Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facilitating Multimodality in Normalizing Flows

The true Bayesian posterior of a model such as a neural network may be highly multimodal. In principle, normalizing flows can represent such a distribution via compositions of invertible transformations of random noise. In practice, however, existing normalizing flows may fail to capture most of the modes of a distribution. We argue that the conditionally affine structure of the transformations used in [Dinh et al., 2014, 2016, Kingma et al., 2016] is inefficient, and show that flows which instead use (conditional) invertible non-linear transformations naturally enable multimodality in their output distributions. With just two layers of our proposed deep sigmoidal flow, we are able to model complicated 2d energy functions with much higher fidelity than six layers of deep affine flows.
Characterization of Urinary Stones With Dual-Energy CT: Improved Differentiation Using a Tin Filter

Purpose:To assess image quality and capability of stone differentiation between UA-containing and non-UA-containing uroliths with the latest dual-energy (DE) computed tomography (CT) system equipped with a tin filter (TF) using various data acquisition parameters in a work bench model. Methods and Materials:One hundred ten urinary stones (4.2 ± 3.0 mm, 0.4–12 mm) of 15 compositions were examined in an ex vivo phantom, using DE dual-source CT (Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare) equipped with a TF. Phantom was scanned in a water tank and contained stones in acrylic elliptic spheres filled with a parenchyma substitute. Scans were performed at 3 different settings: at 80 and 140 kVp without TF, at 80 and 140 kVp with TF, and at 100 and 140 kVp with TF. Tube current time products were adapted to yield constancy in CT dose indices (CTDIvol = 18.84 mGy, 18.95 mGy, and 18.90 mGy, respectively). CT numbers of urinary stones and image noise were electronically measured by placing regions of interest. DE indices (DEI) were calculated and compared using analysis of variances for repeated measures and paired t tests; image noise (IN) using the Friedman test. The stones were classified as UA-containing or non-UA-containing on color-coded images based on the DEI. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated using crystallographic analysis as standard of reference. Results:Of the 110 stones (60%), 65 contained UA; 45 stones (40%) contained no UA. DEI was greatest at 80 and 140 kVp when using the TF (DEI80 kVp/TF140 kVp = 0.038 vs. DEI80 kVp/140 kVp = 0.028, DEI100 kVp/TF140 kVp = 0.025; P < 0.01). IN of high kVp acquisitions were similar (P = 0.15), whereas IN of low kVp acquisitions were significantly (P < 0.001) different being lowest at 100 kVp. The semiautomated DE software correctly classified all stones at all settings with a diagnostic accuracy of 100% (95% confidence interval: 97%–100%). Conclusion:DECT with TF and 80–140 kVp tube voltage settings significantly improves the discrimination between UA-containing and non-UA containing urinary stones as compared with DECT without using the TF on the basis of DEI. The 100/140 kVp setting with TF is associated with lower IN but demonstrates similar discrimination abilities as compared with 80/140 kVp setting without the use of the TF.
Sexual Problems in Cardiac Patients: How to Assess, When to Refer

It is increasingly realized that discussing sexuality is an important issue in the holistic care for cardiac patients. In this review article, the conditions of a good assessment of sexual problems are identified such as creating an appropriate environment, ensuring confidentiality, and using appropriate language. Second, we present different styles and approaches that can be used to start the assessment, differing between settings, persons, or disciplines. The PLISSIT (permission, limited information, specific suggestion, and intensive therapy) model can be helpful to initiate discussion about sexuality with the cardiac patient and his/her partner. This model is a stepwise approach using various levels of discussion or treatment. Open-ended question can facilitate discussion about sexual concerns, and validated questionnaires or diaries can be used to assess sexual problems. Patients with sexual concerns and problems should be counseled and/or treated appropriately, and adequate follow-up is needed. Additional training and research are needed to further improve the quality of sexual assessment and counseling in cardiac patients.
Gene expression analysis in N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine mice model of Parkinson's disease using cDNA microarray: effect of R‐apomorphine

To establish the possible roles of oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and other unknown mechanisms in neurodegeneration, we investigated brain gene alterations in N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model of Parkinson's disease using Atlas mouse cDNA expression array membrane. The expression of 51 different genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, glutamate and neurotrophic factors pathways as well as in still undefined processes, such as cell cycle regulators and signal transduction molecules, was differentially affected by the treatment. The present study indicates the involvement of an additional cascade of events that might act in parallel to oxidative stress and inflammation to converge eventually into a common pathway leading to neurodegeneration. The attenuation of these gene changes by R‐apomorphine, an iron chelator‐radical scavenger drug, supports our previous findings in vivo where R‐apomorphine was neuroprotective.
Group B streptococcal colonization and serotype-specific immunity in healthy elderly persons.

