Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A SINGLE BEAM PHOTONIC FREE-ELECTRON LASER

The photonic free-electron laser (pFEL) aims to realize compact microwave sources with the potential to generate multi-Watt level teraHertz radiation. For this purpose it uses a photonic crystal to coherently couple the Cerenkov radiation from a set of individual electron beams streaming through this structure. The resulting transverse coher ence of the radiation allows a power scaling of the device by extending its cross-section and the number of electron beams. To study the fundamental physics of such devices, and to compare single beam with multi-beam performance, we first designed a single electron beam pFEL operating at a frequency of around 22 GHz. The general design of this single beam pFEL will be presented.
Australian Compulsory Arbitration: Will It Survive into the Twenty-First Century?

Over the past decade Australia has struggled to come to grips with the decline of its traditional economic and industrial structures, and the need to accommodate itself to the international context. Since 1900 Australia has had an industrial relations system highly regulated by law. Economic and political pressures are challenging the continuing relevance of this system, and particularly its ability to adapt to the need for an "enterprisebased" industrial relations culture. This article examines the type of industrial relations system erected under compulsory arbitration in Australia, its impact upon various aspects of the labour market, and the incremental nature of the process of reform to the system. This special issue article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode. yorku.ca/ohlj/vol31/iss2/2 AUSTRALIAN COMPULSORY
Phosphorus Composition and Phosphatase Activities in Soils Affected by Long-Term Application of Pig Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers

The long-term (25 years) effect of using chemical fertilizers and animal manure on soil phosphorus (P) composition and phosphatase activities was investigated in this study. Results showed that pig manure applications significantly increased soil total P, Olsen P, and phosphatase activities, whereas chemical fertilizers had no significant effects on soil chemical properties and phosphatase activities. Manure applications doubled or tripled the orthophosphate concentrations as compared to chemical fertilizers. Analysis of solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that P composition in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extracts was dominated by orthophosphate (59–84%), followed by phosphomonoesters (15–40%). More organic P (Po), especially myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, was observed in soil treated with manure as compared with soil treated with chemical fertilizer.
Political Opportunism and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy in Election‐Year Recessions

Political budget cycles (PBCs) have been well documented in the literature, albeit not for all circumstances. However, no work has been done on the impact of economic growth on the magnitude of PBCs. The theoretical model argues that a government has an incentive to increase fiscal manipulations when a recession is expected to hit and curtail re-election chances; this amounts to countercyclical policy for opportunistic rather than Keynesian motives. Very robust evidence for this behaviour is found in Portuguese municipalities; in election years, budget deficits go up even more and significantly so, when a recession is expected.
Examining the effect of training strategies on employees' performance in the Libyan construction industry

Training is described as a structured intervention that is aimed at enhancing and improving key elements vital in individual performance. In other words, training and development consist of set of strategies, policies, lessons, tools and procedures designed to enhance the members or the employees at the organization. This study examined the effect of training strategies on the employees’ performance in the Libyan construction companies. The population of this study consisted of the employees who worked in the construction companies in the eastern and central parts of Libya. A substantial literature review was done to obtain the information on training strategies and the development of human resources. A total of 400 designed structured questionnaires were distributed randomly to employees such as managers, heads of departments, technicians and workers in the selected companies. Of these, 243 questionnaires were duly completed and returned, yielding a response rate of 60.8%. As results, it was found that the perception level towards training strategies was high (mean=3.34, sd=0.62). The results showed that there were significant relationships between all dimensions of training strategies and objective achievement. Training from the point of view of the trainers was found to have strong relationship with objective achievement (r=0.620, p<0.01), followed by administrative and supervisory services (r=0.589, p<0.01), curricula of training program (r=0.529, p<0.01) and trainers (r=0.418, p<0.01). There were also significant relationships between motivation and desire to change with training objective achievement.
Interrelations Between the Losses of Sandy Beaches and Biodiversity in Seas: Case of the Bakalskaya Spit (Crimea, Ukraine, Black sea)

More than 70% of the beaches in the World are in decreasing stage during the past few decades, and the Black sea beaches are not exclusion. The paper gives a brief conceptual review of published and unpublished results of author’s longterm complicated study (1995-2010) in different areas of the Crimean coastline. Interconnections between marine communities and beach erosion are analyzed as well as some anthropogenic impacts on processes in beach area. Selfaccelerating mechanism of beach erosion and marine communities degradation was suggested. Two interrelated components in the system “beach-sea” are crucial in regulating the balance of sand on the beach in our case - the coastal vegetation and benthic communities producing clamshells. Two stable state of coastline - fluctuating stable sand beach and no sand beach state - can be. It should be noted that with the rise of sea level, is now observed, the steady state beach is only possible if the existing balance of sand is positive. New perspectives for rational management of sandy beaches require paradigm shifts. Sustainable long-term management of our beaches requires a set of alternative strategies for environmental management and the timely switch from one strategy to the alternative one.
Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene oxide filled epoxy nanocomposites

