Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber

Abstract. Air pollution is particularly severe in developing megacities, such as Beijing, where vehicles equipped with modern gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) engines are becoming one of major sources of the pollution. This study presents the characteristics of individual particles emitted by a GDI vehicle and their ageing in a smog chamber under the Beijing urban environment, as part of the Atmospheric Pollution & Human Health (APHH) research programme. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified the particles emitted from a commercial GDI-engine vehicle running under various conditions, namely cold-start, hot-start, hot stabilized running, idle, and acceleration states. Our results showed that most of the particles were organic, soot, and Ca-rich ones, with small quantities of S-rich and metal-containing particles. In terms of particle size, the particles exhibited a bimodal distribution in number vs size, with one mode at 800–900 nm and the other at 140–240 nm. The numbers of organic particles emitted under hot-start and hot stabilized states were higher than those emitted under other conditions. The number of soot particles was higher under cold-start and acceleration states. Under the idle state, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was highest, although their absolute number was low. In addition to quantifying the types of particles emitted by the engine, we studied the ageing of the particles during 3.5 h of photochemical oxidation in an environmental chamber under the Beijing urban environment. Ageing transformed soot particles into core–shell structures, coated by secondary organic species, while the content of sulfur in Ca-rich and organic particles increased. Overall, the majority of particles from GDI-engine vehicles were organic and soot particles with submicron or nanometric size. The particles were highly reactive; they reacted in the atmosphere and changed their morphology and composition within hours via catalysed acidification that involved gaseous pollutants at high pollution levels in Beijing. Highlights. GDI-engine vehicles emitted a large amount of both primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Higher numbers of organic particles were emitted under hot stabilized running and hot-start states. Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol formed on the surface of primary particles after ageing. Particles aged rapidly by catalysed acidification under high pollution levels in Beijing.
Augmentation of pre-mixing process of combustion

A method of pre-mixing process augmentation for fuel combustion using dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) is presented. The mixing process of fuel and air can be augmented by the edge electric field of the electrodes because its transverse component will exert an electric force on the charge particles generated by DBD. The experimental results show that the combustion can be drastically influenced by this augmentation of pre-mixing process. A hollow flame caused by non-sufficient mixing, in which the air flow velocity is much larger than that of fuel gas, is used to demonstrate this kind of augmentation effects. Once the discharge is ignited, the hollow region in flame will gradually disappear. And further, the flame can propagate backward into the quartz tube. In this paper, the dependences of this kind of augmentation on the applied voltage magnitude and on the distance d from the electrodes to mixing region are examined. The critical voltages for hollow elimination and onset of backward propagation of flame are measured. The augmentation effects will vanish once the value of d exceeds 2cm, the hollow flame can not be changed even the applied voltage is very high.
Awareness and Knowledge of Congenital Infections (TORCH) among Women and Health Care Providers in Al Taif Area Saudi Arabia

Background: Women should be aware of preventive measures against congenital infections transmitted from mother to the embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the awareness of vertically transmitted infections (TORCH) among health care providers, female students in Taif University, and women of reproductive age. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on a convenient sample of 100 women of reproductive age; 139 female students of Taif university, and 96 health care providers at a primary health care clinic in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data on the women and students’ knowledge of vertically transmitted infections (TORCH). Health care providers were asked about the laboratory tests for serological detection of early infection with the vertically transmitted organisms. Results: About 87% and 71% of students and mothers respectively, did not know that congenital infections are contagious, and 57.46% and 75% of them did not know that congenital infections can cause congenital anomalies. Both students and mothers with college level of education had a significant higher percentage of those who had satisfactory knowledge. The most common source of the students’ information about congenital infection was the media, parents and friends (32.37%) and for mothers, it was the media (65%) then the Gynecologists / Obstetricians. Conclusion: The deficient knowledge of studied females regarding congenital infections observed in this study calls for health education programs on congenital infections to be directed toward female students and women in the reproductive age. about.
Tips To Improve the Nutritional Habits of Kids\ in Hail City

