Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The First Year of S-CUBED: The Swift Small Magellanic Cloud Survey

The Swift Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) Survey, S-CUBED, is a high-cadence shallow X-ray survey of the SMC. The survey consists of 142 tiled pointings covering the optical extent of the SMC, which is performed weekly by NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, with an exposure per tile of 60 s. The survey is focused on discovery and monitoring of X-ray outbursts from the large known and unknown population of Be/X-ray binaries (BeXRBs) in the SMC. Given the very low background of Swift’s X-ray telescope, even with a short exposure per tile, S-CUBED is typically sensitive to outbursts in the SMC at >1%–2% Eddington luminosity for a typical 1.4 M⊙ neutron star compact object. This sensitivity, combined with the high cadence and the fact that the survey can be performed all year round, makes it a powerful discovery tool for outbursting accreting X-ray pulsars in the SMC. In this paper we describe results from the first year of observations of S-CUBED, which includes the 1SCUBEDX catalog of 265 X-ray sources, 160 of which are not identified with any previously cataloged X-ray source. We report on bulk properties of sources in the 1SCUBEDX catalog. Finally, we focus on results of S-CUBED observations of several interesting sources, which includes discovery of three Type II outbursts from BeXRBs and the detection of Type I outbursts and orbital periods in six BeXRB systems.
ANALYSIS OF ONE-BEST TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AT ARMY MEDICAL COLLEGE, RAWALPINDI

Objective: To assess the quality of multiple choice questions used for evaluation of 2nd year dental students’ knowledge regarding pre-clinical prosthodontics. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College/Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, form April 2019. Methodology: The study included 48 undergraduate students of 2nd year BDS at Army Medical College/Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry in April 2019, comprising of 25 one – best type multiple choice questions (MCQs), each having four options a-d. Parameters employed in the item analysis included difficulty index, discrimination index (DI) and the distractor efficiency (DE). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: Difficulty index showed that 20% multiple choice questions were “too difficult”. Fifty two percent of multiple choice questions had a poor discrimination index and of the 100 distractors, 29 (29%) were non-functional. Items with moderate difficulty, higher discrimination and functional distractors must be incorporated in multiple choice questions to improve the test standard and quality. Conclusion: Items administered in this test were of moderate quality. Flawed items require careful revision to improve their quality before using them in any future assessments.
Maintien en conditions opérationnelles d'une flotte de véhicules : estimation du besoin en pièce de rechange

Lors de l'achat d'une flotte de vehicules, le service apres-vente comprend en general un contrat d’entretien, de reparation et de revision des vehicules : ce contrat garantit la disponibilite de la flotte pendant plusieurs annees sous des contraintes d'usage. Si ce type de contrat est un argument marketing indeniable pour les constructeurs automobiles, c'est aussi un cout supplementaire qui doit etre evalue. D'autant plus que ces contrats durent bien au-dela de la duree de vie utile des equipements. Pour gerer le stock de pieces de rechange, evaluer les couts de maintenance et de reparations, le gestionnaire du contrat doit etre en mesure de prevoir le nombre de defaillances pour une liste d'equipements critiques tout au long du contrat. Il existe cependant de nombreux facteurs d'instabilite du besoin en pieces de rechange au court du temps : d'une part, les equipements peuvent presenter differents modes de vieillissement, etre soumis a plusieurs causes de panne ; d’autre part l’usage des vehicules peut varier de maniere significative selon le profil des missions. L'objet de cet article est alors de prevoir les besoins en pieces de rechange d’une flotte de vehicules sur plusieurs annees de contrat. Nous avons utilise pour cela un modele de simulation base sur une analyse statistique des defaillances des equipements et une analyse statistique de l’usage des vehicules. En integrant ces deux facteurs de couts au fil des ans, nous fournissons un outil flexible de decision pour preparer ou gerer un contrat MRO pour une flotte de vehicules.
Antecedents of Customer Purchase Intention

Customer purchase intention serves as an early indication of the sales of the final products. The organizations try to uncover the customer purchase intention. Customer purchase intention consists of an amalgamation of various antecedents that build it up. The literature related to the antecedents of customer purchase intention is scattered and a properly organized and comprehensive study has not been done that highlights the relations between these antecedents and the customer purchase intention. In this paper, a comprehensive study is done related to the antecedents of the customer purchase intention. The research papers are arranged in the chronological order and they are analyzed based on various parameters.An attempt has been made to do the meta-analysis based on the subjective scores given to these antecedents. The result of the meta-analysis highlights the segregation of the antecedents based on consensus and non-consensus. The results of this paper are very useful to the organizations that are indulged in understanding customer purchase intention and might also serve as a base study to the researcher studying customer purchase intention.In the scenario of cut-throat competition an organization's goal is to earn profit. To achieve this goal, it is important to understand the customer behavior deeply. In the present paper an analysis has been done onone hundredpapersthat are published in different renowned journals related to customer purchase intention. It is found that there are various antecedents that are responsible for customer to purchase a particular product. Definitions of the different antecedents which directly affect customer purchase intention are also presented. The antecedents are classified in two different categories namely i) factors of consensus and ii) factors of non- consensus.
Modeling Bicycle Conflict on Non-Motorized Paths on Suburban College Campuses

