Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and vulnerabillity characterization of poultry pathogens isolated from water tanks and drinkers in commercial broiler farms

resistance to majority of antimicrobial agents used during the course of study including ampicillin (82.6%), cephradine (78.2%), cefotaxime (56.61%), cefixime (65.23%), ciprofloxacin (26%), ofloxacine (21.7%), and gentamycin (100%). Whereas the Salmonella typhi were noticed as resistant to amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (55.5%), cephradin (66.6%), cefotaxime (66.6%), cefixime (66.6%), ciprofloxacin (22.2%), ofloxacine (33.3%) and gentamycin (100%). About 65% of E. coli and 78% of Salmonella typhi isolates were observed as resistant to more than three antimicrobial agents. We concluded that both water tanks and drinkers of all the three commercial broiler farms were contaminated with multiresistant E. coli and S. typhi and were considered to ultimately get transferred in other animals and human. Standard water purification strategies should be adopted to prevent pathogen contamination.
KINETIC BEHAVIOUR FROM AN EXTREME HALOPHILE Halo ferax mediterranei IN HALOPHILIC CONDITIONS (3 M KCL) AND IN GLYCEROL OF NADP-GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

The kinetic mechanism of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) from the Archaeon Haloferax mediterranei was studied in 3 M KCl and in glycerol. Haloferax medirerranei is a halophilic organism requiring 20-25% NaCl for optimal growth, so its enzymes are stabilised by high salt concentrations. We have replaced the salt by 20% (v/v) glycerol in order to analyse if the kinetic properties and kinetic mechanism of the enzyme change at lower salt concentrations in order to apply the enzyme in a bioreactor. The kinetic mechanism was studied by initial velocity measurements with, product and substrate analog inhibition. Product and substrates analog inhibition experiments indicate that (a), NADPf is a competitive inhibitor versus NADPH indicating that NADP+ and NADPH both bind to free enzyme and (b), the binding order of substrates is NADPH, a-ketoglutarate and ammonium. The results suggest that the mechanism in the amination reaction, with and without salt, is the same: sequential ordered with A (NADPH) binding in steady state and B (a-ketoglutarate) in rapid equilibrium, with a dead-end (abortive) complex EC, and the last substrate bound is ammonium (C).
Transcytosis of the G Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis after Implantation into the Apical Membrane of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells. II. Involvement of the Golgi Complex Virus

In the preceding paper (Pesonen M., W. Ansorge, and K. Simons, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:796-802), we have shown that transcellular transport of the membrane glycoprotein G of vesicular stomatitis virus implanted into the apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is transcytosed through the endosomal compartment to the basolateral plasma membrane. To determine whether the Golgi complex was involved in this process, G protein lacking sialic acid or all of the terminal sugars was implanted into the apical membrane and allowed to move to the basolateral membrane. Using the criteria of endoglycosidase H sensitivity, binding to Ricinus communis agglutinin and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the sugars on the transcytosed G protein were found to be the same as in the starting material. The absence of any involvement of the Golgi complex in transcytosis was supported by subcellular fractionation studies in which transcytosing G protein was never found in fractions containing galactosyl transferase.
The Contribution of Sucrose Metabolism Enzymes to Sucrose Accumulation in Cucumis melo

The relationship between sugar accumulation and sucrose metabolism enzyme activities was studied among seven genotypes of Cucumis melo L. , covering the broad genetic range of sucrose accumulation found in the species. The primary determinant correlated with sucrose levels was the genetic variation for developmental loss of soluble acid invertase (AI) activity. Sucrose accumulation in the developing fruit began only when AI activity declined to less than an experimentally determined threshold value, and continued until removal of the fruit from the plant. In addition, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and neutral invertase (NI) were all positively correlated with sucrose accumulation among the genotypes. The low-sucrose-accumulating genotypes were characterized by low activities of each of the three enzymes, irrespective of their invertase activities. Final sucrose content was best predicted for each genotype by the number of days the fruit remained attached to the plant while characterized by ''sucrose accumulation metabolism,'' which was characterized primarily by AI activity less than threshold values, together with SPS, SuSy, and NI activities higher than threshold levels.
Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality in Pigs Influence of Rearing System, Breed and Feeding

