Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ozone concentration and pulmonary response relationships for 6.6-hour exposures with five hours of moderate exercise to 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm.

The magnitudes of pulmonary responses we previously observed (1) following 6.6-h exposures to 0.12 ppm ozone (O3) suggested that responses would also occur with similar exposures at lower O3 concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of pulmonary function decrements, respiratory discomfort, and increased airway reactivity to methacholine induced by exposure to O3 below 0.12 ppm. Separate 6.6-h chamber exposures to 0.00, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm O3 included six 50-min periods of moderate exercise (VE approximately equal to 39 L/min, HR approximately equal to 115 bpm, and VO2 approximately equal to 1.5 L/min). Each exercise period was followed by 10 min of rest. A 35-min lunch break was included midway through the exposure. Although not intended as an exact simulation, the overall duration, intensity, and metabolic requirements of the exercise performed were representative of a day of moderate to heavy work or play. Preexposure FEV1 averaged 4.39 L, and essentially no change (+0.03 L) occurred with exposure to 0.00 ppm O3. Significant decreases (p less than 0.01) of -0.31, -0.30, and -0.54 L were observed with exposures to 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm, respectively. The provocative dose of methacholine required to increase airway resistance by 100% (PD100) was 58 cumulative inhalation units (CIU) following exposure to 0.00 ppm and was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) to 37 CIU at 0.08, 31 CIU at 0.10, and 26 CIU at 0.12 ppm O3; reductions in PD100 are considered indicative of increases in nonspecific airway responsiveness. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Are You Reaching The Black-American Consumer?

The article looks at multicultural marketing and African-American consumers. The author argues that while black Americans are avid consumers, their point of view is not reflected in most marketing and advertising. She describes various approaches the advertising industry has taken to addressing ethnic diversity among consumers, including multicultural marketing, or translation of mainstream marketing messages for specific ethnic or other target markets; the total market approach of attempting to create messages with universal appeal; and cross-cultural marketing designed for specific target groups while aiming for general appeal. Topics include African-American television channels such as Black Entertainment Television (BET) and wireless company Sprint's "Framily" advertising campaign.
Effectiveness of turning with unequal time intervals on the incidence of pressure ulcer lesions.

AIM This paper reports a study investigating whether repositioning patients lying on a pressure-reducing mattress alternately for 2 hours in a lateral position and 4 hours in a supine position reduces the incidence of pressure ulcers in comparison with repositioning every 4 hours. BACKGROUND Repositioning is commonly recognized as an effective preventive measure. Almost no research has been carried out so far on the necessary turning frequencies to prevent pressure ulcer lesions. The pressure is higher in a lateral than in a supine position. METHOD A two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted in 16 Belgian elder care nursing homes. Patients with non-blanchable erythema were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. In the experimental group (n = 122), patients were repositioned alternately 2 hours in a lateral position and 4 hours in a supine position. In the control group (n = 113), patients were repositioned every 4 hours. The sitting protocol was identical in both groups. Pressure areas were observed daily and classified according to the four grades of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. RESULTS In the experimental group, 16.4% patients developed a pressure ulcer lesion (grade 2-4), while 21.2% did so in the control group. The incidence was not statistically significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.40). The severity (P = 0.65) and location (P = 0.19) of pressure ulcer lesions, and the time to developing them (P = 0.29) were also similar in both groups. No patient developed a pressure ulcer at the hips. A considerable number of patients changed from a lateral to a supine position between the turning intervals. CONCLUSION More frequent repositioning on a pressure-reducing mattress does not necessarily lead to fewer pressure ulcer lesions and consequently cannot be considered as a more effective preventive measure.
Service assurance in modern telecommunications networks

Modern telecommunications network design and examples of possible causes of service interruption are examined, using AT&T 800 Service for illustration. Different methods of assuring service technically are presented. It is shown how end-to-end service reliability can be improved by using the techniques described, applying them to 800 Service as an example. Techniques used to restore generic switched services or private line services after a failure within a network are also presented. <<ETX>>
The evolution of dominant logic: 40 years of strategic framing in the Finnish Broadcasting Company

