Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recombination Activity of Misfit Dislocations in Silicon

A study of misfit dislocations in Si using the techniques of electron beam induced current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL) is presented. The dislocation recombination properties are found to depend on contamination. Dislocations in clean, as grown samples without D-band luminescence have very low recombination activity, with an EBIC contrast c of about 0.3% at T = 80 K and without detectable contrast at 300 K. Ni contamination is shown to increase the dislocation contrast markedly and to lead to pronounced dark spots at 300 K. A negative c(T) slope is observed for dislocations, which is attributed to shallow centres. Another contrast mechanism acting at the dark spots is ascribed to charged Ni silicide particles. Dark CL dislocation contrast is observed at 5 K when using the substrate luminescence, caused by dislocation-related reduction of exciton density. CL and EBIC correlate in a semi-quantitative manner for all samples studied, suggesting that the same centres might be responsible for the CL and EBIC contrasts. Es werden Untersuchungen von Fehlanpassungsversetzungen in Silizium mittels elektronenstrahlinduziertem Strom (EBIC) und Kathodolumineszenz (CL) vorgestellt. Es erweist sich, das die Rekombinationseigenschaften der Versetzungen vom Grad der Verunreinigung abhangen. Versetzungen in sauberen Proben ohne D-Band-Lumineszenz sind nur in sehr geringem Mase rekombinationsaktiv. Ihr EBIC-Kontrast c erreicht Werte von etwa 0,3% bei T = 80 K und ist bei 300 K nicht mehr nachweisbar. Verunreinigung durch Nickel fuhrt zu einer deutlichen Erhohung des Versetzungskontrastes und zu ausgepragten, dunklen, punktartigen Kontrasten, die bereits bei 300 K zu beobachten sind. Fur die Versetzungen wird ein negativer c(T)-Anstieg gefunden, der flachen Zentren zugeschrieben wird. Ein anderer Kontrastmechanismus, der am Ort der dunklen punktartigen Kontraste wirksam ist, wird auf geladene Nickelsilizid-Teilchen zuruckgefuhrt. Dunkler CL-Kontrast an Versetzungen, der aus einer Reduzierung der Exzitonendichte resultiert, ist bei 5 K zu beobachten, wenn die Substratlumineszenz genutzt wird. Fur alle untersuchten Proben stimmen CL- und EBIC-Ergebnisse halbquantitativ uberein. Das gibt Anlas zu der Vermutung, das CL- und EBIC-Kontrast durch die gleichen Zentren hervorgerufen werden.
Electrical conductance of single conjugated oligomers

Using individual molecules as building blocks for electronic devices opens a new route for further miniaturization of future electronics. The realization relies on better understanding and control of charge transport at the level of single molecules. In this thesis we use a mechanically controllable break junction technique to measure the electronic transport properties of single conjugated oligomers. This technique allows precise control of the distance between two atomic sized contacts, which is able to match the size of a single molecule. Via a liquid cell we are able to investigate molecules in a controlled liquid environment. Using oligo-phenylene ethynylene (OPE) molecules as our model system, we start with an OPE-dithiol molecule to understand the properties of a metal-molecule-metal junction. To overcome variations in individual conductance traces, we introduce a robust statistical analysis of repeatedly formed molecular junctions. We then move on and study the role of contacts in molecular conductance. Surprisingly, we find out that for OPE-monothiols, clear well-defined molecular signals due to aromatic coupling can be observed. Finally, we show that the conductance of redox molecular junctions can be controlled by an electrochemical gate. This thesis is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is an introduction to single-molecule electronics. Chapter 2 introduces theoretical models of the conductance of single molecules. Chapter 3 describes the basic principle of mechanically controllable break junctions, the samples and the setup. Chapter 4 compares the breaking process in passive pure solvents and to which anchoring molecules are added. On this basis a robust statistical analysis without any data selection is developed. In chapter 5 we discuss the effects of contacts and side groups on molecular conductance. Chapter 6 shows a comparison study of OPE-dithiols and OPEmonothiols. In Chapter 7 we demonstrate electrochemical gating of single redox molecules.
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT CALCIUM OXALATE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FROM TARO CORMS

