Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iodine-doped polyazines: evidence against bipolarons and nitrenium ions

The recent claim of the first isolation and 15 N NMR observation of the long-sought nitrenium ion has been revisited through extensive molecular-orbital calculations at the AM1, RHF/6-6-31G * , and MP2/6-6-31G * levels on neutral and cationic polyazine model systems. These data as well as a careful analysis of the available spectroscopic and conductivity data lead to the conclusion that no such nitrenium ions (bipolarons) are present. Oxidative doping of polyazines leads to irreversible reaction or structural reamangement of the polymer through nearly collinear diazoalkane-like -C=N+=N-moieties. Formation of the latter, in which all atoms have complete octets, is energetically favored over a six-electron nitrenium ion
New Preparation Method of Bone Samples for Raman Microspectrometry

Raman microspectrometry is increasingly becoming recognized as a signi® cant method for mineralized tissues investigations. For bone studies, conventional Raman spectra are disturbed by ̄ uorescence problems.1,2 A hydrazine treatment of bone has been used ef® ciently to solve this problem,3 but this method is destructive in terms of the organic part of this tissue and reduces some of the phosphate band intensities on the Raman spectra.4 Since we know that some biological apatites (dentine and bone for example) exhibit a very similar spectrum with respect to mineral components, the nondestruction of the organic part appears to be an important condition for spectral investigations. The aim of this work is to ® nd a simple method to reduce the bone ̄ uorescence that allows the Raman spectral attribution of a bone sample without destruction of the organic part of the tissue.
Understanding and applying the extrapolation properties of serial gray-box models

There is a need for efficient modeling strategies that quickly lead to reliable models. In the serial gray-box modeling strategy the inaccurately known terms in the macroscopic balance are modeled with a black-box model structure such as a neural network. This way one efficiently obtains an accurate model with good extrapolation properties without the need to develop a rigorous white-box model in which much more knowledge would be involved and without the need to do many identification experiments. Different types of extrapolation are specified and analyzed and they are related to the different parts of the serial gray-box model structure. The strategy is demonstrated for modeling pH effects on the enzymatic conversion of penicillin G using real-life data. The resulting serial gray-box model is compared with a model from a more knowledge-driven white-box strategy and with a model from a more data-driven black-box strategy. The serial gray-box modeling strategy is especially advantageous at the medium level of process operation, which is mainly concerned with the calculation of optimal condition for (bio)chemical processes.
Studies on the effects of various design and operational parameters on solid circulation rate in a recirculating fluidized bed

Effects of various operational parameters, such as draft tube superficial air velocity and solid inventory and design parameters such as jet diameter and clearance between perforated plate and draft tube bottom on the solid circulation rate of a recirculating fluidized bed are studied. A simple butterfly valve arrangement was used for the direct measurement of the solid circulation rate. On a etudie les effets de divers parametres operationnels, tels que la vitesse de l'air superficielle du tube d'aspiration et la nature des solides, et les effets de parametres de conception, tels que le diametre du jet et l'espace vide entre le plateau perfore et le fond du tube d'aspiration, sur la vitesse de circulation des solides d'un lit fluidise recirculant. On a utilise un arrangement simple des soupapes en papillon pour la mesure directe de la vitesse de circulation des solides.
Structure-Fungitoxicity Relationships of the Monoterpenoids of the Essential Oils of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and Scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

Abstract The fungitoxicity of essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and its primary monoterpene constituents, namely menthol, neomenthol, linalool, menthyl acetate and menthone was assayed. Median effective concentrations (EC50) of these constituents for the mycelial growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were determined and were compared with those of geraniol and citronellol which are the chief constituents of the oil of scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.). Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that alcoholic group is necessary for activity and that primary alcoholic group is the most potent followed by secondary alcoholic, while the tertiary alcoholic group is the least potent.
Enhanced partial discharges due to temperature increase in the combined system of a solid-liquid dielectric

