Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Form Interference Effects During Silent Reading

[1] Acheson, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. (2011). The rhymes that the reader perused confused the meaning: Phonological effects during on-line sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 65, 193–207. [2] Kennison, S. M. , Sieck, J. P., & Briesch, K. A. (2003). Evidence for a late-occurring effect of phoneme repetition during silent reading. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 32(3), 297312. [3] McCutchen, D. , Bell, L. C. , France, I. M. , & Perfetti, C. A. (1991). Phoneme specific interference in reading: The tongue-twister effect revisited. Reading Research Quarterly 26, 87–103. [4] Perfetti, C. A. , & McCutchen, D. (1982). Speech processing in reading. In N. Lass (ed.), Speech and Language: Advances in Basic Research and Practice 7, 237-269. New York: Academic Press Inc. [5] Ferreira, F. , & Clifton, C. , Jr. (1986). The independence of syntactic processing. Journal of Memory and Language 25, 348-368. Although many studies have shown that phonological repetition causes reading comprehension difficulties ([1], [2], [3], [4]), the nature of these processing costs remains unclear.
Utilization of cooperative multi-agent systems for spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks

Static spectrum allocation is a major problem in recent wireless networks. This scarcity problem is temporary and can be alleviated if the spectrum access is performed dynamically. Cognitive radio (CR) is an important new technology which addresses dynamic spectrum access challenges in detail. These challenges include efficient allocation of spectrum for primary (or licensed) and CR (or secondary) users in order to increase spectrum usage and to avoid user conflicts. Therefore, in this research we are interested in developing novel solutions for dynamic and efficient spectrum access under (1) licensed bands where CR users attempt to use the spec-trum by coexisting with the primary users and (2) unlicensed bands where the CR users try to access the spectrum by avoiding conflicts with their neighbors. In our first proposal, we deploy agents over each primary and CR users which allow them to work cooperatively in order to make spectrum access agreements. The simulation results show that our approach achieves good performance in terms of spectrum access, sustaining lower communication overhead. Our second proposal focuses on unlicensed spectrum access where spectrum can be viewed as an open ‘pool’ and no user has an exclusive license for spectrum access. Using multi-agent system, the CR users cooperate and they form several coalitions. These types of coalitions can provide a less-conflicted access as the agents mutually agree for spectrum sharing. The important comparisons between analytical and simulation results in terms of blocking probability verify the relevance of our approach in CR context
Not All Factors Contribute Equally to European-American and Hispanic Students’ SAT Scores

This exploratory study shows that the contributions of cognitive, metacognitive awareness, performance avoidance, test anxiety, and socioeconomic family background factors to SAT scores (i.e., overall SAT, SAT-V, SAT-M) may vary as a function of ethnicity (i.e., European-American, Hispanic). Four hundred and fifty-seven students, 282 European-American and 175 Hispanic, completed multiple measures of cognitive, metacognitive awareness, social/personality (i.e., test anxiety, performance avoidance, academic self-efficacy), and socioeconomic family background factors, which were used in regression analyses predicting overall SAT, SAT-V, and SAT-M scores. The results show that most factors contributed significantly to overall SAT, SAT-M, and SAT-V scores. In addition, the ethnicity X test anxiety interaction was significant for all three SAT measures, a finding that suggests ethnic differences in the contributions of test anxiety to overall SAT, SAT-M, and SAT-V scores. For European-American students, test anxiety had no influence on overall SAT and SAT-M scores, whereas for Hispanic students test anxiety had a negative influence on overall SAT and SAT-M scores. For SAT-V scores, interpreting the ethnicity X test anxiety interaction was more complicated because both the significant main effect of test anxiety and the ethnicity X test anxiety interaction must be interpreted together. Whereas test anxiety negatively influenced European-Americans’ SAT-V scores, this negative influence was less than the influence it had on Hispanic students’ SAT-V scores. Indeed, for Hispanic students with high test anxiety, this negative influence was profound. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that any theory explaining the SAT may need to take into account multiple predictors as well as the possibility that the contributions of these predictors may vary as a function of ethnicity.
The relation of oxidative stress and apoptosis to histopathologic alterations in the lungs as a result of global cerebral ischemia

