Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic and molecular characterisation of non-tissue culture adapted influenza B viruses detected in Singapore between 2004-2009

xix Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Classification and Nomenclature . 1 1.2 Symptoms and Epidemiology of Influenza B . 1 1.3 Influenza B Tropism . 2 1.4. Influenza B Lineages . 4 1.5 Influenza B Evolution. 5 1.6 Influenza B Vaccination . 7 1.7 Global Prevalence of Influenza B . 10 1.7. 1 Influenza in Singapore . 11 1.7. 1.1 Influenza B Prevalence in Singapore . 14 1.7. 1.2 National Service in Singapore . 17 1.8 Influenza Virus B Structure and Morphology . 19 1.9 Influenza B Genome Structure . 20 1.10 Influenza B Proteins . 23 1.10. 1 Influenza B Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein . 26 1.10. 2 Influenza B Neuraminidase (NA) Protein . 31 1.10. 3 Influenza B NB Protein . 33 1.10. 4 Influenza B BM2 Protein . 33 1.10. 5 Influenza B Non Structural Proteins 1 (NS1) . 37 1.10. 6 Influenza B Nuclear Export Protein (NEP/NS2) . 39 1.11. Study Outline & Objectives . 40 Chapter 2: Materials & Methods . 42 2.1 General Reagents . 42 2.1.1 Cells . 42 2.1.2 Viruses . 42 2.1.3 Tissue Culture Reagents . 42 2.1.4 Antibodies . 43 2.1.5 Immunofluorescence and Immunostaining Reagents . 44 2.1.6 Commercially Available Kits . 44
Behaviour and Ecology of Riparian Mammals: Feeding ecology of the smooth-coated otter Lutra perspicillata in the National Chambal Sanctuary, India

Introduction Three species of otter occur in the Indian sub–continent: the Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra Linnaeus, the smooth–coated otter, L. perspicillata Geoffroy, and the original small–clawed otter, Aonyx cinerea Illegar. The smooth–coated otter is distributed throughout the Indian sub–continent, from the Himalayas southward. Outside the Indian sub–continent, its range extends to Mynamar, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos People's Republic, Malaysia, Vietnam, southwestern China and Brunei, with an isolated race, L perspicillata maxwelli , in the marshes of southern Iraq (Pocock, 1941: 265–312; Prater, 1971; Mason & Macdonald, 1986). Despite its wide distribution, no detailed ecological studies on this species have been undertaken so far. It is listed as insufficiently known in the IUCN red data book (Groombridge, 1994) and is protected under Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Previous work on Indian otters involved observations on captive animals (Desai, 1974; Acharjyo & Mishra, 1984) with occasional notes on their occurrence from different parts of the country (e.g. Hinton & Fry, 1923; Pocock, 1939; Chitampalli, 1979) and a few studies on their feeding habits (e.g. Wayre, 1978; Foster–Turley, 1992; Kruuk et al 1994). It is believed that the existing populations of all the three Indian species are rapidly declining due to loss of habitat and intensive trapping (Hussain & Choudhury, 1997). Because of limited knowledge on the ecology of Oriental otter species, practical conservation measures are difficult to develop.
Neutral Polymers in the Nanopores of Alamethicin and Alpha-Hemolysin | NIST

The ability of polymers to enter nanometer-scale pores can be probed by ionic channel conductance measure­ ments because the movement of neutral polymer (e.g. poly(ethylene glycol), PEG) into the channel displaces ions and reduces their mobility in the pore. Both result in a reduction of the channel’s conductance. Therefore, the state of occupancy of the pore by polymer is reflected by the conductance which we use to determine the polymer partition coefficient. We conclude that the available theoretical approaches to the entropic interaction between polymer and a pore (hard spheres, random flight model, and scaling theory) do not describe the parti­ tioning of PEG into alamethicin and α-hemolysin. The empirically obtained partition coefficients for these two channels demonstrate a much sharper dependence on polymer molecular weight.
Pharmacognostic Study of the Leaf of Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae)

