Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relation Between the Driver Behavior Questionnaire, Demographics, and Driving History

This paper presents an analysis of responses obtained on the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and self-reported history of the frequency of crashes, citations, and warnings in a sample of 562 drivers. The sample was closely balanced by gender and distributed in a broadly proportional manner across an age range of from 20 to 69 years. As has been previously reported, age and gender were found to be related to both DBQ scores and crash rates. The size and demographic distribution of the sample allowed an analysis to be run looking at the relationships of DBQ subscale scores with crashes, citations, and warnings, while controlling for age and gender. The results show that higher violation scores are positively associated with increases in self-reported crash and citation likelihoods; the less serious but apparently more common experience of receiving a warning for one’s driving behavior has a significant positive association with both violation and lapse scores. The extent to which these findings can be considered relevant to the overall driving population is enhanced from previous research given the sample size and age/gender balance.
Investigation of the related factors of angle measurements precision in monopulse radar

Angle measurement of monopulse is widely used in the angle tracing technique for high precision tracking radar system. This paper analyzes some facts related with precision of angle measurements in monopulse radar, including offset angle of sub-beams, squint angle between target and centerline of main beam, receiver output noise, and target amplitude fluctuation. A new method for angle measurement of monopulse, which is based on digital beam forming technology, is investigated in the paper to achieve angle measurement of monopulse radar. The results show that, receiver output noise and squint angle between target and centerline of main beam, which are two important factors affecting precision of angle measurements in monopulse radar.
A resolution of the lek paradox

Sexual traits are usually more phenotypically variable than non-sexual traits. We show that additive genetic variation is also higher in sexual traits, and often greater than in the same, non-sexually selected trait in females or other comparable traits in the same species. In contrast there is no difference in residual variation (environmental and non-additive) or heritability. The higher genetic variability of sexual traits is contrary to the expectations of the lek paradox. This hypothesis predicts that strong sexual selection, due to female choice, leads to fixation of most genetic variation in male sexual characters. High genetic variability in sexual traits can be explained if they are subject to directional selection that is greater than linear because this selects for greater phenotypic variation. It favours modifiers that increase the number of genes and the average contribution of a locus to phenotypic variance in sexual traits. These results provide a general resolution of the lek paradox.
Risk-Needs Assessment: Constitutional and Ethical Challenges

Across jurisdictions, the criminal justice system is enamored with the evidence-based practices movement. The idea is to utilize the best scientific data to identify and classify individuals based on their potential future risk of reoffending, and then to manage offender populations according to risk and criminogenic needs. Risk-needs tools now inform a variety of criminal justice decisions, ranging from pre-trial outcomes, to sentencing, to post-conviction supervision. While evidence-based methodologies are widely exalted as representing best practices, constitutional and moral objections have been raised. Risk-needs tools incorporate a host of constitutionally and morally sensitive factors, such as demographic and other immutable characteristics. The constitutional analysis herein engages equal protection, prisoners’ rights, due process, and sentencing law. In addition, the text examines the philosophical polemic aimed uniquely at sentencing as to whether risk should play any role at all in determining punishment. The Article then appraises potential alternatives for risk-needs methodologies if the concerns so raised by critics prove legitimate. Any option comes with significant consequences. Retaining offensive variables incites political and ethical reproaches, while simply excising them weakens statistical validity of the underlying models and diminishes the promise of evidence-based practices. Promoting an emphasis on risk at sentencing dilutes the focus of punishment on blameworthiness, while neglecting risk and needs sabotages a core objective of the new penological model of harnessing the ability to identify and divert low risk offenders to appropriate community-based alternatives.
Fast 3-D Electrothermal Device/Circuit Simulation of Power Superjunction MOSFET Based on SDevice and HSPICE Interaction

Automated interaction of SDevice and HSPICE for fast 3-D electrothermal simulation based on the relaxation method is designed. The results are compared with device finite element model simulation and a direct method with an equivalent thermal 3-D RC network. The features and limitations of the methods are analyzed and presented. The designed electrothermal simulation based on the relaxation method is developed for Synopsys TCAD Sentaurus environment for decreasing the simulation time for complex 3-D devices. A power vertical superjunction MOSFET under an unclamped inductive switching test of device robustness is used to perform validation of the designed electrothermal simulation.
Timo DBridges : Flexible Floodless Frame Forwarding

