Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi of Defined Plots in the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria, 1975-1985

Changes in plant species composition over a 10 year period were measured by biennial counts of numbers and areas on seven quadrats at each of three sites; one site pathogen free, one in the process of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi and one diseased since 1970. Susceptible species died and field-resistant species increased. Partly susceptible species fluctuated in growth. The plant community changed from open forest with sclerophyllous understorey dominated by Xanthorrhoea australis to open forest with large gaps and sedge-dominated ground flora. Tree numbers increased by 25% on the pathogen-free site but decreased by 42.9 and 45.3% on the two infested sites. Susceptible shrub species increased 10% on pathogen-free quadrats but decreased in both numbers and diversity with infestation. The high percentage of bare ground on the old diseased site was gradually colonised by graminoids and legumes. At the end of the 10 year period P. cinnamomi could no longer be isolated from this site, tree crowns showed vigorous growth and seedlings of some susceptible species were observed. The epidemic caused by P. cinnamomi in the Brisbane Ranges may be finite, with peak death periods in 1979 for the invaded site and in 1972 for the old diseased site. The bare ground was later colonised by field-resistant species and the disease potential of the pathogen declined. Regeneration has commenced on the old diseased site and may eventually become complete for the tree stratum, but incomplete for the understorey because Xanthorrhoea australis, formerly dominant, has a very slow growth rate.
Beta diversity in relation to dispersal ability for vascular plants in North America

Aim To test the hypothesis that plant species with a higher dispersal ability have a lower beta diversity. Location North America north of Mexico. Method Propagules of pteridophytes (ferns and their allies) are more vagile than propagules of spermatophytes (gymnosperms and angiosperms), and thus pteridophytes have a higher dispersal ability than do spermatophytes. The study area was divided into 71 geographical units distributed in five latitudinal zones. Species lists of pteridophytes and spermatophytes were compiled for each geographical unit. Three measures of beta diversity were used: β sim , which is one minus the Simpson index of similarity, β slope , which is the slope of the relationship between Simpson index and geographical distance, and β 0.5-distance , which is the distance that halves the similarity from its initial value. Results Average β sim is higher for spermatophytes than for pteridophytes, regardless of whether the data are analysed for the whole continent or for latitudinal zones. Average β sim decreases with increasing latitude for both spermatophytes and pteridophytes. The difference in average β sim between the two plant groups increases with increasing latitude, indicating that beta diversity decreases with increasing latitude faster for pteridophytes than for spermatophytes. When the Simpson index is regressed against geographical distance, the regression slope ( β slope ) is steeper for spermatophytes than for pteridophytes, and the slope decreases with increasing latitude for both plant groups. Similarly, β 0.5-distance was shorter for spermatophytes than for pteridophytes in each latitudinal zone and increased with increasing latitude for both plant groups. The results of the analyses using the three different measures of beta diversity are consistent.
Biocontrol by Phenazine-1-carboxamide-Producing Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 of Tomato Root Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici

Seventy bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato were screened for antagonistic activity against the tomato foot and root rot-causing fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. One isolate, strain PCL1391, appeared to be an efficient colonizer of tomato roots and an excellent biocontrol strain in an F. oxysporum/tomato test system. Strain PCL1391 was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and further characterization showed that it produces a broad spectrum of antifungal factors (AFFs), including a hydrophobic compound, hydrogen cyanide, chitinase(s), and protease(s). Through mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the hydrophobic compound was identified as phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN). We have studied the production and action of this AFF both in vitro and in vivo. Using a PCL1391 transposon mutant, with a lux reporter gene inserted in the phenazine biosynthetic operon (phz), we showed that this phenazine biosynthetic mutant was substantially decreased in both in vitro antifungal activity and biocontrol activity. Moreover, with the same mutant it was shown that the phz biosynthetic operon is expressed in the tomato rhizosphere. Comparison of the biocontrol activity of the PCN-producing strain PCL1391 with those of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)producing strains P. fluorescens 2-79 and P. aureofaciens 30-84 showed that the PCN-producing strain is able to suppress disease in the tomato/F. oxysporum system, whereas the PCA-producing strains are not. Comparison of in vitro antifungal activity of PCN and PCA showed that the antifungal activity of PCN was at least 10 times higher at neutral pH, suggesting that this may contribute to the superior biocontrol performance of strain PCL1391 in the tomato/F. oxysporum system.
DARK SULFATE UPTAKE AND BACTERIAL PRODUCTIVITY IN A SUBALPINE LAKE

