Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deciduous molar hypomineralization (DMH) – a rare entity and its clinical management approach

An idiopathic qualitative defect of enamel, affecting one or more of the permanent molars with/without permanent incisors is known as Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). Similar defect on primary second molars is termed as deciduous molar hypomineralization (DMH). Case report and Conclusion: The prevalence rate of MIH and DMH worldwide is between 2.4%-40.2% and 4.9%-9.0% respectively. Clinically, these defects appear as white, yellow or brown spots, and surface is smooth with normal thickness of the enamel. Lack of quality in the enamel causes porosity that fractures easily under mastication, exposing the dentin, and further allows progression of caries. Hence, this condition should be diagnosed as early as possible for providing a preventive management against caries and avoid post eruptive breakdown. In addition, intervention with full coverage restoration is needful in the management of the affected teeth. Preformed metal crowns (PMCs) are recommended as the best full coverage restoration for managing primary molar teeth. The Hall Technique embraces changing concepts of managing, without local anesthesia, caries removal or tooth preparation. Management of teeth with DMH is challenging as it is quite difficult to achieve anesthesia and due to hypersensitivity, the co-operation of the child is questionable.
Insurance: solvency and valuation

This thesis concerns mathematical and statistical concepts useful to assess an insurer's risk of insolvency. We study company internal claims payment data and publicly available market data with the aim of estimating (the right tail of) the insurer's aggregate loss distribution. To this end, we also develop a framework for market-consistent valuation of insurance liabilities. Moreover, we discuss Solvency II, the risk-based regulatory regime in the European Union, in some detail. In Paper I, we construct a multidimensional simulation model that could be used to get a better understanding of the stochastic nature of insurance claims payments, and to calculate solvency capital requirements. The assumptions made in the paper are based on an analysis of motor insurance data from the Swedish insurance company Folksam. In Paper II, we investigate risks related to the common industry practice of engaging in interest-rate swaps to increase the duration of assets. Our main focus is on foreign-currency swaps, but the same risks are present in domestic-currency swaps if there is a spread between the swap-zero-rate curve and the zero-rate curve used for discounting insurance liabilities. In Paper III, we study data from the yearly reports the four major Swedish non-life insurers have sent to the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA). Our aim is to find the marginal distributions of, and dependence between, losses in the five largest lines of business. In Paper IV, we study the valuation of stochastic cash flows that exhibit dependence on interest rates. We focus on insurance liability cash flows linked to an index, such as a consumer price index or wage index, where changes in the index value can be partially understood in terms of changes in the term structure of interest rates. %We focus primarily on the case when a deep and liquid market for index-linked bonds is absent, or when the market price data are unreliable. Papers I and III are based on data that are difficult to get hold of for people in academia. The FSA reports are publicly available, but actuarial experience is needed to find and interpret them. These two papers contribute to a better understanding of the stochastic nature of insurance claims by providing data-driven models, and analyzing their usefulness and limitations. Paper II contributes by highlighting what may happen when an idea that is theoretically sound (reducing interest-rate risk with swaps) is applied in practice. Paper IV contributes by explicitly showing how the dependence between interest rates and inflation can be modeled, and hence reducing the insurance liability valuation problem to estimation of pure insurance risk.
Modelling IP effects in airborne time domain electromagnetics

The presence of chargeable materials can significantly impact the data in electromagnetic (EM) surveys. This affected data has traditionally been treated as noise that must be removed prior to interpretation or inversion. The ability to extract induced polarization (IP) information from an airborne platform would be a valuable tool in the mineral exploration industry, and thus the pursuit of this ability has recently led to significant interest in the interpretation of IP effects in airborne data. A variety of interpretation methodologies have been proposed to aid in the identification and extraction of information from time domain EM data containing IP effects. Any interpretation scheme needs to be thoroughly tested on realistic synthetic examples so that the strengths and weaknesses of the method are well understood. In this work, we present a methodology for accurately and efficiently simulating the response of a time domain EM experiment by modelling the convolution that occurs in Ohm’s Law in the presence of a frequency dependent conductivity. This method is free of any assumptions about the dimensionality or frequency dependence of the chargeable material and can be used to simulate the response of any time domain system.
Modern Ultrasonic Technique for Defect Detection in Cast Materials

