Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy – Swedish Recommendations 2017

Abstract Prophylaxis and treatment with antiretroviral drugs have resulted in a very low rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV during recent years. Registration of new antiretroviral drugs, modification of clinical praxis, updated general treatment guidelines and increasing knowledge about MTCT have necessitated regular revisions of the recommendations for ‘Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy’. The Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy (RAV) has updated the recommendations from 2013 at an expert meeting 19 September 2017. In the new text, current treatment guidelines for non-pregnant are considered. The most important revisions are that: (1) Caesarean section and infant prophylaxis with three drugs are recommended when maternal HIV RNA >150 copies/mL (previously >50 copies/mL). The treatment target of undetectable HIV RNA remains unchanged <50 copies/mL; (2) Obstetric management and mode of delivery at premature rupture of the membranes and rupture of the membranes at full term follow the same procedures as in HIV negative women; (3) Vaginal delivery is recommended to a well-treated woman with HIV RNA <150 copies/mL regardless of gestational age, if no obstetric contraindications are present; (4) Treatment during pregnancy should begin as soon as possible and should continue after delivery; (5) Ongoing well-functioning HIV treatment at pregnancy start should usually be retained; (6) Recommended drugs and drug combinations have been updated.
Quantitative fundus autofluorescence in healthy eyes.

PURPOSE Fundus autofluorescence was quantified (qAF) in subjects with healthy retinae using a standardized approach. The objective was to establish normative data and identify factors that influence the accumulation of RPE lipofuscin and/or modulate the observed AF signal in fundus images. METHODS AF images were acquired from 277 healthy subjects (age range: 5-60 years) by employing a Spectralis confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO; 488-nm excitation; 30°) equipped with an internal fluorescent reference. For each image, mean gray level was calculated as the average of eight preset regions, and was calibrated to the reference, zero-laser light, magnification, and optical media density from normative data on lens transmission spectra. Relationships between qAF and age, sex, race/ethnicity, eye color, refraction/axial length, and smoking status were evaluated as was measurement repeatability and the qAF spatial distribution. RESULTS qAF levels exhibited a significant increase with age. qAF increased with increasing eccentricity up to 10° to 15° from the fovea and was highest superotemporally. qAF values were significantly greater in females, and, compared with Hispanics, qAF was significantly higher in whites and lower in blacks and Asians. No associations with axial length and smoking were observed. For two operators, between-session repeatability was ± 9% and ± 12%. Agreement between the operators was ± 13%. CONCLUSIONS Normative qAF data are a reference tool essential to the interpretation of qAF measurements in ocular disease.
Um sistema de recomendação para reparação de erosão arquitetural de software = A recommendation system for repairing software architecture erosion

Erosao arquitetural e um problema recorrente enfrentado por arquitetos de software. Embora um grande numero de tecnicas de conformidade arquitetural tenham sido propostas para detectar violacoes arquiteturais (por exemplo, modelos de reflexao, matrizes de dependencia estrutural, linguagens de consulta em codigo fonte, linguagens de restricao, linguagens de descricao arquitetural e testes de desenho), a tarefa de reparacao de violacoes arquiteturais ainda nao tem o suporte adequado. Como consequencia direta, desenvolvedores costumam corrigir violacoes arquiteturais de forma ad hoc e ainda sem o auxilio de ferramentas no nivel arquitetural. Isso pode fazer com que desenvolvedores gastem um tempo consideravel para descobrir como reparar as violacoes arquiteturais ou mesmo introduzam novas violacoes ao reparar violacoes existentes. Diante disso, esta tese propoe um sistema de recomendacao de reparacao arquitetural que prove diretrizes de correcao para desenvolvedores e arquitetos encarregados de reverter processos de erosao arquitetural. Formalizou-se um catalogo de recomendacoes de reparacao para corrigir violacoes detectadas por abordagens estaticas de conformidade arquitetural; elaborou-se uma heuristica para determinar o modulo correto para entidades de codigo-fonte; desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta chamada ArchFix que automatiza as recomendacoes propostas; e avaliou-se a aplicabilidade da abordagem em um sistema de medio porte e em um sistema de grande porte. Para o primeiro sistema um sistema de gestao estrategica de 21 KLOC a abordagem proposta indicou reparacoes corretas para 31 das 41 violacoes detectadas pelo processo de conformidade arquitetural. Para o segundo sistema um sistema de atendimento a clientes de 728 KLOC utilizado por uma empresa de telecomunicacoes nacional a abordagem proposta sugeriu recomendacoes corretas de acordo com o arquiteto do sistema para 632 das 787 violacoes. Alem disso, os arquitetos apontaram 80% dessas recomendacoes como tendo complexidade moderada ou alta.
The invasion‐associated type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is necessary for intracellular proliferation and vacuole biogenesis in epithelial cells

