Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assignment1 of E-cadherin (CDH1) and KSP-cadherin (CDH16) to chromosome 16q22.1 by radiation hybrid mapping

Cadherins are cellular adhesion molecules. Since disturbance of intracellular adhesion is important for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, cadherins are considered prime candidates for tumor suppressor genes. A variety of solid tumors show loss of heterozygosity for the long arm of chromosome 16 (Austruy et al., 1995; Driouch et al., 1997), which is indicative of the potential localization of tumor suppressor genes. The homophilic cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (CDH1) has been involved in gastric (Becker et al., 1994), breast (Berx et al., 1995) and gynecologic carcinomas (Risinger et al., 1994). This report refined localization of: (1) E-cadherin (CDH1), previously mapped to 16q22.1 on a panel of somatic cell hybrids (Callen et al., 1995) and between WI-9392 and D16S496 on the Genebridge 4 radiation hybrid panel (Hunstman et al., 1998); (2) KSP-cadherin (CDH16), previously mapped to chromosome 16q21-proximal 16q22 by in situ hybridization (Thomson et al., 1998). A more precise localization of these two genes in a publicly available radiation hybrid map will facilitate marker selection for linkage and loss of heterozygosity analyses. Materials and methods
Los isómeros cis-9, trans-11 y trans-10, cis-12 de ácido linoleico conjugado y su relación con producción de leche de vacas Holstein-Friesian. Revisión

Los objetivos de la presente revision fueron estudiar los mecanismos de la adicion de cis-9, trans-11 y trans-10, cis-12 del acido linoleico conjugado (ALC) en la dieta y su relacion con produccion de leche. Ambos isomeros se forman por la isomerizacion del ALC por la bacteria ruminal Butyrivibrio fribisolvens. Tambien pueden ser producidos por desaturacion del acido vaccenico (18:1, trans-11) en el intestino delgado o el higado de la vaca lechera. En humanos, el consumo de ambos se relaciona con funciones antiaterogenicas hipocolesterolemia, estimulantes del sistema inmune, protector contra ciertos tipos de cancer, antioxidante y reductor del peso corporal. Por el contrario, en la vaca la adicion de los isomeros incrementa el volumen de leche y reduce su contenido de grasa. El incremento en volumen se atribuye al cis-9, trans-11; mientras que la reduccion de grasa se atribuye al tras-10, cis-12. La particion de la energia reduce el periodo del balance negativo de energia (BNE) postparto. Este hecho se asocia con un mejoramiento de la eficiencia reproductiva y la salud de la vaca. La reduccion de la grasa de leche por los isomeros o por las dietas que inducen reduccion de grasa de leche se explica por la presencia de inhibidores de la sintesis de grasas. En conclusion, la adicion de los isomeros a las dietas de vacas lecheras no influye en el consumo de materia seca, los cambios de peso y la produccion de proteina. Por el contrario, la inclusion en la dieta de ambos isomeros incrementa el volumen de leche y se reduce su contenido de grasa.
Phylogeny and biogeography of western Indian Ocean Rousettus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Abstract We examined patterns of genetic variation in Rousettus madagascariensis from Madagascar and R. obliviosus from the Comoros (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli). Genetic distances among individuals on the basis of 1,130 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) locus were estimated from specimens collected from 17 sites on Madagascar, 3 sites on Grande Comore, 3 sites on Anjouan, and 2 sites on Mohéli. We observed little variation in Madagascar and nearshore island samples (maximum 1.1%) and interisland Comoros samples (maximum 1.8%). In contrast, pairwise distances between different sampled sites on Madagascar and the Comoros varied from 8.5% to 13.2%. For 131 Malagasy animals, 69 unique haplotypes were recovered with 86 variable sites, and for 44 Comorian individuals, 17 unique haplotypes were found with 30 variable sites. No haplotype was shared between Madagascar and the Comoros, adding to previous morphological evidence that these 2 populations should be considered separate species. Cytb data showed that Rousettus populations of Madagascar (including nearshore islands) and the Comoros are respectively monophyletic and display no geographic structure in haplotype diversity, and that R. madagascariensis and R. obliviosus are strongly supported as sister to each other relative to other Rousettus species. Genotypic data from 6 microsatellite loci confirm lack of geographic structure in either of the 2 species. In pairwise tests of population differentiation, the only significant values were between samples from the Comoro Islands and Madagascar (including nearshore islands). Estimates of current and historical demographic parameters support population expansion in both the Comoros and Madagascar. These data suggest a more recent and rapid demographic expansion in Madagascar in comparison with greater population stability on the Comoros. On the basis of available evidence, open-water crossings approaching 300 km seem rarely traversed by Rousettus, and, if successful, can result in genetic isolation and subsequent differentiation.
Regulation of RNA polymerase III transcription by DNA methylation and chromatin

