Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context

In less than two years, the concept of overtourism has come to prominence as one of the most discussed issues with regards to tourism in popular media and, increasingly, academia. In spite of its popularity, the term is still not clearly delineated and remains open to multiple interpretations. The current paper aims to provide more clarity with regard to what overtourism entails by placing the concept in a historical context and presenting results from a qualitative investigation among 80 stakeholders in 13 European cities. Results highlight that overtourism describes an issue that is multidimensional and complex. Not only are the issues caused by tourism and nontourism stakeholders, but they should also be viewed in the context of wider societal and city developments. The article concludes by arguing that while the debate on overtourism has drawn attention again to the old problem of managing negative tourism impacts, it is not well conceptualized. Seven overtourism myths are identified that may inhibit a well-rounded understanding of the concept. To further a contextualized understanding of overtourism, the paper calls for researchers from other disciplines to engage with the topic to come to new insights.
E 99 , 022111 ( 2019 ) Hyperuniformity order metric of Barlow packings

The concept of hyperuniformity has been a useful tool in the study of density fluctuations at large length scales in systems ranging across the natural and mathematical sciences. One can rank a large class of hyperuniform systems by their ability to suppress long-range density fluctuations through the use of a hyperuniformity order metric ̄. We apply this order metric to the Barlow packings, which are the infinitely degenerate densest packings of identical rigid spheres that are distinguished by their stacking geometries and include the commonly known fcc lattice and hcp crystal. The “stealthy stacking” theorem implies that these packings are all stealthy hyperuniform, a strong type of hyperuniformity, which involves the suppression of scattering up to a wave vector K . We describe the geometry of three classes of Barlow packings, two disordered classes and small-period packings. In addition, we compute a lower bound on K for all Barlow packings. We compute ̄ for the aforementioned three classes of Barlow packings and find that, to a very good approximation, it is linear in the fraction of fcc-like clusters, taking values between those of least-ordered hcp and most-ordered fcc. This implies that the value of ̄ of all Barlow packings is primarily controlled by the local cluster geometry. These results highlight the special nature of anisotropic stacking disorder, which provides impetus for future research on the development of anisotropic order metrics and hyperuniformity properties.
Do Grocery Food Sales Taxes Cause Food Insecurity

Grocery (food sales) taxes exist in over one-third of U.S. counties but do not apply to purchases made with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). We examine the impact of grocery tax rates on food insecurity, and its differential impact on SNAP participants and non-participants. By using data from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement matched with county-level grocery tax rates, we found that grocery taxes had a positive impact on increasing only the probability of non-SNAP households being food insecure. Such result implies that the SNAP program also indirectly reduces food insecurity by shielding participants from the negative effects of grocery taxes. Policy makers should target eligibility of non-participating SNAP households in states that tax food in order to reduce food insecurity.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability of Biologically and Thermochemically Decomposed Human Wastes and Urine in Soils With Different Texture and pH

