Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Beliefs About the Health Consequences of Cigarette Smoking on Smoking Onset

Nearly all Americans now recognize that smoking causes lung cancer and other serious diseases; however, cigarette smoking has not yet been eradicated in this country. This might be taken as evidence that beliefs about the health risks of smoking do not influence smoking onset or quitting. In this paper, we report new evidence that perceiving smoking to entail greater health risks reduces the likelihood that a young person will begin to smoke. This evidence suggests that public health campaigns should continue to focus on this theme to bolster resistance to smoking onset among young people.
The Aging Male

This study was performed to evaluate the associations between estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), free and total testosterone levels, and anthropometric parameters of general adiposity (body mass index, BMI) and fat distribution (waist/hip ratio, WHR), separately in two subgroups of healthy Polish men: younger (aged 22–39 years, n = 95) and older (aged 40 years and over, n = 141) subjects. Sex steroid levels were assessed using radioimmunoassay (RIA). BMI was used as a measure of general adiposity. WHR was used to estimate distribution of adipose depots. The relationships between sex steroids, BMI, WHR and age were evaluated by use of non-parametric statistics (Spearman coefficients). Aging was related to a reduction of all hormone levels (correlation coefficients with age: free testosterone r = −0.52, p < 0.001; total testosterone r = −0.25, p < 0.001; estradiol r = −0.18, p < 0.001; DHEAS r = −0.45, p < 0.001) and an increase of BMI and WHR (for BMI r = 0.23, p < 0.001; for WHR r = 0.47, p < 0.001). A oneway analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was applied separately in the two subgroups of subjects to assess the relationships between hormonal and anthropometric variables. In men aged 22–39 years, the total (but not free) testosterone and DHEAS (when controlled for age) significantly differentiated BMI values. In subjects aged 40 years and over, no associations between sex steroids and BMI were revealed. In younger males DHEAS differentiated WHR values (even when controlled for age and BMI), whereas after the age of 40 years an increased WHR was accompanied by increases in both estradiol and DHEAS levels. The associations between the androgen– estrogen activity and the anthropometric parameters of adiposity vary in younger versus older healthy men.
Crystal Structures of the Adenylate Sensor from Fission Yeast AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

The 5′-AMP (adenosine monophosphate)–activated protein kinase (AMPK) coordinates metabolic function with energy availability by responding to changes in intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and AMP concentrations. Here, we report crystal structures at 2.9 and 2.6 Å resolution for ATP- and AMP-bound forms of a core αβγ adenylate-binding domain from the fission yeast AMPK homolog. ATP and AMP bind competitively to a single site in the γ subunit, with their respective phosphate groups positioned near function-impairing mutants. Unexpectedly, ATP binds without counterions, amplifying its electrostatic effects on a critical regulatory region where all three subunits converge.
Self-splicing of the group I intron from Anabaena pre-tRNA: requirement for base-pairing of the exons in the anticodon stem.

In the cyanobacterium Anabaena, the precursor to tRNA(Leu) has a 249-nucleotide group I intron inserted between the wobble and second bases of the anticodon; the intron self-splices during transcription in vitro [Xu, M. Q. , Kathe, S. D. , Goodrich-Blair, H. , Nierzwicki-Bauer, S. A. , & Shub, D. A. (1990) Science 250, 1566-1570]. By studying splicing of isolated pre-tRNA, we confirm that splicing occurs by the two-step transesterification mechanism characteristic of group I introns, resulting in excision of the intron and accurate ligation of the 5' and 3' exons. The first step, guanosine-dependent cleavage of the phosphodiester bond at the 5' splice site, occurs with kcat congruent to 14 min-1 and kcat/Km = 5 x 10(4) M-1 min-1 (32 degrees C, 15 mM MgCl2), unexpectedly efficient for a small group I intron. (kcat/Km is comparable to that of the Tetrahymena pre-rRNA intron, and kcat is an order of magnitude higher than any previously reported for a group I intron). The second step, ligation of the exons, is so slow (k = 0.3 min-1) that it is rate-limiting for splicing in vitro except at very low guanosine concentrations. Disruption of the base pairs that make up the anticodon stem of the tRNA dramatically reduces the rate of the first step of splicing, while compensatory mutations that restore base pairing generally restore activity. We suggest that the very short P1 helix of this pre-tRNA, with only three base pairs preceding the 5' splice site, is unstable without the additional base pairs in the anticodon stem. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cramer 89 The EuroSDR Performance Test for Digital Aerial Camera Systems