Taros (Colocusiu and Xanthosoma spp.) are tropical root crops commonly referred to as cocoyams, which have been used as subsistence staple foods in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics in Africa and Australasia. Proximate analysis of the taro corms has shown that it contains digestible starch, protein of good quality, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. However, one major limiting factor in the utilization of taros is the presence of oxalates which impart acrid taste or cause irritation when foods prepared from them are eaten. Ingestion of foods containing oxalates has also been reported to cause caustic effects, irritation to the intestinal tract and absorptive poisoning as well as disrupting the bio-availability of calcium. While several methods have been made to reduce oxalate content in taro corms, none has been reported to meet the satisfactory level of the consumers. Considering that calcium oxalate content in the skin is higher than in the tuber flesh and that physical (thermal and irradiation) degradation of calcium oxalate is more pronounced than chemical and biological degradations, a method to reduce the calcium oxalate content in the taro corms is proposed. The proposed method involves peeling, washing, steeping, boiling and drying, which is expected to remove about 93.14% of the original calcium oxalate content. Keywords: taro; calcium oxalate; removal; development
The aqueous geochemistry of neptunium: Dynamic control of soluble concentrations with applications to nuclear waste disposal

The valence state of neptunium, one of the most important radionuclides of concern for long-term emplacement of nuclear waste, primarily defines its geochemical reactions and migration behavior. We evaluate how redox potential and solid-phase stability interact and influence neptunium solubility and aqueous speciation in natural systems. Neptunium thermodynamic data for the most important valence states for natural waters, +IV and +V, are updated to correct database inconsistencies. The most significant changes are as follows: (1) Np2O5(cr) is 2 orders of magnitude more stable than reported previously, (2) the stability of NpO2OH(aq) is reduced, (3) NpO2(OH)2- and mixed Np(V) hydroxo-carbonato species become important at high pH, and (4) Np(OH)5- is disregarded as a valid species. As a result, Np2O5 and Np(OH)4(am) are the stable solids in aquifers of low ionic strength, neptunium solubility decreases in the pH range 10−12 and increases at pH above 12, and both redox potential and Np(OH)4(am) solubility .
Impact of the Precision in NMR Relaxation Measurements on the Interpretation of Protein Dynamics

The information contained in the relaxation data is assumed to be completely specified by two quantities: a generalized order parameter,S2, which is a measure of the spatial restriction of the internal motion, and an effective correlation time, τe, which is a measure of the rate of the internal motion. This framework has been applied by a number of groups to interpret NMR relaxation experiments on proteins. 7-11
The Performance of Structured High-Capacity Si Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The Performance of Structured High-Capacity Si Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Juichin Fan Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Master of Science This study sought to improve the performance of Si-based anodes through the use of hierarchically structured electrodes to provide the nanoscale framework needed to accommodate large volume changes while controlling the interfacial area – which affects solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. To accomplish this, electrodes were fabricated from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) infiltrated with silicon. On the nanoscale, these electrodes allowed us to adjust the surface area, tube diameter, and silicon layer thickness. On the micro-scale, we have the ability to control the electrode thickness and the incorporation of micro-sized features. Treatment of the interfacial area between the electrolyte and the electrode by encapsulating the electrode controls the stabilization and reduction of unstable SEI. Si-VACNT composite electrodes were prepared by first synthesizing VACNTs on Si wafers using photolithography for catalyst patterning, followed by aligned CNT growth. Nano-layers of silicon were then deposited on the aligned carbon nanotubes via LPCVD at 200mTorr and 535°C. A thin copper film was used as the current collector. Electrochemical testing was performed on the electrodes assembled in a CR2025 coin cell with a metallic Li foil as the counter electrode. The impact of the electrode structure on the capacity at various current densities was investigated. Experimental results demonstrated the importance of control over the superficial area between the electrolyte and the electrode on the performance of silicon-based electrodes for next generation lithium ion batteries. In addition, the results show that Si-VACNT height does not limit Li transport for the range of the conditions tested.
Performance of granular activated carbon for total organic carbon removal

