Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE NORMAL AND INDUCED OCCURRENCE OF CYANOPHYCIN INCLUSION BODIES IN SEVERAL BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE 1

Multi‐L‐arginyl‐poly(L‐aspartic acid) [arg‐poly(asp)], the polypeptide component of the cyanophycin inclusion body, is found in cells of many blue‐green algae. Formation of this material can be induced by a variety of treatments including the addition of excess nitrogen‐containing compounds, the addition of specific inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, and the exclusion of sulfur or phosphorus. Knowledge of the conditions that induce the synthesis of this polypeptide has made possible an ultrastructural survey to determine the presence and cellular location of cyanophycin bodies in a variety of cyanobacteria. Data presented show that certain strains of the unicellular genus Synechococcus Nägeli do not contain arg‐poly(asp) under environmental conditions that markedly increase the level of such material in other cyanobacteria. In addition many strains show spatial localization of the cyanophycin bodies under normal growth conditions, and moreover the normal pattern is retained even when massive synthesis of arg‐poly(asp) is induced. Finally there is no evidence that these inclusion bodies occur in certain beggiatoan gliding bacteria.
Low Within Population Genetic Variation and High Among Population Differentiation in Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C. Presl (Dryopteridaceae) in Southern Korea: Inference of Population-Establishment History

Abstract In the Korean Peninsula, the current distribution of the warm-temperate and subtropical vegetation (including many homosporous ferns) is limited to southern coastal areas. Paleoecological data suggest that during the Last Glacial Maximum this vegetation retreated to glacial refugia putatively located in southern Japan and/or southern China, followed by a post-glacial recolonization. Two broad scenarios of post-glacial recolonization could be hypothesized: extant Korean populations are derived from multiple source populations (i.e., from multiple refugia); alternatively, they originate from a single refugium. To test which of these scenarios is more likely, we surveyed patterns of genetic diversity in eight (n = 307) populations of Cyrtomium falcatum from southern Korea. We found extremely low levels of allozyme variation within populations coupled with high among-population differentiation. These data best support the second hypothesis, and indicate that the current genetic diversity may be a consequence of post-glacial long-distance dispersal events and subsequent founder effects. In addition, restricted gene flow among the discontinuous populations of C. falcatum in southern Korea has likely contributed to the high degree of among-population genetic differentiation. From a conservation perspective, several populations should be targeted for both in situ and ex situ conservation, as C. falcatum exhibits a high degree of divergence among populations.
Effect of Foliar Applications of Glycinebetaine on Stress Tolerance, Growth, and Yield of Spring Cereals and Summer Turnip Rape in Finland

Crop losses caused by environmental stresses might be reduced by applying osmoprotectans to crop canopies. Glycinebetaine is endogenously accumulated by some halophytes under stress conditions and represents such a compound. Glycinebetaine was applied exogenously to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestwum L.), and summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera DC.) canopies and its optimal concentration was monitored in the greenhouse. In field experiments the response of crop plants to betaine applications was assessed by measuring accumulation of above ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll, and yield. The optimum betaine concentration producing advantageous effects on growth and crop physiology in turnip rape was close to 0.1 M and for wheat 0.3 M. Such concentrations promoted accumulation of betaine similar to that of halophytes under stress conditions [ca. 200 μmol (g DM)−1]. In the 1993 field experiment peak LAIs were recorded in irrigated wheat and barley treated with 17.5 kg ha−1 betaine applied at 300 1 ha−1. Green leaf area was slightly more persistent in wheat treated twice with 1 kg ha−1 betaine applied at 200 1 ha−1 in 1994, although it was not associated with increased grain yield. Our results indicated that betaine has no actual potential in Finland for the principal grain crops but further studies are needed in stress prone environments to assess the potential of betaine treatments for preventing crop failures.
Reintroduction increased vitamin E and condition in captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus

Welfare implications of reintroduction are primarily unknown, although reportedly negative. Few studies have described physiological changes in captive-bred animals post-release and consequently the impact of reintroduction on captive-bred animals is not well understood. Such information is crucial to understanding whether reintroduction constitutes ethical practice. For these reasons two physiological indices associated with animal health, plasma vitamin E concentration (PVEC) or α-Tocopherol, and general condition scores, were monitored in reintroduced captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus celeris and P. x. xanthopus pre- and post-release. PVEC was chosen because deficiencies are common in captive animals compared to their wild counterparts, and have been linked to stress, myopathy, neuronal degeneration, low reproduction, anaemia and death. Changes in physical condition, within this study indicated principally by mass variation, coat condition, and reproductive status, but also parasite load, visible stress, lethargy and diarrhoea, have also not been reported for captive-bred animals reintroduced to the wild. Captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies reintroduced to areas of their former range in Queensland and South Australia showed a rapid and sustained increase in PVEC and physical condition, with post-release values significantly higher than pre-release captive levels. Post-release values for both parameters did not significantly differ from that of wild counterparts. Hence I conclude that there was no welfare implications related to the observed parameters in these reintroductions, rather the opposite.
THE EFFECT OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE ON THE PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION OF ETHANOL AND GLYCEROL BY A BREWING YEAST STRAIN

