Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of some insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss.) in Northern Ghana

Abstract Neem (Azadirachta indica) products were effective in protecting stored cowpeas against bruchid damage for over 4 months under artificial infestation in the laboratory. This practice, part of an extension package, is becoming popular with farmers. In field trials, aqueous neem seed extracts, as well as leaf extracts reduced thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti) incidence in cowpeas and increased yields significantly. Extracts also had an adverse effect on the biology of the pod borer (Maruca testulalis). These findings have generated interest in a neem‐based pest management system for cowpeas and possibly other crops.
LIGHT DEPENDENCE OF GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1

Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin was maintained in exponential growth over a range of photon flux densities (PFD) from 7 to 230 μmol·m−2s−1. The chlorophyll a‐specific light absorption coefficient, maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis, and C:N atom ratio were all independent of the PFD to which cells were acclimated. Carbon‐ and cell‐specific, light‐satuated, gross photosynthesis rates and dark respiration rates were largely independent of acclimation PFD. Decreases in the chlorophyll a‐specific, gross photosynthesis rate and the carbon: chlorophyll ratio and increases of cell‐ or carbon‐specific absorption coefficients were associated with an increase in cell chlorophyll a in cultures acclimated to low PFDs. The compensation PFD for growth was calculated to be 0.5 μmol·m−2s−1. The maintenance metabolic rate (2 × 10−7s−1), calculated on the basis of the compensation PFD, is an order of magnitude lower than the measured dark respiration rate(2.7 × 10−6mol O2·mol C−1s−1). Maintenance of high carbon‐specific, light‐saturated photosynthesis rates in cells acclimated to low PFDs may allow effective use of short exposures to high PFDs in a temporally variable light environment.
In-season management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) : an example using southern Gulf of St. Lawrence rivers

Par comparaison a une gestion basee sur des previsions de pre-saison, l'ajustement des allocations de peche en fonction des previsions etablies en cours de saison aurait permis de mieux gerer le saumon de l'Atlantique (Salmo salar) a la remonte estivale dans 12 sites d'evaluation des stocks situes dans des rivieres du sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent. Les changements d'allocation fondes sur les ajustements de previsions en cours de saison n'ont pas toujours donne lieu a une augmentation de la performance de la gestion au fil de la saison de peche. L'efficacite relative d'une modification unique en cours de saison ou de la revision hebdomadaire des allocations depend de l'amende imposee pour la surpeche. Les allocations revisees chaque semaine donnaient toujours les meilleurs resultats lorsque les amendes pour la surpeche et la sous-exploitation etaient egales. Lorsque l'amende pour la surpeche etait superieure a l'amende prevue pour la sous-exploitation, la performance de la gestion par ajustement unique comparee a celle de la gestion par revision hebdomadaire dependait du site considere. Ainsi, les sites ou les migrations sont courtes se geraient mieux par la methode des allocations uniques que les sites ou les migrations sont longues; les resultats dependaient toutefois du moment ou l'ajustement des allocations etait fait. Pour les sites ou la remonte moyenne est trois fois superieure a l'echappee de geniteurs, les objectifs n'ont pas ete ameliores par une gestion fondee sur les previsions en cours de saison. Parmi les effets importants de cette forme de gestion, signalons la variation accrue des prises. Pour decider comment sera mise en oeuvre la gestion en fonction de previsions en cours de saison, l'amende relative en cas de surpeche est le facteur le plus important a considerer.
Cranberry Juice Inhibits Metal and Non-Metal Initiated Oxidation of Human Low Density Lipoproteins in vitro

