Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Listeriosis Outbreaks Linked to Dairy Products in Europe

Abstract Dairy products have been associated with approximately half of the reported listeriosis outbreaks in Europe. The listeriosis outbreaks have mostly been linked to consumption of raw milk or products made of unpasteurized milk. Outbreaks, such as in Switzerland in 1983 to 1987 caused by unpasteurized soft cheese, in Austria in 1986 by unpasteurized milk, and in France in 1995 by a Brie-type cheese made of unpasteurized milk demonstrate the risks involved in the consumption of raw milk or soft cheeses made of unpasteurized milk. The pasteurization of raw milk, which destroys Listeria monocytogenes , does not eliminate later risk of L. monocytogenes contamination in dairy products. The outbreak in Finland from 1998 to 1999, with butter as the source, shows that dairy products made of pasteurized milk may become contaminated in subsequent stages of production with L. monocytogenes . Extensive work has been ongoing in several European countries during the last decade to prevent outbreaks and decrease the incidence of listeriosis. This work has included preventive measures in food processing plants, consumer education, and early detection of outbreaks. A marked reduction has occurred in the incidence of listeriosis in some of these countries during the 1990s, suggesting a relationship between preventive measures and reduction in listeriosis.
Geographical Patterns of Phenotypic Diversity in a World Collection of Durum Wheats 1

More than 3000 Triticum durum entries from the USDA world wheat collection were grown in the field and classified for leaf-sheath glossiness, glume pubescence and colour, awn and kernel colour, and basal-spike node fertility. The entries were grouped by geographic origin, and the frequencies of the phenotypes examined. Variation for all characters was found, and usually within each geographic region. The number of entries in the collection was very small from some areas known to be important sources of germplasm, pointing to the importance of intensifying efforts in exploration and conservation. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') was used to examined overall genetic divergence on a country and regional basis. Of the large collections, those from Ethiopia and Portugal had the greatest diverity (H' = 0.87 and 0.86), and those from Turkey, Bulgaria, and the United States had significantly less diversity (H' = 0.50, 0.42 and 0.39). Based on the characters studied and the relatively small collection evaluated, the centres of diversity seem to be Ethiopia, the Mediterranean region, and India.
Competition Among Grasses Along a Nitrogen Gradient: Initial Conditions and Mechanisms of Competition

We grew four perennial grass species (Poapratensis, Agropyron repens, Agros- tis scabra, and Schizachyrium scoparium) for 5 yr in monocultures and in pairwise com- petition plots on an experimental nitrogen gradient. The gradient contained plots ranging from 100% sand to 100% black soil, plus plots that received additional N fertilizer. To examine the impact of initial conditions on the long-term outcome of interspecific com- petition, three competitive situations were created: seed vs. seed competition (both species planted simultaneously), seed invasions (each species added as seed to year-old monocul- tures of the other), and vegetative invasions (dividers separating adjacent monocultures of two species removed after 1 yr). Extractable soil NO3 and NH4, were measured to test if species differences in the concentration of available soil N in monoculture (i.e., R* for N, Tilman 1982) could predict the long-term outcome of competition. By year 5, Schizachyrium displaced or greatly reduced the biomass of both Poa and Agropyron on the soil mixture gradient (the mixed soils but not the added-N plots) inde- pendent of the wide range of starting conditions. On these soils, Schizachyrium monocul- tures had significantly lower soil concentrations of both NO3 and NH4, than either Poa or Agropyron monocultures. Similarly, Agropyron displaced or greatly reduced the biomass of Agrostis by year 5. Agropyron monocultures had significantly lower concentrations of N03- and NO3 + NH4+, but not NH4+, than Agrostis monocultures. In contrast, no competitive displacement occurred in competition between Poa and Agropyron, and initial differences persisted over 5 yr. Monocultures of these two species did not differ in NO3 concentration, but did differ for NH4+ and NO3 + NH4+. Thus, species differences in ability to deplete soil NO3 successfully predicted the outcome of competition for all four species pairs on the soil mixture gradient. If resource preemption or asymmetric compe- tition had been the mechanism of competition, initial conditions would have affected the long-term outcome of competition. Rather, these results support the R* (i.e., resource reduction) model for competition for soil N. In the added-N fertilizer plots, Schizachyrium had decreased biomass in competition with both Poa and Agropyron. However, neither Agropyron nor Poa appeared to have an advantage when they competed with each other in the added-N plots. For these three species pairs, the 5-yr results of competition in the added-N plots, which had greatly reduced light availability because of increased production and litter accumulation, depended on initial conditions. In the fourth pair, Agrostis was displaced by Agropyron in all competition treatments in the added-N plots. Thus, we cannot reject the hypothesis that resource preemption (i.e., asymmetric competition) is important in light competition.
Wood Anatomy of Anacardiaceae from India with Special Reference to Systematic Position of Rhus

