Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of fentanyl added to a mixture of intrathecal bupivacaine and morphine for spinal anaesthesia in elective caesearean section.

BACKGROUND The use of either fentanyl or morphine intrathecally as adjuncts to bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in caesarean deliveries is commonplace. However, the use of fentanyl in combination with morphine and bupivacaine in elective caesarean section is debatable. We hypothesized that while the addition of intrathecal fentanyl to morphine and bupivacaine increases side effects, it does not improve the clinical quality of anaesthesia or analgesia in elective caesarean deliveries. METHODS In this case-controlled, double-blinded study, women undergoing elective caesarean deliveries received intrathecal fentanyl plus morphine with bupivacaine (Group 1) or intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine alone (Group 2). Patients were assessed at 4 hours for pain at rest and on movement using the visual analog scale (VAS), time taken for sensory block to T6 and side effects. RESULTS Fifty patients were randomized into Group 1 (n = 25) and Group 2 (n = 25). There was no difference in the mean VAS scores at rest or on movement between the two groups. At 4 hours, the mean (SD) VAS scores at rest were 13.2 (13.7) mm and 12.0 (11.5) mm in Group 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.739). The mean (SD) VAS scores on movement in Group 1 were 38.0 (18.2) mm, and in Group 2 were 28.4 (12.4) mm (P = 0.349). Group 1 took 7.34 hours to the first request for postoperative opioid analgesia while Group 2 took 7.08 hours (P = 0.749). Correspondingly, patient satisfaction ratings were comparable for both groups, the mean (SD) rating in Group 1 at 84.4 (11.11) compared to Group 2 at 87.6 (9.02), (P = 0.269). Patients in both groups had similar onset of T6 block. The incidence of side effects was higher in Group 1 than Group 2. CONCLUSION Our study found that the addition of intrathecal fentanyl to morphine and bupivacaine did not have an advantage for short-term postoperative analgesia, but increased the incidence of opioid-related side effects and thus cost of care in a maternal population attending for elective caesarean section.
Developing biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment outcome monitoring of bladder cancer

Importance of the field: A non-invasive marker for the follow-up and diagnosis of bladder cancer is highly needed. Several markers have been studied with regard to sensitivity and specificity in detecting bladder cancer. Comparison of studies is complicated by limited data on tumor characteristics and treatment details. Many studies do not differentiate between primary and recurrent tumors, nor is the performance of the studied marker assessed separately in superficial and invasive or high- versus low-grade tumors. Areas covered in this review: The field of bladder cancer biomarker research from the past 15 years. What the reader gain: A summary of the current field of bladder biomarker research with concluding remarks on some specific challenges in developing biomarkers for improved diagnosis and monitoring the disease. Take home message: In general, the best new markers give higher sensitivity than urinary cytology, but specificity is usually lower. By using new markers, the intervals between follow-up cystoscopies can be increased and the detection of relapse can be improved. But to date no non-invasive biomarker has proven to be sensitive and specific enough available to replace cystoscopy, neither in the diagnosis nor in the follow-up of bladder cancer. However, new marker combinations and algorithms for risk assessment hold promise for the future.
Homograft rejection by neonatally thymectomized germ-free mice.

Summary A response to tissue transplantation was elicited in germ-free neonatally thymectomized CFW and C3H mice by challenge with homotransplantations of methylcholanthrene-induced tumor cells and neoplastic lymph node cells. Germ-free thymectomized mice of both CFW and C3H strains accepted all isologous transplants and rejected all homologous transplants with only 1 exception. When these thymectomized mice were irradiated, their immune response seemed to be effectively depressed and homologous transplants made 3 days after irradiation were accepted by both strains. In CFW thymectomized and irradiated mice the tumor enlarged and eventually killed the mouse, but in C3H thymectomized and irradiated mice the tumor did not enlarge, but persisted until 6 weeks, when the experiment was terminated and the animals were sacrificed and autopsied. However, when transplantation of C3H tumors to CFW mice was delayed until 2 months after irradiation to permit recovery of immunologically active tissues, most of the tumors were rejected after a brief period of acceptance. Results of transplantation of neoplastic lymph node cells from C3H mice infected with leukemia were comparable to those from the tumor transplants. Both germ-free and germ-free thymectomized CFW mice were able to reject homologous lymph node cells from C3H mice; all but 1 of the C3H control mice developed leukemia. Neonatal thymectomy alone does not deprive CFW and C3H mice of the ability to reject tumor homotransplants, nor does exposure to 300 R of X-radiation abolish this response in these thymectomized mice. The assault by microorganisms on the conventional mouse at a time when it has been deprived of most of its lymphoid tissue appears to overtax its immunologic defense and to induce a debilitated state in which it cannot successfully respond to a homotransplant.
Expression of different members of heat shock protein 70 gene family in liver and hepatomas

