Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generating Hyperspectral Data Based on 3D CNN and Improved Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network Using Homemade High-resolution Datasets

Hyperspectral images contain rich information on the fingerprints of materials and are being popularly used in the exploration of oil and gas, environmental monitoring, and remote sensing. Since hyperspectral images cover a wide range of wavelengths with high resolution, they can provide rich features for enhancing the subsequent target detection and classification procedure. The recently proposed deep learning algorithms have been frequently utilized to extract features from hyperspectral images. However, these algorithms are all data-hungry, and need large volume of data to learn an even usable model. To overcome this deficiency, this paper proposes an improved 3D Wasserstein generative adversarial network (3D WGAN-GP) model to generate hyperspectral images with the help of a small amount of training homemade unlabeled hyperspectral images. In particular, WGAN-GP generates hyperspectral images through three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN) and discriminates it against the real ones through a discriminator network. We train the proposed 3D WGAN-GP model by jointly learning both networks with the Adam algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that augments hyperspectral images by using the deep learning algorithm. We evaluate the quality of the generated hyperspectral images by comparing their spectrums to the corresponding real ones. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Changes of endogenous hormone level in pollinated and N-(2-chloropyridyl)-N 9-phenylurea (CPPU)-induced parthenocarpicfruits of Lagenaria leucantha

Summary Pollinated and CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N 9 -phenylurea)-induced parthenocarpic fruits were used to study their roles in fruit set, and the metabolism of endogenous hormones in fruit of Lagenaria leucantha. Unpollinated fruit failed to develop and eventually aborted. CPPU induced parthenocarpic fruit significantly larger than pollinated ones. IAA (indoleacetic acid) and t-zeatin levels in pollinated fruit increased with fruit growth and reached their maximum values 9.d after anthesis (DAA). IAA and t-zeatin levels in CPPU-induced parthenocarpic fruit, however, declined gradually within fruit growth and were much lower than in pollinated fruit. These results suggest that CPPU did not induce parthenocarpic fruit growth by increasing the IAA level in fruit, but the effect was direct.
Sc2O3 PVA Film for Switching and Mode-Locking Application in Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Cavity

ABSTRACT We generated Q-switched and mode-locked pulses by making use of the saturable absorption characteristic of scandium oxide (Sc2O3) film, which was obtained by embedding Sc2O3 nanopowders into polyvinyl alcohol film. The Q-switched laser operated at center wavelength of 1560.5 nm with the maximum pulse energy of 65.6 nJ and 4.4% slope efficiency. With the addition of a 200 m extra single-mode fiber in the ring cavity, a self-starting mode-locked EDFL was implemented. The mode-locked pulses operated at a central wavelength of 1565.4 nm with a repetition rate of 1.0 MHz and a pulse duration of 3.50 ps.
Studying Mitochondria by Using Bacteria

It may be taken as axiomatic that the basic biochemical mechanisms by which energy is conserved during respiration is the same in mitochondria and bacteria. In the past, biochemists have concentrated their studies of respiratory bioenergetics on mammalian mitochondria, the favoured sources being either rat liver or, for larger amounts, bovine heart. Recently, bacterial systems have assumed an increasing importance because of the special advantages they offer compared with animal mitochondria. The purpose of the present article is to outline these advantages. First it will be appropriate to indicate briefly the nature of presentday research in bioenergetics, which is strongly influenced by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidati ve phosphorylation (Mi tchell, 1966). Accordi ng to this theory, the energy rei eased by the oxidation-reduction reactions of the respiratory chain is conserved as an electrochemical gradient of protons across the coupling membrane, which is used by a proton-translocating ATPase in the synthesis of ATP. Since its initial formulation, the chemiosmotic theory has received much experimental support.
Efficient Computation of 2-Covers of a String

Quasiperiodicity is a generalization of periodicity that has been researched for almost 30 years. The notion of cover is the classic variant of quasiperiodicity. A cover of a text T is a string whose occurrences in T cover all positions of T . There are several algorithms computing covers of a text in linear time. In this paper we consider a natural extension of cover. For a text T , we call a pair of strings a 2-cover if they have the same length and their occurrences cover the text T . We give an algorithm that computes all 2-covers of a string of length n in O ( n log n log log n + output ) expected time or O ( n log n log 2 log n/ log log log n + output ) worst-case time, where output is the size of output. If ( X, Y ) is a 2-cover of T , then either X is a preﬁx and Y is a suﬃx of T , in which case we call ( X, Y ) a ps-cover, or one of X , Y is a border (that is, both a preﬁx and a suﬃx) of T , and then we call ( X, Y ) a b-cover. A string of length n has up to n ps-covers; we show an algorithm that computes all of them in O ( n log log n ) expected time or O ( n log 2 log n/ log log log n ) worst-case time. A string of length n can have Θ( n 2 ) non-trivial b-covers; our algorithm can report one b-cover per length (if it exists) or all shortest b-covers in O ( n log n log log n ) expected time or O ( n log n log 2 log n/ log log log n ) worst-case time. All our algorithms use linear space. The problem in scope can be generalized to λ > 2 equal-length strings, resulting in the notion of λ -cover. Cole et al. (2005) showed that the λ -cover problem is NP-complete. Our algorithms generalize to λ -covers, with (the ﬁrst component of) the algorithm’s complexity multiplied by n λ − 2 .
Study of Metabolic Conversion of Mogrol Glycosides in Fruit of Siraitia Grosvenorii

