Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE SCOPE OF RATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Niko Kolodny has argued that some (local) rational requirements are narrow-scope requirements. Against this, I argue here that all (local) rational requirements are wide-scope requirements. I present a new objection to the narrow-scope interpretations of the four specific rational requirements which Kolodny considers. His argument for the narrow-scope interpretations of these four requirements rests on a false assumption, that an attitude which puts in place a narrow-scope rational requirement somewhere thereby puts in place a narrow-scope rational requirement everywhere. My argument against Kolodny is analogous to arguments which use holism about reasons to defend moral particularism.
Procesos linfoproliferativos no Hodgkin de células B

El objetivo de cualquier clasificacion de linfomas es proporcionar una herramienta internacional de comunicacion. La clasificacion debe ser reproducible y clinicamente relevante, asi como suficientemente flexible como para permitir la incorporacion de nueva informacion. Por ultimo, debe estar basada en criterios histopatologicos porque es el patologo quien, en la mayoria de las ocasiones, hace el diagnostico inicial. La actual clasificacion de la OMS de las neoplasias linfoides representa un avance fundamental en nuestro conocimiento de estos tumores. Esta clasificacion prioriza el estado de diferenciacion de la celula tumoral, agrupando las neoplasias por criterios morfologicos, histologicos, inmunofenotipicos, citogeneticos, moleculares y clinicos. En referencia a los tumores de celulas B, la categoria de linfomas B de celulas pequenas incluye la leucemia linfatica cronica, linfoma de celulas del manto, linfoma folicular, linfoma linfoplasmacitico/inmunocitoma, leucemia de celulas peludas y el plasmocitoma/mieloma. La categoria de linfomas de celulas grandes difusos es heterogenea e incluye diferentes subtipos tumorales. Las caracteristicas moleculares estan bien definidas en linfomas B de celulas pequenas, como translocaciones cromosomicas afectando los genes de las inmunoglobulinas y los genes Bcl-2 o Ciclina D1. En esta revision se compendian las principales caracteristicas necesarias para el diagnostico y categorizacion de los linfomas de celulas B, asi como la informacion relativa a las caracteristicas biologicas y clinicas de estos linfomas.
Chaos dynamique dans le problème à trois corps restreint

Capture-evolution-ejection de particules par des systemes binaires (etoile-planete, etoile binaire, etoile-trou noir supermassif, trou noir binaire, .). Dans une premiere partie, en utilisant une generalisation de l'application de Kepler, nous decrivons, au travers du cas de 1P/Halley, la dynamique chaotique des cometes dans le systeme solaire. Le systeme binaire, alors considere, est compose du Soleil et de Jupiter. L'application symplectique utilisee permet de rendre compte des differentes caracteristiques de la dynamique : trajectoires chaotiques, ilots invariants de KAM associes aux resonances avec le mouvement orbital de Jupiter,. Nous avons determine de facon exacte et semi-analytique l'energie echangee (fonction kick) entre le systeme solaire et la comete de Halley a chaque passage au perihelie. Cette fonction kick est la somme des contributions des problemes a trois corps Soleil-planete-comete associes aux 8 planetes du systeme solaire. Nous avons montre que chacune de ces contributions peut etre decomposee en un terme keplerien associe au potentiel gravitationnel de la planete et un terme dipolaire du au mouvement du soleil autour du centre de masse du systeme solaire. Dans une deuxieme partie, nous avons utilise la generalisation de l'application de Kepler pour etudier la capture de particules de matiere noire au sein des systemes binaires. La section efficace de capture a ete calculee et montre que la capture a longue portee est bien plus efficace que la capture due aux rencontres proches. Nous montrons egalement l'importance de la vitesse de rotation du systeme binaire dans le processus de capture. Notamment, un systeme binaire en rotation ultrarapide accumulera en son sein une densite de matiere jusqu'a 10^4 fois celle du flot de matiere le traversant. Dans la derniere partie, en integrant les equations du mouvement du probleme a trois corps restreint plan, nous avons etudie l'ejection des particules capturees par un systeme binaire. Dans le cas d'un systeme binaire dont les deux corps sont de masses comparables, alors que la majorite des particules sont ejectees immediatement, nous montrons, sur les sections de Poincare, que la trace des particules restant indefiniment aux abords du systeme binaire forme une structure fractale caracteristique d'un repulseur etrange associe a un systeme chaotique ouvert. Cette structure fractale, egalement presente dans l'espace reel, a une forme de spirale a deux bras partageant des similitudes avec les structures spiralees des galaxies comme la notre.
Neospora caninum and neosporosis — recent achievements in host and parasite cell biology and treatment

