Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): Where They Are Leading Us

Abstract Coronavirus infections are responsible for mild, moderate, and severe infections in birds and mammals. These were first isolated in humans as causal microorganisms responsible for common cold. The 2002–2003 SARS epidemic caused by SARS-CoV and 2012 MERS epidemic (64 countries affected) caused by MERS-CoV showed their acute and fatal side. These two CoV infections killed thousands of patients infected worldwide. However, WHO has still reported the MERS case in December 2019 in middle-eastern country (Saudi Arabia), indicating the MERS epidemic has not ended completely yet. Although we have not yet understood completely these two CoV epidemics, a third most dangerous and severe CoV infection has been originated in the Wuhan city, Hubei district of China in December 2019. This CoV infection called COVID-19 or SARS-CoV2 infection has now spread to 210 countries and territories around the world. COVID-19 has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It has infected more than 16.69 million people with more than 663,540 deaths across the world. Thus the current manuscript aims to describe all three (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) in terms of their causal organisms (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2), similarities and differences in their clinical symptoms, outcomes, immunology, and immunopathogenesis, and possible future therapeutic approaches.
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND INTERFACIAL BONDING BETWEEN PALM FIBER TREATED WITH SEA WATER AND SAGO MATRIX

Surface morphology, roughness and bonding among palm fibers and sago matrix were observed. The sugar palm fiber was treated by sea water immersion with duration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, before naturally dried under the sun for 3 hours then continued by 6 hours oven at 80°C. SEM, XRD and roughness arithmetic tests are applied to see the surface morphology, roughness and bonding among fibers and the matrix. The result shows that fibers morphology and roughness changes with immersion duration. At longer immersion duration the roughness increases and the fiber-matrix quality is better. The best interlocking of matrix and fibers occurred after duration of 4 weeks fiber immersion, where no more gaps seen between the fiber and matrix.
Environmental and Physiological Effects on Pistillate Flower Production in Silene noctiflora L. (Caryophyllaceae)

Environmental and physiological elements influencing pistillate flower production are described for the gynomonoecious annual Silene noctiflora L. (Caryophyllaceae). We tested two environmental (temperature/physical disturbance) and two hormonal (gibberellin/ethylene) factors in greenhouse experiments. The effect of ethylene on rosette-stage seedlings was also tested in the field. A 6⚬C increase in average greenhouse temperature (19⚬/25⚬C) caused a significant increase in the production of pistillate flowers, whereas the removal of buds, flowers, or branches did not cause any significant changes. There was a trend, however, for increased pistillate flower production as more biomass was removed. Of the two hormones tested, only ethylene caused a significant increase in pistillate flower production. This effect was more prominent when applications were given to rosette-stage seedlings in the field, compared with newly emerging buds in the greenhouse, probably because sex determination occurs early in bud development. The results of this study show that plasticity in pistillate flower production in S. noctiflora is influenced by changes in temperature and ethylene. Such temperature-related plasticity may represent an adaptive mechanism to increase outcrossing when conditions are more favorable for pollinator activity.
Natal Dispersal and Philopatry of Red Foxes in Urban and Agricultural Areas of Illinois

Abstract Dispersal and philopatry may be influenced by habitat, intraspecific and interspecific interactions, and resource quality. Dispersal may vary substantially between urban and rural wildlife populations due to differences in urban–rural habitat and trophic relationships. We examined effects of environmental, body condition, and social influences on dispersal and philopatry of urban and rural red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in east-central Illinois and western Indiana, USA. We recorded 96 dispersal events and 66 cases of philopatry in juvenile foxes. We used Akaike's Information Criterion to evaluate regression models of dispersal probability, initiation date, distance, and days spent dispersing. Habitat (i.e., urban–rural), sex, row-crop percentage in natal home ranges, family home-range overlap, and social interactions with family members all influenced dispersal probability. Juvenile foxes with fewer row crops in their home ranges, individuals with high intra-familial overlap of summer range, females, and urban foxes were associated with philopatry. Dispersals began mid-September and ended in March. Rural juveniles dispersed 23 days earlier than did urban conspecifics. Heavier foxes (capture wt) and those with heavily row-cropped home ranges dispersed earlier. Littermates dispersed at similar times, although in different directions. Dispersal distances averaged 44.8 km for all foxes (range = 1–478 km). Male and urban foxes dispersed farther than female and rural foxes, respectively. Time between dispersal and settlement averaged 41.2 days (range = 2–114 days), with urban foxes dispersing over longer time periods. Dispersal direction between the sexes had different directional distributions, though mean vectors for both were oriented north. Dispersing foxes selected cropland in proportion to availability, whereas grassland was selected preferentially. We demonstrate influences of habitat, resource availability, familial social interactions, and interspecific interactions on dispersal and philopatry of juvenile red foxes in an intensively row-cropped region of the Midwest. Our findings demonstrate red fox dispersal ecology differences in urban and rural environments. In intensively row-cropped regions of the Midwest where landscape crop harvest alters dispersal timing, minimizing seasonal habitat changes with permanent vegetative structure (e.g., crop food plots, native grass fields) would likely delay dispersal activity, and increase survival.
Genetic Characterization of Moti Indian Native Duck Using Microsatellite Markers

