Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Change of psychotropic drug prescription for schizophrenia in a psychiatric institution in Beijing, China between 1999 and 2008.

BACKGROUND To date, no study has investigated how prescription patterns change over time in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to determine psychotropic drug prescription patterns and the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for schizophrenia and their changes over time in a large psychiatric institution in Beijing, China. METHODS The case notes of inpatients with schizophrenia were scrutinized to identify psychotropic drug prescription patterns and the use of ECT on November 10, 1999 and the same calendar day in 2008 and to compare the two surveys. RESULTS In 1999, 45.1% of inpatients with schizophrenia were on first-generation antipsychotic drugs (FGA), while 52.9% were on second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGA). In 2008, the percentage of patients on FGAs decreased to 15.1%, while those on SGAs increased to 77.2%. The proportion of schizophrenia patients on mood stabilizers and antidepressants rose from 3.3% and 4.3% in 1999 to 18% and 9.5% by 2008, respectively. Use of ECT grew from 0.5% in 1999 to 5.6% by 2008. The proportion of schizophrenia patients not prescribed antipsychotic drugs changed from 5.6% in 1999 to 13.7% in 2008. CONCLUSIONS The prescription pattern of psychotropic drugs changes considerably over time, even in the same clinical setting. Mental health professionals need to keep up with changes in the prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in order to serve their patients at the best possible level. The socio-economic reasons for not prescribing antipsychotic drugs to schizophrenia patients should be further explored.
Antimicrobial Activity of the Chloroform Extracts of the Root and the Stem of Andrographis paniculata Nees

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the chloroform extracts of the root and the stem of Andrographis paniculata at different concentrations were screened against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum by cup plate method. The extracts were found to inhibit the growth of all the bacteria and fungal organisms tested. The effect produced by the extracts were comparable with the standard antibacterial agent, benzyl penicillin and with the standard antifungal agent, fluconazole and were found to be active against all the organisms tested.
Expression profile of PTPIP51 in mouse brain

This study demonstrates the expression of the novel protein protein tyrosine phophatase‐interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) in mammalian brain tissue. Serial sections of the whole adult mouse brain were analyzed for PTPIP51 protein and mRNA by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, RT‐PCR, and in situ hybridization. Recent investigations by Yu et al. (2008) describe PTPIP51 as being capable of activating Raf‐1, thereby modulating the MAPK pathway. The role of Raf‐1, as well as of 14‐3‐3, in neurological disorders is well established. PTPIP51 expression was confined to neurons in the following structures: the piriform cortex and their connections to the anterior commissure, nucleus accumbens, paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei, neurohypophysis, superior colliculus, genu of facialis nerve, spinal trigeminal tract, inferior cerebellar peduncle, and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, a subpopulation of Purkinje cells and their dendrites was strongly PTPIP51 positive. Moreover, PTPIP51 was found to be colocalized with vasopressin and its transport protein neurophysin II in the neuroendocrine nuclei and their connections to the neurohypophysis. The data presented here suggest a role of PTPIP51 in neuronal homeostasis, axonal growth, and transport. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:892–905, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of Interaction of Crash Occurrence, Mountainous Freeway Geometry, Real-Time Weather, and Traffic Data

This study investigated the effect of the interaction between roadway geometric features and real-time weather and traffic data on the occurrence of crashes on a mountainous freeway. The Bayesian logistic regression technique was used to link a total of 301 crash occurrences on I-70 in Colorado with the space mean speed collected in real time from an automatic vehicle identification (AVI) system and real-time weather and roadway geometry data. The results suggested that the inclusion of roadway geometrics and real-time weather with data from an AV I system in the context of active traffic management systems was essential, in particular with roadway sections characterized by mountainous terrain and adverse weather. The modeling results showed that the geometric factors were significant in the dry and the snowy seasons and that the likelihood of a crash could double during the snowy season because of the interaction between the pavement condition and steep grades. The 6-min average speed at the crash segment during the 6 to 12 min before the crash and the visibility 1 h before the crash were found to be significant during the dry season, whereas the logarithms of the coefficient of variation in speed at the crash segment during the 6 to 12 min before the crash, the visibility 1 h before the crash, as well as the precipitation 10 min before the crash were found to be significant during the snowy season. The results from the two models suggest that different active traffic management strategies should be in place during these two distinct seasons.
Extravascular Lung Water following Hemorrhagic Shock in the Baboon: Comparison Between Resuscitation with Ringer's Lactate and Plasmanate

