Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide fluxes from soil under different crops and fertilizer management

The effect of mineral fertilizer (F) and mineral combined with organic fertilizer (MF) on N2O flux in grassland and cornfield was investigated for one year in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. Annual N2O flux was higher in grassland than in cornfield, and it was higher in MF plot (14.9 kg N/ha/period) than in F plot (11.1 kg N/ha/period) in grassland. However, in cornfield, the annual N2O flux was equal between both plots (5.6 kg N/ha/period). These results clarified that high nitrogen application was not always responsible for the high soil N2O flux. N2O flux was significantly correlated with air, soil temperature and water-filled pore space. More than 80% of the annual N2O flux occurred before freezing and less than 4% during melting period. Denitrification was the main process of N2O flux during study, it was evidenced by the distribution of N2O and NO ratio which is from 1 to 1000. The denitrification activity (DEA) potentially increased in grassland soil in the beginning and the end of winter season when NO3-N was abundant; on the other hand the abundance of carbon potentially increased DEA in cornfield soil.
Turbulence Wind Flow Modeling in Complex Terrain. A Comparison Between a Linear Model, a CFD Model and a NWP Model.

In this thesis a comparison in wind resources predictions has been made for three different models. Predictions were made for a planned wind farm located at Skottfjallet on the west coast of Sweden. Simple linear models have shown difficulty in predicting the wind resource for terrain that are forested and hilly. This thesis concludes that for Skottfjallet, which is hilly and forested, the linear model results were not accurate and that predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models can increase the accuracy. The mean wind speed profiles has been used for the main analysis when making cross predictions and model comparisons with measurements. Further, an annual production estimation has been performed for the whole wind farm, which showed that the linear model compared to the CFD model appeared more random than accurate.
Kampong Ayer: A Community Living on Water in Brunei Darussalam

Land scarcity and rising population in developing countries, particularly in the urban parts of Asia, has led to limited livable floor area for domestic mass housing. Developing countries with similar climate and cultural background face common challenges with their comparatively larger population resulting in highrise housing. While this may be a solution to accommodating the increasing density in many cities, issues relating to cultural preservation, vernacular architecture conservation, social structures, environmental comfort and sense of community are often in contradiction with this urban solution. In particular, with for a rural community with different characteristics to an urban intent, the transition might prove stressful. In Brunei Darussalam, encouraging living both on water (in Kampong Ayer) and on land is what is being currently proposed. However, as its population is rapidly increasing and living on land is becoming increasingly popular, in this paper, the authors question if the housing developments on the water in Kampong Ayer, promote a sustainable community. The authors explored if waterside housing development, modelled on traditional settlement patterns, can provide a viable solution for rural housing in parts of Brunei. Domestic and communal relationships of its inhabitants were defined to identify sociospatial patterns of a sustainable community. Findings include the correlations between the formal and spatial organization of the home and patterns of occupation.
A DC-DC Converter with Ripple Current Cancellation Based On Duty Cycle Selection

In this paper a boost dc-dc converter is proposed based on the concept of ripple current cancellation. This proposed system has the novel capability of cancelling the input current ripple at an arbitrarily preselected duty cycle. This is accomplished without increasing the count of the number of components in contrast to other solutions available in the conventional system. In addition to this, the converter also features a high voltage gain without utilizing extreme values of duty cycle or boosting transformers. These features make the converter ideal to process electric power coming from low-voltage power-generating sources, such as renewables. This system also provides details on the principle of operation via topological considerations and a mathematical model. The key factor of reactive component sizing is also discussed in detail. The proposed boost dc-dc converter is evaluated by simulating in MATLAB/Simulink software. Keywords: Boost converter, Complete charge interchange (CCI), Current ripple cancellation, Duty Cycle Selection, Switched capacitor (SC).
A collective Intelligence Based Multi Aspect Sentiment Analysis for Arabic Language

Multi aspect, Text classifications, Sentiment Analysis. Sentiment analysis is one of the most important issues that take place now days, it depends on classifying text files that contain opinions, social network such as (blogs ,facebook, discussion groups,.) participate in increasing the importance of sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis is used to determine the percentage of approval or refutation based on comments in the files. Although Arabic one of the most rich language and become the first language for more than 24country, studies in sentiment analysis is not enough to show the importance of this issue. This paper presents collective intelligence based multi aspect sentiment analysis for Arabic language. The proposed system depends on a hybrid machine learning algorithms, i.e. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bays (NB) and Hidden Markove Model (HMM) for Arabic language sentiment analysis. The results show that the proposed system outperforms other systems which use single aspect for sentiment analysis.
Diel vertical movement by mesograzers on seaweeds

