Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Time Amplifier Assisted Frequency-to-Digital Converter Based Digital Fractional-N PLL

This article presents a wide input-range delay chain based time amplifier (TA) and its application to a 6.5-GHz digital fractional-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase-locked loop (PLL). The TA includes a delay-averaging linearity enhancement technique and the PLL is based on an improved dual-mode ring oscillator (DMRO) delta-sigma (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) frequency-to-digital converter (FDC). The TA mitigates contributions to the PLL’s phase noise from DMRO flicker noise, which would otherwise degrade the PLL’s in-band phase noise, and from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> FDC quantization error, which would otherwise degrade the PLL’s phase noise at high bandwidth settings. This paper also presents a delay-free asynchronous DMRO phase sampling scheme, and the first experimental demonstration of a recently-proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> FDC digital gain calibration technique. The TA-assisted PLL achieves a random jitter of 145 fs<sub>rms</sub>, a total jitter that ranges from 151 to 270 fs<sub>rms</sub> as a result of fractional spurs, and a worst-case fractional spur of −49 dBc without requiring nonlinearity calibration.
Recurrent Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Small Intestine with Malignant Features: A Case Report of Uncommon Tumor and Review of the Literature

Gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors (GISTs), although rare, are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract. They comprise approximately 80% of all GI mesenchymal tumors and most commonly occur in the stomach and small bowel1. GISTs originate from interstitial cells of cajal (ICCs), mesenchymal cells located within the muscular layer of the GI tract, which generate electrical pacemaker activity for gut motility. These cells express the KIT protein on their cell surface, and GIST almost universally stain positive for the KIT protein by immunohistochemical staining. We present a case of this uncommon tumor and review the literature.
Fe b 20 20 Pairwise adaptive thermostats for improved accuracy and stability in dissipative particle dynamics

We examine the formulation and numerical treatment of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) and momentum-conserving molecular dynamics. We show that it is possible to improve both the accuracy and the stability of DPD by employing a pairwise adaptive Langevin thermostat that precisely matches the dynamical characteristics of DPD simulations (e.g., autocorrelation functions) while automatically correcting thermodynamic averages using a negative feedback loop. In the low friction regime, it is possible to replace DPD by a simpler momentum-conserving variant of the Nosé–Hoover–Langevin method based on thermostatting only pairwise interactions; we show that this method has an extra order of accuracy for an important class of observables (a superconvergence result), while also allowing larger timesteps than alternatives. All the methods mentioned in the article are easily implemented. Numerical experiments are performed in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium settings; using Lees–Edwards boundary conditions to induce shear flow.
Naturally occurring order-disorder duality in photonic structures of the Haliotis fulgens abalone shell

We experimentally realize the ordered and disordered photonic structures in a single system by taking advantage of the nacre structures in theHaliotis fulgens abalone shell. The nacre layers naturally contain different degrees of disorder in thickness, ranging from quasi-order to strong disorder. Using optical characterization, numerical simulation, and SEM image analysis, we show that such wide range of disorder strength affords a full account of the transformation of periodicity-induced wave transport into disorder-induced wave transport. We believe this unique biophotonic platform will be an object of interest for both fundamental and applied photonic researches in the field of disordered photonics. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
CONTRIBUTION OF PROLINE AND INORGANIC SOLUTES TO OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IN COTTON UNDER SALT STRESS

Physiological responses to salt stress were investigated in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars (Pora and Guazuncho) grown hydroponically under various concentrations of NaCl. Dry matter partitioning, plant water relations, mineral composition and proline content were studied. Proline and inorganic solutes were measured to determine their relative contribution to osmotic adjustment. Both leaf water potential (Ψw) and osmotic potential (Ψs)decreased in response to NaCl levels. Although Ψwand Ψs decreased during salt stress, pressure potential Ψp remained between 0.5 to 0.7 MPa in control and all NaCl treatments, even under 200 mol m−3 NaCl. Increased NaCl levels resulted in a significant decrease in root, shoot and leaf growth biomass. Root / shoot ratio increased in response to salt stress. The responses of both cultivars to NaCl stress were similar. Increasing salinity levels increased plant Na+ and Cl−. Potassium level remained stable in the leaves and decreased in the roots with increasing salinity. Salinity decreased Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in leaves but did not affect the root levels of these nutrients. The K/Na selectivity ratio was much greater in the saline treated plants than in the control plants. Osmotic adjustment of roots and leaves was predominantly due to Na+ and Cl− accumulation; the contribution of proline to the osmotic adjustment seemed to be less important in these cotton cultivars.
Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Studies on Oval Cells During Hepatic Carcinogenesis and Fibrosis in Rats

