Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender, women and leadership

abstract There is an ongoing debate which focuses on the question of whether women have different leadership styles from men. This article offers an overview of current perspectives on gender and leadership. Two opposing views of women and leadership are presented: Firstly, the view that there is little difference between women and men in leadership and secondly, the opposing argument that women have different leadership styles from men. The article suggests that the dominant view is that there are gender differences in leadership styles. It then examines explanations for these differences. By pointing to research on institutional culture, men and masculinities, it argues that gender differences in leadership are not reducible to biological differences, nor can these be adequately explained by socialisation practices and sex roles. Instead, we need to look at how some forms of gendered behaviours become dominant and privileged within organisational contexts that are masculinist. Finally, it is suggested that feminine attributes may provide a source of alternative leadership more appropriate for a new morality.
Nematocysts of the coronate scyphomedusa, Linuche unguiculata , with a brief reexamination of scyphozoan nematocyst classification

Nematocysts were examined in specimens of the coronate scyphomedusaLinuche unguiculata collected off the North Carolina coast. The cnidome consisted of isorhizas and heterotrichous microbasic euryteles. The isorhizas were all of the a-isorhiza variety; euryteles were present in small and large size classes. Changes in the classification of scyphozoan nematocysts are discussed, and the terms “a” atrich, “A” atrich and “α” atrich are changed respectively to a-isorhiza, A-isorhiza and α-isorhiza.
Comment

Barndorff-Nielsen, O. E. , and Shephard, N. (2004a), “Econometric Analysis of Realised Covariation: High-Frequency Covariance, Regression and Correlation in Financial Economics,” Econometrica, 72, 885–925. (2004b), “Power and Bipower Variation With Stochastic Volatility and Jumps” (with discussion), Journal of Financial Econometrics, 2, 1–48. Barucci, E. , and Reno, R. (2002a), “On Measuring Volatility and the GARCH Forecasting Performance,” Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 12, 182–200. (2002b), “On Measuring Volatility of Diffusion Processes With HighFrequency Data,” Economic Letters, 74, 371–378. Carr, P., and Wu, L. (2004), “Time-Changed Lévy Processes and Option Pricing,” Journal of Financial Economics, 71, 113–141. Epps, T. W. (1979), “Comovements in Stock Prices in the Very Short Run,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 291–296. Hayashi, T. , and Yoshida, N. (2005), “On Covariance Estimation of NonSynchronously Observed Diffusion Processes,” Bernoulli, 11, 359–379. Kanatani, T. (2004a), “High-Frequency Data and Realized Volatility,” unpublished doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Economics. (2004b), “Integrated Volatility Measuring From Unevenly Sampled Observations,” Economics Bulletin, 3, 1–8. Lo, A. , and MacKinlay, C. (1990), “The Econometric Analysis of Nonsynchronous Trading,” Journal of Econometrics, 45, 181–211. Malliavin, P., and Mancino, M. E. (2002), “Fourier Series Method for Measurement of Multivariate Volatilities,” Finance and Stochastics, 6, 49–61. Mancino, M. , and Reno, R. (2005), “Dynamic Principal Component Analysis of Multivariate Volatilites via Fourier Analysis,” Applied Mathematical Finance, 12, 187–199. Martens, M. (2003), “Estimating Unbiased and Precise Realized Covariances,” unpublished manuscript (EFA 2004 Maastricht Meetings Paper No. 4299). Nielsen, M. O. , and Frederiksen, P. H. (2005), “Finite-Sample Accuracy of Integrated Volatility Estimators,” unpublished manuscript, Cornell University, Dept. of Economics. Precup, O. V. , and Iori, G. (2005), “Cross-Correlation Measures in HighFrequency Domain,” unpublished manuscript, City University, Dept. of Economics. Reno, R. (2003), “A Closer Look at the Epps Effect,” International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, 6, 87–102. Scholes, M. , and Williams, J. (1977), “Estimating Betas From Nonsynchronous Trading,” Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 309–327. Sheppard, K. (2005), “Measuring Realized Covariance,” unpublished manuscript, University of Oxford, Dept. of Economics.
Projecting the potential invasion of the Pink Spotted Hawkmoth (Agrius cingulata) across Africa