Mammalian genomes contain huge numbers of short interspersed elements (SINEs). An extreme case is provided by the human genome, which carries ~106 copies of Alu SINEs that together account for ~10% of total chromosomal DNA. SINEs spread by retrotransposition, which depends on their transcription by pol III. This transcription is heavily suppressed. Silencing is thought to involve DNA methylation and packaging the SINEs into chromatin structures that deny access of transcription factors. It has been argued that this may be of great importance to prevent SINEs from competing with essential genes for a limited pool of transcription machinery. Our investigation of this has revealed some unexpected findings. This study has also investigated the effects of SWI/SNF chromatin remodellers on tRNA transcription.
Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in endometrial remodelling and menstruation

The architecture of the human endometrium is extensively remodelled during the course of each normal menstrual cycle, unlike most other tissues and organs which undergo very little change during adult life. During menstruation, when loss of most of the functionalis layer occurs, there is concomitant epithelial regrowth; repair of the luminal surface is complete almost as bleeding ceases. During the proliferative phase of the cycle and under the influence of rising oestrogen levels, the stromal cells, glands and blood vessels undergo rapid proliferation which results in tissue thickening. Following ovulation (around day 14 of the idealized 28-day cycle), the secretory phase of the cycle is characterized by increasing tortuosity of the spiral arterioles and glands and increased glandular secretory activity. After about day 22, decidualization of many of the stromal fibroblasts also occurs, the resultant decidual cells having many characteristics typical of epithelial cells. Periods of tissue oedema are apparent both in mid-proliferative (days 8–11) and mid-secretory (days 20–23) endometrium. Late in the cycle, there is regression of the tissue as menstruation is initiated.
PENGARUH FREKUENSI PEMBERIAN PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELULUSHIDUPAN BENIH TAWES (Puntius javanicus)

Manajemen pemberian pakan adalah suatu usaha untuk memaksimalkan pemanfaatan pakan untuk pertumbuhan. Salah satu metode yang diterapkan dalam manajemen pemberian pakan adalah dengan memberikan pakan pada waktu yang tepat saat dibutuhkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh frekuensi pemberian pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan benih tawes. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium. Desain penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap menggunakan 4 perlakuan dengan 3 pengulangan. Perlakuannya adalah pemberian frekuensi pakan masing-masing 1(A), 2(B), 3(C) dan 4(D) kali sehari dengan metode pemberian pakan at satiation . Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa frekuensi pemberian pakan berpengaruh nyata terhadap tingkat konsumsi pakan, laju pertumbuhan relatif individu serta laju pertumbuhan panjang tubuh relatif benih tawes, namun tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata pada kelulushidupan, rasio konversi pakan dan rasio efisiensi protein. Frekuensi pemberian pakan tiga kali sehari menghasilkan nilai terbaik pada laju pertumbuhan bobot (6,26-6,38% per hari) dan laju pertumbuhan panjang tubuh (1,04-1,06% per hari). Nilai rasio konversi pakan berkisar 1,89-2,08; rasio efisiensi protein 96,55-133,07% dan nilai kelulushidupan berkisar 66,16-85%. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberian pakan tiga sampai empat kali sehari dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan bagi benih tawes. Feeding management was an effort to optimize the function of feed given for growth. One of the method that could be applied was by fed the fish feed just the time as it was required. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of feeding frequencies on the growth and survival rate of java barb juveniles. This study was an experimental laboratory method. The design of the experiment was completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. The treatments were feeding frequency 1(A), 2(B), 3(C) and 4(D) time a day with at satiation method. This study showed that various feeding frequencies significantly affected on the feed consumption, relative growth rate, and relative body length of the trial fish but not significantly affected on the survival rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. Feeding frequencies of 3 and 4 times a day resulted the best values on relative growth rate (i.e 6,29-6,38% per day) and relative body length (i.e 1,04-1,06% per day) of the fish. The values of feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, and survival rate were variated beetwen 1,89-2,08; 96,55-133,07%; and 66,16-85%. It was concluded that feeding frequencies 3 to 4 times a day could increased the growth of the java barb juveniles.
Evolution of the activated sludge process: the first 50 years

