Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Drives Capital Flows to Emerging Markets? A Survey of the Empirical Literature

This paper reviews the rapidly growing empirical literature on the drivers of capital flows to emerging markets. The empirical evidence is structured based on the recognition that the drivers of capital flows vary over time and across different types of capital flows. The drivers are classified using the traditional “push vs. pull” framework, which is augmented by a distinction between cyclical and structural factors. Push factors are found to matter most for portfolio flows, somewhat less for banking flows, and least for FDI. Pull factors matter for all three components, but most for banking flows. A historical perspective suggests that the recent literature may have overemphasized the importance of cyclical factors at the expense of longer-term structural trends.
Electron Bremsstrahlung Hard X-Ray Spectra, Electron Distributions, and Energetics in the 2002 July 23 Solar Flare

We present and analyze the first high-resolution hard X-ray spectra from a solar flare observed in both X-ray/γ-ray continuum and γ-ray lines. Spatially integrated photon flux spectra obtained by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) are well fitted between 10 and 300 keV by the combination of an isothermal component and a double power law. The flare plasma temperature peaks at 40 MK around the time of peak hard X-ray emission and remains above 20 MK 37 minutes later. We derive the nonthermal mean electron flux distribution in one time interval by directly fitting the RHESSI X-ray spectrum with the thin-target bremsstrahlung from a double-power-law electron distribution with a low-energy cutoff. We find that relativistic effects significantly impact the bremsstrahlung spectrum above 100 keV and, therefore, the deduced mean electron flux distribution. We derive the evolution of the injected electron flux distribution on the assumption that the emission is thick-target bremsstrahlung. The injected nonthermal electrons are well described throughout the flare by a double-power-law distribution with a low-energy cutoff that is typically between 20 and 40 keV. We find that the power in nonthermal electrons peaks before the impulsive rise of the hard X-ray and γ-ray emissions. We compare the energy contained in the nonthermal electrons with the energy content of the thermal flare plasma observed by RHESSI and GOES. The minimum total energy deposited into the flare plasma by nonthermal electrons, 2.6 × 1031 ergs, is on the order of the energy in the thermal plasma.
Semi-parametric Duration Analysis of Retirement Decisions for the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan*

This paper studies the determinants of retirement behaviours by a semi-parametric duration analysis. The data used is from the 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status (SHLS) of the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan. The principal results show elderly workers, workers with higher earnings, or workers with other assets would have a lower hazard rate and retire later than otherwise. Moreover, female workers, Mainlander workers, workers with primary education, or those who live in urban areas would have a higher hazard rate and retire earlier than otherwise. Finally, workers with more savings or workers with eligible pension benefits also have a higher hazard rate and retire earlier than otherwise.
LONG VANADIUM PENTOXIDE/POLYANILINE COMPOSITE TAPE WITH ALIGNED INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY

This paper describes an inorganic/organic composite with controlled internal morphology fabricated in a microfluidic channel. Surprisingly, the obtained composite shows macroscopic tape-morphology attributed to its nanoscopic structures. The structure consists of a metal oxide, vanadium pentoxide and a conductive polymer, polyaniline (Figure 1). We found that the composite tape-structure includes aligned internal morphology; nanofibers are aligned along the long-axis of the tape. By virtue of its aligned internal morphology, electrical conductivity along the long-axis was as high as 5 S m -1 , which was 65 times higher than that along the short-axis.
Novel MT/MPO Single-Mode Multifiber Connector Technologies for Optical Fiber Communications

This chapter reports the latest mechanically transferable (MT) and multifiber push-on (MPO) multifiber connector technologies. Low insertion-loss and high return-loss angled physical contact (APC)-MPO single-mode multifiber connectors are developed. For these multifiber connectors to achieve a high performance, it is necessary to reduce deviations of all components and to control fiber offset due to shear force caused by compressing two obliquely ended MT ferrules. MT single-mode 84-fiber connectors are developed to realize higher density multifiber connectors. We have developed a novel high-density optical cable joint that has a 24-connector array consisting of new 84-fiber MT connectors. The new cable joining technique significantly shortens the time needed to join the optical fiber cables. Novel optical fiber switches are developed on the basis of MT multifiber connector technology. The switches use a manual guide-pin slide method in special guide holes in a novel multifiber array. Because high precision multifiber connectors need to be measured and inspected, a new inspection technique for MT ferrules is developed and equipment for it is fabricated. The fabricated inspection equipment can measure MT ferrules with high speed, cost effectiveness, and high accuracy. These single-mode multifiber connectors can be used as key technologies for advanced optical fiber communication systems.
The Depth Map Construction from a 3D Point Cloud