Agrius cingulata (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) is widespread in the Americas, but has recently begun to spread into Africa. In parts of its native range, the species is a pest of sweet potato, which is an important crop plant in Africa. We used two types of ecological niche models, based on native distribution records and climate and vegetation structure data, to estimate which regions of Africa are potentially suitable for the species to become established. The results show that, under the simplifying assumption that the species will occupy the same ecological niche in Africa as in its native range, A. cingulata may find a suitable habitat across wide stretches of sub-Saharan Africa. We conclude that early monitoring programmes of the spread and actual status of the species in Africa may be worthwhile implementing.
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Preincubated with Methyl Jasmonate Increases Soybean Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation

Jasmonates (jasmonic add and methyl jasmonate) are naturally occurring plant hormones biosynthesized in response to wounding and biotic and abiotic stresses. Besides their role in plants, they can act as signaling molecules in soybean (Glycine max)-Bradyrhizobium symbioses by inducing the transcription of nodulation genes. Previous studies have shown that inoculation of soybean with Bradyrhizobium japonicum preinduced with genistein (Ge) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) promoted soybean nodulation and N fixation under controlled environment conditions. We conducted two separate field experiments in the year 2002 to study the effect of preinducing B. japonicum strains with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), alone or in combination with Ge, on nodulation and N fixation under field conditions. Two B. japonicum strains (532C and USDA3) and four inducer treatments (control, MeJA, Ge, and MeJA plus Ge) were formulated. Genistein and MeJA increased nodule number, nodule dry weight per plant, and seasonal N fixation, as compared with the control treatment, inoculated with uninduced B. japonicum. These results demonstrate that methyl jasmonate alone or in combination with Ge can be used to promote soybean nodulation and N fixation under short-season field conditions.
The breeding migration of Smooth and Palmate newts (Triturus vulgaris and T. helveticus) at a pond in mid Wales

The breeding population sizes of newts at Llysdinam Pond in 1981 are estimated at around 800 Palmate and 300 Smooth newts. Females were more numerous than males with sex ration of 3.0: 1 for Palamte and 2.6: 1 for Smooth newts. The movement of males of both species into the pond preceded that of females, and female Palmate newts moved out of the pond significantly later than the other classes. The number of females of both species leaving the pond was much less than the number entering, apparently as a result of mortality whilst in the pond. Females leaving the pond were significantly lighter than those entering, and for female Palmate newts the weight loss in only partly attributable to loss of egg load. Temperature and humidity were important factors influencing the number of newts active during the inward migration period, but had little effect on activity during the outward migration.
A home for RNA families at RNA Biology

We are pleased to announce the RNA families track for RNA Biology. This track will provide a forum of short publications detailing the structure, function and sequence conservation for RNA families. We envisage two main types of publication in this track, these will consist of analyses of relatively unstudied RNA families or significant review style updates to relatively well studied families. There will be two extra requirements for publication in this track; Firstly the deposition of an alignment and secondary structure in Stockholm format and secondly the generation or update of a corresponding entry in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The first requirement will ensure a much needed archive of well curated sequence alignments and secondary structures for all researchers in the community. The second requirement is, as far as we are aware, a first for any scientific publication. The main reason we think this is a good idea is because a Wikipedia entry is usually among the top few hits from a Google search with a molecular biology keyword. Therefore, we would like to ensure that the RNA relevant information in Wikipedia is both reliable and current. We think that this track will provide an important mechanism by which time will be spent by experts to improve the record. In order to ensure this the Wikipedia update will be reviewed alongside the submitted article. Furthermore, the articles will be published both online and in print, they will be open-access and free (at least in the first years of the track). Only articles containing color figures and more than 4 journal pages will incur a fee. Researchers that have been in the field for a while will note that this track is similar in spirit to the old Protein Sequence Motifs articles published by Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1 This was a very popular track, but it eventually ran out of high impact protein motifs to publish and was discontinued. The RNA field is unlikely to suffer any such problem in the forseeable future given the current rate of discovery of new and important families and classes of RNAs. Some examples of these are the snoRNAs, miRNAs, piRNAs, CRISPRs, guide RNAs and cis-regulatory RNAs such as riboswitches. These articles will undoubtably provide a valuable resource for projects such as Rfam. 2 Rfam is a small database of RNA alignments and secondary structures that is primarily used for the annotation of nucleotide sequences. These alignments and structures are sourced from literature; Due to a lack of standards for publishing RNA align
Seal-mounted cameras detect invertebrate fauna on underside of Antarctic ice shelf

