Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-power weighted random pattern testing

Oftentimes, the power dissipation during the test mode far exceeds the power ratings of the normal operation mode. Hence, there is a need to reduce power during the test mode so that power ratings are not violated and chips do not get burnt during the application of test. Power consumption during built-in-self-test (BIST) operation can be minimized while achieving high fault coverage. Simple measures of observability and controllability of circuit nodes are proposed based on primary input signal probability (probability that a signal is logic ONE). Such measures help determine the testability of a circuit. We developed a tool, POWERTEST, which uses a genetic algorithm based search to determine optimal probability sets (signal probabilities or input signal distribution) at primary inputs to tradeoff test time versus power dissipation and fault coverage. The inputs conforming to the primary input probability-activity sets can be generated using cellular automata or linear feedback shift register (LFSR). We observed that a single input distribution (or weights) may not be sufficient for some random-pattern resistant circuits, while multiple distributions consume larger area. As a tradeoff, two distributions have been used in our analysis. Results on ISCAS benchmark circuits show that power reduction of up to 94.86% and energy reduction of up to 99.93% can be achieved (compared to equi-probable random-pattern testing) while achieving high fault coverage.
Effects of semicircular canal electrode implantation on hearing in chinchillas

Conclusion. Implantation of vestibular prosthesis electrodes in chinchilla semicircular canal ampullae can be accomplished without significant loss of cochlear function; however, the risk of hearing loss with the current surgical technique is high. Objectives. To determine if it is possible to implant vestibular prosthesis electrodes into the labyrinth without damaging hearing, and to quantify the extent of hearing loss due to implantation. Materials and methods. The left semicircular canals of six chinchillas were implanted with three bipolar pairs of electrodes using a transmastoid approach. Right ears, which served as controls, were subjected to the same mastoid approach without fenestration and implantation. Auditory brainstem response hearing thresholds to free-field clicks and tone pips at 2, 4, 6, and 8 kHz were measured bilaterally 3–9 weeks after implantation. Hearing thresholds were compared between sides and against data from six normal chinchillas. Results. Four implanted ears suffered severe hearing loss, with thresholds ranging from 5 to 11 SD above the mean threshold of sham surgery control ears across all tested stimuli. Two implanted ears had preserved hearing, with thresholds remaining within 1 SD of the mean threshold of sham surgery control ears across nearly all stimulus frequencies.
Process and Economic Evaluation of the Extraction and Purification of Recombinant β‐Glucuronidase from Transgenic Corn

A process model for the recovery and purification of recombinant β‐glucuronidase (rGUS) from transgenic corn was developed, and the process economics were estimated. The base‐case bioprocessing plant operates 7500 h/year processing 1.74 million (MM) kg of transgenic corn containing 0.015% (db) rGUS. The process consists of milling the corn into flour, extraction of protein by using 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, and rGUS purification by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. About 137 kg of rGUS of 83% (db) purity can be produced annually. The production cost amounted to $43 000/kg of rGUS. The cost of milling, protein extraction, and rGUS purification accounted for 6, 40, and 48% of annual operating cost, respectively. The cost of transgenic corn was 31% of the raw material costs or 6% of the annual operating cost. About 78% of the cost of buffer and water were incurred in the protein extraction section, while 88% of other consumables were from the purification section. The sensitivity analysis indicated that rGUS can be produced profitably from corn even at the 0.015% (db) expression level, assuming a selling price of $100 000/kg GUS. An increase in rGUS expression levels up to 0.08% significantly improves the process economics.
In Vitro Studies of Bioactive Glass/polyhydroxybutyrate Composites

Bioactive materials can help bone reparation and regeneration by offering support to bone growth. In vitro studies of bioactive glass/polyhydroxybutyrate composites were carried out to evaluate the influence of the composition on the bioactivity through the presence of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) on the layer formed when the substrates were immerse in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro tests were carried out by soaking the composites bioactive glass/polyhydroxybutyrate 30/70 and 40/60 in SBF. The surface of the composites was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and also via x ray Diffraction (XRD). The solutions were analyzed by Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP). SEM images show a formation of a Ca-P rich layer on surface of composites. XRD results characterized the layer as calcium hydrogen phosphate. Ca/P ratios found via EDS results show a value close to 1.67. According to ICP results, the Ca e P ions are from SBF.
SUPPORTS OF FUNCTIONS AND INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS

In this paper we apply a method of spectral theory of linear operators [10] to establish relations between the support of a function f on R with properties of its image Tf under a linear operator T : R → R. The classical approach uses analytic continuation of the image Tf into some complex domain (theorems of Paley-Wiener type [4, 5, 6, 7]), and therefore, could not apply to functions whose images Tf are not analytic in any domain (for example, Fourier transforms of functions vanishing on some ball are in general not analytic anywhere). Our approach can be applied to a quite wide class of linear operators, for example, linear integral operators with theorems of Plancherel type, whose kernels are eigenfunctions of some differential operators (Fourier, Hankel, Kontorovich-Lebedev, Yand Htransforms etc. are having these properties). Here we will apply this method only to the Fourier and Hankel transforms. Fourier transforms of compactly supported functions, functions with polynomial domain supports, functions vanishing on some ball and functions vanishing on a half-line are considered. Some of these cases could not be described by the classical method, and even in classical cases (Fourier transforms of compactly supported functions and functions vanishing on a half-line) the results obtained here are also new. Similar results, obtained by different technique, but only for Fourier transforms of functions with bounded supports are considered in [2, 3]. Hankel transform of compactly supported functions is also considered. Applications to the Y-integral transform will be considered in the forthcoming work [9].
Inadequate literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship of literacy to asthma knowledge and ability to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) among patients with asthma. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Emergency department and asthma clinic at an urban public hospital. PATIENTS Convenience sample of 273 patients presenting to the emergency department for an asthma exacerbation and 210 patients presenting to a specialized asthma clinic for routine care. INTERVENTIONS Measurement of literacy with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, asthma knowledge (20 question oral test), and demonstration of MDI technique (six-item assessment). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Only 27% of patients read at the high-school level, although two thirds reported being high-school graduates; 33% read at the seventh- to eighth-grade level, 27% at the fourth- to sixth-grade level, and 13% at or below the third-grade level. Mean asthma knowledge scores (+/-SD) were directly related to reading levels: 15.1+/-2.5, 13.9+/-2.5, 13.4+/-2.8, 11.9+/-2.5, respectively (p < 0.01). Patient reading level was the strongest predictor of asthma knowledge score in multivariate analysis. Poor MDI technique (< or =3 correct steps) was found in 89% of patients reading at less than the third-grade level compared with 48% of patients reading at the high-school level. In multivariate regression analyses, reading level was the strongest predictor of MDI technique. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate literacy was common and strongly correlated with poorer knowledge of asthma and improper MDI use.
Cyclopamine, a steroidal alkaloid, disrupts development of cranial neural crest cells in Xenopus

Cyclopamine is a steroidal alkaloid which causes limb and craniofacial defects in many vertebrate species. We have used Xenopus laevis as a model system to characterize the defects caused by cyclopamine at the cellular level. The most dramatic consequence of cyclopamine treatment in the Xenopus embryo is a defect in formation of craniofacial cartilage. Much of this cartilage is absent in treated animals. As in avian and mammalian species, Xenopus craniofacial cartilage is derived primarily from cells of the cranial neural crest. Grafting experiments show that development of the cartilaginous derivatives of the cranial neural crest is impaired after cyclopamine treatment, and this is at least partially due to a direct effect on presumptive crest cells. A culture system was used to determine the cellular response to the drug. Cyclopamine did not block the initial emigration of cells from a neural plate explant. However, cell death is seen in treated cultures after 4 days. Trunk neural crest cells and transformed cell lines are resistant to cyclopamine. We therefore conclude that cyclopamine specifically causes death of cranial neural crest cells and that lethality is likely to account for the teratogenic effects of this compound. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation for juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy

Three siblings with metachromatic leukodystrophy underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation at different stages of disease. Neuroimaging, nerve conduction studies, neurological examinations, and neuropsychological examinations were used to measure outcome over 2 years. After transplant, the oldest sibling experienced disease progression. His two siblings had near or total resolution of signal abnormalities on neuroimaging. Their neuropsychological testing remained stable, and nerve conduction studies have shown improvement. These results indicate pretransplantation neurological examinations may be the most significant predictor of outcome after transplant. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document neurological outcome of metachromatic leukodystrophy treated by umbilical cord blood transplantation. Ann Neurol 2008;64:583–587
Effects of calcitonin gene‐related peptide and interleukin 6 on myoblast differentiation

Effects of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) on muscle cell differentiation were studied using cultured rat myoblasts (L6 cells). Cell morphology and the amounts of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of myogenin and Myf‐5, DNA content, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and myoglobin (Mb) content in the cultured cells were examined serially over 10 days of culture. In the presence of CGRP or IL‐6, the mRNAs of myogenin and Myf‐5 were expressed earlier and at a higher concentration in the treated cells than in the control cells. The ratios of CK activity to DNA content (CK/DNA) and of Mb content to DNA content (Mb/DNA) on day 10 of culture also were greater than in the control cells. Furthermore, the mRNAs of myogenin and Myf‐5 in cultured cells incubated with both CGRP and IL‐6 increased more rapidly than in cells cultured with CGRP or IL‐6 alone, and the ratios of CK/DNA and Mb/DNA on day 10 were more than twice those in the presence of CGRP or IL‐6. These findings indicate that both CGRP and IL‐6 facilitate the differentiation of myoblasts and may have an additive effect.
A partitioned and asynchronous cellular automata model for urban growth simulation