Diel vertical movement is well documented for many zooplankton. The ecology of small benthic herbivores which use seaweeds as food and habitat, known as 'mesograzers', is similar in some regards to zooplankton, and we hypothesised that mesograzers might also exhlbit diel patterns of movement on host algae. We studied 3 non-swimming species of mesograzer, the sea hare Aplysia parvula, the sea urchin Holopneustes purpurascens, and the prosobranch mollusc Phasianotrochus eximius. All exhibited diel movement on host algae. This behaviour occurred on different host algae, despite variation in algal morphology and other characters. Possible factors causing diel movement by mesograzers include predation, nutritional gain, avoidance of photodamage, micro-environmental vanation near host algae, and reproductive strategies. These are discussed with regard to mesograzers and related to theories for diel vertical movement by zooplankton. The relative ease of experimental manipulation of benthic seaweeds and mesograzers makes them suitable as model systems to test theories for dlel vertical movement.
Pediatric Emergency Visits and Short-Term Changes in PM2.5 Concentrations in the U.S. State of Georgia

Background: Associations between pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and ambient concentrations of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) have been reported in previous studies, although few were performed in nonmetropolitan areas. Objective: We estimated associations between daily PM2.5 concentrations, using a two-stage model that included land use parameters and satellite aerosol optical depth measurements at 1-km resolution, and ED visits for six pediatric conditions in the U.S. state of Georgia by urbanicity classification. Methods: We obtained pediatric ED visits geocoded to residential ZIP codes for visits with nonmissing PM2.5 estimates and admission dates during 1 January 2002–30 June 2010 for 2- to 18-year-olds for asthma or wheeze (n = 189,816), and for 0- to 18-year-olds for bronchitis (n = 76,243), chronic sinusitis (n = 15,745), otitis media (n = 237,833), pneumonia (n = 52,946), and upper respiratory infections (n = 414,556). Daily ZIP code–level estimates of 24-hr average PM2.5 were calculated by averaging concentrations within ZIP code boundaries. We used time-stratified case-crossover models stratified on ZIP code, year, and month to estimate odds ratios (ORs) between ED visits and same-day and previous-day PM2.5 concentrations at the ZIP code level, and we investigated effect modification by county-level urbanicity. Results: A 10-μg/m3 increase in same-day PM2.5 concentrations was associated with ED visits for asthma or wheeze (OR = 1.013; 95% CI: 1.003, 1.023) and upper respiratory infections (OR = 1.015; 95% CI: 1.008, 1.022); associations with previous-day PM2.5 concentrations were lower. Differences in the association estimates across levels of urbanicity were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Pediatric ED visits for asthma or wheeze and for upper respiratory infections were associated with PM2.5 concentrations in Georgia. Citation: Strickland MJ, Hao H, Hu X, Chang HH, Darrow LA, Liu Y. 2016. Pediatric emergency visits and short-term changes in PM2.5 concentrations in the U.S. state of Georgia. Environ Health Perspect 124:690–696; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1509856
Differences in growth, morphology and tissue carbon and nitrogen of Macrocystis pyrifera within and at the outer edge of a giant kelp forest in California, USA

To investigate the extent to which alteration of physical factors by giant kelp beds affects the growth of kelp within the bed, we conducted analyses of frond morphometrics at 2 mo intervals, elongation rates and tissue chemistry of individuals of Macrocystis pyrifera on the interior and edge of a kelp bed off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, USA. The density of the kelp canopy varied greatly during the 13 mo study, ranging from 0.03 to 8.03 m 2 blade tissue m -2 sea surface. Time series analysis of flow velocity, light, temperature and seawater nitrate concentrations inside and out- side of the bed indicated that when canopy density was high (May to September) current speeds in the bed were 25% of incident flow, and light below the canopy (at 1 m depth) was reduced to 10% surface irradiance. Nitrate concentrations were highly variable and similar between inside and out- side moorings. When the canopy was well developed, kelp fronds on the seaward edge of the bed had faster elongation rates and larger blades, resulting in higher overall growth rates (mass added per day) than interior fronds. Carbon and nitrogen accumulation by edge fronds was also higher dur- ing this period, which fueled growth rates of edge fronds that were nearly twice as high as interior fronds when the canopy was densest. Thus, the growth and tissue chemistry of M. pyrifera within the kelp bed depended on the extent to which the bed modified ambient physical conditions.
Mobile Emotion Sharing And Implications For Social Support And Health