A depth map transforms 3D points into a 2D image and gives a different view of an observed scene. This paper deals with a depth map construction. It describes the whole process, how to transform any 3D point cloud into a 2D depth map. The described method uses 3D rotation matrixes and the line equation. This process allows to create the desired view from arbitrary point and rotation in an exploration space. Using of a depth map allows to apply image processing methods on depth data to get additional information about an ambient space.
Mapping neural networks linked to a higher olfactory center in a model brain

The sense of smell provides important information about the surrounding environment, affecting a diverse set of behaviors in a wide range of animals. As a vital sense being importantly interconnected with learning and memory, olfaction has a profound impact on the life of many animals, humans included. The organization of the olfactory pathway shows many striking similarities across phyla, opening the possibility for studying general sensory principles using model organisms. With its advanced sense of smell and a relatively simple nervous system, the moth is a favorable model organism, having provided insight in several issues concerning chemosensory mechanisms. While the initial levels of the olfactory pathway have been relatively well explored, the higher levels are still poorly understood. The present study is the first to investigate neuronal networks connected to a higher olfactory center in heliothine moths, using a mass staining technique. Thus, by applying fluorescent dye into the lateral horn, distinct regions being directly connected with this neuropil were labeled both in the ipsiand contralateral hemisphere. In addition to complementing previous studies, particular networks not previously described were characterized. The identification of a new contralateral antennal-lobe tract is considered to be of particular interest. Table of contents Introduction . 1 Similarities in the anatomical organization of olfactory pathways across different phyla . 1 Anatomical organization of the human olfactory pathway . 2 Peripheral pathways: The olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons . 2 The olfactory bulb . 4 The primary olfactory cortex . 4 Anatomical organization of the moth olfactory pathway . 5 Peripheral pathways: The antennae and the olfactory sensory neurons . 5 The primary olfactory center: the antennal-lobe . 6 The antennal-lobe pathways . 7 Higher olfactory centers: The calyces and the lateral horn . 8 Main aim of the thesis . 11 Materials and methods . 12 The insects . 12 Ethical considerations . 12 Selection of fluorescent dyes . 12 Preparation of the insects . 13 Staining of the lateral horn . 14 Dissection and fixation . 15 Visualization of stained processes using a confocal laser scanning microscope . 15 Intensification of brains . 16 Data analysis and image processing . 16 Results . 17 Cataloguing . 17 Overview of the labeled neuronal networks in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere . 17 Labeling of contralateral AL PNs passing along a distinct tract . 17 Projection pattern of commissures connecting the LHs in the two hemispheres . 18 Staining of the ipsilateral ALTs . 19 Labeling of the ipsilateral AL . 19 Staining of the calyces in the two hemispheres . 20 Figures . 21 Discussion . 35 Brief summary of the results . 35 Identification of two commissures connecting the LHs in the two hemispheres . 36 Contralateral connection between the LPOG and the LH . 37 Identification of a new contralateral tract. 38 Methodological considerations . 39 Conclusions . 41 Abbreviations . 42 References . 43 Appendix . I
Cross-shelf patterns in the community structure of coral- dwelling Crustacea in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. I: Agile shrimps

In a 4 yr study the aglle shrimp fauna associated wlth live and dead Poallopora verrucosa was sampled systematically from isolated coral heads placed at leeward and w n d w a r d zones of 1 inner shelf reef, 3 mld-shelf reefs and 1 outer shelf reef in the central reglon of the Great Barrier Reef A total of 165 p a s of hve coral heads and 720 pairs of dead coral heads were sampled There were pronounced cross-shelf patterns in species abundances and distributions and consistent patterns of habltat association Live and dead corals from each of the mid-shelf reefs yielded significantly greater numbers of aglle shnmps than similar sized corals from the Inner shelf reef or the outer shelf reef On all reefs the shrimp fauna on live corals was dominated by a single specles However there was regional vanation in the response of live coral associates to disturbance By contrast the shnmp fauna associated with dead corals showed a more even distnbution of lndivlduals among species and a more regular pattern of reglonal species replenishment The dead coral fauna from the lnner shelf reef was distinctly different from that found on the other reefs Within reefs ddferences in exposure of sites generally had little effect on species composition or abundance Abiohc and biotic factors that may sustain the observed crossshelf patterns in species abundances and distribubons are &scussed
A Useful Framework for Identification and Analysis of Different Query Expansion Approaches based on the Candidate Expansion Terms Extraction Methods