Dark uptake of 35SO4 was investigated as a possible method for estimating bacterial production rates in Castle Lake, California. Assuming a fixed cellular sulfur; carbon ratio, bacterial productivities determined in this manner ranged from 2.5 to 28 mg C°m. —3°day—1 in 48 in situ measurements in the summer of 1972. Average production rates increased throughout the sampling period and corresponded in part to increasing levels of dissolved organic carbon. Production rates were stimulated by addition of NH4Cl and vitamin B12 to water samples, but not by thiamine, biotin, SO4, NO3, PO4 or a trace metal mix. Further studies on the sulfur content of bacteria and the role of phytoplankton in SO4 uptake are required before dark 35SO4 uptake is used for routine field measurements. See full-text article at JSTOR
ACCRUALS ANOMALY: A SURVEY OF THEMETHODS USED TOMEASURE ACCRUALS

Through this paper I intend to bring to forefront a reexamination of the main methods and models used to determine accruals, in the accruals anomaly literature. The literature on accruals anomaly (Sloan, 1996) tests the theory that investors fixate on earnings in the process of establishing stock prices, failing to perceive the different persistence of accrual and cash flow components of earnings. Thus, accrual component of earnings is less persistent than cash flow component of earnings and higher accruals lead to abnormal low stock returns and vice versa. As this relation may indicate an improper use of accruals in forecasting future earnings, is imposed the understanding of the significance of the accruals. The interest in accruals arouse from the attempt of explaining earnings quality by using a broader definition of accruals. An important stream of research in this literature is the use of a proper measure of accruals. The central point of this research is based incisively on the Sloan (1996) definition. This assumes that accruals are changes in the current net operating assets. Further, other methods developed involve: aggregate change in current and non✂current net operating assets (Richardson, et al. 2005), cumulative accruals measure (Hirshleifer, et al. 2004) and change in net operating assets (Richardson et al. 2006a). The literature models these accruals in order to determine abnormal or discretionary accruals. Abnormal accruals are most often used in literature as a proxy for earnings management. Models used to estimate normal and abnormal levels of accruals start with Jones (1991) model and continue with modified Jones model, performance matched procedure (Kothari et al. 2005), Dechow and Dichev (2002) approach and discretionary estimation errors of Francis et al. (2005). The main purpose of this survey is to discuss the variations and the consequences of these methods and models in the literature of accruals anomaly. The proper understanding of accruals anomaly, considered by LaFond (2005) a general phenomenon, could improve investors` forecasting and lead to an increase in economic growth and development of capital markets.
Multi-modal Feature Fusion with Feature Attention for VATEX Captioning Challenge 2020

This report describes our model for VATEX Captioning Challenge 2020. First, to gather information from multiple domains, we extract motion, appearance, semantic and audio features. Then we design a feature attention module to attend on different feature when decoding. We apply two types of decoders, top-down and X-LAN and ensemble these models to get the final result. The proposed method outperforms official baseline with a significant gap. We achieve 76.0 CIDEr and 50.0 CIDEr on English and Chinese private test set. We rank 2nd on both English and Chinese private test leaderboard.
Path Sample-Analytic Gradient Estimators for Stochastic Binary Networks

In networks with binary activations and or binary weights the training by gradient descent is complicated as the model has piecewise constant response. We consider stochastic binary networks, obtained by adding noises in front of activations. The expected model response becomes a smooth function of parameters, its gradient is well defined but is challenging to estimate accurately. We propose a new method for this estimation problem combining sampling and analytic approximation steps. The method has a significantly reduced variance at the price of a small bias which gives a very practical tradeoff in comparison with existing unbiased and biased estimators. We further show that one extra linearization step leads to a deep straight-through estimator previously known only as an ad-hoc heuristic. We experimentally show higher accuracy in gradient estimation and demonstrate a more stable and better performing training in deep convolutional models with both proposed methods.
Roles of structural phenylpropanoids in forage cell wall digestion

