Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practical, Template–Based Natural Language Generation with TAG

This paper describes a TAG–based (Joshi and Schabes, 1997), template–based approach to Natural Language Generation. It extends the idea of lexicalization to whole phrases, similar in style to the representation of idioms in a TAG grammar. In addition to this, there is a second type of templates: partial derivations. The first phase in the generator, driven by planning rules, produces a derivation tree which is then used in a straightforward realizer to create the derived tree. This tree is then the basis for the input to a Concept–To–Speech synthesis component (Schweitzer, Braunschweiler and Morais, 2002). There are two basic methods for constructing these two kinds of templates. The first and preferred one is based on an existing grammar where the templates represent shortcuts that would be used for reasons as simplicity, efficiency, or because the existing grammar does not contain an interface to the representation language, e.g., semantics, that is used as the generator‘s input. The second method which is used so far in the SMARTKOM project (Wahlster, Reithinger and Blocher, 2001) is necessary when no suitable grammar exists. It allows for an approach similar to rapid prototyping: only the templates that are needed are specified and the templates are initially kept as large as possible. Only in the following development steps, the templates are made smaller and smaller, eventually themselves becoming a grammar. The following sections briefly present the SMARTKOM project and the generator architecture. Then the use of fully specified templates is discussed in this context, including their use for concept–to–speech synthesis. Finally we present the current work, including some tools that are under development.
Document recognition and translation system for unconstrained Arabic documents

We describe an end-to-end system for translating real-world Arabic field documents that contain a mix of handwritten and printed content into English. These documents are extremely challenging to recognize due to presence of noise, poor image capture quality, and variations in writing style, writing device, font, layout, genre, etc. Furthermore, no off-the-shelf machine translation (MT) engine is available to translate these documents into English. We present key innovations for dealing with these challenges for document preprocessing, text line segmentation, and text recognition. In addition, we describe our approach for adapting MT using a limited amount of in-domain training data that results in significant improvements in translating accuracy.
Current perspectives in the management of hyponatremia: prevention of CPM

Central pontine myelinolysis represents a relatively contemporary neurologic entity in which an imbalance of water relative to alterations in the body’s electrolyte levels induces characteristic demyelination in the central part of the basis pontis as well as extrapontine sites. The clinical scenario is typically one of chronic hyponatremia followed by a rapid correction to normonatremic or hypernatremic levels. This seemingly innocuous series of events can result in fatal consequences. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder provides avenues for clinical management, including use of steroids and organic osmoles, such as myoinositol. More recently, the introduction of a newer class of pharmacologic agents – the vasopressin receptor antagonists, known as vaptans, which induce an excretion of increased amounts of water without altered sodium or potassium excretion – is of particular interest. This review addresses classic approaches to the management of this disorder along with a discussion of newer pharmacologic agents that may become important therapeutic interventions in the clinical management of the osmotic myelinolysis syndrome.
Vascularized Nerve Grafts for Lower Extremity Nerve Reconstruction

Vascularized nerve grafts (VNG) were introduced in 1976 but since then, there have been no reports of their usage in lower extremity reconstruction systematically. The factors influencing outcomes as well as a comparison with conventional nerve grafts will be presented.Since 1981, 14 lower extremity nerve injuries in 12 patients have been reconstructed with VNG. Common peroneal nerve was injured in 12 and posterior tibial nerve in 5 patients. The level of the injury was at the knee or thigh. Twelve sural nerves were used as VNG with or without concomitant vascularized posterior calf fascia.All patients regained improved sensibility and adequate posterior tibial nerve function. For common peroneal nerve reconstructions, all patients with denervation time less than 6 months regained muscle strength of grade at least 4, even when long grafts were used for defects of 20 cm or more. Late cases, yielded inadequate muscle function even with the use of VNG.Denervation time of 6 months or less was critical for reconstruction with vascularized nerve graft. Not only the results were statistically significant compared with late cases, but also all early operated patients achieved excellent results. VNG are strongly recommended in traction avulsion injuries of the lower extremity with lengthy nerve damage.
Unilateral Hypotony during Anaesthesia

