Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: Patient, Treatment, and Systems‐Level Factors in Bipolar Disorder Nonadherence: A Summary of the Literature

This is a review of adherence determinants in bipolar disorder based on published prospective studies. Patient, treatment, and systems‐level adherence determinants are summarized. The review concludes with recommendations on approaches that may minimize nonadherence. MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Database were searched using key terms of adherence, compliance, or persistence, combined with terms of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, or mania. Publications were filtered for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Due to low yields of RCTs, we additionally included prospective nonrandomized clinical and epidemiologic studies, and prospective studies of severe mental illness that had a focus on adherence as an outcome and reported data separately for bipolar disorder. A targeted review of the broader bipolar literature provided background for concluding remarks. Twenty‐two publications were identified describing RCTs with a specific population of bipolar disorder and a measure of adherence. Additional prospective nonrandomized studies were also identified. Studies identified three major categories of factors important to adherence: patient, treatment, and systems‐associated factors. Patient factors include selected demographic features, symptom severity and phase of illness, presence of past suicide attempts, psychiatric comorbidity, illness and treatment duration, and relationship with providers. Treatment factors include type and intensity of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Systems‐level factors include differential levels of care access and costs. There is an overall lack of RCTs, and few prospective studies, on patient and systems‐related determinants of adherence. Treatment‐related determinants of adherence have the most evidence to date; however, would benefit from larger studies with diverse populations. Careful assessment of treatment adherence (including partial adherence) should be included in all prospective bipolar treatment studies, and studies should be conducted to prospectively evaluate interventions to minimize nonadherence.
Crystallization in three- and two-dimensional colloidal suspensions

Despite progress in the understanding of crystal nucleation and crystal growth since the first theories for nucleation were developed, an exact quantitative prediction of the nucleation rates in most systems has remained an unsolved problem. Colloidal suspensions show a phase behavior that is analogous to atomic or molecular systems and serve accordingly as ideal model systems for studying crystal nucleation with an accuracy and depth on a microscopic scale that is hard to reach for atomic or molecular systems. Due to the mesoscopic size of colloidal particles they can be studied in detail on the single-particle level and their dynamics is strongly slowed down in comparison with atomic or molecular systems, such that the formation of a crystal nucleus can be followed in detail. In this review, recent progress in the study of homogeneous and heterogeneous crystal nucleation in colloids and the controlled growth of crystalline colloidal structures is reviewed. All this work has resulted in unprecedented insights into the early stage of nucleation and it is also relevant for a deeper understanding of soft matter materials in general as well as for possible applications based on colloidal suspensions.
CCR8 Expression Identifies CD4 Memory T Cells Enriched for FOXP3+ Regulatory and Th2 Effector Lymphocytes

CD4+ Th2 cells are important regulators of allergic inflammation. CCR8 is thought to play a role in Th2-mediated responses, however, expression of CCR8 in peripheral blood has not been fully characterized. Using a fluorescent form of the ligand selective for CCR8 (F-CCL1), we identified the leukocytes expressing CCR8 in human, monkey, and mouse peripheral blood. CCR8 expression is primarily restricted to a subset of human CD4 memory T lymphocytes (15%). Approximately 40% of CCR8+CD4+ T cells express Th2 cytokines IL-4 or IL-13 while 13% express the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. In fact, 50% of all Th2, but only 5% of Th1, cells express CCR8. Upon anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAb-mediated activation, CCR8+CD4+ T cells secrete 3- to 7-fold higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 and 10- to 20-fold lower levels of IFN-γ or IL-17, compared with CCR8−CD4+ memory T cells. Two-thirds of CCR8+CD4 T cells express cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag while the majority lack gut-homing receptors. CCR8+CD4+ cells express CCR7 and CD62L and are present in spleen and lymph nodes of mice. Approximately 25% of CCR8+CD4 T cells express CD25high while 20% of CCR8+CD4+ express the T regulatory cell transcription factor FOXP3 accounting for 60% of all FOXP3-expressing CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, CCR8 marks a diverse subset of CD4 memory T cells enriched for T regulatory and Th2 cells which have the potential for recruitment into sites of allergic inflammation where they could participate in the induction and regulation of the allergic response.
Suffix Tree Based WEB Information Search System and Optimal Index Algorithms