Heyer, A. 2004. Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality in Pigs Influence of Rearing System, Breed and Feeding. Doctoral dissertation. ISSN 1401-6249. ISBN 91–576-6765-9 In this thesis, influences of conventional and organic rearing systems, breed crosses and feeding regimens on performance, carcass and technological and sensory meat quality traits in pigs were investigated. In two studies, a seasonal outdoor rearing system was investigated. Maternal performance of once-bred gilts was studied and their carcass and meat quality was compared with maiden indoor reared gilts. In a third study, the outdoor-born progeny was raised indoors and outdoors; performance, carcass and meat quality of these growing/finishing pigs were compared. In a fourth study, indoor and outdoor rearing systems of growing/finishing pigs, born indoors, including different feeding regimens (strategic/ad libitum/restrictive), diets (diluted/undiluted; conventional/organic) and breed crosses (LW*L/LW*D) were investigated. In a fifth study, effects of extra maternal feed supply during early gestation on sow and progeny performance, carcass and meat quality were studied. The studies showed that once-bred gilts were suitable for a seasonal outdoor rearing system and produced carcasses of adequate quality. LW*L once-bred gilts had more piglets at weaning, whereas LW*D progeny had higher growth rate. For the progeny, outdoor pigs had higher growth rate when fed ad libitum but grew slower during the second restricted phase. Technological quality was similar. In the fourth study, indoor pigs fed an organic diet grew faster than outdoor pigs. Strategic feeding increased daily weight gain, compared with an exclusively diluted diet. Extra maternal feeding increased litter size per sow, but not per gilt. A negative effect on progeny growth rate was found, whereas carcass and technological quality was unaffected. In this thesis, the results indicate that pig production parameters are not only affected by housing system (indoor/outdoor) but by the entire rearing system, including breed cross, feeding regimen, diet composition, final weight and age.
Chemical -Induced Resistance against Brown Stem Rot in Soybean: The Effect of Benzothiadiazole

2 Abstract: In the present work, the biochemical basis of tolerance in soybean to stem rot via its priming with benzothiadiazole (BTH) w as inv estigated. T o evaluate the potentiation of B TH in this respect, differences in t he elements associated wi th t he induction of defenses were t raced bef ore and after subjecting s oybean to biotic st ress induced by its inoculation wi th Phialophora gregata. BTH priming of non-inoculated soybeans was observed to increase percentage of seed germination, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roo ts and ph otosynthetic pigments. Marked differences in the phenolics, lignin, flavonoids and the enzymes invo lved in the regulation o f their metabolism namely: phenylalanine ammonia- lyase (PAL), Peroxidase PO X and po lyphenol oxidase (PPO) were r ecorded. Leaf tissues of soybeans which were primed with BTH responded differently to pathogen inoculation with Phialophora gregata, compared with both the control and BTH-primed and non-challenged ones. Appreciable increase in the activity level of PAL, POX and PP O was observed in response to c hallenging of BTH-primed soybean, particularly on applying it as both seed soaking followed by foliar spraying. On the other hand, catalase activity subjected to ma rked increase in non-challenged, BTH-treated soybeans meanwhile it was obviously decreased upon pathogen inoculation of BTH-treated plants. Appreciable increase in the different forms of phenolics (free, conjugated, cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble phenols) was recorded in response to BTH-priming and c hallenging. Moreover, the same treatments i nduced obvious increase in the flavonoid c ontent of soybean leaves. Thus, a f our- fold i ncrease i n l euteolin c ontent was observed in t reated t issues, compared with the control. Also, t he quercetin and genistein content sub jected to marked increase in response to BTH and challenging wi th Phialophora gregata. T he bioassay fo r a ntifungal ac tivity of p henolic compounds obtained from BTH-primed and challenged soybeans revealed its high toxicity to fungal spore germination. The marvelous changes induced in protein pattern in response to priming soybean with BTH and its challenging with i ts pathogen, refer to t hat BTH act at the molecular level and t hat it induced change at the transcriptional and translational levels.
Production of eukaryotic antimicrobial peptides by bacteria - A review.

The alarming increase in incidence of multidrug-resistant, pathogenic bacteria, the paucity in the discovery of new antibiotic leads, and the resulting public health risk have recently heightened interest in naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as potential novel therapeutics. [1, 2] Higher organisms are equipped with an innate immune system that allows them to fight invading pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides, also referred to as host-defense peptides (HDP) [3], are gene-encoded, small effector molecules of the innate immune system, which play a major role as the first chemical barrier against invading pathogens. Their characteristic features are broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and constitutive expression or fast induction after pathogen challenge. [4] Usually ranging between 13-45 amino acid residues long, these peptides share a net positive charge and amphipathic 3D structures (displaying both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas), despite the large variety of their primary sequences. [5, 6] Three major families of AMPs have been described in humans: cathelicidins, defensins, and histatins. Overall, more than 1,200 AMP sequences have been reported from animals and plants. [7, 8] The heterologous expression of eukaryotic antimicrobial peptides (EAPs) by microorganisms could be a costeffective tool for functional and clinical research. The use of bacteria as cell-factories is interesting due to the possibility of isolating and purifying secreted proteins. [9] The Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a generallyregarded-as-safe (GRAS)-status, and are widely employed in human food production, with a long history of safe use in a variety of fermentation processes. [10] Several studies have been performed on the use of LAB as mucosal delivery vehicles of heterologous proteins, such as vaccine antigens or therapeutic agents. [11, 12, 13] Recent advances in inducible promoters and selection markers in food-grade organisms open up possibilities to select safe organisms as probiotics. [14] This review focuses on currently available systems for the heterologous expression of functionally active eukaryotic antimicrobial peptides by bacteria, with a focus on potential future applications in LAB.
Genetic Parameters For The Somatic Cells Count In The Milk Of Buffaloes UsingOrdinary Test Day Models

