Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Architecture siamoise et embeddings de triplet pour la validation de relations

La reconnaissance qu'une relation existe entre deux entites mentionnees dans un texte joue un role vital en extraction d'information (EI). Pour repondre a la necessite d'annoter manuellement de nombreux exemples, des paradigmes de supervision distante et d'EI non super- visee ont ete proposes. Le point crucial dans ces approches est de pouvoir evaluer la validite des relations extraites. Dans cet article, nous proposons une nouvelle architecture neuronale pour modeliser la validation de relations, inspiree des modeles neuronaux pour l'implication textuelle. Nous encodons le texte et le triplet correspondant a la relation dans une architecture siamoise afin de decider si le texte supporte ou non la relation. Nous proposons differentes representations d'une relation qui tirent profit de l'apprentissage joint de mots et d'entites dans un espace commun.
Régularisation Spatiale de Représentations Distribuées de Mots

Stimulee par l’usage intensif des telephones mobiles, l’exploitation conjointe des don-nees textuelles et des donnees spatiales presentes dans les objets spatio-textuels (p. ex. tweets)est devenue la pierre angulaire a de nombreuses applications comme la recherche de lieux d’attraction. Du point de vue scientifique, ces tâches reposent de facon critique sur la representation d’objets spatiaux et la definition de fonctions d’appariement entre ces objets. Dans cet article,nous nous interessons au probleme de representation de ces objets. Plus specifiquement, confortes par le succes des representations distribuees basees sur les approches neuronales, nous proposons de regulariser les representations distribuees de mots (c.-a-d. plongements lexicaux ou word embeddings), pouvant etre combinees pour construire des representations d’objets,grâce a leurs repartitions spatiales. L’objectif sous-jacent est de reveler d’eventuelles relations semantiques locales entre mots ainsi que la multiplicite des sens d’un meme mot. Les experimentations basees sur une tâche de recherche d’information qui consiste a retourner le lieu physique faisant l’objet (sujet) d’un geo-texte montrent que l’integration notre methode de regularisation spatiale de representations distribuees de mots dans un modele d’appariement de base permet d’obtenir des ameliorations significatives par rapport aux modeles de reference.
Flipped Classroom for Practical Skills to Enhance Employability: A Case Study of Business Chinese

This study reported on a flipped classroom approach used in a Business Chinese (BC) course in the UK. The research methods were 36 hours of classroom observation, two focused-group interviews (n = 6, 50 minutes each), triangulated with students' feedback from National Student Survey (NSS). The class observation revealed that the Presentation-Practice-Production (P-P-P) model functioned well throughout the learning process: the presentation of new learning materials was digitalized in the form of PowerPoint in an official e-learning platform for students to preview before class. In-class hours were used for understanding, analyzing, evaluating, applying, and creating. Students analysed the positive and negative elements and applied the positive factors in practice. After class, students took their peers' constructive feedback into consideration and created their own companies. The interview results illustrated that although students felt it was more work, they welcomed the flipped structure in that the mode of instruction was no longer a one-way flow of information, but in a variety of media: audio, video, websites, links, etc., and by setting up and running their own companies, students were no longer passive learners, instead they made full use of the available resources to become active agencies, responsible for their own companies. Students' feedback from NSS showed students' positive learning attitudes, as flipped classroom enriched their learning experience by practising business skills both in and out-of-class, and running their own companies inspired them to devote more effort to the learning process.
An agnotological analysis of APIs: or, disconnectivity and the ideological limits of our knowledge of social media

Abstract Adopting an agnotological perspective, this article extends the critical literature on APIs (application programing interfaces) by systematically showing that social media APIs are largely blind to acts of disconnectivity such as unfriending and unliking. We do this through analysis of the traces of social media usage that are not accessible through APIs as gleaned from the technical documentation published for developers by 12 major SNSs. Our findings make two main contributions. First, we show for the first time that APIs offer virtually no access to data about disconnectivity. Second, we show that APIs offer a very limited historical perspective, particularly regarding disconnectivity. However, for types of users that might spend money on advertising, far more historical and disconnectivity-oriented information is accessible through the API. This has practical consequences for research and contributes to an agnotology of social media that sheds critical light on the advertiser-friendly atmosphere of connectivity that social media try to create.
What Are Justification Logics?

