Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse: A Corrective Metanalysis

Prevalence estimates for child sexual abuse range from 2 percent to 62 percent. Reviews of these prevalence studies recognize that methodological differences among studies affect their stated prevalence yet disagree as to how they do so. The purpose of the current study was to perform our own metanalysis of all random prevalence studies using North American populations. Our results suggested that child sexual abuse is a problem of epidemic proportions. The number of screen questions, the size of the sample, and the year in which the prevalence study was done significantly affect the stated prevalence and account for the wide variance among previous studies' results.
Assessment and intervention for communication problems in home health care

an inability to talk. It includes any factor that interferes with the person’s ability to express himself or herself, to make his or her wants known, or to understand the communication of another individual. Communication problems can be grouped into three broad categories: comprehension deficits, expressive deficits, and cognitivelinguistic deficits. The inability to understand either spoken language, the environment, gestures, or facial expressions is often called a comprehension deficit. Sometimes people who have had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, can speak fluently, but because of a profound comprehension deficit that makes their speech seem out of context and disoriented they cannot comprehend what is being said to them. The inability to express oneself verbally, in written form, through gesture, or through appropriate expression is an expressive deficit. Motor-speech disorders affect speech intelligibility and may include apraxia or dysarthria. A third form of communication problem is an impaired thinking or problem-solving ability, known as a cognitive-Iinguistic de ficit. This condition is often observed as inappropriate behaviors, disorientation, impulsiveness, poor judgment, rigidity, attention deficits, or memory loss. These behaviors may actually be languageor linguistic-based cognitive deficits and can benefit from the treatment of a speechlanguage pathologist. These broad categories of communication deficits will be dis-
Microscopic Observations on Living Dental Pulp II. The Effect of Thermal Irritants on the Circulation of the Pulp in the Lower Rat Incisor

In this paper, microscopic observation on the influence of thermal irritants on the circulation of the lower incisor pulp in the living rat are described. Notice was taken of the vascular reactions in the pulp, unexposed and exposed. To induce thermal irritation, the temperature of the Ringer-gelatine solution used to keep the pulp moist was altered for a certain length of time.As to the irritation caused by cold it was noted that when the temperature of the perfusing solution decreased from 37° to 31° C or even lower the speed of the blood flow was slowing down. Return to the original 37° C restored the circulation to normal. In some cases hyperemia occurred. In cases frozen with carbon dioxide or ethyl chloride the changes were irreversible and resulted in thrombosis.The irritation caused by heat (39°–42° C) led to a clearly perceptible increase in the rapidly of the blood flow. Rapid staining of the pulp tissue developed 42° – 44° C in vitally stained cases. Stases and thromboses leading to arrest of t.
P2P traffic identification by TCP flow analysis

In this paper, we first propose some new and universal features of all kinds of P2P traffic derived from the packet header information of transfer/network layer and present a novel approach for gathering P2P traffic: just from a single host perspective, namely capturing packets from the NIC (network interface card) of one host
On the BER of multiple-input multiple-output underwater wireless optical communication systems

In this paper we analyze and investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of multiple-input multiple-output underwater wireless optical communication (MIMO-UWOC) systems. In addition to exact BER expressions, we also obtain an upper bound on the system BER. To effectively estimate the BER expressions, we use Gauss-Hermite quadrature formula as well as approximation to the sum of log-normal random variables. We confirm the accuracy of our analytical expressions by evaluating the BER through photon-counting approach. Our simulation results show that MIMO technique can mitigate the channel turbulence-induced fading and consequently, can partially extend the viable communication range, especially for channels with stronger turbulence.
Can surveillance systems identify and avert adverse drug events? A prospective evaluation of a commercial application.