Abstract Cellular automata (CA) models are used to analyze and simulate the global phenomenon of urban growth. However, these models are characterized by ignoring spatially heterogeneous transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates, which make it difficult to improve urban growth simulations. In this paper, a partitioned and asynchronous cellular automata (PACA) model was developed by implementing the spatial heterogeneity of both transition rules and evolving rates in urban growth simulations. After dividing the study area into several subregions by k-means and knn-cluster algorithms, a C5.0 decision tree algorithm was employed to identify the transition rules in each subregion. The evolving rates for cells in each regularly divided grid were calculated by the rate of changed cells. The proposed PACA model was implemented to simulate urban growth in Wuhan, a large city in central China. The results showed that PACA performed better than traditional CA models in both a cell-to-cell accuracy assessment and a shape dimension accuracy assessment. Figure of merit of PACA is 0.368 in this research, which is significantly higher than that of partitioned CA (0.327) and traditional CA (0.247). As for the shape dimension accuracy, PACA has a fractal dimension of 1.542, which is the closest to that of the actual land use (1.535). However, fractal dimension of traditional CA (1.548) is closer to that of the actual land use than that of partitioned CA (1.285). It indicates that partitioned transition rules play an important role in the cell-to-cell accuracy of CA models, whereas the combination of partitioned transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates results in improved cell-to-cell accuracy and shape dimension accuracy. Thus, implementing partitioned transition rules and asynchronous evolving rates yields better CA model performance in urban growth simulations due to its accordance with actual urban growth processes.
Systematic review of duration and choice of systemic antibiotic therapy for acute haematogenous bacterial osteomyelitis in children

Historically, children with acute osteomyelitis received 4–6 weeks of parenteral antibiotics; however, evidence to guide optimal duration of therapy is limited. This study aims to summarise the available evidence on the duration and choice of antimicrobial therapy for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children.
The effect of supplemental energy, nitrogen, and protein on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen flux across the gut and liver in sheep fed low-quality forage.

Our objective was to determine the impact of supplemental energy, N, and protein on feed intake and N metabolism in sheep fed low-quality forage. Six Texel x Dorset wethers (16 mo, 63+/-3.1 kg) fitted with mesenteric, portal, and hepatic venous catheters were used in a Latin square design with five sampling periods. Lambs were fed chopped bromegrass hay (4.3% CP) to appetite, and a mineral mixture was given. Treatments were 1) control (no supplement), 2) energy (cornstarch, molasses, and soybean oil), 3) energy plus urea, 4) energy plus soybean meal (SBM), and 5) energy plus ruminally undegraded protein (RUP; 50:50 mixture of blood and feather meals). Supplements were fed once daily (.3% BW). Forage DMI did not differ (P = .13), but intake of total DM, N, and energy differed (P<.01) among treatments. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and energy were less (P<.01) for control than for other treatments. Apparent N digestibility was least for control and energy and greatest for urea treatments (P<.05). As a result, digested DM, OM, and energy ranked from least to greatest were control, energy, urea, SBM, and RUP, respectively. Apparently digested N was 2.44, 2.24, 11.39, 9.80, and 11.25 g/d for control, energy, urea, SBM, and RUP (P<.01; SE = .10). Hour of sampling x treatment was a significant source of variation for blood concentrations of ammonia N and urea N, net ammonia N release from portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver, and urea N release from splanchnic tissues. These results were primarily because patterns through time for the urea treatment differed from the other treatments. Net PDV release of alpha-amino N did not differ (P>.05) between control and energy treatments. Values for those treatments were about one-half of values for urea, SBM, and RUP treatments, which did not differ (P>.05). Hepatic net uptake (negative release) of alpha-amino N for control was 53% of values for the other treatments, which did not differ (P>.05). Net release of alpha-amino N from splanchnic tissues did not differ among treatments (P = .34) and did not differ from zero. The data indicate that arterial alpha-amino N concentration, hepatic alpha-amino N uptake, PDV release and hepatic uptake of ammonia N, and hepatic release of urea N were greater in energy than in control treatments. We also found that hepatic uptake of alpha-amino N was 187% of PDV release in energy-supplemented lambs. These results suggest that energy supplementation of a protein-limiting diet stimulated mobilization of body protein.
Pseudomonas pellicle in disinfectant testing: electron microscopy, pellicle removal, and effect on test results

