Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relevance of Pedagogical Translation for the Development of Bilingual Education in Costa Rica

The article reflects on bilingualism in Costa Rica in recent years in light of the latest versions of the Reports on the Costa Rican Public School Systems (2011, 2013, 2015 y 2017). Successful contributions of several national and international researches, where teaching translation as effective technique for developing communication skills is proposed, are discussed. Also, the article reviews major historical landmarks of translation in second language teaching. There are programs in the Ministry of Public Education (MEP), public and private colleges, schools and universities, but there is a tendency to associate the use of translation in teaching only with the grammatical method. Later studies could be oriented to compare the progress between populations that have acquired the language as a second language and have worked for a short period of time in a call center, in tourism, or in real life activities where they have to translate or interpret in real mode, compared to those that do not.
Small-scale farmers’ assessment of constraints and benefits from getting involved in various organic certification schemes for the domestic market in Thailand

The organic certification schemes, which propose links between small-scale farmers and domestic markets in developing and emerging countries, are increasingly diverse. The study compared small-scale farmers’ assessment of the constraints and benefits from getting involved in various organic certification schemes in Thailand. Three of these schemes were based on third-party certification and were managed by a public institute, an accredited non-governmental organisation, and a non-accredited one. The other schemes were participatory guarantee systems. One hundred farmers were interviewed. The farmers expressed a general similar assessment of the four types of schemes, in terms of the difficulties of obtaining certification. A key reason was that the scheme that had the most strict requirements was also the one providing the strongest support. The schemes mainly differed in terms of marketing opportunities. However, the organisations, which provided support to farmers wishing to obtain certification, generally recommended a particular scheme. Farmers had limited autonomy in initiating a certification process by themselves. Farmers’ capacities may be built so that they become more autonomous in choosing the certification schemes that best suit their objectives.
Non-Financial Reporting in the Light of International Regulations and EU Directives

The contemporary model of company reporting is evolving with changes in the business environment. Increasingly, entrepreneurs get information not only about the economic aspects of companies’ operations but also about social and environmental aspects. The disclosure of such information is usually done through annual reports. The guidelines exist for the production of such reporting, and legal requirements can be found in some European countries. The EU Member States and the European Union have a significant contribution to the development of company reporting standards. On 16 April 2013, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a directive enhancing the transparency of certain large companies on social and environmental matters. The purpose of Directive 2013/34/EU was to increase EU companies’ transparency and performance on environmental and social matters, therefore contributing effectively to long-term economic growth and employment.1 The companies concerned will need to disclose information on policies, risks and results as regards environmental matters, social and employee-related aspects, respect for human rights, anti-corruption and bribery issues, and diversity on the boards of directors. Directive 2013/34/EU was amended by Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups.2 From 2018, around 6000 large organisations in Europe will
Guide to squid, cuttlefish and octopuses of Australasia

The Australasian region is home to the greatest diversity of cephalopods - squids, cuttlefish, octopuses - in the world. This book provides insights into the biology and behaviour of cephalopods. From the giant squid to the deadly blue ringed octopus, the secret lives of cephalopods are revealed. An introduction to the features of the main cephalopod groups is followed by accounts of over 60 species. Each species account includes a distribution map and identification notes which summarize the main features to look for. While the book focuses on spcies found in relatively shallow coastal waters (typically less than 100 metres), a few of the more bizarre deep-water species are included. A comprehensive section illustrating cuttlebones should enable users to identify most of the species found in relatively shallow water.
Mosaic Fate Mapping of the Behavioral and the Muscular Defects Induced by a Drosophila Mutation, abnormal proboscis extension reflex C (aper C) : Physiology

— Mosaic analysis was applied to investigate whether the muscle degeneration induced by an X-linked mutation aperC is myogenic or neurogenic. The aperC mutation causes a progressive loss of the proboscis extension reflex to sugar stimulus. This behavioral defect is associated with the degeneration of a particular pair of muscles, the rostral protractors. Mosaic flies with mutant and wild-type tissues were produced by using an unstable ring-X chromosome. Both the behavioral defect and the muscle degeneration were examined after scoring the genotypes of the external structures ofthe mosaic flies. The behavioral defect in the mosaics correlated with the degeneration of the muscles. Over a half of the mosaics showed normal phenotypes in both the behavior and the muscles. Since very few mosaics showed hemilateral abnormality, the focus of the aperC mutation seems therefore to be submissive to the wild-type focus. The focus for the behavioral defect was located in the ventro-anterior region of the blastoderm fate map. The primary cause of the muscle degeneration of the aperC mutation must presumably therefore lie in the brain, not in the muscles.
Six-year beechnut production in New Hampshire.