OBJECTIVE Computerized monitors can effectively detect and potentially prevent adverse drug events (ADEs). Most monitors have been developed in large academic hospitals and are not readily usable in other settings. We assessed the ability of a commercial program to identify and prevent ADEs in a community hospital. DESIGN and Measurement We prospectively evaluated the commercial application in a community-based hospital. We examined the frequency and types of alerts produced, how often they were associated with ADEs and potential ADEs, and the potential financial impact of monitoring for ADEs. RESULTS Among 2,407 patients screened, the application generated 516 high priority alerts. We were able to review 266 alerts at the time they were generated and among these, 30 (11.3%) were considered substantially important to warrant contacting the physician caring for the patient. These 30 alerts were associated with 4 ADEs and 11 potential ADEs. In all 15 cases, the responsible physician was unaware of the event, leading to a change in clinical care in 14 cases. Overall, 23% of high priority alerts were associated with an ADE (95% confidence interval [CI] 12% to 34%) and another 15% were associated with a potential ADE (95% CI 6% to 24%). Active surveillance used approximately 1.5 hours of pharmacist time daily. CONCLUSIONS A commercially available, computer-based ADE detection tool was effective at identifying ADEs. When used as part of an active surveillance program, it can have an impact on preventing or ameliorating ADEs.
Review Paper: The Effect of Electronic Prescribing on Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events: A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review is to analyse the relative risk reduction on medication error and adverse drug events (ADE) by computerized physician order entry systems (CPOE). We included controlled field studies and pretest-posttest studies, evaluating all types of CPOE systems, drugs and clinical settings. We present the results in evidence tables, calculate the risk ratio with 95% confidence interval and perform subgroup analyses for categorical factors, such as the level of care, patient group, type of drug, type of system, functionality of the system, comparison group type, study design, and the method for detecting errors. Of the 25 studies that analysed the effects on the medication error rate, 23 showed a significant relative risk reduction of 13% to 99%. Six of the nine studies that analysed the effects on potential ADEs showed a significant relative risk reduction of 35% to 98%. Four of the seven studies that analysed the effect on ADEs showed a significant relative risk reduction of 30% to 84%. Reporting quality and study quality was often insufficient to exclude major sources of bias. Studies on home-grown systems, studies comparing electronic prescribing to handwriting prescribing, and studies using manual chart review to detect errors seem to show a higher relative risk reduction than other studies. Concluding, it seems that electronic prescribing can reduce the risk for medication errors and ADE. However, studies differ substantially in their setting, design, quality, and results. To further improve the evidence-base of health informatics, more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed, especially to cover a wider range of clinical and geographic settings. In addition, reporting quality of health informatics evaluation studies has to be substantially improved.
Research Paper: Effectiveness of Topic-specific Infobuttons: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE Infobuttons are decision support tools that provide links within electronic medical record systems to relevant content in online information resources. The aim of infobuttons is to help clinicians promptly meet their information needs. The objective of this study was to determine whether infobutton links that direct to specific content topics ("topic links") are more effective than links that point to general overview content ("nonspecific links"). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with a control and an intervention group. Clinicians in the control group had access to nonspecific links, while those in the intervention group had access to topic links. MEASUREMENTS Infobutton session duration, number of infobutton sessions, session success rate, and the self-reported impact that the infobutton session produced on decision making. RESULTS The analysis was performed on 90 subjects and 3,729 infobutton sessions. Subjects in the intervention group spent 17.4% less time seeking for information (35.5 seconds vs. 43 seconds, p = 0.008) than those in the control group. Subjects in the intervention group used infobuttons 20.5% (22 sessions vs. 17.5 sessions, p = 0.21) more often than in the control group, but the difference was not significant. The information seeking success rate was equally high in both groups (89.4% control vs. 87.2% intervention, p = 0.99). Subjects reported a high positive clinical impact (i.e., decision enhancement or knowledge update) in 62% of the sessions. Limitations The exclusion of users with a low frequency of infobutton use and the focus on medication-related information needs may limit the generalization of the results. The session outcomes measurement was based on clinicians' self-assessment and therefore prone to bias. CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that topic links are more efficient than nonspecific links regarding the time seeking for information. It is unclear whether the statistical difference demonstrated will result in a clinically significant impact. However, the overall results confirm previous evidence that infobuttons are effective at helping clinicians to answer questions at the point of care and demonstrate a modest incremental change in the efficiency of information delivery for routine users of this tool.
Some Factors Contributing to Language Development in Three Year Old Children: A Report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study

The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study is supported by the Medical Research Council of New Zealand, the Departments of Education and Health, Foundation 41, and the National Children's Health Foundation, and involves several departments of the University of Otago. Much of the data is gathered by volunteer workers from the Dunedin community. The authors are indebted to the many people whose contribution makes this ongoing study possible.
Home Care for Older People in Europe