ABSTRACT Heart attack and oxygen deficiency may cause necrosis in the brain and other tissues. We investigated the histopathological effects of nitric oxide (NO) on ischemia/reperfusion in lung and hippocampus using a rat brain bilateral occlusion ischemia model. Male rats were assigned to sham (SH), ischemic preconditioning (PC), global ischemia (GI) and ischemic reperfusion (IR) groups. Before ischemia was induced, blood was drawn to induce hypovolemic hypotension and for blood gas testing. After sacrifice, samples of hippocampus were harvested. Sections were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and immunostaining using primary antibodies for GFAP, S100β, iNOS, eNOS and the TUNEL method. Following ischemia, we found evidence of gliosis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus. No significant differences were detected between the SH and PC groups. In the GI and IR groups, apoptosis and necrosis were observed in the hippocampus. Lung sections were stained with H & E and Masson’s trichrome (MT) and immunostained for iNOS and eNOS. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis. Interstitial edema, vascular congestion, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, perivascular edema, neutrophil infiltration and disruption of alveoli were observed after global ischemia and ischemic reperfusion. Inflammatory cells were detected in the connective tissue. The IR and GI groups exhibited significantly more apoptotic cells than the SH or PC groups. Free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), that appear following ischemia and reperfusion in the brain may also injure the lungs. Increased NO in both lung and brain tissue suggests that apoptosis in these organs can be induced by reactive nitrogen species.
Thyroid Cancer: The Quest for Genetic Susceptibility Involving DNA Repair Genes

The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), particularly well-differentiated forms (DTC), has been rising and remains the highest among endocrine malignancies. Although ionizing radiation (IR) is well established on DTC aetiology, other environmental and genetic factors may also be involved. DNA repair single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be among the former, helping in explaining the high incidence. To further clarify the role of DNA repair SNPs in DTC susceptibility, we analyzed 36 SNPs in 27 DNA repair genes in a population of 106 DTCs and corresponding controls with the aim of interpreting joint data from previously studied isolated SNPs in DNA repair genes. Significant associations with DTC susceptibility were observed for XRCC3 rs861539, XPC rs2228001, CCNH rs2230641, MSH6 rs1042821 and ERCC5 rs2227869 and for a haplotype block on chromosome 5q. From 595 SNP-SNP combinations tested and 114 showing relevance, 15 significant SNP combinations (p < 0.01) were detected on paired SNP analysis, most of which involving CCNH rs2230641 and mismatch repair variants. Overall, a gene-dosage effect between the number of risk genotypes and DTC predisposition was observed. In spite of the volume of data presented, new studies are sought to provide an interpretability of the role of SNPs in DNA repair genes and their combinations in DTC susceptibility.
Bioactivation mechanisms of N‐hydroxyaristolactams: Nitroreduction metabolites of aristolochic acids

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are human nephrotoxins and carcinogens found in concoctions of Aristolochia plants used in traditional medicinal practices worldwide. Genotoxicity of AAs is associated with the formation of active species catalyzed by metabolic enzymes, the full repertoire of which is unknown. Recently, we provided evidence that sulfonation is important for bioactivation of AAs. Here, we employ Salmonella typhimurium umu tester strains expressing human N‐acetyltransferases (NATs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs), to study the role of conjugation reactions in the genotoxicities of N‐hydroxyaristolactams (AL‐I‐NOH and AL‐II‐NOH), metabolites of AA‐I and AA‐II. Both N‐hydroxyaristolactams show stronger genotoxic effects in umu strains expressing human NAT1 and NAT2, than in the parent strain. Additionally, AL‐I‐NOH displays increased genotoxicity in strains expressing human SULT1A1 and SULT1A2, whereas AL‐II‐NOH shows enhanced genotoxicity in SULT1A1/2 and SULT1A3 strains. 2,6‐Dichloro‐4‐nitrophenol, SULTs inhibitor, reduced umuC gene expression induced by N‐hydroxyaristolactams in SULT1A2 strain. N‐hydroxyaristolactams are also mutagenic in parent strains, suggesting that an additional mechanism(s) may contribute to their genotoxicities. Accordingly, using putative SULT substrates and inhibitors, we found that cytosols obtained from human kidney HK‐2 cells activate N‐hydroxyaristolactams in aristolactam‐DNA adducts with the limited involvement of SULTs. Removal of low‐molecular‐weight reactants in the 3.5–10 kDa range inhibits the formation of aristolactam‐DNA by 500‐fold, which could not be prevented by the addition of cofactors for SULTs and NATs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the genotoxicities of N‐hydroxyaristolactams depend on the cell type and involve not only sulfonation but also N,O‐acetyltransfer and an additional yet unknown mechanism(s). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single-Mode Tapered Vertical SU-8 Waveguide Fabricated by E-Beam Lithography for Analyte Sensing

