Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of black carbon mass concentration from aerosol light absorption using variable mass absorption cross-section

1 absorption using variable mass absorption cross-section 2 Weilun Zhao, Wangshu Tan, Gang Zhao, Chuanyang Shen, Yingli Yu, Chunsheng Zhao 3 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and 5 Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 6 Correspondence to: Chunsheng Zhao (zcs@pku.edu.cn) 7 Abstract. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) is the strongest visible solar radiative absorber in the atmosphere, exerting significant 8 influences on the earth’s radiation budget. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) is a crucial parameter for converting light 9 absorption coefficient (ab) to mass equivalent BC concentration (mBC). Traditional filter-based instrument, such as AE33, uses a 10 constant MAC of 7.77 m/g to derive mBC, which may lead to uncertainty in mBC. In this paper, a new method of converting light 11 absorption coefficient to BC mass concentration is proposed by incorporating the variations of MAC attributed to the influences of 12 aerosol coating state. Mie simulation showed that MAC varied dramatically with different core-shell structures. We compared our 13 new method with traditional method during a field measurement at a site of North China Plain. The results showed that the MAC 14 was smaller (larger) than 7.77 m/g for particle smaller (larger) than 280 nm, resulting in BC mass size distribution derived from 15 new method was higher (lower) than traditional method for particle smaller (larger) than 280 nm. Size-integrated BC mass 16 concentration derived from new method was 16% higher than traditional method. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the uncertainty 17 in mBC caused by refractive index (RI) was with in 35% and the imaginary part of RI had dominant influence on the derived mBC. 18 This study emphasizes the necessity to take variations of MAC into account when deriving mBC from ab and can help constrain the 19 uncertainty in mBC measurements. 20
A refined panel of 42 microsatellite loci to universally genotype catarrhine primates

Abstract Microsatellite genotyping is an important genetic method for a number of research questions in biology. Given that the traditional fragment length analysis using polyacrylamide gel or capillary electrophoresis has several drawbacks, microsatellite genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) has arisen as a promising alternative. Although GBS mitigates many of the problems of fragment length analysis, issues with allelic dropout and null alleles often remain due to mismatches in primer binding sites and unnecessarily long PCR products. This is also true for GBS in catarrhine primates where cross‐species amplification of loci (often human derived) is common. We therefore redesigned primers for 45 microsatellite loci based on 17 available catarrhine reference genomes. Next, we tested them in singleplex and different multiplex settings in a panel of species representing all major lineages of Catarrhini and further validated them in wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio) using fecal samples. The final panel of 42 microsatellite loci can efficiently be amplified with primers distributed into three amplification pools. With our microsatellite panel, we provide a tool to universally genotype catarrhine primates via GBS from different sample sources in a cost‐ and time‐efficient way, with higher resolution, and comparability among laboratories and species.
Calcium -dependent protein kinases are myristoylated and associated with different membranes in Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are the predominant calcium-stimulated kinases and are known to be involved in many cellular processes. CDPK enzymatic activity previously has been detected in many locations in plant cells, including the membrane fraction. However, little is known about the subcellular locations of individual CDPKs or the mechanisms involved in targeting them to those locations. Arabidopsis contains 34 genes that are predicted to encode CDPKs and 28 of the predicted CDPK proteins have potential myristoylation motifs at their amino termini. Myristate is a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid that is attached co-translationally to the amino-terminal glycine of a nascent protein. Myristoylation can facilitate membrane binding and/or protein-protein interactions. In these studies, Arabidopsis CDPK isoforms AtCPK1, AtCPK2, AtCPK5 and AtCPK6 have been investigated and the subcellular membrane location of each isoform, as well as the role that myristoylation plays in membrane association, have been addressed. An in vitro coupled transcription/translation system was used to demonstrate that AtCPK1, AtCPK2, AtCPK5 and AtCPK6 can be myristoylated and a mutation of the myristoylation site from glycine to alanine (G2A) in AtCPK2 and AtCPK5 prevented myristoylation in vitro. Subcellular localization studies were conducted using both aqueous two-phase partitioning and sucrose density gradient fractionation of plant microsomes. AtCPK1 and AtCPK2 are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and AtCPK5 and AtCPK6 are associated with the plasma membrane. Disruption of the myristoylation site (G2A mutation) decreased CDPK membrane binding. Using a translational fusion with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, I have demonstrated that the amino terminal region of AtCPK2 and AtCPK5 contains sufficient information for correct membrane localization. My results indicate that myristoylation is important in membrane association of CDPKs, that different CDPK isoforms are targeted to different subcellular membrane locations and that the amino terminal region of CDPKs contains specific subcellular targeting information.
The effect of Golgi depletion on