Baboons were subjected to deep hemorrhagic shock by using a membrane potential of -65 mv as an endpoint. They were then resuscitated with either Plasmanate plus their shed blood or Ringer's lactate plus their shed blood. As compared with their own preshock values, the Plasmanate-resuscitated animals accumulated more extravascular lung water than the Ringer's lactate-resuscitated animals. Another group of baboons resuscitated from deep shock demonstrated significant extravasation of albumin on postmortem analysis of lung composition. This increased tendency for extravasation of albumin after shock partially explains why resuscitation with Plasmanate gave no protection against the formation of pulmonary edema. The authors believe that Plasmanate, and probably other colloidal solutions, should be used sparingly in the initial treatment of deep hemorrhagic shock.
Intravascular detection of inflamed atherosclerotic plaques using a fluorescent photosensitizer targeted to the scavenger receptor

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease. We have previously shown that the targeted photosensitizer chlorin (e_6) conjugated with maleylated albumin (MA-ce6) is taken up by macrophages via the scavenger receptor with high selectivity. In a rabbit model of inflamed plaque in New Zealand white rabbits via balloon injury of the aorto-iliac arteries and high cholesterol diet we showed that the targeted conjugate showed specificity towards plaques compared to free ce6. We now show that an intravascular fiber-based spectrofluorimeter advanced along the -iliac vessel through blood detects 24-fold higher fluorescence in atherosclerotic vessels compared to control rabbits ( p < 0.001 ANOVA). Within the same animals, signal derived from the injured iliac artery was 16-fold higher than the contralateral uninjured iliac ( p < 0.001). Arteries were removed and selective accumulation of MA-ce6 in plaques was confirmed using: (1) surface spectrofluorimetry, (2) fluorescence extraction of ce6 from aortic segments, and (3) confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemical analysis of the specimens showed a significant correlation between MA-ce6 uptake and RAM-11 macrophage staining ( R = 0.83, p < 0.001) and an inverse correlation between MA-ce6 uptake and smooth muscle cell staining ( R = −0.74, p < 0.001). MA-ce6 may function as a molecular imaging agent to detect and/or photodynamically treat inflamed plaques.
Histopathology and Histomorphometric Investigation of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol on the Male Rat Reproductive System

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) have harmful effects on the endocrine system of humans and animals. Aim: We sought to investigate the effect of three doses of BPA and NP on the reproductive parameters of rats. Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar male rats weighing 150–200 g were used for a consecutive 35-day study. BPA and NP were given as gavage in three doses (5, 25, and 125 μg/kg). At the end of the study, the rats were anesthetized and 2 ml blood sample was obtained from the auxiliary venous plexus for the assessment of sex hormone levels. The testes were removed and kept in 10% formalin for the histomorphometric and histopathologic analyses. Results: BPA and NP significantly decreased the body weight of the animals compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The seminiferous tubule diameter and thickness of the seminiferous epithelium were significantly decreased in the groups receiving BPA and NP compared to the control (P < 0.05). The number of seminiferous tubules in every experimental group increased, except for the highest dose of NP (125 μg/kg), which showed a significant difference compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The number of spermatocytes and spermatogonia (54.97 ± 5.824, 35.78 ± 3.956, respectively) in the group receiving NP (125 μg/kg) was significantly decreased compared to the other groups. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone did not show any significant change compared to the controls. Conclusion: Based on the results, all three doses of BPA and NP significantly produced weight loss, as well as destruction of the testis tissue and impairment of the spermatogenesis.
Defining actin filament length in striated muscle: rulers and caps or dynamic stability?

Actin filaments (thin filaments) are polymerized to strikingly uniform lengths in striated muscle sarcomeres. Yet, actin monomers can exchange dynamically into thin filaments in vivo, indicating that actin monomer association and dissociation at filament ends must be highly regulated to maintain the uniformity of filament lengths. We propose several hypothetical mechanisms that could generate uniform actin filament length distributions and discuss their application to the determination of thin filament length in vivo. At the Z line, titin may determine the minimum extent and tropomyosin the maximum extent of thin filament overlap by regulating alpha-actinin binding to actin, while a unique Z filament may bind to capZ and regulate barbed end capping. For the free portion of the thin filament, we evaluate possibilities that thin filament components (e.g. nebulin or the tropomyosin/troponin polymer) determine thin filament lengths by binding directly to tropomodulin and regulating pointed end capping, or alternatively, that myosin thick filaments, together with titin, determine filament length by indirectly regulating tropomodulin's capping activity.
Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures 2011: Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the BICA Society

