Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of traces and hypertraces on spaces of classical pseudodifferential operators

Let M be a closed manifold and let CL•(M) be the algebra of classical pseudodifferential operators. The aim of this note is to classify trace functionals on the subspaces CLa(M) ⊂ CL•(M) of operators of order a. CLa(M) is a CL0(M)–module for any real a; it is an algebra only if a is a non–positive integer. Therefore, it turns out to be useful to introduce the notions of pretrace and hypertrace. Our main result gives a complete classification of pre– and hypertraces on CLa(M) for any a ∈ R, as well as the traces on CLa(M) for a ∈ Z, a ≤ 0. We also extend these results to classical pseudodifferential operators acting on sections of a vector bundle. As a byproduct we give a new proof of the well–known uniqueness results for the Guillemin–Wodzicki residue trace and for the Kontsevich–Vishik canonical trace. The novelty of our approach lies in the calculation of the cohomology groups of homogeneous and log–polyhomogeneous differential forms on a symplectic cone. This allows to give an extremely simple proof of a generalization of a Theorem of Guillemin about the representation of homogeneous functions as sums of Poisson brackets. This paper exposes and extends some of the results of the Ph.D. Thesis [NJ10] of the second named author. We acknowledge with gratitude the substantial help received from Sylvie Paycha.
Mechanical options to prevent distal embolization during primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Nearly, all acute coronary syndromes are precipitated by either plaque rupture, plaque erosion, or calcified nodule leading to some degree of intracoronary thrombus [1]. Although coronary thrombosis is systematically underestimated by angiography, evidence from multiple lines of enquiry support the near uniform presence of thrombus within the ‘‘culprit vessel,’’ of patients with myocardial infarction, particularly STelevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [2]. Among patients with STEMI, complete thrombotic occlusion of an inadequately collateralized artery segment nearly always (88% in DeWood et al’s ‘‘classic" series) causes the clinical and electrocardiographic findings [3]. Distal embolization of thrombus is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism underlying peri-procedural infarction and ‘‘no-reflow’’ [4–6]. In randomized, controlled, clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrating clinical benefit for the use of anticoagulants to target levels, thienopyridines, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, in STEMI patients, individual outcomes, such as reinfarction, or combined clinical end points appear to be driven by the effects on thrombosis and embolization within the target vessel. The pharmacological benefit of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents invariably comes at the risk of some tendency to increased bleeding. Particularly with agents, which are active against clot-bound thrombin or platelets, local delivery into the target vessel, may enhance the benefit to risk ratio. Among patients with STEMI, the use of devices to provide for either (a) thrombus removal, or (b) distal protection, has until recently, (Table I) been a lot less clearly helpful than the pharmacological options [7–21].
Synchronization in Linearly Coupled Dynamical Networks with Distributed Time Delays

In this paper, we investigate the global exponential synchronization of linearly coupled dynamical networks with time delays. The time delay considered is of the distributed type and the outer-coupling matrix is not assumed to be symmetric. Employing the Lyapunov functional and matrix inequality techniques, we propose a sufficient condition for the occurrence of global exponential synchronization. Two illustrative examples, the coupled Chua's circuits and the coupled Hindmarsh–Rose neurons, and their numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the theoretical analyses.
Differential Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder

Before reviewing the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, it is important to understand the epidemiology, incident, and prevalence of the disorder as well as to divide it by type: type I, type II, or the phenomenon of not otherwise specified, which is defined as subthreshold mania or hypomania. Subthreshold mania or hypomania entails fewer than the requisite number of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition symptoms of mania or hypomania, or an insufficient duration of time with which to make a diagnosis of a syndrome of mania or hypomania. Currently, the most reliable epidemiology of prevalence rates were reported in a replication study of 9,282 respondents to the National Comorbidity Survey conducted by Merikangas and colleagues. Those data show there is a lifetime prevalence rate of bipolar I disorder of 1 % and bipolar II disorder of 1.1%. In this study, not otherwise specified was labeled subthreshold bipolar disorder as the illness duration was not long enough or the number of symptoms was not extensive enough to constitute syndromal mania or hypomania. This type had a prevalence rate of 2.4%, for a total lifetime prevalence of ~4.4%. This rate is somewhat higher than has been described in the past, but included the subdivision that researchers believe comprises the bipolar spectrum. There has been much underdiagnosis or lack of diagnostic accuracy of bipolar disorder, with relative overdiagnosis of major depressive disorder, which historically has been well documented. However, in the last 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in the making of diagnoses of bipolar disorder in various clinical settings. One dataset examined ambulatory medical care survey data and found that among adults over an ~10-year period, there was approximately a doubling in the incidence of diagnosing bipolar disorder of any type (Slide 1).
DCuckoo: An Efficient Hash Table with On-Chip Summary

