Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Voltage‐dependent gating mechanism for single fast chloride channels from rat skeletal muscle.

1. A voltage‐dependent gating mechanism for the fast Cl‐ channel was developed from the analysis of single‐channel current records obtained with the patch clamp technique from primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle. Up to 10(6) open and shut intervals were analysed from each of five different excised patches of membrane containing a single fast Cl‐ channel. 2. Rate constants for a kinetic scheme with six closed and two open states (scheme I) were estimated at a given voltage by maximum likelihood fitting of open and closed dwell‐time distributions obtained at that voltage. This procedure was then repeated for data obtained at each of three to eight different membrane potentials for each channel. 3. Plots of the estimated rate constants against membrane potential typically appeared linear on semilogarithmic co‐ordinates, consistent with rate constants that are exponentially dependent on voltage. 4. Regression analysis of these plots yielded two parameters for each rate constant: the value of the rate constant at ‐50 mV (B) and its voltage sensitivity (A). The dwell‐time distributions predicted with these parameters and scheme I gave a good description of the experimental dwell‐time distributions at all the studied voltages, lending further support for an exponential dependence of rate constants on membrane potential. 5. Estimates of A and B were also obtained by simultaneously fitting dwell‐time distributions obtained at three to eight different voltages, in order to better define these parameters. Predicted dwell‐time distributions obtained with these estimates and scheme I could approach the theoretical best description of the data for discrete‐state Markov models. 6. Eight to twelve of the fourteen rate constants in scheme I appeared voltage sensitive, with effective gating charges ranging from about ‐1.5 to +1.0 units of electronic charge. 7. The estimated rate constants and their voltage sensitivities for the five analysed channels were generally similar, but showed some heterogeneity. 8. Gating mechanisms which had fewer kinetic states than scheme I, or equal and opposite effective gating charges over each transition barrier, or four or five identical and independent voltage‐dependent subunits, all gave poorer descriptions of the data than scheme I. These simpler mechanisms were also ranked below scheme I by the Schwarz criterion, which applies a heavy penalty for additional free parameters. 9. These findings indicate that the voltage dependence of the fast Cl‐ channel is consistent with a kinetic scheme with six closed and two open states, in which a majority of transitions among the states are voltage dependent. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Strange Floral Attractors: Pollinator Attraction and the Evolution of Plant Sexual Systems

Individual plants of hummingbird-pollinated Besleria triflora display two flower morphs: staminate flowers, which have shortened styles and do not produce fruit, and hermaphrodite flowers. Experiments with B. triflora indicate that pollinator attraction can drive the evolution of a dimorphic plant sexual system. In field-manipulated plants, visitation increased at large floral displays; however, pollen receipt increased only when staminate flowers were used to enlarge the display. Laboratory experiments showed that staminate flowers do not remove pollen from visiting pollinators, effectively concentrating outcross pollen onto stigmas of fertile flowers. A dimorphic sexual system is favored because the morphology of staminate flowers enhances their role in pollinator attraction.
The 2013 WHO guidelines for antiretroviral therapy: evidence-based recommendations to face new epidemic realities

Purpose of reviewThe review summarizes the key new recommendations of the WHO 2013 guidelines for antiretroviral therapy and describes the potential impact of these recommendations on the HIV epidemic. Recent findingsThe 2013 WHO guidelines recommend earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at CD4 500 cells/&mgr;l or less for all adults and children above 5 years. Further recommendations include initiation of ART irrespective of CD4 cell count or clinical stage for people co-infected with active tuberculosis disease or hepatitis B virus with severe liver disease, pregnant women, people in serodiscordant partnerships, and children under 5 years of age. The ART regimen comprising a once daily fixed-dose combination of tenofovir + lamivudine (or emtricitabine) + efavirenz is recommended as the preferred first-line therapy. Several approaches are also recommended to reach more people and increase health service capacity, including community and self-testing, and task shifting, decentralization, and integration of ART care. SummaryIf fully implemented, the 2013 WHO ART guidelines could avert at least an additional 3 million deaths and prevent close to an additional 3.5 million new infections between 2012 and 2025 in low- and middle-income countries, compared with previous treatment guidelines.
A Mechanistic Hypothesis for the Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Cis-Trans Isomerization of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen: An Unusual Redox Reaction

We provide a detailed description of the cis-trans isomerization of 4-hydroxytamoxifen/endoxifen catalyzed by several isoforms from the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, including CYP1B1, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19. We show that the reactions mainly involve redox processes catalyzed by CYP. DFT calculation results strongly suggest that the isomerization occurs via a cationic intermediate. The cationic cis-isomer is more than 3 kcal/mol more stable than the trans form, resulting in an easier conversion from trans-to-cis than cis-to-trans. The cis-trans isomerization is a rarely reported CYP reaction and is ascribed to the lack of a second abstractable proton on the ethenyl group of the triarylvinyl class of substrates. The cationic intermediates thus formed instead of the stable dehydrogenation products allow for isomerization to occur. As a comparison, the reactions for the tamoxifen derivatives are compared to those of other substrates, 4-hydroxyacetanilide and raloxifene, for which the stable dehydrogenation products are formed.
Quantitative EEG differences in a nonclinical sample of children with ADHD and undifferentiated ADD.

