Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and Attentional Process in Insight Problem Solving of the puzzle game "Tangram"

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a constraint relaxation which is followed by the transition to an appropriate representation in insight problem solving. The puzzle game “Tangram” was used as a new insight problem, in which problem-solvers were presented a silhouette and asked to make the same configuration by arranging 7 pieces. At the beginning, problem-solvers had a constraint allocating the pieces into a geometric shape, but then relaxed this to reach the correct configuration at a later stage of problem solving. Participants’ subjective assessments of their confidence to reach the solution predicted neither the constraint relaxation nor the successful problem solving. However, eye-tracking data suggested that the successful problem-solvers tended to search the problem space more widely than the unsuccessful-problem solvers.
Online User Feedback in Early Phases of the Design Process: Lessons Learnt from Four Design Cases

Online user feedback, collected by means of internet survey tools, is a promising approach to obtain early user feedback on concepts and early prototypes. In this study, the collection and utilization of online user feedback was investigated in four design cases: all master student projects for industry clients involving seven student designers. A total of 272 user participants provided quantitative feedback. Half of these also provided qualitative feedback. One third of the qualitative feedback was perceived as useful by the student designers. The main usefulness of the feedback was related to strategic concept decisions rather than the interaction design of the early prototype. Lessons learnt are provided.
Dynamic tolerance setting method for plane sweep algorithm

In this paper, we analyze the characteristic of floating point numbers computation in scientific computing, and adopt the Gaussian error propagation rule to analyze the computational error. By this method, an appropriate double value (i.e. the dynamic tolerance) is computed in advance and set for the plane sweep algorithm to judge whether two floating point numbers equal. By this method, we can get the segments passing the event point correctly. The dynamic tolerance guarantees the correctness of the plane sweep algorithm despite the floating computational errors. The application based on the plane sweep algorithm indicates that the method works correctly and efficiently for general use.
Cystoduodenostomy: New Perspectives

Cystoduodenostomy for internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts has been both condemned and condoned. The current study reports the largest personal experience with a single method of cystoduodenostomy. Transduodenal cystoduodenostomy was performed in 14 cases followed an average of 39 months without mortality, fistula formation, abscess, or hemorrhage. Recurrent pseudocysts developed in two patients, neither in the pancreatic head. In a 15-year combined review of surgical procedures for pancreatic pseudocyst, transduodenal cystoduodenostomy evidenced mortality rates similar to other forms of internal drainage. In direct contrast, laterolateral cystoduodenostomy by suture anastomosis resulted in a 70% mortality rate and should rarely, if ever, be performed.
Viral infections among couples for assisted reproduction in a fertility clinic in Nigeria.

CONTEXT The risk of laboratory cross-contamination may limit the availability of assisted conception for couples infected with chronic viruses. However, assisted conception is the standard of care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to minimize risk of transmission or reinfection. AIMS To assess the burden of viral infection among couples that present for assisted reproductive technology (ART) with a view to evaluating implications for their care. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 138 couples at a private fertility clinic in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Screening for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus were carried out among these clients. The males' seminal parameters were analyzed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Statistical Package for Social Sciences was employed. Analysis was by Chi-square test; statistical significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Viral infections were found in 10/138 women (7.2%) and 15/138 (10.9%) men. The most prevalent infection was HBV. Twenty-one couples were sero-discordant. Two couples had concordant HIV and HBV infections, respectively. There was no significant association between sperm quality and chronic hepatitis infection. CONCLUSION Nearly a fifth of the couples had at least one partner infected with a chronic virus - a proportion significant enough to demand attention. Apart from separate laboratory and storage facilities, basic principles to minimize transmission are recommended: HBV vaccination in sero-discordant partners of HBV carriers (and immunoprophylaxis for the baby) and antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive partners to reduce the viral load before fertility treatment is commenced.
Audio testing technology research

Radio and television industry of China has an extremely rapid development, with the equipment digitization increasing constantly, an effective analysis on audio indicators of new equipments digitized becomes a problem radio and television testers facing. The author introduces the key technical indicators of analog audio and digital audio, as well as the importance of relevant indicators, whilst proposes how to use the AP2722 audio analyzer to test the related indicators. In terms of the analog audio testing, the author focuses on the testing method of output impedance and input impedance. The impedance calculated by this testing method has a high precision, and can meet the testing requirements of current radio and television industries, whilst makes up a shortage that measurement instruments can't test the impedance. In terms of the digital audio testing, the author focuses on the measurement of jitter and digital audio format, whilst proposes a method of how to avoid losing the digital audio signal information, finally, gives a few of measurement results.
Mental Strategies as Mediators of the Link Between Attachment and PTSD