AbstractHeliotropium indicum Linn. (Fam. Boraginaceae) has many medicinal uses. The common trade name is Hatisunda. The plant has pubescent, exstipulate, ovate-elongate leaves with ranunculaceous stomata on both surfaces, near 21 stomatal index, various types of non-glandular and glandular hairs, about 6 palisade ratio, lacunar collenchyma in mid-veins, suberin at trichome bases and alkaloids in leaf extracts.
Can Acid Producing Bacteria Be Responsible For Very Fast MIC Pitting

So far, laboratory experimental pitting tests and published literature on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) have overwhelmly focused on sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) that usually respire on sulfate (terminal electron acceptor) because SRB are often found at pitting sites. Many laboratory pureculture SRB pitting data have been reported and they are often less than or not much greater than 1 mm/year. There are also some limited data available for nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB) that respire on nitrate or nitrite. Dedicated laboratory studies are lacking on anaerobic corrosion by acid producing bacteria (APB) that undergo anaerobic fermentation instead of anaerobic respiration in the absence of an external terminal electron acceptor such as sulfate and nitrate. Some failures in pipelines carrying crude oil and produced water, purportedly due to MIC, have been reported in the literature indicating very high pitting rates (as high as 10 mm/year) that are much higher than the short-term laboratory MIC pitting rates for SRB. The pipeline failure cases discussed in this work occurred in relatively low sulfate conditions. This work explored the possibility of very high MIC pitting rates due to organic acids (represented by acetic acid) and acidic pH corrosion through mechanistic modeling to show that APB are capable of very fast MIC pitting and mass transfer limitation on sulfate diffusion from the bulk-fluid phase to the biofilm cannot support very fast pitting caused by sulfate reduction in a low sulfate concentration environment. More efforts should be devoted to APB instead of focusing too much on SRB.
Three new species of Calyptranthera (Apocynaceae, Secamonoideae) from Madagascar

Trois nouvelles especes de Calyptranthera (Apocynaceae, Secamonoideae) de Madagascar. Trois nouvelles especes de Calyptranthera (Apocynaceae, Secamonoideae), C. villosa Klack. , C sulphurea Klack. , et C. filifera Klack. , sont decrites, illustrees et comparees aux especes affines. Calyptranthera villosa et C. sulphurea sont decrites a partir de materiel recolte a Daraina, au nord de Madagascar. Calyptranthera villosa differe des autres especes du genre par les lobes de la corolle densement pubescents associes a de longs lobes de la couronne, C. sulphurea par ses fleurs jaunes. Le type de C. filifera a ete trouve a proximite de Farafangana sur la cote sud-est de Madagascar et est caracterise par ses appendices connectifs tres delicats a bases elargies de facon triangulaire. Une cle des 10 especes connues de Calyptranthera est presentee.
[Chitinase from Serratia marcescens BKM B-851].

: The chitinase biosynthesis was studied during the cultivation of the strain of Serratia marcescens BKM B-851 with a high chitinolytic activity. Under submerged cultivation of bacterial cells on the medium containing demineralized crab shell extracellular chitinase showed maximum activity on the 3rd day. Cells of S. marcescens BKM B-851 synthesized chitinase as an adaptive enzyme. Chitinase obtained from the culture liquid by ammonium sulphate precipitation was then dialyzed and liophylized. It displayed optimum hydrolysis of colloid chitin at pH 7-8 and 50 degrees C and of native chitin at 30 degrees C.
Insect Infection And Immunity Evolution Ecology And Mechanisms

Thank you very much for downloading insect infection and immunity evolution ecology and mechanisms. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this insect infection and immunity evolution ecology and mechanisms, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their computer.
Temporal niche differentiation of parasites sharing the same plant host: oak powdery mildew as a case study