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite, which owes its importance to the fact that it represents the major infectious cause of bovine abortion worldwide. Its life cycle is comprised of three distinct stages: Tachyzoites, representing the proliferative and disease-causing stage, bradyzoites, representing a slowly replicating, tissue cyst-forming stage, and sporozoites, which represent the end product of a sexual process taking place within the intestinal tissue of the final canine host. Tachyzoites are capable of infecting a large variety of host cells in vitro and in vivo, while bradyzoites have been found mainly within the central nervous system. In order to survive, proliferate, and proceed in its life cycle, N. caninum has evolved some amazing features. First, the parasite profits immensely from its ability to interact with, and invade, a large number of host cell types. Secondly, N. caninum exploits its capability to respond to alterations in living conditions by converting into another stage (tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite or vice versa). Thirdly, this parasite has evolved mechanisms that modulate its host cells according to its own requirements, and these must, especially in the case of the bradyzoite stage, involve mechanisms that ensure long term survival of not only the parasite but also of the host cell. These three key events (host cell invasion — stage conversion — host cell modulation) represent potential targets for intervention. In order to elucidate the molecular and cellular bases of these important features of N. caninum, cell culture-based approaches and laboratory animal models are extensively exploited. In this review, we will summarize the present knowledge and achievements related to host cell and parasite cell biology.
Effect of the “InSurE” procedure on cerebral oxygenation and electrical brain activity of the preterm infant

Background: In preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) with the “InSurE” procedure (intubation, surfactant, extubation) is increasingly used. However, its effect on cerebral oxygenation and brain function is not known. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the “InSurE” procedure in infants with RDS on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) and relative cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) using near infrared spectroscopy and on electrical brain activity using amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG). Methods: Sixteen infants with RDS, treated with the “InSurE” procedure, and 16 matched controls with nCPAP, were monitored for mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), rScO2, cFTOE and aEEG. Ten-minute periods were selected and averaged at 120 and 20 minutes before, during the procedure and at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after the start of the “InSurE” procedure. aEEG was analysed by quantitative and qualitative (Burdjalov score) methods. Results: MABP was not different between groups on all time points. rScO2 and cFTOE were comparable between groups, but there was a trend towards lower rScO2 and higher cFTOE 30 minutes after opioid administration in the “InSurE” infants compared with controls (62% (SD 11) vs 68% (SD 10) and 0.30 (SD 0.10 ) vs 0.28 (SD 0.11), respectively). aEEG amplitudes and Burdjalov scores were significantly lower in “InSurE” infants from 30 minutes after opioid administration up to 24 h after the start of the procedure (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, the “InSurE” procedure did not induce perturbation of cerebral oxygen delivery and extraction, whereas electrical brain activity decreased for a prolonged period of time.
Increasing static noise margin of single-bit-line SRAM by lowering bit-line voltage during reading