BACKGROUND The burden from group B streptococcal (GBS) disease in elderly persons (age, >or=65 years) has increased. Rates of colonization and prevalence of antibodies against capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that might confer protection against invasive GBS disease in such persons are not defined. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in an outpatient setting in Houston. GBS colonization rates in this convenience sample were assessed by self-obtained vaginal and rectal specimens (for women) and rectal and urine specimens (for men). The CPS type distribution among GBS isolates was determined, and CPS-specific antibodies against GBS types Ia, Ib, II, III, and V were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The GBS colonization rate among 254 healthy elderly participants (mean age, 73 years) was 21.7%. CPS types Ia (22.8%), III (12.3%), and V (47.3%) predominated, and 12.3% of colonizing isolates were nontypeable. Random selection of 1 member of 33 participating married couples did not alter the overall colonization rate (21.7%) or GBS serotype distribution. The geometric mean concentrations of CPS-specific IgG in serum specimens were low and were significantly lower for GBS type V, compared with other serotypes (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Adults >or=65 years of age are colonized with GBS at a rate similar to that of younger persons, but older adults are significantly more likely to carry type V, the leading cause of invasive disease in elderly persons, and to lack type V CPS-specific serum IgG. The CPS of type V GBS should be included in candidate GBS vaccines so that adults >or=65 years of age theoretically could be protected against invasive disease.
Long-latency auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder

SYNOPSIS Long-latency auditory event-related potentials were examined in 96 subjects with schizophrenia, 99 with bipolar affective disorder and 48 with major depressive (unipolar) disorder, and compared with 32 in-patient and 213 normal controls. The latency of the P3 component was significantly greater in the schizophrenic and bipolar subjects compared to other groups. The difference was stable with respect to clinical state at the time of testing and was not due to age differences or the effect of psychotropic medications. The results support the clinical distinction between bipolar and unipolar affective disorders, but also show that P3 change is not specific to schizophrenia and found in bipolar but not unipolar affective disorder.
Disability and Related Factors among Road Traffic Accident Victims in Benin: Study from Five Public and Faith-Based Hospitals in Urban and Suburban Areas

Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health issue in developing countries, where roads tend to be built haphazardly and accidents take a heavy toll on victims—including leaving them disabled. This study seeks to identify those factors that cause RTA victims to become disabled as a result of their injuries. Methods: This retrospective community-based study looked at RTA victims treated in five public and faith-based hospitals in Benin. Disability was evaluated using the Washington Group on Disabilities Statistics questionnaire. The independent variables were related to the victim’s socio-demographic traits, the circumstances of the accident, and post-crash response mechanisms. The proportions were compared using the chi-squared test, with a threshold of 5%. Results: The prevalence of disability among road traffic accident victims is 9.59% (CI 95%: 6.86% - 13.20%). The occurrence of disability is associated with age (p = 0.002), occupational group (p = 0.0077), the mode of transport used to transfer the victim (p < 0.001) and the location of the injuries (p = 0.0035). The study also found that people fail to make sufficient use of post-crash response mechanisms. Conclusion: Public policy-makers should therefore focus on stepping up interventions to get more people using both protective equipment and post-crash response services.
INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL RESISTANCE AND ANODIC pH ON POWER DENSITY IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELL OPERATED WITH B . SUBTILIS BSC-2 STRAIN

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices able to convert chemical energy into electricity. The selection of anodic pH and external resistances play a significant role in the overall performance of the device. This research presents the effect of operational conditions of the MFC using B. Subtilis in anode. The effect of pH and external resistance were determined by 3 full factorial design. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The surface response analysis evidenced interaction and quadratic effect of the pH and external resistance on the power density generation. With a second-order polynomial model the optimum conditions of the system were determined. It maximized the power at pH of 8.6 and an external resistance of 220 Ω, delivering power density of 405 mW/m. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and coulombic efficiency (CE) were 82% and 15%, respectively. The maximum specific growth (μ) and substrate uptake (k1) rate for electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) at optimum conditions were 0.19/h and 0.019/h respectively. These experimental results show the importance of the simultaneous effect of pH and external resistance, which is even more influential then if they were studied separately.
The t/k-diagnosability of the BC graphs