Plant diseases are often caused by complexes of closely related parasite species. The coexistence of species sharing the same niche challenges the competitive exclusion principle. Here, we performed the mathematical analysis of a generic model of sibling parasite species coexistence based on seasonality. We showed that coexistence through temporal niche partitioning is biologically plausible as it occurred in a significant part of the parameter space of the model. Moreover, the reversal of species relative frequencies (i.e., the most frequent species at the beginning of the season becoming the last frequent at the end) can occur without compromising the long-term coexistence of the two species. We provided data showing that this reversal pattern does repeat over years in the case of two sibling species responsible for oak powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides and Erysiphe quercicola) in Europe. Last, the model was fitted to the data and satisfactorily described the population dynamics of oak powdery mildew species. The seasonal succession of these two plant pathogen species provides one of the few examples of coexistence by temporal niche partitioning at the scale of the season caused by exploitative competition. We discuss whether evolutionary branching may have led to temporal niche differentiation in this system.
Secondary Mitral Regurgitation Impact on Symptoms andPrognosis in a Moroccan Population of Heart Failure with ReducedEjection Fraction Patients

SMR: Secondary Mitral Regurgitation; HFrEF: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction; HF: Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction; LVEDD: Left Ventricle End Diastolic Diameter; SPAP: Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure; RV: Right Ventricle; IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease; DCM: Dilated Cardiomyopathy; VHD: Valvular Heart Disease; HR: Heart Rate; LVFP: Left Ventricle Filling Pressures; TR: Tricuspid Regurgitation; ACE-I: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Secondary Mitral Regurgitation Impact on Symptoms and Prognosis in a Moroccan Population of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients
NASA and Russian scientists observe land-cover and land-use change and carbon in Russian forests.

In 1997, several project teams of the NASA Land-Cover Land-Use Change Program began workingwith Russian organizations to try to quantifyand understand the past, present, and future land-cover and land-use trends in Russian boreal forests. Selected results of completed and ongoing research projects are discussed in four categories: forest dynamics, fire and fire behavior, carbon budgets, and new remote sensing analysis methods. This research has helped pave the way for collaborations with international organizations and other networks, and collaborations at several scales are now making it possible for Russian and US scientists to work together to further our knowledge on the influence of land-cover and land-use change throughout the world.
Management of National Parks and Sanctuaries in India A. Kothari, P. Pande, S. Singh and D. Variava Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi, 1989, 289 pp., HB Rs 250/$US 40, PB Rs 150/$US 30

The protection of nature is a very old tradition in India, deep-rooted in its cultural history. Hunter-gatherer societies established sacred goves several thousand years ago, which remain widespread today. As early as the 4th century BC the establishment of forest reserves and special sanctuaries for wild animals was advocated in the Arthasashtra, a manual of statecraft. Subsequently many rulers set up and maintained reserves for hunting purposes. A number of these have remained largely intact and provided the basis of the present network of national parks and sanctuaries in India, which dates back to the early part of this century. The number of protected areas has risen rapidly in recent decades, from 65 national parks and sanctuaries in 1960 to 472 by 1989, extending over a total area of about 131,800 sq km, or 4 per cent of the country. In view of the numerous other pressures on land this achievement is remarkable.
Isoflavone als Bestandteile pflanzlicher Lebensmittel

With the background of the actual ongoing discussion on the nutritional and physiological consequences of isoflavone intake, the presented review reports on the structure, content and distribution in plant foods, average daily intake, biosynthesis, resorption, metabolism as well as biological properties of this subgroup of plant phenols on basis of 186 references works. In concept of this report, both the negative and positive effects of these substances are discussed. Depending on their structure, the capability of isoflavones to undergo interactions with other foods constituents is also considered.
HISTORICAL SURVEY OF DISEASE IN BIRDS

