Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of exendin‐4 on beta‐cell replication in mouse and human islet grafts

Exendin‐4 can stimulate β‐cell replication in mice. Whether it can stimulate β‐cell replication in human islet grafts remains unknown. Therefore, we compared the effects of exendin‐4 on β‐cell replication in mouse and human islet grafts. Islets, isolated from mouse and human donors at different ages, were transplanted into diabetic mice and/or diabetic nude mice that were given bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) with or without exendin‐4. At 4 weeks post‐transplantation, islet grafts were removed for insulin and BrdU staining and quantification of insulin+/BrdU+ cells. Although diabetes was reversed in all mice transplanting syngeneic mouse islets from young or old donors, normoglycemia was achieved significantly faster in exendin‐4 treated mice. Mouse islet grafts in exendin‐4 treated mice had significantly more insulin+/BrdU+β cells than in untreated mice (P < 0.01). Human islet grafts from ≤22‐year‐old donors had more insulin+/BrdU+β cells in exendin‐4 treated mice than that in untreated mice (P < 0.01). However, human islet grafts from ≥35‐year‐old donors contained few insulin+/BrdU+β cells in exendin‐4 treated or untreated mice. Our data demonstrated that the capacity for β‐cell replication in mouse and human islet grafts is different with and without exendin‐4 treatment and indicated that GLP‐1 agonists can stimulate β‐cell replication in human islets from young donors.
The Stationary-Gaze Task Should Not Be Systematically Used as the Control Task in Studies of Postural Control

ABSTRACT In studies of postural control, a control task is often used to understand significant effects obtained with experimental manipulations. This task should be the easiest task and (therefore) engage the lowest behavioral variability and cognitive workload. Since 1983, the stationary-gaze task is considered as the most relevant control task. Instead, the authors expected that free looking at small targets (white paper or images; visual angle: 12°) could be an easier task. To verify this assumption, 16 young individuals performed stationary-gaze, white-panel, and free-viewing 12° tasks in steady and relaxed stances. The stationary-gaze task led to significantly higher cognitive workload (mean score in the National Aeronotics and Space Administration Task Load Index questionnaire), higher interindividual body (head, neck, and lower back) linear variability, and higher interindividual body angular variability—not systematically yet—than both other tasks. There was more cognitive workload in steady than relaxed stances. The authors also tested if a free-viewing 24° task could lead to greater angular displacement, and hence greater body sway, than could the other tasks in relaxed stance. Unexpectedly, the participants mostly moved their eyes and not their body in this task. In the discussion, the authors explain why the stationary-gaze task may not be an ideal control task and how to choose this neutral task.
The Impact of Segmental Trunk Support on Posture and Reaching While Sitting in Healthy Adults

ABSTRACT The authors investigated postural and arm control in seated reaches while providing trunk support at midribs and pelvic levels in adults. Kinematics and electromyography of the arm and ipsiliateral and contralateral paraspinal muscles were examined before and during reaching. Kinematics remained constant across conditions, but changes were observed in neuromuscular control. With midribs support, the ipsilateral cervical muscle showed either increased anticipatory activity or earlier compensatory muscle responses, suggesting its major role in head stabilization. The baseline activity of bilateral lumbar muscles was enhanced with midribs support, whereas with pelvic support, the activation frequency of paraspinal muscles increased during reaching. The results suggest that segmental trunk support in healthy adults modulates ipsilateral or contralateral paraspinal activity while overall kinematic outputs remain invariant.
Histopathologic characterization of mild rejection (grade I) in skin biopsies of human hand allografts

Mild skin rejection is a common observation in reconstructive transplantation. To enlighten the role of this inflammatory reaction we investigated markers for cellular and antibody mediated rejection, adhesion molecules and tolerance markers. Forty‐seven skin biopsies (rejection grade I) of human hand allografts were investigated by immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, C4d, LFA‐1, ICAM‐1, E‐selectin, P‐selectin, VE‐cadherin, HLA‐DR, IDO, and Foxp3). Expression was read with respect to time after transplant. The infiltrate was mainly comprised of CD3+T‐lymphocytes. Among these, CD8+cells were more prominent than CD4+cells. CD20+B‐lymphocytes were sparse and CD68+macrophages were found in some, but not all samples (approximately 10% of the infiltrate). The CD4/CD8‐ratio was increased after the first year. C4d staining was mainly positive in samples at time‐points later than 1 year. Adhesion molecules LFA‐1, ICAM‐1, E‐selectin, P‐selectin, and VE‐cadherin were found upregulated, and for P‐selectin, expression increased with time after transplant. IDO expression was strongest at 3 months–1 year post‐transplant and a tendency toward more Foxp3+ cells at later time points was observed. Mild skin rejection after hand transplantation presents with a T‐cell dominated dermal cell infiltrate and upregulation of adhesion molecules. The role of C4d expression after year one remains to be elucidated.
Transient Effects of Gaze Stability Exercises on Postural Stability in Patients With Posterior Circulation Stroke

