Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Admission to and Continuation of Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation in Queensland, Australia: A Survey of Factors that Contribute to the Consultant's Decision

Aim: To evaluate factors that may contribute to the decision of the consultant medical officer (CMO) to: (1) admit a person with stroke to inpatient rehabilitation from acute hospitalisation; and (2) continue or cease inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: A web-based survey of CMOs practising in Queensland Australia, who were members of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Geriatric Medicine (n ~ 90) or the Queensland Stroke Clinical Network (n ~ 30) was completed. The survey contained two sections to explore factors that could: (1) favour or disfavour admission to inpatient rehabilitation from acute hospitalisation; and (2) favour continuation or cessation of inpatient rehabilitation. Open and closed questions were used. Results: Twenty-one CMOs (13–20% response rate, 43% geriatrician) completed the survey. Factors related to physical function, along with the presence of social supports favoured admission, while the presence of behavioural and cognitive impairments and a lack of staff capacity disfavoured admission. Improvements in function favoured continuation of inpatient rehabilitation, while a lack of improvement favoured cessation. Conclusion: Factors related to the patient, their social support network and the organisation were found to influence the decision of the CMO to admit a person with stroke to inpatient rehabilitation from acute hospitalisation. Once in rehabilitation, demonstration of benefit was consistently reported to indicate continued service need.
MRI of animal models of developmental disorders and translation to human imaging.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW In order to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the specific brain alterations observed in immature newborn babies, preclinical studies on animal models mimicking clinical reality are mandatory and are ideally coupled with imaging modalities transferable to the human scenario. The availability of MRI techniques on both clinical and animal scanners allows this methodological transfer from bench to bedside. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the recent findings in MRI of animal models of developmental disorders and emphasize what we can learn from MRI on these models. RECENT FINDINGS Progress in newborn medicine has allowed the survival of increasingly immature newborns that is often associated with specific morbidities. The brain in particular shows developmentally linked vulnerability leading to specific brain injury and subsequent developmental disorders. MRI delivers a large amount of anatomical, microstructural and functional information and has been widely used to monitor cerebral development and characterize the specificity of brain lesions in the immature brain in humans and animal models. SUMMARY In this review, we will present the different animal models assessed by magnetic resonance techniques and the histopathological correlations observed, as well as the implications for human imaging.
Improving masticatory performance, bite force, nutritional state and patient's satisfaction with implant overdentures: a systematic review of the literature.

Oral function with removable dentures is improved when dental implants are used for support. A variety of methods is used to measure change in masticatory performance, bite force, patient's satisfaction and nutritional state. A systematic review describing the outcome of the various methods to assess patients' appreciation has not been reported. The objective is to systematically review the literature on the possible methods to measure change in masticatory performance, bite force, patient's satisfaction and nutritional state of patients with removable dentures and to describe the outcome of these. Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched (last search July 1, 2014). The search was completed by hand to identify eligible studies. Two reviewers independently assessed the articles. Articles should be written in English. Study design should be prospective. The outcome should be any assessment of function/satisfaction before and at least 1 year after treatment. Study population should consist of fully edentulous subjects. Treatment should be placement of any kind of root-form implant(s) to support a mandibular and/or maxillary overdenture. Fifty-three of 920 found articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A variety of methods was used to measure oral function; mostly follow-up was 1 year. Most studies included mandibular overdentures, three studies included maxillary overdentures. Implant-supported dentures were accompanied by high patient's satisfaction with regard to denture comfort, but this high satisfaction was not always accompanied by improvement in general quality of life (QoL) and/or health-related QoL. Bite force improved, masseter thickness increased and muscle activity in rest decreased. Patients could chew better and eat more tough foods. No changes were seen in dietary intake, BMI and blood markers. Improvements reported after 1 year apparently decreased slightly with time, at least on the long run. Treating complete denture wearers with implants to support their denture improves their chewing efficiency, increases maximum bite force and clearly improves satisfaction. The effect on QoL is uncertain, and there is no effect on nutritional state.
In-vivo brain neuroimaging provides a gateway for integrating biological and clinical biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Only 5% of the Alzheimer's cases are explained by genetic mutations, whereas the remaining 95% are sporadic. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sporadic Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, suggesting a complex multifactorial cause. This review summarizes the recent findings on research aiming to show how biomarkers can be used for revealing the underlying mechanisms of preclinical stage Alzheimer's disease and help in their diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS The undisputed successful publicly accessible repositories provide longitudinal brain images, clinical, genetic and proteomic information of Alzheimer's disease. By combining with increasingly sophisticated data analysis methods, it is a great opportunity for searching new biomarkers. Innovative studies validated theoretical models of disease progression demonstrating the sequential ordering of well-established biomarkers. Novel observations shed light on the interaction between biomarkers to confirm that disease progression is related to multiple pathological factors. A typical example is the tau-associated neuronal toxicity that can be additionally potentiated by amyloid β peptides. To increase further the complexity, studies report specific impact of common genetic variants that can be traced from childhood through middle age up to the symptomatic onset of Alzheimer's disease. SUMMARY The discovery of efficient therapies to prevent the disease or modify the progression of disease requires a more thorough understanding of the underlying biological processes. Neuroimaging, genetic and proteomic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease are critically discussed and proposed to be included in clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines.
December 2013 Tucson pulmonary journal club: hypothermia

