Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE BRAINS OF l‐PHENYLALANINE‐TREATED CHICKS 1

Abstract— When day‐old chicks were injected intraperitoneally with 1.62mmoles of l‐phenylalanine, they developed a condition resembling narcosis. Simultaneously, whole brain levels of phenylalanine were 2–4 μmol/g, whereas those in control brain were 0.06 μmol/g. Examination of some glycolytic intermediates in the brain revealed significant decreases in fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate, l‐α‐glycerol phosphate and lactate, in comparison to the levels of these compounds in the saline‐injected control animals. Levels of glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate either increased or did not change, whereas levels of glycogen did not differ significantly. Phosphocreatine increased reciprocally with the decrease in inorganic phosphate. The levels of adenine nucleotide (energy charge) were not affected. Utilization of cerebral high‐energy phosphates was depressed by 50–70 per cent when determined as a function of metabolic rate in the brain at 15‐ and 30‐s periods of ischaemia according to the ‘closed‐system’ technique. Explanations for these data have been examined, such as toxicity of phenylacetate and inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by phenylpyruvate and l‐phenylalanine and their relevance to this study is discussed.
Impaired attention to the eyes of attachment figures and the developmental origins of psychopathy.

BACKGROUND A pervasive failure to attend and respond to emotionally salient stimuli is a core feature of psychopathy. We hypothesise that this begins early in life and is expressed most importantly as a failure to attend to core emotional features (viz., the eyes) of attachment figures. The current study tested whether impaired eye contact is a characteristic of children with antisocial behaviour and callous-unemotional (CU) traits in real life settings. METHODS Conduct problem males were assessed on levels of CU traits and observed in free play and 'emotion talk' scenarios with their parents. Eye contact was measured for each dyad (child to mother, child to father, mother to child, father to child) as a proportion of intervals in which the child and parent interacted. RESULTS Levels of eye contact were reciprocated in mother-son and father-son dyads, but males with high CU traits showed consistent impairments in eye contact towards their parents. Mothers of high CU boys did not show impairments; however, fathers of high CU boys showed similar impairment. Levels of eye contact were also associated with independent measures of fear recognition, and general empathy in the boys. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the first evidence that impairments in eye contact, previously shown during computer tasks, characterise psychopathic traits in young males.
It Is a Long Way to GM Agriculture

When we discovered that crown gall induction on plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural event of genetic engineering, we were convinced that this was the dawn of a new era for plant science. Now, more than 30 years later, I remain overawed by how far and how rapidly we progressed with our knowledge of the molecular basis of plant growth, development, stress resistance, flowering, and ecological adaptation, thanks to the gene engineering technology. I am impressed, but also frustrated by the difficulties of applying this knowledge to improve crops and globally develop a sustainable and improved high-yielding agriculture. Now that gene engineering has become so efficient, I had hoped that thousands of teams, all over the world, would work on improving our major food crops, help domesticate new ones, and succeed in doubling or tripling biomass yields in industrial crops. We live in a world where more than a billion people are hungry or starving, while the last areas of tropical forest and wild nature are disappearing. We urgently need a better supply of raw material for our chemical industry because petroleum-based products pollute the environment and are limited in supply. Why could this new technology not bring the solutions to these challenges? Why has this not happened yet; what did we do wrong?
Novel dual-band single circular polarization antenna feeding network for satellite communications

In this paper a novel dual-band single circular polarization antenna feeding network for satellite communications is presented. The novel antenna feed chain1 is composed of two elements or subsystems, namely a diplexer and a bi-phase polarizer. In comparison with the classic topology based on an orthomode transducer and a dual-band polarizer, the proposed feed chain presents several advantages, such as compactness, modular design of the different components, broadband operation and versatility in the subsystems interconnection. The design procedure of this new antenna feed configuration is explained. Different examples of antenna feeding networks at 20/30 GHz are presented. It is pointed out the excellent results obtained in terms of isolation and axial ratio.
Low profile dual-polarized wideband antenna

A low profile dual-polarized unidirectional wideband antenna based on two crossed magneto-electric dipoles is proposed. The antenna consists in folding the radiating element, the height of the radiation element is reduced to 0. 11λ0 where λ0 is the wavelength at the lowest operation frequency for a standing wave ratio (SWR) <2 corresponding to a reduction factor of 37%. The antenna has been prototyped using 3D printing technology and evaluated in an anechoic chamber. The measurement results are in excellent agreement with simulations The measured input impedance bandwidth is 54.2% from 1.8 GHz to 2.9 GHz with SWR<2.
Classification of Image Steganography Techniques in Spatial Domain : A Study

