Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entity disambiguation with decomposable neural networks

Entity disambiguation is a fundamental task in natural language processing and computational linguistics. Given a query consisting of a mention (name string) and a background document, entity disambiguation aims at linking the mention to an entity from a reference knowledge base such as Wikipedia. A main challenge of this task is how to effectively represent the meaning of the mention and the entity, based on which the semantic relatedness between the mention and the entity could be conveniently measured. Towards this goal, we introduce computational models to effectively represent the mention and the entity in some vector space. We decompose the problem into subproblems and develop various neural network architectures, all of which are purely data‐driven and capable of learning continuous representations of the mention and the entity from data. To effectively train the neural network models, we explore a simple yet effective way that enables us to collect millions of training examples from Wikipedia without using any manual annotation. Empirical results on two benchmark datasets show that our approaches based on convolutional neural network and long short‐term memory consistently outperform top‐performed systems on both datasets. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1215. doi: 10.1002/widm.1215
Issues Relating to Lymphovascular Invasion in Breast Carcinoma

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) by tumor cells is histologically evident in approximately 15% of invasive mammary duct carcinomas and is present in approximately 10% of cases with pathologically negative lymph nodes. LVI is indicative of unfavorable prognosis in the breast cancer—as manifested by increased local failure and reduced overall survival. It is for this reason that LVI is routinely included in the evaluation and reporting of all breast cancers. There are a variety of interpretative difficulties in the histopathologic assessment of LVI, and the clinical implications of any misinterpretation can be profound. This brief review seeks to highlight the difficulties in the evaluation of LVI in breast cancer.
Effect of Drug Loading Method on Drug Content and Drug Release from Calcium Pectinate Gel Beads

Drug-loaded calcium pectinate gel (CaPG) beads were prepared by either mixing, absorption, or swelling method. The effects of drug loading method as well as the drug loading factors (i.e., drug concentration, soaking time in drug solution, type of solvent) on drug content and drug release were investigated. The amount of drug uptake (i.e., drug content) into CaPG beads increased as the initial drug concentration increased and varied depending on the loading method. The in vitro release studies in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pH 6.8 buffer indicated that the drug loading method affected drug release and release parameter, time for 50% of drug release (T50). The mixing method provided a faster drug release and lower T50 than the absorption method and swelling method, respectively. This is probably due to higher drug content in CaPG beads. The increased concentration of drug in soaking solution and soaking time resulted in higher drug content and thus faster drug release (lower in T50 values). When using 0.1 N HCl as solvent for soaking instead of water, the drug release was slower owing to the increase in molecular tortuosity of CaPG beads. The drug release was also affected by pH of the release medium in which drug release in 0.1 N HCl was faster than in pH 6.8 buffer.
Pressure and temperature dependence of viscosity and diffusion coefficients of a glassy binary mixture

Extensive isothermal-isobaric (NPT) molecular dynamics simulations at many different temperatures and pressures have been carried out in the well-known Kob-Andersen binary mixture model to monitor the effect of pressure (P) and temperature (T) on the dynamic properties such as the viscosity (\eta) and the self-diffusion (Di) coefficients of the binary system. The following results have been obtained: (i) Compared to temperature, pressure is found to have a weaker effect on the dynamical properties. Viscosity and diffusion coefficients are found to vary exponentially with pressure up to a certain high pressure after which the nature of exponential dependence changes. This change is rather sharp. (ii) With temperature, on the other hand, both viscosity and diffusion show super-Arrhenius dependence. Viscosity and diffusion coefficients fit well also to the mode coupling theory (MCT) prediction of a power law dependence on the temperature. The MCT critical temperature (Tc) for both the two dynamical properties are significantly higher than the corresponding critical temperature T\eta 0 obtained by fitting to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation. (iii) The critical temperature for viscosity (T\eta 0) is considerably larger than that for the diffusion coefficients (T D4 0) implying the decoupling between diffusion and viscosity in deeply supercooled liquid. (iv) The nature of the motion of small particles change from continuous to hopping dominated once the larger ones are frozen. (v) The potential energy of the system shows a minimum against density at a relatively high density when the latter is changed by applying pressure at a constant temperature.
Density based user grouping for massive MIMO downlink in FDD system

Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with tens to hundreds of antennas is getting increasing attention for its very high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. However, for frequency division duplexing (FDD) system, the cost of CSIT feedback becomes a bottleneck with the BS antennas increasing. To reduce the cost of the downlink training and the CSIT uplink feedback, joint spatial division and multiplexing (JSDM) scheme is proposed by Ansuman Adhikary, et al., which divides users into different groups according to their channel covariance eigenvectors and adopts the two-stage precoding. In this paper, a Density Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise (DBSCAN) user grouping algorithm is proposed for JSDM scheme, which divides all the users based on the density distribution of users. DBSCAN can find the groups with arbitrary shape and size, while DBSCAN has two parameters which is hard to determine. In this paper the parameters are determined by detecting the density distribution using k-dist graph. The simulation results show that the proposed DBSCAN grouping algorithm has better performance than K-Means and K-Medoids.
Mutations of NPM1 gene in de novo acute myeloid leukaemia: determination of incidence, distribution pattern and identification of two novel mutations in Indian population