The results of papers presented at the second of two conferences concerning the state of the art of the application of oxidation and adsorption techniques (including granular activated carbon) in the treatment of drinking water were analyzed for their application to GAC use in the United States. Total organic carbon was used as the parameter for measuring the removal of collective organics. Results of European investigations fell primarily in the mid-range of the spectrum of results in the United States. The authors believe that given the substantially larger body of experience with GAC in Europe, it would be advantageous for North American specialists to draw on this information.
Gigahertz frequency tuner based on a telescoping double-walled carbon nanotube: molecular dynamics simulations

The schematics of a gigahertz-range tuner is addressed as an application of a telescoping multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) that can be used repeatedly, and its dynamic operation is investigated via classical molecular dynamics simulations based on a (5,5)(10,10) double-walled CNT. Fine control of the telescoped length of the double-walled CNT enables its resonance frequency to be matched to one of the signal frequencies, and the telescoped nanotube can be tuned to its resonance frequency for use as a component of a bandpass filter.
Analyse expérimentale et simulation numérique d’écoulements raréfiés de gaz simples et de mélanges gazeux dans les microcanaux

Ce travail porte sur l’etude analytique, numerique et experimentale d’ecoulements gazeux au sein de microcanaux dans des regimes de rarefaction moderee pour lesquels l’hypothese d’equilibre thermodynamique local est mise en defaut. Un banc d’essai specifique a ete developpe pour la mesure des microdebits gazeux, dans des conditions de temperature et de pression controlees. Les mesures de debit de gaz simples (Ar et He) et de leurs melanges a travers des microcanaux de section rectangulaire sont confrontees a des modeles continus associes a des conditions aux limites de glissement d’ordre 2 pour le regime d’ecoulement glissant et a des modeles cinetiques bases sur l’equation de Boltzmann linearisee pour le regime de transition, avec un terme de collision modelise par un modele BGK pour les gaz purs et un modele de McCormack pour les melanges. Les limites de l’approche continue sont mises en evidence pour des nombres de Knudsen moyens superieurs a 0,1. En revanche, les modeles cinetiques sont en tres bon accord avec l’experience sur les gaz simples pour toute la plage consideree, en supposant une accommodation parfaite a la paroi. Pour les melanges de gaz dans les regimes les plus rarefies, des ecarts commencent a apparaitre, pour lesquels des conclusions definitives necessiteront des etudes complementaires. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This thesis focuses on analytical, numerical and experimental investigations on moderate rarefied gas flows through microchannels, for which the local equilibrium assumption is no longer valid. A specific experimental setup has been developed for measuring gas microflowrates under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. The experimental flowrate data of monatomic gases (Ar and He) and their mixtures through rectangular microchannels are compared in the slip flow regime with data from continuum models associated with second-order boundary conditions, and in the transition regime with data from the linearized Boltzmann equation. The collision term of the Boltzmann equation is given by the BGK model for monatomic gases and by the McCormack model for gas mixtures. It is clearly pointed out that the validity of the continuum approach is limited to average Knudsen numbers less than 0.1. On the other hand, the kinetic models show an excellent agreement with the experimental data for monatomic gases in the whole considered Knudsen range, assuming diffuse reflection at the wall. However, for the mixtures in higher rarefied regimes, deviations occur; further investigations will be required for more definitive conclusions.
Production of Nitrous Oxide Gas during Denitrification of Wastewater

Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to examine nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production during denitrification. Substrate containing acetate (909 mgl -1 as COD), yeast extract (91 mgl -1 as COD) and KNO 3 with COD/NO 3 -N of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 was continuously fed to 3 l mixed flow reactors with varied solid retention time (SRT). N 2 O in produced nitrogenous gas far exceeded 10% in some conditions, and up to 8% of influent NO 3 -N was transformed to N 2 O. Low COD/NO 3 -N, short SRT and low pH were favored conditions for N 2 O production. COD/NO 3 -N of 1.5 and 2.5 at an SRT shorter than 10 days, and COD/NO 3 -N of 3.5 or 4.5 at an SRT shorter than 1 day resulted in N 2 O production together with incomplete nitrate and nitrite removal. Lower COD/NO 3 -N caused higher production of N 2 O. N 2 O production at pH of 6.5 was significantly higher than that at pH of 7.5 although pH of 7.5 and 8.5 showed less difference. The mixed liquor from the continuous reactor producing N 2 O readily produced N 2 O even when substrate with high COD/NO 3 -N was dosed in batch experiments, which suggests that N 2 O producing species may be accumulated during continuous operation in favorable conditions.
Mobility of Heavy Metals in Dredged Harbor Sediments

