Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indication for Primordial Anisotropies in the Neutrino Background from WMAP and SDSS

Introduction Recent cosmological data coming from measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies (see e.g. [1]), on galaxy clustering (see e.g. [2]) and, more recently, on Lymanalpha Forest clouds (see e.g. [3]) are in spectacular agreement with the expectations of the so-called standard model of structure formation, based on primordial, purely adiabatic inflationary perturbations and a cosmological constant (see e.g. [3],[4]). Cosmology is therefore becoming more and more a powerful laboratory where physics not easily accessible on Earth can be tested and verified. An excellent example of this comes from the new cosmological constraints on neutrino physics. According to the standard model, a cosmic Neutrino Background (NB), similar to the CMB, should exist in our universe with a density of approximately nν ∼ 57/cm 3 per flavor. Neutrinos of mass ≪ 10eV would still be relativistic today with a Fermi-Dirac spectrum at a temperature T ∼ 2K, while more massive neutrinos would be non relativistic and clustered around galaxies with a typical velocity of vν ∼ 200km/s. Therefore, despite the high density of cosmological neutrinos a direct detection is virtually impossible due to their extremely low energy and cross sections (see e.g. [5]). However, cosmological neutrinos have a profound impact on cosmology since they change the expansion history of the universe and affect the growth of perturbations (see [6] for a detailed account). As a consequence, recent cosmological data do provide strong – albeit indirect – evidence for the presence of a NB (see e.g. [7]) and have been used to put upper limits on absolute neutrino masses competitive with those from laboratory experiments (see e.g. [3], [8]). In this letter we show that current cosmological data now provide for the first time an interesting indication for primordial anisotropies in the NB. Although inflationary anisotropies in the NB at the level of ∼ 10 are expected in the standard scenario, a direct detection is clearly impossible. However, anisotropies in 10 10
The Determinants of OBS Activities in Jordan Banking System : Panel Data Analysis

The main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of off-balance sheet (OBS) activities in Jordan Banking system during the period (1999-2010) by using the Panel data analysis. We employ Mansfield (1961) logistic diffusion model and we consider the OBS activities as a real financial innovations follow a time trend diffusion curve. The model is modified to include regulatory and non – regulatory bank specific factors in addition to macroeconomics factors. The results reveal that OBS activities are a real financial innovations and increasing over time. Another major finding is that regulatory tax hypothesis is not in force to determine the OBS activities by Jordan banks. The results also suggest that OBS activities follow the business cycle notion and the usage decision depends on the economics conditions. The OBS activities follow the economy of scale notion since they require higher qualifications and that is more likely available in the large size banks. Another result, the more loans the more OBS activities as a result to the increased risk. While the OBS activities are more likely to be an innovation then they are determined by some other factors like technology and learning.
Estimating Collaborative Filtering Technique for Web Personalization

World Wide Web is rapidly growing in size and usability. Web personalization is the hub of many e-commerce websites and web portals. It is the process of getting and storing information about site users. Moreover, web personalization helps in analyzing the information and then delivering the required data to the user. A number of techniques are proposed to acquire the better results. Collaborative filtering technique among all technique is better in a way that it provides recommendation to new user, based on the preference of similar users. All personalization techniques suffer from sparsity and black box problem. Association retrieval technique helps in reducing the sparsity and black box problems causing the limited recommendations and results to the new users of the website. To overcome the problem in Collaborative filtering technique gain the better results through this technique by recommending the transitive dependencies of the user to the items selected. Recommender system problems are identified and estimated.
Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank

This study addresses ongoing concerns over the effects of mobile fishing gear on benthic communities. Using side-scan sonar, bottom photographs and fishing records, we identified a set of disturbed and undisturbed sites on the gravel pavement area of northern Georges Bank in the northwest Atlantic. Replicate samples of the megafauna were collected with a 1 m Naturalists' dredge on 2 cruises in 1994. Compared with the disturbed sites, the undisturbed sites had higher numbers of organisms, biomass, species richness and species diversity; evenness was higher at the disturbed sites. Undisturbed sites were characterized by an abundance of bushy epifaunal taxa (bryozoans, hydroids. worm tubes) that provide a complex habitat for shrimps, polychaetes, brittle stars, mussels and small fish. Disturbed sites were dominated by larger, hard-shelled molluscs, and scavenging crabs and echinoderms. Many of the megdfaunal species in our samples have also been identif~ed in stomach contents of demersal fish on Georges Bank; the abundances of at least some of these species were reduced at the disturbed sites.
Characteristics of blond and red Star Ruby Jaffa grapefruits (Citrus paradise): results of the studies in vitro, in vivo and on patients suffering from atherosclerosis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate blond and red Star Ruby Jaffa grapefruits (in vitro and in vivo) as a supplement to atherosclerosis preventing diets. It was found that the contents of the bioactive compounds, especially phenolics and the antioxidant capacity of the red grapefruits, are higher than in blond cultivar. Diets supplemented with red grapefruits significantly hindered the rise in the plasma lipid levels in cholesterol fed rats. Diets supplemented with red grapefruits significantly decreased the plasma lipid levels, especially triglycerides in patients suffering from coronary atherosclerosis and related hyperlipidemia: a) total cholesterol (TC) by 15.5% and 7.6% b) low density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C): by 20.3% and 10.7% c) total triglycerides (TG) by 27.2%, and 5.6%, for experimental group (EG1, red grapefruit) and EG2, blond grapefruit, respectively. Only the EG1 patients registered a significant decrease in hypertriglyceridemia. In conclusion, the combined results of the in vitro, in vivo and on humans investigations are a solid basis for recommendation to include red grapefruit in atherosclerosis preventive diet.
Global Monsoon , El Niño , and Their Interannual Linkage Simulated by MIROC 5 and the CMIP 3 CGCMs

This study evaluates the capability of coupled global climate models (CGCMs) in simulating the prime examples of the forced response (global monsoon) and internal feedback process (El Niño). Emphases are also placed on the fidelity of the year-to-year variability of global monsoon precipitation that is coordinated by the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuation over the tropics. The latest version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 5 (MIROC5) with advanced physical schemes is compared with the two previous versions (MIROC3.2, highand medium-resolution versions) and with the 20 CGCMs participating in the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The climatological annual mean and cycles of precipitation and 850-hPa winds, the key components to demarcate the global monsoon domain, are reproduced better in MIROC5 than in MIROC3 versions. As a consequence, the former considerably outperforms the latter and is generally superior to the CMIP3 CGCMs in replicating the intensity and domain of global monsoon precipitation and circulations. These results highlight the importance of the improved physical parameterization in a model. Analyses of the monthly Niño-3 index suggest that the amplitude and periodicity of El Niño are simulated better in MIROC5 than in the MIROC3 versions. Yet the reality of nonlinear ENSO dynamics measured indirectly by the SST asymmetricity over the equatorial Pacific is unsatisfactory in the MIROC family as well as in the majority of the CMIP3 models. The maximum covariance analysis shows that a significant fraction of the interannual global monsoon rainfall variability is in concert with El Niño. The multimodel results reveal that such coupling is robust across the current CGCMs. More importantly, the fidelity of the global monsoon precipitation significantly relies on the realism of tropical SST. Comparison among the MIROC models suggests that improved El Niño is likely attributable to the more realistic Bjerknes feedback loop, which results from the intensified convective activity over the equatorial central Pacific Ocean.
Design and Implementation of Beacon-Based Positioning

The Global Positioning System enables mobile device users to achieve rapid positioning. However, its indoor positioning performance is still unsatisfactory. In recent years, numerous scholars have investigated Wi-Fi indoor positioning technologies. However, the distance error of such techniques can be higher than 5 m. Some scholars have proposed new approaches of beacon-based indoor positioning to provide easier installation and decrease the distance error to 2.5 m. For both better positioning performance and being economical, this paper proposes an approach of beacon-based positioning method, using cost-effective Estimote Proximity Beacons and Android smart phones for implementation. The result reveals that the mean distance errors of our method are 0.398 m in stasis and 1.97 m in motion.
On the development of episodic memory: Two basic questions

In this focused study, we present and discuss two basic questions related to the early development of episodic memory in children: (1) “What is an episode? ” and (2) “How do preverbal children recall a specific episode of a recurring event? ” First, a brief introduction to episodic memory is outlined. We argue in favor of employing a definition of episodic memory allowing us to investigate the development of episodic memory by purely behavioral measures. Second, research related to each of the two questions is presented and discussed, at first separately, and subsequently together. We argue and attempt to demonstrate that pursuing answers to both questions is of crucial importance – both conceptually and methodologically – if we are ever to understand the early development of episodic memory.
A Scheme Design of Cloud + End Technology in Demand Side Management

Demand Side Management (DSM) plays an important role in Smart Grid. It has large scale access points, massive users, heterogeneous infrastructure and dispersive participants. Moreover, cloud computing which is a service model is characterized by resource on-demand, high reliability and large scale integration and so on and the game theory is a useful tool to the dynamic economic phenomena. In this study, a scheme design of cloud + end technology is proposed to solve technical and economic problems of the DSM. The architecture of cloud + end is designed to solve technical problems in the DSM. In particular, a construct model of cloud + end is presented to solve economic problems in the DSM based on game theories. The proposed method is tested on a DSM cloud + end public service system construction in a city of southern China. The results demonstrate the feasibility of these integrated solutions which can provide a reference for the popularization and application of the DSM in china.
Momentum Trading, Contrarian Trading and Smart Money Manipulation