When the cells of a lager brewing yeast Saccharomyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) were grown in minimal media containing sucrose and a non-metabolized sugar sorbitol, significant levels of intracellular ethanol were obtained. Intracellular ethanol concentration decreased as the osmotic pressure of the medium was lowered and the proportion of extracellular ethanol increased. A reduction in cell viability occurred when there were high levels of intracellular ethanol. The total amount of glycerol produced increased with increased osmotic pressure, but glycerol diffused out of the cells faster than ethanol.
Book Review

Abstract The Technology Of Orgasm: Hysteria, The Vibrator, And Women's Sexual Satisfaction, Reviewed by Rachel P. Maines. Courage To Conquer: Breast Cancer Survivors Share Their Personal Stories, Reviewed by R. A. Marino Celebrating The Lives Of Jewish Women: Patterns In A Feminist Sampler, Reviewed by Rachel Josefowitz Siegel and Ellen Cole. Women's Health: Psychological And Social Perspec-Tives, Reviewed by Christina Lee Fed Up: Women And Food In America, Reviewed by Catherine Manton
OLEUROPEIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

In this paper, oleuropein and some other related phenolic compounds are reviewed. Their occurrence, distribution, biosynthesis and transformation during maturation and during industrial processing (preparation of table olives and oil production) are described. Their role in human health is proposed based on current human, animal and in vitro studies as molecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
PHOTOSYNTHATE DISTRIBUTION IN WHEAT VARIETIES DIFFERING IN PHOSPHORUS EFFICIENCY

The distribution of phosphorus (P), photosynthates, and the amount of assimilated 14C secreted as root exudate were measured in wheat genotypes differing in phosphorus efficiency. Two wheat genotypes, one P-efficient (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Xiaoyan 54) and the other inefficient (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Jing 411) were used in this study. The plants were cultivated in solution culture for 4 weeks under controlled conditions. Xiaoyan 54 had higher relative yield, higher P concentration in roots and higher root/shoot ratio than Jing 411 under P-deficient condition. Xiaoyan 54 distributed more P and assimilated carbon to the roots than Jing 411 under P deficiency and also released a higher percentage of assimilated 14C as root exudates. The percentage released was 3.98% for Xiaoyan 54 and 2.47% for Jing 411 under P deficiency, and 2.95% and 3.28%, respectively, under P-sufficiency. However, P deficiency led to more assimilated 14C being partitioned to roots by both wheat genotypes. Regardless of genotypes, the 14C distributed to roots of P-deficient plants was 5 to 6 times that of P-sufficient plants. The P-efficient genotype translocated more assimilated 14C to roots than the P-inefficient genotype under P deficiency and the difference between the two genotypes were smaller under P sufficiency. It is concluded that Xiaoyan 54 has higher relative biomass and better root system under P limited condition, which main reasons are that Xiaoyan 54 can maintain a higher P concentration, release more root exudate, and distribute P to roots.
An apomictic mutant for sticky chromosomes in the fern Ceratopteris

A meiotic mutant has been derived from a triploid hybrid of the fern genus Ceratopteris. The mutant behavior involves chromosome stickiness that is regularly observed during both meiotic divisions. Chromosome stickiness is also infrequently observed during mitotic division. In addition, the first meiotic division frequently fails and results in the formation of a restitution nucleus. A single second meiotic division follows restitution and results in the production of a dyad of unreduced spores. Viable unreduced spores germinate to produce gametophytes containing the sporophytic number of chromosomes. Spermatozoids produced by the gametophytes are non-functional. However, sporophytes regularly develop apogamously from the gametophytes. Because meiotic reduction and syngamy are absent, the mutants are, reproductively, obligate apomicts.
Effects of Nitrogen Source and Concentration on the Free Amino Acid Composition of Developing Wheat Grains

