Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of fO₂ on the partitioning and valence of V and Cr in garnet/melt pairs and the relation to terrestrial mantle V and Cr content

Abstract Chromium and vanadium are stable in multiple valence states in natural systems, and their distribution between garnet and silicate melt is not well understood. Here, the partitioning and valence state of V and Cr in experimental garnet/melt pairs have been studied at 1.8-3.0 GPa, with variable oxygen fugacity between IW-1.66 and the Ru-RuO2 (IW+9.36) buffer. In addition, the valence state of V and Cr has been measured in several high-pressure (majoritic garnet up to 20 GPa) experimental garnets, some natural megacrystic garnets from the western United States, and a suite of mantle garnets from South Africa. The results show that Cr remains in trivalent in garnet across a wide range of oxygen fugacities. Vanadium, on the other hand, exhibits variable valence state from 2.5 to 3.7 in the garnets and from 3.0 to 4.0 in the glasses. The valence state of V is always greater in the glass than in the garnet. Moreover, the garnet/melt partition coefficient, D(V), is highest when V is trivalent, at the most reduced conditions investigated (IW-1.66 to FMQ). The V2.5+ measured in high P-T experimental garnets is consistent with the reduced nature of those metal-bearing systems. The low V valence state measured in natural megacrystic garnets is consistent with fO₂ close to the IW buffer, overlapping the range of fo₂ measured independently by Fe2+/Fe3+ techniques on similar samples. However, the valence state of V measured in a suite of mantle garnets from South Africa is constant across a 3 log fo₂ unit range (FMQ-1.8 to FMQ-4.5), suggesting that the valence state of V is controlled by the crystal chemistry of the garnets rather than fo₂ variations. The compatibility of V and Cr in garnets and other deep mantle silicates indicates that the depletion of these elements in the Earth’s primitive upper mantle could be due to partitioning into lower mantle phases as well as into metal.
The chemokine system and CCR5 antagonists: potential in HIV treatment and other novel therapies

Since the recognition of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome, numerous classes of pharmacologic therapeutics have been developed to manage the disease. Current therapy includes co‐administration of combinations of drugs classified by their mechanism of action as ‘transcriptase inhibitors’, ‘protease inhibitors’, ‘integrase inhibitors’ and the more recent ‘fusion inhibitors’. This review focuses on the chemokine system and the recognition of chemokine receptors as targets for anti‐human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. The FDA‐approved chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc (Selzentry®) is discussed in detail, along with another compound vicriviroc, currently in clinical trials. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and current status of research on CCR5 antagonists is described. Further, potential therapeutic uses of these agents other than anti‐HIV therapy are discussed.
Insulin-like growth factors and ovarian follicular development.

Introduction INSULIN-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its structural homologue, IGF-II, are low molecular weight peptides that promote cellular mitosis and differentiation in a variety of systems and are believed to play a role in cyclic ovarian follicular development. In 1978, IGF-I and IGF-II were purified and sequenced by Rinderkneckt and Humbel (1, 2), and since that time there has been an exponential accumulation of information regarding these peptides, as well as their receptors, and their binding proteins (IGFBPs), constituents of the “IGF autocrine/paracrine system. ” These constituents have been examined in various tissues in vivo under a variety of physiological conditions and in vitro in numerous cell and tissue culture systems in several species (for review see Refs. 3–9). A decade ago, research on the IGFs focused on skeletal growth in childhood, a subspecialty of pediatric endocrinology. In the intervening years, the arena of research inquiry extended to other disciplines, including nephrolog.
Cyberbullying: Bullying in the Digital Age

Cyber Bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age: * Provides an empirically-based resource with up-to-date information about the nature and prevalence of cyber bullying through the use of email, instant messages, chat rooms, and other digital messaging systems * Examines the role of anonymity in electronic bullying * Includes feedback from focus groups and individual interviews with students and parents * Offers a handy reference with practical strategies for educators, parents, psychologists and policy makers about prevention and intervention of cyber bullying
Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures.

