Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimates of on‐farm antimicrobial usage in broiler chicken production in the United States, 2013–2017

Antimicrobial use is a key selective force behind the emergence of resistant bacteria. Therefore, optimizing strategies for more efficacious and targeted antimicrobial use is an essential component of efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. To bolster stewardship programmes in animal agriculture, processes are needed for the systematic collection of on‐farm antimicrobial use data. The objective of this study was to develop a system for collecting on‐farm antimicrobial use data from the US broiler industry and to have it be representative of the largest commercial broiler producers in the United States that comprise the vast majority of national broiler production. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2013 through 2017 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies accounted for approximately 81.7% of broiler production in the United States in 2013 and increased to approximately 87.2% in 2017. The data that were submitted for 2017 are based on approximately 7,897,339,357 chicks placed, 7,541,449,430 chickens slaughtered and 48,225,124,865 pounds liveweight produced. The use of antimicrobials in the hatchery decreased substantially between 2013 and 2017; the approximate percentage of broiler chicks placed that received hatchery antimicrobials decreased from 93% in 2013 to 17% in 2017. Medically important in‐feed antimicrobial use decreased substantially. For example, in‐feed tetracycline use decreased approximately 95% between 2013 and 2017. Medically important water‐soluble antimicrobial use decreased substantially for most antimicrobials. Between 2013 and 2017, water‐soluble penicillin use decreased approximately 21%, water‐soluble tetracycline use decreased approximately 47%, and water‐soluble lincomycin use decreased approximately 28%. While a reduction in antimicrobial amounts used may be an important indicator of improved stewardship, reducing the need for antimicrobials through improved disease prevention should be considered a more important objective and a better indicator of overall flock health and optimal antimicrobial use.
Celastrol: A Review of Useful Strategies Overcoming its Limitation in Anticancer Application

Celastrol, a natural bioactive ingredient derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, exhibits significant broad-spectrum anticancer activities for the treatment of a variety of cancers including liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate tumor, multiple myeloma, glioma, etc. However, the poor water stability, low bioavailability, narrow therapeutic window, and undesired side effects greatly limit its clinical application. To address this issue, some strategies were employed to improve the anticancer efficacy and reduce the side-effects of celastrol. The present review comprehensively focuses on the various challenges associated with the anticancer efficiency and drug delivery of celastrol, and the useful approaches including combination therapy, structural derivatives and nano/micro-systems development. The specific advantages for the use of celastrol mediated by these strategies are presented. Moreover, the challenges and future research directions are also discussed. Based on this review, it would provide a reference to develop a natural anticancer compound for cancer treatment.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model‐Informed Drug Development for Polatuzumab Vedotin: Label for Drug‐Drug Interactions Without Dedicated Clinical Trials

Model‐informed drug development (MIDD) has become an important approach to improving clinical trial efficiency, optimizing drug dosing, and proposing drug labeling in the absence of dedicated clinical trials. For the first time, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model‐based approach to assess CYP3A‐mediated drug‐drug interaction (DDI) risk for polatuzumab vedotin (Polivy), an anti‐CD79b‐vc‐monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC). The model was developed and verified using data from the existing clinical DDI study for brentuximab vedotin, a similar vc‐MMAE ADC. Analogous to the brentuximab vedotin clinical study, polatuzumab vedotin at the proposed labeled dose was predicted to have a limited drug interaction potential with strong CYP3A inhibitor and inducer. Polatuzumab vedotin was also predicted to neither inhibit nor induce CYP3A. The present work demonstrated a high‐impact application using a PBPK MIDD approach to predict the CYP3A‐mediated DDI to enable drug labeling in the absence of any dedicated clinical DDI study. The key considerations for the PBPK report included in the Biologics License Application/Marketing Authorization Application submission, as well as the strategy and responses to address some of the critical and challenging questions from the health authorities following the submission are also discussed. Our experience and associated perspective using a PBPK approach to ultimately enable a drug interaction label claim for polatuzumab vedotin in lieu of a dedicated clinical DDI study, as well as the interactions with the regulatory agencies, further provides confidence in applying MIDD to accelerate the registration and approval of new drug therapies.
Der p 2.1 Peptide Abrogates House Dust Mites-Induced Asthma Features in Mice and Humanized Mice by Inhibiting DC-Mediated T Cell Polarization

