Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cervicocollic reflex: its dynamic properties and interaction with vestibular reflexes.

Electromyographic activity of dorsal neck muscles elicited by sinusoidal rotations of the body and head was studied in decerebrate cats over a wide range of rotational frequencies and amplitudes. Rotation of the body with the head held fixed in space elicited a cervicocollic reflex (CCR) in the biventer cervicis, complexus, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis major, and splenius muscles. As stimulus amplitude increased, CCR amplitude increased first rapidly and then more slowly, displaying two linear incremental sensitivity ranges. In contrast, the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) elicited by whole body rotation had a minimum stimulus threshold below which no response was observed, whereas the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) saturated at intermediate stimulus intensities. When stimulus frequency was varied, the CCR exhibited second-order dynamic behavior. At frequencies below 0.5 Hz, muscle EMG activation was in phase with peak platform angular deviation in the direction that stretched the muscle, and the gain measured as the percent modulation of EMG activity per degree of rotation remained constant. As frequency increased to 3-4 Hz, response phase advanced by 120 deg or more and gain increased with a slope approaching 40 dB/decade. The data were well-fitted by second-order transfer functions containing two zeros. Both the dynamic behavior of the CCR and its high sensitivity to small stimuli resemble the properties of muscle spindle primary afferents, suggesting that the latter may provide the major input responsible for the CCR. Dynamic properties and gains of the CCR and VCR were quite similar at frequencies between 0.2 and 3-4 Hz. Transfer functions of both reflexes contained two zeros whose time constants were correlated in a population of 11 cats, suggesting that reflex dynamics may be matched to the mechanical properties of each animal's head-neck system. Interaction of the CCR and VCR was studied under two conditions. When the head was driven by a servomotor while the body remained stationary, EMG activation by the two reflexes added linearly to produce a large response. When the body was rotated with the head allowed to counterrotate about the C1-C2 joint, the two reflexes combined linearly in an antagonistic fashion: the CCR acted to oppose head rotations produced by the VCR, thus preventing the ratio of head counterrotation to body rotation from exceeding 0.5. The data indicate that the CCR and VCR behave approximately linearly, both individually and in combination. Acting together, the two reflexes assist each other in preventing oscillation of the head on a stationary body. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
L-Triiodothyronine and L-Reverse-Triiodothyronine Generation in the Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte

thyroxine (T4) is the principal source of L-triiodothyronine (T,) and L-reverse-triiodothyronine (rT,) production. To define some of the cellular factors involved, we examined T3 and rT3 generation from added nonradioactive T4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, using radioimmunoassays to quantify the T3 an-d rT3 generated. Under optimumii incubation conditions which included a pH of 6.5 in sucrose-acetate bulffer, the presence of dithiothreitol as a sulfhydrylgroup protector, and incubation in an hypoxic atmosphere, significant net generation of T3 and rT3 was observed. Of the several subcellular fractions studied, the particulate fraction obtained by centrifugation at 27,000 g was found to possess the highest T3and rT3generating activities per unit quantity of protein. With respect to T3 generation from substrate T4, the K,m was 5 ,MNI and the Vmax was 7.2 pmol/min per mg protein. Propylthiouracil, methimazole, and prior induction of phagocytosis inhibited both T3 and rT3 generation, but T3 generation was inhibited to a greater extent. rT3, in a concentration equimolar to that of substrate T4, did not alter T3 generation, but inhibited T3 generation when the molar ratio of rT3 to T4 approached 10:1. Under the incubation coniditions employed, particulate fractions of leukocytes obtained fromn five cord blood samiples displayed an essentially normal relationship b)etween T3and rT3-generating activities, despite the distinctly divergent serum T3 and rT3 concentrations in these samples. From our findings, we draw the following conclusions: (a) the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte possesses the ability to generate T3 and rT3 from substrate T4; (b) the T3and rT3-generating activities are associated principally with the 27,000 g particulate fraction and display enzymic characteristics with a sulfhydryl-group requirement; (c) T3-generating activity appears to be more susceptible to inhibitory influences than rT3-generating activity; and (d) in cord Received for publicatiotn 5 December 1977 atnd in revised form I 10 May 1.978. blood leukocytes, the putative enzymes catalyzing T: and rT3 generation appear to be functionally intact under the experimental conditions employed.
Categorical Semantics for Dynamically Typed Languages , Notes for History of Programming Languages