The levels of expression of some genes of the HSP 70 family have been assessed in rat liver and in a series of transplantable hepatomas with different growth rates, subjected to heat shock in vivo. For this purpose, the mRNAs for the constitutive cognate HSC 73, the heat‐inducible HSP 70 and the glucose‐regulated GRP 78 have been analyzed by: (i) translation in reticulocyte lysates; (ii) hybrid‐selected translation, and (iii) Northern blot analysis. In comparison with the liver, the fastgrowing 3924A hepatoma has an increased constitutive amount of HSC 73 mRNA and a lower induction of HSP 70 mRNA after heat shock. The behavior of the 9618A slow‐growing hepatoma is more similar to that of the liver, indicating that the changes detected in the fastgrowing hepatoma are correlated to the high growth rate of the tumor rather than to carcinogenesis. This conclusion is reinforced by the results obtained with Yoshida AH‐130 cells, growing at two different rates imposed by the environment in which they develop. When the Yoshida hepatoma grows rapidly in the peritoneal cavity, constitutive expression of HSC 73 mRNA is high and the inducibility of HSP 70 mRNA is poor: the opposite occurs when the tumor grows slowly in the subcutaneous compartment.
Night shiftwork and breast cancer risk: overall evidence

Kolstad et al claim in a letter that “warnings against long-term night shift work to prevent breast cancer are not evidence based”. 1 However, 24 scientists convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have concluded, based on sufficient evidence in experimental animals, limited evidence in humans and strong bio-mechanistic support, that “shiftwork that involves circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to …
Manganese toxicity in watermelon as affected by lime and compost amended to a Hawaiian acid Oxisol

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in crops is a serious problem in Hawaii, especially Kauai and Oahu, where most soils are highly weathered. To devise a management strategy to control Mn toxicity, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on an acid (pH 4.4) Oxisol (Wahiawa series) having 15g·kg -1 total Mn. Factorial combinations of lime (0, 2.0, and 4.0 g·kg -1 CaCO3) and two composts (made from chicken manure and from sewage sludge at 0, 5, and 10 g·kg -1 ) were applied to the soil, which was subsequently planted to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. 'Crimson Sweet'). Our preliminary results showed that: 1) liming reduced Mn extractability and phytoavailability, but the reduction in Mn per unit increase in pH was much less than predicted by theory; 2) for good watermelon growth, soluble Mn, as extracted by the saturated paste method, should be 5.7; 3) unlike the saturated-paste extractable Mn, the Mehlich3- extractable Mn varied less with pH in a given soil series than between soil series; 4) effects of composts on Mn toxicity varied with compost properties, especially their Ca content and pH altering capacity; and 5) the diagnostic criteria for Mn toxicity in watermelon are tentatively proposed as: leaf Mn >1000 mg·kg -1 and leaf Ca/Mn ratio (g·g -1 ) <25.
Major differences in CNS sulfonylurea receptor distribution between the rat (newborn, adult) and turtle

Our previous results have shown that KATP channels play an important role in K+ efflux and extracellular K+ accumulation in the rat brain, and this role was quantitatively more important in the adult than in the newborn brain. The purpose of this study was to localize by autoradiographic techniques the binding sites of glibenclamide, a potent sulfonylurea ligand that targets KATP channels, in the adult and newborn fat central nervous system (CNS). Since the adult turtle is resistant to anoxia, we also compared the rat to the turtle brain sulfonylurea receptor distribution. In all three animal groups (newborn rat, adult rat, adult turtle), specific glibenclamide binding was saturable. Scatchard plots were curvilinear in the rat, thus suggesting that glibenclamide binds to two types of sites, i.e., high and low affinity sites. Scatchard analysis on turtle brain tissue showed evidence of one binding site only, We also found that the distribution of glibenclamide binding sites was heterogeneous in the adult rat CNS with a higher density in rostral than in caudal regions. The highest binding densities were seen in the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, substantia nigra, and a few thalamic nuclei; intermediate densities were observed in the basal ganglia, septum, thalamus, and the hypoglossal nucleus. There was a low density in most areas of the hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Compared with the adult rat, the newborn had a very homogeneous distribution of binding sites and densities were very low throughout the CNS; the level of binding density was even lower and in some regions undetectable in the adult turtle. Our results indicate that (1) there are high and low affinity sulfonylurea receptors in the rat CNS, (2) there is a striking heterogeneity in the distribution and density of sulfonylurea receptors in the adult rat CNS and this is in sharp contrast to the homogeneous distribution and low density in both newborn rat and adult turtle; (3) sulfonylurea receptors increase in number postnatally in the rat since binding density increases and the Kd in the newborn rat is similar to that in the adult rat. We speculate that KATP channels and sulfonylurea receptors are poorly developed in the turtle and develop mostly after birth in the rat, reaching highest density in adulthood.
Anomaly-based intrusion detection through K-means clustering and naives bayes classification

