Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy Substrate Utilization in Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition with Different Glucose to Fat Ratios

ABSTRACT: As the fate of glucose and lipids infused during total parenteral nutrition is not well known in infants, we assessed energy substrate oxidation in 36 patients (mean age: 5.8 ± 3.6 mo) on continuous total parenteral nutrition. The infants received isocaloric feeding regimens with nonprotein energy intakes either based on glucose alone (group 1) or on glucose-lipid mixtures providing 15% (group 2), 35% (group 3), 50% (group 4), or 70% (group 5) energy as fat for at least 6 d before glucose and fat oxidation rates were measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Oxidative glucose disposal reached a maximal rate of 12.6 ± 1.2 mg/kg·min (17.9 ± 1.7 g/kg·d) in patients with the higher glucose infusion rates. Glucose infused in excess of maximal oxidative disposal was stored, mainly as fat. The increase in glucose infusion rate was paralleled by an increase in energy expenditure amounting to 16% of the energy value of infused glucose. Net fat oxidation was only observed in group 3 (1.6 ± 0.7 g/kg·d), 4 (3.4 ± 0.6 g/kg·d), and 5 (3.9 ± 0.4 g/kg·d) patients, with glucose infusion rates lower than 18.3 g/kg·d. However, there was no further increase in fat oxidation in group 5 as compared to group 4 patients, despite a further increase in fat intake, which only resulted in increasing fat deposition. Thus, fat infusion aiming at a significant contribution to coverage of energy expenditure requires that glucose oxidation be equal to or lower than maximal oxidative glucose disposal, hence that glucose infusion rates be lower than 18 g/kg·d. In these conditions, excessive fat deposition may be prevented by adapting fat infusion to fat oxidation capacity, which did not exceed 4 g/kg·d in our patients.
Optimization of importance sampling Monte Carlo using consecutive mean-shift method and its application to SRAM dynamic stability analysis

With the scaling of MOSFET dimensions and the lowering of supply voltage, more precise estimation of minimum operating voltage (Vmin) of SRAM at 6-sigma level is needed. In this paper, we propose a method based on the importance sampling (IS) Monte Carlo simulation to elaborately predict Vmin for future technology node below 22 nm generation. By executing Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with consecutive mean-shift method we propose, it is shown that the most probable failure point (MPFP) is effectively and steadily derived within 0. 01σ accuracy without depending on the way of random number generation. The proposed method is applied to static and dynamic behaviors of SRAM. Through the comparison with the results obtained by conventional IS method, we clarify that the method proposed is more suitable for future SRAM characterization.
Assessing Sexual Function and Dyspareunia with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Vulvodynia

Using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI; Rosen et al., 2000), we assessed forty-two women with vulvodynia. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alphas = 0.90–0.97) for all scales. We compared scale scores to published healthy and patient sample data and found very large effect sizes (1.15–2.83), which indicated that women with vulvodynia reported significantly worse overall sexual function than women without sexual dysfunction and greater pain with sexual intercourse than women with female sexual arousal disorder. Results highlight difficulties experienced across all domains of sexual function, particularly with regard to dyspareunia, for women with vulvodynia. Findings also support the internal consistency and discriminant validity of the FSFI.
Role of COOH-terminal Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Casein Kinase Iδ (*)

