Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Orthopaedics

Orthopaedics as a specialty covers only the last century and its name dates only from the eighteenth, but the earliest records on the care of the injured and deformed date from nearly five thousand years ago: understandably these are quite fragmentary but it is possible, from the writings, works of art and human remains of the Egyptian civilization which arose about 3000 BC to appreciate the existence of a culture in which the understanding of disorders of the locomotor system was well advanced and the management of these disorders often surprisingly 'modern'. In Alexandria, in about 300 BC, the priest-historian Manetho classified his country's history into dynasties and recorded that King Zer of the First Dynasty was a noted physician who was credited with having written a treatise on anatomy (David 1975); but the first clear figure in medicine was Imhotep, chief minister to Zoser, who was the first King of the Third Dynasty in about 2800 BC. Like many surgeons, Imhotep combined surgery with politics and draughtmanship. He designed the step pyramid at Sakkara (Figure 1), which was the precursor of the great pyramids. It has been conjectured that this would have given him the opportunity to study the injuries sustained during its construction, and on this basis some people link him with the Edwin Smith papyrus. Certainly this papyrus was compiled during the Old Kingdom, and transcribed several times until a copy was made about 1800 BC. When the owner of this last copy died his family buried the book with him in his rock tomb at Thebes. The grave robbers who found the papyrus sold it to Edwin Smith in 1862; it was presented to the New York Historical Society by his daughter, and was described by Professor Breasted some 25 years later (Guthrie 1945). The papyrus is a manual of trauma and is probably incomplete since it deals only with head, spinal and upper limb injuries; it describes 48 illustrative cases, and in some instances it lays down principles of treatment which survive to this day. Thus, it states:
Evaluation of analgesic, antioxidant, cytotoxic and metabolic effects of pregabalin for the use in neuropathic pain

Abstract Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate analgesic, antioxidant, metabolic, and cytotoxic effects of pregabalin (PGB), which is widely applied for the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes in diabetic patients. Methods: We used the streptozotocin (STZ) model of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in mice and we measured the effect of intraperitoneally administered PGB on tactile and thermal nociceptive thresholds in the von Frey and hot plate assays, respectively. The influence of PGB on the motor coordination of diabetic animals was investigated in the rotarod test. In vitro in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cell lines cytotoxicity of PGB, its influence on glucose utilization, and lipid accumulation were assessed. The antioxidant capacity of PGB was evaluated spectrophotometrically using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method. Results: Pregabalin was a very efficacious antiallodynic and analgesic drug capable of increasing the pain thresholds for tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. In the von Frey test at a dose of 30 mg/kg it elevated the pain threshold for 168% versus diabetic control and in the hot plate test this dose prolonged the latency time to pain reaction for 130% versus control value of diabetic mice. No motor deficits were observed in PGB-treated diabetic animals. In vitro PGB did not influence glucose utilization or lipid accumulation. No antioxidant or cytotoxic effects of PGB were observed at concentrations 1–100 μM. Discussion and Conclusion: Our experiments demonstrated significant antiallodynic and analgesic properties of PGB in mice. In vitro studies showed that this drug is metabolically neutral. It did not cause motor coordination impairments in diabetic animals either. These effects might be of great importance for diabetic patients.
Impact of Dynamic Pricing Strategies on Consumer Behavior

While hotels come up with various discount strategies to attract consumers, especially during a recession, both hotels and consumers seem to favor dynamic pricing. Yet there are not enough studies available to reveal that dynamic pricing would positively impact consumers. Studies also indicated that price discounts give consumers not only monetary benefits but also positive responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate how uniform pricing and dynamic pricing influence consumers behavior, in the presence of low involvement and high involvement consumers. The results of study suggested that high involvement consumers responded more positively to dynamic pricing than uniform pricing. Moreover, younger and female consumers are more likely to be involved in obtaining a discount, and high involvement consumers showed more positive feelings, and were more likely to tell others and make repeat purchases from a discount as compared to low involvement consumers.
Flux signature analysis: An alternative method for the fault diagnosis of induction machines

Intensive research efforts have been focused on the signature analysis (SA) to detect electrical and mechanical faults of induction machines. Different signals can be used: voltage, current, flux and power. In the case of current signals (CSA), the interpretation of one-phase current spectrum or the three-phase current space vector spectrum provides direct information on the presence of abnormal conditions. With proper operative condition, a similar interpretation can be obtained by using flux sensor (FSA). In this paper, it is proved that a simple external leakage flux sensor is more efficient than the classical motor current signature analysis (MCSA) to detect both stator and rotor faults in induction machines.
The importance of alignable differences in teaching linear measurement