Query expansion is a method for improving retrieval performance by supplementing an original query with additional terms. This process improves the quality of search engine results and helps users to find the required information. In the recent years, different methods have been proposed in this area. In addition to such a variety of different approaches in this area and necessity of the study of their characteristics, the lack of a comprehensive classification based on candidate expansion terms extraction methods and also suitable and complete criteria to evaluate them, make the precise study, comparison and evaluation of methods for query expansion and choosing appropriate method based on need difficult for researchers. Therefore, in this paper a new useful framework is presented. In the proposed framework, in addition to the identification of three basic approaches based on the candidate expansion terms extraction methods for query expansion and expressing their properties, appropriate criteria for qualitative evaluation of these methods will be described. Next, the proposed approaches will be evaluated qualitatively based on these criteria. Using the systematic and structured framework proposed in this paper leads a useful platform for researchers to be provided for the comparative study of existing methods in the field, investigating their features specially their drawbacks to improve them and choosing appropriate method based on their needs.
Studies for Type-I, type-II and Type-III Intermittencies.

There are several topics in fluid mechanics where the intermittency phenomenon appears, such as in Lorenz systems, Rayleigh-Benard convection, DNLS equation and turbulence. The correct evaluation of the intermittency phenomenon contributes to a better prediction and a proper description of these topics. We summarized here a new method we have recently proposed to evaluate the reinjection probability function for type-II and type-III intermittencies. The new reinjection probability density (RPD) has been observed in the broad class of maps, as we have checked by both numerical simulations and analytical studies. For type-II and type-III intermittencies, we presented a new one-parameter family of functions describing the reinjection probability, being the usual type-II uniform reinjection probability a particular case of our RPD. For the type-III case, a new two-parameter family of RPD has been found from which one can derive the lower bound of reinjection (LBR). By extending the preceding analysis of type-II and type-III intermittencies, we give here a new RPD for the type-I case, from which we also derive the densities of the laminar phase lengths and the new characteristic relations.
High-Throughput Strategies for the Scalable Generation of RNA Component Functions

Engineered biological systems hold great promise in providing solutions to many global challenges, including environmental remediation, sustainability, scalable manufacturing, and health and medicine. Synthetic biology is an emerging research field with a primary goal of making the engineering of biology more streamlined and reliable. Recent advances in synthetic RNA biology have led to design of RNA-based gene-regulatory devices from assembly of functional RNA components that encode more basic functions, including sensing, information transmission, and actuation functions. These synthetic RNA control devices allow access and control information on cellular state, thereby advancing our ability to interact with and program biology. A modular ribozyme device platform was recently described to link an aptamer (sensor) to a hammerhead ribozyme (actuator) through a distinct sequence (information transmitter) capable of a strand-displacement event. The utilization of ribozyme as the actuator in the platform, whose mechanism of action is independent of cell-specific machinery, allows transport of the resultant devices to in vitro or different cellular environments. The broad implementation of these devices requires enabling technologies to support efficient generation of new functional RNA components and quantitative tailoring of device regulatory performance for specific cellular applications. Current component generation and device tailoring strategies are limited in their throughputs and efficiencies, and thus have hampered our ability to generate new ribozyme devices for cellular engineering applications. To support scalable generation and tailoring of ribozyme devices, we have described high-throughput in vitro selection and in vivo screening strategies based on the modular ribozyme device platform. We proposed a high-throughput solution-based in vitro selection strategy to generate new sensing functions within the device platform. A high-throughput and quantitative two-color FACS-based screening strategy was developed to complement the in vitro selection strategy by allowing efficient tailoring of device regulatory activities in the cellular environments. We further developed quantitative assays based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology to allow rapid measurements of the device and component activities. Together, these enabling strategies will offer a scalable and integrated process for the construction and programming of RNA control devices for broad cellular engineering applications, thus laying an important foundation for engineering more complex biological systems.
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTERS IN UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE STATIONS OF TEHRAN SUBWAY SYSTEM

