Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hairless Mutation Hypothesis: a Driving Force of Humanization by Enforcing Bipedalism to Hold a Baby, by Allowing Immature Baby Delivery to Enlarge the Brain after Birth, and by Making Use of Fire to Get Meat and to Cook Foods

2014 Three characteristics, i.e., bipedalism, nakedness, and the family reproductive unit, distinguish humans from other primates. Once a hairless mutation was initially in-troduced, these three could be explained inseparately. All primates except humans can carry their babies without using their hands. A hairless mother would be forced to stand and walk upright to hold a baby. As her activities were markedly limited, the male partner had to collect food and carry it to her to keep their baby from starving. He must have been sexually accepted by her at any time as a reward for food. Sexual relations irrespective of estrus cy-cles might have strengthened the pair bond, leading to family formation. Savannahs appeared 2.5 million years ago (Ma), which forced hominins to terrestrial life, but the ground was full of danger and a larger brain became advantageous. Wildˆres occurred frequently; naked hominins approached ˆre for warming, but soon must ˆnd burnt animals in the aftermath of wildˆres. The taste of burnt meat must be a driving force for hominins to become meat-eaters. They must have learned how to control ˆre and how to repel hairy animals that hate ˆre. To compete with large carnivores with fangs and claws, they became not hunters but robbers. When robber hominins found that a carnivore had killed a prey animal, they approached the predator and repelled it away from the victim using ˆre, then claiming the prey intact. Major events such as the timing of global cooling, the appearance of savannahs, the appearance of early humans, decline of large predators, the manufacture of stone tools, and the start of cooking largely coincide at 2.5 Ma. Cooked meat must be tasty and easily digested, providing hominins with nutrients su‹cient to enlarge the brain, while most large carnivores were forced to extinction. Thus, hairlessness created
Origin of Luminescence from InGaN Diodes

We report the first direct observation of phase decomposition in a luminescent alloy and show that this decomposition, allied to quantum confinement enhancements, accounts for the surprisingly high efficiency of InGaN-based diodes manufactured by Nichia Chemical Industries. Hence nanostructure, rather than composition, is responsible for the success of these devices. A common nanostructure, in the form of nearly pure InN quantum dots, occurs across a large range of average indium content in InGaN and leads to a universal scalability of the optical spectra.
TV Advertising and Online Sales: The Role of Inter-Temporal Substitution

Firms use offline advertising to drive online browsing and sales. However, while a recent literature has demonstrated a surge in online activity in the minutes following TV advertising, there is limited evidence on the extent to which offline advertising indeed leads to a sustained significant uptake in online sales. We investigate the effect of TV advertising on browsing and sales accounting both for the instant effect as well as for an aggregate effect across a time window covering multiple weeks. Using evidence from a field test conducted by an online travel company, we confirm similar findings as in previous literature that TV advertising has a positive instant effect on both online browsing and online sales. However, this instant effect does not translate into an increase in either browsing or sales over a period of multiple weeks, implying that the firm does not see an increase in revenue as a result of the TV advertising campaign. We document consumers' inter-temporal substitution as the mechanism behind this aggregate null effect. The findings indicate that rather than focusing on instantaneous spikes marketing managers should consider a longer time window when evaluating the effectiveness of TV campaigns on online purchases.
Spain and the Classical Gold Standard: Short–And Long-Term Analyses

This paper seeks to link the two theories put forward to explain (the consequences of) Spain’s decision not to adopt the gold standard in the late nineteenth century, and does so by comparing the outcomes of short- and long-run approaches. The empirical results obtained from applying an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and vector error correction (VEC) framework are reported. This ARDL and VEC analysis reveals that the expansionary monetary policies implemented had a positive impact on Spain’s economic growth. The exchange rate was a key factor, since it helped improve the terms of trade and promoted exports in the short run. None of these options would have been available under the gold standard system. This paper provides new empirical evidence for the core-periphery debate through an analysis of a peripheral economy, and sheds important new light on the developments in Spain at the time of the classical gold standard.
Automating Coordination Mechanisms - Markets, Hierarchies, and Associations