The importance of alignable differences in teaching linear measurement Mee-Kyoung Kwon University of Chicago Susan Cohen Levine University of Chicago Kristin Ratliff University of Chicago Camille Snyder DePaul University Abstract: We examined understanding of linear measurement in 1st and 2nd graders from high-and low-SES families. Children made two kinds of errors on measuring objects not aligned with the beginning of the ruler - reading off the number that corresponded to the rightmost edge of the object (common in low SES children) and counting the number of hatch marks that the length of the ruler encompasses (common in high SES children). Experiment 1 showed that only children who counted hatch marks at pretest learned from training that made use of misaligned ruler items combined with unit chips. Experiment 2 used the same procedure but presented pairs of objects that ended at the same point on the ruler (e.g., 5” and 2” sticks that both aligned with 5” on the ruler). With this training, children benefited regardless of initial error type. These findings indicate that comparisons that highlights alignable differences promote learning.
Conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium in liver transplant patients presenting gastrointestinal disorders: A pilot study

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are one of the main adverse events in patients treated by mycophenolic acid (MPA). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the effect of conversion from mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium (EC‐MPS) in liver transplant patients presenting GI side‐effects Since January 2003, stable liver transplant patients receiving MMF and presenting GI disorders, without evidence of other origin than MMF were enrolled. Conversion was performed without a washout period at an equimolar daily dosage. Thirty‐six patients were included after a median delay of 45 months after liver transplantation (LT) (16 women and 20 men, median age of 47 years). Diarrhoea was the main clinical symptom (n = 28, 77.7%). At the time of inclusion, patients were treated with MMF since 18 months (range 3‐28) and GI disorders were known for 9 months (range 3‐12). After a median follow‐up of 12 months after conversion, GI disorders were resolved in 20 patients (55%), improved in 6 patients (17%) and not modified or worsened in 10 patients (28%). Our results strongly suggest that conversion from MMF to EC‐MPS in liver transplant patients can improve gastrointestinal disorders in a majority of the patients, and therefore might be considered as the best therapeutic option. Liver Transpl 12:1342‐1346, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Medically minimising the impact of hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a review

Introduction: Some therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are limited by hypoglycaemia, and this underestimated side effect carries an associated morbidity and financial burden. Large trials that have examined strict glycaemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in T2DM have highlighted the potential harm of exposure to hypoglycaemia in people with coronary heart disease. Areas covered: The responses to, and the morbidity associated with, hypoglycaemia in T2DM are discussed with identification of people most at risk of severe hypoglycaemia. The evidence base for non-pharmacological strategies and the risks of hypoglycaemia associated with various treatment modalities are examined. This review provides the clinician with a rational approach to the selection of different anti-diabetes drugs to minimize the risk of hypoglycaemia. Expert opinion: When managing T2DM, insulin and insulin secretagogues should be used judiciously and glycaemic targets individualized to avoid hypoglycaemia. Incretin mimetics present a lower risk of hypoglycaemia with similar efficacy as traditional agents in treating hyperglycaemia. The potential relationship between hypoglycaemia and precipitation of acute cardiovascular events is a highly topical area of research and may help determine what glycaemic targets are appropriate in people with T2DM.
Minocycline reduces engraftment and activation of bone marrow‐derived cells but sustains their phagocytic activity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Bone marrow (BM)‐derived monocytes contribute to the development of microglial reaction around β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and possibly clear Aβ. Therefore, it is of great importance to separate the proinflammatory actions of monocytic cells from Aβ phagocytic effects. We used minocycline (mino) to systemically downregulate microglial activation and studied proliferation, expression of markers for activated microglia, and Aβ removal in vitro and in vivo. Mino did not affect proliferation or phagocytic activity of BM‐derived cells toward Aβ in vitro. Intrahippocampal LPS injection used to induce inflammation and increase recruitment of BM cells from periphery, reduced Aβ burden in BM‐transplanted AD transgenic mice. All engrafted cells expressed CD45, ∼50% expressed Iba‐1, and <0.5% of these cells expressed CD3e. About 40% of the engrafted cells were mitotically active. LPS increased immunoreactivity for Iba‐1, MHC II, a marker of antigen presenting cells, and CD68, a marker of lysosomal activity. The endogenous microglia largely contributed to these LPS‐induced immunoreactivities. Mino reduced the engraftment of BM‐derived cells and blocked the LPS‐induced MHC II and Iba‐1 immunoreactivities, but did not prevent the increased CD68‐immunoreactivity or the reduced Aβ burden. Importantly, mino did not block the association of eGFP‐positive cells with Aβ deposits and the percentage of mitotically active BM‐derived cells. In conclusion, mino reduces overall inflammatory potential of BM‐derived monocytic cells without preventing their phagocytic activity. The separation of harmful activation of microglia/monocytic cells from their Aβ clearing mechanism may hold important therapeutic potential. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli on adaptation to acetate.

