Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance‐Based Evaluations of Guidelines for Nitrogen Fertilizer Application after Animal Manure

Nitrogen fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) in fields already treated with animal manure can be estimated by using general guidelines or soil testing for inorganic N. Although the soil-testing approach has been extensively evaluated for ability to predict yield responses to applied N under field conditions, the general-guideline approach has not been subjected to comparable performance-based evaluations. Fertilizer response trials were conducted in 205 manured fields to (i) compare the two approaches for ability to predict corn yield responses to fertilizer N applied after animal manure, (ii) identify reasons for differences in predictive ability, and (iii) explore the benefits of performance-based comparisons of the alternative approaches. Analyses showed that 34% of the observed variability in response could be explained by inorganic N concentrations whereas less than 5% of this variability could be explained by the general-guideline approach. The soil-testing approach, therefore, had greater ability to integrate the effects of all factors affecting yield responses across the range of conditions studied. Mean yield responses (0.55 Mg ha -1 ) were smaller than are usually detectable in individual trials, but they were great enough to prompt farmers to fertilize. Results of this study indicate that the most commonly accepted approach to estimating N fertilizer needs is less reliable than generally believed and, therefore, that superior approaches are likely to remain unrecognized unless the performance of the commonly accepted approach is objectively evaluated under realistic field conditions.
Tuning the Photochromic Properties of a Flavylium Compound by pH

We studied the intricate pH- and light-dependent network of the thermal and photochemical reactions of the 4′-(dimethylamino)-7-hydroxyflavylium ion by continuous irradiation, flash photolysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and stopped flow analysis. The distribution of the various forms at the pH-dependent thermodynamic equilibrium and the rates of several interconversion processes were measured. The most interesting feature of this multistate/multifunctional system is related to the possibility of pH-tuning the colour change caused by photoirradiation, because the cis-chalcone isomer, obtained from the photoisomerization of the trans-chalcone form, is spontaneously transformed into coloured species (flavylium cation and quinoidal base) at low values of pH, but reverts back to the uncoloured trans-chalcone at high values of pH because of the low energy barrier between the cis and trans chalcone isomers. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Fatty acid composition of milk from cows fed low purity glycerin.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusao de glicerina de baixa pureza na dieta sobre a composicao em acidos graxos do leite de vacas mesticas. Foram utilizadas 15 vacas mesticas Holandes x Zebu, distribuidas em tres Quadrados Latinos 5 x 5, nos seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem inclusao de glicerina na dieta); inclusao de 5% de glicerina na materia seca da dieta; inclusao de 10% de glicerina na materia seca da dieta; inclusao de 15% de glicerina na materia seca da dieta; e inclusao de 20% de glicerina na materia seca da dieta. A inclusao de glicerina na dieta nao afetou (P<0,05) a concentracao do acido butirico (C4:0). Em contrapartida, foi observado efeito quadratico (P<0,05) sobre as concentracoes dos acidos graxos caproico C6:0 (ponto de maxima = 11,33), caprilico C8:0 (ponto de maxima = 9,50) e caprico C10:0 (ponto de maxima = 6,66) tambem acidos graxos de cadeia curta, seguindo a mesma tendencia da producao de leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) sobre as concentracoes dos acidos graxos de cadeia media: os acidos graxos Laurico C12:0, Miristico C14:0, Miristoleico C14:1, Pentadecanoico C15:0, Pentadecenoico C15:1, Palmitico C16:0 e Palmitoleico C16:1. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) sobre as concentracoes dos acidos graxos poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados. Em contrapartida, a concentracao dos acidos graxos saturados decresceu linearmente (P<0,05). A concentracao dos acidos graxos da serie Omega 6 apresentou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05). Nao foi observado efeito da inclusao de glicerina sobre a concentracao de Omega 3. A razao AGPI/AGS apresentou crescimento linear (P<0,05) e a razao n-6 n-3-1 apresentou efeito quadratico (P<0,05) com ponto de maxima de 8,35. A concentracao do acido linoleico conjugado total apresentou efeito linear crescente (P<0,05). Recomenda-se a inclusao de glicerina na dieta de vacas leiteiras ate o nivel de 20% com base na materia seca.
Literature Review in Games and Learning

This review is intended as a timely introduction to current thinking about the role of computer games in supporting children's learning inside and out of school. It highlights the key areas of research in the field, in particular the increasing interest in pleasurable learning, learning through doing and learning through collaboration, that games seem to offer. At the same time, the review takes a measured tone in acknowledging some of the obstacles and challenges to using games within our current education system and models of learning.
Microtubules enter centre stage for morphogenesis

Cell shape changes are key to observable changes at the tissue level during morphogenesis and organ formation. The major driver of cell shape changes in turn is the actin cytoskeleton, both in the form of protrusive linear or branched dynamic networks and in the form of contractile actomyosin. Over the last 20 years, actomyosin has emerged as the major cytoskeletal system that deforms cells in epithelial sheets during morphogenesis. By contrast, the second major cytoskeletal system, microtubules, have so far mostly been assumed to serve ‘house-keeping' functions, such as directed transport or cell division, during morphogenetic events. Here, I will reflect on a subset of studies over the last 10 years that have clearly shown a major direct role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in epithelial morphogenesis, suggesting that our focus will need to be widened to give more attention and credit to this cytoskeletal system in playing an active morphogenetic role. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Contemporary morphogenesis'.
The Interestingness of 3D Shapes

The perception of shapes and images are important areas that have been explored in previous research. While the problem of the interestingness of images has been explored, there is no previous work in the interestingness of 3D shapes to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, we study this novel problem. We collect data on how humans perceive the interestingness of 3D shapes and analyze the data to gain insights on what makes a shape interesting. We show that a function can be learned to autonomously predict an interestingness score given a new shape and demonstrate some interestingness-guided 3D shape applications.
Cell intercalation in a simple epithelium

Cell intercalation is a key topological transformation driving tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and diseases such as cancer cell invasion. In recent years, much work has been undertaken to better elucidate the fundamental mechanisms controlling intercalation. Cells often use protrusions to propel themselves in between cell neighbours, resulting in topology changes. Nevertheless, in simple epithelial tissues, formed by a single layer of densely packed prism-shaped cells, topology change takes place in an astonishing fashion: cells exchange neighbours medio-laterally by conserving their apical–basal architecture and by maintaining an intact epithelial layer. Medio-lateral cell intercalation in simple epithelia is thus an exemplary case of both robustness and plasticity. Interestingly, in simple epithelia, cells use a combinatory set of mechanisms to ensure a topological transformation at the apical and basal sides. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Contemporary morphogenesis’.
Recovery of grouper assemblages indicates effectiveness of a marine protected area in Southern Brazil

Top predators have a strong influence on the structure and dynamics of marine ecosystems. These organisms have been largely used as indicators of the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs). In Brazil, the impact of fisheries on reef species, such as groupers and sea basses, and the importance of local marine reserves in the maintenance of these fish communities are still poorly understood. Here we assessed the assemblage of groupers and sea basses (Epinephelidae and Serranidae) inside and outside the Arvoredo Marine Reserve (AR), a MPA in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. Density and biomass of 13 fish species (7 Epinephelidae and 6 Serranidae) were recorded. The most abundant groupers were Epinephelus marginatus and Mycteroperca acutirostris, while Serranus flaviventris and S. balwini were the most abundant sea basses. Grouper biomass was significantly higher inside the reserve, indicating the effectiveness of this MPA for target and threatened species, such as E. marginatus. In contrast, biomass of sea basses was higher outside the MPA, as a possible result of prey release effect. Despite the higher biomass of groupers inside AR, spearfishing records from the 1960s indicate that there is still a long way to a full recovery of the biomass of top predators, especially groupers and sharks. Thus, a more effective enforcement and longer-term protection are necessary to restore fish stocks and ecosystem health in these reefs.
Effects of wave exposure on the abundance and composition of amphipod and tanaidacean assemblages inhabiting intertidal coralline algae

Peracarid crustaceans are an important component of the vagile fauna associated with coralline algal beds, which often characterize the infralittoral fringe of tropical rocky shores. Among other variables affecting faunal assemblages, sedimentation, food supply and oxygen concentration within mats or turfs of coralline algae may greatly depend on the exposure to waves. In this study, peracarid assemblages were compared at replicated rocky shores within different levels of wave exposure, along a coastline in south-eastern Brazil. Overall amphipod diversity (11 species) was much higher than tanaidacean diversity (two species). Correlation analyses did not support any biological interactions between amphipods and tanaidaceans. Habitat complexity, while apparently limiting amphipod populations, did not affect tanaidaceans at a local scale. Amphipod abundance, not assemblage structure, was positively affected by wave exposure, probably improving oxygen concentration levels and renewal of food resources. Rather than abundance, which remains fairly stable, exposure to waves determined species identity in tanaidaceans, with Zeuxo coralensis found at exposed shores and Leptochelia aff. dubia found at sheltered shores, except for two L. aff. dubia individuals found at one of the exposed sites. Differences in the supply of sediment and the ability of these species in manipulating grains for tube building may explain such a striking pattern.
Benefits of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of First Line Antituberculosis Drugs

Abstract Tuberculosis is an airborne infectious disease that remains a huge global health-related issue nowadays. Despite constant approvals of newly developed drugs, the use of first-line antituberculosis medicines seems reasonable in drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Therapeutic drug monitoring presents a useful technique for the determination of plasma drug concentration to adjust appropriate dose regimes. In tuberculosis treatment, therapeutic drug monitoring is aiding clinicians in selecting an optimal therapeutic level, which is essential for the personalisation of therapy. This review is aimed at clarifying the use of therapeutic drug monitoring of the first-line antituberculosis drugs in routine clinical practice.
Antimutagenic and antioxidative potential of tuber peel of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand

Antimutagenic and antioxidative potential of Chlorophytum borivilianum was investigated by taking methanol extract of the peels of its tubers. While antimutagenic property of the extract was evaluated using Ames assay, its antioxidant activity was determined through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging, deoxyribose degradation, reducing power, chelating power and lipid peroxidation assays. The methanol extract showed significant antimutagenic effect in both the co-incubation and pre-incubation modes. The extract also showed strong inhibitory activity in DPPH free radical scavenging, site and non-site specific deoxyribose degradation, as well as in lipid peroxidation assays. The reducing power and chelating power assays were non-significant. The study established the antimutagenic and antioxidative potential of tuber peels of C. borivilianum.
Oxygen release from roots of submerged aquatic macrophytes

low in Zostera (1%) and among stream macrophytes (2-4%), but quite high in the isoetids (28-100%). Among the species tested, Lobelia dortmanna had the highest rate of release from roots during illumination (3.12 9g 02 mg-' h-1) which represented 100% of the total oxygen release. The ready exchange of oxygen across the roots of isoetids may play a role for the uptake of sediment carbon dioxide. Dissolved oxygen measurements of overlying water cannot be used as a measure of photosynthesis or respiration in isoetids, but the technique is valid for other growth forms.
Research on bond–slip performance between pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer tube and nano-CaCO3 concrete

Abstract The article describes an experimental study on the bond–slip performance between the pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube and the nano-CaCO3 concrete. Taking the nano-CaCO3 concrete strength and GFRP tube thickness as primary parameters, nine specimens were designed and tested to study the influence of these parameters on the bond strength of the specimens. Besides, three specimens filled with the ordinary concrete were also tested by using the push-out tests to make comparisons with the bond performance of the specimens filled with nano-CaCO3 concrete. A total of four push-out tests were conducted on each specimen. The experimental results indicate that there are two types of axial load–slip curves for each specimen in four push-out tests. Moreover, comparison of the results of the push-out tests in the same direction shows that the bond failure load of the specimen decreases with the increase in the number of push-out tests. Based on the analysis of the test results, it is shown that the bond performance between the GFRP tube and the nano-CaCO3 concrete is better than that between the GFRP tube and the ordinary concrete. Furthermore, as the nano-CaCO3 concrete strength increases, the bond strength of the specimens decreases, indicating that the concrete strength has a negative effect on the bond strength. When the nano-CaCO3 concrete strength is relatively smaller (C20), the bond strength of the specimens decreases with the increase in the thickness of the GFRP tube. However, when the nano-CaCO3 concrete strength is relatively larger (C30 and C40), the bond strength of the specimens increases as the thickness of the GFRP tube increases.
Do the Owners and Managers of Polish MSME’s Recognize and Understand Properly the Challenges of “Industry 4.0”?

Abstract In the article, the author presents in an expanded approach the results of previously conducted research, described in his previous publications and aimed at understanding the needs and capabilities of Polish micro, small and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs) in recognizing challenges and implementing practical solutions from the area fitted to of the Industry 4.0 paradigm. In addition to the detailed and based on selected examples discussion of the results of the first round of surveys conducted among the owners and management staff of this category of enterprises operating in the area of the Upper Silesian – Zagłębie Metropolis in the Upper Silesian Voivodship, the results obtained in the second round of research were also shown and compared with first-round results. The results obtained are the basis for the plan of further, extended research. The author presents the elements of such research plan in the last part of this article.
Some probability effects in the classical context

Abstract This article gives an account of a theoretical research subdivided into three parts. The first stage recalls the theorem of large numbers and the theorem a single number which demonstrate how the frequentist and the subjective models of probability can be used according to distinct assumptions. Based on these achievements, the second stage describes the temporal evolution of the random outcome (this article distinguishes the outcome from the random event or phenomenon that produces it). It is proved that the outcome of a single unpredictable event switches from the indeterministic to the deterministic state when the event winds up. The third stage means to show how the theoretical results apply to physical situations.
A Study of Three Variants of Gerund Construction from the Contrastive Perspective of Social and Natural Academic Abstracts on Construction Grammar Theory

Abstract English gerund construction is a system composed of 3 variants, including “Gerund + ø”, “Gerund + of + NP”, and “Gerund + NP”. The noun and verb attributes of the 3 variants are recursive, and in theory their frequencies vary regularly in different styles. An abstract is placed before the beginning of an academic papers, which has the basic characteristics of conciseness and generalization, and has special requirements for the use of gerunds. The purpose of this study was to empirically explore the system of gerund construction in abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and to specifically explore the inherent characteristics of noun and verb properties of the 3 variants. For this purpose, two corpora were constructed, one is about abstracts of natural science papers, and the other is about abstracts of social science papers. Finally, the results of chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference in the frequencies of the 3 variants in the abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and the two corpora can be studied as a whole. In the combined corpus, there were significant differences in the frequencies of the 3 gerund variants. The frequencies of these 3 variants and their gerund properties showed a recursive change.
Molecular investigations of two spotted fever group rickettsia phylotypes in Ixodes pacificus, Dermacentor occidentalis and domestic dogs

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x INTRODUCTION . 1 Project Preface and Study Significance . 1 Rickettsial Diseases . 4 Rickettsia Taxonomy and Genome . 9 Past Methods of Rickettsia Identification . 11 New Guidelines for Rickettsia Species Identification . 14 Current Rickettsia Taxonomic Classification . 15 Multi-Spacer Typing: “The New Wave of Rickettsia Genotyping” . 19 Rickettsia Host Diversity . 21 Rickettsia and Canines . 22 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia and Ticks . 23 Tick Bacterial Infections . 24 Rickettsial Survival in Ticks . 25 Ixodid Ticks and Their Life Cycle . 25 Ixodes pacificus Ticks . 26 vii Dermacentor occidentalis Ticks . 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 29 Ixodes pacificus Tick Collections . 29 Lake and Mendocino County Shelter Blood and Tick Collection . 32 Tick and Dog Blood DNA Extraction . 33 Standard PCR and Primer Design . 33 Cloning and Sequencing . 35 Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) . 37 qPCR assay Sensitivity, Specificity, and Efficiency . 40 Statistical Analysis . 41 Sequence, Genotyping and Phylogenetic Analysis . 41 RESULTS . 44 I.pacificus Habitat Distribution. 44 Sensitivity, Specificity, and Efficiency of the ompA qPCR Assay . 44 Prevalence, Burden and Habitat Linkage of Rickettsial Phylotypes . 47 Dog Blood qPCR Study . 54 Sequence Analysis . 56 ompA gene sequencing . 58 Multi-Spacer Typing . 62 dksa-xerC . 62 MppA-purC . 66 MST Concatenated Genotypes . 72 gltA and 16S rRNA . 76
Integrating Herbicide‐Resistant Corn Technology in a Kura Clover Living Mulch System

Previous research has shown that with adequate suppression, kura clover (Trifolium ambiguam M. Bieb.) can be managed as a living mulch in corn (Zea mays L.); however, significant yield loss was observed in some environments. This study evaluated two herbicide-resistant corn hybrids at three levels of kura clover living mulch suppression over multiple environments. In 1999 and 2000 near Arlington and in 2000 near Lancaster, WI, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]-resistant corn (Roundup Ready corn, RRC) and glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid]-resistant corn (Liberty Link corn, LLC) hybrids were planted where kura clover had been (i) killed for monocrop corn, (ii) strongly suppressed with glyphosate and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), or (iii) lightly suppressed with only glyphosate. Suppressed kura clover also had a 25-cm clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) plus dicamba-killed band into which corn was planted. Subsequent postemergence applications of glyphosate or glufosinate herbicide were made for each hybrid. Corn whole-plant yield ranged from 17.3 to 19.9 Mg ha -1 , and grain yield ranged from 10.8 to 12.3 Mg ha -1 . Yield of whole-plant and grain across both corn hybrids did not differ between monocrop corn and corn in strongly suppressed kura clover. Whole-plant yield of monocrop corn was 8 to 11% greater and grain yield 8 to 9% greater than in lightly suppressed kura clover, respectively. Both hybrids had similar corn whole-plant yield, but LLC grain yield was lower than that of RRC. Kura clover recovery in the season following corn production was similar among living mulch suppression treatments by mid-July. Herbicide-resistant corn technology allowed for consistent kura clover living mulch management with little or no whole-plant or grain yield loss.