Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Generalization of Schur's Theorem

This paper is an excerpt from the author's 1968 PhD dissertation [Yale University, 1968] in which the (now) well-known result, commonly known as the Folkman-Rado-Sanders theorem, is proved. The proof uses (finite) alternating sums of integers and an 'iterated Ramsey theorem' in a way analogous to the proof of Schur's theorem using differences of integers and Ramsey's theorem for the coloring of the edges of a complete graph. The proof predates all others except J. Folkman, who based his proof on van der Waerden's theorem. The paper also contains the first published statement of the countable version of the theorem, which came to be misattributed to Graham and Rothschild, but predated their statement by three years.
IDIOTYPIC UNIFORMITY OF CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is thought to be a malignancy of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, since the leukemic cells from a majority of patients bear easily detectable membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) (1), possess a complement (C3) receptor (2), and do not bind sheep erythrocytes (3). Since in most studies (1, 3-5), but not all (6), the cells from an individual patient bear Ig restricted to a single light chain class, it is suspected that the CLL lymphocytes represent the progeny of a single clone of B cells. The present study provides support for the clonal proliferation of CLL cells by demonstrating in a single patient that the Ig on virtually all of the CLL cells possess the same idiotypic (variable region) determinants. The anti-idiotypic serum, prepared against a circulating paraprotein, reacted only with the paraprotein and the surface Ig on the CLL cells and not with a variety of other serum or cell-bound Igs.
Large extra dimensions

The ADD scenario proposes that our world exists on a three-dimensional slice through a higher-dimensional universe. It tries to solve the hierarchyproblem (the question why gravity is so much weaker than the other forces in nature) by assuming that only gravity can propagate through the extra dimensions, thereby spreading its power over extra space. The model predicts potentially observable e ects in astrophysical experiments and these can be used to derive bounds on the size of the extra dimensions and the higher-dimensional Planck scale. Supernova observations have provided some of the strongest bounds on the parameters. This report describes the ADD scenario and its physical implications for the purpose of considering the most important constraints on this model derived from supernova observations. ∗Bachelor project for the bachelor physics & astrophysics (12 EC), student no. 0513652 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam
A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU.

BACKGROUND There is a need for close communication with relatives of patients dying in the intensive care unit (ICU). We evaluated a format that included a proactive end-of-life conference and a brochure to see whether it could lessen the effects of bereavement. METHODS Family members of 126 patients dying in 22 ICUs in France were randomly assigned to the intervention format or to the customary end-of-life conference. Participants were interviewed by telephone 90 days after the death with the use of the Impact of Event Scale (IES; scores range from 0, indicating no symptoms, to 75, indicating severe symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; subscale scores range from 0, indicating no distress, to 21, indicating maximum distress). RESULTS Participants in the intervention group had longer conferences than those in the control group (median, 30 minutes [interquartile range, 19 to 45] vs. 20 minutes [interquartile range, 15 to 30]; P<0.001) and spent more of the time talking (median, 14 minutes [interquartile range, 8 to 20] vs. 5 minutes [interquartile range, 5 to 10]). On day 90, the 56 participants in the intervention group who responded to the telephone interview had a significantly lower median IES score than the 52 participants in the control group (27 vs. 39, P=0.02) and a lower prevalence of PTSD-related symptoms (45% vs. 69%, P=0.01). The median HADS score was also lower in the intervention group (11, vs. 17 in the control group; P=0.004), and symptoms of both anxiety and depression were less prevalent (anxiety, 45% vs. 67%; P=0.02; depression, 29% vs. 56%; P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Providing relatives of patients who are dying in the ICU with a brochure on bereavement and using a proactive communication strategy that includes longer conferences and more time for family members to talk may lessen the burden of bereavement. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00331877.)
On the convergence of an EM-type algorithm for penalized likelihood estimation in emission tomography

Recently, we proposed an extension of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm that was able to handle regularization terms in a natural way. Although very general, convergence proofs were not valid for many possibly useful regularizations. We present here a simple convergence result that is valid assuming only continuous differentiability of the penalty term and can be also extended to other methods for penalized likelihood estimation in tomography.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) adsorption on material: influence of gas phase concentration, relative humidity and VOC type.