Steganography is a method of secret communication wherein the very existence of communication is hidden. During the last few decades there have been a tremendous development in digital image steganography and a large number of papers have been published by different researchers. This review paper presents a classification of the spatial domain image steganography techniques. These classifications include, (i) LSB steganography, (ii) RGB based steganography, (iii) pixel value differencing steganography, (iv) mapping based steganography, (v) palette based steganography, (vi) collage based steganography, (vii) spread spectrum steganography, and (viii) code based steganography. In image steganography the different quality measurement parameters are, (i) capacity, (ii) security, (iii) imperceptibility, (iv) temper resistance, and (v) computational complexity. Different researchers have attempted to improve the different quality measurement parameters. At the end of the paper the current promising directions of research are also pointed out. KeywordsSteganography; data hiding; spatial domain techniques; PSNR; MSE; Correlation
Microtubules Mediate Germ-nuclear Behavior after Meiosis in Conjugation of Paramecium caudatum

Abstract Microtubule dynamics in Paramecium caudatum were investigated with an anti-α-tubulin antibody and a microinjection technique to determine the function of microtubules on micronuclear behavior during conjugation. After meiosis, all four haploid micronuclei were connected by microtubular filaments to the paroral region and moved close to this region. This nuclear movement was micronucleus-specific, because some small macronuclear fragments transplanted from exconjugants never moved to the region. Only one of the four germ nuclei moved into the paroral cone and was covered by microtubule assembly (the so-called first assembly of microtubules, AM-I). This nucleus survived there, while the other three not in this region degenerated. The movement of germ nucleus was inhibited by the injection of the anti-α-tubulin antibody. The surviving germ nucleus divided once and produced a migratory pronucleus and a stationary pronucleus. Prior to the reciprocal exchange of the migratory nuclei, microtubules assembled around the migratory pronuclei again (the so-called second assembly of microtubules, AM-II). Then, the migratory pronucleus moved into the partner cell and fused with the stationary pronucleus. Thus, microtubules appear to be indispensable for nuclear behavior: they enable migration of postmeiotic nuclei to the paroral region and they permit the survival of the nucleus at the paroral cone.
Use of the Virtual Action Planning Supermarket for the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Although executive functioning (EF) was found to be associated with cognitive deterioration, the majority of the tests for assessing EF lack ecological validity. Aims: To examine the feasibility and the validity of the virtual action planning supermarket (VAP-S) for the diagnosis of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Thirty MCI patients (mean age = 69.5 years) were compared to 30 healthy elderly persons (mean age = 69.2 years) in their performance of the VAP-S. Results: Significant differences were found between the groups in the majority of the measures of the VAP-S. The combination of the MMSE and the trajectory duration provided the best predictive classification for the groups. Conclusion: MCI patients have EF deficits, and the VAP-S is a viable tool to assess EF deficits in patients with MCI and healthy elderly.
A music scene analysis system with the MRF-based information integration scheme

This paper describes the process model for a system that recognizes the rhythm, chords, and source-separated musical notes in monaural music signals. The model consists of multiple processing modules and a MRF (Markov random field)-based hypothesis network for integration of multiple sources of information. Because the MRP enables information to be integrated on a multiply connected hypothesis network, the results of evaluation experiments show that the present system recognizes notes better than does a system based on a singly connected Bayesian hypothesis network.
Magnetic Helicity Generation by Solar Differential Rotation

Observations of sunspots, active regions, filaments, coronal arcades, and interplanetary magnetic clouds indicate that the Sun preferentially exhibits left-handed, negative-helicity features in its northern hemisphere and their opposite counterparts in the south, independent of sunspot cycle. We investigate quantitatively the generation of magnetic helicity by solar differential rotation acting on emerged bipolar sources of flux, using analytical and numerical methods. We find that the vast majority of bipoles absorb negative helicity in the northern hemisphere and positive helicity in the south, in accord with observations. After 2-4 solar rotation periods have elapsed, the helicity generated by differential rotation amounts to about 10% of the bipole's squared flux. Thus, each of the approximately 1 × 103 large bipolar regions emergent on the Sun during sunspot cycle 21 entrained about 1 × 1043 Mx2 of helicity in its 1 × 1022 Mx of flux. We show further that the roughly 5 × 103 coronal mass ejections and associated interplanetary magnetic clouds that departed the Sun during the cycle carried off about 5 × 1024 Mx of flux and 1 × 1046 Mx2 of helicity, within a factor of 2 of the estimates for solar production of these quantities. Evidently, differential rotation acting on emerged bipolar sources of flux can account quantitatively for the magnetic helicity balance of the Sun and the heliosphere, as well as for the observed prevalence of negative-helicity magnetic features in the north and positive-helicity features in the south.
In search of a few good apps.