Chinese information search engines always encounter a difficulty in segmentation of Chinese words from an article. In this paper, a suffix tree based searching approach is proposed to avoid the difficulty in segmentation of Chinese words. The suffix tree algorithms are studied and a set of optimal algorithms for index build are proposed. Based on the algorithms, a prototype of Chinese information search system is developed and applied to the Chinese Web test collection with 100 GB Web pages (CWT-l00g). The experimental results show that the system is capable of searching Chinese information without segmentation of Chinese words and the speed of index build is reduced to the theoretical limitation
The Efficient Cellular Uptake of High Density Lipoprotein Lipids via Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I Requires Not Only Receptor-mediated Surface Binding but Also Receptor-specific Lipid Transfer Mediated by Its Extracellular Domain*

The class B type I scavenger receptor, (SR-BI), is a member of the CD36 superfamily of proteins and is a physiologically relevant, high affinity cell surface high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake. The mechanism of selective lipid uptake is fundamentally different from that of classic receptor-mediated uptake via coated pits and vesicles (e.g. the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway) in that it involves efficient transfer of the lipids, but not the outer shell proteins, from HDL to cells. The abilities of SR-BI and CD36, both of which are class B scavenger receptors, to bind HDL and mediate cellular uptake of HDL-associated lipid when transiently expressed in COS cells were examined. For these experiments, the binding of HDL to cells was assessed using either 125I- or Alexa (a fluorescent dye)-HDL in which the apolipoproteins on the surface of the HDL particles were covalently modified. Lipid transfer was measured using HDL noncovalently labeled by the fluorescent lipid 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. Although both mSR-BI and human CD36 (hCD36) could mediate the binding of HDL in a punctate pattern across the surfaces of cells, only mSR-BI efficiently mediated the transfer of lipid to the cells. Analysis of point mutants established that the major sites of fatty acylation of mSR-BI are Cys462 and Cys470 and that fatty acylation is not required for receptor clustering, HDL binding, or efficient lipid transfer. Generation of mSR-BI/hCD36 domain swap chimeras showed that the differences in lipid uptake activities between mSR-BI and hCD36 were not due to differences between their two sets of transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains but rather result from differences in their large extracellular loop domains. These results show that high affinity binding to a cell surface receptor is not sufficient to ensure efficient cellular lipid uptake from HDL. Thus, SR-BI-mediated binding combined with SR-BI-dependent facilitated transfer of lipid from the HDL particle to the cell appears to be the most likely mechanism for the bulk of the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from HDL to the liver and steroidogenic tissues.
Effects of Reduction of Placental Size in Sheep

The number of uterine caruncles was reduced by electrocautery in nonpregnant sheep. Subsequent pregnancies were studied as chronic fetal sheep preparations between 110 days' gestation and term; findings were compared with those for control chronic fetal sheep preparations at a similar gestational age. As a result of decreased weight and reduced number of cotyledons, the placenta in experimental animals was significantly smaller compared with that in controls. The weights of the fetal liver and heart were decreased, fetal Po2 was decreased, and fetal Pco2 and hematocrit levels were increased in the experimental group. Fetal plasma fructose levels were decreased in experimental animals, but fetal blood lactate, pyruvate, and plasma glucose levels were similar in both groups. No differences were demonstrated in fetal plasma or amniotic fluid cortisol levels and amniotic fluid lecithin : sphingomyelin ratios. Fetal respiratory-like activity was significantly depressed in the experimental group.
Factors of intermittent HIV-1 excretion in semen and efficiency of sperm processing in obtaining spermatozoa without HIV-1 genomes

Objective: To study the risk factors for HIV-1 in semen according to the localization of HIV-1 in sperm cell fractions and to assess the efficiency of sperm processing in obtaining spermatozoa without HIV-1 genomes. Methods: Ninety-four HIV-infected patients provided 281 paired blood and semen samples. Sperm cell separation was performed using two successive methods. HIV-1 RNA was quantified in blood and seminal plasma. HIV-1 RNA and DNA were detected in cell fractions. Results: HIV-1 RNA was found in 14% of seminal plasma samples and up to 8.7% of native semen cells were positive for HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Ten seminal plasma samples had detectable RNA although blood viral load was undetectable. Antiretroviral treatment reduced the likelihood of RNA detection in seminal plasma. For semen with polynuclear cells and HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma, the likelihood of detecting HIV-1 genomes in semen cells was increased fourfold and sixfold, respectively. In 25% of patients, HIV-1 excretion was intermittent. In the group of patients with systematic negative seminal plasma, HIV-1 genomes were detected in up to 10% of sperm cell samples. Our method of sperm processing always enabled us to obtain spermatozoa without detectable HIV-1 genomes. Conclusions: Polynuclear cells in semen are a risk factor for seminal HIV-1 excretion. Blood viral load was the only predictive factor for the intermittence of HIV-1 excretion in semen over time. Sperm processing using two successive methods was effective in obtaining spermatozoa without detectable HIV-1 genomes regardless of the viral load level in native semen.
Comparaison des facteurs personnels, scolaires et familiaux associés aux troubles intériorisés à la fin du primaire et au début du secondaire