Hash tables are extensively used in many computer-related areas because of their efficiency in query and insert operations. However, hash tables have two disadvantages: collisions and memory inefficiency. To solve these two advantages, Minimal Perfect Hash Table uses N locations to store N incoming elements. However, MPHT doesn’t support incremental updates. Therefore, in this paper, combining Cuckoo hashing and d-left hashing, we propose a novel hash table architecture called DCuckoo, which ensures fast query speed, fast update speed in worst cases, efficient utilization of memory and dynamic capacity change. In the DCuckoo, multiple sub-tables and Cuckoo hashing’s mechanism of transferring existing elements are used to improve the load factor. Also, in order to optimize the query performance, fingerprints and bitmaps are used as a summary in on-chip memory to reduce off-chip memory accesses. We conducted a series of experiments to compare the performance of DCuckoo and other five hash table schemas. Results demonstrate that DCuckoo eliminates shortcomings of both Cuckoo hashing and d-left hashing, hence DCuckoo achieves the four design goals. Finally, we implemented DCuckoo on a GPU platform and the result shows that DCuckoo can achieve a query speed of 12MQPS, which is nearly twice that of a chained hash table.
Nearly Optimal Bernoulli Factories for Linear Functions

Abstract Suppose that X 1, X 2, . are independent identically distributed Bernoulli random variables with mean p. A Bernoulli factory for a function f takes as input X 1, X 2, . and outputs a random variable that is Bernoulli with mean f(p). A fast algorithm is a function that only depends on the values of X 1, . , XT , where T is a stopping time with small mean. When f(p) is a real analytic function the problem reduces to being able to draw from linear functions Cp for a constant C > 1. Also it is necessary that Cp ⩽ 1 − ε for known ε > 0. Previous methods for this problem required extensive modification of the algorithm for every value of C and ε. These methods did not have explicit bounds on $\mathbb{E}[T]$ as a function of C and ε. This paper presents the first Bernoulli factory for f(p) = Cp with bounds on $\mathbb{E}[T]$ as a function of the input parameters. In fact, sup p∈[0,(1−ε)/C] $\mathbb{E}[T]$ ≤ 9. 5ε−1 C. In addition, this method is very simple to implement. Furthermore, a lower bound on the average running time of any Cp Bernoulli factory is shown. For ε ⩽ 1/2, sup p∈[0,(1−ε)/C] $\mathbb{E}[T]$ ≥0. 004Cε−1, so the new method is optimal up to a constant in the running time.
Crossing the Threshold of Lymphocyte Activation

In 1972, Neils K. Jerne stated in the First Annual Report of the Basel Institute for Immunology, “For bursa cells and B lymphocytes, it is relatively easy to demonstrate that receptors are antibody-like molecules which enable the cell to recognize antigens. Membrane fluidity permits the receptors
Role of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath cells in tooth root development

During tooth development, after the completion of crown formation, the apical mesenchyme forms the developing periodontium while the inner and outer enamel epithelia fuse below the level of the crown cervical margin to produce a bilayered epithelial sheath termed Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS). The role of HERS cells in root formation is widely accepted; however, the precise function of these cells remains controversial. Functions suggested have ranged from structural (subdivide the dental ectomesenchymal tissues into dental papilla and dental follicle), regulators of timing of root development, inducers of mesenchymal cell differentiation into odontoblasts and cementoblasts, to cementoblast cell precursors. The characterization of the HERS phenotype has been hindered by the small amount of tissue present at a given time during root formation. In this study, we report the establishment of an immortal HERS‐derived cell line that can be maintained in culture and then induced to differentiate in vitro. Characterization of the HERS phenotype using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot immunostaining suggests that HERS cells initially synthesize and secrete some enamel‐related proteins such as ameloblastin, and then these cells appear to change their morphology and produce a mineralized extracellular matrix resembling acellular cementum. These studies suggest that the acellular and cellular cementum are synthesized by two different types of cells, the first one by HERS‐derived cementoblasts and the later by neural crest‐derived cementoblasts. Developmental Dynamics 228:651–663, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of bisphenol A on antioxidant system and lipid profile in rats

Abstract We investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on antioxidant system enzymes, blood lipid profile and histologic structure of liver and pancreas in rats. We used 40 8-week-old male Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups of eight: control, vehicle, BPA-5, BPA-50 and BPA-500. BPA was dissolved in ethanol, then mixed with corn oil. The control group was untreated. The vehicle group was given the ethanol-corn oil mixture. The BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups were given 5, 50, and 500 µg/kg body weights/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, blood and tissue samples were obtained from the animals and plasma GSH, TBARS, SOD, GPx, CAT, NO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, insulin and glucose were measured. The sections were stained using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. BPA significantly decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx and CAT, and increased the levels of TBARS and NO in plasma. There was no significant difference among the groups in plasma insulin and glucose levels. The percentage of insulin immunoreactive cells in islets increased significantly in the BPA-500 group. The H-score of the BPA-5 and BPA-50 groups decreased significantly compared to controls. We found that BPA caused oxidative stress and disruption of pancreatic β-cell function. Therefore, BPA is a risk factor for animal and human health.
A supramolecular ladder-like network from trimesic acid and pyrazine N,N'-dioxide.