These are the notes for a talk I gave for Matthias Felleisen’s History of Programming Languages class. I’ve tried to avoid recounting detailed descriptions of category theory and domain theory here, which I think the cited papers themselves did a good job of doing. Instead, I’ve tried to take advantage of the connections between syntax and category theory to reframe some of the results in these papers as syntactic translations, especially the theorems in 4, 7. 1 Historical Overview In 1969, Dana Scott wrote a paper in which he said untyped lambda calculus had no mathematical meaning (Scott [1993]), 11 years later he wrote a paper that organized many of the different semantics he and others had since found using the language of category theory (Scott [1980]). This latter paper is really the first deserving of the title “categorical semantics of dynamic typing”, and so I’m going to present some of the theorems and “theorems” presented in that paper, but mingled with the history of the idea and the preceding papers that led to them. In Figure 1 we have a very skeletal timeline: On the left are some foundational categorical logic papers, on the right are some seminal semantics papers by Dana Scott that we’ll go over in some detail throughout this article. I drew them in parallel, but it is clear that there was interaction between the sides, for instance Scott says he received a suggestion by Lawvere in Scott [1972]. But what’s very interesting is that both Lambek and Scott wrote papers on cartesian closed categories and lambda calculus for the 1980 Haskell Curry Festschrift (Lambek [1980] and Scott [1980]), so this seems to have been something of a milestone for the use of category theory in programming languages. For completeness, since I won’t discuss them in detail below, the Lawvere paper is Lawvere [1969] where Lawvere introduced the notion of hyperdoctrine, which allows for the interpretation of higher-order logic. The Lambek papers form a
Inhibitory Effects of Resveratrol Analogs on Mushroom Tyrosinase Activity

Skin pigmentation disorders typically involve an overproduction or uneven distribution of melanin, which results in skin spots. Resveratrol can inhibit tyrosinase, the active enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, but it does not inhibit the synthesis of melanin to an extent that enables its use alone as a skin whitening agent in pharmaceutical formulations, so its use as a coadjuvant in treatment of hyperpigmentation is suggested. Six resveratrol analogs were tested for tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro. Among the analogs tested, compound D was the most powerful tyrosinase inhibitor (IC50 = 28.66 µg/mL), two times more active than resveratrol (IC50 = 57.05 µg/mL), followed by the analogs A, E, B, F and C, respectively. This demonstrated that the hydroxylation at C4' on the phenolic ring was the molecular modification with most importance for the observed activity.
Vortex motion and the Hall effect in type-II superconductors: A time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory approach.

Vortex motion in type-II superconductors is studied starting from a variant of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations, in which the order-parameter relaxation time is taken to be complex. Using a method due to Gor'kov and Kopnin, we derive an equation of motion for a single vortex (B<<H c 2)in the presence of an applied transport current
Impact of Transformer Correlations in State Estimation Using the Unscented Transformation

This paper addresses the power system state estimation problem considering the correlations among instrument transformer signals. The correlations among processed measurements are estimated using the Unscented Transformation given the correlation and basic statistical information of internal measurements. In addition, the paper analyzes the impact of these correlations on the estimated states using the IEEE 118-bus test system under various operating conditions and measurement configurations.
Hyponatremia and cerebral infarction in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: Is fluid restriction harmful?

We studied retrospectively the relationship between hyponatremia and cerebral infarction in 134 consecutive patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 44 patients sodium levels fell below 135 mmol/L on at least two consecutive days between the second and the tenth day after the hemorrhage. Twenty‐five of these patients fulfilled the criteria for the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormane. Cerebral infarction developed in 27 of the 44 patients with hyponatremia and in 19 of the 90 patients with normal serum sodium levels (p < 0.001). Cerebral infarctions were more often fatal in patients with hyponatremia (p < 0.01).
Comparison of GAD and ICA512/IA-2 Antibodies at and After the Onset of IDDM

OBJECTIVE Longitudinal changes in GAD antibody (Ab) and ICA512/IA-2 (ICA512) Ab were examined in relation to age at the onset of diabetes and autoimmunity against the thyroid gland. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GADAb, ICA512Ab, and antithyroid autoantibody were examined at onset in 40 juvenile-onset IDDM patients (17 males, 23 females, age at onset 9.4 ± 4.1 years, range 1.7−20). To assess the changes in antibody levels, 29 patients were followed up with sequential serum samples for up to 5 years. RESULTS At onset, GADAb, ICA512Ab, and antithyroid autoantibody (thyroglobulinAb or thyroid peroxidaseAb) were found in 70, 58, and 25% of the 40 patients, respectively. Prepubertal patients (n = 21) had a significantly higher prevalence and index of ICA512Ab compared with pubertal patients (n = 19) (76 vs. 37%, P = 0.012, and 2.43 ± 2.36 vs. 0.66 ± 1.23, P = 0.011), while GADAb was more prevalent in pubertal patients (57 vs. 84%, P = 0.09). A longitudinal analysis of GADAb and ICA512Ab showed that GADAb levels declined more slowly than those of ICA512Ab (P = 0.008). Patients with continuous extremely high levels of GADAb also had high levels of antithyroid autoantibody. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of ICA512Ab is useful in prepubertal patients, who often show rapid progression of the disease. The presence of autoimmunity against thyroid gland seems to influence the GADAb level but not the ICA512Ab level.
Wie die Forschung in Europa organisiert ist

