Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strain Specificity and Production of Antibiotic Substances: IV. Variations Among Actionomycetes, with Special Reference to Actinomyces Griseus.

Introductory and Historical. -Every student of the actinomycetes has been impressed by the striking variations which these organisms undergo in culture. Some of these variations have long been recognized to be quantitative in nature, whereas others are also qualitative. These variations are found to occur in the pigment production by the culture, in the intensity of the pigment, as well as in its specific nature; also whether it is dissolved in the medium or retained in the mycelium. Further variations are found in the production of enzyme systems, especially proteases and diastases, and in other cultural and physiological characteristics. The formation of aerial mycelium and the manner of sporulation of the culture are among the most significant variable factors. These variation phenomena are further complicated by the fact that frequently sectors or saltants are produced which differ from the rest of the colony with respect to the formation of aerial mycelium or pigmentation; upon isolation, such sectors have given cultures that have often been considered as variants. These variations have caused considerable confusion in the recognition of fixed species or types for the characterization and classification of this group of organisms. They have even led certain investigators5 8 to question the constancy of many actinomyces types as recognized by species descriptions. In illustrating this phenomenon, Waksman8 directed attention, as far back as 1919, to the variability in the proteolytic mechanism of Actinomyces griseus, the organism that forms the subject of this paper: One of the more recent students of variations among actinomycetes4 came to the conclusion that the morphological and physiological properties of these organisms, when cultured under the same environmental conditions, are constant. The changes observed were believed to be either transitory
Rifting and subsidence following lithospheric removal in continental back arcs

It has been suggested that post-orogenic lithospheric removal in continental back arcs promotes extension and surface subsidence. However, the surface response of this process and its primary difference from “classical” back-arc opening have remained uncertain. Here, the back-arc extension process with varying continental mantle lithosphere thickness and thermal heterogeneities is studied by using thermomechanical subduction experiments. The experiments illustrate that models with only slab retreat result in minor surface subsidence and extension in the back-arc region. Alternatively, there is notable extension due to the slab retreat and a localized high-temperature zone in the back arc with uniform lithospheric thickness. Models with advecting mantle (after lithospheric removal) in the extending back arc predict rifting (stretching factor b > 2) and surface subsidence (>1.5 km) in the center of the basin. The results of this work suggest that lithospheric removal may be an important trigger for continental back-arc development rather than slab retreat alone causing lithospheric extension and subsidence. The findings help explain rift formation and subsidence in the Aegean Sea–west Anatolia, and possibly other Mediterranean back arcs, such as the Alboran Sea and the Pannonian Basin.
Consolidative Radiation Therapy for Stage III Hodgkin Lymphoma in Patients Who Achieve Complete Response After ABVD Chemotherapy

ObjectivesTo examine the role of consolidation radiation therapy (RT) for patients with stage III Hodgkin lymphoma. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 118 patients with stage III Hodgkin lymphoma who were diagnosed and treated at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1993 through 2006. We evaluated the influence of site and size of initial involvement and use of consolidative RT on survival and patterns of failure after complete response (CR) to ABVD chemotherapy (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine). ResultsAfter chemotherapy, 104 patients (88%) achieved CR; median follow-up time was 68 months (range, 8 to 190). Seventy-one patients (68%) received ≥6 cycles of ABVD, and 40 patients (38.5%) received consolidative RT. Comparing patients who received RT with those who did not, the 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year overall survival (OS) rates were 98%, 80%, and 80% versus 91%, 72%, and 29%, respectively (P=0.08). Disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 94%, 81%, 65% versus 78%, 45%, and 15%, respectively (P=0.04). On multivariate analysis, the presence of initial mediastinal involvement (P=0.001) and bulky head and neck disease (P=0.001) was associated with worse DFS; mediastinal RT was associated with improved DFS (P=0.003) and OS (P=0.029). Use of ≥6 cycles of ABVD was associated with improved OS (P=0.001). The pattern of failure analysis showed that most failures (23 of 28) occurred above the diaphragm. ConclusionsConsolidative RT after CR may benefit patients with initial disease above the diaphragm, whereas below-the-diaphragm disease seems to be well managed by chemotherapy alone.
Opinion leader mining algorithm in microblog platform based on topic similarity

The study of opinion leader mining is an important research subject of social network, especially in public opinion monitoring, network marketing and other aspects of great significance. Currently opinion leader mining in microblog usually just considers the user attributes, network structure and interactive features, but the characteristic of microblog topic is considered less. However, opinion leaders tend to have domain restriction which they have greater influence on particularly certain topic areas but weak in other areas. To solve this problem, we propose TopicSimilarRank algorithm based on interactive information and similarity of topics, which can be called TSR algorithm in short. The algorithm considers user attributions and text characteristic in microblog, building links between the users based on user interaction informations that combine with topic similarity to construct a directed-weighted network, then considering the idea of vote in PageRank algorithm to mine opinion leaders. We select Sina Weibo data sets to our experiment, the result shows that our algorithm has a better performance.
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAPs) in Adaptive Response to Cellular Stress

