Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BACTERIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KANAMYCIN AND RELATED DRUGS

Before summarizing the available information on the bacteriology of tuberculosis as it involves kanamycin and related drugs, I would like to graphically illustrate the nature of the antituberculosis chemotherapy regimens presently used in this country (TABLE 1). In most cases, these consist of the administration of one parenteral drug for a relatively short period of time along with one or more oral agents which are given for a much longer period of time. If no toxicity is encountered, the parenteral agent is usually given during the first four or five months of definitive chemotherapy and discontinued following sputum conversion to negative. The majority of patients are hospitalized during this period and released after they have become bacteriologically negative to remain on oral outpatient chemotherapy for another year or more. Previously untreated patients usually receive the combination designated as “major” drugs in this scheme. There are approximately fifty thousand new cases of tuberculosis detected in this country each year at this time and virtually all of these receive chemotherapy. Treatment results with this approach are remarkably good and somewhere between 85 and 95 per cent of those individuals who receive adequate courses of these drugs become bacteriologically negative. Unfortunately, a significant number of patients leave the hospital after insufficient treatment, fail to take their drugs after discharge, or their hospital course is complicated by the emergence of tubercle bacilli resistant to one or more of these “major” drugs. These individuals remain bacteriologically positive and usually continue to be hospitalized, often for years. I have no reliable figures for those patients who continue to be hospitalized after failure to become bacteriologically negative on their initial course of chemotherapy, but the number of cases with bacteriological relapse after hospital discharge is known to approximate 10,000 in 1965. Many of these individuals are found to have streptomycinand isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli and further courses of chemotherapy with these drugs is of little value. Obviously, drug treatment regimens are needed for these initial treatment failures and a combination of one parenteral and two or more oral agents in the group of drugs I have called “minor” or “secondary” is used for this purpose as Dr. Kass has just reported. If patients treated with these “retreatment” regimens fail, two investigational drugs, capreomycin and ethambutol, offer a “third line of defense. ” From this, the role of kanamycin in today’s antituberculosis chemotherapy is obviously that of a “second line”
Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High

In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TRHYP) and with the other leg in normoxia (TRNOR). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass (r = 0.78, P < 0.05; TR: +2.6%, P < 0.05; CON: −0.7%, P > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TRHYP vs. TRNOR (P < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TRHYP (~80%, P < 0.01) but not in TRNOR (~50%, P = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs (P < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TRHYP (~8%, P < 0.05) but not in TRNOR (~4%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.
Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of analgesic and adjuvant pain drugs typically administered in primary care for the management of patients with sciatica. Design Systematic review. Data source International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, and LILACS. Study selection Randomised controlled trials assessing the efficacy and tolerability of drugs versus placebo or other treatment for sciatica. Data extraction Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Pain and disability outcomes were converted to a common 0 to 100 scale. Data were pooled with a random effects model, and the GRADE approach was used in summary conclusions. Results Twenty three published reports met the inclusion criteria. The evidence to judge the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and opioid analgesics ranged from moderate to low quality. Most of the pooled estimates did not favour the active treatment over placebo. The pooled results of two trials of corticosteroids (mean difference in overall and leg pain −12.2, 95% confidence interval −20.9 to −3.4) and a single trial of the anticonvulsant gabapentin for chronic sciatica (mean difference in overall pain relief −26.6, −38.3 to −14.9) showed some benefits but only in the short term. The median rate of adverse events was 17% (interquartile range 10-30%) for the active drugs and 11% (3-23%) for placebo. Trial limitations included failure to use validated outcome measures, lack of long term follow-up, and small sample size. Conclusions As the existing evidence from clinical trials is of low quality, the efficacy and tolerability of drugs commonly prescribed for the management of sciatica in primary care is unclear.
An Evaluation of Corporate Governance Disclosure in Ghanaian and Nigerian Banks