Objective: Studying metabolic conversion of mogrol glycosides in the tissue culture related Siraitia grosvenorii fruit during the course of fruit maturity,so that key clues could be found for the research of mogrol glycosides associated metabolic enzymes.Method:Mogrol glycosides were extracted from Siraitia grosvenorii fruit of different growing ages by boiling water with microwave oven.Mogrol glycosidesⅡ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ were determined by HPLC.Result: Bitter mogrol glycoside Ⅱ and tasteless mogrol glycoside Ⅲ were 3 666. 4μg/100mg and 48. 4μg/100mg respectively,without mogrol glycosideⅤ detected in 10 day-old fruit.Magrol glycoside Ⅲ was 1 213. 8μg/100mg and mogrol glycosideⅤ was detected 95. 1μg/100mg in 50 day-old fruit. Mogrol glycosideⅤ increased rapidly and reached high level.1 331. 4μg/100mg without mogrol glycosidesⅡand Ⅲ detected in 70dayold fruit.Conclusion: High glucose sweet mogrol glycosides might come from low glucose bitter mogrol glycosides via metabolic conversion.This conclusion can provide scientific evidence for the study of glycosyl transferase of Siraitia grosvenorii mogrol glycosides.
Real-world safety and effectiveness of rotigotine in patients with Parkinson’s disease: analysis of a post-marketing surveillance study in Japan

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of rotigotine under daily clinical practice in Parkinson’s disease patients. Methods The study was a prospective, non-interventional, observational study targeting patients who were treated with rotigotine for the first time, with a 1-year follow-up period from September 2013 to August 2016. Results There were 603 patients in the safety population and 599 patients in the effectiveness population. The mean age was 71.6 years, and the age group of ≥65 and ≥80 years accounted for 80% and 18.6% of all patients, respectively. The frequency of adverse drug reaction (ADR) was 34.3%, and common ADRs were application site reaction (20.2%), typical for transdermal patches. However, the majority of patients recovered or was recovering from these ADRs and were non-serious. Although ADRs related to non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease were observed, most of them were non-serious. Total scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III) (ON-time) significantly decreased from baseline in the effectiveness population. In the analysis of overall improvement in 12 months of post-treatment, ≥70% of patients achieved mild or greater improvement. The safety profiles and improvements in the UPDRS-III score were similar in both the ≥80 years of age group and younger age group. Conclusion There were no new or notable safety concerns observed, and the effectiveness of rotigotine was suggested in daily clinical practice.
Unveiling Cells' Local Environment During Cryopreservation by Correlative In Situ Spatial and Thermal Analyses.

Cryopreservation is the only fully established procedure to extend the lifespan of living cells and tissues, a key to activities spanning from fundamental biology to clinical practice. Despite its prevalence and impact, central aspects of cryopreservation, such as the cell's physico-chemical environment during freezing, remain elusive. Here we address that question by coupling in situ microscopic directional freezing to visualize cells and their surroundings during freezing with the freezing medium phase diagram. We extract the freezing medium spatial distribution in cryopreservation, providing a tool to describe the cell vicinity at any point during freezing. We show that two major events define the cells' local environment over time: the interaction with the moving ice front and with the vitreous moving front - a term we introduce here. Our correlative strategy may be applied to cells relevant in clinical research and practice, and help designing new cryoprotective media based on local physico-chemical cues.
Antiarthritic Effects of a Root Extract from Harpagophytum procumbens DC: Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Bioactive Phytochemicals

Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. is a traditional remedy for osteoarticular diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA), although the bioactive constituents and mechanisms involved are yet to be clarified. In the present study, an aqueous H. procumbens root extract (HPE; containing 1.2% harpagoside) was characterized for its effects on synoviocytes from OA patients and phytochemical composition in polyphenols, and volatile compounds were detected. HPE powder was dissolved in different solvents, including deionized water (HPEH2O), DMSO (HPEDMSO), 100% v/v ethanol (HPEEtOH100), and 50% v/v ethanol (HPEEtOH50). The highest polyphenol levels were found in HPEDMSO and HPEEtOH50, whereas different volatile compounds, mainly β-caryophyllene and eugenol, were detected in all the extracts except for HPEH2O. HPEH2O and HPEDMSO were able to enhance CB2 receptor expression and to downregulate PI-PLC β2 in synovial membranes; moreover, all the extracts inhibited FAAH activity. The present results highlight for the first time a multitarget modulation of the endocannabinoid system by HPE, likely ascribable to its hydrosoluble compounds, along with the presence of volatile compounds in H. procumbens root. Although hydrosoluble compounds seem to be mainly responsible for endocannabinoid modulation by HPE, a possible contribution of volatile compounds can be suggested, strengthening the hypothesis that the entire phytocomplex can contribute to the H. procumbens healing properties.
Protein Accumulation in Grains of Wheat Cultivars Differing in Drought Tolerance and Its Regulation by Nitrogen Application Amount under Irrigated and Dryland Conditions

The protein accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains is seldom studied under dryland condition although it has been widely tested under irrigated conditions. For understanding the protein accumulation characteristics of wheat cultivars differing in drought tolerance and the effects of water and nitrogen, a drought-tolerant cultivar, Jinmai 47, and a drought-sensitive cultivar, Nongda 189, were planted under both irrigated and dryland conditions with three nitrogen application rates. From the 5th day after anthesis, spikelets and flag leaves were sampled at a 5 days interval for measuring the contents of protein and its com-ponents in grains and the enzymes activities in grains and flag leaves. The results indicated that the contents of albumin, gliadin, glutenin, total protein, and the ratio of glutenin to gliadin in dryland cropping were higher than those in irrigated cropping, but the globulin content was lower than that in irrigated cropping. For Nongda 189, the contents of protein and its components and the ratio of glutenin to gliadin in grains were affected significently by drought, whereas for Jinmai 47, the variations on contents of globulin, gliadin, total protein, and ratio of glutenin to gliadin were slightly. The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamic acid-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in grains and the activities of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves were reduced in dryland cropping compared with those in irrigated cropping. Simultaneously, the trend of GPT activity in grains was also affected by dryland cropping. The effect of drought on activities of these enzymes that involved in protein accumulation was greater in Nongda 189 than in Jinmai 47. Nitrogen application promoted the contents of protein and its components in grains, and higher rate of nitrogen application resulted in greater positive effect. Jinmai 47 presented greater effect of nitrogen application on protein content in grains than Nongda 189. Under both growing conditions, the activities of GS, GOGAT, and GPT in grains and the activity of GOGAT in flag leaves in all nitrogen treatments significantly correlated with the protein yield rather than the pro-tein content in grains. The correlation between GS activity in flag leaves and protein yield in grains was different in the two cultivars. The above results suggest that the drought-tolerant cultivar is less affected by water condition compared with the drought-sensitive cultivar; application of nitrogen could promote the protein content in grains, and the effect is greater in the drought-tolerant cultivar than in the drought-sensitive cultivar.
Long-Term Impact of Chemical and Alternative Fungicides Applied to Grapevine cv Nebbiolo on Berry Transcriptome

Viticulture is one of the horticultural systems in which antifungal treatments can be extremely frequent, with substantial economic and environmental costs. New products, such as biofungicides, resistance inducers and biostimulants, may represent alternative crop protection strategies respectful of the environmental sustainability and food safety. Here, the main purpose was to evaluate the systemic molecular modifications induced by biocontrol products as laminarin, resistance inducers (i.e., fosetyl-Al and potassium phosphonate), electrolyzed water and a standard chemical fungicide (i.e., metiram), on the transcriptomic profile of ‘Nebbiolo’ grape berries at harvest. In addition to a validation of the sequencing data through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for the first-time the expression of some candidate genes in different cell-types of berry skin (i.e., epidermal and hypodermal layers) was evaluated using the laser microdissection approach. Results showed that several considered antifungal treatments do not strongly affect the berry transcriptome profile at the end of season. Although some treatments do not activate long lasting molecular defense priming features in berry, some compounds appear to be more active in long-term responses. In addition, genes differentially expressed in the two-cell type populations forming the berry skin were found, suggesting a different function for the two-cell type populations.
SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEIN OF MULBERRY VARIETIES

Pathogenic bacteria are responsible for many human infections and if the growth of infectious bacteria is not checked, it may lead to serious health problems. Antibiotics are being used to check such bacterial infections. Plant extracts are also very important tool against such infections. Total Soluble Proteins of Mulberry plant belonging to the genera Morus of moraceae was used for the antibacterial assay. Heat Stable Proteins of three varieties of mulberry viz., M5, Morus alba and S13 were tested for the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis and compared with the antibiotic chloremphenicol. Area of zone of inhibition increased with the increase in the concentration of the HSP for all the microbes tested by all the mulberry varieties. Minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded in S13 at 25 µl. For Escherichia coli MIC was at 25 µl by Morus alba. Whereas Bacillus subtilis was inhibited at MIC of 25 µl of both S13 and M5 HSP. Maximum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus was recorded at 100µl of S13, Morus alba was more effective against E.coli at 100µl whereas against Bacillus subtilis both S13 and M5 varieties were equally effective at 100µl.
Trends in Corticosteroid Prescriptions for Ulcerative Colitis and Factors Associated with Long-Term Corticosteroid Use: Analysis Using Japanese Claims Data from 2006 to 2016

