Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Considerations of Sympatric Divergence

A deterministic computer simulation was made of a population occupying two niches. The size of the population in each niche was assumed constant, and there was gene flow between niches. The gene flow represented pollen transfer among plant populations. The basic model described one gene with two alleles, different alleles being selectively favored in different niches. This model was extended to investigate, in turn, situations where the character undergoing selection was polygenic, where there were modifiers causing linkage of the polygenes, where there were modifiers causing changes in the dominance relations of the alleles, and where genes determined assortative mating and self-fertility. Results showed that a polymorphism could be maintained particularly with high levels of selection and/or low levels of gene flow, both in single-gene and polygenic cases. Linkage modifiers spread slowly in the population, but evolution of dominance or overdominance occurred rapidly, particularly under high levels of selection and gene flow. Isolation between populations in each of the two niches could arise through assortative mating or through self-fertility. The conditions under which each of these evolutionary steps occurred were clearly defined. Selection in heterogeneous environments with migration between subhabitats was shown to occur in several qualitatively different ways ("migration-selection cycles"). The assumptions of the model and the results were discussed in relation to studies on natural and experimental populations.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION TRAINING IN NIGERIA

This paper stresses the importance of entrepreneurship education towards effective vocational and technical education training in Nigeria. The major problems facing the country include the high rate of poverty and youths/graduates unemployment among others. So many graduates roam the streets jobless, sometimes going into criminal activities such as; drug abuse, child trafficking, kidnapping, political thuggery, cultism, etc. This paper therefore argues that entrepreneurship education will equip the students with the skills with which to be self-reliant. The objectives and strategies for re-designing entrepreneurship education are also discussed. The paper recommended among other things that entrepreneurship education should be made compulsory at all levels of our educational system so that students at all levels will be encouraged to cultivate the entrepreneurial culture from earlier stage of their life. It is also recommended that the government should give adequate attention to entrepreneurial development in the country through the provision of adequate and relevant materials and equipment for effective implementation of entrepreneurship education curriculum.
Comment augmenter l’apport nutritionnel en acides gras n-3 ?

Le statut nutritionnel des francais en acide gras n-3 indique une insuffisance par rapport aux apports nutritionnels conseilles (ANC). Pour orienter les strategies nutritionnelles et industrielles, il faut connaitre la biosynthese et la disponibilite metabolique des acides gras n-3. La biosynthese des acides gras polyinsatures n-3 a tres longue chaine (EPA, DHA) se fait par une succession de desaturations et d’elongations, a partir de l’acide α-linolenique. Les etapes de desaturation sont considerees comme limitantes et portent le poids des regulations. Le precurseur indispensable l’acide α-linolenique est apporte en quantite insuffisante et il est un excellent substrat de la β-oxydation, donc peu disponible pour la voie de synthese des derives n-3, elle-meme variablement mais tres faiblement active. De plus, les desaturases etant communes pour les voies n-3 et n-6, la presence surabondante des acides gras n-6 constitue une inhibition competitive pour la synthese des derives n-3. Afin d’augmenter l’apport nutritionnel en acides gras n-3, il faut considerer tous les acides gras n-3 et pas seulement le precurseur ou seulement les derives, car tous ont des roles specifiques. L’alimentation doit etre variee, mais doit inclure les huiles riches en acide α-linolenique (colza, soja, noix) pour l’apport de precurseur et le poisson gras pour les tres longues chaines. Devant le constat net d’insuffisance des apports en acides gras n-3, l’usage du vecteur animal est a etudier, a optimiser, a valoriser avec finesse, et a encadrer depuis les pratiques d’elevage jusqu’aux allegations et recommandations. A titre d’exemple, l’apport du lin en alimentation animale constitue ensuite une source d’acides gras n-3 pour l’homme, en incluant le precurseur et les derives.
The Animal Locator: a new method for accurate and fast collection of animal locations for visible species

Ranging behaviour is one of the most important aspects of the life history of many species. Spatial distributions of individuals in the wild is linked to factors such as foraging, mating, population density, availability of resources and competition. Accurate data on the spatial location of individuals over time is often difficult to collect. Here, we propose a new simple, non-invasive and economic method for collecting accurate spatial data usable for many different species of free-ranging animals. Our instrument for collecting animal locations consists of three elements: a laser range finder, a laser tilt sensor and a protractor. This instrument can obtain three-dimensional parameters of the space from a fixed point allowing the user to collect geographical locations of the animals and, in general, of any point of interest. The device we tested showed a very low average error among (1.76 ± 0.643 m) and within (1.79 ± 0.058 m) observers, and the locations we obtained were all within the 95% probability of the tolerance intervals for the 20 positions which we measured repeatedly with a Global Position System for each of 10 different test locations. We tested a range of different distances to the target points (from 20 to 222 m), and we propose formulas to calculate precision of the instrument inside this interval. Precision of estimated locations was between 0.32 to 3.55 m from the real location and it was slightly related to distance of the target point (r = 0.38, P = 0.054). As an example of its practical application, we present data on the use of the instrument within the framework of a study on a population of free-ranging individually tagged alpine marmots Marmota marmota.
Using molecules and morphology to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the Dirini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), a tribe of butterflies endemic to Southern Africa