ABSTRACT The authors sought to investigate if short-term gaze stability exercises have an effect on postural stability of dynamic standing during neck movement in patients with posterior circulation stroke (PCS). Patients in both PCS and non-PCS groups were assigned to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group performed the gaze stability exercises for 10 min while the control group was merely resting. The center of pressure velocity was calculated to evaluate the postural stability. After intervention, PCS and non-PCS showed a significant reduction in center of pressure velocity during dynamic standing with eyes closed condition, and the PCS group showed a significant improvement in eye-opened condition. This study indicated that gaze stability exercises improve PCS patients' postural control, especially during dynamic standing.
How Women in Biomedical PhD Programs Manage Gender Consciousness as They Persist Toward Academic Research Careers

Purpose Women remain underrepresented as biomedical faculty and are more likely than white and Asian men to lose interest in faculty careers in graduate school. However, some women maintain interest in academic research careers during PhD training and are the most likely candidates for faculty positions. This study explored how these women described and interpreted gender issues at early stages in their training. Method Annual interviews from 2009 to 2014 with 22 female PhD students aspiring to research faculty careers were analyzed using an iterative, content analysis approach rooted in the interview data. Focusing on career intentions and experiences with gender, race, and ethnicity, authors arrived at 11 themes which describe a range of gendered experiences and strategies. Results Of the 22 women, 19 (86%) acknowl edged systemic gender inequities in science and/or reported instances of bias, while 15 of them also said they had not yet experienced unequal treatment. All 22 described using at least one “gender-explicit strategy,” where they based decisions on gender or in response to perceived biases. “Gender-agnostic strategies” emerged for 12 (55%) who doubted that gender will affect their career. Conclusions Findings show that women biomedical PhD students continue to face conditions that can lead to unequal treatment; gender biases continue to persist. Students displayed a range of perceptions and strategies in response to these conditions at this early training stage. Following these students over time will determine whether these or other strategies are required and sufficient to enable persistence toward academic careers.
Improvement in renal function in kidney transplant recipients switched from cyclosporine or tacrolimus to belatacept: 2‐year results from the long‐term extension of a phase II study

Kidney transplant recipients who switched from a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) to belatacept demonstrated higher calculated glomerular filtration rates (cGFRs) at 1 year in a Phase II study. This report addresses whether improvement was sustained at 2 years in the long‐term extension (LTE). Patients receiving cyclosporine or tacrolimus were randomized to switch to belatacept or continue CNI. Of 173 randomized patients, 162 completed the 12‐month main study and entered the LTE. Two patients (n = 1 each group) had graft loss between Years 1–2. At Year 2, mean cGFR was 62.0 ml/min (belatacept) vs. 55.4 ml/min (CNI). The mean change in cGFR from baseline was +8.8 ml/min (belatacept) and +0.3 ml/min (CNI). Higher cGFR was observed in patients switched from either cyclosporine (+7.8 ml/min) or tacrolimus (+8.9 ml/min). The frequency of acute rejection in the LTE cohort was comparable between the belatacept and CNI groups by Year 2. All acute rejection episodes occurred during Year 1 in the belatacept patients and during Year 2 in the CNI group. There were more non‐serious mucocutaneous fungal infections in the belatacept group. Switching to a belatacept‐based regimen from a CNI‐based regimen resulted in a continued trend toward improved renal function at 2 years after switching.
Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: Theory and Management of Strabismus

The third edition of this classic textbook properly replaces its first two editions. In the first edition, parts 1 and 2 were written by Hermann M. Burian. Part 1 presented the physiology of the sensorimotor cooperation of the eyes, and part 2 provided an introduction to the neuromuscular anomalies of the eyes. A classification of heterotropias and recommendations for patient examination were included in this portion. Parts 3 and 4 of the first edition were written by Gunter K. von Noorden. Part 3 covered the clinical characteristics of neuromuscular anomalies of the eyes, and part 4 presented principles of therapy. Office care of the strabismic or amblyopic patient, surgical decisions, and surgical techniques were discussed in detail. ". von Noorden presents controversial and difficult management choices particularly well. " The third edition by von Noorden uses the same general format as the first two editions with "extensive revisions, additions, and a few
Faking Good on the MCMI–III: Implications for Child Custody Evaluations

