Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Response of the Bovine Rumen Epithelium to Dietary Changes

ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF THE BOVINE RUMEN EPITHELIUM TO DIETARY CHANGES Anne Hermen Laarman Advisor University of Guelph, 2015 Dr. Brian W. McBride This thesis studied the short-term and long-term adaptive response of the bovine rumen epithelium to dietary changes, and the impact of butyrate on the epithelium adaptive response. To study the short-term adaptive response, Holstein steers were switched from an ad libitum diet to either a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge or a feed restriction treatment, and then acetate and butyrate fluxes through different short chain fatty acid (SCFA) transport mechanisms were measured in Ussing Chambers. Using immunofluorescence, we studied the long-term adaptive response by measuring temporal changes in SCFA transport capacity and intracellular pH regulation in rumen papillae over the transition period in Holstein dairy cows. Lastly, we investigated butyrate’s potential to influence the adaptive response by adding butyrate to the rumen during SARA in early lactating cows. In the first study, 5 d feed restriction increased butyrate flux via an upregulation of monocarboxylate co-transporter isoform 1, a basolateral SCFA transporter in the rumen epithelium. In the long-term response study, the transition period increased SCFA absorption capacity through epithelial remodeling and increased absorptive surface area, evidenced by decreased abundance of carbonic anhydrase 2. Due to maintenance of SCFA transporters concurrent with an increase in absorptive surface area, SCFA absorption capacity increased. In the last study, butyrate augmented the SCFA absorption capacity during SARA by increasing monocarboxylate co-transporter 1 expression, and improving epithelial barrier integrity by increasing expression of genes associated with glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, while decreasing expression of lipogenic genes. Together, these studies show that the adaptive response of the rumen epithelium involves a short-term cellular response and a long-term morphological response that increase SCFA absorption capacity. The cellular response increases monocarboxylate co-transporter isoform 1 abundance, which can be augmented by supplying supplemental butyrate to the rumen. The morphological response increases absorptive surface area through epithelial remodeling. Epithelial remodeling can be improved by butyrate because butyrate induces a genomic shift to mobilize energy and thus help maintain epithelial barrier integrity. Both the cellular adaptive response and the morphological adaptive response are dependent on key molecular factors that serve to modulate SCFA absorption in dairy cows during dietary transitions.
Atmospheric circulation remote response during two types of El Niño in changing climate

The ENSO is the general mode of interannual climate variability. Studies of the last decade revealed that there are two different types of El Niño (Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific), and the effect of these two phenomena on atmospheric circulation differs significantly [Ashok et al., 2007; Weng et al., 2009; Zheleznova and Gushchina, 2015; Zheleznova and Gushchina, 2016]. This study investigates the changes in characteristics of the remote response on two types of El Niño in the context of climate warming in the 21st century, using CMIP5 climate models data. The ability of CMIP5 coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs) to simulate two flavors of El Niño was estimated in preliminary researches [Matveeva and Gushchina, 2015; Zheleznova et al., 2015]. It was shown that only 14 of the 20 CGCMs realistically reproduce SST anomalies distinctive for two types of El Nino. Further research carried out among these models have shown that only three CGCMs are capable to reproduce features of the response of the global, regional and vertical atmospheric circulation on the two flavours of El Niño. These CGCMs are MIROC 5, GFDL-ESM2M and CESM1-CAM5. Changing remote response features under climate change (based on the RCP group of experiments) was assessed on the basis of the data of these CGCMs. It was noted a general weakening of the remote response intensity, reducing its duration, as well as explore its change depending on the "rigidity" of the experiment. The study was supported by the Russian foundation for basic research (project No 16-35-00394 mol_a).
DETERMINATION OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLICITY AND PREGNANCY IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) BY RAPID RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF SERUM PROGESTERONE