Type III secretion systems (TTSS) are used by Gram‐negative pathogens to translocate proteins into eukaryotic host cells. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has two of these specialized systems, which are encoded on separate Salmonellapathogenicity islands (SPI‐1 and SPI‐2) and translocate unique sets of effectors. The specific roles of these systems in Salmonella pathogenesis remain undefined, although SPI‐1 is required for bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and SPI‐2 for survival/replication in phagocytic cells. However, because SPI‐1 TTSS mutants are invasion‐incompetent, the role of this TTSS in post‐invasion processes has not been investigated. In this study, we have used two distinct methods to internalize a non‐invasive SPI‐1 TTSS mutant (invA) into cultured epithelial cells: (i) co‐internalization with wild‐type S. Typhimurium (SPI‐1‐dependent) and (ii) complementation with the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin (inv) gene (SPI‐1‐independent). In both cases, internalized invA mutants were unable to replicate intracellularly, indicating that SPI‐1 effectors are essential for this process and cannot be complemented by wild‐type bacteria in the same cell. Analysis of the biogenesis of SCVs showed that vacuoles containing mutant bacteria displayed abnormal maturation that was dependent on the mechanism of entry. Manipulation of Salmonella‐containing vacuole (SCV) biogenesis by pharmacologically perturbing membrane trafficking in the host cell increased intracellular replication of wild‐type but not mutant S. Typhimurium This demonstrates a previously unknown role for SPI‐1 in vacuole biogenesis and intracellular survival in non‐phagocytic cells.
Synthetic human parathyroid hormone 1-34 vs calcitriol and calcium in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that treatment with human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH 1-34) can maintain normal serum calcium without hypercalciuria in patients with hypoparathyroidism. DESIGN Randomized crossover trial lasting 20 weeks. Each 10-week arm consisted of a 2-week inpatient dose-adjustment phase followed by an 8-week outpatient phase. SETTING Tertiary care center. PATIENTS A total of 10 patients with hypoparathyroidism were enrolled consecutively over a 15-month period. Half of the patients were prior National Institutes of Health patients, and the other 5 patients were referred from outside physicians. INTERVENTIONS A dose of PTH 1-34 was administered each morning by subcutaneous injection. Calcitriol was given orally twice daily with supplemental calcium carbonate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum and urine calcium and phosphorus levels. RESULTS Once-daily treatment with PTH 1-34 maintained serum calcium in the normal range with decreased urine calcium excretion (P<.05 at 2 weeks and P<.Ol at 10 weeks) compared with calcitriol treatment. Biochemical markers of bone turnover increased significantly (P<.Ol at 10 weeks) during PTH 1-34 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of hypoparathyroidism with PTH 1-34 reduces urine calcium excretion compared with treatment with calcitriol and calcium.
TNFα*2 marks high risk of severe disease during Plasmodium falciparum malaria and other infections in Sri Lankans

We have investigated the association between alleles of the genes for tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and TNF‐β and severity of disease during malarial (Plasmodium falciparum) and other infections in the Sri Lankan population. Patients were categorized as having either (i) uncomplicated malaria, (ii) severe and complicated malaria, or (iii) severe and complicated infection in which a diagnosis of malaria had been excluded. For all the patients, as well as for a group of matched healthy controls, TNF‐α and TNF‐β allelic types were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele‐specific oligonucleotide probes and restriction enzyme digestion. The odds in favour of carrying the TNFα*2 allele, mainly of the heterozygous genotype (TNFα*1,*2), were two to three times greater among individuals with severe disease, of either malarial or other infectious origin, relative to healthy controls or to those with uncomplicated malarial infections. No significant risk was associated with either of the alleles of TNF‐β.
Clopidogrel (Plavix®) and cardiac surgical patients: implications for platelet function monitoring and postoperative bleeding

The use of clopidogrel (Plavix), an inhibitor of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation, has been proven to reduce ischemic events in cardiovascular patients, but little information is available for optimal monitoring of platelet function in patients receiving the drug preoperatively. In the first part of the study we compared different testing modalities (thrombelastography (TEG), platelet aggregometry, and whole blood aggregation) to assess platelet ADP receptor inhibition. Because clopidogrel is a pro-drug, we used an in vitro model of ADP inhibition with 5‵-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA). FSBA at final concentration of 80 μM completely inhibited platelet aggregation but had no effect on TEG maximum amplitude (MA). In the second part of the study, antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel were clinically assessed and correlated to postoperative bleeding in 18 coronary bypass surgery patients. Preoperative TEG results were normal or hypercoagulable in clopidogrel-treated patients, although platelet aggregation responses to ADP were inhibited. Clopidogrel-treated patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass had a high incidence (84.6%) of platelet transfusion therapy due to increased chest tube drainage. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that normal preoperative TEG-MA does not preclude clopidogrel-induced ADP receptor blockade; however, TEG can be a reliable monitor for CPB-induced platelet dysfunction related to GPIIb/IIIa. For monitoring clopidogrel, it is necessary to perform more specific platelet function tests (aggregometry or platelet count ratio) using ADP as an activator.
Distributed Algorithm for Resource Allocation in Uplink 5G Networks

