Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substituição do milho em grão moído pela polpa cítrica na desmama precoce de bezerros leiteiros

The present study was carried out to study the substitution of the ground corn grain by the dried citrus pulp in the starter diet of 28 Holstein calves in an early weaning system. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, with the blocks formed in accordance to the arrival order of the animals. The animals were slaughter at the end of the experiment. The experiment consisted on four treatments: 0, 15, 30 and 45% of citrus pulp in the diet, in substitution of the ground corn grain. The calves received the colostrum for three days in the original farm. Besides the concentrate, the calves received four liters of whole milk in the first month, divided in two meal, and three liters in the second month. The concentrate was fed ad libitum fed to the calves from the fourth life day. All calves were kept in individual houses. The evaluated parameters were: average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed:gain ratio, increases of the withers height and of the heart girth, volume and weight of the stomach compartments, development of rumen papillas, number of protozoa, pH and incidence of diarrhea. There was no significant difference among treatments. The dried citrus pulp can substitute the ground corn grain in the diet of early weaned calves, with good results.
Mass and date at departure affect the survival of Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus chicks after leaving the colony

I compared the timing of colony departure and body mass of 53 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus chicks that were retrapped as adults in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, with those of 3992 chicks not retrapped. If the probability of recapture is a measure of survival, survival was related to both mass and date. Chicks that left the colony at 26 g or less had a lower chance of survival than heavier chicks, and those that left after the median date of departure survived better in some years than those that left earlier. The effect of date was not related to a seasonal change in departure mass because chick mass declined with departure date. I suggest that, because of heavy adult mortality during breeding, the timing of breeding in the Ancient Murrelet is based on a compromise between the optimum dates for chick and adult survival. This is in contrast to evidence from other, nonprecocial, seabirds.
Tocotrienols and Atherosclerosis

The adherence of monocytes to the vascular endothelial cells is an important early event in atherogenesis. Monocyte adherence to endothelial cells is induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and mediated by multiple cell adhesion molecules including vascular cell-adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Enhanced endothelial expression of these molecules by oxidized LDL has been shown to be a critical step in foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that vitamin E inhibited the expression of mRNA and protein for VCAM-1 by endothelial cells in response to stimulation with oxidized LDL or inflammatory cytokines. Compared to α- tocopherol, α-tocotrienol displayed a more profound inhibitory effect on adhesion molecule expression and monocytic cell adherence. Among the isomers of tocotrienol, δ-tocotrienol was a potent and effective agent for the reduction of cellular VCAM-1 expression and monocytic cell adherence. The inhibitory effects of vitamin E analogs on the adhesiveness of endothelial cells correlated with their intracellular concentrations. Anti-atherogenic effects of tocotrienols may be derived from their properties of cholesterol-lowering effect, protein kinase C inhibition, and modulation of cyclooxygenase cascade. Although recent human studies have raised some doubts on the efficacy of vitamin E in the prevention of progression of atherosclerotic lesions, the experimental studies using tocotrienol strongly support its positive effect on the reduction of risk of atherogenesis. Further studies will be necessary for clarifying the anti-atherogenic effect of tocotrienol and its bioavailability after oral administration.
Prior flea beetle herbivory affects oviposition preference and larval performance of a potato beetle on their shared host plant

Abstract 1. The herbaceous plant Solanum carolinense (L.) (Solanaceae) is host to a number of specialist insects, including the leaf‐feeding beetles Epitrix fuscula (Crotch) and Leptinotarsa juncta (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Potted individuals of S. carolinense were subjected to one of two treatments: exposure to herbivory by E. fuscula or exclusion of all herbivores. The effects of E. fuscula herbivory on larval performance and oviposition preference of L. juncta were investigated.
Rendimientos para cuatro líneas endocriadas y seis F1 híbridas de gusano de seda en la Argentina

La utilizacion del vigor hibrido en la produccion comercial de seda comenzo a principios del siglo pasado. La calidad del hilo, asi como los mayores niveles de productividad son atribuidas al uso de hibridos. En la Argentina la actividad sericicola es incipiente y escasa la oferta de huevos de calidad y productividad comprobada. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron algunas caracteristicas productivas de hibridos F1 obtenidos de lineas endocriadas. Se midieron 3 variables cuantitativas: peso del capullo entero y de corteza y el largo de capullos. Tambien se determinaron el porcentaje de corteza y el peso equivalente de capullo fresco por 20.000 huevos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para las caracteristicas analizadas. Se encontro heterosis sobredominante para todos los cruzamientos, excepto en los hibridos FJ x EO y EO x FJ, que tuvieron heterosis dominante. La productividad, expresada como rendimiento en capullos frescos, resulto mayor para los hibridos que para las lineas endocriadas.
Stereochemical factors determining the effects of glycosylation on the 13C chemical shifts in carbohydrates