ABSTRACT Flavonoids can bind the divalent cations frequently used to evaluate LDL antioxidant capacity in vitro.Flavonoids in cranberry juice (CBJ) may serve as antioxidants and promote cardiovascular health. This in vitrostudy characterizes CBJ effects on metal and non-metal based oxidation of human LDL. For cupric ion-initiated oxidation of LDL, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) were significantly inhibited by CBJ at a dilution of 1:10,000. Diene formation during LDL oxidation was evaluated by continuous measurement of absorbance at 234 nm. Tie time required for cupric ion-initiated LDL oxidations to reach maximum reaction velocity was significantly delayed by 1:10,000 dilutions of CBJ. Non-metal initiated LDL oxidation by 2,2'-azobis-amidi-nopropane was significantly inhibited by CBJ at dilutions of 1:10,000 and 1:5,000 for REM and TT5ARS tests, respectively. Protection of LDL from both metal and non-metal based oxidative injury confirms that the effects of CBJ are not due to flavonoid chelation of oxidants but due to a true and potent antioxidant capacity.
Soil processes dominate the long-term response of forest net primary productivity to increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Predicting the responses of forest growth to elevated temperature (T) and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on decadal time scales presents a formidable challenge because of the many interacting processes involved. A key uncertainty concerns the relative importance of plant and soil processes to the overall long-term response. In this study, the plant-soil model G'DAY was used to simulate forest growth responses to T and [CO2] on different time scales for forests in cool and warm climates. An equilibrium-based graphical analysis was used to distinguish the roles played by plant and soil processes in determining the response. Doubled [CO2] caused a large initial increase (~20%) in net primary productivity (NPP), but this did not persist in the long term. By contrast, a 2°C increase in T caused a persistent long-term increase in NPP of approximately 10-15%. These responses were similar at cool and warm sites. The equilibrium analysis indicated that soil processes dominated the long-term responses predic.
Designer Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds for Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1

Induction of some specific cell signaling molecules in peptide scaffold play a critical role in developing of functional substitutes for damaged tissue. In this study, a new peptide ELK8 (Ac-LELELKLK-CONH2) was designed by replacing Ala in EAK16 (Ac-AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK-CONH2) with more hydrophobic residue Leu in order to enhance the strength of peptide. The functionalized peptides were obtained through directly coupling three functional motifs to C-terminal of ELK8, such as osteogenic growth peptide, osteopontin cell adhesion motif, and 2-unit RGD binding sequence. Then, the new self-assembling peptide scaffolds were fabricated by mixing three functionalized peptides severally with pure ELK8 at the ratio of 1:1 (v:v) and the nanostructures of self-assembling peptides were investigated with AFM and DLS. The osteogenic efficacy of designed peptides on mouse pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 were examined after cells were incubated in scaffolds for 14 d. The results showed that these functionalized peptides, ALK mix particularly, promoted the attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by increasing in cell numbers, ALP activities and osteocalcin concentrations.
The Effects of Dietary Fermented Fruit Pomace and Angelica keiskei Koidz Pomace on Shelf Life, Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Composition in Broiler

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of fermented apple pomace (FAP), fermented pear pomace (FPP), fermented orange pomace (FOP), and fermented Angelica keiskei Koidz pomace (FAKP) on performance, shelf life, fatty acid composition and cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 600, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly divided into six groups with four replicates of 30 birds each. There were five treatment groups: control (C), FAP (1.0%, T1), FPP (1.0%, T2), FOP (1.0%, T3), and FAKP (1.0%, T4). The body weight of the broiler chickens fed FAP diet was higher (1,758 g) than the other treatments. There was no difference in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat between all groups at days 1, 3, and 5 of storage, while the FAP-supplemented group displayed lower TBARS values at day 7. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition between the groups but the cholesterol content of chicken meat was lower than the control groups. These results suggest the possibility that FAP could be used as a functional feed to improvement the quality performance of broiler chickens.
PARADOX OF ENRICHMENT IN COMPETITIVE SYSTEMS

Enrichment of competitive ecosystems may, in certain cases, lead to the extinc- tion, rather than the enhancement, of desirable species. Simply testing for the effects of enrich- ment in a controlled situation, where natural competitors may be absent, will not be sufficient to predict the potential results of resource modification in natural systems.
“Distance-variable” estimators for sampling and change measurement

The estimation procedure described is a simple technique that is applicable to virtually any plot-based sampling method and virtually any measured variable. It can be retrofitted to any existing fixed or variable plot over time by simply knowing the distance from the sampled object to the sample point. These estimators are illustrated for sampling over time as the plot size changes. An example is variable-plot sampling in forestry. Traditional estimates from sample plots can be geometrically viewed as a series of “disc shapes” where the same estimate is used for an object no matter how near the sample point is to that selected object. “Distance-variable” (DV) or “shaped” estimators have the same average value over the plot area, with some very important advantages. We believe that the DV estimate will be shown to reduce the variance of growth measurement compared with simple difference estimators. Traditional “disc” estimators are a special case of the more general DV estimators. There are no difficulties.
Establishment of gobiidae in the great lakes basin

A tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus), a European endangered species native to the Black and Caspian seas, was recovered on 11 April 1990 from the travelling screens of the Belle River Power Plant located on the St. Clair River, Michigan. Subsequently, anglers caught three round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) in the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario. Thirty-one tubenose gobies and 11 round gobies were impinged or trawled at or near the Power Plant in the fall and winter of 1990–91. Nine round gobies (29–61 mm total length) are believed to be young-of-the-year. These species were probably transported to the Great Lakes in ballast water, may have successfully colonized the St. Clair River, and will probably spread throughout the Great Lakes. They are expected to impact directly other benthic fishes, such as sculpins (Cottus spp.), darters (Etheostoma spp.), and logperch (Percina caprodes), and in turn act as prey for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum).
Effect of Cold Shock on Lipid A Biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

Palmitoleate is not present in lipid A isolated from Escherichia coli grown at 30 °C or higher, but it comprises ∼11% of the fatty acyl chains of lipid A in cells grown at 12 °C. The appearance of palmitoleate at 12 °C is accompanied by a decline in laurate from ∼18% to ∼5.5%. We now report that wild-type E. coli shifted from 30 °C to 12 °C acquire a novel palmitoleoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase that acts on the key lipid A precursor Kdo2-lipid IVA. The palmitoleoyl transferase is induced more than 30-fold upon cold shock, as judged by assaying extracts of cells shifted to 12 °C. The induced activity is maximal after 2 h of cold shock, and then gradually declines but does not disappear. Strains harboring an insertion mutation in thelpxL(htrB) gene, which encodes the enzyme that normally transfers laurate from lauroyl-ACP to Kdo2-lipid IVA (Clementz, T., Bednarski, J. J., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12095–12102) are not defective in the cold-induced palmitoleoyl transferase. Recently, a gene displaying 54% identity and 73% similarity at the protein level to lpxL was found in the genome of E. coli. This lpxL homologue, designated lpxP, encodes the cold shock-induced palmitoleoyl transferase. Extracts of cells containing lpxPon the multicopy plasmid pSK57 exhibit a 10-fold increase in the specific activity of the cold-induced palmitoleoyl transferase compared with cells lacking the plasmid. The elevated specific activity of the palmitoleoyl transferase under conditions of cold shock is attributed to greatly increased levels of lpxP mRNA. The replacement of laurate with palmitoleate in lipid A may reflect the desirability of maintaining the optimal outer membrane fluidity at 12 °C.
Effects of combined conservation practices on soil and water quality in the Central Mississippi River Basin

Conventional cultivation of claypan soils leads to soil and water quality degradation because of high runoff and associated soil erosion. The Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed, which is part of the USDA Agricultural Research Service Benchmark Conservation Effects Assessment Project, Watershed Assessment Studies, was established to address these issues. Plot studies have highlighted trade-offs between erosion control and herbicide or nutrient runoff. There is a need for long-term field-scale evaluation of combined practices that reduce sediment, nutrient, and herbicide losses by runoff. A 36 ha field located in Missouri was under a conventional corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) system from 1993 to 2003 with fertilizer application and tillage prior to planting in the spring. A precision agriculture system defined by two main management zones was implemented from 2004 to 2014: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean in 60% of the field, and corn and soybean in the remaining 40%. The system included no-till, cover crops, atrazine split-applications based on weed pressure, variable rates of nitrogen (N), and variable rates of fall-applied phosphorus (P). The objective of this study was to compare runoff water quality from the two management systems, based on flow and load duration curves, cumulative distribution functions, and conclusions from replicated plot studies. The precision agriculture system did not affect annual runoff, but it did increase the frequency of low flows. Sediment losses were reduced by 87% as a result of no-till and cover crops. Atrazine and P losses were lower than expected, despite the lack of incorporation into the soil. Atrazine losses were possibly lower because of the wheat area acting as a buffer, greater atrazine adsorption and retention in the field, and faster decay. Dissolved P losses as a fraction of applied remained the same, likely because of greater adsorption and lower runoff risk when applying P. Finally, nitrate-N (NO3-N) losses decreased and resulted in an overall decrease of N losses despite a slight increase of ammonium-N (NH4-N) losses. Explanations included a greater soil water content, a different timing of N applications, and N uptake by cover crops. Building on these successes, an aspirational management system is proposed to further improve on the performance and practicality of the precision agriculture system.
Susceptibility of Foodborne Pathogens Isolated from Fresh-Cut Products and Organic Vegetable to Organic Acids and Sanitizers

