Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Fuzzy Model for Early Software Quality Prediction and Module Ranking

Testing is one of the most expensive but essential software development activity that helps the software professionals to deliver quality software. The quality of software is judged on the basis of number of faults lying dormant inside the software. Software systems are developed by integrating various independent modules. These modules are neither equally important nor do they contain an equal amount of faults and may be categorized as fault-prone (FP) or not fault-prone (NFP) depending on the number of fault present in the module. FP modules may require more testing than NFP modules because of its likelihood of containing more faults. Also, modules either NFP or FP may not have the equal fault-prone degree and therefore testing resources should be allocated on the basis of its fault-prone degree. Therefore, it is desirable to rank these FP modules on the basis of its fault prone degree. Ranking helps software professionals to prioritize their testing action. This paper presents a new approach of early software quality prediction and ranking. Quality prediction is done by classifying software modules as FP or NFP. Furthermore, modules are ranked using software metrics and fuzzy ordering algorithm on the basis of their degree of fault proneness. Ranking of fault-prone module along with classification found to be a new approach to help in prioritizing and allocating test resources to the respective software modules. The model accuracy is validated through KC2 dataset. The results observed are found promising, when compared with some of the earlier models.
Soft Commitments, Reminders, and Academic Performance

We provide first evidence that a soft commitment device enhances progress in education and, more generally, improves the completion of complex tasks—such as passing exams. In our field experiment, students can sign a nonbinding agreement and commit to staying on track for graduation. We find that those who were offered the soft commitment device are more likely to sign up for, take part in, and pass exams. A pure reminder treatment does not change behavior, which suggests that the effects are not driven by increased salience. We also show that procrastinators benefit most from the commitment device. (JEL C93, D12, D91, I23)
Block Lanczos and many-body theory: Application to the one-particle Green's function

The importance of the block or band Lanczos method for many-body Green’s function calculations of atomic and molecular systems is discussed. The usual computation schemes for determining the Green’s function involve the diagonalization of Hermitian secular matrices. Considerable numerical difficulties arise, on the one hand, from the size of these matrices and, on the other hand, from the large number of eigenvalues and eigenvectors which often need to be computed in practice. In the case of the one-particle Green’s function it is shown how the computational effort of the diagonalization process can be substantially reduced using block Lanczos. The proposed procedure which consists of a block Lanczos ‘‘prediagonalization’’ and a subsequent diagonalization of the resulting smaller secular matrices quite naturally exploits the specific structure of the secular problems encountered. Its computational performance is demonstrated in a model application to the benzene molecule. The calculation of the complete valence-shell ionization spectra of the systems BeF42 , BeF3 , and BeF2 is devised as a further application of the method in the particular case where the treatment of the full secular problem is computationally prohibitively expensive. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. @S0021-9606~96! 01817-8# I. INTRODUCTION In the framework of many-body theory the Green’s function formalism 1‐4 constitutes a powerful and elegant theoretical tool for investigating properties and excitation processes in many-particle systems. The Green’s function provides direct access to important physical quantities as, for example, ionization energies and spectral intensities by the one-particle Green’s function without the need to resort to .
Does Incorporation of Silicon Increases Lipophilicity? A Theoretical Perspective

The lipophilicity, which refers to the ability of a compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids and non polar solvents such as hexane or toluene, is an important parameter for a drug to successfully pass through clinical development [1-3]. The lipophilicity is a measure of all the intermolecular forces between solute and two phases between which it partitions [4]. Generally, the lipophilicity is expressed experimentally as the octanol-water partition coefficient P (logP) or as distribution coefficients (logD). The logP describes the partition equilibrium of an un-ionized solute, while logD determines the ratio of the sum of the concentrations of all forms of the compound (pH-dependent mixture of ionized and unionized forms) in each of the two phases. Accurate determination of LogP is very important requirement in drug design. Theoretical calculation of LogP has been practiced for a long time. In practice, theoretical LogP values evaluated using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are practiced more often rather than expensive experimental measurements [5-6]. However, screening based on QSAR models often lead to erroneous results [7-8].
The Creative Use of Idioms in Advertising

This paper is concerned with the cognitive mechanisms involved in the creative exploitation of idiomatic expressions in advertisements. In line with Grady et al. (1999), the analysis is based on the complementing theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending, each handling different aspects of the complex message. Assuming that idioms are motivated by conventional images and metaphorical mappings (cf. Lakoff 1987, Kovecses and Szabo (1996), Gibbs (1997) etc.), it is argued that these conceptual metaphors form the basis of creative blends, which in some respects are similar to the pattern referred to as “double grounding” (Feyaerts and Brone 2002).
Screening in patients with coronary heart disease for severity of night episodes of obstructive sleep apnea and its impact on heart rate variability