Introduction: Air pollution in closed environments like underground subway stations has many severe effects on human health. This study was performed to investigate the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the air of platforms, office areas, and adjacent outdoor air of two stations in Tehran subway system. Materials and Methods: Sampling was conducted in April to September 2011 using a portable GRIMM dust monitor. Samples were taken from indoor air at each station from platform and ticket office area also from adjacent outdoor air of each station. Results : The concentrations of PM10 ranged from 33 μg/m3 at the office area of Imam Khomeini station to 160 μg/m3 at the outdoor air of Sadeghiye station. The PM2.5 concentrations varied from 10.9 to 97.7 μg/m3. Based on results of regression analysis the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the platform of Sadegiye station are strongly associated with adjacent outdoor levels (R2 =0.77 and 0.67 respectively), while PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the platform of Imam Khomeini are less influenced by adjacent outdoor levels (R2 =0.36 and 0.4 respectively). Spearman’s correlations were high for both platform PM2.5 and PM10, since the outdoor/indoor coefficient of PM2.5 was 0.58, whereas PM10outdoor/ PM10indoor coefficient was 0.62, indicating an important influence of outdoor particles introduced through the ventilation systems and by passengers. Conclusions: Results showed that there was a strong correlation between PM concentrations at platform of Sadegiye station (surface station) and outdoor air representing air quality in the platform of this station influenced by outdoor air.
When a New Platform Enters a Market, What Is the Impact on Incumbents?

Increasingly, digital platforms are being introduced into existing markets to complement product customization, digitization, the embedding of software into existing business activities, the Internet of Things, and the ubiquitous availability of the Internet (Tiwana, 2014). Indeed, most companies with a large market capitalization, such as Apple and Alphabet, run platform business models (Parker et al., 2016). These business models are often eliminating existing market entry barriers and, due to unleashing network effects, are changing the existing business environment as well as the competition in these markets as a result of rapid growth (Choudary, 2015; Tiwana, 2014). Some impacts of a platform’s market entry on established companies are known based on case studies. However, there is no general understanding of these effects in current literature and practice.
Impact of limited short-term sea scallop fishery on epibenthic community of Georges Bank closed areas

On Georges Bank, 2 areas that had been closed to sea scallop fishing since 1994 were opened for a limited harvest from August 2000 to February 2001. The effects of this limited short-term fishery on the epibenthic community were examined using a 'before/after, control/impact' environ- mental design conducted with video surveys. A centric systematic survey with 1379 stations placed on a 1.57 km grid, with 4 video quadrats collected at each station (3.235 m 2 per quadrat equaling 17789 m 2 total sample area), was completed in 2 control and 2 impact areas before and after the fish- ery. The sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus and starfishes (primarily Asterias vulgaris) comprised more than 84% of the fauna. Changes in the number of taxonomic categories and the density of indi- viduals within each category in the areas impacted by the fishery were similar to changes in the con- trol areas that remained closed to fishing. Further, sediment composition shifted between surveys more than epibenthic faunal composition, suggesting that this community is adapted to a dynamic environment. The limited short-term sea scallop fishery on Georges Bank appeared to alter the epibenthic community less than the natural dynamic environmental conditions.
The formation of relativistic plasma structures and their potential role in the generation of cosmic ray electrons

Abstract. Recent particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation studies have addressed particle acceleration and magnetic field generation in relativistic astrophysical flows by plasma phase space structures. We discuss the astrophysical environments such as the jets of compact objects, and we give an overview of the global PIC simulations of shocks. These reveal several types of phase space structures, which are relevant for the energy dissipation. These structures are typically coupled in shocks, but we choose to consider them here in an isolated form. Three structures are reviewed. (1) Simulations of interpenetrating or colliding plasma clouds can trigger filamentation instabilities, while simulations of thermally anisotropic plasmas observe the Weibel instability. Both transform a spatially uniform plasma into current filaments. These filament structures cause the growth of the magnetic fields. (2) The development of a modified two-stream instability is discussed. It saturates first by the formation of electron phase space holes. The relativistic electron clouds modulate the ion beam and a secondary, spatially localized electrostatic instability grows, which saturates by forming a relativistic ion phase space hole. It accelerates electrons to ultra-relativistic speeds. (3) A simulation is also revised, in which two clouds of an electron-ion plasma collide at the speed 0.9c. The inequal densities of both clouds and a magnetic field that is oblique to the collision velocity vector result in waves with a mixed electrostatic and electromagnetic polarity. The waves give rise to growing corkscrew distributions in the electrons and ions that establish an equipartition between the electron, the ion and the magnetic energy. The filament-, phase space hole- and corkscrew structures are discussed with respect to electron acceleration and magnetic field generation.