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S. , Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.
Isolation of Extremely Thermophilic Sulfate Reducers: Evidence for a Novel Branch of Archaebacteria

Extremely thermophilic archaebacteria are known to be metabolizers of elemental sulfur and the methanogens. A novel group of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria is described, which consists of sulfate-respiring organisms that contain pure factor 420 and that have been isolated from marine hydrothermal systems in Italy. They possess a third type of archaebacterial RNA polymerase structure previously unknown, indicating an exceptional phylogenetic position. Most likely, this group represents a third major branch within the archaebacteria. The existence of sulfate reducers at extremely high temperatures could explain hydrogen sulfide formation in hot sulfate-containing environments, such as submarine hydrothermal systems and deep oil wells.
R-bar guidance strategy design for the final translation of space rendezvous and docking

Aimed at the problem of forced motion along Line of sight of final translation phase of space rendezvous and docking, straight line guidance algorithms of R-bar based on Clohessy-Wiltshire equation are investigated. The guidance laws using impulsive propulsion and finite thrust are designed, and the guidance conditions for optimal-fuel are obtained. Numerical simulation is done to illustrate and analyze the guidance algorithms, and simulation results show that the proposed approaches are simple and efficient, and the guidance law using impulsive thrust costs less fuel and time than that using finite thrust.
Hybrid fuzzy and optimal modeling for water quality evaluation

Water quality evaluation entails both randomness and fuzziness. Two hybrid models are developed, based on the principle of maximum entropy (POME) and engineering fuzzy set theory (EFST). Generalized weighted distances are defined for considering both randomness and fuzziness. The models are applied to 12 lakes and reservoirs in China, and their eutrophic level is determined. The results show that the proposed models are effective tools for generating a set of realistic and flexible optimal solutions for complicated water quality evaluation issues. In addition, the proposed models are flexible and adaptable for diagnosing the eutrophic status.
GABA and glutamate release affected by GABAB receptor antagonists with similar potency: no evidence for pharmacologically different presynaptic receptors

1 The effects of a series of nine GABAB receptor antagonists of widely varying potencies on electrically stimulated release from cortical slices of [3H]‐GABA in the absence or presence of 10 μm of the GABABagonist, (−)−baclofen and of endogenous glutamate in the presence of (−)−baclofen were compared. 2 The concentrations of the compounds half maximally increasing [3H]‐GABA release (EC50's) at a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz correlated well with the IC50 values obtained from the inhibition of the binding of the agonist, [3H]‐CGP 27492, to GABAB receptors in rat brain membranes (rank order of potency: CGP 56999 A ≥ CGP 55845 A > CGP 52432 ≥ CGP 56433 A > CGP 57034 A > CGP 57070 A ≥ CGP 57976 > CGP 51176 > CGP 35348). 3 Likewise, the concentrations causing half‐maximal increases of [3H]‐GABA in the absence or presence of (−)−baclofen, and of endogenous glutamate in the presence of (−)−baclofen, correlated well with each other. Reports in the literature suggesting the CGP 35348 exhibits a 70 fold preference for inhibition of (−)−baclofen's effects on glutamate over [3H]‐GABA release, and that CGP 52432 shows a 100 fold preference in the opposite sense, could not be confirmed in our model. 4 Therefore, our results suggest that, if there are pharmacological differences between GABAB autoreceptors and GABAB heteroreceptors on glutamatergic nerve endings in the rat cortex, they are not revealed by this series of compounds of widely different potencies. 5 In particular, our results with CGP 35348 and CGP 52432 do not support the hypothesis that GABAB autoreceptors and GABAB heteroreceptors on glutamatergic nerve endings represent subtypes with different pharmacology.
Buscant l'origen de la vida en la cosmoquímica: els asteroides i els seus meteorits rics en carboni

Els problemes que planteja l’origen són la qüestió científica més conjectural i qualitativa. No és sorprenent, per tant, que l’origen de la vida, com l’origen de l’univers, no tinga supòsits i condicions inicials definits de manera unívoca. Individualment, són preguntes de Fermi de tipus funcional, que requereixen un enfocament conceptual rudimentari per a una situació d’ignorància quantitativa fonamental.
Detrimental effect of preservatives in eyedrops: implications for the treatment of glaucoma

Antiglaucoma medications are often associated with ocular adverse reactions such as dry eye, and burning or stinging sensations. These undesirable effects may lead to treatment discontinuation and reduced quality of life in patients with glaucoma. Antiglaucoma medications usually contain benzalkonium chloride (BAK) as a preservative. Animal studies, in vitro studies and in vivo experiments have demonstrated various adverse effects of BAK. Clinical studies have also shown an increased incidence of adverse events with BAK and have demonstrated that the withdrawal of preservatives reduces these effects. Collectively, these data suggest that preservative‐free antiglaucoma treatments have clinically relevant benefits for patients.
Both heavy strand replication origins are active in partially duplicated human mitochondrial DNAs.

