Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La prédiction efficace de la difficulté des requêtes : une tâche impossible?

ABSTRACT. Search engines found answers whatever the user query is, but some queries are more difficult than others for the system. For difficult queries, adhoc treatments must be applied. Predicting query difficulty is crucial and different predictors have been proposed. In this paper, we revisit these predictors. First we check the non statistical redundancy of predictors. Then, we show that the correlation between the values of predictors and system performance gives little hope on the ability of these predictors to be effective. Finally, we study the ability of predictors to predict the classes of difficulty by relying on a variety of exploratory and learning methods. We show that despite the (low) correlation with performance measures, current predictors are not robust enough to be used in practical IR applications. MOTS-CLES : Recherche d'information, requete difficile, prediction, analyse de donnees.
Flexicure Employment of Older People in Super-Aged Societies

This paper examines the evolving state of employment of older Japanese people. Since the rapid increase in population aging, employment options, such as re-employment, are favored over infexible retirement age extension. In order to meet these needs, the Japanese government has created new employment policies. This study shows newer models for the re-employment of the aging population in Japan. Specifcally, it shows that employment practices promoting balance between fexibility and security (i.e., fexicurity) provide successful alternatives to the re-employment of older people. Data are drawn from longitudinal research on employment con-ditions among older people conducted by the Japanese government. Using this data, the prob-ability of being employed and wage rate is ana-lyzed, including the degree of change that each factor has on the probability of older people being employed. Results indicate that super-aged soci-eties, like Japan, should promote labor markets that balance fexibility and security for re-employ-ing older people.
Species Assemblages of Cynipid Gall Wasps are Not Saturated

A saturated community isone in which the upper limit o the number of species that can coexist in a uniform habitat has been reached. The limit can be set by species colonization rates relative to extinction rates or by the intensity of species interactions in a limited niche space. In ecological time, it is ultimately set by the pool of species which are capable of colonizing the habitat in question. Terborgh and Faaborg (1980), who explored the various uses of the term saturation, emphasized the importance of the saturation concept to community theory. They also suggested a simple technique to test for saturation in natural species assemblages. Briefly, standardized samples are taken from comparable habitats in defined geographic areas of different size that contain different umbers of species representing a species pool. The number of species in the standard sample estimates the alpha diversity for a habitat, and gamma diversity describes the total number of species in the defined geographic area (Whittaker 1972). Gamma diversity is then treated as an independent variable and correlated with alpha diversity among geographic areas. Two idealized general results are possible (fig. la). The unsaturated case is represented by a straight line, indicating that alpha diversity increases in constant proportion to gamma diversity. In the saturated case, alpha diversity at first increases with gamma diversity, but eventually becomes nearly constant or at least independent of gamma diversity in larger geographic areas. I tested for saturation in species assemblages of cynipid gall wasps associated with California oak species. Because oaks vary widely in their geographic range, they represent defined geographic areas of different sizes for their specialized herbivores. The highly specialized cynipids are restricted to the oaks, and cynipid gamma diversities correlate strongly with oak range (for detailed pattern and system description, see Cornell and Washburn 1979; Cornell 1985). Putative species pools thus vary among oaks, and one can test for saturation by correlating alpha diversities on oaks with various ranges. Cynipid species were censused on 7 of the 15 or so Quercus oaks that occur on the Pacific Slope of California. Alpha diversities were estimated by species counts taken at local sampling sites distributed over each oak's geographic range. Cynipid galls are conspicuous and relatively easy to sample. Censuses were standardized by searching until the number of new species discovered per unit of sampling effort approached an asymptote. Some 8 to 15 trees (12-45 min of total sampling time) were generally sufficient tocomplete a standard census. The number of sampling sites per oak species was chosen by using a similar
Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Tomato Plug Seedlings Influenced by Elevated Blending Rate of Perlite in Coir and Peatmoss Substrates

