Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy-based cooperative formation control for multiple flight vehicles

This paper is concerned with the formation control of multiple fight vehicles, and by introducing the energy states, an energy-based cooperative method is proposed. The fight vehicle system is modelled with the communication topology and formation description. Then, the cooperative formation strategy is discussed with collision avoidance. It provides the formation commands which are transformed into the reference signals of each vehicle. Based on theses analysis, the energy-based controller is designed to accomplish the tracking of the commands. Compared to most conventional methods, it does not require the dynamics of velocity and flight path angle to be separated into two subsystems, but integrate them to regulate the energy of the vehicle to achieve stable flight and perform the desired formation. Simulation is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
VISUAL TESTING OF PREVERBAL AND NONVERBAL YOUNG CHILDREN*

ABSTRACT This report is a critique of vision tests currently used in testing children too young or too impaired to communicate by speech. The impaired group can include deaf, mentally retarded, autistic, neurologically impaired or emotionally disturbed children. First, tests used to measure seven visual functions are described in terms of procedure, instructions and necessary equipment. Second, the tests are analyzed in terms of their suitability for this population. Clarity of instruction, the developmental capacity of children and the interpretability of children's responses are discussed. In general, tests currently used are not optimally matched to the abilities and interests of preverbal and nonverbal children.
The Vaccine Adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A as a TRIF-Biased Agonist of TLR4

The inflammatory toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of bacterial cell walls, is driven by the adaptor proteins myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain–containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF), which together mediate signaling by the endotoxin receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a low-toxicity derivative of LPS with useful immunostimulatory properties, which is nearing regulatory approval for use as a human vaccine adjuvant. We report here that, in mice, the low toxicity of MPLA's adjuvant function is associated with a bias toward TRIF signaling, which we suggest is likely caused by the active suppression, rather than passive loss, of proinflammatory activity of this LPS derivative. This finding may have important implications for the development of future vaccine adjuvants.
Improved graft survival after renal transplantation in the United States, 1988 to 1996.

BACKGROUND The introduction of cyclosporine has resulted in improvement in the short-term outcome of renal transplantation, but its effect on the long-term survival of kidney transplants is not known. METHODS We analyzed the influence of demographic characteristics (age, sex, and race), transplant-related variables (living or cadaveric donor, panel-reactive antibody titer, extent of HLA matching, and cold-ischemia time), and post-transplantation variables (presence or absence of acute rejection, delayed graft function, and therapy with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus) on graft survival for all 93,934 renal transplantations performed in the United States between 1988 and 1996. A regression analysis adjusted for these variables was used to estimate the risk of graft failure within the first year and more than one year after transplantation. RESULTS From 1988 to 1996, the one-year survival rate for grafts from living donors increased from 88.8 to 93.9 percent, and the rate for cadaveric grafts increased from 75.7 to 87.7 percent. The half-life for grafts from living donors increased steadily from 12.7 to 21.6 years, and that for cadaveric grafts increased from 7.9 to 13.8 years. After censoring of data for patients who died with functioning grafts, the half-life for grafts from living donors increased from 16.9 years to 35.9 years, and that for cadaveric grafts increased from 11.0 years to 19.5 years. The average yearly reduction in the relative hazard of graft failure after one year was 4.2 percent for all recipients (P<0.001), 0.4 percent for those who had acute rejection (P=0.57), and 6.3 percent for those who did not have acute rejection (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Since 1988, there has been a substantial increase in short-term and long-term survival of kidney grafts from both living and cadaveric donors.
Impact of COPD diagnosis timing on clinical and economic outcomes: the ARCTIC observational cohort study

