Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 Computationalism , Connectionism , and the Philosophy of Mind

and (2) to explain how those abilities are exercised via operations of the system. The tasks are related. The explanation of how operations of the system constitute exercises of our mental abilities will justify the claim that our possession of those abilities consists in our being at least partly constituted by the system. Computationalists hold that the functional architecture of the computing system that grounds our mental abilities resides in our brains. There is, however, no consensus as to what even the general character of that architecture is. The symbols-system paradigm and the connectionist paradigm are the two dominant research paradigms within the computational theory of mind. They differ primarily in what kind of computer the mind is assumed to be, and thus in the kinds of functional architectures explored. The symbol-system paradigm presupposes that the mind is a kind of automatic formal system, while the connectionist paradigm presupposes that it is a system of connectionist networks. These paradigms will be discussed in due course. First, however, further general discussion of the computational theory of mind is in order. Introduction
Protein burden in Zymomonas mobilis: negative flux and growth control due to overproduction of glycolytic enzymes

Increasing the expression of various glycolytic operons in Zymomonas mobilis caused a significant decrease rather than increase in the glycolytic flux and growth rate. Because the relative decrease depended on the amount of overexpressed protein, and was independent of which enzyme was overexpressed, we attributed it to a protein burden effect. More specifically, we examined if the decrease in glycolytic flux could be explained by a decreased concentration of other glycolytic enzymes (for which glucokinase was used as a marker enzyme). Using the summation theorem of metabolic control theory we predicted the extent of this protein burden effect. The predictions were in good agreement with the experimental observations. This suggests that the negative flux control is caused either by a simple competition of the overexpressed gene with the expression of all other genes or by simple dilution. Furthermore, we determined the implications of protein burden for the determination of the extent to which an enzyme limits a flux. We conclude that a protein burden can cause a significant underestimation of the flux control coefficient, especially if the enzyme under investigation is a highly expressed enzyme.
The Study on the Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells

The Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) using Pt as its counter electrode and polysulfide redox shuttle have problems on the low QD’s regeneration speed and high over potential. Sulfur compounds induce a poisoning effect because it was chemisorbed onto the Pt surface. It leads to poor charge transfer rate (Sn+e→nS) at the counter electrode and high over potential for the reduction reaction. The Cu2S was proposed as an ideal counter electrode materials for higher performance QDSSCs due to their higher electrical catalytic activity and stability. In this study, Cu2S nanocrystals (NCs) are proposed as counter electrode. At the result of, the efficiency of QDSSCs using Cu2S NCs as counter electrode is 0.2% higher than that of using the Pt counter electrode. In addition, The rate of reduction of the Cu2S NCs capped with organic ligands replaced with Na2S (Inorganic) ligands lead to significantly increase. It is demonstrated that the rate of reduction process with Na2S_capped Cu2S NCs counter electrode was more 3 times higher than that of organic_ capped Cu2S NCs counter electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) also confirmed much less resistance by using Na2S capped counter electrode. Finally, we also studied on the effects of nanomaterials and surface modification on the operation of QDSSCs using photoanode materials like CdSe which synthesized by SILAR and hot-temperature injection method.
Shifts in executive compensation structure : Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank acts

Chief Officers (COs) of public companies are expected to make decisions that maximize corporate value and shareholder wealth. This agency relationship has a major shortcoming as rational individuals tend to choose the path that benefits their self-interest. To align the interests of the COs and the shareholders, the composition of the compensation packages of the COs frequently include bonuses tied to earnings and stock options that become increasingly valuable as corporate earnings and stock prices increase. In certain instances, these earnings-based incentives may entice COs to fraudulently manage earnings. Observations are collected over a 20-year period (1995-2014) covering preand post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 (DFA). The study tracks the pay structure of 100 corporate executives accused of financial statement fraud (accused, not necessarily convicted) before and after these legislative efforts to determine whether shifts in compensation packages occur with the passage of the Acts. Each executive accused of fraud is then paired with an executive not charged with fraud from a public company of similar financial standing (equity size) and industry sector to normalize the trends in executive compensation over the 20-year time span and to isolate the trends associated with fraud. The findings indicate that the pay package of all executives, whether accused of fraud or not, shifted away from incentivized awards after the passage of each legislation. Stock-options and bonuses decreased as a percentage of total compensation and nonincentivized stock awards increased. This finding suggests that the legislation helped curb incentives to commit financial statement fraud. However, the executives accused of fraud maintained a higher percentage of incentivized pay components over the 20-year period compared to the executives not charged with fraud. This finding suggests that incentivized executive compensation continues to create an opportunity and increased risk of financial statement fraud.
Reflecting on Cognitive Process Models to Enhance Adaptive Training