Basic stereochemical factors have been revealed which affect the 13C chemical shifts in glycosides with a chiral cyclohexane‐type aglycone and in disaccharides with a pyranosidic aglycone. The effects of glycosylation depend on the configuration of the anomeric centre of the glycosylating sugar residue (glycone) and on the relative absolute configuration of the glycone and aglycone. When at least one of the carbons of the aglycone, adjacent to the glycosylated carbon, bears an equatorial proton, this dependence is well accounted for by a strengthening or weakening of the spatial interaction between the protons of the glycone and aglycone, caused by a change in the conformation around the glycosidic linkage. Regularities in the glycosylation effects for disaccharides are generalized for various modes of substitution and different general configurations of the pyranosidic aglycones. Simple rules have been formulated for the prediction of the magnitudes of the glycosylation effects which can be used for the determination of some unknown structural elements in glycosides and disaccharides, in particular the absolute configuration of one of the constituent sugars.
Dendritic reorganization in the denervated dentate gyrus of the rat following entorhinal cortical lesions: A Golgi and electron microscopic analysis

The organization of the dendritic tree and the morphology of individual dendrites of the dentate granule cell were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of the rapid Golgi technique 2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 30, 60, and 250 days after unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC). Three dendritic field parameters were analyzed from camera lucida drawings of de‐nervated granule cells at each survival time: (1) dendritic field spread, (2) dendritic length, and (3) dendritic branching. Cells in the contralateral dentate gyrus served as controls. Spines were counted at each postlesion interval from material stained with a modification of the Golgi‐Kopsch method. The amount of tissue occupied by dendritic shafts at different postlesion intervals was also evaluated in samples of the ventral leaf of the dentate gyrus prepared for electron microscopy. After unilateral lesions of the EC, dendrites of the granule cells undergo modifications which appear to represent deterioration and recovery. When the dendrites reach the denervated zone, they abruptly change their orientation and tend to follow a course parallel to the granule cell layer. In contrast to normal dendrites, those in the denervated neuropil only occasionally reach the outer boundaries of the molecular layer. At the time of maximal denervation there is often a sudden reduction in dendritic diameter as the dendrite enters the denervated zone. Varicosities are also prominent. The alterations in individual dendrites are not evident 2 days after the lesion, are fully developed 10 days after deafferentation; and disappear for the most part by 30 days postlesion. The quantitative analysis of Golgi‐stained granule cells reveals that there is a 40% reduction in the total length of the granule cell dendritic tree. Electron microscopic analysis confirms the Golgi observations, indicating that the amount of neuropil occupied by dendritic shafts in the denervated zone is initially reduced and later recovers to values close to those observed in control animals. While the apparent dendritic loss is mainly restricted to the denervated zone, significant modifications occur in the inner npnde‐nervated molecular layer; there is an increase in the length of primary dendrites as evidenced by an increase in the distance to the first branch point. There is also a polarized redistribution of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th branch points toward the middle and outer molecular layer that persists even 30 days after the lesion. The results are discussed in terms of the capabilities of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus to reorganize and remodel their dendritic surface after partial deafferentation.
Energy Efficient Virtual Machine Optimization

The optimization of energy consumption in the cloud computing environment is the question how to use various energy conservation strategies to efficiently allocate resources. The need of different resources in cloud environment is unpredictable. It is observed that load management in cloud is utmost needed in order to provide QOS. The jobs at over-loaded physical machine are shifted to under-loaded physical machine and turning the idle machine off in order to provide green cloud. For energy optimization, DVFS and Power-Nap are good strategies. As much of this energy is wasted in idle systems: in typical deployments, server utilization is below 30%, but idle servers still consume 60% of their peak power draw. In this paper, we have proposed an hybrid approach for energy optimization using Ant Colony optimization, Bee Colony optimization, PowerNap, DVFS and RAILS having the constraint QOS.
Biomechanics of rheotaxis in six teleost genera

Biomechanical, behavioural, and morphological adaptations affecting lift and drag on tropical stream fish (five loricariids and one gyrinocheilid) are analyzed. The drag on fish attached to a surface is directly measured for the first time, allowing the lift coefficient to be inferred. Mean drag coefficients (0.2–0.9, based on projected frontal area) are 2 to 30 times the equivalent frictional coefficients for laminar flow for smooth blisters attached to a surface. Fineness ratios (total length / maximal height, l/h = 6.7–9.0), flattening (maximal body width / maximal height, b/h = 0.9–2.0), and lengthening (distance from end of rostrum to maximal height / total length, x/l = 0.17–0.22) are similar to optimal values for technical bodies of low drag (smooth blisters attached to surfaces: 10, 2, and 0.3 for l/h, b/h, and x/l, respectively). The station-holding ability of Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1883) (closed oral sucker) is compared with that of the loricariids (open oral suckers) using live and de.
Primary seed dispersal by the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) in the Manombo forest, south-east Madagascar