Solubility, mobility, and bioavailability of sediment-bound metals can be increased by four major factors: (1) Lowering of pH; (2) changing of redox conditions; (3) formation of organic complexes; and (4) increasing salinity. While the first two factors are particularly important for on-land deposition of dredged materials, the effect of salinity is particularly important for resuspended cadmium-rich sediments in estuaries. Chemical extraction studies, which were carried out under carefully controlled conditions on both fresh and freeze-dried samples, indicate that aeration of anoxic sediments (e.g., on-land disposal) may both increase and decrease the mobility of heavy metals. Transformation from sulfidic or carbonatic associations to oxidic phases will reduce mobility of manganese, wherease the respective changes from moderately reducible forms to carbonatic and easily reducible phases will enhance the reactivity of zinc during oxidation of dredged material.
The Chemistry of acid rain : sources and atmospheric processes

During the past decade, significant progress has been made in our understanding of acid deposition, although large gaps in our knowledge still exist. This 27-chapter volume describes our growing understanding of the sources and chemistry of acidic species in the environment. A historical perspective and a summary of past research are presented in the first chapter. Subsequent chapters are divided into section covering receptor models, cloud chemistry and physics, kinetics, wet and dry deposition, experimental methods, and fundamental processes.
Cristallochimie et étude vibrationnelle de composés à base de TeVIO3

Ce travail de these est consacre a l’etude de la cristallochimie particuliere des materiaux cristallises a base d’oxyde de tellure VI (tellurates), candidats potentiels dans les technologies LTCC. L’estimation de la susceptibilite d’optique non lineaire d’ordre 3, des phases cristallisees du systeme TeO2-TeO3, par calculs ab initio, a montre des resultats prometteurs ouvrant des perspectives interessantes pour l’elaboration de verres a base d’oxyde de tellure VI. Le compose TeO3-β est le plus simple des materiaux a base d’oxyde de tellure VI. L’etude vibrationnelle de sa structure specifique met en evidence une structure de type tridimensionnelle semblable a la famille des perovskites cubiques et tres differentes du compose elementaire a base d’oxyde de tellure IV, TeO2-a, de structure de type ilot. Cette etude a servi de base a l’analyse vibrationnelle de composes tellurates complexes.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOSUSPENSION OF POORLY SOLUBLE DRUG ALBENDAZOLE

The aim of the present work was to enhance solubility of albendazole a class II drug by nanosuspension technology. Nanosuspensions are prepared by using wet mill, high pressure homogenizer, emulsion‐solvent diffusion, melt emulsification method and super critical fluid techniques. Nanosuspension is new carrier free colloidal drug delivery system with nano sized particles below 1000 nm, and considered as a great drug delivery technique to enhance the drug dissolution and solubility. In the present work nanosuspension is made by emulsion solvent diffusion (ESD) technique in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate as stabilizer. All formulations showed marked improvement in dissolution and solubility compared to pure drug. Different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as stabilizers were evaluated. All formulations were in the nano size and showed marked improvement in dissolution and solubility compared to pure drug of micron size. Finally it was concluded that formulating poorly soluble drugs in the form of nanosuspension would be a promising approach in delivery of class II drugs by oral route in a simple and effective way. KEYWORDS: Albendazole, Solubility enhancement, Nanosuspension.
Graphene-based nanomaterials for energy storage