Conclusions 127 Bibliography 131 Index 135 Introduction Justification logic is a refinement of modal logic and, as such, studies the concepts of knowledge, belief, and provability. The single modality from the modal language is replaced by a family of justification terms. While a modal formula A can be read as A is known/believed, or A is provable, a justification counterpart t : A of this formula is read as A is known/believed for reason t or t is evidence for A, where t is a justification term. By introducing operations on justification terms, justification logic studies the operational content of modality in various modal logics. For example, the justification counterpart of the modal axiom A → A of positive introspection is t : A → ! t : t : A, where ! denotes a unary operation on terms. This formula can be read as if t is evidence for A, then ! t is evidence for t being evidence for A. Therefore, justification logic studies explicit knowledge or belief, while modal logic studies implicit knowledge or belief. The first justification logic, the Logic of Proofs or LP, was introduced by Artemov [Art95, Art01] as a tool for giving an arithmetical semantics for the modal logic S4. Justification logics are also interesting as epistemic logics. For example, as shown in [AK09], justification logics avoid the well-known logical omniscience problem 1 because justification terms have a structure and thus provide a " measure " of how hard it is to obtain knowledge of something. Further, justification logics can be used to analyze epistemic paradoxes such as Gettier problems [Get63] (see Artemov's paper [Art08]). Kuznets showed that self-referentiality in modal logics can be studied through their justification counterparts. See his PhD thesis [Kuz08] for an overview. Recently, Studer [Stu11] presented an application of justification logic to protocol verification. The formal correspondence between S4 and LP, a realization theorem, has two directions. First, it says that each provable formula of S4 can be turned into a provable formula of LP by realizing, i.e., replacing, 1 Logical omniscience denotes the unrealistic property that an agent knows all the logical consequences of her basic assumptions. 7 Introduction instances of with justification terms. The converse direction says that replacing all terms in a provable formula of LP with results in a modal formula provable in S4. Similar correspondences have been established for several other modal logics …
CT-Proven Ischaemic Stroke as the First Manifestation of Occult Lung Cancer

Cancer is associated with a higher risk of stroke, and in rare cases stroke can be the first manifestation of occult neoplasia. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman hospitalized for ischaemic stroke with multiple cerebral infarctions in several vascular territories. The exclusion of other aetiologies and the simultaneous presence of thromboembolic events in other organs raised the suspicion of a hypercoagulable state, which upon investigation revealed occult neoplasia of the lung. There was rapid deterioration, with recurrent thrombotic events despite anticoagulation, which eventually led to the patient’s death. LEARNING POINTS Stroke can be the first manifestation of occult neoplasia. In the presence of cryptogenic stroke, high D-dimers, multiple brain infarctions in different vascular territories and thromboembolic events in other organs, the possibility of hidden neoplasia should be considered. Anticoagulation in disseminated intravascular coagulation is insufficient if the primary disease is not treated.
DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species

Abstract Correct mosquito species identification is essential for mosquito and disease control programs. However, this is complicated by the difficulties in morphologically identifying some mosquito species. In this study, variation of a partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase unit I (COI) gene was used for the molecular identification of British mosquito species and to facilitate the discovery of cryptic diversity, and monitoring invasive species. Three DNA extraction methods were compared to obtain DNA barcodes from adult specimens. In total, we analyzed 42 species belonging to the genera Aedes Meigen, 1818 (21 species), Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (7 species), Coquillettidia Theobald, 1904 (1 species), Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (6 species), Culiseta Felt, 1904 (7 species), and Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904 (1 species). Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 5.4%, while higher interspecific divergences were identified between Aedesgeminus Peus, 1971/Culisetalitorea (Shute, 1928) (24.6%) and Ae.geminus/An.plumbeus Stephens, 1828 (22.5%). Taxonomic discrepancy was shown between An.daciae Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004 and An.messeae Falleroni, 1828 indicating the poor resolution of the COI DNA barcoding region in separating these taxa. Other species such as Ae.cantans (Meigen, 1818)/Ae.annulipes (Meigen, 1830) showed similar discrepancies indicating some limitation of this genetic marker to identify certain mosquito species. The combination of morphology and DNA barcoding is an effective approach for the identification of British mosquitoes, for invasive mosquitoes posing a threat to the UK, and for the detection of hidden diversity within species groups.
Study on fabrication of polymer electrostatic comb-drive actuator by X-ray lithography

Micro electrostatic comb-drive actuators are important components in micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) [1]. Especially, polymer materials like PMMA have been of great interest in the research and development of integrated circuits (IC) and MEMS recently due to their relatively low cost and easy process [2]. In this research, we are trying to fabricate a PMMA-based electrostatic comb-drive actuator by X-ray lithography, which serves for a Micro Conveyer System. An interdigitated comb-drive actuator is designed in this experiment. Figure 1 illustrates the frame of the comb-drive actuator. As is shown in table 1, the key size of the structure, the finger width is 4μm and the gap is 2μm, with the thickness of 200μm, which makes an aspect ratio 50:1. For simulation, a three-dimensional model in ANSYS is used. The medium surrounding the fingers is meshed as air with the relative permittivity of 1. This realizes a displacement of 3. 6μm at a bias voltage of 100V in the simulated result.
Laboratory Evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae × S. eubayanus Hybrid Under Simulated Lager-Brewing Conditions