In the title complex, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid-pyrazine N,N'-dioxide (2/1), C9H6O6·0.5C4H4N2O2, cocrystallized trimesic acid (TMA) and pyrazine N,N'-dioxide (PNO) molecules form strong O-H.O hydrogen bonds, but also important weak C-H.O and dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions, to generate a densely packed three-dimensional network. PNO molecules lie on inversion centres where they connect pairs of TMA sheets into distinct two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded layers perpendicular to the crystallographic ab diagonal.
An upper and lower bound of the Medication Possession Ratio

Background The Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) is a ubiquitous and central measurement for adherence in the health care industry. However, attempts to standardize its calculation have failed, possibly due to the opacity of a single, static MPR, incapability of directly lending itself to a variety of studies, and challenges of comparing the value across studies. This work shows that the MPR strictly depends on the length of the time interval over which it is measured as well as on the dominant dispense quantity for short time intervals. Furthermore, removing a proportion of the patient cohort based on the number of acquisitions may also have a severe impact on the MPR. Therefore, it is suggested that the MPR is represented as a trend over a range of time intervals. To this end, an upper and lower bound of the MPR trend is developed with an upper bound acknowledging patients who change their treatment and the lower bound acknowledging patients who discontinue their treatment. Purpose Introducing a representation of the MPR value as a trend rather than a static number by developing a quantitative description of an upper and lower bound of the MPR trend, while shedding light on the impacts on prefiltering the patient cohort. Patients and methods Anonymized patient-level data was utilized as an example for a suggested calculation of an upper and lower bound of the MPR. Results Representation of the MPR for a predefined time interval precludes a reliable MPR assessment. A quantitative approach is suggested to generate an upper and lower trend of the MPR while emphasizing the impact on removing patients with a limited number of acquisitions. Conclusion An upper and lower trend makes the MPR more transparent and allows a better comparison across different studies. Removing patients with a limited number of acquisitions should be avoided.
Sensory organ generation in the chicken inner ear: Contributions of Bone morphogenetic protein 4, Serrate1, and Lunatic fringe

The chicken inner ear is a remarkably complex structure consisting of eight morphologically distinct sensory organs. Unraveling how these sensory organs are specified during development is key to understanding how such a complex structure is generated. Previously, we have shown that each sensory organ in the chicken inner ear arises independently in the rudimentary otocyst based on Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) expression. Here, we compare the expression of Bmp4 with two other putative sensory organ markers, Lunatic Fringe (L‐fng) and chicken Serrate1 (Ser1), both of which are components of the Notch signaling pathway. L‐fng and Ser1 expression domains were asymmetrically distributed in the otic cup. At this early stage, expression of L‐fng is similar to Delta1 (Dl1), in an anteroventral domain apparently corresponding to the neurogenic region, while Ser1 is expressed at both the anterior and posterior poles. By the otocyst stage, the expression of both L‐fng and Ser1 largely coincided in the medial region. All presumptive sensory organs, as identified by Bmp4 expression, arose within the broad L‐fng‐ and Ser1‐positive domain, indicating the existence of a sensory‐competent region in the rudimentary otocyst. In addition, there is a qualitative difference in the levels of expression between L‐fng and Ser1 such that L‐fng expression was stronger in the ventral anterior, whereas Ser1 was stronger in the dorsal posterior region of this broad domain. This early difference in expression may presage the differences among sensory organs as they arise from this sensory competent zone. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:509–520, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TARPP, a novel protein that accompanies TCR gene rearrangement and thymocyte education

Studies on thymic T cell development have usually concentrated on cell surface molecules. However, intracellular proteins expressed only in thymocytes have never been described. Here we reportthe discovery of a novel thymocyte‐specific protein, named TARPP, which represents a high molecular mass (∼ 100 kDa) variant of the previously identified protein ARPP‐21 (∼ 21 kDa). TARPP is a cytosolic protein that is expressed at high levels in immature thymocytes. It appears concomitant with the commitment to T cell lineage, and its expression is switched off as a consequence of TCR engagement during positive selection. Such an expression pattern, correlating with the rearrangement of the TCR genes and thymocyte education, suggests a role for TARPP during this important phase of thymocyte development.
Isolation, sequencing and characterization of two cDNA clones coding for trypsin‐like enzymes from the midgut of Aedes aegypti