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) effectively balance extra security appliance by identifying intrusive activities on a computer system, and their enhancement is emerging at an unexpected rate. Anomaly-based intrusion detection methods, which employ machine learning algorithms, are able to identify unforeseen attacks. Regrettably, the foremost challenge of this method is to minimize false alarm while maximizing detection and accuracy rate. We propose an integrated machine learning algorithm across K-Means clustering and Naive Bayes Classifier called KMC+NBC to overcome the aforesaid drawbacks. K-Means clustering is applied to labeling and gathers the entire data into corresponding cluster sets based on the data behavior, i.e. , i.e. normal and attack, while Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) is applied to reorder the misclassified clustered data into correct categories. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the performance of KMC+NBC and NBC against ISCX 2012 Intrusion Detection Evaluation Dataset. The result shows that KMC+NBC significantly improves the accuracy, detection rate up to 99% and 98.8%, respectively, while decreasing the false alarm to 2.2%.
Mixed messages: sexual attitudes and behavior among young adolescents in Jamaica.

463 boys and 482 girls at 10 all-age and new secondary schools in rural and urban areas of Jamaica completed a survey in 1995 on their knowledge attitudes and behavior regarding home life relationships sexual activity family planning and pregnancy. 8 single-sex focus group discussions were then conducted in February 1996 with 32 students who filled out the initial survey. Respondents were 11-14 years old of mean age 12.1 years. 63% of the boys and 6% of the girls reported having experienced sexual intercourse. The mean age at first sex was 9.4 years for boys and 10.9 years for girls. No mean difference was observed in reported sexual activity by relative socioeconomic status residential caregiver or church attendance. The boys perceive social encouragement and pressure to be sexually active while the girls known by the community to have had sex are considered to be of inferior moral standing. A sizeable proportion of both boys and girls sought information on sex and family planning from their parents. 38% of sexually experienced boys and 48% of girls reported using contraception typically a condom the first time they had sex.
Contention Based Cooperative Multiple Access for Wireless Packet Networks

We propose a contention based multiple access scheme that enables packet level cooperation in wireless packet network, where the idle nodes help the source nodes by offering relay of the failed packet. Also a prioritization scheme is implemented to optimize to the contention whose complexity is added by participation of relay nodes. Throughput and delay performance improvement is confirmed by computer simulations considering wireless links that have different packet error rates according to the radio condition which suffer from propagation loss and Rayleigh fading. Analysis shows that the addition of active nodes for cooperation rather eases the number of waiting nodes in the contention, and that the reduction of retries needed for transmission reduces the average delay.
Overexpression of OLE1 enhances stress tolerance and constitutively activates the MAPK HOG pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

OLE1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes the sole and essential Δ‐9 desaturase catalyzing the conversion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Upon ectopic overexpression of OLE1 in S. cerevisiae, significant increases in the membrane oleic acid content were observed. OLE1‐overexpressing strains displayed enhanced tolerance to various stresses, better proton efflux, lower membrane permeability, and lessened internal hydrogen peroxide content. The OLE1‐mediated enhanced stress tolerance was considerably diminished upon deletion of HOG1, which encodes the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1 of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway. Furthermore, OLE1 overexpression constitutively activated Hog1, which remained in the cytoplasm. Hog1 activation was accomplished through the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) Ssk2, but not Ste11 and Ssk22, the other MAPKKKs of the HOG pathway. Despite its cytoplasmic location, activated Hog1 was able to activate the expression of its canonical targets, including CTT1, HSP12, and STL1, and further, the cAMP and stress response elements present in the promoter. OLE1 overexpression neither caused nor relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress. Individually or in combination, the physiological and molecular changes caused by OLE1 overexpression may contribute to enhanced tolerance to various types of stress. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 620–631. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Médicos Familiares cuidando de pacientes diabéticos: Impacto en los costos, prevención eficaz y satisfacción del enfermo

Objective: Our aim was to appraise the impact of the Family Medicine model in care for patients with diabetes in a triple assessment: cost effectiveness; preventive scores achieved, and patient satisfaction. Design: We conducted multimethod research as follows: transversal for cost and preventive analysis, and qualitative design to appraise patient satisfaction. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,288 assured patient customers at a private health insurance company were included. Costs were measured 12 months after and compared with 12 months before patients were included in the Family Medicine preventive program. For preventive scores, HbcA1 levels were measured in 475 patients and LDL-cholesterol in 349. Focal group discussion with 17 patients and 10 relatives was conducted for qualitative analysis. Results: Cost impact resulted in a 10.62% reduction after 1 year of running the program. Preventive index showed 50.55% patients with HbcA1 had <7.0 and 21.9%, respectively, with LDLcholesterol <100 mg/dl. The qualitative study showed that for the physician, an integrative approach and continuity are important points for patient satisfaction. Conclusions: Diabetes care incorporated into Family Medicine model perspectives could lead to patient satisfaction, standard prevention, and cost effectiveness.
The Roles of Individual Cysteine Residues of Sendai Virus Fusion Protein in Intracellular Transport1

