Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Nitrogen Availability During Bloom and Light Intensity During Veraison. II. Effects on Anthocyanin and Phenolic Development During Grape Ripening

Grape ripening is affected by a number of environmental factors, and of these light and nitrogen (N) are of particular importance. Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon ( Vitis vinifera L.) vines, we studied the effects of N availability at bloom (0.34, 1.7, or 3.4 g N per plant as NH 4 NO 3 ) and light intensity at veraison (3 weeks at 100%, 20%, or 2% sunlight, using shade cloth) on the accumulation of total phenols, anthocyanins and flavonols in ripening grapes. Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols (r 2 = 0.91 *** ), total anthocyanins (r 2 = 0.90 *** ) and total flavonols (r 2 = 0.52 *** ) in the skin in all treatments. High rates of N supply delayed the accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonols, in the grape skin at veraison. However, the differences between N treatments generally decreased towards fruit maturity. Low light intensity at veraison restricted phenolics accumulation even more than did heavy N supply and the effects of low light were most severe in vines with high N status. However, ripening was not stopped entirely by light intensities as low as the light compensation point of photosynthesis. Moreover, removal of the shade cloth partly restored the rate of phenolics accumulation in the berry skin. All five anthocyanins started accumulating concurrently at the inception of ripening. However, while peonidin-, malvidin-, and cyanidin-3-glucosides were the major pigments at veraison, malvidin- and delphinidin-3-glucosides became most abundant towards maturity. The accumulation of cyanidin-3-glucoside was most strongly influenced by prevailing environmental conditions, while malvidin-3-glucoside was the least affected. Thus, the proportions of individual anthocyanins were most equal at low N status and high light intensity, whereas the percentage of malvidin-3-glucoside increased with high rates of N fertilization and became predominant under low light intensity. This is important for red winemaking, because the grape skins9 anthocyanin profile determines the color potential of the resulting wine. Excessive N fertilization can decrease wine quality, particularly when light conditions during grape ripening are poor.
The Glutathione Pathway

T he tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is nearly ubiquitous in cells and has been shown to participate in a multitude of cellular functions (Kosower and Kosower, 1978; Reed and Fariss, 1984; Reed, 1990; Anderson, 1998). Although many of these functions are associated with protection against reactive intermediates, including free radicals and electrophiles, maintenance of a suitable thiol redox balance with low-molecular-weight and protein thiols is also crucial for cellular homeostasis. GSH functions include the glutathione redox cycle involving glutathione peroxidase (UNIT 7.1) and reductase (UNIT 7.2); electrophile conjugation reactions via the enzymatic activities of many glutathione transferases (UNIT 6.4); and a role in protein synthesis, folding, activation, and inhibition. GSH synthesis (UNIT 6.5), transport (UNIT 6.3), breakdown, and turnover are vital events in cellular existence. Many methods have been developed and many studies conducted to examine the effects of GSH depletion, inhibition of GSH synthesis, and overall GSH metabolism. Recent reports have renewed interest in the role of mitochondria in many cellular processes, including apoptosis. Thus, measurement of mitochondrial GSH (UNIT 6.2) and events associated with mitochondrial GSH metabolism are of current interest. These features of GSH are discussed in UNIT 6.1, which provides an overview of GSH function and metabolism.
Functional Consequences of Polyamine Synthesis Inhibition by l-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)

l-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer in clinical trials. Yet, the drug produces an across-frequency elevation of the hearing threshold, suggesting that DFMO may affect a common trait along the cochlear spiral. The mechanism for the ototoxic effects of DFMO remains uncertain. The cochlear duct is exclusively endowed with endocochlear potential (EP). EP is a requisite for normal sound transduction, as it provides the electromotive force that determines the magnitude of the receptor potential of hair cells. EP is generated by the high throughput of K+ across cells of the stria vascularis, conferred partly by the activity of Kir4.1 channels. Here, we show that the ototoxicity of DFMO may be mediated by alteration of the inward rectification of Kir4.1 channels, resulting in a marked reduction in EP. These findings are surprising given that the present model for EP generation asserts that Kir4.1 confers the outflow of K+ in the stria vascularis. We have proposed an alternative model. These findings should also enable the rational design of new pharmaceuticals devoid of the untoward effect of DFMO.
Democracy and Tradition