Detached wheat heads (7 days post-anthesis) were grown in liquid culture containing nitrogen concentrations of 0.025% or 0.1% in the form of glutamine, ammonium nitrate or asparagine. With each form of the nitrogen, increasing the concentrations of nitrogen in the culture medium led to increases in the total nitrogen and the non-protein nitrogen in the grain. Protein contents (N × 5.7) were approximately 16% and 21% on a dry weight basis in the low and high treatments respectively for all nitrogen sources. Amino acids from the endosperm cavity, the ethanol-soluble extract of the grain, and the grain protein were analysed by HPLC techniques to define the site of transfer between amino acid forms. The results indicated that amino nitrogen from glutamine, ammonium nitrate, or asparagine enters the grain and is found in the endosperm cavity fluid mainly in the form of glutamine, alanine and, to a lesser extent, aspartate (including asparagine). These amino acids are then converted into the various other amino acids required for protein synthesis, as is demonstrated by the increases found in the others in the ethanol-soluble free amino acid fraction with different nitrogen regimes. These variations in the composition of the free amino acids occurred without altering the amino acid composition of the protein component of the grain.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz N. Alagaili,a,b Thomas Briese,c Nischay Mishra,c Vishal Kapoor,c Stephen C. Sameroff,c Peter D. Burbelo,d Emmie de Wit,e Vincent J. Munster,e Lisa E. Hensley,f Iyad S. Zalmout,a Amit Kapoor,c Jonathan H. Epstein,f William B. Karesh,g Peter Daszak,g Osama B. Mohammed,a W. Ian Lipkinc KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabiaa; Saudi Wildlife Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabiab; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USAc; Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USAd; Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USAe; Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USAf; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USAg
Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants in the Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

Mummichogs or killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) are abundant estuarine fish that can tolerate widely varying environmental conditions. They are found in some highly contaminated sites, and their development of tolerance to toxicants has been studied. Populations have developed resistance to methylmercury, kepone, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This article describes what is known about their tolerance, and discusses similarities and differences among these resistant populations. In some cases tolerance is seen only in early life stages, while in other cases tolerance is seen in adults also. In many of the populations, adults show signs of stress. The mechanism of embryo tolerance to meHg appears to be reduced chorionic permeability, and more rapid development through sensitive stages. One mechanism of resistance to dioxins, PCBs and PAHs is non-responsiveness (lack of inducibility) of CYP1A. In some populations it is already elevated, while in others it is not. Another mechanism in the PAH-resistant fish is elevation of the phase II metabolizing enzyme, GST. The tolerance appears to be genetic. In populations in which it has been studied, the age structure is skewed towards younger fish, and adults appear to put more energy into reproduction as a way of maintaining the population in the stressful environment.
Moult, pied plumage and relationships within the genus of the Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus

The pied plumage of the adult Black Sparrowhawk is rather exceptional in the genus Accipiter and it could be explained by functionality or by phylogenetic relationships. The moult pattern of museum specimens is presented, supplementing information from captive birds. The post-juvenile moulting sequence is similar to that of the Northern Goshawk. The moult of primaries starts at, or just after, the beginning of body moult; moult of the secondaries also starts early and progresses from three consecutive foci, and tail moult starts early but is less predictable. A few body feathers and tail feathers may remain in place until the second moult. The pied flank feathers appear at an early stage. Some adult specimens are in arrested annual moult. Two with definite serially-descendant moult were discovered; this is related to the fact that the species is known to be double-brooded. Serially descendant moult was not known in this species and is rarely mentioned in the genus. Possible functions of the pied plumage are discussed: crypsis, mimicry, hunting strategy, and sexual attraction. Its taxanomic status is obscure. Although the streaked juvenile plumage of the Black Sparrowhawk is similar to those of the Northern Goshawk A. gentilis, Meyer's Goshawk A. meyerianus and Henst's Goshawk A. hentsi, adult and juvenile plumages are variable within the genus, and thus are not a reliable indicator of taxanomic relationships.
Foodborne Diseases

