Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Interpretation of Multiparametric Data Using Principal Component Analysis as an Example of Quality Assessment of Microalgae

Multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) realizes high-throughput measurement, but mul- tiparametric data make it difficult to interpret the complicated information. To present clear patterning graphs from FCM data, one must grasp the essence of the data. This study estimated the usefulness of principal component analysis (PCA), which reduces multidimensional information to arbitrary one-dimensional information. Recently, microalgae have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food companies. Taking alga Chlorella as an example, this chapter presents the usefulness of PCA for the evaluation of algal quality using FCM. To evaluate the algal status effectively, Chlorella (control), heated algae, and metallic-treatment algae were prepared and quantified using FCM. FCM data were subjected to PCA analysis. To interpret correlativity among parameters, FCM data are generally expressed as histograms and scatter or contour plots. An operator using multiple parameters has difficulty finding high correlativity among parameters and pre-senting an effective graph. The PCA method produced new comprehensive axes with different inclination factors among parameters. Scatter plots using new axes showed patterns treatment dependently with different vectors. Results show that the PCA method can extract information of test objects from data and that it can contribute to effective interpretation of cell characteristics, even if data include multiparameters from FCM.
Radiation Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn: X-Rays from Compact Binaries

We compute the expected X-ray diffuse background and radiative feedback on the intergalactic medium (IGM) from X-ray binaries prior to and during the epoch of reionization. The cosmic evolution of compact binaries is followed using a population synthesis technique that treats separately neutron stars and black hole binaries in different spectral states and is calibrated to reproduce the observed X-ray properties of galaxies at z ≲ 4. Together with an updated empirical determination of the cosmic history of star formation, recent modeling of the stellar mass–metallicity relation, and a scheme for absorption by the IGM that accounts for the presence of ionized H ii bubbles during the epoch of reionization, our detailed calculations provide refined predictions of the X-ray volume emissivity and filtered radiation background from “normal” galaxies at z ≳ 6. Radiative transfer effects modulate the background spectrum, which shows a characteristic peak between 1 and 2 keV. Because of the energy dependence of photoabsorption, soft X-ray photons are produced by local sources, while more energetic radiation arrives unattenuated from larger cosmological volumes. While the filtering of X-ray radiation through the IGM slightly increases the mean excess energy per photoionization, it also weakens the radiation intensity below 1 keV, lowering the mean photoionization and heating rates. Numerical integration of the rate and energy equations shows that the contribution of X-ray binaries to the ionization of the bulk IGM is negligible, with the electron fraction never exceeding 1%. Direct He i photoionizations are the main source of IGM heating, and the temperature of the largely neutral medium in between H ii cavities increases above the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) only at z ≲ 10, when the volume filling factor of H ii bubbles is already ≳0.1. Therefore, in this scenario, it is only at relatively late epochs that neutral intergalactic hydrogen may be observable in 21 cm emission against the CMB.
Model selection consistency from the perspective of generalization ability and VC theory with an application to Lasso

Model selection is difficult to analyse yet theoretically and empirically important, especially for high-dimensional data analysis. Recently the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) has been applied in the statistical and econometric literature. Consis- tency of Lasso has been established under various conditions, some of which are difficult to verify in practice. In this paper, we study model selection from the perspective of generalization ability, under the framework of structural risk minimization (SRM) and Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) theory. The approach emphasizes the balance between the in-sample and out-of-sample fit, which can be achieved by using cross-validation to select a penalty on model complexity. We show that an exact relationship exists between the generalization ability of a model and model selection consistency. By implementing SRM and the VC inequality, we show that Lasso is L2-consistent for model selection under assumptions similar to those imposed on OLS. Furthermore, we derive a probabilistic bound for the distance between the penalized extremum estimator and the extremum estimator without penalty, which is dominated by overfitting. We also propose a new measurement of overfitting, GR2, based on generalization ability, that converges to zero if model selection is consistent. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed CV-Lasso algorithm performs well in terms of model selection and overfitting control.
A NOVEL ALGORITHM BASED ON TRUST AUTHENTICATION MECHANISMS TO DETECT AND PREVENT MALICIOUS NODES IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a reactive routing protocols used popularly in Mobile Ad hoc Network. AODV is target of many Denial of Service (DoS) attack types, such as Blackhole/ Sinkhole, Grayhole, Flooding and Whirlwind. There are some published researches to improvement AODV for security goal using digital signature, for example, SAODV and ARAN. However, they have some weakness that a malicious node can attack SAODV by using fake keys and both of SAODV and ARAN routing protocols can not detect wormhole nodes under hide mode. This article proposes a Trust Authentication Mechanisms (TAM) which uses public-key cryptography RSA and digital certificates (DC) based on X509 standard. TAM allows an intermediate node authenticates a preceding nodes by checking all control route packets through 3 steps: (1) Digital certificates; (2) actual neighbors; and (3) packet integrity authentications. The simulation results in NS2 show that TAM can successfully detect and prevent to 100% malicious nodes using fake keys and above 99% (the mistaken rate below 1.0%) wormhole nodes under hide mode for all mobility scenarios where there are nodes move with 30m/s maximum speeds and variable tunnel lengths.
Role of triple assessment modalities in diagnosis of palpable breast lump