Mutations in the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene have been recently described to occur in about one‐third of acute myeloid leukaemias (AMLs) and represent the most frequent genetic alteration currently known in this subset, specially in those with normal karyotype. This study explored the prevalence and clinical profile of NPM1 mutations in a cohort of 200 Indian adult and children with AML. NPM1 mutations were observed in 19.5% of all population and 34.2% of those with normal karyotype. Adults had a significantly higher incidence of NPM1 mutations than children [38 of 161 (23.6%) vs. 1 of 39 (2.5%), p = 0.002]. NPM1 mutations were significantly associated with normal karyotype (p = 0.001), high WBC count (p = 0.034), AML‐M4 subtype (p = 0.039) and a gradient increase of mutation rate with the increase in age groups. Sequence analysis of 39 mutated cases revealed typical mutations (types A, B, D, Nm and H*) as well as two novel variations (types F1 and F2). Majority of the patients had mutation type A (69.2%), followed by B (5.1%), D (15.3%), H* (2.5%) and Nm (2.5%) all involving COOH terminal of the NPM1 protein. In conclusion, this study represents the first report of NPM1 mutation from Indian population and confirms that the incidence of NPM1 mutations varies considerably globally, with slightly lower incidence in Indian population compared to western countries. The current study also served to identify two novel NPM1 mutants that add new insights into the heterogeneity of genomic insertions at exon 12. More ongoing larger studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of AML that arises in this part of the world. Furthermore, we believe that in light of its high prevalence worldwide, inclusion of NPM1 mutation detection assay in diagnostic evaluations of AML may improve the efficacy of routine genetic characterization and allow assignment of patients to better‐defined risk categories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐WASP, a novel actin‐depolymerizing protein, regulates the cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement in a PIP2‐dependent manner downstream of tyrosine kinases.

Here we identify a 65 kDa protein (N‐WASP) from brain that binds the SH3 domains of Ash/Grb2. The sequence is homologous to Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP). N‐WASP has several functional motifs, such as a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and cofilin‐homologous region, through which N‐WASP depolymerizes actin filaments. When overexpressed in COS 7 cells, the wild‐type N‐WASP causes several surface protrusions where N‐WASP co‐localizes with actin filaments. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment induces the complex formation of EGF receptors and N‐WASP, and produces microspikes. On the other hand, two mutants, C38W (a point mutation in the PH domain) and deltaVCA (deletion of the actin binding domain), localize predominantly in the nucleus and do not cause a change in the cytoskeleton, irrespective of EGF treatment. Interestingly, the C38W PH domain binds less effectively to phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) than the wild‐type PH domain. These results suggest the importance of the PIP2 binding ability of the PH domain and the actin binding for retention in membranes. Collectively, we conclude that N‐WASP transmits signals from tyrosine kinases to cause a polarized rearrangement of cortical actin filaments dependent on PIP2.
Construction of a Large-scale Neural Network: Simulation of Handwritten Japanese Character Recognition on NCUBE

This paper describes how new learning methods may make it possible for a large-scale, hierarchical neural network to recognize most Japanese handwritten characters. This is a very large and complex task, as the Japanese character set consists of about 3000 categories which can be written in many different ways. Such a difficult task can lead a neural network to converge very slowly and to yield recognition rates that are uneven between categories. To address these problems we here propose five learning methods as modifications of the conventional back-propagation learning rule. These methods produce fast convergence, even recognition rates over all categories, and adequate recognition of test samples. We also describe how a large-scale neural network can be built by dividing the recognition task into several subtasks, with networks for each subtask, and then integrating these subnetworks in a large network with a hierarchical structure. In a hierarchical network, the upper level network directly integrates outputs from each lower level network. Application of that network to handwritten Japanese character recognition has resulted in poor recognition, because lower level networks do not know about unknown input patterns, and the direct integration of ambiguous outputs from many lower level networks confuses the upper level network. We propose a new integration method which provides each subnetwork with more information as to how close an input pattern is to the categories of that subnetwork. This method resulted in high recognition performance for character recognition. We here described the above methods, and report the performance of our implementation of a neural network for the recognition of 71 Hiragana characters, and describe our implementation of this network on a hypercube concurrent computer.
What kinds of R&D consortia enhance SMEs productivity? Evidence from a small-business innovation policy

