Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INHERENT WALKING DIRECTION DIFFERS FOR THE PROTHORACIC AND METATHORACIC LEGS OF STICK INSECTS

On a slippery surface the forelegs of a decapitated stick insect walk forwards and the hindlegs, backwards. Animals with only forelegs but that are otherwise intact walk forwards, whereas animals with only hindlegs walk mostly backwards. Usually when intact animals start to walk, their hindlegs exert a rearwards thrust on the substrate, but occasionally the starting forces are directed forwards. A rampwise extension of the femoral chordotonal organ in the fixed foreleg of a walking animal first excites the flexor tibiae muscle (positive feedback). Towards the end of the ramp stimulus the activity of the flexor decreases, and the extensor tibiae motor neurones become strongly active. All experiments indicated that the inherent direction of movement of the metathorax is rearwards. In intact animals there must be a coordinating pathway from the prothorax to the metathorax that, together with the suboesophageal ganglion, induces the hindlegs to walk forwards.
Grid generation based on stress balance

In this paper, we deal with the method of grid generation. From the perspective of deformation mechanics, we propose a new method to generate grid with boundary constrain. Based on the stress balance equation on the node of the domain, the coordinate of the balance particle can be easily obtained by a very simple iteration method. Moreover, some discussions about the free parameters are conducted, and then an improvement version of the method is also proposed. Numerical results show the effectiveness and advantage of the method.
Intelligent network intrusion detection using alternating decision trees

Security risks in the network grow with increase in size. The attacks on networks have increased in recent past tremendously and require efficient intrusion detection systems. Data mining have been used for intrusion detection and have gained much popularity. This paper presents a novel approach to classify intrusion attacks. The central idea is to apply alternating decision trees (ADT) to intrusion data and classify the various types of attacks. Alternating decision tree is well known decision tree algorithm used for binary classification problems. The ADT creates a DT comprised of prediction nodes and splitter nodes. The ADT algorithm is a supervised boosting algorithm. This paper focuses to classify attacks using ADT. The NSL-KDD Data set is used for our experimental analysis. Our proposed method obtained an accuracy of 97.61%, 97.15%, 97.15% and FAR of 3.3, 5.5, 2.38 for DOS, Probe and U2R and R2L respectively, which is much higher than other existing approaches.
A Gene Encoding a Cytochrome c Oxidase‐Like Protein Is Located Closely to the Cytochrome c‐553 Gene in the Anaerobic Bacterium, Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Miyazaki F)

The gene encoding cytochrome c‐553 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Miyazaki F) was cloned using a synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe. The nucleotide sequence indicated that cytochrome c‐553 was synthesized as a precursor protein with an NH2‐terminal signal sequence of 23 residues. In the cloned DNA fragment, there are three other open reading frames whose products have 191, 157, 541 amino acid residues, respectively. The putative ORF‐4 product is highly homologous with the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from various organisms.
Do Female Students Feel Differently Than Male Students About Using Software Tutors?

Do female students feel differently than male students about using software tutors? One recent study suggests that women are concerned about the passivity of their interactions with the computer as a (learning) tool. Another study suggests that women who have taken online courses are enthusiastic about computer-based learning. In order to answer this question ourselves, we conducted two studies in fall 2004 and spring 2005 using the software tutors we have developed for introductory programming topics. We analyzed the data filled out by students in the feedback form administered after using each tutor. We found that there was no statistically significant difference between female and male students on their assessment of the usability, ability to learn from and the usefulness of software tutors. This result is reassuring to both developers and users of software tutors for learning
Effect of Naringin Radical Formed by Peroxidase on Chlorophyll Degradation during Storage of Citrus nagato-yuzukichi Fruit