Background: One fourth of women suffer from breast disease in their lifetime. Carcinoma of breast is the second most common cancer in the world. Timely and accurate diagnosis of breast lump with early intervention can be life saving. There are various modalities for the diagnosis of breast lump such as USG, FNAC and Mammography, MRI etc. but none of them is perfect. There are numerous reports suggesting that if the results of clinical assessment, mammography and FNAC are all combined, the diagnostic accuracy is nearly 100%. Furthermore, these techniques also provide information about tumor size, number, extent and grade preoperatively.Methods: Study was randomized, prospective, observational and longitudinal including 100 patients, selected according to inclusion criteria.Results: The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of triple test in present study were 98.68%, 87.5%, and 96% respectively. Out of 100, 76 patients were confirmed as having benign lesion and 24 patients having malignant lesion by histopathology examination.Conclusions: Results of triple assessment are same as the results by histopathology examination in majority of cases. It is highly accurate, can be used as a confirmatory diagnostic tool for breast lump, thus there is no need to perform diagnostic open biopsy for breast lump.
Xylanase: A promising enzyme

Xylanase is a naturally occurring enzyme found in microbes and fungi. Xylanase belonging to pentosanases, a class of enzyme which breaks down cell wall matrix of plants breaks down xylan into xylose. Thus this property of xylanase makes it important at commercial level. Recently, xylanases are being produced by the help of genetically modified organisms (bacteria and fungus). Xylanases also find its application in various industries. These include textile and paper industry, beverage industry, bakery industry, pharmaceuticals industry, biofuel production. In this review we are tried to highlight the importance of xylanase at commercial level.
The Origin of Intra-plate Ocean Island Basalts (OIB): the Lid Effect and its Geodynamic Implications

Based on an evaluation of major and trace element data for ocean island basalts (OIB), we demonstrate that oceanic lithosphere thickness variation, which we refer to as the lid effect, exerts the primary control on OIB geochemistry on a global scale. The lid effect caps the final depth (pressure) of melting or melt equilibration. OIB erupted on thick lithosphere have geochemical characteristics consistent with a low extent and high pressure of partial melting, whereas those erupted on thin lithosphere exhibit the reverse; that is, a high extent and low pressure of melting cessation. This observation requires that mantle melting beneath intra-plate volcanic islands takes place in the asthenosphere and results from dynamic upwelling and decompression. Melting beneath all ocean islands begins in the garnet peridotite facies, imparting the familiar 'garnet signature' to all OIB melts (e.g. [Sm/Yb](N) > 1); however, the intensity of this signature decreases with increasing extent of melting beneath thinner lithospheric lids as a result of dilution. The dilution effect is also recorded in the radiogenic isotope composition of OIB, consistent with the notion that their mantle source regions are heterogeneous with an enriched component of lower solidus temperature dispersed in a more refractory matrix. High-quality data on the compositions of olivine phenocrysts from mid-ocean ridge basalt and global OIB sample suites are wholly consistent with the lid effect without the need to invoke olivine-free pyroxenite as a major source component for OIB. Caution is necessary when using basalt-based thermobarometry approaches to estimate mantle potential temperatures and solidus depth because OIB do not unequivocally record such information. For plate ages up to similar to 80 Ma, we demonstrate that the geophysically defined base of the growing oceanic lithosphere corresponds to both an isotherm (similar to 1100 degrees C) and the pargasite (amphibole) dehydration solidus of fertile mantle peridotite. As pargasite in H2O-CO2-bearing mantle peridotite is stable under conditions of T 1100 degrees C and P 3 GPa (similar to 90 km), this solidus is essentially isothermal (i.e. dT/dP similar to 0 in P-T space) with T similar to 1100 degrees C) at depths 90 km, but becomes isobaric (i.e. dP/dT similar to 0 in P-T space) at the similar to 90 km depth. The latter explains why older (> 70 Ma) oceanic lithosphere cannot be thicker than similar to 90 km without the need to invoke physically complex processes such as convective removal.
On the Dissemination of IEEE 802.11p Warning Messages in Distributed Vehicular Urban Networks