The paper presents a critical overview of the first 50 years in the evolution of the activated sludge process. Recognition of the role of aeration and microbial activity in the purification of sewage in the early studies established the basis for the accidental discovery of the process, which was immediately adapted into practice. The problems encountered during operation started a period of empirical expansion with many process modifications. As scientific support lagged behind practice, efforts were then directed towards exploring and understanding the fundamentals of the system related to substrate removal mechanisms, microbiology, process kinetics and stoichiometry, nitrogen transformations and, then, translating accumulated information into design. Extensive research generated remarkable findings which should be regarded as major milestones for future progress in many areas such as fractionation of substrate and biomass, particle size distribution, and substrate storage. A rational foundation of the activated sludge process for the removal of organic carbon could then be established based on mass balance. This approach also defined essential parameters that could relate microbial reactions involved with plant design and operation. Scientific ideas and discoveries have also enabled conceptual development of many emerging technologies such as the sequencing batch reactor, enhanced biological phosphorus removal, the oxic-settling anaerobic process, and the super-fast membrane bioreactor. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Group dynamics of the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) in the Tuwayiq Canyons, Saudi Arabia

Group dynamics of the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana), a sub-species adapted to arid environments, were studied at the Ibex Reserve, Saudi Arabia. Most of the animals (83%) were seen in mixed herds during the rut and post-rut. Mean group size of all sex-age categories was 7.2, with the majority of the ibex seen in groups of < 10. The sex ratio of adult animals was equal but that of juveniles, older than six months, was skewed towards females. Habitat structure, sparse vegetation cover and a small population size are factors that favour small group size. An equal adult sex ratio and a high number of juveniles indicate that the population has a high reproductive potential.
Locomotion and Coelomic Pressure in Lumbricus Terrestris L

1. Crawling movement and burrowing of Lumbricus terrestris (L.) have been studied by continuous recording of internal pressure, direct observation and analysis of cine film. Frequency of locomotory waves is from 5 to 20 per min. Timing of protrusion of setae and of backward slip of points d'appui in locomotion have been observed and recorded. 2. In normal locomotion elongation of segments by contraction of the circular muscles gives rise to a discrete pressure pulse; shortening, by contraction of the longitudinal muscles, may or may not do so, depending on the position of the segment in the worm and the relative extent of contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscles. 3. Consideration of crawling and burrowing pressure records emphasizes the importance of ( a ) the circular muscles in extension of the head end in crawling and in initial penetration of the soil, and ( b ) the longitudinal muscles during burrowing, in dilating the burrow and drawing in more posterior segments 4. Mean pressures at circular and longitudinal muscle contraction are 12 and 7 cm. H2O respectively. The highest pressure recorded was 75 cm. H2O and accompanied violent squirming with evident contraction of all the body wall muscles. Resting pressures, shown in the absence of organized movement, are low (mean 0.26 cm. H2O). In both resting and crawling negative pressures sometimes occur and these are considered in relation to the inherent stiffness of the body wall and to the septate condition. 5. Tension in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of a worm developing 75 cm. H2O internal pressure are calculated to be 265 and 1323 g. /cm2. respectively, demonstrating in this example that, relative to the circulars, the longitudinal muscles are understressed by a factor of 5. Mean locomotory L.M. and C.M. peak values yield tension values of only 25 and 212 g. /cm. respectively, and these are clearly well within the worm's capacity.
Branch Lengths Do Not Indicate Support—Even in Maximum Likelihood