Purpose: Assess the clinical and economic consequences associated with an early versus late diagnosis in patients with COPD. Patients and methods: In a retrospective, observational cohort study, electronic medical record data (2000–2014) were collected from Swedish primary care patients with COPD. COPD indicators (pneumonia, other respiratory diseases, oral corticosteroids, antibiotics for respiratory infections, prescribed drugs for respiratory symptoms, lung function measurement) registered prior to diagnosis were applied to categorize patients into those receiving early (2 or less indicators) or late diagnosis (3 or more indicators registered >90 days preceding a COPD diagnosis). Outcome measures included annual rate of and time to first exacerbation, mortality risk, prevalence of comorbidities and health care utilization. Results: More patients with late diagnosis (n=8827) than with early diagnosis (n=3870) had a recent comorbid diagnosis of asthma (22.0% vs 3.9%; P<0.0001). Compared with early diagnosis, patients with late diagnosis had a higher exacerbation rate (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83–1.96; P<0.0001) and shorter time to first exacerbation (HR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.54–1.69; P<0.0001). Mortality was not different between groups overall but higher for late versus early diagnosis, after excluding patients with past asthma diagnosis (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02–1.18; P=0.0095). Late diagnosis was also associated with higher direct costs than early diagnosis. Conclusion: Late COPD diagnosis is associated with higher exacerbation rate and increased comorbidities and costs compared with early diagnosis. The study highlights the need for accurate diagnosis of COPD in primary care in order to reduce exacerbations and the economic burden of COPD.
Bias and Accuracy in Close Relationships: An Integrative Review

Intimates typically are positively biased in their relationship evaluations. Given this fact, how can intimates regulate their esteem needs about their relationships and still function effectively, without risking later regret and disappointment? We address this issue by first reviewing work showing that because bias and accuracy are independent, they can co-exist. We next show how bias and accuracy are subject to different evaluative motives, relationship evaluations, and situations. It is argued that the pursuit of important goals is a time when people are motivated to feel good about their relationships. This is a time when relationship judgments are positively biased and relatively inaccurate. However, important choice points in the relationship are times when people are motivated to both accurately understand their relationships and to feel good about their relationships. These dual needs can be simultaneously met by becoming more accurate in epistemic-related relationship judgments while being more positively biased in esteem-related relationship judgments.
Anatomy of an Enduring Gender Gap: The Evolution of Women’s Participation in Computer Science

ABSTRACT Given growing interest in computing fields, as well as a longstanding gender gap in computer science, this study used nationwide survey data on college students during 4 decades to: (a) document trends in aspirations to major in computer science among undergraduate women and men; (b) explore the characteristics of women and men who choose to major in computer science and how this population has evolved over time; and (c) identify the key determinants of the gender gap in the selection of computer science majors during the past 4 decades. The data included 8 million students attending 1,225 baccalaureate-granting institutions from 1971 to 2011, with selected-year multivariate analyses of 18,830 computer science majors (and 904,307 students from all other majors). The results revealed heavy fluctuations in students’ interest in computer science from 1971 to 2011, with trends highlighting a significant downturn between the late 1990s and 2011 as well as a persistent, sizeable underrepresentation of women across all years. The study also showed that while some of the traditional explanations for the gender gap in computer science held true, there have been distinctive shifts in who pursues computer science and why some students may be particularly interested in or dissuaded from the major.
Application of magnetic resonance imaging movie to assess articulatory movement.

OBJECTIVE To introduce the technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie and to propose its feasibility for investigating articulatory movement. SUBJECTS Five healthy adult females participated in the study. METHODS Dynamic changes in oropharyngeal structures were assessed with MRI movie during the articulation of a bilabial consonant. RESULTS Movements of the velum and tongue at a time resolution of 30 ms were complex at the tip of the tongue and the anterior part of the velum. These movements that were seen with a time resolution of 30 ms could not be interpolated or in any way derived from the results obtained with a time resolution of 120 ms. CONCLUSION The results suggest that MRI movie may be useful in the evaluation of articulation. It is important to reduce the time resolution to 30 ms to obtain images of articulators.
Statistics for Digital Human Motion Modeling in Ergonomics