OBJECTIVE To use quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques to identify electrophysiological differences between children with distinct disorders of attention and/or hyperactivity. METHOD Forty children from a prescreened community sample were evaluated by means of both spectral EEG and evoked response potential (ERP) techniques. The children were 7 to 13 years of age and were selected on the basis of membership in one of the following DSM-III-R categories: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 16), undifferentiated attention deficit disorder (UADD) (n = 12), or no disruptive disorder diagnosis (n = 12). RESULTS Spectral EEG revealed that UADD subjects had less delta band relative percent power (RPP) (p < .01), more beta band RPP (p < .01), and ERP findings of a decreased rare tone P300 amplitude (p < .02) compared with the control group. ADHD subjects had spectral EEG findings of increased beta band RPP (p < .05) and ERP findings of an increased common tone N100 latency (p < .02) and a decreased rare tone P300 amplitude (p < .02). Interhemispheric asymmetries appeared to distinguish the groups: the UADD group had spectral EEG asymmetries; the ADHD group had only ERP asymmetries; and the control group had no asymmetries. CONCLUSION Quantitative EEG techniques may prove useful in differentiating specific subtypes of ADHD.
Multifrequency Particle Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Multiresolution GPR Microwave Imaging

An innovative inverse scattering (IS) technique for the simultaneous processing of multifrequency (MF) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements is proposed. The nonlinear IS problem is solved by profitably integrating a customized MF version of the particle swarm optimizer (PSO) within the iterative multiscaling approach (IMSA) to jointly exploit the reduction of the ratio between unknowns and uncorrelated data with a pervasive exploration of the multidimensional search space for minimizing the probability that the solution is trapped into local minima corresponding to false solutions of the problem at hand. Both numerical and experimental test cases are reported to assess the reliability of the MF-IMSA-PSO method toward accurate GPR tomography as well as improvements with respect to the competitive state-of-the-art inversion approaches.
An atypical variant of Fabry's disease with manifestations confined to the myocardium.

FABRY'S DISEASE is an X-linked recessive disorder resulting from deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase α-galactosidase A.1-3 The enzymatic defect leads to the progressive accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids with terminal α-galactosyl moieties (particularly globotriaosylceramide) in the lysosomes of vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells throughout the body. In classically affected males, who have no detectable α-galactosidase A activity, the onset of disease manifestations occurs in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe acroparesthesias, angiokeratoma, corneal opacities, and hypohidrosis. The cardiac manifestations result from the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in the myocytes, leading to myocardial failure; in coronary endothelial cells, resulting .
Tryptic digestion of NADH dehydrogenase from alkalophilic Bacillus.

The alkalophile NADH dehydrogenase (NADH: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase) [EC 1.6. 99.3] consists of two identical subunits of 65 kDa, and each subunit contains the catalytic and liposome-binding regions. On treatment with trypsin, the polypeptide exhibiting the liposome-binding property in one of the subunits was digested to form an enzymatically active hetero-dimer (40 and 65 kDa), and then the polypeptide in the other subunit was digested to form an active homo-dimer (40 and 40 kDa). The hetero-dimer bound to liposomes, but the homo-dimer did not. Kinetic analysis showed that removal of one or two of the polypeptides in the enzyme slightly affects its kinetic parameters. For all the enzyme species, NAD inhibited competitively with respect to NADH and non-competitively with respect to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. The partially determined amino acid sequence of this alkalophile enzyme suggested that (i) a long random-coiled peptide (58 amino acid residues) or a portion of the peptide is located between the polypeptides with liposome-binding and catalytic properties, (ii) the polypeptide exhibiting liposome-binding property is in the amino terminal region of the enzyme, (iii) the amino acid sequences around the subtilisin and trypsin cleavage sites of the peptide are hydrophilic and on the surface of the protein molecule and therefore are susceptible to digestion, and (iv) the FAD-binding site is located near the amino terminal region of the catalytic region.
On Replacing an RF Test with an Alternative Measurement: Theory and a Case Study

In this paper we present the theory for evaluating the test error that we commit when we replace a standard analog test by a lower-cost alternative measurement. The evaluation takes place during the design and test development phases and relies on a tractable number of simulations. The test error is expressed in terms of test escape and yield loss which are estimated in parts per million accuracy. The theory is demonstrated with an example. In particular, we evaluate whether a dedicated on-chip envelope detector can be used to eliminate the NF test for an LNA.
High variation and strong phylogeographic pattern among cpDNA haplotypes in Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae) in China and North Vietnam