In this study, we evaluated the ability of various disinfectants to suppress the growth of microor- ganisms in fresh-cut products and organic vegetable. The growth of more than 50% of B. cereus isolates were sup- pressed by 50% ethanol, 0.1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.4% sodium hypochlorite or 1% calcium oxide. E. coli generally showed high susceptibility to concentration of 10% ethanol, 0.4% sodium hypochlorite and 1% calcium oxide. Eighty percent or more of S. aureus isolates exhibited resistance to ethanol, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite, but the isolates were susceptible to concentrations of 1% calcium oxide. All isolates evaluated in this study were sensitive to benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and growth in the presence of 2.0 µg/mL of BAC was completely inhibited. These pathogens showed widely different susceptibilities to different organic acids. Greater than 0.5% acetic acid and 2% and higher concentrations of malic acid and tartaric acid inhibited the growth of 60% of the isolates of B. cereus. Two percent acetic acid and tartaric acid inhibited 50% of the S. aureus isolates. Seventy percent of the E. coli isolates were resistant to malic acid and susceptible to 1% acetic acid and 10% tartaric acid. The antibacterial effects of the various sanitizers evaluated in this study were not only dependent on the type of disinfectant but also on the pathogen. Thus, it is important to select a sanitizer that is safe and effective at removing specific types of microorganisms.
Comparison of the Food Quality of Freshwater Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Cultured in Different Regions

무지개송어는 깨끗한 민물에서 서식하고, 환경 적응력이 우수 하며, 추운 지방에서 잘 자라는 등의 생태적 특성을 가지고 있 다(Kang et al., 2007). 이러한, 무지개송어는 비린내가 적어, 서 구에서 대구류, 다랑어류 및 가자미류와 같은 어류들과 함께 다 량 소비되고 있고, 우리나라에서도 신세대를 위시한 대부분의 소비자들이 선호하고 있어, 무지개송어의 시장은 앞으로도 점 차 확대되어 가리라 추정된다. 이로 인하여 무지개송어는 전세 계적으로 많이 양식하고 있고, 우리나라에서도 1965년에 강원 도에서 양식을 처음으로 시작한 이래 이들 지역(원주시, 양양군 및 평창군 등)은 물론이고, 현재 추우면서 청정수를 가진 경상 도의 밀양시, 창원시, 거창군, 고령군 및 성주군 등, 충청도의 제 천시 등, 경기도의 광주시, 남양주시, 양주시, 평택시, 포천시 및 연천군 등과 같은 다양한 지역에서 양식을 하고 있다. 한편, 수 산물의 식품학적 특성은 서식 장소와 사료의 종류에 따라 그 품 질이 아주 달라진다(Park et al., 1995). 무지개송어는 연어와 같이 쇠고기 육색을 연상시키는 선홍색 을 나타내면서, 친환경적 어류이어서 그 활용도가 아주 높을 것 으로 예측되나 현재까지 거의 대부분이 횟감으로 소비되고 있 고, 일부만이 훈제품의 소재로 활용하고자 하는 시도가 있을 뿐 이다(Heu et al., 2008). 이러한 일면에서 무지개송어의 소비 활 성화를 위하여는 다양한 제품의 개발이 필수적이므로, 무지개 송어 그 자체의 성분 특성과 서식 장소 등에 따른 세밀한 검토가 생산 지역을 달리한 담수산 무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss)의 식품학적 품질 특성 비교 강상인, 김기현, 이준규, 김용중, 박수진, 김민우, 최병대, 김동수, 김진수*
Coalescence and chimerism in Codium (Chlorophyta) from central Chile

