Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

the entanglement between in a nano-focused beam and localized to demonstrate electron-photon entanglement, quantify it, and find the pathways through which quantum information leakage occurs. Engineering, to harness the discovered interactions of electrons and to enable new functionality. T he in-person 4-days summer school will focus on electronic, optical, and mechanical phenomena stemming from the various stacking configurations and interlayer interactions in van der Waals structures (vdW). The school aims for a broad audience of graduate students (MSc and PhD) through post-docs, scientists, and engineers who wish to develop in the field. The sessions include tutorial talks by international experts, dedicated work-shop sessions on recent challenges/ opportunities, and a student poster competition.
Formation of Hydrocarbons from the Reduction of Aqueous CO2 by Zero-Valent Iron

The reduction of aqueous CO2 by zero-valent iron was studied in batch and column experiments. Ten hydrocarbons up to C5 were identified as products of the reduction process and were shown to have Anderson−Schulz−Flory (ASF) product distributions. A direct consequence of the ASF product distribution is that a significant mass of hydrophobic hydrocarbons may remain sorbed to the iron surface. Based on a reaction mechanism proposed for the electroreduction of aqueous CO2 with nickel electrodes, iron acts as both a reactant by corroding to supply electrons and as a catalyst by promoting the formation and growth of hydrocarbon chains. Water is also a reactant in the system. When iron is used to enhance the dechlorination of chlorinated organic compounds, the slow desorption of the hydrocarbon products may become the rate-limiting step in the reaction.
Xylanases: An Overview

Endo-1,4-�≤ -xylanase (Endo-�≤ -1,4-xylan, xylanohydrolase; EC. 3.2.1.8, commonly called xylanase) is an industrially important enzyme which degrades xylan randomly and produces xylooligosaccharides, xylobiose and xylose. It is mainly present in microbes and plants but not in animals. Xylanases from fungal and bacterial sources have been extensively studied and produced commercially. Its potential use in paper industries has been discussed which is directly related to reduct ion in environmental pollution. It has role in bio-bleaching paper pulp and increasing pulp brightness. Besides, it can be exploited for ethanol production and as an additive in animal feedstock to improve its nutritional value. Endo-1,4-�≤ -xylanase can also be exploited in baking and fruit j uice industries. Here, we reviewed its distribution, structural aspects and industria l/ biotechnological applications. Besides, we also discussed studies related to cloning of the gene encoding endo-1,4-�≤ -xylanase with the objectives of overproducing the enzyme and altering its properties to suit commercial applications.
First Step of Marketing Audit: Risk Analysis

Digital society, economic growth and scientific and technological processes result in the emergence of new marketing process risks. These risks need to be continually identified, analysed and researched to eliminate them, thus helping management in the smooth application of marketing processes. This can theoretically and practically be achieved by the modern concept of marketing audit or, more precisely, its first step, which is the risk analysis. The aim of the paper is therefore to analyse the risks and their detection in the marketing process. This is because it can hypothetically be assumed that marketing processes under the pressure of current economic development contain new risks that should be identified, selected and valued. To process such a research task, use is made of experimental application of risk analysis and Delphi method in selected participants of the marketing process. The analysis results then systematize the risks identified based on the specified scale, which can be considered as important data for strategic management and operational decisions of today’s businesses.
Zeolite-supported Ni and Mo catalysts for hydrotreatments. I. Catalytic activity and spectroscopy

