Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Burns in Mobile Home Fires—Descriptive Study at a Regional Burn Center

Death from fires and burns are the sixth most common cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. More than ¾ of burn deaths occurring in the United States are in the home. Mobile home fires carry twice the death rate as other dwellings. The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of deaths and injuries in mobile home fire admitted in a regional Burn Center and to identify possible risk factors. A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out among all burn patients admitted to a regional Burn Center between January 2002 and December 2004 (3469 patients). The study included patients who suffered a burn injury from a mobile home fire. The demographic characteristics of the patients, location of mobile home, associated inhalation injury, source of fire, comorbidity of the victims, employment status, insurance status, family history of burns, and outcomes of the treatment were incorporated in a data collection record. There were 65 burn patients in mobile home fires admitted to the Burn Center during the studied period. The average age of the patients was 39 years (ranging from 2 to 81 years, SD = 16.06), 77% were male, 67% were white, and 79% were the residents in the suburban areas of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Florida. The average TBSA of burns was about 21% (ranging from 1 to 63%, SD = 17.66), 63% of the patients had associated inhalation, three inhalation injury only, and 69% patients required ventilator support. The average length of stay per TBSA percentage of burn was 1.01 days (P = 0.00), controlling for age, preexisting medical comorbidities, and inhalation injury. About 88% of the patients had preexisting medical comorbid conditions, 74% were smokers, 64% reported as alcoholic, and 72% had at least some form of health insurance coverage. In 40% of the cases, the cause of the fire was unknown, 31% were caused by accidental explosions, such as electric, gasoline, or kerosene appliances, and 29% were due to other causes. About 40% of burns took place between December and February. Among the studied cohorts, 32% were unemployed, 15% were disabled, and 14% did not have any information about their employment status. One in every four patients had a family history of a burn. Eight (12%) died in the hospital during treatment. There was a higher prevalence of inhalation injury and higher case fatality among the burn patients in mobile home fires compared with the statistics of the Burn Center. Observation showed a higher number of smokers and alcoholics among the burn patients. The main sources of fire were from home appliances. Fewer people had health insurance coverage than the national standard and more people suffered from some sort of chronic illness compared with the national morbidity data.
An introduction to sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios

Objective: To assist clinicians and other health-care providers to understand the terms used to describe the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Methodology: This paper reviews the calculation and interpretation of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, receiver operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios. Results: Sensitivity and specificity are measures of the accuracy of a diagnostic test. There is a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity that is dependent on the cut-off level chosen for a positive diagnosis. Predictive values are measures of the usefulness of a test once the test results are known. Predictive values depend on the prevalence of the disease, as well as on the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values are easily calculated by the construction of a two-by-two table. Multiple testing, either in parallel or in series, can alter the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Receiver operating characteristic curves plot the relationship between sensitivity and specificity at various cut-offs, facilitating the comparison of accuracy among tests. Likelihood ratios are an alternative measure of accuracy and have the advantage of being able to assess multiple test outcomes, rather than simply assessing dichotomized positive or negative results. Conclusion: An understanding of how the measurements that are used to describe the accuracy of diagnostic tests are calculated is essential to the interpretation of test results.
The Evolution of Resource Utilization in Regional Burn Centers

Regional burn centers provide unique multidisciplinary care that has been associated with dramatically improved outcomes for burn victims. Patients with complex skin and soft tissue injuries are increasingly admitted to these centers for definitive care. This study was designed to assess current trends in burn center resource utilization. Members of the Multicenter Trials Group of American Burn Association were invited to participate in this retrospective review of all patients admitted to their respective regional burn centers during a 10-year period. Collected data included admission diagnosis, demographics, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, and mortality. Five regional academic burn centers participated. They collectively admitted 18,246 patients during the study period, of whom 15,219 (83.4%) had a primary burn diagnosis and 3027 (16.6%) were patients with nonburn diagnoses. During this period, annual admissions for the five centers increased by 34.7%, ranging from 19 to 83% for individual centers. Simultaneously, mean burn size decreased from 12.3 to 8.8% TBSA. From 1998 to 2006, admissions for nonburn diagnoses increased by 244.9%, whereas burn admissions increased by 31.1%. Although mean LOS was reduced by >25%, total charges for all patients increased by 37.7% after adjustment for inflation. Nonburn patients had significantly higher mean age, longer LOS, greater mortality, and higher daily charges. This review of admissions to five academic burn centers reveals that these centers are treating more patients with smaller burns and an increasing number of complex nonburn conditions. Nonburn patients represent an older and more debilitated population that consumes disproportionately more resources than burn patients. These data show a dramatic shift in burn center resource utilization and the concurrent evolution of regional burn centers into centers for the care of complex wounds.
Smoking trends before, during, and after pregnancy among women and their spouses