The fifth generation (5G) communication technologies are envisioned to provide higher data rates, excellent user-coverage, extremely low latency and power consumption. Such cellular networks will adopt a heterogeneous multi-tier architecture consisting of macrocells, device-to-device networks, and different types of small cells to serve users with required quality-of-service (QoS). This heterogeneous multi-tier architecture poses various research challenges such as resource allocation and interference management in 5G networks. The goal of our proposed distributed algorithm is to allocate the resources to the uplink transmitters which results in higher spectral efficiency and maximize the users' data rate. Our proposed scheme gives efficient (higher data rate) results than existing work, even in the complex multi-tier networks as pointed out in the simulation analysis section.
The connections of the amygdala and of the anterior temporal cortex in the human brain

In recent years the functions of the temporal lobe have been of prime interest to experimental and clinical workers in the field of neurology. Much of this interest has been stimulated by the intriguing problems raised by the clinical symptomatology of temporal lobe epilepsy and by the many observations made in the course of surgical treatment of this form of epilepsy by anterior and mesial temporal lobe excisions inchding the amygdala. Electroencephalographic observations, the responses induced by electrical stimulation of temporal lobe structures during operation and the results of careful preand postoperative psychological testing of the patients undergoing these neurosurgical operations have considerably advanced our knowledge of the functional significance of the temporal lobe in man. Thus the physiology of this area has become increasingly a human physiology and, as such, it obviously should rest upon a firm first-hand knowledge of the human anatomy of this region. However, a great deal of our knowledge of the hv.man anatomy of this area rests upon inferences drawn by analogy from studies carried out in subhuman mammalian species. Therefore, it seemed to us timely to restudy the anatomy of this region in the human brain itself, especially since with the rapid development of stereotaxic neurosurgery a precise knowledge of the specifically human anatomy of this and other a r e x of the brain will assume more and more practical importance. In this presentation of our investigations we shall restrict ourselves to the connections of the amygdala and of the neighboring temporal cortex. The posterior border of the area to be considered here is not shxply defined, but runs roughly along the vein of Labbk. It does not include Heschl's gyrus and its connections nor does it include Ammon's formation. We excluded from our study the callosal connections of the temporal lobe, corticostriatal connections and the primary olfactory connections of the amygdala and of the periamygdaloid cortex.
Comments on the Use of Olfactory Displays for Virtual Environments

Currently, the hardware to produce virtual environments does not include olfactory displays, in spite of the fact that a wealth of sensory information is available from the olfactory sense. This paper reviews the physiological and psychological aspects of olfaction and discusses the use of olfactory displays for virtual environments. Further, it outlines the information that will be needed by the virtual environment research community to integrate olfactory stimuli into virtual environments.
Entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Into Glial Cells Proceeds via an Alternate, Efficient Pathway

Although the CD4 molecule is the cellular receptor for human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) in cells of the lymphocyte/monocyte lineage, a number of investigators have also been able to infect cells, including several of central nervous system (CNS) origin, that do not express CD4 protein or mRNA. These infections are generally nonpermissive. To ascertain whether the nonpermissive nature of infection in glial cells is due to an inefficient entry pathway, we prepared a permanently transfected U373‐MG cell line expressing the CD4 molecule and demonstrated that HIV‐1 still replicates at a low level. Furthermore, a virus uptake assay indicated that HIV‐1 enters glial cells effectively, even in the absence of CD4. These results demonstrate that HIV‐1 entry is efficient and that the restrictive nature of the infection in glial cells is due to postentry mechanisms. In addition, these findings support the existence of an alternate, efficient, entry pathway in some glial cells.
An automatic switch for power consumption reduction based on the technology of Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a popular issue in academic research. The technology of Wireless Sensing Network can fully implement the concept of IoT. A WSN uses less expensive sensors to automatically monitor environmental factors and to transmit sensing data. Therefore, the cost of manually collecting sensing data can be largely reduced. WSNs are often deployed to an outdoor environment where power sources are limited. Moreover, the sampling cycle plays an important role in WSNs, and it deeply affects the accuracy of data analysis. This research purposes to add an automatic switch capable of adjusting sampling intervals to increase the flexibility of WSNs. Researchers can thus reduce the power consumption of WSNs by controlling the power supply of micro wireless devices and improve the quality of monitoring data by controlling the sampling cycle through a computer or a smartphone. Based on the simulation results, it can successfully reduce 54% of power use.
Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics of acetate during ethanol oxidation.

