Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of Kv3.1b potassium channel is widespread in macaque motor cortex pyramidal cells: A histological comparison between rat and macaque

There are substantial differences across species in the organization and function of the motor pathways. These differences extend to basic electrophysiological properties. Thus, in rat motor cortex, pyramidal cells have long duration action potentials, while in the macaque, some pyramidal neurons exhibit short duration “thin” spikes. These differences may be related to the expression of the fast potassium channel Kv3.1b, which in rat interneurons is associated with generation of thin spikes. Rat pyramidal cells typically lack these channels, while there are reports that they are present in macaque pyramids. Here we made a systematic, quantitative comparison of the Kv3.1b expression in sections from macaque and rat motor cortex, using two different antibodies (NeuroMab, Millipore). As our standard reference, we examined, in the same sections, Kv3.1b staining in parvalbumin‐positive interneurons, which show strong Kv3.1b immunoreactivity. In macaque motor cortex, a large sample of pyramidal neurons were nearly all found to express Kv3.1b in their soma membranes. These labeled neurons were identified as pyramidal based either by expression of SMI32 (a pyramidal marker), or by their shape and size, and lack of expression of parvalbumin (a marker for some classes of interneuron). Large (Betz cells), medium, and small pyramidal neurons all expressed Kv3.1b. In rat motor cortex, SMI32‐postive pyramidal neurons expressing Kv3.1b were very rare and weakly stained. Thus, there is a marked species difference in the immunoreactivity of Kv3.1b in pyramidal neurons, and this may be one of the factors explaining the pronounced electrophysiological differences between rat and macaque pyramidal neurons.
REVISION DE TEMA

Una tercera parte de la vida del ser humano transcurre durmiendo. Durante el suelio se realizan importantes funciones fisiologicas, endocrinas e inmunologicas que llevan a un completo bienestar fisico y mental. La ausencia total de suelio es incompatible con la vida. La falta de un suelio adecuado es uno de los sintomas mas desagradables que se pueden padecer y por ello amerita una cuidadosa evaluacion medica. El insomnio es mas una queja subjetiva acerca de lo que el paciente percibe de como debe ser su suelio en calidad y cantidad. Es el sintoma que impide a quien lo sufre al~anzar un suelio nocturno eficiente que le permita el adecuado bienestar fisico y mental durante el periodo de vigilia subsiguiente. Lo que define lo sustancial del dormir es la calidad y no la cantidad de horas de suelio. Las manifestaciones clinicas del insomnio se expresan en dificultad para conciliar o mantener el suelio , aumento en el numero de despertamientos en la noche o despertamiento temprano, antes de la hora habitual. La queja de Insomnio no es inocua y por tanto amerlta una atencion cuidadosa. Es comun en la consulta medica general y, en alguna epoca de la vida, casi todas las personas pueden SUfrlrlo. Esta revision pretende relacionar dicha queja con algunas enfermedades somatlcas y mentales, con el uso de medicamentos u otras sustancias, con los habitos y el ambiente asi como con patologia Intrinseca del sueflo. Se hacen Ilneamlentos para estudiar su etiologia y se proponen medidas y procedimientos de facil aplicacion por parte del paciente para liberarse de tan molesto sintoma. Se dan argumentos que cuestionan la validez del uso indiscriminado de benzodiazepinas y se insta a los medicos a ser muy cuidadosos en su prescripcion para no Iniciar o facilitar posibles adicciones. Se resalta la importancia del sueflo natural eficiente para el bienestar fisico y mental y para la plenitud del funcionamiento fisiologIco de la persona.
The Role of Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: An Update

Pancreatic cancer is a disease with a very poor prognosis and its etiology is still largely elusive. The only consistent environmental risk factor is cigarette smoking. A previous history of pancreatitis or diabetes mellitus is also considered to be a risk factor. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that relatives of those with pancreatic cancer have an increased risk of this malignancy, and it has been evaluated that 3–5% of all pancreatic cancer cases are caused by genetic predisposition to the disease. Usually this occurs in the setting of a known inherited cancer syndrome caused by mutations in genes such as BRCA1/2 and CDKN2A. Whether or not a true site-specific pancreatic adenocarcinoma syndrome exists is not known. The real challenge for the management of high risk patients is to develop new screening methods than can identify pre-neoplastic or early neoplastic lesions in a timely manner.
SALIVARY TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AND THE PROGRESS OF PUBERTY IN THE NORMAL BOY