It is still common to see the branch lengths of “phylograms”1 interpreted as indicating support for groups. This is unfortunate, for it is easy to find cases in which long branches do not indicate support and in fact create a highly misleading impression if so interpreted. As a simple example, suppose that the data comprise four terminals A–D and 500 informative characters, of which half split the terminals AB/CD and the rest AC/ BD. The (undirected) consensus of most parsimonious trees is unresolved, so that the Bremer support (Bremer, 1988, 1994; cf. Farris, 1996) for either split is zero, but the internal branch of either tree has length 250 according to parsimonious optimization (Farris, 1970). The same problem occurs with neighbor joining (NJ; Saitou and Nei, 1987). Using Kumar et al.’s (1993; cf. Farris and Källersjö, 1994) MEGA program, NJ gives the same two trees as parsimony (in this case, but see Farris et al., 1996), so that the consensus is unresolved, and there is no support for any grouping. Yet the interior branch of either tree has a p-distance length of 0.25, corresponding to 125 substitutions. This difficulty also affects significance tests that are based on branch length. According to Rzhetsky and Nei’s (1992) confidence probability (CP) test, both the NJ trees have a “highly significant” interior branch, with CP . 99%! This can even happen with branch-length tests in maximum-likelihood methods, as the example of Fig.
Evaluating Osmia cornifrons as Pollinators of Highbush Blueberry

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski (hornfaced bees) as a pollinator of Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry). Currently, there are no reports available on hornfaced bee use for commercial blueberry production. Five pollination treatments were compared in a 2-year evaluation (2005–06) including hornfaced bees, honeybees, bumblebees, native pollinators, and no pollinators. Enclosed pollination cages were constructed around mature, field-grown highbush blueberry plants to prevent mixing of pollination treatments. Each cage contained a single pollination treatment, except for the open pollination and no pollination treatments. The five pollination treatments were replicated three times inside separate pollination field cages on the farm. Three branches per plant were randomly selected that had a minimum of five fruiting buds and blossom number was recorded. After pollination occurred, the cages were removed to allow the berries to ripen. Ripe fruits were picked weekly over the fruiting season (July to August) in each year (2005 and 2006), with the fruit from each sample being counted and weighed. Blossom number was compared to fruit number and weight to determine efficiency of pollination as a result of the pollination treatments. The results showed that hornfaced bees can be a successful pollinator of commercial highbush blueberry under pollination field cage conditions.
Padronização dos Parâmetros Hematológicos e Bioquímicos de Camundongos Swiss e Ratos Wistar

ABSTRACT Swiss mice and Wistar rats, maintained in the Bioterium of the Laboratory of Pharmaceutics Technology/UFPB, were analysed through haematological (hemogram and platelets) and biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, total proteins and fractions, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) determinations. The blood analysed was obtained from the brachial plexus bloodletting. It was detected that there are variations in the parameters among males and females investigated and so in relation to the values obtained from other searchers. DESCRIPTORS Bioterium. Mice. Rats.
PHENODYNAMIC ANALYSES OF TWO FIRST‐YEAR OLD FIELDS

A B S T R A C T Phenological spectra from two adjacent first-year old fields suggest that phenological events may be directed by the biotic influences of associated species as well as by climatic and edaphic conditions of the region. These two fields possessed similar macroclimatic conditions but had differing soil textures and crop histories. Phenological spectra were developed by observations made on all plant species occurring in fixed quadrats during the duration of this study, April 1, 1970, to October 20, 1970. The phenophases observed were initiation of vegetative growth, time of budding, occurrence of flowering, fruiting sequences, and time of seed set and dissemination. Production studies based on short-term harvest methods indicated the dominance of Erigeron canadensis in the abandoned soybean field, and Erigeron annuus in the abandoned corn field.
β-Structure in Human Amylin and 2 Designer β-Peptides: CD and NMR Spectroscopic Comparisons Suggest Soluble β-Oligomers and the Absence of Significant Populations of β-Strand Dimers