Beechnut production and losses were studied over a 6-year period in 41 northern hardwood stands ranging in age from 10 to 140 years in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Beechnut production increased consistently with stand age or d.b. h. of dominant trees and percentage of basal area composed of beech. Losses to insects, rodents, and birds before the seed reached the ground ranged from 24 to 100 percent; insects caused the greatest losses. Good seed years occurred about every third year.
The history of exploration and stratigraphy of the Early to Middle Triassic vertebrate-bearing strata of Svalbard (Sassendalen Group, Spitsbergen)

1Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO–0318 Oslo, Norway. 2The Natural History Museum, Earth Sciences, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. 3Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, NO–7491 Trondheim, Norway. 4University of Alaska Museum and Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 907 Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA.
Effect of brood size manipulations on parents and offspring in the Barn owl, Tyto alba

When the overall food demand of the young increases, parents can either increase their effort to feed the brood, potentially reducing their residual reproductive value, or alternatively maintain their effort, leading to offspring mortality. In long-lived species where fitness is related to the number of breeding attempts, life-history theory suggests that parents should restrict any increase of reproductive effort in a current brood so as not to compromise their survival prospects. We investigated this hypothesis in the Barn Owl Tyto alba by performing brood size manipulations. We enlarged or reduced broods by two nestlings to create some broods requiring more parental investment and others requiring less. We monitored the effect on the parents and the offspring. Total body mass gained by all nestmates from the 24th to the 25th day after the first hatching, a measure correlated with parental feeding rate, was not significantly different between enlarged and reduced broods. Body mass and body condition of male and female parents during the manipulation, renesting rate and their reproductive success measured the year after the manipulation were not significantly affected by the experiment. Nestling mortality was higher, and body mass of the surviving male and female nestlings was lower in enlarged than reduced roods. In conclusion, we detected an effect of brood size manipulations on nestlings but not on parents. In the Barn Owl, this suggests that when broods require extra parental effort, parents do not jeopardize their future reproductive success, and brood reduction occurs.
Cenozoic Mammals of Africa

This magnificent volume is a clear and comprehensive review of the African mammalian fossil record over the past 65 million years. "Cenozoic Mammals of Africa" includes current taxonomic and systematic revisions of all African mammal taxa, detailed compilations of fossil site occurrences, and a wealth of information regarding paleobiology, phylogeny, and biogeography. Primates, including hominins, are particularly well covered. The discussion addresses the systematics of endemic African mammals, factors relating to species richness, and a summary of isotopic information. The work also provides contextual information about Cenozoic African tectonics, chrono stratigraphy of sites, paleobotany, and global and regional climate change. Updating our understanding of this important material with the wealth of research from the past three decades, this volume is an essential resource for anyone interested in the evolutionary history of Africa and the diversification of its mammals.
The Effect of M-Learning Approach on Students’ Achievement in Higher Education

: M-learning approach is widely used in school and other institutions or organizations all over the world. The article seeks to clarify the effect of mobile learning by applying its key concepts to learning experiences in higher education. In other words, it seeks to find out the effect of Mobile Learning approach on student’s achievement and skill development. For this study, 40 samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Two hypothesis were framed by the researcher for reaching the findings of the study. Experimental research method is use to clarify the objectives of the study. After data analysis, it was found that the hypothesis was significant in respect of data analysis and the hypothesis was rejected. The article concludes that there is substantial difference between the pre-test means and post-test means of student’s achievement and skills in Higher Education on Mobile Learning approach.
Effect of Welsh Onion Green Leave Juice on Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The antioxidant effects of Welsh onion green leaves were investigated in vivo. Earlier studies have demonstrated evidence about increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and elevated nitric oxide (NO) production in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In this study, SHR were fed with Welsh onion green leaves juice (WOG) (2 g/kg/day) for 28 days, and then the levels of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver were compared between the fed and control animals. After SHR fed with WOG, the hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein was markedly suppressed, and the hepatic glutathione level was increased by 12% and lipid peroxidation level was reduced by 22%. Though the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were not changed significantly, the active glutathione (GSH) reductase was increased by 17% in WOG-fed SHR liver as compared with control group. These results indicate that WOG might play a protective role by decreasing iNOS expression and antioxidative effects in SHR liver.
Effects of trigonella foenum-graecum L.(Fenugreek) seeds aqueous extract on reproductive system of female rats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fenugreek seeds aqueous (FSA) extract on fertility of female rats by assessing estrous cycles, determining serum reproductive hormone concentrations and observing their ovarian tissue histology as well as determining the reversibility of these effects once the treatment was withdrawn. Twenty four 8-week-old Sprague Dawley female rats with normal estrous cycle were divided into three groups (A, B and C ). Group A (control group) were treated with distilled water as vehicle. Groups B and C (treatment group) were administered orally with 500 mg/kg body weight of FSA extract for 15 days. Daily vaginal smear cytology was examined. Blood samples were taken on day 16 for evaluation of the reproductive hormones assay. Ovaries of the animals were removed for histological study. Group C (reversible group) were observed further for 15 days for reversibility. The duration of days of proestrus in treatment group were significantly prolonged (P 0.192) in compare to the control group. The estrous cycles slowly returned to normal cycle after 10-15 days of withdrawal and no histopathological findings were noted in the ovarian tissues. FSA extract showed reversible anti fertility effects by causing abnormalities in the estrous cycles regulation, alterations in concentration of reproductive hormones and histopathological changes in the ovarian tissues.
Comparison of CURB 65 and SCAP score in predicting outcome of CAP: A single center study

