 10 000 et 6 000 ans BP ont ete souvent decrites sur l'ensemble de la peninsule. Sur le piemont occidental de la montagne d'Oman et en bordure de la mer Rouge sont attestees deux autres phases humides, plus importantes encore. Trois de ces phases humides correspondent, comme au Sahara, a une remontee vers le nord des pluies de mousson liees a un forcage d'insolation, et coincident avec des interglaciaires. La premiere se place au stade isotopique 5e, la seconde au stade 5a, suivie d'un assechement progressif qui entraine l'elaboration de puissants glacis de piemont; la quatrieme est holocene. Il est plus difficile de situer dans le temps et surtout d'interpreter la troisieme : sensiblement plus marquee que la derniere, elle pourrait etre liee, cette fois, a un glissement vers le sud des pluies temperees d'hiver.
On the Larval Development of Dacnusa areolaris Nees (Braconidae), a Parasite of Phytomyzinae (Diptera), with a Note on certain Chalcid Parasites on Phytomyzids

1. Dacnusa areolaris Nees is a parasite of the fly Phytomyza angelicae Zett. 2. The egg is laid and development takes place within the body of the host. 3. A membrane of trophic cells is formed, within which the embryonic and first larval stages are passed. 4. The further growth and development of the parasite are delayed until after metamorphosis of the host, probably to ensure sufficient food in the later stages. 5. The length of the larval and pupal life of the parasite is intimately correlated with the puparial period of the host. 6. It is suggested that this is an adaptation to ensure that an adequate supply of host larvae shall be hatched by the time that the parasites are ready to oviposit. 7. Certain Chalcididae of the genera Eulophus and Chrysocharis are ectoparasites of Ph. angelicae, and a summary of observations on their life cycle is given.
Phytosterol and α-Lipoic Acid Conjugates: Synthesis, Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and RP-LC-MS-APCI Analysis

Phytosterol and α-Lipoic Acid Conjugates: Synthesis, Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and RP-LC-MS-APCI Analysis Plant sterols (PS) are bioactive compounds effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of PS have improved solubility and blending properties when utilized in various food products. Naturally occurring α-lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are known for their antioxidant activity. In addition, they have shown an array of health beneficial properties against obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases etc. Different LA conjugates have been reported to have increased bioactivity compared to the parent compounds. The objective of this study was to synthesize PS esters of LA (PSLA) and DHLA (PSDHLA) in order to increase their cholesterol lowering effect and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis with additional health benefits e.g. against oxidative stress. Synthesis of PSLA and PSDHLA was performed with a pure PS mixture of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and brassicasterol. The free radical scavenging capacity of the conjugates was assessed by the DPPH method. Remaining percentage of DPPH free radicals was measured at the steady state for different concentrations of PSLA and PSDHLA. High free radical scavenging capacity was observed for PSDHLA compared with PSLA. Efficient concentration EC50 as a molar ratio for PSDHLA was 0.43. The derivatives were analyzed by RP-HPLC-MS-APCI. The order of the elution times of the compounds observed in HPLC-MS analysis was PS< PSDHLA< PSLA. Baseline separation was not achieved between campesterol and stigmasterol and their derivatives. These compounds could be identified by their characteristic fragment ions from the mass spectral data.