Abstract The buffaloes dairy milk production (BDMP) has increased in the last 20 years, mainly for the manufacturing of mozzarella cheese, which is recognized by its high nutritional quality. However, this quality can be affected by several factors i. e. high somatic cells count (SCC) provokes changes in the milk’s constituents. As in bovine dairy milk, the SCC is used as diagnostic tool for milk quality; because it enables the diagnosis of sub-clinic mastitis and also allows the selection of individuals genetically resistant to that disease. Based on it, we collected information about SCC and BDMP along the lactation in Murrah breed buffaloes, during the period between 1997 and 2005. Curves were designed to estimate genetic parameters. These parameters were estimated by ordinary test-day models. There were observed variations in the estimated heritability for both characteristics . The lowest score for somatic cells count (SSCC) was seen at first month (0.01) and the highest at sixth months (0.29 The genetic correlation between these traits varied from -1 at the 1 and 9th months to 0.31 and 0.30 in the2 and 4th month of lactation. Phenotypic correlations were all negative (-0.07 in the second month and up to -0.35 in the eighth month of lactation). These results showed that environmental factors are more important than genetics in explain SCC, for this reason, selection for genetic resistance to mastitis in buffalos based in SCC should not be done. In the other hand, negative phenotypic correlations demonstrated that as the SCC increased, the milk production decreased.
Melatonin Modulation of Air-Gulping Behavior in the Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Air-gulping behavior is of considerable significance in those species that have evolved and perfected air-breathing organs. Data available on details of air-breathing behavior is Indian fishes is scarce. Therefore, this study was undertaken to gather information on temporal organization pineal control air-gulping behavior in Channa punctatus. Pineal hormone melatonin is known to regulate biological rhythms and is therefore regarded as a chronobiotic. For this reason the effect of exogenously administered melatonin on air-gulping rhythm was assessed. The frequency of air-gulping increased (P<0.01) at 10.00h and 16.00h, the maximum increase at 16.00h. The observation from second experiment confirmed that air-gulping frequency is high (P<0.01) at 10.00h and 16.00h; and melatonin further increases (P<0.01) air-gulping at the same time points. Melatonin given at the evening point was significantly (P<0.01) more effective in increasing the air-gulping frequency. Using or not using aerator did not significantly affect the rhythm in air-gulping behavior. Dissolved Oxygen content remains unchanged before and after the experiment. In all the experiments air-gulping behavior exhibited a definite rhythm. In Channa punctatus the frequency of air-gulping coincided with scotophase (late in the light phase). Could it be that melatonin heralds the onset of scotophase and thereby enhance air-gulping. Alternately, melatonin may enhance metabolism at tissue level increasing the oxygen demand, which in turn could enhance air-gulping activity.
OVERLAP IN DIETS AND FORAGING OF COMMON MURRES (URIA AALGE) AND RHINOCEROS AUKLETS (CERORHINCA MONOCERATA) AFTER THE BREEDING SEASON

Abstract Common Murres (Uria aalge; hereafter “murres“) and Rhinoceros Auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata; hereafter “auklets“) breed and forage sympatrically over much of their range. They have similar diets during the breeding season, which suggests that they partition prey during the breeding season by foraging (1) at different locations, (2) at different times of day, (3) at different water depths, (4) on different proportions of the same prey species, or (5) some combination of the four. We examined possible mechanisms of niche partitioning during late summer and fall in Puget Sound, Washington, in 1993-1996. Murres and auklets fed mainly on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii, occurring in 74.2% and 48.1%, respectively, of gastrointestinal tracts with contents), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus; 45.8% and 62.3%), and salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) species (21.9% and 9.7%). Auklets also consumed considerable amounts of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; 26.6%). Murres and auklets did not differ significantly (1) in their diet (between age classes or sexes of either species, or among years); (2) in mean lengths of Pacific herring (101 and 109 mm, respectively) and Pacific sand lance (82 and 86 mm) they consumed; or (3) in the mean depth (7–8 m) at which they were entangled in gill nets. Dietary diversity was low, with most gastrointestinal tracts containing only one or two prey species in both murres and auklets. Murres were caught and therefore presumably feed more frequently in the afternoon and evening; whereas auklets were entangled more often in early morning. We found differences between murres and auklets in the diel chronology of prey taken, which may partly explain how murres and auklets coexist during the breeding season and months thereafter, prior to auklet emigration from Puget Sound. Chevauchement du Régime Alimentaire et de la Quête Alimentaire chez Uria aalge et Cerorhinca monocerata après la Saison de Reproduction
the receptor's turn