Introduction: Community acquired pneumonia is one of the leading cause of death. CURB-65 and SCAP score are tools to measure the severity of disease. CURB-65 uses relatively less variables than SCAP in scoring, this study is designed to measure the usefulness of both score in predicting outcome in our context. Method: This is descriptive, cross sectional quasi experimental study conducted in Kathmandu Medical College teaching hospital from July 2012 December 2012. Patient more than 18 years were scored and with CURB-65 and SCAP score and followed to see the outcome. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Both scores were compared for outcome using McNemerâ€™s test. Result: Total 127 patient with mean age of 57 years were included. Total number of patient included in the study was 127 Mean age of patient was 57.66 years with two standard deviation of 19.46 years. Mortality rate was 5.5%. Male were 48(37.8%) and female were 79(62.2%). There was positive correlation with both CURB-65 (0.19, p=0.02) and SCAP (0.18, p=0.04) score on level of care required at hospital. There was no difference between CURB 65 and SCAP score in predicting outcome (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between predicting outcome with CURB-65 and SCAP score. Though CURB-65 uses less variables than SCAP score, it is equally effective in predicting the outcome or severity of disease.
Contributions to the theory of KZB associators

In this thesis, following the work initiated by V. Drinfeld and pursued by B. Enriquez, then by the latter together with D. Calaque and P. Etingof, we study the universal twisted elliptic (ellipsitomic in short) KZB connection, associated to the moduli space of elliptic curves with $ n $ marked points and a $ (M, N) $-level structure. The flatness of this connection allows us to study monodromy relations satisfied by this connection, opening the way to a general theory of ellipsitomic associators and Grothendieck-Teichm\"uller groups corresponding to them, which is released via the use of the formalism of operads (and some of their variants) basing ourselves on the work of B. Fresse. On the one hand, this formalism allows us to study the structure of associators in higher genus. On the other hand, the ellipsitomic KZB associator allows us to derive a theory of elliptic multiple zeta values at torsion points, from which some of their first associator-like properties are distinguished. } We will begin by setting up the operadic machinery necessary to define the ellipsitomic associators starting successively with the genus 0 situation, which is well-known, then the genus 1 situation and their cyclotomic variants. Then, in light of this formalism, we will release a definition of genus $g$ associators. Next, we will go into the details of the construction of the universal ellipsitomic KZB connection, first over the $(M,N)$-twisted configuration space of an elliptic curve and then over the moduli space of elliptic curves with a level structure. We will associate this connection to its realized version by means of the use of double affine Hecke algebras and of classical dynamical $r$-matrices. Finally we will present the applications of this construction, namely : the formality of certain subgroups of the braid group on the torus, the ellipsitomic KZB associator, elliptic multiple zeta values at points of torsion as well as an application in representations of cyclotomic Cherednik algebras.
Antarctic marine benthic diversity