This paper gives an overview on the EuroSDR project on Digital Camera Calibration and Validation and summarizes its main results. This project emphasises on the calibration and validation of digital airborne cameras, where mainly the geometric aspects were of concern. The project was officially finished in May 2007, after almost 3,5 years of project duration. Although the whole project was delayed due to several reasons (originally a 2 years period was planned) it finally was a very successful one. This was mainly due to the input of numerous experts forming the EuroSDR Digital Camera Calibration network and their continuous support and active participation in empirical processing of test flight data. This empirical second phase is covered in more detail within this paper. Three empirical test flights from ADS40, DMC and UltracamD sensors were made available to interested network members, then using their own software and expertise to obtain the optimal results for geometric accuracy. Different software and mathematical models were involved during processing, thus this test gives a broad overview on software, methodologies and expertise available for aerial triangulation of large-format digital airborne cameras. The empirical results clearly showed the importance of additional self-calibration during processing, which was necessary in all cases to obtain maximum geometric accuracy.
On the trade-off between physical layer security and energy efficiency of massive MIMO with small cells

The primary design goal in cellular technology is to provide high data rate services to its customers while still maintaining energy-efficient transmission over the network. The road to move forward is through deployment of highly densified network topologies. The emergence of these network topologies has also opened up research opportunities on how to exploit their physical layer (PHY) characteristics in order to improve the overall security. In this paper, we analyze the performance of a heterogeneous network that combines massive MIMO technology and small cell networks via spatial soft-cell scheme. An optimization model is formulated that minimizes the total power consumption of the network while satisfying certain degree of Quality-of-Service (QoS) and PHY security. Furthermore, we extend the optimization model to consider uncertainty in the eavesdroppers' channel state information (CSI). Potential tradeoff between PHY security and energy efficiency was investigated. We provide promising results showing that employing massive MIMO at the base station and placing multiple operator-deployed small cell nodes can significantly improve energy efficiency and capacity of the cellular network while providing adequate level of security, even with imperfect knowledge of eavesdropper CSI.
Neurotransmission in pig renal artery: the actions of angiotensin II and dopamine

1 Electrical stimulation of pig renal arteries causes contractions which are potentiated in the presence of angiotensin II (5 × 10−8 m). 2 The potentiation is followed by a long‐lasting inhibitory phase which is mimicked by dopamine and 2‐amino‐6,7,dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4,‐tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), but blocked by sulpiride (5 × 10−8 m). 3 Release of noradrenaline from renal artery rings by 25 mM K+ was measured by h.p.l.c. and found to be increased by 5 × 10−8m angiotensin II. As this was done in the presence of 1 × 10−6 m desmethylimipramine it was concluded that the increase was due to increased neuronal release of noradrenaline, not inhibition of neuronal uptake. 4 The experiments indicate that dopamine is present in the artery wall and produces its effects through DA2‐receptors.
Interaction, assembly and processing Life on an interface

Introduction This section is originally entitled “Interaction, assembly and processing”. However, the editors — respectively, a molecular biologist and a chemical biologist — originally had no idea what that title might mean. We therefore decided to come up with an interpretation we could at least understand and then applied our admittedly proteincentric bias to the enterprise. The title for this issue therefore should have been “Ways to use chemicals and proteins to study and manipulate interactions of proteins with other things”. Although that title wasn’t catchy, it did provide a framework that enabled us to solicit articles from authors whom we thought were doing interesting work.
Considerations of Connecting MANETs Through an Airborne Network

Airborne backbone networks spanning large geographical areas are starting to be deployed with high-capacity links. With the proliferation of mobile ad-hoc networks, an airborne backbone network may have visibility to many, otherwise distinct and isolated, mobile ad-hoc networks. In this scenario, the airborne backbone network can provide a high-bandwidth connection between MANETs. Due to the size and complexity of these networks, methodologies must be developed to accurately simulate and emulate the proposed networks in order to facilitate better understanding and design enabling effective deployment of this vital communication subsystem. In this paper, the impact of the dynamics in a mobile ad-hoc network and the resulting control plane activity is being investigated and a methodology for emulating MANETs during a flight test utilizing an airborne network is presented
A Current-Sensing Method for Integrated Transformer

Current-sensing circuit is critical for dc-dc converter to achieve current mode control, current protection, and current sharing. Moreover, for voltage regulator module (VRM) applications, the inductor current needs to be sensed for adaptive voltage positioning. A high-frequency, self-driven full-bridge-type VRM has been recently proposed for high efficiency with integrated transformer. However, the existing current-sensing methods are unsuitable for integrated transformer. To solve this problem, this letter proposes a novel current-sensing method for VRMs with integrated transformer. A well-designed capacitor-resistor-sensing network is employed in parallel with the transformer's secondary side, and then the voltage across the capacitor is sensed to monitor the transformer magnetizing inductor current instantaneously. This method is accurate, lossless, and simple in structure. A 1.2-V/130-A output voltage regulator module is built in the laboratory to verify the proposed method.
A network-based IP mobility scheme for fast and global handover in cellular networks