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of root substrate formulations on the growth and nutrient uptake of tomato ‘Zuikoh No.102’ in plug culture. Nine root substrates were formulated by adjusting the blending rate of perlite (PL) to peatmoss (PM), coir (CO), or peatmoss+coir (1:1, v/v; COPM). The nutrient contents of above-ground plant tissue and soil nutrient concentrations were determined 35 and 70 days after sowing. In the 0%, 20% and 40% blending rates of PL to CO, 141, 155 and 181 mg of dry weight of above-ground plant tissue were produced, respectively, 35 days after sowing. In the same blending rate of PL to PM, 198, 214 and 212 ㎎ of dry weight were produced, respectively. The dry weight in the treatment of 20% PL was the highest among the treatments of COPM. The substrates containing COPM performed best and those containing CO performed poorest regarding seedling growth when blending rates of PL were the same. Elevating the blending rate of PL to each of three organic matters reduced tissue contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn 35 days after sowing. The difference in the blending rate of PL in each of the organic matters did not severely affect tissue P content. The K contents of tissue in the substrates containing CO were higher than those containing PM or COPM 35 days after sowing. The trends in the nutrient contents of above-ground tissue 70 days after sowing were similar to those 35 days after sowing, but the difference among PL treatments in each organic matter was less significant than those recorded 35 days after sowing. These results indicate that organic components of root substrate rather than blending rate of perlite affected severely the growth and nutrient uptake of tomato seedlings in early growth stage. But later seedling growths 35 days after sowing were affected not by substrate formulations but by post-planting fertilization.
Influência do espaçamento e idade da brotação na morfometria de povoamentos de Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.

This work shows morphometric characteristics of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. pruned under reforestation. The study was carried out in Catanduvas, Santa Catarina State. All trees (about 14 years old) were cultivated in soil with similar characteristics. The experiment followed a randomized block design arranged in a factorial 3 x 3 corresponding to three distances between the rows of trees (3, 4, and 5 m) and three distances between trees within the rows (2, 3, and 4 m). The trees were divided into two groups. Each group was pruned in September or in January, when the crown was 24 or 28 months old, respectively. All trees were bifurcated near the ground, and, therefore, the perimeter at this level did not show a significant correlation with the crown biomass. The comparison of basal area and number of trunks per plant at the highs of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m, showed that the ideal position to evaluate the trunk attributes was 0.60 m above the ground. The basal area of the trees at this position (g6) reduced with the reduction of the distance between the rows and between the trees within the rows (P < 0.05). The number of trunks per plant measured at 0.6 m above the ground (Nt6) was significantly affected by the distance between plants within the row, with the lowest value been observed when the distance between plants was 2 m. The crown diameter of the trees (Dc8) was higher on trees cultivated under higher spacing between the rows. Crown length and the total high of the trees (ht) were significantly affected by the distance between the rows and by the distance between the trees within the rows. Crown ratio (Cc/ht) was only affected by the distance between plants within the rows. The degree of coverage (Dc8/ht) was affected by the distance between rows. The crown shape (Dc8/Cc) values were close to unity, since the trees showed crown diameter proportional to the crown length.
Mécanisme d’hypermutation somatique des gènes des immunoglobulines