The stages of the reproductive cycle and pregnancy of 15 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida were determined by measuring serum progesterone concentrations using a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit with a sensitivity of 40 pg/ml of serum. Blood samples were collected and analyzed weekly for a 45-mo period. Serum progesterone concentrations ranged from nondetectable (<40 pg/ml) in nonpregnant elephants to 2,110 pg/ml in pregnant elephants. The highest concentration of progesterone during the estrous cycle was 1,490 pg/ml. The length of the estrous cycle ranged from 10 to 23 wk, with an average (? SEM) of 15.1 ? 0.3 wk for 103 estrous cycles. One elephant had a consistently longer estrous cycle length (18.6 wk). The duration of the nonluteal phase was 4.6 ? 0.2 wk, and the duration of the luteal phase was 10.5 ? 0.2 wk. The serum progesterone concentration during the estrous cycle was 214.0 ? 5.2 pg/ml. The individual elephant average cycle length was used to estimate the time of estrus and ovulation. During the nonluteal phase, elephant cows were placed with a bull for mating. Two weeks after estrus began (based on rising progesterone at the end of the nonluteal phase), the cow was separated from the bull. Ovulation was predicted to occur during the first week after estrus began. Serum progesterone analyses were continued weekly to determine pregnancy or the next estrus. Eight elephants became pregnant, with a serum progesterone concentration of 554.6 ? 16.4 pg/ml and a range of < 40-2,110 pg/ml. These results confirm that weekly measurement of serum pro gesterone by RIA can be used to characterize the luteal and nonluteal phases of the Asian elephant estrous cycle. Using this information, cows can be managed and placed with a bull at the appropriate time for breeding. Serum concentrations of progesterone also can be used to confirm pregnancy and to monitor and evaluate potential problems during pregnancy. The approximate date of parturition can then be predicted from average gestation length data, thus allowing staff to prepare facilities and be ready to assist with delivery.
Drag at high wind velocities-a review

In many applications the drag coefficient is assumed to grow linearly with wind speed. This relation is based on experiments that have been conducted in the second half of the 20 century. Post-2000 experiments, however, show that the drag coefficient has a maximum somewhere in the range 30-35 m/s. This report reviews the relevant literature and comes with recommendations on what parameterization of the drag coefficient should be used.
The causes and consequences of phenotypic plasticity in Clarkia concinna (Onagraceae)

Organisms can alter traits plastically in response to the biotic and abiotic environment in ways that potentially increase fitness, however not all plasticity is adaptive. Despite much study, the effects of plasticity on mating systems, species interactions, and responses to novel environments need further exploration. In this dissertation I study plasticity in an annual plant, Clarkia concinna (Onagraceae) by using a combination of greenhouse experiments and field observations and manipulations. In chapter one I investigate the plastic responses of multiple traits in a greenhouse droughting experiment, comparing the adaptive value of plasticity among plants from eight populations that varied widely in precipitation. Surprisingly, none of the measured traits show adaptive plasticity, and less plastic genotypes show a smaller reduction in fitness in the stressful drought treatment. Plants from locations with greater and more variable annual precipitation tend to show less plasticity in response to drought. In chapter two I focus on the causes of plasticity in floral traits and seed production. Hand-pollinating early flowers on a plant reduces total flower number as well as floral longevity in later flowers. This effect is independent of the abiotic resource conditions (water or nutrient availability). While pollen quality (self or outcross) does not affect floral traits, later fruits on plants with early outcrossed flowers have fewer seeds than fruits on plants with a background of selfing. In chapter three I examine the effects of floral display on pollination. Most pollinators were more likely to move pollen between flowers on the same plant when floral display size was large, increasing the deposition of self pollen. However, the predicted pollinator attraction benefit of large displays is absent in this species, even when there are few surrounding plants. Exploring plasticity in one species though the use of multiple techniques promotes a comprehensive understanding of the subject and leads me to propose potentially fruitful avenues of new research.
Assessment of genetic diversity and relationships among some grape varieties using ISSR markers

As a result of large-scale introduction, the origin and authenticity of many grape varieties is unclear and the subject of some controversy. This has led to confusion regarding their correct identification. Molecular markers have proved to be useful to analyze the genetic relationships as well as diversity between different grape varieties. In the present study, 34 grape varieties have been characterized using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Out of 93 ISSR primers screened initially, 11 showed good polymorphism. Total 174 bands were obtained, out of which 145 were polymorphic. The pair wise similarity indices were calculated from the band data. Cluster analysis of the varieties resulted in the formation of two main clusters, one belonging to Vitis vinifera and other to V. labrusca. Varieties belonging to V. vinifera appeared more diverse and formed distinct sub-clusters based on their colour, flavour and seeds. Out of 34 varieties screened, 10 varieties with green/yellow berries were grouped together in one subcluster and 15 with red/black berries in the other. Three varieties with green/ yellow berries, Italia, Queen of Vineyard and Thompson seedless were grouped with the varieties with red/black berries. The cluster of labrusca varieties showed homogeneity and had five varieties except Dakh, which belongs to vinifera. Concord separates initially from all other varieties. Incidentally, Concord is a pure selection from V. labrusca, while other varieties like Bangalore Blue, Black Muscat, Catawba and Muzzafar Nagar in labrusca group, may be the hybrids of V. abrusca x V. vinifera. The current study thus revealed that genetic relationships among grape cultivars could be assessed using ISSR markers.
Mulches and Herbicides in Ornamental Plantings