Do religious arguments have a public role in the post-9/11 world? Can we hold democracy together despite fractures over moral issues? Are there moral limits on the struggle against terror? Asking how the citizens of modern democracy can reason with one another, this book carves out a controversial position between those who view religious voices as an anathema to democracy and those who believe democratic society is a moral wasteland because such voices are not heard. Drawing inspiration from Whitman, Dewey, and Ellison, Jeffrey Stout sketches the proper role of religious discourse in a democracy. He discusses the fate of virtue, the legacy of racism, the moral issues implicated in the war on terrorism, and the objectivity of ethical norms. Against those who see no place for religious reasoning in the democratic arena, Stout champions a space for religious voices. But against increasingly vocal antiliberal thinkers, he argues that modern democracy can provide a moral vision and has made possible such moral achievements as civil rights precisely because it allows a multitude of claims to be heard. Stout's distinctive pragmatism reconfigures the disputed area where religious thought, political theory, and philosophy meet. Charting a path beyond the current impasse between secular liberalism and the new traditionalism, Democracy and Tradition asks whether we have the moral strength to continue as a democratic people as it invigorates us to retrieve our democratic virtues from very real threats to their practice.
Fossil Fokienia (Cupressaceae) from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada

Fossil foliage bearing seed cones of Fokienia ravenscragensis McIver & Basinger (Cupressaceae) from the early Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, provides information about the species not available previously. This cedar, first described from the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation, Saskatchewan, bears seed cones remarkably similar to extant Fokienia. Fossils from Alberta indicate that the fertile axis bore up to three pairs of seed cones in opposite pairs at successive nodes. Pollen cones and pollen, previously unknown, are typical for the Cupressaceae. Pollen cones bear decussate microsporophylls with deltoid distal lamina and globose abaxial sporangia; pollen is ellipsoidal to circular in outline, the wall psilate with irregularly spaced small gemmae. Cupressaceous seeds associated with seed and pollen cones may belong to the taxon, but they are not identical to those of extant Fokienia, differing mainly in wing morphology. The architecture of the cone-bearing axis of this fossil species is unlike any extant mem.
Influence of Temperature, Solar Radiation and Nitrogen on Coloration and Composition of Emperor Grapes

Fruit coloration was investigated in Emperor vines grown in pots in sunlit phytotron, lathhouse, and field conditions under various temperature and light regimes in combination with different levels of nitrogen. At day/night temperatures of 37/32°C no anthocyanins were formed in fruits under either high light (HL; 66.5% sunlight) or low light (LL; 9.5% sunlight), whereas at field temperatures (FT; mean daily temperature 20.3°C), considerable anthocyanins formed under HL (100% sun) or LL (8.9% sun). At 37/32°C, soluble solids in fruits did not increase above 12.9° Brix, whereas at FT, 21° Brix was obtained under HL. The inhibition of anthocyanin formation and sugar accumulation in berries at 37/32°C and HL could not be reversed by transferring vines to temperature favorable for anthocyanin synthesis (FT), whereas when vines at 37/32°C and LL were transferred to FT at HL there was rapid accumulation of sugars but only slight formation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin in berries decreased 59% in 20 days when the vines were transferred from FT-HL to 37/32°C-HL. Anthocyanin and soluble solids were significantly greater (P Fruit color and soluble solids were significantly less (P
Quantitative genetic analysis of seed vigour and pre‐emergence seedling growth traits in Brassica oleracea

The ability of seeds to germinate and establish seedlings in a predictable manner under a range of conditions has a direct contribution to the economic success of commercial crops, and should therefore be considered in crop improvement. We measured traits associated with seed vigour and pre-emergence seedling growth in a segregating population of 105 doubled haploid Brassica oleracea lines. The germination traits measured were: mean germination times for unstressed germination; germination under water stress or germination after a heat treatment; and conductivity of seed leachate. The seedling growth traits measured were: seed weight; seedling growth rate; and seedling size at the end of the exponential growth phase. There were some correlations, notably among germination traits, and between seed weight and pre-emergence seedling growth. Heritability of the various traits was typically in the 10–15% range, with heritability of conductivity and mean germination time under water stress 25 and 24% respectively. Collectively the results indicate that germination and pre-emergence seedling growth are under separate genetic control. Quantitative trait loci analyses were carried out on all measurements and revealed significant loci on linkage groups O1, O3, O6, O7 and O9. We suggest that genes at these loci are important in determining predictable seed germination and seedling establishment in practice.
Kinetic Examination and Simulation of GDP-β-l-fucose Synthetase Reaction Using NADPH or NADH

GDP-β-l-fucose synthetase (GFS) is a unique, bifunctional enzyme belonging to the family of short chain dehydrogenases (SDRs), which catalyses the conversion of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-α-d-mannose (GKDM) to GDP-β-l-fucose (GDP-Fuc). A facile method for preparing GKDM in a stable and storable form on a 200 μmol scale was established. A simple macroscopic kinetic model has been used to produce a tool for simulation of several GFS reactions in batch mode. The respective kinetic parameters were determined considering GFS using NADPH and NADH as cofactor, demonstrating that GFS has a different affinity for GKDM depending on the cofactor. A comparison of simulated and experimentally performed batch reactions revealed that the GFS reaction can be described by this simple kinetic model that takes into account product inhibition by GDP-Fuc and NADP or NAD. Full 1H- and 13C-NMR characterisation of GKDM unambiguously showed that this compound exists in two different forms in aqueous solution, which we identified as the ketone and the respective hydrate form of GKDM. In equilibrium these species coexist in a ratio of about 70:30 (keto/hydrate form).
(Re)defining the Filipino: Notions of Citizenship in the New K+12 Curriculum