We studied the phylogeography of Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana), a tree species distributed over most of southern China and adjacent regions. A total of 1235 individuals from 50 populations from China and North Vietnam were analysed for chloroplast DNA variation using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism of the trnL‐F intron‐spacer region. A total of 19 different haplotypes were distinguished. We found a very high level of population differentiation and a strong phylogeographic pattern, suggesting low levels of recurrent gene flow among populations. Haplotype differentiation was most marked along the boundary between the Sino‐Himalayan and Sino‐Japanese Forest floristic subkingdoms, with only one haplotype being shared among these two subkingdoms. The Malesian and Sino‐Himalayan Forest subkingdoms had five and 10 haplotypes, respectively, while the relatively large Sino‐Japanese Forest subkingdom had only eight. The strong geography–haplotype correlation persisted at the regional floristic level, with most regions possessing a unique set of haplotypes, except for the central China region. Strong landscape effects were observed in the Hengduan and Dabashan mountains, where steep mountains and valleys might have been natural dispersal barriers. The molecular phylogenetic data, together with the geographic distribution of the haplotypes, suggest the existence of several localized refugia during the last glaciation from which the present‐day distribution may be derived. The pattern of haplotype distribution across China and North Vietnam corresponded well with the current taxonomic delineation of the three intraspecific varieties of T. wallichiana.
Creating a Semantic Graph from Wikipedia

With the continued need to organize and automate the use of data, solutions are needed to transform unstructred text into structred information. By treating dependency grammar functions as programming language functions, this process produces “property maps” which connect entities (people, places, events) with snippets of information. These maps are used to construct a semantic graph. By inputting Wikipedia, a large graph of information is produced representing a section of history. The resulting graph allows a user to quickly browse a topic and view the interconnections between entities across history.
Therapeutic effects of ivabradine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin treatment in rat

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of ivabradine against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats using hemodynamic parameters (electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure), biochemical markers of oxidative stress, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase-MB, and histopathological analyses both in serum and tissue specimens. A total of 28 female rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: (a) control (n = 6 rats), (b) DOX group (n = 7 rats), (c) DOX + ivabradine–treated group (n = 8 rats), and (d) ivabradine group (n = 7 rats). When the means of the four groups were compared, there was only a significant difference in the level of HR (p < 0.05). DOX treatment caused more HR elevation when compared to the control group, whereas ivabradine application after DOX treatment significantly reduced HR levels. Cardiomyocytes were revealed as normal histology in the light of both hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining methods (caspase-3 and bcl-2) in all groups. The present study reported the therapeutic effects of ivabradine against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity accompanied by the hemodynamic and biochemical parameters.
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission and Methane Exchange From Diversified Cropping Systems in Pannonian Region

Diversified farming systems are promoted to improve ecosystem services in agriculture while maintaining productivity. Intercropping could improve soil quality, the stability of yields and climate resilience. Whether direct emissions of greenhouse gases from soil are reduced as well, depends on the specific measures of diversification. Here, we determined the greenhouse gas emissions from soils of two diversification experiments in the Pannonian climate of Hungary. Firstly, in an asparagus field, oat and field pea was introduced as intercrop between the asparagus berms. Secondly, grass and aromatic herbs were intercropped in a vineyard between the grape rows. The results show that especially for nitrous oxide, average treatment emissions can increase with additional legumes (+252% with intercropped field peas) but decrease with aromatic herbs (−66%). No significant changes were found for methane exchange. This shows that, while other ecosystem services can be increased by intercropping, changes in soil greenhouse gas emissions by intercropping are highly context dependent.
Δ113p53/Δ133p53 converts P53 from a repressor to a promoter of DNA double-stand break repair

ABSTRACT In response to DNA damage, p53 (TP53, best known as p53) is quickly activated leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis to ensure genomic integrity; however, this represses DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Our recent work revealed that Δ113p53/Δ133p53 protein is accumulated at a later stage upon DNA DSB stress to switch p53 signaling from repression to promotion of DNA DSB repair.
Natural rubber latex coated with calcium phosphate for biomedical application