Salivary testosterone (ST) levels were measured in 84 boys aged 7.3–16.2 from the Edinburgh Growth Study. The correlation coefficient between matched plasma/saliva samples was 0.88. Six samples were collected over the course of one day from 0900 to 2100 h each month in the majority of the children for 4 consecutive months. Mean daily ST levels showed a significant rise between each pubertal stage (genital (G) and pubic hair (PH)). The rise in ST became more rapid once a mean testicular volume (MTV) of 10 ml had been reached. The diurnal rhythm was assessed by individual curve fitting on the log scale and by cosinor analysis. A rhythm was present prepubertally and developed into a pattern similar to that of the adult rhythm by stage G3. The monthly rate of rise of ST was greatest at stage G4. A significant rise in ST levels was detectable immediately prior to an increase in MTV to 3 ml. This allowed earlier recognition of the clinical onset of puberty at testicular volume of 3 ml, which in this group occurred at 10.9 (SD 0.9) years. ST is a non‐invasive and sensitive method for the serial monitoring of gonadal function in the prepubertal and adolescent boy.
Oral leukoplakia status six weeks after cessation of smokeless tobacco use.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the prevalence and risk of developing oral leukoplakia in smokeless tobacco, or ST, users and the response of these leukoplakic lesions after six weeks of involuntary tobacco cessation. U.S. Air Force basic military training provided an environment of a mandatorily tobacco-free setting. METHODS The authors designed their investigation as a case control study with a nested cohort study. The principal investigator (G.C.M.) conducted oral examinations of 3,051 male U.S. Air Force basic military trainees. Using a questionnaire, he obtained detailed information concerning subjects' ST use patterns before basic training. Clinical photos were taken of all leukoplakic lesions identified in ST users at the initial examination and again six weeks later. RESULTS Of the 3,051 male trainees examined (mean age = 19.5 years), 9.9 percent (302/3,051) were identified as current ST users. Among current ST users, 39.4 percent (119/302) had leukoplakia vs. 1.5 percent (42/2,749) of nonusers of ST (odds ratio = 41.9, 95 percent confidence interval = 28.1-62.6). At the end of the involuntary cessation of tobacco use, 97.5 percent of these leukoplakic lesions had complete clinical resolution. The type of ST used (snuff vs. chewing tobacco), amount used (cans or pouches per day), length of use (months), number of days since last use and brand of snuff used were significantly associated with the risk of developing leukoplakic lesions among ST users. CONCLUSIONS The important new finding from this investigation is that if a young, otherwise healthy man with leukoplakic lesions stops using tobacco for six weeks, most of his leukoplakic lesions will resolve clinically. Use of ST, specifically snuff, is strongly associated with development of oral leukoplakia in young adult men. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The clinician can use these findings in deciding when to perform biopsies on leukoplakic lesions associated with ST use. This information also should be used to assist ST users in quitting this addictive behavior.
Evolutionary history and patterns of differentiation among European Maniola butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)

Phylogenetic relationships of European Maniola butterflies are reconstructed using molecular sequences from two regions of the mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb). A total of 988 base pairs (486 for Cytb, and 502 for COI) were aligned for 15 individuals of Maniola and an outgroup species. The phylogenetic tree obtained through Bayesian inference analysis of the combined data sets shows evidence that the island endemic M. chia is indistinguishable from M. jurtina on the basis of the mtDNA genes studied. Net nucleotide divergence between M. jurtina and M. chia is 0.4%, but 2% between the M. jurtina and the M. nurag clade. A phenetically distinct entity of individuals from Sardinia appears to be a hybrid between M. nurag and M. jurtina. The southern and northern European ecotypes of M. jurtina, which differ in the summer aestiva- tion period of the southern type, are not structured genetically at the level of coding mtDNA genes. Divergence time between M. nurag and M. jurtina was estimated to be 1.1 to 1.2 million years. Speciation most likely took place in the early Pleistocene as a con- sequence of the isolation of Sardinia, when the sea reflooded the Mediterranean basin after the Messinian crisis (about 5 million years ago).
Trypanosoma cruzi: a considerable phylogenetic divergence indicates that the agent of Chagas disease is indigenous to the native fauna of the United States.

Thirty U.S. Trypanosoma cruzi stocks isolated mainly from wild mammals were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis at 22 genetic loci and random amplification of polymorphic DNA for 10 primers. Two main phylogenetic clusters, separated by large genetic distances, were discriminated by both methods, corresponding, respectively, to the formerly described zymodemes I and III. Two stocks isolated from indigenous human cases were identified as zymodeme I. Genetic diversity of the U.S. T. cruzi isolates was considerable, comparable to that scored in similarly sized samples from South America. These results favor the hypothesis that T. cruzi U.S. stocks were not imported at a historical time and are indigenous to the native fauna of the United States. The population structure of these stocks appeared to be basically clonal, as previously reported in South America, and no evidence of hybrid genotypes was found in the United States.
3 D confocal imaging in CUBIC-cleared mouse heart