obviously is accounted for by the occlusion of the remaining ducts either within the areola or nipple or at their exits. The food thus meets with resistance in leaving the breast. It is obvious, therefore, that the baby of such a mother cannot possibly be satisfied or thrive. Should this be discovered in the early days of the infant's life one is able, in a large percentage of cases, to correct the abnormality by teaching the mother to express some milk from each breast (about one or two teaspoonfuls before each feed) and advising feeding from both mammae at every nursing. The technique of manual expression is simple. The mother should wash her hands thoroughly and dry them with a clean towel. The nipple and areola should be cleaned with pledgets of cotton-wool dipped in boiled water, and dried. A clean glass or other receptacle will be necessary to receive the fluid. It is more convenient to employ the hand opposite the mammary gland concerned. The mother should grasp the breast between the thumb above and the forefinger below, just outside the margin of the areola, which is pressed and squeezed with a firm but gentle follow-up action converging on the base of the nipple; this pressure, terminating with a slight pull behind the base of the papilla, coaxes out the milk. About 30 to 60 expressions are made per minute. Both breasts are treated in similar fashion before each feed-; this should not take more than five minutes. Should the mother regard the expressed milk as a waste she can offer this to her baby by spoon or dropper, suitably warmed, after the breast feed. Immediately after the ducts have been cleared by this preliminary expression the baby is given one breast for 5 minutes and then the other for 15 minutes. As a result of this manceuvre the milk will be found to flow more freely and abundantly. The child will thus obtain a larger quantity of nourishment, be more contented, and thrive. Mothers are emphatic that this method of preliminary expression is far more beneficial and easier of execution than the common teaching of completely emptying the breast after each feed. Provided the ducts are patent and their openings function properly there will be no engorgement. Once the outflow of milk becomes free and conditioned the breasts take care of themselves and become adapted to the demands of the child.
Multiple-Mode Wideband Dual-Polarized Antenna for Long Term Evolution (LTE) Application

This letter presents a novel dual-polarized multiple-mode wideband antenna for the Long Term Evolution (LTE) application. The proposed antenna consists of two mutually perpendicular dipole units with similar configuration. A prototype antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured antenna achieves a bandwidth of 80% (1620-3527 MHz) at both ports, which covers the entire band of the LTE system. Measured antenna gain is reasonably matched with the simulated result in the operation frequency band. The featured wide bandwidth and miniaturized size make the proposed antenna very promising for applications in various wireless communication and wireless sensing systems.
Lack of oxygen sensing by mitochondria in platelets.

The range over which cells are sensitive to changes in oxygen concentration remains uncertain. Wilson and colleagues [Wilson, D.F. (1994) Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26, 37-43] have suggested that cytochrome oxidase is sensitive to oxygen concentrations below about 40 microM, but proposed that this sensitivity is obscured in intact cells because an increase in reduction state of cytochrome c acts to maintain oxygen consumption. We have tested this hypothesis in platelets, which are small cells (2-4 micrometer diameter, < 0.5 micrometer thick) that do not decrease their rate of oxygen consumption until oxygen concentrations fall below 2.5 microM. Contrary to the expectations of the hypothesis, the reduction state of cytochrome c, the concentration of NADH and the rate of glycolytic output are not changed as oxygen concentration declines from 40 microM down to 5 microM. Therefore, we conclude that at least some cell types contain mitochondria that are not capable of sensing oxygen above 5 microM by the mechanism proposed by Wilson and colleagues.
Polyvictimisation et comportements à risque chez des élèves chinois du High School

L’etude vise a evaluer la prevalence et les facteurs associes a la polyvictimisation chez l’enfant, ainsi qu’a fournir une estimation fiable du probleme dans le contexte chinois. En utilisant une procedure d’echantillonnage stratifiee a deux niveaux, 18 341 eleves chinois ont ete recrutes dans six villes de Chine. Ils ont ete invites a remplir un questionnaire autoadministre contenant des questions sur leurs victimisations dans l’enfance, leurs comportements de dependance et leurs comportements sexuels a l’adolescence. La version chinoise validee du questionnaire sur la victimisation juvenile (JVQ pour l’acronyme anglophone) a ete utilisee. Les taux de prevalence obtenus, portant sur l’annee precedente, sont de 23,2 % pour tout type de victimisation des enfants et 9,2 % pour la polyvictimisation. Vivre en Chine continentale, etre parmi les plus jeunes et avoir des freres et soeurs, sont les facteurs associes a l’augmentation du rapport de cote (« odds ratio ») de polyvictimisation. Certains comportements de dependance et sexuels des adolescents, incluant les jeux de hasard, le tabagisme, l’alcoolisme, les relations sexuelles precoces, les multiples partenaires sexuels, et la grossesse chez les adolescentes, sont egalement significativement associes a une probabilite accrue de polyvictimisation. Les resultats de cette etude revelent de fortes associations entre la victimisation des enfants et les comportements a risque, ce qui souligne la necessite d’une intervention prioritaire en cas de polyvictimisation.
A testbed for measurement of human arm impedance parameters

The development of an experimental testbed for the investigation of human arm impedance is described. A two-degree-of-freedom SCARA-configuration robotic arm with an endpoint force sensor has been developed for measuring parameters such as postural viscosity and dynamic stiffness and viscosity. The measurement device is used in disturbance tests to determine the degree and nature of impedance tuning during various tasks
Contralateral Suppression of Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Children with Auditory Processing Disorder