As the title suggests, this book covers relevant topics on foodborne diseases. Most chapters are descriptive, updated, and, given likely pagelength limitations, concise. Of 21 chapters, 6 cover selected foodborne bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum and C. perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, pathogenic Vibrio spp. , and Enterococcus spp. Two chapters discuss viral pathogens such as hepatitis and gastroenteric viruses. Four chapters focus on parasites: Cryptosporidium spp. , Cyclospora spp. , Giardia spp. , and Toxoplasma gondii. Other chapters address afl atoxins; scombroid fi sh poisoning; food management, including hazard analysis and critical control point programs; antimicrobial agents in foodanimal production; alternatives to antimicrobial drugs; and microbial risk assessment. Additional chapters also review new trends for control of foodborne pathogens (food irradiation and other sanitation procedures) and molecular techniques for detecting and identifying foodborne pathogens and their toxins. The last chapter considers future directions of food safety. One limitation of the book is the lack of thorough discussion of other relevant foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. , Shigella spp. , Campylobacter spp. , Bacillus spp. , Staphylococcus spp. , Enterobacter sakazakii, and Aeromonas spp. These bacteria are important foodborne pathogens worldwide, and although they are briefl y mentioned in other chapters, much more consideration is warranted (1,2). For example, in 2006, in the United States, 5,712 cases of Campylobacter infection and 6,655 cases of Salmonella infection were documented. Campylobacter spp. are the most frequently diagnosed causes of gastroenteritis in the United States, and ≈80% of cases are foodborne. Recent well-publicized foodborne outbreaks in the United States have been associated not only with E. coli O157:H7, but with Salmonella spp. as well. A multistate outbreak of S. Typhimurium infections associated with tomatoes accounted for 14% of the cases in 2006. S. Newport accounted for 9.2% of the cases. In 2007, >400 cases of S. Tennessee infection were attributed to consumption of peanut butter. E. sakazakii has caused fatal infections in neonates who were fed contaminated infant formula; this pathogen presents particular challenges to the food industry. In addition, no mention was made of helmintic infections, which also can be associated with foods. If page limitations were an issue, the 4 chapters dedicated to parasitic infections could have been condensed to 2, and bacterial pathogens could have been emphasized. This would have been doable because 3 of the 4 parasite chapters were written by the same senior author in collaboration with others. Overall, several relevant topics on foodborne diseases are suffi ciently described in this book, and credit should be given to the chapter contributors who provided adequate information on their respective topics. This is a very good reference book for health departments, the food industry, and academia.
Post hatch histo-morphological studies of small intestinal development in chicks fed with herbal early chick nutritional supplement.

Earlier the food passes through gastrointestinal tract, better is the stimulus for initiating the gut function development. Morphology of the small intestine of Vencobb broiler chick was determined immediately post hatch by comparing between untreated control group fed with standard basal ration 48 h after hatch and the treatment groups (T2 and T3) offered Chikimune at 2 different doses of 6 and 8 g/chick/day for early 2 days followed by administration of standard basal ration after 2 days. Pattern of development of the intestinal mucosa, mechanisms underlying the structural changes in small intestine were assessed. The length, weight and diameter of different parts of small intestine developed significantly earlier in treatment groups (II and III) as compared to control (T1). Crypt depth and villous height increased with age in the duodenum, jejunum and illeum. There were also significant changes in apparent villous surface area in the three regions, while interactions between age and intestinal region were significant in the case of crypt depth and villous height although, the intestinal mucosa of the strain was structurally developed at hatch, there was much change in structure with age, especially over the first 7 day post hatch.
Hair structure of brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) from North America and Scandinavia

Analysis of measurements of guard hairs from North American brown or grizzly bears and Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) showed variation over the body and along the hair shaft. Using the medullary index, i.e., the medullary diameter as a percentage of the hair diameter, comparisons were made among body areas, age groups, geographical areas, sexes, and seasons. Statistically significant differences were found among body areas. Hairs from the foreleg were shorter and wider, with a smaller medullary index than those from other body areas. There was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between the medullary index and age of individuals. Medullary indices from Scandinavian bears were significantly greater than those from Alaskan bears, which in turn were greater than those from bears of the contiguous United States. There were no statistically significant differences between the medullary index and sex or season.
Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on gas exchange and yield attributes in rice under drought conditions

This study investigated whether the exogenous application of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) could alleviate the adverse effects of drought on rice (Shanyou 63). Yeast was sprayed on leaves at 109 colony-forming units (cfu) ml− 1 after drought every week. The drought period lasted 120 days. Under well-watered conditions, application of yeast significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate (A) and transpiration rate (E), together with a reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) compared with the controls, and yeast did not inhibit plant growth. Under drought conditions, application of yeast increased E, but had no effect on A on days 30, 44, 58 and 72 compared with the drought without yeast. Under drought conditions, yeast application increased the seed set rate, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index and grain: straw compared with the drought without yeast. Yeast did not have a significantly promotive effect on WUEleaf (A/E) under either well-watered or drought conditions. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were significantly influenced by yeast. The greatest IWUE was observed in yeast treatment under drought conditions (3.1 mg g− 1). This study indicated that yeast can alleviate the negative effects of drought stress by improving some photosynthetic attributes and yield in rice.