Background:Many researchers found that the actual snacks served in child-care centers are foods of low nutritional value (e.g., cookies, chips). kids aren’t born with a craving for unhealthy food and adis-like ofvegetables and fruits. This conditioning happens over time as kids are exposed to more and more unhealthy food choices. To encourage healthy eating habits, the challenge is to make nutritious choices appealing. Following the proper healthy nutritional tips can dramatically support a child’s healthy growth and development into adulthood. Objectives:The main objective of this study is to investigate the tips that used by the parents in Hail to improve their kids’ nutritional status, andto investigate the general nutritional habits of kids in Hail city. Material and methods:Questionnaires have been distributed to 325 parents in hail city all parents asked to fill them google drive. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and EXCEL software. Results:Most of the kids’ samples tested on this study are mainly consumed an empty calories’ snacks (biscuit and chocolate) with low nutritional value andalso, they do not consume the fresh fruits and vegetables in regular base. In addition, about half of them are not doing any kind of physical activity to overcome the previous problem some parents, follow some tips to improve their kid’s nutritional status. In this study, the parents’ education level was varied. However, we found that there is no significant effect of parents’ education in the type of snacks, consuming vegetables and fruits and kids’ physical activity. Conclusion:Among the nutritional tips that parents usually use, they found that the most tips that effectively improve the quality of their kids’ dietary intake, were: prepare the food in attractive way, let the kids cook with them, and the last tip was give them supplement or vitamins with extremely picky children -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 17-03-2018 Date of acceptance: 02-04-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Managing Parties’ Conflicts in Negotiation: The Trust-Based Corollary

Conflict negotiation at work has taken some serious intractable dimension to such an extent that even when one grievance bargaining scenario is resolves, another emerges. It thus becomes the concern of this study to examine the critical involvement of trust as compelling factor in managing parties conflict in workplace negotiations. To address this, 10 and private sectors organizations were sampled from Bayelsa and Rivers State in Nigeria. Using the institutional unit of analysis, 82 responses drawn from the 10 sample organizations provided data which were analysed using SPSS version 15 and result showed that trust is significantly related to the success of negotiation between parties in disputes. It is therefore concluded that organizational trust which becomes the expectant in the outcome of parties’ negotiation should be pursued with utmost vigour and enshrined in the culture of the organizations.
One Decade Later

There was little reason to think in 1990 that secession might turn out to be an important topic. Since Secession and Self-Determination was published in The Yale Journal ofInternational Law, however, the Baltic states left the Soviet Union and the rest of the Soviet Union crumbled. Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia fractured. Eritrea asserted its independence from Ethiopia after military success and then a democratic referendum. Quebec's separatist aspirations from Canada became front page news (along with the comparable aspirations of various of the indigenous peoples of Quebec). East Timor succeeded in its drive for independence. Prior to 1990, the only successful separatist movement had been in Pakistan, where East Pakistan had left to become Bangladesh. Other separatist movements, such as Biafra's war for independence, had failed completely. The events of the last decade have by and large borne out the analysis offered in that article. The thesis there was that what makes a separatist movement's claim to independence convincing is the possession of an historical claim that its territory was wrongfully annexed. Secession, I argued, is correctly understood as an appropriate remedy for prior illegal annexation. This analysis was vindicated by the fact that rationales for the successful separatist movements ofthe 1990s were all articulated in the same terms. In this respect, the new wave of secessions can be understood as analogous to the earlier wave of decolonizations in the 1950s and 1960s. That wave of decolonizations was powered by the modem acknowledgment that earlier colonial annexations had been morally indefensible. The 1990s showed that the principle that annexation of some other group's territory is wrongful is not limited to what was known as "salt water colonialism," meaning colonial empires that stretched overseas. Whether a conquered territory is treated as a
Experimental Evidence on Tax Compliance and Voluntary Public Good Provision

205 National Tax Journal Vol. LXI, No. 2 June 2008 Abstract Existing experimental literature on tax compliance and crowding–out examines either the incentive to evade tax or the incentive to give, but not both. This paper provides an experimental examination of the behavior of tax evasion and voluntary contributions when both publicly and privately provided public goods are present. The experimental evidence suggests that the privately provided public good is a substitute for the publicly provided public good, but the converse does not hold, and that the level of compliance may be underestimated, ceteris paribus, if private contributions are not taken into account.
INTELLIGENT WORKCELL ROBOT SYSTEM IN MANUFACTURING WITH ABB IRB 2000

: Intelligence is the result of learning. Intelligent systems are capable of learning, responding, and reacting to the physical world without or with minimal human assistance. Because of the intense competition in the current global economy, a company must conceive, design, and manufacture new products quickly and inexpensively. In serial production, work cell settings are subjected to changes. The set-up time for changeover and calibration are very interested. To reduce the set-up time, this paper aimed to develop an intelligent work-cell robot that can on-line adapt to the work cell changes and the associated calibrations automatically. The results showed that this intelligent robot is able to automatically re-organize itself for dynamic work cell changes including mal-functioning machines, newly introduced or removed machines and product changes. A significant amount of time in system installation, re-setup, calibration and re-programming can therefore be saved. To resolve manufacturing control problems and meet global trends, embedding intelligence in manufacturing system has been recognized to be a very effective approach.
Three Phase Load Flow Investigations in the Context of Smart Grid