ABSTRACT Human waste contains ample plant-available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which can be used to address soil nutrient deficiencies. Biological and thermochemical sanitization methods have been proposed for safely treating the solid fraction of human waste (called human solid waste [HSW] in this study) but have rarely been compared directly. Furthermore, interactions between amendments and soil properties are also unclear, as pH, texture, and the presence of oxides all affect N and P availability. We therefore evaluated the effect of three HSW sanitization methods, thermophilic composting (60°C), torrefaction (200°C), and pyrolysis (300°C, 500°C), on N and P availability following incubation in four soils with different pH (4.6–7.4), textures (clay loam to loamy fine sand), and mineralogy. We also evaluated the effect of added urine with pyrolyzed HSW (500°C) on N and P availability in soils. A trade-off between N and P availability was observed with highest heating temperature of HSW, the magnitude of which varied with soil type. Compared with pyrolyzed HSW (500°C), composted HSW increased available soil N by 15% to 25%, whereas torrefied HSW increased available soil N by 40% to 57%. The change in P availability over time increased with pyrolyzed HSW (500°C) by 41% to 106% and 84% to 165% compared with composted and torrefied HSW, respectively. Multivariate linear regression highlighted the negative correlation between P availability and both soil oxides and amendment dissolved organic carbon. Combined fertilization with pyrolyzed HSW (500°C) and urine ameliorated low N, while preserving high soil P availability, which was 44% to 147% greater than soils fertilized with urine alone. Pyrolyzed HSW (500°C) lowered pH by 0.06 to 0.38 units compared with urine-amended soils with no pyrolyzed HSW. In conclusion, low N and P availability was observed with composted HSW (29–46 kg N ha−1, 6–15 kg P ha−1); ample N and moderate P were available with torrefied HSW (71–107 kg N ha−1, 12–30 kg P ha−1), whereas excess mineral N and ample P were provided in soils amended with pyrolyzed HSW (500°C) together with urine (404–486 kg N ha−1, 33–81 kg P ha−1) albeit at the expense of mild soil acidification.
Global Challenges Are Not For Women: Gender Peculiarities Of Content In Ukrainian Facebook Community During High-Involving Social Discussions

Gender stereotypes may present themselves in social media behavior and social media content. We have studied one of the most socially significant domains of Facebook content, high-involving social discussions, and specifically, male and female participation in it. Two cases were studied. The first one was a discussion about ecology issues launched by Greta Thunberg and held in part in the Ukrainian Facebook community. The second one laid in the discussion about COVID-19 and quarantine launched by Ukrainian authority. Message analysis was applied for the precise detection of discourse peculiarities of male and female content datasets. Two different gender models of such discussions were distinguished. In the first one, the total shares of different attitudes to the discussion topic are similar or almost equal in female and male зщіеі samples. In the second one, these shares differ significantly. Therefore, in both models, men and women use very different messages to support the expressed attitude. It was proved that some gender-specific messages may be attributed to the psychological peculiarities of genders, but others may be explained only by the influence of gender stereotypes. For example, women are less probably to address politics, conspiracy theories, and scientific arguments in these discussions. Possible explanations of these two models were discussed.
Cycling of black carbon in the ocean

Black carbon (BC) is a by‐product of combustion from wildfires and fossil fuels and is a slow‐cycling component of the carbon cycle. Whether BC accumulates and ages on millennial time scales in the world oceans has remained unknown. Here we quantified dissolved BC (DBC) in marine dissolved organic carbon isolated by solid phase extraction at several sites in the world ocean. We find that DBC in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans ranges from 1.4 to 2.6 μM in the surface and is 1.2 ± 0.1 μM in the deep Atlantic. The average 14C age of surface DBC is 4800 ± 620 14C years and much older in a deep water sample (23,000 ± 3000 14C years). The range of DBC structures and 14C ages indicates that DBC is not homogeneous in the ocean. We show that there are at least two distinct pools of marine DBC, a younger pool that cycles on centennial time scales and an ancient pool that cycles on >105 year time scales.
Getting Tough with Juvenile Offenders

Despite recent “get tough” trends in juvenile justice, relatively little is known about support for sanctioning youths in adult courts. In response, this study examines several neglected explanatory factors, including links between marital status, political orientation, and philosophy of punishment. Analysis of data from the 1995 National Opinion Survey of Crime and Justice suggests that marital status and philosophy of punishment are consistently associated with support for adult sanctioning of youths when the offense involves any of three categories of offenses (selling illegal drugs, committing property crime, or committing violent crime). It also suggests that marital status conditions the effect of philosophy of punishment, an effect itself conditioned by political orientation when the offense involves selling illegal drugs. Research and policy implications are discussed.
Editorial for the 3rd Workshop on Affective Content Analysis (AffCon) at AAAI 2020

