Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genomes reveal genetic diversity of Piscine orthoreovirus in farmed and free-ranging salmonids from Canada and USA

Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) is a segmented RNA virus, which is commonly found in salmonids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. PRV-1 causes the heart and skeletal muscle inflammation disease in Atlantic salmon and is associated with several other disease conditions. Previous phylogenetic studies of genome segment 1 (S1) identified four main genogroups of PRV-1 (S1 genogroups I–IV). The goal of the present study was to use Bayesian phylogenetic inference to expand our understanding of the spatial, temporal, and host patterns of PRV-1 from the waters of the northeast Pacific. To that end, we determined the coding genome sequences of fourteen PRV-1 samples that were selected to improve our knowledge of genetic diversity across a broader temporal, geographic, and host range, including the first reported genome sequences from the northwest Atlantic (Eastern Canada). Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the concatenated genomes and their individual segments revealed that established sequences from the northeast Pacific were monophyletic in all analyses. Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees of S1 sequences using BEAST and MrBayes also found that sequences from the northeast Pacific grouped separately from sequences from other areas. One PRV-1 sample (WCAN_BC17_AS_2017) from an escaped Atlantic salmon, collected in British Columbia but derived from Icelandic broodstock, grouped with other S1 sequences from Iceland. Our concatenated genome and S1 analysis demonstrated that PRV-1 from the northeast Pacific is genetically distinct but descended from PRV-1 from the North Atlantic. However, the analyses were inconclusive as to the timing and exact source of introduction into the northeast Pacific, either from eastern North America or from European waters of the North Atlantic. There was no evidence that PRV-1 was evolving differently between free-ranging Pacific Salmon and farmed Atlantic Salmon. The northeast Pacific PRV-1 sequences fall within genogroup II based on the classification of Garseth, Ekrem, and Biering (Garseth, A. H., Ekrem, T., and Biering, E. (2013) ‘Phylogenetic Evidence of Long Distance Dispersal and Transmission of Piscine Reovirus (PRV) between Farmed and Wild Atlantic Salmon’, PLoS One, 8: e82202. ), which also includes North Atlantic sequences from Eastern Canada, Iceland, and Norway. The additional full-genome sequences herein strengthen our understanding of phylogeographical patterns related to the northeast Pacific, but a more balanced representation of full PRV-1 genomes from across its range, as well additional sequencing of archived samples, is still needed to better understand global relationships including potential transmission links among regions.
Seed dispersal by Neotropical bats in human-disturbed landscapes

Abstract. In human-modified landscapes, where large bird and mammal species are often functionally extinct, bats are the main seed dispersers. However, the role of seed dispersal by bats for the maintenance of habitat dynamics in fragmented landscapes is still not understood, with information lacking on landscape-level effects of plant–bat interactions. We present some key topics related to spatial ecology of bats and discuss the potential influence of habitat fragmentation on several aspects of seed dispersal by Neotropical bats. We suggest that future studies need to evaluate bat–plant networks along habitat-loss and fragmentation gradients at the landscape level, including changes in land-cover types and habitat structural complexity, going beyond patch-based analysis. By advancing on the comprehension of ecosystem functioning in fragmented landscapes, we will better understand the bat-modulated seed-dispersal process, supporting regeneration and restoration programs that benefit from bat-based functions.
Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease

Purpose of review Giardiasis remains a common cause of diarrhea and intestinal enteropathy globally. Here we give an overview of clinical treatment studies and discuss potential mechanisms and molecular targets for in-vitro testing of drug resistance. Recent findings Giardia is a cause of disease both in diarrheal and nondiarrheal cases. The prevalence of treatment refractory giardiasis is increasing. Recent studies reveal 5-nitroimidazole refractory infection occurs in up to 50% of cases. Mechanisms of drug resistance are not known. Placebo controlled studies of drug efficacy, taking the self-limiting course of giardiasis into account, has not been reported. No randomized controlled trials of treatment of refractory infection have been performed the last 25 years. Based on the clinical studies reported, combination treatment with a 5-nitroimidazole and a benzimidazole is more effective than repeated courses of 5-nitroimidazole or monotherapies in refractory cases. Quinacrine is effective in refractory cases, but potentially severe side effects limit its use. Summary A combination of a 5-nitroimidazole and albendazole or mebendazole, and quinacrine monotherapy, are rational choices in nitroimidazole refractory infections, but randomized controlled studies are needed. Further research into more recent clinical isolates is necessary to uncover mechanisms for the increase in metronidazole refractory giardiasis observed during the last decade.
Comparative Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Low-Power Industrial Applications