Free radical formation from flavonoids by peroxidase action and changes in flavonoid levels and peroxidase activity during storage were determined to clarify the involvement of naringin radical in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in stored green Nagato-yuzukichi (Citrus nagato-yuzukichi hort. ex Y. Tanaka) fruit. Chl a was degraded by peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system not in the presence of hesperidin but with naringin. However, radical formation of both naringin and hesperidin, which were the main flavonoids in the flavedo of Nagato-yuzukichi fruit, with peroxidase-mediated oxidation was found by electron spin resonance analysis. The naringin radical, which was formed by a radical forming reagent, potassium ferricyanide, was related to the formation of 132-hydroxychlorophyll (OHChl) with Chl a degradation, whereas the hesperidin radical hardly affected OHChl a formation. In addition, superoxide dismutase did not inhibit Chl a degradation by naringin radical formed by potassium ferricyanide. In Nagato-yuzukichi fruit, Chl-degrading peroxidase activity increased considerably during storage at 20°C, with a peak value on day 6 of storage in accordance with decrease in Chl content, after which it decreased. The contents of naringin and hesperidin, especially the former, decreased during storage at 20°C, but afterwards increased slightly. These findings suggest that the naringin radical formed by peroxidase could be partly involved in Chl degradation during storage in Nagato-yuzukichi fruit.
A New Connected-Component Labeling Algorithm

Abstract This paper proposes a new first-scan method for two-scan labeling algorithms. In the first scan, our proposed method first scans image lines three by three with a leaving line, and for foreground pixels among each three lines, assigns them provisional labels, and finds and resolves label equivalences among them. Then, it processes the leaving lines from top to bottom one by one, and for each line, assigns foreground pixels on the line provisional labels, finding and resolving label equivalences between the foreground pixels and those on the lines immediately above and below the current line. Experimental results demonstrated that our method is more efficient than conventional label-equivalence-based labeling algorithms.
Abnormal Blood Glucose and Coronary Heart Disease: The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program

The presence of abnormal blood glucose (ABG) was determined for participants in the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program, a prospective epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease. Subjects were considered to have ABG at baseline if they were receiving treatment for diabetes (diet, oral hypoglycemics, or insulin), or if the blood glucose level was 140 mg/dl or more. Urban-rural comparisons of the prevalence of ABG were made in this cohort of 2585 rural and 6208 urban men aged 45–64 yr. The prevalence of ABG in the urban population was more than double that in the rural. This population has been followed up for coronary heart disease (CHD) over an 8¼-yr period. ABG at baseline is significantly associated with CHD death in urban men. When the relationship is controlled for smoking, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and relative weight, the relationship remains significant. The association with total CHD is similar. Either by adjusting for diabetes (i.e., when treated diabetes was excluded from analysis) or by entering both blood glucose and diabetes under treatment into the model, blood glucose was no longer statistically significant. This suggests that ABG, rather than blood glucose alone, is the important variable associated with CHD.
4‐THIOURIDINE INCORPORATION INTO THE RNA OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS (CV‐1) TRIGGERS NEAR‐UV LIGHT LONG‐TERM INHIBITION OF DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Monkey kidney cells (CV‐1) grown for 4 h in the presence of 0.1 mM 4‐thiouridine (s4Urd) incorporate this photoactivable uridine analog in their RNA. A minor, 5–8%, thiolated RNA fraction can be isolated from bulk RNA by affinity chromatography. This RNA fraction contains 1.5–2.5 s4Urd residues per 100 nucleotides and exhibits a broad chain length distribution ranging from 700 to 7000 nucleotides. It is essentially of nuclear origin and amounts to 30% of the RNA synthesized during exposure of cells to s4Urd. Under the same s4Urd labeling conditions, no thiolated pyrimidine residues have been detected in DNA.
Endocrine function and bone disease during long‐term chelation therapy with deferasirox in patients with β‐thalassemia major