Individuals administered the MCMI–III (Millon, Davis, & Millon, 1997) as part of a custody evaluation have shown elevations on the Desirability (Y), Histrionic (4), Narcissistic (5), and Compulsive (7) scales and low scores on the Debasement (Z) scale (McCann et al., 2001) and all other personality and clinical scales. In this experiment, we instructed participants (N = 138) to look like good parents (fake good) or to answer honestly. The fake-good group scored higher than the honest group on Y, 4, 5, and 7 and lower on scale Z and most other scales. We plotted the mean scale scores of our fake-good group against those of McCann et al.'s custody litigants and found the 2 profiles to be very closely matched and very different from our answer-honestly group's profile. These findings raise the possibility that scale elevations on 4, 5, and 7 by custody litigants are artifacts of faking good rather than pathology in those areas. Assessors should interpret this profile cautiously in custody evaluations.
Validity of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–2 (MAYSI–2) Scales in Juvenile Justice Settings

High prevalence rates of psychological problems among juvenile offenders underscore the need for effective mental health screening tools in the juvenile justice system. In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–2 (MAYSI–2) developed by Grisso and Barnum (2001) to identify mental health needs of adolescents in various juvenile justice settings. The sample was 1,192 adolescents (1,082 boys and 110 girls) admitted into Virginia juvenile correction facilities between the dates of July 2004 and June 2006. Analyses revealed higher MAYSI–2 scale scores for girls than for boys and MAYSI–2 scale intercorrelations were similar to those reported in the MAYSI–2 manuals (Grisso & Barnum, 2003, 2006). We also evaluated the concurrent validity of MAYSI–2 scales by examining scale score correlations with related and unrelated extratest variables. Results showed strong convergent validity for several MAYSI–2 scales.
Enhancing sentence‐level clustering with integrated and interactive frameworks for theme‐based summarization

Sentence clustering plays a pivotal role in theme‐based summarization, which discovers topic themes defined as the clusters of highly related sentences to avoid redundancy and cover more diverse information. As the length of sentences is short and the content it contains is limited, the bag‐of‐words cosine similarity traditionally used for document clustering is no longer suitable. Special treatment for measuring sentence similarity is necessary. In this article, we study the sentence‐level clustering problem. After exploiting concept‐ and context‐enriched sentence vector representations, we develop two co‐clustering frameworks to enhance sentence‐level clustering for theme‐based summarization—integrated clustering and interactive clustering—both allowing word and document to play an explicit role in sentence clustering as independent text objects rather than using word or concept as features of a sentence in a document set. In each framework, we experiment with two‐level co‐clustering (i.e., sentence‐word co‐clustering or sentence‐document co‐clustering) and three‐level co‐clustering (i.e., document‐sentence‐word co‐clustering). Compared against concept‐ and context‐oriented sentence‐representation reformation, co‐clustering shows a clear advantage in both intrinsic clustering quality evaluation and extrinsic summarization evaluation conducted on the Document Understanding Conferences (DUC) datasets.
An examination of multisession web tasks

Today, people perform many types of tasks on the web, including those that require multiple web sessions. In this article, we build on research about web tasks and present an in-depth evaluation of the types of tasks people perform on the web over multiple web sessions. Multisession web tasks are goal-based tasks that often contain subtasks requiring more than one web session to complete. We will detail the results of two longitudinal studies that we conducted to explore this topic. The first study was a weeklong web-diary study where participants self-reported information on their own multisession tasks. The second study was a monthlong field study where participants used a customized version of Firefox, which logged their interactions for both their own multisession tasks and their other web activity. The results from both studies found that people perform eight different types of multisession tasks, that these tasks often consist of several subtasks, that these lasted different lengths of time, and that users have unique strategies to help continue the tasks which involved a variety of web and browser tools such as search engines and bookmarks and external applications such as Notepad or Word. Using the results from these studies, we have suggested three guidelines for developers to consider when designing browser-tool features to help people perform these types of tasks: (a) to maintain a list of current multisession tasks, (b) to support multitasking, and (c) to manage task-related information between sessions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective Prediction of College Adjustment Using Self- and Informant-Rated Personality Traits