The developments & progress in communications, information and control have revolutionized the conventional grid. Currently integration of renewable energy resources, dynamic optimization techniques, advanced performance analysis tools, monitoring and measurements are handled under the smart grid umbrella. Central and distributed generation control requires efficient load flow analysis and monitoring at both levels. Three phase load flow investigations have been carried out on three real time systems: National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC), 32-Bus 500/220 kV primary Power System, the distribution systems of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO) 11 kV, 81-nodes and University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Taxila 21-nodes by simulating in MATLAB Simulink Environment. Smart Environment has been created in three systems with increasing complexity from system 1 to system 3 and system 3 is proposed Smart Grid Model for UET Taxila. NTDC primary network has been analyzed with the integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), Static Var Compensators (SVC) and IESCO distribution network subject to RERs, Distribution Static Compensation (D-STATCOM) with monitoring of parameters at control Centre in both cases. System 3 is simulated with Solar Integration, D-STATCOM, Electric Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV), Intelligent Distribution Boards (DBs), and monitoring through Transmission Communication Protocol over Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in control Centre. Idea of smart DBs is proposed and implemented for load management. The simulation results of three-phase Load Flow Analysis successfully proved its potential strength for smart environment.
Master Follower Method for Controlling Based Real-Time Detection of Drifted Twitter Spam Messages

—Generally Machine Learning has been used for Twitter Spam Detection,which uses statistical features of Tweets.Sometimes,the properties of tweets vary over time and thus result in “Twitter Spam Detection” occurs. To solve this problem we use Lfun scheme which discover the “changed” tweets from unlabeled tweets. In this paper, We propose:1)To block the unwanted words from tweets 2)Unfollow the spam followers. The unwanted words are clustered and stored under Big Data. In this scheme, the unwanted words from that tweet will be blocked and remove the user from their follower’s list.
Modeling the Dynamics of Measles and Control

The attack of measles is endemic and dangerous to human existence; hence, this paper focused onmodeling of the transmission and dynamics with control of measles. Basic mathematical differential equation is used to model the rate of spread and possible control of the disease was discussed and computed. Data used was sourced secondarily. In this study, analysis revealed that the transmission of measles is significantly rising with about 5000 new individuals yearly. In addition, it was discovered that as time goes on (say t = 2025, I(t) = 70,582) the number of people that will be infected by measles if preventive or curative measure are not taken in metropolis will grow increasingly and will one day cover up the entire population.However, the study developed a model for the control and the result appear to significantly reduce the growth at which measles spread in the population given the parameters included in the model. It was recommended therefore that since the model shows that the spread of a disease largely depend on the number of people infected; therefore, the National Measles Control Programme should emphasize on the improvement in early detection of measles cases so that the disease transmission can be minimized.
Unusual Complication after Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

We describe a 66-year old woman with a paraesophageal herniation who was readmitted to our department after previous scheduled repair and an uneventful postoperative course. She had soluble contrast examination and no leak was found from the oesophagus nor was recurrent herniation diagnosed. On computed tomography the abscess was confirmed and reoccurrence of hiatal herniation was excluded. She recovered after the left thoracotomy and evacuation of the purulent hematoma. Mediastinal hematoma is a rare complication that may occur after tearing the arteries in the gastroesophageal junction area, especially if the herniation is approached from the abdominal cavity.
Review on Genome Sequencing using Hadoop and MapReduce

: Next generation sequencing has led to the generation of billions of sequence data, making it increasingly infeasible for sequence alignment to be performed on standalone machines. The Digital data can be stored in the form of genome sequence, which requires techniques to synthesise and sequence into the DNA sequences. This paper reviews about taking a dataset of DNA sequencing as an input and split them across the cluster machine by applying MapReduce implementation of Hadoop to make the search efficient for large scale genome sequencing applications.
COSMOS + TAXIS | Volume 7 Issue 1 + 2 2019