BACKGROUND The redistribution of acetate cannot be explained using a linear kinetic model. We studied the pharmacokinetics of acetate during ethanol oxidation in the rabbit. METHODS An ethanol saline solution (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 g/kg) was injected bolus intravenously. We measured blood ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate concentrations by using head-space gas chromatography. RESULTS Blood acetate concentration changed in three phases: an ascending, a plateau, and a declining phase. The first-order rate constant of the declining phase was smaller than that of the ascending phase and decreased dose dependently. Statistical moment analysis of the blood acetate profiles showed that the normalized area under the curve (AUC/Dose) and the mean residence time (MRT) increased with increasing dose amount. These increases suggest a capacity-limited elimination of acetate. We attempted simultaneous multiline fitting, using the three blood acetate disappearance curves, to determine the pharmacokinetic model. Consequently, the blood acetate profile was best described by a Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetic model. The Vmax and Km values of acetate elimination were 40.80 +/- 14.10 mM/hr and 0.47 +/- 0.19 mM, respectively. The fraction of a dose of ethanol converted to acetate (f(AcA)) was calculated to be 0.54. The estimated values are average parameter values of three different doses. Fitted curves suggest smaller f(AcA) at a low dose and larger f(AcA) at a higher dose, which indicate increases of accumulation and redistribution of acetate at higher doses. CONCLUSIONS Acetate elimination during ethanol oxidation obeys capacity-limited kinetics.
Immunological abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes I. SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND AUTOANTIBODIES

The immunoglobulin levels and autoantibody profiles of 104 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), classified according to the FAB criteria, were analysed. Eight patients, four with coexistent non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, three with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and one with a lymphoplasmacytoma, were excluded from the final analysis of immunoglobulin levels. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunoelectro‐phoresis revealed the presence of monoclonal gammopathy in 12 patients (12·5%). Of the remaining 84 patients, a polyclonal rise in serum immunoglobulins was present in 27 (32%) while a further 16 (19%) had low immunoglobulin levels. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in eight out of 98 patients tested (8·1%), and organ and non‐organ specific autoantibodies were present in 15 out of 67 patients tested (22·3%). Two patients had associated pernicious anaemia (PA), two hypothyroidism, and one PA with hypothyroidism. Three patients had sero‐negative rheumatoid arthritis. These results demonstrate that there is a high incidence of immunological abnormalities in MDS.
Sensitivity Analysis for Oscillators

This paper presents an analysis for calculating sensitivities of an oscillator's periodic steady state and perturbation projection vector to design, process, or environmental parameters. A general continuous-time formulation and time-domain numerical methods are described. The applications of the oscillator sensitivity analysis in design optimization, macromodeling, as well as in analyzing the impact of process variations are demonstrated through examples.
Demonstration of dose-response relationship in seasonal prophylaxis of respiratory infections with alpha-2b interferon

Recombinant alpha-2b interferon was evaluated in two controlled trials, each lasting for 2 months or more, with different dose levels and schedules of administration. The first study was conducted during a period of transmission of type A (H1N1) and type B influenza. At 2.5 x 10(6) IU per day, no effect on influenza infection could be detected, but there appeared to be an effect on rhinovirus isolation. During the subsequent autumn 1.7 x 10(6) IU per day was found to have only a minimal effect on rhinovirus infection (efficacy from 22 to 27%). Under similar circumstances the preceding year, but with a daily dose of 3.0 x 10(6) IU, efficacy had been 76%. Since there was no evidence of change in rhinovirus strains circulating or their interferon susceptibility, this represented a dose-response relationship. It was possible to evaluate side effects in the 1,200 individuals involved. A lower dose was associated with lower frequency of symptoms of blood-tinged mucus. Persons using a placebo spray had a higher frequency of this side effect than an observed control. Using the spray 5 days a week was no less likely to produce symptoms than everyday use. Once-daily use was less likely to produce side effects than twice-daily use. There was no indication of sensitization when interferon was used for two separate periods of 4 weeks.
E-cadherin expression: a diagnostic utility for differentiating breast carcinomas with ductal and lobular morphologies.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the E-Cadherin (EC) expression in differentiating between an infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and an infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC), the two most common forms of invasive breast carcinomas. METHODS The authors evaluated the E-Cadherin expression by doing immunohistochemistical studies of all the cases of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) which were diagnosed in the pathology laboratory during a 3 year period and they compared the expression of E-Cadherin in an equal number of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast. RESULTS A moderate to strong inter-membranous E-Cadherin expression on immunohistochemistry was seen in all the cases of IDC, while only 1 case of ILC showed a moderate E-Cadherin expression. Hence, the E-cadherin expression can be reliably used as a marker to differentiate IDC and ILC. However, an aberrant cytoplasmic expression of E-Cadherin may be seen in some cases of ILC, which should be interpreted with caution.