This paper presents work sponsored by Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) funding from the Office of Naval Research to develop a system that combines valuable aspects of intelligent tutoring systems and human-tohuman adaptive training to aid instructors in providing individualized training. Our system, the Virtual Observer Controller for Adaptive Training (VOCAT), is an adaptive, intelligent virtual observer controller that has been built and demonstrated to run end-to-end in a synthetic training event example. Human instructors recognize that observed student actions may be the result of many possible cognitive reasoning paths and are able to provide student-specific guidance accordingly. VOCAT aims to aid instructors and enhance human-led adaptive training by reflecting on student-specific cognitive process models in order to: 1) identify how and when to provide studentspecific guidance during training and 2) identify students' cognitive reasoning behind key decision points for use in an after action review.
Analysis of a Simulated Tropical Cyclone Eyewall Replacement Cycle

The fundamental dynamics of the tropical cyclone eyewall replacement cycle (ERC), after the outer eyewall has formed, have been understood for three decades (Shapiro and Willoughby 1982; Willoughby et al. 1982). In contrast, the cause of the initial formation of the outer eyewall has proved to be more elusive. Numerous theories have been proposed (see the reviews by Rozoff et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2012) but a consensus has not been achieved. More recently, attention has focussed on the possible role of the boundary layer in secondary eyewall formation (SEF) (Huang et al. 2012; Kepert 2013; Abarca and Montgomery 2013). Therefore, it is of interest to diagnose the boundary-layer processes occurring during SEF and the subsequent evolution of the eyewalls. This report describes our analysis of a SEF/ERC simulated by a high-resolution WRF simulation of a hurricane.
A Response to Christian Cordes and Clifford Poirot

I wish to thank both Christian Cordes (2005; 2006; 2007) and Clifford Poirot (2007) for their thoughtful contributions to an ongoing debate. Work in this area is deepening our understanding of the processes of social and economic evolution and helping to develop a conceptual framework for further analysis. In this response, I wish to address some remaining points of difference between us. These differences are more numerous in the case of Cordes’ work. Indeed, Poirot remarks that there “is probably very little daylight between Hodgson’s views and my own. ” I agree. Consequently, I shall devote my discussion largely to Cordes’ article and only occasionally refer to Poirot’s. My response is organized in sections, to deal with the most important issues in turn. First, however, I wish to address a terminological point in response to both Cordes and Poirot. For various reasons, Thorbjørn Knudsen and I now prefer the term “generalized Darwinism” to “universal Darwinism. ” One reason is that the word “universal” suggests that it covers everything. Instead; we propose (Hodgson and Knudsen 2006a) that Darwinism addresses a particular type of complex phenomena that we describe as “complex population systems. ” These are defined below. The second reason is that the term “universal Darwinism” was termed by Richard Dawkins (1983) who has been accused of having a particularly gene-centered view of biological evolution (Hull 2001). Knudsen and I do not endorse a genecentered view. Third, the idea of generalizing Darwinism to social, economic or political phenomena pre-dates Dawkins by more than a century. Darwin (1859, 422-3; 1871, vol. 1: 59-61, 106, 166) himself proposed that natural selection operates upon the elements of language and argued that tribal groups with moral and other propensities that served the common good would be favored by natural selection. Following this lead, other writers such as Walter Bagehot (1872), David Ritchie (1896) and Thorstein Veblen (1899; 1919) argued that Darwin’s basic ideas could help to explain the evolution not only of individuals, but also of groups, customs, nations, business firms and other social institutions.
Plankton rotifers from a tropical lake: differences in distribution and migration patterns in two mixing events, with similar abiotic conditions.

Vertical distribution of plankton rotifers is not random. Although the causes of this behavior are still under debate, it has been suggested, mainly from the study of stratified environments, that abiotic parameters play an important role in determining the presence and position of a species in the water column. We compared the composition and vertical distribution of planktonic rotifers in a tropical monomictic lake in Mexico during the mixing period of two years in which abiotic conditions were similar. We recorded 28 rotifer species. Total average densities ranged from 238±39 ind l-1 to 517±97 ind l-1. The similarity of rotifer assemblages between the two compared dates was 46.4%. Our results showed that temperature and dissolved oxygen in the upper 13 meters and pH upper 8 meters, respectively, were homogeneous in the two dates. Nevertheless, the rotifer assemblages showed important differences in: a) the absolute population densities, b) the dominance ranking of species in the community, c) the preferential position of a specific species in the water column, d) the relationship between such preference and the studied abiotic factors and, e) the types and amplitudes of species’ migrations. Given the resemblance of the abiotic factors in the analyzed years, we suggest that changes in rotifers distribution and abundance would involve biological factors, such as food availability, competition and predation.
Soil Stabilization Using Lime: Advantages, Disadvantages and Proposing a Potential Alternative