Iron overload in β‐thalassemia major (TM) typically results in iron‐induced cardiomyopathy, liver disease, and endocrine complications. We examined the incidence and progression of endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, hypogonadism), growth and pubertal delay, and bone metabolism disease during long‐term deferasirox chelation therapy in a real clinical practice setting. We report a multicenter retrospective cohort study of 86 transfusion‐dependent patients with TM treated with once daily deferasirox for a median duration of 6.5 years, up to 10 years. No deaths or new cases of hypothyroidism or diabetes occurred. The incidence of new endocrine complications was 7% (P = 0.338, for change of prevalence from baseline to end of study) and included hypogonadism (n = 5) and hypoparathyroidism (n = 1). Among patients with hypothyroidism or diabetes at baseline, no significant change in thyroid parameters or insulin requirements were observed, respectively. Mean lumbar spine bone mineral density increased significantly (P < 0.001) and the number of patients with lumbar spine osteoporosis significantly decreased (P = 0.022) irrespective of bisphosphonate therapy, hormonal replacement therapy, and calcium or vitamin D supplementation. There were no significant differences in the number of pediatric patients below the 5th centile for height between baseline and study completion. Six pregnancies occurred successfully, and four of them were spontaneous without ovarian stimulation. This is the first study evaluating endocrine function during the newest oral chelation therapy with deferasirox. A low rate of new endocrine disorders and a stabilization of those pre‐exisisting was observed in a real clinical practice setting. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1102–1106, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Maintenance of Normal Parturition in the Rat Requires Neurohypophysial Oxytocin

The neuropeptide oxytocin has long been known as a potent contractor of the uterus. However, it has remained difficult to attribute a definite role for neurohypophysial oxytocin in either the initiation or continuation of labour (1). Most recently, Lefebvre and colleagues (2) have suggested that oxytocin produced in the uterus, rather than in the hypothalamus, may be more important in parturition since at term the uterus of the rat contains 70‐fold more mRNA for oxytocin than the hypothalamus, and this disappears at about the time of parturition. Despite the high levels of mRNA the uterus contains only nanogram quantities of immunoreactive oxytocin per gram wet weight at term (2), compared to microgram quantities present in the pituitary (3,4). Here we show that activation of the neurohypophysial oxytocin system occurs, as reflected by expression of immunoreactivity for Fos in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, and that this activation is indeed critical for normal parturition, since its inhibition results in a significant prolongation of parturition. In addition, we present evidence that pulsatile delivery of oxytocin into the circulation is important for the efficient progress of parturition, indicating that a major role of the neuronal circuits regulating oxytocin secretion for parturition, as is already known for suckling, is to produce an appropriately patterned hormonal output for efficient biological action.
The Tunneling Time of an Electron

There is a widely spread misconception regarding the physical significance of the various tunneling times currently used to describe metal-insulator-metal tunneling phenomena. Using quantum mechanics, the transition time of an electron tunneling from a state on one side of the barrier to a state on the other side can be determined. This time is the period of interaction between the electron and the barrier, since before and after the transition, the electron is in a quantum state of one of the metals. Furthermore, the RC time constant of the sandwich-like device and the electron transition or interaction time are equivalent representations of the same physical parameter. But none of these times is the quasiclassical "transmission time" analyzed by Hartman, which has become widely accepted as the electron-barrier interaction time, although this was clearly not his intention. In this communication we wish to point out that it is the (quantum mechanical) transition time which is the characteristic time of tunneling phenomena.
Modelling, identification and robust control of 6-DOF parallel manipulators

The majority of publications noticeably claim that parallel robots or manipulators are supposed to perform better than their serial counterparts. However, in practice these mechanisms suffer from many problems, such that the theoretically provided potentials are difficult to exploit. Focusing on the issue of dynamics and control, this paper gives a self-contained methodology to achieve accurate control for parallel manipulators. The general case of a 6-DOF (degrees of freedom) mechanism is chosen as the case study to substantiate the approach by experimental results. First, accurate and computational efficient modelling of the dynamics is discussed, followed by presenting appropriate and optimal design of experimental parameter identification. The development of the control scheme is based on the compensation of the non-linear dynamics by using the desired motion. Moreover, a robust design of controller-observer combination for the actuators is proposed. The success of the developed strategy is demonstrated by experimental results.
Physiological mechanisms for potato dormancy release and sprouting: a review.