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) filled epoxy nanocomposites were prepared using hot pressed method. The GO was produced using modified Hummers’ method. The produced GO at different compositions (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%) were mixed with epoxy before the addition of hardener using ultra-sonication. The produced epoxy nanocomposites were characterized in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were significantly enhanced by the addition of GO. About 50% of increment in the flexural strength of the composite sample filled with 0.3 wt% of GO as compared to the neat epoxy sample. However, only slight improvement in the impact strength of the composite were obtained by adding 0.1 wt% of GO.
Making Optical Waves, Tracing Electrons in Real-Time: The Onset of the Attosecond Realm

Tracing the dynamics of electrons inside atoms molecules or solids as they occur in real time resides at the forefront of modern science and technology. Advances in attosecond physics over the last decade and beyond are now enabling this essential experimental capability. Here we discuss some of the key developments in light sciences that made possible attosecond metrology and control of electronic processes inside matter on native time scales. These developments hold the promise for new, fundamental insights into the innerworkings of the microcosm as well as the identiflcation of innovative routes for light-based electronic and photonic devices operating at PHz rates.
Deposition and characterization of Y-substituted BIG thin films

Garnets are the most suitable materials for magnetic and magneto-optical applications due to their large magneto-optical response and very good magnetic properties. They are transparent and magneto-optically active in a visible and near-infrared range (about 390 – 2500 nm). This thesis shows the procedure of the whole experiment from a preparation of a target, throughout a process of deposition of a thin film and its characterization, to final determination of its properties. The focus is laid on examining possibilities of doping garnets and thin film deposition conditions in order to obtain the best magneto-optical properties. Most of the experimental work has been done in a cooperation with the University of Versailles in France. Two series of crystalline Bi:YIG thin films (Bi2YFe5O12 and BiY2Fe5O12) have been prepared on gadolinium-gallium garnet (GGG) substrate by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) varying O2 pressure and substrate temperature. Characterization methods such as SEM, emission spectroscopy, AFM, XRD, RHEED, profilometry, ellipsometry, and magneto-optics altogether give information about thin films’ morphology, stoichiometry, chemical composition, as well as crystallization, optical and magneto-optical properties.
The methane influence as a self-polarized aerosol in Titan’s electrical activity

Microphysics that generates lightning flashes is associated with the physical chemistry properties of the local occurrence atmosphere. The principal agent of the electrical activity in Titan could be the methane because of its self-polarization properties or pyroelectricity. We calculate the charge obtained by Titan's thunderclouds due to methane, using the approximations of thunderclouds as telluric capacitors. We present a time dependent mechanism because the life time of thunderclouds is very low; for that, we employ common atmospheric approach used for the Earth, because the similitude of both atmospheres in their chemical compositions. In Titan's atmosphere the methane concentration is bigger than the Earth, and the electrical activity is superior, so the observed phenomenology seems to agree with this model.
Origin and flux of a gas seep in the Northern Alps (Giswil, Switzerland)

Natural gas seeps in the Alpine region are poorly investigated. However, they can provide useful information regarding the hydrocarbon potential of sedimentary Alpine units and related geofluid migration, typically controlled by pressurized gas accumulations and tectonics. A gas seep located near Giswil, in the Swiss Northern Alps, was investigated, for the first time, for molecular and isotopic gas composition, methane flux to the atmosphere, and gas flux variations over time. The analyses indicated that the gas was thermogenic (CH4 > 96%; δ13C1: −35.5‰ to −40.2‰) and showed evidence of subsurface petroleum biodegradation (13C-enriched CO2, and very low C3+ concentrations). The source rock in the region is marine Type II kerogen, which is likely the same as that providing thermogenic gas in the nearby Wilen shallow well, close to Lake Sarnen. However, the lack of δ13CCO2 and δ13C3 data for that well prevented us from determining whether the Wilen and Giswil seeps are fed by the same reservoir and seepage system. Gas fluxes from the Giswil seep, measured using a closed-chamber system, were significant and mainly from two major vents. However, a substantial gas exhalation from the soil occurs diffusely in an area of at least 115 m2, leading to a total CH4 output conservatively estimated to be at least 16 tonnes per year. Gas flux variations, monitored over a 1-month period by a special tent and flowmeter, showed not only daily meteorological oscillations, but also an intrinsic ‘pulsation’ with periods of enhanced flux that lasted 2–6 h each, occurring every few days. The pulses are likely related to episodes of gas pressure build-up and discharge along the seepage system. However, to date, no relationship to seismicity in the active Sarnen strike-slip fault system has been established.
Heat generation and radiation effects on steady MHD free convection flow of micropolar fluid past a moving surface