A.V. González and B. Santelices. 2008. Coalescence and chimerism in Codium (Chlorophyta) from central Chile. Phycologia 47: 468–476. DOI: 10.2216/07-86.1. This study evaluates the natural occurrence of inter- and intracrust fusions of patches of a common species of Codium in central Chile. Field experiments suggested a high capacity for vegetative growth in the species followed by fast colonization of new areas. When two crusts encounter each other on a new substratum, their respective rhizoidal filaments and utricles grow intermixed, forming a continuous crust. Growth is initiated by the production of colourless cytoplasmic projections from the borders of the utricles. Protoplasm and plastids then invade these syncytial outgrowths, which then elongate, growing as creeping filaments on the new substratum. Creeping filaments later differentiate into utricles and rhizoidal filaments. Inter- and intracrust contact areas then become covered with the intertwining utricles and rhizoidal filaments of the two neighbouring crusts. Measurements of intracrust genetic variability, screened with three organellar markers (chloroplast partial rbcL, mitochondrial rLSU and chloroplast Trn-Gly gene), revealed widespread occurrence of intracrust genetic heterogeneity and chimerism at four localities of northern and central Chile. This is the first report of coalescence and chimerism in a green alga.
Complex genetic population structure of the bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum in a highly fragmented lagoon habitat

The genetic structure of a lagoon specialist, the bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum, was studied from 4 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences from a 514 bp mitochondrial DNA region. Both marker types revealed strong differentiation among populations that is likely due to the highly fragmented distribution of this species. The geographic location and strength of the major divisions were different between the genomes. The deepest phylogeographic split in mtDNA grouped Aegean Sea and Ponto-Caspian region populations against the more western populations, whereas nuclear data singled out Ionian Sea populations or indicated a Ponto-Caspian character of nuclear DNA from the Ionian Sea. In agreement with their presumably rapid post-glacial establishment, the northern populations showed evidence of founder effects and strong genetic drift in their genetic structuring. Two unexpected geographic disjunctions were detected in the mtDNA, but not in the microsatellite characteristics, of the studied populations. We suspect long-distance dispersal via migrating birds to be a probable dispersal means among isolated lagoon habitats and to have generated the disjunctions by contributing to the post-glacial spread of C. glaucum to its northern distribution area. The discrep- ancies between the nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characteristics of the populations could be a result of selective sweeps in mtDNA, sex-biased dispersal, biased effective sex ratio or differential introgression of the genomes. The high level of differentiation found between the main genetic groups led us to conclude that the taxonomy of Cerastoderma needs revision, but we acknowledge that due to hybridization the taxa can be occasionally impossible to delineate.
Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cell Biology v 6 Integrin Regulates Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Alport Mouse

From the Departments of Exploratory Biology, Fibrosis, Protein Chemistry, Gene Discovery, Molecular Profiling, and Research Pathology,* Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts; the Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; the Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; the Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; the Department of Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, Kansas; and the Lung Biology Center,** University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
The effect of fiber in diets formulated to contain different levels of energy and protein on digestibility coefficients in swine.

The influence of dietary crude fiber (CF), and the methods used in formulating high-fiber diets, on digestibility coefficients were investigated. Following a 10-wk adaptation period to the four dietary treatments, two barrows and two gilts per treatment, of an average initial weight of 67 kg, were transferred to metabolism crates. Diet 1 contained 14.1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg, 17.1% crude protein (CP) and 4.1% crude fiber (CF). Diets 2, 3 and 4 each contained 22% oat hulls, which were added to the diets isonitrogenously (diet 2), by simple dilution (diet 3), or isonitrogenously and isoenergetically (diet 4). The three diets contained, respectively, 9.8, 9.6 and 10.2% CF, 12.2, 12.5 and 14.8 MJ DE/kg and 17.0, 14.4 and 17.3% CP. Pigs fed diet 1 had significantly higher dry matter (DM) digestibility than those fed the higher fiber diets. Dry matter digestibility was also significantly influenced by the method of addition of CF with coefficients of 70.2, 72.8 and 65.0% for diets 2, 3 and 4, respecti.