UNLABELLED This paper presents the results of a factorial experiment design analysis to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) adsorption on a ceiling tile. The impacts of three factors, VOC gas phase concentration, relative humidity, and VOC type, as single parameters and as a combination, on adsorption have been investigated. Cyclohexane, toluene, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol and methanol were the five VOCs used in this study. A factor significant level was determined through evaluating its F value and comparing it with the critical value of F distribution at 95% confidence level. It was found that: (i) neither the relative humidity and gas phase concentration nor any interaction effect between them had significant impacts on toluene adsorption on the ceiling tile; (ii) the adsorption isotherm appeared to be linear for the non-polar compounds and non-linear for the semi-polar and polar compounds; (iii) no significant impact of relative humidity on adsorption was observed for most VOC compounds except for methanol; and (iv) the ceiling tile had the highest adsorption capacity toward the polar compounds, followed by the aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds. In addition, the statistical analysis regarding the experimental results of toluene as a single compound or as a part of a mixture showed that toluene adsorption capacity on the ceiling tile as a single compound was higher than as a part of a mixture. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Building materials and furnishings may act as source and sink of VOCs in the indoor environment. In this study, a factorial experiment design analysis technique was used to show the impact of three factors, VOC gas phase concentration, relative humidity, and VOC type, as single parameters and as a combination, on the adsorption process (sink effect). The aim was to better understand the interaction between these parameters and to verify the common assumptions made in the model development and measurement of indoor air quality.
A prion protein variant in a family with the telencephalic form of Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker syndrome

We present a patient with a mutation in the open reading frame of the prion protein gene (PRNP), which results in substitution of valine for alanine at codon 117. The patient is a member of a large American kindred of German descent with the telencephalic form of Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker syndrome (GSS). Two other affected members of this kindred carried this mutation, as inferred from haplotypes of their offspring and spouses. The mutation was absent in one member with a protracted neurologic illness that differed from the other affected members' illnesses. The identification of a distinct PRNP mutation in the telencephalic form of GSS supports the hypothesis that allelic forms of PRNP may correspond to distinct clinical disease entities. NEUROLOGY 1991;41:681‐684
Ten years of freedom from smallpox: lessons and experiences. Dedicated to the tenth anniversary of worldwide freedom from smallpox.

Many lessons and experiences were learned during the global programme of smallpox eradication, the most important being those which could be generalized and applied to other health programmes. This does not mean imitating or implementing smallpox eradication techniques to other diseases, since each infection requires its own strategy. It is difficult to dissect out the single key element or to equate the various factors responsible for the success, as these always worked together, in combination, depending one on others. For global eradication, the element of essential importance was international cooperation and close coordination of activities between nations. This would be impossible without proper mechanisms dedicated to international cooperation in the field of health, provided by the World Health Organization, which also assured mobilization of world resources for national programmes and application of appropriate techniques across international borders. The established specific, practical and measurable goals, objectives and targets made every programme worker clearly understand what was to be accomplished and to find his own role in achieving these objectives. Operational techniques had to be flexible, modified appropriately from country to country to make them suitable to present epidemiological situations, local administrative and health structures as well as to demographic and geographic patterns. It was the effective system of surveillance and outbreak-containment that ultimately proved to have been the key to eradication. However, application of skillful management, sound epidemiological principles, advanced technology and adequate logistic support contributed significantly to the achievement of the final goal. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy

ABSTRACT Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors derived from peptide- and amine-secreting cells of the neuroendocrine system. NETs commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract but can arise in most organs of the body. Although the incidence of NETs is not high, the prevalence is relatively high because many patients may live relatively long periods without major symptoms from the disease. Whilst many of these tumors take on an indolent clinical course, they constitute a therapeutic challenge when they progress, metastasize and become symptomatic. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach that may include cytotoxic chemotherapy. Almost all clinical trials investigating cytotoxic chemotherapy in NETs are small single-arm studies, hence guidelines are derived from expert opinion and from extrapolating results from small-cell lung cancer studies. This article provides a broad coverage of systemic therapies for NETs but focusses on the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Making security type systems less ad hoc

Abstract We present a uniform, top-down design method for security type systems applied to a parallel while-language. The method takes the following route: from a notion of end-to-end security via a collection of stronger notions of anytime security targeting compositionality to a matching collection of type-system-like syntactic criteria. This method has emerged by distilling and unifying security type system results from the literature while formalizing them in a proof assistant. Unlike in our previous papers on this topic, here we focus entirely on high-level ideas instead of technical proof details.
Tumor‐specific changes in mtDNA content in human cancer