Asthma is a chronic airway disease often due to sensitization to aeroallergens, especially house dust mite allergens (HDMs). The Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2 (Der p 2), is one of the most representative HDM allergens and is recognized by more than 90% of HDM-allergic patients. In mouse models, all asthma-related features can be prevented by prophylactic administration of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2-derived peptide (Der p 2.1). However, it is unknown whether it is able to treat well-established asthma in mice and humans. We aimed here to evaluate the efficacy of Der p 2.1 immunotherapy in a mouse, humanized mouse, and asthmatic patients. Asthma related-features were analyzed through airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), allergen-specific IgE, and lung histology in mice and humanized mice. Immune profile was analyzed using lung and blood from mice and severe asthmatic patients respectively. T cell and dendritic cell (DC) polarization was evaluated using co-culture of bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) and naïve T cell from naïve mice. Mice and humanized mice both have a reduced AHR, lung tissue alteration, and HDM-specific IgE under Der p 2.1 treatment. Concerning the immune profile, T helper 2 cells (Th2) and T helper 17 cells (Th17) were significantly reduced in both mice and humanized mice lung and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from severe asthmatic patients after Der p 2.1 incubation. The downregulation of T cell polarization seems to be linked to an increase of IL-10-secreting DC under Der p 2.1 treatment in both mice and severe asthmatic patients. This study shows that allergen-derived peptide immunotherapy abrogates asthma-related features in mice and humanized mice by reducing Th2 and Th17 cells polarization via IL-10-secreting DC. These results suggest that Der p 2.1 peptide immunotherapy could be a promising approach to treat both Th2 and Th17 immunity in asthma.
In older adults with CKD and mild acidosis, oral sodium bicarbonate did not improve physical function

SOURCE CITATION Witham MD, Band M, Chong H, et al. Sodium bicarbonate to improve physical function in patients over 60 years with advanced chronic kidney disease: the BiCARB RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020;24:1-90. 32568065.
Effect of Tuff Powder Mineral Admixture on the Macro-Performance and Micropore Structure of Cement-Based Materials

The effects of the tuff powder which is produced from southwestern China on cement mortars fluidity, compressive strength ( R c ) and dry shrinkage are investigated in this paper. In addition, the pore structure, hydration products and morphology of the blend cementitious materials are studied by means of MIP, XRD and SEM, respectively. On this basis, the fractal dimension of pore surface area (Ds) is also proposed in this paper. The results show that with the increasing mixing amount of tuff powder, R c presents a gradual decreasing trend while fluidity and dry shrinkage increase first and then decrease. Meanwhile, the total porosity and the proportion of harmful pores (>100 nm) present a gradual increasing trend. By contrast, the proportion of the little harmful (20–100 nm) and harmless pores (below 20 nm) shows a decreasing trend. As the curing age increases, the pore diameter becomes smaller, the distribution of the most probable pore size is mainly between 5 and 50 nm at 180 days. The pozzolanic activity of tuff powder is low, and the consumption of Ca(OH)2 through the secondary hydration reaction is very limited. The pore surface area of the paste exhibits obvious fractal characteristics. With the increase of curing age and the decrease of tuff powder mixing amount, the Ds becomes larger because the hydration process gradually increases the density of the paste. However, the addition of tuff powder increases the proportion of the macropores and reduces the strength of the paste. For engineering applications, the recommended amount of tuff powder in concrete should be less than 20% to obtain the optimal comprehensive performance, such as mechanical properties, durability properties and pore structure.
COMPARATIVE TAPHONOMY OF DEEP-SEA AND SHALLOW-MARINE ECHINOIDS OF THE GENUS ECHINOCYAMUS