Acquiring high resolution 3D images of the heart enables the ability to study heart diseases more in detail. Here, the CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) clearing protocol was adapted for thick mouse heart sections to increase the penetration depth of the confocal microscope lasers into the tissue. The adapted CUBIC clearing of the heart lets the antibody penetrate deeper into the tissue by a factor of five. The here shown protocol enables deep 3D highresolution image acquisition in the heart. This allows a much more accurate assessment of the cellular and structural changes that underlie heart diseases.
Classification of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Indicator Bacteria by Discriminant Analysis: Use in Predicting the Source of Fecal Contamination in Subtropical Waters

ABSTRACT The antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from domestic wastewater and animal feces were determined using a battery of antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin) at four concentrations each. The sources of animal feces included wild birds, cattle, chickens, dogs, pigs, and raccoons. Antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms from known sources were grouped into two separate databases, and discriminant analysis of these patterns was used to establish the relationship between the antibiotic resistance patterns and the bacterial source. The fecal streptococcus and fecal coliform databases classified isolates from known sources with similar accuracies. The average rate of correct classification for the fecal streptococcus database was 62.3%, and that for the fecal coliform database was 63.9%. The sources of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from surface waters were identified by discriminant analysis of their antibiotic resistance patterns. Both databases identified the source of indicator bacteria isolated from surface waters directly impacted by septic tank discharges as human. At sample sites selected for relatively low anthropogenic impact, the dominant sources of indicator bacteria were identified as various animals. The antibiotic resistance analysis technique promises to be a useful tool in assessing sources of fecal contamination in subtropical waters, such as those in Florida.
Community structure of non-coding RNA interaction network

Summary Rapid technological advances have shown that the ratio of non-protein coding genes rises to 98.5% in humans, suggesting that current knowledge on genetic information processing might be largely incomplete. It implies that protein-coding sequences only represent a small fraction of cellular transcriptional information. Here, we examine the community structure of the network defined by functional interactions between noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and proteins related bio-macrolecules (PRMs) using a two-fold approach: modularity in bipartite network and k-clique community detection. First, the high modularity scores as well as the distribution of community sizes showing a scaling-law revealed manifestly non-random features. Second, the k-clique sub-graphs and overlaps show that the identified communities of the ncRNA molecules of H. sapiens can potentially be associated with certain functions. These findings highlight the complex modular structure of ncRNA interactions and its possible regulatory roles in the cell.
Telomere Exchange between Linear Replicons of Borrelia burgdorferi

ABSTRACT Spirochetes in the genus Borrelia carry a linear chromosome and numerous linear plasmids that have covalently closed hairpin telomeres. The overall organization of the large chromosome of Borrelia burgdorferi appears to have been quite stable over recent evolutionary time; however, a large fraction of natural isolates carry differing lengths of DNA that extend the right end of the chromosome between about 7 and 20 kbp relative to the shortest chromosomes. We present evidence here that a rather recent nonhomologous recombination event in the B. burgdorferi strain Sh-2-82 lineage has replaced its right chromosomal telomere with a large portion of the linear plasmid lp21, which is present in the strain B31 lineage. At least two successive rounds of addition of linear plasmid genetic material to the chromosomal right end appear to have occurred at the Sh-2-82 right telomere, suggesting that this is an evolutionary mechanism by which plasmid genetic material can become part of the chromosome. The unusual nonhomologous nature of this rearrangement suggests that, barring horizontal transfer, it can be used as a unique genetic marker for this lineage of B. burgdorferi chromosomes.
Human Perception and Psychology in Augmented Reality (HPPAR) Summary

Summary form only given. The main thrust of this half-day workshop is the development of the research agenda for human perception and psychology in augmented reality. With the convergence of historical advances in Augment Reality (AR) techniques with small and affordable technologies (e.g., sensors, displays, and input devices) we are on the threshold of AR becoming an effective tool for many applications and even everyday life. Traditional AR research has focused on creating technologies, algorithms, and techniques to achieve demonstrations that we evaluate with engineering benchmarks, such as performance of a tracking system, photorealism of the graphics, and human performance completing a task.
The impact of marketing resources on corporate competitiveness

The objective of this paper is to analyze the association between marketing resources and corporate competitiveness. Empirical data were collected by a survey of 300 domestic organizations and the results were compared to the ones of a similar research conducted five years before. We have found that all the marketing resources investigated have a significant effect on marketing performance. Among them the most marketing-related resource dimension, called market management, excels regarding the strength of the association with competitiveness. Clusters of companies were formulated and analyzed. A small group of the companies investigated (12%) managed to advance in the development and possession of marketing resources whilst maintaining competitive product supply and price. The proportion of successful companies among them is highly significant.
Isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria implicated in activated sludge bulking