The paper examines one of the considerations that determines the extent to which policymakers pursue the objectives demanded by constituents. The nature and extent of their ignorance serve to determine the incentives confronted by policymakers to pursue their constituents’ demands. The paper also considers several other consequences of policymaker ignorance and its relationship to expert failure. I have received valuable feedback on previous drafts from Helen Baxendale, Peter Boettke, Bill Butos, Gene Callahan, Bruce Caldwell, Young Back Choi, Nick Cowen, Parker Crutchfield, Erwin Dekker, Tyler DesRoches, Malte Dold, Ross Emmett, Andrew Farrant, Jeffrey Friedman, Michael Gifford, Nicola Giocoli, David Harper, Sandy Ikeda, Andy Khoury, Stefan Kolev, Roger Koppl, David Levy, Leslie Marsh, Erik Matson, Thomas McQuade, Gary Mongiovi, Sandra Peart, Mario Rizzo, Eric Schliesser, and Gerardo Serra, as well as from two anonymous referees. The standard caveat applies.
Nigeria’s Reform Policies and Relations with the Bretton Woods Institutions – 1999 to 2007

-Nigeria‟s friendly and compliant foreign policy and relations with other countries and within major international organisations was badly affected by two decades of military misrule. Thus, the return to democratic rule in May 1999 was a development that many people hoped would address the country‟s internal problems as well as improve its policies and relations at bilateral and multilateral levels. This was a key expectation and priority for the Obasanjo administration in 1999.Apart from addressing the myriad of internal socio-economic and political problems, seven years on, that civilian government managed somehow to redeem the country‟s relations with many of its estranged friends and allies as well as reclaimed the country‟s position and positive role in various international institutions. In particular, given that a good part of the country‟s external problems relates to its obligations to or within some multilateral financial organisations, the pursuit of acceptable economic policies and active dialogue with those institutions have also helped. The new posture provided succour from the country‟s difficult international economic situation.This study examines the changes in the nature of Nigeria‟s relations with major international actors including the international financial institutions. It explores how Nigeria‟s relations with the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) changed from hostilities to cooperation between 1999 and 2007.
Microwave Tumor Ablation

studies. Relevant outcomes are OS, disease-specific survival, symptoms, QOL, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. The body of evidence indicates that MWA is an effective option in patients for whom resection is not an option. In the RCT, direct comparison of MWA and RFA in patients with primary or metastatic lung cancer (mean tumor size, 1.90 cm [± 0.89] at baseline) found similar mortality rates up to 12 months of follow-up. In the first of 3 systematic reviews that included 12 retrospective observational studies, local recurrence rates were similar for MWA and RFA at a range of 9 to 47 months of follow-up. In the second systematic review with a meta-analysis, there was lower OS with MWA compared to RFA but studies were not directly comparable due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity. However, the authors concluded that percutaneous RFA and MWA were both effective with a high safety profile. In the third systematic review using a network meta-analysis, the weighted average OS rates for MWA were 82.5%, 54.6%, 35.7%, 29.6%, and 16.6% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Limitations of the body of evidence included a lack of controlled studies and heterogeneity across studies. The RCT did not report results by tumor size or the number of metastases. The observational studies included in the systematic reviews did not report sufficient information to assess the effectiveness or safety of MWA in subgroups based on the presence of multiple tumors or total tumor burden. Therefore, conclusions about the evidence sufficiency can only be made about patients
Preliminary observations on the nesting biology of Trypoxylon petiolatum Smith, 1858 (Crabronidae, Trypoxylini) in Hong Kong

Four nests comprising 16 cells of Trypoxylon petiolatum were reared from trap nests. The content was noted at trap opening and development of larvae recorded. In general the biology of this species agrees well with what is known about the genus (Nambu 1966, 1967; Krombein 1967; Bohart and Menke 1976; O’Neill 2001). It was noted that: the wasp is a cavity nester; this species is relatively specialised in its prey choice, with 72% of prey items being salticid spiders; the apparent requirement for very moist partition and plug construction material might impose restrictions on the possible nesting sites; and, by inference, the species is at least bivoltine if not trivoltine in Hong Kong.
Soil Resistivity Analysis and Earth Electrode Resistance Determination

A good grounding system is very important not only for safety reasons but also for preventing damages to industrial plants and equipment. At present, an earth electrode of the length 3.5 feet is in use in Sri Lanka, for domestic installations, which is readily available in the market and much popular among consumers and electricians. This may not comply with the maximum allowable earth resistance for the TT systems. Earth resistance depends on the earth resistivity, value of which depends on the soil structure of the location concerned. The intention of this work is to investigate the actual resistance of the said earth electrode’s resistance at an identified location. Determination of soil resistivity is one of the key areas of this work, considering the earth as a homogeneous, two-layer and multilayer model for an identified soil entity, comprises with different type of soil layers. For each of these models the earth resistivity has been determined. CDEGS software has been used to determine resistivity of two -layer and multi-layer soil model. Voltage distribution on the surface of the earth has also been analyzed in the research. The actual values and values taken from analytical expressions have been compared with the standard value of the earth electrodes resistance