Abstract Intensity variation for the positive far UV CD band was observed for three ′β-sheet′ peptides. In 6% HFIP, an amyloidogenic species (human pancreatic amylin) displays, on standing, an extremely intense 192-nm band which diminishes upon physical agitation. A concurrently formed Tyr sidechain band at 274nm disappears completely with agitation, linking the enhancement of the 192-nm band to the highly ordered stacking of β-sheets. NMR studies indicate that the β-states of the three peptides are oligomeric, not β dimers. A membrane-forming EAK peptide displays NMR peaks due to the low concentration of ′random coil′ monomers present in slow equilibrium with β-oligomers; solutions of a more hydrophobic ELKA peptide, which displays an intense 195-nm band, contain only oligomeric species. NMR studies at 25% HFIP revealed the structural requirements for inhibition of β-oligomer formation.
A morphologic and genetic study of Gonium pectorale

THE MOST FREQUENTLY encountered species of Gonium is the 16-celled G. pectorale Muller, which was one of the original species described by 0. F. Muller in 1773 when he erected the genus. By 1838 it was the only species still considered to be a member of the genus, and it thus became the lectotype of Gonium (Ehrenberg, 1838). Previously, Bory (1824) had described a new monotypic genus, Pectoralina, whose type, P. hebracia, Ehrenberg (1838) and others have considered synonymous with G. pectorale. In 1866 Diesing placed G. helveticum Perty in his new genus Glenogonium, but Warming (1876-77) and Biitschli (1884) have referred this species to G. pectorale. Pocock (1955), in her study of the genus Gonium in North America, considered G. pectorale as comprised of two varieties, variety pectorale and variety praecox. The variety praecox has comparatively small, usually pale-green colonies composed of slightly elongated cells with the apex wider than the base. This varietal name refers to the precocious development of daughter colonies, while the mother colony is still quite small. GENERAL TECHNIQUES. Throughout this investigation, single colony isolations were made with a glass capillary pipette using a dissection microscope equipped with substage, darkfield illumination. The cultures were maintained in Pringsheim's soil-water medium (Starr, 1956) or in a modified Beijerinck's medium (table 1) to which were added 10 per cent soil-water supernatant and 1-1.5 per cent agar. Active growth of the cultures occurred at 200C. at 200250 ft. -c. intensity (provided by 40-w. cool-white fluorescent lamps) on a 16 hr. light-8 hr. dark cycle. Stock cultures received illumination of about 75 ft. -c. intensity and were transferred every 6-8 weeks. The strains used in this study were obtained from field collections and from soil-cultures. The latter were made by covering dry mud samples in a dish with glass-distilled water and placing the dishes under the conditions described above. The colonies were isolated 1-4 days after the water had been added. Colonies isolated from one collection site at any one time are considered members of the same
Allelic variation at the storage protein loci of 55 US‐grown white wheats

Fifty soft white and hard white wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), and five club wheat cultivars (T. compactum L.) were partially characterized in terms of their storage protein compositions, i.e. gliadins, and high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS, respectively). At the Glu-1 loci, HMW-GS composition 1,7 + 9,2+ 12 was found to be predominant, being expressed in 11 cultivars out of 55. The most common alleles at the loci coding for gliadins and LMW-GS were found to be Gli-A1/Glu-A3a (43.6%), Gli-B1/Glu-B3b (36.4%), Gli-D1a/Glu-D3a (38.1%) and Gli-Dli/Glu-D3a (21.8%). Two-dimensional fractionation (acid-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) × sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)) of reduced and alkylated glutenins revealed that the number and the relative mobility of LMW-GS polypeptides were different from those reported for the corresponding Glu-3 alleles of hard-bread wheat cultivars. This result could account for the different technological properties of soft white wheats compared with hard-bread wheat cultivars, owing to the major impact of LMW-GS on dough quality.