In June 2012, the Philippine government implemented what it called the K+12 Curriculum which reformed its basic education system by adding two more years of schooling to the then existing 10-year structure. Complicated by the long experience and participation of the Filipinos in the diaspora, the constantly lingering thought of leaving for greener pastures, and economic insecurities, the ‘K+12’ not only marks a policy and structural change but also a discursive shift in so far as the imagination of the Filipino's place within the nation and the world are concerned. This article explores (1) how the politics and economics of the state shape Philippine education in the context of the diaspora; (2) the transformations of the notion of Filipino citizenship brought about by the maneuvering of the state; and (3) who the new educated Filipino citizen is in the age of mass migration as constructed by the state through the curriculum.
Paranosema locustae (Microsporidia) in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) of Argentina: field host range expanded

Abstract Detection of Paranosema locustae in three grasshopper species (Ronderosia bergi, Sinipta dalmani, Trimerotropis pallidipenis) within the establishment area of the Pampas expands the field host range of the pathogen to 20 species in the country. The newly recorded hosts might be important in the persistence and dispersal of the pathogen.
A Correction to the Perspective Titled "Intermediate Filaments as Signaling Platforms" by H.-M. Pallari and J. E. Eriksson

Page 1 The shading of Table 1 was incorrect and indicated that vimentin was a type II intermediate filament and that NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H were type III intermediate filaments. Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament and NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H are type IV intermediate filaments. The table has been corrected in the full text online and in the PDF (http://stke.sciencemag. org/cgi/reprint/2006/366/pe53.pdf) as of 16 January 2007.
Melitidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from anchihaline limestone caves in New Caledonia

Four new species of Melitidae (Amphipoda) are described from anchihaline limestone caves in New Caledonia. Three species are classified with Josephosella Ruffo, 1985 (J. microps n. sp., J. debilis n. sp., and J. proiecta n. sp.) and a new genus, Caledopisa, is erected for the fourth species, C. levis n. sp. The new genus is related to Victoriopisa Karaman & Barnard, 1979.
Kin recognition via cuticular hydrocarbons shapes cockroach social life

Genetic relatedness plays a key role in the organization and the functioning of societies. A large diversity of species has developed kin recognition abilities, allowing individuals to discriminate conspecifics in relation to relatedness. In social insects, many studies showed that discrimination generally acts at the level of nestmateship and only few studies report kin recognition abilities. Our results highlight the importance of kin recognition in shaping social life in the urban cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) and present a complete description of the recognition system from expression to action components. Cockroaches of all developmental stages (nymphs and adults) discriminate siblings from nonsiblings independently of any prior social experience. Preference is context dependent so that siblings are preferred as social partners, whereas nonsiblings are preferred as mating partners. Discrimination is based on quantitative differences of cuticular hydrocarbons that are perceived through antennal contacts. As individual cuticular profiles remain stable over time, they constitute reliable discrimination cues correlated with relatedness. Our results offer interesting perspectives for the study of kin recognition and for the understanding of evolution toward sociality in insects.
Degradation of Fungal and Actinomycete Mycelia by Agaricus bisporus

Summary: Commercial wheat straw/horse manure compost used for production of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains a fungal and actinomycete microbial biomass of some 1.5% before inoculation with A. bisporus. It has been shown that these mycelia can be used by A. bisporus as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Mycelium of the thermophilic fungus Humicola insolens var. thermoidea, a major component of compost microbial biomass, was digested over a 28 d period by A. bisporus growing in liquid culture, as determined by light and electron microscopy. Mycelial walls of H. insolens var. thermoidea contained (by wt) 30% glucose, 22% glucosamine, 6-8% galactose, 2-3% mannose and traces of other sugars. Enzymes that possibly degrade fungal and actinomycete cell walls were produced by A. bisporus during growth on such mycelia, and activities of other extracellular enzymes involved in the decomposition of cytoplasmic contents were determined.
BIOLOGY OF AUSTROASCA VIRIDIGRISEA (PAOLI) (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