The authors analyzed the relationship between attachment dimensions (avoidance and anxiety) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms through the mediation of the mental strategies organization, that is, behavioral and intrapsychic strategies used to cope with traumatic events and symptoms, among a sample of war veterans. Sample was composed of Portuguese war veterans (N = 60): 30 veterans suffered from chronic PTSD (nonrecovered) and 30 veterans had remission from PTSD (recovered). Assessment of mental strategies was retrieved from 1 interview assessed by 3 judges, and attachment patterns and PTSD symptoms were assessed through self-report measures. Path coefficients of direct and total effects were estimated. Results showed lower mental strategies organization and higher attachment anxiety among nonrecovered participants. Indirect effect of attachment anxiety on PTSD symptoms through mental strategies was significant when no variable was entered as covariate. Indirect effect of attachment avoidance on PTSD symptoms through mental strategies organization was not significant. The authors discussed that the development of more mature mental strategies play a central role in working with veterans to cope with posttraumatic symptoms.
Absence of p16INK4a and truncation of ARF tumor suppressors in chickens

The INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus on human chromosome 9p21 (Human Genome Organization designation CDKN2B-CDKN2A), and the corresponding locus on mouse chromosome 4, encodes three distinct products: two members of the INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor family and a completely unrelated protein, ARF, whose carboxyl-terminal half is specified by the second exon of INK4a but in an alternative reading frame. As INK4 proteins block the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product and ARF protects p53 from degradation, the locus plays a key role in tumor suppression and the control of cell proliferation. To gain further insights into the relative importance of INK4a and ARF in different settings, we have isolated and characterized the equivalent locus in chickens. Surprisingly, although we identified orthologues of INK4b and ARF, chickens do not encode an equivalent of INK4a. Moreover, the reading frame for chicken ARF does not extend into exon 2, because splicing occurs in a different register to that used in mammals. The resultant 60-aa product nevertheless shares functional attributes with its mammalian counterparts. As well as indicating that the locus has been subject to dynamic evolutionary pressures, these unexpected findings suggest that in chickens, the tumor-suppressor functions of INK4a have been compensated for by other genes.
An interval approach to multiple unmanned aerial vehicle collision avoidance

Small/micro Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAVs) require the ability to operate with constraints of a diverse, automated airspace where obstacle telemetry is denied. This paper proposes a novel Sense, Detect and Avoid (SDA) algorithm with inherit resilience to sensor uncertainty. This is achieved through the interval geometric formulation of the avoidance problem, which by the use of interval analysis, can be extended to consider multiple obstacles. The approach is shown to demonstrate the ability to both tolerate sensor uncertainty and enact generated 3D avoidance trajectories. Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrate successful avoidance rates of 88%, 96% and 91% in two example collision scenarios and one multi-agent conflict scenario respectively.
Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 in rat joint inflammation.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV-4) induces inflammation in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and to assess the effects of TRPV-4 agonists and proinflammatory mediators, such as a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) agonist, on TRPV-4 responses. METHODS Four hours after intraarticular injection of carrageenan into the rat joints, expression of TRPV-4 and PAR-2 in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and in the TMJs were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence, followed by confocal microscopy. The functionality of TRPV-4 and its sensitization by a PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR-2-AP) were analyzed by measuring the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in TMJ fibroblast-like synovial cells or TG neurons. Plasma extravasation, myeloperoxidase activity, and the head-withdrawal threshold (index of mechanical allodynia) were evaluated after intraarticular injection of selective TRPV-4 agonists, either injected alone or coinjected with PAR-2-AP. RESULTS In the rat TMJs, TRPV-4 and PAR-2 expression levels were up-regulated after the induction of inflammation. Two TRPV-4 agonists specifically activated calcium influx in TMJ fibroblast-like synovial cells or TG neurons. In vivo, the agonists triggered dose-dependent increases in plasma extravasation, myeloperoxidase activity, and mechanical allodynia. In synovial cells or TG neurons, pretreatment with PAR-2-AP potentiated a TRPV-4 agonist-induced increase in [Ca(2+) ](i) . In addition, TRPV-4 agonist-induced inflammation was potentiated by PAR-2-AP in vivo. CONCLUSION In this rat model, TRPV-4 is expressed and functional in TG neurons and synovial cells, and activation of TRPV-4 in vivo causes inflammation in the TMJ. Proinflammatory mediators, such as PAR-2 agonists, sensitize the activity of TRPV-4. These results identify TRPV-4 as an important signal of inflammation in the joint.
Maximum frequency for hysteretic control COT buck converters