Partial discharges which emanate from solid dielectrics immersed in insulating oil when high impulse voltages are applied under different environmental temperatures (20, 40 and 80 degrees C) are discussed. The solid dielectrics used for the measurements are phenol-impregnated pressboard and industrial bakelite. The samples are cut in wafers of 150 mm diameter and are 1 or 2 mm thick. The insulating oil is a typical transformer oil. The switching type of the impulse voltage used, 250/2500 mu s, corresponds to functional situations and is long enough to produce the effects that can be detected without the consideration of charge transfer phenomena due to fast rates of field changes. Experimental results show that the total charge transfer due to partial discharge is increased by temperature. A possible explanation of the undergoing physical process may be that in the low-field regime, temperature perturbation effects on the injected current are characterized by the conductivity changes in the volume of the dielectric, while as partial discharges start occurring, avalanche multiplication of conduction electrons appears to be the dominant phenomenon, characterizing the behavior of a metal/thick insulator/metal structure in the high-field regime. The circuits, measurement, and measuring procedures are discussed. >
The Role of Technology and Social Media Use in Sleep-Onset Difficulties Among Italian Adolescents: Cross-sectional Study

Background The use of technology and social media among adolescents is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the relationship between frequency of use of electronic devices and social media and sleep-onset difficulties among the Italian population. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the use of technology and social media, including Facebook and YouTube, and sleep-onset difficulties among adolescents from Lombardy, the most populous region in Italy. Methods The relationship between use of technology and social media and sleep-onset difficulties was investigated. Data came from the 2013-2014 wave of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey, a school-based cross-sectional study conducted on 3172 adolescents aged 11 to 15 years in Northern Italy. Information was collected on difficulties in falling asleep over the last 6 months. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for sleep-onset difficulties and corresponding 95% CIs using logistic regression models after adjustment for major potential confounders. Results The percentage of adolescents with sleep-onset difficulties was 34.3% (1081/3151) overall, 29.7% (483/1625) in boys and 39.2% (598/1526) in girls. It was 30.3% (356/1176) in 11-year-olds, 36.2% (389/1074) in 13-year-olds, and 37.3% (336/901) in 15-year-olds. Sleep-onset difficulties were more frequent among adolescents with higher use of electronic devices, for general use (OR 1.50 for highest vs lowest tertile of use; 95% CI 1.21-1.85), use for playing games (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.11-1.64), use of online social networks (OR 1.40 for always vs never or rarely; 95% CI 1.09-1.81), and YouTube (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.50-2.66). Conclusions This study adds novel information about the relationship between sleep-onset difficulties and technology and social media in a representative sample of school-aged children from a geographical location that has not been included in studies of this type previously. Exposure to screen-based devices and online social media is significantly associated with adolescent sleep-onset difficulties. Interventions to create a well-coordinated parent- and school-centered strategy, thereby increasing awareness on the unfavorable effect of evolving technologies on sleep among adolescents, are needed.
Rejecting rejections—seeking acceptance of experimental economics in economics journals

This paper addresses a central question of the experimental turn in economics: how a relatively small group of experimental economists in the 1970s and 1980s managed to convince editors and referees of leading economics journals of the merits of the experimental method with the consequence that by the early 1990s experimental economics research became a standard feature of economics journals and of the economics mainstream. I draw on a unique and to this date never utilized corpus of referee reports and related correspondence of Charles Plott, one of the leading pioneers of experimental economics. His publication corpus is used as a case study of how experimental economists sought acceptance in economics journals. I describe a set of nine strategies that he and other early experimental economists used to convince journal editors and referees who did not have any direct experience with conducting economic experiments of the merits of the experimental method.
Experiences with the publicly available multipurpose simulation code, Music

It has been 10 years since the original publication that presented Music, a multipurpose simulation code, written in Fortran 90. Since then, the code has been downloaded over 350 times and used in over 100 publications. In this study, we summarise the philosophy behind Music, its features and capabilities, and review some recent applications of the code to problems ranging from adsorption in porous materials to tribology and free energy analysis. We also reflect upon our experiences with having a computer simulation code available to the public and highlight some current needs in the development of flexible, versatile and well-documented software for Monte Carlo simulations.
ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIA ACTIVITY OF KEY LIME (Citrus aurantifolia) AND KAFFIR LIME (Citrus hystrix) PEEL EXTRACTSON HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS

— Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus hystrix are important medicinal plants that contain manycompounds that provide health benefits. The methanolic extracts of key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and kaffirlime (Citrus hystrix) peels were evaluated for anti-hyperlipidemic activity in high fat-diet (HFD) inducedhyperlipidemic rat. Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus hystrix peels were extracted using methanol and analysedfor phytochemical content. The Rats were divided into five groups (n=6), the extracts of Citrus aurantifoliaand Citrus hystrix peels were given at the dose of 500 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected for the lipidprofile test.The phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of saponin, flavonoid, and phenol in bothcitrus peel extracts. After 14 days of treatment, total cholesterol level for groups treated with both Citrusaurantifolia and Citrus hystrix peel extract have significantly (p<0.05) reduced from 158.59±18.60 mg/dL to68.62±14.60 mg/dL and 133.33±4.60 mg/dL to 76.15±2.98 mg/dL respectively. The serum triglyceride levelfor the group treated with Citrus aurantifoliaextract was significantly (p<0.05) reduced from 129.51±40.03mg/dL to 54.08±10.67 mg/dL and group treated with Citrus hystrixpeel extract has decreased from159.87±48.79 mg/dL to 51.07±6.78 mg/dL. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of both groupstreated with Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus hystrix peel extract was significantly (p<0.05) increased from39.22±0.56 mg/dL to 71.54±4.43 mg/dL and 38.3±1.24 mg/dL to 74.65±2.67 mg/dL respectively. The lowdensitylipoprotein cholesterol level for groups treated with both extracts were significantly (p<0.05)reduced. The results havedemonstrated that methanolic extracts of Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus hystrix peelextracts possessed anti-hyperlipidemic activity and hence they could be a potential herbal medicine as anadjuvant with existing therapy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia
Do Students who Fail to Plan, Plan to Fail? Effects of Individualized Learning Plans on Postsecondary Transitioning

Background/Context Policies featuring individualized learning plans (ILPs) have become increasingly popular among states seeking to improve college and career readiness through early postsecondary planning. Although ILPs are featured in legislation for more than 35 states, limited work has been done on measuring their effectiveness to ensure that students are better prepared for college and career. Purpose In this study, we fill this gap in the literature by exploring the effects of completing an ILP and potential spillover effects in schools that require the use of this tool. We also explore whether these effects vary by parental income status. Using a quasi-experimental design, we offer nationally generalizable evidence of the ILP on individual student's transition from secondary to postsecondary education Research Design We use data from the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009 (HSLS:09), a nationally representative survey of students in 944 public and private high schools who are surveyed at multiple points during their time in high school. Using these data, we employ the quasi-experimental propensity score matching approach to generate balance between treated and untreated groups on observed covariates. Findings The findings from this study suggest that students who completed ILPs were more likely to identify a career of interest and make informed college choices with respect to institutional fit as compared with peers who did not use this tool. In particular, low-income students who completed an ILP were more likely to apply for financial aid and submit applications to multiple institutions when compared with economically similar students who did not use ILPs. Also, schools offering ILPs were more likely to help students enroll in moderately selective four-year colleges and to complete some advanced credits in English. Conclusions This study's findings offer evidence that schools can use ILPs to help students prepare for college through the college search and selection process. Although ILPs seem to be most effective in helping students plan for the process of applying to college, greater emphasis may be needed to ensure that ILPs also support students in the effort of academic course planning.
Hybrid Page Replacement Algorithm in real time Operating System

Programming codes are of variable length. When the size of codes becomes greater than that of primary memory, the concept of virtual memory comes into play. As the name suggests, virtual memory allows to outstretch the use of primary memory by using storage devices such as disks. The implementation of virtual memory can be done by using the paging approach. Allocation of memory frames to each and every program is done by the operating system while loading them into the memory. Each program is segregated into pages as per the size of frames. Equal size of pages and frames enhance the usability of memory. As, the process or program which is being executed is provided with a certain amount of memory frames; therefore, swap out technique is necessary for the execution of each and every page. This swap out technique is termed as Page Replacement. There are many algorithms proposed to decide which page needs to be replaced from the frames when new pages come. In this paper, we have proposed a new page replacement technique. This new technique is based on the approach of reading and counting of the pages from secondary storage. Whenever the page fault is detected, the needed page is fetched from the secondary storage. This process of accessing the disc is slow as compared to the process in which the required page is retrieved from the primary storage. In the proposed technique, the pages having least occurrence will be replaced by the new page and the pages having same count will be replaced on the basis of LRU page replacement algorithm. In this method, the paged are retrieved from the secondary storage hence, possibility of page hit will be increased and as a result, the execution time of the processes will be decreased as the possibility of page miss will be decreased.
Molecular organization of gemini surfactants in cylindrical micelles: An infrared dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics study