This book presents the proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, BICA 2011, which is also the Second Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, held in November 2011 in Arlington, Virginia, USA. A Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architecture (BICA) is a computational framework for the design of intelligent agents that incorporates formal mechanisms of human or animal cognition. Biology currently provides the only physical examples of cognitive systems at the level of robustness, flexibility, scalability and consciousness that artificial intelligence aspires to achieve. The main body of this volume consists of more than 70 research papers, position papers and abstracts presented at the BICA 2011 conference, the focus of which was on the challenge of replicating the human mind in a computer. The BICA approach to this challenge involves a diverse range of current topics in computer and brain sciences, from artificial intelligence and computational linguistics to cognitive modeling and system neuroscience, all represented here. This main body is followed by two supplementary parts: a manifesto and a review section. The introductory chapter to the book provides a brief overview of its contents. Papers presented in this volume reflect the transdisciplinary, integrative nature of the BICA approach, while at the same time supporting one overarching emergent agenda. The book will be of interest to anyone involved in, or wishing to learn more about, the field of BICA.IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences
Expression of microRNA-200 c in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its prognostic significance

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates due to their ability to regulate multiple targets involved in tumor progression. MiRNA-200c (miR-200c) was previously shown to be correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in several cancers. The aim of this study was to analyze miR-200c expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to determine whether miR-200c has an independent prognostic value in PDAC. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was performed to detect the expression of miR-200c in human PDAC cells and tissue samples. The association of miR-200c expression with clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess survival of patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the prognostic significance of miR-200c expression. Results: Our data showed that the relative level of miR-200c in PDAC cells was significantly lower than that in normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cell line. The expression of miR-200c in PDAC tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. By statistical analyses, low miR-200c expression was observed to be closely correlated with clinical stage, liver metastasis and lymphnode metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with low miR-200c expression had a poor overall survival compared with the high miR-200c group (P < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that low miR-200c expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for PDAC patients. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that reduced miR-200c in PDAC tissues was correlated with tumor progression, and miR-200c might be a potential molecular biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients.
Strategic Direction through Purchasing Portfolio Management: A Case Study

SUMMARY Contrary to the growing number of academic publications on purchasing portfolio models in literature, little is known about their actual use. Kraljic's portfolio model, which was developed in 1983, seems to be the dominant approach in the profession. This model, however, does not provide guidelines for strategic movement of commodities and/or suppliers within the matrix. Based on an in-depth case study, derived from a major Dutch chemical company, the use of portfolio techniques in purchasing has been explored and described. The results indicate that Kraljic's portfolio approach, when elaborated and tailored, indeed allows for sufficient guidance for developing effective purchasing and supplier strategies. The case study points out what supplier strategies are feasible and what conditions should be met in order to make them happen.
Preneural limitations on letter identification in central and peripheral vision.

We created a sequential ideal-observer model that could address the question, How much of letter identification performance and its change with eccentricity can be accounted for by preneural factors? The ideal-observer model takes into account preneural factors including the stimulus rendering properties of a CRT display, the optical imaging quality of the eye, and photon capture and sampling characteristics of the cones. We validated the formulation of the model by comparing its performance on simple psychophysical tasks with that of previous sequential ideal-observer models. The model was used to study properties of the image rendering of letters. For example, the model's identification of high-resolution letters (i.e., many pixels per letter), but not low-resolution letters, is largely immune to changes in pixel width. We compared human and ideal-observer letter-identification acuity for the lowercase alphabet at 0 degrees, 5 degrees, and 20 retinal eccentricity. Acuity of the ideal observer for high-contrast letters is approximately seven times better than that of the human observers at 0 degrees. Acuity decreased with eccentricity more rapidly for human observers than for the ideal observer such that the thresholds differed by a factor of 50 at 20 degrees. A decrease in stimulus duration from 100 to 33 ms resulted in no decrease in relative threshold size between the human and ideal observers at all eccentricities, indicating that humans effectively integrate stimulus information over this range. Decreasing contrast from 75% to 25%, however, reduced the difference in acuities twofold at all eccentricities between humans and the ideal-observer model, consistent with the presence a compressive nonlinearity only in the human observers. The gap between human and ideal acuity in central vision means that there are substantial limitations in human letter recognition beyond the stage of photoreceptor sampling. The increasing performance gap between human and ideal-observer performance with eccentricity implicates an increasing role of neural limitations with eccentricity in limiting human letter identification.
Estimation of Bosentan Monohydrate in Male Rabbit Plasma by using RP-HPLC Method