Ethernet has become the de facto layer 2 transmission technology, partly due to ease of use and cost efficiency. The cores of most data centers around the world are based on Ethernet, and large access and core networks are built without IP routing. The inherent simplicity of Ethernet has several drawbacks, including the overhead of network-wide broadcasting and the use of the spanning tree protocol. The academia and the industry have presented numerous solutions to overcome the limitations of Ethernet. Many of these solutions have deployment constraints and often force a change of the whole network. In this paper, we present DBridges, an efficient solution for building large-scale Ethernets based on the IETF-driven RBridges and SEATTLE. DBridges provide loop-safety, dramatic decrease in broadcast traffic, and resiliency and graceful failover without affecting the plug-and-play vision of Ethernet. The key contributions of our solution are that we are backward compatible with RBridges and can support incremental deployment. We analyze and show these benefits in detail, and present various performance measurements using our proof-of-concept implementation. We estimate that with DBridges it is possible to increase the size of Ethernet broadcast domains at least tenfold. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Modeling and experiments of voltage transients of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with the dead-ended anode

Operation of PEM fuel cells (PEMFC) with the dead-ended anode (DEA) leads to severe voltage transients due to accumulation of nitrogen, water vapor and liquid water in the anode channels and the gas diffusion layer (GDL). Accumulation of nitrogen causes a large voltage transient with a characteristic profile whereas the amount of water vapor in the anode is limited by the saturation pressure, and the liquid water takes up very small volume at the bottom of the anode channels in the case of downward orientation of the gravity. We present a transient 1D along-the-channel model of PEMFCs operating with periodically-purged DEA channels. In the model, transport of species is modeled by the Maxwell-Stefan equations coupled with constraint equations for the cell voltage. A simple resistance model is used for the permeance of nitrogen and transport of water through the membrane. Simulation results agree very well with experimental results for voltage transients of the PEMFC operating with the DEA. In order to emphasize the effect of nitrogen accumulation in the anode, we present experimentally obtained cell voltage measurements during DEA transients when the cathode is supplied with pure oxygen. In the absence of nitrogen in the cathode, voltage remained almost constant throughout the transient. The model is used to demonstrate the effect of oxygen-to-nitrogen feed ratio in the cathode on the voltage transient behavior for different load currents. Lastly, the effect of small leaks from the anode exit on the voltage transient is studied: even for leak rates as low as 10 ml/h, nitrogen accumulation in the anode channels is alleviated and the cell voltage remained almost constant throughout the transient according to the results.
The Traditional Model of Caries

The current concept considers caries as a dynamic and reversible process. Caries activity is the result of the interplay of a number of aetiological factors. Some of these factors cause demineralisation, others promote remineralisation of the tooth. Demineralisation occurs several times a day following each period of food consumption. Usually demineralisation is limited and quickly reversed by the effect of fluoride and the buffering and repair actions of saliva. Where this does not occur, progressive demineralisation causes porosities to develop in enamel, forming the ‘sub-surface’ incipient or early lesion. If this demineralisation process continues, cavitation will eventually result. Caries can be arrested or even reversed at the precavitated stage, providing a balance towards remineralisation can be established.
A Method for Uncertainty Assessment of Passive Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Retrieval Using an Infrared Reference Light

Measurements of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) over plant canopies provide a proxy for plant photosynthetic capacity and are of high interest for plant research. Together with spectral reflectance, SIF has the potential to act as a noninvasive approach to quantify photosynthetic plant traits from field to air and spaceborne scales. However, SIF is a small signal contribution to the reflected sunlight and often not distinguishable from sensor noise. SIF estimation is, therefore, affected by an unquantified uncertainty, making it difficult to estimate accurately how much SIF is truly emitted from the plant. To investigate and overcome this, we designed a device based on a spectrometer covering the visible range and equipped it with an LED emitting at the wavelength of SIF. Using this as a reference and applying thorough calibrations, we present consistent evidence of the instrument's capability of SIF retrieval and accuracy estimations. The LED's intensity was measured under sunlight with 1.27 ± 0.27 mW × sr-1m-2nm-1 stable over the day. The large increase of SIF due to the Kautsky effect was measured spectrally and temporally proving the biophysical origin of the signal. We propose rigorous tests for instruments intended to measure SIF and show ways to further improve the presented methods.
Practice Guidelines Interventional Techniques in the Management of Chronic Pain : Part 1 . 0 From The Association of Pain Management Anesthesiologists

The practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic pain are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care related to chronic pain. These guidelines are professionally derived recommendations for practices in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic or persistent pain. They were developed utilizing a combination of evidence and consensus to improve quality of care, increase patient access, improve patient outcomes, improve appropriateness of care, improve efficiency and effectiveness, and achieve cost containment. Included in the guidelines is a discussion of their purpose, rationale, importance, and methodology, and patient population, pathophysiologic basis, and various interventional techniques utilized in the management of chronic pain including rationale, outcomes, and cost effectiveness. They also describe the role of diagnostic blocks and therapeutic blocks with suggested algorithms for interventional techniques in the management of conservative care of chronic pain.
MODEL CREATED BY PROCESSOR-MEMORY ACTIVITY