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have superior features such as less volume and weight, long-life, high performance compared to induction motors. In this study, a comparative design of PMSMs is provided by considering a 2.2 kW induction motor nameplate parameters which is commonly used in industrial applications. A parametric analysis is used in order to design stator slot and magnet geometries of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous (SPM) and Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) Motors to get the high efficiency, low torque ripple. Ansys@Maxwell-2D software using time stepping finite element method is utilized to verify the advantages of designed motors compare to induction motors. In addition, material consumptions of both PMSMs and induction motor are compared to show the effectiveness of proposed motors in mechanically. It is shown that designed SPM and IPM motors have higher efficiency, lower torque ripple and volume than that of induction motors.
Leaf phenology, growth and photosynthesis in Pseudobombax munguba (Malvaceae)

ABSTRACT Munguba (Pseudobombax munguba) is a tree often found in low-land forests of the Amazon region, and there is a paucity of data regarding its ecophysiology. The aim of this work was to determine photosynthetic rates and growth of munguba saplings and to describe leaf phenology of a munguba tree. In greenhouse-grown saplings, diameter growth, leaf expansion, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were determined. To describe the relationship between photosynthesis and leaf expansion, regression analysis was used. It was also described the leaf phenology of an adult tree by observing foliage changes at one-week intervals for two years. The leaves completed their expansion in 18 days, and leaf greening was completed in 40 days. Photosynthesis positively correlated with leaf expansion, but there was no correlation between stomatal conductance and leaf growth. Growth in diameter was 1.8 mm month‒1. Relative growth rate was low, 0.010 g g-1 day-1. In the adult tree, leaf shedding was concentrated in July-August and by the second week of September the tree had already produced new leaves. Leaf longevity of munguba is about 11 months. It is hypothesized that leaf phenology of munguba is associated with the increased solar radiation of the dry season.
Aberrant visual population receptive fields in human albinism

Retinotopic organization is a fundamental feature of visual cortex thought to play a vital role in encoding spatial information. One important aspect of normal retinotopy is the representation of the right and left hemifields in contralateral visual cortex. However, in human albinism, many temporal retinal afferents decussate pathologically at the optic chiasm resulting in partially superimposed representations of opposite hemifields in each hemisphere of visual cortex. Previous fMRI studies in human albinism suggest that the right and left hemifield representations are superimposed in a mirror-symmetric manner. This should produce imaging voxels which respond to two separate regions in visual space mirrored across the vertical meridian. However, it is not yet clear how retino-cortical miswiring in albinism manifests at the level of single voxel population receptive fields. Here we used fMRI retinotopic mapping in conjunction with population receptive field (pRF) modeling to fit both single and dual pRF models to the visual responses of voxels in visual areas V1-V3 of five subjects with albinism. We found that subjects with albinism (but not controls) have sizable clusters of voxels with dual pRFs consistently corresponding to, but not fully coextensive with regions of hemifield overlap. These dual pRFs were typically positioned at roughly mirror image locations across the vertical meridian but were uniquely clustered within the visual field for each subject. We also found that single pRFs are larger in albinism than controls, and that single pRF sizes in the central visual field were anti-correlated with subjects’ foveal cone densities. Finally, dual pRF and aberrant hemifield representation characteristics varied significantly across subjects with albinism suggesting more central heterogeneity than previously appreciated.
Exploration of Karyotype Differentiation in Cells of a Garlic Clone and its Derivative Filial Plants

The common garlic (Allium sativum L.) is vegitatively reproduced. Therefore, somatic mutations are the only source of variation and often expressed as chromosomal changes. There is an evidence for this hypothesis regarding satellite position on nucleolar chromosomes and asymmetry of karyotypes. The present work throw more light on the chromosome complement of a flowering clone (Egaseed 2). Using individual plants, some cytological metrics such as chromosome length, arm ratio, centromere position, relative length and karyotype formula were determined in cloves of a single plant and their derivative filial plants. One of the most important cytological parameters is the number and position of secondary constrictions and satellites on SAT-chromosomes. The results showed significant differences in values of karyotype parameters between cells of parental cloves and their F1 filial progeny. Moreover, asymmetrical chromosome measurements were displayed between sister cells of the same root. In addition, a dignified variation in number and position of SAT- chromosomes in the somatic complement of examined cells has been documented.
Cathodic activation of synthesized highly defective monoclinic hydroxyl‐functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles for efficient electrochemical production of hydrogen in alkaline media

