Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Head Impact Exposure in High School Football

Background: Increased attention is being placed on the role of subconcussive impacts to the head during football participation and long-term cognitive health. Some have suggested that mitigating impacts to the head can be achieved by reducing or eliminating contact football practices. The effect that this might have on the number and magnitude of impacts is unknown. Purpose: To estimate the effect of limiting contact practices on the frequency and magnitude of head impacts through the retrospective assessment of in vivo head impact data. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data on impact magnitude and frequency were collected with the Head Impact Telemetry System during the 2009 football season among 42 varsity high school football athletes (mean age, 16.2 ± 0.6 years; mean height, 180.9 ± 7.2 cm; mean weight, 89.8 ± 20.1 kg). Head impacts were compared between player positions and session types (noncontact practice, contact practice, and game). These results were used to estimate the frequency and magnitude of head impacts when contact sessions were restricted. Results: The participants collectively sustained 32,510 impacts over the 15-week season. The typical athlete sustained a mean of 774 ± 502 impacts during the season, with linemen (center, guard, and offensive or defensive tackle positions) sustaining the highest number of impacts per athlete (1076 ± 541), followed by tight ends, running backs, and linebackers (779 ± 286); wide receivers, cornerbacks, and safeties (417 ± 266); and quarterbacks (356 ± 433). When viewed by session type, noncontact practices (n = 21) accounted for 1998 total impacts (2.4 ± 1.4 per athlete per session), contact practices (n = 36) accounted for 16,346 impacts (10.5 ± 7.7 per athlete per session), and games (n = 14) accounted for 14,166 impacts (24.1 ± 19.1 per athlete per session). Significantly more impacts occurred during games when compared with contact (P = .02) and noncontact practices (P < .001), and contact practices yielded significantly more impacts than noncontact practices (P = .02). Limiting contact practices to once per week would result in a 18% reduction in impacts for the duration of a season, while eliminating all contact practices would further reduce seasonal impacts by 39% across all players. Impact magnitudes were significantly highest during game sessions compared with contact and noncontact practices. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that limiting or eliminating contact football practices may reduce the number of head impacts sustained by athletes over the course of a season, although the effect that such rule changes may have on the magnitude of head impacts during practice sessions is less clear. As such, the potential effect of reductions in contact practices on athletes’ long-term cerebral health remains unknown.
Adenovirus interaction with distinct integrins mediates separate events in cell entry and gene delivery to hematopoietic cells

A major impediment to the effective use of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy is a lack of knowledge of how these vectors interact with diverse cell types in vivo. Adenovirus attachment to most human cell types is mediated by the fiber protein, which binds to an as yet unidentified cell receptor. In contrast to this, we report that adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) attachment to hematopoietic cells is facilitated by interaction of the penton base protein with members of the beta2 integrin family. Adenovirus particles were capable of binding to human monocytic cells, which lack fiber receptors, and virus binding could be blocked by a soluble penton base or by a function-blocking monoclonal antibody to integrin alphaMbeta2. To confirm the role of alphaMbeta2 integrins in Ad2 binding to hematopoietic cells, we analyzed virus attachment and gene delivery to CHO cells expressing recombinant beta2 integrins. alphaMbeta2-expressing CHO cells supported 3- to 5-fold-higher levels of Ad2 binding and 5- to 10-fold-larger amounts of gene delivery than did nontransfected CHO cells, indicating that alphaMbeta2 facilitates adenovirus attachment to and infection of hematopoietic cells. While beta2 integrins promote Ad2 attachment to hematopoietic cells, further studies demonstrated that alphav integrins were required for the next step in infection, virus internalization into cell endosomes. These studies reveal a novel pathway of Ad2 infection of hematopoietic cells mediated by distinct integrins which facilitate separate events in virus entry. They also suggest a possible strategy for selective adenovirus-mediated gene delivery to hematopoietic cells.
Contribution of mature hepatocytes to small hepatocyte‐like progenitor cells in retrorsine‐exposed rats with chimeric livers