In casting flaw detection is exclusively concerned with manufacturing defects. The typical cast defects are (i) shrinkage cavities which form during solidification as a result of the reduction in volume when metal changes from the liquid to the solid state. Shrinkage cavities occur in situations where molten metal is not available to compensate for the volume decrease during solidi-fication,(ii) porosity and gas holes; porosity is small smooth-faced cavities, generally smaller than 1.5 mm diameter, usually caused by the release of gas from the molten metal as it cools. Gas holes are also smooth-faced cavities but greater than 1.5 mm diameter. Typical causes of gas holes are evolution of gas from molten metal during solidifications, gas trapped as the molten metal enters the mould etc. (iii) hot tears; these are jagged crack type defects resulting from stresses imposed on the cast metal when it is just below the solidification temperature and so is in a weak condition. The stresses usually arise when the casting is restrained during contraction by the mould, or by an already solid thinner section. The defect occurs mainly at or near a change of section and may or may not extend to the surface, (iv) cracks; these are dis-continuities due to the fracture of the metal during or after solidification, (v) inclusions; these are foreign non-metallic materials such as sand or slag trapped within the cast metal, (vi) cold shuts; these are basica-lly 'lack of fusion' defect caused by the failure of a stream of molten metal to form a continuous bond with a second stream, or solid metal such as an internal chill or splash. They are most prevalent in thin-walled castings.
Development and Implementation of a Multi-Sectoral Fatherhood Collaborative: Lessons from Milwaukee

Responsible, involved fathers are integral to the wellbeing of their children, families, and communities. The Milwaukee Fatherhood Initiative (MFI) was founded with the goal of fostering multi-sectoral collaboration able to support and sustain the efforts of fathers and the organizations invested in their wellbeing. This article demonstrates how the MFI formed mutually beneficial community-based partnerships toward this end. Partner roles, accomplishments, strategies for sustainability, and recommendations applicable to forming initiatives in other communities are also provided.
Assessing Aggregate Labour Productivity Trends in Canada and the United States: Total Economy versus Business Sector Perspectives

Jeremy Smith of the Centre for the Study of Living Standards looks at the comparability of productivity growth measures in Canada and the United States, and finds that comparisons of aggregate productivity performance are sensitive to whether trends are assessed at the business sector or total economy level. This sensitivity is a result of substantially higher measured non-business sector productivity growth in Canada relative to the United States, which is partially explained by different measurement techniques in the two countries. There is no definitive answer as to which level is preferable for international productivity growth comparisons.
BROADBAND OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH REDSHIFT BLAZARS

We present a multi-wavelength study of four high redshift blazars, S5 0014+81 (z = 3.37), CGRaBS J0225+1846 (z = 2.69), BZQ J1430+4205 (z = 4.72), and 3FGL J1656.2−3303 (z = 2.40) using quasi-simultaneous data from the Swift, Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) and also archival XMM-Newton observations. Other than 3FGL J1656.2−3303, none of the sources were known as γ-ray emitters, and our analysis of ∼7.5 yr of LAT data reveals the first time detection of statistically significant γ-ray emission from CGRaBS J0225+1846. We generate the broadband spectral energy distributions (SED) of all the objects, centering at the epoch of NuSTAR observations and reproduce them using a one-zone leptonic emission model. The optical−UV emission in all the objects can be explained by radiation from the accretion disk, whereas the X-ray to γ-ray windows of the SEDs are found to be dominated by inverse Compton scattering off the broad line region photons. All of them host black holes that are billions of solar masses. Comparing the accretion disk luminosity and the jet power of these sources with a large sample of blazars, we find them to occupy a high disk luminosity–jet power regime. We also investigate the X-ray spectral properties of the sources in detail with a major focus on studying the causes of soft X-ray deficit, a feature generally seen in high redshift radio-loud quasars. We summarize that this feature could be explained based on the intrinsic curvature in the jet emission rather than being due to the external effects predicted in earlier studies, such as host galaxy and/or warm absorption.
Analyzing the Existence and Relation of Optimistic Bias and First-Person Perception for an Impersonal Environmental Change

Many changes in nature do not directly threaten humans, but do negatively influence nature itself, thereby posing an “impersonal” risk. We examine the optimistic bias (OB) for an impersonal risk, the first-person perception (FPP) of an impersonal risk, and the influence of media reporting and proximity of an impersonal risk on FPP and OB. Finally, we investigate the relationship between OB and FPP. We conducted a field experiment ( N = 479) in 12 German cities where an invasive moth species had infested culturally important horse chestnut trees. We found OB for this nature change that decreased for people living in an area subject to this impersonal nature risk. After the treatments, neither the proximity of impersonal risk nor the journalistic style of media reporting had a significant effect on OB. An FPP was found that was not influenced significantly by either different journalistic styles or the proximity of impersonal risk. A nonsignificant swap-in-signs relation between OB and FPP was found depending on journalistic style.
Long-term Changes of Vegetation Season in Context of Spring Barley Phenology in South Moravia