The first empirically supported phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships for the southern African endemic butterfly tribe Dirini is presented. Data derived from the morphology and ecology of the adults and immature stages (33 characters), and portions of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear genes elongation factor 1α (EF1α) and wingless (WG) (totalling 1734 bp) were used to infer the relationships of the in‐group genera. An expanded molecular dataset using four genera from the Nymphalini and Satyrini to root the tree, and three genera from the Melanitini to test the monophyly of the tribe, was analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Estimates of divergence times were calculated using two fossil calibrations under a relaxed molecular clock model. The monophyly of the tribe and each in‐group genus were strongly supported. Key findings are the sister‐taxon relationship of Aeropetes and Tarsocera, the apparent simultaneous or nearly simultaneous radiation of four lineages, the polyphyly of the species within Torynesis, and the apparent trans‐Atlantic dispersal of the ancestors of Manataria about 40 Ma. Estimates of divergence times indicate that the tribe has undergone two major radiations since its origin: the first when they left forest habitats in the mid–late Oligocene, shortly after the radiation of the grasses (Poaceae), and the second in the early‐middle Pliocene, coinciding with the aridification of southern Africa and the spread of conditions that favoured C4 grasses over the C3 grasses that dirine larvae prefer to eat. The high species diversity within the tribe appears to be partly a taxonomic artefact that may have resulted from the misinterpretation of climate‐related phenotypic variation within extant species. Relocation and breeding experiments should test this hypothesis.
Rubber Dam Isolation for Endodontic Treatment in Difficult Clinical Situations.

The concept of using rubber dam to isolate the tooth dates back to almost 150 years. Rubber dam application is considered mandatory in root canal treatment. The Quality Assurance Guidelines of the American Associations of Endodontists says that cleaning, shaping, disinfection and obturation of all canals are accomplished using an aseptic technique with dental dam isolation “whenever possible”. Root canal treatment without rubber dam has a negative impact on the treatment outcome, influences decision of the choice of root canal irrigant and also patient’s safety. This paper emphasizes the application of rubber dam in various difficult clinical situations.
Sexual differences in flower defense and correlated male‐biased florivory in a plant–florivore system

Male-biased florivory is a prominent phenomenon in the interaction between plants and florivores, and is potentially related to the evolution of flower traits and sex expression; however, its adaptive significance is not well understood. We studied florivory in the geometrid moth Chloroclystis excisa utilizing flower buds of a sexually polymorphic shrub, Eurya japonica, to reveal relationships between flower sex and moth oviposition preference, moth larval performance, and plant phenolics composition. In the field, C. excisa exploited flower buds on male and hermaphrodite trees but never those on female trees. In the laboratory, moths showed a strong oviposition preference for male over female flower buds, and larvae did not survive on female buds. Mortality was caused solely by feeding on the calyx covering the female bud. Female calyces contained higher concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins than did male calyces. These results suggest that substantial sexual differences in defense against florivory may have evolved in association with the differentiation of flower sexes and that a strong preference for the weakly defended flower sex may have evolved in florivores as a counter-adaptation.
Phase and amplitude relations between transpiration, water potential and stem shrinkage

Abstract An electrical analogue describing the phase and amplitude relations between transpiration, water potential and stem shrinkage for trees was developed. Observations of shrinking and swelling at various heights up a Pinus radiata tree were obtained over several weeks in summer and autumn. The relative amplitude in shrinkage increased by a factor of two up the stem, but phase lags were small. The data obtained were used in conjunction with the electrical analogue of the How pathway to obtain an estimate of the relative magnitude of the capacitance of the living bark and the sapwood, and to predict phase lags between transpiration and leaf water potential, and lags in transpirational flux up the stem. The results suggest that if water potentials recover by dawn, phase lags in water potential down tree stems arc small and that the exchange between water stored in the sapwood and the transpiration stream is irreversible over the diurnal time scale.
Modifications of the leaf surface structures of Quercus ilex L. in open, naturally CO2-enriched environments