Cet article presente les resultats de deux etudes qui explorent les caracteristiques personnelles, familiales et scolaires associees aux troubles interiorises a la fin du primaire et au debut du secondaire. Les mesures ont ete completees par des eleves de 6e annee du primaire et de 2e secondaire ainsi que par leur enseignant. Les resultats permettent d’associer plusieurs caracteristiques, telles que les distorsions cognitives, une faible cohesion familiale et la presence de conflits familiaux chez les eleves depressifs et anxieux. D’autres caracteristiques, telles que le soutien des amis et les habiletes sociales, les problemes d’apprentissage et de comportement, les delits et le rendement scolaire distinguent les jeunes depressifs ou anxieux des groupes temoins selon l’ordre scolaire. Des pistes d’intervention sont explorees.
E-government and Jordan-led development

A review of e-government developments in Jordan is set in the context of the contradictions. Jordanian strategy will benefit from a clear understanding of refinement of strategy and improved policies. The public policy and e-government implementation issues have a direct impact on the e-readiness. The aim of this paper is to explore the main key e-government factors that contribute to the success of e-readiness assessment from the experience of some of the public and private organisations in Jordan. The findings are very important since they indicate that the leadership is aware of the importance of the ICT Infrastructure to the Jordanian society.
Comparison of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal

From a prospective cohort study of 1948 initially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uninfected female commercial sex workers followed between 1985 and 1999 in Dakar, Senegal, the authors compared the male to female per infectious sexual exposure transmission probability of HIV types one (HIV‐1) and two (HIV‐2). New non‐parametric competing risks failure time methods were used, which minimized modelling assumptions and controlled for risk factors for HIV infection. The HIV‐1 versus HIV‐2 infectivity ratio over time was estimated by the ratio of smoothed non‐parametric kernel estimates of the HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infection hazard functions in sex workers, adjusted by an estimate of the relative HIV‐1 versus HIV‐2 prevalence in the partner population. HIV‐1 was found to be significantly more infectious than HIV‐2 throughout the follow‐up period (P < 0.001). The HIV‐1/HIV‐2 infectivity ratio was inferred to be approximately constant over time, with estimated common value 3.55. The finding of greater HIV‐1 infectivity persisted in sensitivity analyses and in covariate‐adjusted analyses, with adjusted infectivity ratio estimates ranging between 3.40 and 3.86. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV‐1 infects more efficiently than HIV‐2 may be useful in the development of HIV‐1 vaccines. Additionally, the methodology developed here may be useful for analysing other data sets. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-Term Implementation of the Catch Physical Education Program

To test the effectiveness of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) program, a randomized trial was conducted in 96 elementary schools in four regions of the United States. Results from the original trial indicated a significant positive effect on the delivery of physical education (PE). All 56 former intervention schools (FI), 20 randomly selected former control schools (FC), and 12 newly selected unexposed control schools (UC) were assessed 5 years postintervention. Results indicate a strong secular trend of increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in PE classes among both FC and UC schools. The FI schools surpassed the Healthy People 2010 goal for MVPA during PE lesson time (i.e., 50%), whereas the FC and UC schools came close to it. Barriers to implementing CATCH PE included insufficient training and lower importance of PE compared to other academic areas and indicate the need for in-service training.
Is oral temperature an accurate measurement of deep body temperature? A systematic review.

CONTEXT Oral temperature might not be a valid method to assess core body temperature. However, many clinicians, including athletic trainers, use it rather than criterion standard methods, such as rectal thermometry. OBJECTIVE To critically evaluate original research addressing the validity of using oral temperature as a measurement of core body temperature during periods of rest and changing core temperature. DATA SOURCES In July 2010, we searched the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, and the Cochrane Library for the following concepts: core body temperature, oral, and thermometers. Controlled vocabulary was used, when available, as well as key words and variations of those key words. The search was limited to articles focusing on temperature readings and studies involving human participants. DATA SYNTHESIS Original research was reviewed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria and subsequently were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. All 16 were included in the review because they met the minimal PEDro score of 4 points (of 10 possible points), with all but 2 scoring 5 points. A critical review of these studies indicated a disparity between oral and criterion standard temperature methods (eg, rectal and esophageal) specifically as the temperature increased. The difference was -0.50°C ± 0.31°C at rest and -0.58°C ± 0.75°C during a nonsteady state. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that, regardless of whether the assessment is recorded at rest or during periods of changing core temperature, oral temperature is an unsuitable diagnostic tool for determining body temperature because many measures demonstrated differences greater than the predetermined validity threshold of 0.27°C (0.5°F). In addition, the differences were greatest at the highest rectal temperatures. Oral temperature cannot accurately reflect core body temperature, probably because it is influenced by factors such as ambient air temperature, probe placement, and ingestion of fluids. Any reliance on oral temperature in an emergency, such as exertional heat stroke, might grossly underestimate temperature and delay proper diagnosis and treatment.
How frequent is unintentional childlessness in Germany?