The subject of health services evaluation is curiously lacking a book near to being described as a standard textbook. The interested reader, at all levels, must refer to a range of discipline based texts. The gap in the market is there, but has it been adequately met by Leger and colleagues? To be fair, the authors do not claim the grandeur of textbook status for their book. It would seem closer to being a "taster" for those involved in decision making (eg, clinicians and managers), commissioning research, and students. The content of the book is extensive, covering a general overview of health services evaluation, routine information sources in the United Kingdom, study design, and methodological issues (mainly statistical and economic), and it has an interesting discussion of the role of health services evaluation in decision making. A serious omission is a reasonably detailed discussion ofhealth status measurement. The material on routine information and quality adjusted life years fail to do this essential subject justice (eg, the Nottingham health profile only gets a mention in the appendix). A key quesion is whether this book provides an adequate introduction to the main discipline for health services evaluation and hence at this level avoids reference to other texts. There is very little on the sociological literature. My own discipline of health economics had an entire chapter but has contained unnecessary material on market theory and yet was deficient on the area of prime interest, economic evaluation. I will continue to refer students to journal articles and Drummond's text. Throughout, the authors succeed in avoiding unnecessary technical language, diagrams, or mathematics. The chapter on methods is especially readable. However, chapters 1 and 2, which introduce health services evaluation, are difficult to read and contain some poor definitions and odd mistakes. As an economist, my sensibilities were upset by the absence of cost in the definition of evaluation and the statement "Costeffectiveness is the financial cost for a given outcome". (This error was not repeated later, where non-financial costs were acknowledged.) The authors failed to convince me that the often contrived distinctions between goals, aims, and objectives add anything to Donebedian's framework for health services evaluation. The authors are clearly committed to evaluation and its growing importance. In overall tone the authors have a sensible and pragmatic view of practical health services evaluation. However, as an introduction to the subject this book is unlikely to replace existing disciplinary texts.
Initial hospital management of patients with emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO): report of the standards and guidelines committee of the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery

Objective To summarize the current literature regarding the initial hospital management of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO), and to offer recommendations designed to decrease the time to endovascular treatment (EVT) for appropriately selected patients with stroke. Methods Using guidelines for evidenced-based medicine proposed by the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association, a critical review of all available medical literature supporting best initial medical management of patients with AIS secondary to ELVO was performed. The purpose was to identify processes of care that most expeditiously determine the eligibility of a patient with an acute stroke for interventions including intravenous fibrinolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) and EVT using mechanical embolectomy. Results This review identifies four elements that are required to achieve timely revascularization in ELVO. (1) In addition to non-contrast CT (NCCT) brain scan, CT angiography should be performed in all patients who meet an institutional threshold for clinical stroke severity. The use of any advanced imaging beyond NCCT should not delay the administration of IV tPA in eligible patients. (2) Activation of the neurointerventional team should occur as soon as possible, based on either confirmation of large vessel occlusion or a prespecified clinical severity threshold. (3) Additional imaging techniques, particularly those intended to physiologically select patients for EVT (CT perfusion and diffusion–perfusion mismatch imaging), may provide additional value, but should not delay EVT. (4) Routine use of general anesthesia during EVT procedures, should be avoided if possible. These workflow recommendations apply to both primary and comprehensive stroke centers and should be tailored to meet the needs of individual institutions. Conclusions Patients with ELVO are at risk for severe neurologic morbidity and mortality. To achieve the best possible clinical outcomes stroke centers must optimize their triage strategies. Strategies that provide patients with ELVO with the fastest access to reperfusion depend upon detail-oriented process improvement.
Effect of hemodynamics on outcome of subtotally occluded paraclinoid aneurysms after stent-assisted coil embolization

Background Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms is preferred in clinical practice. Flow alterations caused by stents and coils may affect treatment outcome. Objective To assess hemodynamic changes following stent-assisted coil embolization (SACE) in subtotally embolized paraclinoid aneurysms with residual necks that were predisposed to recanalization. Methods We studied 27 paraclinoid aneurysms (seven recanalized and 20 stable) treated with coils and Enterprise stents. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed on patient-specific aneurysm geometries using virtual stenting and porous media technology. Results After stent placement in 27 cases, aneurysm flow velocity decreased significantly, the reduction gradually increasing from the neck plane (11.9%), to the residual neck (12.3%), to the aneurysm dome (16.3%). Subsequent coil embolization was performed after stent placement and the hemodynamic factors decreased further and significantly at all aneurysm regions except the neck plane. In a comparison of recanalized and stable cases, univariate analysis showed no significant differences in any parameter before treatment. After stent-assisted coiling, only the reduction in area-averaged velocity at the neck plane differed significantly between recanalized (8.1%) and stable cases (20.5%) (p=0.016). Conclusions Aneurysm flow velocity can be significantly decreased by stent placement and coil embolization. However, hemodynamics at the aneurysm neck plane is less sensitive to coils. Significant reduction in flow velocity at the neck plane may be an important factor in preventing recanalization of paraclinoid aneurysms after subtotal SACE.
Comment on the article What constitutes the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery?