Bicycling is an important way for college students and employees to get around campuses. With a rise in bicycling on campuses there comes a rise in bicycle collisions with pedestrians walking to and from classes and work. The literature review showed many papers involving bicycle conflict modeling but on roads with motor vehicles. While some aspects of this research can be applied to non-motorized paths, there is a lack of research strictly focusing on only bicycles and pedestrians. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by developing a model to identify locations on roads and paths (hotspots) on college campuses that are likely to have a bicycle collision and predict the likelihood of a serious bicycle crash on a non-motorized path based on the characteristics of the path. This study identifies those interactions between bicyclists and pedestrians on non-motorized paths on a suburban college campus in Newark, USA. Findings suggest that pedestrian density of a path is a major factor in the maximum speed bicyclists can achieve. The wider the path is, the higher the maximum speed is that a bicyclist can obtain. This is because a wider path width decreases the pedestrian density. The grade of the path has little effect on bicycle speeds. The results of the models were displayed on a GIS map that is visually appealing to a viewer. The paths were color coded based on their level of safety, so it is easy to observe problematic areas of the network. This technique can be applied to the entire campus network of non-motorized paths to study the whole system. This can then be used by planners and designers to identify areas that need upgrading and improve the overall safety of the non-motorized path system.
The EGTC as a tool for cross-border integration?

With the creation of the EGTC tool in 2006, the European Union wanted to provide the means to overcome the frequently mentioned limits to the deepening of cross-border cooperation initiatives, by allowing the creation of supranational institutional structures endowed with legal personality and their own financial and human resources. In doing so, this tool should theoretically serve the political paradigm of cross-border integration and make it more tangible for the societies living in border regions. This chapter proposes to draw up an initial assessment of the use of this tool by systematically analysing, across the various EU border regions, (i) the characteristics and spatial distribution of EGTCs in Europe, (ii) the types of actors involved, (iii) the geographical coverage of these cooperation structures, and last but not least (iv) the variety of existing EGTCs, between those aiming at reinforcing the governance networks and those more oriented towards the implementation of operational projects. The results show that if EGTCs have the potential to better integrate border regions by contributing to respond directly to the needs of border populations and actors, they are most often used as governance tools to better formalise, institutionalise and facilitate cross-border cooperation. In conclusion, it seems that EGTCs are still very rarely used to their full potential in terms of cross-border integration.
DArT-seq based SNP analysis of diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium among 274 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) accessions

Background: Genetic diversity in a germplasm is crucial for continuous improvement of crop varieties. A panel of 274 cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) accessions of unknown genetic diversity was assembled from diverse sources. This study used 3127 SNP markers, generated with the diversity array technology (DArT), to assess genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the assembled germplasm. Results: The population structure analysis inferred three subpopulations within the germplasm, which was confirmed by Neighbour-Joining (NJ) clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). Low genetic distances (0.005 to 0.44) were observed between accessions. Accessions from Africa; West and Central Africa (113 accessions), East and Central Africa (93 accessions), and Asia (53 accessions) were predominant in the germplasm; and distributed across all subpopulations. High fixation indexes (0.48≤F ST ≤0.56) were obtained for the inferred subpopulations. AMOVA revealed a very large contribution of within subpopulations variation to the observed genetic variation in the germplasm. However, the expected heterozygosity (He) was higher than the observed heterozygosity (Ho), indicating high proportion of inbred lines in the germplasm. Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) was observed in the germplasm, which showed a low decay at longer physical distance between markers in the genome. Conclusions: Significant genetic structuration exists in the assembled cowpea germplasm which shows that there is a potential for improvement of the crop. The subgroups consisted mainly of inbred lines which, although from different geographical regions shared alleles in common reflecting high movement of seeds and exchange of germplasm between regions. The presence of linkage disequilibrium in the germplasm paves a way for prospective whole genome-wide association studies in cowpea for quality attributes and important agronomic traits.
Assessing Cognitive Performance Using Physiological and Facial Features