Phenolic constituents (lignins and phenolic acids) and carbohydrates are assembled in a tight architecture which differs according to the plant species. During cell wall digestion, the hydrolysis kinetics differ between carbohydrates and seem to depend chiefly on the content and organisation of tissue phenolics. Among the phenylpropanoids, ferulic acid is released more quickly than p-coumaric acid. Lignins remain largely in the cell walls. They also undergo transformations, chiefly solubilisation as lignin-carbohydrate complexes. The limiting effect of lignins on cell wall degradation increases with increasing content. However, their effect on degradation might also depend on qualitative factors such as lignin structure and polymer organisation in walls and tissues. When various grasses (normal and selected genotypes), or grasses and legumes are compared, correlations between certain factors such as lignin uncondensed fraction, syringyl units or phenolic acids contents and cell wall degradation emerge but not clear causal relationship has been shown. Nonetheless, other structural characteristics, related to the alkali reactivity of lignins, seem to have a stronger influence on cell wall degradation. Phenylpropanoids seem to act mainly as a physical and (bio)chemical barrier to the action of the microbial enzymes. In addition, their reactivity as phenolic compounds and their hydrophobicity seem to play a role. Digestion is not limited only by phenolics. The factors that limit glycanolysis—the accessibility, crystallinity and capillary structure of cellulose and the branching of hemicelluloses—seem to have little or no effect on cell wall degradation in vivo. In contrast, other antiquality substances (tannins, cutin and silica), plant antomy, environmental factors, factors modulating microbial growth and animal physiology influence cell wall utilisation. Future research in this field should focus on the effects of phenolic structure and of cell wall and tissue organisation on carbohydrate degradation.
Responses of nine tropical grasses to nitrogen fertilizer under rain-grown conditions in south-eastern Queensland. 2. Concentrations and uptakes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant tops

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations were determined in plant tops harvested every four weeks from nine tropical grasses fertilized with nitrogen on ten occasions at eight week intervals. Nitrogen was applied at three rates-25, 50 and 100 kg/ha (N25, N50, N100)-on each occasion. Grasses were rain-grown without grazing at a site near Gympie with an average annual rainfall of 1160 mm. Overall, nitrogen concentration in the tops increased and potassium concentration decreased with increasing nitrogen application. Phosphorus concentrations were constant at N25 and N50, but were lower at N 100. Mean nitrogen concentration was highest at 2.4% in Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Whittet, and lowest at 1 . 9% in Chloris gayana cvv. Callide and Katambora, with intermediate concentrations occurring in Digitaria decumbens, Setaria sphacelata var. sericea cv. Narok, Panicum maximum cvv. Gatton and Makueni, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk and Paspalurn plicatulum cv. Bryan. Phosphorus concentration was highest in Whittet at 0.38% and lowest in Bryan at 0.25%. Potassium concentration was highest in Whittet at 2.53% and Narok at 2.29% and lowest in Katambora at 1 . 48%. The implications of these concentrations and calculated nutrient uptakes are discussed in relation to animal and plant nutrition.
ACCUMULATION OF FERREDOXIN AND FLAVODOXIN IN A MARINE DIATOM IN RESPONSE TO FE