Die Forschung fur den okologischen Landbau in Europa – meist noch unzureichend gefordert – ist sehr unterschiedlich organisiert. Heute gibt es Bestrebungen, die Aktivitaten mehr und mehr zu koordinieren, und der Austausch zwischen den Wissenschaftlern gewinnt an Bedeutung.
Novel algorithm of channel estimation for CP-OFDM systems with pilot symbols in frequency domain

A large number of pilot symbols needed to track the changes of the channel in pilot-aided channel estimation algorithms, so that the Spectrum Efficiency (SE) is reduced and the algorithm computational load is increased. In this paper, the Parameters Model (PM) for the channel frequency response is established based on the particular structure of CP-OFDM Systems (COS). Then a novel algorithm for pilot-aided channel estimation in frequency domain is given by the approximate estimation of PM based on LS. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has much lower implementation complexity compared with some well-known algorithms and achieves a good performance on channel estimation even when COS gets the maximum SE.
Multiple competition reactions for RPA order the assembly of the DNA polymerase δ holoenzyme

Processive extension of DNA in eukaryotes requires three factors to coordinate their actions. First, DNA polymerase α‐primase synthesizes the primed site. Then replication factor C loads a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) clamp onto the primer. Following this, DNA polymerase δ assembles with PCNA for processive extension. This report shows that these proteins each bind the primed site tightly and trade places in a highly coordinated fashion such that the primer terminus is never left free of protein. Replication protein A (RPA), the single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein, forms a common touchpoint for each of these proteins and they compete with one another for it. Thus these protein exchanges are driven by competition‐based protein switches in which two proteins vie for contact with RPA.
CAPE-pNO2 ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through regulating the Akt/NF-κB/ iNOS pathway in STZ-induced diabetic mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most severe complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the effects and potential mechanism of caffeic acid para-nitro phenethyl ester (CAPE-pNO2), a derivative of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), on DN; In vivo, intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce diabetes in mice; then, the mice were intraperitoneally injected daily with CAPE or CAPE-pNO2 for 8 weeks. The mice were sacrificed, and blood samples and kidney tissues were collected to measure biological indexes. The results showed that CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 could lower serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, 24-h albumin excretion, malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels and increase superoxide dismutase activity in diabetic mice. According to HE, PAS and Masson staining, these two compounds ameliorated structural changes and fibrosis in the kidneys. In addition, the immunohistochemical and western blot results showed that CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 inhibited inflammation through the Akt/NF-κB pathway and prevented renal fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad pathway. In vitro, CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 inhibited glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression and suppressed ROS generation. These compounds also inhibited ECM accumulation via regulating the TGF-β1, which was a similar effect to that of the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC. More importantly, CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 could up-regulate nitric oxide synthase expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice and HG-induced GMCs. CAPE-pNO2 had stronger effects than CAPE both in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that CAPE-pNO2 ameliorated DN by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis via the Akt/NF-κB/ iNOS pathway.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in a cell culture model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The molecular mechanisms by which mutations in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) lead to the selective death of motor neurones in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) remain incompletely understood. Previous evidence has indicated that mitochondrial abnormalities may develop during motor neurone injury, but several important questions remain unanswered. We have developed a cell culture model of FALS in which a motor neurone cell line (NSC34) has been stably transfected to express normal or mutant human SOD1 at levels approximating to those seen in the human disease. The aims of the study were to: (i) investigate whether morphological mitochondrial abnormalities occur at expression levels of mutant SOD1 close to physiological levels; and (ii) determine whether the presence of mutant SOD1 causes abnormalities of mitochondrial respiratory chain function and changes in cellular bioenergetic parameters in motor neuronal cells. Using this cellular model, we demonstrate that the presence of mutant SOD1 results in the development of abnormally swollen and pale staining mitochondria. These morphological changes are accompanied by biochemical abnormalities with specific decreases in the activities of complexes II and IV of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. These same complexes are inhibited when control NSC34 cells are subjected to oxidative stress induced by serum withdrawal. The decrease in respiratory chain complex activity in the presence of mutant SOD1 was not accompanied by decreased expression of representative proteins present in these complexes. Motor neuronal cells expressing mutant SOD1 showed increased cell death when exposed to oxidative stress by serum withdrawal, whereas the presence of normal human SOD1 exerted a protective effect. Under basal, unstressed culture conditions, no change in the ATP : ADP ratio was observed in the presence of mutant SOD1. However, the mitochondrial changes associated with the presence of mutant SOD1 clearly had adverse cellular bioenergetic consequences as shown by increased cell death in the presence of pharmacological inhibition of the glycolytic pathway. We conclude that one important mechanism by which mutant SOD1 causes motor neurone injury involves inhibition of specific components of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. Therapeutic measures aimed at protecting mitochondrial respiratory chain function may be useful in SOD1 related familial and possibly other forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Evolution of function in ( b / a ) 8-barrel enzymes