The organization of cationic dimeric (gemini) surfactants assembled in cylindrical micelles was investigated using polarization modulation infrared linear dichroism (PM-IRLD) and molecular dynamics simulations. These molecules consist of two quaternary ammonium amphiphiles connected at the headgroup by an ethylene spacer, resulting in an elongated polar head. PM-IRLD measurements and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the long axis of the surfactant headgroup may adopt a preferred orientation of ca. 30-50° with respect to the micelle cylinder axis. This may be interpreted as the result of the competition between the charge repulsion between headgroups which favors an orientation of the molecules perpendicular to the cylinder axis (high curvature) and the steric repulsion between hydrophobic tails which favors an orientation of the molecules parallel with the cylinder axis (flat curvature). Experiment and calculation both show a water layer a few angstroms thick with a specific orientation at the micelle interface.
Estimation of the Poly(ethylene glycol) Chain Length of L-Polylactide-Polyethylene Glycol in Aqueous Dispersions Using Viscoelastic Measurements

A range of novel, biodegradable block copolymers have been produced, consisting of polylactidepolyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG)AB block copolymers, as possible drug delivery systems for drug targeting applications. These copolymers form particles in aqueous dispersions, with the PLA in the core and the hydrophilic PEG chains surrounding the core and extending into the media. The viscoelastic properties of an aqueous dispersion of one such copolymer, synthesized from L-polylactide (LPLA-PEG) were investigated to estimate the PEG chain length. This value would give an indication of the steric stability of the particle and hence the ability to avoid uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). A range of volume fractions, O, of the copolymer were studied, with a strain sweep and frequency sweep being performed at each concentration. The results were typical for a viscoelastic system, with the storage modulus, G', becoming greater than the loss modulus, G'', on increasing in the volume fraction, indicating interaction between the PEG chains. The critical volume fraction, O eff (where G'=G''), is the point where overlap of the PEG chains commences. These data, in conjunction with the known hydrodynamic radius of the particles, determined from photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), gave a PEG chain length estimate of 6.4 nm. It is hoped that the ability to estimate the PEG chain length by this method will lead to greater understanding of the role of PEG in drug targeting and the design of future drug delivery systems
Nitric Oxide Regulates Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Expression in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Bone remodeling reflects an equilibrium between bone resorption and formation. The local expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in bone determines the entry of monoblastic precursors into the osteoclast lineage and subsequent bone resorption. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro and regulates bone remodeling in vivo. An interaction of NO with RANKL and OPG has not been studied. Here, we show that treatment of ST-2 murine stromal cells with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (100 μm) for 24 h inhibited 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced RANKL mRNA to less than 33 ± 7% of control level, whereas OPG mRNA increased to 204 ± 19% of control. NOR-4 replicated these NO effects. The effects of NO were dose dependent and associated with changes in protein levels: RANKL protein decreased and OPG protein increased after treatment with NO. PTH-induced RANKL expression in primary stromal cells was inhibited by sodium nitroprusside, indicat.
Kinetics and equilibrium studies of Pb2+ in removal from aqueous solutions by use of nano-silversol-coated activated carbon

The ability of nano-silversol-coated activated carbon (NSSCAC) to adsorb Pb2+ from aqueous solution has been investigated through batch experiments. The adsorption of lead onto NSSCAC has been found to depend on adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. The experiments were carried out at natural solution pH. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model and Freundlich model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 23.81 mg of Pb/g of NSSCAC. The experiments showed that the highest removal rate was 92.42% for Pb2+ under optimal conditions. The sorption of Pb2+ on NSSCAC was rapid during the first 30 min and the equilibrium attained within 60 min. The kinetic processes of Pb2+ adsorption on NSSCAC were described by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the adsorption process is chemisorption. The NSSCAC investigated in this study showed good potential for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution.
Deep Vein Thrombosis in Pregnancy: A Review Article

Article type: Review article Background and Aim: To date, numerous studies have evaluated the risk factors and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy. The present study aimed to compile and present the latest guidelines related to the management and diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In the present study, around 100 articles indexed from 2000 were retrieved from local and international databases using keywords, including "pregnancy", "DVT", "VTE", "anticoagulation", and "coagulopathy". Results: The current study examined the pathophysiology of DVT in pregnancy, risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of DVT in pregnancy. Conclusion: Women during pregnancy and postpartum period represent one of the highest risk groups for DVT. The treatment and supportive measures are of paramount importance to reduce the risk and complications of this disease. Nonetheless, they are not devoid of serious challenges since the possible complications which can occur to the fetus and maternal health during pregnancy should be taken into account in treatment. Article History: Received: 11 May 2020 Revised: 11 Aug 2020 Accepted: 16 Aug 2020