Processor fault diagnosis takes an important role in fault-tolerant computing on multiprocessor systems. There are two classical diagnosis strategies - the precise strategy and the pessimistic strategy, both of which are based on the well-known PMC diagnostic model. Nevertheless, the degree of diagnosability of the system is limited under these two strategies. A better method, called the t/k-diagnosis strategy, is proposed by Somani and Peleg, in which the identified fault-set is allowed to contain at most k fault-free processors. Using this diagnosis strategy, the degree of diagnosability of the hypercube increases greatly as the number of the fault-free processors in the fault-set increases. We study the t/k-diagnosability of so-called BC graphs that include hypercubes, crossed cubes, Mobius cubes, and twisted cubes, etc. We show that any n-dimensional BC graph is t(n, k)/k-diagnosable when n/spl ges/4 and 0/spl les/k/spl les/n, where t(n,k)=(k+1)n-1/2(k+1)(k+2)+1. Therefore, the crossed cube, the Mobius cube, and the twisted cube all have the same t/k-diagnosability as the hypercube. As a result, the algorithms developed for diagnosis on the hypercube may also be used to diagnose multiprocessor systems whose network topologies are based on BC graphs.
ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY BY METAL FORMING PROCESS FOR TWO PRESSURE CHAMBERS CARTRIDGE CASES

The paper presents two important issues encountered during conception and designing of the manufacturing technology of two pressure chambers (TPC) cartridge cases made by plastic deformation from one part. In the first part is considered the most common technology for manufacturing TPC cartridge cases from two parts, then are presented some features of technology for the same product manufactured from one part, by metal forming procedure. The two technologies are compared, especially from economic point of view, and highlight the advantages of technology for manufacturing TPC cartridge cases from one part. The most important part of the paper is reserved for presentation of numerical simulation methodology, upon which were designed: technology, tools and devices and have established regimes of plastic deformation, provided product manufacturing with the shape and size required. The aimed goal throughout the simulated deformation process was keeping the shape and size, within manufacturing tolerances in the central region of the nozzles. Keyword: design, simulation, shape, technology
An Adversarial Labeling Game for Learning from Weak Supervision

We consider the task of training classifiers without labels. We propose a weakly supervised method—adversarial label learning—that trains classifiers to perform well against an adversary that chooses labels for training data. The weak supervision constrains what labels the adversary can choose. The method therefore minimizes an upper bound of the classifier’s error rate using projected primal-dual subgradient descent. Minimizing this bound protects against bias and dependencies in the weak supervision. Experiments on real datasets show that our method can train without labels and outperforms other approaches for weakly supervised learning.
Relationship of Stimulation Site Location within the Subthalamic Nucleus Region to Clinical Effects on Parkinsonian Symptoms

Objective: To determine the relationship of the stimulation site in the subthalamic region to the clinical effects on parkinsonian symptoms, the monopolar stimulation of 4 electrode contacts and the resulting effects on parkinsonian symptoms were evaluated. Methods: Seventeen consecutive patients (3 males and 14 females) were enrolled in the study. The patients were evaluated while in a nonmedicated state, and 10–20 min after switching on the pulse generator the effects of stimulation were assessed using separate-subset Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores. Results: The relationship between the site stimulated and the percent improvement was analyzed using polynomial regression. Rigidity (p = 0.0004, R2 = 0.15), akinesia (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.07) and total score (p = 0.009, R2 = 0.089) well fit to second-order polynomial regression and showed the greatest improvement after stimulation at 0–1 mm below the horizontal anterior-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane. Tremor (p = 0.24, R2 = 0.18) and gait (p = 0.36, R2 = 0.001) had a weak relation to the site stimulated, but stimulation at the sites 0–1 mm below the AC-PC plane also produced greater improvement than stimulation at more ventral or dorsal sites. The percent improvement of the posture (p = 0.92, R2 = 0.002) had no relation to the site stimulated. The dorsal border of the subthalamic nucleus was located 0.6 ± 1.2 mm (n = 27) below the AC-PC plane and the most effective electrode contact 1.2 ± 1.3 mm (n = 27) below it. Conclusions: Stimulation around the dorsal border of the subthalamic nucleus, close to the AC-PC plane, produces greater improvement of parkinsonian symptoms than stimulation at more ventral or dorsal sites.
The Origin of Syntax : Debates between Formalism and Functionalism