Casein kinase Iδ is a member of the casein kinase I (CKI) family, a group of second messenger independent protein kinases. We present evidence that the COOH-terminal domain of CKIδ has regulatory properties. CKIδ expressed in Escherichia coli was activated by heparin, as found previously, and by treatment with the catalytic subunit of type-1 protein phosphatase (CS1). Concomitant with activation by CS1, there was a reduction in the apparent molecular weight of CKIδ from 55,000 to 49,000 as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Truncation of CKIδ by removal of the COOH-terminal 110 amino acids eliminated the ability of CS1 to activate or to increase electrophoretic mobility. Casein kinase I α, a 37-kDa isoform that lacks an extended COOH-terminal domain, was not activated by CS1 or the presence of heparin. However, a chimeric enzyme consisting of CKIα fused to the COOH-terminal domain of CKIδ was activated by both heparin and CS1. Analysis of the effects of CS1 on a series of CKIδ COOH-terminal truncation mutants identified an inhibitory region between His317 and Pro342, which contained six potential phosphorylation sites. From analysis of the specific activites of these truncation mutants, removal of the same region resulted in enzyme with a specific activity nearly 10-fold greater than wild-type. Thus, CKIδ activity can be regulated by phosphorylation of its COOH terminus, which may serve to create an autoinhibitory domain. This mechanism of regulation could have important consequences in vivo.
A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women.

BACKGROUND The role of walking, as compared with vigorous exercise, in the prevention of coronary heart disease remains controversial, and data for women on this topic are sparse. METHODS We prospectively examined the associations between the score for total physical activity, walking, and vigorous exercise and the incidence of coronary events among 72,488 female nurses who were 40 to 65 years old in 1986. Participants were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease or cancer at the time of entry and completed serial detailed questionnaires about physical activity. During eight years of follow-up, we documented 645 incident coronary events (nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from coronary disease). RESULTS There was a strong, graded inverse association between physical activity and the risk of coronary events. As compared with women in the lowest quintile group for energy expenditure (expressed as the metabolic-equivalent [MET] score), women in increasing quintile groups had age-adjusted relative risks of 0.77, 0.65, 0.54, and 0.46 for coronary events (P for trend <0.001). In multivariate analyses, the inverse gradient remained strong (relative risks, 0.88, 0.81, 0.74, and 0.66 for women in increasing quintile groups as compared with those in the lowest quintile group; P for trend=0.002). Walking was inversely associated with the risk of coronary events; women in the highest quintile group for walking, who walked the equivalent of three or more hours per week at a brisk pace, had a multivariate relative risk of 0.65 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.91) as compared with women who walked infrequently. Regular vigorous exercise (> or =6 MET) was associated with similar risk reductions (30 to 40 percent). Sedentary women who became active in middle adulthood or later had a lower risk of coronary events than their counterparts who remained sedentary. CONCLUSIONS These prospective data indicate that brisk walking and vigorous exercise are associated with substantial and similar reductions in the incidence of coronary events among women.
A Systems-Analytical Approach to Macro-Evolutionary Phenomena

Two sets of evolutionary phenomena find no explanation through current theory. for the static pehnomena (such as homology, homonomy, sistematic weight, and 'Type') there is no causal base, although these principles are responsible for all phenomena of predictable order in the living world. The dynamic phenomena (such as homodynamy, coadaptation, parallel evolution, orthogenesis, Cartesian transformation, typostrophy, heteromorphosis, systemic mutation, and spontaneous atavism) have no causal explanation, although they are responsible for all directed phenomena in macroevolution. These phenomena share one unifying principle which can be explained by a system theory of evolution, based on, but extending, the current synthetic theory. This system theory envisages feedback conditions between genotype and phenotype by which the chances of successful adaptation increase if the genetic units, by insertion of superimposed genes, copy the functional dependencies of those phene structrues for which they code. This positive feedback of the adaptive speed (or probability) within a single adaptive direction is compensated by negative feedback in most of the alternative directions. The negative feedback operates as selection no by environmental but by systemic conditions developed by the organization of the organism. The consequences are an imitatively organized system of gene interactions, the rehabilitation of classical systematics, the reality of the "natural system," and, in general, the resolution of the contradiction between neodarwinists and their critics, between reductionists and holists, between "a priori" and "a posteriori" views, between idealism and materialism, and between the notions of freedom and of purpose in evolution.
Pseudarthrosis after spinal fusion for scoliosis. A comparison of autogeneic and allogeneic bone grafts.