Abstract Alyethodi, R.R. and Kumar, S. 2010. Genetic characterization of Moti Indian native duck using microsatellite markers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 38: 223–227. Moti, an indigenous duck breed having its breeding tract in Orissa state of India was characterized using microsatellite markers. Fourteen out of 21 microsatellite loci (66.67%) demonstrated polymorphic patterns resolving 50 alleles. The number of alleles at various polymorphic microsatellite loci varied from 2 to 5 with an average of 3.1. CAUD 027 locus exhibited lowest heterozygosity (0.17) and CAUD 026 exhibited highest heterozygosity (0.76). Similarly CAUD 027 locus had lowest PIC value (0.15) and CAUD 026 the highest (0.70). Moderate to high level of polymorphism at several examined micro satellite loci suggested that these markers may be useful for genetic characterization of other duck breeds.
CRESCIMENTO DE CULTIVARES DE MAMONEIRA SOB CONDIÇÕES DE IRRIGAÇÃO EM MOSSORÓ-RN

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os componentes de crescimento de cultivares de mamoneira sob condicoes de irrigacao na regiao de Mossoro, RN. Para tanto, utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituidos por cultivares de mamoneira (CSRN-142, CSRN-393, CSRD-2, CNPAM-2001-49, CNPAM-2001-50 e CNPAM-2001-212) e epocas de avaliacao (aos 29, 40, 50, 64 e 78 dias apos plantio - DAP), arranjados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas 6 x 5, com seis repeticoes. O crescimento vegetativo foi avaliado atraves da altura de planta (ALT), circunferencia do caule (CIRC) e numero de folhas por planta (NF). As cultivares diferiram entre si quanto as caracteristicas de crescimento em todas as epocas estudadas, a excecao da primeira epoca de tomada de dados para ALT e NF. A CNPAM-2001-49 e CNPAM-2001-50 apresentaram, no geral, comportamento muito semelhante, com porte e ciclos maiores do que as CSRN-142, CSRN-393, CSRD-2.
Rôle protecteur du Suillus granulatus contre le Mycelium radicis atrovirens sur des semis de Pinus resinosa

Suillusgranulatus prevented the stunting effect of root pathogen Myceliumradicisatrovirens on Pinusresinosa (red pine) seedlings grown in gnotobiotic conditions. In these conditions, the presence of carbon dioxide also seems to have stimulated a better growth of the seedlings inoculated with Suillusgranulatus as compared with the controls. In the light of these findings, the authors suggest caution in the interpretation of results from experiments in closed containers.Suillusgranulatus has an antagonistic effect against many pathogenic fungi probably as a result of the production of an antibiotic.
Effects of Different Natural Antimicrobial Agents on Marinated Chicken Breast during Storage at Different Temperatures

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Electrochemical Microoxidation of Red Wine

A new approach to red wine aging was examined that uses a current passed continuously through glassy carbon electrodes in a process of electrochemical microoxidation. A Cabernet Sauvignon wine in 300-L tanks was subject to treatments run in triplicate over 12 weeks at 16°C consisting of a control, oxygenation to 0.67 mg/L twice weekly (equivalent to 4 mL O2 per liter wine per month), and electrochemical oxidation of 6144 μA using 250 x 6-mm glassy carbon rods. The potential at the electrode was observed to exceed 2 V, where both oxidation of wine polyphenols and direct oxidation of ethanol can occur. While there was considerable loss of bound SO2 in the oxygenated wines, the concentration of bound SO2 in the electrochemical microoxidation wines actually increased as the trial proceeded, consistent with the rise in acetaldehyde observed in these wines during the final weeks of the trial. There was little change in concentrations of individual polyphenols, although the rate of decline in monomeric anthocyanins and free quercetin was greater in the oxygenated and electrochemical microoxidated wines than in the controls. Spectrophotometric measures showed an increase in SO2-resistant pigments and a larger modified hue value (420/520 nm) in both oxygenated and electrochemical microoxidated wines. Electrochemical microoxidation provides an alternative technology for aging red wines with precise control of the rate of oxidation and treatment cut-off.
Elevated atmospheric CO2, fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis

There is considerable uncertainty about how rates of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling will change as CO 2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere. We summarized data from 47 published reports on soil C and N cycling under elevated CO 2 in an attempt to generalize whether rates will increase, decrease, or not change. Our synthesis centres on changes in soil respiration, microbial respiration, microbial biomass, gross N mineralization, microbial immobilization and net N mineralization, because these pools and processes represent important control points for the below-ground flow of C and N. To determine whether differences in C allocation between plant life forms influence soil C and N cycling in a predictable manner, we summarized responses beneath graminoid, herbaceous and woody plants grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO 2 . The below-ground pools and processes that we summarized are characterized by a high degree of variability (coefficient of variation 80-800%), making generalizations within and between plant life forms difficult. With few exceptions, rates of soil and microbial respiration were more rapid under elevated CO 2 , indicating that (1) greater plant growth under elevated CO 2 enhanced the amount of C entering the soil, and (2) additional substrate was being metabolized by soil microorganisms. However, microbial biomass, gross N mineralization, microbial immobilization and net N mineralization are characterized by large increases and declines under elevated CO 2 , contributing to a high degree of variability within and between plant life forms. From this analysis we conclude that there are insufficient data to predict how microbial activity and rates of soil C and N cycling will change as the atmospheric CO 2 concentration continues to rise. We argue that current gaps in our understanding of fine-root biology limit our ability to predict the response of soil microorganisms to rising atmospheric CO 2 , and that understanding differences in fine-root longevity and biochemistry between plant species are necessary for developing a predictive model of soil C and N cycling under elevated CO 2 .
Famine and feast in a common freshwater calanoid: Effects of diet and temperature on fatty acid dynamics of Eudiaptomus gracilis

We investigated the effects of temperature (4°C, 8°C, and 12°C) on structural and storage dynamics, as measured by changes in fatty acids (FA) associated with cell membrane phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), respectively, as well as on body weight and survival of a freshwater calanoid copepod (Eudiaptomus gracilis) during fasting (10 d) and refeeding (10 d) with two algae of differing nutritional quality (Cryptomonas ozolinii and Scenedesmus obliquus). Fasting led to 50% loss in body weight, a near total depletion of TAG, and a drastic decrease of the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in TAG and PL, indicating their preferential utilization and alterations in membrane function, respectively. Higher temperatures accelerated the decrease of body weight and of PUFA in PL and TAG, and decreased survival. After 10 d of refeeding, copepods partially recovered their initial lipid stores and cell membrane composition. The effects of food quality were temperature dependent: Cryptomonas promoted better recovery (i.e., return to or close to the levels at the beginning of the experiment) of both body weight and TAG at only the two higher temperatures (8°C and 12°C), whereas no recovery was observed at 4°C. Higher temperatures and refeeding on Cryptomonas also had a positive, but minor, influence on the recovery of membrane FA composition. Survival differed among treatments but was lowest at the intermediate temperature (8°C) for both diets. We conclude that temperature changes on the order of 4–8°C significantly influence TAG and PL during fasting periods and interact with food quality to determine the extent of recovery in copepod lipids.
On encephalometry a preliminary study of the brain of man, chimpanzee and macaque

Attempts to study the shape of the brain by measurements with tape or caliper are few and far between. The reason may not be far to seek. I n the first place it is difficult to obtain suitable material since many of the brains found in collections are hopelessly distorted. Even if they are well preserved, their rounded contours and their somewhat soft consistency make it difficult to determine landmarks in such a way that exact measurements between them can be taken. No wonder that many detailed textbooks of neurology or anthropology pass encephalometry over in complete silence. Detailed measurements were made by Cunningham (1897). His studies were not confined to man, but included numerous primates and showed differences in the mean values of numerous indices. Unfortunately, his results were not worked up by modern statistical methods. Since many of his means are based on only a few observations it is often impossible to say whether the differences which flow from his data are significant or whether they merely reflect the vagaries of random sampling. Moreover, his technique of measuring employs in various instances special instruments to determine angles, etc. This may have been another
A literature review on forest bioeconomy with a bibliometric network analysis

Over the last couple of decades, many peer-reviewed publications focused on the bioeconomy, which it is frequently argued to be a key part of the solution to global challenges (climate change, ecosystem degradation). This study investigates the scientific literature on forest bioeconomy by applying a social network analysis to the bibliometric science. The bibliometric network analysis was performed over the time-frame of 2003–2020 to provide an overview on the main aspects characterising the forest bioeconomy issue. The results show that 225 documents on forest bioeconomy were published by 567 organisations from 44 countries. Finland and Canada are the two most productive countries with 32.8% and 12.7% of forest bioeconomy documents respectively. The co-occurrence network map of the keywords shows that the forest bioeconomy is related to three main concepts: sustainable development, bioenergy production, climate change mitigation.
Relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in commensal isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common bacterial coloniser of the normal human microflora and usually have a benign relationship with the host. For several years, S. epidermidis was regarded as a harmless commensal microorganism. However, this bacterium is now recognised as an opportunistic pathogen, representing a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. The major recognised determinants in the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis infections are its ability to form thick and multilayered biofilms along with high resistance to several classes of antibiotics. Biofilms are defined as structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a selfproduced matrix of extracellular polymeric. It is well established that bacteria exhibiting a biofilm phenotype are more recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy. Hence, these two pathogenic features stated above appear to be intimately related.
Survey and Distribution of Crustacea Malacostraca in Poland