Many organisms, from viruses to metazoan parasites, can be spread when domesticated or nondomesticated birds are moved from one locality to another. Theoretically, potential pathogens might establish themselves in released wild birds or be spread from them to other species. There are very few fully substantiated accounts of disease problems associated with translocation or releases of wild birds, and much of the "evidence" has been circumstantial. Serious study of the subject has been confined to Hawaii, Mauritius, and a few other locations. Although such research has added weight to the thesis that infectious disease may contribute to a decline in free-living populations, dissemination of organisms by released birds has generally not been confirmed. The paucity of sound data on this subject is probably attributable to the failure to adequately monitor pathogens and disease in birds prior to and following release. More rigorous research is needed to evaluate the true role of released birds in the introduction and dissemination of pathogenic organisms.
Genetic Determination and Clonal Relationships of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Dairy Cows in Baturraden, Central Java, Indonesia

Cases of mastitis in cows at Baturraden are leading to signifi cant and ongoing problems due to reduced production and lower milk quality. This study was designed to identify which of selected virulence determinant genes of S. aureus are involved in the Baturraden infection, and to determine the clonal relationship among these isolates. Seventeen isolates were identifi ed as S. aureus based on their biochemical properties and species specifi city for 23S rRNA and nuc genes. S. aureus isolates were genotypically characterized for the selected virulence determinants: coa, clfA, fnbA, fnbB, cap5, spa IgG and spa X- region genes. Clonal relationship analysis among isolates was carried out using AFLP and results compared with previously confi rmed relationships between selected S. aureus isolated from other regions. The results show that eight isolates contain all the genes, but six isolates lack fnbB and two isolates lack cap5 genes. AFLP analysis showed that all isolates of S. aureus originating from cows in Baturraden belong to one cluster. This study provides additional knowledge about S. aureus infection in Baturraden cows, including the number of virulence determinant genes that may play a role in pathogenicity.
Gene delivery with cationic lipids

As a consequence of several set backs encountered by viral technology in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy in clinical trials, non-viral gene delivery vectors are considered to date as a valuable alternative and to hold promise for future therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, the transfection efficiency mediated by these non-viral gene delivery vectors has to be improved, especially in vivo, to benefit fully from their advantages. Cationic lipid/nucleic acid complexes or lipoplexes have been the subject of intensive investigations in recent years to understand the parameters governing the efficiency of transfection. Specifically, the comprehension of such mechanisms, from the formation of the complexes to their intracellular delivery, will lead to the design of better adapted non-viral vectors for gene therapy applications. Here, we will discuss some recent developments in the field on the structure/function relationship of cationic lipids in the mechanism of transfection, and where appropriate, we will make a comparison with mechanisms of viral and polyplex-mediated gene delivery. Cationic lipids are often used in combination with helper lipids such as DOPE or cholesterol. The effect of DOPE on lipoplex assembly and the relevance of the structural properties of the lipoplexes in destabilizing endosomal membranes and mediating endosomal escape of DNA will be discussed.
Realized climate niche breadth varies with population trend and distribution in North American birds

Aim Ecological niche theory states that realized niche breadth should increase with population growth. This relationship has been studied extensively in the context of density-dependent habitat selection, and there is evidence that animal populations at higher density occupy a wider range of vegetation types. To our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the relationship between population growth and climate niche breadth (i.e. the range of climatic conditions occupied). Here we aim to estimate the influence of population trend, as well as changes in distribution, on realized climate niche breadth. Location North America. Methods We estimated changes in realized climate niche breadth and distribution between 1980 and 2012 for 46 bird species using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and standard ecological niche modelling techniques. We analysed changes in niche breadth in relation to population trends and distributional changes from the BBS for these same species. Results Changes in realized climate niche breadth were significantly and positively associated with population growth, as reflected by BBS population trends, and with changes in distributional extent. Using variance partitioning, we showed that 44.2% of the variation in change in niche breadth can be explained by population trend, and that roughly half of this was independent of changes in distribution. Conclusions Realized climate niche breadth is variable on an ecological time-scale as a function of population trend. Mechanisms associated with changes in distribution and those acting within current species range limits appear to be equally important in driving this relationship. Observed changes in niche breadth may violate distribution modelling assumptions of niche conservatism. Studying how population growth influences realized climate niche breadth is therefore important for understanding dynamic species distributions, responses to climate change and our ability to model future species distributions.
Seasonal trends in the midgut microbiota of honeybees