There is enormous interest in the use of graphene-based materials for energy storage. This article discusses the progress that has been accomplished in the development of chemical, electrochemical, and electrical energy storage systems using graphene. We summarize the theoretical and experimental work on graphene-based hydrogen storage systems, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors. Even though the research on the use of graphene for energy storage began very recently, the explosive growth of the research conducted in this area makes this minireview timely.
The diffusion of gases through metals II-diffusion of hydrogen through aluminium

The only direct attempt to determine the rate of diffusion of hydrogen through solid aluminium, of which we are aware, is described in a paper by Deming and Hendricks, * in which they conclude that aluminium is impermeable to hydrogen at temperatures up to 550° C. Very slow rates of diffusion would not have been detected by the method employed. The solubility of hydrogen in aluminium has been measured by Iwase, Rontgen and Braun, and Rontgen and Moller. § No solubility was detected in solid aluminium, but molten aluminium dissolves about 0·1 to 0·2 cc of hydrogen per 100 gm of metal at the melting-point, and the solubility increases with temperature.
Synthesis of Novel Dendrimers Containing Amino Acids and Peptides

在他们的表面上忍受四氨基酸， GD 和 RGD 肽的某新奇的肽 dendrimers 从 tetrakis 被综合[(carboxyethoxy ) 甲基] 甲烷使用 DCCmethod.Dendrimers 与很多官能团以他们的明确的、常规、高度分叉的体系结构著名。 最近， dendrimers 广泛地在不同领域里被研究了，例如分子的光有圈套，催化剂，液晶，分子的封装，和药交货。
Intercultural dialogue on responsibility towards nature: -put into perspective of a critical discussion of view of nature in Western culture

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Quantification of magnetization transfer by sampling the transient signal using MT‐prepared single‐shot EPI

We describe the standard model for magnetization transfer (MT): a two-pool system with pseudo-linear exchange kinetics; under the influence of repetitive “MT-pulses” that create arbitrary instantaneous saturation. The influence of the pulse repetition period on the steady state (Part I) and the transient behavior of the system (Part II) provides similar but not equivalent information about relaxation, exchange and saturation. A quantification of all six parameters was possible by sampling the transitions and steady state at pulse repetition times between 8 ms and 200 ms by means of single-shot echo-planar imaging of the human brain in vivo. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 19A: 149–152, 2003.
Acclimation of photosynthetic properties in psychrophilic diatom isolates under different light intensities

Acclimation of growth and photosynthetic properties was examined for diatom strains, isolated from Saroma KO lagoon (44ON, 144OE) in early spring, under different light intensities at 1Â°C The relatively high specific growth constants under low irradiances were recognized for both Chaetoceros sp. and Thalassiosira sp. Further examination of photosynthesis in Chaetoceros sp. showed that growth under low irradiance caused an increase in the photosynthetic efficiency for Chl a-specific rate of gross O2 evolution (aB) and a decrease in the Chl a-specific rate of dark O2 respiration ( k B ) , which was extrapolated from the initial slope of net O2 evolution rate vs. irradiance curve. These changes explain the low light compensation point for net photosynthetic O2 evolution (Ic) and the high efficiency for growth under low irradiance conditions. Neither Chl a-specific amounts of light-harvesting pigments, such as fucoxanthin and Chl c, nor cellular content of Chl a , but Chl a-specific amount of diadinoxanthin was varied by the change in irradiance condition. The increase of a" under low growth irradiance corresponded with a decrease in the amount of diadinoxanthin relative to Chla. However, the Chla-specific maximum photosynthetic rate (PmB) was retained at the same level and photoinhibition could not be observed under illumination up to -800 p E m 2 s ' . The light intensity at which photosynthesis was light-saturated (Ik, =PmVaB) was much higher than the incident growth irradiances (76 and 88 p E m 2 s ' under the growth irradiances of 11 and 42 p E m 2 s ' , respectively), although the value of Ik for the former was significantly smaller (t-test, P<0.001) than that for the latter. Thus, the capacity of photochemical reaction around photosystems seems to remain large even under low irradiance. These properties may indicate that the diatom cells could efficiently utilize light-energy under large variation of irradiance even on a short time-scale. key words: ice algae, acclimation, photosynthesis, respiration, diadinoxanthin