The replication of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is initiated from a pair of displaced origins, one priming continuous synthesis of daughter-strand DNA from the heavy strand (OH) and the other priming continuous synthesis from the light strand (OL). In patients with sporadic large-scale rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA (i.e., partially-deleted [Delta-mtDNA] and partially-duplicated [dup-mtDNA] molecules), the dup-mtDNAs typically contain extra origins of replication, but it is unknown at present whether they are competent for initiation of replication. Using cybrids harboring each of two types of dup-mtDNAs-one containing two OHs and two OLs, and one containing two OHs and one OL-we used ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR) to measure the presence and relative amounts of nascent heavy strands originating from each OH. We found that the nascent heavy strands originated almost equally from the two OHs in each cell line, indicating that the extra OH present on a partially duplicated mtDNA is competent for heavy strand synthesis. This extra OH could potentially confer a replicative advantage to dup-mtDNAs, as these molecules may have twice as many opportunities to initiate replication compared to wild-type (or partially deleted) molecules.
Eigenvalues of collapsing domains and drift Laplacians

By introducing a weight function to the Laplace operator, Bakry and Emery defined the "drift Laplacian" to study diffusion processes. Our first main result is that, given a Bakry-Emery manifold, there is a naturally associated family of graphs whose eigenvalues converge to the eigenvalues of the drift Laplacian as the graphs collapse to the manifold. Applications of this result include a new relationship between Dirichlet eigenvalues of domains in R-n and Neumann eigenvalues of domains in Rn+1 and a new maximum principle. Using our main result and maximum principle, we are able to generalize all the results in Riemannian geometry based on gradient estimates to Bakry-Emery manifolds.
A Low-Overhead Interference Canceller for High-Mobility STBC-OFDM Systems

This paper proposes a low-overhead space-time block code (STBC) interference canceller for high-mobility STBC-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (STBC-OFDM) systems. The proposed STBC interference canceller combined with the two-stage channel estimator can be applied to wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), like IEEE 802.16e system. At the vehicle speeds of 240 km/hr for 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16 QAM), the bit error rate (BER)can be improved about 10 times of that just using the two-stage channel estimator. The proposed design is implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology. The gate count is 109.3 K, and the power dissipation is 1.45 mW at 83.3 MHz operation frequency with 1 V power supply. However, up to 61% hardware can be reused from the existed two-stage channel estimator design. After reusing, the proposed STBC interference canceller requires only 42.2 K gates, which is 4.9% overhead of the two-stage channel estimator.
Errors in Inhalation Technique and Efficiency in Inhaler Use in Asthmatic Children

256 asthmatic children receiving regular inhalation therapy demonstrated how they used their inhalers. Pulmonary function measurements (PFM) were made before and after the demonstrations, and errors in technique were recorded. 242 children had revisable airway obstruction on the day of study. In only 109 (45 %) did die inhalation technique in an increase in FEV1≥ 15% (efficient technique). An efficient inhalation technique was found in 46% of children who demonstrated a pressurized aerosol, 59% who demonstrated a rotahaler, and 46% who demonstrated. a rotahaler, and the frequency of technique varied from 17 % to 84% between six different groups of instructors. 87 % of children controlled and 25% not controlled with PFM at the time of prescription had an efficient technique. Children under 6 years had a more inefficient and a more faulty technique than older children, but otherwise age did influence the result. Neither was time since instruction of any importance for efficiency or number of errors. The errors recorded that seem to influence efficiency most were: coordination problems, rapid inspirations, ceasing to inspire when the aerosol was fired, and inhalation through the nose. The results emphasize the paramount importance of clear instructions and control of inhalation technique at the time the treatment is prescribed.
Toward Privacy-preserving Content Access Control for Information Centric Networking

Abstract : Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a new network architecture that aims to overcome the weakness of existing IP-based end-to-end networking. Instead of knowing the IP address of the communicating party, ICN focuses on the data, i.e. content, transmitted in network. Therefore, how to locate and access the desired content is a crucial issue in ICN. Some existing solutions aim at resolving the content name through a name resolution service, which is similar to the DNS services of Internet. Other solutions are based on route-by-name scheme, which treats content names similar to existing routing protocols using IP addresses. Since the content can be cached in various data storage, it is difficult to enforce content access control policies on various content hosting servers. As a result, using Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) is a flexible approach to enforce the content access policies regardless the security mechanisms provided by different content hosting servers. However, using ABE has a drawback that the enforced content access policies are known to all the ICN users. It is desirable that only legitimated content viewers are able to reveal the content access policies. To this end, a privacy-preserving content access control scheme is presented in this research for ICN. The presented scheme is compatible with existing flat name based ICN architectures.
AC Losses of Pancake Coils Made of Roebel Cable