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders, which affects 4% of men and 2% of women in the world population. The disorder can be diagnosed in men and women of all ages; however, its incidence increases with age. Patients with OSA experience increased levels of sympathetic nervous system activity, which is evidenced by the increased catecholamines secretion. They are at an increased risk of developing complications of coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of results of screening for OSA on the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems within the scope of selected heart rate variability (HRV) parameters (time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of the HRV) in patients with CHD. Material and methods. Holter recordings of 146 patients aged 43–78 (106 of whom were men) were analysed retrospectively. The patients were divided into four groups on the basis of the estimated apnea–hypopnea index (eAHI), assessed by means of 24-hour recordings of electrocardiogram with Lifescreen Apnea software: < 5 (control group), from 5 to < 15 (mild), from 15 to < 30 (moderate) and ≥ 30 episodes (severe). For each patient, a profile of power spectrum alterations was developed for low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) in 60-minute periods between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. and standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD) values were calculated. The power spectrum in the consecutive one-hour periods was averaged in both groups. In view of the right-skewed distribution of data, the average power spectra were converted into natural logarithms. In order to assess the significance of variations, the natural logarithms of the average values were compared using the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. In the examined groups, there were statistically significant differences in the HF band of power spectrum between the control group and the group of patients with mild OSA (p < 0.01), those with severe OSA (p < 0.01) and also between the group with mild and moderate OSA (p < 0.01). In the LF band of power spectrum, the only difference was seen between the group of patients with mild OSA and those with moderate OSA (p < 0.01). In the time-domain analysis of HRV (SDNN, rMSSD), no statistically significant differences between the groups were observed. Conclusions. High frequency band of power spectrum [HF] in frequency-domain HRV analysis could be a more effective parameter to distinguish patients with mild OSA (from 5 to < 15) and severe OSA (≥ 30) in patients suffering from CHD, than the power spectrum for LF or SDNN and rMSSD.
Phosphorus requirement in laying hens

It was hypothesized that P supply by feed in alternative housing systems can be lowered without negative effects on bone quality and production performance. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were 1) to update the retainable phosphorus (rP) needs of two modern laying hen breeds from 36 to 90 weeks of age housed in an aviary system, 2) to investigate the influence of dietary rP levels on Ca and P content in eggs, manure, carcasses and bones.
The impact of co-agglomeration of distributive trad es and manufacturing industry on export ratio: A Tobit empirical study

This paper makes empirical tests on the influences of co-agglomeration of distributive trades and manu facturing industry on the consumer goods manufacturers’ expor t ratio using industry and enterprise data of 17 ea stern cities in China for 2005-2009. The results show that the form er is an significantly positive determinant of the latter, and there is a nonlinear "inverted U shape" relationship betw een them in the long term. The policy meaning lies in that strengthening the co-agglomeration helps raise expo rt ratios of small and medium enterprises that prod uce consumer goods, but it should also be avoided that the negat ive effect of extra high co-agglomeration degree on export ratio.
Property Rights and Market: Employee Privatization as a Cooperative Bargaining Process

The paper presents a game-theoretic model in order to investigate to what extent an employee privatization program of a State owned firm can be feasible under certain assumptions concerning the players' objective functions and the market structure in which the firm operates. The public managers are assumed interested in the firm's value, while the workers aim at maximizing the per capita surplus over the wage. The privatization process is then described as a bargaining process between the government in the role of core investor in the firm's physical assets and the workers of the firm, whose only asset is their personal skill. In the model the market structure in which the firm sells its product is assumed to be imperfectly competitive. After presenting the case of a monopolistic firm, the paper explores what happens if the firm plays a duopoly quantity game. The final section is devoted to introducing to the analysis an x-efficiency cost proportional to the public share of the ownership.
Reduced Feather Growth Rates of Two Common Birds Inhabiting Central Amazonian Forest Fragments