The development and proliferation of oval cells in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N- nitrosodiethylnitrosamine (NDEA) followed by carbon tetrachloride (CCl ) and in experimental hepatic fibrosis 4 induced by CCl were compared. Forty adult male Sprague-Daweley rats were subjected to two experiments: 1) 4 in hepatocarcinogenesis experiment, rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of NDEA (200 mg/kg body weight), then, weekly, with subcutaneous injections of CCl (3 ml/ kg body weight/week) for 6 weeks and; 4 2) in hepatic fibrosis experiment, rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CCl (2 ml/kg body weight) 4 twice weekly for 3 months. Oval cells in the liver were identified by light microscopy, immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 19 and electron microscopy. In the hepatocarcinogenesis model, there was massive proliferation of oval cells, originated from the periportal area, forming ductules in between hepatocytes. In ultrathin sections, stellate cells were adjacent to the ductules. The ductules were surrounded by prominent basement membrane. In hepatic the fibrosis model, few oval cells were limited to the periportal area and not extended to the hepatic parenchyma. In conclusion, oval cells proliferate more intensively with formation of ductules in the early stages of the hepatocarcinogenesis model while, limited oval cell proliferation was observed in hepatic fibrosis model.
Synthesis, Spectrothermal and Structural Characterization of Saccharinatobis(tris‐hydroxymethylaminomethane)zinc(II)saccharinate Complex, [Zn(sac)(tham)2](sac)

A novel ZnII complex of the saccharinate ligand (sac) with tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (tham) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, simultaneous TG and DTA techniques, and X-ray diffraction. The complex, [Zn(sac)(tham)2](sac), crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P21/c [a = 7.55954(3) A, b = 13.0532(6) A, c = 27.7777(10) A, β = 100.539(3)°, Z = 4]. The ZnII ion has a distorted octahedral coordination. The tham ligand has chemically different functions in the structure, acting as both bidentate and tridentate ligands. There are also sac moieties to act as N-bonded ligand and as a counter anion. The molecular packing of the complex is provided by moderate hydrogen bonds as well as π···π interactions between the sac moieties. The IR spectra and the thermal decomposition of the complex are also discussed.
Fabricating graphene oxide/poly(3-butylthiophene) hybrid materials with different morphologies and crystal structures

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) based hybrid materials with poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) having various morphologies and crystal structures are fabricated through different approaches. The first kind of GO/P3BT hybrid material was prepared by aging GO/P3BT mixture in o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) solvent, in which the P3BT molecules grow on GO surface and crystallize into semi-spherulites composed of nanoribbons. In this GO/P3BT hybrid material, P3BT crystals are in From II structure with a π-stacking distance of 0.47 nm and the P3BT nanoribbons with maximum width of 200 nm preferentially grow along the π-stacking direction. After thermal treatment, the GO/Form II P3BT hybrid material could be easily transformed into GO/Form I P3BT hybrid material with unchanged nanoribbon morphology but a modified π-stacking distance of 0.38 nm. If anisole is added to the fresh GO/P3BT solution in ODCB solvent, a third hybrid material, i.e., GO/P3BT nanowhiskers in Form I structure, was obtained. This work would be of benefit for the further understanding of P3BT crystallization behavior in the presence of GO and these hybrid materials would also provide potential platforms for further morphology-property study and crystal structure-property study on GO/conjugated polymer hybrid materials.
BEYOND AVATARS AND ARROWS 1 Beyond avatars and arrows : Testing the mentalizing and submentalizing hypotheses with a novel entity paradigm

In recent years, there has been a heated debate about how to interpret findings that seem to show that humans rapidly and automatically calculate the visual perspectives of others. In the current study, we investigated the question of whether automatic interference effects found in the dotperspective task (Samson, Apperly, Braithwaite, Andrews, & Bodley Scott, 2010) are the product of domain-specific perspective-taking processes or of domain-general “submentalizing” processes (Heyes, 2014). Previous attempts to address this question have done so by implementing inanimate controls, such as arrows, as stimuli. The rationale for this is that submentalizing processes that respond to directionality should be engaged by such stimuli, whereas domain-specific perspectivetaking mechanisms, if they exist, should not. These previous attempts have been limited, however, by the implied intentionality of the stimuli they have used (e.g. arrows), which may have invited participants to imbue them with perspectival agency. Drawing inspiration from “novel entity” paradigms from infant gaze-following research, we designed a version of the dot-perspective task that allowed us to precisely control whether a central stimulus was viewed as animate or inanimate. Across four experiments, we found no evidence that automatic “perspective-taking” effects in the dot-perspective task are modulated by beliefs about the animacy of the central stimulus. Our results also suggest that these effects may be due to the task-switching elements of the dot-perspective paradigm, rather than automatic directional orienting. Together, these results indicate that neither the perspective-taking nor the standard submentalizing interpretations of the dot-perspective task are fully correct.
Investigations on flowers extract for anthelmintic Calliandra haematocephala in-vitro activity