Therapeutic hypothermia is recommended by international resuscitation guidelines for unconscious patients who regain spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest (1). Two randomized controlled trials in 2002 demonstrated that mild therapeutic hypothermia significantly improved neurologic outcomes and survival among patients who experienced cardiac arrests due to an initial shockable rhythm (2,3). However, the optimal temperature target for therapeutic hypothermia has yet to be determined.
Influences on viral replication and sensitivity to GLS4, a HAP compound, of naturally occurring T109/V124 mutations in hepatitis B virus core protein

Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) compounds inhibit HBV replication by binding to a hydrophobic pocket at the interface between hepatitis B virus core protein (HBcAg) dimer, which interrupts capsid assembly by changing the kinetics and thermodynamics during this process. Structure biological studies have identified several amino acids in HBcAg crucial for compound binding. Here, we investigated the polymorphisms of T109 and V124 amino acids in HBV sequences submitted to GenBank database. Naturally occurring T109 and V124 and/or possible compensatory mutations in neighbored amino acids were introduced into HBV‐expressing plasmids. Viral replication competence and sensitivity to GLS4, a HAP compound, were evaluated using transient transfection and in vitro infection cell models. All tested mutations in these amino acids led to decreasing viral DNA replication at different levels. Specially, T109N and all V124 mutants caused severe deficiencies in viral plus‐strand DNA synthesis. T109I single mutation and all T109S/M/C/N mutations impaired HBeAg secretion. T109I showed modestly decreased sensitivities with IC50 3.3‐ to 6.8‐folds higher than wild‐type virus. In vitro infection assay showed T109N and all V124 mutants failed to synthesize cccDNA and following viral proteins. The other mutants, however, produced functional cccDNA pools as wild‐type virus did. Taken together, we profiled the competences of viral replication and sensitivities to capsid inhibitor of naturally existing mutations in T109 and V124. This will help to understand the possible antiviral resistance issues in future clinical applications of capsid inhibitors.
Congenital myopathies: not only a paediatric topic.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews adult presentations of the major congenital myopathies - central core disease, multiminicore disease, centronuclear myopathy and nemaline myopathy - with an emphasis on common genetic backgrounds, typical clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS The congenital myopathies are a genetically heterogeneous group of conditions with characteristic histopathological features. Although essentially considered paediatric conditions, some forms - in particular those due to dominant mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1), the dynamin 2 (DNM2), the amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) and the Kelch repeat-and BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 13 (KBTBD13) gene - may present late into adulthood. Moreover, dominant RYR1 mutations associated with the malignant hyperthermia susceptibility trait have been recently identified as a common cause of (exertional) rhabdomyolysis presenting throughout life. In addition, improved standards of care and development of new therapies will result in an increasing number of patients with early-onset presentations transitioning to the adult neuromuscular clinic. Lastly, if nemaline rods are the predominant histopathological feature, acquired treatable conditions have to be considered in the differential diagnosis. SUMMARY Recently identified genotypes and phenotypes indicate a spectrum of the congenital myopathies extending into late adulthood, with important implications for clinical practice.
TOLERANCE TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF Δ9‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL IN THE RAT

1 Daily intraperitoneal injections of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC, 10 mg/kg) resulted in tolerance to the effects of the cannabinoid on body weight and body temperature within 1–2 weeks of treatment. 2 Tolerance failed to develop to the suppression of spontaneous motor activity produced by Δ9‐THC during 28 days of treatment with the cannabinoid (10 mg/kg, i.p. per day). 3 Following treatment with vehicle for 28 days, intravenous administration of Δ9‐THC in anaesthetized rats produced a transient pressor response followed by a sustained hypotension and bradycardia. 4 Tolerance to the hypotensive and negative chronotropic responses to intravenous Δ9‐THC was readily apparent in animals which had received daily intraperitoneal injections of Δ9‐THC (10 mg/kg) for 28 days. 5 Tolerance failed to develop to the pressor actions of intravenous Δ9‐THC after 28 days of pretreatment. 6 There was no difference in the pressor response to intravenous noradrenaline in vehicle‐treated animals (1.0 ml/kg, i.p., per day for 28 days) and Δ9‐THC‐treated animals (10 mg/kg, i.p., per day for 28 days).
Allograft Extensor Mechanism Reconstruction After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Extensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty is a rare, but catastrophic, complication. Although acute ruptures can sometimes be treated with direct repair of the torn quadriceps or patellar tendons, chronic injuries often require allograft reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to outline the technique of allograft extensor mechanism reconstruction after total knee arthroplasty.
Regulatory T cells in the control of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system