Despite recognition that Fe availability is significant in regulating oceanic production in some regions, the biogeochemistry of this trace element is poorly understood. To complement contemporary methods of analytical chemistry, we have used an immunological approach to monitor the Fe nutrition of marine phytoplankton. In prokaryotes and numerous microalgae, the redox catalyst ferredoxin is functionally replaced by flavodoxin during periods of Fe deficiency. In this study, antibodies were raised against ferredoxin purified from a marine diatom, and their utility as a diagnostic indicator was assessed. A species survey demonstrated broad reactivity with both pennate and centric diatoms and additionally with several nondiatom taxa. In batch cultures of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, in which Fe levels were varied, accumulation of ferredoxin varied with the physiological state of the culture; in unimpaired cells (Fv/Fm≥ 0.65), ferredoxin levels were high, whereas levels dropped markedly in cells experiencing even slight photochemical impairment. Accumulation of flavodoxin varied inversely with that of ferredoxin. An experiment was performed to demonstrate the temporal pattern of accumulation of ferredoxin upon recovery from Fe limitation. Prior to Fe amendment, cells were physiologically impaired (chlorotic, Fv/Fm < 0.3) and contained flavodoxin but no detectable ferredoxin. Following addition of Fe, constraints on photochemistry were relaxed within hours. Coinciding with this, levels of flavodoxin declined, whereas ferredoxin was accumulated to high levels within 8 h.
Ratioing the President: An exploration of public engagement with Obama and Trump on Twitter

The past decade has witnessed a marked increase in the use of social media by politicians, most notably exemplified by the 45th President of the United States (POTUS), Donald Trump. On Twitter, POTUS messages consistently attract high levels of engagement as measured by likes, retweets, and replies. Here, we quantify the balance of these activities, also known as “ratios”, and study their dynamics as a proxy for collective political engagement in response to presidential communications. We find that raw activity counts increase during the period leading up to the 2016 election, accompanied by a regime change in the ratio of retweets-to-replies connected to the transition between campaigning and governing. For the Trump account, we find words related to fake news and the Mueller inquiry are more common in tweets with a high number of replies relative to retweets. Finally, we find that Barack Obama consistently received a higher retweet-to-reply ratio than Donald Trump. These results suggest Trump’s Twitter posts are more often controversial and subject to enduring engagement as a given news cycle unfolds.
Multiyear destratification study of an urban, temperate climate, eutrophic lake

Abstract Hanson D, Austin D. 2012. Multiyear destratification study of an urban, temperate climate, eutrophic lake. Lake Reserv Manage. 28: 107-119. An aeration system for destratification has been in operation since 1973 at Sweeney Lake, an urban, eutrophic lake near Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Water quality data are available for 19 of the 39 years, 1972–2010. Growing season (Apr–Oct) aeration was turned off in 2007–2008 to evaluate the effect of destratification on water quality. Aeration never achieved the Lorenzen and Fast (LF) complete destratification airflow criterion of 9.2 m3/min/km2. When aeration was at 51% LF, hypoxia (DO < 2.0 mg/L) occurred June–August at the lake bottom. When airflow increased to 65% LF, bottom water hypoxia was restricted to 4 weeks in late July–August. There were no systematically significant differences (p > 0.05) in median Secchi disk depths, chlorophyll a concentrations, or surface total phosphorus (TP) concentrations between destratified and stratified lake conditions, but interannual variability linked to other influences, including partial stratification and stormwater inputs, limits statistical power. The median April–October lake TP mass of 67 kg in 2007–2008 (stratified conditions) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than the 44 kg median mass in1998–2005 and 2009 (destratified conditions). Destratification can suppress internal phosphorus loading when properly applied.
La détermination sexuelle des séries archéologiques : la validité de certains caractères osseux «extra-coxaux»

Resume. — L'objectif est d'apprecier la valeur de certains caracteres sexuels secondaires «extra-coxaux» afin de pouvoir augmenter l'effectif des sujets sexues dans un echantillon archeologique. Notre serie de reference est constitue de 326 adultes dates des IVe- Ve siecles apres J.C. Pour cela nous avons, dans un premier temps, compare les resultats fournis par l'os coxal a ceux du crâne, de la mandibule et du femur. Le caractere sexuel le plus discriminant s'est avere etre le developpement de la tete femorale avec 87,8 % de reussite. Dans un second temps, afin d'evaluer la part de subjectivite liee a l'observation des caracteres scopiques, nous avons entrepris des analyses discriminantes combinant certaines dimensions du femur. La meilleure combinaison est celle ou les diametres de la tete femorale etaient associes au diametre sous-trochanterien antero-posterieur. Le pourcentage de reussite, de 88 %, a corrobore les resultats de l'analyse morphologique. Outre la definition du dimorphisme sexuel specifique de cette population, l'interet de ce travail reside surtout dans les methodes d'investigation mises en œuvre pour effectuer ce type d'analyses. Ainsi, il apparait que les formules et valeurs discriminantes citees dans la litterature ne doivent pas etre tenues pour universelles. En effet, il est nettement preferable de comparer les resultats de l'os coxal a ceux d'autres caracteres «extra-coxaux» afin de determiner les valeurs discriminantes propres a chaque serie.
Native Florida Crustacean Predators’ Preferences Regarding the Non-Indigenous Green Mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758)