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers undergo a period of dormancy, during which visible bud growth is inhibited. The length of the dormancy is determined by environmental, physiological and hormonal control mechanisms. Dormancy is the final stage of tuber life, which serves to preserve tubers as organs of vegetative reproduction under unfavourable growth conditions. Since the duration of potato tuber dormancy and sprouting time bear significant economic importance, this review considers the regulation of dormancy and sprouting of potato by phytohormones and reactive oxygen species. Two phytohormones, ABA and ethylene suppress tuber sprouting; however, the exact role of ethylene remains to be elucidated. Cytokinins and gibberellins are required for bud breaking and sprout growth, respectively. The auxin seems to play a role in vascular development. Thus, tuber dormancy and sprouting can be controlled in potato by manipulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially H2O2 metabolism via the inhibition of catalase (CAT) activity.The possible mechanisms by which CAT inhibitors or H2O2 overcome dormancy and promote sprouting in the potato tuber are discussed. Key Words : Cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, Solanum tuberosum
Testing the Adaptive Significance of Acclimation: A Strong Inference Approach

Acclimation is a common phenotypic response to environmental change. Acclimation is often thought to enhance performance and thus to be adaptive. This view has recently been formalized as the “Beneficial Acclimation Hypothesis” and predicts that individuals acclimated to one environment perform better in that environment than do individuals acclimated to a different environment. Although Beneficial Acclimation is appealing and widely supported, recent studies with E. coli and Drosophila have challenged its general validity. Although these challenges could be dismissed as mere exceptions, they encourage a re-evaluation of the adaptive significance of acclimation. Our philosophical approach differs from that of most previous studies of acclimation, in which the prediction derived from a Beneficial Acclimation perspective ( e.g. , heat tolerance is positively correlated with acclimation temperature) is tested against the null hypothesis (“single hypothesis approach”). Instead, we follow Huey and Berrigan (1996) in advocating a strong inference approach ( sensu Platt, 1964), which recognizes that Beneficial Acclimation is actually one of a set of competing hypotheses that make different predictions as to how developmental temperature influences the thermal sensitivity of adults (“developmental acclimation”). Using this perspective, Huey and Berrigan proposed a factorial experimental design (3 developmental by 3 adult temperatures) designed to discriminate among all competing hypotheses. We now derive a formal statistical model (ANOVA with orthogonal polynomial contrasts) for this experimental design and use it to evaluate simultaneously the relative impact of each competing hypothesis. We then apply this model to several case studies ( Drosophila, Volvox, Trichogramma ), and we review also a recent study with E. coli . The influence of Beneficial Acclimation is supported (albeit often weakly) in most cases. Nevertheless, other hypotheses (especially the Optimal Developmental Temperature Hypothesis) often have a greater impact. Even so, however, Beneficial Acclimation usually predicts relative performance at extreme test temperatures. We conclude that, although rumors of its death are premature, Beneficial Acclimation cannot be viewed as the dominant expectation, at least with regard to developmental temperature acclimation. Moreover, our findings reinforce the view that a strong inference approach provides a more comprehensive portrait of complex biological responses than do single-hypothesis approaches.
Does aspartate 170 of the D1 polypeptide ligate the manganese cluster in photosystem II? An EPR and ESEEM Study.