This paper revisits the ”move to the market” hypothesis proposed by Malone et al. (1987) and argues that, although compatible with empirical results, the theoretical basis of this hypothesis is flawed since no clear distinction is made between coordination mechanisms and forms of governance. Based on this distinction, a theoretical framework is developed which has two main advantages compared to other modes of explanation: (1) it can easily deal with a number of theoretical inconsistencies created by existing modes of explaining IT’s impact on the organization of economic activity; (2) it allows for deriving a number of hypotheses which, if not rejected by empirical tests, allow for a greater degree of confidence in the nature of the causal relationship between IT and the organization of economic activity. The paper proceeds by first developing a set of hypotheses concerning IT’s impact on coordination mechanisms and, building upon this analysis, developing a second set of hypotheses concerning IT’s impact on governance forms. As a novelty, these hypotheses predict the increasing importance of associative forms of governance as IT is used to automate coordination mechanisms. Implications of these hypotheses from a management and a regulatory point of view are tentatively discussed.
Risk Taking, Behavioral Biases, and Genes: Results from 149 Active Investors

Recent evidence suggests that there is genetic basis for economic behaviors, including preferences for risk taking. We correlate variation in risk taking and behavioral biases with two genetic polymorphisms related to the uptake of dopamine and serotonin (7R DRD4 and s/s 5-HTTLPR), hypothesizing that they are positively (negatively) related to risk taking. We use a small but detailed sample of active investors where we combine survey data with DNA samples and data from Swedish tax records that give us objective information about actual economic choices. We find a positive (negative) relationship between the dopamine (serotonin) gene and life expectancy bias, but no other significant correlations between the two genes and behaviors, including risk taking and measures of equity holdings. We acknowledge that our tests suffer from low power originating from the small sample size, which warrants some caution when interpreting these results.
Export Performance, Invoice Currency, and Heterogeneous Exchange Rate Pass-Through

Using comprehensive, shipment-level merchandise trade data, we examine the extent to which New Zealand exporters maintain stable New Zealand dollar prices by passing on exchange rate changes to foreign customers. We find that the extent to which firms absorb exchange rate fluctuations in the short run is significantly related to both invoice currency choice and exporter characteristics when these are analysed separately. However, when jointly accounted for, the role of exporter characteristics largely disappears. That is, some firm types are more inclined to invoice in the New Zealand dollar, while others use either the importer or a third currency. In the short run, this translates into differences in exchange rate pass-through because of price rigidity in the invoice currency. Differences across invoice currencies diminish, but do not disappear, over time as prices adjust to reflect bilateral exchange rate movements.
Identification and Quantification of Nonvolatile Lipophilic Substances in Fresh Sapwood and Heartwood of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.)

Content and composition of lipophilic extractives from fresh sapwood and heartwood of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) were investigated by solid-phase extraction, GC and GC-MS techniques. The acetone extractive content in sapwood was 1.9-2.2% of oven dry wood, among which were included 1.1-1.3% triglycerides, 0.02-0.03% free fatty acids, 0.3-0.4% free resin acids, 0.15-0.21% steryl esters and waxes, 0.02% monoglycerides, and 0.02-0.03% sterols, fatty alcohols and diglycerides. A considerably higher amount of extractives was present in heartwood, i.e., 10-12%, including 0.6-0.7% triglycerides, 0.8-1.1% free fatty acids, 4.0-5.6% free resin acids, 0.25-0.33% steryl esters and waxes, 0.4-0.5% monoglycerides, and 0.08-0.1% sterols, fatty alcohols and diglycerides. The most abundant fatty acid residues in the wood triglycerides were oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3) and palmitic (16:0) acids. Together they formed about 85% and 65% of the total fatty acid composition in the sapwood and heartwood triglycerides, respectively. Of the steryl esters and waxes, 18:2 was the most dominant residue, followed by 18:3 and 18:1. Twelve major free fatty acids and seven free resin acids were identified and quantified. The abundant free fatty acids in both sapwood and heartwood were 18:2 and 18:1, making up 32-41% and 24-28% of the total fatty acid amount, respectively. Palustric acid was the dominant free resin acid, its relative proportion to the total resin acids was 52% in the outer sapwood and 29% in the inner heartwood. Other major resin acids detected included abietic, isoabietic, dehydroabietic, neoabietic acids
Reassessing flavophospholipol effects on broiler performance

The objective of this study was to evaluate bird responses to flavophospholipol at higher doses than those recommended by the Brazilian legislation. A trial was conducted with 900 male broilers divided into five doses of flavophospholipol: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg. The performance evaluation was conducted weekly until 42 days of age. The evaluated parameters were: weight gain, feed conversion corrected for mortality, feed intake and mortality. At the end of experimental period, birds supplemented with growth promoter differed from the negative control for weight gain and feed conversion in the period from 1 to 42 days. Body weight gain and feed conversion were significantly higher for birds fed 16 mg/kg of flavophospholipol, compared with treatment without the growth promoter in the period from 1 to 21 days. In the accumulated period from 22 to 42 days, all doses were different for the negative control for feed conversion and body weight gain. The performance improvement was maximized at the dosage of 10.1 mg/kg for feed conversion ratio and 10.9 mg/kg for body weight gain by regression analysis. Flavomycin can be used as a growth promoter to improve feed conversion ratio and body weight gain in broilers from 1 to 42 days of age.
Australia's Health Workforce