Corporate governance disclosure has become the buzz word for countries in developing economies, with the spate of corporate governance failures and the need to prevent a continuation of this trend. There has been the call for developing countries to enhance and improve on corporate governance disclosure practices. This research examines corporate governance disclosure in Ghanaian and Nigerian Banks using the un-weighted disclosure index technique. This research analyses corporate governance disclosure practices in the annual reports of 10 listed banks in Ghanaian and Nigerian banks in the year 2014. The findings of the research reveal that Ghanaian and Nigerian banks comply with several codes and principles of corporate governance disclosure: with Ghanaian banks having a lower level of disclosure than their Nigerian counterparts. On closer inspection, both Ghanaian and Nigerian banks have poor scores in voluntary corporate governance disclosure. Ghanaian banks tend to be worse off, as the level of variation in levels of corporate governance disclosure is high than Nigerian banks. In comparison, Nigerian banks on the average tend to have better voluntary disclosure practices than Ghanaian banks.
Factors Affecting Purchase Intention of South East Asian (SEA) Young Adults Towards Global Smartphone Brands

The study aims to probe the effect of perceived price, perceived quality, brand awareness, and social influence on purchase intention of South East Asian (SEA) Young Adults towards global smartphone brands. This explanatory research uses quantitative empirical data collected from 200 SEA Young Adults studying in one of the public universities in Malaysia. Stratified random sampling is used while ensuring fair representation of SEA countries, viz., Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Correlation and regression analysis were carried out using SPSS 20.0. The study resulted in the finding that social influence has the highest level of linear relationship and so is the most influential factor among four. The findings provide guidelines to global smartphone brands for developing value proposition and better promotion mix for smartphones promotion.
Varieties of Virtual Organizations and their Knowledge Sharing Systems

Provided in this chapter is an analysis of the differences between virtual teams and communities of practice. The chapter links two growing phenomena: virtual organizing and knowledge sharing (knowledge management), based on empirical work from both fields of research. By integrating various types of virtual organizing with corresponding knowledge-sharing systems, the author provides a framework that virtual team leaders, members, and consultants can use to improve management of virtual endeavors. This chapter suggests that calling nearly everything a “Community of Practice” creates unrealistic expectations for spontaneous organizing and knowledge sharing. Indeed, the managers of Virtual Project Teams have organizing challenges that are very different from stewards of Communities of Practice. Practitioners struggling with “oneThis chapter appears in the book, Virtual Teams: Projects, Protocols and Processes, edited by David Pauleen. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING
Selection for reluctance to avoid humans during the domestication of mice

Many animal species have been domesticated over the course of human history and became tame as a result of domestication. Tameness is a behavioral characteristic with 2 potential components: (1) reluctance to avoid humans and (2) motivation to approach humans. However, the specific behavioral characteristics selected during domestication processes remain to be clarified for many species. To quantify these 2 different components of tameness separately, we established 3 behavioral tests: the ‘active tame’, ‘passive tame’ and ‘stay‐on‐hand’ tests. We subjected genetically diverse mouse strains to these tests, including 10 wild strains (BFM/2Ms, PGN2/Ms, HMI/Ms, BLG2/Ms, NJL/Ms, KJR/Ms, SWN/Ms, CHD/Ms, MSM/Ms and CAST/Ei), a fancy strain (JF1/Ms) and 6 standard laboratory strains (C3H/HeNJcl, CBA/J, BALB/cAnNCrlCrlj, DBA/2JJcl, 129+Ter/SvJcl and C57BL/6JJcl). To analyze the effects of domestication, these 17 strains were divided into 2 groups: domesticated strains (fancy and laboratory strains) and wild strains. Significant differences between strains were observed in all traits, and the calculated estimates of broad‐sense heritability were 0.15–0.72. These results illustrate that tameness in mice is significantly influenced by genetic background. In addition, they clearly show the differences in the features of tameness in domesticated and wild strains. Most of the domesticated strains showed significantly greater reluctance to avoid humans than wild strains, whereas there was no significant difference in the level of motivation to approach humans between these 2 groups. These results might help to clarify the genetic basis of tameness in mice.
Extended Detection of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid

Background: Amphetamine and methamphetamine are popular drugs of abuse worldwide and are important components of drug monitoring programs. Windows of detection for amphetamine and methamphetamine in oral fluid after high doses have not been investigated. Repeated high-dose ingestions are likely to cause positive samples for extended periods. Common routes of administration of amphetamine/methamphetamine in Norway are oral intake or injection. The aim of this study was to investigate windows of detection for amphetamine and methamphetamine in oral fluid from drug addicts under sustained abstinence during detoxification. Methods: Twenty-five patients admitted to a closed detoxification unit were included in this study. Oral fluid samples were collected daily in the morning and evening, and urine every morning for 10 days. A blood sample was drawn during the first 5 days after admission if the patient consented. Oral fluid results were compared with urine results to determine whether a new ingestion occurred. Oral fluid was collected with the Intercept oral fluid collection device. In-house cutoff concentrations for amphetamine and methamphetamine were 6.8 and 7.5 mcg/L, respectively, in oral fluid, and 135 and 149 mcg/L, respectively, in urine. Results: Amphetamines were detected in 11 oral fluid, 5 urine, and 2 blood specimens from 25 patients. Patients self-reported amphetamines intake of up to 0.5–2 g daily. Windows of detection for amphetamine and methamphetamine in oral fluid were up to 8 days, longer than in urine at the applied cutoff values. Conclusions: These data confirm that oral fluid is a viable alternative to urine for monitoring amphetamine abuse, and that these substances might be detected in oral fluid for at least 1 week after ingestion of high doses. Such long detection times were, as far as we are aware, never reported previously for oral fluid amphetamines.
4-times faster rising VPASS (10V), 15% lower power VPGM (20V), wide output voltage range voltage generator system for 4-times faster 3D-integrated solid-state drives

A wide output voltage, VOUT, range from 10V to 20V voltage generator system is proposed for the 3D-integrated NAND flash Solid-State Drives, SSDs. The circuits are fabricated with the smart mix and match of the 0.18um standard CMOS, the low voltage and high voltage NAND flash memory technologies. The two-stage boost converter is proposed for the program pass voltage, VPASS, in the lower VOUT, 10V, and the heavy load capacitance, COUT, condition. The measured rising time is four times shorter than the conventional single-stage boost converter [1,2]. In addition, the constant current boosting scheme is proposed for the program voltage, VPGM, in the higher VOUT, 20V, and the light COUT condition. The power consumption decreases by 15%. As a result, the SSD performance improves by 4 times.
Central Auditory Mechanisms Associated with Cochlear Implantation: An Overview of Selected Studies and Comment

Abstract Recently, the evaluation of the role of the central auditory system in the utilization of cochlear implants has received much attention. In order to fully understand the results of cochlear implantation, one must have an understanding of how the brain is influenced by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the central auditory nervous system and the changes that occur as a result of cochlear implant use. Evidence of central auditory plasticity is discussed highlighting key imaging and evoked potential studies.
Hepatic and Glucose Biotolerance Induced by the Aqueous Extract of Leaf of Parkia biglobosa in Rabbit

The aqueous extract of leaves of Parkia biglobosa (Pb) is used in Africa to cure hypertension or for the treatment of immunocompromised individuals. To avoid intoxication of consumers, our study was carried out to evaluate the action of the extract on the level of glucose and liver enzymes [Akaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)]. Two sets of five (5) batches of six (6) rabbits were constituted. The first set each received a single dose of Pb (25, 50, 75 and 100mg/kg body weight or BW) and 0.9% NaCl. The second set were given Methylprednisolone 15mg/kg BW (MP15) and mixtures MP15 and Pb (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg of BW). Rabbit whole blood were collected in dry tubes from the marginal ear vein on the first day before injection (Do), then the 3rd, 9th, 15th and 21th days, was centrifuged. The serum obtained was used for assay of glucose, transaminases and ALP on automate Cobas Integra 400 Plus®. The doses of Pb 25, 50, 75mg/kg of BW did not induce significant changes in transaminases (ALT and AST), ALP and glucose compared to control group (0.9% NaCl) from D0 to D21. However, the dose of 100 mg/kg produced significant increase in transaminases and glucose (p
Customer Relationship Management In Banking Sector