This study was undertaken to compare the incidence of pseudarthrosis in fusions supplemented with autogeneic and frozen allogeneic grafts. The records of 208 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who were treated by posterior fusion and Harrington instrumentation were studied. The fusion was supplemented by an autogeneic iliac bone graft in 114 patients and by an allogeneic bank bone graft in 94 patients. The fusion mass was explored in all patients with suspected pseudarthrosis; therefore, all pseudarthroses reported in this series were proved by surgical exploration. Pseudarthrosis developed in five patients (4.4%) receiving an autogeneic graft and in five patients (5.3%) receiving an allogeneic graft. The incidence of pseudarthrosis was not significantly different at the 95% level of certainty. Average blood loss and operative time were determined for all patients. The decreases in average blood loss and operative time in those patients receiving allogeneic grafts were significant (p less than .01). Thus, based on the incidence of pseudarthrosis, allogeneic frozen bank-stored bone is an attractive alternative to autogeneic iliac bone for fusion supplementation in the treatment of scoliosis. Total operative time and blood loss can be decreased, and possible complications associated with a donor site can be avoided.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated the frequency of DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD Patients with schizophrenia (N = 52) or schizoaffective disorder (N = 25) were evaluated for the presence of obsessions and compulsions by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, chart review, and contact with the treating clinicians. RESULTS Six (7.8%) of the 77 patients met the DSM-III-R criteria for both obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs in a substantial percentage of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The addition of medications targeted at obsessive-compulsive disorder may be beneficial to these patients but requires systematic evaluation.
Control of the SRM operating as a motor/generator

This paper deals with switched reluctance machine used as a motor/generator drive. The motoring operation is achieved with a half-bridge converter. A strategic modification in the electronic converter topology is required to allow the generator operation mode. It is achieved automatically as well as the phase switching angles control is simultaneously provided. Three different techniques to control the voltage delivered to the load when the machine is operating as a generator are evaluated. All of them exert control on the machine magnetization level. Simulated results are included to show the feasibility of the proposed techniques and to confirm the applicability of the switched reluctance machine as a motor/generator device.
Quadruple-phase MDCT of the liver in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma: effect of contrast material flow rate.

OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of contrast material flow rate (3 mL/sec vs 5 mL/sec) on the detection and visualization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with MDCT and the safety profile of iodixanol at different injection rates. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a prospective, randomized multicenter trial, 97 patients (83 men and 14 women, with a mean age of 64 years) suspected of having HCC underwent quadruple-phase (double arterial, portal venous, delayed phase) 4-16-MDCT. Patients were randomized to receive iodixanol, 320 mg I/mL (1.5 mL/kg body weight), at a flow rate of 3 mL/sec (48 patients) or 5 mL/sec (49 patients). Qualitative (lesion detection, image quality) and quantitative (liver and aortic enhancement, tumor-liver contrast) analyses and safety assessment were performed. RESULTS Overall, 145 HCCs were detected in the 5 mL/sec group and 100 HCCs in the 3 mL/sec group (p < 0.05). More lesions equal to or less than 1 cm were detected at 5 mL/sec (33 vs 16 lesions). The late arterial phase showed significantly more lesions than the early, arterial phase (133 vs 100 and 96 vs 67 lesions, respectively, p < 0.0001). Hyperattenuating HCCs were better visualized in the late arterial phase at 5 mL/sec (excellent visualization: 54% vs 27%). Using a flow of 5 mL/sec did not increase the rate of patient discomfort or contrast media-related adverse events. Most discomfort in both groups was of mild intensity and there was no severe discomfort. CONCLUSION For detection of HCC with MDCT, a higher flow rate of 5 mL/sec is recommended. Visualization of hyperattenuating HCC is improved with no greater discomfort or adverse events.
Alcohol Consumption and Major Depression in the Canadian Population