While modern sampling techniques, such as autonomous underwater vehicles, are increasing our knowledge of the fauna beneath Antarctic sea ice of only a few meters in depth, greater sampling difficulties mean that little is known about the marine life underneath Antarctic ice shelves over 100 m thick. In this study, we present underwater images showing the underside of an Antarctic ice shelf covered by aggregated invertebrate communities, most likely cnidarians and isopods. These images, taken at an average depth of 145 m, were obtained with a digital still camera system attached to Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii foraging just beneath the ice shelf. Our observations indicate that, similar to the sea floor, ice shelves serve as an important habitat for a remarkable amount of marine invertebrate fauna in Antarctica.
Prevention and Control of Diseases by Use of Pro- and Prebiotics (Synbiotics)

Probiotics are microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that can reestablish and recolonize the human intestinal micro flora to give beneficial effect to a host. Prebiotics are the food ingredients that are nondigestible and affect the consumer by encouraging the number and activity of beneficial but selective colonic bacteria. The probiotics perform more efficiently in the presence of prebiotics, with the enhanced beneficial potential of live microorganisms having additional benefits of the prebiotic. Due to the concept, recently much research attention is focused on the combined use of probiotics and prebiotics, generally known as synbiotics, to get their synergistic health properties. This article provides an overview of possible synbiotic combinations, and their mode of action and health benefits upon consumption. In addition, research trends are also elaborated.
Rejoinder

Augereau, A. , Greenstein, S. , and Rysman, M. (2005), “Coordination versus Differentiation in a Standards War: The Adoption of 56K Modems,” RAND Journal of Economics, 37, 887–909. Berry, S. T. (1992), “Estimation of a Model of Entry in the Airline Industry,” Econometrica, 60, 29. Camerer, C. F. , Ho, T. -H. , and Chong, K. (2004), “A Cognitive Hierarchy Model of Behavior in Games,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 19, 861. Collard-Wexler, A. (2006), “Demand Fluctuations and Plant Turnover in the Ready-Mix Concrete Industry,” working paper, New York University, Stern School of Business, Economics Department. Fudenberg, D. , and Levine, D. (1998), The Theory of Learning in Games, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goldfarb, A. , and Yang, B. (2007), “Are All Managers Created Equal? ” working paper, University of Toronto, Marketing Department. Ryan, S. P. (2006), “The Costs of Environmental Regulation in a Concentrated Industry,” working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Economics Department. Seim, K. (2005), “An Empirical Model of Firm Entry With Endogenous Product-Type Choices,” Rand Journal of Economics, 37, 619–640. Sweeting, A. T. (2007), “The Costs of Product Repositioning: The Case of Format Switching in the Commercial Radio Industry,” working paper, Duke University, Economics Department.
The tongue morphology and lingual gland histochemistry of Ligurian Sea odontocetes