We read with great interest the article by Goyal et al . 1 We would like to draw your attention to four recently published papers that deal with the important aspect mentioned in their article—“[…] The discussion about where the M1 stops and where the M2 starts is therefore an artificial one, necessitating a more ‘practical’ approach for everyday work […]”. This ‘more practical’ approach exists. It was described …
Big Heart Data: Advancing Health Informatics Through Data Sharing in Cardiovascular Imaging

The burden of heart disease is rapidly worsening due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Data sharing and open database resources for heart health informatics are important for advancing our understanding of cardiovascular function, disease progression and therapeutics. Data sharing enables valuable information, often obtained at considerable expense and effort, to be reused beyond the specific objectives of the original study. Many government funding agencies and journal publishers are requiring data reuse, and are providing mechanisms for data curation and archival. Tools and infrastructure are available to archive anonymous data from a wide range of studies, from descriptive epidemiological data to gigabytes of imaging data. Meta-analyses can be performed to combine raw data from disparate studies to obtain unique comparisons or to enhance statistical power. Open benchmark datasets are invaluable for validating data analysis algorithms and objectively comparing results. This review provides a rationale for increased data sharing and surveys recent progress in the cardiovascular domain. We also highlight the potential of recent large cardiovascular epidemiological studies enabling collaborative efforts to facilitate data sharing, algorithms benchmarking, disease modeling and statistical atlases.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Arabidopsis†

Abstract Mitochondria represent the powerhouse of cells through their synthesis of ATP. However, understanding the role of mitochondria in the growth and development of plants will rely on a much deeper appreciation of the complexity of this organelle. Arabidopsis research has provided clear identification of mitochondrial components, allowed wide-scale analysis of gene expression, and has aided reverse genetic manipulation to test the impact of mitochondrial component loss on plant function. Forward genetics in Arabidopsis has identified mitochondrial involvement in mutations with notable impacts on plant metabolism, growth and development. Here we consider the evidence for components involved in mitochondria biogenesis, metabolism and signalling to the nucleus.
Excess mortality during heat waves and cold spells in Moscow, Russia

Objectives: To estimate excess mortality during heat waves and cold spells, and to identify vulnerable population groups by age and cause of death. Methods: Daily mortality in Moscow, Russia from all non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes between January 2000 and February 2006 was analysed. Mortality and displaced mortality during cold spells and heat waves were estimated using independent samples t tests. Results: Cumulative excess non-accidental mortality during the 2001 heat wave was 33% (95% CI 20% to 46%), or approximately 1200 additional deaths, with short-term displaced mortality contributing about 10% of these. Mortality from coronary heart disease increased by 32% (95% CI 16% to 48%), cerebrovascular mortality by 51% (95% CI 29% to 73%) and respiratory mortality by 80% (95% CI 57% to 101%). In the 75+ age group, corresponding mortality increments were consistently higher except respiratory deaths. An estimated 560 extra deaths were observed during the three heat waves of 2002, when non-accidental mortality increased by 8.5%, 7.8% and 6.1%, respectively. About 40% of these deaths were brought forward by only a few days, bringing net mortality change down to 3.2% (95% CI 0.8% to 5.5%). The cumulative effects of the two cold spells in 2006 on mortality were significant only in the 75+ age group, for which average daily mortality from all non-accidental causes increased by 9.9% (95% CI 8.0% to 12%) and 8.9% (95% CI 6.7% to 11%), resulting in 370 extra deaths; there were also significant increases in coronary disease mortality and cerebrovascular mortality. Conclusions: This study confirms that daily mortality in Moscow increases during heat waves and cold spells. A considerable proportion of excess deaths during heat waves occur a short time earlier than they would otherwise have done. Harvesting, or short-term mortality displacement, may be less significant for longer periods of sustained heat stress.
Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem

It is generally accepted in plant-microbe interactions research that disease is the exception rather than a common outcome of pathogen attack. However, in nature, plants with symptoms that signify colonization by obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi are omnipresent. The pervasiveness of the disease and the fact that many economically important plants are prone to infection by powdery mildew fungi drives research on this interaction. The competence of powdery mildew fungi to establish and maintain true biotrophic relationships renders the interaction a paramount example of a pathogenic plant-microbe biotrophy. However, molecular details underlying the interaction are in many respects still a mystery. Since its introduction in 1990, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem has become a popular model to study molecular processes governing powdery mildew infection. Due to the many advantages that the host Arabidopsis offers in terms of molecular and genetic tools this pathosystem has great capacity to answer some of the questions of how biotrophic pathogens overcome plant defense and establish a persistent interaction that nourishes the invader while in parallel maintaining viability of the plant host.