This study concerns contralateral white noise suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) in children with auditory processing disorder (APD). Fifty-one children between 7 and 11 years were assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups: those without auditory complaints (n = 15), those with APD who scored high on a standardized test (n = 20) and those with APD who scored lower on the same test (n = 16). For all groups TEOAE suppression was determined in both linear and nonlinear acquisition mode. The results provide evidence that abnormal TEOAE suppression was significantly more common in the APD groups than in the control group. Contralateral suppression of TEOAE is an additional tool for assessing the efferent pathway in children with APD.
Men and health.

group’s health, and men’s engagement with health and health professionals. The published articles raise the profile of men’s health, emphasise the heterogeneity of men (particularly gay men), and show that compared to women men are more likely to be victims of violent acts. The relatively few available published works consistently show the poorer state of men’s health. It is widely acknowledged that men do not live as long as women. Moreover, although the following conditions are not exhaustive or exclusive to men, some of the common causes of male deaths include cancers, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, as well as deaths from intentional and non-intentional injury. Research demonstrates that men are more likely than women to present to healthcare organisations with intentional and non-intentional injuries resulting from self harm, violence, and accidents. 1 This is further supported by Hsee and Civil in two featured articles on victims with gunshot 3 or abdominal stab injuries 4 presenting at Auckland City Hospital over several years. Although neither article directly focuses on men, the findings identify that men are more likely than women to present to trauma services with intentional or non-intentional gunshot or stab wounds. Causes of death from the above conditions are both preventable and treatable, yet for some reason men continue to die prematurely. Gray attributes this to men having minimal knowledge about their health, being less likely to undertake health promoting activities, being poor users of health services (particularly primary health services), leaving symptoms associated with being unwell for some time before seeing a health professional, and finally being reluctant to ask for or accept help when offered. 5 The article, in this issue of NZMJ , titled Men’s health and the health of the nation 6 by Johnson, Huggard, and Goodyear-Smith supports these points.
Dissociable Response Inhibition in Children With Tourette’s Syndrome Compared With Children With ADHD

Objective: This study investigates whether performance in a verbal response task (Color-Word Interference Test [CWIT]) and a motor response task (Conners’ Continuous Performance Test [CCPT]) discriminates children with Tourette’s Syndrome (TS), ADHD, and typically developing children (TDC). Method: Nineteen children with TS, 79 with ADHD, and 50 with TDC participated (8-17 years). Results: Children with TS committed significantly fewer errors in the verbal response task than those with ADHD. Moreover, children with TS but without ADHD performed better than TDC. Errors in motor task and speed of response did not distinguish between groups. A cautious tendency of response correlated positively with rates of tics in children with TS. Conclusion: Children with TS were superior in inhibiting a prepotent verbal response; however, comorbidity with ADHD in those children negatively influenced performance. Results support the hypothesis that levels of inhibitory control distinguish children with TS, ADHD, and TDC.
Specific properties of sodium currents in multipotent striatal progenitor cells

This study investigates the impact of intrinsic currents on early neural development. A rat striatal ST14A cell line immortalized by SV40 large T antigen was employed as a model system because these cells act as multipotent neural progenitors when maintained at a permissive temperature of 33°C. The whole‐cell patch‐clamp, molecular and immunocytochemical experiments point to a unique role of sodium currents in the multipotential stage of neural development. In initial experiments, action potential‐like responses were only present when multipotential ST14A cells were substantially hyperpolarized. This led us to presume that sodium channels were only recruited during deep hyperpolarization. Subsequent voltage‐clamp studies confirmed a remarkably hyperpolarized steady‐state inactivation of the sodium currents and also showed that the underlying channels were tetrodotoxin resistant. Direct comparison with cells whose neuronal fate was already determined, i.e. short‐term cultured striatal cells isolated at embryonic day 14 and after birth (post‐natal day 0), showed that both traits are unique to ST14A cells. However, sodium currents in all three groups had a fast time‐ and voltage‐dependent activation, as well as full inactivation with roughly similar kinetics. The peculiarity in ST14A might be explained by a relative excess of heart‐type NaV1.5 and particularly its splice variant NaV1.5a, as suggested by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results. We conclude that multipotent neural progenitor cells express Na+ channels in their membrane irrespective of their fate but these channels have little effect due to their subunit composition, which is regulated by alternative splicing.
Birth weight and type 2 diabetes in adults.