Abstract: Seed dispersal is a pivotal ecological process but remains poorly understood on Madagascar, where lemurs are key dispersers. The black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) possesses many behavioural and ecological attributes potentially conducive to effective seed dispersal, but no studies have investigated dispersal patterns in this species. This 3-mo study quantified aspects of the primary seed dispersal patterns generated by two Varecia variegata groups (7 individuals). Feeding and ranging behaviour was quantified using behavioural observation (345.6 h), dispersal quantity and seed identity was determined by faecal analysis, and 10-wk germination trials tested effects of gut passage on germination of four species. Individual lemurs dispersed an estimated 104 seeds d−1, of 40 species. Most seeds were large (>10 mm); the largest was 42 mm long. Gut passage was rapid (mean 4.4 h) and generally increased germination speed and success. Mean and maximum inferred dispersal distances were 180 and 506 m respectively; low compared with many anthropoids, but possibly typical of lemurs. Though limited by a short study period, results suggest that the ruffed lemur is an effective disperser of seeds and possibly a critical disperser of large-seeded species which other frugivores cannot swallow. Loss of large-bodied seed dispersers such as Varecia variegata may have far-reaching ecological consequences including impacts on forest structure and dynamics.
Effects of inbreeding on immune response and body size in a social insect, Bombus terrestris

Summary 1Inbreeding can negatively affect various fitness components. Here we examine how immune response and body size of a social insect are affected by inbreeding, sex and ploidy. 2In the bumble-bee, Bombus terrestris (L.), the offspring of colonies resulting from brother–sister matings were compared with that of outbred colonies. Immune response was measured as the degree of encapsulation of a novel antigen, body size as the length of the radial cell in the forewings. 3Inbreeding affected neither immune response nor body size in either workers or haploid males under laboratory conditions. However, fitness characteristics varied significantly among maternal families and colonies. The lack of detectable inbreeding depression for two fitness components might help explain why B. terrestris is a good colonizer in nature. 4In addition, sex and ploidy strongly affected the fitness components studied: diploid males had a significantly lower immune response than haploid males, who in turn had a significantly lower immune response than workers of the same colony. The body size of diploid males was intermediate between the body size of workers and haploid males.
A feeding association between Wilson’s Storm-petrels Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) and Rough-toothed Dolphins Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828)

On 06 October 2012 a pod of Rough-toothed Dolphins Steno bredanensis (Delphinidae) was observed catching and tearing apart several Castin Leatherjacks Oligoplites saliens (Carangidae) near Montao de Trigo Island, northern coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The resulting floating masses of viscera attracted a feeding aggregation of 120-150 Wilson's Storm-petrels Oceanites oceanicus (Hydrobatidae), a transequatorial migrant passing through the area during October. This interspecific association has not been recorded before, although it could be expected given that S. bredanensis feeds on large fish and O. oceanicus is a known scavenger of kills made by cetaceans such as Killer Whales.
Reevaluation of the chemical secretion of the sternal glands of Polistes social wasps (Hymenoptera Vespidae)

In a previous paper we reported the presence of long chain fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitoleic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, stearic) in the sternal glands of social wasps of the genus Polistes. These glands had been reported by several authors to be the source of ant repellents that these wasps apply on their nests. Among the identified acids, we found that the unsaturated ones had an ant repellent effect. More recently, sampling (through SPME) from the bristly area corresponding to the sternal glands (van der Vecht organ) of live P. dominulus revealed that this contains the same hydrocarbons as the cuticle and only minor quantities of fatty acids. This is in contrast to the amount of fatty acids we previously found in excised glands sampled either directly by headspace SPME or by solid sampling following derivatisation with diazomethane. By repeating the analysis on the sternal glands and on some tissues with no glandular function, we found that the same fatty acids were ubiquitously present. Furthermore, new bioassays have shown that long chain methyl esters, alkanes and alkenes have a similar repellent effect to fatty acids on the ant Monomorium pharaonis, provided they are liquid at room temperature. These results questioned our previous report that fatty acids are characteristic components of sternal gland secretion and suggest that other long chain compounds may also play a significant role in the defence of the nest.
Overlapping origins of pharyngeal arch crest cells on the postotic hind‐brain