Honeybees are prominent crop pollinators and thus important for an effective food production. Without any apparent reason, massive bee colony losses appeared around the world, which started about a decade ago, and thereby the focus was set on bee health. The gut microbiota composition is crucial for health and immune system development both in mammals and insects, and factors shaping the gut microbiota has been intensely studied in humans and animals, three of which are frequently addressed are diet, hence exposure to the surrounding environment, host symbiosis and host genetics. The bee gut microbiota is bee specific and dominated by eight bacteria phylotyphes, which are found in almost all bees, and thus they are believed to be bee symbionts. This specific and simple microbiota in combination with the fact that bees are numerous, easy to monitor and the gut is easily accessible, the bee gut has been found to be a well suited model for gut microbiota studies. In this thesis the stability of the midgut microbiota of honeybees was addressed through sampling of bees throughout a season from May until October, where the impact of diet was the main focus. The data was analyzed using Sanger sequencing in combination with MCRASL computer analysis, which identified the dominating bacteria in the midgut and their relative ratio, hence bacteria composition. QPCR analysis was used to calculate the relative bacteria load in the data. The overall data showed that the midgut microbiota was not stable, and the dominating bacteria displayed apparent trends throughout the season. Analysis of distinct data sets including bees exposed to different diets, and with varying nutritional preferences, reviled bacteria in the midgut, which had nutritional preferences and exhibited possible niche adaptations. In addition results specified that the impact on the midgut microbiota by different diets was greater than the impact of same diet for a longer period of time. Biochemical profiling of the bee symbiont G.apicola, showed that this bacteria can utilize both glucose and fructose, something which has not been proven before using phenotypical tests. Competitive interactions between the two bee symbionts; G.apicola and S.alvi, was also detected. __________________________________________________________________________ 4 Seasonal trends in the midgut microbiota of honeybees
A new Eurasian phylogeographical paradigm? Limited contribution of southern populations to the recolonization of high latitude populations in Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae)

The aims of this population genetics study of the common juniper across Eurasia were to (1) assess the contribution of southern mountain ranges to the post‐glacial recolonization of high latitudes and (2) test whether recent expansion or high gene flow could explain the low genetic differentiation in Northern Eurasia.
The Role of Recurrent Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia on Renal Prostanoid Production

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors WAA and KEJ designed the study, wrote the protocol and interpreted the data. Author WAA gathered the initial data and performed preliminary data analysis. Authors WAA and SF managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT Aims: The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of recurrent insulin induced hypoglycemia (RIIH) on renal prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production hypoglycemia-induced hypertension. (0.3 mg/kg) bolus infusions. The renal interstitial samples were analyzed for 6-keto-PGF 1 α (the stable PGI2 metabolite) and TXB2 (the stable TXA2 metabolite) by ELISA. Results: During hypoglycemia, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was increased from 92±0.54 mmHg (day 0) to 142±1.08 mmHg (day 14) as compared to the saline treated group. The hypoglycemia-induced hypertension promoted the renal production of 6-keto-PGF1 α (187±31 pg/ml) and TXB2 (382±35 pg/ml) as compared to saline treated animals keto-PGF1 α (69±6.0 pg/ml) and TXB2 (172±10 pg/ml). Captopril and NS398 treatment blocked 6-keto-PGF1 α (90±16 pg/ml and 63±12pg/ml respectively) when compared to the 7U+vehicle treated group (195±33 pg/ml). TXB2 was inhibited during captopril and NS398 treatment (211±28, and 128±23 pg/ml respectively) as compared to 7U+vehicle treated group (357±38 pg/ml). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that RIIH induces prostanoids formation by renal AngII elevation which in turn enhances COX2 activity in the kidney.