Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who Buys Oddly Shaped Food and Why? Impacts of Food Shape Abnormality and Organic Labeling on Purchase Intentions

Even without official quality standards, food retailers generally do not offer abnormally shaped food based on the assumption that consumers reject food that deviates physically from some norm. Because this practice contributes significantly to food waste, the current study tests this assumption experimentally. A representative sample of 964 Danish consumers indicated their purchase intentions for two fruits and two vegetables with varying levels of food shape abnormality (normal, moderately abnormal, and extremely abnormal) and organic labels (organic label, no label). Food shape abnormalities influence consumers’ purchase intentions, but only if the food deviates extremely from the norm; no differences in purchase intentions emerge for moderately abnormal food. Awareness of food waste issues and proenvironmental self-identities also drive purchase intentions, such that participants with high levels of these traits express significantly higher purchase intentions for abnormally shaped food. Thus, increasing awareness of food waste issues, particularly among those with strong proenvironmental self-identities, might encourage more consumers to purchase abnormally shaped fruits and vegetables.
Tourists behavior and nationality - criteria for tourists classification and market segmentation

Tourism marketeres usually use categories to better know their markets and their clients. Most of definitions of segmentation consider dividing the market using different criteria. We explained why segmentation should be considered building of the firm's market, gathering clients with the same characteristics. This work is about two criteria of segmenting the tourism market: tourism behavior and nationality. We use the criteria nationality describing the main categories of foreign tourists visiting Romania in last years.
Exploring the costs and benefits drivers of clinical education.

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to identify monetary and nonmonetary costs and benefits, as well as their drivers, to assist persons in clinical sites who are implementing clinical education to minimize costs and maximize benefits. METHOD Qualitative research methodology involved students, student supervisors, administrators, and patients in a hermeneutic dialectic process of identifying costs and benefits of Level II fieldwork in three clinical sites. RESULTS Different costs and benefits were identified by the different groups of respondents. Drivers, or causes, of these costs and benefits reflected unique environmental factors in each site of data collection as well as common factors across the sites. CONCLUSION Clinical education may be enhanced and stress reduced for all persons involved in clinical education through improved communication, structure, education, and support.
Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: a meta-analysis

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Many local governments have enacted policies to increase physical activity in schools as a way to combat childhood obesity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index (BMI) in children. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to September 2008. We also hand-searched relevant journals and article reference lists. We included randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that had objective data for BMI from before and after the intervention, that involved school-based physical activity interventions and that lasted for a minimum of 6 months. Results: Of 398 potentially relevant articles that we identified, 18 studies involving 18 141 children met the inclusion criteria. The participants were primarily elementary school children. The study duration ranged from 6 months to 3 years. In 15 of these 18 studies, there was some type of co-intervention. Meta-analysis showed that BMI did not improve with physical activity interventions (weighted mean difference –0.05 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval –0.19 to 0.10). We found no consistent changes in other measures of body composition. Interpretation: School-based physical activity interventions did not improve BMI, although they had other beneficial health effects. Current population-based policies that mandate increased physical activity in schools are unlikely to have a significant effect on the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.
Attention and memory bias to facial emotions underlying negative symptoms of schizophrenia

ABSTRACT Introduction. This study assessed bias in selective attention to facial emotions in negative symptoms of schizophrenia and its influence on subsequent memory for facial emotions. Methods. Thirty people with schizophrenia who had high and low levels of negative symptoms (n = 15, respectively) and 21 healthy controls completed a visual probe detection task investigating selective attention bias (happy, sad, and angry faces randomly presented for 50, 500, or 1000 ms). A yes/no incidental facial memory task was then completed. Attention bias scores and recognition errors were calculated. Results. Those with high negative symptoms exhibited reduced attention to emotional faces relative to neutral faces; those with low negative symptoms showed the opposite pattern when faces were presented for 500 ms regardless of the valence. Compared to healthy controls, those with high negative symptoms made more errors for happy faces in the memory task. Reduced attention to emotional faces in the probe detection task was significantly associated with less pleasure and motivation and more recognition errors for happy faces in schizophrenia group only. Conclusions. Attention bias away from emotional information relatively early in the attentional process and associated diminished positive memory may relate to pathological mechanisms for negative symptoms.
Chloroplast origin and integration.