The mean duration of the egg stage of Austroasca viridigrisea on lucerne, at constant temperatures ranged from 19.1 ± 0.1 d at 20.0°C to 6.4 ± 0.1 d at 32°C and that of nymphs from 28.4 ± 0.5 d at 18°C to 8.8 d at 28.9°C. The threshold temperature for egg development was 12.9°C (10.8 to 15.0°C) and that of nymphs 13.3°C (10.6 to 15.9°C); 114 and 144 day‐degrees were required for egg and nymphal development respectively. Time of development for eggs calculated from these data agreed well with observed times under ambient conditions. Survival from egg to adult was generally high (0.80) at intermediate temperatures but was reduced at high (34.4°C) and low (20°C) temperature. The mean total fecundity of mated females over an 8 w observation interval was 54.7 ± 7.0 eggs on lucerne and 116.7 ± 13.5 on potato. On lucerne most eggs were laid in petioles with few in leaves and stems. On potatoes all above ground tissues appeared suitable.
A regression technique for the estimation of epiphytic invertebrate populations

SUMMARY. 1. A regression method is proposed for the estimation of populations of epiphytic invertebrates. Small samples of macrophytes and attached animals are taken by gentle enclosure. Regression analysis is used to relate the number of animals collected to the macrophyte species composition and ibiomass in these small samples. These relationships estimate the number of organisms of each taxon per unit mass of each macrophyte species. Areal population density is estimated by multiplication of macrophyte mass-specific invertebrate density by standing macrophyte biomass. 2. The regression method yields population density estimates several times greater than the best of current methods for several fauna. Differences are most pronounced for active organisms such as water mites, amphipods, cladocerans, copepods, lepidopterans, ostracods, and trichopterans. 3. Precision levels obtained using the regression method are comparable to other techniques. The regression technique automatically provides estimates of macrophyte species-specific colonization density and the abundance of organisms swimming among macrophytes in littoral areas.
Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis A is an acute, self-limiting infection of the liver by hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enterically transmitted, hepatotropic member of the picornavirus family. Although HAV infection may occasionally result in fulminant hepatitis and death, it is not recognized to cause persistent infection or chronic hepatitis, even in severely immunocompromised individuals. Reports of icteric disease in early Chinese literature and in the writings of Hippocrates may represent hepatitis A, but the disease discussed cannot be distinguished reliably from jaundice due to other causes (1). The earliest documented outbreaks of probable hepatitis A occurred in soldiers in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Hepatitis A has plagued military campaigns throughout history, and many of the earliest terms used to describe the disease, like kriegsikterus and jaunisse des camps, reflect this close association (2). Studies of hepatitis before and during World War II clearly established the existence of two distinct infectious forms of the disease, which later came to be known as hepatitis A and hepatitis B (3, 4). Experimental transmission studies defined the major features of hepatitis A: a relatively short incubation period (15 to 49 days), a fecal-oral mode of transmission, and long-lasting immunity that could be passively transferred. An animal model of HAV infection in marmosets was established by 1967 (5). The responsible virus was visualized in fecal extracts from adult volunteers in 1973 using immune electron microscopy (6), a finding that also resulted in a crude, but sensitive, test for antibody to HAV (anti-HAV). Viruslike particles approximately 27 nm in diameter were specifically aggregated by convalescent, but not preinfection, human sera (Fig. 1). The identification of HAV and the demonstration that infection could be transmitted to marmosets and tamarins, and, later, to seronegative chimpanzees ushered in a new era of research on hepatitis A that culminated in the propagation of the virus in cell culture (7), molecular cloning and sequencing of the viral genome (8), and the subsequent development and licensure of safe, effective vaccines (9, 10). Although the intensity of research on hepatitis A declined significantly following the licensure of effective vaccines, renewed interest in the virus has arisen because of its unusual alternative extracellular forms, circulating within the infected host in a quasi-enveloped form (eHAV) completely cloaked in host membranes, but shed in feces as a highly stable, naked, nonenveloped virion (11). VIROLOGY
Coasimetría idiosincrática y riesgo de insolvencia en el mercado de valores español

En el presente trabajo se analiza la relación entre el riesgo asimétrico, aproximado por las medidas de coasimetría y coasimetría idiosincrática, y el riesgo de insolvencia en el mercado de valores español. Se ha encontrado que aquellos títulos con mayor riesgo asimétrico proporcionan mayores rentabilidades durante el periodo considerado, en especial aquellos con valores positivos de la medida de coasimetría idiosincrática. Sin embargo, ni los factores de riesgo construidos en base a esta medida, ni el factor de riesgo de coasimetría proporcionan capacidad explicativa a las rentabilidades diferenciales de las carteras convencionales formadas por riesgo de insolvencia, siendo principalmente el factor tamaño (SMB) el que aporta explicación a dichas rentabilidades, tanto en periodos expansivos como durante el periodo de crisis financiera. Los factores de riesgo asimétrico únicamente presentan capacidad explicativa en el caso de carteras con riesgo de insolvencia más extremo y durante el periodo de crisis financiera internacional.
Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, Peru

Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large‐bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7 Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300–400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little‐known groups of isolated hunter–gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line‐transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species‐rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.