Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere

Significance Aircraft measurements in the lower stratosphere indicate iodine is efficient at destroying ozone in the gas and particulate phases. Active iodine chemistry in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) is the result of convective transport, and efficient multiphase reactions on ice and stratospheric aerosol. Our measurements provide guidance for future technological innovation, laboratory experiments, field observations, and model developments. Global models that simulate the recovery of the ozone layer do not currently consider iodine chemistry. Marine emissions of iodine have increased due to increasing surface ozone in recent decades. This human-induced and increasing iodine source from oceans propagates to the UTLS. Our results posit a possible link between surface air quality, stratospheric ozone loss, and radiative forcing in the UTLS. Oceanic emissions of iodine destroy ozone, modify oxidative capacity, and can form new particles in the troposphere. However, the impact of iodine in the stratosphere is highly uncertain due to the lack of previous quantitative measurements. Here, we report quantitative measurements of iodine monoxide radicals and particulate iodine (Iy,part) from aircraft in the stratosphere. These measurements support that 0.77 ± 0.10 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) total inorganic iodine (Iy) is injected to the stratosphere. These high Iy amounts are indicative of active iodine recycling on ice in the upper troposphere (UT), support the upper end of recent Iy estimates (0 to 0.8 pptv) by the World Meteorological Organization, and are incompatible with zero stratospheric iodine injection. Gas-phase iodine (Iy,gas) in the UT (0.67 ± 0.09 pptv) converts to Iy,part sharply near the tropopause. In the stratosphere, IO radicals remain detectable (0.06 ± 0.03 pptv), indicating persistent Iy,part recycling back to Iy,gas as a result of active multiphase chemistry. At the observed levels, iodine is responsible for 32% of the halogen-induced ozone loss (bromine 40%, chlorine 28%), due primarily to previously unconsidered heterogeneous chemistry. Anthropogenic (pollution) ozone has increased iodine emissions since preindustrial times (ca. factor of 3 since 1950) and could be partly responsible for the continued decrease of ozone in the lower stratosphere. Increasing iodine emissions have implications for ozone radiative forcing and possibly new particle formation near the tropopause.
Early Administration of Oseltamivir Within 48 Hours After Onset of Flulike Symptoms Can Reduce the Risk of Influenza B Virus-Associated Pneumonia in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients with Influenza B Virus Infection

We conducted a retrospective study to identify the risk factors for pneumonia in hospitalized pediatric patients with influenza B infection. Receiving oseltamivir within the first 48 hours of onset and frequent cough was respectively considered as a protective factor and a risk factor for the influenza B virus-associated pneumonia in hospitalized pediatric patients. Early administration of oseltamivir can reduce the risk of influenza B virus-associated pneumonia.
Chronic unpredictable restraint stress increases hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreases motivated behavior in rats

Abstract Most chronic stress protocols are too laborious or do not abide by the two main characteristics of the stress concept: uncontrollability and unpredictability. The goal of this study was to establish a simple and reliable model of chronic stress, while maintaining the main features of the concept. Animals were exposed to chronic movement restraint with variable duration (2, 4 or 6 h, in an unpredictable schedule) for 3 weeks and assessed in several physiological and behavioral readouts known to reflect chronic stress states. Body weight, levels of plasma corticosterone, hippocampal pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, anxiety-like (novelty suppressed feeding and elevated plus maze) and motivated behaviors (sucrose negative contrast test and forced swim test) were evaluated three days after the end of the chronic protocol. Stressed animals had a lower body weight gain, higher levels of cytokines in the hippocampus, reduced suppression of a low concentration sucrose solution and increased immobility in the forced swim test. Based on these data, we suggest that chronic movement restraint with variable duration may be a suitable and simple protocol for the study of changes induced by chronic stress and for the testing of possible treatments relevant to psychiatry.
Decoding intrathecal immunoglobulins and B cells in the CNS: their synthesis, function, and regulation