Modern manufacturing demands that products be designed for the comfort and accessibility of consumers as well the health and safety of employees in the workplace. Speed of implementation requires that these designs be constructed in a virtual world. Digital human models are required for these virtual worlds for the exploration of vehicle and manufacturing designs from an ergonomic perspective. This article provides an overview of the ergonomic issues and statistical methods for human motion modeling. We first describe methods for modeling the basic elements of motion, decomposed into univariate curves, three-dimensional trajectories, and orientation trajectories. We then present methods for combining the components of the motion into a coherent whole. Two application examples in truck driver behavior and sheet metal assembly illustrate the methodology.
Logical definability of counting functions

The relationship between counting functions and logical expressibility is explored. The most well studied class of counting functions is P, which consists of the functions counting the accepting computation paths of a nondeterministic polynomial-time Turing machine. For a logic L, L is the class of functions on finite structures (of a fixed signature) counting the tuples (T~, c~) satisfying a given formula /spl psi/(T~, c~) in (L. Saluja et al., 1992) showed that on classes of ordered structures FO= P (where FO denotes first-order logic) and that every function in /spl Sigmasub 1/ has a fully polynomial randomized approximation scheme. We give a probabilistic criterion for membership in /spl Sigmasub 1/ (on unordered structures). A consequence is that functions counting the number of cliques, the number of Hamilton cycles, and the number of pairs with distance greater than two in a graph, are not contained in /spl Sigmasub 1/. It is shown that on ordered structures /spl Sigmasub 1/ captures the previously studied class span P. On unordered structures FO is a proper subclass of P and /spl Sigmasub 1/ is a proper subclass of spanP; in fact, no class L contains all polynomial-time computable functions on unordered structures. However, it is shown that on unordered structures every function in P is identical almost everywhere with some function #FO, and similarly for /spl Sigmasub 1/ and spanP. Finally, it is shown that FO is closed under various operations under which P is closed, but that FO is not closed under other operations under which P would be closed only if certain generally believed assumptions in complexity theory failed. <<ETX>>
A phase I dose-escalation study to evaluate GDC-0941, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, administered QD or BID in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors.

3052^ Background: The PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway is deregulated in a wide variety of cancers. GDC-0941 is a potent, oral, selective pan-inhibitor of class I PI3K with IC50 against the isoforms of p110 ranging from 3 nM (p110α) to 75 nM (p110γ) in vitro. METHODS A 2-stage phase I dose-escalation study (GDC4255g) using a 3+3 design was initiated in patients (pts) with solid tumors to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and safety of GDC-0941. Stage 2 is an expansion phase at MTD enrolling pts with solid tumors and pts with PIK3CA mutant (mt) breast cancer. GDC-0941 was given on Day 1, followed by a 1-week (wk) washout for single-dose PK and PD markers. GDC-0941 was then dosed QD or BID on a 21/28 schedule. Archival tissue was assayed for PI3K mt/amplification and PTEN status. RESULTS Forty-nine pts were enrolled in 12 cohorts (15-450 mg) in the QD arm. Thirty-six pts have been enrolled in 8 cohorts in the BID arm at total daily doses (TDD) from 60-450 mg. The MTD was exceeded at 450 mg with dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of grade (Gr) 3 macular rash and Gr 3 asymptomatic T-wave inversion on ECG in the QD arm and Gr 3 thrombocytopenia and Gr 4 hyperglycemia in the BID arm. Other significant drug-related AEs at 450 mg were Gr 3 increased ALT and AST in the BID arm and Gr 3 fatigue in the QD arm. Drug-related AEs reported in ³10% of pts were similar in both arms with nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, dysgeusia, and rash. Two patients have exhibited partial responses (PR) by RECIST: an endocervical cancer (PIK3CA mt E545K) pt treated at 330 mg TDD in the BID arm who also had a 80% decrease in tumor FDG avidity by PET scan and continues on-study > 8 mo and an ER+, HER2- breast cancer pt treated at 130 mg QD who was on-study for ~5 mo. Additional signs of anti-tumor activity include CA-125 responses in 3 pts with ovarian cancer; one with known high PIK3CA gene copy number who was on-study for 15 mo and had a 23% decrease in target lesion by RECIST. CONCLUSIONS GDC-0941 is generally well tolerated administered either QD or BID at doses below 450 mg with similar PK exposures and safety profiles. Clinical activity was observed below 450 mg with 2 PRs by RECIST.
MIMO channel statistics in the presence of non-uniform angle spread

