Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Template‐Free Synthesis, Controlled Conversion, and CO Oxidation Properties of CeO2 Nanorods, Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanocubes

A general large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline and uniform CeO2 nanorods was first realized without templates by a precipitation method at room temperature and pressure. Such nanorods have an aspect ratio of ca. 3 nm with a diameter of ca. 8 nm and a large BET specific area of 128.2 m2/g. On the basis of this, the controlled conversion of the as-prepared nanorods into nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocubes through hydrothermal reactions has been realized. Further experimental results show that the growth of nanorods is a function of the base concentration, temperature, and time. In addition, particle size measurements demonstrate that the primary nanorods grow by Ostwald ripening. It is found that CeO2 growth is faster at higher base concentration and temperature due to the accelerated ripening. During the synthesis, the formation of Ce(OH)3 intermediate species and their transformation into CeO2 have been dynamically demonstrated and are regarded as the key factors responsible for the evolution of shape. The CO oxidation properties of CeO2 nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocubes were investigated, and CeO2 nanotubes have the best performance due to the large BET surface area and the novel inner surface. In addition, CeO2 nanorods aged for 9 d also have an excellent catalytic performance for CO oxidation due to the exposed crystal surface (110) of CeO2. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Productivity Loss and Misallocation of Resources in Southeast Asia

This paper examines within-sector resource misallocation in three Southeast Asian countries -- Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The methodology accounts for measurement error in revenues and costs. The firm-level evidence suggests that measurement error is substantial, resulting in an overestimation of misallocation by as much as 30 percent. Nevertheless, resource misallocation across firms within a sector remains large, albeit declining. The findings imply that there are considerable potential gains from efficient reallocation -- above 80 percent for Indonesia and around 20 to 30 percent for Malaysia and Vietnam. Private domestic firms and firms with higher productivity appear to face larger distortions that prevent them from expanding.
Consequences of representativeness bias on SHM-based decision-making

Abstract Judging the state of a bridge based on SHM observations is an inference process, which should be rationally carried out using a logical approach. However, it is often observed that real-life decision makers depart from this ideal model of rationality, judge and decide using common sense, and privilege fast and frugal heuristics to rational analytic thinking. For instance, confusion between condition state and safety of a bridge is one of the most frequently observed examples in bridge management. The aim of this paper is to describe mathematically this observed biased judgement, a condition that is broadly described by Kahneman and Tversky’s representativeness heuristic. Particularly, the paper examines how this heuristic affects the interpretation of data, providing a deeper understanding of the differences between a method affected by cognitive biases and the classical rational approach. Based on the literature review, three different models reproducing an individual behaviour distorted by representativeness are identified. These models are applied to the case of a transportation manager who wrongly judges a particular bridge unsafe simply because deteriorated, regardless its actual residual load-carrying capacity. It is demonstrated that the application of any of the three heuristic judgment models correctly predicts that the manager will mistakenly judge the bridge as unsafe based on the observed condition state. It is not objective of the paper to suggest that representativeness should be used instead of rational logic, however, understanding how real-life managers actually behave is of paramount importance when setting a general policy for bridge maintenance.
Coordination Polymers Constructed from Paddle-Wheel Building Units