Abstract The discovery of an active lymphatic system in the meninges (dura mater) has opened up a wide range of possibilities for the role of CNS immunoglobulins in brain development in early fetal life or during infancy. The antibody-dependent and -independent functions of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are not new to immunologists, yet their role in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease is incompletely understood. Deep cervical lymph nodes have emerged as a candidate site for autosensitization against CNS antigens and have been shown to provide the right kind of milieu for the dynamic interaction of antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. The presence of different B cells in the lymph nodes and the production of natural autoantibodies by B-1 cells have definitely unlocked another piece of the puzzle. At a time when CD19 and CD20 monoclonal antibodies have shown remarkable results in ameliorating the relapse and progression of multiple sclerosis, it is imperative to dissect out the diversity in B cell populations inside the CNS to identify new targets to improve current treatment regimens for neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the origin, migration, function, and regulation of B cells and the production of intrathecal immunoglobulins considering the previous and current findings and taking into account the differences between a healthy state and the changes that occur during an inflammatory or autoimmune response.
Association between SOD2 V16A variant and urological cancer risk

Background: The correlation between superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) V16A variant and urological cancer susceptibility has been widely studied, however, with divergent results. Results: Totally, 9,910 cancer patients and 11,239 control subjects were enrolled. V16A variant is associated with an increased susceptibility to urological cancer (A-allele vs. V-allele: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00 – 1.13, P = 0.047; AA+AV vs. VV: OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.16, P = 0.008), especially for prostate cancer (PCa). Serum SOD2 level of PCa patients with VV+VA genotypes was lower than in those with AA genotypes. SOD2 expression is downregulated in both prostate and bladder cancer, as compared to the control. Furthermore, SOD2 was found to be downregulated in more advanced PCa participants, as compared to the ones in early stages. PCa subjects with low SOD2 expression displayed a shorter disease-free survival (DFS) time compared to that of the high SOD2 expression counterparts. Conclusions: The SOD2 V16A variant may be associated with increased urological cancer susceptibility, especially for prostate cancer. Methods: A pooled analysis utilizing odds ratios (ORs), in silico tools and ELISA was adopted to demonstrate this association. We also used immunohistochemical staining (IHS) to assess SOD2 expression.
Sustainers: Hospitals with sustained superior performance

Purpose The purpose of this article was to investigate the organizational and market-level variables associated with sustained superior hospital performance on Value-Based Purchasing total performance scores (TPS). Methodology TPS for 2014 through 2017 was obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hospital Compare website. Market-level data were from the 2017 Area Health Resource File, and hospital-level data were from the 2014 American Hospital Association Annual Survey database. We specified a logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of hospitals with sustained superior performance on TPS, that is, “sustainers. ” Principal Findings Only 8.4% of hospitals were classified as sustainers. Hospitals located in rural markets with a high Medicare Advantage penetration had a higher likelihood of being classified as sustainers. High RN staffing levels, lower Medicare share of inpatient days, not-for-profit ownership, and small size were all significant organizational predictors of sustained superior performance. Conclusions Both modifiable characteristics, such as nurse staffing levels, and nonmodifiable characteristics, such as rural markets and small hospital size, are associated with the likelihood of hospitals sustaining superior performance over time. Practice Implications Managers need to carefully examine their staffing levels as they pursue interventions to sustain high TPS overtime. Moreover, factors such as Medicare share of inpatient days and size need to be considered when understanding barriers to sustained performance on Value-Based Purchasing domains.
Presence of melamine in human milk and the evaluation of the effects on mother–infant pairs in a cohort study