This study is an overview of previous studies on lime (quick and hydrated) -treated soil. Lime is the oldest traditional stabilizer used for soil stabilization. The mechanism of soil-lime treatment involves cation exchange, which leads to the flocculation and agglomeration of soil particles. The high pH environment then causes a pozzolanic reaction between the free Ca^(+2) cations and the dissolved silica and alumina. Lime-treated soil effectively increases the strength, durability and workability of the soil. Such treatment also improves soil compressibility. A fluctuation behavior was observed on the influence of lime on soil permeability. However, the factors affecting the permeability of the soil-lime mixture should be extensively studied. Nonetheless, lime treatment has a number of inherent disadvantages, such as carbonation, sulfate attack and environment impact. Magnesium oxide/hydroxide are thus proposed as a suitable alternative stabilizer to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of using lime in soil stabilization.
Creation and Communication of Hurricane Risk Information

Reducing loss of life and harm when a hurricane threatens depends on people receiving hurricane risk information that they can interpret and use in protective decisions. To understand and improve hurricane risk communication, this article examines how National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters at the National Hurricane Center and local weather forecast offices, local emergency managers, and local television and radio media create and convey hurricane risk information. Data from in-depth interviews and observational sessions with members of these groups from Greater Miami were analyzed to examine their roles, goals, and interactions, and to identify strengths and challenges in how they communicate with each other and with the public. Together, these groups succeed in partnering with each other to make information about approaching hurricane threats widely available. Yet NWS forecasters sometimes find that the information they provide is not used as they intended; media personnel want streamlined informatio.
Taxonomic and Distributional Notes on Lesser Antillean Bats

The present paper reports additional records of bats from the Lesser Antillean islands, from Barbados and St. Vincent north to Anguilla. The specimens are mainly from three collections: the first made by G. G. Goodwin in 1926 on Anguilla and St. Martin; the second made by Clayton E. Ray in 1963 on St. Martin, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Barbuda, Antigua, and Barbados; and the third made by Harry Beatty and Peter Martin in 1967 on Martinique. The Goodwin collection, which also contains material from West Indian islands (Puerto Rico, Mona, Virgin Islands) not in the Lesser Antilles, is at the American Museum of Natural History. Ray's collection, which also includes extralimital (Dominican Republic) material, has been divided between the American Museum of Natural History and the Florida State Museum at Gainesville. The Beatty-Martin collection is at the American Museum, and the trip was supported by a grant from the Explorers Club and by Mr. Martin. In addition to several smaller collections at the American Museum, certain critical specimens from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, the British Museum (Natural History), London, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the Bruce Museum, Greenwich, Connecticut, are included in this study. I thank the mammalogists and other staff members at all these institutions for permission to study specimens in their
An Operational Global-Scale Ocean Thermal Analysis System

Abstract The Optimum Thermal Interpolation System (OTIS) is an ocean thermal analysis product developed for real-time operational use at the U.S. Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. It functions in an analysis-prediction-analysis data assimilation cycle with an ocean mixed-layer model using the optimum interpolation formulation of Alaka and Elvander (1972). Thus, climatology serves as the first-guess field for the analysis of synoptic ship, bathythermograph, buoy, and satellite data, with the prediction from the mixed-layer model treated as a special class of data. An operational test, involving comparisons of OTIS against an existing operational ocean thermal structure model, was conducted during February, March, and April 1988. Qualitative comparison of the two products suggests that OTIS gives a more realistic representation of subsurface anomalies and horizontal gradients. Quantitative comparison of the two products with over 9900 independent (i.e., unassimilated) bathythermograph observations.
Planck's view on the spectrum of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect

We present a detailed analysis of the stacked frequency spectrum of a large sample of galaxy clusters using Planck data, together with auxiliary data from the AKARI and IRAS missions. Our primary goal is to search for the imprint of relativistic corrections to the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (tSZ) spectrum, which allow to measure the temperature of the intracluster medium. We remove Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds with a matched filtering technique, which is validated using simulations with realistic mock data sets. The extracted spectra show the tSZ signal at high significance and reveal an additional far-infrared (FIR) excess, which we attribute to thermal emission from the galaxy clusters themselves. This excess FIR emission from clusters is accounted for in our spectral model. We are able to measure the tSZ relativistic corrections at $2.2\sigma$ by constraining the mean temperature of our cluster sample to $4.4^{+2.1}_{-2.0} \, \mathrm{keV}$. We repeat the same analysis on a subsample containing only the 100 hottest clusters, for which we measure the mean temperature to be $6.0^{+3.8}_{-2.9} \, \mathrm{keV}$, corresponding to $2.0\sigma$. The temperature of the emitting dust grains in our FIR model is constrained to $\simeq 20 \, \mathrm{K}$, consistent with previous studies. Control for systematic biases is done by fitting mock clusters, from which we also show that using the non-relativistic spectrum for SZ signal extraction will lead to a bias in the integrated Compton parameter $Y$, which can be up to 14% for the most massive clusters. We conclude by providing an outlook for the upcoming CCAT-prime telescope, which will improve upon Planck with lower noise and better spatial resolution.
Learning on the job

The application of new methods and measures in domains with few methodological traditions of that kind often presents researchers with a challenge; they may have to take up the task of developing their understanding of the phenomenon while, at the same time, creating the practices for its study. For us, the method was eye tracking, and the topic, music reading. One key characteristic of music reading is that themusic reader’s gaze moves slightly ahead of the current point of performance. This gap allows the performer to prepare for the upcoming motoric responses. In this paper, we present our 10-year-long path, describing the steps we have taken while studying this “looking ahead” in music reading. We will point out how we have, after both advances as well as setbacks, come to change our views on how best to explain the various components affecting this specific act and how it is best measured. Finally, we discuss some of the lessons we have learned, hoping in this way to provide practical suggestions for others who plan to take up methods from other domains and use them in novel ones.
Ion irradiation of carbonaceous interstellar analogues - Effects of cosmic rays on the 3.4 μm interstellar absorption band

Context. A 3.4 μm absorption band (around 2900 cm-1), assigned to aliphatic C-H stretching modes of hydrogenated amorphous carbons (a-C:H), is widely observed in the diffuse interstellar medium, but disappears or is modified in dense clouds. This spectral difference between different phases of the interstellar medium reflects the processing of dust in different environments. Cosmic ray bombardment is one of the interstellar processes that make carbonaceous dust evolve. Aims. We investigate the effects of cosmic rays on the interstellar 3.4 μm absorption band carriers. Methods. Samples of carbonaceous interstellar analogues (a-C:H and soot) were irradiated at room temperature by swift ions with energy in the MeV range (from 0.2 to 160 MeV). The dehydrogenation and chemical bonding modifications that occurred during irradiation were studied with IR spectroscopy. Results. For all samples and all ions/energies used, we observed a decrease of the aliphatic C-H absorption bands intensity with the ion fluence. This evolution agrees with a model that describes the hydrogen loss as caused by the molecular recombination of two free H atoms created by the breaking of C-H bonds by the impinging ions. The corresponding destruction cross section and asymptotic hydrogen content are obtained for each experiment and their behaviour over a large range of ion stopping powers are inferred. Using elemental abundances and energy distributions of galactic cosmic rays, we investigated the implications of these results in different astrophysical environments. The results are compared to the processing by UV photons and H atoms in different regions of the interstellar medium. Conclusions. The destruction of aliphatic C-H bonds by cosmic rays occurs in characteristic times of a few 108 years, and it appears that even at longer time scales, cosmic rays alone cannot explain the observed disappearance of this spectral signature in dense regions. In diffuse interstellar medium, the formation by atomic hydrogen prevails over the destruction by UV photons (destruction by cosmic rays is negligible in these regions). Only the cosmic rays can penetrate into dense clouds and process the corresponding dust. However, they are not efficient enough to completely dehydrogenate the 3.4 μm carriers during the cloud lifetime. This interstellar component should be destroyed in interfaces between diffuse and dense interstellar regions where photons still penetrate but hydrogen is in molecular form.
Servo Constraint Based Computed Torque Control of ACROBOTER

This paper presents the computed torque control of the cable suspended service robot platform ACROBOTER. The dynamics of the non-c ventional robotic structure is modeled by using a redundant set of descriptor c oordinates that are coupled by geometric constraints. The dynamical model is given n the form of differential algebraic equations. The control task of the under–a ctuated robot is defined by additional servo constraint equations. The proposed con troller is based on projecting the equations of motion into the nullspace of the inp ut transmission matrix and utilizing the servo constraints to synthesize a PD compe nsator.
FPGA based V / F Controlled Space Vector PWM Voltage Source Inverter

A voltage source inverter is commonly used to provide supply voltage for three-phase induction motor with variable frequency and voltage especially for variable speed applications, But the conventional square wave inverter facing the problems of odd harmonics. To avoid these problems, PWM method is generally employed. A suitable pulse width modulationSpace Vector Pulse width modulation technique is employed to obtain the required output voltage in the line side of the inverter. The magnitude and frequency of the fundamental component in the line side are controlled by the magnitude and frequency of the reference vector. Also V/F control method is also proposed in this paper to reduce the starting current as well as to avoid flux saturation. Thus efficiency can be increased. Switching signal is generated with the help of FPGA spartan3 module. program is written in the VHDL language and realized using Xilinx software.