Two Italian CO 2 springs allowed us to study the long-term effect of a 350-2600 μmol mol -1 increase in CO 2 concentrations on the surface structures of leaves of Quercus ilex L. Carbon dioxide increased the quantity of cuticular waxes, above an apparent threshold of 750 μmol mol -1 CO 2 . Leaf wettability was not modified by CO 2 concentrations. Reduction in stomatal frequency was observable up to 750 μmol mol -1 CO 2 , the slope being almost the same as that estimated for the increase in CO 2 concentration from pre- industrial times to the present. At higher concentrations, CO 2 seemed to exert no more impact on stomatal frequency.
Season-long consequences of shifts in timing of breeding for productivity in Willow Warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus

Capsule Breeding Willow Warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus, in the UK have advanced in timing of breeding but with little impact on overall productivity. Aims To quantify the impact of shifts in timing of breeding on changes in Willow Warbler productivity across the UK. Methods Using records of ∼7000 nests from the British Trust for Ornithology Nest Record Scheme, we quantify shifts in timing of breeding and seasonal variation in productivity and timing of breeding, and explore their relative contribution to changes in overall productivity. As population trajectories vary across Britain (south-east declining, north-west stable), analyses were conducted regionally. Results In both regions, nesting dates have advanced and early-season productivity is highest. However, while the proportion of early-season nests has increased, the seasonal decline in productivity in the north-west has lessened, and overall (season-long) productivity is stable. In the south-east, however, the seasonal decline in productivity has strengthened and, despite the advance in timing of breeding, overall productivity has declined. Conclusions Advances in timing of breeding have not led to increased Willow Warbler productivity in the UK, because the population-level impact of advances depends on seasonal patterns in both productivity and the distribution of nesting dates within a population.
Changes in the erythrocytes of Necturus associated with the intracellular crystallization of hemoglobin

The phenomenon of iiitracellular crystallization of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of Necturus is apparently well known to both biochemists and physiologists. Stewart (’18, p. 71) describes it as occurring regularly after exposure of the blood of this animal to either saponin or sodium taurocholate, and Rlathews ( ’21, p. 498) makes the following statement: “Moreover, when hemoglobin is set free in the corpuscle by some of these methods (laking), particularly in the very large cells of Necturus, a tailed amphibian, the hemoglobin may crystallize in the corpuscle itself. ” This phenomenon w7as first observed by the writer while studying blood from animals which had been exposed for varying periods to a dilute solution of lead acetate, and the readiness with which such intracellular crystallization could be induced prompted the present study of the associated changes occurring within the erythrocyte.
Synthesis and SOD Activity of Manganese Complexes of Pentaaza Macrocycles Containing Amino- and Guanidino-auxiliary

E-mail: dylim@sejong.ac. krReceived July 25, 2011, Accepted August 10, 2011Key Words : Pentaaza macrocycle, ROS, SOD mimic, Manganese complexReactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated fromcellular metabolism or from other environmental stresses inliving organisms, and they are well known to oxidizecellular components including proteins, nucleic acids, andlipids, causing various types of cell and tissue damage.Therefore, antioxidant compounds have been considered astherapeutic agents to treat a variety of ROS-related di-sorders, including arthritis,
Cathemerality in lemurs

Over the past few decades, it has become clear that activity patterns in the Malagasy lemurs can no longer be classified simply as diurnal or nocturnal. Most members of the Lemuridae, the largest of the five families of Malagasy lemurs, exhibit activity both during the day and at night. The term now generally employed to describe this exploitation of both diurnal and nocturnal phases in lemurs is “cathemeral. ”1 In the 1970s, studies in the field and in captivity on Eulemur spp. pointed to the regular occurrence of activity throughout the 24-hr cycle.2 Several theoretical attempts to explain the evolutionary and ecological basis of cathemerality have been made.2–5 However, field studies on Lemuridae have usually focused on daytime activity and largely neglected nocturnal activity, providing a source of bias which may have profoundly affected our understanding of lemur behavior and ecology. Recent field studies have finally provided data collected throughout the 24-hr period, and a complex picture is beginning to emerge. Cathemerality has been described in detail in lemurids inhabiting a variety of habitats,6–9 and attempts have been made to assess 1) the proximate role of environmental cues; 2) the functional relevance of cathemerality; and hence 3) its adaptive value and evolution.
Crescimento e esporulação de Bipolaris euphorbiae cultivado sob diferentes condições nutricionais