The high electrochemical stability of Zirconia (ZrO2) at high potentials strongly suggested it as an alternative to carbon supports, which experience reduced efficiency due to some corrosion problems particularly during prolonged electrocatalysis activity. However, the use of ZrO2 was limited by its low electrical conductivity and surface area. In this work, we developed a methodology for synthesizing monoclinic ZrO2 NPs with increased surface area and improved electrical/electrocatalytic characteristics without using any carbon‐based co‐support material or any metallic nanoparticles. In this context, for the first time, highly defective hydroxyl‐functionalized ZrO2 NPs (designated here as ZT NPs) were prepared by a hydrothermal route in the presence of sodium tartrate as a mineralizer. XRD analysis demonstrated that the produced zirconia was semicrystalline microspheres, consisting of monoclinic ZrO2 NPs with high lattice defects. The addition of tartrate ions decreased the crystallite size and increased the defects and microstrain. At the same time, the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity of ZrO2 NPs was significantly increased when using sodium tartrate as mineralizer; the overpotential required to obtain 10 mA cm−2 (η10) dropped down from 490 to merely 235 mV, while an exchange current density (jo) increased 12 times to 0.22 mA cm−2. The presence of structural defects (revealed by XRD) and the increased number of active surface sites contending O‐H groups (evidenced from ATR‐FTIR and XPS) as well as the enhanced electrochemical active surface area (confirmed from double‐layer capacitance measurements) were the main reasons behind the high catalytic performance. The ZrO2 NPs catalytic activity increased even further during the long‐term stability tests under severe cathodic conditions (ZT*, ZrO2 NPs obtained after the long‐term stability, has jo = 0.47 mA cm−2 and η10 = 140 mV), approaching the activity of Pt/C catalyst. This process was assisted by mineralizer removal from the catalyst (testified by XPS). Our studies revealed that ZT* are characterized by larger electroactive surface area and more structure defects compared to ZT, where surface area and microstrains resulting from surface hydroxylation open cavities in zirconia structure.
ADOPTION OF THE MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEM IN SMALL MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model between Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Condition, Behavioral Intention and Actual Usage. Based on theoretical and empirical study about Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Condition, Behavioral Intention and Actual Usage, this study explain the constructs and the proposition that are used as a basis in constructing conceptual models. Based on previous studies, the authors develop a proposition where a Mobile Payment service will be more likely to adopt by the Mobile Payment service. Thus, further studies are expected to discuss the variables in this study, as well as develop estimates of other variables that can influence or increase by the variables that have been discussed .
Principals' systems thinking attribute: exploring a principal–middle leader relational demography perspective

PurposeRelying on information processing and attribution theories, which relate to the formation of leadership perceptions and attributes, the current study seeks to examine the relationship between demographic variables and principals' systems thinking (PST) in an integrated model. The present study purpose was threefold: first, the study seeks to examine whether attributions middle leaders make about PST may show substantial and systematic variance in a management team. Second, the study seeks to investigate the influence of principal–middle leaders’ relational demography variables (gender, education and tenure) (dis)similarity on middle leaders’ PST attribute. Finally, the study seeks to explore the moderating role of duration of principal- principal–middle leader acquaintance in the relationship of demographic (dis)similarity to PST.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 305 dyads (middle leaders and their principals) from 101 schools. MANOVA analysis and hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the hypothesis.FindingsFindings showed that it is both appropriate and important to examine group-level effects when studying PST effects. Also, PST levels were higher in gender-similar relationships than in gender-dissimilar ones. Finally, duration of acquaintance was found to moderate the relationship between principal–middle leaders’ gender (dis)similarity and PST appraisal.Originality/valueFocusing on principal–middle leader relationships, which are explicitly relational, with a consideration for level relationships may potentially highlight the need to consider multiple levels of analysis in order to understand how PST attribution occurs. This focus can help us to capture the core of PST social dynamics among the dyad, as well as highlighting the distinction, if any, between in-groups and out-groups. Acknowledging that school faculty are motivated by their interpersonal relationships with their principals and how such relationships are contingent upon demography (dis)similarity and the duration of acquaintance between dyads may help to broaden the understanding regarding potential antecedents of middle leaders' PST attribution and its implication for school organizations.
Recent Progress on Polymer Materials for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of printing 3D objects in a layer‐by‐layer manner. Polymers and their composites are some of the most widely used materials in modern industries and are of great interest in the field of AM due to their vast potential for various applications, especially in the medical, aerospace, and automotive industries. Many studies have been conducted to develop new polymer materials for AM techniques, which include vat photopolymerization, material jetting, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, binder jetting, and sheet lamination. Although several reviews on the development of polymer materials for AM have been published, most of them only focus on a specific application, process, or type of material. Therefore, this article serves to provide a comprehensive review on the progress in polymer material development for AM techniques. It begins with an introduction to different AM techniques, followed by highlighting the progress of their development. Material requirements, notable advances in newly developed materials and their potential applications are discussed in detail and summarized. This review concludes by identifying the major challenges currently encountered in using AM for polymer materials and providing insights into the valuable opportunities it presents, in hopes of spurring further development in this field.
Remoción de hidróxido de calcio del canal radicular con irrigación manual, sónica y ultrasónica