Abstract The catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and hydrocracking (HC) of decalin, tetralin, and diphenylmethan (DMP) over Ni–Mo sulfide catalysts supported on ultrastable Y-type (USY) zeolite have been studied. The catalysts are characterized using NH 3 temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Na and Al K -edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Ni–Mo sulfide catalyst supported on USY zeolite has an unusually high catalytic activity for the hydrotreating reactions of the model compounds compared with other zeolites and their supported catalysts. NH 3 TPD shows the presence of a strong acid site at about 430°C in USY zeolite and its supported Ni–Mo catalyst, which is dominantly characterized by Bronsted acidity. The surface concentrations of Ni and Mo in both calcined and sulfided Ni–Mo/USY zeolite catalysts are very low, indicating that the Ni and Mo phases are present in the crystal structure of USY zeolite. The diffuse reflectance spectra of calcined Ni–Mo/USY catalyst show that Mo is dominantly four-coordinate with oxygen and Ni is six-coordinate, consistent with the Ni and Mo species being present in the crystal structure of USY zeolite. Al K -edge XANES spectra of calcined Ni–Mo/USY catalyst also indicate the presence of extra-framework Al, and the content of the extra-framework Al is much higher in Ni–Mo/USY than in Ni–Mo/NaY catalyst. However, there is no evidence that the extra-framework Al contributes to the acidity and the increased catalytic activity. Thus, the high catalytic HDS and HC activities of Ni–Mo/USY compared with other zeolites and their supported Ni–Mo catalysts are attributed to the synergistic effect between the strong Bronsted acid sites and the Ni and Mo sulfide phases in the sodalite cage and/or supercage of USY zeolite.
Structural Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction of a Polar Mesogen 4-Cyanobiphenyl-4′-heptylbiphenyl Carboxylate

Crystal and molecular structure of a compound 4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-heptylbiphenyl carboxylate (7CBB), which exhibit both monolayer smectic A and nematic phases, have been determined by direct methods using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The structure is monoclinic with the space group P21/c and Z = 4. The unit cell parameters are a = 16.9550(5) Å, b = 5.5912(18) Å, c = 27.5390(9) Å, α = 90.000°, β = 93.986(6)°, and γ = 90.000°. Packing of the molecules is found to be precursor to SmC phase, although SmA1 phase is observed on melting. Several strong van der Waals interactions are observed in the core part of the neighboring molecular pairs. Crystal to mesophase transition is probably of reconstitutive nature. Geometry, packing, and nature of crystal-mesophase transition are compared to those in 6CBB.
Innovative solutions used in services in municipal waste management systems

The basic services used in the field of municipal waste management systems are the collection and management of waste. Under these two basic services it is possible to use a series of innovates and so that the entire system from the point of view of the resident functioned in a smooth and at the same time not generate nuisance. They are introduced, among others, mobile applications, informing residents about the date of exportation of waste by specific factions. Increasingly, residents are also able to make declarations and corrections via the Internet. From the point of view of the community is also important is the use of innovative solutions in order to verify the type of waste and place of their creation. For this purpose, GPS and RFID are used. It is also very important to use innovations in waste management facilities themselves. Such solutions allow to reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment, as well as reduce the nuisance for the inhabitants, due to the reduction of the odor.
Thermodynamic nature of phase transitions in Pb(Zr x Ti1−x )O3 ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary. I. Structural studies

Abstract The room-temperature structures of Pb(Zr x Ti1−x )O3 ceramics are shown to be tetragonal for x ≤ 0·52 and rhombohedral for x ≥ 0·530 while both the rhombohedral phase (R-phase) and the tetragonal phase (T-phase) coexist at x = 0·525 corresponding to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Ceramics with x = 0·530 and 0·535 undergo the following sequence of phase transitions with increasing temperature R → R + T → T → cubic (C). For x = 0·525, the sequence is R + T → T → C while, for x = 0·520, the T-phase directly transforms into C. The T-to-C-phase transitions for all the compositions is shown to be discontinuous. The phase transition sequence for x > 0·525 confirms that the MPB consists of a two-phase region and that it is tilted towards the Zr-rich end.
Interactions in Aqueous Mixtures of Alkylammonium Chlorides and Sodium Cholate