We give analytical expressions for correlation, spectrum, level crossing rate, and average fade duration for the multiple-antenna fading channel in the presence of nonuniform power azimuth spectrum (PAS). Classical expressions for uniform PAS are a special case of these expressions. The expressions are valid for any antenna patterns and for any PAS.
Gastrointestinal infections in the traveling athlete

Because athletes travel to competitions all over the world, sports medicine providers need to be able to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal infections. Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is by far the most common gastrointestinal illness. TD is a self-limited condition caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, and it can easily be treated. Nevertheless, there are preventative measures that should be taken to limit the exposure to TD in the first place.
Uncovering the molecular and physiological processes of anticancer leads binding human serum albumin: A physical insight into drug efficacy

Human serum albumin (HSA) has its ability to bind drug molecules and influence their efficacies. Although anticancer leads NSC48693 and NSC290956 functioned at the same mechanism, the drug efficacies were obviously distinct. To gain insight into the distinct drug efficacy, the molecular and physiological processes of anticancer leads binding HSA have been investigated via a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The binding site, as characterized by fluorescence quenching and molecular modeling, is found to be located at site II in subdomain III A for NSC48693 with tight binding and at site FA1 in subdomain I B for NSC290956 with negatively cooperative binding, respectively. As indicated by the thermodynamic analysis, NSC48693 binds to HSA with an enthalpy driven mechanism, while NSC290956 binding with HSA is entropically driven. The further kinetic analysis indicates that the association rates appear to be similar to these two anticancer leads, however, the dissociation rate of NSC48693 is approximately 5-fold slower than that of NSC290956. For NSC48693, the pharmacodynamic efficacy is less than that of NSC290956, while its pharmacokinetic behavior is better than that of NSC290956. These parameters influence the pharmacodynamic efficacy and pharmacokinetic behavior, which will give further impacts on drug efficacy in vivo.
A Novel Inter-FA Handover Scheme for Load Balancing in IEEE 802.16e System

As the demand for high data rate increases, load balancing across cell is highly desirable. A handover (HO) among frequency assignment (FA) may be possible for load balancing theoretically, when a serving FA is crowded to accommodate additional bandwidth request in such system as IEEE 802.16e, where the multiple FAs are possible. However, this handover is impossible in the current specification because an indication to target FA is not defined. It also requires unnecessary long scanning and network re-entry procedure. In this paper, we propose novel inter-FA handover, handover among FAs for load balancing by modifying general handover algorithm. It also satisfies HO user's quality of service (QoS) by reducing HO latency, unnecessary scanning, and network re-entry. We compare with previous HO schemes for load balancing by simulation. We show that this HO scheme can achieve significantly better performance in HO user's QoS and HO delay.
Regulation of intracellular glycine as an organic osmolyte in early preimplantation mouse embryos

GLYT1, a glycine transporter belonging to the neurotransmitter transporter family, has recently been identified as a novel cell volume‐regulatory mechanism in the earliest stages of the mouse preimplantation embryo. It apparently acts by regulating the steady‐state intracellular concentration of glycine, which functions as an organic osmolyte in embryos, to balance external osmolarity and thus maintain cell volume. GLYT1 in embryos was the first mammalian organic osmolyte transporter identified that appears to function in cell volume control under conditions of normal osmolarity, rather than being a response to the stress of chronic hypertonicity. Its maximal rate of transport was shown to be regulated by osmolarity. However, it was not known whether this osmotic regulation of the rate of glycine transport is sufficient to account for the observed control of steady‐state intracellular glycine levels as a function of osmolarity in embryos. Here, we show that the intracellular accumulation of glycine in embryos is a direct function of the rate of glycine uptake via GLYT1. In addition, we have shown that the rate of efflux, likely via the volume‐regulated anion and organic osmolyte channel in embryos, is also under osmotic regulation and contributes substantially to the control of steady‐state glycine concentrations. Together, control of both the rate of uptake and rate of efflux of glycine underlies the mechanism of osmotic regulation of the steady‐state concentration of glycine and hence cell volume in early embryos. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of GIGYF2 studies in Parkinson’s disease: the burden of proof