Introduction : It is essential to completely remove calcium hydroxide prior to root canal filling, in vitro studies have shown that its retentiveness in the ducts prevents the penetration of sealants in the dentinal tubules. Objective : to determine the effectiveness of the elimination of calcium hydroxide medication from the root canal of teeth using different irrigation systems. Methodology : 148 straight root canals of human teeth were prepared using files for irrigating with sodium hypochlorite. The root canals were filled using Ca (OH) 2 mixed with black ink to facilitate viewing under the microscope. The teeth were divided into 5 groups according to the elimination protocol. In each of the groups, the apical extrusion was measured during the irrigation stage by the Huang X method, after removal of Ca (OH) 2, they were sectioned longitudinally and then on a slide the samples were observed. Finally, the contents were analyzed to quantify the degree of extrusion caused during the clinical procedure. Tha ANOVA was used to statistical anlysis. Results : There were significant differences between groups 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 and 1-5. The average remanence was higher (66.4%). Groups 2 (41.6%) and 5 (34.8%) obtained greater removal efficiency. ANOVA (α = 0.05) determines that there are no significant differences between the 5 groups. Conclusions : Ultrasonic activation devices showed a greater elimination of calcium hydroxide medication from dentinal walls to manual techniques, however it proved to be a more invasive therapy due to a greater extrusion of detritus.
THE EFFECT OF PERSONALITY, SELF-CONTROL AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON FINANCIAL PLANNING

Objective: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have become a focus of attention by economists until now. Furthermore, their financial planning capacity as reflected in the level of their financial literacy in Central Java province which is 33.51% and this is included in the not-literate category. This paper describes the results of a study investigating the effect of personality, self-control, and financial constraints on SME financial planning in Jepara, Central Java. Research Design & Methods: A quantitative approach is used to determine the effect of personality, self-control, and financial constraints to financial planning by using using software SmartPLS. This study used 285 questionnaires collected from SME owners in Jepara by proportional random sampling. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula. Measurement of variables was done by the adoption of indicators of previous studies by adjusting it according to current situation. Findings: The results showed that personality, self-control, and financial constraints have a positive and significant effect on financial planning. The positive personality shown by SME owners and their ability to control emotions have a positive impact on the financial planning process. These findings also indicate that financial constraints are not an obstacle for SMEs to remain productive and conducting future financial planning. Implications & Recommendations: SME owners can use the results of this study as they are more enthusiastic to increase productivity. SMEs must begin to develop financial planning in more detail to improve business performance and maintain themselves in the market. Future research can re-examine the concept of this research on a larger scale, nationally or even internationally. Contribution & Value Added: This research contributes to social and financial literature because it involves personality in the financial planning process.
Simulating HIV Transmission Dynamics and Predicting the Impact of Testing Policies in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the UK, France, and Poland

Simulating HIV Transmission Dynamics and Predicting the Impact of Testing Policies in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the UK, France, and Poland Raffaele Vardavas*1, Sarah Parks*2, Daniela Rodriguez-Rincon2, James Syme1, Lucy Hocking2, Ioana Ghiga2, Molly Morgan-Jones2Andrew Amato-Gauci3, Jan C Semenza3 1RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, USA 2RAND Europe, Cambridge, Cb4 1YG, UK 3European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Journal of HIV/AIDS & Infectious Diseases
Tuning the enhanced coagulation process to obtain best chlorine and THM profiles in the distribution system

Water treatment processes produce water with low turbidity and colour. It is also now becoming necessary to reduce DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) so that less chlorine is lost in a distribution system and less THMs (trihalomethanes) are formed. Enhanced coagulation (exceeding other requirements) at pH of about 5-6 is known to significantly reduce DOC so that acceptable water quality can be achieved at the tap. In this paper, models are integrated to project the impact of water treatment on water quality through the entire distribution system. A DOC removal model, which predicts DOC resulting from a given coagulant, its dose and the coagulation pH, is used to simulate the treatment. By linking this model of DOC removal with models of chlorine decay and THM formation, the impact of treatment on chlorine and THM concentrations in a distribution system can be simulated. This method was applied in a case study with relatively high initial DOC. It was shown that more DOC can be removed by using ferric coagulant than the current practice achieves. This would result in an improved chlorine profile and a substantial reduction in THM concentrations.