Melamine contamination is a recent public health problem emerging globally. Present study aimed to detect the rate of melamine presence in human milk in a cohort study and to evaluate any possible differences in maternal–infant pair characteristics such as breastfeeding status, crying and sleep problems of infants, maternal postpartum depression, maternal–infant bonding, infant and maternal anthropometry, and maternal complete blood count caused by the melamine exposure. Mothers of infants born in Şanlıurfa were invited to participate in ‘Urfa Child Cohort Survey’. Overall, two breast milk samples were taken between 5 days and 15 days postpartum and between 4 weeks and 10 weeks. Randox Food’s InfiniPlex array was used to analyse the presence of melamine. Melamine was detected in 32.2% and 24.4% of the first and the second milk samples; 16.7% of mothers had two positive samples. z Scores for birth weight and z scores for height for age were detected to be significantly lower in cases with two positive samples compared to cases with negative samples. Mean maternal white blood cells counts were found to be lower in cases with repeated melamine contact. Melamine might have a detrimental effect on birth weight, infant height and maternal blood count. Further studies should be done to detect environmental contamination in different regions and countries.
Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be massively present in bacterial chromosomes, often in association with mobile genetic elements. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules and to characterize the conditions leading to their activation. ABSTRACT Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be massively present in bacterial chromosomes, often in association with mobile genetic elements. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules and to characterize the conditions leading to their activation. The diversity of their proposed roles, ranging from genomic stabilization and abortive phage infection to stress modulation and antibiotic persistence, in conjunction with the poor understanding of TA system regulation, resulted in the generation of simplistic models, often refuted by contradictory results. This review provides an epistemological and critical retrospective on TA modules and highlights fundamental questions concerning their roles and regulations that still remain unanswered.
Effectiveness of brexpiprazole in the treatment in a patient with Huntington's disease

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A Narrative Review of Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Functioning: Bringing a New Characteristic to Muscle Memory.

BACKGROUND Measures of handgrip strength have not only emerged as a clinically viable screening tool for determining risk for morbidity, functional disability, and early mortality, but also for helping to identify cognitive deficits. However, the phenomena that links low handgrip strength with cognitive decline remains unclear. The role of the muscular and neural systems, and their adaptations to muscle strengthening activities over the life course, may provide important information for how age-related changes to muscle mass, strength, and neural capacity influence cognition. Moreover, disentangling how handgrip strength and cognitive function are associated may help to inform healthcare providers working with aging adults and guide targeted interventions aiming to preserve muscle and cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE To 1) highlight and summarize evidence examining the associations of handgrip strength and cognitive functioning, and 2) provide directions for future research in this area. METHODS Articles from the PubMed database were searched from November 2018-May 2019. The search term algorithm, inclusion and exclusion criteria were pre-specified by investigators. RESULTS Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have revealed that measures of handgrip strength were associated with cognitive declines regardless of age demographics and the presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION Handgrip strength can be used in clinical and epidemiological settings for helping to determine the onset and progression of cognitive impairment. Future research should continue to examine how handgrip strength and cognitive function are linked.
The Review of the Herbal Medicines with Phytoestrogenic Effect

Review Medical plant has a big role in Herbal Medicines, and most medical plant has phytoestrogens. Therefore some estrogenic effects have been reported in a lot of Korean Medicine literature. Phytoestrogens should be used carefully in children. The objective of this study is to identify reported phytoestrogenic effects in Herbal Medicines and to evaluate the characteristics of the phytoestrogens in Herbal Medicines. A literature search was done with using 8 databases with a limit of reports until 12/31/2013. The estrogenic effects were summarized by each individual Korean Medicine. The frequency of the phytoestrogens was also investigated depending on the Korean medical categorization by the treatment effect. and stasis-dispelling Phytoestrogens were not reported in dampness-resolving, digestant, orifice-opening, emetic medicinal.
BCG-induced trained immunity in macrophage: reprograming of glucose metabolism

Abstract Memory is no longer a privilege of adaptive immunity. Innate immune cells can exhibit a long-term immune activation after infection or vaccination, which is called “trained immunity. ” In addition to defense against mycobacterial infection, BCG-induced trained immunity can also exert nonspecific protection, which is regulated by metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprograming. Enhanced glycolysis and glutamine-driven tricarboxylic acid cycle have been proven to be important metabolic pathways for trained immunity induced by BCG, which is dependent on Akt/mTOR pathway.
Revisão sobre o processamento neuropsicológico dos atributos tonais da música no contexto ocidental