There are many analyses on the closed-loop performance for COT buck converters. But all of them assume the absence of the multiple pulsing effect, which will increase the output voltage and inductor current swing significantly, and a poor steady state performance is as a result. This paper presents a time domain analysis for COT buck converters to show the relationship between the multiple pulsing effect and the on-time. Results indicate a minimum limit for the on-time that can avoid the multiple pulsing effect, and consequently the maximum frequency with good steady state performance can be found.
Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination

In mammalian cells, chromosomal double-strand breaks are efficiently repaired, yet little is known about the relative contributions of homologous recombination and illegitimate recombination in the repair process. In this study, we used a loss-of-function assay to assess the repair of double-strand breaks by homologous and illegitimate recombination. We have used a hamster cell line engineered by gene targeting to contain a tandem duplication of the native adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) gene with an I-SceI recognition site in the otherwise wild-type APRT+ copy of the gene. Site-specific double-strand breaks were induced by intracellular expression of I-SceI, a rare-cutting endonuclease from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I-SceI cleavage stimulated homologous recombination about 100-fold; however, illegitimate recombination was stimulated more than 1,000-fold. These results suggest that illegitimate recombination is an important competing pathway with homologous recombination for chromosomal double-strand break repair in mammalian cells.
Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage

Several recent papers have suggested replacing the terminology of fire intensity and fire severity . P art of the problem with fire intensity is that it is sometimes used incorrectly to describe fire effects, when in fact it is justifiably restricted to measures of energy output. Increasingly, the term has created confusion because some authors have restricted its usage to a single measure of energy output referred to as fireline intensity. This metric is most useful in understanding fire behavior in forests, but is too narrow to fully capture the multitude of ways fire energy affects ecosystems. Fire intensity represents the energy released during various phases of a fire, and different metrics such as reaction intensity, fireline intensity, temperature, heating duration and radiant energy are useful for different purposes. Fire severity, and the related term burn severity, have created considerable confusion because of recent changes in their usage. Some authors have justified this by contending that fire severity is defined broadly as ecosystem impacts from fire and thus is open to individual interpretation. However, empirical studies have defined fire severity operationally as the loss of or change in organic matter aboveground and belowground, although the precise metric varies with management needs. Confusion arises because fire or burn severity is sometimes defined so that it also includes ecosystem responses. Ecosystem responses include soil erosion, vegetation regeneration, restoration of community structure, faunal recolonization, and a plethora of related response variables. Although some ecosystem responses are correlated with measures of fire or burn severity, many important ecosystem processes have either not been demonstrated to be predicted by severity indices or have been shown in some vegetation types to be unrelated to severity. This is a critical issue because fire or burn severity are readily measurable parameters, both on the ground and with remote sensing, yet ecosystem responses are of most interest to resource managers.
State observation for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems via deterministic learning

In this paper, based on the recently proposed theory of deterministic learning, a new neural observer is proposed for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems undergoing periodic or recurrent motions. Firstly, it is shown that the state observation error converges to a small neighborhood of zero exponentially in finite time, and a partial persistent excitation (PE) condition is satisfied. Secondly, by imposing an auxiliary filter and constructing a new Lyapunov function, it is obtained that the neural weight estimation error also converges to a small neighborhood of zero. Thus, the system uncertain dynamics along the periodic trajectory can be locally-accurately identified by the radial basis function(RBF) neural networks(NNs) and then stored in a constant RBF NNs. Finally, a constant NNs observer is also implemented, with guaranteed stability and good performance. The proposed observer scheme does not require high-gain design, and the embedded localized NNs can learn (identify) the nonlinear uncertain dynamics along the estimated periodic or recurrent system trajectory.
A human murine mammary tumour virus‐like agent is an unconvincing aetiological agent for human breast cancer