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations are associated with various cancer types, suggesting that the mitochondrial genome may be a critical contributing factor in carcinogenesis. mtDNA alterations have been suggested as a potentially sensitive and specific biomarker for several cancer types. We examined mtDNA content in 25 pairs of normal and tumor breast tissue samples, 37 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 21 benign thyroid neoplasms and in 20 paired normal and PTC samples. Our results showed that mtDNA content was reduced in 80% of the breast tumors relative to their corresponding normal. mtDNA was increased in papillary thyroid carcinomas, however, when compared to the corresponding normal DNA taken from the same individual. Also, mtDNA content was increased in none‐paired PTC samples compared to the normal controls. Our findings indicate that changes in mtDNA content during carcinogenesis may be regulated in a tumor specific manner. Additionally, changes in mtDNA levels did not correlate with tumor grade and metastasis, suggesting that these alterations may occur in the early stages of tumorigenesis. Our findings suggest that mtDNA content can be used as a molecular diagnostic tool to help identify genetic abnormalities in human tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward a Theory of Second-Order Corruption

In this article, I identify two kinds of corruption: first-order and second-order corruption. First-order corruption is the abuse of power by either individuals or groups for private gain given a system of existing rules or norms, whereas second-order corruption is the abuse of power by individuals or groups in that they change the existing rules or norms to benefit from them unfairly. I argue that second-order corruption has certain unique characteristics that make it harder to identify and more harmful for both the corporation and society in the long run, and conclude by suggesting some ways to deal with it.
Sex differences in the sources of genetic liability to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of U.S. twins.

BACKGROUND There are substantial sex differences in all levels of alcohol involvement among U.S. adults. The goal of this study was to test whether the magnitude and sources of genetic and environmental influences on liability for alcohol abuse and dependence differ for men and women. METHODS Structured personal interviews were used to assess DSM-III-R- and DSM-IV-defined alcohol abuse and dependence among 5091 male and 4168 female twins (including 1546 identical, 1128 same-sex fraternal, and 1423 opposite-sex pairs) born in Virginia between 1934 and 1974. Twin correlations were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The magnitude of twin-pair resemblance was similar across several definitions of alcoholism and was substantially higher among identical than fraternal pairs. The proportion of population variation in liability attributed to genetic factors was substantial among both women (55-66%) and men (51-56%), and we found little evidence of a role of environmental factors shared by family members. In all definitions studied, we could reject a model that the genetic sources of liability in the two sexes overlap completely. CONCLUSION In this first population-based study of alcoholism among male and female twins from the U.S., we found that genetic factors play a major role in the development of alcoholism in both sexes, that the magnitudes of genetic influence were equally high for men and women, and that the genetic sources of vulnerability are partially, but not completely, overlapping in men and women.
Imaging Collagen in Intact Viable Healthy and Atherosclerotic Arteries Using Fluorescently Labeled CNA35 and Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy

We evaluated CNA35 as a collagen marker in healthy and atherosclerotic arteries of mice after both ex vivo and in vivo administration and as a molecular imaging agent for the detection of atherosclerosis. CNA35 conjugated with fluorescent Oregon Green 488 (CNA35/OG488) was administered ex vivo to mounted viable muscular (uterine), elastic (carotid), and atherosclerotic (carotid) arteries and fresh arterial rings. Two-photon microscopy was used for imaging. CNA35/OG488 labeling in healthy elastic arteries was compared with collagen type I, III, and IV antibody labeling in histologic sections. For in vivo labeling experiments, CNA35/OG488 was injected intravenously in C57BL6/J and apolipoprotein E−/− mice. Ex vivo CNA35/OG488 strongly labeled collagen in the tunica adventitia, media, and intima of muscular arteries. In healthy elastic arteries, tunica adventitia was strongly labeled, but labeling in tunica media and intima was prevented by endothelium and elastic laminae. Histology confirmed the affinity of CNA35 for type I, III, and IV collagen in arteries. Strong CNA35/OG488 labeling was found in atherosclerotic plaques. In vivo applied CNA35/OG488 minimally labeled the tunica intima of healthy carotid arteries. Atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E−/− mice exhibited large uptake. CNA35/OG488 imaging in organs revealed endothelium as a limiting barrier for in vivo uptake. CNA35/OG488 is a good molecular imaging agent for atherosclerosis.
Changing demographics, epidemiology, and survival of incident pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the pulmonary hypertension registry of the United Kingdom and Ireland.