Sensing and machine learning advances have enabled the unobtrusive measurement of physiological responses and facial expressions so as to estimate one's cognitive performance. This often boils down to mapping the states of the cognitive processes underpinning human cognition: physiological responses (e.g., heart rate) and facial expressions (e.g., frowning) often reflect the states of our cognitive processes. However, it remains unclear whether physiological responses and facial expressions used in one particular task (e.g., gaming) can reliably assess cognitive performance in another task (e.g., coding), because complex and diverse tasks often require varying levels and combinations of cognitive processes. In this paper, we measure the cross-task reliability of physiological and facial responses. Specifically, we assess cognitive performance based on physiological responses and facial expressions for 123 participants in 4 independent studies (3 studies for out-of-sampling training and testing, and 1 study for evaluation only): (1) a Pac-Man game, (2) an adaptive-assessment task, (3) a code-debugging task, and (4) a gaze-based game. We follow an ensemble learning approach after cross-training and cross-testing with all possible combinations of the 3 first datasets. We save the 4th dataset only for testing purposes, and we showcase how to engineer generalizable features that predict cognitive performance. Our results show that the extracted features do generalize, and can reliably predict cognitive performance across a diverse set of cognitive tasks that require different combinations of problem-solving, decision-making, and learning processes for their completion.
Impact of Audit Fees and Audit Firm’s Reputation on Audit Quality: Evidence from Listed Companies from Pakistan

Audit quality is viewed as a basic element influencing the dependability of financial statements. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of audit firm characteristics, including audit firms’ reputation and audit fees on the quality of auditing. We utilized discretionary/irregular accruals serving as a proxy for income manipulation, and audit firms’ reputation (Big 4 auditors vs Non-Big 4 auditors), and audit fees are utilized to examine the quality of auditing. A sample comprised of 49 listed firms from the KSE-100 index of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) is selected for the duration of 5 years. The data is evaluated through multiple regression and correlations. The outcomes suggested that audit Fee seems to have a significant and negative effect on the quality of auditing, Audit quality also seems to affect ROA negatively, whereas, audit fee affected ROA positively. Lastly, the Big 4 representation has a negative effect on cash flows, whereas audit quality seems to have an inverse effect. The outcomes indicate that non-Big 4 audit firms in Pakistan perform higher quality of auditing than Big 4 audit firms. In addition to that, the outcome discloses that in exchange of higher audit fees, auditors perform lower quality of audits. The basic job of audit quality has gathered remarkably academic consideration. Though, earlier researches have basically centered on organizations operating in developed nations. Very limited is investigated about the quality of auditing in developing economies, for example, Pakistan. This investigation would increase the predetermined number of researches conducted on the quality of auditing of listed firms in developing nations.
MACS J0553.4−3342: a young merging galaxy cluster caught through the eyes of Chandra and HST

We present a detailed analysis of a young merging galaxy cluster \mac~(z=0.43), from {\it Chandra} X-ray and {\it Hubble Space Telescope} archival data. X-ray observations confirm that the X-ray emitting intra-cluster medium (ICM) in this system is among the hottest (average $T=12.1 \pm 0.6$ keV) and most luminous known. Comparison of X-ray and optical images confirm that this system hosts two merging subclusters SC1 and SC2, separated by a projected distance of about 650\,kpc. The subcluster SC2 is newly identified in this work, while another subcluster (SC0), previously thought to be part of this merging system, is shown to be possibly a foreground object. Apart from two subclusters, we find a tail-like structure in the X-ray image, extending to a projected distance of $\sim$1\,Mpc, along the north-east direction of the eastern subcluster (SC1). From a surface brightness analysis, we detect two sharp surface brightness edges at $\sim$40$\arcsec$ ($\sim$320\,kpc) and $\sim$80$\arcsec$ ($\sim$640\,kpc) to the east of SC1. The inner edge appears to be associated with a merger-driven cold front, while the outer one is likely to be due to a shock front, the presence of which, ahead of the cold front, makes this dynamically disturbed cluster interesting. Nearly all the early-type galaxies belonging to the two subclusters, including their BCGs, are part of a well-defined red sequence.
Designing an experimental rig for developing a fire severity model using numerical simulation

In this study, an experimental rig representing a deep enclosure was designed to be used to validate a CFD‐based fire model in predicting the outcome. The model then can be used for further study to investigate physical phenomenon within a deep enclosure and to develop an engineering fire severity (heat release rate, HRR, vs time vs position [1]) model. Two empirical models (the VU model [1] and Kawagoe model [2]) were used along with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) in designing the experimental rig. For a specific‐sized enclosure, when the HRR was prescribed to the FDS as input from the VU model, it was accurately reproduced, while the HRR from the Kawagoe was used as the input, the FDS calculated much lower value. The experimental rig of that specific size was then built, and various parameters were measured from the tests with liquid fuel fire within this experimental rig. The measured HRR was prescribed into the FDS, and the FDS could reproduce HRR values well. However, the predicted temperature and radiation flux was not as good, especially when the flames were near the opening. This may be due to the tendency of flames over‐projecting outside the opening in FDS simulations.
Obesity, overconsumption and self-regulation failure: the unsung role of eating appropriateness standards