The potential lineage relationship between hepatic oval cells, small hepatocyte‐like progenitor cells (SHPCs), and hepatocytes in liver regeneration is debated. To test whether mature hepatocytes can give rise to SHPCs, rats with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) chimeric livers, which harbored endogenous DPPIV‐deficient hepatocytes and transplanted DPPIV‐positive hepatocytes, were subjected to retrorsine treatment followed by partial hepatectomy (PH). DPPIV‐positive hepatocytes comprised about half of the DPPIV chimeric liver mass. Tissues from DPPIV chimeric livers after retrorsine/PH treatment showed large numbers of SHPC clusters. None of the SHPC clusters were stained positive for DPPIV in any analyzed samples. Furthermore, serial sections stained for gamma‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (GGT, a marker of fetal hepatoblasts) and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase, a marker of mature hepatocytes) showed inverse expression of the two enzymes and a staining pattern consistent with a lineage that begins with GGT(+)/G6Pase(−) to GGT(−)/G6Pase(+) within a single SHPC cluster. Using double immunofluorescence staining for markers specific for hepatic oval cells and hepatocytes in serial sections, oval cell proliferations with CK‐19(+)/laminin(+) and OV‐6(+)/C/EBP‐α(−) were shown to extend from periportal areas into the SPHC clusters, differentiating into hepatic lineage by progressive loss of CK‐19/laminin expression and appearance of C/EBP‐α expression towards the cluster side. Cells in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM(+)) SHPC clusters showed membranous EpCAM(+)/HNF‐4α(+) (hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α) staining and were contiguous to the surrounding cytoplasmic EpCAM(+)/HNF‐4α(−) ductular oval cells. Extensive elimination of oval cell response by repeated administration of 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (DAPM) to retrorsine‐exposed rats impaired the emergence of SHPC clusters. Conclusion: These findings highly suggest the hepatic oval cells but not mature hepatocytes as the origin of SHPC clusters in retrorsine‐exposed rats. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Evaluation of antiulcer and thrombolytic activity of aqueous extract of Tiliacora acuminata bark in albino wistar rats

The study was carried out to find out the antiulcer activity and thrombolytic activity of aqueous extr act of Tiliacora acuminate. For this study albino Wistar rats(150-20 0g) were used . Four groups of rats were selected c ontaining six animals in each group. The study was carried on dif ferent gastric ulcer models and ulcers were induced by pyloric ligation and aspirin. The animals were treated with Omeprazole 20mg/kg and AETA 200 and 400mg/kg. Ulce r ind x was calculated in both models. In pyloric ligation model, free acid, total acid, and total protein wer e also determined. Thrombolytic activity also determined. AETA produced significant reduction in ulcer index (0.72) when compared with control (4.5) in both ulcer models. I n pylorus ligated model it showed significant reduc tion in volume of acid secretion and increased mucin and total pro tein content . It also produced significant increase in Free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation content. AETA produces significant antiulcer activity which is comparable to standard drug Omeprazole. It also pro duces significant Thrombolytic which is comparable to standard streptokinase.
PAR-1/MARK: a kinase essential for maintaining the dynamic state of microtubules.

The serine/threonine kinase, PAR-1, is an essential component of the evolutionary-conserved polarity-regulating system, PAR-aPKC system, which plays indispensable roles in establishing asymmetric protein distributions and cell polarity in various biological contexts (Suzuki, A. and Ohno, S. (2006). J. Cell Sci., 119: 979-987; Matenia, D. and Mandelkow, E.M. (2009). Trends Biochem. Sci., 34: 332-342). PAR-1 is also known as MARK, which phosphorylates classical microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and detaches MAPs from microtubules (Matenia, D. and Mandelkow, E.M. (2009). Trends Biochem. Sci., 34: 332-342). This MARK activity of PAR-1 suggests its role in microtubule (MT) dynamics, but surprisingly, only few studies have been carried out to address this issue. Here, we summarize our recent study on live imaging analysis of MT dynamics in PAR-1b-depleted cells, which clearly demonstrated the positive role of PAR-1b in maintaining MT dynamics (Hayashi, K., Suzuki, A., Hirai, S., Kurihara, Y., Hoogenraad, C.C., and Ohno, S. (2011). J. Neurosci. , 31: 12094-12103). Importantly, our results further revealed the novel physiological function of PAR-1b in maintaining dendritic spine morphology in mature neurons.
Dissociation of raptor from mTOR is a mechanism of rapamycin‐induced inhibition of mTOR function

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that plays a crucial role in a nutrient‐sensitive signalling pathway that regulates cell growth. TOR signalling is potently inhibited by rapamycin, through the direct binding of a FK506‐binding protein 12 (FKBP12)/rapamycin complex to the TOR FRB domain, a segment amino terminal to the kinase catalytic domain. The molecular basis for the inhibitory action of FKBP12/rapamycin remains uncertain. Raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) is a recently identified mTOR binding partner that is essential for mTOR signalling in vivo, and whose binding to mTOR is critical for mTOR‐catalysed substrate phosphorylation in vitro. Here we investigated the stability of endogenous mTOR/raptor complex in response to rapamycin in vivo, and to the direct addition of a FKBP12/rapamycin complex in vitro. Rapamycin diminished the recovery of endogenous raptor with endogenous or recombinant mTOR in vivo; this inhibition required the ability of mTOR to bind the FKBP12/rapamycin complex, but was independent of mTOR kinase activity. Rapamycin, in the presence of FKBP12, inhibited the association of raptor with mTOR directly in vitro, and concomitantly reduced the mTOR‐catalysed phosphorylation of raptor‐dependent, but not raptor‐independent substrates; mTOR autophosphorylation was unaltered. These observations indicate that rapamycin inhibits mTOR function, at least in part, by inhibiting the interaction of raptor with mTOR; this action uncouples mTOR from its substrates, and inhibits mTOR signalling without altering mTOR's intrinsic catalytic activity.
Bacterial proteins binding to the mammalian extracellular matrix