The origin of oxygenic photosynthesis must rank just after the origin of life itself as one of the most significant events in the history of life. The early photosynthesizers, which Bill Schopf has shown were similar to modern cyanobacteria (32), made earth a nicer place to live by quietly cranking
Restructuring output layers of deep neural networks using minimum risk parameter clustering

This paper attempts to optimize a topology of hidden Markov models (HMMs) for automatic speech recognition. Current state-of-the-art acoustic models for ASR involve HMMs with deep neural network (DNN)-based emission density functions. Even though DNN parameters are typically trained by optimizing a discriminative criterion, topology optimization of HMMs is usually performed by optimizing a generative criterion. Several approaches have been studied to achieve a discriminative state clustering, these approaches typically assume underlying Gaussian distributions of the acoustic features, and do not compatible with DNN-based emission density functions. In this paper, we attempt to derive a discriminative restructuring method of an HMM topology by introducing discriminative optimization with discrete constraints on the parameters, which force the parameters to be tied with the parameters of the other states. By applying this constrained optimization to the clustering of parameters of DNN-based acoustic models, we derived a discriminative HMM restructuring method that maintains discriminative performance of the original HMMs with the large number of states.
Monopoly Regulation Under Incomplete Information : Prices vs . Quantities

In this paper we compare two mechanisms to regulate a monopoly: fixing a price for the good or service, or fixing the quantity to be produced. We consider an environment of asymmetric information in which the regulated firm has private information about the demand it faces or its costs. We completely characterize the optimal mechanism in both case and compare their performance. The problem is solved considering a (sophisticated) mechanism design approach, and also an environment where (simple) bunching mechanism must be used. When demand is known imperfectly by the regulator, and he is allowed to choose any mechanism, price regulation dominates quantity regulation for increasing marginal costs, while simple price bunching regulation dominates for decreasing marginal costs. In the remaining cases, price and quantity regulation can both be preferable, depending on parameter values. In particular, for sophisticated regulation and decreasing marginal cost, the importance the regulator gives to monopoly profits play a major role.
Prediction Of Feeding Difficulties In Post-Operative Neonates

PREDICTION OF FEEDING DIFFICULTIES IN NEONATES Alexandra R. Adler, B. Joyce Simpson, Karen A. Diefenbach, and Richard A. Ehrenkranz. Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and Section of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feeding difficulties in post-operative neonates correlate with intraoperative findings. A retrospective study of neonates undergoing gastrointestinal surgery between January 2002 and December 2005 was performed. Operative notes were used to classify infants into four groups based on post-operative anatomy and anticipated intestinal function: class 1: anatomically normal/normal function (n=22); class 2: anatomically normal/dysfunction (n=21); class 3: anatomically short/normal function (n=31); and class 4: anatomically short/dysfunction (n=21). Class 3 was further divided into two subgroups based on ostomy location: proximal ostomy (class 3a, n=11) vs. distal ileostomy (class 3b, n=21). Anatomically short was defined as loss of >50% of small bowel or high ostomy. Dysfunction was defined as decreased motility or absorptive capacity of the small bowel due to dilation, inflammation, or ischemia. Data were collected from the first day of enteral feeding until the infant reached full feeds or was discharged. Outcomes included: time to 50% and to full enteral feeds, days on TPN/lipids, and episodes of feeding intolerance (large aspirates, emesis) or malabsorption (increased volume or watery consistency of stools). Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous variables.
Essentials of health care management

ORGANIZATION AND MANGERS Organization Theory and Health Services Management: The Managerial Role: MOTIVATING, LEADING, AND NEGOTIATING: Motivating People Leadership a Framework for Thinking and Acting Conflict Management and Negotiation: OPERATING THE TECHNICAL SYSTEM: Managing Groups and Teams Work Design Coordination and Communication Power and Policies in Health Services Organizations: RENEWING THE ORGANIZATION: Organization Design Managing Strategic Alliances Organizational Innovation and Change Organizational Performance Managing for Efficiency and Effectiveness: CHARTING THE FUTURE: Strategy Making in Health Care Organizations Creating and Managing the Future.
The Orally Available Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor 2-[7-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]nicotinamide Dihydrochloride (BAY 61-3606) Blocks Antigen-Induced Airway Inflammation in Rodents