Species lists have been compiled for all the major groups of Southern Ocean benthic marine invertebrates, eliminating synonymies where possible and providing a subjective estimate of completeness and reliability for each group. Antarctic marine diversity (pelagic and benthic) is relatively high at the phylum and class level, with the gaps mostly comprising minor, meiofaunal or parasitic groups. Most benthic diversity data come from the continental shelves, with relatively few samples from deeper water. Even for the continental shelves, however, sampling is highly patchy with some areas hardly investigated at all. Over 4100 benthic species have been reported from the Southern Ocean, with the most speciose groups being polychaetes, gastropods and amphipods. Comparison with tropical and temperate regions suggest that decapods, bivalves and teleost fishes are poorly represented in the Southern Ocean benthic marine fauna, whereas pycnogonids, echinoderms and many suspension feeding groups are rich and diverse. Some groups that are currently low in diversity were previously well represented in the Antarctic shallow water marine fauna, notably decapods and many fishes. Other groups have undergone marked radiations in the Southern Ocean, including pycnogonids, amphipods, isopods and teleost fishes; in all cases, however, it is only some lineages that have diversified. This indicates that evolutionary questions concerning the origin, diversification or extinction of the Southern Ocean marine fauna will have no single answer; the evolutionary history of each group appears to reflect a different response to the tectonic, climatic and oceanographic changes to which they have been subject through history. The disposition of southern hemisphere continents makes it difficult to assess whether there is a latitudinal dine in shallow-water marine diversity to mirror that known from the northern hemisphere. Within Antarctica, many species appear to have circumpolar distributions, and the long established biogeographical division into continental Antarctic, Antarctic Peninsula and sub-Antarctic regions have not been challenged by recent sampling. For most groups the frequency distribution of species per genus ratios is typical, though none is well described by the predictions from current evolutionary or null models. Where data are available, size spectra indicate that many Southern Ocean taxa are small, a few spectacular examples of gigantism notwithstanding, and species abundance plots are normal. Knowledge of the Southern Ocean benthic marine fauna has reached a stage where we can now ask powerful evolutionary questions, and the development of new molecular techniques provides the mechanism for answering them.
Avian growth and development : evolution within the altricial-precocial spectrum

Introduction 1. Patterns of Development: The Altricial-Precocial Spectrum 2. Embryonic Development 3. Structural Variants and Invariants in Avian Embryonic and Postnatal Development 4. Energy Metabolism, Gas Exchange, and Ventilation 5. Development of Temperature Regulation 6. Development of Locomotion and Endothermy in altricial and precocial birds 7. The Endocrine System 8. The Immune System 9. Development of Behavior 10. Variation, Constraint, and Phylogeny. Comparative Analysis of Variation in Growth 11. Internal Constraints on Growth in Birds 12. Developmental Plasticity 13. Genetic Aspects of Growth 14. Causes of Growth Variation and its Consequences for Fitness 15. Models for Avian Growth and Development 16. The Evolution of Developmental Mode in Birds 17. Data Set of Avian Growth Parameters Summary, Conclusions, and Research Agenda
FELACC: Federación Latinoamericana de Colecciones de Cultivos Microbianos

El creciente reconocimiento de la importancia que tienen las Colecciones de Cultivos como reservorios de recursos geneticos de microorganismos, en condiciones que aseguren viabilidad y estabilidad de sus caracteristicas originales, refuerza la responsabilidad de la colecciones de brindar un servicio optimo a la comunidad cientifica e industrial. La conformacion de asociaciones conduce a un intercambio de conocimientos y colaboracion para alcanzar un desenvolvimiento eficiente de las mismas. Responsables de Colecciones de Cultivos Microbianos de varios paises de America Latina y El Caribe, respondiendo a esta necesidad de aunar esfuerzos para una mayor eficiencia, crearon la Federacion Latinoamericana de Colecciones de Cultivos, FELACC. La Asamblea Constitutiva de FELACC se realizo en la sede de la Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologia (AAM), Buenos Aires. En la misma se aprobo el Estatuto y se designo la Comision Directiva, con integrantes de Venezuela, Mejico, Cuba, Brasil y Argentina, vigente hasta la primera Asamblea General, que se realizara en el marco del Congreso de la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Microbiologia (ALAM), Chile/octubre/2006. El 20 de octubre de 2004 se presento a FELACC ante la Asamblea General de ALAM, quedando registrado en el Acta. Para la distribucion de tareas se crearon Subcomisiones y entre los primeros logros mencionaremos la Base de Datos con informacion del tipo de microorganismos que se preservan, en continua ampliacion. El objetivo de FELACC es proveer un espacio de accion conjunta entre las colecciones, sus usuarios y/o organismos relacionados.
Activities of the rodent branch of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)

Author(s): Myllymaki, Arvo | Abstract: The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO/OEPP) is a regional, governmental body, which has 33 member countries in Europe, North Africa, and Middle East. Its former activities were mainly concentrated on phytosanitary problems, but recently more attention has been paid on coordinating research activities and, especially, on problems associated with the use of pesticides in plant protection. On the Rodent Branch EPPO has at present three working units: 1. The Working Group on Field Rodents, concentrated primarily on biological aspects of the control of Microtines and other injurious rodents causing damage on field crops, horticulture, and forestry; 2. The Rodenticide Panel, which simultaneously with other expert panels of the Working Party on Pesticides in Plant Protection, has the development of standard methods for rodenticide tests as its main task; and 3. A Working Party for Muskrat Problems. As one of its main initiatives the Working Group on Field Rodents has started a critical mapping out of the economic importance as well as geographical and ecological range of the most prominent rodent problems in the member countries.