Here we evaluate the idea that the Golgi is in dynamic equilibrium with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In cytoplasts that lack the Golgi apparatus, no regrowth of the Golgi is observed, nor is any transport from the ER to the cell surface detected. However, introduction of the smallest measurable amount of Golgi (equivalent to a few per cent per cell) yields significant exocytic transport. Our results indicate that the steady-state levels of Golgi in the ER are far smaller than the 30% that has been postulated, and that the Golgi may be an independent organelle and not simply an extension of the ER.
Développement d'outils moléculaires pour faciliter l'ingénierie des génomes

iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES . v LISTE DES TABLEAUX . ix LISTE DES FIGURES . x LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ET SIGLES . xii REMERCIEMENTS . xv INTRODUCTION . 1 I.1. 0 Réparation de l’ADN . 1 I.1.1 Cassures simple brin . 1 I.1.1.1 Réparation par excision de base . 3 I.1.1.2 Réparation par excision de nucléotides. 3 I.1.1.3 Réparation de mésappariement . 4 I.1.2 Cassures double brin . 5 I.1.2.1 Point de contrôle et réponse aux dommages à l’ADN . 5 I.1.2.2 Jonction des extrémités non homologues . 8 I.1.2.2.1 Cascade de réparation . 8 I.1.2.3 Réparation dirigée par séquences homologues . 10 I.1.2.3. 1 Cascade de réparation HDR . 10 I.1.2.3. 1.1 Cascade de réparation de la double jonction de Holliday . 12 I.1.2.3. 1.2 Cascade de réparation du BIR . 12 I.1.2.3. 1.3 Cascade de réparation SDSA . 13 I.1.2.4 Réparation par appariement simple brin . 13
The response of water column and sedimentary environments to the advent of the Messinian salinity crisis: insights from an onshore deep-water section (Govone, NW Italy)

Abstract During Messinian time, the Mediterranean underwent hydrological modifications culminating 5.97 Ma ago with the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). Evaporite deposition and alleged annihilation of most marine eukaryotes were taken as evidence of the establishment of basin-wide hypersalinity followed by desiccation. However, the palaeoenvironmental conditions during the MSC are still a matter of debate, chiefly because most of its sedimentary record is buried below the abyssal plains of the present-day Mediterranean Sea. To shed light on environmental change at the advent and during the early phase of the MSC, we investigated the Govone section from the Piedmont Basin (NW Italy) using a multidisciplinary approach (organic geochemical, petrographic, and carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses). The Govone section archives the onset of the crisis in a succession of organic-rich shales and dolomite-rich marls. The MSC part of the succession represents the deep-water equivalent of sulphate evaporites deposited at the basin margins during the first phase of the crisis. Our study reveals that the onset of the MSC was marked by the intensification of water-column stratification, rather than the establishment of widespread hypersaline conditions. A chemocline divided the water column into an oxygen-depleted, denser and more saline bottom layer and an oxygenated, upper seawater layer influenced by freshwater inflow. Vertical oscillations of the chemocline controlled the stratigraphic architecture of the sediments pertaining to the first stage of the MSC. Accordingly, temporal and spatial changes of water masses with different redox chemistries must be considered when interpreting the MSC event.
A Case Study on the Influence of Chinese Regional Dialects to English Vowel-Nasal Pronunciation and Correction