Muitas discussoes a respeito do processamento musical tem ocorrido ao longo dos anos. Afirma-se, por um lado, a existencia de um sistema unico comum para a apreensao da musica ou de qualquer um de seus atributos pelo Sistema Nervoso Central. Por outro lado, alega-se tambem a existencia de sistemas multiplos e diversos para a compreensao de cada um desses aspectos da musica. De forma geral, independente do modelo definido, estudos focados no processamento dos componentes sonoros, mais especificamente dos tons musicais, podem esclarecer de forma importante o funcionamento basico do sistema auditivo e de outras funcoes cerebrais superiores. Nesse sentido, uma das abordagens de maior destaque no estudo desses processos sensoriais e perceptivos da audicao, ilesos ou alterados, tem sido a Neurociencia, que se interessa pela interacao entre as areas do encefalo correspondentes aos diferentes processos cognitivos. Assim, a finalidade desta pesquisa foi revisar estudos que tratassem dos modelos de processamento dos atributos tonais da musica ocidental, baseando-se na concepcao neuropsicologicas de que as estruturas neurais sao interdependentes das vias sensoriais.
Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women with cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Henan province, central China

To evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its genotype among women with cervical lesions in Henan Province, central China. A total of 1317 cervical scrapes from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) (n = 91), CIN2/3 (n = 466), and cervical cancer (CC; n = 760) were collected from 2013 to 2018, and then tested for HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction followed by flow‐through hybridization assay. The prevalence of HPV was 62.64% for patients with CIN1, 86.91% for patients with CIN2/3%, and 89.21% for patients with CC. In total, the HPV prevalence was 86.56%, and the most common HPV type was HPV16 (58.77%) followed by HPV58 (10.33%), 18 (7.67%), 52 (6.61%), and 33 (5.54%). In this study, the high‐risk HPV cumulative attribution rate of nine‐valent vaccine coverage was markedly higher than that of bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine coverage in each histopathological category or overall (P < .001). Single HPV infection was the main infection category in each histopathological diagnosis, and the total infection rate was 65.83% (867/1317; P < .001). The prevalence of HPV16 or single HPV infection increased with the severity of cervical lesions (P < .001). HPV16, 58, 18, 52, and 33 may be predominant high‐risk factors for cervical lesions in Henan Province. The nine‐valent prophylactic HPV vaccine is more effective than a bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine for protecting women from CC in the region.
“We do what we can do to save a woman” health workers’ perceptions of health facility readiness for management of postpartum haemorrhage

ABSTRACT Background: In many low-resource settings, in-service training is a common strategy to improve the performance of health workers and ultimately reduce the persistent burden of maternal mortality and morbidities. An evaluation of the Helping Mothers Survive Bleeding After Birth (HMS BAB) training as a single-component intervention in Tanzania found some positive albeit limited effect on clinical management and reduction of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Aim: In order to better understand these findings, and particularly the contribution of contextual factors on the observed effects, we explored health workers’ perceptions of their health facilities’ readiness to provide PPH care. Methods: We conducted 7 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 in-depth interviews (IDIs) in purposively selected intervention districts in the HMS BAB trial. FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed and translated verbatim. Thematic analysis, using both inductive and deductive approaches, was applied with the help of MAXQDA software. Results: Health workers perceive that their facilities have a low readiness to provide PPH care, leading to stressful situations and suboptimal clinical management. They describe inconsistencies in essential supplies, fluctuating availability of blood for transfusion, and ineffective referral system. In addition, there are challenges in collaboration, communication and leadership support, which is perceived to prevent effective management of cases within the facility as well as in referral situations. Health workers strive to provide life-saving care to women with PPH despite the perceived challenges. In some health facilities, health workers perceive supportive clinical leadership as motivating in providing good care. Conclusion: The potential positive effects of single-component interventions such as HMS BAB training on clinical outcome may be constraint by poor health facility readiness, including communication, leadership and referral processes that need to be addressed.