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth can act as strong factors motivating parents to spontaneously quit smoking. The aim of the present survey was to establish smoking cessation guidelines for this group. The objectives were to clarify the smoking status of parents before, during and after pregnancy, as well as the factors associated with continuous smoking during pregnancy and post‐partum smoking relapse among women who had stopped smoking during pregnancy.
Circulating Proteasomes After Burn Injury

The objective of the study is to test whether circulating proteasomes are increased in burn patients and to assess whether possible alterations are associated with severity of injury, organ failure, and/or clinically relevant outcomes. In this study, plasma was obtained from burn patients on days 0 (admission, n = 50), 1 (n = 36), 3 (n = 35), 5 (n = 28), 7 (n=34), and 30 (n = 10) (controls: 40 volunteers). The 20S/26S proteasome levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proteasome peptidase activity was assessed using a chymotryptic-like peptide substrate in combination with epoxomicin (specific proteasome inhibitor). Percentage of TBSA burned, presence of inhalation injury, development of sepsis/multiple organ failure, and sequential organ failure assessment scores were documented. On admission, plasma proteasome activity was higher in patients than in controls (P = .011). 26S proteasomes were not detectable. The 20S proteasome concentrations (median [25th/75th percentile]) peaked on day 0 (673 [399/1566] ng/mL; control: 195 [149/249] ng/mL, P < .001), gradually declined within 7 days, and fully returned to baseline at day 30 (116.5 [78/196] ng/mL). Elevated 20S proteasomes were associated with the presence of inhalation injury and correlated linearly with %TBSA in patients without inhalation injury. Initial 20S proteasome concentrations discriminated the presence of inhalation injury in patients with (sensitivity 0.88 and specificity 0.71) and without (sensitivity 0.83 and specificity 0.97) cutaneous burns but did not discriminate sepsis/multiple organ failure development or survival. Circulating 20S proteasome is a biomarker of tissue damage. The 20S proteasome plasma concentrations in patients with burns and/or inhalation injury are unlikely to predict outcomes but may be useful for the diagnosis of inhalation injury.
Adoption of free and open source software within high-velocity firms

Free and open source software (FOSS) solutions are not only considered to be a disruptive force in the proprietary software industry but have helped firms deliver efficient and proficient processes and position themselves in global supply networks. The purpose of this study was to conduct an investigation of FOSS adoption in firms operating in high-velocity environments and identify factors that have an impact on the adoption process. Primary data were gathered from a cluster of firms operating in a high-velocity environment. The results provide an insight about the FOSS adoption process to both practitioners and academics alike. Our results indicate that performance attitude of managers, data regulation and facilitating conditions are important determinants of a firm's behavioural intention (BI) to adopt and use FOSS. Interestingly, influences from social and organisational domains have little effect on a firm's BI to adopt FOSS solutions. Overall, the article provides a structure to FOSS adoption which is relevant to managers and academics.
Systems approach for analysing problems in IT system adoption at work

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyse use-related problems when new information technology (IT) systems are adopted in organisations. Traditionally, IT adoption has been studied with the help of technology acceptance models (TAMs). However, an alternative approach, the activity system model, was used as a systemic and holistic tool to analyse and understand the problems relating to the adoption of an IT system in an organisational context. The data were collected using qualitative semi-structured interviews with 39 employees in three organisations. The results show that most of the problems were identified in the social context and only one-fifth of the problems were related to the employees' experiences of a lack of skills and competencies in using the IT systems. A practical implication is that the successful adoption and use of an IT tool requires interventions and innovations that also address the social mediatedness of the use. A theoretical implication is that the activity system model proved to be a useful yet rather complex tool for describing and analysing IT adoption problems.
Role of varicella virus and anticardiolipin antibodies in the development of stroke in a patient with Down syndrome associated with Moyamoya syndrome