A few studies have examined phonetic variation among EFL learner vowels and consonants—mainly college students and middle school students—from southern or northern China dialects %%% %%%. This study will continue to focus on an experienced English learner—an university English teacher of Jiangxi province in South China—to test such hypothesis that whether there exist some acknowledged pronunciation errors especially in uttering some certain English vowel(s) and nasal consonant(s) and further there is a kind of role the speaker’s southern China dialect plays in pronouncing them. This is posed under the assumption that the expected pronunciation acoustic characteristics will be acoustically and perceptually affected by regional dialect. The results suggest that these differences may be less related to non-native speakers’ English-language experience and more related to differences in both the configuration of the vocal tract and vowel duration.
TRPV1 activation relies on hydration/dehydration of nonpolar cavities

TRPV1 promotes cationic currents across cellular membranes in response to multiple stimuli such as increased temperature or pressure, binding of chemicals, low pH and voltage. The molecular underpinnings of TRPV1 gating, in particular the mechanism of temperature sensitivity, are still largely unknown. Here, we used molecular simulations and electrophysiology to shed light on the closed to open transition. Specifically, we found that gating of TRPV1 relies on the motion of an evolutionarily conserved amino acid (N676) in the middle of the S6 helix. On rotation, the side chain of this asparagine faces either the central pore or the S4-S5 linker. Only in the former case is the central pore hydrated and thus conductive. Interestingly, when N676 rotates toward the linker, we observe hydration of four so far unreported small nonpolar cavities. Based on these findings, we propose a model for TRPV1 gating involving the dynamic hydration of these four cavities. Free energy calculations indicate that this gating mechanisms is markedly temperature dependent favoring the open state at high temperature. On the basis of this model, which is able to rationalize a wealth of seemingly conflicting and/or unrelated experimental observations, we predicted the behavior of a single residue mutant, F580Y, the consequences of which are confirmed experimentally and give support to the model.
Drinking water quality and arsenic health risk assessment in Sistan and Baluchestan, Southeastern Province, Iran

ABSTRACT Access to drinking water is one of the most important indicators determined by the World Health Organization (WHO). This investigation surveyed the concentration of various pollutants in drinking water and its health risk attribute to Arsenic in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Water samples were collected from ground water and analyzed for physical parameters, anions, and heavy metals using the standard procedures. The concentrations of sulfate (269 ± 127 mg/l) in five sites exceeded the permissible limit (250 mg/l), while chlorine concentrations (223 ± 100 mg/l) in four sites exceeded the permissible limit (250 mg/l) set by WHO. Similarly, the concentrations of Mg (30 ± 11 mg/l) in four sites exceeded the permissible limit (30 mg/l), while Na concentrations (222 ± 99 mg/l) in five sites exceeded the permissible limit (200 mg/l) set by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). In addition, arsenic was in acceptable levels recommended by WHO and local regulations. Based on the calculated indices of hazard qutient (HR) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), the in-use drinking water has no adverse effects on the consumer's health. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, unsuitable sewerage systems, and inappropriate sludge and solid waste disposal in this province can lead to drinking water pollution. Also, excessive pumping of ground water should be managed as an effective method for supply of safe drinking water.
Assessing tag loss and survival probabilities in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting in Malaysia