Roebel cables are a promising solution for high-current, low ac loss conductors for various applications, including magnets, rotating machines, and transformers, which generally require the cable to be wound in a coil. We recently assembled and characterized a 5 m long sample and wound it into pancake coils. In this contribution, we investigate the ac loss behavior of such pancake coils by means of numerical simulations based on two complementary models: the finite-element model based on the H-formulation and the minimum magnetic energy variation method based on the critical state. These two numerical models take into account the axis-symmetric geometry of the coil and its detailed structure, simulating each strand composing the cable. The local current density and magnetic field distributions are shown and the ac losses for various current amplitudes are computed. The influence of the number of turns and of their separation on the ac losses is investigated. The results of the computations are compared with the measurements and the main reasons for the observed discrepancy are discussed.
Mechanotransduction and the glycocalyx

Endothelial cells (ECs) line all blood vessel walls and are exposed to the mechanical forces of blood flow which modulate their function and play a role in vascular regulation, remodelling and disease. The principal mechanical forces sensed by ECs are the shear stress of flowing blood on their apical surface, and the circumferential stress resisting blood pressure, which induces stretch in the cell body. ‘Mechanotransduction’ refers to the mechanisms by which these forces are transduced into biomolecular responses of the cells. Given the importance of endothelial mechanotransduction in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, numerous research efforts have been dedicated to identifying the mechanosensory component(s) of ECs. This review focuses on mechanotransduction of shear stress by ECs and considers the evidence in support of the surface glycocalyx acting as a mechanotransducer.
Assignment and interpretation of hydrogen out-of-plane vibrations in the resonance Raman spectra of rhodopsin and bathorhodopsin.

Resonance Raman studies of visual pigment analogues regenerated with 10-D, 10,l 1-D2, 11-D, 1 1,12-D2, 12-D, 15-D, and 20,14-D4 isotopic derivatives of retinal have been used to assign the intense hydrogen outsf-plane (HOOP) vibrations in the spectra of rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, and ba- thorhodopsin. Low temperature 77 K photostationary steady-state experiments show that the unique 853-, 875-, and 921-cm-' lines of bathorhodopsin are due to isolated 14, 10, and 1 1 hydrogen out-of-plane wagging modes, respectively. The 12 HOOP wag could not be directly observed but must lie in the 830-860-cm-' region, an unusually low frequency for this vibration. Room temperature rapid-flow experiments similarly demonstrate that the 969-cm-' line in rhodopsin is due to the coupled Cl1H=CI2H A2 HOOP. The 959-cm-' line in isorhodopsin is attributed to a C7H=C8H A,, HOOP. For bathorhodopsin, the small shift of the 11 HOOP wag with 12-D substitution (921 - 916 cm-') clearly indicates that the 11 and 12 HOOPS are only weakly coupled. This contrasts It has long been known that light absorption in the visual pigment rhodopsin results in the cis - trans isomerization of the covalently bound 1 1-cis-retinal chromophore (I) (Wald, 19
Hybrid Parameter-varying Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Vehicle Steering

In this paper the concept of Hybrid Parameter-Varying Model Predictive Control (HPV-MPC) is applied for autonomous vehicle steering. Parameter-varying in the MPC context means that a prediction model with non-constant, parameter-varying system matrices is employed. In the investigated scenarios, the displacement of a car on an icy road due to a side wind gust shall be mitigated, and a double lane-change maneuver shall be performed autonomously. In order to explore a possible reduction of online computations and the inherent degradation of control performance, the nonlinear model of the lateral dynamics is approximated in various ways. A comparison between controllers using prediction models varying from the full nonlinear model, as an indication for the maximal achievable performance, to a linear model was performed. Particular emphasis was put on the hybrid parameter-varying prediction model, to investigate their potential in terms of computational effort and control performance.
Rapid Separation of Five Cyclosporin Analogs by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in cyclic peptides due to their therapeutic advantages in terms of potency, permeability, proteolytic stability, and unique selectivity relative to traditional smaller drug molecules. Cyclosporin is a family of cyclic peptides widely used as autoimmune suppression agents. Cyclosporin analogs consist of eleven amino acids with the main difference lying at the side chain of its amino acid residues. In this study, a single step separation method was developed utilizing Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) to resolve five naturally occurring cyclosporin analogs (Cyclosporin A, B, C, D, and H) on a bare silica-packed column. The optimized method involved use of ethanol-modified carbon dioxide as mobile phase on a bare silica column at 80 °C and UV detection at 220 nm. Although column temperature and back pressure generally had insignificant effect on SFC separation, it was found in our study that increasing temperature and pressure greatly improved peak shape and resolution.