This study analyses the evolution of managerial strategic thinking in the Finnish Broadcasting Company during the last 40 years. The analysis sheds light on how managers have interpreted and framed the dramatic changes in the media environment. The theoretical frame is based on the managerial cognition research tradition, with the focus on the concept of dominant logic. The analysis is based on a qualitative content analysis of annual reports. According to the results, the dominant logic evolves path-dependently through shorter change periods – the changes in the former period provide the direction for the changes in the following period.
Social Epidemiology and the Work Environment

A major theme in virtually all of Bertil Gardell's work is that the social and work environment affects health and well-being. This concern with the social environment has been a major influence in the development of a new area of research referred to as social epidemiology. In this area of work, difficulties are increasingly being recognized in identifying specific social factors in the environment toward which intervention programs can be directed. An approach to this complex problem is to focus attention on the “mini-environment” of the workplace. Research here has yielded several interesting hypotheses that may have important implications for studies of the larger environment. These hypotheses involve the concepts of control and participation, concepts that are central to all of Garden's work.
The effectiveness of cool and green roofs as urban heat island mitigation strategies

Mitigation of the urban heat island (UHI) effect at the city-scale is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in conjunction with the Princeton Urban Canopy Model (PUCM). Specifically, the cooling impacts of green roof and cool (white/high-albedo) roof strategies over the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area during a heat wave period (7 June–10 June 2008) are assessed using the optimal set-up of WRF-PUCM described in the companion paper by Li and Bou-Zeid (). Results indicate that the surface UHI effect (defined based on the urban–rural surface temperature difference) is reduced significantly more than the near-surface UHI effect (defined based on urban–rural 2 m air temperature difference) when these mitigation strategies are adopted. In addition, as the green and cool roof fractions increase, the surface and near-surface UHIs are reduced almost linearly. Green roofs with relatively abundant soil moisture have comparable effect in reducing the surface and near-surface UHIs to cool roofs with an albedo value of 0.7. Significant indirect effects are also observed for both green and cool roof strategies; mainly, the low-level advection of atmospheric moisture from rural areas into urban terrain is enhanced when the fraction of these roofs increases, thus increasing the humidity in urban areas. The additional benefits or penalties associated with modifications of the main physical determinants of green or cool roof performance are also investigated. For green roofs, when the soil moisture is increased by irrigation, additional cooling effect is obtained, especially when the ‘unmanaged’ soil moisture is low. The effects of changing the albedo of cool roofs are also substantial. These results also underline the capabilities of the WRF-PUCM framework to support detailed analysis and diagnosis of the UHI phenomenon, and of its different mitigation strategies.
A Single Major Pathway of T‐Lymphocyte Interactions in Antigen‐Specific Immune Suppression

Two major facts about T lymphocytes have become apparent over the past 20 years: first, as demonstrated by the early work of Claman & Chaperon [10], Davies [13] and Miller & Mitchell [36] for helper function and Gershon [28] for suppressor function in humoral responses, a key activity of T cells is to serve as regulators of immunity; second, as initially described by Cantor, Boyse and associates [6,9], the peripheral T-cell pool is very heterogeneous, consisting of a large number of subsets, each with distinct differentiation naarkers and immunologic functions. Intensive investigation of the regulatory phenomenon of specific immune suppression has revealed the importance of multiple interactions among these T-cell subsets in even this limited aspect of cellular immune responses [1, 17, 20, 26, 35, 45, 50, 52, 63, 65, 67]. During the course of these studies, several distinct model systems have been used to examine T-cell-mediated suppression, and, as a result, several related but clearly nonidentical suppressor regulatory pathways consisting of a variety of T-T interactions have been described, involving cells with different phenotypes and soluble suppressor factors with various immunochemical and biological properties. These data raise the important question as to whether there are many different pathways of T-cell-mediated suppression, or whether the described pathways are fragments of a larger single sequence. During the past several years, these laboratories have studied in detail several different suppressor T-cell (Ts) models involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity [26, 45, 50, 65, 67] in an effort to define the molecular basis of antigen-specific T-cell recognition and cell-cell communication. Recent findings in these systems have suggested to us the possibility of integrating the great majority of results on T-cell suppression into a single overall scheme that eliminates many key differences between the several model systems. This review is an attempt to summarize briefiy the best-defined systems of immune suppression and to suggest an integration of these data into a major suppressor pathway.
Joint Bayesian weight and height postnatal growth model to study the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy

Growth models used for describing the dynamics of body weight and height generally consider each trait independently. We proposed modeling height and weight trajectories jointly with a nonlinear heteroscedastic mixed model based on the Jenss‐Bayley growth function with correlated individual random effects and using Bayesian inference techniques. Simulations showed that our model provides good estimates of the growth parameters. We illustrated how it can be used to assess the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy, an early‐life factor potentially involved in prenatal programming of obesity, and children's growth from birth to 5 years of age. We used real data from the EDEN study, a large French mother‐child cohort study with a high number of height and weight measurements (a total of approximately 30 000 measurements for each of the 2 traits across the 1666 children). Our results supported the existence of a relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and growth from birth to 5 years of age. Children from mothers who smoked throughout pregnancy were shown to display a higher body mass index from the first few months of life onwards compared to children from nonsmokers. At 5 years of age, their mean body mass index was 0.21 kg/m2 higher than unexposed children. It was mainly explained by the fact that these children tended to be smaller at birth but rapidly exceeded the weight of children from nonsmokers postnatally.
Death pathways activated in the neurotrophic factor-deprived neurons

1. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . 1 1.1. Programed cell death . 1 1.1.1. Programed cell death in the development of nervous system.1 1.2. Neurotrophic factors . 2 1.2. 1. Neurotrophin family . 3 1.2. 1.1. Nerve growth factor . 4 1.2. 1.2. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor . 4 1.2. 1.3. Neurotrophin-3 . 5 1.2. 2. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family . 5 1.3. GDNF as a neuroprotective trophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons . 6 1.4. Classifi cation of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis.8 1.5. Apoptotic pathways . 10 1.5. 1. Bcl-2 family . 10 1.5. 2. Caspase family . 13 1.5. 3. Intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptotic pathway . 17 1.5. 4. Extrinsic or death receptor apoptotic pathway . 18 1.5. 4.1. Death receptors.18 1.5. 4.2. Death receptor apoptotic pathway . 19 1.6. Non-apoptotic programed cell death pathways . 21 1.6. 1. Autophagic cell death . 21 1.6. 2. Other non-apoptotic cell death pathways . 22 1.7. Model of neurotrophic factor-deprived neurons . 23 1.8. Active modes of death . 24 1.8. 1. Dependence receptors . 25 1.8. 2. Pro-neurotrophins and P75NTR . 25 1.9. One cell, multiple cell death pathways . 26 2. AIMS OF THE STUDY . 28 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS . 29 3.1. Cell cultures and survival assays (I, II, III and IV) . 29 3.2. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (IV) . 29 3.3. Microinjection and transfections (I, II, III and IV). 30 3.4. Immunochemistry (I, IIIand IV) . 30 3.5. Immunoblot and co-immunoprecipitation (II, III and IV) . 31 3.6. Electron microscopy analysis (I) . 31 3.7. Statistical analysis (I, II, III and IV) . 31 4. RESULTS . 32 4.1. GDNF-dependent sympathetic neurons die via a non-mitochondrial pathway which requires caspase activation (I) . 32 4.2. The dependence receptor activity of TrkC is necessary for the death of NT-3-deprived sensory neurons (II) . 33 4.3. A survival assay of transiently transfected dopaminergic neurons to analyze the apoptotic proteins in these neurons (III) . 34 4.4. GDNFor BDNF-deprived dopaminergic neurons die via a nonmitochondrial pathway which requires activation of death receptors and caspases (IV) . 35 5. DISCUSSION . 38 6. CONCLUSIONS . 43 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 44 8. REFERENCES . 45
Analysis of a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism of the human diamine oxidase gene (ref. SNP ID: rs1049793) in patients with Crohn's disease

Objective. To analyse the possible influence of a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) on genetic susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). Material and methods. In this prospective, case-control study, 210 unrelated Caucasian consecutive CD patients were recruited at the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit of a single tertiary centre (Hospital Clínico San Carlos) in Madrid, Spain. A total of 261 healthy volunteers from the same geographic area were also recruited and matched with patients. Both cases and controls were analysed for the presence of a non-synonymous SNP (rs1049793) of DAO using amplification-restriction procedures of the genotype obtained in a blood sample. Results. No significant differences were found in the distribution of carriers of the non-synonymous SNP of DAO between CD patients and controls (OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.9–1.6; p=0.3)). Nor were any differences found between carriers and non-carriers of the non-synonymous SNP in demographic characteristics, phenotypes, complications or treatment of CD. Conclusions. The study of a non-synonymous SNP (rs1049793) of DAO does not seem to be of use in assessing susceptibility to CD, either as a marker of disease activity or as a marker of clinical behaviour in patients with the disease.
Transient expression of insulin-like growth factor I immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle cells during postnatal development in the rat.