Numerous studies have expounded on the benefits of social support for health, yet not all of us have access to extensive social support networks or supportive group therapy. Even fewer of us have constant access to such support. Mobile technology can help to bridge this gap by connecting individuals with one another regardless of time or place, but mobile phones are an imperfect medium for engaging in socially supportive activities, partly because of form factor issues (small screen, no keyboard) and partly because of the inability of computers to understand human emotion. Design and evaluation considerations for mobile emotion sharing systems are presented and the building and evaluation of such a system, Aurora, is described. Aurora and the study presented here represent first steps toward that end, examining (1) how well users are able to share emotions using abstract representations of emotion such as colors and photos, (2) whether users prefer sharing emotions using colors or photos, and (3) whether such a system is viable and enjoyable in mobile contexts. Aurora users were able to share emotions using either colors or photos— particularly when supplementing them with textual notes, they preferred photos to colors, and they enjoyed sharing emotions on their mobile phones, even with strangers. These findings have implications for how one thinks about designing emotion-sharing technologies in the future and for uses of such technologies in the context of social support and health.
Location models applied to real-world problems

This work provides new ideas to model and solve situations or processes from the present society that are very interesting, as optimal placement of a humanitarian camp, of nuclear power or radioactive plants, of dangerous or polluting materials in a way that minimizes the risk, of rooms intended for specific purposes in a work center (laboratories, recreational or smoking areas, etc.); or the determination of the leader of a terrorist organization even when the information sent between any two members is encoded, etc.
SHEAR INSTABILITY OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS: EFFECTS OF DISSIPATION AND NON-LINEARITY

The effect of bottom friction and turbulent lateral mixing on shear instability of the longshore current is investigated. Transition conditions for this instability as a function of non-dimensional parameters related to the basic current, topography, bottom friction and lateral mixing are found. A direct nonlinear numerical simulation of shear instability is presented. The basic flow is found to be supercritical and the amplitude of shear waves can reach at least 20% of the basic flow. A small increase in the period due to non-linearity is also found. Preliminary results suggest that far from criticality there is an important contribution of the instability to the mean flow. Some applications to field and laboratory experiments are discussed.
The Origin of Fe II Emission in Active Galactic Nuclei

We used a very large set of models of broad emission line region (BELR) clouds in active galactic nuclei to investigate the formation of the observed Fe II emission lines. We show that photoionized BELR clouds cannot produce both the observed shape and observed equivalent width of the 2200-2800 Å Fe II UV bump unless there is considerable velocity structure corresponding to a microturbulent velocity parameter vturb ≥ 100 km s-1 for the locally optimally emitting cloud models used here. This could be either microturbulence in gas that is confined by some phenomenon such as MHD waves or a velocity shear such as in the various models of winds flowing off the surfaces of accretion disks. The alternative way that we can find to simultaneously match both the observed shape and equivalent width of the Fe II UV bump is for the Fe II emission to be the result of collisional excitation in a warm, dense gas. Such gas would emit very few lines other than Fe II. However, since the collisionally excited gas would constitute yet another component in an already complicated picture of the BELR, we prefer the model involving turbulence. In either model, the strength of Fe II emission relative to the emission lines of other ions such as Mg II depends as much on other parameters (either vturb or the surface area of the collisionally excited gas) as it does on the iron abundance. Therefore, the measurement of the iron abundance from the Fe II emission in quasars becomes a more difficult problem.
Tariefregulering bij Essentiele Faciliteiten; Retail minus of Kosten plus?

In dit onderzoek zal stilgestaan worden bij de vraag hoe marktautoriteiten het best kunnen omgaan met de doctrine van essentiele faciliteiten die onder andere in de markt voor breedbandinternet een rol speelt. De OPTA hanteert in zaken waar deze faciliteiten een rol spelen twee reguleringswijzen die beide aan bod zullen komen, te weten de kostenbenadering en de retail minusbenadering. Aan de hand van de literatuur en modellering zal getracht worden beide methoden in een microeconomische context te plaatsen. Door middel van deze vergelijking zal geprobeerd worden de OPTA een raamwerk te bieden op basis waarvan zij kan besluiten welke methode in concrete gevallen het best toe te passen is.
Title Numerical Methods for Computing Discontinuous Solutions of a Class of Hamilton-Jacobi Equations Using a Level Set Method (Free Boundary Problems)