Objective: Various clinical studies have documented associations between alcohol consumption and depressive disorders. In some circumstances, alcohol ingestion may cause or worsen depression, whereas in other circumstances the direction of causal effect may be reversed. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between alcohol consumption and major depression in the Canadian population. Method: Data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were analyzed. This survey, conducted by Statistics Canada in 1994, used a probability sample of 17 626 subjects. The NPHS included measures of alcohol ingestion and a diagnostic screen for major depression (Composite International Diagnostic Interview [CIDI] Short Form). Results: Subjects reporting any drinking in the year preceding the interview were more likely to have experienced an episode of major depression during that time than subjects reporting no drinking. Subjects reporting maximal ingestions of 5 or more drinks (and especially 10 or more drinks) on at least 1 occasion during the preceding year were also at greater risk of major depression than nondrinking subjects or subjects reporting smaller maximal ingestions. Neither the average amount consumed daily nor the frequency of drinking was associated with major depression. Conclusions: In the general population, there is no simple relationship between the quantity or frequency of alcohol consumption and the prevalence of major depression. Any drinking and maximal consumption on I occasion, however, are related to the prevalence of major depression. Further research is needed to delineate causal mechanisms so that clinical and public-health interventions can be formulated.
Type of mutation in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) frequently determines severity of disease.

The gene predisposing to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) on human chromosome 22 has revealed a wide variety of different mutations in NF2 individuals. These patients display a marked variability in clinical presentation, ranging from very severe disease with numerous tumors at a young age to a relatively mild condition much later in life. To investigate whether this phenotypic heterogeneity is determined by the type of mutation in NF2, we have collected clinical information on 111 NF2 cases from 73 different families on whom we have performed mutation screening in this gene. Sixty-seven individuals (56.2%) from 41 of these kindreds revealed 36 different putative disease-causing mutations. These include 26 proposed protein-truncating alterations (frameshift deletions/insertions and nonsense mutations), 6 splice-site mutations, 2 missense mutations, 1 base substitution in the 3' UTR of the NF2 cDNA, and a single 3-bp in-frame insertion. Seventeen of these mutations are novel, whereas the remaining 19 have been described previously in other NF2 individuals or sporadic tumors. When individuals harboring protein-truncating mutations are compared with cases with single codon alterations, a significant correlation (P < .001) with clinical outcome is observed. Twenty-four of 28 patients with mutations that cause premature truncation of the NF2 protein, schwannomin, present with severe phenotypes. In contrast, all 16 cases from three families with mutations that affect only a single amino acid have mild NF2. These data provide conclusive evidence that a phenotype/genotype correlation exists for certain NF2 mutations.
Effects of different doses of atorvastatin on human apolipoprotein B-100, B-48, and A-I metabolism Published, JLR Papers in Press, May 27, 2007.

Nine hypercholesterolemic and hypertriglyceridemic subjects were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study to test the effect of atorvastatin 20 mg/day and 80 mg/day on the kinetics of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL, of apoB-48 in TRL, and of apoA-I in HDL. Compared with placebo, atorvastatin 20 mg/day was associated with significant reductions in TRL, IDL, and LDL apoB-100 pool size as a result of significant increases in fractional catabolic rate (FCR) without changes in production rate (PR). Compared with the 20 mg/day dose, atorvastatin 80 mg/day caused a further significant reduction in the LDL apoB-100 pool size as a result of a further increase in FCR. ApoB-48 pool size was reduced significantly by both atorvastatin doses, and this reduction was associated with nonsignificant increases in FCR. The lathosterol-campesterol ratio was decreased by atorvastatin treatment, and changes in this ratio were inversely correlated with changes in TRL apoB-100 and apoB-48 PR. No significant effect on apoA-I kinetics was observed at either dose of atorvastatin. Our data indicate that atorvastatin reduces apoB-100- and apoB-48-containing lipoproteins by increasing their catabolism and has a dose-dependent effect on LDL apoB-100 kinetics. Atorvastatin-mediated changes in cholesterol homeostasis may contribute to apoB PR regulation.
A 2.2 $\mu\text{W}$, $-$12 dBm RF-Powered Wireless Current Sensing Readout Interface IC With Injection-Locking Clock Generation