IEEE 802.11p is a technology used for communication among vehicles, related to security issues, warning of incidents, or mere exchange of different types of information. Future cars will have the ability to communicate among them and with roadside data systems to spread information about congestion, road conditions, and accidents. They will also have access to travel-related Internet services, publicity from business nearby, tourist information, or even to exchange user files. In this chapter, the authors base their work on an ad-hoc highly configurable agent-based simulator that models communication among cars in a distributed vehicular urban network. Using this model, they provide different measurements concerning coverage and dissemination times to describe the behavior of the standard protocol for disseminating warning messages. Based on the results obtained, the chapter presents proposals to enhance the behavior of the protocol, some of them changing the specification, and others with the use of location-based information. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2533-4.ch012
Developing virtual social communities : lessons drawn from two Indian social communities

This paper presents two case studies of how the Bohra community and the East Indian community in Mumbai, India make use of social tools that include their own customized community online portals, Facebook and YouTube to create and manage social content for their respective communities. The aim is to contrast and identify learning points with regards to the usefulness and effectiveness of social tools for community engagement, and to infer design and development factors for building social innovations for communities in the future. The findings suggest that five areas are of particular importance: (1) Content and knowledge creation, (2) Preservation of cultural identity, (3) Design for social structures, (4) Engendering community trust, and (5) Adapting appropriate integrated-hybrid models.
Raman Scattering for Probing Semiconductor Nanocrystal Arrays with a Low Areal Density

We present a study of resonant and surface enhanced Raman scattering by arrays of nanocrystals (cadmium sulfide CdS, lead selenide PbSe, and zinc oxide ZnO) with various areal density fabricated by using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique and colloidal chemistry. Resonant Raman scattering by transverse, longitudinal, and surface optical (TO, LO, and SO) phonons and their overtones up to ninth order was achieved for nanocrystal (NC) arrays by adjusting the laser energy to that of the interband transitions. The resonance enhancement allowed a Raman response from arrays of NCs with a low areal density (down to 10 PbSe NCs per 1 μm2) to be measured. An enhancement of Raman scattering by LO and SO modes in CdS NC arrays with a low areal density by a factor of about 730 was achieved due to the resonant surface enhanced Raman scattering effect.
Anpassung bei Waldbaumarten : geneti-sche Prozesse und Bedeutung im Klimawandel

Waldbäume werden sich in Zukunft den grossen Klimaveränderungen anpassen müssen. Dabei spielen genetische Prozesse eine zentrale Rolle. Dank technologischer Fortschritte ist es heute möglich, die Spuren der natürlichen Auslese und der lokalen Anpassung im Erbgut zu identifizieren. Umweltassoziationsstudien suchen nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen Umweltfaktoren an einem Standort und anpassungsrelevanten genetischen Mustern. Anhand bisheriger Untersuchungen an Waldbäumen – auch eigener Studien an Eichen und Buchen in der Schweiz – zeigen wir, dass Bestände entlang verschiedener Umweltgradienten (insbesondere Temperatur und Niederschlag) genetisch differenziert sind. Es wurden zahlreiche Gene gefunden, die bei der Anpassung an die lokalen Umweltbedingungen mutmasslich eine Rolle spielen. Aufgrund von Umweltassoziationsanalysen könnte man nun Bäume, Bestände und Saatgut identifizieren, die an die zukünftigen Bedingungen am besten angepasst sind. Da solche Ansätze aber noch in den Anfängen stecken und die Wechselbeziehungen von Genom und Umwelt sehr komplex sind, sollte man sich vorerst auf die Erhaltung der (anpassungsrelevanten) genetischen Vielfalt, die Förderung von Naturverjüngung und die Vernetzung der Bestände konzentrieren. So wird die Grundlage geschaffen, dass sich Bestände durch natürliche Prozesse an neue Umweltbedingungen anpassen können.
Pricing Rare Event Risk in Emerging Markets

This paper solves the pricing problem of an merging market debt contract in which the borrowerâ€™s economy is subject to rare event risk. Our model combines elements of a reduced form and a structural model of debt pricing. Rare event risk is modeled as a sudden event in fundamentals, and we study the role of the debt contract in providing risk sharing between the borrower and the lender. The two main frictions under consideration in our equilibrium model are limited participation of the lender through the debt contract, and heterogeneous beliefs between the borrower and the lender about the likelihood of a rare event. We solve for the rate of interest, the credit spread, the risk premium, the write-off (recovery rate) in case of default, and the dynamics of the debt contract in non-default times. We find that limited participation combined with heterogeneous beliefs has strong eÂ®ects on the level and variability of the debt contract properties
Convergence rates for the estimation of two-dimensional distribution functions under association and estimation of the covariance of the limit empirical process