The Productivity Commission's research report into 'Australia's Health Workforce', was released on 19 January 2006. The Commission was asked to undertake a research study to examine issues impacting on the health workforce over the next 10 years. The main finding of the commissioned study's report is that changes are needed if Australia's health workforce is to become more efficient and effective. The Commission recommended an integrated set of national actions which will result in a more sustainable and responsive health workforce. The proposed workforce arrangements are designed to: drive reform to scopes of practice, and job design more broadly, while maintaining safety and quality; deliver a more coordinated and responsive education and training regime for health workers; accredit the courses and institutions and register health professionals in nationally consolidated and coherent frameworks; and; provide the financial incentives to support access to safe and high quality care in a manner that promotes innovation in health workplaces. The proposals would benefit all Australians, including those in rural and remote areas and Indigenous communities where workforce shortages are particularly evident.
Entrepreneur Death and Startup Performance

How large is entrepreneurs’ personal importance to startups? We use the death of nearly 1,500 entrepreneurs as a source of exogenous variation, and find large and sustained negative effects on growth and profitability. For small startups, the effects go mainly via firm survival, while for larger startups the effects are mainly on firm growth. For larger startups, the mean effect on sales is about 60%. The effects appear to be driven by entrepreneur specialness rather than leadership transition; the effects of death of entrepreneur managers are economically and statistically stronger than the death of managers that are not entrepreneurs.
Regional Heterogeneity and the Refinancing Channel of Monetary Policy

We argue that the time-varying regional distribution of housing equity influences the aggregate consequences of monetary policy through its effects on mortgage refinancing. Using detailed loan-level data, we show that regional differences in housing equity affect refinancing and spending responses to interest rate cuts but that these effects vary over time with changes in the regional distribution of house price growth. We then build a heterogeneous household model of refinancing with both mortgage borrowers and lenders and use it to explore the aggregate implications for monetary policy arising from our regional evidence. We find that the 2008 equity distribution made spending in depressed regions less responsive to interest rate cuts, thus dampening aggregate stimulus and increasing regional consumption inequality, whereas the opposite occurred in some earlier recessions. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that monetary policy makers should track the regional distribution of equity over time.
The Effectiveness of Applying the Strategic Practices of Human Resource Management on the Performance of Transportation Sector in Dhofar Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman

This study aimed to test the validity of the model of applying the strategic practices of human resource management on improving the performance of transportation sector in Dhofar Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman and to explore the nature of implied relationships in the hypothesized model of study. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach based on the quantitative analysis of field research to test the hypotheses and verify the extent of correlation among these variables depending on the questionnaire of study. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of (283) from a population of (1075) representing the Omani employees from all positions. After testing the relationships among the implied factors, the findings showed that applying the strategic practices of human resources affects the improvement of organizational performance levels through the positive role of the organizational behavior of individuals in the researched organizations. Therefore, the study could formulate a theoretical framework valid to be applied in the transportation sector in Dhofar Governorate particularly and the Sultanate of Oman generally.
Optimal Asset Allocation for DC Pension Decumulation with a Variable Spending Rule

We determine the optimal asset allocation to bonds and stocks using an annually recalculated virtual annuity (ARVA) spending rule for DC pension plan decumulation. Our objective function minimizes downside withdrawal variability for a given fixed value of total expected withdrawals. The optimal asset allocation is found using optimal stochastic control methods. We formulate the strategy as a solution to a Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) Partial Integro Differential Equation (PIDE). We impose realistic constraints on the controls (no-shorting, no-leverage, discrete rebalancing) and solve the HJB PIDEs numerically. Compared to a fixed-weight strategy which has the same expected total withdrawals, the optimal strategy has a much smaller average allocation to stocks and tends to de-risk rapidly over time. This conclusion holds in the case of a parametric model based on historical data and also in a bootstrapped market based on the historical data.
Developmental arrest induced by juvenile hormone in larvae of Bombyx mori

