Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNA Interference: Molecular mechanism and milestone therapeutic applications

In time, we have become gradually more aware of the fact that RNAs play a vital role in regulation of gene expression. The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) also called post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), gave a booster shot to the world of RNA and molecular biology, a set of reactions involving the sequence-specific degradation of targeted mRNA by short double-stranded RNA molecules. Swift progress in our knowledge of RNAi-based mechanisms has made us enabled to use this powerful molecular process in studies of gene action as well as in biological and therapeutic applications for the treatment of disease. RNAi has become a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and vigorously induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that can systematically silent the specific gene, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology and medicine. Currently there are various clinical trials involving RNAi, and there is an expectation for the list of new applications to grow at an exceptional rate. This article focuses on our modern understanding about the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of RNAi.
Concentration of Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygen Free Radical Formation from Urban Particulate Matter

PM2.5 filter samples were collected in summer 2005 at an urban background site in Augsburg, Germany. They were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their oxygenated derivatives (O-PAH) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Oxygen free radical formation (reactive oxygen substances, ROS) was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy after addition of spin trapping agent directly on the same filters. The concentrations of ambient, high-boiling PAH and O-PAH were highly correlated to ROS formation, even better than to particulate mass or number concentration. Correlations were most pronounced for some polycyclic aromatic monoketones (e.g., benz[de]anthracene-7-one), which are not yet reported in literature to be redox cycling active. The association found between ESR measurements and the presence of specific semivolatile organic compounds suggests an important influence of wood burning in PM2.5-associated ROS formation. These results indicate that further research on the relationship between radical formation and presence of specific O-PAH and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are likely to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the source-dependent chemical composition of PM and the toxicological risks associated with PM exposure.
The oxygen cost of breathing in man: effects of altitude, training, and race.

The oxygen cost of breathing was determined by an open-circuit method with voluntary hyperventilation over a wide range of volumes. In 11 lowland residents the oxygen cost (ml/1 STPD) of extra ventilation (BTPS) was 3.3 ml/1 at sea level and 2.1 ml/1 after 16 days at 4000 m; the corresponding cost for ventilation STPD was 4.2 ml/1 at altitude and 4.1 ml/1 at sea level. In acclimatized persons at altitude, including both native Indian and European residents, the cost of breathing varied from 2.5 to 3.7 ml/1. On the average, the cost of breathing for acclimatized subjects was 3.1 ml/1 (BTPS), only slightly lower (5 to 10%) than that for lowlanders at sea level. This relatively higher cost with acclimatization, though still lower than at sea level, may reflect pulmonary congestion concomitant with altitude sojourn. Group differences in the cost of breathing could not be ascribed to athletic training, racial background, or permanent altitude residence, nor was there a difference of cost during quiet seated hyperventilation versus cost during free wheel bicycle pedalling. Individual, group, altitude, and acclimatizational differences in the cost of breathing could affect oxygen intake at rest and work, as well as the regulation of ventilation.
Role of cyclic nucleotides in cell growth and differentiation.

A simple model is depicted below that suggests some unifying principals in the action of cyclic nucleotides in the GO-to-G+ interconversion, differentiation, and transformation (see article). The letters with G+ subscripts (AG+ through EG+) represent cell states at different increasing levels of "determination" (see sect. vE). Cells in each of these states are continuously reproducing themselves through cell division (i.e., they are in G+). As an alternative to cell reporduction, cells at each level may move toward or enter GO, which is conceived of not only as a quiescent state but also as a state in which differentiated properties are more fully expressed. This state is designated by letters with GO subscripts (AGO through EGO). Entrance into this more expressed state will usually be reversible (nerve cells and red blood cells are two exceptions). Sometimes movement toward GO and full expression may require a number of cell divisions. Ultimately, however, there usually will be a slowing or cessation of cell division. The transformed state, according to this model, is one in which cells have lost the ability to enter the "expressed" CO state. However, they do remain differentiated in the sense that they have maintained their level of determination and can be induced to enter into the expressed state, as for example in the case of DBcAMP treatment of transformed fibroblasts. In most cases, cAMP appears to stimulate cells to proceed toward XGO (where X = A,B,C,D, or E) and toward fuller expression of their differentiated functions. It is not the sole mediator of this transition. In cell types where cAMP plays this role, transformation may arise through a defect in the ability to raise cAMP levels in response to growth-regulatory signals or in a defect in the cell's ability to respond to cAMP. In other cell types, cAMP may not be involved in the CO-to-C+ transition or may act in the opposite direction (see sect. II). It remains to be seen whether these situations are ture exceptions or whether different loci of regulation are involved. For example it is possible that in certain cases where cAMP has been shown to stimulate growth that it is stimulating growth toward a more expressed state. Other actions of cAMP relating to cell-cycle traverse have been discussed (sect. III). Investigations of the action of cGMP are still at a preliminary stage of development. There is evidence consistent with the idea that cGMP mediates conversion toward the G+ state in some cell types (see sect. II) under certain conditions. However, further studies are required to establish this as a fact. There has been little or no reported evidence relating to a role for cGMP in expression of differentiated properties, nor has there been any significant evidence as yet for other cell-cycle roles of cGMP. It should be apparent that the areas of biology covered in this review are only beginning to evolve biochemically.
Effects of a 1,3-diacylglycerol oil-enriched diet on postprandial lipemia in people with insulin resistance Published, JLR Papers in Press, December 18, 2007.

Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is common in individuals with insulin resistance, and diets enriched in 1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG) may reduce postprandial plasma triglycerides (PPTGs). We enrolled 25 insulin-resistant, nondiabetic individuals in a double-blind, randomized crossover trial to test the acute and chronic effects of a DAG-enriched diet on PPTG. Participants received either DAG or triacylglycerol (TAG) oil, in food products, for 5 weeks. Fasting lipids, and two separate postprandial tests, one with DAG oil and one with TAG oil, were performed at the end of each 5 week diet period. We found no acute or chronic effects of DAG oil on PPTG. Thus, neither the DAG oil PPTG (h/mg/dl) on a chronic TAG diet [area under the curve (AUC) = 503 ± 439] nor the TAG oil PPTG on a chronic DAG diet (AUC = 517 ± 638) was different from the TAG oil PPTG on a chronic TAG diet (AUC = 565 ± 362). Five weeks of a DAG-enriched diet had no acute or chronic effects on PPTG in insulin-resistant individuals. We suggest further studies to evaluate the effects of DAG on individuals with low and high TG levels.
Product forms for queueing networks with limited clusters

Queueing networks are considered with limited station clusters. A general characterization is given, in terms of local solutions of state dependent traffic equations, from which the existence and structure of a product form can be concluded. This characterization leads to new product form examples such as with a weak reversible cluster routing or a non-reversible routing both within and in between limited station clusters, as extensively illustrated. Key-words Cluster, blocking, product form, invariance condition, non-revers ible routing.
The Arabidopsis R2R3 MYB Proteins FOUR LIPS and MYB88 Restrict Divisions Late in the Stomatal Cell Lineage

The two guard cells of a stoma are produced by a single symmetric division just before terminal differentiation. Recessive mutations in the FOUR LIPS (FLP) gene abnormally induce at least four guard cells in contact with one another. These pattern defects result from a persistence of precursor cell identity that leads to extra symmetric divisions at the end of the cell lineage. FLP is likely to be required for the correct timing of the transition from cell cycling to terminal differentiation. FLP encodes a two-repeat (R2R3) MYB protein whose expression accumulates just before the symmetric division. A paralogous gene, MYB88, overlaps with FLP function in generating normal stomatal patterning. Plants homozygous for mutations in both genes exhibit more severe defects than flp alone, and transformation of flp plants with a genomic MYB88 construct restores a wild-type phenotype. Both genes compose a distinct and relatively basal clade of atypical R2R3 MYB proteins that possess an unusual pattern of amino acid substitutions in their putative DNA binding domains. Our results suggest that two related transcription factors jointly restrict divisions late in the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal cell lineage.
Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad Aplicada al Estudio la Adsorción y Oxidación de Monóxido de Carbono en la Nanoaleación Platino/Iridio

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio usando tecnicas de calculos basadas en la Teoria del Funcional de la Densidad del sistema bimetalico Platino/Iridio en forma de nanoaleacion libre y soportada en una lamina de grafeno y la reactividad quimica del sistema frente a la adsorcion de monoxido de carbono (CO) y su mecanismo de oxidacion. Los calculos fueron realizados usando el funcional hibrido B3PW91 segun el formalismo del programan Gaussian09 y los electrones de los atomos metalicos fueron considerados por pseudopotenciales LANL2DZ y para los atomos de carbono, oxigeno e hidrogeno se usaron las bases 6-31G (d). El analisis energetico de las poblaciones electronicas y de la transferencia de carga adsorbato-sustrato junto a indicadores de reactividad quimica permiten concluir que la molecula de CO se adsorbe mas debilmente en el sistema Pt5Ir -grafeno que sobre la nanoaleacion Pt5Ir libre, debido a que el grafeno provoca una modificacion en las propiedades electronicas de los catalizadores, generando alteraciones en la selectividad y promoviendo un mayor debilitamiento en la energia de adsorcion de CO lo que favorecera el mecanismo de oxidacion.
Challenges for Communication Decision-Making in Sequential Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks

Effective communication between teammates is critical to the success of collaboration, including human-robot collaboration. For enabling human robot communication, several modalities are actively being researched — such as, text, speech, visual signals, and legible motion. The design of these modalities is necessary to achieve effective communication; however, it is not sufficient. Communication typically requires both the human and robot to expend resources; and too much or too little communication has the potential to adversely affect task performance. Here, we focus on the complementary but relatively less explored problem of decision-making for communication — i.e., deciding if and when to use an available communication modality during human-robot collaborative tasks. We briefly discuss the modeling and algorithmic challenges for communication decisionmaking in human-robot and human-agent teams. The article concludes with an overview of our past and on-going research in developing algorithms for communication decision-making in sequential human-robot collaborative tasks.
Effects of chitosan on growth performance and energy and protein utilisation in broiler chickens

1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, energy availability and protein retention in broilers. 2. Experiment 1 was a 42-d growth assay, in which 294 1-d-old male broilers were given one of 7 dietary treatments. A control feed was supplemented with 5 levels of chitosan (0·2, 0·5, 1·0, 3·0 and 5·0 g/kg) or 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC). 3. Increasing chitosan inclusion gave a nonlinear increase (P < 0·001) in feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Optimal growth and feed conversion were obtained with 0·5–1·0 g/kg chitosan. 4. In experiment 2, 42 1-d-old male broilers (6/treatment) were individually housed but fed on the same diets as in experiment 1. Excreta were collected from d 19–21 and d 40–42. 5. The addition of 0·5–1·0 g/kg chitosan increased nitrogen retention compared with the control group (P < 0·01), while apparent metabolisable energy in the diets was not altered.
FSS based sub-millimetre wave spatial phase shifter design considerations

This paper describes the design of two double layer frequency selective surfaces each of which can produce a differential phase shift of 180°, as the wave propagates through the polarizer at normal incidence and thereby form the basis for a spatial phase shifter. The phase shifter operates at 325 GHz and is suitable for radiometer use for remote environmental monitoring of H2O.
Reducing the paging signaling load in future mobile communications systems

Future mobile telecommunication systems have to offer advanced multimedia services to a large number of users. The burden imposed by the signaling operations supporting these services can severely degrade the system performance and lead to congestion problems in network equipment (switches, databases, gateways, etc.). Paging operations in a mobile cellular network are responsible for a large part of the signaling load and, therefore, the issue of how to conduct them efficiently becomes of critical importance. The key to its solution lies on the application of multiple-step paging schemes and on the "proper" planning of paging areas. We devise and solve a version of the paging area planning problem. In particular, we provide a low complexity algorithm capable of reducing the paging cost, at the price of a moderate increase in the call set-up delay.
Posmodernidad, mirada y virtualidad: Sujetos enred-ados, sujetos mirados

espanol El presente articulo reflexivo pretende, desde una perspectiva interpretativa y critica, realizar un acercamiento al concepto de imagen del mundo en la Posmodernidad y sus vinculos con la virtualidad y la mirada para advertir el tipo de subjetividad que se genera de estas intersecciones a partir del psicoanalisis. El texto presenta una introduccion y reflexion inicial, un acapite sobre conceptos psicoanaliticos vinculados a la Posmodernidad y un acapite final sobre discusiones posibles. EnglishFrom an interpretative and critical perspective, this paper seeks to make possible an approach to the image of the world concept in Postmodernism and its links with virtuality, as well as a view to warn the kind of subjectivity generated by these intersections from psychoanalysis. The text provides an introduction and an initial reflection, a section on psychoanalytic concepts related to postmodernism and a final subheading on possible discussions.
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia‐like psychosis in humans via a serotonin‐2 agonist action

PSILOCYBIN, an indoleamine hallucinogen, produces a psychosis-like syndrome in humans that resembles first episodes of schizophrenia. In healthy human volunteers, the psychotomimetic effects of psilocybin were blocked dose-dependently by the serotonin-2A antagonist ketanserin or the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, but were increased by the dopamine antagonist and typical antipsychotic haloperidol. These data are consistent with animal studies and provide the first evidence in humans that psilocybin-induced psychosis is due to serotonin-2A receptor activation, independently of dopamine stimulation. Thus, serotonin-2A overactivity may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and serotonin-2A antagonism may contribute to therapeutic effects of antipsychotics.
Dynamical analysis of a Liu-like chaotic system