There has recently been renewed interest in both the scientific literature, and in the media, that a human relative (HMLV) of murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV) may be implicated in the aetiology of up to 42% of sporadic cases of human breast cancer. Such reports are potentially of considerable clinical significance, as aside from the small percentage of genetically acquired breast cancers, the cause of sporadic cases of breast cancer is completely unknown. Indeed, convincing proof of an infectious cause for human breast malignancies would permit the development of new preventative measures, treatment modalities and raise the possibility of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Here we review the historical background for a retroviral cause of human breast cancers and give an up‐to‐date critique of the most recent research findings. We conclude that the available evidence for an infectious aetiology of human breast cancers is unconvincing. Amongst the many cognate arguments against an infective hypothesis for sporadic cases of human breast cancer are the facts that: (i) human tissues lack the appropriate cell‐surface receptor for entry of MMTVs/HMLVs; (ii) unlike all other virally caused human malignancies, immunodeficiency does not predispose to an increased incidence, or prevalence, of human breast cancers; and, (iii) reports of PCR amplification of MMTV/HMLV sequences from breast cancers have been robustly disputed by four independent laboratories. Indeed positive PCR results may be readily explained by the mis‐amplification of host genomic DNA. Hence, the burden of proof currently lies with those who champion a viral cause for sporadic cases of breast cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern iraq

Sera from adults in Southern Iraq were collected during winter and screened by an enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to the two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses, the 229E and the OC43 groups: 91% of the sera had antibodies to at least one of the groups, whereas 4 and 5% of the sera had antibodies to only the 229E or OC43 groups, respectively. There was significant correlation between the levels of antibody to the 229E and OC43 group coronaviruses in these sera.
A GSM-900 MHz and WiFi-2.45 GHz dual-polarized, dual-frequency antenna dedicated to RF energy harvesting applications

A dual-polarized, dual-frequency and dual-access antenna for RF energy recycling applications is presented. The antenna shows good measured performances at 940 MHz and 2.45 GHz with a simulated broadside gain higher than 6 dBi and a return loss lower than -12 dB. It also exhibits harmonic rejection properties at 1.88 GHz and 4.9 GHz avoiding the use of RF filters when the antenna is connected to a non-linear device as the diode rectifier because no RF filter is required to suppress higher order harmonics.
Bile acid solubility and precipitation in vitro and in vivo: the role of conjugation, pH, and Ca2+ ions.

The principles governing the in vitro solubility of the common natural conjugated and unconjugated bile acids and salts in relation to pH, micelle formation, and Ca2+ concentration are considered from a theoretical standpoint and then correlated first with experimental observations on model systems and second with the formation of precipitates containing bile acids in health and disease. In vitro, taurine-conjugated bile acids are soluble at strongly acidic pH; glycine-conjugated bile acids are poorly soluble at moderately acidic pH; and many of the common, natural unconjugated bile acids are insoluble at neutral pH. For both glycine-conjugated and unconjugated bile acids, solubility rises exponentially, with increasing pH, until the concentration of the anion reaches the critical micellization concentration (CMC) when micelle formation occurs and solubility becomes practically unlimited. In vivo, in health, conjugated bile acids are present in micellar form in the biliary and intestinal tract. Unconjugated bile acids formed in the large intestine remain at low monomeric concentrations because of the acidic pH of the proximal colon, binding to bacteria, and absorption across the intestinal mucosa. In diseases in which proximal small intestinal content is abnormally acidic, precipitation of glycine-conjugated bile acids (in protonated form) occurs. Increased bacterial formation of unconjugated bile acids occurs with stasis in the biliary tract and small intestine; in the intestine, unconjugated bile acids precipitate in the protonated form. If the precipitates aggregate, an enterolith may be formed. In vitro, the calcium salts of taurine conjugates are highly water soluble, whereas the calcium salts of glycine conjugates and unconjugated bile acids possess limited aqueous solubility that is strongly influenced by bile acid structure. Precipitation occurs extremely slowly from supersaturated solutions of glycine-conjugated bile acids because of metastability, whereas super-saturated solutions of unconjugated bile acids rapidly form precipitates of the calcium salt. In systems containing Ca2+ ions and unconjugated bile acids, pH is important, since it is the key determinant of the anion concentration. For bile acids with relatively soluble calcium salts (or with a low CMC), the concentration of the anion will reach the CMC and micelles will form, thus precluding formation of the insoluble calcium salt. For bile acids, with relatively insoluble calcium salts (or with a high CMC), the effect of increasing pH is to cause the anion to reach the solubility product of the calcium salt before reaching the CMC so that precipitation of the calcium salt occurs instead of micelle formation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)