Abstract The two structurally related coordination polymers [Cu(ndc)(pyridine)], CPO-2-Cu, and [Zn(ndc)(3,4-lutidine)], CPO-2-Zn, were obtained by hydrothermal reactions between 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (ndc), pyridine and copper(II) nitrate (CPO-2-Cu) and ndc, 3,4-lutidine and zinc(II) nitrate (CPO-2-Zn), respectively. The compounds are based on the binuclear paddle–wheel building unit. In both compounds these building units are connected into 2D sheets by naphthalene rings. In the third dimension there are weaker interactions involving the axial ligands pyridine and 3,4-lutidine. The sheets are stacked so that large 1D channels are formed into which the axial ligands protrude. The crystal structure of CPO-2-Cu was solved from synchrotron powder X-ray data, while the crystal structure of CPO-2-Zn was solved from conventional single-crystal X-ray data. Crystal data for CPO-2-Cu: Monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12), a=10.2252(2), b=19.0915(4), c=8.0521(2) A, β=98.824(1)°, V=1553.30(7) A3 and Z=4. Crystal data for CPO-2-Zn: Triclinic space group P−1 (No. 2), a=7.540(1), b=10.711(1), c=11.196(2) A, α=66.490(5)°, β=87.265(6)°, χ=88.470(6)°, V=828.2(2) A3 and Z=2. The thermal properties of both compounds were investigated as well as the magnetic properties of CPO-2-Cu.
An analysis of software aging in cloud environment

Cloud Computing is the environment in which several virtual machines (VM) run concurrently on physical machines. The cloud computing infrastructure hosts multiple cloud service segments that communicate with each other using the interfaces. This creates distributed computing environment. During operation, the software systems accumulate errors or garbage that leads to system failure and other hazardous consequences. This status is called software aging. Software aging happens because of memory fragmentation, resource consumption in large scale and accumulation of numerical error. Software aging degrads the performance that may result in system failure. This happens because of premature resource exhaustion. This issue cannot be determined during software testing phase because of the dynamic nature of operation. The errors that cause software aging are of special types. These errors do not disturb the software functionality but target the response time and its environment. This issue is to be resolved only during run time as it occurs because of the dynamic nature of the problem. To alleviate the impact of software aging, software rejuvenation technique is being used. Rejuvenation process reboots the system or re-initiates the softwares. This avoids faults or failure. Software rejuvenation removes accumulated error conditions, frees up deadlocks and defragments operating system resources like memory. Hence, it avoids future failures of system that may happen due to software aging. As service availability is crucial, software rejuvenation is to be carried out at defined schedules without disrupting the service. The presence of Software rejuvenation techniques can make software systems more trustworthy. Software designers are using this concept to improve the quality and reliability of the software. Software aging and rejuvenation has generated a lot of research interest in recent years. This work reviews some of the research works related to detection of software aging and identifies research gaps.
A Goal Programming Approach to Nurse Scheduling with Individual Preference Satisfaction

The use of scheduling optimization tools is essential in creating an efficient nurse shift-rotation schedule. A well-designed nurse scheduling technique can improve nurses’ job satisfaction and their intention to stay. This study develops a goal programming approach to nurse scheduling that simultaneously considers workload fairness and individual preferences on working shift and day off assignments. A case study of an operating room at a hospital in Thailand is used to illustrate the model capabilities for solving an actual nurse scheduling problem. The job satisfaction factors defined based on an interview and questionnaire survey are integrated into the model. When compared against the manual scheduling result, the optimal schedules can be implemented to improve the nurse’s perception of fairness and preference satisfaction. The analysis of fairness and multiple individual preferences based on a case study investigation is the main contribution of this study.
RATIONALISATION RED FLAGS AND LIKELIHOOD OF FRAUD DETECTION IN NIGERIA

The broad objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of rationalisation red flags as prescribed by SAS.99 in relation to the fraud triangle on the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the effects of rationalisation red flags proxies: quality of earnings; and effective cash tax rate on the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. This study used secondary data sourced from audited annual reports of quoted companies in the Nigeria Stock Exchange and a sample size of sixty-five (65) companies were used for a six-year period of 2009-2014. The variables were derived by making necessary computations using information reflected on the face of financial statements to derive our figures not explicitly stated on the face of the financial statements. The probit regression estimation analyses on the pooled data shows that Rationalization red flags such as quality of earnings and effective cash tax rate on the average cannot aid the likelihood of fraud detection in Nigeria. It is however recommended that forensic accountants should as a matter of necessity pay close attention to our findings in this study and make use of SAS.99 qualitative and quantitative proxies red flags when carrying fraud examination.
Elliptic Curve Signcryption-Based Mutual Authentication Protocol for Smart Cards