Moyamoya syndrome (MMS) is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by a slowly progressive occlusion of the internal carotid artery with an abnormal formation of collateral vessels; it occurs as a primary disease or in association with a variety of conditions. The association between Down syndrome (DS) and MMS is a rare but well-established disease state. Antiphospholipid antibodies are known to be involved in the development of stroke in patients with MMS. There are also reports concerning the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with DS and MMS who experience a stroke. Furthermore it is known that viral infections, including varicellazoster virus, frequently induce anticardiolipin antibodies, a type of antiphospholipid antibody, in children. However, varicellatriggered stroke in association with DS and MMS has not been reported. We report on a patient with DS in whom a stroke occurred soon after varicella infection. Laboratory examination revealed the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography showed cranial vascular changes compatible with MMS.
Anatomy and Pathology of the Inner Ear

Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview of the anatomy of the inner ear, research methods used in anatomical studies, a sampling of current areas of research interest in normal anatomy, and a brief description of some of the types of disease that occur in the inner ear. For more detailed information on these topics, the reader is referred to a number of excellent sources (Axelsson and Vertes, 1982; Engstrom and Ades, 1973; Friedmann and Ballantyne, 1984; Hawkins, 1976; Iurato, 1967; Kimura, 1975; Lim, 1980; Smith, 1968; Spoendlin, 1970). In some cases review articles, rather than original descriptions, are cited in this article.
Meta‐analysis of physiological effects of skin‐to‐skin contact for newborns and mothers

Background: Skin‐to‐skin care has been adopted all over the world, although physiological changes during or after it have not been evaluated very well. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate whether skin‐to‐skin contact for newborn babies and their mothers affects body temperature, heart rate and oxygen saturation of the babies.
Trimethoprim-Induced Hyperkalemia in Burn Patients Treated With Intravenous or Oral Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Other Infections: Nature or Nurture?

Trimethoprim is well known to cause rashes; however, what is not commonly known is that it causes sudden and profound hyperkalemia in 10 to 20% of treated patients. The uniqueness of burn patients begs the question whether changes known to occur in these patients might also increase this trimethoprim effect. After institutional review board approval, a retrospective study evaluated 224 patients with thermal injury who had been treated with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 24 of whom had underlying renal impairment (creatinine clearances <50 ml/min) and were excluded, leaving 200 patients for analysis. Three definitions of drug-induced hyperkalemia were used: 1) a ≥1 mEq/L rise, 2) a >0.8 mEq rise in potassium in <24 hours warranting early discontinuation of TMP-SMX, and 3) “marked” hyperkalemia defined as serum potassium of ≥5.5 mEq/L within 48 hours. A potassium level before trimethoprim exposure (TxK) and after TxK were collected retrospectively. Demographic data were analyzed with Student’s t-test and trimethoprim dose alone, demonstrating a significant difference. Analysis of 200 patients exposed to trimethoprim demonstrated an elevation of potassium (first definition) in 31 patients (15.5%), a rapid change in serum potassium in two patients (second definition), and marked hyperkalemia (>5.5 mEq/L) in 13 patients (6.5%). Hyperkalemia never occurred in 166 of 200 patients (82%; before TxK, 3.9 ± 0.4; after TxK, 4.3 ± 0.5 mEq/L). Change in serum potassium among patients with hyperkalemia was 4.0 ± 0.5 mEq/L before TxK and 5.3 ± 0.7 mEq/L after TxK. Twelve published hyperkalemia risk factors were reviewed in these 200 patients and only history of hypertension and need for intubation was more common in those with hyperkalemia. A nearly 20% incidence of hyperkalemia and 6% serious hyperkalemia in burn patients is consistent with reports in patients without burn injury. These data also suggest that the metabolic and hormonal changes associated with burn injury do not increase further the genetically predisposed hyperkalemia resulting from exposure to trimethoprim. These data suggest patients treated with TMP-SMX should have routine serum potassium monitoring before discharge.
From PhotoWork to PhotoUse: exploring personal digital photo activities

ABSTRACT People accumulate large collections of digital photos, which they use for individual, social, and utilitarian purposes. In order to provide suitable technologies for enjoying our expanding photo collections, it is essential to understand how and to what purpose these collections are used. Contextual interviews with 12 participants in their homes explored the use of digital photos, incorporating new photo activities that are offered by new technologies. Based on the qualitative analysis of the collected data, we give an overview of current photo activities, which we term PhotoUse. We introduce a model of PhotoUse, which emphasises the purpose of photo activities rather than the tools to support them. We argue for the use of our model to design tools to support the user’s individual and social goals pertaining to PhotoUse.
A percepção de qualidade de vida de pessoas portadoras de deficiência física pode ser influenciada pela prática de atividade física