Purpose of reviewNew concepts in fundamental immunology, in particular the identification of a lineage of CD4 T cells endowed with regulatory properties, have revolutionized the understanding of immune-mediated diseases both in experimental models and in humans. Recent findingsThe impact of the T regulatory cells, characterized by the expression of CD25 and the foxp3 transcription factor, on the development and remission from central nervous system inflammation, and their therapeutic potential, is being aggressively studied in preclinical animal models. Recent data indicate that the CD4+CD25+foxp3+ T regulatory cells act both at the level of secondary lymphoid organs and in the inflamed central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. They contribute to the natural protection against autoimmunity and participate in the spontaneous remission of disease. Their role in multiple sclerosis is still unclear, but convergent data indicate that circulating CD4+CD25+ T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis exhibit defective regulatory properties. Several disease-modifying therapies act on T regulatory cells and their beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis could, in part, result from this mode of action. SummaryA better understanding of the induction of T regulatory cells, of their mechanisms of action, and of approaches to manipulate them in vivo may offer new therapeutic opportunities for patients with multiple sclerosis.
Older Adults’ Use of Adaptable Design Features in Housing Units: An Exploratory Study

In 1997, the city of North Vancouver, British Columbia developed Adaptable Design Guidelines for housing to support aging-in-place for older tenants. This article reports the first qualitative evaluation of those adaptable design features since those guidelines were implemented. The study used a qualitative methodology to explore the elderly tenants’ use and satisfaction of the adaptable design features in the housing units and environmental changes made by those tenants. Key qualitative categories that emerged from the interviews were design preferences and environmental modifications. Findings from this study can inform future revisions of the guidelines and demonstrate what needs to be done in environmental design of seniors’ housing that can foster functional independence.
Epidemiology, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer in the Asia–Pacific region: Current perspectives and important considerations

Because the Asia–Pacific region contains approximately 25% of the world's population, the rapidly rising incidence of breast cancer in this area represents a serious global health problem. Epidemiologic and biologic profiles of breast cancer in the Asia–Pacific region differ from those in Western countries. Compared with the West, breast cancer occurs more frequently among young premenopausal women and women in urban areas. Breast cancer is also more frequently diagnosed in advanced stages than in Western countries, and tumors are more likely to be estrogen receptor‐ and progesterone receptor‐negative. These differences can impact treatment selection, response to treatment, and outcomes, including morbidity and mortality. Breast cancer mortality in some countries of the Asia–Pacific region is two‐fold higher than in Western countries. The screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with breast cancer in the Asia–Pacific region are associated with a number of unique challenges. These include patient misperceptions about the disease and its treatment, a lack of access to imaging equipment and diagnostic testing, inconsistencies in the implementation of breast cancer screening programs and limited access to expensive treatments. Whereas some of the more Westernized countries within this region have established screening programs, many areas are still lacking in adequate breast cancer screening facilities. Various cultural and economic barriers must be addressed to improve treatment and outcomes for Asian‐Pacific patients with breast cancer.
Prevalence of anterior gingival recession and related factors among Saudi adolescent males in Abha City, Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia

Background: Gingival recessions (GR) are asymptomatic and develop slowly, it can be localized or generalized, and be associated with one or more surfaces. Age is a variable that several authors have found associated with gingival recession. This study aimed to evaluate gingival recession clinically and related variables in a population of Saudi adolescent males, Southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 Saudi adolescent males aged between 12 and 18 years. All periodontal clinical examinations were assessed using University of Michigan '0' probe with William's markings, a dental chair and one examiner. Questionnaires were used to collect diverse risk-related factors. Statistical analysis of the results was accomplished using Chi-square test (α = 0.05). Results: Out of 250 patients, 73.00% ± 8.97% were presented with gingival recession (GR) and 27.00% ± 4.11% without GR. The highest number 56 (22.4%) of patients were presented with GR and 8.4% without GR in the age group of 14 years. Then chronologically, 17.6% and 9.6%, 16.4% and 0.4%, 12.4% and 1.6%, and 0.8% and 0% patients were evident with and without GR of 15-, 17-, 16- and 18-years age groups, respectively. 22.25% ± 42.52% patients had GR in the upper left central incisors. Whereas, 17.25% ± 15.52%, 11.75% ± 17.48%, and 1.5% ± 1.91% patients were presented with GR in upper right central incisors, upper-left lateral incisors and upper-right lateral incisors, respectively. 50.4% ± 3.63% and 1.2% ± 0.31% having or not GR, respectively, who were not cleaning teeth at all. Toothbrush users had GR 28.8% ± 4.52% and 18% ± 2.84% without GR. Miswak and both aids users had or not GR were 18.8% ± 3.35%, 0.4% ± 0.15%, and 3.2% ± 0.49% and 4.4% ±1.13%, respectively. (51.6% ± 7.29%) of patients had GR without anterior crowding rather than the patients with anterior crowding (21.2 ± 3.49%). The highest percentage (38.4% ± 5.95%) of patients had GR having normal frenal attachments (Grade 0), whereas, in Grade 2, 1, and 3, patients had GR 34.8% ± 4.68%, 23.6% ± 3.08%, and 13.6% ± 2.20%, respectively. Interestingly, GRs were present in all patients who had habits of both smoking and tobacco use (8.4% ± 2.83%). Conclusion: The results of this study proved that neglecting oral hygiene is the most common cause behind increase the gingival recession among adolescents.
The Myopias: Basic Science and Clinical Management

The author has set for himself what would appear to be an unattainable goal—a truly comprehensive treatise. In The Myopias , Curtin has succeeded in producing a work of landmark merit. Within the bounds of current knowledge, there is no aspect of myopia that has not been discussed. Even the disproven cultlike treatments are dealt with objectively. This prodigious work has 2822 references and is divided into four principal parts: (1) basic science of myopia, (2) the clinical myopias, (3) pathologic myopia, and (4) special forms of myopia. The four parts are subdivided into 20 sec "[T]his work should serve as an incentive. [to] assure that the myopic patient be examined for more than spectacles or contact lenses. " tions, which are further divided into over 100 subdivisions. The socioeconomic implications, etiology, and psychological aspects, as well as the optics, are discussed. Oculometry and visual fields are also included, and the section
Clinical efficacy of new aloe vera- and myrrh-based oral mucoadhesive gels in the management of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy, and safety of newly customized natural oral mucoadhesive gels, containing either aloe vera or myrrh as active ingredients, in the management of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (MiRAS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety subjects with MiRAS were recruited from Oral Medicine Clinic, at Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, for this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Two new natural gels, containing aloe vera and myrrh, were prepared in a concentration of (0.5% w/w), in addition to a plain mucoadhesive gel used as a placebo. Patients with fresh ulcers (<48-h duration) were instructed to apply either one of the three gels four times a day for a period of 5 days. Clinical efficacy was investigated in the form of changes in ulcer size, pain intensity, erythema, and exudation at days 4 and 6 of study entry. Participants were interviewed for the emergence of any side effects. RESULTS 76.6% of patients using aloe gel showed complete ulcer healing, 86.7%, and 80% of them revealed subsidence of erythema and exudation, respectively, especially at day 6 visit, whereas 76.7% of myrrh-treated patients revealed almost absence of pain at day 6. No side effects were encountered with the use of any of the three gels. CONCLUSION The new formulated aloe- and myrrh-based gels proved to be effective in topical management of MiRAS. Aloe was superior in decreasing ulcer size, erythema, and exudation; whereas myrrh resulted in more pain reduction.
The immune system's role in the biology of autism

Purpose of reviewThe following is a review of the most recent research concerning the potential role of immune system dysfunction in autism. This body of literature has expanded dramatically over the past few years as researchers continue to identify immune anomalies in individuals with autism. Recent findingsThe most exciting of these recent findings is the discovery of autoantibodies targeting brain proteins in both children with autism and their mothers. In particular, circulating maternal autoantibodies directed toward fetal brain proteins are highly specific for autism. This finding has great potential as a biomarker for disease risk and may provide an avenue for future therapeutics and prevention. Additionally, data concerning the cellular immune system in children with autism suggest there may be a defect in signaling pathways that are shared by the immune and central nervous systems. Although studies to explore this hypothesis are ongoing, there is great interest in the commonalities between the neural and immune systems and their extensive interactions. SummaryIn summary, the exciting research regarding the role of the immune system in autism spectrum disorders may have profound implications for diagnosis and treatment of this devastating disease.