This paper presents a wireless-powering current-sensing readout system on a CMOS platform for portable electrochemical measurement. The wireless sensing system includes energy-efficient power management circuitry, a sensor readout interface, and a backscattering wireless communication scheme. For power-and-area-constrained bio-sensing applications, the proposed readout circuitry incorporates an ultra-low-power potentiostatic system that generates a current according to the electrochemical reaction, as well as an oscillator-based time-to-digital converter instead of a voltage-domain analog-to-digital converter. To avoid a bulky battery and power-hungry clock reference, the chip is wirelessly powered and injection-locked by the modulated radio waves, which includes a 918 MHz carrier signal mixed with a 3.2 MHz modulated signal. The chip, implemented using a 0.18-μm CMOS process, occupies a silicon area of 1 mm2. The proposed design achieves a sensitivity of 289 Hz/nA and an R2 linearity of 0.997 over a current range of 200 nA while consuming 2.2 μW at a supply voltage of 0.8 V. The chip, integrated with a PCB antenna, has minimum sensitivities of -12 dBm and -25 dBm for RF-powering and injection-locking mechanisms, respectively.
Drosophila Rrp1 Domain Structure as Defined by Limited Proteolysis and Biophysical Analyses*

Drosophila Rrp1 is a DNA repair nuclease whose C-terminal region shares extensive homology withEscherichia coli exonuclease III, has nuclease activity, and provides resistance to oxidative and alkylating agents in repair-deficient E. coli strains. The N-terminal 421 amino acid region of Rrp1, which binds and renatures homologous single-stranded DNA, does not share homology with any known protein. Proteolysis by endoproteinase Glu-C (protease V8) reduces the Rrp1 protein to a single, cleavage-resistant peptide. The peptide (referred to as Rrp1-C274) begins with the sequence TKTTV, corresponding to cleavage between Glu-405 and Thr-406 of Rrp1. We determined that nuclease activity is intrinsic to Rrp1-C274 although altered when compared with Rrp1; 3′-exonuclease activity is reduced 210-fold, 3′-phosphodiesterase activity is reduced 6.8-fold, and no difference in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity is observed. Rrp1 and Rrp1-C274 are both monomers with frictional coefficients of 2.2 and 1.4, respectively. Circular dichroism results indicate that Rrp1-C274 is predominantly α-helical, while the N-terminal 399 amino acids is predominantly random coil. These results suggest that Rrp1 may have a bipartite structural organization; a highly organized, globular C-terminal domain; and an asymmetric, protease-sensitive random coil-enriched N-terminal region. A shape model for this bipartite structure is proposed and discussed.
Leaf-to-shoot apex movement of symplastic tracer is restricted coincident with flowering in Arabidopsis

Classical experiments in plant physiology showed that leaves are the source of signals that control the development of flowers from shoot meristems. Additional physiological and genetic experiments have indicated some of the molecules (e.g., gibberellins, cytokinins, and sucrose) that promote flowering in mustards including Arabidopsis. These small hydrophilic molecules are likely to move to the shoot apex symplastically via the phloem and/or via cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata. To analyze potential changes in the symplastic trafficking of small molecules during the induction of flowering in Arabidopsis, we measured changes in the flow of symplastic tracers from the leaf to the shoot apex. We previously found that the onset of flowering is coincident with an evident decrease in the leaf-to-shoot trafficking of symplastic tracer molecules; this decrease in trafficking is transitory and resumes when floral development is established. Here we provide detailed analyses of symplastic connectivity during floral induction by monitoring tracer movement under different photoperiodic induction conditions and in a number of genetic backgrounds with altered flowering times. In all cases, the correlation between flowering and the reduction of symplastic tracer movement holds true. The lack of tracer movement during the induction of flowering may represent a change in plasmodesmal selectivity at this time or that a period of reduced symplastic communication is associated with floral induction.