Abstract: Forest fragmentation may negatively affect populations typically found within continuous forest tracts. Some effects, such as absence from small fragments, are obvious, but other effects may be subtle and easily overlooked. We evaluated the hypothesis that forest birds dwelling in fragments, where microclimatic conditions have been shown to be hotter and drier than in continuous forest, may be in poorer physiological condition than those in the forest interior. We studied two bird species, the Wedge‐billed Woodcreeper ( Glyphorynchus spirurus) and the White‐crowned Manakin ( Pipra pipra), common to the fragmented landscape north of Manaus, Brazil. We analyzed feather growth rates in Pipra and Glyphorynchus captured in 1‐, 10‐, and 100‐ha forest fragments and continuous forest. Mean daily feather growth rates of the outer right rectrix of birds captured in fragments were significantly slower than feather growth rates of birds captured in continuous forest. Based on recapture data, Wedge‐billed Woodcreepers probably grew their feathers in sites where they were first captured. White‐crowned Manakins, however, were highly mobile and were recaptured rarely. Although we cannot conclusively show that fragmentation caused birds to be in poorer physiological condition, the data indicate that birds in poorer physiological condition were more likely to be captured in fragments than in continuous forest. Thus, our data suggest that forest fragmentation may have subtle but important effects on species that are relatively common after landscape alteration.
Identity and Terrorism : ‘ Payoffs ’ and ‘ Motivations ’

That a dividing line has been drawn between economics and psychology is evident from a review of the most recent terrorism studies literature. The division is centred on the motivations of terrorism and the payoffs to terrorism. Psychology has generally been interested in motivations. Economics has generally been interested in payoffs. The objective of this paper is to show, by examining the psychologically important factor of ‘identity’, that it is very difficult to draw a clear dividing line between motivations and payoffs. Identity and self image are factors that motivate individuals to become terrorists but the gains and losses in identity and self image that result from engagement in terrorism are payoffs to terrorism. Factors that are important to the study of terrorism must sometimes be understood as both motivations and payoffs. The analysis of these factors requires the analytical frameworks of both economic science and psychology.
Comprehensive evaluation model for Smart Growth

With continued urban sprawling and the loss of farmland, urban planning has become increasingly important and necessary. And Smart growth focuses on building cities that embrace the sustainability, so it is useful to explore the theory and implement it into city design. Here we establish a complete evaluation system to evaluate the degree of Smart growth and the development plan of a city. Some main indicators are arranged into different levels for quantitative analysis and then we establish multi-objective programming model to compare the plans in order to distinguish from the good and the bad one. Using our method, good results all have been achieved, and finally we give our own explanation.
The Current Account and the Interest Rate Differential in Canada

The analysis of the current account and the real interest rate differential have been important enterprises. From a policy-maker’s point of view, the current account is important, because it provides information about the amount of foreign resources that must be borrowed to fund domestic investment, and as such, it informs on the changes in foreign indebtedness. The interest differential is important, because it yields information on the real cost of borrowing at home, relative to the real cost of borrowing abroad. It is generally agreed that (monetary) stabilization policies must alter the interest differential to affect the course of the business cycle in open economies.
Enhancing carbon sequestration potential and nutrient release dynamics under conservation agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India: A review

Conservation management approaches focusing on minimizing soil disturbance maximizing soil cover, and stimulating biological activity can be achieved with different cropping choices and production goals in different environments all around the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the RDF treatment and 0.82% in the RDF+FYM treatment and increased enzyme activities, which potentially influence soil nutrients dynamics under field condition. Compared to F1 (first time, u need to indicate treatment details, otherwise, F1-ns not understood) control treatment the RDF+FYM treatment sequestered 0.28 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.13 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. As tillage intensity increased there was a redistribution of SOC in the profile, but it occurred only between ZT and PRB since under CT, SOC stock decreased even below the plow layer. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the RDF treatment and 0.82% in the RDF+FYM treatment. Compared to F1 control treatment the RDF+FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 Mg C ha-1 yr1 whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The atmospheric carbon reservoir is significantly affected by change in lithogenic carbon reservoir (? ) we did not do this, as we did not have data? ). Carbon reservoir of soil is strongly influenced by the interaction between different biogeochemical cycles and environmental processes. At the local scale land use and soil management have also a significant impact on the soil carbon pool. Soil carbon is the major determinant of soil quality and agronomic viability because of its influence on other soil features. Soil carbon separation includes physical and chemical methods and their combinations in a sequence. These are not based on review or data presented in the paper.
Influences of Enzyme complex supplementation on growth, ileal and apparent fecal digestibility and morphology of small intestine in pigs