Cells are constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous cellular injuries. They cope with stressful stimuli by adapting their metabolism and activating various “guardian molecules. ” These pro-survival factors protect essential cell constituents, prevent cell death, and possibly repair cellular damages. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAPs) proteins display both anti-apoptotic and pro-survival properties and their expression can be induced by a variety of cellular stress such as hypoxia, endoplasmic reticular stress and DNA damage. Thus, IAPs can confer tolerance to cellular stress. This review presents the anti-apoptotic and survival functions of IAPs and their role in the adaptive response to cellular stress. The involvement of IAPs in human physiology and diseases in connection with a breakdown of cellular homeostasis will be discussed.
Genetic epidemiology of type 1 diabetes

Abstract: Family and twin studies indicate that a substantial fraction of susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is attributable to genetic factors. These and other epidemiologic studies also implicate environmental factors as important triggers. Although the specific environmental factors that contribute to immune‐mediated diabetes remain unknown, several of the relevant genetic factors have been identified using two main approaches: genome‐wide linkage analysis and candidate gene association studies. This article reviews the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes, the relative merits of linkage and association studies, and the results achieved so far using these two approaches. Prospects for the future of type 1 diabetes genetics research are considered.
Molecular mechanism of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis

There is accumulating evidence that osteoclasts, the primary cells responsible for bone resorption, are involved in bone and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Preventing joint destruction is one of the most challenging issues in RA therapy. The recent elucidation of the various intracellular signaling pathways in osteoclasts has brought a tremendous understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bone loss, and has heightened expectation of a novel intervention. We here highlight the molecular mechanism of bone and joint destruction in RA and the role of intracellular signaling pathways in osteoclastogenesis and mature osteoclast function. We also describe the recent trials on inhibitor drug and anticytokine therapies of arthritic joint disease-targeting osteoclasts.
Differential contribution of Neurog1 and Neurog2 on the formation of cranial ganglia along the anterior‐posterior axis

Background: The neural crest (NC) and placode are transient neurogenic cell populations that give rise to cranial ganglia of the vertebrate head. The formation of the anterior NC‐ and placode‐derived ganglia has been shown to depend on the single activity of either Neurog1 or Neurog2. The requirement of the more posterior cranial ganglia on Neurog1 and Neurog2 is unknown. Results: Here we show that the formation of the NC‐derived parasympathetic otic ganglia and placode‐derived visceral sensory petrosal and nodose ganglia are dependent on the redundant activities of Neurog1 and Neurog2. Tamoxifen‐inducible Cre lineage labeling of Neurog1 and Neurog2 show a dynamic spatiotemporal expression profile in both NC and epibranchial placode that correlates with the phenotypes of the Neurog‐mutant embryos. Conclusion: Our data, together with previous studies, suggest that the formation of cranial ganglia along the anterior‐posterior axis is dependent on the dynamic spatiotemporal activities of Neurog1 and/or Neurog2 in both NC and epibranchial placode. Developmental Dynamics 241:229–241, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Where and How Morphologically Complex Words Interplay with Naming Pictures

Two picture-word experiments are reported in which a delay of 7 to 10 was introduced between distractor and picture. Distractor words were either derived words (Experiment 1) or compounds (Experiment 2), morphologically related to the picture name. In both experiments, the position of morphological overlap between distractor (e.g., rosebud vs tea-rose) and picture name (rose) was manipulated. Clear facilitation of picture naming latencies was obtained when pictures were paired with morphological distractors, and effects were independent of distractor type and position of overlap. The results are evaluated against "full listing" and "decomposition" approaches of morphological representation.
Antimicrobial Drimane Sesquiterpenes Contribute to Balanced Antagonism but Do Not Structure Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes in the African Pepper Bark Tree Warburgia ugandensis