The invasive green mussel, Perna viridis, was first reported in Tampa Bay, on the west coast of Florida, in 1999 (Benson et al. 2001; Ingrao et al. 2001). To qualitatively assess whether native predators, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus and the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus, could be a source of significant green mussel mortality, we addressed the following questions using multiple-choice experiments: (1) Will native crustacean predators prey on P. viridis? and, (2) Will these predators prefer native bivalves over P. viridis? Predators were simultaneously offered equal numbers of three bivalve prey: P. viridis, eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria. Consumption was recorded for 13 days. P. argus did not consume any P. viridis during the experiment, although green mussel shells showed evidence of chipping along the posterior margin. C. sapidus specimens consumed fifteen P. viridis by the final day of the experiment. Although the crabs consumed more than twice as many green mussels as hard clams or oysters, prey species had no statistically significant effect on number consumed (p = 0.2067). We found that (i) only blue crabs consumed non-indigenous P. viridis; spiny lobsters did not eat any, (ii) the number of green mussels consumed by blue crabs increased with exposure time, and (iii) blue crabs and spiny lobsters differed in their modes of prey handling.
Population differentiation in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata): patterns and problems

Populations of the guppy, Poecilia reficulata, in N. Trinidad exhibit marked population differentiation in allozyme frequencies. Here we investigate six further populations electrophoretically at 25 enzyme-coding loci to examine patterns in geographical structuring, genotypic distributions and genetic diversity. With one exception, possibly related to an experimental introduction, populations divided broadly (dendrogram of Nei's mean genetic identity, Ī) in accordance with proposed ancestral colonization. Most populations were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, though some significant deficits in heterozygotes were detected. Incorporating information from published data, markedly hjgher levels of genetic diversity (mean observed heterozygosity, Ho) were recorded in lowland [Ho= 0.0382 ± k0406 (s.e.), n= 9] compared with upstream populations [Ho= 0.0112 ± 00034 (S.E.), n = 9]. Patterns are discussed in relation to historical and present-day evolutionary forces.
A 20-Nucleotide (A + U)-rich Element of β2-Adrenergic Receptor (β2AR) mRNA Mediates Binding to β2AR-binding Protein and Is Obligate for Agonist-induced Destabilization of Receptor mRNA*

The Mr 35,000 β-adrenergic receptor mRNA-binding protein, termed βARB protein, is induced by β-adrenergic agonists and binds to β2-receptor mRNAs that display agonist-induced destabilization. A cognate sequence in the mRNA was identified previously that provides for βARB protein binding in vitro. In the present work, the sequence established in vitro for binding of βARB protein to hamster β2-adrenergic receptor mRNA was probed in vivo by site-directed mutagenesis of the 3′-untranslated region and expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A 20-nucleotide, (A + U)-rich region in the 3′-untranslated region consisting of an AUUUUA hexamer flanked by defined U-rich regions constitutes the binding domain for βARB protein. U to G substitution in the hexamer region attenuates the binding of βARB protein, whereas U to G substitution of hexamer and flanking U-rich domains abolishes binding of βARB protein and stabilizes β2-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in transfectant clones challenged with either isoproterenol or cyclic AMP. These results demonstrate that binding of βARB protein to the 20-nucleotide, (A + U)-rich domain mediates the agonist and cyclic AMP-induced mRNA decay of G protein-linked receptors, such as the β2-adrenergic receptor.