A 64-kb SRAM circuit with a single bit line (BL) for reading and with two BLs for writing was designed. Single-BL reading is achieved by using a left access transistor and a left shared reading port. We designed the cell layout and confirmed that there is no area penalty for producing two word lines in a memory cell. An analysis of butterfly plots clearly confirms that the single-BL SRAM has the larger static noise margin than the two-BL one. It is confirmed that the static noise margin in the single-BL SRAM is further increased when the BL is precharged to not VDD but to the lower value in the range of VDD/2 to 3VDD/4. In addition, a new sense amplifier circuit without reference voltage is proposed for single-BL reading. We also propose a divided word line architecture for writing to maintain the static noise margin for unwritten blocks.
A reinforcement learning algorithm with fuzzy approximation for semi Markov decision problems

Real life stochastic problems are generally large-scale, difficult to model, and therefore, suffer from the curses of dimensionality. Such problems cannot be solved by classical optimization methods. This paper presents a reinforcement learning algorithm using a fuzzy inference system, ANFIS to find an approximate solution for semi Markov decision problems SMDPs. The performance of the developed algorithm is measured and compared to a classical reinforcement algorithm, SMART in a numerical example. Our numerical examples show that the developed algorithm converges significantly faster as the problem size increases and the average cost calculated by the algorithm gets closer to that of SMART as number of epochs used in the developed algorithm is increased.
Improved active interference cancellation for sidelobe suppression in cognitive OFDM systems

Active interference cancellation (AIC) is known to be a very effective technique for reducing the interference of OFDM sidelobes to primary licensed users in cognitive OFDM systems. However, AIC has some shortcomings such as high computational complexity and spectrum overshoot on the cancellation subcarriers. Spectrum overshoot is mainly caused due to unconstrained or unbalanced power allocation to the cancellation tones used in AIC. In this paper, we propose an improved AIC technique in which the problem of spectrum overshoot is tackled. We show that by a modification to the solution of the optimization problem involved in AIC, we can obtain a trade-off between the amount of spectrum overshoot and sidelobe suppression without increasing the system complexity. In particular, spectrum overshoot can be completely eliminated. Furthermore, simulations prove that with this modification, the peak spectral interference at the primary band is less than that of the AIC technique with a single power constraint.
Cdc6 is an unstable protein whose de novo synthesis in G1 is important for the onset of S phase and for preventing a ‘reductional’ anaphase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

S phase entry depends on cyclin‐dependent kinases whose activation during late G1 due partly to the synthesis of unstable cyclin subunits. We identify here a second type of unstable protein, Cdc6, whose synthesis during G1 is important for initiation of DNA replication. The CDC6 gene is normally transcribed at the end of mitosis, but in cells with a prolonged G1 phase there is a second burst of transcription in late G1. The former is due to Swi5, while the latter is due to MBF or SBF transcription factors. Small G1 cells that cannot synthesize Cdc6 in late G1 progress through S phase very slowly. Cells that transcribe CDC6 neither at the end of mitosis nor in late G1 fail to replicate DNA but, despite this, undergo mitosis and produce daughter cells with fractional DNA contents. This ‘reductional’ anaphase occurs with almost wild‐type kinetics and depends on the activity of G2 cyclins. Thus, cells that fail to duplicate chromosomes due to a cdc6 defect cannot prevent the onset of mitosis, unlike other mutants with replication defects. We show, by fluorescence in situ hybridization, that chromosomes which remain unduplicated due to a lack of Cdc6 synthesis are segregated intact to spindle poles during the ‘reductional’ anaphase.
MARITAL AND PARENTING SATISFACTION AND INFANT CARE SELF-EFFICACY DURING THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD: THE EFFECT OF INFANT SEX