In the modern computing environment, smart cards are being used extensively, which are intended to authenticate a user with the system or server. Owing to the constrictions of computational resources, smart card-based systems require an effective design and efficient security scheme. In this paper, a smart card authentication protocol based on the concept of elliptic curve signcryption has been proposed and developed, which provides security attributes, including confidentiality of messages, non-repudiation, the integrity of messages, mutual authentication, anonymity, availability, and forward security. Moreover, the analysis of security functionalities shows that the protocol developed and explained in this paper is secure from password guessing attacks, user and server impersonation, replay attacks, de-synchronization attacks, insider attacks, known key attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks. The results have demonstrated that the proposed smart card security protocol reduces the computational overhead on a smart card by 33.3% and the communication cost of a smart card by 34.5%, in comparison to the existing efficient protocols. It can, thus, be inferred from the results that using elliptic curve signcryption in the authentication mechanism reduces the computational cost and communication overhead by a significant amount.
Dinitrogen and Nitrous Oxide Formation in Beech Forest Floor and Mineral Soils

A 15 N tracer study was conducted to determine N 2 and N 2 O fluxes and the processes responsible for the formation of N 2 O in two beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest soils: an acid mineral soil (AM) (pH = 3.8) and the overlying acid forest floor (AFF) (pH = 3.8) from the Solling and a less acid mineral soil (LAM) (pH = 5.2) from the Gottinger Wald. Ammonium and nitrate of undisturbed soil cores were labeled by injecting 15 N. The evolved gases, N 2 O and N 2 , and the ammonium and nitrate concentrations in the soils were measured together with the 15 N abundances over a period of 8 d. Nitrous Oxide was produced in all soils by denitrification. Nitrate was reduced to N 2 at higher soil pH (LAM) and in the AFF. The end product of denitrification at the lower soil pH (AM) was N 2 O. The N 2 O and N 2 emission calculated on an areal basis decreased from LAM, AFF, to AM. The N 2 O/(N 2 O + N 2 ) ratios decreased from AM (1.0), AFF (0.97), to LAM (0.80) during the initial period indicating that the main product of denitrification was N 2 O. On prolonged incubation the N 2 O/(N 2 O + N 2 ) ratios decreased for AFF and LAM to 0.78 and 0.32, respectively, and was attributed to a gradual decrease in nitrate concentration. We estimate the in situ N 2 emissions to be 0.71 and 0.51 kg N ha -1 yr -1 for the Gottinger Wald and the Solling, using published annual in situ N 2 O emissions and our N 2 /N 2 O ratios. The in situ N 2 O emissions of the Gottinger Wald and Soiling are 0.17 and 3 kg ha -1 yr -1 and the N 2 emissions increased the annual denitrification losses to about 0.88 and 3.51 kg ha -1 yr -1 . The approach for estimating in situ N 2 emissions has to be improved in future studies.
Catholic clerical responses to climate change and Pope Francis’s Laudato Si’

The 2015 release of Pope Francis’s encyclical on the environment—Laudato Si’—was met with widespread praise by many who hoped this document would spur Catholics around the world to join movements struggling against climate change. Frequently, these hopes were accompanied by expectations that leaders in the Catholic Church would begin greening their churches and help integrate their parishioners into broader environmental movements. However, while there are strong theoretical rationales supporting Catholic environmental action, few studies have examined what—if anything—is actually happening. This paper responds to this gap by assessing how Catholic clergy in one U.S. diocese are engaging environmental concerns. Drawing upon 31 interviews with priests and deacons across the Diocese of Syracuse, N.Y. , this study finds that few clergy are substantively engaging environmental issues. In addition, this paper identifies and discusses several personal and systemic barriers hampering Catholic clerical efforts to further green their churches.
Characteristics of n-GaN After Cl2/Ar and Cl2/N2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching

A systematic study on the effect of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching on n-type GaN is presented. The optical and electrical properties and surface stoichiometry of n-type GaN are evaluated using room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and current–voltage (I–V) characteristic measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Investigation of the effect of additive gas (N2 and Ar) and RF power on these characteristics has also been carried out. It is shown that the decrease in the O/Ga ratio after ICP etching can suppress the deterioration of the near-band-edge emission intensity. Furthermore, N vacancy (VN) with a shallow donor nature and Ga vacancy (VGa) with a deep acceptor nature are generated after ICP etching upon the addition of Ar and N2 to Cl2 plasma, respectively. Lower ohmic contact resistance could be obtained when VN or ion-bombardment-induced defect is dominant at the surface. Improved etching conditions have been obtained based on these results.
Klasifikasi Berita Clickbait Menggunakan K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)

Clickbait menjadi salah satu cara untuk mencari uang dengan meningkatkan traffic pengunjung dan pengunjung. Praktik clickbait pada saat ini sudah merambah pada dunia jurnalistik sedangkan sistem berita media online berbeda dengan media cetak. Sama halnya dengan media online lainnya, clickbait ini memberikan pengaruh besar terhadap penyedia berita karena rasa keingintahuan dari para pembaca dan sulitnya para pembaca memilih berita clickbait atau bukan clickbait. Praktik clickbait ini sendiri sangat di andalkan oleh penyedia situs berita yang menggunakan judul-judul yang menjebak untuk menarik para pembaca. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut dilakukan penelitian untuk mengklasifikasikan berita clickbait menggunakan metode K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN). Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh hasil terbaik pada jumlah k = 11 dengan menggunakan skenario 1 pada data pembagian dengan jumlah data sebanyak 800 data dan 200 data uji yang menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 71%, ketepatan 72%, dan ingat 71%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi berita clickbait dapat di klasifikasikan menggunakan K-Nearest Neighbor.
Effect of solvents on the morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by microwave method

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized using microwave method as rapid, uncostly and effective method. In order to study the effect of the solvent on the morphology of the prepared samples, two different solvents were used. The first solvent was ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8%) and the other was deionized water (DIW), while titanium isopropoxideTi[OCH(CH3)2]4 was used as TiO2 precursor. A commercial microwave oven was used with a power of 750 W and 5 minutes was selected as a duration of time preparation. The prepared specimens were annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. Diverse techniques were used in this study, such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the structures and morphology of the prepared TiO2. Surface area was measured using Brunaner EmmettTeller (BET) technique. The XRD results revealed that the prepared samples were a pure TiO2 in anataseface. Noticeably, FESEM results show that the prepared TiO2 samples were nanorods-like shape with a length varied from 2 μm to 30 μm and a diameter varied from 500 nm to 6 μm when EG was used as a solvent. In contrast, spherical agglomerated nanoparticles with average diameters 20 nm were obtained when DIW was used as a solvent. The BET analysis revealed that the surface area of TiO2 nanorods was 151.413 m2/g, while it was 103.365 m2/gfor TiO2 nanoparticles.
Radioactive Contaminants in U.S. Drinking Water and Water Quality Disparities

Radioactive contaminants, such as radium, radon, and uranium isotopes are naturally present in drinking water, and gas and oil extraction like hydraulic fracturing can exasperate radionuclide leakage into groundwater. The concentration of radionuclide in drinking water is dependent upon the water source and the underlying lithology within the aquifers. In United States, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates the level of radioactivity in drinking water via the gross alpha test, which is conducted to measure the emitted alpha particles as a result of the radioactive elements’ natural decay. Radionuclides, such as radium and uranium, are known to cause bone cancer and other forms of cancer. Communities with crippling water purification infrastructure may be at a higher risk of being exposed to radionuclides, and this is a significant environmental justice concern. The radionuclide concentrations for the metropolitan or most populated city in each state in the United States and its territories (Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Guam) were analyzed and correlated to the annual household income, to determine any disparities that maybe present. Lower income communities had elevated levels of radionuclides when compared to higher income communities which had lower frequency in elevated radionuclide contaminants.
Modeling the construction of an individual learning path