Electromagnetic (EM) emanations created by a software computer activity can be exploited to create a wireless channel. However, software activity experiences lack of precise synchronization and, therefore, jitter noise. In this paper, we model this type of wireless communication channel considering the jitter noise, characterize the power spectral density (PSD) of both jitter noise and signal, and analyse the performance of this channel in terms of Bit-Error-Rate (BER). We provide examples to demonstrate the capability of the EM based wireless channel.
Explicit layout pattern density controlling based on transistor-array-style

An aggressive controlling for layout pattern density is becoming essential for the manufacturability of advanced processes. Focusing on analog layout under severe density constraints, this paper provides a novel idea that layout generation and verification are co-working on a density-aware format. Our idea follows a transistor-array(TA)-style of analog layout where unit-transistors of the same channel-size are used to form an array. In this style, we can explicitly control the layout pattern density by changing array pitch, stretching poly gates or widening diffusion of unit-transistors. We present a framework to enumerate feasible design parameters satisfying density and DRC constraints. In a design case of an OPAMP layout in a 65nm process, we demonstrate that our framework can converge the design in much fewer iterations compared with a traditional style layout by manual drawing.
A multi-gait approach for humanoid navigation in cluttered environments

A multi-gait approach is proposed in this paper for autonomous humanoid robot navigation and obstacle avoidance in unknown complex cluttered environments. The proposed approach is based on an environment-dependent adaptive switching between multiple gait strategies including, in particular, a new low-profile crawling gait that enables humanoid motion in tight vertically constrained spaces in addition to forward walking and side-stepping gaits. The path planning and obstacle avoidance system is based on the GODZILA algorithm that provides a computationally lightweight approach for navigation in unknown environments without requiring building of an environment map. The new low-profile crawling gait is laterally symmetric and utilizes a cooperative motion of both the hands and feet. The addition of this gait expands the set of environments that can be handled by the humanoid robot. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated through simulations and experimental studies on a NAO humanoid robot.
1 RESPIRATORY MODULATION OF CARDIO-VAGAL 1 BAROREFLEX SENSITIVITY 2 3 4 5

26 Emerging evidence suggests that with minimal prerequisite training, slow deep breathing 27 around 0.10 Hz can acutely enhance cardio-vagal baroreflex sensitivity in humans. Such 28 reports have led to the speculation that behavioral interventions designed to reduce 29 breathing frequency may serve a therapeutic role in ameliorating depressed baroreflex 30 function in conditions such as chronic heart failure, essential hypertension and 31 obstructive airways disease. This study sought to test the hypothesis that slow controlled 32 breathing acutely enhances cardio-vagal baroreflex function in young healthy volunteers. 33 Distinct from earlier studies, however, baroreflex function was examined (n = 30) using 34 the classical pharmacological modified Oxford method, which enabled the assessment of 35 cardio-vagal BRS through experimentally driven baroreceptor stimulation across a wide 36 range of blood pressures. For comparison against existing evidence, spontaneous cardio37 vagal BRS was also assessed using the α-index and sequence method. Compared with 38 fast breathing (0.25 Hz), slow breathing (0.10 Hz) was associated with an increase in α39 index (8.1 ± 14 ms/mm Hg, P < 0.01) and spontaneous up sequence baroreflex sensitivity 40 (10 ± 11 ms/mm Hg, P < 0.01). In contrast, baroreflex sensitivity derived from 41 spontaneous down sequences and the modified Oxford method were unaltered by slow 42 breathing. The lack of change in baroreflex sensitivity derived from the modified Oxford 43 method challenges the concept that slow breathing acutely augments arterial baroreflex 44 function in otherwise healthy humans. Our results also provide further evidence that 45 spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity may not reflect baroreflex sensitivity determined by 46 experimentally driven baroreceptor stimulation. 47 48 by 10.2. 32.247 on A uust 9, 2017 http://jaysiology.org/ D ow nladed fom
The Fraud Diamond: Considering the Four Elements of Fraud

D espite intense efforts to stamp out L-orruption. misappropriation of assets, and fraudulent financial reporting, it appears that fraud in its various foniis is a problem that is increasing in frequency and severity. KPMG's Fraud Survey 2003 documented a marked increase in overall fraud levels since its 1998 survey, with employee fraud by far the most common type of fraud. The 2003 survey also noted that fraudulent financial reporting had more than doubled from 1998. This trend is consistent with the unprecedented recent spate of large accounting frauds (Enron, WorldCom), as well as the increased number of accounting restatements and SEC enforcement actions in recent years. (See 2003 Annual Review of Financial Reporting Matters by the Huron Consulting Group and the SEC's Report Pursuant to Section 704 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.)
Stiffest elastic networks