Saccharomyces pastorianus lager-brewing yeasts are domesticated hybrids of S. cerevisiae x S. eubayanus that display extensive inter-strain chromosome copy number variation and chromosomal recombinations. It is unclear to what extent such genome rearrangements are intrinsic to the domestication of hybrid brewing yeasts and whether they contribute to their industrial performance. Here, an allodiploid laboratory hybrid of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus was evolved for up to 418 generations on wort under simulated lager-brewing conditions in six independent sequential batch bioreactors. Characterization of 55 single-cell isolates from the evolved cultures showed large phenotypic diversity and whole-genome sequencing revealed a large array of mutations. Frequent loss of heterozygosity involved diverse, strain-specific chromosomal translocations, which differed from those observed in domesticated, aneuploid S. pastorianus brewing strains. In contrast to the extensive aneuploidy of domesticated S. pastorianus strains, the evolved isolates only showed limited (segmental) aneuploidy. Specific mutations could be linked to calcium-dependent flocculation, loss of maltotriose utilization and loss of mitochondrial activity, three industrially relevant traits that also occur in domesticated S. pastorianus strains. This study indicates that fast acquisition of extensive aneuploidy is not required for genetic adaptation of S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus hybrids to brewing environments. In addition, this work demonstrates that, consistent with the diversity of brewing strains for maltotriose utilization, domestication under brewing conditions can result in loss of this industrially relevant trait. These observations have important implications for the design of strategies to improve industrial performance of novel laboratory-made hybrids.
Medicare Reimbursement for General Surgery Procedures: 2000 to 2018.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate monetary trends from 2000 to 2018 in Medicare reimbursement rates for the most common general surgery procedures. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA A complete understanding of financial trends in general surgery in the United States is lacking. As such, an evaluation of trends in reimbursement rates in general surgery is important for defining the specialty's current and future financial health. METHODS The Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services was queried for each of the 20 top codes top in general surgery. The total raw percent change in Medicare reimbursement rate for each procedure from 2000 to 2018 was calculated and averaged. All data was corrected for inflation. Both average annual and total percentage change were calculated based on these adjusted trends. Compound annual growth rate was calculated using the adjusted data. RESULTS After adjusting all data for inflation, the reimbursement rate for all included procedures decreased by an average of 24.4% throughout the study period. During this time, the adjusted reimbursement rate decreased by an average of 1.4% each year with an average compound annual growth rate of -1.6%. CONCLUSION After adjusting for inflation, Medicare reimbursement rates in general surgery have steadily decreased from 2000 to 2018. It is important that these trends are understood and considered by surgeons, healthcare administrators, and policy-makers in order to develop and implement agreeable models of reimbursement while ensuring access to quality general surgery care in the United States.
The Roles Of Observation and Manipulation In Tool Use

We investigated how repeated, five-minute familiarization sessions occuring once a week over a 6-week period influenced 14 to 15 1/2 month-old infants’ ability to use a rake-like tool to retrieve an out of reach object. We found that infants, who were not allowed to touch the rake, but only to observe an adult retrieve an object with it, improved their performance. On the other hand, infants who were allowed to manually manipulate the rake and touch and move other objects with it did not improve their performance. The results, which were also replicated in a string-pulling task, suggest that cognitive rather than motor, limitations are mainly what prevent infants from succeeding in such tool-use tasks. Furthermore, infants can The Roles Of Observation and Manipulation In Tool Use overcome these cognitive limitations with only a few, very brief demonstrations spaced over several weeks. The Roles Of Observation and Manipulation In Tool Use
PD-1 Primarily Targets TCR Signal in the Inhibition of Functional T Cell Activation

Cancer-immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) activates tumor-specific T cells and provides clinical benefits in various cancers. However, the molecular basis of PD-1 function is still enigmatic. Especially, it is unclear which signaling pathway PD-1 primarily targets. Besides, the capacity of PD-1 to inhibit the T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of T cells in the presence of co-stimulation is also controversial. Here we used co-culture systems of T cells and antigen-presenting cells with targeted deletion and overexpression of co-receptors and ligands and examined the inhibitory potency of PD-1 against T cell activation upon TCR stimulation with CD28 and ICOS co-stimulation. As an unambiguous criterion of T cell activation, we used the acquisition of cytokine production capacity, which represents one of the most important functions of T cells. PD-1 inhibited functional T cell activation upon TCR stimulation in the absence as well as in the presence of CD28 co-stimulation, indicating that PD-1 can directly inhibit TCR signal. Notably, CD28 co-stimulation rather attenuated the efficiency of PD-1 in inhibiting TCR-dependent functional T cell activation. In addition, PD-1 inhibited TCR-dependent functional T cell activation with ICOS co-stimulation as efficiently as that with CD28 co-stimulation. Furthermore, we found that the maintenance of antigen-induced follicular helper T (TFH) cells that required ICOS co-stimulation was persistently restrained by PD-1 in vivo. These findings indicate that PD-1 primarily targets TCR signal in the inhibition of functional T cell activation. Thus, PD-1 functions as the rheostat of T cell activation rather than an inhibitor of a specific stimulatory co-receptor.
The provenance of émigrés: the validity of measuring The provenance of émigrés: the validity of measuring