A three-dimensional continuous autonomous chaotic system is proposed in this paper, which is a new butterfly -shaped chaotic attractor obtained via modification from the newly coined Liu system. Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension and strange attractor of the new chaotic system are studied. Its chaotic dynamical behaviors and basic dynamical properties are proved by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. Furthermore, the forming mechanism of the new chaotic attractor is investigated.
Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE This article addresses the following questions: What are the best demographic and psychiatric predictors of the onset of conduct disorder (CD)? Does physical fighting play a role in the transition from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) to CD? And what are the predictors of an earlier compared with a later onset of CD? METHOD Data are presented on the follow-up of a clinic-referred sample of 177 preadolescent boys who were studied for a period of 6 years. Psychiatric assessments were based on information from the boys, their parent, and their teacher. RESULTS Of all CD symptoms, physical fighting best predicted the onset of CD in bivariate analyses. Logistic regression showed that low socioeconomic status of the parent, ODD, and parental substance abuse best predicted the onset of CD. In addition, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predicted an early onset of CD. CONCLUSIONS Parental substance abuse, low socioeconomic status, and oppositional behavior are key factors in boys' progression to CD. Physical fighting, although not a symptom of ODD, should be targeted in preventive interventions along with ODD symptoms. ADHD is implicated in the early onset of CD, but not in later-onset CD.
Analysis of a Novel Full Adder Designed for Implementing in Carbone nanotube Technology

A novel low power-delay product full adder circuit is presented in this paper. A new approach is used in order to design full-swing full adder with low number of transistors. The proposed full adder is implemented in MOSFET-like Carbon nanotube technology and the layout is provided based on standard 32 nm technology from MOSIS. The simulation results using HSPICE show that, there are substantial improvements in both power and performance of the proposed circuit compared to latest designs. In addition, the proposed circuit has been implemented in conventional 32 nm process to estimate the advantages of using carbon-based transistors in digital designs over conventional silicon technology. The proposed circuit can be applied in ultra low power and very high speed applications.
Nanoscale radiotherapy with hafnium oxide nanoparticles.

AIM There is considerable interest in approaches that could improve the therapeutic window of radiotherapy. In this study, hafnium oxide nanoparticles were designed that concentrate in tumor cells to achieve intracellular high-energy dose deposit. MATERIALS & METHODS Conventional methods were used, implemented in different ways, to explore interactions of these high-atomic-number nanoparticles and ionizing radiation with biological systems. RESULTS Using the Monte Carlo simulation, these nanoparticles, when exposed to high-energy photons, were shown to demonstrate an approximately ninefold radiation dose enhancement compared with water. Importantly, the nanoparticles show satisfactory dispersion and persistence within the tumor and they form clusters in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Marked antitumor activity is demonstrated in human cancer models. Safety is similar in treated and control animals as demonstrated by a broad program of toxicology evaluation. CONCLUSION These findings, supported by good tolerance, provide the basis for developing this new type of nanoparticle as a promising anticancer approach in human patients.
Evidence-based review of diagnosis and treatment of Sarcocystis neurona infection (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis).

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) should only be diagnosed when compatible clinical signs and seropositivity are present and other likely diseases have been excluded. Available evidence suggests that the Western blot test is highly sensitive but not as specific as the indirect fluorescent antibody test, which is also highly sensitive. New data indicate that the surface antigen-1 (SAG-1) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be insensitive, likely because of the Sarcocystis neurona strain variation. None of the available/approved treatments are obviously superior; all have shown an 60% success rate in clinical trials. Author’s address: New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348; e-mail: aljdvm03@gmail.com. © 2009 AAEP.
Variance Reduced Stochastic Optimization for PCA and PLS

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) is a dimensionality reduction technique which extracts the representative components of the data. Partial Least Squares(PLS) models the covariance structure between a pair of data matrices. The objective function of the two problems are similar and thus can often be solved by identical algorithms. Deterministic methods suffer from prohibitive computation cost in large-scale applications, while stochastic algorithms fail to achieve high-accuracy solutions. In this paper, we propose a new stochastic optimization method with variance reduction to solve PCA and PLS. Our method ensures to obtain high-accuracy solutions with enough computational cost, and rapidly converges to an approximate optima with few iterations. Extensive experiments demonstrate the significant performance of our method.
Avaliação da laminina-332 na tumorigênese de carcinoma de células escamosas orais: uma revisão de literatura.

Objetivo: verificar se a laminina-332 e um marcador de alteracoes em processos iniciais da carcinogenese. Material e Metodos: trata-se de uma revisao da literatura, realizada a partir da selecao e analise de artigos originais e de revisao, publicados entre os anos de 1997 a 2013 no portal eletronico Pubmed, Academic Google e portal de periodicos da Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES). Resultados: foram selecionados 36 artigos atraves dos descritores: “oral”; “squamous cell carcinoma”; “laminin-332 ou laminin-5”, “oral dysplastic cells” “potentially malignant disorders” que correlacionaram o avanco, progressao e/ ou invasao, do processo de progressao tumoral com a laminina-332 ou a expressao dessa glicoproteina em displasias e carcinoma oral. Conclusao: a variacao da apresentacao da laminina-332 apresentou relacao direta com a evolucao do câncer. Assim, compreender o papel dessa molecula na biologia tumoral pode auxiliar no entendimento da progressao da doenca.