RATIONALE Incident pulmonary arterial hypertension was underrepresented in most pulmonary hypertension registries and may have a different disease profile to prevalent disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the characteristics and outcome of a purely incident, treatment-naive cohort of idiopathic, heritable, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension and to determine the changes in presentations and survival over the past decade in the United Kingdom and Ireland. METHODS All consecutive newly diagnosed patients from 2001 to 2009 were identified prospectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 482 patients (93% idiopathic, 5% heritable, and 2% anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension) were diagnosed, giving rise to an estimated incidence of 1.1 cases per million per year and prevalence of 6.6 cases per million in 2009. Younger patients (age ≤ 50 yrs) had shorter duration of symptoms, fewer comorbidities, better functional and exercise capacity, higher percent diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, more severe hemodynamic impairment, but better survival compared with older patients. In comparison with the earlier cohorts, patients diagnosed in 2007-2009 were older, more obese, had lower percent diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide,(,) and more comorbidities, but better survival. Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL) equation, REVEAL risk score, and Pulmonary Hypertension Connection Registry survival equation accurately predicted survival of our incident cohort at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the influence of age on phenotypes of incident pulmonary arterial hypertension and has shown the changes in demographics and epidemiology over the past decade in a national setting. The results suggest that there may be two subtypes of patients: the younger subtype with more severe hemodynamic impairment but better survival, compared with the older subtype who has more comorbidities.
New syndrome: brain malformation, growth retardation, hypokinesia and polyhydramnios in two brothers

We report two brothers who were born after pregnancies characterized by polyhykinesia. Both had brain malformations (absence of corpus callosum in one; arhinencephaly in the other), telecanthus and narrow palpebral fissures. This family and several similar phenotypes reported only in affected brothers could reflect X-linked inheritance.
Maternal Age and Birth Rank in the Aetiology of Mongolism

The association beween the incidence of mongolism and maternal age and birth rank was examined by comparing a series of 217 mongoloid infants born in 1942-52 in Birmingham England with a control group of 1156 infants representative of all births in the city during this period. The incidence of mongolism clearly increased with maternal age from a low of 0.31/1000 in the 15-19 and 20-24 year maternal age group to a high of 9.99/1000 in the 45-49 year age group. The incidence of mongolism also increased with birth rank (0.77/1000 at birth rank 1 0.67/1000 at birth rank 2 0.98/1000 at birth rank 3 1.32/1000 at birth rank 4 and 2.07/1000 at birth ranks 5 and above). Further analysis indicated that the association with maternal age is almost independent of birth rank and that association with birth rank is largely eliminated when the influence of maternal age is removed. There is however an excess of mongoloid infants in the 1st birth rank at all maternal ages except 40 years and above. Analysis of a series identified at birth which was the procedure in this study is considered desirable because it avoids the error introduced by the high early mortality of mongoloids and the marked increase in infant mortality from infection with birth order.
Total hip arthroplasty for fractures of the proximal femur in older patients

Displaced fractures of the proximal femur are common in older patients. The optimal treatment is still under debate. We retrospectively reviewed the results of 53 consecutive total hip arthroplasties (THA) performed in 12 men and 41 women for treatment of an acute fracture of the proximal femur. Men had an average age of 75.1 years (range, 61 to 90) and women 78.2 years (range, 61 to 91). At time of fracture, 42 patients (79.3 %) had radiological signs of hip osteoarthritis. At time of surgery, 8 patients (15.1%) needed trochanteric reconstruction in addition to the implanted THA. Clinical and radiological follow-up was available for 39 patients (73.6 %). The average follow-up time was 55.5 months. The mean Harris Hip Score was 86.3 points (range, 68–97.7). The 4 month mortality rate was 1.9 % (1 patient). Four patients (7.5%) had had early postoperative complications, including dislocation in 3 patients (5.6%) and one (1.9%) minor reoperation (wound haematoma). One patient (1.9%) had revision surgery because of aseptic stem loosening 67 months after primary implantation. In elderly patients, THA is a safe long-term solution for treatment of displaced fractures of the proximal femur, allowing early weight bearing and assisting with rehabilitation.
P-Fuzzy-PID control in a machine tool magnetic suspension system

Magnetic suspension platform system (MSPS) is a typical non-linear and hysteresis system, so itpsilas difficult to obtain the precise mathematic model and to cater the requirement of rapidity, stability and robustness by applying traditional PID or fuzzy controller separately. Aimed at the characteristics of MSPS, a composite control model combining PID with fuzzy (P-fuzzy-PI) is introduced by applying P part to improve the systempsilas rapidity, applying fuzzy part to improve the systempsilas dynamic characteristics and applying PI part which can erase static error to improve the systempsilas steady characteristics. The result of simulation shows that the fuzzy-PID controller has a perfect effect in MSPS control.