The purpose of this follow-up study was to examine the effect of infant sex on changes in and differences between parents' reports of infant care self-efficacy and parenting and marital satisfaction from 4 months to 12 months after the birth of their first child. A convenience sample of 32 couples was selected from 44 couples who participated in a longitudinal study of the development of parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy during the first 4 months after the birth of a first child (Brage Hudson, Elek, & Fleck, 2001). Couples completed a demographic questionnaire, the Infant Care Survey (ICS, Froman & Owen, 1989), the What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like--Revised Questionnaire (WPBL-R, Pridham & Chang, 1989), and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier, 1976, 1989) 4 and 12 months postpartum. Infant care self-efficacy, but not parenting satisfaction, increased from 4 to 12 months; mothers reported higher infant care self-efficacy and parenting satisfaction than fathers at both times. Fathers of boys reported greater parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy at 12 months than fathers of girls. Marital satisfaction decreased from 4 to 12 months for both mothers and fathers. Significant relationships existed among infant care self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction, and marital satisfaction at both 4 and 12 months postpartum. Implications for families and for nursing interventions are discussed.
Regulation of global and specific mRNA translation by the mTOR signaling pathway

The translation of mRNA into polypeptides is a key step in eukaryotic gene expression. Translation is mostly controlled at the level of initiation, which is partly regulated by the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Whereas mTOR controls global protein synthesis through specific effector proteins, its role in the translation of select groups of mRNAs, such as those harboring a terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) tract at their 5’ end, remains more enigmatic. In this article, we describe the current knowledge on the role of mTOR in global mRNA translation, but also focus on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of specific translational programs.
A Dramatistic Look at Motive and Egypt's 2011 Revolution

The purpose of this study was to determine the primary motivating factors in the protestors whose demonstrations resulted in the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak in Egypt’s 2011 revolution. The methodology is rooted in Kenneth Burke’s Dramatic Pentad. The elements of the pentad were observed in 29 articles from Daily News Egypt which were published between January 18 and February 18, 2011. Then the most prominent ratios were examined. Finally, the Guilt-Redemption Cycle was observed in the actions of the protesters. This methodology yielded the motivation of the protesters in Egypt’s 2011 revolution. It was discovered that the protesters had determined that Hosni Mubarak and his government was guilty for a number of national crimes. In order to purify their nation from the guilt, these people took to the streets in protest. After Mubarak and his government had resigned the people began the process of redemption by fixing the problematic portions of their constitution. In this way, Burke’s pentad revealed the motivations of the protesters who overthrew Mubarak.
Tubulobulbar Complexes Are Intercellular Podosome-Like Structures That Internalize Intact Intercellular Junctions During Epithelial Remodeling Events in the Rat Testis1

Abstract Tubulobulbar complexes are actin-related double-membrane projections that resemble podosomes in other systems and form at intercellular junctions in the seminiferous epithelium of the mammalian testis. They are proposed to internalize intact junctions during sperm release and during the translocation of spermatocytes through basal junction complexes between neighboring Sertoli cells. In this study we probe apical tubulobulbar complexes in fixed epithelial fragments and fixed frozen sections of rat and mouse testes for junction molecules reported to be present at apical sites of attachment (ectoplasmic specializations) between Sertoli cells and spermatids. The adhesion molecules nectin 2 (PVRL2), nectin 3 (PVRL3) and alpha 6 integrin (ITGA6) are present in the elongate parts of tubulobulbar complexes and concentrated at their distal ends. Tubulobulbar complexes contain cortactin (CTTN), a key component of podosomes, and vesicles at the distal ends of tubulobulbar complexes that contain junction molecules are related to early endosome antigen (EEA1). N-cadherin (CDH2), a protein reported to be present at ectoplasmic specializations, is not localized to these unique junctions or to tubulobulbar complexes but, rather, is primarily concentrated at desmosomes in basal regions of the epithelium. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that tubulobulbar complexes are podosome-like structures that are responsible for internalizing intact intercellular junctions during spermatogenesis.
Does high body mass index influence resource utilization in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy ?