Le processus d’hypermutation somatique des genes variables (V) des immunoglobulines est un mecanisme majeur de diversification du repertoire des lymphocytes B. Il est a la base de la maturation de l’affinite des anticorps lors de la reponse aux antigenes dependants des lymphocytes T. Les mecanismes moleculaires et biochimiques responsables du processus d’hypermutation sont actuellement inconnus. Cependant, les resultats d’etudes realisees in vitro ou dans des modeles de souris exprimant un transgene d’immunoglobulines, ont permis de definir certaines caracteristiques de ce processus : 1) il survient lors d’une etape extremement breve de la differenciation des cellules B au niveau des centres germinatifs ; 2) les mutations interessent essentiellement le gene variable et la region adjacente en 3’ du segment V(D)J rearrange ; 3) le domaine de mutation s’etend en 3’ a partir du promoteur jusqu’a la region intronique J-C ; 4) les mutations sont en majorite des substitutions nucleotidiques, mais les insertions et les deletions sont possibles ; 5) les sequences en cis du locus des immunoglobulines sont indispensables au declenchement (ou la regulation) du processus d’hypermutation. La mise en evidence du role du promoteur des immunoglobulines et des sequences enhancers du locus des immunoglobulines, dans l’hypermutation somatique, suggere un lien entre la transcription et l’hypermutation. Cependant les elements de cette interaction restent encore mysterieux. L’analyse des mutations des genes immunoglobulines des cellules B pathologiques a montre la presence de mutations somatiques dans la majorite des cas de lymphomes. Ceci suggere que le processus oncogenique est intervenu au moment, ou apres, le passage dans le centre germinatif. La mise en evidence recente et inhabituelle de lymphocytes B memoires exprimant des genes variables totalement germinaux dans un deficit humoral chez l’homme pourrait permettre d’approcher certaines etapes impliquees dans la regulation du processus d’hypermutation somatique.
The effect of temperature on tail beat frequency of fish swimming at constant velocity

Rainbow trout and largemouth bass were swum at fixed swim speeds from one to three body lengths per second at ambient water temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. Tail beat frequency was measured during steady swimming. Both tail beat frequency and stride length (distance moved per tail beat) increased with increased swim speed. In trout tail beat frequency was lower at higher water temperatures, whereas in bass tail beat frequency was higher at higher water temperatures. In both trout and bass tail beat frequency was lower in fish acclimated to a higher temperature. I suggest that when test temperature is above acclimation temperature the muscle operates high on the force–velocity curve; and when test temperature is below acclimation temperature the muscle operates low on the force–velocity curve.
YIELD POTENTIAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.)-TALL FESCUE (FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SCHREB.) MIXTURES

White clover was sown with tall fescue as tall fescue 25 %+white clover 75 %, tall fescue 50 %+white clover 50 %, tall fescue 75 %+white clover 25 %, 100% tall fescue and white clover. Plots were 2.5 x 5.0 m, arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Row distance 25 cm and sowing rates 10 kg ha-1 (white clover) and 20 kg ha-1 (tall fescue) were used. Plots were mowed about 5 cm (stubble height) and then allowed to re-grow to 25-30 cm (plant height). The green fodder yield, dry matter, crude protein, crude cellulose, K/P, Ca/P, Ca/Mg, K/Mg and Ca/K ratios were determined.
Sperm morphology, ATP content, and analysis of motility in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

Spermatozoon of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L., 1758)) is uniflagellated, lacks an acrosome, and is differentiated into a head, midpiece, and flagellum. There are two to five mitochondria in the midpiece, as well as proximal and distal centrioles. The flagellum consisted of 9 + 2 microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane, which is extended at the proximal part of the flagellum owing to the presence of vacuoles. After sperm activation in seawater, sperm motility and velocity decreased from 98.4% ± 3.4% and 170.3 ± 8.9 mms -1 at 15 s after sperm activation to 4.8% ± 4.7% and 9.2 ± 8.9 mms -1 at 120 s after sperm activation, respectively. ATP content (nmolL -1 ATP per 10 8 spermatozoa) significantly decreased at 60 s after sperm activation (5.9 ± 1.5) compared with at 0 and 30 s after sperm activation (14.9 ± 1.5 and 14.5 ± 1.5, respectively). Beating waves propagated along the full length of the flagellum after sperm acti- vation, whereas waves were restricted to the proximal section during the latter motility period. Wave amplitude signifi- cantly decreased at 45 s after sperm activation, but wavelength did not differ. The present study showed associations among sperm morphology, ATP content, flagellar wave parameters, and sperm velocity, which could be used in compara- tive spermatology. Resume´ : Le spermatozoo¨de du fletan atlantique (Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L., 1758)) est uniflagelle ´, sans acrosome et differencieen tete, corps median et flagelle. Il y a deux acinq mitochondries dans le corps median, ainsi que des centrio- les proximaux et distaux. Le flagelle consiste en 9 + 2 microtubules entoures d'une membrane plasmatique qui se prolonge dans la partie proximale du flagelle acause de la presence de vacuoles. Apres l'activation des spermatozoo¨des dans l'eau de mer, la motiliteet la vitesse des spermatozoo¨des diminuent respectivement de 98,4 % ± 3,4 % et de 170,3 ± 8,9 mms -1 a ` 15 s apres l'activation a 4,8 % ± 4,7 % et 9,2 ± 8,9 mms -1 a 120 s apres l'activation. Le contenu en ATP (nmolL -1 ATP par 10 8 spermatozoo¨des) diminue significativement 60 s apres l'activation (5,9 ± 1,5) par comparaison a ` 0e t 30 s apres l'activation (respectivement 14,9 ± 1,5 et 14,5 ± 1,5). Les ondulations de battement se propagent sur toute la lon- gueur du flagelle apres l'activation, mais sont restreintes ala partie proximale durant la periode de motilitesubsequente. L'amplitude des ondulations diminue significativement a 45 s apres l'activation, mais leur longueur d'onde ne change pas. Notre etude met en lumiere des associations entre la morphologie des spermatozoo¨des, leur contenu en ATP, les variables ondulatoires des flagelles et la vitesse des spermatozoo¨des qui pourraient servir en spermatologie comparee. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Influence of allocation and detoxification of metribuzin in Chenopodium album on the reliability of prediction of the minimum lethal herbicide dose rate