Studies that relate normal personality traits to students’ adjustment to college have relied heavily on self-rating methods, concurrent designs, and academic performance indicators as criteria. We conducted a prospective study of high school seniors with a follow-up assessment made near the end of their freshman year of college. Self-ratings of personality traits and college adjustment were obtained from 90 students using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI–R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ; Baker & Siryk, 1989). Ratings of personality were also obtained from parents (n = 66) and same-sex peers from the college setting (n = 78) using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992). SACQ Academic Adjustment was correlated with Conscientiousness ratings by all three sources and with Openness ratings by parents and peers. SACQ Social Adjustment was correlated with self-ratings of Neuroticism and peer ratings of Extraversion. SACQ Personal-Emotional Adjustment was correlated with self-ratings and parent ratings of Neuroticism. Ratings by parents and peers showed significant incremental validity over self-ratings in the prediction of certain trait-adjustment relationships.
User evaluation of automatically generated keywords and toponyms for geo-referenced images

This article presents the results of a user evaluation of automatically generated concept keywords and place names (toponyms) for geo-referenced images. Automatically annotating images is becoming indispensable for effective information retrieval, since the number of geo-referenced images available online is growing, yet many images are insufficiently tagged or captioned to be efficiently searchable by standard information retrieval procedures. The Tripod project developed original methods for automatically annotating geo-referenced images by generating representations of the likely visible footprint of a geo-referenced image, and using this footprint to query spatial databases and web resources. These queries return raw lists of potential keywords and toponyms, which are subsequently filtered and ranked. This article reports on user experiments designed to evaluate the quality of the generated annotations. The experiments combined quantitative and qualitative approaches: To retrieve a large number of responses, participants rated the annotations in standardized online questionnaires that showed an image and its corresponding keywords. In addition, several focus groups provided rich qualitative information in open discussions. The results of the evaluation show that currently the annotation method performs better on rural images than on urban ones. Further, for each image at least one suitable keyword could be generated. The integration of heterogeneous data sources resulted in some images having a high level of noise in the form of obviously wrong or spurious keywords. The article discusses the evaluation itself and methods to improve the automatic generation of annotations.
Relative Effects of α- and γ-Tocopherol on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Superoxide Dismutase and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Protein Expression in Rats

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin E prevents the progression of ath erosclerosis by inhibiting platelet aggregation, monocyte adhesion. and improving plaque stability and vasomotor function. Recently, controversy has arisen as to the relative effects of α- and γ-tocopherol in modulating some mediators of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: We examined the effects of α- and γ-tocopherol on constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and protein expression in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed regular chow or chow mixed with α- or γ-tocopherol (100 mg/kg/ day) for 7 to 10 days. Plasma α- and γ-tocopherol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxida tion, and cNOS and SOD activity and protein expression were measured. Plasma α-tocopherol levels were significantly increased (P < .01 vs control), but γ-tocopherol levels fell (P < .01 vs control) in rats fed α-tocopherol. Plasma γ-tocopherol levels were increased (P < .01 vs con trol), and α-tocopherol levels did not change in rats fed γ-tocopherol. Both α- and γ-tocopherol feeding decreased the rate of LDL oxidation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated leukocytes (P < .01 vs control). Both α- and γ-tocopherol increased SOD activity in plasma and arterial tissues as well as Mn SOD and Cu/Zn SOD protein expression in arterial tissues (all P < .01 vs control). γ-Tocopherol was more potent than α-tocopherol in all these effects (P < .05). Both a- and γ-tocopherol increased NO generation and cNOS activity (all P < .05 vs control). However, only γ-tocopherol increased cNOS protein expression. Conclusions: These observations indicate that whereas both α- and γ-tocopherol exert important effects on determinants of oxidation and vasomotor function, effects of dietary α-tocopherol supplementation in vivo are less pronounced than those of γ-tocopherol supplementation.
Toward a model of collaborative information behavior in organizations

There is increasing interest in topics at the nexus of collaboration and information behavior. A variety of studies conducted in organizational settings have provided us with key insights about the collaborative aspects of seeking, retrieving, and using information. Researchers have used a range of terms, including collaborative information seeking (CIS), collaborative information retrieval (CIR), collaborative search, collaborative sensemaking, and others to describe various pertinent activities. Consequently, we lack conceptual clarity concerning these activities, leading to a tendency to use terms interchangeably when in fact they may be referring to different issues. Here, we offer collaborative information behavior (CIB) as an umbrella term to connote the collaborative aspects of information seeking, retrieval, and use. We provide the contours of a model of CIB synthesized from findings of past studies conducted by our research team as well as other researchers. By reanalyzing and synthesizing the data from those studies, we conceptualize CIB as comprised of a set of constitutive activities, organized into three broad phases—problem formulation, collaborative information seeking, and information use. Some of the activities are specific to a particular phase, whereas others are common to all phases. We explain how those constitutive activities are related to one another. Finally, we discuss the limitations of our model as well as its potential usefulness in advancing CIB research.