mHealth apps are mobile device applications intended to improve health outcomes, deliver health care services, or enable health research.1 The number of apps has increased substantially, and more than 40 000 health, fitness, and medical apps currently are available on the market.2 Because apps can be used to inexpensively promote wellness and manage chronic diseases, their appeal has increased with health reform and the increasing focus on value. The bewildering diversity of apps available has made it difficult for clinicians and the public to discern which apps are the safest or most effective.
Cardiovascular phenotype of a mouse strain with disruption of bradykinin B2-receptor gene.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the role of kinins in the regulation of cardiovascular function, we studied the phenotype of a mouse strain with disruption of the bradykinin B2-receptor gene (Bk 2r-/-). METHODS AND RESULTS Under basal conditions, tail-cuff blood pressure was higher in Bk2r-/- than in wild-type Bk2r+/+ and heterozygous Bk2r+/- mice (124+/-1 versus 109+/-1 and 111+/-2 mm Hg, respectively; P<.01 for both comparisons), a difference that was confirmed by measurements of intra-arterial blood pressure in unanesthetized mice. Heart weight was greater in Bk2r-/- than in Bk2r+/+ and Bk2r+/- mice (505+/-10 versus 449+/-12 and 477+/-10 mg/100 g body wt, P<.05). Chronic blockade of B2-receptors by Icatibant (50 nmol/100 g body wt twice a day S.C.) or inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (0.14 mmol/100 g body wt orally) increased the blood pressure of Bk2r+/+ to the levels of Bk2r-/- mice. Compared with the wild-type strain, both Bk2r-/- and Bk2r+/- mice showed exaggerated vasopressor responses to angiotensin II. In addition, chronic administration of an angiotensin AT1-receptor antagonist reduced the basal blood pressure of Bk2r-/- by 21+/-3 mmHg (P<.05) to the levels of Bk2r+/+. No difference was detected between strains as far as plasma renin activity and the expression of renin and AT1-receptor genes are concerned. Chronic salt loading (0.84 mmol/g chow for 15 days) increased the blood pressure of Bk2r-/- and Bk2r+/- by 34+/-3 and 14+/-6 mm Hg, respectively, whereas it was ineffective in Bk2r+/+. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a normally functioning B2-receptor is essential for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis in mice. Dysfunction of the kallikrein-kinin system could contribute to increase blood pressure levels by leaving the activity of vasoconstrictor agents unbalanced.
SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 Contribute to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Invasion of Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT The centisome 63 type III secretion system (T3SS-1) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) mediates invasion of epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Characterization of mutants lacking individual genes has revealed that T3SS-1 secreted proteins (effectors) SopE2 and SopB are required for invasion while the SipA protein accelerates entry into cells. Here we have revisited the question of which T3SS-1 effectors contribute to the invasion of epithelial cells by complementing a strain lacking all of the effector genes that are required to cause diarrhea in a calf (a sipA sopABDE2 mutant). Introduction of either the cloned sipA, the cloned sopB, or the cloned sopE2 gene increased the invasiveness of the sipA sopABDE2 mutant for nonpolarized HT-29 cells. However, a contribution of sopA or sopD to invasion was not apparent when invasion assays were performed with the nonpolarized colon carcinoma cell lines T84 and HT-29. In contrast, introduction of either the sopA, the sopB, the sopD, or the sopE2 gene increased the invasiveness of the sipA sopABDE2 mutant for polarized T84 cells. Furthermore, introduction of a plasmid carrying sipA and sopB increased the invasiveness of the sipA sopABDE2 mutant for polarized T84 cells significantly compared to the introduction of plasmids carrying only sipA or sopB. We conclude that SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 contribute to S. enterica serotype Typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells in vitro.
Hereditary stomatocytosis: consistent association with an integral membrane protein deficiency

Summary. We studied the RBC membrane proteins of four patients, including a mother and daughter, with hereditary stomatocytosis. One‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that a 28 kDa integral protein, present in normal RBC membranes, was absent in all four patients. This abnormality, reported once previously (Lande et al. 1982), appears to be a characteristic feature of hereditary stomatocytosis, and may be related to the underlying permeability defect in this disorder.
Does Restaurant Performance Meet Customers' Expectations? An Assessment of Restaurant Service Quality Using a Modified Dineserv Approach

The purpose of this study is to determine restaurant service quality. The aims are to: assess customers’ expectations and perceptions, establish the significance of difference between perceived and expected service quality, identify the number of dimensions for expectations and perceptions scales of modified DINESERV model, test the reliability of the applied DINESERV model.The empirical research was conducted using primary data. The questionnaire is based on Stevens et al. (1995) and Andaleeb and Conway’s (2006) research. In order to meet survey goals, descriptive, bivariate and multivariate (exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis) statistical analyses were conducted.The empirical results show that expectations scores are higher than perceptions scores, which indicate low level of service quality. Furthermore, this study identified seven factors that best explain customers’ expectations and two factors that best explain customers’ perceptions regarding restaurant service.The results of this study would help management identify the strengths and weaknesses of service quality and implement an effective strategy to meet the customers’ expectations.
Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis

The features of 11 cases of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis dying during the neonatal period are presented. Seven were associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with constriction of the common pulmonary vein at its junction with the general venous system. The anatomical features are compared with 14 infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage without pulmonary lymphangiectasis. Evidence from this series and from the published reports suggests that at least some examples of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis result from obstruction to the pulmonary venous return by anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or obstructive left heart anomalies. It is probable that congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis will remain a bar to the successful surgical treatment in the newborn period of many patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
The impact of malocclusion on the quality of life among children and adolescents: a systematic review of quantitative studies.

BACKGROUND Among child and adolescent patients, persistent but untreated malocclusions may or may not have psychological and social impacts on the individual's quality of life. OBJECTIVES To gain knowledge of malocclusions and its impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), we conducted a systematic review of quantitative studies for evidence regarding the influence of malocclusions on OHRQOL in children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Psychinfo, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library) were searched using specified indexing terms. The following inclusion criteria were used: child or adolescent study population; healthy study participants without syndromes such as cleft lip/palate or severe illness; no previous or ongoing orthodontic treatment among participants; a focus on malocclusions and quality of life; controlled or subgrouped according to malocclusions/no malocclusions; malocclusions and/or orthodontic treatment need assessed by professionals using standardized measures; self-assessed OHRQOL estimated using validated questionnaire instruments; full-text articles written in English or Scandinavian languages. Quality of evidence was classified according to GRADE guidelines as high, moderate, or low. RESULTS The search produced 1142 titles and abstracts. Based on pre-established criteria, the full-text versions of 70 articles were obtained, 22 of which satisfied the inclusion criteria. After data extraction and interpretation, six publications were deemed eligible for full inclusion. All six were of cross-sectional design, and the quality of evidence was high in four cases and moderate in the remaining two. The four studies with a high level of quality reported that anterior malocclusion had a negative impact on OHRQOL, and the two with a moderate level of quality reported that increased orthodontic treatment need had a negative impact on OHRQOL. CONCLUSION The scientific evidence was considered strong since four studies with high level of quality reported that malocclusions have negative effects on OHRQOL, predominantly in the dimensions of emotional and social wellbeing.
Ozone trends at northern mid- and high latitudes - a European perspective

The EU CANDIDOZ project investigated the chemical and dynamical influences on decadal ozone trends focusing on the Northern Hemisphere. High quality long-term ozone data sets, satellite-based as well as ground-based, and the long-term meteorological reanalyses from ECMWF and NCEP are used together with advanced multiple regression models and atmospheric models to assess the relative roles of chemistry and transport in stratospheric ozone changes. This overall synthesis of the individual analyses in CANDIDOZ shows clearly one common feature in the NH mid latitudes and in the Arctic: an almost monotonic negative trend from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s followed by an increase. In most trend studies, the Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) which peaked in 1997 as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol was observed to describe ozone loss better than a simple linear trend. Furthermore, all individual analyses point to changes in dynamical drivers, such as the residual circulation (responsible for the meridional transport of ozone into middle and high latitudes) playing a key role in the observed turnaround. The changes in ozone transport are associated with variations in polar chemical ozone loss via heterogeneous ozone chemistry on PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds). Synoptic scale processes as represented by the new equivalent latitude proxy, by conventional tropopause altitude or by 250 hPa geopotential height have also been successfully linked to the recent ozone increases in the lowermost stratosphere. These show significant regional variation with a large impact over Europe and seem to be linked to changes in tropospheric climate patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. Some influence in recent ozone increases was also attributed to the rise in solar cycle number 23. Changes from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s were found in a number of characteristics of the Arctic vortex. However, only one trend was found when more recent years are also considered, namely the tendency for cold winters to become colder.
The Application of Electroencephalography to Investigate the Neural Bases of Parenting: A Review

SYNOPSIS Parents play a significant role in their child’s development. Recent neuroimaging research has begun to evaluate the neural circuitry of human parenting to better understand parental responsiveness to infant affective cues. Here, the authors introduce the value of using electroencephalography and event-related potentials as a methodology to probe the neural correlates of parenting. Given the precise temporal resolution of this technique, it affords the opportunity to explore, with millisecond accuracy, the temporal dynamics of stimulus processing. The emerging research was reviewed that has utilized electroencephalography/event-related potentials to explore typical normative processes and mechanisms in parental responsiveness, and consider how these processes might be compromised by psychopathology. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed as the unique contribution this approach can make to the field of parenting research is highlighted.