The loss of external tags is one of the biggest problems in mark-recapture research. An evaluation of tag loss is therefore required to improve tagging methodology, select appropriate tag types, and accurately estimate population status and dynamics. We estimated tag loss probability of double-tagged green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at Redang Island, Malaysia (05°49′ N 103°00′ E), from 1993–2014. For both titanium and Inconel tags, we found a tag loss pattern with a high initial tag loss rate that decreased to an asymptote near a constant value above zero. The initial tag loss probability for titanium tags was higher than for Inconel tags, and titanium tags were lost earlier than Inconel tags in more individuals when both types of tags were attached. In addition, comparison of the tag loss probability of Inconel tags attached during the period when tagging staff changed every year to that when senior tagging staff were not changed, indicated that lack of consistency in tagging staff affected the application of at least one of two Inconel tags. Estimated tag loss probability was incorporated into a recapture model, and annual survival probability was estimated to be 0.893 (95% confidence interval: 0.857–0.921).
Fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests of the western United States

Increased wildfire activity combined with warm and dry post-fire conditions may undermine the mechanisms maintaining forest resilience to wildfires, potentially causing ecosystem transitions, or fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts. Stand-replacing fire is especially likely to catalyze vegetation shifts expected from climate change, by killing mature trees that are less sensitive to climate than juveniles. To understand the vulnerability of forests to fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts it is critical to identify both where fires will burn with stand-replacing severity and where climate conditions limit seedling recruitment. We used an extensive dendrochronological dataset to model the influence of seasonal climate on post-fire recruitment probability for ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. We applied this model to project annual recruitment probability in the US intermountain west under contemporary and future climate conditions, which we compared to modeled probability of stand-replacing fire. We categorized areas as ‘vulnerable to fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts,’ if they were likely to burn at stand-replacing severity, if a fire were to occur, and had post-fire climate conditions unsuitable for tree recruitment. Climate suitability for recruitment declined over time in all ecoregions: 21% and 15% of the range of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, respectively, had climate conditions unsuitable for recruitment in the 1980s, whereas these values increased to 61% (ponderosa pine) and 34% (Douglas-fir) for the future climate scenario. Less area was vulnerable to fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts, but these values also increased over time, from 6% and 4% of the range of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir in the 1980s, to 16% (ponderosa pine) and 10% (Douglas-fir) under the future climate scenario. Southern ecoregions had considerably higher vulnerability to fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts than northern ecoregions. Overall, our results suggest that the combination of climate warming and an increase in wildfire activity may substantially impact species distributions through fire-catalyzed vegetation shifts.
Molecular Docking Studies of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA), Glycyrrhetic Acid (GE) and Glabridin (GLA) with Estrogen Receptors (ERs)

Treating post-menopausal symptoms with hormone replacement therapy is associated with various health risks. Alternatively, licorice root is often used to relief post-menopausal symptoms in traditional medicine. The bioactive componentss of licorice root, such as GA, GE and GLA, have been previously studied in vitro for their estrogenic effects. In this study, they were subjected to molecular docking study to further acknowledge their estrogenicity. GA and GE showed positive binding energy in the molecular docking study, suggesting that they could not bind nor activate ERs. Intermolecular interaction analysis identified multiple sites of unfavorable steric bumps, indicating pentacyclic structure and methyl side groups of GA and GE were detrimental to formation of energy favorable positions in ligand binding cavity of ERs. On the other hand, GLA could be docked into the ligand binding cavity of ERs, though with comparatively higher binding energy to that of 17â-estradiol (E2). It was observed that the rotatable 1,3-benzenediol of GLA is essential for GLA-ERs binding. Furthermore, oxidation of the methyl side groups of GLA might improve the binding affinity. In conclusion, GLA, not GA and GE, is a partial ERs agonist and could be further modified to design novel semi-synthetic post-menopausal drugs.
Surface state modulation for size-controllable photodeposition of noble metal nanoparticles on semiconductors