In this paper, we propose a novel vertical SU-8 waveguide for evanescent analyte sensing. The waveguide is designed to possess a vertical and narrow structure to generate evanescent waves on both sides of the waveguide’s surface, aimed at increasing the sensitivity by enlarging the sensing areas. We performed simulations to monitor the influence of different parameters on the waveguide’s performance, including its height and width. E-beam lithography was used to fabricate the structure, as this one-step direct writing process enables easy, fast, and high-resolution fabrication. Furthermore, it reduces the sidewall roughness and decreases the induced scattering loss, which is a major source of waveguide loss. Couplers were added to improve the coupling efficiency and alignment tolerance, and will contribute to the feasibility of a plug-and-play optical system. Optical measurements show that the transmission loss is 1.03 ± 0.19 dB/cm. The absorption sensitivity was measured to be 4.8 dB per refractive index unit (dB/RIU) for saline solutions with various concentrations.
Direct observation of 2-dimensional ices on different surfaces near room temperature without confinement

Significance Many metal surfaces can stabilize 2-dimensional (2D) water monolayers or various structures of 2D ices, depending on the temperature and metal surface structures. Understanding of 2D ice formation on different surfaces at the molecular level, however, remains incomplete. We report simulation evidence of 2D ice formation on various surfaces without confinement and dependence of the 2D structure of water on the hydrophobicity and structure of underlying surface. The direct transformation of water nanodroplets to different 2D ices is shown, either on a smooth model surface or on fcc-crystal surfaces near room temperature. Physical mechanism related to the formation of different 2D ices is elucidated, which offers deeper insight into how the 2D ice formation is related to the water–surface interactions. Water–solid interfaces play important roles in a wide range of fields, including atmospheric science, geochemistry, electrochemistry, and food science. Herein, we report simulation evidence of 2-dimensional (2D) ice formation on various surfaces and the dependence of the 2D crystalline structure on the hydrophobicity and morphology of the underlying surface. Contrary to the prevailing view that nanoscale confinement is necessary for the 2D liquid-to-bilayer ice transition, we find that the liquid-to-bilayer hexagonal ice (BHI) transition can occur either on a model smooth surface or on model fcc-crystal surfaces with indices of (100), (110), and (111) near room temperature. We identify a critical parameter that characterizes the water–surface interaction, above which the BHI can form on the surface. This critical parameter increases as the temperature increases. Even at temperatures above the freezing temperature of bulk ice (Ih), we find that BHI can also form on a superhydrophilic surface due to the strong water–surface interaction. The tendency toward the formation of BHI without confinement reflects a proper water–surface interaction that can compensate for the entropy loss during the freezing transition. Furthermore, phase diagrams of 2D ice formation are described on the plane of the adsorption energy versus the fcc lattice constant (Eads–afcc), where 4 monolayer square-like ices are also identified on the fcc model surfaces with distinct water–surface interactions.
Stereotactic laser ablation for completion corpus callosotomy.

OBJECTIVE Completion corpus callosotomy can offer further remission from disabling seizures when a prior partial corpus callosotomy has failed and residual callosal tissue is identified on imaging. Traditional microsurgical approaches to section residual fibers carry risks associated with multiple craniotomies and the proximity to the medially oriented motor cortices. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) represents a minimally invasive approach for the ablation of residual fibers following a prior partial corpus callosotomy. Here, the authors report clinical outcomes of 6 patients undergoing LITT for completion corpus callosotomy and characterize the radiological effects of ablation. METHODS A retrospective clinical review was performed on a series of 6 patients who underwent LITT completion corpus callosotomy for medically intractable epilepsy at Stanford University Medical Center and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford between January 2015 and January 2018. Detailed structural and diffusion-weighted MR images were obtained prior to and at multiple time points after LITT. In 4 patients who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), streamline tractography was used to reconstruct and evaluate tract projections crossing the anterior (genu and rostrum) and posterior (splenium) parts of the corpus callosum. Multiple diffusion parameters were evaluated at baseline and at each follow-up. RESULTS Three pediatric (age 8-18 years) and 3 adult patients (age 30-40 years) who underwent completion corpus callosotomy by LITT were identified. Mean length of follow-up postoperatively was 21.2 (range 12-34) months. Two patients had residual splenium, rostrum, and genu of the corpus callosum, while 4 patients had residual splenium only. Postoperative complications included asymptomatic extension of ablation into the left thalamus and transient disconnection syndrome. Ablation of the targeted area was confirmed on immediate postoperative diffusion-weighted MRI in all patients. Engel class I-II outcomes were achieved in 3 adult patients, whereas all 3 pediatric patients had Engel class III-IV outcomes. Tractography in 2 adult and 2 pediatric patients revealed time-dependent reduction of fractional anisotropy after LITT. CONCLUSIONS LITT is a safe, minimally invasive approach for completion corpus callosotomy. Engel outcomes for completion corpus callosotomy by LITT were similar to reported outcomes of open completion callosotomy, with seizure reduction primarily observed in adult patients. Serial DTI can be used to assess the presence of tract projections over time but does not classify treatment responders or nonresponders.
Follow-up of incidental pulmonary nodules and association with mortality in a safety-net cohort