Herbal drugs, referred to as Botanical Medicine, are uses from plants for their important or medicinal value. An herb is a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, aromatic or savory qualities. Herbals contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1997). Anthelmintics are drug that used to destroy parasite worms (known as helminthes) from the human body. It has been expected that about half of the world's population suffers from helminthiasis and the quantity can be increases. It is not only poor to tropical and subtropical countries, but is also endemic in several regions because of poor hygiene, poor family hugiene malnutrition and crowed living condition (Kiritikar and Basu, 1999). Calliandra haematocephala, (family: Mimosaceae) due to its distinct appearance as that of powder puff, it is commonly known as red powder puff. It is a rambling shrub with height of 1.5-4 meters has branched pinnates and silky leaves. The red powder puff flowers are attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds but only appear during November-April (Kiritikar and Basu, 1999). The presence .
Silicon-based light emission after ion implantation

Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of boron and phosphorus implanted silicon have been studied as a function of temperature. Phosphorus implantation is found to have a similar effect on light emission as boron implantation. An increase of the band-to-band luminescence intensity by one order of magnitude is observed upon rising the temperature from 80 K to 300 K. Defect luminescence arising from the implanted layer is found only at low temperatures. The remarkable band-to-band luminescence is attributed to a high Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime caused by the gettering action of implantation defects.
Calculating the local nonequilibrium configurational entropy in quasi-one-dimensional heat conduction

In a quasi-one-dimensional (QOD) system the particles remain ordered from left to right allowing the association of a volume element to the particle which on average resides there. Thus the properties of that single particle give the local densities in the volume element. With reservoirs of different temperatures connected to each end of the system a steady heat current with an anomalous thermal conductivity results. The largest contribution to the local configurational entropy density is calculated from two-particle correlation functions which vary locally within the nonequilibrium system. This contribution to the local configurational entropy is calculated for a QOD system in a nonequilibrium steady state.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW BIS-IMIDAZOLYLPYRIDINES AS ANTCANCER AGENTS

The reaction of two equivalents of 5-acetylimidazole with one equivalent of aldehyde in acetic acid and ammonium acetate yielded 2,6-(bis-imidazol-5-yl)pyridine derivatives in a multicomponent reactions. The structures of all the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were screened for their activity against human breast cell line (MCF-7) comparable to doxorubicin and the results showed that most of such compounds exhibit considerable
Dimerization energetics of benzene and aromatic amino acid side chains

Interactions between aromatic side chains in protein crystal structures have been studied by geometric analysis and nonbonded interaction energy calculations, based on ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of dibenzene. Aromatic side chains in proteins pair with preferred centroid separations of between 3.4 and 6.5 A. Eighty-four percent of these aromatic pairs make enthalpically favorable edge-to-face interactions, which bring a delta(+) hydrogen atom of one aromatic ring near to the delta(-) . pi. -electron cloud of the other aromatic ring. The distribution of observed interaction geometries differs substantially from random and depends critically on the spatial arrangement of the two aromatic rings. These data demonstrate that the edge-to-face interaction of two aromatic side chains makes an enthalpic contribution of between -1 and -2 kcal/mol to the energy stabilization of a protein and does not arise solely as a function of packing constraints.
Everything you wanted to know about space radiation but were afraid to ask

Abstract The space radiation environment is a complex combination of fast-moving ions derived from all atomic species found in the periodic table. The energy spectrum of each ion species varies widely but is prominently in the range of 400–600 MeV/n. The large dynamic range in ion energy is difficult to simulate in ground-based radiobiology experiments. Most ground-based irradiations with mono-energetic beams of a single one ion species are delivered at comparatively high dose rates. In some cases, sequences of such beams are delivered with various ion species and energies to crudely approximate the complex space radiation environment. This approximation may cause profound experimental bias in processes such as biologic repair of radiation damage, which are known to have strong temporal dependencies. It is possible that this experimental bias leads to an over-prediction of risks of radiation effects that have not been observed in the astronaut cohort. None of the primary health risks presumably attributed to space radiation exposure, such as radiation carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease, cognitive deficits, etc., have been observed in astronaut or cosmonaut crews. This fundamentally and profoundly limits our understanding of the effects of GCR on humans and limits the development of effective radiation countermeasures.
Enhancing human bodies with extra robotic arms and fingers: The Neural Resource Allocation Problem