Article history: Received on: 14/07/2017 Accepted on: 13/09/2017 Available online: 30/11/2017 A new method for the quantitative determination of bosentan monohydrate in male rabbit plasma was developed by Reverse Phase HPLC as per standard regulatory guidelines. Precipitation method was used for extracting the drug from the drug spiked plasma using mobile phase. The analyte extracted was injected in to ODS column C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm), temperature was maintained at 25 0 C and monitoring of effluent was performed at 273 nm. The mobile phase consist acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 4.6) in 80:20 ratio. The method developed shown high specificity for bosentan monohydrate. The calibration curve for bosentan monohydrate was linear from 0.1-5 μg/0.5mL in plasma (R 2 =0.9999). The lower limit of detection is 0.1μg/0.5mL. Developed method was verified for precision in intra-day and inter-day and was found within the limits. The accuracy of the developed Reverse Phase HPLC method was found to be 99.8±1.25-98.7±1.29% and is found to be reproducible. The method developed was proved to be adequate, sensitive and reproducible for the determination of bosentan monohydrate in rabbit plasma.
Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the tumor-associated human carbonic anhydrase IX

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a plasma membrane-associated member of the α-CA enzyme family, which is involved in solid tumor acidification. It is a marker of tumor hypoxia and a prognostic factor in several human cancers. An aberrant increase in CA IX expression in chronic hypoxia and during development of various carcinomas contributes to tumorigenesis through at least two mechanisms: pH regulation and cell adhesion control. Here we report the X-ray structure of the catalytic domain of CA IX in complex with a classical, clinically used sulfonamide inhibitor, acetazolamide. The structure reveals a typical α-CA fold, which significantly differs from the other CA isozymes when the protein quaternary structure is considered. Thus, two catalytic domains of CA IX associate to form a dimer, which is stabilized by the formation of an intermolecular disulfide bond. The active site clefts and the PG domains are located on one face of the dimer, while the C-termini are located on the opposite face to facilitate protein anchoring to the cell membrane. A correlation between the three-dimensional structure and the physiological role of the enzyme is here suggested, based on the measurement of the pH profile of the catalytic activity for the physiological reaction, CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons. On the basis of the structural differences observed between CA IX and the other membrane-associated α-CAs, further prospects for the rational drug design of isozyme-specific CA inhibitors are proposed, given that inhibition of this enzyme shows antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Gender Role, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in CAIS (“XY-Women”) Compared With Subfertile and Infertile 46,XX Women

The perception of gender development of individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) as unambiguously female has recently been challenged in both qualitative data and case reports of male gender identity. The aim of the mixed-method study presented was to examine the self-perception of CAIS individuals regarding different aspects of gender and to identify commonalities and differences in comparison with subfertile and infertile XX-chromosomal women with diagnoses of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study sample comprised 11 participants with CAIS, 49 with MRKHS, and 55 with PCOS. Gender identity was assessed by means of a multidimensional instrument, which showed significant differences between the CAIS group and the XX-chromosomal women. Other-than-female gender roles and neither-female-nor-male sexes/genders were reported only by individuals with CAIS. The percentage with a not exclusively androphile sexual orientation was unexceptionally high in the CAIS group compared to the prevalence in “normative” women and the clinical groups. The findings support the assumption made by Meyer-Bahlburg (2010) that gender outcome in people with CAIS is more variable than generally stated. Parents and professionals should thus be open to courses of gender development other than typically female in individuals with CAIS.
Generalised Single-Valued Neutrosophic Number and Its Application to Neutrosophic Linear Programming

Abstract . In this paper, the concept of single valued neutrosophic number (SV N -number) is presented in a generalized way. Using this notion, a crisp linear programming problem (LP -problem) is extended to a neutrosophic linear programming problem (NLP -problem). The coefficients of the objective function of a crisp LP -problem are considered as generalized single valued neutrosophic number (GSV N -number). This modified form of LP -problem is here called an NLP -problem. An algorithm is developed to solve NLP -problem by simplex method. Finally, this simplex algorithm is applied to a real life problem. The problem is illustrated and solved numerically.