In this article, we first introduce aLax-Friedrichs type finite difference method to compute the $\mathrm{L}$-solution, following its original definition recently proposed by the second auther in[12] using level sets. We then generalize our numerical methods to compute the proper viscosity solution proposed in [11] for amore general class of HJ equations that includes conservation laws. We couple our numerical methods with asingular diffusive term of essential importance. With this singular viscosity, our numerical methods do not require the divergence structure of equations and do apply to more general equations developing shocks other than conservation laws. These numerical methods are generalized to higher order accuracy using WENO Local Lax-Friedrichs methods [17]. We verify that our numerical solutions approximate the proper viscosity solutions of [11] and, in particular, the entropy solutions in case of conservtion laws. 1Introduction Nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi Equations arise in many different fields, including control theory, and differential games. Because of the nonlinearity, the Cauchy problems usually have non-classical solutions due to the crossing of characteristic curves. ’Research supported by ONR N00014-97-1-0027, $\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}$ VIP grant NSF DMS 9615854 and ARO DAAG 55-98-1-0323 $\uparrow \mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}$ of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, email:ytsai\copyright math.ucla. edu Department of Mathematics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, email: giga\copyright math.sci.hokudai.ac. jp Department of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, email:sjo\copyright math.ucla. edu 数理解析研究所講究録 1210巻 2001年 179-198 179
Share Price Reaction to Public Announcements Emerging Markets: a Case of the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listed Companies

On any Stock Exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. These market forces are determined by information dissemination to the market. There have been periods when the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) move drastically up and down, but without any apparent economic news or stimulus, therefore it has become hard to predict share prices or to explain changes in stock prices using fundamental news. This research examines movement of returns to a portfolio of stocks after public news about them is released. It also examines why other stocks move to high returns without identifiable public news. The intention of the methodology in this research was to measure the extent to which individuals and corporates regard the operations and reaction of the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange prices. Considering that there is limited comprehension of the stock exchange by the general masses, a sample was drawn from only a few knowledgeable individuals. Also, two portfolios of stocks with and without public news were analyzed for a period. Results show that there is a major difference between return patterns for the two portfolios. There is evidence of post-news movement, which supports the idea that investors react to information. This is strongest after good or bad news. There is also some evidence of reversal after extreme price movements that are unaccompanied by public news. The patterns are seen even after excluding earnings announcements, controlling for potential risk exposure, and other adjustments. There is also evidence that trading frictions, such as short-sale constraints, may play a role in the post news reaction pattern. It is therefore justified to conclude that share premium is not purely determined by the stock’s intrinsic value and that share prices are not always driven by market fundamentals. Keywords: public, fundamentals, portfolio, risk
A critical examination of evidence used to re-interpret the Hornitos mega-breccia as a mass-flow deposit caused by cliff failure

The mega-breccia at Hornitos, northern Chile, was recently re-interpreted as a mass flow deposit caused by cliff failure, without any link to a tsunami backwash or the Eltanin meteorite impact at 2.5 Ma. While agreeing with the latter in the light of new microbiological data, it is here argued that mass flow can also be caused by tsunami backwash events and would be difficult to distinguish from those caused by gravity alone, especially as the Hornitos outcrop is of limited extent. However, a mechanism for downward dyke injection can be postulated for tsunami-related mass flows, but would not be applicable to normal debris flows generated by cliff collapse. The new age range of the Portada Formation coincides with similar deposits at Carrizalillo, Ranquil, Caldera and possibly Caleta Verde, suggesting that one or more mega-tsunamis might have struck the Chilean coastline during the Messinian.
What is energy know-how, and how can it be shared and acquired?

Our aim in this short paper is to contribute to conceptual, practical and policy discussions about the role of householder knowledge in the context of policy ambitions to reduce domestic energy consumption. More specifically, we are interested in the characteristics of this knowledge, the ways in which householders acquire such knowledge, and the kinds of activities and policies that might support this. Within this context, literacy approaches emphasise factual knowledge, cognitive reasoning, and ideal attitudes and behaviours; within this mainstream approach, education and communications are key policy recommendations. In contrast, know-how approaches are critical of literacy approaches and emphasise practical skills, experience and guidance. Key policy recommendations focus on tailored guidance delivered through activities such as demonstration homes and home audits. Smart Communities was a community action and action research project on energy demand reduction. The activities in the project drew on both literacy and know-how approaches, and the research methods focussed on in-depth interviews, a survey and informal interactions with project participants and partners. The project strongly supports the ideas that are expressed in the know-how literature, but also highlights the practical challenge of scaling-up activities such as home visits. Meanwhile, approaches that drew on literacy approaches produced less change, but were easier to implement at scale. In our discussion, we raise the need for know-how approaches to be more adequately supported in policy, and the need to investigate and experiment with novel approaches that would allow these activities to be scaled-up. In support of these objectives, we present a concise expression of the concept of energy know-how. In addition, we suggest that the know-how literature is perhaps overly critical of the literacy approach, and we discuss some ways in which literacy approaches can be more effective.