Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Operation and control design of an input-series-input-parallel-output-series conversion scheme for offshore DC wind systems

High-power converters for high-voltage direct current transmission systems and collecting networks are attracting increasing interest for application in large offshore wind farms. Offshore wind farms are capable of generating more electric energy at lower cost when compared with onshore wind systems. In this study, DC/DC voltage conversion should be achieved with a power converter that uses readily available semiconductor devices. A modular DC/DC converter can achieve the required system currents and voltages without exceeding semiconductor ratings. In this study, the operation and control strategy for an input-series–input-parallel–output-series (ISIPOS) energy conversion system for wind systems are presented. The ISIPOS system allows the direct connection of wind turbines to the DC grid. In this research, the design process to control the input and output currents and voltages is explained. In addition, a new method to ensure voltage and current sharing between the different modules is presented and explained. The basic structure, control design, and system performance are tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Practical results validate the control design flexibility of the ISIPOS topology when controlled by a TMSF280335 DSP.
Electrical ANN Circuits (1-ports) and Schrodinger's "What is Life?"

The motivation for the present work came from the book [1], "What is Life? ", in which (Chpt. 6 for details and the Preface) Erwin Schrodinger argues (see http://whatislife.stanford.edu/LoCo_files/What-is- Life.pdf) that the decrease of the entropy, and not the energy supply, is the most important aspect of our feeding (eating). Regarding this stress on the preservation of structure, which is discussed in [1] strongly but intuitively, without any structural entropy defined, we suggest a very simple modeling representing some circuits by means of 1-ports. Using, as in [1], very little of biological information, we apply the algebraic concept of ideal that represents here the preservation of a certain type of the structure, which seems to fit both the growing (or surviving) biological structures, and the "Thevenin contraction" of circuits. We also extend the scope of vision suggested in [1] by observing that our informational "feeding" and "digestion" are not less important than the physiological ones, and if this "feeding" is not proper, or this "digestion" is not possible, this causes health (mental) problems. As the result of this position, the not-understood recent "days of violence" are seen here as an almost natural human response to the information that is given by radio, TV, etc., in such a form that it cannot be normally treated, i.e. it cannot order (or be ordered in) our mind. The volume of the excited part of the brain and the entropy of the logical system treating the information received, are thus strongly increased. This extension of [1] makes the unique outlook on life, suggested some 70 years ago, more adjusted to the problems of modern life, more system-oriented and instructive.
Functional and radiological outcome of percutaneous pinning in the management of extra-articular distal radius fractures

Introduction: Distal radius fractures are common injuries encountered in orthopaedics casualty. Range of fracture extends from simple extra-articular to highly comminuted intra-articular fractures. 1, 2 Restoration of wrist function is the primary goal in the treatment of extra articular distal radius fractures. Most of the fractures are effectively treated with closed reduction and immobilization in a plaster cast. Percutaneous pinning provides anatomic reduction and rigid fixation and allows earlier rehabilitation.3 Aim of the study was to assess the functional and radiological outcome of percutaneous pinning in distal radial fractures. Materials and Method: This is prospective study of 28 patients conducted at department of orthopaedics over a period of 2 years. Results: Age of the patients was ranged from 20 to 65 years with mean age of 40.2 years. Maximum incidence of injury was observed at 4th (50%) and 3rd (25%) decade of life. 20(71.43%) patients were male. 16 (57.14%) patients attained fracture due to motor vehicle accidents. Pin loosening was encountered in 5 cases. The mean radial length, radial volar tilt, and radial inclination were 10.24 mm, 8.26 degree, and 19.82 degree respectively. Functional outcome was excellent results in eight cases (28.57%), good in 13 cases (46.43%), fair in 5 (17.86%) cases and poor in 2 cases (7.14%).
Investigating the effects of different physical and chemical stress factors on microbial biofilm

Microorganisms that adhere to surfaces in order to protect themselves from many adverse environmental conditions form a layer called biofilm. Biofilms protect bacteria from changing environmental conditions such as starvation, antibiotics, disinfectants, pH and temperature fluctuation, dryness and UV rays. In this study, biofilms were formed on surfaces of glass coupons in a cooling tower model system over a period of 180 days. The biofilms were treated with various stress factors monthly. These stress factors were: exposure to temperatures of 4°C and 60°C, pH of 3, 5, and 11, 3 M aqueous NaCl and distilled water, as well as, monochloramine at 2, 500, and 1 000 mg/L (ppm). Following the treatment with stress factors, both the numbers of actively respiring bacteria and the total bacteria in the biofilms were determined by CTC-DAPI staining. The aerobic heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) in the biofilms were determined by the conventional culture method of spread plating on R2A agar. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of these stressors on the model coolingtower biofilms. Of the stressors tested, those that had the greatest impact were a temperature of 60°C, pH of 3, 3 M NaCl, and monochloramine at both 500 and 1 000 mg/L. However, when using a non-culture-based viability assay (CTC-DAPI staining), an extremely high number of live bacteria were detected even after applying the most effective stress factors (with the exception of pH 3) of 60°C, 3 M NaCl, monochloramine at 500 and 1 000 mg/L. Results showed that biofilm protects the bacteria from extreme physical and chemical stress conditions. Additionally, the conventional culture technique cannot detect the presence of bacteria that have entered the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) phase; the use of different techniques, such as microscopy and cytometry (flow and solid-phase), is therefore important to obtain more accurate results. Keywords : biofilm, stress factors, monochloramine, CTC-DAPI staining
Improving Consumer Satisfaction through Building an Allocation Cloud