Both the plant development as well as the development of poikilothermic organisms is signifi cantly infl uenced by the condition of the environment. The regime of the external temperature (of air and soil) and the surface temperature in particular impact the metabolism by changing the velocity of enzymatic reactions. The biological temperature minimum, that is the value indicating the beginning or the ending of growth and limiting of metabolism, is important in the life of plants. Vegetation of moderate climate is generally affected by the temperature of 5 °C. Temperature suitable for the period from sowing to heading varies from 9 to 16 °C. In case that temperature exceeds 20–26 °C, the growth is being retarded (Petr et al., 1987). The onset of individual developmental phases is driven by temperature expressed as the sum of active or effective temperature. The active temperature is defi ned as the temperature exceeding the biological minimum which is the value of the decline of the ability to vegetate. The sum of all daily average temperature values exceeding the biological minimum (or the threshold temperature) is called DOI: 10.18832/kp201703 Long-term Changes of Vegetation Season in Context of Spring Barley Phenology in South Moravia
Relevant Logics Obeying Component Homogeneity

This paper discusses three relevant logics (S*fde , dS*fde , crossS*fde) that obey Component Homogeneity - a principle that Goddard and Routley introduce in their project of a logic of significance. The paper establishes two main results. First, it establishes a general characterization result for two families of logic that obey Component Homogeneity - that is, we provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for their consequence relations. From this, we derive characterization results for S*fde , dS*fde , crossS*fde. Second, the paper establishes complete sequent calculi for S*fde , dS*fde , crossS*fde. Among the other accomplishments of the paper, we generalize the semantics from Bochvar, Hallden, Deutsch and Daniels, we provide a general recipe to define (a given family of) containment logics, we explore the single-premise/single-conclusion fragment of S*fde , dS*fde , crossS*fde and the connections between crossS*fde and the logic Eq of equality by Epstein. Also, we present S*fde as a relevant logic of meaninglessness that follows the main philosophical tenets of Goddard and Routley, and we briefly examine three further systems that are closely related to our main logics. Finally, we discuss Routley's criticism to containment logic in light of our results, and overview some open issues.
The Level of Economic Development and the Impact of Financial Structure on Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of financial structure on economic growth and also to investigate whether the impacts are different between countries with difference levels of income; low- and middle-income countries, and high-income countries. This paper uses a panel data approach and include 44 countries. The Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) system approach has been used in estimation process. The findings from the estimation suggest that to have more developed stock markets relative to the banking sector will promote better growth in high-income countries but not in the low- and middle-income countries. This paper also finds strong evidence that the effect of financial structure on investment depends on the level of income of the country.
Measuring a Boom and Bust: The Sydney Housing Market 2001-2006

The Sydney housing market peaked in 2003. The period 2001-2006 is, therefore, of particular interest since it captures a boom and bust in the housing market. We compute hedonic, repeat-sales and median price indexes for five regions in Sydney over this period. While the three approaches are in broad agreement regarding the timing of the turning point in the housing market, some important differences also emerge. In particular, we find evidence of sample selection bias in our hedonic and repeat-sales data sets, which in turn seems to generate bias (although in opposite directions) in our hedonic and repeat-sales indexes. The median indexes also may be biased as a result of an apparent decline in the average quality of houses sold in the latter part of the sample. Although in this case the repeat-sales indexes seem to generate the most reliable results, we nevertheless in general favor the hedonic approach. We also find evidence of convergence in prices across regions during the boom and divergence in the subsequent bust.
Understanding the Geometric Language of Endothelial Cells Under Flow Condition Comprensión del lenguaje geométrico de las células endoteliales sometidas a flujo

The use of in vitro cell culture studies has emerged as an important counterpart to in vivo investigations of vascular biology. Cells also depend under geometric and physical laws and tissue engineering has introduced new ways to understand cell behaviour. The study presented here focus on the responses of vascular endothelial cells to fluid frictional stress by using a mathematical and morphological analysis. A flow system was created where we submitted cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells. We demonstrated that 80% of the endothelial cells under in vitro flow conditions align themselves toward the incoming flow. The shape of the cells submitted to the flow is dependant on the flow strength. We showed that the formation of lamellipodia is associated with a 103° angle and we propose that this angle could be the geometrical expression of Rac proteins. We used a new vectorial approach to show cell migration direction. We propose that endothelial cells under flow conditions adopt a shape to optimize their hydrodynamic capacities. With this study, we will advance in our understanding of the cellular geometrical comportment, an important feature of the endothelium artery coverage.
Pt-Co and Pt-Ni Catalysts of Low Metal Content for H2 Production by Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons and Comparison with Reported Pt-Based Catalysts