Aspartate 170 of the D1 polypeptide provides part of the high-affinity binding site for the first Mn(II) ion that is photooxidized during the light-driven assembly of the (Mn)(4) cluster in photosystem II [Campbell, K. A. , Force, D. A. , Nixon, P. J., Dole, F. , Diner, B. A. , and Britt, R. D. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 3754-3761]. However, despite a wealth of data on D1-Asp170 mutants accumulated over the past decade, there is no consensus about whether this residue ligates the assembled (Mn)(4) cluster. To address this issue, we have conducted an EPR and ESEEM (electron spin-echo envelope modulation) study of D1-D170H PSII particles purified from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The line shapes of the S(1) and S(2) state multiline EPR signals of D1-D170H PSII particles are unchanged from those of wild-type PSII particles, and the signal amplitudes correlate approximately with the lower O(2) evolving activity of the mutant PSII particles (40-60% compared to that of the wild type). These data provide further evidence that the assembled (Mn)(4) clusters in D1-D170H cells function normally, even though the assembly of the (Mn)(4) cluster is inefficient in this mutant. In the two-pulse frequency domain ESEEM spectrum of the 9.2 GHz S(2) state multiline EPR signal of D1-D170H PSII particles, the histidyl nitrogen modulation observed at 4-5 MHz is unchanged from that of wild-type PSII particles and no significant new modulation is observed. Three scenarios are presented to explain this result. (1) D1-Asp170 ligates the assembled (Mn)(4) cluster, but the hyperfine couplings to the ligating histidyl nitrogen of D1-His170 are too large or anisotropic to be detected by ESEEM analyses conducted at 9.2 GHz. (2) D1-Asp170 ligates the assembled (Mn)(4) cluster, but D1-His170 does not. (3) D1-Asp170 does not ligate the assembled (Mn)(4) cluster.
Lie groupoids and Lie algebroids in Differential Geometry: REFERENCES

Introduction 1. The algebra of groupoids 2. Topological groupoids 3. Lie groupoids and Lie algebroids 4. The cohomology of Lie algebroids 5. An obstruction to the integrability of transitive Lie algebroids Appendix A: On principal bundles and Atiyah sequences Appendix B: On Lie groups and Lie algebras Appendix C: On vector bundles References Index.
Muir‐Torre syndrome in patients with hematologic malignancies

The Muir‐Torre syndrome (MTS) is defined as the concurrent or sequential discovery of at least one sebaceous gland tumor and a minimum of one internal malignancy. A man with Hodgkin's lymphoma who subsequently developed an ocular sebaceous carcinoma in situ is described and the world literature of patients with the MTS and hematologic malignancies is reviewed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LAPACK: Portable lineare Algebra-Software für Supercomputer/ LAPACK: Portable Linear Algebra Software for Supercomputers

Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die LAPACK-Bibliotheit, einer portablen Public-Domain-Bibliothek zur Lösung von Grundaufgaben der linearen Algebra. Die Bibliothek stellt einheitlich konzipierte Subroutinen zur Lösung von linearen Gleichungssystemen, Ausgleichsproblemen sowie Eigenwertund Singulärwert-Problemen für dichtbesetzte und Bandmatrizen zur Verfügung. Wir behandeln ausführlich die Entwurfsmethoden, die der Effizienz der LAPACK-Programme auf den heutigen Hochleistungsarchitekturen zugrunde liegen. Insbesondere diskutieren wir den Einsatz von Blockalgorithmen und die Verwendung von Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS). Wir präsentieren Leistungsdaten, die die Eignung des LAPACK-Ansatzes für Vektorrechner und MehrProzessorsysteme mit gemeinsamem Speicher demonstrieren. Schließlich zeigen wir, daß die LAPACK-Software ohne großen Aufwand an verteilte Speiche^Umgebunge^ angepaßt werden kann und erörtern zukünftige Forschungseinrichtungen, die sich aus diesem Projekt ergeben.
Extracting local don't cares for network optimization

An algorithm for computing local don't cares (in terms of immediate fanin variables) at each intermediate node of a Boolean network is presented. These don't cares can be directly used for the simplification of each node by a two-level minimizer. The simplification is relatively fast and the optimized circuits are 100% testable in most cases. The method is more powerful than previous ones developed for node simplification because it computes almost the full local don't care set at each node using image computation techniques. External don't cares are used effectively and there is no restriction on how these are represented because BDDs (binary decision diagrams) are used to translate them into local don't cares. This algorithm has been implemented in the sequential interactive logic synthesis system (SIS), and experimental results are presented that show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on benchmark circuits with and without external don't cares. <<ETX>>