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a flexible biomembrane that possesses angiogenic properties and has recently been used for guided bone regeneration, enhancing healing without fibrous tissue, allergies or rejection. Calcium phosphate (Ca/P) ceramics have chemical, biological, and mechanical properties similar to mineral phase of bone, and ability to bond to the host tissue, although it can disperse from where it is applied. Therefore, to create a composite that could enhance the properties of both materials, NRL biomembranes were coated with Ca/P. NRL biomembranes were soaked in 1.5 times concentrated SBF solution for seven days, avoiding the use of high temperatures. SEM showed that Ca/P has been coated in NRL biomembrane, XRD showed low crystallinity and FTIR showed that is the carbonated type B. Furthermore, hemolysis of erythrocytes, quantified spectrophotometrically using materials (Ca/P, NRL, and NRL + Ca/P) showed no hemolytic effects up to 0.125 mg/mL (compounds and mixtures), indicating no detectable disturbance of the red blood cell membranes. The results show that the biomimetic is an appropriate method to coat NRL with Ca/P without using high temperatures, aiming a new biomembrane to improve guided bone regeneration.
Efficient homologous prime‐boost strategies for T cell vaccination based on virus‐like particles

Induction of high frequencies of specific T cells by vaccination requires prime‐boost regimens. To reach optimal immune responses, it is necessary to use different vectors for priming and boosting as e.g. DNA vaccination followed by boosting with a recombinant viral vector. Here, we show that vaccines based on virus‐like particles (VLP) displaying peptide epitopes are equally effective to induce CTL responses if used in a homologous or heterologous prime‐boost setting. Strikingly, high frequencies (>20% of CD8+ cells) of protective CTL could be induced and maintained by weekly injection of VLP. Thus, the use of VLP may avoid the requirement for complicated heterologous prime‐boost regimens, facilitating the development of effective T cell‐based vaccines.
Outage Probability Performance Analysis of a New Hybrid Relay Selection Protocol

In this paper, the diversity gains of wireless relay networks were exploited. The proposed cooperative scheme using the first best relay for providing the highest SNR at the destination, whereas the second best relay is used for suboptimal SNR at the destination. The source communicates with the single antenna destination, with the help of multiple AF relays, equipped with a single antenna. Specifically, the BEP and outage probability performance of AF cooperation with the first and second best-relay selection scheme were investigated. Analysis proves that multiple antennas at the source node with best-relay selection can achieve full diversity for transmission, which significantly improves the received quality at destination. In particular, closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative density function (CDF) of SNR at the destination are derived. Subsequently, closed-form expressions for the outage probability are obtained.
Comparison of solar panel models for grid integrations studies: Harmonics and voltage disturbances

The photovoltaic systems are extremely dependents on the climatic conditions in which they are submitted. For to represent this influence, there are in the literature three models of the solar photovoltaic panel: the equivalent circuit, the mathematical model and the multi-physical model. This paper compares these models using a grid connected photovoltaic system. Simulations of grid disturbances, like harmonics and voltage sags are made for observed the behavior of each model.
Board-Level Information Technology Governance Effects on Organizational Performance: The Roles of Strategic Alignment and Authoritarian Governance Style

ABSTRACT We report on two empirical studies that explore key factors that help translate information technology governance by the board of directors into organizational performance. The first study shows that strategic alignment partially mediates the effect of board-level information technology governance on performance. The second study demonstrates that authoritarian governance style negatively moderates the effect of board-level information technology governance on performance. Together, these studies open up the black box between board-level information technology governance and organizational performance.
Visual worlds: Construction or reconstruction?

Temre N. Davies Donald D. Hoffman Antonio M. Rodriguez: Visual Worlds: Construction Or Reconstruction? Page 72 Psychophysical studies of change blindness indicate that, at any instant, human observers are aware of detail in few parts of the visual field. Such results suggest, to some theorists, that human vision reconstructs only a few portions of the visual scene and that, to bridge the resulting representational gaps, it often lets physical objects serve as their own short-term memory. We propose that human vision reconstructs no portion of the visual scene, and that it never lets physical objects serve as their own short-term memory.
ACQUISITION OF THE SPANISH PRESENT PERFECT BY SPANISH-ENGLISH BILINGUALS *

are the meanings in Spanish-English bilingual children the same or different for the domain of tense and aspect as compared to Spanish and English monolingual children? Or, is there language interaction between the two languages? Spanish and English make a structural and interpretational distinction between the present perfect and simple past tenses. With respect to the acquisition of these tenses evidence from longitudinal studies shows that the Spanish simple past and present perfect tenses are acquired between 1;06 and 2;0, respectively (Hernández Pina 1984). In English, the simple past is acquired between 2;02-4;0 and the present perfect is not used productively until after 3;05 (Brown 1973). Following Alexiadou, Rathert & von Stechow (2003), perfect constructions share a complex relationship with past and present tense, grammatical aspect (marked inflectionally on the verb) and aktionsart (lexical aspectual meaning expressed by the verb), and temporal adverbs. Thus, an analysis of any perfect construction, including the present perfect discussed here, must carefully consider each factor. In order to understand these factors further, and to study the Spanish present perfect and preterit distinction in an acquisition context, I propose that Spanish and English offer important insights with respect to the investigation of cross-linguistic interaction in this domain.