The cloning, sequencing, and functional expressionin hostcellsofa varietyofreceptorshas ledto a focus on the structural determinants of pharmacologic receptors involved in the complex processes of ligand binding and cell activation. The three basic mechanisms of receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling (ligand- regulated ion flux; ligand-regulated receptor-enzymes; ligand-regulated receptor-G protein activation) can now be placed in the structural context of at least three recep- tor superfamiies: 1) ligand-regulated oligomeric ion channels, 2) ligand-regulated tyrosine kinases, and 3) G protein-linked rhodopsin-related receptors. For each of these receptor superfamilies, structure-activity studies that use 1) site-directed mutagenesis, 2) cassette switch- ing to form receptor chimeras, and 3) sequence-specific antireceptor antibodies are beginning to delineate the do- mains responsible for specific receptor functions. Ana- lyses of such receptor domains related to: 1) ligand bind- ing, 2) membrane insertion, 3) catalytic activity (in the case of receptor-enzymes), 4) internalization and interac- tion with other membrane constituents, 5) substrate or G protein binding, and 6) regulatory sites of receptor phosphorylation are discussed, using as principal exam- ples the nicotinic receptor for acetylcholine, the epider- mal growth factor-urogastrone receptor, and the 13- adrenergic receptor. These studies illustrate that in terms of structure-activity studies, which have traditionally em- phasized the ligand, it is now the receptor's turn for in- tense attention. - Hollenberg, M. D. Structure-activity relationships for transmembrane signaling: the receptor's turn. FASEBJ. 5: 178-186; 1991.
Gender issues in small-scale family poultry production: experiences with Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza control

The following paper analyses gender issues to be taken into consideration in Newcastle disease (ND) and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) control. Gender issues tend to be sidelined from discussions and gender disparities in economic and decision making matters are often neglected. The integration of the analysis of gender relations in the study of agro-economic characteristics is of major importance because the paradigms of access, control and benefits of the resources, and consequently of exclusion, are based on social relations between men and women. The understanding of gender relations and its implications to livestock rearing is therefore an imperative in the effective promotion of appropriate interventions in order to improve biosecurity.
Extração de informações da cena urbana combinando imagens radarsat-2 e geoeye

Neste trabalho, foi analisada a contribuicao da imagem RADARSAT-2 na discriminacao de elementos de uma cena urbana, quando fundida com uma imagem GeoEye. A vantagem da imagem-radar e que sua tomada independe das condicoes atmosfericas, e a resolucao espacial nominal no modo ultrafino e de 3 metros. Ja as imagens multiespectrais, mesmo sendo de alta resolucao, nao permitem discriminar todos os elementos que compoem uma cena urbana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi discriminar elementos da cena, utilizando a combinacao de informacoes obtidas de imagem optica e de radar, e tambem verificar se o modelo de transformacao projetiva e adequado para a correcao geometrica da imagem radar. Pretende-se, ainda, analisar o efeito dos filtros para reducao do speckle na imagem e constatar a contribuicao da imagem radar para a identificacao de elementos presentes na cena. A transformacao projetiva apresentou um resultado satisfatorio na correcao da imagem, apesar de o ângulo de visada ser lateral; os valores de residuos para os pontos de controle e verificacao ficaram menores que 1 metro. Para tratar o speckle , verificou-se que o filtro estatistico de media com janela 5x5 foi o que permitiu sua eliminacao com maior eficiencia. Os resultados dos experimentos de classificacao, utilizando arvore de decisao, apresentaram-se coerentes com a realidade da area de estudo. O melhor resultado foi verificado no experimento utilizando a imagem GeoEye segmentada, combinada com a imagem radar, uma vez que essa contribui para a caracterizacao de estruturas metalicas que apresentam alto fator de reflexao. Foi possivel comprovar a confiabilidade da tecnica na visita de campo.
Little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis (Bivalvia: Montacutidae) from the north-western Pacific with notes on Montacuta substriata and Tellimya ferruginosa

An expanded description of a little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis from the Sea of Okhotsk with new data on its morphology, ecology and geographical distribution is given. This is the first record of M. spitzbergensis from the north-western Pacific. It differs from other species of Montacuta in its large (to 8.4 mm), elongate–ovate, thick shell with wide, slightly curved hinge plate, wide, short, and shallow resilifer, and weakly developed external ligament. This species occurs in the Arctic Ocean (Spitsbergen, Barents, Kara, Laptev and Chukchi Seas) and the Pacific Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk) at depths from 9 to 232 m at a bottom temperature from −1.62°C to +2.50°C. The hinge structure of the type species of the genera Montacuta and Tellimya is also discussed.