We present results from an experiment with multiple public goods, where each good produces benefits only if total contributions to it reach a minimum threshold. The experiment allows us to compare contributions in a benchmark treatment with a single public good and in treatments with more public goods than can be funded. The presence of multiple public goods makes coordination among participants more diffcult, discouraging contributions, and decreasing the likelihood of any public good being effectively funded. Multiplicity decreases funding unless one public good stands out as being the most efficient alternative. Applied to the case of philanthropy, the results show how overall donations and the number of effectively funded charities may both decrease as the total number of charities increase. This is true even if the new charities offer higher potential benefits than previous options.
High-Speed Power Training in Older Adults: A Shift of the External Resistance at Which Peak Power Is Produced

Abstract Sayers, SP and Gibson, K. High-speed power training in older adults: A shift of the external resistance at which peak power is produced. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 616–621, 2014—Studies have shown that power training increases peak power (PP) in older adults. Evaluating the external resistance (% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) at which PP is developed is critical given that changes in the components of PP (force and velocity) are dependent on the %1RM at which PP occurs. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in PP (and the external resistance at which PP occurred) after 12 weeks of high-speed power training (HSPT) vs. traditional slow-speed strength training (SSST). Seventy-two older men and women were randomized to HSPT at 40% of the 1RM (HSPT: n = 24 [70.8 ± 6.8 years]); traditional resistance training at 80% 1RM (SSST: n = 22 [68.6 ± 7.8 years]); or control (CON: n = 18 [71.5 ± 6.1 years]). Measures of muscle performance were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week training intervention. Changes in muscle power and 1RM strength improved similarly with both HSPT and SSST, but HSPT shifted the external resistance at which PP was produced to a lower external resistance (from 67% 1RM to 52% 1RM) compared with SSST (from 65% 1RM to 62% 1RM) (p ⩽ 0.05), thus increasing the velocity component of PP (change: HSPT = 0.18 ± 0.21 m·s−1; SSST = −0.03 ± 0.15 m·s−1) (p ⩽ 0.05). Because sufficient speed of the lower limb is necessary for functional tasks related to safety (crossing a busy intersection, fall prevention), HSPT should be implemented in older adults to improve power at lower external resistances, thus increasing the velocity component of power and making older adults safer in their environment. These data provide clinicians with the necessary information to tailor exercise programs to the individual needs of the older adult, affecting the components of power.
Emergy , Economics , and the Use of the Emergy / Money Ratio

Emergy evaluation provides fundamental information on the physical basis for the dynamics of human systems and their interactions with the environment. Integrating information on emergy and economics is an important step to drive a society towards sustainability. Actually, emergy theory offers important tools that enable a clear communication of the physical evidences and complexity of those interactions. This paper presents an investigation of the theoretical meaning of the Emergy/Money Ratio as a link between emergy and economics. Particular attention is also paid to the practical use of the ratio as a conversion factor of emergy units into economic terms familiar to most people (and vice versa). Such a conversion is useful for analyzing systems characterized by the presence of anthropic activities: macro-economic systems (nations, regions, districts, etc.) and micro-economic systems, like a single production process, a farm, or even a single consumer. The Emergy/Money Ratio is usually calculated as the ratio of total emergy to the GDP of a nation in a given year and it is used for all the evaluations of territorial subsystems or productive systems within the same nation. This paper deals with possible overor under-estimations due to the use of such an average value. It also introduces an alternative ratio (“Φ”), still expressed in sej/currency, as the ratio of the emergy flow of purchased inputs (F) to the production costs of a productive process, as a specific conversion factor for further emergy evaluations at the microeconomic level.
Comparative cytochrome P450 ‐1A1, ‐2A6, ‐2B6, ‐2C, ‐2D6, ‐2E1, ‐3A5 and ‐4B1 expressions in human larynx tissue analysed at mRNA level

The metabolic activation of numerous exogenous and endogenous chemicals is catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of the individual forms of CYP at the mRNA level in human larynx and quantitatively to compare their expressions in human liver, the main organ of CYP expression. Individual forms of CYP mRNAs were detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using specific primers for the CYPs ‐1A1, ‐1A2, ‐2A6, ‐2B6, ‐2C, ‐2D6, ‐2E1, ‐3A3/4, ‐3A5, ‐3A7 and ‐4B1. An RNA competitor of known copy number, covering the primer sequences necessary to amplify the entire object CYPs within a single molecule, was used as reference. This study reports a consistent detection of mRNAs for the CYPs ‐1A1, ‐2A6, ‐2B6, ‐2C, ‐2D6, ‐2E1, ‐3A5 and ‐4B1 in the human larynx tissue. The data indicate that the human larynx highly resembles the lung tissue in CYP content, as a comparable subset of CYP mRNAs was detected in the larynx previously reported for human lung with the exception of CYP1A2. The results are discussed in quantitative ratios of the detected CYP mRNAs in relation to the hepatic CYP expression. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic contribution of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene to plasma nitric oxide levels.