Abstract Background Though incidental pulmonary nodules are common, rates of guideline-recommended surveillance and associations between surveillance and mortality are unclear. In this study, we describe adherence (categorized as complete, partial, late and none) to guideline-recommended surveillance among patients with incidental 5–8 mm pulmonary nodules and assess associations between adherence and mortality. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 551 patients (≥35 years) with incidental pulmonary nodules conducted from September 1, 2008 to December 31, 2016, in an integrated safety-net health network. Results Of the 551 patients, 156 (28%) had complete, 87 (16%) had partial, 93 (17%) had late and 215 (39%) had no documented surveillance. Patients were followed for a median of 5.2 years [interquartile range (IQR), 3.6–6.7 years] and 82 (15%) died during follow-up. Adjusted all-cause mortality rates ranged from 2.24 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24–3.25] deaths per 100 person-years for complete follow-up to 3.30 (95% CI, 2.36–4.23) for no follow-up. In multivariable models, there were no statistically significant associations between the levels of surveillance and mortality (p > 0.16 for each comparison with complete surveillance). Compared with complete surveillance, adjusted mortality rates were non-significantly increased by 0.45 deaths per 100 person-years (95% CI, −1.10 to 2.01) for partial, 0.55 (95% CI, −1.08 to 2.17) for late and 1.05 (95% CI, −0.35 to 2.45) for no surveillance. Conclusions Although guideline-recommended surveillance of small incidental pulmonary nodules was incomplete or absent in most patients, gaps in surveillance were not associated with statistically significant increases in mortality in a safety-net population.
Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of Rapeseeds from Three Countries

Rapeseed is an important oilseed with proper fatty acid composition and abundant bioactive components. Canada and China are the two major rapeseed-producing countries all over the world. Meanwhile, Canada and Mongolia are major importers of rapeseed due to the great demand for rapeseed in China. To investigate the metabolites in rapeseeds from three countries, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based metabolomics was employed to analyze rapeseeds from China, Canada, and Mongolia. As results, 67, 53, and 68 metabolites showed significant differences between Chinese and Canadian, Chinese and Mongolian, and Canadian and Mongolian rapeseeds, respectively. Differential metabolites were mainly distributed in the metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Among the differential metabolites, contents of sinapate and sinapine were higher in Chinese rapeseeds, while the contents of brassicasterol, stigmasterol, and campestanol were higher in Canadian rapeseeds. These findings might provide insight into the metabolic characteristics of rapeseeds from three countries to guide processing and consumption of the products of rapeseed.
Sensory processing at ribbon synapses in the retina and the cochlea.

In recent years, sensory neuroscientists have made major efforts to dissect the structure and function of ribbon synapses which process sensory information in the eye and ear. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of two key aspects of ribbon synapses: i) their mechanisms of exocytosis and endocytosis, and ii) their molecular anatomy and physiology. Our comparison of ribbon synapses in the cochlea and the retina reveals convergent signaling mechanisms, as well as divergent strategies in different sensory systems.
Concomitant bilastine and montelukast as additive therapy for seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivits and mild‐to‐moderate asthma. The SKY study

1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Vic. , Australia 2Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia 3Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia 4Nutrition Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. , Australia 6Royal Children’s Hospital Flemington Road, Parkville, Vic. , Australia
Lion’s Mane Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Suppresses H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage and LPS-Induced Inflammation in HT22 Hippocampal Neurons and BV2 Microglia

Oxidative stress and inflammation in neuron-glia system are key factors in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As synthetic drugs may cause side effects, natural products have gained recognition for the prevention or management of diseases. In this study, hot water (HE-HWA) and ethanolic (HE-ETH) extracts of the basidiocarps of Hericium erinaceus mushroom were investigated for their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial activation respectively. HE-ETH showed potent neuroprotective activity by significantly (p < 0.0001) increasing the viability of H2O2-treated neurons. This was accompanied by significant reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.05) and improvement of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05) and glutathione (GSH) content (p < 0.01). Besides, HE-ETH significantly improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (p < 0.05) and ATP production (p < 0.0001) while reducing mitochondrial toxicity (p < 0.001), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) gene expression (p < 0.05) and nuclear apoptosis (p < 0.0001). However, gene expression of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) were unaffected (p > 0.05). HE-ETH also significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced nitric oxide (NO) level in LPS-treated BV2 indicating an anti-inflammatory activity in the microglia. These findings demonstrated HE-ETH maybe a potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in neuron-glia environment.