The paper presents a survey of Polish malacostracan fauna. In two tables the distribution of freshwater and Baltic species is presented according to the regionalization of the country used in "Catalogus Faunae Poloniae". Figures present some interesting distributions of freshwater malacostracan taxa. Own studies as well as the review of ample literature aimed at the preparation of the successive issues of "Catalogus Faunae Poloniae" allowed to present this survey of 121 malacostracan taxa, viz., Bathynellacea - 1 species, Mysidacea - 9, Amphipoda - 50, Isopoda - 47, Tanaidacea - 1, Cumacea - 1, Euphausiacea - 1, Decapoda - 11. In inland waters 31 species and subspecies do occur (Batynellacea - 1, Mysidacea - 1, Amphipoda - 22, Isopoda - 2, Decapoda - 5). In brackish waters of the Baltic Sea and its lagoons- 54 species (Mysidacea - 8, Amphipoda - 24, Isopoda - 12, Tanaidacea - 1, Cumacea - 1, Euphausiacea - 1, Decapoda - 8). Bi-environmental species are Asellus aquaticus and Eriocheir sinensis. The land malacostracan fauna of Poland includes 4 amphipod and 34 isopod (oniscoid) taxa. The Polish malacostracan fauna is composed mainly of species that have invaded this region of Europe in the postglacial period, but the oldest, preglacial elements are subterranean amphipods (niphargids, Crangonyx) and Bathynella natans, occurring only in southern Poland. The earliest postglacial invaders of the Baltic and/or the northern lakes were glacial relict species like the Mysis relicta group, Pallasiola quadrispinosa, Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon. The Southern Baltic malacostracan fauna is dominated by Boreal and Arctic/(Subarctic)-boreal elements but one third of this fauna is Mediterranean-boreal or Lusitanian-boreal in origin. Inland waters were probably settled next by Gammarus lacustris, G. pulex, Synurella ambulans, Asellus aquaticus and Astacus astacus, then by later incomers, like Gammarus balcanicus. Canal constructions in the XVIIIth century helped the immigration of Ponto-Caspian elements: Corophium curvispinum and Echinogammarus ischnus. Intentionally introduced to Polish waters are Astacus leptodactylus, Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus leniusculus; unintentionally brought along were Eriocheir sinensis and Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus, as well as Talitroides alluaudi and Trichorhina tomentosa to some greenhouses.
Is the painted frog Discoglossus pictus a declining species in Italy? On the reliability of a distributional atlas approach

The conservation status of amphibians is often assessed using public databases because of a lack of up-to-date field data. However, it is crucial that this kind of data is used carefully, evaluating the reliability and the consistency of the information. In Italy, the conservation status of the painted frog, Discoglossus pictus, was recently assessed using public databases, and the outcome highlighted a worrying situation for the species. We analyzed the reliability of these conclusions and reassessed the status of the painted frog, taking into account its insular distribution and new data of species occurrence. Our results contrast with the previous analysis and show how an incautious use of public databases can lead to inaccurate assessment of the amphibian conservation status.
Improving water productivity, reducing poverty and enhancing equity in mixed crop-livestock systems in the Indo-Gangetic Basin: CPWF project report 68

The concept of water productivity (WP) or “more crops per drop” has been revived recently in international water debates. Its application has notably been extended from single crops to mixed farming systems, integrating both crops and livestock, with the wider objective to reduce poverty. Using evidence from the Ganga Basin, we discuss the current relevance of this concept as a tool to guide recommendations for livelihood improvement and poverty alleviation. We argue that WP studies would benefit from a greater attention to the role of capitals, inequities and institutions. Firstly, recommendations would be more effective if they are tailored to the heterogeneity of capitals and capabilities of farmers among and within communities. Secondly, because poor farmers often face lack of access and control over water use, it is crucial to understand the policies and customary rules that determine water access to reduce inequities. Interventions could, thus, provide more benefits to the poorest members of communities if institutions are analysed at the outset of the study. Lastly, we have highlighted the importance of considering collective action, which has hitherto been often neglected in WP analyses.