The rigidity of a network of elastic beams is closely related to its microstructure. We show both numerically and theoretically that there is a class of isotropic networks, which are stiffer than any other isotropic network of same density. The elastic moduli of these stiffest elastic networks are explicitly given. They constitute upper-bounds, which compete or improve the well-known Hashin–Shtrikman bounds. We provide a convenient set of criteria (necessary and sufficient conditions) to identify these networks and show that their displacement field under uniform loading conditions is affine down to the microscopic scale. Finally, examples of such networks with periodic arrangement are presented, in both two and three dimensions. In particular, we present an optimal and isotropic three-dimensional structure which, to our knowledge, is the first one to be presented as such.
The TACAN 4 TGCA Motif Upstream from the (cid:50) 35 Region in the S -Dependent Pm Promoter of the TOL Plasmid Is the Minimum DNA Segment Required for Transcription Stimulation by XylS Regulators

Transcription from the TOL plasmid meta -cleavage pathway operon promoter Pm is dependent on the XylS regulator activated by benzoate effectors or after XylS overproduction. We have generated 5 (cid:42) deletions in Pm and have analyzed expression from wild-type and mutant promoters with the wild-type XylS regulator and XylS mutant regulators that stimulated transcription constitutively. We have found that the motifs T(C or A)CAN 4 TGCA located between (cid:50) 46 and (cid:50) 57 and (cid:50) 67 and (cid:50) 78 with respect to the main transcription initiation point are required for maximal stimulation of transcription from Pm with effector-activated wild-type XylS. Deletion of the farthest TCCA submotif decreased but did not abolish transcription mediated by the pair XylS with 3-methylbenzoate; however, removal of the motif between (cid:50) 67 and (cid:50) 78 resulted in the loss of stimulation by the wild-type regulator. XylSG44S and XylSS229I stimulated high levels of transcription in the absence of effectors from the wild-type promoter and from a mutant promoter exhibiting only the (cid:50) 46 to (cid:50) 57 motif only when
Digitalization of Swedish Government Agencies: Detailed Census Description and Analysis

Software engineering is at the core of the digitalization of society. Ill-informed decisions can have major consequences, as made evident in the 2017 government crisis in Sweden, originating in a data breach caused by an outsourcing deal made by the Swedish Transport Agency. Many Government Agencies (GovAgs) in Sweden are rapidly undergoing a digital transition, thus it is important to overview how widespread, and mature, software development is in this part of the public sector. We present a software development census of Swedish GovAgs, complemented by document analysis and a survey. We show that 39.2% of the GovAgs develop software internally, some matching the number of developers in large companies. Our findings suggest that the development largely resembles private sector counterparts, and that established best practices are implemented. Still, we identify improvement potential in the areas of strategic sourcing, openness, collaboration across GovAgs, and quality requirements. The Swedish Government has announced the establishment of a new digitalization agency next year, and our hope is that the software engineering community will contribute its expertise with a clear voice.
A SURVEY OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES

Data mining involves working with very huge amount of data. This data always contains some natural groups of data points wherein the data points within these groups (clusters) are identical to each other. Finding these set of clusters is an unsupervised approach and various clustering methods exists to accomplish this task. Density based, partitioning based, hierarchical and grid based are some of the common clustering methods which groups the similar data in the clusters with common goal of increasing the intra cluster similarity and decreasing the inter cluster similarity. Each of these methods contains several algorithms which are briefly discussed in this review paper.
Lung cancer biopsy dislodges tumor cells into circulating blood

Aim: A “seed” of lung cancer metastasis is circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which may be dislodged from a tumor during biopsy. This possibility was assessed among patients who underwent lung tumor biopsy using flexible fiber-topic bronchoscopy (FFB). Methods: The study involved six patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent FFB biopsy to diagnose a lesion pathologically (5 males and 1 female, median age 63 years, 6 adenocarcinomas, of 4 clinical-stage IA, 1 stage IB, and 1 stage IIIA), CTCs were extracted from the peripheral vein blood at pre-FFB and at post-FFB using a size selection method. Results: No tumor cell was detected at preand post-FFB was in three cases (50%); no tumor cells were detected pre-FFB while CTCs were detected at post-FFB in two cases (33.3%); and CTCs were detected at pre-FFB with numerous CTCs detected at post-FFB in one case (17.7%). In addition, similar tendencies were observed in each analysis of singlecell and clustered-cell categories. Conclusion: These results suggest that a FFB biopsy of lung cancer may potentially dislodge CTCs from a tumor into the circulating peripheral blood.