Injection of the juvenile hormone analog (JHA) methoprene into day 3, fifthinstar larvae of Bombyx mori induced developmental arrest. Feeding activity declined, and the larvae remained as larvae for more than 2 weeks, after which they died. After JHA injection, the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was low, and the prothoracic glands were almost inactive for 7 days. During this period, prothoracic glands were stimulated by prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) in vitro, indicating that JHA did not inhibit the competence of the glands to respond to PTTH. When brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complexes were removed from intact fifth-instar larvae on day 4, the prothoracic glands became autonomously active and produced enough ecdysone for pupation. When PTTH injections were given to larvae previously injected with JHA (7 days before), the larvae recovered feeding activity, purged their guts, and pupated. Injections of 20-hydroxyecdysone into larvae that had been injected with JHA 7 days earlier induced larval molting. These results suggest that JHA affects both the brain and the prothoracic gland.
Hypothesis Testing Equilibrium in Signaling Games

In this paper, we propose a definition of Hypothesis Testing Equilibrium (HTE) for general signaling games with non-Bayesian players nested by an updating rule according to Hypothesis Testing model characterized by Ortoleva (2012). An HTE may be different from a sequential Nash equilibrium because of the dynamic inconsistency. However, when player 2 only takes zero-probability message as an unexpected news, an HTE is a refinement of sequential Nash equilibrium and it survives Intuitive Criterion, but not vice versa. We provide existence theorem covering a broad class of signaling games often studied in economics, and the constrained HTE is unique in such signaling games.
Effect of Heat Stress During Floral Development on Pollen Tube Growth and Ovary Anatomy in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat plants (cv. Gabo) otherwise grown at 20°C were subjected to a temperature of 30°C for 3 days at the onset of meiosis in the anthers. Control plants were maintained at 20°C throughout development. Serial sections through the heat-stressed ovaries just prior to anthesis showed that a third contained abnormal embryo sacs. Abnormalities ranged from the complete absence of an embryo sac accompanied by reduced nucellus development, to small embryo sacs that contained the full complement of cells. No abnormalities were observed in control ovaries. Following pollination with fertile pollen, heat-stressed stigmas had similar numbers of germinated pollen grains to non-stressed controls but there were fewer tubes reaching the ovary. In 7% of the stressed pistils, no pollen tube reached the ovary. Callose was deposited in some of the inhibited pollen grains and tubes that showed abnormal growth. It is concluded that heat stress during meiosis in wheat can reduce yield by causing abnormal ovary development, which results in reduced pollen tube growth and seed set.
The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on the Matriculation of Junior High School Students into Rural China's High Schools

The goal of this study is to examine whether promising a Conditional Cash Transfer (conditional on matriculation) at the start of junior high increases the rate at which disadvantaged students matriculate into high school. Based on a randomized controlled trial involving 1,418 disadvantaged (economically poor) students in rural China, we find that the promise of a CCT has no effect on increasing high school matriculation for the average disadvantaged student. We do find, however, that providing the CCT increases high school matriculation among the subset of disadvantaged students who overestimate the direct costs of attending high school.
Rent Sharing to Control Non-Cartel Supply in the German Cement Market

A challenge for many cartels is avoiding a destabilizing increase in non-cartel supply in response to having raised price. In the case of the German cement cartel that operated over 1991-2002, the primary source of non-cartel supply was imports from Eastern European cement manufacturers. Industry sources have claimed that the cartel sought to control imports by sharing rents with intermediaries in order to discourage them from sourcing foreign supply. Specifically, cartel members would allow an intermediary to issue the invoice for a transaction and charge a fee even though the output went directly from the cartel member’s plant to the customer. We investigate this claim by first developing a theory of collusive pricing that takes account of the option of bribing intermediaries. The theory predicts that the cement cartel members are more likely to share rents with an intermediary when the nearest Eastern European plant is closer and there is more Eastern European capacity outside of the control of the cartel. Estimating a logit model that predicts when a cartel member sells through an intermediary, the empirical analysis supports both predictions.
Recent studies on the role of microorganisms in the cycling of substances in lakes

This paper presents a review of current trends in research in the Soviet Union on the ecology of aquatic bacteria. The paper shows an increasing emphasis on in situ measurements of the rate or extent of conversion of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron from one form to another and on the bacteria responsible for these conversions. Theoretical considerations and results of several studies are summarized. These include measurement of bacterial biomass production and nitrogen fixation with isotopes, factors affecting decomposition of water humus in bog lakes, annual succession of iron bacteria in relation to the cycling of iron, nitrogen exchange between bottom sediment and benthic waters, the concept and calculation of nitrogen balance in a lake, and the bacteria responsible for the oxidation of sulfur. An attempt is made to incorporate this information into flow diagrams showing the dynamics of the cycling of the four elements discussed.