may be a number of dietary approaches to glycemic control, including increasing the protein and fat in the diet, with longterm benefits for diabetes incidence and heart disease if vegetable sources of proteins and oils are selected. In our study, the aim was to alter the quality rather than the quantity of dietary carbohydrate. Ultimately, diets may produce optimal results by combining lower glycemic index carbohydrate with high cereal fiber and increased vegetable proteins and oils. We also agree that postprandial measurements and estimates of insulin sensitivity are valuable. However, assessment of a range of additional measurements may also be called for, such as measures of renal function, including microalbuminuria; assessment of liver enzymes as markers of possible reversal of fatty liver; and determination of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA.
PSYCHIATRY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

An account of psychiatry is given as observed in the People's Republic of China in October, 1973. The incidence of psychiatric disorders and their treatment, including the use of acupuncture, is described. Aspects of training of workers in psychiatry, the delivery of mental health care and the effects of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution on psychiatric management are mentioned, and two psychiatric facilities are described.
AMBER LENSES TO BLOCK BLUE LIGHT AND IMPROVE SLEEP: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

All light is not equal: blue wavelengths are the most potent portion of the visible electromagnetic spectrum for circadian regulation. Therefore, blocking blue light could create a form of physiologic darkness. Because the timing and quantity of light and darkness both affect sleep, evening use of amber lenses to block blue light might affect sleep quality. Mood is also affected by light and sleep; therefore, mood might be affected by blue light blockade. In this study, 20 adult volunteers were randomized to wear either blue-blocking (amber) or yellow-tinted (blocking ultraviolet only) safety glasses for 3 h prior to sleep. Participants completed sleep diaries during a one-week baseline assessment and two weeks' use of glasses. Outcome measures were subjective: change in overall sleep quality and positive/negative affect. Results demonstrated that sleep quality at study outset was poorer in the amber lens than the control group. Two- by three-way ANOVA revealed significant (p < .001) interaction between quality of sleep over the three weeks and experimental condition. At the end of the study, the amber lens group experienced significant (p < .001) improvement in sleep quality relative to the control group and positive affect (p = .005). Mood also improved significantly relative to controls. A replication with more detailed data on the subjects' circadian baseline and objective outcome measures is warranted. (Author correspondence: jphelps@samhealth.org)
Effect of fatty acid mixtures on phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of different species.

It has been shown that changes in fatty acid turnover are an early event in the response in vitro of animal lymphocytes to mitogens (Resch & Ferber, 1972). Fatty acids added to the medium in ethanol inhibit the increase in uridine and thymidine uptake in human lymphocytes, which is a normal part of the response (Meriin ef al., 1974). We have previously reported that even when bound to albumin, single fatty acids still inhibit the blast transformation of human lymphocytes (Weyman et al., 1975), but that certain combinations of acids inhibit little or not at all, whereas with other combinations the inhibition is greater than with single acids. In the human, mixtures containing only saturated acids and those containing only unsaturated acids gave considerable inhibition, but mixtures in which a balance was maintained between saturated and unsaturated acids inhibited comparatively little. An exception was found to this rule, in that myristate did not itself inhibit, but relieved the inhibition by both saturated and unsaturated acids. We have now extended this work to examine the response of lymphocytes of several species to the inclusion of acids in the medium. The results are summarized in Table 1 (the results from the human are included for comparison).
Unlocking the potential of genomic technologies for wildlife forensics

Wildlife crime enforcement is increasingly relying on genetic techniques to deliver forensic evidence to investigators. Forensic DNA applications require robust molecular markers, informative at the level of the species, population and individual, in a wide range of taxa. Within species, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have long been recognized as offering many potential advantages over traditional microsatellite markers; however, the best methods for their discovery, validation and genotyping in non‐model species remain an area of novel research and much discussion. The potential availability to wildlife geneticists of deep sequencing platforms and high‐density genotyping arrays appears to promise an almost infinite source of variable markers for determining the geographic or individual origin of a sample. This study examines the drivers for developing SNP genotyping panels in wildlife forensics and their potential as applied tools, before examining a range of strategies that are being employed to try to unlock this potential and address current questions in wildlife conservation and enforcement.
A new interpedunculo‐diencephalic pathway in rats and cats

Two previous studies (Thompson, '60; and Thompson and Massopust, '60) were designed to determine the parts of the rat brain which are essential in maintaining black-white discrimination habits and certain auditory and kinesthetic habits. Deficits in retention of these habits were found after lesions were placed in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral thalamic areas, along the course of the habenular-peduncular tract and in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Lesions in the habenula and its descending pathway or in other parts of the brain did not cause a deficit in the learned habits mentioned above. Therefore, the possibility was considered that a pathway might arise from the IPN and ascend with, or ascend adjacent to, the habenulo-peduncular tract. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there is an ascending pathway which follows the course of the descending habenulopeduncular tract and gives off connections to the dorsolateral and dorsomedial thalamus.