A new method for application of minimum lethal herbicide dose (MLHD) rates is based on the assumption that a MLHD for a photosystem (PS) II herbicide can be predicted for weeds when the developmental stage of seedlings, herbicide uptake and herbicide action are taken into account. Chenopodium album
Studies on the European hare. XXXIV. Sex dimorphism in certain bone elements of the European hare

W celu wskazania dymorfizmu plciowego niektorych elementow kostnych dojrzalego fizjologicznie zająca szaraka, Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 przeprowadzono badania miednicy, kości krzyzowej i kości dlugich obu konczyn, nalezących do 34 osobnikow, w tym 27 samic i 7 samcow, odlowionych na terenie Wielkopolski w latach 1969-1970 (Tabela 1).
In vitro Antagonism of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Coffea arabica L. against Emerging Fungal Coffee Pathogens

In vitro antagonistic effects of rhizobacteria associated with Coffea arabica L. against some fungal coffee pathogens were studied. The aims were to screen indigenous coffee‐associated isolates for their inherent antagonistic potential against major coffee wilt diseases induced by Fusarium spp. Antagonistic effects, siderophore, HCN and lytic enzyme production were determined on standard solid media. Chemical methods were employed to categorize the major types of siderophores. From a total of 212 rhizobacterial isolates tested, over 10 % (all Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp.) exhibited remarkable inhibition against Fusarium spp. One isolate AUPB24 (P. chlororaphis) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth against all fungal pathogens tested, whereas other isolates were mostly inhibitory to F. stilboides and F. oxysporum. The isolate AUBB20 (B. subtilis) was most antagonistic to F. xylarioides. Of the rhizobacterial isolates tested, 67 % produced siderophores and 35 % produced HCN. Many strains (all Pseudomonas spp.) produced siderophores of the hydroxamate type and only a small proportion produced those of the catecholate type. Few antagonists showed chitinase activity. The production of siderophores and HCN by Pseudomonas spp. , lipase and protease by all antagonists and β‐1,3‐glucanase by several Bacillus spp. could be considered the major mechanisms involved in the inhibition of fungal growth. The in vitro results provide the first evidence of an antagonistic effect of coffee‐associated rhizobacteria against the emerging fungal coffee pathogens F. stilboides and F. xylarioides and indicate the potential of both bacterial groups for biological control of coffee wilt diseases.
Biomechanical aspects of peak performance in human swimming