There are two commonly recognized anomalies in the stock market, namely short-run momentum and long-run reversals. Under these two financial market anomalies, there are two trading strategies – momentum trading and contrarian trading – that can be adopted for the purpose of making profits. We model an asset market in which momentum traders, contrarian traders and informed rational speculators make transactions. We discovered that under certain conditions, the self-profiting motive of informed speculators will lead to their price manipulation behaviors, and result in momentum and reversals phenomenon on the asset price. We also found that the scenario of the relative quantity of the two types of behavioral traders and their profit margins is similar to that of a minority game.
Carcharocles-Bitten Odontocete Caudal Vertebrae from the Coastal Eastern United States

A description and analysis is given of three Neogene odontocete caudal vertebrae that were bitten by the extinct megatooth sharks Carcharocles megalodon or Carcharocles chubutensis . The peduncular caudal vertebrae show bilateral gouge marks consistent with having been actively bitten and wedged between adjacent teeth of C. megalodon or C. chubutensis . None of the vertebrae show signs of healing. The occurrence of bite marks on distal caudals suggests active predation (vs. scavenging) in order to immobilize even relatively small prey prior to consumption.
Information Disclosure and Cooperation in a Finitely-Repeated Dilemma: Experimental Evidence

A large volume of theoretical and experimental studies have suggested that making information on people’s past behaviors visible to others may lead to the evolution of cooperation in finitely-repeated environments. But, do people endogenously cooperate with randomly-matched peers by revealing their past when they have an option to hide it? This paper experimentally shows that cooperation does not evolve in a random-matching environment because a large fraction of people do not choose to reveal their past behavior. However, when a costly sorting mechanism (where disclosers are matched with other disclosers; and likewise non-disclosers with other non-disclosers) is present, a stable number of subjects decide to costly disclose their past to join the reputation community and cooperate with other disclosers. Our study at the same time shows that when the sorting process is free, the high efficiency in the reputation community decreases as strategic subjects tend to join the reputation community and attempt to exploit cooperators. These findings suggest an important role of costly sorting mechanisms in the formation of communities (including online platforms) in order for people to sustain a high level of cooperation norms.
Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas

Pala SA, Wani AH, Bhat MY. 2011. Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 92-97. The Kashmir valley located in the north extreme of the India lies between 33 0 20' and 34 0 54' N latitude and 73 0 55' and 75 0 35' E longitude. The forests constituting more than 20% of the geographical area harbors diverse macrofungal species due to their wide variability in climate altitude and nature of species constituting them. The mushroom flora of the Kashmir Valley has not been documented completely until now. In this backdrop, a systematic survey for exploration and inventorization of macrofungal species of Western Kashmir Himalaya was undertaken during the year 2009-2010. During the study six species viz. Agrocybe molesta, Coprinus plicatilis, Inonotus hispidus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Russula fragilis were identified first time from the Kashmir.
HOW CAN THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT BE QUANTIFIED?

Heat Stress and Heat Strain The extent to which the thermal environment challenges the body’s thermoregulatory mechanisms is referred to as the environmental heat stress or thermal stress. Heat strain or thermal strain refers to the physiological response to the thermal environment. If an individual experiences significant heat strain as a result of thermal stress, performance is likely to be impaired and they are at risk of developing heat illness.
Divided by choice? Private providers, patient choice and hospital sorting in the English National Health service

A common reform used to increase consumer choice and competition in public services has been to allow private providers to compete with public incumbents. However, there remains a concern that not all consumers are able to benefit equally from wider choice. We consider the case of publicly funded elective surgery in England, where reforms in the 2000s enabled privately owned hospitals to enter the market. We show that, post-reform, poor and ethnic minority patients were much less likely to choose private hospitals; and that dominant drivers of sorting between public and private providers are health based criteria for treatment by private providers and the geographic distribution of hospitals. Counterfactual simulations suggest differences in health explain 18% of the difference in the use of private providers between rich and poor patients, while the geographic distribution of hospitals explains 61% once other sorting mechanisms - ethnicity, patient preferences, physician referral patterns - are accounted for. Although much of the observed sorting does not appear to be the result of market frictions, limited variation in payments made to hospitals according to patient health means that sorting is estimated to cost public hospitals in excess of $426,426 ($625,000) per year.
A Study on False Positive Reduction in Unbalanced Datasets through SVM Using Cost Based Learning