In order to understand the regulation of trypsin genes by the blood meal, we constructed a cDNA library from mRNA isolated from midguts of blood‐fed female Aedes aegypti. The library was screened with a Dros‐ophila melanogaster trypsin‐like gene; twelve cDNAs were isolated and sequenced. Two clones were 846 bp and 788 bp long with 762 bp and 716 bp open reading frames, respectively. The cDNAs were identified as coding for serine proteases by the presence of conserved serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues; the presence of an aspartate residue at position 176 suggests that the clones were derived from trypsin‐like gene transcripts rather than chymotrypsin or other serine proteases. One of the clones contained a 5 untranslated region and coding regions for putative signal and activation peptides, suggesting that the product is secreted as an inactive zymogen and processed by autoactivation. Southern analysis of genomic DNA suggests that trypsin is encoded by a multi‐gene family in A. aegypti.
Un modèle comportemental d'interclassement de résultats dans un système de recherche d'information pair-à-pair

RESUME. La Recherche d’Information Distribuee (RID) constitue aujourd’hui un domaine d’investigation en pleine effervescence. Afin de definir un processus de RID dans un systeme totalement distribue tel que les systemes pair-a-pair, un interet particulier doit etre porte a la phase de combinaison de resultats provenant de pairs autonomes, que nous appelons interclassement. Les approches classiques ne s’averent pas efficaces vu le manque de statistiques globales. Elles s’averent egalement trop generalistes pour s’adapter a des besoins particuliers. Toutes ces raisons nous ont incites a proposer un modele d’interclassement de resultats qui tient compte des besoins de l’utilisateur (appele modele comportemental).
Previous preterm and small-for-gestational-age births and the subsequent risk of stillbirth.

BACKGROUND Some causes of stillbirth may also lead to fetuses that are small for gestational age (have a low birth weight with respect to their gestational age) or are delivered preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation). It is not known whether the birth of a previous small-for-gestational-age or preterm infant increases the subsequent risk of stillbirth. METHODS We assessed the associations between previous adverse outcomes of pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth in a nationwide Swedish study of 410,021 women who delivered first and second consecutive singleton infants between 1983 and 1997. There were 1842 and 1062 stillbirths during the first and second pregnancies, respectively. RESULTS As compared with women whose first infant was born at term (37 weeks of gestation or more) and was not small for gestational age, women whose first infant was born at term or preterm and was small for gestational age had an increased risk of stillbirth during their second pregnancy. The odds ratios for subsequent stillbirth, after adjustment for covariates known to be associated with an increased risk of stillbirth, were 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.8) among women with a first infant who was born at term and was small for gestational age, 3.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 5.6) among women with a first infant who was moderately (32 to 36 weeks of gestation) preterm and small for gestational age, and 5.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.5 to 9.8) among women with a first infant who was very (before 32 weeks of gestation) preterm and was small for gestational age. The odds ratio for subsequent stillbirth among women with a first stillborn infant was 2.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.7), as compared with women whose first infant was not stillborn. The rates of stillbirth in second pregnancies ranged from 2.4 per 1000 births among women whose first infant was born at term and was not small for gestational age to 19.0 per 1000 births among women whose first child was very preterm and was small for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of a previous small-for-gestational-age infant is an important predictor of the subsequent risk of stillbirth, particularly if the infant was delivered preterm.
Dietary factors alter hepatic innate immune system in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Dietary factors promote obesity and obesity‐related disorders, such as fatty liver disease. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are components of the innate immune system that regulate proinflammatory (Th‐1) and anti‐inflammatory (Th‐2) immune responses. Previously, we noted that NKT cells are selectively reduced in the fatty livers of obese, leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice and demonstrated that this promotes proinflammatory polarization of hepatic cytokine production, exacerbating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) liver injury in these animals. In the current study, we show that hepatic NKT cells are also depleted by diets that induce obesity and fatty livers in wild‐type mice, promoting Th‐1 polarization of hepatic cytokine production and sensitization to LPS liver injury despite persistent leptin. Adult male C57BL6 mice fed diets containing high amounts of either fat or sucrose, or combined high‐fat, high‐sucrose, develop increased hepatic NKT cell apoptosis and reduced liver NKT cells. The hepatic lymphocytes are more Th‐1 polarized with increased intracellular interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mice fed high‐fat diets also exhibit more liver injury, reflected by 2‐fold greater serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than control animals after receiving LPS. In conclusion, when otherwise normal mice are fed with high‐fat or sucrose diet, they become obese, develop fatty livers, and acquire hepatic innate immune system abnormalities, including increased NKT cell apoptosis. The latter reduces liver NKT cell populations and promotes excessive hepatic production of Th‐1 cytokines that promote hepatic inflammation. These diet‐induced alterations in the hepatic innate immune system may contribute to obesity‐related liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;42:880–885.)