The present publication provides a comprehensive wood anatomical survey of woods of Indian tree species of the family Anacardiaceae. Thirtyfive species belonging to 19 genera are described as per the feature list of IAWA. Intrusive fibre cavities and perforated ray cells have been reported in Holigarna arnottiana and Pistacia terebinthus respectively. Two species, Choerospondias axillaris and Rhus hookeri, lacked helical thickening despite being ring-porous. Most tribes of the Anacardiaceae appear to be heterogeneous wood anatomically, except Semecarpeae which are homogeneous. The tribes Mangiferae and Semecarpeae are quite similar and may be placed together. Interesting findings were made regarding Indian species of Rhus, which can be divided into two groups. It is suggested to recognise Rhus Group II as a separate section. The ecological trends suggest that anatomical differentiation exists between tropical and temperate species as well as deciduous and evergreen species.
Mechanical formalism for tissue dynamics

The understanding of morphogenesis in living organisms has been renewed by tremendous progress in experimental techniques that provide access to cell-scale, quantitative information both on the shapes of cells within tissues and on the genes being expressed. This information suggests that our understanding of the respective contributions of gene expression and mechanics, and of their crucial entanglement, will soon leap forward. Biomechanics increasingly benefits from models, which assist the design and interpretation of experiments, point out the main ingredients and assumptions, and ultimately lead to predictions. The newly accessible local information thus calls for a reflection on how to select suitable classes of mechanical models. We review both mechanical ingredients suggested by the current knowledge of tissue behaviour, and modelling methods that can help generate a rheological diagram or a constitutive equation. We distinguish cell scale (“intra-cell”) and tissue scale (“inter-cell”) contributions. We recall the mathematical framework developped for continuum materials and explain how to transform a constitutive equation into a set of partial differential equations amenable to numerical resolution. We show that when plastic behaviour is relevant, the dissipation function formalism appears appropriate to generate constitutive equations; its variational nature facilitates numerical implementation, and we discuss adaptations needed in the case of large deformations. The present article gathers theoretical methods that can readily enhance the significance of the data to be extracted from recent or future high throughput biomechanical experiments.
Expression and localization of nitric oxide synthase isoforms during porcine oocyte growth and acquisition of meiotic competence

Reproduction biotechnologies depend on the use of fully meiotically competent oocytes. Grow - ing oocytes without full meiotic competence are an interesting potential source due to their quantity, but the mechanisms regulating the processes of acquisition of meiotic competence have not been clarified to date. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its product, nitric oxide (NO), may possibly play a role. Understanding the precise NO regulatory mechanism is therefore important for the development of in vitro growth meth - ods. The objective of this work was to detect changes in the expression of NOS isoforms and their mRNA expression and changes in the intracellular localization of separate NOS isoforms during the growth period of the porcine oocyte, and also to determine whether these changes are related to the process of meiotic competence acquisition. mRNA for all NOS isoforms was already detected in oocytes at the beginning of their growth and was present in them until they completed their growth period. mRNA for iNOS and eNOS was also observed in granulosa and cumulus cells from these oocytes. But nNOS mRNA was not demonstrated in these types of cells. Pig oocytes and their surrounding cells contained all NOS proteins. Their amounts increased and localization changed with the acquisition of meiotic competence. nNOS was localized mainly in the cortex in meiotically incompetent oocytes, while meiotically competent oocytes contained nNOS in the nucleus as well. iNOS protein was distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus in all oocytes, and meioti - cally incompetent oocytes contained iNOS in the nucleolus as well. eNOS protein was distributed in oocytes in the form of fine granules with a strong fluorescence signal. Protein was concentrated in the nuclear area in meiotically incompetent oocytes and also in the periphery in oocytes with partially and fully-developed meiotic competence. All these findings indicate that NOS isoforms may significantly influence the acquisi - tion of meiotic competence in porcine oocytes.
Galanin immunoreactivity in hypothalamic histamine neurons: Further evidence for multiple chemical messengers in the tuberomammillary nucleus