The morphology and histomorphology of the tongue and the histochemistry of the lingual glands of eight specimens from four species of Ligurian Sea odontocetes (Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatur, Grampus griseus, and Ziphius cavirostris) were studied. The shape of tongues and the appearance of their dorsal surfaces differed between species. The lingual glands differed in size, distribution, and histochemistry by species. In S. coeruleoalba and G. griseus, a strong alcianophilic mucous material was detected in the lingual glands, while neutral and acidic mucous substances were observed in the most proximal secretory acini. In G. griseus, small simple alveolar apocrine glands were also found, and the duct of the serous lingual glands in Z. cavirostris is of apocrine type. Numerous mechanoreceptors were observed. Only the tongue of the young specimens showed marginal papillae: their histomorphological composition is consistent with the hypothesis that they create a tight seal between the tongue and the roof of the cavity in order to create suction. This comparative study suggests that differences in tongue morphology and in the morphology and histochemistry of lingual glands might be related to feeding habits.
Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis

The lectures will introduce the kernel methods approach to pattern analysis [1] through the particular example of support vector machines for classification. The presentation touches on: generalization, optimization, dual representation, kernel design and algorithmic implementations. We then broaden the discussion to consider general kernel methods by introducing different kernels, different learning tasks, and subspace methods such as kernel PCA. The emphasis is on the flexibility of the approach in applying the analyses to different data, with the caveat that the design of the kernel must rely on domain knowledge. Nonetheless we will argue that, ignoring the technical requirement of positive semi-definiteness, kernel design is not an unnatural task for a practitioner. The overall aim is to give a view of the subject that will enable newcomers to the field to gain their bearings so that they can move to apply or develop the techniques for their particular application.
Differential Costs of Reproductive Effort for Male and Female Richardson's Ground Squirrels

The costs of reproductive effort for adult male and female Richardson's ground squirrels were compared to determine whether these costs differed in timing or magnitude in a manner related to sexual differences in mating and parental effort. Repro- ductive effort was assessed from 1982 to 1986 for a population of Richardson's ground squirrels in southern Alberta, Canada, by monitoring seasonal mortality schedules, fecun- dity, and changes in body mass and fat content. Although the adult sex ratio was female- biased, the operational sex ratio was male-biased. Males lost mass and sustained injuries as a result of male-male conflict during the mating season. From 50 to 79% of males disappeared annually during reproduction (between spring emergence and the end of the mating season), whereas < 20% of females disappeared during reproduction (between spring emergence and litter emergence). Overwinter mortality rates were similar for adult males and females. Active seasons of adult males and females were of similar durations, but because reproductive effort finished earlier for males, they had a longer period in which to prepare for hibernation, and they entered hibernation (immerged) with larger fat stores. Juvenile males had a longer active season and attained a greater proportion of adult structural size than juvenile females (90 vs. 75%). Although males emerged from hiber- nation with more residual fat than females, fat stores were rapidly depleted during mating 2-4 wk postemergence, whereas females did not deplete residual fat until late lactation 7- 8 wk postemergence. Survival rates of females that did and did not wean litters did not differ significantly, and survival rates of mothers were not significantly or negatively cor- related with litter size or litter mass. Although litter size tended to regress toward the mean in consecutive years of reproduction, neither size nor mass of litter weaned negatively influenced litter size or mass in the subsequent year. Depletion of larger stored fat reserves and lower survival rate during reproduction indicate that, from both energetic and survival perspectives, mating effort is more costly for male Richardson's ground squirrels than parental effort is for females.
Reactions of Benzoyl Peroxide with Whey

Abstract The rate of decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in whey depended on the size of the benzoyl peroxide particles and rate of agitation. The major decomposition product of benzoyl peroxide in water was benzoic acid, but trace amounts of phenyl benzoate, phenol, and hydroxy benzoic acids were formed. When carbon-14 labeled benzoyl peroxide was reacted with whey, the same compounds were produced. In addition about 6.8% of the label was bound to nondialyzable whey components and about . 6% was bound to dialyzable neutral components of the whey.
Comment