The immunohistochemical expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; somatomedin C) was investigated in hindlimb skeletal muscle of rats during postnatal development. IGF-I immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in satellite fibres and myotubes 1, 2 and 3 days after birth, while no IGF-I immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in the more mature primary fibres. Five days after birth only scattered cells showed IGF-I immunoreactivity and 10 days after birth no specific IGF-I immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in muscle cells, i.e. the adult pattern was established. It is concluded that IGF-I immunoreactivity is expressed during a limited period of postnatal skeletal muscle maturation in rats. IGF-I is probably synthesized by IGF-I immunoreactive muscle cells and contributes to the differentiation/maturation process by autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms.
Phytochemical profiling and toxicological studies of Oxalis debilis Kunth leaves

Background: Phytochemical and toxicological studies are a vital part of modern day food analysis. Oxalis debilis Kunth is a cosmopolitan species and is considered as a wild edible plant having ethnomedicinal importance in India. Objective: The present paper synthesizes the first report related to the different phytochemical, physicochemical screening, and in vivo acute toxicity studies of O. debilis hydro-alcoholic leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The sample was successively extracted through different solvent systems. Preliminary physicochemical and phytochemical studies were evaluated through standard procedure and toxicity of the sample was evaluated through in vivo acute toxicity test as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, Section 2. Results: The powdered dried leaves of O. debilis found to exhibit fluorescence property and preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the maximum presence of flavonoids in all the extracts. Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed maximum distinguishable spots in the methanolic extract. In vivo acute toxicity studies did not show any mortality and change in behavioral pattern in the tested animals. Administration of different concentration of hydro-alcoholic extract of the plant did not alter the biochemical and hematological parameters. Conclusion: Acute toxicological studies are in good agreement with the traditional claim, and thus, the plant can be advocated as a safe food source.
Determinants of Voluntary Adoptions of Unemployment Insurance in Chile

The aim of this paper is to present evidence for the main factors that influence the voluntary decision for taking unemployment insurance in Chile. To carry out this purpose, a Logit Binomial model was estimated using Survey of Socioeconomic Characterization (CASEN) 2003 data. The results support some theoretical propositions about this type of decision. Individuals who present a smaller probability of taking unemployment insurance are workers with low educational level and no formal training, individuals in advanced age, fewer family responsibilities, with greater seniority in their work, those who can generate a second income, workers that receive better social assistance, workers who belong to micro and small firms and those who work in Transport and Communications, and the Commerce Sector. These results are interesting because people who have some of these characteristics are those that face a larger unemployment risk. In this context, it is necessary the intervention of the authority weather by the means of incentives or by compulsoriness, in order that more vulnerable workers that qualify to take it, adopt the unemployment insurance as a social protection mechanism. Palabras claves: seguro de cesantía, desempleo, afiliación voluntaria.
Design Optimization for Digital Circuits Built With Gate-All-Around Silicon Nanowire Transistors

The design optimization for digital circuits built with gate-all-around silicon nanowire transistors (SNWTs) is discussed in details. Based on the verified multiwire SNWT compact model with accurate parasitic capacitance and resistance modeling, the design consideration of SNWT digital circuits (SNWTCs) at a 16-nm technology node, such as the SNWT ring oscillator (SNWT-RO), is discussed with the optimization of key process and layout parameters in the multiwire SNWT. In order to reduce the parasitic components of SNWTs and improve SNWTCs' performance (including delay, power, and layout area), process (including nanowire diameter and other related parameters) and layout parameters (including wire number per transistor and footprint width of SNWTs) should be carefully designed. Through design optimization, the total capacitance and parasitic resistance of the SNWT can be reduced by over 80% compared with nonoptimized parasitic components, which leads to more than 90% reduction of circuit-level delay and power. Furthermore, the design optimization is carried out for power-driven design and area-driven design, respectively. For each case, the SNWT-RO with fan-out of 1 loading and 4 loading is optimized with variable power supply voltage for optimization. The optimized layout parameters for power-driven design and area-driven design are obtained, which can provide useful guidelines for SNWTC design.