Summary. A representative sample of 1,019 married men and 1,133 women of reproductive age was interviewed and revealed that 21.5% had no children. Of these, 20% stated that their childlessness was deliberate. Of those who had not conceived about two thirds (men: 31%, women: 60%) had already sought medical advice. The men surveyed tended to delay seeking medical advice for longer than the women do, who do so within one or two years. This indicates that there is a deficit in the data on men which results in a lack of knowledge concerning the possible reasons for infertility.
Comparison of texture synthesis methods for content generation in ultrasound simulation for training

Navigation and interpretation of ultrasound (US) images require substantial expertise, the training of which can be aided by virtual-reality simulators. However, a major challenge in creating plausible simulated US images is the generation of realistic ultrasound speckle. Since typical ultrasound speckle exhibits many properties of Markov Random Fields, it is conceivable to use texture synthesis for generating plausible US appearance. In this work, we investigate popular classes of texture synthesis methods for generating realistic US content. In a user study, we evaluate their performance for reproducing homogeneous tissue regions in B-mode US images from small image samples of similar tissue and report the best-performing synthesis methods. We further show that regression trees can be used on speckle texture features to learn a predictor for US realism.
The cytotoxic properties of a plant lipid transfer protein involve membrane permeabilization of target cells

Aims: To determine whether Ha‐AP10, a member of the plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) family produces a direct cytotoxic effect on fungal cells mediated by membrane permeabilization. LTPs can inhibit fungal growth and are considered members of the ubiquitous class of antimicrobial peptides. However, the way they exert their effects on target cells is not yet understood.
Using Discrete Cosine Transform Based Features for Human Action Recognition

Recognizing human action in complex video sequences has always been challenging for researchers due to articulated movements, occlusion, background clutter, and illumination variation. Human action recognition has wide range of applications in surveillance, human computer interaction, video indexing and video annotation. In this paper, a discrete cosine transform based features have been exploited for action recognition. First, motion history image is computed for a sequence of images and then blocked-based truncated discrete cosine transform is computed for motion history image. Finally, K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) classifier is used for classification. This technique exhibits promising results for KTH and Weizmann dataset. Moreover, the proposed model appears to be computationally efficient and immune to illumination variations; however, this model is prone to viewpoint variations
Colloidal paradigm in supercapattery electrode systems

Among decades of development, electrochemical energy storage systems are now sorely in need of a new design paradigm at the nano size and ion level to satisfy the higher energy and power demands. In this review paper, we introduce a new colloidal electrode paradigm for supercapattery that integrates multiple-scale forms of matter, i.e. ion clusters, colloidal ions, and nanosized materials, into one colloid system, coupled with multiple interactions, i.e. electrostatic, van der Waals forces, and chemical bonding, thus leading to the formation of many redox reactive centers. This colloidal electrode not only keeps the original ionic nature in colloidal materials, but also creates a new attribute of high electroactivity. Colloidal supercapattery is a perfect application example of the novel colloidal electrode, leading to higher specific capacitance than traditional electrode materials. The high electroactivity of the colloidal electrode mainly comes from the contribution of exposed reactive centers, owing to the confinement effect of carbon and a binder matrix. Systematic and thorough research on the colloidal system will significantly promote the development of fundamental science and the progress of advanced energy storage technology.
Chromosomal imbalances detected in primary bone tumors by comparative genomic hybridization and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization

We applied a combination of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), to characterize the genetic aberrations in three osteosarcomas (OS) and one Ewing's sarcoma. CGH identified recurrent chromosomal losses at 10p14-pter and gains at 8q22.3-24.1 in OS. Interphase FISH allowed to confirm 8q gain in two cases. A high amplification level of 11q12-qter was detected in one OS. The Ewing's sarcoma showed gain at 1p32-36.1 as the sole chromosome alteration. These studies demonstrate the value of molecular cytogenetic methods in the characterization of recurrent genomic alterations in bone tumor tissue.