Abstract: The infaunal living clypeasteroid echinoid genus Echinocyamus is considered a model organism for various ecological and paleontological studies since its distribution ranges from the polar regions to the tropics, and from shallow-marine settings to the deep-sea. Deep-sea analyses of this genus are rare, but imperative for the understanding and function of these important ecosystems. During the 2012 Southern Surveyor expedition, 35 seamounts off the east coast of Australia were dredged in depths greater than 800 m. Of these, six dredges contained a total of 18 deep-sea Echinocyamus tests. The tests have been analyzed for taphonomic alterations including abrasion patterns, macro-borings, micro-borings, depressions on the test, test staining, test filling, encrustation, and fragmentation. Findings are interpreted in the context of the deep-sea setting and are compared to Echinocyamus samples from shallow-water environments. Results show that abrasion in deep-sea environments is generally high, especially in ambulacral and genital pores indicating that tests can persist for a long time on the seafloor. This contrasts with shallow-water Echinocyamus that show lower abrasion due to early test destruction. Macro-borings are present as single or paired holes with straight vertical profiles resembling Lithophaga borings. Micro-borings are abundant and most likely the result of sponge or fungal activity. Depressions on the tests, such as scars or pits, are likely the result of trauma or malformation during ontogeny. Test staining is common, but variable, and is associated with FE/Mn oxidation and authigenic clays based on elemental analyses. Test filling occurs as loose or lithified sediment. Encrustation is present in the form of rudimentary crusts and biofilms. No macro-organisms were found on the tests. Biofilm composition differs from shallow-water environments in that organisms captured in the biofilm reflect aphotic conditions or sedimentation of particles from higher in the water column (e.g., coccoliths). Fragmentation is restricted to the apical system and pore regions. Results of this first comparative study on deep-sea Echinocyamus from Australian seamounts show that the minute tests can survive for a long time in these settings and undergo environmental specific taphonomic processes reflected in various taphonomic alterations.
Karyotypes of Five Spider Species from Mediterranean and Central Regions of Turkey

Here we present the first data on karyotype structures in five spider species belonging to the families Agelenidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae collected from Mediterranean and central regions of Turkey. An air-drying method was used to obtain mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. The karyotype characteristics including diploid chromosome number and sex chromosome systems were in Salticidae: Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) and Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Thomisidae: Xysticus lanio C. L. Koch, 1835 and Xysticus ferrugineus Menge, 1876, 2n♂ = 23, X0; Agelenidae: Agelena orientalis C. L. Koch, 1837, 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. Sex chromosomes were identified tentatively. All species contained monoarmed chromosomes and there was a gradual decrease in their total lengths.
Leaf hydraulic safety margin and safety–efficiency trade-off across angiosperm woody species

Leaf hydraulic conductance and the vulnerability to water deficits have profound effects on plant distribution and mortality. In this study, we compiled a leaf hydraulic trait dataset with 311 species-at-site combinations from biomes worldwide. These traits included maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), water potential at 50% loss of Kleaf (P50leaf), and minimum leaf water potential (Ψmin). Leaf hydraulic safety margin (HSMleaf) was calculated as the difference between Ψmin and P50leaf. Our results indicated that 70% of the studied species had a narrow HSMleaf (less than 1 MPa), which was consistent with the global pattern of stem hydraulic safety margin. There was a positive relationship between HSMleaf and aridity index (the ratio of mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration), as species from humid sites tended to have larger HSMleaf. We found a significant relationship between Kleaf and P50leaf across global angiosperm woody species and within each of the different plant groups. This global analysis of leaf hydraulic traits improves our understanding of plant hydraulic response to environmental change.
In type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 RA plus SGLT2 inhibitor vs. either drug alone reduces HbA1c and SBP and may reduce body weight