New generation of mobile wireless networks utilizes IP mobility protocols to handle handovers between their different subnets. Among existing options, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) as a network-based protocol presents higher handover performance comparing with its client-based counterparts such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). Nevertheless, the PMIPv6's operation is limited to a relatively small domain. This motivated researchers to try to extend PMIPv6 operation beyond its local mobility domain, while preserving its network-based nature. However, the existing globally extended PMIPv6 solutions experience longer handover latency and higher packet loss comparing to the original PMIPv6. This paper suggests a low-latency global PMIPv6 scheme, which creates the mobile node's binding record inside the target domain before its real attachment to that domain. The proposed scheme takes advantage of link layer events to initiate IP-level handover in parallel with link reconnection process. The analytical and simulation-base evaluations demonstrate the enhanced performance of the proposed scheme concerning to the handover latency and packet loss.
Fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks for a green video-dominated future internet

We report on our ongoing research activities on integrated EPON and WLAN-based wireless mesh networks with a focus on reducing the CO2 footprint and improving the bandwidth-efficient video transport of fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks. Various power saving techniques and mechanisms for efficient video transport in FiWi access networks are discussed.
Demand Response in Electricity Markets: An Overview

This paper presents an overview of demand response (DR) in electricity market. The definition and a classification of demand response will be presented. Different potential benefits as well as cost components of demand response will be presented. The most common indices used for demand response evaluation are highlighted. Moreover, some utilities experiences with different demand response programs will be presented.
Interaction of TAFII105 with Selected p65/RelA Dimers Is Associated with Activation of Subset of NF-κB Genes*

TAFII105, a substoichiometric coactivator subunit of TFIID, is important for activation of anti-apoptotic genes by NF-κB in response to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In the present study we have analyzed the mechanism of TAFII105 function with respect to its regulation of p65/RelA, a component of NF-κB. We found two independent p65/RelA-binding domains within the N terminus of TAFII105. One of these domains appears to be crucial for TAFII105-mediated anti-apoptotic gene activation in response to TNF-α. Analysis of the interaction between TAFII105 and different NF-κB complexes has revealed substantial differences in the affinity of TAFII105 toward different p65/RelA-containing dimers. We have identified the TNF-α induced anti-apoptotic A20 gene as a target gene of TAFII105. A20 has a differential protective effect on cell death induced by TNF-α in the presence of either the dominant negative mutant of TAFII105 (TAFII105ΔC) or the superdominant IκBα. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of TAFII105ΔC on NF-κB-dependent genes is restricted to a subset of anti-apoptotic genes while the effect of IκBα is more general. Thus, an interaction between NF-κB and a specific coactivator is important for specifying target gene activation.
Longitudinal changes in isokinetic leg strength in 10-14-year-olds

This study used multilevel regression modelling to longitudinally investigate the influences of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses and maturity on the development of isokinetic knee extension and flexion on eight occasions over a 4-year period. Forty-one subjects (20 boys and 21 girls) were measured and 295 isokinetic leg strength tests and associated measures were successfully completed. Subjects were aged 10.0 - 0.3 years at the onset of the study. Stature, body mass, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, and sexual maturation (according to pubic hair development) were assessed at each test occasion. Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion of the dominant leg were determined to elicit maximal peak extension (PET) and flexion torque (PFT). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Multilevel regression modelling indicated that stature and mass were significant predictors of both PET and PFT. Age and maturity were non-significant explanatory variables once stature and mass had been accounted for. Skinfold thickness exerted a significant negative effect independent of mass and stature on PFT but not PET. At test occasion 8, cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the knee extensors (ExCSA) and flexors (FlexCSA) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging on 23 boys and 14 girls and examined as predictors of isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant sex-related differences in PET or PFT. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between ExCSA and PET and FlexCSA and PFT for both boys and girls. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that ExCSA and FlexCSA were significant explanatory variables for PET and PFT, respectively, but became non-significant once stature and mass had been introduced into the analysis. To conclude, there were no significant sex differences in PET or PFT between the ages of 10 and 14 years and the development of PET and PFT could be accounted for by the increase in stature and mass. Age, maturity and thigh muscle CSA were all non-explanatory variables in the production of PET and PFT once body size had been controlled for.
Morphological Aspects of the Resin-Dentin Interdiffusion Zone with Different Dentin Adhesive Systems