Abstract Background and Aims Recent treatment guidelines for ulcerative colitis [UC] do not recommend long-term corticosteroid [CS] use. The present study aimed to capture the changes in CS use from 2006 to 2016 and to identify factors associated with long-term CS use after 2014, when the first two anti-tumour necrosis factor antibodies [infliximab and adalimumab] became available. Methods A retrospective study using the JMDC Claims Database included UC patients who initiated UC medications in any year from January 2006 to December 2016, or after January 2014, who were under continuous observation from 6 months before to 12 months after initiation. Patients with Crohn’s disease before initiation and those prescribed <8 days of CSs were excluded. Results Among 7907 UC patients who initiated UC medications within the study period, 1555 were prescribed CSs. The proportion of patients using CSs in each year decreased from 2011 as use of thiopurines and biologics increased. The proportion of patients with a starting dose ≥30 mg/day of CSs and patients continuing CSs for <90 days increased from 2011, reaching 49.1% and 41.0%, respectively, in 2016. However, even in 2016, 34.3% continued to use CSs for ≥180 days. Among 1230 patients with CS use after January 2014, low initial CS dose [<10 mg/day] was most strongly associated with long-term CS use [≥180 days]. Conclusions CS use became more appropriate as use of thiopurine and biologics increased, although there were still many cases of inappropriate use. Long-term CS use was most strongly associated with low initial doses of CSs.
On the link between functional traits and growth rate: meta‐analysis shows effects change with plant size, as predicted

A plant's growth rate is seen as a central element of its ecological strategy, and as determined by its traits. Yet the literature is inconsistent about the empirical correlation between functional traits and growth, casting doubt on the capacity of some prominent traits to influence growth rate. We propose that traits should influence growth in a way that depends on the size of individual plants. We outline mechanisms and hypotheses based on new theoretical work and test these predictions in tree species using a meta‐analysis of 103 studies (> 500 correlations) for five traits (specific leaf area, wood density, maximum height, seed mass and maximum assimilation rate). We also recorded data for 14 other traits commonly used in the trait literature. To capture the effects of plant size, we tested for a shift in the direction of correlation between growth rates and each trait across three ontogenetic stages: seedling, sapling and adult. Results were consistent with predictions, although there were some limitations arising from unequal numbers of observation across ontogenetic stages. Specific leaf area was correlated with relative growth rate in seedlings but not in adult plants. Correlations of growth with wood density were not affected by ontogenetic stage. Seed mass, assimilation rate and maximum height were correlated with relative growth rate only in one ontogenetic stage category: seedlings, seedlings and adults, respectively. Although we were able to confirm several of our theoretical predictions, major knowledge gaps still exist in the trait literature. For example, for one‐third of the traits considered, the majority (> 75%) of reported correlations with growth came from the same ontogenetic stage. Synthesis. We show for some traits, how trait–growth correlations change in a predictable way with plant size. Our understanding of plant strategies should shift away from describing species as having a fixed growth strategy throughout their life (on a continuous axis from slow to fast growth), in favour of a size‐dependent growth trajectories.
The case for cochlear implantation in unilateral and asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cochlear implants have been used to treat bilateral deafness for over 40 years. A more recent development has been the application of this technology toward single-sided deafness (SSD) and asymmetric hearing loss (AHL), culminating in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the United States for this indication in July of 2019. This review examines the recent literature on cochlear implants for SSD and AHL, focusing on speech perception, sound localization, tinnitus, and quality of life. RECENT FINDINGS There is an expanding body of literature supporting the use of cochlear implant in SSD/AHL patients. The cochlear implant offers a unique rehabilitation option for this subset of patients as it potentially restores binaural hearing (direct stimulation of both ears). A review of the literature reveals significant improvements with the cochlear implant in speech perception in quiet and noise, sound localization, tinnitus, and quality of life. In addition, these improvements appear to be greater than what conventional options such as a contralateral routing of signal (CROS) hearing aid and bone conduction device (BCD) are able to achieve. SUMMARY Cochlear implants offer additional benefits over previously available options of CROS and BCDs and have recently been approved by the FDA for use in patient with SSD/AHL. Given the growing body of literature demonstrating the benefit of cochlear implant over other devices, it is important to offer cochlear implant as an option to these patients.