The emergence of robot-based body augmentation promises exciting innovations that will inform robotics, human-machine interaction, and wearable electronics. Even though augmentative devices like extra robotic arms and fingers in many ways build on restorative technologies, they introduce unique challenges for bidirectional human-machine collaboration. Can humans adapt and learn to operate a new limb collaboratively with their biological limbs without sacrificing their physical abilities? To successfully achieve robotic body augmentation, we need to ensure that by giving a person an additional (artificial) limb, we are not in fact trading off an existing (biological) one. In this manuscript, we introduce the “Neural Resource Allocation” problem, which distinguishes body augmentation from existing robotics paradigms such as teleoperation and prosthetics. We discuss how to allow the effective and effortless voluntary control of augmentative devices without compromising the voluntary control of the biological body. In reviewing the relevant literature on extra robotic fingers and limbs we critically assess the range of potential solutions available for the “Neural Resource Allocation” problem. For this purpose, we combine multiple perspectives from engineering and neuroscience with considerations from humanmachine interaction, sensory-motor integration, ethics and law. Altogether we aim to define common foundations and operating principles for the successful implementation of motor augmentation. I. Introducing robotic body augmentation and the neural resource allocation problem With robotic body augmentation we are witnessing the rise of a new class of robotic technologies, which are designed to resemble human limbs in their functionality while being integrated with the users’ physical abilities. Traditionally, such devices have been developed to substitute a missing or impaired body function, most famously bionic legs and arms for substitution of missing limbs (1, 2) or exoskeletons for restoring impaired movement (3). But in principle, from a system design perspective, once a functionality that approximately matches that of a body part can be implemented, the same technological foundation can be exploited for augmenting the sensory and motor capabilities of an able-bodied individual using extra robotic limbs. As such human body augmentation is no longer science fiction. From the engineering side, a whole spectrum of human
Probabilistic Analogical Mapping with Semantic Relation Networks

The human ability to flexibly reason using analogies with domain-general content depends on mechanisms for identifying relations between concepts, and for mapping concepts and their relations across analogs. Building on a recent model of how semantic relations can be learned from nonrelational word embeddings, we present a new computational model of mapping between two analogs. The model adopts a Bayesian framework for probabilistic graph matching, operating on semantic relation networks constructed from distributed representations of individual concepts and of relations between concepts. Through comparisons of model predictions with human performance in a novel mapping task requiring integration of multiple relations, as well as in several classic studies, we demonstrate that the model accounts for a broad range of phenomena involving analogical mapping by both adults and children. We also show the potential for extending the model to deal with analog retrieval. Our approach demonstrates that human-like analogical mapping can emerge from comparison mechanisms applied to rich semantic representations of individual concepts and relations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Ephemeral antibubbles: Spatiotemporal evolution from direct numerical simulations

Antibubbles, which consist of a shell of a low-density ﬂuid inside a high-density ﬂuid, have several promising applications. We show, via extensive direct numerical simulations (DNSs), in both two and three dimensions (2D and 3D), that the spatiotemporal evolution of antibubbles can be described naturally by the coupled Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes (CHNS) equations for a binary ﬂuid. Our DNSs capture elegantly the gravity-induced thinning and breakup of an antibubble via the time evolution of the Cahn-Hilliard scalar order parameter ﬁeld φ , which varies continuously across interfaces, so we do not have to enforce complicated boundary conditions at the moving antibubble interfaces. To ensure that our results are robust, we supplement our CHNS simulations with sharp-interface Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) DNSs. We track the thickness of the antibubble and calculate the dependence of the lifetime of an antibubble on several parameters; we show that our DNS results agree with various experimental results; in particular, the velocity with which the arms of the antibubble retract after breakup scales as σ 1 / 2 , where σ is the surface tension.
An Information-Theoretic Perspective on Successive Cancellation List Decoding and Polar Code Design

This work identifies information-theoretic quantities that are closely related to the required list size on average for successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding to implement maximum-likelihood decoding over general binary memoryless symmetric (BMS) channels. It also provides upper and lower bounds for these quantities that can be computed efficiently for very long codes. For the binary erasure channel (BEC), we provide a simple method to estimate the mean accurately via density evolution. The analysis shows how to modify, e.g., Reed-Muller codes, to improve the performance when practical list sizes, e.g., <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L\in {[{8, 1024}]}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, are adopted. Exemplary constructions with block lengths <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N\in \{128,512\}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> outperform polar codes of 5G over the binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel. It is further shown that there is a concentration around the mean of the logarithm of the required list size for sufficiently large block lengths, over discrete-output BMS channels. We provide the probability mass functions (p.m.f.s) of this logarithm, over the BEC, for a sequence of the modified RM codes with an increasing block length via simulations, which illustrate that the p.m. f.s concentrate around the estimated mean.