This paper was concerned with studying the magnetohydrodynamic steady laminar free convection flow of a micropolar fluid past a continuously moving surface in the presence of heat generation and thermal radiation. Similarity transformation was employed to transform the governing partial differential equations into ordinary ones, which were then solved numerically using the finite element method. Numerical results for the dimensionless velocity, microrotation and temperature profiles were obtained and displayed graphically for pertinent parameters to show interesting aspects of the solution. The skin friction and the rate of heat transfer were also computed and presented through tables. Favorable comparison with previously published work was performed.
ОбзорыReviews PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ASCORBIC ACID AT INFLUENZA INFECTION

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, AA) is an essential nutrient of the human diet due to its participation on numerous regulatory and enzymatic processes. AA takes part in such vital physiological processes as hormone production, collagen synthesis, stimulation of the immune system, etc. In the present review the activities of AA are considered that provide its protective effect at influenza infection. This effect can be result of direct virus-inhibiting activity of AA as well as of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress during influenza infection leads to nonspecific damage of the pulmonary tissue and subsequent inflammation of the lungs. The antioxidant activity of AA results in alleviation of infection due to suppression of tissue damage as well as in inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction and regulatory reactions. After oxidation by ROS, AA is converted to dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) and inhibits the key enzymes of NF-κB pathway, such as kinases IKKα and IKKβ. AA itself blocks the activity of another component of the NF-kB pathway, kinase IKKβ(SS/EE), whose activity is directed to the phosphorylation of the factor IκBα. As a result, activation of NF-κB and its transport to the nucleus does not occur. Thus, AA performs a dual function: first, it neutralizes free radicals, preventing them from activating NF-κB, and secondly, the product of its oxidation, DAA, further blocks the activation of this pathway. In addition, in some cases AA results in the decrease in the infectious activity of influenza virus that is not due to the antioxidant activity of AA, but to direct virus-inhibiting activity. Taken together, the presented data suggests that the use of drugs with antiviral and antioxidant activity, as a combination of individual drugs or, as in the case of AA, as a single drug with complex activity, for treatment of influenza has advantages over the etiotropic drug monotherapy scheme.
Implication of oil based formulation of Beauveria bassiana vuillemin in inducing defense related enzymes in onion plants

The foliar application of oil based formulation of B.bassiana (Bb 112) @ 10 spores ml had significant influence on the induction of defense related enzymes against Thrips tabaci Lindeman infestation in onion. On four days after treatment (DAT), maximum activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (0.63 μmol trans-cinnamic acid min g of fresh tissue) and total phenol content of 7.60 μg of catechol g of fresh tissue was recorded. The maximum activity of lipoxygenase (0.21 min g of fresh tissue) was recorded on 6 DAT and on 10 DAT, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and super oxide dismutase (SOD) reached its maximum in thrips infested onion plants treated with foliar application of oil based formulation of Bb 112.
The history of conditional agenda-setting in European institutions

The purpose of this article is twofold. Our first goal is to make explicit an institutionalist theory of European integration. This theory is based on the concept of ‘conditional agenda setting’, which we argue has played an important role in European integration. According to this theory, the fact that Commission proposals are more easily accepted than modified by the Council has accelerated the pace of integration. This finding brings us to the second goal of this article which is to investigate, by studying the history of EU institutions, whether or not these institutions were the result of conscious planning. We demonstrate that while some of the founding fathers (Hallstein, Spaak) and opponents of the EU (de Gaulle) had an accurate understanding of the institutional structures created in Rome, later participants in the integration process did not. In particular, the arguments surrounding the Single European Act indicate a lack of understanding of the full implications of the institutions selected.
Undergraduate final year nursing students’ attitudes toward caring for dying patients: Bahrain’s experience