By using a specific antibody against the 29 amino‐acid peptide galanin (Gal) with light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, we have studied the distribution of Gal immunoreactivity in the posterior hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of the rat. In colchicine‐treated rats, a large number of Gal‐immunoreactive cells were identified within all subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus. The majority of these cells are large multipolar or fusiform neurons, with long, sparsely branching dendrites. A small number project to the ventral hippocampus, as shown by experiments with the retrograde tracing of Fast Blue. Ultrastructural examination of the Gal‐immunoreactive cells confirms their indentity as magnocellular neurons, with dense deposits of immunoreaction product, particularly in small ribosomal arrays and in large, dense‐cored vesicles. Axosomatic synapses occur on these neurons. The axonal boutons synapse with asymmetric and symmetric junctions and contain small synaptic vesicles as well as numerous large, dense‐cored vesicles, which display Gal immunoreactivity. Sequential staining of thin, alternate sections with antibodies against Gal and Lhistidine decarboxylase (HDCase; EC 4.1.1.22) showed colocalization of Galand HDCase‐immunoreactivities in a majority of tuberomammillary neurons. The finding of Gal immunoreactivity within histamine‐producing neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus adds to the multiplicity of potential neuronal messengers utilized by these cells.
Binding of Strontium vs Calcium to 17β-Estradiol-Induced Proteins in the Plasma of the Goldfish Carassius auratus

The binding of Sr to estradiol-induced proteins (EIP) was studied 7 days after a single injection of 17ƒÀ-estradiol (E2) into goldfish exposed to Sr-enriched water (5, 10, and 15 mg/1). E2 induced hypercal cemia in a way that was negatively correlated with ambient Sr concentration and hyperstrontemia in a way that was positively correlated with the concentration. Diffusible Ca concentrations in plasma remained unchanged in the estrogenized and control fish, while diffusible Sr concentrations increased with an increase in ambient Sr concentration in both the experimental and control fish. Protein-bound Ca and Sr concentrations in plasma were always higher in the estrogenized fish than in the control fish and their levels decreased and increased, respectively, depending on the ambient Sr concentration. The ratios of EIP-bound Sr to EIP-bound Ca increased with an increase in the Sr concentration. These results suggest that Sr competes with Ca for binding to vitellogenin in estrogenized goldfish.
Three New Anti-Oxidative Saponarin Analogs from Young green Barley Leaves

Three new saponarin analogs, 6'''-sinapoylsaponarin, 6'''-feruloysaponarin and 4'-glucosyl-6'''-sinapoyl-saponarin were isolated together with four known compounds from young green barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) leaves. Their anti-oxidative effects towards superoxide, photo-oxidation of vitamins and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical were tested. The superoxide-scavenging activity depended on the number of free hydroxy groups. In contrast, the inhibition of vitamin oxidation seemed to be due to the flavone skeleton. In addition, the sinapoyl moiety seemed to be important for radical-scavenging activity.
Description of three liocranid spider species from Korea (Araneae: Liocranidae)

Three liocranid spider species are described with illustrations: a new species, Agroeca bonghwaensis n. sp. and two species new to Korean spider fauna, Agroeca montana Hayashi, 1986 and Scotina palliardii (Koch, 1881). The occurrence of the genus Scotina Menge, 1873 is also recorded from Korea for the first time.
Tachykinins and pulmonary edema after acute phosgene exposure in Guinea pigs