The banking business is becoming more and more complex with the changes emanating from the liberalization and globalization. For a new bank, customer creation is important, but in an established bank the retention is much more efficient and cost effective mechanism. CRM is a sound business strategy to identify the banks most profitable customers and prospects, and devotes time and attention to expanding account relationships with them. Customer data may be used as a platform for CRM systems for communicating, creating loyalty, customer service, trust cultivation and relationship maintenance. This paper studies about the role of CRM in banking sector and the customer perception about CRM.
Clonal origin of bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND Patients with cancer of the urinary bladder often present with metachronous tumors, appearing at different times and at different sites in the bladder. This observation has been attributed to a "field defect" in the bladder that allows the independent transformation of epithelial cells at a number of sites. We tested this hypothesis using molecular genetic techniques. METHODS We examined 13 tumors from cystectomy specimens from four women, using a method that analyzes the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation to determine whether the tumors were derived from the same precursor cell. In addition, we analyzed allelic loss on autosomes to determine whether different tumors had the same genetic alterations. The alterations evaluated included the loss of chromosome 9q sequences (commonly found in superficial bladder tumors) and the loss of 17p and 18q sequences (usually found only in advanced tumors). RESULTS For each patient studied, all the tumors had inactivation of the same X chromosome, whereas normal bladder mucosa cells had random patterns of inactivation. Moreover, each tumor that could be evaluated from a given patient had lost the same allele on chromosome 9q, suggesting that the loss of this allele preceded the spread of neoplastic cells elsewhere in the bladder. The losses of chromosome 17p and 18q alleles, which are late events in tumor progression, were not common to different tumors from the same patient. CONCLUSIONS A number of bladder tumors can arise from the uncontrolled spread of a single transformed cell. These tumors can then grow independently with variable subsequent genetic alterations.
Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective eosinophil chemoattractant

Human recombinant interleukin (IL) induced migration across polycarbonate filters of human peripheral blood eosinophils. The contribution of chemotaxis vs. chemokinesis was investigated using a checkerboard design with both polycarbonate and nitrocellulose filters. When different cytokine concentrations were seeded above and below the filter, maximal induction of migration required a positive concentration gradient between the lower and upper compartments of the chamber, though some gradient‐independent augmentation of migration occurred. These results indicate that induction of eosinophil migration across filter involves actual chemotaxis. The effect of IL 5 was selective for eosinophils with no effect on neutrophils and monocytes. Conversely, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor elicited migration of both eosinophils and neutrophils. Thus, human IL 5 is a potent and selective chemoattractant for human eosinophils. Eosinophils are selectively localized in tissues under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Locally produced IL 5 may play a role in the selective recruitment of eosinophils from the blood compartment.
The distribution of vasotocin and isotocin in the brain of the rainbow trout

The distribution of vasotocin and isotocin in the brain of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri was investigated by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, by using purified antisera against arginine vasotocin and isotocin. In the preoptic nucleus no clear differences were observed in the distribution of vasotocinand isotocin containing cells. Vasotocin and isotocin innervation was found in most brain regions, though in general isotocin fibers were much more abundant. The area dorsalis pars medialis of the telencephalon, the saccus dorsalis, and the basal part of the nucleus recessus posterioris were found to be innervated by vasotocin and scarcely by isotocin fibers. In the nucleus habenularis, the nucleus recessus lobus lateralis, the nucleus preglomerulosus pars medialis, and the tectum mesencephali isotocin fibers prevailed. These findings in the trout brain are compared with the vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the rat brain.
A review of orthopedic injuries in three recent U.S. military conflicts.

We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with orthopedic injuries evacuated to a single medical center to evaluate the treatment and outcome of these injuries in three recent U.S. military conflicts: Operation Urgent Fury (Grenada), Operation Desert Shield/Storm (southwest Asia), and Operation Restore Hope (Somalia). Sixteen orthopedic casualties were originally treated at the medical detachment in Grenada before evacuation to the medical center. Most of these injuries were gunshot wounds to the extremities (11), with three known open fractures. Two patients (three extremities) sustained traumatic amputation (19% amputation rate). One hundred eighty-one patients with orthopedic injuries were medically evacuated from southeast Asia to the medical center for definitive treatment. Of these injuries, there were 143 fractures in 69 patients. One hundred of these fractures were open fractures, and 60% of these injuries were blast injuries. Furthermore, there were 26 amputations (14%). Twenty-two patients with orthopedic injuries were treated in Somalia and evacuated to the medical center. Thirteen of the 22 patients (59%) sustained gunshot wounds, and 2 (9%) sustained blast injuries. There were eight open fractures (36%) and three amputations in two patients (14%). Three of the 22 patients underwent successful limb salvage when ablation was the only other surgical alternative. It appears that a large percentage of medical center evacuations from military conflicts are for orthopedic injuries. Many of these injuries are the result of high-velocity weapons or blast injuries. Regardless of the size and/or purpose of the intervention, similar injury patterns and severity can be expected, because 51% of orthopedic patients had open fractures. Similarly, the rate of amputation associated with extremity trauma has not varied significantly since the Vietnam War.