Let X n , n≥1, be an associated and strictly stationary sequence of random variables, having marginal distribution function F. The limit in distribution of the empirical process, when it exists, is a centred Gaussian process with covariance function depending on terms of the form ϕ k (s, t)=P(X 1 s, X k+1 t)−F(s)F(t). We prove the almost sure consistency for the histogram to estimate each ϕ k and also to estimate the covariance function of the limit empirical process, identifying, for both, uniform almost sure convergence rates. The convergence rates depend on a suitable version of an exponential inequality. The rates obtained, assuming the covariances to decrease geometrically, are of order n −1/3log2/3 n for the estimator of ϕ k and of order n −1/3log5/3 n for the estimator of the covariance function.
Effects of supplementation diet containing Microcystis aeruginosa on haematological and biochemical changes in Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

An experiment of 100 days duration was conducted to test the effect of Microcystis aeruginosa in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila. The rohu fingerlings (22 ± 2 g) were fed with the experimental diets incorporated with different concentrations of M. aeruginosa @ 0 g kg-1, 0.5 g kg-1, 1 g kg-1 and 5 g kg-1. Replicate groups of fish were fed for three month daily @4% body weight. At an interval of 30 days blood and serum samples were assayed for different haematological [total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin] and biochemical [blood glucose, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] parameters. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased haemoglobin content and TLC was observed in Microcystis treated group. It was observed that the serum AST activity was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased to all the treated groups of fish as compared to control on entire assay period. Serum ALT activity was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different to all the treated groups of fish on day 60, on day 90 and on day 10 (except group B) bacterial post challenge as compared to control. After 90 days, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and mortality (%) was recorded up to day 10 post challenge. Highest percentage of survival (72%) was noticed in the group fed 1.0 g Microcystis kg-1 dry diet. The present study suggests that the administration of bluegreen algae, Microcystis aeruginosa supplementation diets for 100 days protects the hematological and biochemical parameters in L. rohita from A. hydrophila.
Rapid environmental changes in the western antarctic peninsula region due to climate change and human activity

The Antarctic and the Southern Ocean are a critically important part of the Earth system. The climatic, physical, and biological properties of this region are closely linked to other parts of the global environment. 200 years of direct human impact, recent climate amelioration and changes in the main sources and circulation of biogenic compounds as well as accumulation of industrial contaminants have significantly affected the whole ecosystem. Particularly sensitive is the region of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, which is considered to be one of the hot spots of the Earth. In this paper, we review recent literature and compare it with historical data to estimate and predict the consequences of this process. The Antarctic ecosystems can no longer be regarded as pristine. Global as well as local human influence has transgressed the barriers isolating that continent from the rest of the World, causing previously observed changes to accelerate.
Influence of ABCB1 C3435T genotype on clinical cardiovascular outcomes in coronary artery disease patients on clopidogrel treatment

Background Clopidogrel has been used as a gold standard alone or in association with aspirin to prevent vascular complications in atherothrombotic patients undergoing PCI and as a long term prevention of cardiovascular events The drug is subject to efflux via P glycoprotein encoded by the ABCB gen also known as MDR The ABCB C T polymorphism may be associated with altered drug metabolism efficacy and clinical outcome The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ABCB C T genotype on clinical cardiovascular outcomes in coronary artery disease patients on clopidogrel treatment Methods The study included a total of subjects of which healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease on treatment with clopidogrel from the Special Hospital for Surgical Diseases quot Filip II quot The genotyping of both the control group and the patient group was performed with Real Time PCR based on the allelic discri shy mi shy na shy tion method Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software The genotype distri shy butions were assessed for the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium HWE with chi test Results The C T allele and genotype frequency distribution testing in the patient group showed that the polymorphism is not associated with a risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ACD in the Macedonian population p gt A higher C risk allele frequency was found in the subgroup of patients with negative outcome after treatment compared to the subgroup of patients with positive outcome vs OR T reg C p The same trend was observed when following the C T allele and genotype distribution in the subgroup of patients with normal CYP C genetic status CYP C vs OR T reg C p Conclusion The results indicate that the ABCB C T polymorphism is an independent and complementary genetic factor that affects the outcome of clopidogrel treatment but requires further research and abigger study population
A Cognitive Systems Approach to Tailoring Learner Practice

With the emergence of low-cost, realistic simulation technologies, learner practice of complex cognitive skills (e.g., aircraft piloting, tactical observation, and cross-cultural conversation) is feasible. Tailored, guided practice has been shown to be more effective than practice alone but practice mediated by human experts is expensive and not scalable. As a consequence, there exists significant interest in developing algorithms and technologies for autonomously guiding and adapting learner practice. We describe an integrated cognitive systems approach to developing an adaptive training technology for tailored practice. We build on the pivotal foundations cognitive architectures have provided historically for adaptive instructional technologies (especially Intelligent Tutoring Systems). We also identify new requirements that, we contend, intensify the need for a cognitive systems approach. We describe how a specific cognitive systems approach is contributing to the satisfaction of these new adaptive-training requirements and the creation of flexible, reusable adaptive training technology.