Precise control of the size and distribution of noble metal nanoparticles exerts obvious effects on the performance of heterogeneous catalysts and has received tremendous interest. The photochemical deposition method has advantages in adjusting chemical states, morphology, etc., but the tuning of size and distribution remains a big challenge. In this work, via modulating the surface states and surface charges of the TiO2 support, the size and distribution of noble metals including Ag, Pt, Au and Pd were precisely controlled. We demonstrated that photoelectrons located in the conduction band tend to form larger noble metal nanoparticles, while surface state confined electrons could form smaller nanoparticles. The thus-prepared noble metals/TiO2 catalysts exhibit good potential in both photocatalytic H2 evolution and catalytic oxidation of HCHO. This work not only provides a green and effective method to control the particle size of noble metals on metal oxides, but also is helpful in understanding the role of surface states in photocatalytic processes.
TIGA SPESIES PERONOSCLEROSPORA PENYEBAB PENYAKIT BULAI JAGUNG DI INDONESIA

Downy mildew is very detrimental disease of maize production in Indonesia. Adequate information regarding the identification key based on morphological and morphometric characteristic of the causal fungi of maize downy mildew in Indonesia is limited. Study for detection and identification of morphological, morphometric, and moleculer base is urgently required. Artificial sporulation induction method performed to obtain the morphology of the fungus as a whole.The fungi were morphologically identified as symptomatic maize downy mildew collected from 13 provinces in Indonesia.Three species, namely P. maydis, P.sorghi, and P. philippinensis were identified based on the shape,size, and conidial cell wall thickness, size and number of branching coniodiophores, and long sterigmata.Confirmation by PCR succesfully amplified target DNA of P. maydis, P. sorghi, and P. philippinensis. The identification key of third species of Peronosclerospora accurately to be used in identification of Peronosclerospora causes downy mildew of maize in Indonesia.This identification key is recommended as a method of identification of the causal downy mildew of maize in Indonesia.
Diaspora-management policies of modern ‘city-states’: strategies and practices of engaging Overseas Chinese by Shanghai Municipal Government

ABSTRACT The number of states that have developed layered engagement policies aimed at co-opting various migrant or diaspora groups has exponentially risen in the past couple of years. The highest political leadership of China has also recognized the need to tackle this matter systematically within its national political and institutional setup. The primary objective of this research note is to explore the Chinese government's framing and capacity to shape cooperation mechanisms with Chinese migrant and diaspora communities abroad, through analyzing the work of the Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs of the Shanghai Municipal Government. My primary aim is to trace and reconstruct locally designed mechanisms employed by government agents to capture certain migrant groups into their own structures of local programmes. I outline what the practical implications of such localized management practices in China are, specifically focusing on agency, institutions and processes, and assessing the impact of the resulting complexities in the current institutional set-up of the Shanghai Municipality.
Supplemental food alters nest defence and incubation behaviour of an open-nesting wetland songbird

© 2018 The Authors Climate-driven increases in spring temperatures are expected to result in higher prey availability earlier in the breeding season for insectivorous birds breeding in wetland habitats. Predation during the incubation phase is a major cause of nesting failure in open-nesting altricial birds such as the Eurasian reed warbler. The nest predation rate in this species has recently been shown to be substantially reduced under conditions of experimentally elevated invertebrate prey availability. Food availability near the nest may be an important determinant of adult incubation and nest defence behaviours during the incubation period. We used two experimental studies to compare incubation behaviour and nest defence in food-supplemented and unsupplemented adult Eurasian reed warblers during the incubation phase. In the first study we measured nest defence behavioural responses to a taxidermic mount of a native predator (stoat Mustela erminea). In the second study we used temperature loggers installed in nests to measure breaks in incubation as a measure of nest vulnerability. Food-supplemented birds responded aggressively to the presence of a predator more quickly than those in the unsupplemented group, suggesting they are closer to their nest and can more quickly detect a predator in the vicinity. Food-supplemented birds also had shorter breaks in incubation (both in terms of maximum and mean off-bout durations), presumably because they were foraging for shorter periods or over shorter distances from the nest. This study therefore identifies the behavioural mechanisms by which changes in food availability may lead to changes in nest survival and thus breeding productivity, in open-nesting insectivorous birds.