New catalysts of Pt, PtNi, PtCo, and NiCo supported on Al2O3 were developed for producing hydrogen by aqueous phase reforming (APR) of oxygenated hydrocarbons. The urea matrix combustion technique was used for loading the metal on the support in order to improve several aspects: increase both the metal-support interaction and the metal dispersion and decrease the metal load. The catalysts were characterized by MS/ICP, N2 adsorption, XRD, TPR, CO chemisorption, and the test of cyclohexane dehydrogenation (CHD). The APR of a solution of 10% mass ethylene glycol (EG), performed in a tubular fixed bed reactor at 498 K, 22 bar, WHSV = 2.3 h−1, was used as the main reaction test. After 10 h on-stream, the catalysts prepared by UMC had better hydrogen yield and catalytic stability than common catalysts prepared by IWI. The UMC/IWI H2 yield ratio was 23.5/15.2 for Pt, 24.0/17.0 for PtCo, 26.6/21.0 for PtNi, and 8.0/3.9 for NiCo. Ni or Co addition to Pt increased the carbon conversion while keeping the H2 turnover high. Cobalt also improves stability. Reports of several authors were revised for a comparison. The analysis indicated that the developed catalysts are a viable and cheaper alternative for H2 production from a renewable resource.
Electron scattering by whistler-mode ELF hiss in

Nonadiabatic loss processes of radiation belt energetic electrons include precipitation loss to the atmosphere due to pitch-angle scattering by various magnetospheric plasma wave modes. Here we consider electron precipitation loss due to pitch-angle scattering by whistler-mode ELF hiss in plasmaspheric plumes. Using wave observations and inferred plasma densities from the Plasma Wave Experiment on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), we analyze plume intervals for which well-determined hiss spectral intensities are available. We then select 14 representative plumes for detailed study, comprising 10 duskside plumes and 4 nonduskside plumes, with local hiss amplitudes ranging from maximum values of above 300 pT to minimum values of less than 1 pT. We estimate the electron loss timescale τ loss due to pitch-angle scattering by hiss in each chosen plume as a function of L-shell and electron energy; τ loss is calculated from quasi-linear theory as the inverse of the bounce-averaged diffusion rate evaluated at the equatorial loss cone angle. We find that pitch-angle scattering by hiss in plumes can be efficient for inducing precipitation loss of outer-zone electrons with energies throughout the range 100 keV to 1 MeV, though the magnitude of τ loss can be highly dependent on wave power, L-shell, and electron energy. For 100- to 200-keV electrons, typically τ loss ∼ 1 day while the minimum loss timescale (τ loss ) min ∼ hours. For 500-keV to 1-MeV electrons, typically (τ loss ) min ∼ days, while (τ loss ) min < 1 day in the case of large wave amplitude (∼100's pT). Apart from inducing direct precipitation loss of MeV electrons, scattering by hiss in plumes may reduce the generation of MeV electrons by depleting the lower energy electron seed population. Models of the dynamical variation of the outer-zone electron flux should incorporate electron precipitation loss induced by ELF hiss scattering in plasmaspheric plumes.
Food security, conservation agriculture and pulses: evidence from smallholder farmers in Zambia.

Food insecurity is common place among 44% (six million) of Zambian population. Conservation agriculture (CA) is an option being promoted to address this problem. There is little evidence showing whether CA adopters are better than non-CA adopters in terms of food security. Using a four years panel data, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, informal discussions and personal observations, this study documents the differences in household food security between CA adopters and non-CA adopters in relation to pulses. Results showed that most common pulses grown among smallholder farmers were groundnuts, cowpeas, soya beans and other beans. A tendency for the percentage of households growing pulses to be significantly higher among CA-adopters than among non-CA adopters was recorded. Cash income from pulses as percentage of total pulses production was significantly higher among CA adopters than among non-CA adopter in all the four years. Similar results were obtained for crop diversity and mean number of meals with pulses eaten in a day. Cases of women increasing their cash income from pulses because of CA practices were also reported. Focus group discussants explained that CA had reduced the intensity of food shortage during the peak hunger period because of early green harvest. With reference to pulses, it is concluded from this study that, among sampled smallholder farmers, CA adopters are relatively more food secure than non-CA adopters. Factors contributing to increased food security included farmer trainings in CA, increased access to planting seed, early land preparation and planting, and revitalisation of the practice of crop rotation.