Consumer satisfaction depends on the quality of service. Services with high quality usually lead to high cost. Due to the budget limitation, consumers tend to acquire services with lowest cost. Feasible request allocation can improve service quality or reduce service cost. Some request allocation algorithms need the coordination with service consumers, but the benefits from consumers' coordination are arranged by service providers, especially for on-demand consumers. On- demand consumers have no idea to improve service quality or reduce service cost through allocating their requests, even though service providers can collect on-demand requests to perform feasible request allocation for efficient service exe- cution. To solve this issue, an allocation cloud is proposed in this study. The allocation cloud assists consumers in al- locating requests to optimize consumer satisfaction. Because the allocation cloud contains various allocation algorithms and collects a large amount of service requests, the allocation cloud can coordinate service consumers to follow feasible request allocation algorithms. Moreover, the allocation cloud can reveal the relation between service consumers' coordination and the improvement of service execution. The revealed relation can help service consumers decide beneficial strategies to improve their satisfaction. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, a study of video delivery service is conducted. The results confirm that consumer satisfaction can be improved through the proposed allocation cloud.
Determination of yield behaviour of boron alloy steel at high temperature

The hot tensile test is a basic material testing method for investigation of the mechanical properties of steel at high temperature conditions. In industrial hot sheet forming processes such as hot stamping and hot gas metal forming, the influences of temperature and strain rate on microstructure and material behaviour play a significant role. In this work, sheet samples of steel grade 22MnB5 were examined using a hot deformation simulator. Different temperatures between 900 and 1200°C, which are above Ac3, and strain rates between 0.001 and 0.1 s -1 were considered. During the tensile test, a laser speckle extensometer (LSE) was deployed for measuring the local strain values on the deformed sample. By means of this LSE, more accurate stress-strain responses were obtained. Reliable flow curves are indispensable data for simulations of the hot forming processes. The influences of temperature and strain rate on the plastic behaviour of the boron steel were investigated. From temperature higher than 900°C, the flow stresses explicitly decrease and the formability enhances. Due to the martensitic transformation during a fast cooling the strength of this steel is improved. A fully martensitic microstructure with a small amount of retained austenite was observed in the samples after the hot tensile test and a typical ductile fracture was detected.
Time‐reversal seismic‐source imaging and moment‐tensor inversion

SUMMARY The time reversal operation in seismic source estimation is considered. We show that the time reversal operation, equally the adjoint operation, for seismic source imaging gives an approximate solution to more conventional seismic source inverse problem through the ‘happy approximation’ underlined by Claerbout. Practical applications of such methods in a longperiod range to monitor earth’s activities in realtime are also discussed.
Comparative analysis of the Gran Dolina-TD6 (Spain) and Tighennif (Algeria) hominin mandibles

We present a comparative study of the Tighennif (Algeria) and Gran Dolina-TD6 (Spain) hominin mandibles, which represent two geographically near and contemporaneous populations separated by the Mediterranean sea, in order to test the hypothesis that these populations belong to the same evolutionary lineage, as it has been suggested by some authors. The Tighennif mandibles show a clear primitive structural pattern, derived in some features with regard to the oldest Homo specimens from H. habilis, as well as from the Javanese H. erectus. In addition, the Tighennif specimens share all these derived features with H. ergaster and, some of them, with H. antecessor. However, the Gran Dolina-TD6 specimens are remarkably smaller than those of Tighennif, and lack the robustness which characterizes the African Pleistocene mandibles. The main difference between both groups in terms of mandibular dimensions can be related to the higher corpus height characteristic of Tighennif specimens. The dental evidence reveals that North African Middle Pleistocene populations are morphologically closer to African Early Pleistocene populations than to TD6 fossils. We conclude that the Spanish and Algerian hominins belong to different hominin lineages. The Tighennif hominins, together with other contemporaneous (Thomas Quarry and Oulad Hamida 1), and perhaps later North African specimens (Sidi Abderrahaman, Sale, and Rabat [Kebitat]) should be considered as a subspecies of the H. ergaster species, i.e. H. ergaster mauritanicus, and may be the result of an evolution in isolation in this African area. In agreement with the mandibular and dental evidences, the Gran Dolina-TD6 hominins could belong to an exclusive Eurasian lineage.
Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system II. A statistical analysis revisited