Peak performances in sport require the full deployment of all the powers an athlete possesses. How factors such as mechanical power output, technique and drag, each individually, but also in concert, determine swimming performance is the subject of this enquiry. This overview of swimming biomechanics focuses on three performance factors: (i) generation of propulsion in water; (ii) drag encountered by the body during swimming; and (iii) propulsive efficiency. Theoretical considerations will be put to use by predicting individual power requirements for swimming a world record in the 50 m freestyle based on experimental data.
Effect That Providing Fishing Information Has on Angler Expectations and Satisfaction

Abstract Anglers on Lake Miltona, Minnesota, who were given fishing information (catch rate and average weight of available species) generally did not show significant differences in satisfaction or expectations from a control group of anglers who were not provided with this information. Exceptions were the successful anglers for walleye Stizostedion vitreum and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Anglers were more satisfied with nonconsumptive aspects of the fishing experience (natural beauty of the lake, water quality, weather, quality of the access to the lake by boats) than with consumptive aspects (size and number of fish caught). Expectations of fish size were more realistic than expectations of catch rate: 67% of the anglers evaluated the average walleye (determined by creel surveys to be 2.1 lb) as “about what I expected,” whereas 47% evaluated the average walleye catch rate (0.2 fish/h) as “less than I expected. ” Walleye anglers showed higher expectations of walleye catch rate than other angle.
Climatic changes and the distribution of forest vertebrates in West Africa

Breaks in the distribution of forest mammals (of which the best data are for the primates), frogs and cyprinodont fishes and their subspeciations have been attributed by authors to the barriers presumably presented by a savanna gap formed by past extension of the Baoule V in the Cote d'Ivoire, by the present Dahomey Gap and by the course of the lower Niger. The potentials of these three features are considered and their history is discussed in the light of up-to-date geological and palaeo-climatological information. As part of the back-ground, evidence for the rate at which evolution can occur is summarized. The distributional data for each of the three classes and also for birds are then set out. Each class of animal is found to show different problems at taxonomic levels from the subspecies upwards.
Identifying the effects of the Pleistocene on the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in East Asia using ecological niche modelling and phylogenetic analyses

Aim The extent to which the ranges of temperate biota in East Asia have been shaped by geological and climatic changes during the Pleistocene remains poorly understood. Previous molecular‐based studies of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), which is widespread across China and Japan, suggest that this species was able to persist in multiple refugia in this region. However, limited availability of samples precluded a detailed analysis of past distributions. By integrating ecological niche modelling with phylogenetic analyses, we aim to resolve the impact of past events on the population genetic structure of R. ferrumequinum and provide detailed descriptions of potential distribution patterns during this time.
Microbial Activities in a Coastal, Sandy Aquifer System (Doñana Natural Protected Area, SW Spain)

We conducted a seasonal research of the activities of microbial communities in a coastal, sandy aquifer system located in the Doñana Natural Protected Area (SW, Spain). Groundwaters from 30 piezometers were sampled over a two-year period. The proportion of active microbial biomass ranged from 0.02 to 6.36% of the total microbial biomass, while the active microbial biomass ranged from 7.42 10 −3 2.20 10 −4 to 17.30 3.71 ngC mL −1 . Bacterial carbon production, measured through the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into cellular proteins, showed a mean value of 0.18 0.72 ngC mL −1 h −1 in all wells and all seasons. Bacterial growth rates ranged from 0.03 to 87.26 days. These activities exhibited spatiotemporal patterns. Temperature and the presence of nutrients and organic matter appear to be important factors controlling these patterns. However, hydrogeological flows, both local and regional, seemed to constitute the most important factor determining these spatiotemporal patterns, probably because the distribution of nutrients in aquifer systems is mainly controlled by these hydrogeological flows. The well-known hydrological flows connecting surface waters and groundwaters in Doñana support the assumption that both water compartments form a unique entity (called hydroecosystem), which functions as a whole. Consequently, not only microbial processes in surface waters can influence ecological processes in groundwaters, the characteristics of surface waters can also be affected by groundwater chemical processes, among others, mediated by the activities of microbial communities.