SUMMARY: Escherichia coli grown aerobically in glucose+salts medium excretes acetate. On glucose exhaustion, the cells synthesize the enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass which permits growth on acetate as sole source of carbon and energy. Concurrently, the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase falls to 20% and, when the acetate is exhausted, is restored to 75% of the original level. Similar results are obtained after growth on substrates (e.g. glycerol) which do not promote excretion of acetate, provided acetate is added to the medium at the end of growth. This control of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity is apparently a mechanism which restricts the flow of carbon round the tricarboxylic acid cycle and favours operation of the glyoxylate bypass.
Expression, Extracellular Secretion, and Immunogenicity of the Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Surface Protein 2 in Salmonella Vaccine Strains

ABSTRACT Deleting transmembrane α-helix motifs from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein (SSP-2) allowed its secretion from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL3261 and S. enterica serovar Typhi CVD 908-htrA by the Hly type I secretion system. In mice immunized intranasally, serovar Typhimurium constructs secreting SSP-2 stimulated greater gamma interferon splenocyte responses than did nonsecreting constructs (P = 0.04).
Mechanical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis

Introduction: The key to a successful chronic peritoneal dialysis is a permanent and safe access to the peritoneal cavity. The mechanical complications of peritoneal dialysis (MCPD) are a major cause of the failure of the technique. The aim of the study was to define the prevalence of peritoneal dialysis (PD) mechanical catheter complications, to determine the time and the factors associated with their occurring. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between January 2009 and January 2014 at the nephrology, dialysis and renal transplants department of Ibn Sina university hospital in Rabat. We included all patients who were on peritoneal dialysis and presented mechanical complications. These mechanical catheter complications are represented by catheter migration or obstruction, inguinal or umbilical hernias, early and late peritoneal dialysate leakage, subcutaneous cuff extrusion and hemoperitoneum. Results: MCPD were noted in 23 of the 62 patients (37% of cases). Onset time of complications was 24.8 ± 18.9 months [3 - 60 months]. Among these complications, we noted a catheter migration (65.2%), postoperative hematoma (21.7%), cracking or perforation of catheter (17.4%), epiploic aspiration (17.4%), sleeve externalization (17.4%), catheter obstruction (13%), hemoperitoneum (13%), hernia (22%; 13% umbilical and 8.7% inguinal), early dialysate leakage (13%), and pleuroperitoneal leakage (8.7%). The average age of our patients was 54.9 ± 15.5 years [21 - 81 years old], with a male predominance and a sex ratio of 2.28. The average body mass index (BMI) was 25.4 kg/m2. Diabetic patients represent 48.7% of our series. In our study, MCPD represent 13% of causes of transfer to hemodialysis (HD). Conclusion: Prevention of MCPD remains crucial. It is based on good patient education on hygiene and handling errors but also periodic retraining of patients and caregivers.
Sequence Analysis of Mus dunni Endogenous Virus Reveals a Hybrid VL30/Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus-Like Structure and a Distinct Envelope

ABSTRACT Mus dunni endogenous virus (MDEV) can be activated fromM. dunni cells by exposing the cells to hydrocortisone or 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine. Interference analysis has revealed that MDEV uses a receptor for cell entry that is different from those used by other murine retroviruses. The entire genome has now been sequenced, revealing a long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-LTR structure typical of simple retroviruses of the murine leukemia virus genus, with no additional open reading frames between env and the 3′ LTR. The LTRs and other noncoding regions of MDEV are most closely related to those of VL30 elements, while the majority of the coding sequences are most closely related to those of gibbon ape leukemia virus. MDEV represents the first example of a naturally occurring, replication-competent virus with sequences closely related to VL30 elements. The U3 region of MDEV contains six nearly perfect 80-bp repeats and the beginning of a seventh, and the region expected to contain the packaging sequence contains approximately four imperfect 33-bp repeats. The receptor specificity domains of the envelope are unique among retroviruses and show no apparent similarity to regions of known proteins.
Fas determines differential fates of resident and recruited macrophages during resolution of acute lung injury.