The (b/a)8-barrel is the most common fold in structurally characterized enzymes. Whether the functionally diverse enzymes that share this fold are the products of either divergent or convergent evolution (or both) is an unresolved question that will probably be answered as the sequence databases continue to expand. Recent work has examined natural, designed, and directed evolution of function in several superfamilies of (b/a)8barrel containing enzymes.
Effects of age and causal attribution to aging on health-related behaviors associated with urinary incontinence in older women.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of age and patients' attribution of incontinence to aging on health-related behaviors associated with incontinence. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants in this study were 74 women who either sought treatment for urinary incontinence at a multidisciplinary continence program or volunteered for a randomized clinical trial of behavioral and drug therapy for incontinence. As part of their clinical evaluation, women were interviewed about how they managed their incontinence and their perceptions of what had caused the condition. Self-management of incontinence was defined as behaviors used to cope with incontinence, rather than treat or cure incontinence. Self-treatment was defined as self-implementation of Kegel exercises, and formal treatment was defined as interaction with a health care provider. RESULTS Over half of the respondents attributed their incontinence to aging. In multivariate analyses, age was associated with self-management of incontinence, but not self-treatment or formal treatment. In contrast, attribution of incontinence to aging was associated with self-management and self-treatment of incontinence. There was also a trend for attribution of incontinence to aging to be associated with formal treatment for incontinence. Women who attributed their incontinence to aging were less likely to have engaged in self-management strategies and to have received a previous evaluation or treatment; but, they were more likely to have engaged in self-treatment for incontinence. When other relevant variables were added to the regression models, perception that incontinence restricted one's activities became the most significant predictor of performing self-management strategies and performing Kegel exercises. IMPLICATIONS Attribution to aging may be an impediment to seeking treatment. Education to promote understanding of the actual causes and treatment of urinary incontinence may encourage people to seek appropriate intervention. Additionally, whereas attribution to aging is an important factor contributing to health-related behaviors, other factors, such as perception that one's activities are restricted, may play an important role.
Position Paper on Appropriate Audio/Visual Turing Test

Dr. Hugh Loebner in his 1994 article in Communications [1] makes the statement regarding future LP competitions, "the winner of the Loebner Grand Prize must develop a computer with associated hardware that can respond 'intelligently' to audio visual input in the manner that a human would. Turing wrote, 'The question and answer method seems suitable for introducing any one of the fields of human endeavor that we wish to include. ' Well, I would like to ask questions about images and pattern recognition. If the computer answers appropriately it is intelligent. "
Estrogen and Bone—a Reproductive and Locomotive Perspective

The primary function of the skeleton is locomotion, and the primary function of estrogen is reproduction. When the skeleton is considered within this locomotive context, the onset of estrogen secretion at puberty leads to packing of mechanically excess mineral into female bones for reproductive needs. Accordingly, the unpacking of this reproductive safety deposit at menopause denotes the origin of type I osteoporosis.
An improved architecture for cooperative and comparative neurons (CCNs) in neural network

The ability to store and retrieve information is critical in any type of neural network. In neural network, the memory particularly associative memory, can be deﬁned as the one in which the input pattern leads to the response of a stored pattern (output vector) that corresponds to the input vector. During the learning phase the memory is fed with a number of input vectors that it learns and remembers and in the recall phase when some known input is presented to it, the network exactly recalls and reproduces the required output vector. In this paper, we improve and increase the storing ability of the memory model proposed in [1]. Besides, we show that there are certain instances where the algorithm in [1] does not produce the desired performance by retrieving exactly the correct vector from the memory. That is, in their algorithm, a number of output vectors can become activated from the stimulus of an input vector while the desired output is just a single correct vector. We propose a simple solution that overcomes this and can uniquely and correctly determine the output vector stored in the associative memory when an input vector is applied. Thus we provide a more general scenario of this neural network memory model consisting of memory element called Competitive Cooperative Neuron (CCN).