The present high cost of maintenance is a key factor in every sector of landscape industry. Weed control is a particularly expensive aspect of maintenance and land managers constantly are seeking more effective methods of control. Since soil cultivation is laborious and expensive, herbicides and mulches are becoming popular in many countries. In contrast to herbicides, which have become widely used in ornamentals only in the past 20 years, mulching has been used for centuries.
Ferramentas para avaliação da funcionalidade da mitocôndria espermática

Mitochondria are the major source of energy for sperm motility and to the homeostasis. During the oxidative phosphorylation metabolites called Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), are produced and play a key role for the physiological processes. However, mitochondrial dysfunctions can cause an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant mechanisms cause oxidative stress, lethal for spermatozoa. Thus, as this organelle is involved both in physiological or pathological processes of sperm, it is clear the importance of evaluating its functionality. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the possible techniques for assessing functionality of sperm mitochondria and these assessments of activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, measuring the levels of ATP and ADP and measurement the levels of calcium
The monoterpene compounds for juvenile hormone activity through changes in pattern of chitin deposition in the integument of fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (PM x CSR2)

The insects are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton. The leaf eating insects obtain their nutrients and growth promoting biocompounds from the variable or specific flora available for them. The plants on earth are the richest source of metabolites including juvenile hormone analogues for leaf eating insects like silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). Some of plant origin metabolites are acting as insects juvenoids for insect lives. They serve to take pause in the progression of metamorphosis through arresting some of the biochemical reactions including chitin synthesis or accelerating progression through other biochemical pathways in the larval body of insects. The ten microliters of various concentrations of acetone solution of Fernasol Methyl Ether (FME) and each selected monoterpene compounds (Myrcene; Camphene; Cymene; Limonene and Eucalyptol ) were used for topical application to individual larval instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2) at 48 hours after the fourth moult. The integument chitin of untreated control larvae; acetone treated control; FME treated larvae and monoterpene treated larvae was estimated at 120 hours after the fourth moult. Topical application of selected concentrations of acetone solutions of selected monoterpenes to fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2) was found reflected into the reduction in the deposition of chitin in the larval body wall. The World Scientific News 37 (2016) 179-201 -180reduction in body wall chitin was found ranging from zero to hundred percent. The plot of concentrations of acetone solutions of FME and monoterepene compounds and percent reduction in the body wall chitin was found exhibiting a characteristic Sigmoid form of displacement, which herewith titled as “Punyamayee Baramati Dose Response Curve”. Since the effects of juvenoids involve the inhibition of metamorphosis through reduction in chitin deposition, it is possible to express the concentration (dose) applied in terms of ID50 value. The ID50 value of juvenoid contents of FME and selected monoterpene compounds can be defined as the specific unit (microgram), which enable to chitin to deposit fifty percent less in the body wall of larvae (In comparison with untreated control). Accordingly, the ID50 value calculated from the “Punyamayee Baramati Dose Response Curves” for FME was found measured 0.08 mg/ml. The ID50 values for monoterpene compounds: Myrcene; Camphene; Cymene; Limonene and Eucalyptol were found measured: 0.116; 0.122; 0.164; 0.172 and 0.208 mg/ml respectively. Acetone soluble juvenoid content of terpene compounds may be utilized efficiently for the fortified development of fifth instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) and thereby, the cocoon quality. Sigmoid (S-form) “Baramati Dose Response Curve” may help for quantitative estimation of juvenoid contents of various terpene compounds and terpenoids.
Ethnicity, isonymic relationships, and biological distance in Northeastern Hungary

Cet article utilise la methode du surnom isonymique pour evaluer l'extension de la parente genetique d'un village au parler allemand du nord-est de la Hongrie. Les resultats obtenus indiquent de basses valeurs de parente et de longues distances biologiques entre ce village et n'importe quel autre village hongrois plus qu'entre deux villages hongrois. L'ethnicite comme barriere a la circulation genetique est ainsi prouvee
Diagnostic techniques for viroids