Establishing the origin of those seeking asylum is essential but difficult as asylum seekers often cannot corroborate their origin claim with documents. The aim of the present study was to assess whether asking knowledge questions, sketch questions and impossible questions are valid methods to determine the veracity of an origin claim. Participants (N = 105) from Tilburg (truthtellers), Maastricht (partial liars) and Gothenburg (full liars) were asked to convince an interviewer that they originated from Tilburg. Half of them prepared and half of them did not prepare themselves for the interview. They were asked 10 knowledge questions typically asked to assess the credibility of origin claims, 4 impossible questions and 1 sketch question. Participants from Tilburg answered more questions correctly than participants from Maastricht and Gothenburg. Performance also improved with preparation. Even though the results did provide some support for the validity of assessing claims about origin by asking knowledge questions, the differences between the groups were modest, and it was impossible to correctly identify all truth-tellers and liars. Changing the output modality from verbal answering to sketching contributed to the credibility assessment of origin claims, whereas impossible questions were not discriminatory. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 25 August 2016 Accepted 30 December 2016
Local modiﬁers in the Tangle

As of today, there are many cryptocurrency systems around. They mostly share one common feature: all participants of the network interpret the same ledger in the same way. In this paper, we introduce the idea of local modiﬁers : the nodes of the network can interact with the ledger in diﬀerent ways, depending on various kinds of information locally available to them. We then argue that such an approach permits to increase the security and the scalability of the Tangle.
Canagliflozin Prevents Intrarenal Angiotensinogen Augmentation and Mitigates Kidney Injury and Hypertension in Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Hypertension and renal injury are common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia stimulates renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression via elevated oxidative stress contributing to the development of high blood pressure and diabetic nephropathy. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in proximal tubules is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption by renal tubules. We tested the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin (CANA) prevents intrarenal AGT augmentation and ameliorates kidney injury and hypertension in T2DM. Methods: We induced T2DM in New Zealand obese mice with a high fat diet (DM, 30% fat) with control mice receiving regular fat diet (ND, 4% fat). When DM mice exhibited > 350 mg/dL blood glucose levels, both DM- and ND-fed mice were treated with 10 mg/kg/day CANA or vehicle by oral gavage for 6 weeks. We evaluated intrarenal AGT, blood pressure, and the development of kidney injury. Results: Systolic blood pressure in DM mice (133.9 ± 2.0 mm Hg) was normalized by CANA (113.9 ± 4.0 mm Hg). CANA treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia-associated augmentation of renal AGT mRNA (148 ± 21 copies/ng RNA in DM, and 90 ± 16 copies/ng RNA in DM + CANA) and protein levels as well as elevation of urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Tubular fibrosis in DM mice (3.4 ± 0.9-fold, fibrotic score, ratio to ND) was suppressed by CANA (0.9 ± 0.3-fold). Furthermore, CANA attenuated DM associated increased macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in kidneys of DM mice. Conclusions: CANA prevents intrarenal AGT upregulation and oxidative stress and which may mitigate high blood pressure, renal tubular fibrosis, and renal inflammation in T2DM.
Contact-free respiratory monitoring using bed wheel sensors: a valid respiratory monitoring technique with significant potential impact on public health.

Unexpected death from acute respiratory dysfunction is frequent and preventable. In the United States, opioid-related deaths now represent the highest cause for accidental mortality in adults (8). In infants, the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the third leading cause for mortality (8). In the institutional patient care setting, respiratory dysfunction is the most underlying noncardiac cause for cardiac arrest (9) and the second highest cause of death in nursing facilities (4).
Real-Time Lane And Object Detection For Driver Alertness Systems

: Internet Protocol (IP) camera is employed for lane and object identification. Gaussian blur is applied in preprocessing for smoothing the input image and canny edge operator is utilized for edge identification. The straight line on the lane is detected using the application of Hough Transform. The center of lane is referred as vanishing point, and if the object is displaced on left-side or right-side of the lane with respect to vanishing point result in generating the honking sound to alert the driver. The outcome of the techniques proposed is utilized for the framework to accomplish the goal of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This scheme can be employed in implementation for driverless car system.