Pathogenic bacteria frequently express surface proteins with affinity for components of the mammalian extracellular matrix, i.e. collagens, laminin, fibronectin or proteoglycans. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of bacterial adherence to extracellular matrices and on the biological significance of these interactions. The best‐characterized bacterial proteins active in these interactions are the mycobacterial fibronectin‐binding proteins, the fibronectin‐ and the collagen‐binding proteins of staphylococci and streptococci, specific enterobacterial fimbrial types, as well as the polymeric surface proteins YadA of yersinias and the A‐protein of Aeromonas. Some of these bacterial proteins are highly specific for an extracellular matrix protein, some are multifunctional and express binding activities towards a number of target proteins. The interactions can be based on a protein‐protein or on a protein‐carbohydrate interaction, or on a bridging mechanism mediated by a bivalent soluble target protein. Many of the interactions have also been demonstrated on tissue sections or in vivo, and adherence to the extracellular matrix has been shown to promote bacterial colonization of damaged tissues.
The impact of CO2 emission scenarios and nutrient enrichment on a common coral reef macroalga is modified by temporal effects

Future coral reefs are expected to be subject to higher pCO2 and temperature due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Such global stressors are often paired with local stressors thereby potentially modifying the response of organisms. Benthic macroalgae are strong competitors to corals and are assumed to do well under future conditions. The present study aimed to assess the impact of past and future CO2 emission scenarios as well as nutrient enrichment on the growth, productivity, pigment, and tissue nutrient content of the common tropical brown alga Chnoospora implexa. Two experiments were conducted to assess the differential impacts of the manipulated conditions in winter and spring. Chnoospora implexa's growth rate averaged over winter and spring declined with increasing pCO2 and temperature. Furthermore, nutrient enrichment did not affect growth. Highest growth was observed under spring pre‐industrial (PI) conditions, while slightly reduced growth was observed under winter A1FI (“business‐as‐usual”) scenarios. Productivity was not a good proxy for growth, as net O2 flux increased under A1FI conditions. Nutrient enrichment, whilst not affecting growth, led to luxury nutrient uptake that was greater in winter than in spring. The findings suggest that in contrast with previous work, C. implexa is not likely to show enhanced growth under future conditions in isolation or in conjunction with nutrient enrichment. Instead, the results suggest that greatest growth rates for this species appear to be a feature of the PI past, with A1FI winter conditions leading to potential decreases in the abundance of this species from present day levels.
Study on Behavioral Decision-making Based on Sunk Costs in Travel

As one of the most common decision-deviations in the traveler's decision-making process, the travel sunk costs effect is the irrational consumer decision-making phenomenon that travelers faced when they are affected by sunk costs. This paper examines the manifestation of sunk costs effect in travel, and then focuses on how the impact of the sunk costs effect travelers' subsequent consumption decisions, this paper also analyzes different attitudes and decision-making differences of different types of travelers on sunk costs. The pattern of behavior is divided into three categories, balanced, positive, and conservative, and the differences in the choices of respondents with different degrees, incomes, and occupations in the face of sunk costs are studied. Finally, it is pointed out that the future research should focus on the impact of sunk costs on travelers' consumption decision-feedback mechanisms, and the positive effect of sunk cost effects on travelers.
Traditional versus Online Marketing for B2B Organizations: Where the Line Blurs