Fraud Detection in unbalanced Datasets victimization price primarily based Learning uses price complicated Support Vector Machines (CCSVM) for locating the ineligible transactions. SVM could be a binary classification, therefore the transactions square measure labeled either as dishonest or legitimate. To handle the unbalanced dataset, the formula victimization totally different error price for the positive (+) and therefore the negative (-) categories is employed. SVM weight implements price sensitive learning. just like SVM, the weighted SVM is employed to maximize the margin of separation and minimize the classification error. The margin boundary is employed to separate the categories. In CS-SVM totally different weights square measure assigned to the categories. Effective call boundary is learned by adjusting the weights of the various categories. It improves the accuracy of the prediction rate.
Fermentative digestion in the ostrich ( Struthio camelus var. domesticus ), a large avian species that utilizes cellulose 1

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was studied in vitro to assess the possible contribution of microbial fermentation to the energy economy of growing ostrich chicks. Structure, capacity and contents of the gastro-intestinal track were examined to identify major sites of microbial activity and VFA energy yield. Radioactive substrates were used to confirm that the products derived from fermentative digestion could provide nutrients to the host animals. In this experiment the theoretical energy contribution of VFA could be as high as 76% of the metabolizable energy intake of the growing ostrich chick. The absorption and oxidative metabolism of end products from cellulose fermentation was demonstrated to contribute to the metabolizable energy requirements of the growing ostrich. Ten einde die moontlike bydrae van mikrobiese fermentasie tot energieverskaffing by volstruiskuikens vas te stel, is die in vitro-produksie van vlugtige vetsure (VVS) in die spysverteringskanaal (SVK) van groeiende volstruiskuikens bestudeer. Die struktuur, kapasiteit en inhoud van die SVK is ondersoek om die vernaamste plekke van mikrobeaktiwiteit en produksie van VVS-energie aan te duL Radio-aktiewe substrate is gebruik om te bevestig dat volstruise die eindproduksie van fermentatiewe vertering kan benut. Volgens die resultate van hierdie eksperiment kan die teoretiese energiebydrae van VVS so hoog wees as 76% van die metaboliseerbare energie-inname van die groeiende volstruiskuiken. Daar is gevind dat die absorpsie en oksidatiewe metabolisme van die eindprodukte vanaf sellulosefermentasie 'n bydrae tot die energiehuishouding van groeiende volstruiskuikens maak.
Immunohistochemical studies (ER & Ki-67) in Proliferative breast lesions adjacent to malignancy

Breast carcinoma is the second most frequently occuring malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer death in women . Breast carcinomas usually arise in a multistep fashion from intermediary lesions to invasive cancer. The presence of different lesions within the same breast adjacent to malignancy is a phenomenon that can prove the multistep progression to malignancy (1,3). The aim of this study was to identify the predominantly occurring lesion adjacent to malignancy and study the histological appearance, Proliferative Ki-67 index (MIB-1 index) and Estrogen receptor (ER) status in such lesions and substantiate their possible identity as a premalignant lesion in that particular case. Adjacent lesions were categorized as non proliferative lesions, proliferative lesions with and without atypia and DCIS. It was observed that the predominant lesions occurring adjacent to malignancy were proliferative lesions with and without atypia. ER and Ki-67 values were high in those cases with adjacent lesions with atypia. The high positivity of ER and Ki 67 in the adjacent proliferative lesions with atypia hence proves that these could have been the precursors which had progressed to malignancy in these cases. Hence finding of lesions in benign breast biopsies showing a high proliferative rate and ER positivity necessitates regular follow up of these patients and helps in identifying early progression of these lesions to malignancy . Initiating therapy to these patients at an earlier stage can reduce the incidence of breast cancer.
Communicating Social Support in Computer-mediated Contexts: A Meta-analytic Review of Content Analyses Examining Support Messages Shared Online among Individuals Coping with Illness

Research on social support during the past two decades has been marked by a growth in scholarship examining supportive communication in computer-mediated contexts among individuals coping with illness. In an effort to summarize and advance this body of research, a meta-analytic review of content analyses was conducted. Across the 41 content analyses examining social support messages shared in health-related contexts online, informational and emotional support messages were most prevalent. Additionally, the prevalence of particular types of support messages varied based on several stressor dimensions relevant to illness. Nurturant forms of support were more common among content analyses examining health conditions likely to threaten personal relationships as well as among content analyses focusing on health conditions with a greater potential for loss in the form of death. Action-facilitating types of support were more common among content analyses examining more chronic conditions. The findings from this project offer insights about the nuanced ways in which computer-mediated communication is used as a resource for coping with illness.