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) tyrosine kinase plays essential roles in receptors for Fc portion of immunoglobulins and B cell receptor complex signaling in various inflammatory cells; therefore, inhibitors of Syk kinase may show potential as antiasthmatic/allergic therapeutics. We identified 2-[7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]-nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY 61-3606), a potent (Ki = 7.5 nM) and selective inhibitor of Syk kinase. BAY 61-3606 inhibited not only degranulation (IC50 values between 5 and 46 nM) but also lipid mediator and cytokine synthesis in mast cells. BAY 61-3606 was highly efficacious in basophils obtained from healthy human subjects (IC50 = 10 nM) and seems to be at least as potent in basophils obtained from atopic (high serum IgE) subjects (IC50 = 8.1 nM). B cell receptor activation and receptors for Fc portion of IgG signaling in eosinophils and monocytes were also potently suppressed by BAY 61-3606. Oral administration of BAY 61-3606 to rats significantly suppressed antigen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial edema at 3 mg/kg. Furthermore, BAY 61-3606 attenuated antigen-induced airway inflammation in rats. Based on these anti-inflammatory effects of BAY 61-3606 both in vitro and in vivo, it was demonstrated that Syk may play a very critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions.
Exploring customer perceived value change in an UK aerospace manufacturing company: a longitudinal case study

Organisational members need clearer comprehension about value/s dynamic nature in a constantly changing networked ecosystem of resource integration and mutual service provision. This is so organisational pursuit of competitive advantage for business success is achievable through better stakeholder value propositions which customers especially value in-use. Empirical studies indicate customer perceptions of value are reasonably well documented, however the same cannot be said of knowledge about changes in customer perceived value where the paucity of research reflects its embryonic state. This exploratory longitudinal case study in a major blue-chip company setting is the first known research design employing an idiographic interactive approach of three interpretive qualitative methods mixed with descriptive quantitative elements. The UK aerospace industry is considered to be appropriate to study the phenomenon of customer perceived value change, because of its characteristics i.e. periods of cyclical change, innovation, new technologies and its long-term relationship marketing nature. Research findings highlight customer perceived value changes are determined idiosyncratically and phenomenologically by beneficiaries and manifested at the attribute level of service provision rather than at higher levels of consequences and values. Different macro-environmental and micro-environmental factors influence the organisational climate continuously albeit not as critical incidents having a direct impact on individual perception of value. Value constructs informed by organisational values and personal values did not change per se; however thematic recalibrations within each respondent/s values system hierarchy were detected. Exemplars responses reveal most increases or decreases in value change appear associated with changing positions and roles within the organisation for two individuals. Whereas the least change in value came from the remaining exemplar's supplier development role in providing stability and surety of supply. Key marketing implications are the surfacing and management of tacit customer perceived value change knowledge, facilitated through common language and leading to enhanced external and internal collaborative relationships.
Robust Hybrid Finger Pattern Identification Using Intersection Enhanced Gabor Based Direction Coding

Automated biometrics identification using finger vein images has increasingly generated interest among researchers with emerging applications in human biometrics. The traditional feature-level fusion strategy is limited and expensive. To solve the problem, this paper investigates the possible use of infrared hybrid finger patterns on the back side of a finger, which includes both the information of finger vein and finger dorsal textures in original image, and a database using the proposed hybrid pattern is established. Accordingly, an Intersection enhanced Gabor based Direction Coding (IGDC) method is proposed. The Experiment achieves a recognition ratio of 98.4127% and an equal error rate of 0.00819 on our newly established database, which is fairly competitive. key words: finger vein identification, multi-feature infrared finger pattern, vascular biometrics, finger dorsal textures
The Cluster Initiative Greenbook

The concept of cluster has emerged as a central idea in competitiveness and economic development over the last decade. This Cluster Initiatives Greenbook assembles, for the first time, survey evidence on a large sample of cluster initiatives. This data allows an analysis of the different shapes of cluster initiatives, how they evolve over time, and some of the factor that appear to influence their success and failure.
QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AMONG IT PROFESSIONALS IN SME’S IN SELECT CITIES OF INDIA

The paper tries to answer the question, what is the quality of work life for IT professionals engaged in software services and development in small and medium enterprises in India by selecting 3 cities which are known for small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in IT sector. The study was carried out by giving a questionnaire to 32 IT professionals in the cities of Bangalore, Goa and Pune. The researcher has used representative random sampling method as this was found appropriate to retain its representatives and make the study manageable. Regular assessment of Quality of Work Life (QWL) can potentially provide organizations with important information about the welfare of their employees such as job satisfaction, work-family balance, job security and job stress. The global recession has led to the decline in the margins of the Indian IT industry as a result of which salaries of IT professionals have reduced and feelings of insecurity are increasing. The study highlights the fact that SME’s particularly are at a disadvantage as they are unable to justify the best talents in the industry, owing to their limitations in infrastructure. Information Technology professionals are highly educated with high career aspirations and have a growing consciousness of their rights. Hence it is only imperative that organizations that employ them must be concerned about their quality of work life.
Mergers and Acquisitions Basics : The Key Steps of Acquisitions, Divestitures, and Investments

Preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: The Players. The Buyer. The Seller. Investors/Owners. Corporate Staff. Advisors. Regulators. Others. Chapter 3: Decision to Buy or Sell. Reasons to Buy. Choosing to Sell. Chapter 4: Buyer's Preparation for the Deal. Developing a Strategy. Building a Capability. Devising a Process. Planning the Message. Chapter 5: Seller's Preparation for the Deal. Building a Capability. Making the Business Most Sellable: Cleaning It Up. Setting Expectations with Constituents. Chapter 6: Deal Process. Determining the Universe of Buyers. Making the Approach. One--on--One Negotiation. Formal Auction. Informal Auction. Bankruptcy Auction. Direct versus Proxy. Relative Positions of Power. Chapter 7: Due Diligence. Building a Team. What the Buyer Wants to Know. Chapter 8: Valuation. Standard Valuation Methods. Pro Forma: Finding and Splitting the Upside. Getting the Valuation and Pro Forma Done. Chapter 9: Integration Planning. Dedicating Resources. Linking Due Diligence to Integration Planning and Execution. Key Integration Issues. Chapter 10: Financing Issues. Cost of Capital. Lost Opportunities. Financing Contingency: "Bird in the Hand". Chapter 11: Closing the Deal and After. How Is a Deal Closed? Other Signing and Closing Events. Postclosing Issues. Integration and Look Back (the Postmortem). Appendix A: Standard Form Deliverables During a Strategic Transaction Example. Appendix B: Due Diligence Report Table of Contents. Appendix C: Standard Deal Process Checklist Example. Appendix D: Standard Approval Process Example. Appendix E: Approval of a Strategic Transaction: Key Topics in Presentation. Appendix F: Generic Valuation Exercise. Appendix G: Generic Acquisition Term Sheet for Acquisition by Public Buyer of Privately Held Target. Appendix H: Generic Investment Term Sheet. Index.
Do Employee Stock Options Encourage Corporate Tax Sheltering?

Using a sample of companies that have invested in bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI"), this paper documents a positive relation between BOLI and the portion of managers' compensation comprised of employee stock options. Using BOLI as a proxy for the overall tax sheltering activity of the sample firms, the results suggest that stock options generally encourage managers to invest in corporate tax shelters. Further, motivated by recent theoretical analysis, the paper considers whether the relation between options and tax shelters is dependent upon the underlying governance characteristics of the sample companies. After segregating the sample based on various measures of governance quality, the results consistently fail to support a statistically significant difference in the relation between options and BOLI for well-governed firms, relative to poorly-governed firms.
Enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli use a different Tir‐based mechanism for pedestal formation

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) adheres to the host intestinal epithelium, resulting in the formation of actin pedestals beneath adhering bacteria. EHEC and a related pathogen, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), insert a bacterial receptor, Tir, into the host plasma membrane, which is required for pedestal formation. An important difference between EPEC and EHEC Tir is that EPEC but not EHEC Tir is tyrosine phosphorylated once delivered into the host. In this study, we assessed the role of Tir tyrosine phosphorylation in pedestal formation by EPEC and EHEC. In EPEC, pedestal formation is absolutely dependent on Tir tyrosine phosphorylation and is not complemented by EHEC Tir. The protein sequence surrounding EPEC Tir tyrosine 474 is critical for Tir tyrosine phosphorylation and pedestal formation by EPEC. In contrast, Tir tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for pedestal formation by EHEC. EHEC forms pedestals with both wild‐type EPEC Tir and the non‐tyrosine‐phosphorylatable EPEC Tir Y474F. Pedestal formation by EHEC requires the type III delivery of additional EHEC factors into the host cell. These findings highlight differences in the mechanisms of pedestal formation by these closely related pathogens and indicate that EPEC and EHEC modulate different signalling pathways to affect the host actin cytoskeleton.
Company Characteristics and Adoption of Defined-Contribution Pension Plans in Japan

This paper investigates characteristics of Japanese companies that adopted definedcontribution pension plans (DC plans) between October 2001 and July 2011. Unlike previous studies, our investigation spanned three phasesintroduction, growth, and reviewduring the evolution of DC plans in Japan. Results show that companies with large numbers of employees adopted DC plans during the introduction phase (October 2001–July 2004). Companies that adopted DC plans during the growth phase (August 2004–August 2007) had more unfunded pension obligations. Companies with fewer employees adopted DC plans during the review phase (September 2007–July 2011).