We have examined the role of tachykinins, substance P, and neurokinin A in phosgene-induced pulmonary edema. Guinea pigs were exposed to air or to 50, 200, or 500 mg/m 3 phosgene (CG) for 10 min and euthanized 5, 30, 90, 180, or 240 min after exposure. Lung tissues were obtained for radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunohistochemistry of substance P- (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity (LI) and for gravimetric measurements. Lung SP-LI and NKA-LI, measured by RIA, increased 30 and 90 min after 200 and 400 mg/m 3 CG exposure. Increases in lung tachykinin levels preceded lung wet weight gain due to pulmonary edema, which occurred 90 to 180 min after CG exposure. SP-LI was also detected histologically in verve varicosities in the same peribronchiolar and perivascular regions where edema was first observed 30 min after CG exposure. In related experiments, guinea pigs were given capsaicin (5- or 50-mg/kg, s.c.) 7 days before 10-min exposures to 200 mg/m 3 CG. Guinea pigs pretreated with 5 mg/kg capsaicin were depleted of tracheal, bronchial, and lung SP-LI. They had less pulmonary edema and decreased mortality after CG exposure compared to animals given the vehicle. Guinea pigs pretreated with 50 mg/kg capsaicin had reduced SP-LI and bronchial NKA-LI. They had diffuse lung edema and increased mortality after CG compared with vehicle-pretreated controls. These findings suggest that SP contributes to CG-induced pulmonary edema. NKA may partially protect lungs from the effects of CG.
Influence of dietary rapeseed meals and selenium on egg production and egg tainting in laying hens

In 3 experiments 152 hens of differing strains were fed diets containing 0, 50 or 100 g Span, Canadian or European rapeseed meal per kg. Two strains, Shaver 288 and Babcock B300, laid white-shelled eggs while three other strains, Shaver 585, Warren 14 and Thomber 404 laid brown-shelled eggs. Egg production performance was not significantly affected by the inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet. However the strains laying brown-shelled eggs laid a high proportion of tainted eggs when rapeseed meal was included in the diet. All rapeseed meals led to a similar degree of tainting. Supplementing the diets with 1 or 2 mg selenium per kg did not significantly affect the incidence of tainting. Shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit were unaffected by the presence of rapeseed meal in the diet, and yolk colour was improved by the inclusion of Canadian and European rapeseed meals. On the basis of these and other findings it is recommended that rapeseed meal be omitted from diets at least for hens that lay brown-shelled eggs until the taint problem has been solved.
HERMANLENTIA N. GEN. DA TRIBO TRIATOMINI, COM UM ROL DE ESPECIES DE TRIATOMINAE (HEMIPTERA, REDUVIIDAE)

Hermanlentia n. gen. of Tribe Triatomini, with a List of Species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Hermanlentia n. gen. was established in the tribe Triatomini, based on differences of external morphology, phallic structures and chromatic characters of Triatoma matsunoi FernandezLoayza 1989, in relation to other species of Triatoma. The head is long with disproportionally small eyes 1:0,16; the relation of the head and the pronotum is 1: 0,4; and the coloration of the hemelytron is whitish. Characters of the male genitalia that distinguish the new genus are the articulatory apparatus with twice the size of the aedeagus, phallosoma with fingerlike apex, 1 + 1 dorsal conjuntive processes with the inner edge toothed, and absence of endosoma process and vesica.
Synaptic physiology of the developing Drosophila neuromuscular junction