AﬀCon2020, the third AAAI Workshop on Aﬀective Content Analysis @ AAAI-20, focused on interactive aﬀective content, i.e., analysis of emotions, sentiments, and attitudes in textual, visual, and multimodal content for applications in psychology, consumer behavior, language understanding, and computer vision especially in conversational content. It included the second CL-Aﬀ Shared Task on modeling self-disclosures. The program comprised keynotes, original research presentations, a poster session, and presentations by the Shared Task winners.
MMLA Approach to Track Participation Behavior in Collaboration in Collocated Blended Settings

: Collaborative learning is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon which requires teachers to pay close attention to their students in order to understand the underlying learning process and to offer needed help. However, in authentic settings with multiple groups, it becomes extremely difficult for teachers to observe each group. This paper presents our current MMLA prototype, which allows the collection, analysis and visualization of two types of data from students: audio and logs. We showcase our idea using a Raspberry Pi-based prototype (named CoTrack) for capturing and understanding the students' behavior during face-to-face blended collaborative learning situations. More specifically, CoTrack captures audio data together with software logs captured from their activities using a digital tool Etherpad. Later on, the collected data collected is analyzed to extract the participation behavior across physical and digital spaces. CoTrack has been used in 2 lab and 2 authentic case studies. Preliminary results show that despite of manual set-up and accuracy problems which may emerge, practitioners have shown interest in using it in their (authentic) classroom practice.
Finding All ✏ -Good Arms in Stochastic Bandits

The pure-exploration problem in stochastic multi-armed bandits aims to ﬁnd one or more arms with the largest (or near largest) means. Examples include ﬁnding an ✏ -good arm, best-arm identiﬁcation, top-k arm identiﬁcation, and ﬁnding all arms with means above a speciﬁed threshold. However, the problem of ﬁnding all ✏ -good arms has been overlooked in past work, although arguably this may be the most natural objective in many applications. For example, a virologist may conduct preliminary laboratory experiments on a large candidate set of treatments and move all ✏ -good treatments into more expensive clinical trials. Since the ultimate clinical efﬁcacy is uncertain, it is important to identify all ✏ -good candidates. Mathematically, the all-✏ -good arm identiﬁcation problem presents signiﬁcant new challenges and surprises that do not arise in the pure-exploration objectives studied in the past. We introduce two algorithms to overcome these and demonstrate their great empirical performance on a large-scale crowd-sourced dataset of 2 . 2 M ratings collected by the New Yorker Caption Contest as well as a dataset testing hundreds of possible cancer drugs.
BRAF Mutated Colorectal Cancer: New Treatment Approaches

Colon cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in adults, considering both its incidence and prevalence. Anatomically, the right colon is considered as being from the cecum to the splenic flexure, and the left colon is from the splenic flexure to the rectum. Sidedness is a surrogate of a wide spectrum of colorectal cancer (CRC) biology features (embryology, microbiome, methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAF, aging, KRAS, consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), etc.), which result in prognostic factors. Different molecular subtypes have been identified, according to genomic and transcriptomic criteria. A subgroup harboring a BRAF mutation has been described, and represents approximately 10% of the patients diagnosed with colon cancer. This subgroup has morphological, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics that differ substantially from patients who do not carry this genetic alteration. Unfortunately, there is no established standard of care for this particular cohort of patients. This manuscript aims to study the biology of this subgroup of colon cancer, to understand the current approach in clinical research.
Dynamical constraints on a dark matter spike at the Galactic centre from stellar orbits

In this work I use astrometric and spectroscopic data on the S2 star at the Galactic centre (GC) up to 2016 to derive specific constraints on the size of a dark matter (DM) spike around the central supermassive black hole Sgr A*. These limits are the best direct constraints on a DM spike at the GC for non-annihilating dark matter and exclude a spike with radius greater than a few tens of parsecs for cuspy outer halos and a few hundred parsecs for cored outer halos.
Production and Potential Applications of Bioconversion of Chitin and Protein-Containing Fishery Byproducts into Prodigiosin: A Review