Cross-sections of resin-dentin interfaces were etched with an argon-ion beam to make their substructure detectable by scanning electron microscopy. The dentin adhesive systems were categorized morphologically into three groups, and an attempt was made to clarify their adhesive mechanism. The first group of products removed the smear layer. The argon-ion bombardment clearly disclosed a hybrid or resin-impregnated dentin layer. It is hypothesized that conditioning with acidic or chelating agents demineralized the dentin surface-layer to a certain depth, leaving behind a collagen-rich mesh-work. Hydrophilic monomers are then believed to alter this collagen-fiber arrangement in a way that facilitates penetration of the adhesive resin, resulting in a mechanical, intermingled link between collagen and the adhesive resin. The second group preserved the smear layer. In this case, the dentinal tubules were obliterated with globular particles at their orifices and remained patent underneath these smear plugs. This type of adhesive system aims at the incorporation of the smear layer into the hydrophilic monomers, which have an affinity for the organic and/or inorganic components of the underlying dentin. Finally, a third, small group only partly dissolved the smear layer, creating a thin resin-impregnated dentin layer and a resin-impregnated smear plug. This study clearly showed that the application of recent adhesive systems induced structural changes in the dentin surface morphology, creating a retentive interface, called the interdiffusion zone, between the deep, untouched dentin layers and the composite filling material. This resin-dentin interdiffusion zone offers bonding sites for copolymerization with the resin composite and, concurrently, might have protective potential for the pulp tissues.
Predicting enzyme family class in a hybridization space

Given the sequence of a protein, how can we predict whether it is an enzyme or a non‐enzyme? If it is, what enzyme family class it belongs to? Because these questions are closely relevant to the biological function of a protein and its acting object, their importance is self‐evident. Particularly with the explosion of protein sequences entering into data banks and the relatively much slower progress in using biochemical experiments to determine their functions, it is highly desired to develop an automated method that can be used to give fast answers to these questions. By hybridizing the gene ontology and pseudo‐amino‐acid composition, we have introduced a new method that is called GO‐PseAA predictor and operate it in a hybridization space. To avoid redundancy and bias, demonstrations were performed on a data set in which none of the proteins in an individual class has ≥40% sequence identity to any other. The overall success rate thus obtained by the jackknife cross‐validation test in identifying enzyme and non‐enzyme was 93%, and that in identifying the enzyme family was 94% for the following six main Enzyme Commission (EC) classes: (1) oxidoreductase, (2) transferase, (3) hydrolase, (4) lyase, (5) isomerase, and (6) ligase. The corresponding rates by the independent data set test were 98% and 97%, respectively.
Natural concepts in a juvenile gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at three levels of abstraction.

The extent to which nonhumans are able to form conceptual versus perceptual discriminations remains a matter of debate. Among the great apes, only chimpanzees have been tested for conceptual understanding, defined as the ability to form discriminations not based solely on simple perceptual features of stimuli, and to transfer this learning to novel stimuli. In the present investigation, a young captive female gorilla was trained at three levels of abstraction (concrete, intermediate, and abstract) involving sets of photographs representing natural categories (e.g., orangutans vs. humans, primates vs. nonprimate animals, animals vs. foods). Within each level of abstraction, when the gorilla had learned to discriminate positive from negative exemplars in one set of photographs, a novel set was introduced. Transfer was defined in terms of high accuracy during the first two sessions with the new stimuli. The gorilla acquired discriminations at all three levels of abstraction but showed unambiguous transfer only with the concrete and abstract stimulus sets. Detailed analyses of response patterns revealed little evidence of control by simple stimulus features. Acquisition and transfer involving abstract stimulus sets suggest a conceptual basis for gorilla categorization. The gorilla's relatively poor performance with intermediate-level discriminations parallels findings with pigeons, and suggests a need to reconsider the role of perceptual information in discriminations thought to indicate conceptual behavior in nonhumans.
DFKI System Combination using Syntactic Information at ML4HMT-2011

…Additionally, based on the Spanish → English subset of this corpus, Okita and van Genabith (2011) have developed a consensus-based approach with an improvement 2 points BLEU over the single best system on the test set, whereas Avramidis (2011) has presented positive correlation of several features obtained from our corpus. The work presented in Federmann et al. (2011) reports on experiments on a stochastic substitution system based on our corpus data. …
Efficient Initialization Algorithms on Single-Hop Radio Networks

We consider an initialization problem in single-hop radio networks. The initialization is the task of assigning distinct ID numbers to nodes in a network. We have greatly improved the previous results [10] for the initialization in an n-node network. We propose randomized initialization algorithms in two cases. The first case is that n is known to all the nodes and the second case is that n is unknown to all the nodes. The algorithm for the first case completes in en + ln n + O(1) expected time slots, and the algorithm for the second case completes in en + O(√n) expected slots. The main idea of the algorithm for the case that n is unknown is presumption of the number of nodes. In the algorithm, each node presumes the number of nodes efficiently and is assigned ID by using the algorithm for the case that n is known with the presumption value.