We present an update of the visible and near-infrared colour database of Minor Bodies in the Outer Solar System (MBOSSes), which now includes over 2000 measurement epochs of 555 objects, extracted from over 100 articles. The list is fairly complete as of December 2011. The database is now large enough to enable any dataset with a large dispersion to be safely identified and rejected from the analysis. The selection method used is quite insensitive to individual outliers. Most of the rejected datasets were observed during the early days of MBOSS photometry. The individual measurements are combined in a way that avoids possible rotational artifacts. The spectral gradient over the visible range is derived from the colours, as well as the R absolute magnitude M(1, 1). The average colours, absolute magnitude, and spectral gradient are listed for each object, as well as the physico-dynamical classes using a classification adapted from Gladman and collaborators. Colour–colour diagrams, histograms, and various other plots are presented to illustrate and investigate class characteristics and trends with other parameters, whose significances are evaluated using standard statistical tests. Except for a small discrepancy for the J − H colour, the largest objects, with M(1, 1) < 5, are indistinguishable from the smaller ones. The larger ones are slightly bluer than the smaller ones in J − H. Short-period comets, Plutinos and other resonant objects, hot classical disk objects, scattered disk objects and detached disk objects have similar properties in the visible, while the cold classical disk objects and the Jupiter Trojans form two separate groups of their spectral properties in the visible wavelength range. The well-known colour bimodality of Centaurs is confirmed. The hot classical disk objects with large inclinations, or large orbital excitations are found to be bluer than the others, confirming a previously known result. Additionally, the hot classical disk objects with a smaller perihelion distance are bluer than those that do not come as close to the Sun. The bluer hot classical disk objects and resonant objects have fainter absolute magnitudes than the redder ones of the same class. Finally, we discuss possible scenarios for the origin of the colour diversity observed in MBOSSes, i.e. colouration caused by evolutionary or formation processes. The colour tables and all plots are also available on the MBOSS colour web page �� , which will be updated when new measurements are published
Optimal Taylor–Couette turbulence

Abstract Strongly turbulent Taylor–Couette flow with independently rotating inner and outer cylinders with a radius ratio of $\eta = 0. 716$ is experimentally studied. From global torque measurements, we analyse the dimensionless angular velocity flux ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\omega } (\mathit{Ta}, a)$ as a function of the Taylor number $\mathit{Ta}$ and the angular velocity ratio $a= \ensuremath{-} {\omega }_{o} / {\omega }_{i} $ in the large-Taylor-number regime $1{0}^{11} \lesssim \mathit{Ta}\lesssim 1{0}^{13} $ and well off the inviscid stability borders (Rayleigh lines) $a= \ensuremath{-} {\eta }^{2} $ for co-rotation and $a= \infty $ for counter-rotation. We analyse the data with the common power-law ansatz for the dimensionless angular velocity transport flux ${\mathit{Nu}}_{\omega } (\mathit{Ta}, a)= f(a)\hspace{0.167em} {\mathit{Ta}}^{\gamma } $ , with an amplitude $f(a)$ and an exponent $\gamma $ . The data are consistent with one effective exponent $\gamma = 0. 39\pm 0. 03$ for all $a$ , but we discuss a possible $a$ dependence in the co- and weakly counter-rotating regimes. The amplitude of the angular velocity flux $f(a)\equiv {\mathit{Nu}}_{\omega } (\mathit{Ta}, a)/ {\mathit{Ta}}^{0. 39} $ is measured to be maximal at slight counter-rotation, namely at an angular velocity ratio of ${a}_{\mathit{opt}} = 0. 33\pm 0. 04$ , i.e. along the line ${\omega }_{o} = \ensuremath{-} 0. 33{\omega }_{i} $ . This value is theoretically interpreted as the result of a competition between the destabilizing inner cylinder rotation and the stabilizing but shear-enhancing outer cylinder counter-rotation. With the help of laser Doppler anemometry, we provide angular velocity profiles and in particular identify the radial position ${r}_{n} $ of the neutral line, defined by $ \mathop{ \langle \omega ({r}_{n} )\rangle } \nolimits _{t} = 0$ for fixed height $z$ . For these large $\mathit{Ta}$ values, the ratio $a\approx 0. 40$ , which is close to ${a}_{\mathit{opt}} = 0. 33$ , is distinguished by a zero angular velocity gradient $\partial \omega / \partial r= 0$ in the bulk. While for moderate counter-rotation $\ensuremath{-} 0. 40{\omega }_{i} \lesssim {\omega }_{o} \lt 0$ , the neutral line still remains close to the outer cylinder and the probability distribution function of the bulk angular velocity is observed to be monomodal. For stronger counter-rotation the neutral line is pushed inwards towards the inner cylinder; in this regime the probability distribution function of the bulk angular velocity becomes bimodal, reflecting intermittent bursts of turbulent structures beyond the neutral line into the outer flow domain, which otherwise is stabilized by the counter-rotating outer cylinder. Finally, a hypothesis is offered allowing a unifying view and consistent interpretation for all these various results.
Influence of moisture on the toxicity of some biopesticides on Bombyx mori