The interactions of alkylammonium chlorides (the number of carbon atom per chain was either 12, 14, or 16) with sodium cholate have been investigated by a combination of techniques including light and electron microscopy, surface tension, conductivity, light scattering, and microelectrophoretic measurements. The phase behavior has strongly depended on the molar ratio and actual concentration of oppositely charged surfactants. The change in the composition of the aggregates leads to a shape transformation from globular to elongated micelles to open and/or closed bilayers (vesicles) and precipitation. The length of micelles has been found to decrease dramatically with the concentration shift to the micellar regions of either surfactant. Upon a moderate excess of one surfactant, the mean hydrodynamic diameter of aggregates increases and wormlike micelles and/or open and closed bilayers are formed. Microscopic observations of alkylammonium cholates (novel catanionic surfactants precipitated in and/or close to equimolar region) have shown the presence of a variety of morphologies including twisted ribbons, tubules and bundles of tubules.
Wir müssen sowieso erst herausfinden, was das überhaupt bedeutet

Das Niederländische hat die beiden Partikeln sowieso und überhaupt aus dem Deutschen entlehnt. Im Niederländischen werden sie noch deutlich als Entlehnungen mit deutschem Ursprung erkannt,1 haben jedoch begonnen, ein Eigenleben zu führen, das sich in teilweise abweichenden Eigenschaften und Verwendungsweisen äußert. In unserem Beitrag vergleichen wir zum einen den Gebrauch und die Bedeutung der Partikeln zwischen dem Deutschen und dem Niederländischen und zeigen damit, inwiefern sie sich nach der Entlehnung in den beiden Sprachen auseinanderentwickelt haben. Zum anderen untersuchen wir, wie sich sowieso und überhaupt im Niederländischen zueinander verhalten, so dass die von Fisseni (2009) vertretene These überprüft werden kann, die Partikeln seien im gegenwärtigen Niederländisch weitgehend synonym geworden. Fisseni (2009), der Verwendungskontexte und Gebrauchsweisen der beiden Partikeln im Deutschen und Niederländischen mit Hilfe der Suchmaschinen Google und Yahoo identifiziert, erwähnt die Notwendigkeit, den Gegenstand mittels einer kontrollierten Korpusstudie zu untersuchen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen ersten Schritt in diese Richtung dar: Die Verwendung des Parallelkorpus Europarl (vgl. Abschnitt Fragestellung und Methode) ermöglicht es, einerseits den Gebrauch der Partikeln in den beiden Sprachen unabhängig voneinander zu be-
X-ray solution scattering (SAXS) combined with crystallography and computation: defining accurate macromolecular structures, conformations and assemblies in solution

Abstract Crystallography supplies unparalleled detail on structural information critical for mechanistic analyses; however, it is restricted to describing low energy conformations of macromolecules within crystal lattices. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) offers complementary information about macromolecular folding, unfolding, aggregation, extended conformations, flexibly linked domains, shape, conformation, and assembly state in solution, albeit at the lower resolution range of about 50 Å to 10 Å resolution, but without the size limitations inherent in NMR and electron microscopy studies. Together these techniques can allow multi-scale modeling to create complete and accurate images of macromolecules for modeling allosteric mechanisms, supramolecular complexes, and dynamic molecular machines acting in diverse processes ranging from eukaryotic DNA replication, recombination and repair to microbial membrane secretion and assembly systems. This review addresses both theoretical and practical concepts, concerns and considerations for using these techniques in conjunction with computational methods to productively combine solution scattering data with high-resolution structures. Detailed aspects of SAXS experimental results are considered with a focus on data interpretation tools suitable to model protein and nucleic acid macromolecular structures, including membrane protein, RNA, DNA, and protein–nucleic acid complexes. The methods discussed provide the basis to examine molecular interactions in solution and to study macromolecular flexibility and conformational changes that have become increasingly relevant for accurate understanding, simulation, and prediction of mechanisms in structural cell biology and nanotechnology.
Camphorsulfonic Acid Fully Doped Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt: Conformations in Different Solvents Studied by an Ultraviolet/Visible/Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Method

Spectroscopic results indicate that camphorsulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (PANI-HCSA) has a more expanded coillike conformation in m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-fluorophenol and 3-ethylphenol than in chloroform, NMP, DMF and benzyl alcohol. With the UV/Vis/near IR spectroscopic method, one can easily choose an appropriate solvent to process PANI-HCSA into a highly conductive form
Impact of Climate Change on Pakistan’s Agriculture Sector