Filamentous bacteria have long been associated with activated sludge bulking and foaming and are known to be the main cause of this problem. Chemical control methods such as chlorination and the use of hydrogen peroxide have been, and still are, used to cure bulking and foaming but are only effective as interim measures. More detailed understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of filamentous bacteria is still required for effective long-term control of bulking and foaming. Isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture have shown promise as methods to gaining better understanding of bulking and foaming. The aim of this project was, therefore, to assess different techniques for effective isolation and cultivation of filamentous bacteria in pure culture. Activated sludge samples from Durban and surrounding areas were screened microscopically to identify constituent filamentous bacterial populations. Samples with varieties of different filamentous bacteria were subjected to various floc break-up procedures (nonidet surfactant treatment, sonication and cellulase hydrolysis) in conjunction with physical separation (centrifugation) to separate filamentous bacteria from floc-forming bacteria. Both treated and untreated samples were serially diluted and plated onto a variety of different solid media, whereafter discrete bacterial colonies were isolated and screened microscopically for filamentous morphology. Cellulase hydrolysis proved unsuccessful for filament isolation while direct inoculation, nonidet pretreatment and sonication resulted in the isolation of five different filaments, one via sonication and two each via the other methods. The filaments were provisionally identified as Sphaerotilus natans, Microthrix parvicella, Type 1863, Type 0092 and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis.
Initial prediction of Total Electron Content (TEC) At a low latitude station using neural network

This paper presents the prediction of hourly Total Electron Content (TEC) values of the ionosphere using neural network by utilizing the TEC data from a GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor (GISTM) receiver. There are two network configurations; the first one by using data from January-November 2005 in training and December 2005 in testing, and the second one involved data from January-October and December 2005 in training and November 2005 in testing. Overall, the testing resulting RMSE of 3-7 TECU, absolute error of 2-5 TECU and relative error of 9-20%. The prediction of TEC on November 2005 which is during lower solar activity provides better results in comparison on December 2005 which is during a relatively higher solar activity.
Association analysis of genotypic frequencies of matrilin-1 gene in patients with osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that genotypic variation in the gene which encodes the matrilin-1 (MATN-1) protein may be involved in the development of hip osteoarthritis (OA). We compared genotype frequencies of the MATN-1 gene (1p35) in patients with OA and controls to determine if there is any association between the MATN-1 genotype and OA. METHODS 73 OA patients and 53 controls from a rheumatology ambulatory center and a university hospital were studied. They were unrelated subjects. Controls were free of clinical OA. OA was defined according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. The MATN-1 microsatellite in the 3'untranslated region was amplified by PCR. The size of the amplification products was determined by capilar electrophoresis in a DNA Genetic Analizer Genotypic distribution was compared by the chi2 test. RESULTS We identified 4 alleles according to their basepair (bp) length: A1 = 110 bp; A2 = 108 bp; A3 = 106 bp and A6 = 104 pb. Six genotypes were found, with an observed heterozygosity of 0.48. The most frequent genotype in OA and controls was A1/A1 (43.8% and 43.4%, respectively). No significant difference in genotype distribution was found between OA - even when discriminating by the affected joint - and controls. CONCLUSION We did not find any difference in the MATN-1 genotype distribution in OA patients and controls. To our knowledge, this would be the first time a MATN-1 allele of 104 bp (A6) has been identified These results do not support a role of the MATN-1 genotypes in the occurrence of clinical OA.
Personal health record architectures: Technology infrastructure implications and dependencies

The existing literature in relation to electronic personal health records (PHRs) has typically focused on the discussion of several key issues—namely, their design, functional evaluation, privacy, security and architecture. The benefits of PHRs and barriers preventing their adoption are also widely discussed. These issues are affected by technology infrastructure, and current and planned technology infrastructure deployment will be key determinants in the selection and design of PHR architectures. Assumptions about the community-wide deployment of required technologies such as hardware and internet accessibility are implicit in the architectural selection of PHRs and these dependencies have not been fully appreciated or addressed in the existing literature. This review article introduces and describes two infrastructural drivers—ubiquitous technology baseline for PHRs and connectivity coverage—and examines their inter-relationships with the selected PHR architectures. Eleven functional capabilities are also described, providing a basis for the analysis of the relationships between the two infrastructural drivers and architectural selection. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reasoning on requirement specifications: a deductive approach

The requirement specification activity is one of the most error-prone and expensive in the software development life cycle. It is also a complex activity because of the fuzzy and informal nature of the user requirements, the lack of automated tools to support it, and the requirements evolution. A deductive approach is presented. It deals with some fundamental AI issues regarding the knowledge acquisition process-in particular, the way informal requirement descriptions evolve into formal ones. To show how the approach can be applied, a fragment of a patient monitoring system is specified in the top-down decomposition technique. The approach is implemented in a requirement specification tool, SMES (software modeling expert system). <<ETX>>