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 is a required organism in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists use-dilution method for disinfectant efficacy testing. When grown in a liquid medium, P. aeruginosa produces a dense mat or pellicle at the broth/air interface. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the pellicle by scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate three pellicle removal methods, and to determine the effect of pellicle fragments on disinfectant efficacy test results. The efficacies of three methods of pellicle removal (decanting, vacuum suction, and filtration) were assessed by quantifying cell numbers on penicylinders. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists use-dilution method was used to determine whether pellicle fragments in the tubes used to inoculate penicylinders affected test results. Scanning electron micrographs showed the pellicle to be a dense mass of intact, interlacing cells at least 10 microns thick. No significant differences in pellicle removal methods were observed, and the presence of pellicle fragments usually increased the number of positive tubes in the use-dilution method significantly.
Efficient filtering of cable interaction in small antenna measurements

This communication presents a novel technique to deal with undesired interaction of the AUT with cables and other nearby disturbances. Its key features are: i) it allows removal of the effect of disturbances on antenna pattern, ii) it requires only approximate geometrical knowledge of the AUT and disturbing objects and iii) it is a fast data post-processing step that puts no special requirements on the measurement procedure, which may be performed in the usual way (no baluns, chokes, etc.).
T-cell receptor repertoires share a restricted set of public and abundant CDR3 sequences that are associated with self-related immunity

The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is formed by random recombinations of genomic precursor elements; the resulting combinatorial diversity renders unlikely extensive TCR sharing between individuals. Here, we studied CDR3β amino acid sequence sharing in a repertoire-wide manner, using high-throughput TCR-seq in 28 healthy mice. We uncovered hundreds of public sequences shared by most mice. Public CDR3 sequences, relative to private sequences, are two orders of magnitude more abundant on average, express restricted V/J segments, and feature high convergent nucleic acid recombination. Functionally, public sequences are enriched for MHC-diverse CDR3 sequences that were previously associated with autoimmune, allograft, and tumor-related reactions, but not with anti-pathogen-related reactions. Public CDR3 sequences are shared between mice of different MHC haplotypes, but are associated with different, MHC-dependent, V genes. Thus, despite their random generation process, TCR repertoires express a degree of uniformity in their post-genomic organization. These results, together with numerical simulations of TCR genomic rearrangements, suggest that biases and convergence in TCR recombination combine with ongoing selection to generate a restricted subset of self-associated, public CDR3 TCR sequences, and invite reexamination of the basic mechanisms of T-cell repertoire formation.
The Role of Parents in Talented Youth Sport. Does Context Matter?

Abstract Introduction. The present study investigates the characteristics of the environmental factors that influence the structure of sport amongst young people; alongside this, the study also attempts to describe the influential role of parents in the development of sporting talent; finally, the study emphasizes the significance of parents' educational beliefs concerning the acquisition of life-long social skills through participation in sport in demanding competitive environments. Material and methods. 8 semi-structured interviews and 3 unstructured interviews were conducted among young people participating in a semi-professional club at national competitive level. A field diary was also collected. Results. Qualitative analysis revealed that: a) structural and organizational aspects, as well as the overall climate of the club, shape the behavior of young people in relation to social goals; b) parents play an important role as socializers in competitive environments; c) parents display a solid awareness of their own influence on the attitudes and behavior of young people. Conclusions. The findings highlight the important role of parents in sport participation in highly competitive environments. The study also shows contextual factors as predictors of the degree of youngsters' social and personal variables in performance levels. Implications for parental involvement in youth sport as well as future research directions are further discussed.
Multi-mode wideband bandpass filters using waveguide cavities (invited)

A novel class of miniaturized multi-mode wideband bandpass filters (BPFs) is introduced this paper, includes four multiple-mode filters. Two of them are realized using metal cavity and two of them are realized using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). These filters have significant advantages in size reduction which can reduce 2.5-4 times compared with traditional single-mode cavity filter. The fractional bandwidth of three filters achieves 30%, 31% and 42%, respectively. All three BPFs are analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Comparisons of the measured and simulated results are presented and in good agreements with each other.
Design of 1mWCMOS OOK super-regenerative receiver for 402–405MHz medical applications

This paper presents the design of a linear-mode super-regenerative receiver. It is targeted for low-power medical applications in the range of 402-405 MHz. The receiver provides an excellent trade-off between high performance, simplicity of architecture, and low power consumption. It is designed to be fully integrated on chip. The receiver employs on-off keying (OOK) for a 2 Mbps data rate of received data. The total power consumption is adjusted to be around 1mW at the minimum input power level -96 dBm. A clock-and data-recovery (CDR) system and an automatic gain control (AGC) feedback loop are inserted to improve its performance. The sensitivity is calculated to be -92 dBm.