The technology of microbial conversion provides a potential way to exploit compounds of biotechnological potential. The red pigment prodigiosin (PG) and other PG-like pigments from bacteria, majorly from Serratia marcescens, have been reported as bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used in the broad fields of agriculture, fine chemicals, and pharmacy. Increasing PG productivity by investigating the culture conditions especially the inexpensive carbon and nitrogen (C/N) sources has become an important factor for large-scale production. Investigations into the bioactivities and applications of PG and its related compounds have also been given increased attention. To save production cost, chitin and protein-containing fishery byproducts have recently been investigated as the sole C/N source for the production of PG and chitinolytic/proteolytic enzymes. This strategy provides an environmentally-friendly selection using inexpensive C/N sources to produce a high yield of PG together with chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes by S. marcescens. The review article will provide effective references for production, bioactivity, and application of S. marcescens PG in various fields such as biocontrol agents and potential pharmaceutical drugs.
Short-termism of long-term investors? The investment behaviour of Dutch insurance companies and pension funds

ABSTRACT Countercyclical investment strategies of large institutional investors such as insurance companies and pension funds can support financial stability, while procyclical investment behaviour is considered as destabilizing at a macro level. Yet, there is limited understanding of how insurance companies and pension funds invest during market shocks, such as the global financial crisis. Investigating the equity and fixed income portfolios of Dutch non-life insurers, life insurers and pension funds, we find evidence for procyclical behaviour by insurance companies (both life and non-life). For pension funds, we find evidence for countercyclical behaviour during market upturns.
Citrobacter Species Increase Energy Harvest by Modulating Intestinal Microbiota in Fish: Nondominant Species Play Important Functions

This study shows that the ability of gut microbiota members to enhance host energy harvest from a high-fat diet is a conserved feature of host-microbe interactions in fish, as in mammals. It also underscores that gut microbiota members are able to significantly impact host biology even when at low abundance. ABSTRACT An efficient energy harvesting mechanism is likely critical for animals in their natural environment. Intestinal microbiota enriched by a high-fat diet aid in lipid accumulation, a strategy likely evolved for energy harvest in mammals. However, whether this strategy is conserved among vertebrate organisms remains unclear. A bacterial strain (S1), enriched on soybean oil rich medium, was isolated from the gut of Nile tilapia and demonstrated to be a member of the Citrobacter genus. Although a high-fat diet increased the number of Citrobacter spp. , these bacteria were not abundant in the intestine by high-throughput sequencing. Addition of bacterium S1 to a high-fat diet modulated intestinal microbial composition and increased high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue, accompanied by (i) increased triglyceride absorption efficiency and triglyceride reesterification and (ii) increased intestinal permeability. Collectively, our results provide evidence that specific intestinal bacteria aid the host in harvesting more energy from a high-fat diet in fish. Furthermore, the results from the present study also suggest that nondominant bacteria in the gut may play an important role in regulating host metabolism. IMPORTANCE This study shows that the ability of gut microbiota members to enhance host energy harvest from a high-fat diet is a conserved feature of host-microbe interactions in fish, as in mammals. It also underscores that gut microbiota members are able to significantly impact host biology even when at low abundance.
Social Capital and Finding a Job: Do Contacts Matter?

Does social capital affect labor market outcomes? The prevalent use of job contacts to find work suggests that “who you know” is an important means of getting a good job. Network theories of social capital argue that well-connected workers benefit because of the job information and influence they receive through their social ties. Although a number of studies have found a positive relationship between measures of social capital and wages and/or occupational prestige, little is known about the causal effect of social networks on labor market outcomes. Four data sets are used to reassess findings on the role of social capital in the labor market. A test of causality is proposed based on the argument that if social capital variables do have a causal effect on job outcomes, then workers with high levels of social capital should be more likely to use contacts to find work, all else being equal. Results suggest that much of the effect of social capital in the existing literature reflects the tendency for similar people to become friends rather than a causal effect of friends’ characteristics on labor market outcomes.
The Nature of Triel Bonds, a Case of B and Al Centres Bonded with Electron Rich Sites