Sandy Zabell gives us a good feel for Student and his times. We supplement this with later developments showing that Student’s intuitive test is optimal in various senses (with some serious caveats). We also show how Fisher’s and Hotelling’s geometric interpretation of Student’s test percolates to a wide variety of statistical applications. These developments bring the historical record up to the present.
General factors that regulate survival among ectotherms at northern latitudes: a study of sand lizard, Lacerta agilis, habitat in southern Sweden

Open sand habitats in Sweden has been declining for the past century and this is mirrored by the increasing fragmentation and attenuation of species bound to these habitats. Many threatened species coexist in the same habitats as sand lizards, habitats best described as warm sites with a long continuity. Often with a sand-based substrate and a mosaic landscape of heather ​Calluna vulgaris​, herbs, and patches of grass. Generally, areas with open sand are one of the keys for species bound to these habitats considering many of the species use south-facing sand slopes as nesting sites since it holds a warmer microhabitat that is beneficial for incubation of eggs and thus is essential for the whole lifecycle. This study investigates four current sand lizard (Lacerta agilis)​ ​localities in the county of Skåne and compares them to four empty localities in Southern Halland with similar character. The data collected from the study sites were analyzed to see if there were any significant differences between the populated and empty localities and thus could give information if key structures in the habitat are missing​. ​ The result from the analysis clearly shows that both the study sites Vapnö and Långenäsudden have the key structures that are essential for the sand lizard and could be considered as suitable habitats for potential new sand lizard populations. Information about both recreational pressure and predator abundance in these study sites would be an essential step in the final evaluation of the adequacy of the habitat as a whole.
Comment

Shaffer, J. P. (1999), “A Semi-Bayesian Study of Duncan’s Bayesian Multiple Comparison Procedure,” Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 82, 197–213. Troendle, J. F. , Korn, E. L. , and McShane, L. M. (2004), “An Example of Slow Bootstrap Convergence in High Dimensions,” The American Statistician, 58, 25–29. Waller, R. A. , and Duncan, D. B. (1969), “A Bayes Rule for the Symmetric Multiple Comparisons Problem,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64, 1484–1503. Westfall, P. H. , Johnson, W. O. , and Utts, J. M. (1997), “A Bayesian Perspective on the Bonferroni Adjustment,” Biometrika, 84, 419–427. Westfall, P. H. , Tobias, R. D. , Rom, D. , Wolfinger, R. D. , and Hochberg, Y. (1999), Multiple Comparisons and Multiple Tests Using SAS®, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Westfall, P. H. , and Young, S. S. (1993), Resampling-Based Multiple Testing: Examples and Methods for P-Value Adjustment, New York: Wiley. Young, R. (2004), Personal communication.
Indigenous Peoples and Conservation

Forest-dwelling peoples' organizations continue to express concern about destruction of their forests. The International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests issued The Forest Peoples Charter in February 1992 (available from the World Rainforest Movement in the U.K and Cultural Survival in the U.S.A.). The Charter sets out a conservation policy based on recognition of indigenous peoples' rights to conserve their forests and to regulate development activities currently imposed upon them without their consent. It is the first such statement from a global network of forestdwelling peoples' organizations. At the local level, forest-dwellers around the world have repeatedly made declarations deploring outsiders' destruction of forests for at least 500 years. The Forest Peoples Charter adds its weight to other international forest-dwellers' declarations, including the 1988 statement of the Coordinating Body for the Indigenous Peoples' Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA) highlighted in the essay by Redford and Stearman (1993). Many conservation groups are now supporting forest peoples' struggles for recognition of their rights. The Global Biodiversity Strategy (World Resources Institute et al. 1992) supports recognition of ancestral domains. Redford and Stearman also conclude that it is wise for conservationists to work with indigenous peoples. But like Clad (1984), they argue that the interests and agendas of the two groups are "partially or completely in conflict. " Conservation is a social and political process. Conservationists interested in achieving on-the-ground conservation of biodiversity have to choose among real options, not idealized academic options. Conservationists in an increasing number of countries are choosing the option of working with local peoples' organizations. Redford and Stearman are correct in stating that compromises are being made, but decisions about goals and compromises deserve further thought.