The rise of the internet has opened the way for a whole array of marketing techniques tailoredspecifically for this new medium. Even so, online and traditional marketing tactics are not whollyopposed to each other, quite the contrary. Many of the primary outbound marketing tactics are stillviable by themselves. With some of them, there is already a lot of overlap with the realm of onlinetactics. And, in some other cases, they've completely morphed into the strategies of internetmarketing. Understanding the way in which traditional marketing can improve the efficiency ofonline tactics is key especially in the business-to-business (B2B) environment, where the buyingcycle is a long, arduous process, driven by multiple stakeholders with different agendas. The aimof this paper is to analyse how traditional marketing principles apply to net-enabled B2Borganizations and how traditional marketing philosophies translate into the online world. In otherwords, with the help of the B2B sector, we would like to pin point the exact converging pointsbetween traditional and internet marketing, how they can complement each other and thus bringnew insights for nowadays digital marketers.
One-year outcomes following coronary computerized tomographic angiography for evaluation of emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES Coronary computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) has high correlation with cardiac catheterization and has been shown to be safe and cost-effective when used for rapid evaluation of low-risk chest pain patients from the emergency department (ED). The long-term outcome of patients discharged from the ED with negative coronary CTA has not been well studied. METHODS The authors prospectively evaluated consecutive low- to intermediate-risk patients who received coronary CTA in the ED for evaluation of a potential acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients with cocaine use, known cancer, and significant comorbidity reducing life expectancy and those found to have significant disease (stenosis > or = 50% or ejection fraction < 30%) were excluded. Demographics, medical and cardiac history, labs, and electrocardiogram (ECG) results were collected. Patients were followed by telephone contact and record review for 1 year. The main outcome was 1-year cardiovascular death or nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RESULTS Of 588 patients who received coronary CTA in the ED, 481 met study criteria. They had a mean (+/-SD) age of 46.1 (+/-8.8) years, 63% were black or African American, and 60% were female. There were 53 patients (11%) rehospitalized and 51 patients (11%) who received further diagnostic testing (stress or catheterization) over the subsequent year. There was one death (0.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01% to 1.15%) with unclear etiology, no AMI (0%; 95% CI = 0 to 0.76%), and no revascularization procedures (0%; 95% CI = 0 to 0.76%) during this time period. CONCLUSIONS Low- to intermediate-risk patients with a Thrombosis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score of 0 to 2 who present to the ED with potential ACS and have a negative coronary CTA have a very low likelihood of cardiovascular events over the ensuing year.
Finance-Growth Nexus Revisited: Empirical Evidence from Six Countries

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic causal relationship between bank-based financial development and economic growth, and between market-based financial development and economic growth in six countries during the period from 1980 to 2012. The causal relationship was found to vary largely across countries and over time. In general, bank-based financial development seems to Granger-cause economic growth in the UK and only in the long run in Australia. However, there is a feedback loop in Brazil and Australia, but only in the short run for the latter. In Kenya, South Africa and USA, the results support the neutrality hypothesis. The study results further indicate short-run unidirectional causality from market-based financial development to economic growth in the USA. Evidence of the feedback loop was found in Kenya, while the demand-following hypothesis found support only in South Africa and Brazil. However, the neutrality view was supported in Australia and the UK.
The Studying the Components of Social Capital and its Relationship with the Social Happiness in Iranian Students

The concept of social capital, due to its nature and content, is associated with almost all the issues in the human, social and health fields. On the other hand, the role of happiness and joy in mental health, physical health, and social inclusion are very important in the field of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the components of social capital and its relation with social happiness of students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2017. This study is descriptive-correlational. The research population consisted of 450 students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2017who were selected by cluster sampling. Bullen& Onyx Standard Social Capital Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-23 software. In this research, social capital score was 3.17 ± 0.45 according to the students' score and the mean score of the social happiness was 3.68 ± 0.14. There was a positive and significant relationship between two variables of social capital and social happiness of students (r=0.423). Among the social capital fields, the variables of the value of life, trust, and security had the most and the least relationship with the overall social happiness. Social capital and its aspects have a direct and significant relationship with the social happiness; therefore, with increasing the social capital, the level of social happiness increases.
Globalization, Culture and Development

The worldâ€Ÿs struggle on development has become major issue of concern to all, against the contrary opinion that only the third world countries are moving within the circle of poverty underdevelopment and economic backwardness. The recent happening with the so called superior countries, like the economic meltdown, financial crisis and many other economic evils, is an indication of underdevelopment. Hence there is a need for increasing worldwide integration of economic, cultural, political, religious, and social systems particularly on the economic globalization which the whole world becomes a single market and cultural harmonization. This means that goods and services, capital, and labor are traded on a worldwide basis and common culture of those processes is created, accepted and implemented, allowing information and the results of research flow readily between countries. Research has shown that the diversity in the cultural reference of the different countries slows or hampered the process of development which may have been a benefit of the globalization strategies and effort. The papers examine globalization and its effect to culture and development with a view of developing globalization strategy that will harmonize and consolidate cultures to be uniform in areas of development. The possibility of global culture and development is achievable and will fast track development in the globe and the rate of backwardness in areas of development, would be limited compare to the present. The paper presents a model that incorporates the main ideas of the paper and suggests a new perspective for thinking about how to foster and manage global culture and development to achieve high levels of economic performance.