of GIGYF2 studies in Parkinson s disease: the burden of proof The past decade has been an exciting time for investigators involved in genetic research in Parkinson s disease (PD). At least six pathogenic genes and numerous disease-loci and risk variants have been reported to be associated with both familial and/or sporadic forms of the disease [1–3]. Some have described these breakthroughs as tantamount to an embarrassment of riches as every single discovery adds further clues to unraveling its pathophysiology and provide an enormous opportunity for research. Thus reports of new causative genes invariably bring considerable delight and interest for clinicians, geneticists, and scientists. The PARK11 locus on chromosome 2q36-37 was based on linkage analysis studies in patients with familial PD [4]. The highest log10 of the odds score of 5.14was for a D2S206marker located within theGIGYF2 gene which encodes the Grb10-interacting GYF protein 2. Recently, Lautier et al. [5] reported seven different GIGYF2 missense mutations and three amino acid insertions or deletions in 16 unrelated PD index patients. When they sequenced the GIGYF2 gene in 123 Italian and 126 French patients with familial PD and 131 Italian and 96 French controls, these mutations were not found in their controls and involved amino acids that are mostly conserved across non-human species. In addition, affected relatives who were analyzed carried the same mutation within the family. These were reasonable grounds to argue that GIGYF2 was a possible causative gene within the PARK11 locus. However, in recent months, at least 10 replication studies [6–15] including the latest one by Samaranch et al. [15] in this journal have provided conflicting data to cast considerable doubt on the causal role of GIGYF2. For the benefit of easy reference, we have collated the main findings of these replication studies in Table 1. None of the supposed mutations described by Lautier et al. were found in half of the replication studies, whilst a few of the mutations were found in both PD and healthy controls by authors of five other studies (Table 1). There are a number of caveats that call for cautious comparison of these replication studies with the discovery dataset. First, the ethnicity of these cohorts is diverse, ranging from North Americans to central and southern Europeans and Asians. Second, complete sequencing of the GIGYF2 gene was only carried out in about half of these studies, whilst others analyzed a few or all of the reported pathogenic mutations. Third, the type of PD cohorts was rather mixed with some purely familial, whilst others a com-
Androgen Receptor Expression in Epithelial and Stromal Cells of Prostatic Carcinoma and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: Prostatic carcinoma (PCa) derives from prostatic epithelial cells. However stromal microenvironment, associated with malignant epithelium, also plays a role in prostatic carcinogenesis. Alterations in prostatic stromal cells contribute to the loss of growth control in epithelial cells that lead to progression of PCa. AIM: To analyse the differences between Androgen Receptor (AR) expression in both epithelial and stromal cells in PCa and the surrounding benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to compare the results with tumour grade. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples from 70 cases of radical prostatectomy specimens were used. The expression and intensity of the signal for AR was analysed in the epithelial and stromal cells of PCa and BPH, and the data was quantified using histological score (H-score). RESULTS: AR showed significantly lower expression in both epithelial and stromal cells of PCa compared to BPH. In PCa a significant positive correlation of AR expression was found between stromal and epithelial cells of PCa. AR expression showed a correlation between the stromal cells of PCa and tumour grade. CONCLUSION: AR expression is reduced in epithelial and stromal cells of PCa. Expression of AR in stromal cells of PCa significantly correlates with tumour grade.