The developing hind‐brain of vertebrates consists of segmental units called rhombomeres. Although crest cells emigrate from the hind‐brain, they are subsequently subdivided into several cell populations that are attached to restricted regions of the hind‐brain. At the preotic level, only even‐numbered rhombomeres are accompanied by crest cells, while the odd‐numbered ones are not. At the postotic level, such the birhombomeric repetition becomes obscure. In order to map the origins and distributions of postotic crest cells, focal injections of Dil were made into various axial levels of the postotic neural tube. Cephalic crest cells at the postotic level first form a single cell population deposited by cells along the dorsolateral pathway. They are called the circumpharyngeal crest cells (CP cells) and are secondarily subdivided into each pharyngeal arch ectomesenchyme. The neural tube extending from r5 to the somite 3/4 boundary gave rise to CP cells. The neuraxial origins of each pharyngeal ectomesenchyme extended for more than three somite lengths, most of which overlapped with the other. Unlike in the preotic region, there is no segmental registration between neuraxial levels and pharyngeal arches. Caudal portions of the CP cell population show a characteristic distribution pattern that circumscribes the postotic pharyngeal arches caudally. Heterotopic transplantation of the Dil‐labeled neural crest into the somite 3 level resulted in a distribution of labeled cells similar to that of CP cells, suggesting that the pattern of distribution depends upon dynamic modification of the body wall associated with pharyngeal arch formation.
Growth of fresh-water prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) juveniles fed isoproteic diets substituting fish meal by soya bean meal

Growth parameters (standard length, weight, specific growth rate and daily we ight gain) of prawn Macrobrachium tenellum juveniles fed 40% crude protein isoproteic diets substituting fish m eal with soya bean meal at various levels (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were evaluated for 45 days under laboratory conditions. Experimental diets were compared with a 100% fish meal based di et. Total survival was recorded for all the treatments at the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences (p � 0.05) for all the growth parameters among the dietary treatments. The initial mean weight (0.36 ± 0.10 g) increased almost three times (1.00 ± 0.13 g) after 45 days. The final specif ic growth fluctuated from 1.82% BW/d for the 60% soya bean meal inclusion diet, to 2.62% for the 100% fish meal diet. The mean final survival was 91.66%. Growth performance of M. tenellum juveniles was not affected by the dietary soya bean meal levels tested.
Environmental Pollutants and Epigenetics

Since Barker found associations between low birth weight and several chronic diseases later in life, the hypothesis of fetal origins of adult disease (aka, Barker Hypothesis) and epigenetics have been emerging as a new paradigm for gene-environment interaction of chronic disease. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene silencing that occur without any change in DNA sequence. Gene expression can be regulated by several epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, which may be associated with chronic conditions, such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and type-2 diabetes. One carbon metabolism which involves the transfer of a methyl group cat- alyzed by DNA methyltransferase is an important mechanism by which DNA methylation occurs in promoter regions and/or repetitive elements of the genome. Environmental factors may induce epigenetic modification through production of reactive oxygen species, alteration of methyltransferase activity, and/or interference with methyl donors. In this review, we introduce recent studies of epigenetic modification and environmental factors, such as heavy metals, environmental hormones, air pollution, diet and psychosocial stress. We also discuss epigenetic perspectives of early life environmental exposure and late life disease occurrence.
Behavioural Responses of Potential Hosts Towards Artificial Cuckoo Eggs and Dummies

Responses of 33 potential host species towards a non-mimetic, dummy, cuckoo egg placed in their nest were tested (N = 372). For 22 of these species, their behavioural responses towards a dummy cuckoo placed near their nest were also tested (N = 193). The species were grouped in A) most common hosts: species which at the moment are losing out in the coevolutionary arms race with the cuckoo and which today represent favorite hosts; B) frequently-used hosts: species which at the moment are assumed to be true cuckoo hosts, but which are not so commonly used as those in group A; C) rarely-used hosts: species which would appear to be suitable hosts, but which despite of this, are rarely used. These species are assumed to be ahead of the cuckoo in the coevolutionary arms race; D) unsuitable hosts: species with a breeding biology which either prevents, or counteracts, cuckoo parasitism. They are therefore assumed never to have been engaged in a coevolutionary arms race with the cuckoo. In the most common hosts the median acceptance rate of the non-mimetic egg was 86 % , in the frequently-used hosts 33 % , in the rarely-used hosts 10 % and in the unsuitable hosts 100 %. In the most common hosts the median rate of aggression shown towards the cuckoo dummy was 50%, but the most numerous species in this group, the meadow pipit, showed aggressive behaviour in 60% of the cases. The median aggression rate both in the frequently-used hosts and the rare hosts was 100 % and in the unsuitable hosts 0%. The bluethroat was the only species which accepted the non-mimetic dummy egg at a higher rate later on during the incubation period than during earlier stages. A positive correlation was found between the power of egg discrimination and the rate of aggression shown towards the dummy cuckoo. Such aggression was stronger when both parents were present at the nest than when only one parent was present. The results of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the differences in the degree of responses by the host species towards parasitism by the cuckoo reflect different stages in a continuous coevolutionary arms race with cuckoos.