The fast growth of the human population forces us to produce more food, but higher crop production also leads to the fast spread of diseases. Plant pathology deploys a wide range of methods that do not provide an adequate solution to all disease losses. In the case of viroids, therapeutic means of control are not available; therefore control strategies are more focused on the development of reliable detection methods to quickly exclude the infected plant material. Although viroids are the smallest and simplest plant pathogens, their identification and detection is not straightforward. Each viroid–host combination is specific, and for reliable identification, all steps from sampling to final detection must be performed accurately. In this review, several methods for viroid detection in various host plants are discussed, including their advantages and disadvantages. Even though relatively new molecular methods enable fast and sensitive detection of viroids, a combination of different methods gives the most reliable identification. Techniques based on nucleic acids may be the future for viroid detection but they still cannot replace biological indexing, which is usually essential in epidemiological and aetiological studies.
Physics learning by PhET simulation-assisted using problem based learning (PBL) model to improve students' critical thinking skills in work and energy chapters in MAN 3 Slemank

This research aims were to: (1) produce a PhET simulation-based learning device that who being used in physics learning activities by using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model to improve critical thinking skills of students MAN 3 Sleman in chapter work and energy, (2) knowing the effectiveness of learning medium in the form of PhET simulation in physics learning activity using PBL model, and (3) knowing the improvement of critical thinking skills of students in MAN 3 Sleman. This research is a development research with 4D model. The define stage, defines the problem. The design stage, developing physics-based learning device PhET simulation using PBL Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Article 3, p.2 (Aug., 2019) Himawan PUTRANTA, JUMADI, and Insih WILUJENG Physics learning by PhET simulation-assisted using problem based learning (PBL) model to improve students' critical thinking skills in work and energy chapters in MAN 3 Slemank Copyright (C) 2019 EdUHK APFSLT. Volume 20, Issue 1, Article 3 (Aug., 2019). All Rights Reserved. model. The development stage, resulting in PhET simulation based physics learning device using the revised PBL model. The disseminate stage, the dissemination of PhET simulation based physics learning device using PBL model. The research results, (1) The PhET simulation based physics learning device using PBL model feasible use in physics learning activity. This is evidenced from the acquisition of Aiken's V validity score through validation result, students's response result, and valid and reliable assessor approval level, (2) Learning medium in the form of PhET simulation is effectively used in physics learning activities. This is evidenced by the sig value. of 0.00 in the modeling class and implementation class, meaning the PhET simulation application allows students to improve their critical thinking skills, and (3) Improvement of critical thinking skills of students MAN 3 Sleman in modeling class and implementation class that are 23.84% and 41.90% respectively with value of standard gain of 0.35 and 0.61 which are included in medium category.
Environmental control of spring phenology in mature temperate trees

Warmer spring temperatures, as caused by climate warming, led to an earlier bud burst in spring and an extended growing season in many temperate and boreal tree species. But to which extent will the phenology of these species keep tracking rising temperatures in future? Temperature, photoperiod and degree of winter chilling are the main environmental factors controlling tree spring phenology. Contrary to the high inter-annual variation of spring temperatures, photoperiod is an astronomical, weather independent environmental cue for the progression of the season. Photoperiodic control of spring development prevents trees from flushing too early under mild winter and early spring temperatures, before the period of potentially fatal freezing damage is over. Photoperiod sensitive species are therefore likely to stop tracking climate warming the closer the temperature modulated bud break is shifted toward the genetically fixed photoperiod threshold. I assessed the photoperiod sensitivity of spring bud swelling and bud burst in several common temperate tree species using growth chamber experiments with variable photoperiod × temperature interaction and evaluated commonly used phenological models to represent these interactions. Short photoperiods delayed bud burst in late successional species to various degrees, whereas no distinct photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst was observed in early successional and exotic (ornamental) species, which are thus mostly temperature controlled. Climate warming will thus not necessarily lead to progressively longer growing seasons in late successional species, as is often assumed.
MOLECULAR DOCKING ANALYSES OF CYNODON DACTYLON DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) STRUCTURAL PROTEIN VP26

White spot disease is a major infectious disease of penaeid shrimps caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The viral structural proteins are responsib le for binding virus to the cellular membranes of the host that is being systematically infected. An In silic o attempt was made to identify the potential drug to inhibit the WSSV spread of diseases. For that an effort , was made to deduce the antiviral potentiality of Cynodon dactylon derived phytochemicals with docking tec hnique. To stimulate the structure based drug design the, 3D structure of the VP26 (PDB-ID: 2EDM), a tegument protein thought to be i nvolved in the entry of WSSV nucleocapsid into the host nucleus, is retrieved from PDB datab ase and docking studies are carried out with the sketched phytochemical structures using GOLD software. Among the phytochemicals scr eened, luteolin and apigenin shows the best binding affinity with binding energies of 42.51 and 38.92 K.cal/m ol exhibiting the potential to block VP26 (2EDM) protein of WSSV. This study will be helpful in developing novel antiviral drugs from plant sources against aquatic important pathogens.