The positive effects of regular physical activity practice are not restricted to physical well being. Quality of life regards the overall sense of well-being of an individual in relation to the multiple aspects of his/her life. People with special needs may present high levels of sedentarism, which has a remarkable influence on their self-perceived quality of life. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity practice on the perception of the quality of life of individuals with special needs. 20 male individuals with physical disabilities participated in the study. They were divided into two groups, Sedentary and Active. The instruments used were a questionnaire on demographic data and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Brief). Mean age of the volunteers was 38.1 years, they were single, had not finished elementary school and lived in their own house. Most of them had poliomyelitis. The Active group presented higher scores in all domains of the instrument (physical, psychological, social and environmental). The results obtained in the present study showed that the quality of life of Active people with special needs was better than that of the Sedentary ones. Consequently, we strongly recommend that people with physical disabilities be encouraged to participate in physical and/or sports activity programs regularly.
Definition of hyperuricemia and gouty conditions

Purpose of the reviewTo define gout conditions and hyperuricemia. Recent findingsGout is defined as an arthritic condition resulting from the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in and/or around joints, following long-standing hyperuricemia. Several recent ultrasound studies disclosed MSU deposits in a large proportion of asymptomatic hyperuricemic patients. A gout condition defined by asymptomatic MSU deposits can therefore be individualized. Such asymptomatic deposits appear to precede the occurrence of flares, which seem to be triggered by mobilization of preformed crystals. Hyperuricemia appears to be the main, if not the only, risk factor for gout. Recent studies also support the view that hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for renal and cardiovascular diseases. The level at which uricemia becomes abnormal is still disputed. This lack of consensus precludes comparison of studies using different definitions and impairs the understanding of gout by doctors and patients. We propose to define hyperuricemia as greater than 6 mg/dl, as the life-long risk of gout seems to start at this level. This definition is identical to the minimum uricemia target of urate-lowering drugs (ULDs). SummaryAsymptomatic MSU crystals deposits can now be identified and precede the onset of gout flares. Defining hyperuricemia as greater than 6 mg/dl would have the advantage to give the same value for normal and ULD-targeted uricemia, which would facilitate patients’ adherence to this target.
The application of time decay characteristics of laser-induced fluorescence in the classification of vegetation.

In this study, the time decay of the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity (TDCFI) of vegetation was measured based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology with a 355 nm laser serving as the excitation light source. The pseudo-color diagram of the TDCFI (PDTDCFIs) was proposed for use as a characteristic fingerprint for the analysis of various plant species based on variations in the fluorescence intensity over time. Compared with the steady-state fluorescence spectra, two-dimensional PDTDCFIs contained more spectral information, including variations in both the shape of the laser-induced fluorescence spectra and the relative intensity. The experimental results demonstrated that the PDTDCFIs of various plant species show distinct differences, and this was successfully applied in the classification of plant species. Therefore, the PDTDCFIs of plants could provide researchers with a more reliable and useful tool for the characterization of vegetation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guar‐enriched wholemeal bread reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses

We have developed a guar wholemeal bread and tested its physiological efficacy and sensory qualities. The objective of the study was to estimate the optimum concentration of guar in bread required to reduce postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia without adversely affecting the quality of the bread. Following overnight fasts, 15 normal weight, non-diabetic subjects consumed meals of wholemeal bread alone (controls) and supplemented with guar at three different concentrations (5, 10 and 15% replacement of wheat flour). Blood samples for glucose and insulin analysis were taken preprandially, and at 30 and 60 min after the start of each meal. The acceptability of the wholemeal control and guar breads was assessed using a hedonic scaling method. A significantly lower blood glucose rise at 30 min was found after the 15% guar bread meal compared to the control. Plasma insulin responses at 30 and 60 min were significantly lower after the 10 and 15% guar bread meals compared to the controls. Hedonic scores indicated that the subjects found the 5 and 10% guar breads acceptable and in the case of the 5% variety the mean score was identical to the control. We suggest that a guar concentration of between 5 and 10% replacement of wheat flour (wholemeal or white) should be used for the baking of guar wholemeal bread but further work is needed to define the precise quantity of guar required.
ERGONOMICS APPLIED TO THE PRACTICE OF MICROSURGERY1

Microsurgery presents special problems of visual information and fine manipulation, including tremor control. These problems can be studied usefully through ergonomics, the science of man at work, already used widely in industry. This paper presents factors affecting visual feedback, normal hand tremor, and instrument design, and refers to the process of skill acquisition and the care of surgical instruments.