According to the Ministry of Finance of Pakistan in the year 2016-2017, agriculture sector contributed to a GDP of 19.8% and employees about 42.3% a labor force in country. Pakistan has been ranked 7th in climate change by the Global climate rise index in 2017, this rank indicates a great challenge for the Pakistan in agriculture sector due to further climate change in future. There are few gases such as greenhouse gases, CO2, carbon dioxide, methane and nitro oxide that mainly are responsible for changes to global climate. The climate change leads to change in rainfall, sea level and flow of water due to increase in temperature. There are many variables that may affect output of agriculture sector of Pakistan but in this study author mainly focused temperature and rainfall in terms of climate change. This study is based on secondary data from year 2000 to 2015.The monthly data of temperature and rainfall has been collected from world economic indicators and 12 months’ data was divided for converting these variables into average. Agriculture GDP output collected from Economic Survey of Pakistan’s various annual issues. Agriculture GDP output in terms of percentage, average rainfall mm and average temperature in centigrade variables have been used for the conclusion of main objective of this study. Data analyzed through various statistical techniques such as unit root test, OLS regression analysis and Johnson co-integration in E-view 7version.The estimated results revealed that the average rainfall mm has negative and significant impact but average temperature has positive and insignificant impact on agriculture GDP output in terms of percentage in short run. ARTICLE INFORMATION Received: 20-Aug-2019 Revised: 14-Sep-2019 Accepted: 19-Sep-2019
Interactions of ultraviolet‐B radiation, mixing, and biological activity on photobleaching of natural chromophoric dissolved organic matter: A mesocosm study

A natural planktonic assemblage from the St. Lawrence Estuary was isolated in eight 1,500‐liter outdoor meso‐cosms and subjected to combinations of fast or slow mixing regimes with natural solar radiation or natural solar radiation artificially enhanced with ultraviolet‐B (UVB, 280–320 nm) radiation. The interdependent evolution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll a (Chl a), particulate organic carbon (POC), and bacterial abundance in the mesocosms was followed over a 10‐d period. There was a net increase of Chl a, POC, and DOC in all systems over time; however, the slower mixing treatments had less accumulation than the systems with faster mixing. All systems displayed weak correlations of DOC with POC and Chl a. A significant effect of enhanced UVB radiation on concentrations of these bulk properties was not observed in any of the mesocosms. A strong correlation of CDOM absorbance loss (photobleaching) with absorbed radiation dose was observed in all treatments, with the fast mixing systems having larger absorbance losses and faster loss rates. Photobleaching was wavelength dependent, resulting in an increase in the spectral slope of CDOM absorption over time. Thus, although CDOM photobleaching may result in deeper penetration of light at all wavelengths, the ratios of UVB to ultraviolet‐A (UVA) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) are reduced. The effect of enhanced UVB radiation was unexpected, with no proportional increases in CDOM photo‐bleaching in the #x002BUVB treatments. Comparisons of the different treatments indicate that interactions of biological activity, mixing, and the in situ light field can influence CDOM absorbance properties and/or photoreactivity and that there is a possible role for UVB in the production of CDOM.
Carbon sequestration and stabilization in soils: Implications for soil productivity and climate change

Abstract This review describes various currently proposed mechanisms of carbon (C) sequestration and stabilization in soils and how an understanding of the mechanisms provides the key to the control and regulation of soil organic C (SOC) levels. This has important implications on soil productivity and the potential of using soils to enhance soil C storage and reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere for mitigating predicted climate changes. Globally, most agricultural and degraded soils can provide significant potential sinks for atmospheric CO2, However, soil C accumulation does not continue to increase with time with increasing C inputs but reaches an upper limit or “C saturation level,” which governs the ultimate limit of soil C sink. The control of this limit relies on understanding soil C stabilization mechanisms. Physical mechanisms such as protection of SOC by soil minerals are better known while chemical and biological mechanisms are less well known, requiring more experimental data for verification and validation. No study has yet compared the relative significance of each of the proposed major mechanisms in a given soil type and climate. Continued research on this and related aspects are needed if soils are to be relied upon for food and fibre production and for the mitigation of climate change.
Quantitative electron spectroscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids

A compilation is presented of all published measurements of electron inelastic mean free path lengths in solids for energies in the range 0–10 000 eV above the Fermi level. For analysis, the materials are grouped under one of the headings: element, inorganic compound, organic compound and adsorbed gas, with the path lengths each time expressed in nanometers, monolayers and milligrams per square metre. The path lengths are vary high at low energies, fall to 0.1–0.8 nm for energies in the range 30–100 eV and then rise again as the energy increases further. For elements and inorganic compounds the scatter about a ‘universal curve’ is least when the path lengths are expressed in monolayers, λm. Analysis of the inter-element and inter-compound effects shows that λm is related to atom size and the most accuratae relations are λm = 538E−2+0.41(aE)1/2 for elements and λm=2170E−2+0.72(aE)1/2 for inorganic compounds, where a is the monolayer thickness (nm) and E is the electron energy above the Fermi level in eV. For organic compounds λd=49E−2+0.11E1/2 mgm−2. Published general theoretical predictions for λ, valid above 150 eV, do not show as good correlations with the experimental data as the above relations.
Nanocrystalline Zirconia Surface‐Doped with Alumina: Chemical Vapor Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

Nanocrystalline zirconia with a grain size of ∼5 nm was surface-doped with 3 and 30 mol% alumina by chemical vapor synthesis using two sequential hot-wall reactors. The powders were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption. Aqueous dispersions were studied by zeta-potential measurements and photocorrelation spectroscopy. Green and sintered ceramic bodies were investigated by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption. Zirconia surface-doped with 3 mol% of alumina displays substantial changes in dispersability and sinterability compared with pure nanocrystalline zirconia.
Electrodeposition of Silicon in Organic Solvent Containing Silicon Chloride

In this paper it was investigated that silicon be electrodeposited in the room temperature from propylene carbonate solvent. Cyclic voltammograms indicated that it was possible to electrochemical reduction of silicon chloride at -2.3984V versuHg/Hg2Cl2/ KCl (saturation) quasi-reference electrode. Potentiostatic electrolysis yielded deposits, accompanied by the change in electrolyte color from transparent to brown. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the physical properties of the silicon. The EDS analysis performed simultaneously with SEM observation demonstrates that the deposit consists of Si, O and Cl.
Optical property of the co-doped La and Mg BiFeO3 films fabricated by sol-gel method

The Bi<sub>1-x</sub>La<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-y</sub>Mg<sub>y</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films were fabricated on Si (100) by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all the films are perovskite structure with space group <i>R</i><sub>3C</sub> with <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> range from 0 to 0.1 altogether. Moreover, the co-doped La and Mg distorted BiFeO<sub>3</sub> lattice structure which induced from Raman study. The refractive index n and extinction coefficient <i>k</i> of the co-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> film obviously get larger with the La and Mg concentration, and the band-gap energy of BiFeO<sub>3</sub> was found to be 2.45±0.02ev and that of Bi <sub>0.95 </sub>La <sub>0.05 </sub>Fe <sub>0.95</sub> Mg <sub>0.05</sub> O<sub>3</sub> and Bi <sub>0.9 </sub>La <sub>0.1</sub> Fe <sub>0.9</sub> Mg <sub>0.1</sub> O<sub>3</sub> were 2.40±0.02ev and 2.35±0.02ev, respectively. Our results suggest that small amount of La and Mg doping can change optical property of BiFeO<sub>3</sub> material.
Riparian Wetlands and Water Quality.

Because of wet soils adjacent to the streams, riparian buffers are frequently present between farming and urban activities on the uplands and small streams. These riparian areas have been shown to be very valuable for the removal of nonpoint-source pollution from drainage water. Several researchers have measured >90% reductions in sediment and nitrate concentrations in water flowing through the riparian areas. The riparian buffers are less effective for P removal but may retain 50% of the surface-water P entering them. I consider riparian buffers to be the most important factor influencing nonpoint-source pollutants entering surface water in many areas of the USA and the most important wetlands for surface water quality protection.