SOURCE CITATION Mantsiou C, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors as combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1857-68. 32476254.
Bioconversion of biodegradable municipal solid waste (BMSW) to glucose for bio-ethanol production

Municipal solid waste (MSW), as an emerging biomass source, presents a unique opportunity for large-scale second-generation bioethanol production. Feedstock supply is reliable and in sufficient quantity, making it a promising biomass source but the conversion yield is currently too low to make it financially attractive. This work presented in this thesis provides a better understanding of bioconversion systems, in particular of pre-treatment and hydrolysis processes which contribute to more than 60% of ethanol selling price. This thesis also presents a technique of bioconversion which allows conversion of MSW to bioethanol to be carried out more efficiently than with existing techniques. This thesis starts with an assessment of the feasibility of using MSW to replace primary agricultural products as biomass sources. It presents an efficient MSW to ethanol bioconversion process which includes pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, and provides detailed quantitative information on the conditions that maximise the glucose yield to 80% after 24-h hydrolysis reaction. This thesis also presents the result of the characterisation of the complex substrate features of the selected MSW fractions which have lignin and cellulose crystallinity, and an evaluation of the effects of MSW-substrate features on the conversion process. Finally, it presents the first model of the effects of substrate features in cellulase-cellulose adsorption cellulase-cellulose adsorption is recognised as a crucial step that controls the enzymatic hydrolysis rate. This study shows that lignin, crystallinity, cellulose content and their interaction have an important influence on enzyme adsorption capacity. It is concluded that both lignin content and crystallinity play a greater role in cellulose-cellulase adsorption than cellulose content. Finally the presence of lignin has a greater effect than crystallinity on both the maximum enzyme adsorption capacity and steady-state enzyme adsorption, whereas crystallinity has a greater effect on the latter one.
Optimasi Portofolio Saham Dengan Memperhitungkan Biaya Transaksi Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika Multi-objective

Portofolio saham merupakan sekumpulan aset finansial yang berisi beberapa saham yang bisa dimiliki oleh perusahaan atau perorangan. Untuk mendapatkan portofolio yang optimal yaitu dengan menghasilkan return maksimal dan risiko minimal dilakukan dengan mengalokasikan bobot pada portofolio. Metode yang digunakan untuk meminimumkan risiko adalah mean-variance Markowitz. Pada tugas akhir ini akan dilakukan optimasi portofolio dengan memperhitungkan biaya transaksi. Optimasi multi-objective digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan portofolio yang optimal, karena terdapat lebih dari satu fungsi tujuan yang ingin dicapai. Algoritma optimasi yang digunakan yaitu algoritma genetika multi-objective NSGA-II. Beberapa parameter algoritma genetika multi- objective NSGA-II adalah ukuran populasi, jumlah generasi, probabilitas crossover dan probabilitas mutasi. Hasil akhir yaitu berupa nilai bobot portofolio dan grafik efficient frontier yang merupakan kumpulan dari pilihan terbaik bagi investor yang mampu menawarkan tingkat return maksimum untuk tingkat risiko tertentu. Pada grafik efficient frontier yang diperoleh dengan metode mean variance diasumsikan tidak terdapat transaksi jual maupun beli sedangkan pada grafik efficient frontier yang diperoleh dengan algoritma genetika multi-objective NSGA-II diasumsikan terdapat transaksi jual ataupun beli suatu saham. Kata kunci : optimasi portofolio, biaya transaksi, algoritma genetika multi-objective NSGA-II
Synthèse de matériaux d'architecture contrôlée à base de silice colloïdale