A total of 140 weaning pigs were used to determine the effects of digestive enzyme supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance, physiological changes of small intestine, microorganisms and pH in the gastrointestinal tract. Two kinds of enzyme complex (A, B) were used in this experiment. Pigs were allotted in a completely random design (CRD) to five replicates with four pigs per pen. Diets and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. Treatments included 1) Control: without enzyme supplementation, 2) Enzyme A 0.05%, 3) Enzyme A 0.10%, 4) Enzyme A 0.15%, 5) Enzyme B 0.05%, 6) Enzyme B 0.10%, 7) Enzyme B 0.15% in the diets. A total of 24 crossbred barrows 25.78′0.55 kg BW fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas were used to evaluate the effect the enzyme addition on the nutrient digstibility. Pigs were allotted 4 treatments (No enzyme, enzyme A 0.05%, enzyme A 0.1%, enzyme A 0.15%), 6 replicates according to a completely random design (CRD). Another digestibility trial was followed for enzyme complex B. Twenty pigs, average 31.92′0.37 kg BW, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas for digestibility trial. Neither enzyme A nor enzyme B affected on fecal or ileal digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash (p>0.05). The apparent fecal digestibilities of all the nutrients were higher in total feces collection method than in indirect method. At the end of feeding trial, 21 pigs were slaughtered for examining the morphological changes of small intestine and the concentration of microorganisms in the ileum and the colon. Growth performance, intestinal morphology and pH of ileum and colon were not affected by the either enzyme complex supplementation (p>0.05). These results suggested that enzyme complex A and enzyme complex B were of no benefit to early-weaned pigs when corn-soybean meal based diet was provided.
Amino Acid Profile , Mineral , Pasting , Thermal and Protein Solubility Characteristics of Sorghum-Finger millet based Complementary Food as affected by Fermentation

In this study, sorghum-finger millet based complementary food incorporated with amaranth and pumpkin seed flour was formulated and the effect of fermentation on some of its characteristics was investigated. It was observed that fermentation significantly increased pasting temperature and decreased peak viscosity, breakdown and setback of the formulated foods. The foods had a final viscosity range of 831-2202 cP in non-fermented samples and 719-2135 cP in fermented samples. Formulated foods had a recommended consistency range of 1000–3000 cP except for Millet-Amaranth-Pumpkin, fermented Sorghum-Pumpkin and fermented Sorghum-Amaranth-Pumpkin. Protein solubility exhibited lowest solubility at isoelectric pH of 4 for non-fermented samples and between pH 4 and 6 for fermented samples. It was further observed that fermentation increased protein solubility. Threonine and lysine were found to be the most limiting amino acids in almost all samples. Results on mineral content showed potassium and magnesium to be the highest and higher than the reference levels set by FAO/WHO. Furthermore, high zinc levels were observed and calcium was highest in Millet-Amaranth-Pumpkin. Although the amino acid profile was found to be low, the formulated complementary foods meet other relevant nutritional requirements ideal for complementary foods.
Assessment of Evidence-Based Practice in a Tertiary Health Institution in Nigeria Using Laboratory Result

Medical laboratory services provide the largest body of empirical data that constitute the evidence in health care practice. It is the aim of this work to assess the usage of evidence –based practice by clinicians in our public health institution. One thousand (1000) structured questionnaires were distributed among clinicians working in one urban tertiary institution in Nigeria after given their consents to participate. The results showed that pediatrics department participated more with a percentage of 27.8% (270/970) while Community medicine showed least participation with 7.2%(70/970) . All respondents affirmed that the use of laboratory results prior to the treatment of patients is necessary. However, 75% of the respondents agreed that the formats of reporting laboratory results are standard and clear. The study further revealed that 46% of the doctors believed in having discussion with the laboratory staff over laboratory test results for better understanding as opposed to 54% who say it is not necessary. The study also showed that 71% of the doctors in the hospital usually do not request for the results of the ordered test when the patient has commenced treatment. Seventy percent (70%) of the doctors affirmed positively that the results are delivered on time. In conclusion, although clinicians agree on evidence –based practice, a greater number still do not practice it in true sense.
Concentration Changes Of PM10 Under Liquid Precipitation Conditions

Abstract This study reports the results of field research into variability of the scavenging coefficient (Λ) of suspended dust comprising particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 mm. Registration of PM10 over 7 years in conditions of the occurrence of rainfall (convective light showers, large-scale precipitation and storms) was undertaken in an undeveloped rural area. The analysis involved 806 observations taken at constant time intervals of 0.5 hour. The measurements of the concentration of PM10 were performed by means of a reference method accompanied by concurrent registration of basic meteorological parameters. It was found that, for PM10, the scavenging efficiency is considerably influenced by rainfall intensity R and the type of precipitation. In the case of convective precipitation, data on Λ are only partially related to “classical approach” of rain scavenging. Within the range of comparable values of rainfall intensity, the type of wet deposition (except for storms) does not influence the effectiveness of scavenging PM10 from the ground-level zone. The large number of observations conducted in real-time conditions yielded a proposal of simple regression model, which can be deemed suitable for the description of variability Λ (DPM10), but only to a limited extent for large-scale precipitation. The collected results can be applied in air pollution dispersion models and deposition and were found to be generally representative for areas with similar climatic characteristics.