The African pepper bark tree, Warburgia ugandensis, accumulates antimicrobial drimane sesquiterpenes in all of its organs. One hypothesis states that plant defense compounds determine endophyte community structure. Another hypothesis suggests that they just facilitate the endophytic lifestyle by exerting a balanced antagonism. To explore this, a representative selection of endophytic bacterial and fungal isolates from this tree species was assayed together with six non-endophytic strains to determine their tolerance and susceptibility to the root and leaf extract fraction containing high and low drimane sesquiterpene amounts respectively. Inhibitory effects were explored by assessing both growth and growth efficiency, the latter of which relates respiratory activity to growth. The susceptibility of the tested strains showed considerable variation and the obtained patterns did not allow a clear distinction between root and leaf endophytes as well as endophytes and non-endophytes. In addition, all strains were also assayed against juglone, an antimicrobial and redox-active aromatic naphthoquinone. A comparison of differential pulse voltammograms and efficacy in variants of the deoxyribose degradation assay revealed that drimane sesquiterpenes possess anti- and pro-oxidant activities that compare to those of juglone. Leaf endophytes showed higher resistance to oxidative stress than root endophytes, quite contrary to the actual exposure. The obtained results support the notion that structural diverse plant defense compounds can contribute to a balanced antagonism against but not to structuring of endophyte communities. Oxidative stress seems to be involved in generating this effect albeit it cannot explain it alone.
Altered coagulability in cancer patients

Since Trousseau initially described an as sociation between mucin-producing gastric carcinoma and recurrent migratory throm bophlebitis in 1865, physicians have known that cancer may be accompanied by a va riety of bleeding or thrombotic disorders. ' Arterial and venous thrombosis, dissemi nated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia are the most evident clinical manifestations of altered coagulability. In this review, we discuss bleeding and thrombotic para neoplastic syndromes, emphasizing the practical aspects in the management of coagulopathies.
Effects of mechanical stimulation induced by compression and medium perfusion on cardiac tissue engineering

Cardiac tissue engineering presents a challenge due to the complexity of the muscle tissue and the need for multiple signals to induce tissue regeneration in vitro. We investigated the effects of compression (1 Hz, 15% strain) combined with fluid shear stress (10−2–10−1 dynes/cm2) provided by medium perfusion on the outcome of cardiac tissue engineering. Neonatal rat cardiac cells were seeded in Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate (RGD)‐attached alginate scaffolds, and the constructs were cultivated in a compression bioreactor. A daily, short‐term (30 min) compression (i.e., “intermittent compression”) for 4 days induced the formation of cardiac tissue with typical striation, while in the continuously compressed constructs (i.e., “continuous compression”), the cells remained spherical. By Western blot, on day 4 the expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43 was significantly greater in the “intermittent compression” constructs and the cardiomyocyte markers (α‐actinin and N‐cadherin) showed a trend of better preservation compared to the noncompressed constructs. This regime of compression had no effect on the proliferation of nonmyocyte cells, which maintained low expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Elevated secretion levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β in the daily, intermittently compressed constructs likely attributed to tissue formation. Our study thus establishes the formation of an improved cardiac tissue in vitro, when induced by combined mechanical signals of compression and fluid shear stress provided by perfusion. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2012
Computed Tomographic Findings Characteristic for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study

Background Computed tomography (CT) is often used to confirm the diagnosis of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) but there is no consensus on specific CT abnormalities. To establish CT findings characteristic for EPS, we compared CT findings between EPS patients and long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without EPS. Methods We included as cases all EPS patients in our center from 1996 to 2008 that underwent a CT scan at the time of diagnosis. Controls were all other long-term PD patients (PD duration ≥ 4 years) without EPS that had a CT scan for different reasons. The CT scans were blindly and independently reviewed by 3 radiologists: 2 abdominal radiologists with PD knowledge (Observers 1 and 2) and 1 radiologist without PD experience (Observer 3). Results We included 15 EPS patients and 16 controls. Observer 1 found 6 CT findings that were significantly more often present in EPS than in controls (p ≤ 0.05): peritoneal enhancement, thickening, and calcifications; adhesions of bowel loops; signs of obstruction; and fluid loculation/septation. Observer 2 scored almost identically but Observer 3 scored differently. The sensitivity and specificity of a combination of specific CT findings were, respectively, 100% and 94% for Observers 1 and 2, and 79% and 88% for Observer 3. Conclusion CT scans showed characteristic abnormalities that were significantly more often present in EPS patients compared to long-term PD control patients. CT can be used to confirm the diagnosis of EPS when experienced radiologists apply a combination of specific CT findings.
Computationally efficient deep tracker: Guided MDNet

The main objective of the paper is to recommend an essential improvement to the existing Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Network tracker (MDNet) which is used to track unknown object in a video-stream. MDNet is able to handle major basic tracking challenges like fast motion, background clutter, out of view, scale variations etc. through offline training and online tracking. We pre-train the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) offline using many videos with ground truth to obtain a target representation in the network. In online tracking the MDNet uses large number of random sample of windows around the previous target for estimating the target in the current frame which make its tracking computationally complex while testing or obtaining the track. The major contribution of the paper is to give guided samples to the MDNet rather than random samples so that the computation and time required by the CNN while tracking could be greatly reduced. Evaluation of the proposed algorithm is done using the videos from the ALOV300++ dataset and the VOT dataset and the results are compared with the state of art trackers.
Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac

The nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, mainly by CYP2C9. Our objective was to study the effect of voriconazole, a potent inhibitor of several CYP enzymes, on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. This study had a two‐way, open, crossover design and included 10 healthy Caucasian male subjects. In the control phase, the subjects ingested a single 50‐mg oral dose of diclofenac. In the voriconazole phase, the subjects ingested voriconazole 400 mg twice daily on the first day and 200 mg twice daily on the second day, and 50 mg diclofenac was given 1 h after the last dose of voriconazole. Plasma diclofenac concentrations were determined for up to 24 h post‐dose. In the voriconazole phase, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of diclofenac was 178% (95% CI 143–212%; P < 0.001) and the peak plasma concentration was 214% (95% CI 128–300%; P < 0.05) of the respective control value. Voriconazole did not affect significantly the elimination half‐life or time to maximum concentration of diclofenac. The renal clearance of diclofenac was decreased by 47% (95% CI −76% to −16%; P < 0.01) by voriconazole. In conclusion, voriconazole increased exposure to diclofenac, probably mainly by inhibition of its cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐mediated metabolism. The inhibition of CYP2C9, and to some extent that of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 enzymes during the first‐pass metabolism of diclofenac seems to be involved in the interaction. The clinical importance of the interaction between voriconazole and diclofenac remains to be studied, but lower doses of diclofenac may be adequate for patients receiving voriconazole.
The perception and categorisation of emotional stimuli: A review

When we perceive our environment, we rapidly integrate large amounts of incoming stimulus information into categories that help to guide our understanding of the world. Some stimuli are more relevant for our well-being and survival than others, for example stimuli that signal a threat or an opportunity for growth and expansion. In this review we examine the special role of such “emotional” stimuli in perception and categorisation. To this end, we first discuss some fundamental aspects of perception, with an emphasis on the cognitive process of categorisation. We then tackle the questions: “What is an emotional stimulus? ” and “What is an emotion category? ” Afterwards, we illustrate, with a review of key findings from the empirical literature, (i) how stimuli are categorised as emotional, and (ii) how the perceptual processing of emotional stimuli is prioritised to allow for a rapid preparation of adaptive responses. To conclude, we discuss how research on the perception of emotional stimuli can contribute to current debates in psychology, namely (i) about the role of bottom-up vs. top-down factors in emotional processing and experience, and (ii) about the nature of the relationship between cognition and emotion.
Principles of Drug Use During Lactation

It is not disputed that breastfeeding has many benefits for both mother and baby and is the optimal nutrition for infants. With an increase in education and support of breastfeeding mothers throughout the United States, the rate of breastfeeding is on the rise. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report an increase of breastfeeding initiation from 74.6% in 2008 to 76.9% in 2009, which is the largest annual increase in the past 10 years. As the incidence rises, there are more situations in which lactating women are exposed to various medications and more questions regarding the safety of these medications to the infant. Almost all medications enter the breast milk, but the amount in breast milk, and more importantly the amount absorbed by the infant, is rarely well defined. Despite this lack of information, most drugs are considered safe while breastfeeding. In the absence of specific details for a particular drug’s passage into breast milk, the clinician can evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the drug as well as the patient characteristics to determine the appropriateness of breastfeeding while the mother is taking the medication.
Cryptic population structure in a large, mobile mammalian predator: the Scandinavian lynx

The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is an example of a species that has gone through a severe bottleneck, leading to near extinction in Scandinavia around 1930 — a pattern shared with several other large carnivorous mammals. Here we extend previous genetic analyses of northern European lynx, confirming that lynx from the Scandinavian Peninsula represent a distinct clade differing clearly from European conspecifics. Furthermore, and despite a recent bottleneck and subsequent range expansion, we detect marked genetic differentiation within Scandinavia. This differentiation is largely manifested as a north–south gradient, with a linear increase in the quantity FST/(1 − FST). Aided by computer simulations we find that this pattern is unlikely to have arisen by random genetic drift in the short time since lynx started to expand in the 1950s, suggesting that the spatial structure may predate the bottleneck. Individual‐based analyses indicate that, instead of a continuous gradient, Scandinavian lynx may be structured into three more or less distinct groups, possibly corresponding to northern, central and southern subpopulations. The presence of such structuring was unknown previously and was unexpected from general considerations on the mobility of the species, historical data and the absence of geographical barriers. Our study demonstrates how molecular markers may be used to detect cryptic population structure, invisible using traditional methods.