Bipolaris euphorbiae Muchovej & Carvalho is considered a potential bioagent for control of selvage peanuts (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) on soybean crops in Brazil. However, little is known about the nutritional characteristics of this fungus. The main objective of this research was to evaluate different sources of carbon (glucose, starch, sucrose, lactose and maltose), of nitrogen (sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, bi-basic ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride), of phosphorus (monobasic potassium phosphate, bi-basic potassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate) and addition of organic sources of macro and micronutrients as supplement in the culture medium for the growth and sporulation of B. euphorbiae. Starch was the carbon source that promoted the greater fungus growth and was considered the most favorable to sporulation. The nitrogen source sodium nitrate and the phosphorus source monobasic potassium phosphate and calcium phosphate provided the best growth and sporulation of B. euphorbiae, but the others phosphorus source analyzed, except phosphoric acid, favored the fungus sporulation. The supplementation of the culture medium with peptone and yeast extract promoted a better growth and sporulation of the fungus and the addition of vitamins favored the production of conidia.
Extra-Pair Copulations and Mate Guarding in the Polyterritorial Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula Hypoleuca

1. Seven out of 24 observed copulations (= 29% ) in the pied flycatcher were extra-pair copulations (EPCs). There was no significant difference between EPCs and pair copulations (PCs) with respect to timing and duration, possibly indicating that both are equally successful. Thus, proportion of copulations may reflect share of paternity. 2. Females usually do not solicit EPCs and often try to avoid them. We cannot find that females have much to gain from EPCs, while attempts to resist forced copulations may impose some costs. The fact that EPCs still are rather frequent suggests that it might be cheaper for a female to accept an EPC than to resist it. 3. Males spend much of their time mate guarding but the distance between pair members is longer for polyterritorial males than for monoterritorial males. Still, we cannot find any significant differences in risks or possibilities of EPCs between males of different mating status. However, the relaxed mate guarding by polyterritorial males suggests that these males might take higher risks, and they also suffer more territory intrusions. 4. It is most likely that male reproductive strategies are not maintained as a frequency-dependent mixed ESS with equal pay-offs for all paired males. Instead, male strategies are conditional on phenotype and breeding circumstances.
Correlation and path analysis studies in teak, Tectona grandis L for stem volume production

The present investigation entitled ‘Correlation and path analysis studies in teak, Tectona grandis L for stem volume production’ was carried out during the year 2011-12 in the Department of Forestry, Dr PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra and the observations were taken from teak seed orchard, Mohghata, district Bhandara, Maharashtra. The study was undertaken for thirty clones of teak using randomized block design with three replications. The teak plantation was established in the year 1977 at a spacing of 8 x 8 m. In each treatment there were three plants of each clone in one replication. One plant per treatment was selected randomly to record observations for six characters. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation studies between stem volume contributing traits revealed that stem volume per plant was closely associated with plant height and number of branches which exhibited positive and significant correlation. Path analysis revealed positive direct effect on volume per plant through plant height, leaf area and number of branches. Hence these characters may be given consideration while formulating selection indices for the improvement of teak.
Influence of patch- and landscape-level attributes on the movement behavior of raccoons in agriculturally fragmented landscapes

We tested the hypotheses that movement rates and home range sizes of raccoons (Procyon lotor (L., 1758)) inhabiting a highly fragmented landscape would vary in response to local and landscape-level habitat characteristics. Raccoons occupying small forest patches containing limited water sources maintained larger home ranges than raccoons with home ranges established in large forest patches containing abundant sources of water. Raccoons occupying large (>25 ha) forest patches exhibited minimal interindividual variance in home range size compared with raccoons monitored in patches <25 ha. This differing pattern of variance in home range size suggests that critical resources were more widely dispersed within and among small patches, forcing raccoons occupying smaller patches to utilize larger and more spatially disparate areas to satisfy their metabolic and reproductive needs. Movement rates of raccoons were positively related to home range size, although movement rates of males (246.9 m/h) exceeded those of.
ORGANISATION OF THE EPIDERMAL SYNCYTIAL MOSAIC IN DICERATOCEPHALA BOSCHMAI(TEMNOCEPHALIDA : PLATYHELMINTHES)

The epidermis of Diceratocephala boschmai Baer, 1952 (Temnocephalida : Platyhelminthes) was studied using silver-nitrate staining and electron microscopy. The epidermis consists of six syncytia separated by lateral membranes: the frontal, trunk, stalk, adhesive disc syncytia, and a pair of post-tentacular syncytia. Neighbouring syncytia differ in many characters including (1) the presence or absence of locomotory cilia, (2) the degree of the differentiation of the apical cytoplasm layer, (3) the presence or absence of bundles of cytoskeletal filaments, imaginations of basal membrane and other specialised cytoplasmatic structures, (4) the abundance of hemidesmosomes at the basal membrane, and (5) the abundance and nature of gland ducts penetrating the syncytium. These structural differences reflect functional differences between the syncytia. Thus, multisyncytial organisation of the epidermis may be explained by functional differences between the syncytia. Only between the frontal and trunk syncytia has no apparent ultrastructural difference been found.