RATIONALE During acute lung injury (ALI) the macrophage pool expands markedly as inflammatory monocytes migrate from the circulation to the airspaces. As inflammation resolves, macrophage numbers return to preinjury levels and normal tissue structure and function are restored. OBJECTIVES To determine the fate of resident and recruited macrophages during the resolution of ALI in mice and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for macrophage removal. METHODS ALI was induced in mice using influenza A (H1N1; PR8) infection and LPS instillation. Dye labeling techniques, bone marrow transplantation, and surface immunophenotyping were used to distinguish resident and recruited macrophages during inflammation and to study the role of Fas in determining macrophage fate during resolving ALI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During acute and resolving lung injury from influenza A and LPS, a high proportion of the original resident alveolar macrophages persisted. In contrast, recruited macrophages exhibited robust accumulation in early inflammation, followed by a progressive decline in their number. This decline was mediated by apoptosis with local phagocytic clearance. Recruited macrophages expressed high levels of the death receptor Fas and were rapidly depleted from the airspaces by Fas-activating antibodies. In contrast, macrophage depletion was inhibited in mice treated with Fas-blocking antibodies and in chimeras with Fas-deficient bone marrow. Caspase-8 inhibition prevented macrophage apoptosis and delayed the resolution of ALI. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Fas-induced apoptosis of recruited macrophages is essential for complete resolution of ALI.
Nursing home staffing requirements and input substitution: effects on housekeeping, food service, and activities staff.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of minimum nurse staffing requirements on the subsequent employment of nursing home support staff. DATA SOURCES Nursing home data from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) System merged with state nurse staffing requirements. STUDY DESIGN Facility-level housekeeping, food service, and activities staff levels are regressed on nurse staffing requirements and other controls using fixed effect panel regression. DATA EXTRACTION METHOD OSCAR surveys from 1999 to 2004. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Increases in state direct care and licensed nurse staffing requirements are associated with decreases in the staffing levels of all types of support staff. CONCLUSIONS Increased nursing home nurse staffing requirements lead to input substitution in the form of reduced support staffing levels.
Early parietal recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the colon after laparoscopic colectomy

Laparoscopic and video-assisted colonic resection is under evaluation to determine its effectiveness, cost, morbidity and complication rate, and control of neoplastic disease'. The risk of tumour seeding at cannula sites has been reported after the incidental finding of carcinoma of the gallbladder at laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstones2. Direct contact between cancer cells and the abdominal wall has been suggested as the cause of such recurrence. Delivery of the specimen by means of a plastic bag to avoid this contact has been recommended' to prevent cancer seeding. Notwithstanding these precautions, a case of isolated parietal recurrence of carcinoma of the right colon after laparoscopic right colectomy has been observed.
Traction force improvement of a two wheel mobile manipulator by changing the centre of gravity

In this paper, a traction control method for a two wheel mobile robot is presented. Traction force acting on a wheel is dependent upon the dynamic frictional coefficient and the reaction force acting on each wheel, it is proposed to obtain the maximum traction force by selecting the best value for slip percentage as well as selecting a suitable value for the reaction force. Reaction force variation is achieved by changing the centre of gravity (COG) of the mobile robot. Two electric motors are used to drive the two wheel manipulator.
Cryptosporidiosis in Humans with Reference to the First Case of Cryptosporidium hominis Infection in Turkey

194 Copyright 2017 by The Medical Bulletin of University of Health Sciences Haseki Training and Research Hospital The Medical Bulletin of Haseki published by Galenos Yayınevi. Telif Hakkı 2017 Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Haseki Tıp Bülteni, Galenos Yayınevi tarafından basılmıştır. Ad­dress­for­Cor­res­pon­den­ce/Ya­z›fl­ma­Ad­re­si:­Nadim Yılmazer Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Tekirdağ, Turkey Phone: +90 282 250 26 30 E-mail: nyilmazer@nku.edu. tr Received/Gelifl­Tarihi:­09 January 2017 Ac­cep­ted/Ka­bul­Ta­ri­hi:­03 February 2017 Türkiye’de İlk Cryptosporidium hominis Enfeksiyonu Olgusuna İlişkin Olarak İnsanlarda Cryptosporidiosis
The effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on tumor‐induced anorexia in rats

Background. Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are potent induces of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and injection of PGE, IL‐1, or TNF decreases food intake in healthy animals, whereas the anorexigenic effects of injected IL‐1 and TNF are blocked by inhibitors of PG synthesis. It has been hypothesized that host secretion of IL‐1 and TNF contribute to tumor‐induced anorexia. This study was undertaken to determine whether administration of PG inhibitors alters food intake in anorectic rats implanted with Walker 256 carcinoma.
Mucinous carcinoma of the colon and rectum

The clinicopathologic significance of mucus production by adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum was analyzed in retrospective study with stage matched non‐mucus producing control carcinomas. Mucinous carcinoma of the colon and rectum comprised 132 (15%) of 893 cases of colorectal carcinoma. The rectum was the most common site (33% of cases). While 120 mucinous cancers had a poorer five‐year survival than non‐mucinous tumors (34% vs. 53%, p <.005), these had a particularly bad prognosis in the rectum (18% 5 year survival vs. 49% for the non‐mucinous tumor controls, p <.005). The theoretical basis for this location‐dependent behavior is considered. From this study, distinctive clinico‐pathologic features emerge. There were seven documented cases of ulcerative colitis and 8 additional patients gave a history of “colitis”. An additional five patients had received prior pelvic irradiation. Of particular note was the fact that 31% of mucinous carcinomas were associated with villous adenomas, implying a histogenetic relationship. Moreover, this finding again emphasizes the neoplastic potential of the villous adenoma, especially in the rectum where the development of mucinous carcinoma is particularly ominous.