Abstract The role of intramolecular disulfide bonds in the fusion (F) protein of Sendai virus was studied. The 10 cysteine residues were changed to serine residues using site-directed mutagenesis. None of the cysteine mutant F proteins reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for the mature conformation of the F protein, but eight of ten mutants reacted with an immature conformation-specific monoclonal antibody. The transport of these mutant proteins to the cell surface was drastically reduced. All of the cysteine mutant F proteins remained sensitive to endoglycosidase H (endo H) for 3 h after their synthesis. Moreover, cell surface transport of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein co-expressed with each of these cysteine mutant F proteins was also reduced. These results suggest that all cysteine residues participate in the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds, that co-translational disulfide bond formation is crucial to the correct folding and intracellular transport of the F protein, and that interaction of the F and HN proteins takes place intracellulary.
Denosumab for the treatment of cancer therapy-induced bone loss and prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with solid tumors

Development of bone metastasis is common among patients with advanced cancer. Improvements in chemotherapeutic agents have allowed these patients to live longer with metastatic-stage disease. Thus, treatments to prevent skeletal complications of metastatic bone disease, such as skeletal-related events and pain, are increasingly important. As the skeletal damage with bone metastases is largely caused by increased osteoclast activity, antiresorptive agents (denosumab or bisphosphonates) are recommended for use in these patients. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, a key mediator of osteoclast activity, was shown to be superior to zoledronic acid for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with solid tumors and bone metastases. In addition, denosumab is the only agent currently approved for the treatment of bone loss in patients with breast or prostate cancer receiving hormone-ablation therapy. Denosumab is also being evaluated in several other indications, including adjuvant treatment of breast cancer and giant cell tumor of the bone.
Protoplasm: endoplasmic reticulum and microsomes and their properties.

In recent years, much biological interest has been evinced in the structure and function of the intracellular membranes. This review has been written because of this, and not because we have a great deal of definite knowledge concerning these membranes. However, I do think a partial summing at this time is in order. Most of these membranes can be isolated, from cells which contain them, in a fraction which has been called microsomes. This name is unfortunate because it merely denotes a procedure, the high-speed pellet obtained from a mitochondrial supernatant, and hence the identity of the structures in the microsome fraction will depend on the intracellular struc­ ture of the cells from which the fractions were obtained. This is brought out more fully in a recent article (1), which also contains some methods for obtaining mammalian microsomes. In the past ten years some review articles have contained information concerning microsomes, both from a biochemical (2 to 10) and a morphological viewpoint (11 to 16a). The latter articles reported observations on the endoplasmic reticulum, and since in most cases, assuredly that of liver (17) and pancreas (18), the microsome fraction is the isolated fragmented reticulum, I wiII use the term "microsome" as denoting the isolated intracellular membrane fraction. Since, in some cases it has been shown (17, 18) that the fraction is heterogeneous, containing both membranes and particles, and since the literature on the role of the particles in protein synthesis is by this time voluminous, I have omitted references to protein synthesis. This review will then discuss the isolation of microsomes from various tissues, the identity of the fraction in certain cases, the enzymes which have been found contained therein, and various theoret­ ical musings on the functionings of the intracellular membranes. In addition, since it is thought (d. 11, 13) that the intracellular membranes are in certain instances in continuity with the cell membrane, some relevant experiments concerning the latter will also be cited.
Activation of the MAPK Signal Cascade by the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Requires L1 Internalization*

L1-mediated axon growth involves intracellular signaling, but the precise mechanisms involved are not yet clear. We report a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in L1 signaling. L1 physically associates with the MAPK cascade components Raf-1, ERK2, and the previously identified p90 rsk in brain. In vitro, ERK2 can phosphorylate L1 at Ser1204 and Ser1248 of the L1 cytoplasmic domain. These two serines are conserved in the L1 family of cell adhesion molecules, also being found in neurofascin and NrCAM. The ability of ERK2 to phosphorylate L1 suggests that L1 signaling could directly regulate L1 function by phosphorylation of the L1 cytoplasmic domain. In L1-expressing 3T3 cells, L1 cross-linking can activate ERK2. Remarkably, the activated ERK localizes with endocytosed vesicular L1 rather than cell surface L1, indicating that L1 internalization and signaling are coupled. Inhibition of L1 internalization with dominant-negative dynamin prevents activation of ERK. These results show that L1-generated signals activate the MAPK cascade in a manner most likely to be important in regulating L1 intracellular trafficking.