Adverse effect of moisture on some microbial insecticides such as Halt (Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki, B.t.k.55000 S.U./mg), Biolep (B.t.k.32000 I.U. /mg), Vertimec (product of Streptomyces avermitilis Avermectin1.8% w/v) and Bassina (formulation of Beauvaria bassiana-1 x 10 spore / ml) were studied against third instar larvae of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. under four levels of relative humidity ( 30%, 60%, 80% and 90% R.H.) and constant temperature (20 C ± 2 C). The biocide avermectin at 1000 ppm caused 96.66% and 95.00% mortality after 72 h of treatment at 80% and 90% relative humidity respectively. Whereas, halt and biolep caused 95.00%, 90.00% and 81.66%, 80.00% mortality after 72 h at the two respective humidies level. Through fungal formulation of B. bassiana proved to be less harmful against B. mori at 30% and 60% R.H. it inflicted 40 – 43.33% mortality at higher moisture level (>70% R.H.). Relative humidity was found to play a major role towards pathogenecity of all the tested microbials against B. mori. Increasing mortality was recorded with increase in days after treatment and maximum effect was noticed at 80% R.H. The overall effect followed the same trend for all the microbial insecticides, and the observed descending order was Avermectin > Halt > biolep > B. bassiana at four levels of relative humidity, respectively.
A decomposition approach to evaluating the progress of the New Green Economy

Various policy instruments and policy reforms are being implemented to encourage Green Growth and Green Economy. However, comprehensive ex-post evaluation policy methods have yet to be developed. The emerging literature shows that there is substantial ambiguity and discrepancy about how to measure the performance of policy instruments driving a Green Economy in general and, in our case, a Green Energy Economy (GEE) in particular. Observed methodologies have tended to measure progress according to expenditure on green initiatives as a proportion of GDP. This paper aims to move beyond this by applying an approach that gives consideration to policy and economy-wide aspects that drive, or have an impact on, energy production and carbon emissions. The core methodology is based on a macro decomposition analysis using an empirical quantitative approach. It is supported by correlation and regression analyses and framed by both policy-oriented research and policy evaluation. To achieve this, time-series data from the International Energy Agency are used. The analysis is applied to three countries, Sweden, the UK and China. Then, the proposed methodology is preliminarily assessed against the following criteria: (1) policy compatibility, (2) reliability and (3) measurability. The focus is on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
The relationship between dispositional optimism, recent life changes and perceived stress in Irish adults

Using a between subject, quantitative, survey design, the relationship between dispositional optimism, perceived stress and recent life changes within the Irish population was investigated. A snowball technique was used; invitations to complete an online survey were sent to twenty-eight people who then invited others to also take part. One hundred and ninety-five people, aged from eighteen to sixty-nine; one hundred and thirty-three female and sixty-two males, participated. A significant relationship between dispositional optimism, perceived stress and recent life changes was found. The majority of participants were optimistic and there was a significant negative relationship between dispositional optimism and perceived stress. Older adults were more optimistic and less stressed than younger ones and females were more stressed than males. The female stress levels and low optimism levels of younger adults merit further investigation. Carver’s (2013) Revised Life Orientation Tool measured dispositional optimism; Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983) Perceived Stress Scale measured stress and Miller and Rahe’s (1997) Recent Life Changes Questionnaire measured lifechanges.
Surveillance Video Synopsis via Scaling Down Moving Objects

This paper produces an approach for video synopsis through which shorter and condensed form of video can be obtained. Most of the spatiotemporal redundancies in surveillance video can be avoided and essential activities in the video can be preserved here. In most of the existing approaches collisions are caused while video is condensed. Most of the collisions can be avoided by reducing size of moving objects. Mainly three steps are used. Interesting objects are identified and detected in first step. An optimization framework technique is used in second step in order to find energy mapping values. Finally scaled down objects are added back to the video of user defied length video.
Improving Human Capital Formation in India

The provision of high-quality education and health care to all of the population is considered a core element of public policy in most countries. In India, the government is active in both education and health but the private sector also plays an important role, notably for heath, and to a lesser extent in education. At present, the quality and quantity of the outputs from education, and also form public health care, are holding back the process of economic development. Steps are being taken to draw more children into primary education and the paper considers ways to keep children in school. It also considers institutional changes that may help to improve the performance of the educational system and so boost human capital formation. This working Paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of India (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/india).