Ce manuscrit decrit l'utilisation de particules de silice colloidale de taille et de fonctionnalite definies pour elaborer des materiaux aux proprietes specifiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons compare differentes methodes de synthese de particules de silice a partir d'un precurseur moleculaire selon un procede sol-gel. Celles-ci nous ont permis de fabriquer des objets spheriques de fonction de surface controlee et avec une taille moyenne reguliere comprise entre 50 nm et 2 microns. Une fois ces particules synthetisees, nous avons etudie leur comportement a l'interface air-eau grâce a la technique de Langmuir puis fabrique des cristaux colloidaux d'epaisseur controlee par depositions successives de monocouches de particules sur des substrats hydrophiles selon le principe de la technique de Langmuir-Blodgett. Ce controle nous a permis d'etudier l'influence de l'epaisseur des cristaux sur leurs proprietes spectroscopiques. Le second axe de notre recherche concernait l'elaboration de particules a morphologie originale et en particulier d'objets dissymetriques. L'utilisation de differentes techniques impliquant des phenomenes interfaciaux a d'abord ete envisagee (interfaces planes puis courbes a l'echelle macroscopique). Nous avons egalement elabore de particules organiques-inorganiques grâce a un procede de polymerisation en emulsion de styrene en presence de particules de silice modifiees en surface. La maitrise des differents parametres experimentaux nous a ainsi permis d'obtenir des objets hybrides aux morphologies originales mais predictibles et variees, qu'elles soient dissymetriques (± haltere a, ± bonhomme de neige a, ± cœur-ecorce decentre a) ou non (± marguerite a, ± multipode a ou ± framboise a). Ces nouveaux types de particules colloidales pourraient presenter des proprietes innovantes dans de nombreux domaines tels que la catalyse, l'affichage electronique ou la stabilisation de milieux complexes
Analysis of National Grid of India on the PAN India lights-off event due to COVID-19

Aiming to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 a global pandemic on Indian Power Grid System and the comparison between load demand during the normal period and the Lock-down period is described in this paper. The effect of lock-down on power generation, load, frequency and Bus Voltage are depicted in this paper. Due to the highly reduced load amid the lock-down period. There was a major risk of increment in frequency and bus Voltages. Certain measures are taken out in order to, survive the grid amid the lock-down period. Especially during the PAN India event on the 5th of April 2020 such as by relying more on Hydro generation and Gas generation as compared to thermal generation.
Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Tsetse Fly in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

Livestock are the main stay of the vast majority of African people. They contribute a large proportion of the continent’s gross domestic product and constitute a major source of foreign currency earning for a number of countries. Trypanosomosis is among the well-known constraints to livestock production in Africa as it causes a serious and often fatal disease of livestock mainly in the rural poor community and rightfully considered as a root cause of poverty in the continent. Despite the importance of livestock to the larger sector of the population and to the economy at large the sub sector has remained untapped Vreysen [1]. It is the main haemoparasitic disease in domestic animals and is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. A major determinant of the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis is the availability of suitable habitat for tsetse. Tsetse are restricted to various geographical areas according to habitat, the three main groups, named after the commonest species in each group, being fusca, palpalis and morsitans, found respectively in forest, riverine and savannah areas. The last two groups, because of their presence in the major livestock rearing areas, have a great importance in veterinary standing view. The disease infects various species of mammals however, from an economic point of view, tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis is particularly im¬portant in cattle Meberate et al. [2]. The parasite is transmitted biologically by the tsetse fly (Glossina species) and infects animals over an area known as the ‘tsetse belt’, which extends approximately 10 million km2 across 37 countries in Africa, from the Sahara Desert in the North to South Africa in the south Ilemobade [3]. Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Hereditary Neuropathy Overview

The purpose of this overview is to increase the awareness of clinicians regarding Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) hereditary neuropathy, its causes, and its management.The following are the goals of this overview. Goal 1 Describe the clinical characteristics of CMT hereditary neuropathy. Goal 2 Review the causes of CMT hereditary neuropathy. Goal 3 Provide an evaluation strategy to identify the cause of CMT hereditary neuropathy in a proband (when possible). Goal 4 Inform genetic counseling of family members of an individual with CMT hereditary neuropathy. Goal 5 Review management of CMT hereditary neuropathy.