Background: Nursing students are frequently exposed to dying patients during their clinical placement. Research studies that examined nursing students’ attitudes toward caring for dying patients were limited in the Gulf Region, including Bahrain. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of fourth-year baccalaureate nursing students regarding caring for dying patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized to recruit a convenience sample of fifty-four nursing students. Frommelt’s Attitudes towards Caring of the Dying (FATCOD) five Likert scale was used. Results: The overall findings revealed that participants had a neutral attitude toward caring for dying patients. The overall attitudes mean score was 3.4 ± 0.3. The majority of participants were female (83%, n = 45). The difference in the mean score in relation to gender was statistically significant ( p = .049). Although the majority of all participants (80%) reported having dealt with the terminally ill people in the past, the association between previous experience and reported attitudes was not statistically significant ( p = .31). Conclusions and recommendations: Literature revealed that students who received end of life education where found to have positive attitudes. Therefore, it’s crucial to introduce a standalone educational module regarding end of life care early on in the undergraduate curriculum. It is recommended that future studies recruit nursing students from other baccalaureate year levels to reassess the attitudes and level of preparedness following a curriculum reform and implementation of end of life care education. Additionally, a qualitative research method is recommended to explore the lived experience of the nursing students when they are caring for dying patients.
Biomass production as renewable energy resource at reclaimed Serbian lignite open-cast mines

The main goal of this paper is the overview of the scope and dynamics of biomass production as a renewable energy source for substitution of coal in the production of electrical energy in the Kolubara coal basin. In order to successfully realize this goal, it was necessary to develop a dynamic model of the process of coal production, overburden dumping and re-cultivation of dumping sites by biomass planting. The results obtained by simulation of the dynamic model of biomass production in Kolubara mine basin until year 2045 show that 6870 hectares of overburden waste dumps will be re-cultivated by biomass plantations. Biomass production modeling point out the significant benefits of biomass production by planting the willow Salix viminalis cultivated for energy purposes. Under these conditions, a 0.6 % participation of biomass at the end of the period of intensive coal production, year 2037, is achieved. With the decrease of coal production to 15 million tons per year, this percentage steeply rises to 1.4 % in 2045. This amount of equivalent tons of coal from biomass can be used for coal substitution in the production of electrical energy. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 33039]
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ANTECEDENTS OF ANXIETY SYMPTOMS IN PRESCHOOLERS: THE INTERPLAY OF FEARFUL TEMPERAMENT, SLEEP REGULATION, AND MATERNAL PROTECTIVENESS A Thesis in Psychology by

Although children’s regulatory skills (e.g. physiological, affective, attentional regulation) have been hypothesized to explain the longitudinal relations among temperamental characteristics, parenting, and anxiety symptom development, few studies have directly tested this proposition (Bosquet & Egeland, 2006; Degnan & Fox, 2007; Thompson, 2001). The present study examined observational and questionnaire data on 124 children and their mothers to test whether fearful temperament and maternal protective parenting behaviors may predict preschool-age sleep dysregulation. Sleep regulation— encompassing emotion, attention, arousal regulation—was examined as an intermediate developmental outcome that may be meaningfully related to early fearful temperament and later development of anxiety symptoms. The possible conditional indirect effects of fearful temperament on symptoms of separation anxiety and worry at kindergarten entry were also
On the Time-varying Linkages among the London Interbank Offer Rates for Major European Currencies

We employ an asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation model to investigate the time-varying integration of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) rates for three major European currencies ‒the euro (EUR), Swiss franc (CHF), and British pound (GBP). We assess the impacts of the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis on cross-currency dynamic correlations. Our findings suggest that the correlations are influenced more by negative innovations than by positive ones for the GBP-CHF and CHF-EUR pairs. While the global financial crisis increased the degree of interbank money market integration, the European debt crisis contrastingly decreased the dynamic correlations for each pair of LIBOR rates.
On the performance of commercial supercapacitors as storage devices for renewable electrical energy sources

Supercapacitor cells and modules with an electrical capacitance reaching thousands of Farads become attractive components for energy storage, in regenerative energy based power electrical systems. The characteristics of high energy supercapacitor cells and modules produced at this time by leading manufacturers in the field are presented for organic and aqueous electrolyte technology. A stored specific energy as high as 5-6 Wh/kg is exhibited by commercial supercapacitor cells and modules, a value lower than the corresponding one for lead –acid batteries (30 -35 Wh/kg). The specific power of supercapacitors reaching 3-5 kW/kg is higher than that of batteries (limited to 1kW/kg) and this feature is required in applications. The advantages and disadvantages of supercapacitors in comparison with batteries, a traditional way of electrical energy storage are discussed.