The second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set were performed on complexes of triel species: BCl3, BH3, AlCl3, and AlH3 acting as Lewis acids through the B or Al centre with Lewis base units: NCH, N2, NH3, and Cl− anion. These complexes are linked by triel bonds: B/Al⋅⋅⋅N or B/Al⋅⋅⋅Cl. The Quantum Theory of ´Atoms in Molecules´ approach, Natural Bond Orbital method, and the decomposition of energy of interaction were applied to characterise the latter links. The majority of complexes are connected through strong interactions possessing features of covalent bonds and characterised by short intermolecular distances, often below 2 Å. The BCl3⋅⋅⋅N2 complex is linked by a weak interaction corresponding to the B⋅⋅⋅N distance of ~3 Å. For the BCl3⋅⋅⋅NCH complex, two configurations corresponding to local energetic minima are observed, one characterised by a short B⋅⋅⋅N distance and a strong interaction and another one characterised by a longer B⋅⋅⋅N distance and a weak triel bond. The tetrahedral triel structure is observed for complexes linked by strong triel bonds, while, for complexes connected by weak interactions, the structure is close to the trigonal pyramid, particularly observed for the BCl3⋅⋅⋅N2 complex.
Impacts of Modern Glacier Changes on Surface Water Resources in Western and Northern Mongolia

Water trapped in glaciers and in lakes impounded by landforms created by glaciers (glacial lakes) are an important component of the hydrology and water resources in high mountain areas of Central Asia. Changes in modern glaciers and glacial lakes are an important component of the hydrology of watersheds in the Mongolian Altai and Khuvsgul Mountain Ranges, western and northern Mongolia, respectively. Here we focus on Mt. Ikh Turgen and Mt. Munkh Saridag, isolated mountains of the Mongolian Altai and Khuvsgul Mountain Ranges, respectively. We use remote sensing to track changes in modern glaciers over time with mapping at scales of 1:200,000 for Mt. Ikh Turgen and 1:90,000 for Mt. Munkh Saridag based on imagery from Google Earth, 30 m resolution Aster Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and 30 m resolution Landsat 5 TM. Mt. Ikh Turgen lost 45.6% of its total glacier area between 1970 (41.4 km2) and 2011 (18.9 km2) and the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) of the glaciers increased in elevation by 98 m and 144 m on north and south aspects, respectively. Mt. Munkh Saridag lost 57.3% of its total glacier area between 1970 (901 m2) and 2007 (381 m2) and the local ELA rose by 47 m and 80 m on north and south aspects, respectively. These mountains are located at similar latitudes, and so the greater percentage loss of glacier area in Mt. Munkh Saridag and faster changes in ELAs in Mt. Ikh Turgen may reflect variations in elevation and aspect, duration of solar radiation, and vulnerability to solar radiation, as well as variations in glacier scale. This study demonstrates the importance of spatial analyses of modern glaciers in understanding the context of hydrological changes within which any sustainable water resource management plan must be situated.
Analysis of the Liver of Fish Species Prochilodus lineatus Altered Environments, Analyzed with ImageJ

The fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae), in addition to being a good bioindicator, is also of economic and ecological importance with a broad distribution in the neotropics. Ecotoxicology examines the interaction between environmental chemistry and biota; and in this study we assess alterations of bile and glycogen levels in the fish liver, organ responsible for detoxification, biotransformation and storing nutrients, such as glycogen, and for secreting bile. Fish were separated in three groups to examine the damage caused by the exposure to waters from Lago Azul-Rio Claro-SP and containing diluted biodegradable detergents in comparison to a control group (chlorinated water from an artesian well of UNESP-Campus Rio Claro). A histological analysis was performed on HE and PAS stained sections. The identification of structural changes and the assessment of the area occupied by bile and glycogen were carried out with the software ImageJ, showing that the liver was affected morphologically (cell vacuolization, peripherals nuclei, for example) and problems in bile release and production and storage of glycogen.