Introduction: Adeno-tonsillectomy is one of the most common major surgical procedures performed in children. Childhood obesity is highly prevalent in America. Many obese children also suffer from obstructive sleep apnea, an important indication for adeno-tonsillectomy. Adult-derived data suggests a positive association between obesity and high health-care resource utilization. There is very little data on the role of obesity on the health care cost following a surgical procedure in children. This study describes the impact of high body mass index on hospital cost in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy.
A Survey and Taxonomy on Medium Access Control Strategies for Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks: Research Issues and Challenges

Cooperative communication (CC) has been introduced as an effective technique to combat the detrimental effects of channel fading by exploiting spatial diversity gain, resulting in improved throughput and network performance. CC provides an opportunity for single antenna nodes to share their resources and construct a virtual antenna array at a lower cost. As a result, CC is considered an efficient solution for mobile nodes where some difficulties in terms of physical size and energy consumption arise from implanting multiple antennas. However, since CC is a new technology it brings new challenges that should be adequately addressed to render it a viable solution for wireless communication. Parameters such as link reliability, energy efficiency, overall throughput, and network performance are all affected by cooperative transmission. Besides, nodes' operation in physical layer should be coordinated with higher layers, especially with medium access control (MAC), for reliable operation in time varying channels. Accordingly, designing a cooperative MAC protocol that supports node coordination, error recovery and dynamic link optimization is important. In this paper, the most well-known cooperative MAC protocols are classified based on their channel access strategy into two groups: 1) contention-based and 2) contention-free schemes. At first, the preliminaries, constraints, and requirements for designing effective cooperative MAC protocols are illustrated. Then the current state-of-the-art cooperative MAC protocols are surveyed by benchmarking their scheduling schemes, characteristics, benefits, and drawbacks, in line with the suggested taxonomy. The cooperative MAC protocols are classified and analyzed based on their application and network utilized into five subsections, including vehicular networks, cognitive networks, multi-hop protocols, cross-layer protocols, and network coding-based protocols. Finally, challenges, open issues, and solutions are considered, which may be used in improving the available schemes or designing more reliable and effective cooperative MAC protocols in the future.
Improvements over time in short-term mortality following myocardial infarction in HIV-positive individuals

Objective: Few studies have described mortality and clinical outcomes after myocardial infarction (MI) in the HIV-positive population. This study evaluated changes in short-term mortality after MI in HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study, and investigated possible reasons for any changes seen. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Demographic, cardiovascular disease (CVD)/HIV-related characteristics and CVD-related interventions (invasive cardiovascular procedures and drug interventions) were summarized at the time of and following an MI. Associations between calendar year and mortality in the first month after MI were identified using logistic regression with adjustment for confounders, including interventions received in the first month after MI. Results: One thousand and eight HIV-positive individuals experiencing an MI over the period 1999–2014 were included. The absolute number of MIs decreased from 214 (1999–2002) to 154 (2011–2014). Whilst the CVD risk profile remained high over time, the HIV status improved. The use of CVD-related interventions after MI appeared to increase over time. The proportion of individuals who died in the first month after MI dropped from 26.6% in 1999–2002 to 8.4% in 2011–2014. Later calendar year was associated with decreased short-term mortality; this effect was attenuated after adjusting for CVD-related interventions received in the first month after MI [odds ratio changed from 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.83, 0.93) to 0.97 (0.91, 1.02)]. Conclusion: Improvements in short-term survival after MI appear to be largely driven by improved medical management of CVD risk in HIV-positive individuals after MI. Efforts are still needed to treat CVD risk factors and increase access to CVD-related interventions.
The internet's political impact and the penetration/participation paradox in Malaysia and Singapore

How intensively a communication technology is used depends on factors other than its level of diffusion. Accordingly, a country with lower penetration levels for a medium may, paradoxically, exhibit more and better utilization of that medium than a country with higher penetration. This penetration/participation paradox is seen in the case of Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore is significantly ahead in terms of network availability, but it is Malaysia that has the more developed political activism online. The paradox cannot be explained by the two countries’ regulatory regimes, which are more similar than different. Instead, the differences can be accounted for by traditional social networks that help to organize online dissent, and the motivation to use available technology in creatively political ways - both of which are stronger in Malaysia than in Singapore. This case study highlights the importance of social and political context in the shaping the impact of new communication technologies.