There is a large increase in the number of synapses, and a constant structural and functional remodelling of already established synaptic sites, during the development of both the vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. Particular forms of such synaptic modifications are regarded as essential for learning processes, and the stabilisation of such modulations is believed to mediate the consolidation of acquired information, in other words - memory. In this context, it remains unclear how a neuron translates a developmental or activity-dependent signal into a moderate but physiologically relevant alteration in functional or structural synaptic connectivity.Throughout the development of the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ), structural and functional remodelling of glutamatergic synaptic connections takes place at high rates. The work described in this thesis exploits this feature, by examining situations where proteins implicated in synaptic function are interfered with. More specifically, electrophysiological analyses were performed to assess how the synaptic physiology responds to such manipulations. Thereby, the role of candidate proteins in synaptic performance could be deduced, adding to our understanding of the system.The results described were obtained in several case studies of proteins involved in pre-, post-, and perisynaptic function. (1) The novel presynaptic protein Bruchpilot is essential for both the structural and functional integrity of active zones. By establishing proximity between calcium channels and vesicles Bruchpilot promotes efficient neurotransmitter release and enables patterned synaptic plasticity. (2) The functional properties and differential effects of the postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits GluRIIA and IIB on synaptic efficacy are described. And finally, (3) the novel perisynaptic immunoglobulin domain-containing protein Basigin is introduced. Basigin contributes to the integrity of the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton, and to the precision of synchronised neurotransmitter release. The results not only illustrate a role of these proteins in basic synaptic performance, but also imply the recruitment of their functional pathways, required for mediating processes of structural and functional synaptic development and plasticity.
Mathematical Ecology and Its Place among the Sciences. (Book Reviews: Geographical Ecology. Patterns in the Distribution of Species)

First published in 1972 and now available for the first time in paperback, this book is the summation of the life work of one of the most influential scientists of our time. Of permanent interest in the history and philosophy of science, it is also frequently cited in the current ecological literature and is still up-to-date in many categories. "The theme running through this book," MacArthur wrote, "is that the structure of the environment, the morphology of the species, the economics of species behavior, and the dynamics of population changes are the four essential ingredients of all interesting biogeographic patterns. " Written in his beautifully lucid style, this work will continue to be read by anyone concerned with biological ideas.
Charakterisierung der immunmodulatorischen Funktion von Siglec-E (Sialinsäure-bindendes-Ig-ähnliches-Lektin-E) im Modell der experimentellen Chagas-Krankheit

Trypanosoma cruzi (T.cruzi) ist ein einzelliger Parasit, der in Sud- und Mittelamerika die chronische Infektionserkrankung Chagas verursacht. Jahrlich sterben mehr als 10.000 Menschen an der Chagas-Krankheit und vermutlich sind uber 10 Millionen infiziert (WHO 2010). In dieser Arbeit wurde die immunregulatorische Funktion von Siglec-E in einer T.cruzi Infektion weiterfuhrend charakterisiert. So wurden zunachst verschiedene T.cruzi Stamme in Hinsicht auf die Silylierung der Parasitenoberflache untersucht. Zudem wurde der Sialylierungsgrad von Trypanosomen aus einer Zellkultur und aus dem Blut infizierter Mause analysiert. Hierbei fiel auf, dass enorme Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen T.cruzi Isolaten vorlagen. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes the chronic infectious Chagas disease in South and Central America. 2008 over 10.000 people died from Chagas disease and it is estimated that over 10 million are infected (WHO 2010). The aim of this dissertation was to continuatively characterize the immune regulatory function of Siglec E in a T. cruzi infection. Initially the sialylation of different T. cruzi strains was analyzed. Furthermore the sialylation of trypanosomes out of a cell culture and from infected mice was compared. Interestingly significant differences between the compared T. cruzi isolates were found. Trypanosomes out of a cell culture were poorly or not sialylated whereas parasites which were isolated from infected blood showed a highly sialylated phenotype.
Fusarium rot of onion and possible use of bioproduct

Several species of Fusarium are causal agents of onion rot in field and storage. Most prevalent are F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and F. solani, and recently F. proliferatum, a toxigenic species. Most frequently isolated fungi in our field experiments were F. solani and F. proliferatum with different pathogenicity. Certain differences in antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum on different isolates of F. proliferatum and F. solani have been found in in vitro study in dual culture, expressed as a slower inhibition of growth of the former, and faster of the latter pathogen. Antagonistic abilities of species from genus Trichoderma (T. asperellum) are important, and have already been exploited in formulated biocontrol products in organic and conventional production, in order to prevent soil borne pathogens inducing fusarium wilt and rot. The importance of preventing onion infection by Fusarium spp. , possible mycotoxin producers, has been underlined.