In this paper, the most important aspect is touched upon - the principle of constructing an individual learning path in the system of open education. At the moment, there is no clear implemented construction method that satisfies both the learner and the teacher. The method proposed in this paper is based on the use of neural network technologies to determine significant input parameters that affect the success rate. At the first stage of determining an individual trajectory, proceeding mainly from theoretical ideas about the diagnosed set, a “draft” version of the list of parameters is formed. This option includes parameters that, according to the expert, should reflect the individual psychological differences of the subjects. The definition of a “draft” version of the initial set of diagnostic features is a difficult formalized task.
Recommendation algorithm based on user attributes and tag preferences

Aiming at the problem of sparse data and low recommendation accuracy of recommendation systems in a big data environment, a UT-CF algorithm that combines user attributes and tag preferences is proposed. The algorithm extracts and selects user attribute information, calculates the user attribute similarity matrix according to the user attribute characteristics; obtains the user’s tag score according to each score of the user item score matrix, obtains the user tag preference matrix, and calculates the difference between user tags Similarity, to get the user’s similar neighbors; In order to reduce the search space of similar users, the K-means clustering algorithm based on the principle of maximum distance is introduced. Make the top k recommendations based on the recommendations of the target user’s nearest neighbors. Through the experiment of MovieLens 100K data set, the algorithm improves the accuracy of recommendation.
Development of distributed cloud video conferencing service

Currently, many companies are actively switching to various types of cloud services for operational interaction of employees. Among cloud services video conferencing services are becoming increasingly popular. Cloud video conferencing services available in the public use have several drawbacks: charging, limiting the time to use the free version, the lack of flexibility in managing groups, the difficulty of recording and storing video data, and many other factors. The purpose of this work is to develop a distributed cloud video conferencing service in the higher education system. The paper describes in detail the architecture and operational scheme of the developed cloud service, presents the structure of the main directories and class diagram for organizing video streaming. For flexible management of video data flows, the network infrastructure of the cloud video service is based on the principles of software defined networks technology. The prototype of the cloud video conferencing service proposed in the work has a wide potential for use in various areas of activity.
The crystal structure of 4-hydroxybenzene-1,3-diaminium dichloride, C6H10Cl2N2O

Abstract C6H10Cl2N2O, triclinic, P1‾$‾{1}$ (no. 2), a = 4.8274(4) Å, b = 8.0556(7) Å, c = 12.0648(10) Å, α = 71.237(4)°, β = 78.739(4)°, γ = 72.950(4)°, V = 422.06(6) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0225, wRref(F2) = 0.0614, T = 190 K.
Finding Archaeological Relevance during a Pandemic and What Comes After

This article emerged as the human species collectively have been experiencing the worst global pandemic in a century. With a long view of the ecological, economic, social, and political factors that promote the emergence and spread of infectious disease, archaeologists are well positioned to examine the antecedents of the present crisis. In this article, we bring together a variety of perspectives on the issues surrounding the emergence, spread, and effects of disease in both the Americas and Afro-Eurasian contexts. Recognizing that human populations most severely impacted by COVID-19 are typically descendants of marginalized groups, we investigate pre- and postcontact disease vectors among Indigenous and Black communities in North America, outlining the systemic impacts of diseases and the conditions that exacerbate their spread. We look at how material culture both reflects and changes as a result of social transformations brought about by disease, the insights that paleopathology provides about the ancient human condition, and the impacts of ancient globalization on the spread of disease worldwide. By understanding the differential effects of past epidemics on diverse communities and contributing to more equitable sociopolitical agendas, archaeology can play a key role in helping to pursue a more just future.