Nitric oxide (NO) has an important physiological role in regulating vascular tone and is also relevant to many pathological processes including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) is the key enzyme in determining basal vascular wall NO production. We used a combination of maximum-likelihood-based statistical genetic methods to explore the contributions of the ecNOS gene and other unmeasured genes to basal NO production measured by its metabolites (NOx: nitrite and nitrate) in 428 members of 108 nuclear families. Our initial quantitative genetic analysis estimated that approximately 30% of the variance in fasting NOx levels is due to genes (chi 2(1) = 16.04, P = . 000062). Complex segregation analysis detected the effects of both a single locus and residual polygenes on NOx levels, and measured genotype analysis showed that plasma NOx levels in those homozygous for the rare allele (64.9 +/- 7.8 mumol/L) were significantly higher (P = .000242) than those homozygous for the common allele (30.2 +/- 3.1 mumol/L). The results of the variance component linkage analysis were consistent with linkage of a quantitative trait locus in or near the ecNOS gene to variation in plasma NOx levels (P = .0066). While many environmental factors have been shown to alter transiently plasma NOx levels, our study is the first to identify a substantial effect of the ecNOS locus on the variance of plasma NOx, i.e. basal NO production. This finding may be relevant to atherogenesis and NO-related disorders.
Two new pterocarpenes from Hedysarum multijugum

Two new pterocarpenes were isolated from the roots of Hedysarum multijugum, and their structures were elucidated as hedysarimpterocarpene B (1) and hedysarimpterocarpene C (2) on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Role of surface mannan in the adherence of Candida albicans to fibrin-platelet clots formed in vitro

An alkali-soluble extract from a cell wall preparation of Candida albicans was conjugated to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) by using periodate oxidation or concanavalin A. Conjugated SRBC readily attached to a fibrin-platelet matrix, whereas nonconjugated SRBC did not. To determine the active component which promoted attachment of SRBC, the alkali-soluble fraction was treated with alpha-mannosidase, pronase, or glusulase or chemically degraded by acetolysis. The treated extract was then reconjugated with SRBC, and attachment was measured. When treated with alpha-mannosidase or degraded by acetolysis, the alkali-soluble extract failed to promote the adherence of SRBC to the fibrin-platelet matrix. Pronase- or glusulase-digested extract promoted attachment equally as well as untreated controls. In addition, when preabsorbed with antiserum to whole cells of C. albicans, the alkali extract abrogated the inhibition of adherence by antiserum, thus indicating its antigenicity. The extract consisted primarily of polysaccharide (72%) and contained a small amount of protein (less than 1%). Mannose and glucose (ratio, 3:1) were detected by gas-liquid chromatography. These data indicate that cell surface mannan may play an important role in the adherence of C. albicans to the fibrin-platelet matrices which form in vivo on the endocardium of heart valves.
Properties of the circular harmonic expansion for rotation-invariant pattern recognition.

Some general properties of the circular harmonic expansion relevant to their use for pattern recognition are derived. Both circular harmonic filters and Fourier-Mellin descriptors, which are used as the moments of circular harmonic functions, are considered. Expressions for the asymptotic energy in terms of the circular harmonic orders are derived and experimentally verified.
2 Classical and Quantum FRW Model

We apply the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the quantum FRW cosmological model with a minimal massless scalar field. We find that the quantum FRW cosmological model has quantum potential dominated solutions that avoid the initial and the final cosmological singularities. It is suggested that the quantum potential and the back-reaction of geometry and matter fields may change the property of the cosmological singularities of the Universe. E-mail: sangkim@knusun1.kunsan. ac.kr
Evidencia internacional sobre la infl uencia de los grandes accionistas en el riesgo corporativo

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza la relatión existente entre la estructura de propiedad (posición e identidad de los grandes accionistas) y el riesgo corporativo para una muestra de empresas de vein- tiun países de la OCDE durante el periodo 2001-2008. Nuestra principal contributión es la incorporation de las oportunidades de inversión y del entorno institutional de la empresa. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que dichas oportunidades de inversión modelan la influencia de la estructura de propiedad, al dar diferentes incentivos al accionista principal para asumir riesgo en función de las oportunidades disponibles. Asimismo, detectamos una tendencia al alineamiento de intereses entre los accionistas de referencia distintos del principal, de modo que estos alientan la toma de decisiones arriesgadas cuando existen oportunidades de inversión y tratan de reducir el riesgo corporativo en ca- so contrario. TambiÉn encontramos que los accionistas de naturaleza familiar o individual presentan una tendencia a la toma de decisiones menos arriesgas.