There is a tendency to blame the so-called ‘obesogenic’ environment, characterised by the abundant presence of high caloric, palatable foods, for the failure of self-regulation of eating behaviour and, consequently, the obesity epidemic. In the present article, it is argued that in addition to the omnipresence of food, self-regulation of eating is also compromised by a lack of clear, shared standards that guide eating behaviour. We posit that this social aspect of the toxic food environment is often overlooked and that, without considering the importance of such social eating appropriateness standards as self-regulatory guides, any understanding of successful regulation of eating behaviour will remain incomplete. We hypothesise that the availability of clear, shared eating appropriateness standards will decrease the uncertainty resulting from the current lack of such standards, and will provide effective guidance of eating behaviour, thus calling for a new generation of empirical research examining this novel approach to core components of the obesogenic environment.
Quantifying Depressed Social Media During COVID-19: Information Retrieval With ML & NLP

The ongoing pandemic continues to disrupt the normal functioning of society in numerous ways, and symptoms of depression are on the rise [Ettman et al., 2020]. In this work, we explored how analysis of social media can reveal changes in the number of authors presenting depressive symptoms on social media using Twitter and Reddit. We ﬁrst assessed the level of depressive symptoms expressed in a large set of tweets. While there are some eﬀorts for identifying depressive symptoms in tweets, they are limited in scope and typically do not account for contemporary online discourse surrounding the experience of depression [Hasan et al., 2014, Pedersen, 2015]. To ensure that our assessment accounted for contemporary discourse, we extracted recent posts from /r/Depression , where symptoms and experience are a main topic of discussion. To further ensure that our assessment accounted for language that expresses depressive symptoms in a variety of contexts, rather than only when explicitly discussing the experience of depression, we also extracted all of the other Reddit posts of users who posted in /r/Depression . These user posts were extracted from all posts made by all authors in /r/Depression across all of Reddit for November and December 2019 (the most recent two months available in their entirety on Pushshift [Baumgart-ner et al., 2020]). We then trained a GloVe word embedding on the posts made by users across
Influence of Depression on Physical and Mental Health in Patients with Angina

Purpose: Angina is well known as chest pain caused by insufficient flow of oxygen-rich blood to the cardiac muscle. Although there are several studies showing an association between depression and angina, none of these studies investigated the influence of depression on the physical and mental health of adult patients with angina, which is the overall goal of this study.Methods: This study used a publicly open data source from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2017, in the United States. The BRFSS questionnaire relating to health, behaviors, and social life was administered to the United States residents through a telephone interview. There were 450,013 participants in this survey. Different statistical methods, including descriptive, inferential, and predictive methods, were conducted through the Statistical Analysis System (version 9.4) to accomplish the goal of this study. Results: Of the 450,013 participants in the BRFSS 2017, 25,389 were adult patients diagnosed with angina. Of these, 22,875 have depression. This study showed that depression had a statistically significant influence on physical and mental health in adult patients with angina.Conclusion: Depression has a significant influence on physical and mental health of adult patients with angina. Depression increased the physical health problems by 61.95% and mental health problems by 33.15% in adult patients with angina.
The Corporate Cash Holdings: Determinants and Implications

Several empirical studies have reported that the level of short-term financing is higher in firms operating in developing countries. Short-term financing increases risk of default as it matures quickly and leaves little room for the borrowing firm to manage its cash flows. But if the firm has a cash buffer, it can avoid such a risk. If firms in developing countries have higher level of short-term debts, do they carry larger cash balances too? Do firms in Pakistani match the maturity of assets with the maturity of their debts? In this study, we investigate these questions using a sample of 380 listed firms over a period of 1996 to 2008. The descriptive statistics show that cash-to-total assets ratio of the sampled firms is almost the same as reported in other empirical studies for developed countries such as US and UK. This finding raises an important question of how firms in Pakistan with more short-term financing carry relatively smaller balances of cash. As an answer, this study puts forward several explanations, which have important implications for capital market and firm financing. Results of panel data models indicate that cash-to-total assets ratio increases with growth opportunities, size of a firm, dividends ratio, and decreases with debt-maturity and conversion cycle. To allow for the possibility that cash-to-total assets ratio is adjusted gradually over time by firms in an attempt to reach optimal ratio, the study also employs a partial adjustment model by using the generalized methods of movements (GMM).