One of the favorite questions that humans have constantly been asking themselves is what distinguishes them as a species from all others. Besides the apparent physiological and anatomical differences, humans are most interested in their sophisticated ability to think—a capacity that has been considered enormously superior to that of all other animals. While the question about humanity got reduced to the question of human thought, the task of understanding it was not made any easier, given that thinking is an internal process that is difficult to observe directly. Studying human thought therefore has to be carried out by studying the products of thinking. It is from these products that we attempt to trace back to related cognitive processes, which further make up a cognitive mass—something that makes us feel like we are humans. Among the many products of human thought, language is the most important and intricate to consider. Language and thought are, in fact, so intertwined that it is even difficult to tell whether they are independent of each other or whether one actually resides on top of the other. As language is so very close to thought, understanding it becomes the most important step in understanding who we are and how we think. However, this is as far as consensus could go. Different researchers have had contrastive proposals about what language is and where language comes from. Some consider language to be mere structures and computations; others take language basically as a way of communicating meaning. Such is the division between formalist and functional linguistics since thirty years ago. These proposals, though seemingly different, should not contradict one another since they focus on very different aspects of language; however, the history of the 20-century linguistics shows vehement debates and incongruities. The question this paper focuses on is where syntax comes from—a crucial question related to where language comes from, since syntax is apparently one major part, if not all, of language. The goal of this paper is to review several opposing proposals in the formalist and functionalist paradigms, to dissect them into individual dimensions, and to examine the reasons for these proposals to be theoretically antagonistic. In the following sections, I will start by anatomizing the question into several dimensions of theoretical positions. With these dimensions teased out, we will see how differently formalist and functionalist theories account for the origin of language. With these (meta-theoretical) discussions, I wish to show that theoretical debates are not constructive at the current stage,
Understanding of prognosis among parents of children who died of cancer: impact on treatment goals and integration of palliative care.

CONTEXT Parents' understanding of prognosis or decision making about palliative care for children who die of cancer is largely unknown. However, a more accurate understanding of prognosis could alter treatment goals and expectations and lead to more effective care. OBJECTIVES To evaluate parental understanding of prognosis in children who die of cancer and to assess the association of this factor with treatment goals and the palliative care received by children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Survey, conducted between September 1997 and August 1998, of 103 parents of children who received treatment at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass, and who died of cancer between 1990 and 1997 (72% of those eligible and those located) and 42 pediatric oncologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Timing of parental understanding that the child had no realistic chance for cure compared with the timing of physician understanding of this prognosis, as documented in the medical record. RESULTS Parents first recognized that the child had no realistic chance for cure a mean (SD) of 106 (150) days before the child's death, while physician recognition occurred earlier at 206 (330) days before death. Among children who died of progressive disease, the group characterized by earlier recognition of this prognosis by both parents and physicians had earlier discussions of hospice care (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.06; P =.01), better parental ratings of the quality of home care (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.15-9.54; P =.03), earlier institution of a do-not-resuscitate order (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P =.02), less use of cancer-directed therapy during the last month of life (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.05-7.50; P =.04), and higher likelihood that the goal of cancer-directed therapy identified by both physician and parent was to lessen suffering (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.86-14.4; P =.002 for physician and OR, 6.56; 95% CI, 1.54-27.86; P =.01 for parents). CONCLUSION Considerable delay exists in parental recognition that children have no realistic chance for cure, but earlier recognition of this prognosis by both physicians and parents is associated with a stronger emphasis on treatment directed at lessening suffering and greater integration of palliative care. JAMA. 2000;284:2469-2475.
Absence Of Evidence Is Not Evidence Of Absence: The Pirahã Case

Desde Everett (2005), as bases teoricas da Gramatica Gerativa tem sido severamente atacadas. A mera possibilidade de existir uma lingua sem auto-encaixamento foi entendida por muitas pessoas interessadas em linguistica como uma prova cabal de que a nocao de Gramatica Universal e um construto teorico espurio. No entanto, os argumentos para a nao-existencia de auto-encaixamento em Piraha apoiam-se na indisponibilidade de evidencias contrarias. A aceitacao desse tipo de argumentacao indica a necessidade de discussao sobre a validade de argumentos com peso cientifco dentro da linguistica formal, pois ausencia de evidencia nao e evidencia de ausencia. Diferentemente de muitas das lingua analisadas neste volume, Piraha apresenta poucas pistas morfologicas sobre sua estrutura sintatica. Portanto, a sintaxe Piraha nao e transparente, e confar na simplicidade da lingua (linguagem externa) para fazer julgamentos sobre a complexidade da gramatica (linguagem interna) pode ser um passo falso. Neste artigo, mostramos que quando consideramos a interface sintaxe-semântica, focando em dependencias interpretativas, encontramos evidencias bastante robustas de auto-encaixamento em Piraha. A beleza da gramatica Piraha, como um sistema computacional sistematicamente recursivo se revela, portanto, nos processos cognitivos abstratos realizados por seus falantes.
Attempted suicide in Europe: rates, trend.S and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989–1992. Results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide

Schmidtke A, Bille‐Brahe U, DeLeo D, Kerkhof A, Bjerke T, Crepet P, Haring C, Hawton K, Lönnqvist J, Michel K, Pommereau X, Querejeta I, Phillipe I, Salander‐Renberg E, Temesvary B, Wasserman D, Fricke S, Weinacker B, Sampaio‐Faria JG. Attempted suicide in Europe: rates, trends and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989–1992. Results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide.