Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avalanche breakdown and breakdown luminescence of AlGaN multiquantum wells

AlGaN p-i-n diodes were fabricated on 6H-SiC substrate using Al0.1Ga0. 9N∕Al0.15Ga0. 85N multiquantum wells (MQWs) for the active region. Avalanche breakdown and breakdown luminescence of these AlGaN MQW diodes were experimentally investigated. Breakdown electroluminescence from the MQW active layers was observed for unusually low bias values of 9 V. A continuous red shift of the interband luminescence resulting from the Stark effect was observed with increasing reverse bias. The breakdown threshold was found to be as low as 9 V. Polarization-induced electric fields in the Al0.1Ga0. 9N well layers were found to have the same direction as the applied field. These polarization fields greatly enhance the ionization coefficient of electrons and help lower the threshold for avalanche breakdown. Substantial enhancement of the ionization coefficient produced by the polarization fields is quantitatively demonstrated with GaN∕AlGaN quantum wells by considering a polarization field with the same direction as the appli.
Atmospheric pressure plasma diagnostics by OES, CRDS and TALIF

Nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharges were used to generate atmospheric pressure plasmas in air or nitrogen preheated at 1000 K. In order to understand the physico-chemical mechanisms that control the number densities of active species, in situ optical diagnostic techniques were developed. The ground state of atomic oxygen was measured by two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF), the density of N2(A) was measured by cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) and the densities of N2(B) and N2(C) were measured by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Temporally and spatially resolved density measurements were performed in the main operating regimes of the NRP discharge, namely the diffuse and filamentary regimes. The diagnostic techniques and associated challenges are presented and the effects of these discharges on the chemistry are discussed.
Cell manipulation in ultrasonic standing wave fields

Particles suspended in either travelling or standing wave fields experience non-zero time averaged radiation forces. In a standing wave field such forces can result in migration of the particles to preferred positions separated by distances of half an acoustic wavelength. Radiation forces also give rise to either interparticle attraction or repulsion and can exert a torque on suspended particles. The forces depend on some or all of the following properties (i.e. particle size and shape, sound frequency, the square of the sound pressure amplitude) and on the differences between the density and compressibility of the particles and those of the suspending phase. The forces acting on suspended particles are analysed and threshold pressures for the migration of particles to half-wavelength separations are derived. It is shown that appropriate choice of sound pressure amplitude should lead either to separation of particles of different densities and compressibilities in the sound field or to concentration of mixed samples essentially at the same location. Experimental observations of ultrasonic radiation force effects on cells are reviewed as are applications of radiation forces to effect cell concentration in electrofusion procedures and the use of ultrasound to support cells away from solid surfaces. Examples of cell concentration, cell alignment and cell-cell interaction are presented.
Nanofibrillated cellulose surface grafting in ionic liquid

The present study reports for the first time the heterogeneous surface modification of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in ionic liquid using different anhydride molecules. With ecofriendly perspectives in mind, the ionic liquid used was recycled by liquid–liquid extraction. The purity of the recycled IL was confirmed by FTIR measurements and NMR spectra of 1H, 13C, 31P and 19F. All the NFC samples were characterized by different techniques (e.g. FTIR, contact angle measurements) to check the efficiency of grafting and to compare the influence of the different anhydrides used. The surface chemical grafting obtained was effective. The Degree of Substitution (DS) was determined by elemental analysis and the Degree of Surface Substitution (DSS) was calculated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. ToF-SIMS was used to characterize the grafting at the extreme surface.
Additions and Corrections - Oxidation and Reduction of Iron Porphyrins and Hemoproteins by Quinones and Hydroquinones.

High-spin-Fe(II)-Porphyrine ( ;z.B. Deuteroporphyrin (IX)) werden in N-Methylpyrrolidon/Essigsaure, Methanol oder Benzol rasch durch Chinone ( ;z.B. 1,4-Benzochinon, Tetramethyl- bzw. Tetrachlorbenzochinon, Naphthochinone, Phenanthrochinon, Bianthron und Vitamin K) oxidiert.
A review on recent advances in Deep learning for Sentiment Analysis: Performances, Challenges and Limitations

Nowadays by the horizons of social online media keep expanding, the impacts they have on people are huge. For example, many businesses are taking advantage on the input from social media to advertise to specific target market. This is done by detecting and analysing the sentiment (emotions, feelings, opinions) in social media about any topic or product from the texts. There are numerous machine learning as well as natural language processing methods used to examine public opinions with low time complexity. Deep learning techniques, however, have become widely popular in recent times because of their high efficiency and accuracy. This paper provides a complete overview of the common deep learning frameworks used in sentiment analysis in recent time. We offer a taxonomical study of text representations, learning model, evaluation, metrics, and implications of recent advances in deep learning architectures. We also added a special emphasis on deep learning methods, the key findings and limitations of different authors are discussed and this will hopefully help other researchers to do further development of deep learning methods in text processing especially for sentiment analysis. The research also presents the quick summaries of the most popular datasets, lexicons with their related research, performance and main features of the datasets. The aim of this survey is to emphasize the ability to solve text-based sentiment analysis challenges in deep learning architectures with successful achievement for accuracy, speed with context, syntactic and semantic meaning. This review paper analyses uniquely with the progress and recent advances in sentiment analysis based on recently advanced of existing methods and approach based on deep learning with their findings, performance comparisons and the limitations and others important features.
Modeling Exchange Rate Volatility in Selected WAMZ Countries: Evidence from Symmetric and Asymmetric GARCH Models

Exchange rate is one of the macroeconomic indicators that gives concern to policy makers and investors as its movements are mostly unpredictable and tend to affect both trade and capital flows. Hence, this study analyzes exchange rate volatility clustering among selected WAMZ countries for the period 1980-2016. The univariate symmetric and asymmetric ARCH/GARCH modeling approach is employed with the Maximum Likelihood Estimation Technique and the results show exchange rate volatility clustering and the existence of leverage effect in all the countries. Therefore, it is imperative for policy makers in these countries to ensure adequate policy coordination based on current realities to boost investors’ confidence and create needed automatic adjustment mechanism. JEL Codes: E3, F30, F31
Modeling on the Performance of Standing Column Wells During Continuous Operation Under Regional Groundwater Flow

Coupled hydrogeological–thermal simulation of the standing column well (SCW) system is essential to provide an optimized configuration and operation schedule for boreholes on the site. This paper presents numerical investigations and thermohydraulic evaluation of SCW system operating under continuous flow regime. A three-dimensional numerical model for groundwater flow and heat transport is used to analyze the heat exchange in the ground. The model includes the effects of convection and conduction heat transfer, heat loss to the adjacent confining strata, and hydraulic anisotropy. The operation scenario consists of continuous injection and recovery, and four periods per year to simulate the seasonal temperature conditions. For different parameters of the system, performances have been evaluated in terms of variations in the recovery temperature. The calculated temperatures at the producing pipe were relatively constant within a certain range through the year and fluctuating quarterly a year. Pipe-to-pipe distance, injection/production rate, ground thickness, and permeability considered in the model are shown to impact the predicted temperature profiles at each stage and the recovery water temperature. The influence of pressure gradient, which determines the direction and velocity of regional groundwater flow, is also substantial.
Sono-assisted Synthesis of MgAl-layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheet/multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Filler for the Fabricating of L-isoleucine Amino Acid Based Polymer Nanocomposites

Hybrid of acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and layered double hydroxides were prepared by coprecipitation reaction of the Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, and acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes under ultrasonic irradiation. An optically active amino acid containing poly(amide-imide) was synthesized by the direct polycondensation reaction of the N,N′-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-L-isoleucine diacid and diamine using molten tetra-n-butylammonium bromide. These three-dimensional nanofillers were used as reinforcing agent to enhance the performance of chiral poly(amide-imide). The structure and morphology of the hybrid materials were confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission and transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry analysis techniques. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Reduction of Nanostructured CuO Bundles: Correlation between Microstructure and Reduction Properties

A high yield of nanostructured CuO bundles with different building blocks is successfully prepared through simple hydrothermal and thermal treatment methods. The microstructure of the as-synthesized samples is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 physisorption, and IR spectra. The results show that the microstructure of the CuO bundles, such as different grain sizes, BET surface areas, pore sizes, defects and morphologies of building blocks can be obtained by different synthetic methods. Moreover, H2-TPR and in situ XRD experiments are used to investigate the reduction properties of the nanostructured CuO bundles. It is found that there are two different reduction pathways involved in the reduction processes at 30 mL/min of 10 vol. % H2/N2: for the sample synthesized through the hydrothermal method (CuO-HT), all of the CuO is reduced directly to metallic Cu; however, for the sample synthesized through the thermal treatment method (CuO-TT), all of the CuO is .
An Image Analysis Based Full-Embedded System for Optical Metrology

Nous presentons un systeme d'analyse d'images dedie a la mesure automatique de parametres en metrologie optique. L'article decrit les aspects theoriques et pratiques de la mise en oeuvre, en insistant sur les techniques utilisees pour obtenir une precision de 0,5 mm sur les mesures effectuees.
Pre-natal Attachment and Parent-To-Infant Attachment: A Systematic Review

During the perinatal period, the establishment of the attachment relationship with the fetus and subsequently with the real child is crucial for the parents' and the child's well-being. Coherently with the assumption that the attachment relationship starts to develop during pregnancy, this systematic review aims to analyze and systematize studies focused on the association between pre-natal attachment and parent-to-infant attachment, in order to clarify the emerging results and provide useful information for clinical purposes. Nineteen studies were included. Sixteen researches identified a positive relationship between pre-natal attachment and parent-to-infant attachment, and three articles highlighted a negative association between antenatal attachment and post-partum bonding disorders. These results were found both in women and men, in normative and at-risk pregnancies, adopting different assessment approaches (i.e., self-report measures, observations, and projective measures). However, only small or moderate associations were found. Future studies are needed to further confirm these findings across different populations (e.g., male samples, non-normative samples or samples in disadvantaged conditions) and with different methodological approaches (e.g., observational measures). Moreover, studies would be needed in order to clarify mechanisms through which pre-natal attachment influences parent-to-infant attachment, as well as protective and risk factors which intervene between these two variables.
Auger decay of the C 1s−12π* resonance in carbon monoxide: Vibrationally and angularly resolved spectra

Auger electron spectra from the decay of the ν=0, 1, and 2 levels of the C 1s−12π* state were measured with sufficiently high electron and photon energy resolution to completely resolve the vibrational structure of the final electronic states. The results are compared with ab initio calculations with emphasis on the analysis of the spectator Auger transitions. The anisotropy parameters extracted from angle-resolved spectra show variations within the vibrational envelopes of the participator Auger decay and exhibit a complex oscillating behavior for the spectator Auger transitions. In addition, two-dimensional (2D) imaging of the electron emission across the C 1s−12π* resonance was performed. The ratio of resonant and nonresonant ionization processes is estimated from the 2D map. Strong vibrational lifetime interference effects apparent in the 2D imaging are discussed.
High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Based on Preformed Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Nanowires

Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) are fabricated using self‐assembled P3HT nanowires in a marginal solvent without post‐treatments. The interconnected network structures of self‐organized P3HT nanowires create continuous percolation pathways through the active layer and contribute to enhanced carrier mobility. The morphology and photovoltaic properties are studied as a function of ageing time of the P3HT precursor solution. Optimal photovoltaic properties are found at 60 h ageing time, which increases both light absorption and charge balance. Multilayered solar cells with a compositionally graded structure are fabriacted using preformed P3HT nanowires by inserting a pure P3HT donor phase onto the hole‐collecting electrode. Applying optimized annealing conditions to the P3HT buffer layer achieves an enhanced hole mobility and a power conversion efficiency of 3.94%. The introduction of a compositionally graded device structure, which contains a P3HT‐only region, reduces charge recombination and electron injection to the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and enhances the device properties. These results demonstrate that preformed semiconductor nanowires and compositionally graded structures constitute a promising approach to the control of bulk heterojunction morphology and charge‐carrier mobility.
Effects of Vitamin D, Citric Acid, and Phytase on Lowering Phosphorus Levels in the Monogastric Animal Diets, Resulting in Less Environmental Pollution

This review provides an overview of the use of vitamin D and its metabolites, citric acid, and phytase to reduce the phosphorus content in manure. The vitamin D 3 requirement of broilers up to 14 days of age at optimal dietary Ca and available P concentrations may be in the range 35 to 50 ug/kg for controlling bone quality and up to 250 ug/kg for preventing tibial dyschodroplasia (TD). 1α-OHD 3 and 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 were at least 10 times as active as D 3 in bone mobilization. 4–6% citric acid produced the largest responses in growth and tibia ash in rats and chicks. Phytase increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in diets deficient in Ca and nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) in diets formulated to be adequate (or in excess) in all nutrients for simple gastric animals. The efficiency of supplementation of microbial phytase in layer hens is still under discussion.
(S)-O-Succinimidyl N-[2-(tert-butoxy­carbonyl­amino)­propyl]­carbamate

The mol­ecule of activated carbamate, (S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl N-[2-(tert-butoxy­carbonyl­amino)­propyl]­carbamate, tBuOCONHCH(Me)CH2NHCOONC4H4O2 or C13H21N3O6, pre­pared from N-Boc-β3HAla-OH, assumes a folded conformation with the N—C—C—N torsion angle equal to 55.9 (3)°. Both N—H groups are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains in the crystal.
Statistical Modeling and Characterization of Induced Seismicity Within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

In western Canada, there has been an increase in seismic activity linked to anthropogenic energy‐related operations including conventional hydrocarbon production, wastewater fluid injection, and, more recently, hydraulic fracturing (HF). Statistical modeling and characterization of the space, time, and magnitude distributions of the seismicity are vital for a better understanding of induced earthquake processes and development of forecasting models. In this work, a statistical analysis of the seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin was performed across past and present time periods by utilizing a compiled earthquake catalog for Alberta and eastern British Columbia. Specifically, the interevent space‐time distance distributions of earthquakes were studied using the nearest‐neighbor distance (NND) method. Additionally, the frequency‐magnitude statistics and aftershock parameters of several clusters were analyzed using the Gutenberg‐Richter relation and the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence model. The results suggest that recent regional changes in the NND distributions, namely, a disproportionate increase in loosely and tightly clustered seismic activity over time, are unnatural and likely due to the rise in HF operations for the development of unconventional resources. It is concluded that both these loosely and tightly clustered earthquake subpopulations differ measurably from what may be the region's tectonic seismic activity. Additionally, HF treatments have a greater probability of triggering swarm‐like sequences that sharply spike the seismicity rate and are characterized by larger Gutenberg‐Richter b values. In contrast, conventional production and wastewater disposal operations largely trigger loosely clustered activity with more typical magnitude occurrence distributions.
Thermal Instability and Proton Conductivity of Ceramic Hydroxyapatite at High Temperatures

In the study of the high-temperature behavior of ceramic hydroxyapatite (HAp), it was found in relation to its ionic conduction properties that HAp underwent partial dehydration of its lattice hydroxide ions. Considering that HAp ceramics are sintered above 1200°C without destruction of the apatitic structure, the dehydration was interpreted as an unstable phenomenon of aging. The evolution of instability of dehydration was reflected in the time-dependent characteristics of conductivity, which exhibited up-and-down change of 103 S·cm−1 above 700°C. The conduction was proved purely protonic by measurements of a hydrogen concentration cell, and it was noted that the protonic conductivity was increased to a high value of 10−3 S·cm−1 at the initial stage of the aging. The aging phenomenon was demonstrated to be reversible in the deuteration of fully aged HAp; the uptake of OD− inside the specimen was confirmed by infrared spectroscopic analysis after exposure to deuterium oxide vapor. Based on those results, a conduction model was proposed consistent with the aging phenomenon. The present study also showed the importance of the supply of H2O vapor to the ambient during sintering, for the lattice hydroxide ions of ceramic HAp were considerably dehydrated in sintering in air at high temperatures.
Eta carinae and the homunculus: far infrared/submillimetre spectral lines detected with the Herschel Space Observatory

The evolved massive binary star η Carinae underwent eruptive mass-loss events that formed the complex bi-polar ‘Homunculus’ nebula harbouring tens of solar masses of unusually nitrogen-rich gas and dust. Despite expectations for the presence of a significant molecular component to the gas, detections have been observationally challenged by limited access to the far-infrared and the intense thermal continuum. A spectral survey of the atomic and rotational molecular transitions was carried out with the Herschel Space Observatory, revealing a rich spectrum of broad emission lines originating in the ejecta. Velocity profiles of selected PACS lines correlate well with known substructures: H i in the central core; NH and weak [C ii] within the Homunculus; and [N ii] emissions in fast-moving structures external to the Homunculus. We have identified transitions from [O i], H i, and 18 separate light C- and O-bearing molecules including CO, CH, CH+, and OH, and a wide set of N-bearing molecules: NH, NH+, N2H+, NH2, NH3, HCN, HNC, CN, and N2H+. Half of these are new detections unprecedented for any early-type massive star environment. A very low ratio [12C/13C] ≤ 4 is estimated from five molecules and their isotopologues. We demonstrate that non-LTE effects due to the strong continuum are significant. Abundance patterns are consistent with line formation in regions of carbon and oxygen depletions with nitrogen enhancements, reflecting an evolved state of the erupting star with efficient transport of CNO-processed material to the outer layers. The results offer many opportunities for further observational and theoretical investigations of the molecular chemistry under extreme physical and chemical conditions around massive stars in their final stages of evolution.
Incorporation of fumigants into soil organic matter

Halogenated fumigants are some of the most heavily used pesticides worldwide. A number of studies have shown that fumigant transformation in soil is correlated with soil organic matter content. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of fumigant interaction with soil organic matter. In this study, we used 14 C-labeled 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and methyl bromide (MeBr) to characterize their incorporation into soil organic matter and the association of bound radioactivity with the different organic matter components. The 14 C activity of bound residues increased with time and reached 38-49% for 1,3-D and 37-42% for MeBr after 72 d of incubation at 25°C. More bound residues were produced for 1,3-D than for MeBr in the same soils. The distribution of 14 C activity in soil humic substances followed the order of fulvic acids >> humin > humic acids. These observations suggest that incorporation into soil organic matter is the predominant pathway for transformation of halogenated fumigants in soil and that fulvic acids are likely the most significant sink of all soil organic matter fractions. It is further speculated that bound residues formed as a result of alkylation of organic matter by the fumigants through nucleophilic replacement.